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THE 


Analytical   review, 


O   R 


HISTORY    OF    LITERATURE, 
DOMESTIC    AND    FOREIGN, 


ON     AN     ENL4S^<2ED      ?  L  JL 


CpNTAININ^ 
ICIFNTIFIC  ABSTRACTS  of  important  and  xntirestino  WORKS, 

PUBLISHED     IN     ENGLISH; 

k  GENERAL   ACCOUNT    OF   SUCH    AS    ARE    OF    LESS  CONSE- 
QJJENCE,    \VIT«-£»HORr  CBAR AQl^fiT.E'S j 

>?0TICES,    OR    REVIEWS  or   vAiuAsiB    FOREIGN   BOOKSi 
CRITICISMS  ON  New  Piec  es'o't' MtTSlC  and  WORKS  of  ART} 

A*  V,  b '   r  Ti  'If 
ITIRARY    INTELLIGENCE     OF    EUROPE,     &c 


II 


**  At  haec  omnia  ita  tradari  praeapimiis,  ut  non,  Criticorura  more,  in  laudc  et 
*'  cenfura  tempus  teratur  j  led  plane /»//?oria'  kes  iPSiE  nanentur,  judicium 
**  farcius  in^rponatur^'*  Bacon  de  biftoria  literaria  conjcribenda* 


VOL.      VII. 

FROM    MAY,    TO    AUGV5T    INCLUSIVE,    I79O. 
L     O     N     D    O     Ni 

^RIKTED    FOR    J«  JOHKSON»   N**.  72,     ST.   PAITL's    CHURCH- YAR  B, 


M   DCC  «C« 


\^M.'  -h* 


ERRATA. 


B«ge  i%f  I.  199  foiCorlntbSf  rezdCorifitbt 
•—9  1.  289  for  vfliffityf  read  ve/oclty» 
— ,  !•  37»  for  bardlnejh  «ad  ^tfr</- 

»^. 
54,  I.  12,  for  fceptiCf  ttz^feftie* 
.56,  )•  5*  for  actfentt  read  ace/cent* 
^— ,  1.  14,  for  feme t  read  y^mf* 
60,  1.  I2y  for  <^7(/i//y  read  ft/ir/ir/x* 
78^  in  the  tide  of  Art.  XV)  11.  dele 
the   mark  of  quotation  after 
&c*  and  place  it  after  Layman ; 
alfo  put  a  comma  after  a/foci- 
atedf  and  a  full  flop  after  Lay' 
man* 

110,  J.  23,  for  1  r.  [3s.  6d.]  read 

1  r.  8jg^.  [4s,  84.].  .     , 

111,  1.  i^,  iox  vicl4/ti.^  te.2idi  v^ims •  . 
131,  !•  a6,  for  <7  niri  :t,  rtzdivnter, 
*59»  !•  4  ^rom  hot,  iov  .jiejfic^,  r*»ad 

370>  1.  15  f.  b.  for  unifirineJt  rsad- 
uttivformed*  ;      1;  ,         *       ^ 

j8S^  I.  ],  for  f>an9ts  Jquaw^,,  raJid  ' 
partvts fqualL      ^»  ■•■  •^••^  -   -  - 

2389  1.  5,  f.  b.  for  lour,  read  /rur. 

27 7>  ^*  'S>  ^<°t  abdomical,  read  i3^</o- 

^95>  1*  15  ^*  b*  ^<>^  ^or»«*  read  </«rtf«. 
^96,  I.  17  f.  b.  for  Bydyddbtr,  read 

•— ^  1.   6  f;  b,    for  Sev'tdd,   read 

99^9  J.  j6>  for  Milctr%  read  Milvtr* 


Pa.  308^  I.  9  f.b*  for  pecnlairt  ttUfprn 

culiar, 
32i»  1.   19  f«  b.    for  Puffia,  ntA 

Fru/jH/C 
323,  1.  4»  and  5.  confidtratm  fhouU 

be  in  Italics. 
330*  !•  3 1  fot  »«"■»  «a<i  »•• 
349,  1.  19  f.  b.  for  tbeiry  read  tbt* 
359,  1.  6,  after  clergy ^  add  mFrance^ 
366,  1,  7,  for  tfyreum,  read  emfyreuwh 
368,  1.  22   f.  b.   for  greeitigSy    read 

404,  1.8  and  9,  for  5/.  Gra-vejand^ 

read  s^Gramefarde. 

405,  ]«  3,  for  viig'.us,   read  a/-7re9»5« 
,  _,  '  — .i-i  1^  1/5, 1'ov  54**  48^,  read  540  48' 

-^— ^>  r.  18,  for  conjctaneousy  read  <c«« 

^    408,  U  16,  for  Hobbs,  read  Ilcbies, 
:  ;4io,  1.  3  f.  b.  for  ity  read  tbevenfceai 
^  '.  dijeaje, 

^  504)  ult.  for  quey  read  ^tf^e. 
-    5»5f*il.  28,  iox  furpereusy  ttzA  pur» 
fureuS' 
5169 1.  I,  for  rencftifuity  read  recenfu'tt* 
•  557, 1.  12,  for  «rtf  iautioujly  foifrtd 
ufotiy  TCidfimff. 
—  1.  14)  after  ttirre  put  a  commay 
and  add,  are  caut  oujly  poured 
upon, 
•— -  1.  23,  for  coninuM  until,  xt9/k 
again  augmented  wben» 

»  Omititd  in  Errata  to  Vot.  VI. 


•  •  •     •    •• 

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f     •      »          • 
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••.*  •  •  •• 

..•;..: 

•••  •  •    • . 

•  •  •   ,     •• 

z  •  z  •  •    '* 

••    •»•    •  *. 

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k     •    •  •       • 

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THE 


ANALYTICAL     REVIEW, 

For    MAY,     i790» 


Art.  I.  Travels  to  difcover  the  Source  of  the  Nile,  in  the  Tears 
1768,  1769,  1770,  1771,  1772,  and  1773.  By  James 
Bruce,  ofKinnaird,  Eiq;  F.  R.  s.  Five  Volumes.  Royal 
Quarto.  3020  pages.  56  Plates  and  Maps.  Price  5I.  5  s. 
in  boards.     Robinlons.     1790. 

We  take  the  earlieft  opportunity  of  laying  before  our  readers 
the  outlines  of  a  work,  which  from  the  importance  of  the 
fubje£i:,  the  difficulty  of  the  enterprize  it  defcribes,  and  the 
time  confumedin  arranging  and  methodizing  the  materials,  has 
raifed  public  curiofity  to  an  uncommon  pitch  : — ^a  work,  which, 
independent  of  the  difcovery  whofe  honours  it  claims,-  teems 
i^i'ith  obfervations  equally  interefting  to  fcience  and  commerce, 
enriches,  furprifes,  invigorates  the  natural  hiftorian,  the  phi- 
lofopher,  and  the  man  of  poetic  fancy,  and  abounds  with  novel 
entertainment  for  every  cfafs  of  readers. 

The  difficulties  attending  the  review  of  a  work  fo  infinitely 
various,  are  eafily  conceived — to  fay  nothing  to  miflead,  and 
all  that  is  neceifary  to  dire6l  the  public  judgment;  to  be 
equally  divefted  of  prejudice  and  fondnefs ;  to  fleer  clear  of 
fcepticifm  and  credulity — is  the  critic's  tafk  :  but  fuppofe  all 
thefe  requifites  in  his  power,  fuppofe  him  fuperiour  to  habit, 
education,  place,  fociety — how  much  muft  ftill  be  left  to  time 
and  repeated  experiment^  ^before  he  can  decide,  before  he  can 
exalt  narr^ff ion  to  truth,  or  rejefi  it  as  jficlion  ! 

Aware  of  thefe  difficulties,  we  proceed  to  analyze  the  work 
in  the  manner  pointed  out  by  the  author  himfelf,  to  let  hinx 
fpeak  his  own  language,  and  leave  the  reader  to  adopt,  or  to 
rejeft,  as  he  is  prompted  by  his  own  conceptions. — But  whether 
he  reads  our  extracts,  or  proceeds  to  the  work  itfelf,  let  him 
never  forget — that  a  relation  of  fa£ls,  founded  on  important 
truths,  cannot  be  afFedled  by  the  accidental  blemiflies  of  repe- 
tition, forgctfulnefs,  wearinefs,  or  want  of  elegance ; — whilft 
elegance  and  embellifliment  fcattered  over  faithlefs  narration, 
become  nu2:atory,  impertinent,  and  even  criminal. 

Vol.  VII.  B  A  Dedi^ 


2  TRAVELS. 

,  A  Dedication  to  the  King^  and  an  IntroduSfion^  are  pttfiXta 
to  the  work. 

In  the  dedication,  the  author,  after  complimenting  his  fove-» 
reign  on  the  principle  of  the  difcoveries  and  conquefts  made 
under  his  aufpices,  and  the  happinefs  difFufed  by  them,  thus  in- 
troduces his  own  labours : — 

*  While  thefe  great  objeds  were  fteadily  conducing  to  the  end 
which  the  capacity;  of  thofe  employed,  the  juftnefs  of  tne  meafures  on 
which  they  were  planned,  and  the  conftant  care  and  fupport  of  the 
public  promifed,  there  ftill  remained  an  expedition  to  be  undertaken 
which  had  been  long  called  for,  by  philofophers  of  all  nations,  in  vain# 

*  Fleets  and  armies  were  ufelefs  j  even  the  power  of  Britain,  with 
the  utmoft  exertion,  could  afford  no  proteftion  there,  the  place  wasfo 
xjnhappily  cut  off  from  the  reft  of  mankind,  that  even  Your  Ma  j  esty's 
name  and  virtues  have  never  yet  been  known  or  heard  of  there, 

*  The  fituation  of  the  country  was  barely  known,  no  more  :  placed 
under  the  moft  ihclement  ikies,  in  part  furrounded  by  impenetrable 
forefts,  where,  from  the  beginning,  the  beads  had  eftablifhcd  a  fove- 
reignty  uninterrupted  by  man,  in  part  by  vaft  defartsof  moving  fands^ 
where  nothing  was  to  be  found  that  had  the  breath  of  life>  thefe  terrible 
barriers  inclofed  men  more  bloody  and  ferocious  than  the  beafts  them- 
felves,  and  more  fatal  to  travellers  than  the  fands  that  encompafTcd 
them  ;  and  thtrs  (hut  op,  they  had  been  long  growing  every  day  more 
barbarous,  and  defied,  by  rendering  it  dangerous,  the  curiofity  of 
iravellers  of  every  nation. 

*  Although  the  leaft  confideMblc  of  your  Majesty's  fubjedls,  yet 
lot  the  leafldefirous  of  proving  my  duty  by  promoting  your  Ma  j  est  y's 
declared  plan  of  difcovery  as  much  as  the  weak  endeavours  of  a  fuiglc 
pcrfon  could,  unprotefted,  forlorn  and  alone,  or  at  times  aflfociated 
%o  beggars  and  banditti,  as  they  offered,  I  undertook  this  defperate 
journey,  and  did  not  turn  an  ell  out  of  my  propofed  way  till  I  had 
compleated  it:  It  was  the  firft  difcovery  attempted  in  your  Majesty's 
reign.  From  Egypt  I  penetrated  into  this  country,  through  Arabia 
©n  one  fide,  pafling  through  melancholy  and  dreary  deferts,  ventilated 
with  poifonous  winds,  and  glowing  with  eternal  fun-beams,  whoft 
names  are  as  ui&nown  in  geography  as  are  thofe  of  the  antediluvian 
world.  In  the  fix  years  employed  in  this  furvey  I  defcribed  a  circum- 
ference whofe  greater  axis  comprehended  twenty-two  degrees  of  the 
meridian,  in  which  dreadful  circle  was  contained  aU  that  is  terrible 
to  the  feelinga,  prejudicial  to  the  health,  or  fatal  to  the  life  of  man.' 

The  introdudtion  inform^  the  reader 

*  Of  the  motives  upon  which  thefe  travels  were  undertaken,  the' 
r^rder  and  manner  in  which  they  were  executed,  and  fome  account 
of  the  work  ildclf,  as  well  of  the  matter  as  the  diftribution  of  it. 

*  Every  one  will  remember  that  period,,  fo  glorious  to  Britain,  the 
latter  end  of  the  miniftry  of  the  late  Earl  of  Chatham.  I  was  then  re- 
turned from  a  tour  through  the  greateft  part  of  Europe*  parrieularly 
through  the  whole  of  Spain  and  Portugal,  between  whom  there  then  was 
an  appearance  of  approaching  war.  1  was  about  to  retire  to  a  fmall  pa- 
trimony I  had  received  from  my  anceftors,  in  order  to  embrace  a  life  of 
ftudy  and  refledion,.  nothing  more  a6live  appearing  then  within  my 
power,  when  chance  threw  me  unexpeftedly  into  a  very  ftiort  and  very 
defukory  converfation  with  Lord  Chatham. 


r 


firuce*x  Travels  fo  d!/c6D^r  ihe  Sourde  bfthe  Nile. 


*  It  was  a  few  days  after  this  that  Mr.'  Wood,  then  under-fecrctary 
t)f  ftate,  my  veiy  zealous  and  fincere  friend,  informed  me  that  Lord 
Chatham  intended  to  employ  me  upon  a  particular  fervice ;  that, ' 
however,  I  might  go  down  for  a  few  weeks  to  my  own  country  to 
fctde  my  affairs,  but  by  all  mean*  to  be  ready  upon  a  call.  Nothing 
eould  be  inore  flattering;  to  me  than  fuch  an  offer ;  when  fo  young, 
to  be  thought  worthy  oy  Lord  Chatham  of  any  employment,  was 
doubly  a  preferment.  No  time  was  loft  on  my  fide  ;  but  juft  after 
my  receiving  orders  to  return  to  London,  his  Lordlhip  had  gone  to 
Bath,  and.  religned  his  office. 

*  This  difappointment,  which  was  the  more  fcnfiblc  to  me,  that 
it  was  the  firft  I  had  met  in  public  life,  was  promifed  to  be  made 
up  to  me  by  Lord  Egremont,  and  Mr.  George  Grenville,  The 
former  had  been  long  my  friend,  but  unhappily  he  was  then  far  gone 
in  a  lethargic  indifoofition,  which  threatened,  and  did  very  foon  put 
a  period  to  his  exiftence.  With  Lord  Egremont's  death  my  expec- 
tations vaniftied.  Further  particulars  are  unneccfFary,  but  I  hope 
that  at  leaft,  in  part,  they  remain  in  that  brcaft,  where  they  naturally 
ought  to  be,  and  where  I  (hall  ever  think,  not  to  be  forgotten,  is  to  be 
rewarded. 

«  Seven  or  eight  months  were  paft  in  an  expenfivc  arid  fruitlef« 
attendance  in  London,  when  Lord  Halifax  was  pleafed,  not  only  to 
propofe,  but  to  plan  for  me  a  journey  of  confiderable  importance,  and 
which  was  to  take  up  feveral  years.  His  lordlhip  faid,  that  nothing 
could  be  more  ignoble,  than  that,  at  fuch  a  time  of  life,  at  the  height 
of  my  reading,  health,  and  atlivity,  J  (hould,  as  it  were,  turn  pcafant, 
and  voluntarily  bury  myfelf  in  obfcurity  and  idlenefs ;  that  though 
war  was  now  drawing  faft  to  an  end,  full  as  honourable  a  compe* 
tition  remained  among  men  of  fpirit,  which  ihould  acquit  themfelves 
heft  in  the  dangerous  line  of  ufeful  adventure  and  difcovery.  He 
obferved,  that  the  coaft  of  Barbary,  which  might  be  faid  to  be  juft 
at  our  door,  was  as  yet  but  partially  explored  by  Dr.  Shaw,  who 
had  only  illuftrated  (very  judicioufly  indeed)  the  geographical  labours 
k  of  Saufon*  ;  that  neither  Dr.  Shaw  nor  Sanfon  had  been,  or  had  pre- 
I  tended  to  be,  capable  of  giving  the  public  any  detail  of  the  large 
I  and  magnificent  remains  of  ruined  architedlure  which  they  both  vouch 
to  have  feen  in  great  quantities,  and  of  exquifite  elegance  and  perfec- 
tion, all  over  the  country.  Such  had  not  been  their  ftudy,  yet  fuch 
was  really  the  tafte  that  was  required  in  the  prefent  times.  He  wifhed 
tljerefore  that  1  fhould  be  the  firft,  in  the  reign  juft  now  beginning,  to 
let  an  example  of  making  large  additions  to  the  royal  colledion,  and 
he  pledged  himfelf  to  be  my  fupporter  and  patron,  and  to  make  good 
to  me,  upon  this  additional  merit,  the  promifes  which  had  been  held 
forth  to  me  by  former  minifters  for  other  fervices, 

♦  The  difcovery  of  the  fource  of  the  Nile  was  alfo  a  fubjedl  of 
thefe  conrerfations,  but  it  was  always  mentioned  to  me  with  a  kind 
of  diffidence,  as  if  to  be  ex^eded  from  a  more  experienced  traveller. 
Whether  this  was  but  another  way  of  exciting  me  to  the  attempt 
I  ftiail  not  fay  ;  but  my  heart  in  that  inftant  did  me  juftice  to  fuggeft, 
that  this,  too,  was  either  to  be  atchieved  by  me,  or  to  remaim,  as 

I    ■         '  .  I-  -        .      .    . ■  ■  I  I  ■■! 

*  Hd  was  long  a  flave  to  the  Bey  of  Conftantina,  and  appears  to 
Bare  been  a  jiian  of  capacity. 

B  2  it 


4-  TRAVEtS. 

It  had  done  for  thcfe  laft  two  tkoufand  years,  a  defiance  to  all  travelfcrf/ 
and  an  opprobrium  to  geography. 

*  Fortune  feemed  to  enter  into  this  fcheme.  At  the  very  inftant 
Mr.  Afpinwall,  very  cruelly  and  ignominioufly  treated  by  the  Dey 
of  Algiers,  had  refigned  his  confullhip,  and  Mr.  Ford,  a  merchant, 
formerly  the  Dey^s  acquaintance,  was  named  in  his  place.  Mr.  Ford 
was  appointed,  and  dying  a  {gw  days  after,  the  confulfhip  became 
vacant.  Lord  Halifax  prefTed  me  to  accept  of  this,  as  containing  all 
fort  of  conveniencies  for  making  the  propofed  expedition. 

*  This  favorable  event  finally  determined  me.  I  had  all  my  life 
applied  unweariedly,  perhaps  with  more  love  than  talent,  to  drawings 
the  praftice  of  mathematics,  and  efpecially  that  .part  neceflary  to 
aftronomy.  The  tranfit  of  Venus  was  at  hand.  It  was  certainly 
known  that  it  would  be  vifible  once  at  Algiers,  and  there  was  ereat 
reafon  to  exped  it  might  be  twice.  I  had  furnifhed  myfelf  with  a  Targe 
apparatus  of  inftruments,  the  completed  of  thcir.kind  for  the  obfer- 
vation.  In  the  choice  of  thefe  I  had  been  afiifted  by  my  friend  Admiral 
Campbell,  and  Mr.  Ruffel  fecretary  to  the  Turkey  Company ;  every 
other  neceflary  had  been  provided  in  proportion.  It  was  a  pleafurc 
now  to  know  that  it  was  not  from  a  rock  or  a  wood,  but  from  my 
own  houfe  at  Algiers,  I  could  deliberately  take  meafures  to  place  myfelf 
in  the  lift  of  men  of  fcience  of  all  nations,  who  were  then  preparing 
for  the  fame  fcientific  purpofe.' 

The  order  and  manner  of  execution  follow  next :  but  it  would 
exceed  our  limits  to  give  a  detail  of  the  long  and  intenfe  appli- 
cation to  every  branch  of  ftudy,  which  was  likely  to  enable 
the  author  to  attain  his  end ;  fuch  as  languages,  phyfic, 
furgery,  &c.  to  defcribe  the  apparatus  of  inftruments  procured, 
of  acquaintances  made,  of  letters,  &c.  obtained ;  and  to  follow 
him,  through  what  may  be  called,  his  preparatory  travels,  to- 
Tunis,  Tripoli,  and  as  far  \x^  the  coaft  of  Barbary,  as  the 
Romans  were  fuppofed  to  hav^  penetrated  ;  to  Crete,  Rhodes, 
the  coaft  of  Afia  Minor,  Cyprus,  Sidon,  Tripoli  in  Syria,, 
Aleppo,  Palmyra,  Balbec,  Tyre — till  his  embarkatioa  for 
Alexandria :  travels  replete  with  hair-breadth  fcapes,  and 
adventures  of  every  kind ;  but  as  they  were  made  througl^ 
countries  defcribed,  and  their  antiquities  and  ftores  of  curi- 
ofities  had  l^en  the  fubjeft  of  other  travellers,  we  pafs  them 
with  the  autnor,  whofe  principle  of  obfervation  profelTedly  is^ 
not  to  tarry  on  trodden  ground  :  we  only  remark  that  he  drew 
and  meafured  every  where  ;  that  the  coUedlion  of  the  views 
taken  at  Balbec  and  Palmyra,  is  now  in  the  pofleffion  of  the 
king  ;  and  thefe  defigns,  to  ufe  his  own  words,  '  are  the  moft 
m^gnificejit  offering  in  their  line,  that  ever  was  made  by  one 
fubjed  to  his  fovereign.' 

The  remaining  part  of  the  introduftion  afligns  reafons  for 
the  delay  of  publication,  viz.  vexatious  and  heavy  law-fuits  for 
the  fpace  of  two  years  and  upwards  ;  his  own  infirm  ftate  of 
health,  and  that  ftill  worfe  of  Mrs.  B.  which  for  near  nine 
years  to  the  time  of  her  death,  comnianded  all  his  attendance 


r 


"Bruce^j  Travels  to  difcover  the  Source  of  the  Nile.  % 

and  care.     It  was  not  till  after  her  deceafe  that  Mr,  B.  waj 
prevailed  on  to  refume  his  literary  labours. 

•  The  love  oFfblitude,'  fays  he,  (introduflion,  p.  65)  'is  the  con- 
ftant  follower  of  afflidlion  ;  this  again  naturally  turns  an  inllruded 
miad  to  lludy.  My  friends  unanimoufly  a/Tailed  me  in  the  part  mod 
acceffible  when  the  fpirits  are  weak,  which  is  vanity,  Thcyreprefented 
to  me  how  ignoble  it  was,  after  all  my  dangers  and  difficulties  were 
over,  to  be  conquered  by  a  misfortune  incident  to  all  men,  the  in- 
dulging of  which  was  unreafonable  in  itfelf,  fruitlefs  in  its  confe- 
qaenced,  and  fo  unlike  the  expe6tation  1  had  given  my  country,  by 
the  firmnefs  and  intrepidity  of  my  former  charadler  and  behaviour. 
Among  thefe,  the  principal  and  mofl  urgent  was  agentleuian  well 
known  to  the  literary  world,  in  which  he  holds  a  ranlc  nearly  as  dif- 
tinguifliea  as  that  to  which  his  virtues  entitle  him  in  civil  life  ;  this 
was  the  Hon,  Daincs  Barrlngton,  whofe  friendlhip,  valuable  on 
every  account,  iu^d  this  rd.Utional  merit,  that  it  h;id  exifted  unin- 
terrupted fince  the  days  we  were  at  fchool.  It  is  to  this  gentle- 
man's perfuafions,  aiTiltance,  protcdion,  and  friendlhip,  that  the 
world  ovv  es  this  publication,  if  indeed  there  is  any  merit  in  it ;  at 
leall,  they  are  tertainly  indebted  to  him  for  the  opportunity  of 
judging  whether  there  is  any  merit  in  it  or  not. 

*  No  great  time  has  paflcd  fmce  the  work  was  in  hand.  The 
materials  c  Hefted  upon  the  fpot  were  very  full,  and  feldom  de- 
ferred to  be  iet  down  beyond  the  day  wherein  the  events  defcribed  ' 
happened,  but  oftener,  when  fpeeches  and  arguments  were  to  be 
mentioned,  they  were  noted  the  inft.int  afterwards;  for,  contrary 
I  believe  to  what  is  often  the  cafe,  I  can  afTure  the  reavler  rhefe 
fpeeches  and  converfaiions  are  abfolutely  real,  and  not  the  fabrica- 
tion of  after-hours.' 

Before  we  leave  the  introduftion  we  fhall  juft  obferve,  that  the 
author  obviates  the  criticifms  that  may  be  made  on  his  Ityle 
and  language  ;  notices  the  fuppofed  '  parties  that  had  been 
formed  againfl  the  work  j'  and  anfwers  a  doubt  which  might 
rife  in  the  minds  of  feme,  about  the  means  of  procuring  the 
funds  neceflary  to  travel  in  the  ftyle  he  did.  Among  many 
fatisfa£lory  readbns  why  he  was  enabled  to  make  his  entry  with 
importance  at  courts,  that  to  all  {Grangers  and  all  the  travel- 
lers before  him  had  been  inacceflible,  he  gives  the  following 
chara<5eriflic  ones,  after  mentioning  the  letters  of  introduc- 
tion procured.     (Introduflion,  p.  71.) 

*  The  only  requeft  of  thefe  letters  was  fafety  and  protefjion  to 
my  pcrfon.'  Jt  was  mentioned  that  I  was  a  phyfician,  to  introduce 
a  conciliatory  circumflance,  that  I  was  above  praftifing  for  gain. 
That  all  [  did  was  from  the  fear  of  God,  from  charity,  and  the 
love  of  mankind.  I  was  a  phyiician  in  the  city,  a  foldier  in  the 
field,  a  courtier  every  where,  demeaning  myfelf,  as  confcious  that 
1  was  not  unworthy  of  being  ^  companion  to  the  iiril  of  their  no- 
bility, and  the  king's  ftranger  and'gueft,  which  is  ther^  a  charac- 
ter, as  it  was  with  eaflern  nations  of  old,  to  which  a  certain  fort 
of  coniideration  is  due.  It  was  in  vain  to  compare  myfelf  with 
l^bcm  in  any  kind  of  learning,  as  they  have  none  ;  mufic  they  have 

B  5  as 


6  TRAVILS, 

as  little ;  in  eating  and  drinking  they  were  indeed  infinitely  my 
fuperiors ;  but  in  one  accomplifhment  that  came  naturally  into 
comparifon,  which  was  horfemanfhip,  I  ftudioufly  cilablifhed  my 
fuperiority. 

*  My  long  refidcnce  among  the  Arabs  had  given  me  more  than 
ordinary  facility  in  managing  the  horfe  ;  I  had  brought  my  own 
faddle  and  bridle  with  me,  and,  as  the  reader  will  find,  bought 
my  horfe  of  the  B^hafnagafh  in  the  firft  days  of  ray  journey,  fuch 
a  one  as  was  neceffary  to  carry  me,  and  him  I  trained  carefully, 
and  ftudied  from  the  beginning.  The  AbyiHnians,  as  the  reader 
will  hereafter  fee,  are  the  worft  horfemen  in  the  world.  Their 
horfes  are  bad,  not  equal  to  our  Welfh  or  our  Scotch  galloways. 
Their  furniture  is  worfe.  They  know  not  the  ufe  of  fire-arms  oa 
horfeback ;  they  had  never  feen  a  double-barrelled  gu»,  nor  flid 
they  know  that  its  efFedt  was  limited  to  two  difcharges,  but  that  it 
jAight  have  been  fired  on  to  infinity.  All  this  gave  me  an  eviden^ 
fuperiority, 

*  To  this  I  may  add,  that  being  in  the  prime  of  life,  of  no  ungra- 
cious figure,  having  an  accidental  knack,  which  is  not  a  trifle,  of 
putting  on  the  drefs,  and  fpeaking  the  language  eafily  and  grace- 
fully, I  cultivated  with  the  utmoft  affiduity  the  friend Ihip  of  the 
fair  (ex,  by  the  moft  modeft,  refpedlful,  diflant  attendance,  and  oh- 
iequioufnefs  in  public,  abating  jufl  as  much  of  that  in  private  as; 
fuited  their  humour  and  inclinations.  I  foon  acquired  a  great 
iiipport  from  thefe  at  court ;  jealoufy  is  not  a  paffion  of  the  Abyf- 
£nians,  who  are  in  the  contrary  extreme,  even  to  indifference.* 

We  arc  now  come  to  the  work  itfelf.  The  firft  volume  is 
divided  into  two  books,  and  thefe  into  chapters. 

Hh  firjl  brings  our  author  to  Alexandria,  JRofetto,  Hq 
embarks  on  the  Nile,  and  arrives  at  Cairo. 

Chap.  II.  The  author  is  introduced  to  Aly  Bey,  by  the 
Bey's  fecretary  Rifle,  an  Egyptian  Copht,  who  was  pre-poffeffed 
in  favour  of  Mr.  B.'s  fuperior  knowledge  in  aftrology,  from 
the  apparatus  of  his  inftruments,  when  they  were  opened  at 
the  cuftom-houfe  of  Alexandria.  The  following  is  hi^  inter^ 
view  with  that  celebrated  charader.     P.  36, 

*  In  the  mean  while,  Riik  fent  to  me,  one  night  about  nine 
o'clock,  to  come  to  the  Bey.  1  faw  him  then  for  the  firH  time. 
He  was  a  much  younger  man  than  I  conceived  him  to  be ;  he  was 
fitting  upon  a  large  fofa,  covered  with  crimfon-cloth  of  gold  ;  his 
turban,  his  girdle^  and  the  head  of  his  dagger,  all  thick  covered 
with  fine  brilliants ;  one  in  his  turban,  that  ferved  to  fupport  a 
fprig  of  brilliants  alfo,  was  among  the  largeft  I  had  ever  feen. 

*  He  entered  abruptly  into  difcourfe  upon  the  war  between 
Ruflia  and  the  I'urk,  and  afked  me  if  I  had  calculated  what  would 
be  the  cpnfequence  of  that  war?  I  faid,  the  Turks  would  be  beaten 
by  fca  and  land  wherever  they  prefented  themfelves. 

*  Again,  Whether  Conftantinople  would  be  burned  or  taken  ? — ■ 
I  faid, 'Neither;  but  peace  would  be  made,  after  much  bloodfhed- 
with  little  advantage  to  either  party, 

5  H« 


r 


Bruce' J  Travels  to  difiover  the  Source  rfthe  Nile.  7 

*  He  clapped  hi8  hands  together,  and  fwore  an  oath  in  Turkifh, 
then  turned  to  Rifle,  who  ftood  before  him,  and  faid.  That  will  be 
fad  indeed  !  but  truth  is  truth,  and  God  is  merciful. 

*  He  oifercd  me  coffee  and  fvveet meats,  promifed  me  his  pro- 
€e£kion,  bade  me  fear  nothing,  but,  if  any  body  wronged  me,  to 
acquaint  him  by  Ri/k. 

*  Two  or  three  nights  afterwards  the  Bey  fent  for  me  again.  It 
was  near  eleven  o'clock  before  I  got  admittance  to  him. 

*  I  met  the  janiflary  Aga  going  out  from  him,  and  a  number 
ofibldiers  at  the  door.  As  I  did  not  know  him,  I  pa/Ted  him 
without  ceremony,  which  is  not  ufual  for  any  per(bn  to  do.  When- 
ever he  mounts  on  horfeback,  as  he  was  then  juft  going  to  do,  he 
has  abfblute  power  of  life  and  death,'  without  appeal,  all  over 
Cairo  and  its  neighbourhood.  " 

^  He  ilopt  me  juft  at  the  threfhold,  and  afked  one  of  the  Bey's 
people  who  I  was?  and  was  anfwered,  '*  It  is  Hakim  Englefcs'* 
the  Engliih  philofopher,  or  phyficiao. 

*  He  afked  me  in  Turkifh,  in  a  very  polite  manner,  if  I  would 
l^me  and  fee  him,  for  he  was  not  well  ?  I  anfwered  him  in  Arabic* 
"  Yes,  whenever  he  pleafed,  but  could  not  then  flay,  as  I  had  re- 
ceived a  meiTage  that  the  Bey  was  waiting."  He  replied  in  Ara- 
bic, "  No,  no;  go,  for  Gtod's  fake  go;  any  time  will  do  for 
me." 

*  The  Bey  was  fitting,  leaning  forward,  with  a  wax  taper  in 
one  hand,  and  reading  a  fmall  flip  of  paper,  which  he  held  clofe 
to  his  face.  He  fcemed  to  have  little  light,  or  weak  eyes  ;  nobody 
was  near  him :  his  people  had  been  all  difmiffed,  or  were  following 
the  janiffary  Aga  out. 

*  He  did  not  feem  to  obferve  me  till  I  was  clofe  upon  him,  and 
ftarted  when  I  faid,  "  SalamJ*  I  told  him  I  came  upon  his 
meffage.  He  faid,  I  thank  you,  did  I  fend  for  you?  and  without 
giving  me  leave  to  reply,  went  on,  •*  O  truCj  I  did  fo,"  and  fell 
to  reading  his  paper  again.  , 

*  After  this  was  over,  he  complained  that  he  had  been  ill ;  that 
he  vomited  immediately  after  dinner,  though  he  eat  moderately; 
that  his  flomach  was  not  yet  fettled,  and  was  afraid  fomething 
had  been  given  him  to  do  him  mifchief. 

'  I  felt  his  pnlfe,  which  was  low,  and  weak ;  but  very  little 
feverifli.  I  defired  he  would  order  his  people  10  look  if  his  meat 
was  drefled  in  copper  properly  tinned  ;  I  aflured  him  he  was  in  no 
danger,  and  infinuated  that  I  thought  he  had  been  guilty  of  fome 
exccfs  before  dinner ;  at  which  he  fmiled,  and  faid  to  Rifk,  who 
was  landing  by,  **  Afrite  !  Afritel  he  is  a  devil !  he  is  a  devil ! 
I  faid,  if  your  flomach  is  really  uneafy  from  what  you  may  have 
ate>  warm  fbme  water,  and,  if  you  pleafe,  put  a  little  green  tea 
into  it,  and  drink  it  till  it  makes  you  vomit  gently,  and  that  will 
give  you  eafe;  after  which  you  may  take  a  difh  of  flrong  coffee, 
and  go  to  bed,  or  a  glafs  of  fpirits,  if  you  have  any  that  are 

<  He  looked  furprifed  at  this  propofal,  and  &id  vtry  calmly» 
^^  Spirits  !  do  you  know  I  am  a  MufTuIman  V*  .  Sut  1,  Sir^  faid  I, 

B  4  am 


y  ^  TRAVELS. 

am  none.  I  tell  you  what  is  good  for  your  body,  and  have  no^ 
thing  to  do  with  your  religion,  or  your  foul.  He  feemed  vaftly 
diverted,  and  pleafed  with  my  franknefs,  and  only  faid,  **  He 
fpeaks  like  a  man.*'  There  was  no  word  of  the  war,  nor  of  the 
RuiBans  that  night.  I  went  home  defperately  tired,  and  peevifh 
at  being  dragged  out,  on  fo  foolifh  an  errand.     * 

*  Next  morning,  his  fecretary  Riik  came  to  me  to  the  convent. 
The  Bey  was  not  yet  well ;  and  the  idea  ftill  remained  that  he  had 
been  poifoned.  Rifk  told  me  the  Bey  had  great  confidence  in  me. 
I  alked  him  how  the  water  had  operated  ?  He  faid  he  had  not  yet 
taken  any  of  it,  that  he  did  not  know  how  to  make  it,  therefore 
lie  was  come  at  the  defire  of  the  Bey,  to  fee  how  it  was  made. 

*  I  immediately  ihewed  'him  this,  by  infufing  fome  green  tea  in 
fome  warm  water.  But  this  was  not  all,  he  modeftly  insinuated 
that  I  was  to  drink  it,  and  fo  vomit  myfelf,  in  order  to  (hew  him 
liow  to  do  with  the  Bey. 

'  I  excufed  myfelf  from  being  patient  and  phylician  at  the  fame 
time,  and  told  him,  I  would  vomit  him,  which  would  anf^er  the 
fame  purpofe  of  inftruftion  ;  neither  was  this  propofal  accepted.  Ji^ 

*  The  old  Greek  pricJft,  Father  Chriftopher,  coming  at  the  fame 
time,  we  both  a'^reed  to  vomit  the  Father,  who  would  not  con- 
fent,  but  produced  a  Caloyeros,  or  young  monk,  and  we  forced 
him  to  take  the  water  whether  he  would  or  not.' 

The  author  now  in  favour  with  the  Bey,  procured  letters 
of  recommendation  to  the  leading  men  and  governors  of  dif- 
ferent places  on  his  route.  In  Chap.  iii.  leaves  Cairo,  em- 
barks on  a  canja,  of  which  a  cut  is  given,  for  Upper  Egypt ; 
vifits  Metrahenny  and  R4ohannan,  and  gives  his  reafons  for 
fuppofing  it  the  fOiuation  of  Memphis,  againft  the  opinion  of 
Dr.  Shaw. 

In  Chap.  iv.  and  v.  the  author  profecutes  his  journey ; 
gives  an  account  of  the  falfe  pyramid  j  the  ruins  of  Antinopo- 
lis.  The  following  is  his  defcription  of  the  grand  ruins  of 
Dendera,  the  ancient  Tentyra.     P.  103. 

*  Dendera  is  a  conliderable  town  at  this  day,  all  covered  with 
thick  groves  of  palm-trees,  the  fame  that  Juvenal  defcribes  it  to 

'have  been  in  his  time.  Juvenal  himfelf  muft  have  fecn  it,  at  leaft 
once,  in  paffing,  ai,  he  himfelf  died  in  sl  kind  of  honourable  exile 
at  Sy cne,  whilft  in  command  there. 

Terga  fuga  celeri,  fr aft  ant  thus  omnibus  inftant^ 
^i  vicina  tolunt  umbroja  Tentyra  palma. 

Juv.  Sat.  15.  V.  75. 
'  This  place  is  governed  by  a  cacheiF,  appointed  by  Shekh  Ha- 
man.  A  mile  fouth  of  the  town,  are  the  ruins  of  twp  temples, 
one  of  which  is  To  much  buried  underground,  that  little  of  it  is 
to  be  feen  ;  but  the  other,  which  is  by  far  the  mod  magnificent, 
is  entire,  and  acceffible  on  every  fide.  It'  is  alfo.  covered  with 
hieroglyphics,  both  within  and  without,  all  in  relief;  and  of  every 
figure,  fimple  and  compound,  that  ever  has  been  publiihed,  or 
Called  an  hieroglyphic. 

'  The 


r 


Bruce*5  Travels  to  dlfcover  the  Source  of  the  Nile,  9 

'  The  form  of  the  building  is  an  oblong  fquare,  the  ends  of 
which  are  occapied  by  two  large  apartments,  or  vellibules,  fup* 
ported  by  monflrous  columns,  all  covered  with  hieroglyphics  hke- 
wife.  Some  arc  in  form  of  men  and  beafts ;  Ibme  feem  to  be  tha 
figures  of  inftruments  of  facrifice,  while  others,  in  a  fmailer  fize, 
and  lefs  diilinft  form,  feem  to  be  infcriptions  in  the  current  hand 
of  hieroglyphic^,  of  which  I  fhall  ipeak  at  large  afterwards.  The/ 
are  all  finiflied  with  great  care. 

*  The  capitals  are  of  one  piece,  and  confift  of  four  huge,  human 
heads,  placed  back  to  back  againft  one  another,  with  bat's  cars, 
and  an  ill-imagined,  and  worfe- executed,  fold  of  drapery  betweea 
them. 

*  Above  thefe  is  a  large  oblong  fquare  block,  ftill  larger  than 
the  capitals,  with  four  flat  fronts,  difpofed  like  pannels,  that  is, 
with  a  kind  of  fquare  border  round  the  edges,  while  the  faces  and 
fronts  are  filled  with  hieroglyphics  ;  as  are  the  walls  and  cielings 
of  every  part  of  the  temple.  Between  thefe  two  apartments  in 
the  extremities,  there  are  three  other  apartments,  rcfcmbling  the 
Srft,  in  every  rcfpedl,  only  that  they  are  fmailer. 

*  The  whole  building  is  of  common  white  ftone,  from  the 
neighbouring  mountains,  only  thofe  two  in  which  have  been  funk 
the  pirns  for  hanging  the  outer  doors,  (for  it  feems  they  had  doors 
even  in  thofe  days)  are  of  granite,  or  black  and  blue  porphyry. 

*  The  top  of  the  temple  is  flat ;  the  fpouts  to  carry  oiF  the 
water  are  monflrous  heads  of  fphinxes;  the  globes  with  wings, 
and  the  two  ferpents,  with  a  kind  of  fliield  or  bread-plate  be- 
tween them,  are  here  frequently  repeated,  fuch  as  we  iec  them  on 
the  Carthaginian  medals.  ' 

*  The  hieroglyphics  have  been  painted  over,  and  great  part  of 
the  colouring  yet  remains  upon  the  ftones,  red,  in  all  its  fliades, 
cfpecialiy  that  dark  dufky  colour  called  'JPyrian  purple;  yellow, 
very  freih ;  fky-blue  (that  is,  near  the  bfte  of  an  eaftern  fky, 
feveral  ftiades  lighter  than  ours  ;)  green  of  different  fliades ;  thefe 
are  all  the  colours  preferved. 

*  I  could  difcover  no  veftiges  of  common  houfes  in  Dendera 
more  than  in  any  other  of  the  great  towns  in  Egypt.  I  fuppofe 
the  common  houfes  of  the  ancients,  in  thefe  warm  countries,  were 
conftrudled  of  very  flight  materials,  after  thpy  left  their  caves  in 
the  mr.untains.  There  was  indeed  no  need  for  any  other.  Not 
knowing  the  regularity  of  the  Nile's  inundation,  they  never  could 
be  perfedlly  fecure  in  their  own  minds  againfl:  the  deluge;  and 
this  flight  llrufture  of  private  buildings  feems  to  be  the  reafon  fo 
few  ruins  are  found  in  the  many  cities  once  built  in  Egypt,  if 
there  ever  were-  any  other  buildings,  they  mufl:  be  now  covered 
with  the  white  fand  from  the  mountains,  for  the  whole  plain  to 
the  foot  of  thefe  is  overflowed,  and  in  cultivation.  It  was  no 
part,  either  of  my  plan  or  inclination,  to  enter  inro  the  detail  of 
this  extraordinary  architefture.  Quantity,  and  folidity,  are  two 
principal  circumftances  that  are  fcen  there,  with  a  vengeance. 

^  It  ftrikes  and  impofes  on  you,  at  firft  flght,  but  the  impreflions 
are  like  thofe  made  by  the  fize  of  mountains,  which  the  mind  does 
liot  retain  for  any  confiderable  time  after  feeing  them;  1  chink,  a 
^         .  very 


10  TRAVELS, 

very  ready  hand  might  fpend  fix  months,  from  morning  to  night, 
before  he  could  copy  the  hieroglyphics  in  the  infide  of  the  temple. 
They  are,  however,  in  feveral  combinations,  which  have  not  ap- 
|>eared  in  the  colle^lion  of  hieroglyphics.  I  wonder  that,  being 
in  the  neighbourhood,  as  we  are,  of  LycopoUs,  we  never  fee  a 
wolf  as  an  hieroglyphic ;  and  nothing,  indeed,  but  what  has  fome 
affinity  to  water  j  yet  the  wolf  is  upon  all  the  medals,  from  which 
I  apprehend,  that  the  worCiip  of  the  wolf  was  but  4  modern  fuper- 
ftitiop/ 

In  Chap,  iv,  he  arrives  at  the  ruins  of  Thel>es,  From  a 
variety  of  intereftlng  particulars,  we  extraft  his  2icc9unt  of  th^ 
fepulchres,     P.  125.    • 

*  About  half  a  mile  north  of  El  Gourni,  are  the  magnificent, 
ftupcndous  fepulchres,  of  Thebes.  The  mountains  of  the  The- 
baid  come  clofc  behind  the  town  ;  they  are  not  run  in  upon  one 
gnotber  like  ridges,  but  ftand  infulated  upon  their  bafes  ;  fo  thaC 
you  can  get  round  each  of  them.  A  hundred  of  thefe,  it  is  faid, 
are  excavated  into  fepulchral,  and  a  variety  of  other  apartments. 
}  went  through  feven  of  them  with  a  great  deal  of  fatigue.  It  is 
a  iblicary  place ;  and  my  guides,  either  from  a  natural  impatience 
and  diitaile  that  thefe  people  have  at  fuch  employments,  or,  that 
their  fears  of  the  banditti  that  live  in. the  caverns  of  the  moun- 
tiin$  were  real,  importuned  me  to  return  to  the  boat,  even  before 
I  had  begun  my  fearch,  or  got  into  the  mountains  where  are  the 
loany  large  apartments  of  which  1  was  in  queft. 

*  Jn  ihe  firlt  one  of  thefe  I  entered  is  the  prodigious  farcoph^* 
gos,  fome  fay  of  Menes,  others  of  Ofimandyas ;  poffibly  of  nei- 
fh^.  It  is  fixtaen  feet  high,  ten  long,  and  fix  broad,  of  one  piece 
of  red-granite ;  and,  as  fuch,  is,  I  fuppofe,  the  fineft  vafe  in  the 
world.  Its  cover  is  fi^ll  upon  it,  (broken  on  one  fide)  and  it  has 
a  figure  in  relief  on  t£e  outfide.  It  is  not  probably  the  tomb  of 
Ofimandyas,  becaufe,  Diodorus  fays,  that  it  was  ten  fladia  from 
|hc  tomb  of  the  kings ;  whereas  this  is  one  among  them, 

♦  There  have  been  fome  ornaments  at  the  outer -pillars,  or  outer- 
entry,  which  have  been  broken  and  thrown  down.  Thence  you 
defcend  through  an  inclined  pafTage,  I  fuppofe,  about  twenty  feet 
broad ;  I  fpeak  only  by  guefs,  for  I  did  not  meafure.  The  fide.* 
walls,  as  well  as  the  roof  of  this  paffage,  are  covered  with  a  coa; 
of  ilucco,  of  a  finer  and  more  equal  grain,  or  furface,  than  any 
I  ever  faw  in  Europe.  1  found  my  black-lead  peiw:il  little  more 
worn  by  it  than  by  writing  upon  paper. 

•  Upon  the  left-hand  iide  is  the  crocodile  feizing  upon  the  apis, 
aijKd  plunging  him  into  the  water.  On  the  right-hand  is  the  fca^ 
xabaeus  thebaicus,  or  the  thebaic  beetle,  the  firfl  animal  that  is 
fc^n  alive  after  the  Nile  retires  from  the  land ;  and  therefore 
thought  to  be  an  emblem  of  the  refurre^ion.  My  own  conjecture 
in,  that  the  apis  was  the  emblem  of  the  arable  land  of  Egypt ; 
the  crocodile,  the  typhon,  or  cacodscmon,  the  type  of  an  over- 
abundant Nile ;  that  the  fcarabsus  was  the  land  which  had  been 
overflowed,  and  from  which  the  water  had  foon  retired,  and  has 
nothing  to  do  with  the  refurre^lion  or  immortality,  neither  of 

''which  at  that  time  were  in  contemplation* 

*  Farl^sr' 


Bruce'j  Travels  U  iifcwer  the  Source  of  the  Nilc^        it 

^  Farther  forward  on  the  right-hand  of  the  entry,  the  pannels* 
or  compartments^  were  dill  formed  in  ilucco*  but,  in  place  of 
figures  in  relief,  they  were  painted  in  frefco*  I  dare  fay  this  was 
the  cafe  on  the  left*hand  of  the  paflafi;e,  as  well  as  the  right.  * 
But  the  £rfl  difcovery  was  fo  uaexpedied,  aqd  I  had  flattered  my* 
ielf  that  I  (hould  be  fo  far  mailer  of  my  own  time,  as  to  fee  the 
whole  at  my  leifare,  tha^  I  wa$  rivetted>  as  it  were,  to  the  fpot  bj 
the  iit^  iight  of  thefe  paintings,  and  I  could  proceed  no  further. 

^  In  one  pannel  yftxe  feveral  mnfical  inflruments  Crowed  upon 
the  ground,  chiefly  of  the  hautboy  kind,  with  a  mouth-piece  of 
reed.  There  were  alfo  fome  iimple  pipes  or  flutes.  With  them 
were  (everal  jars  apparently  of  potter- ware,  which,  having  their 
mouths  covered  with  parchment  or  fkiui  and  being  braced  on  their 
iides  like  a  drum,  were  probably  the  inHrument  called  the  tabor » 
or  tahret^  beat  upon  .  by  the  hands,  coupled  in  earliefl  age) 
with  the  harp,  and  preferved  fUll  in  Abyffinia,  though  its  compa« 
nioD,  the  laft-mentioned  inflrun^ent,  is  no  longer  known  tbere^ 

*  In  three  following  panneb  were  painted,  in  frefco,  three 
harps  *,  which  merited  the  utmoft  attention,  whether  we  conflder 
the  elegance  of  thefe  inflruments  in  their  form,  and  the  detail  of 
their  parts  as  they  are  here  clearly  exprefled,  or  confine  ourfelves 
to  the  refleflion  that  neceiTarily  follows,  to  how  great  perfe^ion 
mufic  muft  have  arrived,  Jbefore  an  artift  could  have  pix)duced  fa 
complete  an  inilrument  as  either  of  theie. 

'  As  the  hril  harp  feemed  to  be  the  moil  perfe^l,  and  lead  fpoiled, 
I  immediately  attached  myfelf  to  this,  and  defirod  my  ckrk  to 
take  upon  him  the  charge  of  the  fecond.  In  this  way,  by  iketch- 
iflg  exa^ly,  and  loofely,  I  hoped  to  have  made  myfcif  mafter  of  all 
t;he  paintings  in  that  cave,  perhaps  to  have  extended  my  re« 
iearches  to  others,  though,  in  the  fequel,  I  found  myfelf  miserably 
Received, 

*  My  firil  drawing  was  that  of  a  man  playing  upon  a  harp ;  he 
was  flanding,  and  the  inftrument  bein^  broad,  and  flat  at  the  bafe« 
probably  for  that  purpofe,  fupported  itfelf  eaflly  with  a  very  little 
inclination  upon  his  arm  ;  his  head  is  clofe  (hayed,  his  eye-browt 
black,  without  beard  or  muftachoes.  He  has  on  him  a  loofe  fliirt, 
like  wha^  they  wear  at  this  day  in  Nubia  (only  it  is  not  blue) 
with  looiib  ileeves,  and  arms  and  neck  bare.  It  feemed  to  be  thick 
muflin,  or  cotton  cloth,  an,d  long-ways  through  it  is  a  crimfon 
ftripe,  about  one-eighth  of  an  inch  broad ;  a  proof,  if  this  is 
Egyptian  manufadure,  that  they  underflood  s^t  that  time  how  to 
dye  cotton,  crimfon,  an  art  found  out  in  Britain  only  a  very  fewF 
years  ago.     If  this  is  the  fabric  of  India,  flill  it  proves  the  anti-  - 

Juity  of  the  commerce  between  the  two  countries,  and  the  intro<^ 
udlion  of  Indian  manufactures  into  Egypt^ 
^  It  reached  down  to  his  ancle ;  his  feet  are  without  fandals  3 
^e  feems  to  be  a  corpulent  man,  of  about  fixty  years  of  age,  and 
L-  z  complexion  rather  dark  for  an  Egyptian,  To  guefs  by  the 
dc  tail  of  the  figure,  the  painter  feems  to  have  had  the  fame  de« 
gree  of  merit  with  a  good  fign -painter  in  Europe,  at  this  day.«— >If 
we  allow  this  harper's  flature  to  be  five  feet  ten  inches,  then  wo 

*  Sngravings  of  two  are  given  in  the  work. 

may 


la  TRAVELS, 

may  compote  the  harp,  in  its  extreme  Icrjgth,  to  be  fomcthing 
kfs  than  fix  feet  and  a  half. 

*  This  inilrument  ia  of  a  much  more. advantageous  form  thait 
the  triangular  Grecian  harp.  It  has  thirteen  firings,  but  wants 
the  foiepiece  of  the  frame  oppofite  to  the  longeft  ftring.  The 
back  p  rt  is  the  founding  board,  compofed  of  four  thin  pieces  of 
wood,  joined  together  in  form  of  a  cone,  that  is,  growing  wider 
towards  the  bottom  ;  fo  that,  as  the  length  of  the  ftrin^  increafes^ 
the  fquare  of  the  correfponding  fpace  in  the  founding-board,  in 
¥/bich  the  found  was  to  undulate,  always  increafes  in  proportion* 
The  whole  principles,  on  which  this  harp  is  conllru6led,  are  ra- 
tional and  ingenious,  aad  the  ornamented  parts  are  executed  in 
the  very  befl  manner, 

*  The  bottom  and  fides  of  the  frame  feem  to  be  fineered,  and 
inlaid,  probably  with  ivory,  tortoife-lhell,  and  mothe.-of-pearl, 
the  ordinary  produce  of  the  neighbouring  feas  ^nd  deferts.  It 
would  be  even  now  impoifible,  eitherto  conftru6l  or  to  finifh  a  harp 
of  any  form  with  more  tafte  and  elegance.  Befides  the  propor- 
tions of  its  outward  form,  we  muft  obferve  likewife  how  near  it 
approached  to  a  perfedl  inftruraent,  for  it  wanted  only  two  firings 
^f  havii.g  two  complete  oftaves ;  that  thefe  were  purpofely  omitted^ 
»ot  from  defed  of  tafte  or  fcience,  muft  appear  beyond  contradic- 
tion, when  we  coniider  the  harp  that  follows. 

*  1  had  no  fooner  finifhed  ihe  harp  \which  I  had  taken  in  hand, 
than  I  went  to  my  aFiftant,  to  fee  what  progrefs  he  had  made  ir^ 
the  drawing  in  which  he  was  engaged.  1  found,  to  my  very  great 
furprife,  that  this  harp  differed  elTennally,  in  form  and  diftri^u- 
tion  of  its  parts,  from  the  one  I  had  drawn,  without  having  loft 
aay  of  its  elegance  ;  on  the  contrary,  that  it  was  finifhed  with 
iuli  more  attention  th^in  the  other,  it  feemed  to  be  fineered  with 
the  fame  materials,  iv^ory  and  tortoife-fhell,  but  the  ftrings  were 
differently  difpofed;  the  ends  cf  ihe  three  longeft,  where  they 
joined  to  the  lounding-board  below,  were  defaced  by  a  hole  dug 
in  the  wall.  Several  of  the  ftrings  in  different  parts  had  been 
fcraped  as  with  a  knife,  for  the  reft,  it  was  very  perfe6l.  It  had 
eighteen  ftrings.  A  man,  vvho  feemed  to  be  ftill  older  than  the 
former,  but  in  habit  perfedly  the  fame,  bire-footed,  clofefhaved, 
and  rf  the  fame  comtlexion  with  him,  ftood  playing  with  both 
his  hands  near  the  middle  of  the  harp,  in  a  manner  feemingly  lefs 
agitated  than  in  the  other, 

*  1  went  back  to  my  firft  harp,  verified,  and  examined  my 
drawing  in  all  its  parts;  it  is  wuh  great  pleafure  I  now  give  a 
£gure  of  this  fecond  harp  to  the  reader,  it  was  miflaid  among  a 
muliitude  of  other  papers,  at  the  time  when  I  was  folicited  to 
communicate  the  former  drawing  to  a  gentleman  then  writing  the 
Ilifiory  of  Mufic,  which  he  has  already  fobmitted  to  the  publics 
it  is  very  lately  and  unexpeftedly  this  laft  harp  has  been  found ;  I 
am  only  (orry  this  accident  has  deprived  the  public  of  Dr.  Burney*s 
remarks  upon  it.  I  hope  he  will  yet  favour  us  with  them,  and 
therefore  abftain  from  anticipating  his  reflexions,  as  1  confider 
this  as  hi^  province,  I  never  knew  any  one  fo  capable  of  afford- 
ing 

4     •  ^  '  ■ 


r 


JSruce'j  travels  t$  difcover  the  Source  9f  the  Nile.         15 

log  tbe  public,  new>  and  at  the  fame  time  jull  lights  011  this 
fabjefi. 

«  There  ftill  remained  a  third  harp  of  ten  firings ;  its  prccife 
form  I  do  not  well  remember,  for  I  had  feen  it  but  once  when  £ 
firft  entered  the  cave,  and  was  now  preparing  to  copy  that  like* 
wife,  I  do  not  recolledl  that  there  was  any  man  playing  upoa 
this  one  ;  I  think  it  was  rather  reHing  upon  a  wall,  with  ibme 
kind  of  drapery  upon  one  end  of  it,  and  was  the  fmalleft  of  the 
three.  But  I  am  not  at  all  fo  certain  of  particulars  concerning 
this,  as  to  venture  any  defcription  of  it;  what  I  have  faid  of  the 
other  two  may  be  abfolutely  depended  upon. 

'  I  look  upon  thefe  harps  then  as  the  Theban  harps  in  ufe  ia 
the  time  of  Scfoftris,  who  did  not  rebuild,  but  decorate  ancient 
Thebes;  I  conlider  them  as  affording  an  inconteftible  proof,  were 
they  the  only  monuments  remaining,  that  evQty  art  necelTafy  to 
the  conflrudion  ornament,  and  ufe  of  this  inilrument,  was  in  the 
higheil  perfedion,  and  if  fo,  all  the  others  muft  have  probabl/ 
attained  to  the  fame  degree. 

*  We  fee  in  particular  the  ancients  then  poflefred  an  art  relative 
to  architecture,  that  of  hewing  the  hardefl  Hones  with  the  greatcft 
cafe,  of  which  we  are  at  this  day  utterly  ignorant  and  incapable. 
We  have  no  inflrument  that  could  do  it,  no  compofition  that 
couM  make  tools  of  temper  fufficient  to  cut  bafs  reliefs  in  granite 
or  porphyry  fo  readily  ;  and  oyr  ignorance  in  this  is  the  more  com- 
pletely fhewn,  in  that  we  have  all  the  reafon  to  believe,  the  cutting 
inflrument  with  which  they  did  thefe  furprifing  feats  was  compofcd 
of  brafs  ;  a  metal  of  which,  after  a  thoufand  experiments,  no  tool 
has  ever  been  made  that  could  ferve  the  purpofe  of  a  common 
knife,  though  we  are  at  the  fame  time  certain,  it  was.  of  brafs  the 
ancients  made  their  razors. 

'  Thefe  harps,  in  my  opinion,  overturn  all  the  accounts  hitherto 
given  of  the  earliell  Hate  of  muiic  and  mufical  inflruments  in  the 
eafl;  and  are  altogether  in  their  form,  ornaments,  and  compafs, 
an  incontellible  proof,  flronger  than  a  thoufand  Greek  quotations, 
that  geometry,  drawing,  mechanics,  and  mufic,  were  at  the  greatcft 
perfedion  when  this  inilrument  was  made,  and  that  the  period 
from  which  we  date  the  invention  of  thefe  arts,  was  only  the  be- 
ginning of  the  asra  of  their  refloration.  This  was  the  fentiment 
of  Solomon,  a  writer  who  lived  at  the  time  when  this  harp  was 
painted.  *'  Is  there  (faid  Solomon)  any  thing  whereof  it  may  be 
faid.  See,  this  is  new  !  it  hath  been  already  of  old  time  which  was 
before  us,*' 

*  We  find,  in  thefe  very  countries,  how  a  later  calamity,  of  the 
fame  public  nature,  the  conquell  of  the  Saracens,  occafioned  a 
fimilar  downfall  of  literature,  by  the  burning  the  Alexandrian 
library  under  the  fanatical  caliph  Omar.  We  fee  how  foon  after 
they  flourifhed,  planted  by  the  fame  hands  that  before  had  rooted 
them  out. 

*  The  elFedls  of  a  revolution  occafioned,  at  the  period  I  am  now 
fpeaking  of,  by  the  univerfal  inundation  of  the  Shephercis,  were 
the  deftrudion  of  Thebes,  the  ruin  of  arcaixclure,  and  the  down- 

fal 


14      '  t  k  A  V  fe  t  §* 

fid  of  aftronoiny  in  Egypt*  Still  a  remtiant  was  left  in  ttie  cotO'* 
nies  and  correfpondents  of  Thebes^  though  fallen.  Ezekiel  cele<^ 
brates  Tyre  as  being,  from  her  beginning,  famous  for  the  tabret 
and  harp;  and  it  is  probably  to  Tyre  the  taile  for  mufic  fled 
from  the  contempt  and  perfecation  of  the  barbarous  Shepherds ; 
whO)  though  a  numerous  nation^  to  this  day  never  have  yet  pof- 
§i&d  any  fpecies  of  miific,  or  any  kind  of  muiical  inflrumenta. 
capable  of  improvement. 

*  Although  it  i»  a  Curious  fubjedl  for  refie6lion,  it  ihould  not 
furprife  us  to  find  here  the  harp,  in  fuch  variety  of  fornu  Old 
Thebes,  as  we  prefently  fhall  fee,  had  been  deflroyed,  and  was 
ibon  after  decorated  and  adorned,  but  hot  rebuilt  by  Sefoftris.  It 
was  fome  time  between  the  reign  of  Menes,  the  firfl  king  of  the 
Thebaid,  and  the  firft  general  war  of  the  Shepherds,  that  thefe 
decorations  and  paintings  were  made.  This  gives  it  a  prodigious 
antiquity;  but  fuppofing  it  was  a  favourite  inilrament,  confe- 
quently  well  underftood  at  the  building  of  Tyre,  in  the  year  1320 
before  Chriil,  and  Sefoilris  had  lived  in  the  time  of  Solomon,  as 
Sir  liaac  Newton  imagines ;  dill  there  were  320  years  iince  that 
inftrument  had  already  attained  to  great  perfe^ion,  a  fufficient 
time  to  have  varied  it  into  every  form. 

«  Upon  feeing  the  preparations  J  was  making  to  proceed  farther 
in  my  refearches,  my  conduAors  loft  all  fort  of  fubordination. 
They  were  afraid  my  intention  was  to  fit  in  this  cave  all  night, 
(as  it  really  was,)  and  to  vifit  the  others  next  morning.  With 
great  clamour  and  marks  of  difcontent,  they  dafhed  their  torches 
againfl  the  largefb  harp,  and  made  the  beil  of  their  wav  out  of  the 
cave,  leaving  me  and  my  people  in  the  dark ;  and  all  the  way  as 
they  went,  they  made  dreadful  denunciations  of  tragical  events  - 
that  were  immediately  to  follow^  upon  their  departure  from  the 
cave. 

'  There  was  no  poffibility  of  doing  more.  I  offered  them 
money,  much  beyond  the  utmofl  of  their  expedations ;  but  the 
fear  of  the  Troglodytes,  above  Medinet  Tabu,  had  fallen  upon 
them ;  and  feeing  at  laft  this  was  real,  I  was  not  myfelf  with- 
out apprehenfions,  for  they  were  banditti,  and  outlaws,  and  no 
reparation  was  to  be  expected,  whatever  they  fhould  do  to 
-  hurt   us. 

*  Very  much  vexed,  I  mounted  my  horfe  to  return  to  the  boat. 
The  road  lay  through  a  very  narrow  valley,  the  fides  of  which 
were  covered  with  bare  loofe  (tones.  I  had  no  fooner  got  down  to 
the  bottom,  than  I  heard  a  great  deal  of  loud  fpeaking  on  both 
fides  of  the  valley ;  and,  in  an  inftant,  a  number  of  large  flones 
were  rolled  down  upon  me,  which,  though  1  heard  in  motion, 
I  could  not  fee,  on  account  of  the  darknefs ;  this  increafed  my 
terror. 

•  Finding,  by  the  impatience  of  the  horfe,  that  feveral  of  thefe 
ftones  had  come  near  him,  and  that  it  probably  was  the  noife  of 
his  feet  which  guided  thofe  that  threw  them,  I  difmounted,  and 
ordered  the  Moor  to  get  on  horfeback ;  which  he  did,  and  in  a 
moment  galloped  out  of  danger.     This,  if  I  had  been  wife,  I 

1  certainly 


Br uce*j  Travels  to  difcover  the  Source  of  the  Nile.         15 

tertainly  might  have  done  before  him^  but  my  tnind  was  occapied 
by  the  paintings.  Neverthelefs,  I  was  refolved  upon  rewttkg^  be« 
fore  ieaTing  thefe  banditti^  and  liHened  till  I  heard  voices,  on  the 
right  iide  of  the  hill.  I  accordingly  levelled  my  gun  as  near  at 
poffibte,  by  the  ear,  and  fired  one  barrel  among*  them.  A  mo- 
ment's filence  enfaed,  and  then  a  loud  howl^  which  Teemed  to 
.have  come  from  thirty  or  forty  perfons.  I  took  my  fervant^s  blun- 
derbofs,  and  difcharged  it  where  I  heard  the  howl,  and  a  violent 
confa£on  of  tongues  followed,  bat  no  more  ftenes.  As  I  fottn4 
this  was  the  time  to  efcape,  I  kept  along  the  dark  fide  of  the  hill, 
IS  expeditiouily  as  poffible,  till  I  came  to  the  mouth  of  the  plain, 
when  we  reloaded  our  firelocks,  expeding  fome  interraption  belbie 
wt  reached  the  boat ;  and  then  wc  maide  the  beil  of  our  way  to 
the  river.* 

Chap.  vii.  The  author  arrives  at  Syene,  goes  to  vifit  the 
cataraft,  and  gives  the  following  account  of  the  experiment 
made  there  by  Eratofthenes  to  afcertain  the  meafure  of  the 
earth's  circumference.    P.  157. 

*  Pliny  fays,  that  in  his  time,  the  city  of  Syenc  was  fituated  ti 
direftly  under  the  tropic  of  Cancer,  that  there  was  a  well,  into  which 
the  fun  Ihone  fo  perpendicular,  that  it  was  enlightened  by  its  rays 
down  to  the  bottom.  Strabo  had  faid  the  fame*  The  ignorance, 
or  negligence,  in  the  Geodefique  meafure  in  this  obfcrvation,  is  ex- 
traordinary; Egypt  had  been  meafured  yearly  from  early  ages,  and  the 
diftance  between  Syene  and  Alexandria  (hoold  have  been  known  to  aa 
ell.  From  this  inaccuracy,  I  do  very  much  fufpeft  the  other  mea- 
fure Eratofthenes  is  faid  to  have  made,  by  which  he  fixed  the  fun  s 
parallax  at  \o  feconds  and  a  half,  was  not  really  made  by  him,  but 
Was  fome  old  Chaldaic,  or  Egyptian  obfervation,  made  by  more  ia- 
ftrufted  aftonomers  which  he  had  fallen  upon. 

*  The  Arabs  call  it  Aflbiian,  which  they  fay  ligmfies  enltghtenedi 
in  allufion,  I  fuppofe,  to  thp  circumftance  of  the  well,  enlightened 
within  by  the  fun's  being  ftationary  over  it  in  June;  in  the  language 
of  Beja  its  name  fignifies  a  circle,  or  portion  of  a  circle. 

*  Syene,  among  other  things,  is  famous  for  the  firft  attempt  made 
by  Greek  aftronomers  to  afcertain  the  meafure  of  the  circumference 
of  the  earth.  Eratofthenes,  born  at  Cyrene  about  276  years  before 
Chrift,  was  invited  from  Athens  to  Alexandria  by  Ptolemy  Evergetes, 
who  made  him  keeper  of  the  Royal  Library  in  that  city.  In  this  ex- 
periment two  pofitions  were  afl'umed,  that.  Alexandria  and  Syenc 
were  exaftly  5000  ftades  diftant  from  each  other,  and  that  they  were 
precifely  under  the  fame  meridian.  Again,  it  was  verified  by  the 
experiment  of  the  well,  that,  in  the  fummer  fclftice  at  mid-day,  when 
the  fun  was  in  the  tropic  of  Cancer,  in  its  greateft  norther  declination, 
the  well  at  that  inftant  was  totally  and  equally  illuminated ;  and 
that  no  ftyle,  or  gnomon,  erected  on  a  perfed  plane,  did  caft,  or  pro- 
jeft,  any  manner  of  ftiadow  for  1 50  ftades  round,  from  which  it  was 
juftly  concluded,  that  the  fur,  on  that  day,  was  fo  exadly  vertical  t6 
Syene,  that  the  center  of  its  dilk  immediately  ccrrcfponded  to  tlie 
centre  of  the  bottom  of  the  well.  Thefe  preliminaries  being  fixed, 
Eratofthenes  fet  about  bis  obfcrvation  thus  ;— 

«  Oa 


l6  TRAVELS. 

*  On  the  day  of  the  fummer  folftice,  at  the  moment  the  fan  was  f!a- 
tionary  in  the  meridian  of  Syene,  he  placed  a  ttyle  perpendicularly  in 
the  bottom  of  a  half-concave  fphere,  which  he  expofed  in  open  air 
to  the  fun  at  Alexandria,  Now,  if  that  ftyle  had  caft  no  Ihade 
at  Alexandria,  it  would  have  been  precifely  in  the  feme  circumftance 
with  a  ftyle  in  the  well  in  Syene ;  and  the  reafon  of  its  not  cafting  the 
ihade  would  have  been,  that  the  fun  was  diretlly  vertical  to  it. ,  But 
lie  found,  on  the  contrary,  this  ftyle  at  Alexandria  did  caft  a  Ihadow  ; 
and  by  meafuring  the  diftance  of  the  top  of  this  fhadow  from  the  foot 
of  the  ftyle,  he  found,  that  when  the  fun  caft  no  ftiadow  at  Syene, 
by  being  in  the  zenith,  at  Alexandria  he  projcdled  a  Ihadow ;  which 
fijewcd  he  was  diftant  from  the  vertical  point,  or  zenith,  'jj^zz'j^ 
\z\  which  wasycth  of  the  circumference  of  the  whole  heavens,  or  of 
a  great  circle. 

«  This  being  fettled,  the  conclufion  was,  that  Alexandria  .and 
Syene  muft  be  diftant  from  each  other  by  the  50th  part  of  the  circum-v 
ference  of  the  whole  earth. 

*  Now  f  000  ftades  was  the  diftance  already  aflumed  between  Alex- 
andria ana  the  well  of  Syene ;  and  all  that  was  to  be  done  was  to  re- 
peat 5000  ftades  fifty  times,  or  multiply  5000  ftades  by  50,  and  the 
anfwer  was  250,000  ftades,  which  was  the  total  of  the  earth's  circum- 
ference. This,  admitting  the  French  contents  of  the  Egyptian 
ftadium  tobejuft,  will  amount  to  11,403  leagues  for  the  circumfer- 
ence of  the  earth  fought;  and  as  our  prefent  account  fixes  it  to  be  9000, 
the  error  will  be  I403  leagues  in  excefs,  or  more  than  one  fourth  of 
the  whole  fum  required. 

*  This  obfervation  furely  therefore  is  not  worth  recording,  unlefs 
to '  fhew  the  infufiiciency  or  imperfedion  of  the  method ;  it  cannot 
dcferve  the  encomiums  that  have  been  beftowed  upon  it,  if  juftice 
has  been  done  to  Eratofthenes'  geodefique  meafures,  which  I  do  not, 
by  any  manner  of  means,  warrant  to  be  the  cafe,  becaufe  the  meafure 
of  his  arch  of  the  meridian  feems  to  have  been  condufted  with  a  much 
greater  degree  of  fuccefs  and  precifion  than  that  of  his  bafe, 

*  On  the  22d,  23d,  and  24th  of  January,  being  at  Syene,  in  a 
houfe  immediately  eaft  of  the  fmall  ifland  in  the  Nile  (where  the 
temple  of  Cnuphis  is  ftill  ftanding,  very  little  injured,  and  which 
Strabo,  who  was  himfelf  there,  fays  was  in  the  ancient  town,  and 
near  the  well  built  for  the  obfervation  of  the  folftice)  with  a  three 
foot  brafs  quadrant,  made  by  Langlois,  and  defcribed  by  Mon- 
fieur  de  la  Lande,  by  a  mean  of  three  obfervations  of  the  fun  in 
the  meridian,  I  concluded  the  latitude  of  Syene  to  be  24^  o'  45'' 
nortji. 

*  And,  as  .the  latitude  of  Alexandria,  by  a  medium  of  many  obfer^ 
vations  made  by  the  Frendh  academicians,  and  more  recently  by  Mr. 
Niebuhr  and  my{€iU  is  beyond  poffibility  of  contradi<Jtion  31^  n' 
33',  the  arch  of  the  meridian  contained  between  Syene  and  Alex- 
andria riiuft  be  7^  10'  48,''  or  \'  iz*^  lefs  than  Eratofthenes 
made  it.  And  this  is  a  wonderful  precifion,  if  we  confider  the  im- 
perfeiftion  of  his  inftrument,  in  the  probable  fhortnefs  of  his  radius, 
and  difficulty  (almoft  infurmountable)  in  diftinguilhing  the  divifion  of 
the  penumbra. 

«  Ther% 


^ 


Bruce'i  Travels  to  dlfcover  the  Source  of  the  MU*         1 J 

*  There  certainly  is  one  error  very  apparent,  in  meafuring  the  bafe 
betwixt  Syenc  and  Alexandria ;  that  is,  they  were  not  (as  fuppofed) 
Under  the  fame  meridian ;  for  though,  to  my  very  great  concern  af- 
terwards, I  had  no  opportunity  of  fixing  the  longitude  at  this  firft 
vifit  to  Syene,  as  I  had  done  the  latitude,  yet  on  my  return,  in  the 
year  1772,  from  an  cclipfe  of  the  firft  fatellite  of  Jupiter,  I  found  its 
longitude  to  be  33*^  30']  and  the  longitude  of  Alexandria,  being 
30*^  16'  7",  there  is  3*  14'  that  Syene  is  to  the  eaftward  of  the  meri# 
dian  of  Alexandria^  or  fo  far  from  their  being  under  the  fame  meri- 
dian as  fuppofed,' 

Chap.  viii.  Mr,  B,  crofles  the  Defart  of  the  Thebaid,  and 
vifits  the  marble  mountains,  on  which  are  the  following  curious 
obfervations,  p.  184* 

*  Of^fite  to  where  we  were  encamped  is  Terfowey,  a  large  moun- 
tain, partly  green  marble,  partly  granite,  with  a  red  blufh  upon  4 
grey  ground,  with  fquare  omong  ipots.  About  forty  yards  within 
riie  narrow  Valley,  which  fcparates  this  mountain  from  its  neighbour, 
we  faw  a  part  of  the  fufl  or  Ihaft  of  a  monftrous  obelifk  of  marble, 
very  nearly  fquare,  broken  at  the  end,  and  towards  the  top.  It  was 
nearly  thirty  feet  long,  and  nineteen  feet  in  the  face  ;  about  two  feelt 
of  the  bottom  were  perfedlly  infulated,  and  one  whole  fide  feparated 
from  the  mountain.  The  gully  had  been  widened  and  levelled,  and 
the  road  made  quite  up  to  underneath  the  block. 

*  We  law  likewife,  throughout  the  plain,  fmall  pieces  of  jafber^ 
having  green,  white,  and  red  fpots,  called  in  Italy,  "  Diafpo  San* 
guineo."  AH  the  mountains  on  both  fides  of  the  plain  feemed  to  be 
of  the  fame  fort,  whether  they  really  wejfe  fo  or  not,  I  will  not  fay, 
having  had  no  time  to  examine  them. 

*  The  ^zd,  at  half  paft  one  in  the  morning,  we  fet  out  full  of  ter* 
tor  about  the  Atouni.  We  continued  in  a  direction  nearly  eaft,  till  at 
dirce  we  came  to  the  defiles;  but  it  was  fo  dark  that  it  was  impof- 
fible'to  difcern  of  what  the  country  on  each  fide  confifted.  At  day- 
break, we  found  ourfelvesat  the  bottoo)  of  a  mountain  of  granite,  bare 
like  the  former* 

*  We  faw  quantities  of  fmall  pieces  of  various  forts  of  granite,  and 
porphyry  fcattered  over  the  plain,  which  had  been  carried  down  by  4 
torrent,  probably  from  quarries  of  ancient  ages;  thefe  were  white, 
mixed  wjth  black  fpots,  red,  with  green  veins  and  black  fpots.  After 
this,  all  the  mountains  on  the  right  hand  were  of  red  marble  ia 
prodigious  abundance,  but  of  no  great  beauty.  They  continued,  a$ 
the  granite  did,  for  feveral  miles  along  the  road,  while  the  oppofitc 

.£de  was  all  of  dead  greep,  fuppofed  ferpentine  marble. 

*  It  was  one  of  the  moft  extraordinary  fights  I  ever  faw.  The  for- 
mer mountains  were  of  conlidcrable  heighth,  without  a  tree,  or  (hrub, 
pr  blade  of  grafs  upon  them ;  but  thefe  now  befojre  us,  had  all  the 
appearance,  the  one  of  having  been  fprinkled  over  with  Havannah, 
the  other  with  Brazil  fnufF.  I  wondered,  that,  as  the  red  is  neareft  the 
fea,  and  the  Ihips  going  down  the  Abyflinian  coaft  obferve  this  ajp- 
pearance  within  lat.  26^,  writers  have  not  imagined  this  was  called  the 
Red  Sea  upon  that  account,  rather  than  for  the  m^ny  weak  reafons  they 
have  relied  upon. 

*  About  eight  o'clock  we  began  to  defcend  fmartly,  and,  half  ai> 
iour  after,  entered  into  another  defile  like  thofc  before  defcribed. 

Vol.  VII,  g  having 


l8  ,  TRAVELS, 

having  mountains  of  green  marble  on  every  fide  of  us.  At  nine^  ofl 
our  left,  we  faw  the  higheft  mountain  we  had  yet  pafled.  We  found 
it,  upon  examination,  to  be  compofed  of  ferpentine'  nriarble;  and, 
through  about  one  third  of  the  thicknefs,  ran  a  large  vein  of  jafper, 
green,  fpotted  with  red.  Its  exceeding  hardnefs  was  fuch  as  not  to 
yield  to  the  blows  of  a  hammer ;  but  the  works  of  old  times  were 
more  apparent  in  it,  than  in  any  mountain  we  had  feen.  Du^s,  or 
channels,  for  carrying  water  tranfverfely,  were  obferved  evidently  to 
terminate  in  this  quarry  of  jafper :  a  proof  that  water  was  on€  of  the 
means  ufed  in  cutting  thefe  hard  ftones. 

*  About  ten  o'clock,  defcending  very  rapidly,  with  green  marble  and 
jafper  on  each  fide  of  us,  but  no  other  green  thing  whatever,  we  had 
the  firft  profpeft  of  the  Red  Sea,  and,  at  a  quarter  pad  eleven,  wc 
arrived  at  Coffeir.  It  has  been  a  wonder  with  all  travellers,  and  with 
myfelf  among  the  reft,  where  the  ancients  procured  that  prodigious, 
quantity  of  fine  marlDle,  with  which  all  their  buildings  abound.  That 
wonder,  however,  among  many  others,  now  ceafes,  after  having  paffed^ 
in  four  days,  more  granite,  porphyry,  marble  and  jafper,  than  would 
build  Rome,  Athens,  Corinths,  Syracufe,  Memphis,  Alomndria, 
and  half  a  dozen  fuch  cities.  It  feemed  to  be  very  vifible,  that  thofc 
openings  in  the  hills,  which  I  called  defiles,  were  not  natural,  but  arti- 
ficial ;  and  that  whole  mountains  had  been  cut  out  at  thefe  places, 
to  preferve  a  flope  towards  the  Nile  as  gentle  as  poflible :  this,  I 
fuppofe,  might  be  a  defcent  of  about  one  foot  in  fifty  at  moft  ;  fo  that 
from  the  mountains  to  the  Nile,  thofe  heavy  carriages  muft  have 
moved  with  as  little  draught  as  poflible,  and,  at  the  fame  time,  been 
fufficiently  impeded  by  fridion,  fo  as  not  to  run  amain,  or  acquire  aa 
increafed  velofity,  againft  which,  alfo,  there  muft  have  been  other  pro- 
vifions  contrived.  As  I  made  another  excurfion  to  thefe  marble  moun- 
tains from  Coffeir,  I  will,  once  for  all,  here  fet  down  what  I  ob- 
ferved concerning  their  natural  appearance. 

*  The  porphyry  Ihews  itfelf  by  a  fine  purple  fand,  without  any  glofs 
or  glitter  on  it,  and  is  exceedingly  agreeable  to  the  eye.  It  is 
mixed  with  the  native  white  fand,  and  fixed  gravel  of  the  plains.  . 
Green  unvariegated  marble,  is  generally  feen  in  the  fame  mountain  with 
the  porphyry.  Wliere  the  two  veins  meet,  the  marble  is  for  fome 
inches  brittle,  but  the  porphyry  of  the  fame  hardinefs  as-  in  other 
places. 

*  The  granite  is  covered  with  fand,  and  looks  like  ftone  of  a  dirty, 
brown  colour.  But  this  is  only  the  change  and  imprefiion  the  fun 
and  weather  have  made  upon  it]  for,  upon  breaking  it,  you  fee  it  i% 
grey  granite,  with  black  fpots,  with  a  reddifh  caft,  or  blufti  over  ic. 
This  red  feems  to  fade  and  lufFer  from  the  outward  air,  but,  upon 
■Working  or  poliftiing  the  furface,  this  colour  again  appears.  It  is  in 
greater  quantity  than  the  porphyry,  and  nearer  the  Red  Sea.  Pona- 
pey's  pillar  feems  to  have  been  from  this  quarry. 

'  *  Next  to  the  granite,  but  never,  as  1  obferved,  joined  with  it  in 
the  fame  mountain,  is  the  red  marble.  It  is  covered  with  fand  of  the 
fame  colour,  and  looks  as  if  the  whole  mountain  were  fpread  over 
with  brick  duft.  There  is  alfo  a  red  marble  with  white  veins,  which 
I  have  often  feen  at  Rome,  but  not  in  principal  fubjeds,  I  have  alfo 
feen  it^in  Britain.  The  common  green  (called  Serpentine)  looks  as 
'if  covered  over  with  Brazil  fnufF,    Joined  with  this  green,  I  faw  two 

fsimples 


r 


Bruce'/  Travels  to  difcover  the  Source  of  the  Nile*         19 

famplcs  of  that  beaatiful  marble  they  call  Ifabella ;  one  of  them  with 
a  yellowiih  caft,  which  we  call  Quaker-colour ;  the  other  with  a 
blaeilh,  which  is  commonly  termed  Dove-colour.  Thefc  two  fecm  to 
divide  the  refpeftive  mountains  with  the  Terpentine.  In  this  green, 
likewife,  it  was  we  faw  the  vein  of  jafper ;  but  whether  it  was  ab- 
folutely  the  fame  with  this  which  is  the  bloody  jafper,  or  blood-ftone, 
is  what  we  had  not  time  to  fettle. 

*  I  (hould  firft  have  made  mention  of  the  verde  antico,  the  dark 
green  with  white  irregular  fpots,  becaufe  it  is  of  the  greatell  value,  and 
ncareft  the  Nile.  This  is  produced  in  the  mountains  of  the  plain 
green,  or  ferpentine,  as  is  the  jafper,  and  is  not  difcoverable  by  the 
daft,  or  any  particular  colour  upon  it.  Firft,  there  is  a  blue  fleaky 
ftone,  exceedingly  even  and  fraooth  in  the  grain,  folid,  and  without 
fparks  or  colour.  When  broken  it  is  fomething  lighter  than  a  flate, 
and  more  beautiful  than  nrioft  marble ;  it  is  like  the  lava  of  volcanoes, 
when  polifhed.  After  lifting  this,  we  come  to  the  beds  of  verde  an- 
tico; and  here  the  quarrying  is  very  obvious,  for  it  has  been  un- 
covered in  patches,  not  above  twenty  {zqi  fquare.  Then,  in  another 
part,  the  green  ftone  has  been  removed,  and  another  pit  of  it 
wrought. 

*  I  faw,  in  feveral  places  in  the  plain,  fmall  pieces  of  African  mar- 
ble fcattered  about,  but  no  rocks  or  mountains  of  it.  I  fuppofe  it  i9 
found  in  the  heart  of  fome  other  coloured  marble,  and  in  ftrata,  like 
the  jafper  and  verde  antico,  and,  I  fufped,  in  the  mountains  of  Ifa- 
bella marble,  efpecially  of  the  yelloweft  fort  of  it,  but  this  is  mere 
conjcfture.  This  prodigious  ftore  of  marble  is  placed  upon  a  ridge, 
whence  there  is  a  defcent  to  the  eaft  or  weft,  either  to  the  Nile  or  Red 
Sea.  The.  level  ground  and  hard-fixed  gravel  are  proper  for  the 
heavieft  carriages,  and  will  eafily  and  fmoothly  convey  any  weight 
whatever  to  its  place  of  embarkation  on  the  Nile  \  fo  that  another 
wonder  ceafed,  how  the  ancigits  tranfported  thofe  vaft  blocks  to 
Thebes,  Memphis,  and  Alexandria.' 

Chap.  ix.  and  x.  convey  the  author  to  Cofleir,  from  whence 
he  crofles  the  Gulf  to  Jidda  ;  meets  with  great  civility  from 
the  Englifti  trading  to  India.  The  following  account  of  the 
manner  W^ carrying  on  trade  there  is  curious,  p.  277. 

*  Of  all  the  new  things  I  yet  fcad  feen,  what  moft  aftonifhed  me 
was  the  manner  in  j^hich  trade  was  carried  on  at  this  place.  Nine 
ftiips  were  there  from  India,  fome  of  them  worth,  I  fuppofe,  200,ocol. 
One  merchant,  a  Turk,  living  at  Mecca,  thirty  hours  journey  off, 
where  no  Chriftian  dares  go,  whilft  the  whole  continent  is  open  to  the 
Turk  for  efcape,  offers  to  purchafe  the  cargoes  of  four  out  of  nine 
of  thefc  fhips  himfelf ;  another,  of  the  fame  caft,  comes  and  fays,  he 
will  buy  none,  unlefs  he  has  them  alL  The  famples  are  (hewn,  and 
the  cargoes  of  the  whole  nine  fhips  are  carried  into  the  wildeft  part  of 
Arabia,  by  men  with  whom  one  would  not  wifti  to  truft  himfelf  alone 
in  the  field.  This  is  not  all,  two  India  brokers  come  into  the  room 
to  fettle  the  price.  One  on  the  part  of  the  India  captain,  the  other  on 
that  of  the  buyer  the  Turk.  They  are  neither  Mahometans  nor 
Chriftians,  but  have  credit  with  both.  They  fit  down  on  the  carpet, 
and  take  an  India  (haw],  which  they  carry  on  their  Ihoulder,  like 
a  napkin,  and  fpread  it  over  their  hands.  They  talk,  in  the  mean 
time,  indifferent  convcrfation,  of  the  arrival  of  fh>  ^s  from  India,  or 

C  2  -^^ 


ao  tt    I   S    T    O   R    Y. 

of  the  news  of  the  day,  as  if  they  were  cmplojrcd  in  no  ferious  btt  •* 
finefs  whatever.  After  about  twenty  minutes  (pent  in  handling  each, 
others  fingers  below  the  ihawl,  the  bargain  is  concluded,  fay  for  nine 
Ihips,  without  one  word  ever  having  been  fpoken  on  t^e  fubjedl,  of 
pen  or  ink  ufed  in  any  Ihape  whatever.  There  never  was  one  inftancc 
of  a  difpute  happening  in  thefe  fales, 

'  But  this  is  not  yet  all,  the  money  is  to  be  paid.  A  private  Moor, 
who  has  nothing  to  fupport  him  but  his  charafter^  becomes  relponfiblc 
for  the  payment  of  theie  cargoes  ;  his  name  was  Ibrahim  Sarar  when  I 
was  there,  /.  e,  Ibrahim  the  Broker.  This  man  delivers  a  number  cHT 
coarfe  hempen  bags,  full  of  what  is  fuppofed  to  be  money.  ^  He 
marks  the  contents  upon  the  bag,  and  puts  his  feal  upon  the  ftting  that 
ties  the  mouth  of  it.  This  is  received  for  what  is  marked  upen  it, 
without  any  one  ever  having  opened  one  of  the  bags,  and,  in  India, 
it  is  current  for  the  value  marked  upon  it,  as  long  as  the  bag  lafts.' 

The  author  enters  into  a  difcuflion  of  polygamy  j  refutes 
the  opinion  of  Dr.  Arbuthnot,  as  merely  local  i^i^departs  from 
Jidda. 

Chap.  xi.  xii.  xiii.  He  comes  to  Loheia ;  gives  an  account 
©f  a  handfome  race  of  people;  vifits  the  Straits  of  Babel-Mandcl 
^-^arrives  at  Mafuah, 

f  Ti  be  continued, ) 


Art.  II.  Jn  htjiorical  Account  of  the  Royal  Hofpttal  for 
Seamen  at  Greenwich.  By  John  Cooke,  A.  M.  and  Johit 
Maule,  A.  R'l.  Chaplains.  4to.  i42p.  and  4  Plates.  Pr.  7S.6d. 
in  boards.     Nicol,  &c.   1789. 

WiTHOur  objedling  that  perfons  conne(9;ed  with  an  eftablifli- 
tnent  are  not  always  the  moft  proper  to  be  entrufted  with  its  hiftory, 
we  muft  allow  Meffrs.  Cooke  and*  Maule  the  merit  of  having 
coUefted  whatever  information  is  curious  or  ufeful  rcfpe6iing  the 
much  admired  ftru(3:ure  of  Greenwich  Hofpital,  and  this  book , 
inay  be  recommended  as  a  valuable  addition  to  topographical 
libraries.  The  contents  are,  A  fliort  introdudtion — Copy  of 
K.  William  and  Q^  Mary's  original  grant  of  K.  Charles  lid's 
palace  at  Eaft  Greenwich,  &c.  for  the  ufe  of  an  hofpital^  for 
the  relief  of  ieamen,  their  widows  and  children. — Copy  of 
K.  William's  commiffion — Account  of  the  fabric — The  re* 
venue — Cooftituti on— Charter  of  George  III.— The  eftablilh- 
ment — Defcription  of  the  Painted  Hall — The  chapelr— Council-* 

room*i — Infirmary School — The   ancient  Royal  Palace  of 

Placenria — Concluding  with  fome  ufeful  lifts. 

As  the  chapel  was  burnt  in  1779,  and  is,  in  its  prefent  form, 
to  be  confidcred  nearly  as  a  new  building,  we  (ball  extradl  the 
account  here  given  of  it. 

*  The  interior  part  and  roof  of  the  former  chapel,'  which  was 
executed  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  Ripley,  the  furveyor,  being 
deftroyed  by  fire  on  the  2d  of  January,  1779,  has  been  reftored  in 
the  moft  beautiful  and  elegant  ftyle  of  Grecian  Architedure 
from  defigiy  of  the  late  furveyor,  James  St«art»  efij.  the  ccle- 
/  brated 


r 


Cooke  andMzuh^s  Account  of  Greenwich  Ho/pita L        it 

bmed  pabliiher  of  the  Airtiqdities  of  Athens,  and  under  the  fuper- 
iotendance  of  Mr.  William  Newton,  clerk  of  the  works. 

'  Immediately  before  the  entrance  of  the  chapel  is  an  o6lan» 
golar  veftibnle,  in  which  are  four  niches,  containing  the  (latues 
of  Faithy  Hope,  Charity,  and  Meeknefs,  worked  from  deiigns 
made  by  Weft  ;  from  which  veftibulc  you  afcend,  by  a  flight  of 
14  fteps,  to  the  chapel ;  which  is  1 1 1  feet  long  and  52  broad,  and 
capable  of  conveniently  accommodating  1000  penfioners,  nurfes, 
and  boys,  exclufive  of  pews  for  the  diredlors,  and  for  the  feveral 
officers,  undcr-officers,  &c.  Over  the  portal  or  great  door  of  the 
chapel  is  this  infcription,  in  letters  of  gold  : 

**  Let  them  gi*vt  thanks,  nvhem  the  Lord  hath  redeemed,  and  de* 
li'veredfrom  the  hand  of  the  enemy . "     P  f  1 07 . 

'  The  portal  confifts  of  an  architrave,  frize,  and  cornice  of 
ftatuary  marble^  the  jambs  of  which  are  twelve  feet  high  in  one 
piece,  and  enriched  with  excellent  fculpture.  *  The  frize  is  the 
work  of  Bacon,  and  confifts  of  the  figures  of  two  angels,  with  M- 
toons  fupporting  the  facred  writings,  in  the  leaves  of  which  is  the 
following  infcription  : 

**  The  Lanv  ivaj  gi'vett  hy  Mofes  ; 

*'  But  Grace  and  Truth  came  hy  Jesus  Christ. 

*  The  great  folding-doors  are  of  mahogany  highly  enriched, 
and  the  whole  compofition  of  this  portal  is  not,  at  this  time,  to 
be  paralleled  in  this,  or,  perhaps,  in  any  other  country. 

*  Within  this  entrance  is  a  portico  of  fix  fluted  marble  columns 
fifteen  feet  high.  The  capitals  and  bafes  are  Ionic,  after  Greek 
models.  The  columns  fupport  the  organ  gallery,  and  are  crownei 
with  an  entablature  and  balluflrade  enriched  with  fuitable  orna- 
ments* 

*  On  the  tablet  in  the  front  of  the  gallery  is  a  baflb-relievo 
reprefenting  the  figures  of  angels  founding  the  harp-;  on  th<t  pe- 
della]s,*on  each  fide,  are  ornaments  coniifling  of  trumpets  and 
other  inftruments  of  mufic ;  and  on  the  tablet  between,  is  the 
following  infcription  in  letters  of  gold  : 

**  Praife  him  <with  the  found  of  the  trumpet  : 

**  Praife  him  fwith  ftringediiipruments  and  organs ^^    Pf.  150. 

*  In  this  gallery  is  a  very  fine  organ,  made  by  Mr*  Samuel 
Green. 

*  On  each  fide  of  the  organ  gallery  are  four  grand  columns; 
their  ihafts  of  Scagliola  in  imitation  of  Sienna  marble,  by  Richter, 
and  their  capitals  and  bafes  of  flatuary  marble  ;  at  the  oppofite 
end  of  the  chapel  are  four  others  of  the  fame  fort,  which  fupport 
the  arched  ceiling  and  roof.  Thefe  Columns  are  of  the  Co- 
rinthian order,  and,  with  their  pedcftals,  are  28  feet  high. 

*  On  the  fides  of  the  chapel,  between  the  upper,  and  lower 
range  of  windows,  are  the  two  galleries,  in  which  are  pews  for  the 
officers  and  their  families :  thofe  of  the  governor  and  lieutenant* 
governor,  which  are  oppofite  each  oiher,  are  diftingiiilhed  by 
ornaments  confifting  of  the  naval  crown,  and  other  fuitable  infignia. 
Underneath  thefe  galleries,  and  the  cantilivers  which  fupporc 
them,  are  ranges  of  fluted  pil afters.  The  cantilivers  are  deco- 
rated with  anti<][ue  foliage  ;  the  entablature  over  the  pilafters  withy 

C  3  marine 


2t  HISTORY. 

marine  ornaments ;  the  interval  between  them  with  feftoons,  Scci 
and  the  pedeftals  of  the  balluftrade  in  the  front  of  the  galleries 
with  tridents  and  wreaths.  The  tablets  in  the  middle  of  each  bal- 
luftrade contain  the  hofpitaUs  arms,  and  the  frize  below  is 
carved  with  foliage  in  the  Greek  mode.  Over  the  lower  range  of 
windows  are  paintings  in  chiaro-ofcuro,  reprefenting  fomc  of 
the  principal  events  in  the  life  of  our  Saviour,  which  are  accom- 
panied with  ornaments  of  candelabra  and  feftoons. 

*  Above  the  galleries  is  a  richly-carved  ftone  fafcia,  on  which, 
ftands  a  range  of  pilafters  of  the  compofite  mode,  their  fliafts  be- 
ing of  fcagliola,  correfponding  with  thofe  of  the  eight  great 
columns,  and,  jointly  with  them,  appearing  to  fupport  the  epifty- 
Tium  which  furrpunds  the.  whole  chapel.  This  epiftylium  is  en- 
riched with  angels  bearing  feftoons  of  oak-leaves^  dolphins^,  fhells, 
and  other  applicable  ornaments.  From  this  rifes  the  curved  ceil- 
ing which  is  dividpd  into  compartments  and  enriched  with  foliage, 
golochi,  &c.  in  the  antique  ftyle.  Between  the  upper  pilafters  are 
recefles  in  which  are  painted,  in  chiaro-ofcuro,  the  apoftles  and 
evangelifts. 

*  At  each  end  of  the  galleries  are  concave  rece/Tes,  the  cotes  of 
which  are  ornamented  with  coffers  and  flowers  carved  in  ftone  ;  in 
thefe  receffes  are  the  doors  of  entrance  to  the  galleries,  decorated 
with  enriched  pilafters  and  entablatures,  and  a  group  of  orna- 
ments, confiftingof  the  naval  crown,  wreaths  of  laurel  and  tridents. 
Above  the  doors  are  circular  receffes,  containing  paintings,  ia 
chiaro-ofcuro,  of  the  prophets  Ifaiah,  Jeremiah,  Mofes,  and  David. 

*  The  communioa  table  is  a  femi-oval  flab  of  ftatuary  marble 
near  eight  feet  long.  The  afcent  to  it  is  by  three  fteps  of  black 
marble,  on  which  is  fixed  an  ornamental  railing  reprefenCiqg  fef- 
toons of  ears  of  corn,  and  vine  foliage.  This  table  is  fupported  by 
fix  cherubin  ftanding  on  a  white  marble  ftep  of  the  fame  dimen- 
£on?. 

'  Above  is  a  painting,  by  Weft,  in  a  fuperb  carved  and  gilt 
frame,  reprefenting  the  preferwation  of  Si.  Paul  from  Jhipiurfck  on  the 
ijland  of  Melita. 

*  This  pidlure  is  25  feet  high  and  14  wide,  and  confifts  of  three 
principal  groups.  The  iirft,  which  is  at  the  lower  part,  reprefents 
the  mariners  and  prifoners  bringing  on  ftipre  the  various  articles 
which  have  been  preferved  from  the  wreck;  near 'thefe  is  an  ele- 
gant figure,  fuppofed  to  be  a  Roman  lady  of  diftinftion,  clafping 
with  affedlion  an  urn  coi^taining  the  afties  of  her  deceafed  hufband 
who  had  fallen  in  the  wars. of  Judea.  Before. her  is  an  aged,  in- 
firm man ;  who,  being  unable  to  affift  himfelf,  is  carried  ia  the 
arms  of  two  robuft  young  men. 

*  In  the  middle  part  of  the  piece  is  the  principal  group,  co^iiift- 
ing  of  St.  Paul  fliaking  into  the  fire  the  viper  that  had  faftened  oa 
his  hand,  tjie  brethren  who  accompanied  him,  his  friend  the  centu- 
rion,  and  a  band  of  Roman  foldiers  vvith,their  proper  infignia. 

*  The  figures  above  thefe,  on  the  fumniit  of  the  rocks,  form  the 
third  group;  and  conlift  of  the  .hofpitable  iilanders  lowering  dowa 
fuel  and  other  neceffaries  for  the  relief  of  the  fufferers. . 

The  fea  and  wrecked  fliip,  (which  at  this  point. of  time  are  con- 
fidered  as  an  epifode)   appear  in   the  back-ground,   and  comt)inc 

-  '  tQ 


CooEe  and  Maule*5  Account  of  Greenwich  Hofpltal.       2^ 

to  exhibit  a  fcene  that  cannot  fail  of  having  a  proper  efFeft  on  the 
minds  of  fea-faring  men,  and  of  impreffing  them  with  a  due  fcnfc 
of  their  part  prcfervation,  and  their  prefent  comfortable  iituation 
and  fupport  in  this  glorious  afylum  for  naval  misfortune  and  na* 
val  worth. 

*  On  either  fide  the  arch  which  terminates  the  top  of  this  pic* 
ture  are  angels  of  ftatuary  marble  as  large  as  life,  by  Bacon  ;  one 
bearing  the  crofs,  the  other  the  emblems  of  the  Eucharift.  Ihia 
excellent  combination  of  the  works  of  art  is  terminated  above  in 
the  fegment  between  the  great  cornice  and  ceiling  by  a  painting  of 
the  Afcenfion,  deligned  by  Weft,  and  executed  by  Rebecca,  in 
chiaro  ofcuro^  forming  the  laft  of  the  feries  of  paintings  of  the  life 
of  our  Saviour  which  fi\n'ound  the  chapel. 

*  In  the  middle  of  the  aile,  and  the  fpace  round  the  altar  and 
x)rgan  gallery,  ar^  paved  with  black  and  white  marble  in  golochi, 
frets»  and  other  ornaments ;  having  in  the  centre,'  an  Anchor  and 
Seaman's  Com^^fs. 

*  The  pulpit  is  on  a  circular  plan,  fuported  by  ilx  fluted  co- 
lumns of  lime-tree,  with  an  entablature  above  richly  carved  and  of 
the  fame  material.  In  the  fixinter-columns  arc  tne  following  alto- 
relievos,  taken  from  the  Afts  of  the  Apoftles,  executed  after  defigns 
by  Weft. 

'  The  Converfion  of  St.  Paul,  Adls  chap.  ix. — Corneliuses  Vi- 
fion,  X.— Peter  releafed  from  Prifon  by  the  Angel,  xii. — Elymas 
ftruck  blind,  xiii. — St.  Paul  preaching  at  Athens,  and  convert- 
ing Dionyfius  the  Arcopagite,  xvii. — Paul  pleading  before  Fe- 
lix,  xxiv. 

'  The  reader's  deflc  is  formed  on  a  fquare  plan,  with  columns  at 
the  four  corners,  and  the  entablature  over  them  fimilar  to  thofe  of 
the  pulpit;  in  the  four  inter-c&lumns  are  alfo  alto  relievos  of  the 
prophets,  copied  after  defigns  by  the  fame  art  111. 

*  Daniel.     Micah.     Zachariah.     Malachi. 

'  The  following  paintings  in  chiaro  ofcuro  relative  to  our  Sa- 
viour, are  placed  over  the  lower  wiadows. 

'  The  firft  four  of  the  feries,  painted  by  De  Bruyn,  are  at  the 
Eaft  end  of  the  South-lide  of  the  chapel,  and  reprcfent 

*  The  Nativity.  The  Angel  appearing  to  the  Shepherds.  The 
Magi  wcrihipping.     The  Flight  into  Egypt. 

'  The  four,  which  follow  on  the  fame  fide,  are  by  Catton/and 
reprefent 

'  St.  John  baptizing. — Calling  of  St.  Peter  and  St.  Andrew. 
—Our  Saviour  preaching  from  a  Ship  to  the  People  on  Shore.— 
The  Stilling  of  the  Tempelh 

The  four,  at  the  Weft-end  of  the  North-fiJe,  are  by  Milburne 
and  reprefent 

'  Our  Saviour  walking  on  the  Sea,  and  faving  Peter  from  iink- 
ing.— The  Blind  Man  cured  by  a  Touch. — Lazarus  raifed  frooi 
the  Dead.— -The/l'rans figuration. 

*  The  next  four  on  the  fame  fide  are  by  Rebecca  and  rep'refent 

*  The  Lord's  Supper.— -Our  Saviour  carried  before  Pilate. — The 
iPrucifixion.— The  lUfurredion. 

>  C  4  •  The 


^4  CLASSICAL      LITERATURE* 

•  The  Appftles  ^nd  Evangclifts  in  the  rcceffes  between  the  opi 
per  windows,  and  the  four  prophets  in  the  circles  above  the  gallery 
doors  are  by  the  laft-mentioned  artift,  after  defigns  of  Mr.  Weft. 

•  The  principal  ai'tificers  who  were  employed  in  rebuilding  the 
chapel  were : 

*  Mr.  John  Deval,  Mafon.     Mr.  Richard  Lawrence,  Carver* . 
Mr.  Samuel  Wyatt,  Carpenter.     Mr.  James  Arrow,  Joiner.    Mr. 
John  Papworth,  Plallerer. 

*  N.  B.  The  relievos  in  the  front  of  the  galleries,  thofe  on  the 
pulpit  and  reader's  deik,  the  ftatues  fupponing  the  communion 
table,  and  thofe  in  the  niches  of  the  vellibule,  were  executed  by 
E.  Coade,  at  Lambeth.' 

This  work  is  embelliflied  by  a  large  perfpeftire  view  of  the 
Hofpital  from  the  river  Thames,  drawn  by  Lancy  and  en- 
graved by  Newton.J— Elevation  of  the  Eaft  front  of  the  Infirm- 
ary.— Ditto  of  the  Boys  School  and  Dormitory — and  a  beautiful 
view  of  the  ancient  Palace  of  Placentia,  copied  from  an  engraVi<i> 
ing  publifhed  by  the  fociety  of  Antiquaries*  C.  C. 

Art.  in.  OMHPOT  IALA2  STN  TOIS  SXOAIOir. 
HoMERl  Ilias  ad  veteris  Codicis  Veneti  fidem  recenftta.  Scholia 
in  earn  anttquijjima  ex  eodem  Codlce  aliifque  nunc  primum  edidit 
€um  AJlerifch^  Obelifcisj  aliifque  Signis  criticis*  Joh.  Bap- 
tifta  Ca/par  d'Anfe  de  Villoifon.  Upfalienfis  Acade- 
miae,  Societ.  Latinae  Jenenfis,  &c.  Sodalis.  Venetiis* 
1788.  Royal  Folio,  712  pages.  Imported  by  Edwards. 
We  cannot  more  properly  introduce  this  article  to  the 
notice  of  our  readers,  than  by  the  following  extraft  of  a  letter 
from  the  learned  editor,  written  at  Venice,  March  30,  1779* 

*  You  have  here,  my  dear  friend,  an  account  6f  a  large  and  valu- 
able Greek  ms,  which  I  am  now  occupied  in  copying,  and  hereafter 
purpofe  to  publifh : — it  is  a  ms:  of  Homer,  of  the  tenth  century. 
What  conftitutes  the  merit  of  it  is^^rft,  that  it  is  the  only  one  which 
hath  preferved  in  the  margin ,  at  the  beginning  of  the  feveral  lines, 
the  various  marks  of  critical  diftindion  by  which  Ariftarchus,Zenodotus, 
&c.  pointed  out  fuch  verfes  as  were  counterfeit  or  forged  ;  doubtful, 
corrupted,  or  remarkable ;  of  unufual  or  Angular  occurrence ;  words 
of  different  fignifications  ;  figurative  and  attic  expreflions ;  falfe  cor- 
reilions  of  critics;  apparent  contradiftions ;  repetitions;  parallel 
pafTages ;  relations  and  connexion ;  divifions  and  fubdivifions  j  traits 
of  hiltory,  or  mythology,  &c.  Scc^ 

«  2dly.  I  have  found  in  the  internal  margin  an  innumerable 
quantity  of  variations  from  the  ancient  editions  of  Homer,  of  thofe 
of  Ariltotle,  and  either  Ariftarchus,  Zenodotus,  Philemon,  Arifto- 
phanes  of  Byzantium,  Sofigenes,  Rhianus,  Antimachus,  &c  ;  as  well 
as  of  the  editions  of  Marfeilles,  the  ifle  of  Chios,  Cyprus,  Sinope, 
ai^  feveral  other  mss.  &c.  &c  : — 

•  jdly.  A  very  confiderable  numbed  of  feleft  notes  of  the  prin- 
cipal critics  of  the  Alexandrian  Schpol^   and  of  all  antiquity ;  of 

Ariftarchus^ 


VilloIfanV  Homer's  IlliiiU  tf 

Anftarebtis»  Zenodotus»  Crates Mallotes,  (who  firibbron^t  criticsfin 
to  Rome,  where  he  was  ambaffador  from  Attalus  kine  of  Pergamosl 
the  remariis  of  the  poet  Callimachus,  Aridophanes  of  Byzantiom,  and 
Porphyry;  ofTyrannion,  who  was  preceptor  to  the  fon  of  Ciceio; 
lof  Appion,  famous  for  his  difpute  with  the  hiftorian  Jofcphu* ;  of 
the  ftoic  ChryfippuSi  the  •/^tipo/xanl  Zoilus,  Ptolemseus,  SofigcueSy 
Rhianus,  Arus>  Glaucon  of  Tarfus,  Theagenes,  Sidonius,  Pamjmilos^ 
Fhiloxenusj  Nicias,  Lyianias,  and  many  other  critics  whofe  wodc* 
being  now  loft,  arc  known  only  by  the  citations  of  Euftathius,  fioot 
Vehom  Fabricius  hath  formed  in  the  firft  volume  of  his  fiibliotheca 
Grseca  an  alphabetical  catalogue  under  the  article  Homer  :— 

*  4thly.  The  greateft  part  of  the  genuine  commentary  of  the 
famous  Didymus  Chalcenterus,  of  which  we  had  hitherto  only  the 
fophifticated  extrafts  which  improperly  bear  his  name ;  ind  ot  thit 
commentar}%  that  part  intire,  in  which  Didymus ,  hath  correded  tbe 
faults,  and  the  ralh  alterations  made  by  Ariftarchus  in  his  edition  of 
Homer : — The  trcatife  likewife  of  Hetodian,  an  ancient  and  celebrateil 
grammarian,  on  the  accentuation,  profody  and  quantity  of  Homer'a 
verfes ;  which  abound  with  new  and  curious  remarks : — 

«  5thly.  The  treatife  of  Nicanor  on  the  true  pun^uation  of 
Homer,  which  is  a  work  of  fo  much  more  importance,  as  the  pan^hia« 
tion  is  not  only  very  defedlive  in  all  the  modern  editions,  but  as  thit 
difquifition  will  ferve  to  afcertain  the  true  readings  and  genuine  fcnfc 
i)f  many  important  paflage*** 

Upon  the  information  which  this  extract  contains^  the  Prdt* 
gomena^  confifting  of  60  clofe  printed  pages,  is  principally 
founded.  This  prefatory  difquifition  fets  out  with  a  declaration, 
that  the  author  has  attempted  to  do  at  Venice,  what  was  for* 
merly  done  by  Euftathius  in  Greece,  with  a  view  to  which, 
after  the  example  of  Arfenius,  who  firft  publifhed  the  Scholia 
on  Euripides,  he  has  arranged  and  digefted  according  to  the 
numerical  order  and  feries  of  verfes,  the  moft  valuable  notes 
of  the  earlieft  critics.  After  having  made  proper  acknow- 
ledgments to  thofe  whofe  favour  obtained  for  him  accefs 
to,  and  the  ufe  of  the  manufcript,  he  proceeds  to  defcribe  il^ 
and  thence  to  defcant  on  the  diacritical  marks  by  which  it  is 
diftinguiflied,  illuftrating  the  intent  of  them  from  their  occur- 
rehce  in  feveral  other  authors.  In  addition  to  thefe,  proper 
notice  is  taken  of  the  ancient  cuftom,  cera  fignandi^  of  marking 
with  wax  the  moft  ftriking  paflages  in  the  works  of  a  writer, 
examples  of  which  abound  in  this  MS.  of  Homer  j  as  well  as 
of  the  various  readings  inferted  in  the  inner  margin  (which 
are  often  preferable  to  thofe  of  the  current  editions)  and  re- 
ferences to  the  copies  whence  they  were  taken.  He  next 
adverts  to  the  Scholiafts  and  their  labours,  and,  after  having 
beftowed  on  them  much  accurate  refearch,  concludes,  that 
the  prefent  publication  of  their  remains,  cannot  fail  to  reflect 
much  light  upon  Homer,  fince  they  not  only  tend  to  afcertain 
wliat  before  was  dubious,  but  to  explain  ancient  rites,  manners, 

mythology. 


26  P   H   I   t   O  S   O   P  H   Yi 

imythology,  and  pography;  and  evince  what  readiwg^  are 
genuine  by  detedting  fuch  as  2»re  fpurious.  On  all  thefe 
topics  he  abounds  with  a  profuHon  of  well  applied  learnings 

From  thefe  difquifitions  he  goes  forward  to  the  mention  of 
•variiDus  other  fources,  whence  he  has  derived  confiderable  ad- 
vantages, and  particularly  the  ftores  of  the  Vatican,  out  of 
i*hich  the  obfervations  of  Porphyry  on  the  Ilias  were  fent  him. 
The  reafon  alledged  by  him  for  printing  the  book  without 
ficcents  is,  that  he  wifhed  to  preclude  the  errors  to  which 
he  forefaw  the  work  inevitably  incident,  in  his  own  abfence 
from  the  prefs ;  for  having  been  favoured  with  an  offer  from 
the  French  king,  and  an  opportunity  from  the  Turkifli  go- 
vernment of  vifiting  Greece  in  the  moft  advantageous  manner, 
be  delegated  the  care  of  the  prefs  to  his  printer,  John  Antony 
Cokti,  for  the  fake  of  engaging  in  this  expedition.  Of  this 
voyage  he  has  given  a  curfory  Iketch,  which,  however,  cannot 
but  excite,  and  in  a  very  high  degree,  the  attention  of  the 
learned  world,  to  the  more  ample  communication  he  is  pre- 
paring for  their  ufe. 

The  addenda  to  the  prolegomena  contain  futher  illuftrations  of 
particular  topics  touched  on  before,  and,  as  well  as  the  Pro- 
legomena and  notes,  afford  the  ampleft*proofs  of  their  author's 
afliduity  and  learning.  Thefe  addenda  are  clofed  by  two  ex- 
trads  from  Greek  M^s.  in  thQ  library  of  St.  Mark,  the  one 
a  fragment  of  the  Enchiridion  of  Hephaeftion,  and  the  other 
of  an  unnamed  antient,  explanatory  of  the  critical  marks  in- 
ferted  in  the  margin.  The  Ilias^  clofely  and  inelegantly 
printed,  is  comprized  in  120  pages  ;  the  Scholia  on  the  famQ 
lype  occupy  532. 

The.  precife  importance  of  this  publication,  we  will  not 
take  upon  us  to  affirm,  but  we  hold  ourfelves  highly  indebted 
to  the  learned  editor  for  having  brought  to  light  fo  ample 
2  treafure,  whifiik^wre  doubt  not  in  the  hands  of  Professor 
Heyne,  will  be  found  of  fingular  utility  to  his  meditate4 
edition  of  Homer.  Z. 


Art.  IV.  Ejjays  on  the  Nature  and  Principles  of  Tajle.     By  the 
Rev.  A.  Alifon,  LL.  B.  F.  R.  S.    Edin.  4(0.  p.  415.     Pr. 
.    16s.  boards.     Edinburgh,  Bell  and  Co.     London,  Robin- 
fons.     1790. 

To  inveftigate  the  fources  of  our  intelle<Sual  pleafures,  and 
that  wonderful  enchantment  by  which  the  matelial  world  is 
made  to  operate  upon  the  finer  fenfibilities  of  the  mind,  has 
ever  had  an  attraftion  to  perfons  of  a  cultivated  tafte,  nearly  as 
ftrong  as  the  pleafures  themfelves.  Whether  the  fource  of 
beauty  and  fublimity  is  in  mind  or  in  matter,  is  a  queftion 
4vhich  has  divided  paft,  and  will  probably  divide  future  philofo- 

phers. 


Alifon^j  Effkys  en  the  Nature  and  Printipks  of  Tafte.      9.J 

phers*  The  author  of  the  ingenious  work  before  us  attempts 
to  prove  that  all  thofe  appearances  of  nature,  or  works  of  art^ 
which  are  the  obje6ls  of  tafte,  derive  their  power  of  exciting 
emotions  in  us,  not  from  qualities  inherent  in  tbemfelves  as 
material  forms,  but  from  fome  aflbciation  with  our  feelings, 
habits,  or  modes  of  life.  Whatever  may  be  thought  of  the 
fyftem  in  general,  thofe  who  are  fond  of  fuch  difquifitions  will 
fee  it  fupported  by  many  plaufible  reafouings,  and  enlivened  by 
a  variety  of  illuftrations,  which  lead  the  thinkmg  reader  to  re* 
fle6l  on  the  caufe  of  feelings  he  has  often  experienced,  without 
attempting  to  analyze  them  ;  and  at  the  fame  time  entertain 
the  mind  by  prefenting  to  it  a  number  of  thofe  agreeable  imaged 
with  which  tafte  is  converfant.  The  firft  part  is  employed  tb 
{hew  that  every  obje<3:  which  is  fublime  or  beautiful  throws  the. 
n\\Tid  into  2,  train  of  thought  2^Xi^o%o\iS  to  itfelf,  that  it  infpireft 
us  with  fome  emotion^  and  that  the  train  of  thought  rather  fol- 
lows the  nature  of  the  emotion  than  the  particular  objed.  It 
is  fhewn  that  when  we  are  not  in  a  humour  to  purfue  fuch  a 
train  of  thought  the  obje£l  has  but  little  efFed.  The  nature  of 
affociation isconfidered.  The  fubjefl  indeed  is  farfrom being  new> 
but  it  is  illuftrated  by  a  varietjrof  well  chofer^  inftances.  It  is  , 
very  well  remarked  that  children  receive  but  little  pleafure  fron^' 
a  landfcape,  from  the  fimplicity  of  rural  employments,  ffonil 
founds,  &c.  and  that  we  never  view  them  with  enthufiafm  tillj 
we  .have  learnt  to  combine  them  with  claffic  imagery,  or  morat 
fentiment.  The  influence  of  novelty  upon  our  feelings  is  ob- 
ferved.  It  encreafes  the  emotion,  which  familiarity  deftroys. 
Our  tajh  therefore  depends  on  our  Jinjihitity^  and  no  objefts  arc 
felt  as  beautiful  or  fublime  which  do  not  accord  with  the  habi- 
tual or  temporary  fenfibility  of  our  minds.  Hence  the  neceffity 
in  all  the  fine  arts  to  preferve  a  unity  of  charader  in  order  to 
excite  a  determined  emotion ;  illuftrated  in  gardeviing,  in  poetry, 
in  dramatic  writing.  The  author  endeavours  to  diftinguiih  be- 
tween the  fimple  emotion  of  pleafure,  and  that  more  complex 
delight  which  attends  the  emotions  of  tafte  which  are  felt  ^  when 
the  imagination  is  employed  in  the  profecution  of  a  regiilar  train 
of  ideas  of  emotion/ 

Part  the  fecond  treats  of  the  fuhlimtty  andhiattty  of  the  material 
vjorld ;  and  here  the  author  follows  his  idea  more  in  detail. 
He  denies  that  matter  is  fitted  to  produce  any  emotion  in  the 
mind,  but  fuppofes  that  material  objedte  by  means  of  their  co- 
lour or  form  afFecl  us  as  arbitrary  ligns  of  thofe  qualities  with 
which  we  have  obferved  them  combined.  He  likewife  allows  a 
refemblance  betvyeen  the  fenfations  they  excite  and  our  emotions  5 
in  doing  which  we  thi^  he  has  allowed  all  that  an  advocate  of 
the  oppofite  fyftem  would  wiih  to  have  granted  j  thus  he  fays 
there  is  a  refemblance  between  the  lively  fcnfation  of  funfhine  and  a 
the  emotion  o£  joy ;  but  what  is  this  if  it  isnotfaying,  thatfun-  ; 
.  fliine 


A 


tt  r  H  I  t  o  8  o  r  R  y* ' 

Ihine  IS  fitted  to  produce  joy.  Certain  qualities  of  minJ,  h# 
likcwife  fays,  are  fignificd  by  a  particular  conformation  of  forna 
in  animals,  and  therefore  imprefs  us  with  the  fame  ideas  itt 
inanimate  bodies.  He  then  confiders  particularly  founds,  di-« 
Vfded  into  founds  that  occur  in  inanimate  nature,  notes  of  ani- 
snals»  and  the  tones  of  the  human  voice  in  fpeaking  and  mufic* 
The  objects  of  fight,  under  which  he  confiders  colours  and 
forms.  Sounds  be  confiders  as  the  figns  of  certain  energies  i 
thus  the  bowling  of  a  ftorm,  the  murmuring  of  an  earthquake^ 
the  report  of  artillery,  the  explofion  of  thunder,  are  fublime 
firom  ideas  of  danger  connected  with  them  ;  and  if  the  aflbcia-^ 
tion  by  any  means  be  deftroyed,  the  fenfe  of  fublimity  ceafes. 
Thus  every  one  may  recoiled  that  he  has  at  one  time  or  other 
miftaken  for  thunder  the  rumbling  of  a  cart,  or  fome  fuch  com--^^ 
snon  noife ;  while  he  thought  it  thunder,'  it  filled  him  with 
awful  and  fublime  ideas,  but  the  moment  he  was  undeceived^ 
it  appeared  to  him  a  common  ordinary  found,  and  produced  no 
emotion  ac  all*  The  author  will  not  allow  any  thing  terrible 
in  the  roaring  of  a  lion,  or  the  growl  of  a  tyger^  or  pieafant  in 
the  notes  of  birds ;  except  fo  far  as  we  have  been  habituated 
to  confider  them  as  expreffions'of  the  habits  of  thofe  different 
animals.  In  this  moft  of  his  readers  will  probably  think  he  has 
warped  his  natural  feelings  by  the  love  of  fyftem :  as  well  as 
where  he  aiTerts,  that  colours  have  nothing  intrinfically  beau- 
tiful or  expref&ve.  Is  not  every  one,  fenfible,  for  inftance,  of 
the  brilliancy,  beauty,  and  even  chearfulnefs  given  to  a  winter 
landfcape  covered  with  fnow,  though  the  aifociated  ideas  are 
all  glocJmy,  dreary  and  chearlefs.  The  author  even  aiferts  that 
the  blind  may  receive  the  fame  delight  from  the  ideas  which 
they  aiTociate  with  colours  that  they  do  who  fee  ;  which  he  in- 
il:arK:es  in  Dr.  Blacklock.  Surely  this  is  going  contrary  to  the 
common  fenfe  of  all  mankind.  When  Blacklock  in  his  poems 
ipeaks  of  the  glow  of  the  evening  fky,  or  of  the  purple  year, 
can  be  feel  the  emotions  Thomfon  did  when  he  had  been  feaft- 
ing  his  eyes  with  the  varied  tints  that  accompany  the  fetting 
fun,  or  the  warm  colouring  fpread  over  the  face  of  vernal 
nature  ?  The  blind  poet  may,  by  long  habitual  afTociation,  ufe 
the  terms  with  propriety,  but  it  is  a  kind  of  working  with  un- 
known quantities.  Who  does  not  fee  that  he  wants,  not  an 
adventitious  idea,  but  the  very  fource  and  fpring  of  all  the  beauty 
his  terms  are  converfant  about  ? 

Our  author  is  more  fpecious  in  controverting  the  beauty  of 
formsy  which  indeed  admit  of  fuch  an  infinite  variety,  and  are 
fo  extremely  difficult  to  reduce  to  any  fixt  rules,  that  they  have 
always  puzzled  thofe  who  have  attempted  to  analyze  them. 
He  joins  with  Mr.  Burke  in  denying  that  there  are  any  feitled 
fropartions  for  beauty  of  forms ;  he  attacks  Hogarth's  &mous 
waving  Une,  and  refers  all  beauty  of  forms  eithef  to  fitnefs  and 

utility^^ 


AUron^j  EJfays  m  the  Naiun  and  Prindples  o/Ta/ft.      2^ 

Utility,  or  to  expreffions  of  eafe,  fmoothnefs,  delicacy,  fine- 
iiefs ;  this  he  inftances  in  the  more  beautiful  vegetabies,  the 
vine,  the  ivy,  the  winding  of  young  (hoots,  the  bending  of  the 
ftem  of  flowers,  all  which,  he  fays,  give  an  idea  of  delicacy 
and  tendcrnefe  in  their  texture.  In  works  of  art,  in  like  man- 
ner, whatever  is  light,  delicate  and  fragile  is  beautiful ;  and 
whenever  the  winding  line  inftead  of  expreiSng  eafe  exprefles 
a  violent  force  having  been  made  ufe  of  to  twifl:  it  into  that 
direi^ipn  it  ceafes  to  be  beautiful.  The  progrefs  of  taftc  ia 
furniture  is  from  flrength  to  delicacy.  In  hard  materials  an- 
gular f(xctns  are  generally  more  beautiful  than  curvilinear,  they 
are  rendered  light  and  beautiful  by  the  greateft  poifib^e  diminu* 
tion  of  folidity  that  is  confiftent  with  convenience  or  ufe.  Be-* 
fides  this,  forms  are  capable  of  great  beauty  from  their  peculiar 
cxpreflxon;  indication  of  d^fign,  fitnefs,  utility,  &c.  It  is 
ingenioufly  obfervcdthat  in  the  beginning  of  the  arts  uniformity 
is  afFev^ed  as  moft  ftrongly  indicating  the  prefence  of  art,  that 
in  a  more  advanced  ^ate  variety  is  ftudied,  and  art  now  grown 
common,  is  as  much  as  pofSble  concealed.  In  architecture  be 
refers  all  the  real  beauty  of  the  different  orders  and  the  internal 
proportions  of  buildings  to  fitnefs ;  conceiving  the  columns  to 
be  formed  to  fupport  the  entablature,  and  the  walls  the  foof« 
The  author  laftly  treats  of  motion,  which  he  confiders  as  fub-^ 
lime  from  the  expreflion  of  power,  beautiful  from  the  exprefSon 
of  eafe,  and  concludes  with  deducing  from  the  whole  that  *  the 
beauty  and  fublimity  of  the  qualities  of  matter  arife  from  their 
being  the  figns  of  expreHions  of  fuch  qualities  as  are  fitted  by 
the  conftitution  of  our  nature  to  produce  emotion.* 

We  now  take  our  leave  of  a  work  which  has  aiForded  us  much 
entertainment,  and  of  which  we  are  glad  to  learn,  that  the  au- 
thor promifes  a  fecond  part.  He  will  therefore  excufe  our  mention- 
ing, as  the  hint  may  be  of  fervice  in  his  future  work,  that  his  ftyle 
is  too  diiFufe,  and  the  fame  fentiment  is  often  repeated.  He  ufes 
words  likewife  in  an  unallowed  and  unufual  ienfe.  He  fpeaksofche 
^notions  oftajiey  the  emstions  of  beauty  ^  the  e?notion^  of  utility  and 
fropruiy.  The  lowing  of  a  cow  and  the  bleating  of  a  flieep  he 
«alb  beautiful^  His  ideas  too  are  fometimes  Angular.  The 
fcHZ  of  flies  in  a  fummer's  noon  has  often  been  thought  footh- 
ing,  but  our  a-trthor  is  furely  the  firft  who  has  found  it  fublime. 
A  work  of  this  kind  fecms  likewife  to  want  an  index  or  analyfis, 
the  table  of  contents  at  the  beginning  anfwering  that  purpofe 
very  imperfe«5Hy.  Perhaps  the  author  was  willing  to  have  a 
jecurity  that  his  book  ihould  be  read  quite  through  before  it  was 
reviewed.  Our  readers  will  be  able  to  form  a  judgment  of  the 
Ayle  by  the  following  extra(Ss :  p.  44. 

'  The  generality  of  mankind  live  in  the  world,  without  re- 
ceiving any  kind  of  delight^  from  the  various  fcenes  of  beauty 
vkich  its  order  di^lay«*     The  rifing  and  fetting  of  the  fun,  the 

var^finjf 


JO  PHILOSOPHY. 

varying  afpcft  of  the  moon,  the  viciffitudes  of  feafons,  the  rcvoln* 
tion  of  the  planets,  and  all  the  ftupendous  fccnery  that  they  pro- 
duce, are  to  them  only  common  occurrences,  like  the  ordinary 
events  of  every  day.  They  have  been  fo  long  familiar,  that  they 
ceafe  to  ilrike  them  with  any  appearance  either  of  magnificence  or 
beauty,  and  are  regarded  by  them,  with  no  other  fentiments  than 
as  being  ufeful  for  the  purpofes  of  human  life.  We  may  all  re* 
member  a  period  in  our  lives,  when  this  was  the  ftate  of  our  own 
minds ;  and  it  is  probable  moft  men  will  recolledb,  that  the  time 
when  nature  began  to  appear  to  them  in  another  view,  was,  when 
they  were  engaged  in  the  ftudy  of  claflical  literature.  In  molt 
men,  at  leaft,  the  Hril  appearance  of  poetical  imagination  is  at 
ichool,  when  their  imaginations  begin  to  be  warmed  by  the  de- 
fcriptions  of  ancient  poetry,  and  when  they  have  acquired  a  new 
fenfe  as  it  were,  with  which  they  can  behold  the  face  of  nature. 

*  How  different,  from  this  period,  become  the  fentiments  with 
which  the  fcenery  of  nature  is  contemplated,  by  thofe  who  have 
any  imagination  1  The  beautiful  forms  of  ancient  mythology,  with 
which  the  fancy  of  poets  peopled  every  element,  are  now  ready  to 
appear  to  their  minds,  upon  the  profpedl  of  every  fcene.  The 
defcriptions  of  ancient  authors,  fo  long  admired,  and  fo  deferving 
€f  admiration,  occur  to  them  at  every  moment,  and  with  them, 
all  thofe  enthufiaftic  ideas  of  ancient  genius  and  glory,  which  the 
fiudy  of  fo  many  years  of  youth,  fo  naturally  leads  them  to  form. 
Or,  if  the  ftudy  of  modern  poetry  has  fucceeded .  to  that  of  the 
ancient,  a  thdufand  other  beautiful  aiTociations  are  acquired,  which 
'  inftead  of  deftroying,  ferve  eafily  to  unite  with  the  former,  and  to 
afford  a  new  fource  of  delight.  The  awful  forms  of  Gothic  fuper-  * 
ftition,  the  wild  and  romantic  imagery,  which  the  turbulence  of 
the  middle  ages,  the  Crufades,  and  the  inftitution  of  chivalry  have 
fpread  over  every  country  of  Europe,  arife  to  the  imagination  in 
every  fcene ;  accompanied  with  all  thofe  plealing  recolledlions  of 
provvefs,  and  adventure,  and  courteous  manners,  which  diflin- 
guiftied  thofe  memorable  times.  With  fuch  images  in  their  minds, 
it  is  not  common  nature  that  appears  to  furround  them.  It  is  na- 
ture embellifhed  and  made  facred  by  the  memory  of  Theocritus 
and  Virgil,  and  Milton  and  Taffo  ;  their  genius  feems  ftill  to  lin- 
ger among  the  fcenes  which  infpired  it,  and  to  irradiate  every 
objeft  where  it  dwells ;  ^nd  the  creation  of  their  fancy,  feem  the 
£t  inhabitants  of  that' nature,  which  their  defcriptions  have  clothed 
with  beauty. 

*  Nor  is  it  only  in  providing  fo  maijy  fources  of  afTocIation,  that 
the  influence  of  an  acquaintance  with  poetry  confifts.  It  is  yet 
ffill  more  powerful  in  giving  charaSier  to  the  different  appearances 
of  nature,  in  connedting  them  with  various  emotions  and  affedlions 
of  our  hearts,  and  in  thus  providing  an  almofl  inexhauilible  fource 
either  of  folemn  or  of  cheerful  meditation.  '  What  to  ordinary  men 
is  but  common  occurrence,  or  common  fcenery,  to  thofe  who  have 
fuch  aiTociations,  is  full  of  beauty.  The  feafons  of  the  year,  which 
are  marked  oaly  by  the  generality  of  mankind,  by  the  different 
occupations  or  amufements  they  bring,  have  each  of  them,  to  fuch 
men,  peculiar  expreilioasjt  ^nd  awaken  them  to  an  exercife  either  of 
4  plcaiing 


Alifon^x  EJfays  on  the  Nature  and  Principles  ofTaJle.       |t 

pkaiing  or  of  awful  thought.  The  feafons  of  the  day»  which  are 
regarded  only  by  the  cominoa  fpedator,  as  the  call  to  labour,  or  to 
reft,  arc  to  them  charadleriftic  either  of  cheerfulnefs  or  folemnityy 
and  connedled  with  all  the  various  emotions  which  theie  charaders 
excite.  Even  the  familiar  circumftances  of  general  nature,  which 
pafs  unheeded  by  a  common  eye,  the  cottage,  the  (heep-fold,  the 
c^irfew,  all  have  exprefllons  to  them,  becaufe,  in  the  compofitioni 
to  which  they  have  been  accuftomed,  thefe  all  are  a^ociated  witk 
peculiar  charaders,  or  rendered  exprefilve  of  them,  and  leading 
them  to  the  remembrance  of  fuch  aflbciations,  enable  them  to  be- 
hold with  correfponding  difpofitions,  the  fcenes  which  are  before 
them,  and  to  feel  from  iheir  profp'edt,  the  fame  powerful  influence, 
which  the  eloquence  of  poetry  has  afcribed  to  them.* 

*  *  P.  1 57. That  the  notes  or  cries  of  fome  animals  are  fublime,  every 
one  knows  :  the  roar  oF  the  lion,  the  growling  of  bears,  the  howling 
of  wolves,  the  fci'eam  of  the  eagle,  &c.  In  all  thofc  cafes,  thefe 
arc  the  notes  of  animals  remarkable  for  their  ftrength,  and  formi- 
dable from  their  ferocity.  It  would  feem  very  natural,  thereforc,!^ 
that  the  fublimity  of  fuch  founds  fhould  arife  from  the  qualities  of 
which  they  are  expreffive  ;  and  which  are  of  a  nature  fitted  to  excite 
very  powerful  emotions  in  our  minds. 

*  That  thisL  is  in  reality  the  cafe,  and  that  it  is  not  the  founds 
themfelves  which  have  this  cfFed,  appears  to  be  obvious  from  the 
two  following  conliderations : 

*  I.  When  we  have  no  aflbciations  of  this  kind,  fuch  founds  are 
produdlive  of  no  fuch  emotion.     There  is  not  one  of  thefe  founds 
which  may  not  be  imitated  in  fome  manner  or  other;  and  which, 
while  we  are  ignorant  of  the  deception,  does  not  produce  the  fame 
emotion  with  the  real  found :  when  we  are  undeceived,  however, 
we  are  confcious  of  no  other  emotion,  but  that  perhaps  of  fimpie 
pain  from  its  loudnefs.     The  howl  of  the  wolf  is  little  diftinguiih- 
ed  from  the  howl  of  the  dog,  either  in  its  tone  or  in  its  Itrength,    , 
but  there  is  no  comparifon   between  their  fubliriiity.     There  are 
few^,  if  any  of  thefe  founds  fo  loud  as    the  moll  common   of  all 
founds,  the  lowing  of  a  cow  ;  yet  this  is  the  very  reverfe  of  fubli- 
mity.    Imagine  this  found,  on  the  contrary,  expreflive  of  fierce- 
nefs  or  Itrengthj  and  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  it  would  become 
fublime.     1  he  hooting  of  the  owl  at  midnight,  or  amid  ruins,  is 
flrikingly  fublime.    The  fame  found  at  noon,  or  during  the  day,  is 
very  far  from  being  fo.     The  fcream  of  the  eagle  is  fimply  dif- 
agreeable,  when  the  bird  is  either  tamed  or  confined  :  it  is  fub- 
lime only,  when  it  is  heard  amid  rocks  anddefarts,  and  when  it  is 
expreflive  to  us  of  liberty,  and  independence,  and  favage  majefty. 
The  neighing  of  a  war-horle  in  the  field  of  battle,  or  of  a  young 
and  untamed  horfe  when  at  large  among  mountains,  is  powerfully 
fublime.     The  fame  found  in  a  cart-horfe,  or  a  horl'e  in  the  liable,  , 
is  fimply  indifferent,  if  not  diHigreeable.     No  found  is  moie  ab- 
folutely  mean,  than  the  grunting  of  fwine.'    I'he  fame  found  in 
the  wild    boar,    an    animal   remarkable    both    for   fierceneJi    and 
ilrength,  is  fublime.     The  memory  of  the  reader  will  fupplx  many 
other  inftances. 

*  2.  The 


Jt  MUSIC- 

*  z*  Tlie  fablimity  of  fuch  founds  correfponds  not  to  tlieir  nst* 
Inr,  as  founds,  but  to  the  nature  of  the  qualities  they  fignify* 
SoBDds  of  all  kinds  are  fublime,  in  proportion  as  they  are  ex- 
prefiive  of  power,  or  fiercenefs,  or  ftrengtb,  or  any  other  quality 
capable  of  producing  flrong  emotions  m  the  animals  which  they 
^iiAingnilh.  There  are  many  inftances  undoubtedly  where  load 
dies  are  fublime,  but  there  are  many  alfo,  where  fuch  notes  are 
-way  hr  from  being  fo.  The  lowing  of  cows,  the  braying  of  the 
afi,  the  fcream  of  the  peacock  and  many  other  inoEeniive  birds^ 
air  only  mean  or  difagreeable. 

*  Low  or  feeble  founds,  in  the  fame  manner,  are  generally  con- 
Cdcfcd  as  the  contrary  of  fublime  ;  yet  there  are  alfo  many  in- 
flaaccs  where  fuch  fouilds  are  flrongly  fublime,  when  they  diftin- 
nifii  the  notes  of  fierce,  or  dangerous,  or  powerful  animals* 
TlKie  is  not  a  found  fo  generally  contemptible  as  that  which  we 
JBtfiBgoiih  by  the  name  of  hifling,  yet  this  is  the  found  appropriated 
iD  ferpents,  and  the  greater  part  of  poifonous  reptiles ;  and,  as 
ladby  is  extremely  fublime.  The  noife  of  the  rattlefnake  (that 
WKott  dangerous  animal  of  all  his  tribe)  is  vtry  little  different  from 
tfce  Boiie  of  a  child's  play-thing,  yet  who  will  deny  its  fublimity  ! 
Hbc  growl  of  the  tyger  refembles  the  purring  of  a  cat :  the  one  i» 
Aiblime,  the  other  infignificant.  Nothing  can  be  more  triiling^ 
dbaiB  the  found  produced  by  that  litte  animal,  which  among  the 
OMREinon  people  is  called  the  death-watch  ;  yet  many  a  bold  heart 
hsah  felt  its  power*  The  inhabitants  of  modern  Europe  would 
haiHt,  if  they  were  a&ed,  if  there  were  any  fublimity  in  the  note^ 
«if  chickens,  or  fwallows,  or  magpies ;  yet  under  the  influence  of 
aacient  fuperftition,  when  fuch  animals  were  confidered  as  ominous^ 
tke  braveil  among  the  people  have  trembled  at  their  found.  The 
faperHitions  of  other  countries  afford  innumerable  inftances  of  the 
i^iiiekind. 

•  If  thefe  illuftrations  are  juft,  it  fhould  feem,  that  the  fublimity 
cf  the  notes  of  animals  is  to  be  afcribed  to  the  affociations  we  con- 
aed  with  them,  and  not  to  any  original  fitnefs  in  the  mere  founds 
tkcmicves,  to  produce  this  emotion.'  Y.  y, 

Art.  V,  Memoir es  ou  EJfai  fur  la  Muftque.  Par  M, 
Gretry.-— Memoirs,  or  an  Eflay  on  Mulic.  By  M.  Gretry». 
p.  565.  8vo^     Paris.     1789^ 

This  amiable  writer  gives  us  an  artlefs  account  of  himfelf 
and  his  mufical  compoiitions,  in  order  to  interfperfe,  as  he 
avows,  the  refleci:ions  and  jidvice  which  experience  had  fug- 
gefied.  This  manner  of  treating  the  lubje6^,  though  it  renders 
bis  book  more  familiar  and  inftrudtive,  makes  the  talk  of  ana- 
lysing it  very  difficult,  becaufe  the  thread  mull  abfolutely 
DC  ihapped :  befides,  when  a  book  is  written  in  the  firft  perfon, 
itiofes  half  its  intercft,  v/hen  the  third  is  fubftituted.  It  is 
^nic  that  this  eflay  abounds  with  what  fome  may  term  egotifm, 
wbich  might,  perhaps,  with  more  propriety  be  ftyled  indivi^ 
ifcalit^i  yet,  fo  much  heart  appears  in  the  memoirs,  that  it  is 

3  impoi&bl^. 


Gretry^s  Ejay  on  Mujie.  3j 

impoffible  not  to  love  a  man,  who  thus  ventures  to  appear  ia 
his-  true  colours. 

He  tells  us,  in  the  preface,  that  he  has  undertaken  to  write 
on  the  fubjedt,  becaufe  that  an  artift  only  can  do  it ;  and  if  he 
has  interwoven  fome  circumftances  of  his  life,  it  is  only  to 
conne£fc  what  relates  to  mufic.  After  a  few  more  remarks,  he 
adds,  it  is  nfeceflary  to  fay  that  there  is  -a  mufic,  which  having 
for  its  baiis  the  declamation  of  words,  is  as  true  as  the  paffions* 
This  hint  will  lead  the  fagacious  reader  to  forefee  in  what 
manner  he  propofed  to  treat  the  fubjeft. 

The  firft  part  contains  the  fimple  memoirs  of  his  life,  written 
infuch  an  eafy  natural  ftyle,  that  without  excitigg  muchcurio- 
fity  or  wonder,  the  incidents  are  rendered  very  intcrefting,  and 
the  moft  unafFefted  fentiments  find  the  neareft  way  to  the 
heart ;  but  this  volume  defervcs  to  be  ranked  higher  than  as  a  . 
book  of  mere  amufement :  for,  excepting  Rouffeau's  animated 
ftri<£lures  on  mufic,  we  have  never  met  with  any  treatife  on  the 
fubjec^,  in  which  fomany  juft  refleftions,  and  pertinent  obfer- 
vations,  the  fure  refult  of  experience,  occur.  Indeed,  having 
confined  his  purfuit  entirely  to  mufic,  his  remarks  are  often 
more  ufeful  and  pracSical  than  the  flights  of  that  eccentric 
genius.  RoufTeau  would  probably  have  been  one  of  the  firft 
compofers  the  world  ever  produced,  if  he  had  not  beer»  fome- 
thing  better— as  it  was,  merely  by  the  force  of  his  genius,  he 
plunged  into  the  fcientific  part  of  the  art  without  much  pre4 
vious  drudgery,  nor  had  he  afterwards  fufiicient  experience  td 
enable  him  to  correft  the  extravagancies  of  his  imagination, ; 
and  give  his  compofitions  a  more  equal  temperature.  M.  G.  . 
on  the  contrary,  dedicated  his  whole  life  to  the  cultivation  of 
the  predominant  bent  of  his  mind,  not  that  we  mean  to  infi- 
nuate  that  he  was  in  other  refpetSls  an  ignorant  man :  no ;  his 
unvitiated  tafte  for  nature,  and  his  fenfible  remarks  on  men  and 
manners,  prove  that  many  other  fubje£is  did  not  efcape  his 
perfpicacious  eye ;  and  there  is  an  originality  and  fpirit  in  his 
manner  of  expreffing  them,  which  proves  that  he  was  not  a 
m^TG  echo.  But  only  in  his  favourite  track  did  he  pant  to 
excel,  and  he  feems,  if  we  may  be  allowed  the  comparifon,  to 
haye  joined  the  foul  and  body  of  mufic  very  amicably  to- 
gether ;  to  have  reconciled  melody  and  harmony ;  a  charming 
couple  whom  man  has  frequently  torn  afunder,  though  nature 
evidently  points  out  that  they  fhould  ever  be  united,  and  fup- 
port  each  other.  With  a  comprehenfive  mind  and  quick 
feelings,  he  could  not  be  led  aftray  by  the  tricks  of  execution ; 
his  heart  beat  true  to  the  emotions  of  paiiion,  and  was  not  the 
flave,  but  the  matter  of  his  ear. 

We  ihall  pafs  over  that  part  of  the  volume  which  is  more 
particularly  appropriated  to  the  memoirs,  and  feka  promif- 
cuoufly  from  i^  and  the  ftriftures  on  his  operas,  only  fuch  paf- 

Vox.,  VIL  D  feges 


3+  MUSIC. 

fagesas  relate  to  the  main  fubje£l: ;  but  as  he  regularly  analyze* 
ma'ny  of  the  operas  which  he  has  fet  to  mufic,  to  give  a  degree 
of  fpirit  to  his  remarks,  and  to  fave  himfelf  the  trouble  of  fyf- 
tematizing  them,  our  quotations  muft  neceflkrily  be  detached 
and  defultory.  Speaking  of  his  youth,  when  his  voice  began  to 
change,  he  fays  Ihrewdly-*— 

*  The  only  confident  of  my  dcfircs  I  retired  into  my  chamber  to 
give  myfelf  up  to  my  delirium,  and  often  defpairing  of  ever  being 
able  to  touch  the  heart  of  fome  beaoty,  who  only  exifted  in  my 
imagination;  it  was  this  timidity  which  was  born  with  me,  that 
made  me  prefer  a  fantailic  being  to  a  real  one.  This  timidity  is 
dangerous,  I  acknowledge  ;  it  concentres  the  flame  of  the  paffions, 
it  excites  a  fire,  vAich  could  only  be  weakened  by  fpreadirig  icfelf 
without,  but  ferves,  perhaps,  to  prepare  the  foul  of  a  young  artift, 
who  ought  to  paint  the  paifions.  Genius  is  relaxed  by  enjoyment, 
it  is  warmed  by  defire.* 

He  further  informs  us,  that  he  has  accelerated  or  retarded 
the  motion  of  his  pulfe,  by  finging  in  different  meafures ;  and 
lie  thinks  that  rhythm  is  for  the  ear,  what  fymmetry  is  for 
the  eye. 

"  lluding  to  church  mufic,  he  obferves,  that 

compoferwho  works  for  the  church  ought  to  be  very  fevere, 
and  ^ix  nothing  in  his  compofitions  which  belongs  to  the  theatre. 
Wh^  a  difference  in  faft,*  (he  adds,)  *  between  the  fenciments 
whych  reign  in  the  pfalms,  the  anthems,  the  hymns,  Sec.  and  the 
vehemence  of  love  or  jealoufy.  Love,  properly  fpeaking,  ought 
noK.  to  have  any  refemblance  with  the  love  of  God ;  even  when  it 
{v  pplies  its  place  in  the  heart  of  a  young  woman.  Every  fentiment 
v;  hich  elevates  itfelf  towards  the  Deity  ftiould  have  a  vague  and 
j)ious  charader ;  becaufe  every  thing  which  is  above  our  knowledge 
extorts  refpedl  from  us. 

'  A  muiician  who  devotes  himfelf  to  church  muiic,  is  happy  in 
having  power,  juft  as  his  fancy  direfts,  to  make  ufe  of  all  the  riches 
of  counter- point,  which  the  theatre  very  rarely  permits.  The 
vague  exprefiion  of  mufic  has  a  more  magic  charm  than  the  mufic 
of  declamation  ;  and  it  ought  to  be  adopted,  when  facred  words 
are  chofen.  Profane  mufic  may  employ  fome  forms  confecrated  to 
the  church  ;  nothing  is  rifqued  by  ennobling  the  palliohs,  which 
arc  connedled  with  the  order  and  happinefs  of  men.* 

Some  obfervations  which  he  makes  on  a  vulgar  error,  muft 
not  be  omitted. 

*  Mai^y  people  are  allowed  to  have  the  talent  of  executing  per- 
fe£lly  well,  at  fight;  I  have  never  met  with  this  phenomenon,  un- 
Icfs  the  mufic  has. been  very  eafy,  or  refembling  other  mufic.  I 
know  that  a  man  who  wifhes  to  maintain  the  credit  of  playing  at 
fight,  (hews  all  the  boldneis  of  a  man,  who  is  fure  of  doing  it;  but 
it  is  the  author  himfelf  whom  it  is  necefiiary  to  fatisfy,  and  not  the 
hearers,  who  ignorant  of  the  jui^  exprefiion  of  a  work  which  they 
are  not  acquainted  with,  believe  that  it  is  well  rendered,  becaufe 
it  is  executed  boldly.  I  formerly  met  with  a  child  at  Geneva,  who 
•xecutcd  every  thing  at  fight  i  and  his  father  faid  to  me  in  a  full 

^ffeniblyii 


GretryV  EJfay  on  Mujic.  35 

aflemblyt  that  there  may  not  remain  any  doubt  rcfpeftmg  my  fon't 
talents,  make  a  \CTy  difficult  morceau  de  fonate  for  him  to  execute 
to-morrow,  I  made  him  an  allegro  en  mi  bimol^  difficult  without 
alFeftation  ;  he  executed  it,  and  every  one,  excepting  myfelf,  ex- 
claimed, a  miracle!  The  child  was  not  flopped  by  any  thing;  but  in 
following  the  modulation,  he  had  fobilituted  a  number  of  paflage$ 
inftf'ad  of  thofe  which  I  had  written.* 

The  following  remark,  though  not  new,  is  well  exprefled^ 
and  cannot  be  too  often  infifted  upon,  if  we  wifh  to  cultivate  a 
national  tafte  for  mufic. 

*  Mufic,  properly  fpeaking,  will  be  for  every  ten  or  twelve  yeari 
the  play-thing  of  falhion  ;  a  finger,  endowed  with  exquifite  fenfi- 
bility,  a  compofer,  whofe  genius  deviates  from  the  beaten  track,  tf 
kind  of  enthufiaft,  whole  eccentricities  awaken  the  multitude 
always  eager  after  novelty ;  the  roulades ^  fo  favourable  to  certain 
fingers,  and  almoft  always  injurious  to  the  expreflion  ;  the  cadences^ 
the  points  d* or gues,  in  a  word,  all  this  mufical  luxury  will  perilh> 
and,  perhaps,  rife  again  in  the  fame  century  ;  but  thefe  changes  do 
not  make  an  important  revolution  in  the  principles  of  the  art. 

*  Truth  is  the  fublime  of  all  produdlions;  faftiion  can  do  no- 
thing againil  it;  a  brilliant  whim  may  eclipfe  for  a  moment  the 
merit  of  ingenious  people;  but  foon  in  filence  men  blulh  at  having 
been  deceived,  and  render  new  homage  to  truth. 

«  It  will  und<nibiedly  be  objeded,  that  the  accent  of  the  French 
language  has  changed  under  the  two  lail  reigns ;  that  the  court  of 
Lewis  the  XlVth  was  gallant,  and  had  a  tone  of  chivalry ;  that 
under  Lewis  the  XVth  the  noble  manners  and  graces  of  the  an- 
cient court  were  feebly  imitated,  and  that,  in  fhort,  the  language 
of  the  courtiers  at  prefcnt  has  fcarcely  any  accent,  and  that  bon  ton 
confiits  in  not  having  one.  Should  it  then  be' inferred  from  thence, 
that  mufic  ought  to  change  with  the  accent  ?  No ;  the  cry  of  nature 
never  changes,  and  it  is  that  which  conAitutes  good  mufic. 

*  King  Henry  always  fwore  to  love  the  beautiful  Gahrielle  with 
the  fame  accents  as  a  man  under  the  influence  of  paifion  would  now 
ipeak;  it  has  been  faid  that  the  fong  Charmante  Gahrielle  was  com- 
pofed^  words  and  mufic,  by  the  good  king  Kenry  the  fourth.  1 
know  not  whether  it  is  an  illufion,  but  I  have  aivvays  thought  that 
J  recognize  in  it  the  foul  of  that  good  prince.  I  will  fay  then  that 
the  accents  of  a  language  following  the  'manners ;  it  ought  to  be 
falfe,  artificial,  and  aife6\ed  among  a  corrupt  people;  but  if  nature 
referves  for  herfelf  only  the  heart  of  a  fi ngle  man,  he  alone  will 
find  the  true  accent.  Befides,  whatever  may  be  his  manners,  a 
man  is  rarely  artificial  when  he  is  fubjugated  by  violent  paffions. 

*  I  made  fuch  laborious  (fpeaking  of  his  firil  compofiiions)  and 
obfiinate  exertions  toavail  myfelf  at  the  jundure  and  with  moderation 
of  the  elements  with  which  my  head  was  filled,  that  1  was  almofl 
overcome.  Experience  had  not  yet  taught  me  that  the  art  of  facri- 
ficing  diftingulihes  the  good  artifi.  I  fought  in  vain  to  be  true  and 
fimple;  a  fwarm  of  ideas  came  to  obfcure  my  pidure :  when  I 
adopted  all  I  was  difcon tented,  when  I  retrenched  it  was  at  random^ 
and  I  was  fiill  more  difiatisfied.  This  firuggle  between  judgment 
and  fcience^  that  it  to  fay^  between  tafle  which  wiihes.  to  cbufe,  and 

D  a  inexperience 


^6  MUSI     c. 

inexperience  which  knows  not  how  to  reje£l-— this  ftraggle,  I  fty, 
was  To  lively,  that  it  injured  my  health,  already  impaired.* 

Some  obfervations  which  he  makes  on  the  wearinefs  that  fre- 
quently appears  in  the  countenance  of  men  of  letters,  when 
they  liften  to  mufic,  are  ingenious. 

«  If  I  may  be  allowed  to  examine  why  men  of  letters  who  have 
the  moft  wit  are  not  thofe  who  know  beft  how  to  appreciate  a  turn 
of  a  tune,  a  note  of  the  bafs,  &c.  when  I  execute  my  mafic  before 
them,  I  remark  that  they  experience  the  fame  kind  of  inquietude, 
as  undoubtedly  Fontenelledid,  when  he  [aid yhnate,  que  me  'veuxtuT 
whilft  a  woman  or  a  child  is  foftly  agitated  by  agreeable  fenfations. 
I  (hall  only  here  give  my.  ideas  as  a  weak  conception,  which  cannot 
refolve  fuch  a  metaphy Ileal  problem,  far  above  my  powers. 

*  Let  us  atfirft  confider  what  is  the  habitual  employment  of  men 
of  letters,  generally  fpeaking.  Whether  they  write  or  fpeak,  it  id 
almoil  always  to  adorn  with  the  graces  of  wit  fimple  truths  which 
have  not  need  of  any  foreign  ornament.  Why  then  are  they  not 
limply  and  naturally  prefented  to  our  eyes?  becaufe  men  of  genius 
arc  rare,  and  the  truth  only  ftiews  herfelf  to  them.  Men  of  genius 
leave  behind  them  a  crowd  of  imitators,  who  no  longer  daring  to 
fay,  in  the  fame  manner,  what  has  be«n  faid  before,  are  obliged  to 
iifguife  the  truth  under  the  charm  of  graces.  I  avow  even  that 
the  illufion  is  often  fo  perfedl,  fo  feducing,  that  one  is  tempted  to 
take  the  appearance  for  truth  itfelf. 

*  The  more  men  have  written  on  a  fubjei^,  the  more  difficult  is  it 
tb  treat  it ;  and  as  it  is  impofllble  to  add  any  thing  to  truth,  the  mind 
muft  every  day  make  new  efforts  to  connect  incoherent  ideas,  the  re- 
lations of  which  become  fo  unconnefted,  fubtle  and  delicate,  that  the 
mind  going  aftray  in  its  vaft  empire,  lofes  the  laft  glimmer  of  the  light 
of  truth. 

«  Since  mudc  to  be  felt  only  requires  thofe  happy  inftinds  which  n^p 
ture  gives,  it  (hould  fecm  as  if  wit  injured  inftincl,  and  that  men  only 
approach  to  one  in  departing  from  the  other ;  and  that,  in  Iho'rt,  the 
more  facility  there  is  in  combining,  and  drawing  near  the  ideas,  the 
more  you  weaken  the  natural  feeling,'  which  is  only  affefted  by  one 
thing  at  a  time — and  it  is  fufficient  to  feel  it  well.  The  man  de- 
livered to  iimple  nature  receives  without  refiftance  the  foft  emotions 
which  are  given  to  him.  The  man  of  wit,  on  the  contrary,  wifhes 
to  know  Irom  whence  the  pleafure  comes,  and  before  it  reaches  his 
heart,  it  vanifhes.  Sentiment  is  as  volatile  as  confined  eflcnces,  which 
the  contaft  of  the  air  make  evaporate  ;  in  the  fame  manner  a  fenfation 
is  loft,  if  it  ftrikes  an  organ  habituated  to  analyze  in  order  to  feel. 

*  Every  body,  neverthelefs,  wi(h:;s  to  have  the  air  of  loving  mufic, 
every  one  knows  that  it  is  an  exaltation  of  foul,  thelanguage  of  the  heart ; 
to  allow  that  this  language  is  foreign  to  them.  Would  be  to  make  an 
avowal  of  infenfibility  ;  every  man  then  acts  the  part  of  a  critic,  and 
exclaims,  ah,  that  is  delicious !  with  a  frozen  mien.  If  he  is  a  man 
of  letters,  he  is  in  hafte  to  write  a  pamphlet  oh  mufic,  in  which  it  may 
he  faid,  that  a  mufician  is  a  brute,  who  only  knows  how  to  feel,  and 
by  the  force  of  argument,  he  eftablifhes  himfelf  a  mufician  in  his  place. 
Will  any  one  infer  from  what  I  havejuft  faid,  that  it  is  neceffary,.in 
order  to  have  a  fentimeat  for  malic,  to  be  neither  a  poet  nor  hiftorian ; 

neither 


Gxctxy^s^EJfay  on  M]ific.  J;J 

ntttlicr  an  orator  nor  a  man  of  wit?  undoubtedly  not,  but  it  is  nc- 
ccflaiy,  I  believe,  to  have  from  nature  herfelf,  one  of  thofe  qualities, 
and  it  is  not  fiifHcient  to  have  acquired  them  by  the  forced  labour  of 
erudition  and  compilation,  whic^  may  certainly  open  a  new  road  lo 
a  man  happily  organized  ;  but  only  drives  a  common  man  to  defpair 
at  never  being  able  to  approach  his  models.  Would  you  wiih  to  knov 
if  an  individual  is  born  fenfible  to  mufic  ?  Obferve  only  whether  he 
has  a  fimpk  juft  mind,  whether  in  his  difcourfe,  his  manner,  his  drefs^ 
he  has  nothing  affefted  ;  whether  he  loves  flowers  and  children,  whether 
the  tender  fentimcnt  of  love  governs  him.  Such  a  beinff  loves  har- 
mony paflionately,  and  the  melody  which  it  contains,  and  nas  no  need 
of  compofing  a  pamphlet,  after  the  ideas  of  others,  to  prove  it.' 

Perhaps,  the  fenfes  of  people  not  alive  to  intelleftual  pleafu>e 
.are  more  eafily  tickled  than  the  rigid  organs  of  men  who  employ 
their  minds,  and  are  purfuing  fome  ferious  plan  ; — ^nay,  the  road 
.to  the  heart  feems  to  be  neither  long  nor  intricate  when  the 
underftanding  lies  dormant,  as  the  iluggiCh  pool  appears  to  be 
curled  by  every  flight  breeze,  when  there  is  no  regular  motion 
to  kefep  up  the  circulation. 

We  all  infenfibly  judge  of  a  charafter,  by  the  tones  which 
accompany  common  falutations,  the  heart  detefts  affeftation  or 
deceit,  before  the  underftanding  can  difcriminate  the  caufe 
which  gives  rife  to  it ;  hear  what  our  author  fays  of  it. 

«  It  would  be  pleafant  enough  to  make  a  nomenclator  of  all  the 
honjour^  Monjteur^  or  honjour^  man  cher^  put  into  mufic  with  the  juft  ift- 
tonation,  we  fhould  fee  lawhat  degree  felf-love  is  a  powerful  mafter  in 
mufic,  and  how  the  gamut  changes,  when  a  roan  is  in  or  out  of  place. 

*  A  bonjcmr,  Monfaur^  is  almoft  always  fufficient  for  me  to  appre- 
ciate, in  the  grofs,  the  felf  fufficiency  or  the  fimplicity  of  a  char^der ; 
infincerity  or  politenefs  conceals  from  us  the  man  in  his  difcourfe ;  but 
he  has  not  yet  learned  to  conceal  himfelf  entirely  in  his  intonations. 
X  think  I  make  here  an  elogiura  on  human  nature.' 

As  this  work  is  profeiledly  written  on  the  foul  of  mufic, 
compojition^  we  have  feledled,  as  foecimens,  fuch  detached  ob- 
(ervations  as  principally  relate  to  the  fpirit  of  it  j  but  we  were 
obliged  to.pafs  over  many  ingenious  and  ufeful  remarks,  which 
we  would  willingly  have  cfted,  on  account  of  their  length  and 
connexion;  and  for  the  fame  reafon,  fome  pertinent  advice^ 
refpefting  the  mechanical  part  of  the  fubjccft,  was  not  ad- 
miflible.  However,  the  mechanical  part  is  kept  back  with 
due  fubordination,  and  Mr.  G.  obferves,  '  that  to  believe  that 
.  one  can  join  to  the  graces  of  cxpreflion  the  fevere  c^rredion 
of  harmony,  is  an  error. — Be  alTured,  that  a  too  rigorous  fe- 
verity  in  the  fine  arts  frightens  away  the  graces.' 

We  have  already  been  very  copious  in  our  extracts,  becaufe 
this  fenfible  writer  merits  refpedt,  and  we  think  our  readers 
will  excufirus,  if  we  add  one  that  relates  to  art,  in  the  moft  ex- 
tenfive  fenfe  of  the  "word. 

«  It  is  related  that  Carle  Vanloo  would  not  receive  twelve  hundred 
francs  for  a  piAure,  which  he  had  juft  finifhcd,  becaufe  he  had  agreed 

D  3  fot 


for  fifty  louis.  This  ignorance  appears  to  me  fublime  in  a  great  artift  ; 
it  proves,  that  the  more  a  man  carries  all  his  faculties  towards  a  fmgle 
tiling,  he  will  know  lefs  of  others.  We  arc  ignorant  how  many  things, 
which  appear  great  in  the  eyes  of  the  generality  of  men,  are  infignifi- 
cant  in  thofe  of  an  artift,  who  entirely  devoted  to  his  objed,  lives,  if 
the  phraie  is  allowable,  with  nature. 

*  A  hundred  little  faculties  necefTary  in  order  to  have  only  common 
fenfe,  deftroy  therafelves  to  ftrengthen  a  fuperior  faculty.  Thus  a  man 
occupied  by  a  grand  objeft,  with  all  its  relations,  becomes  indifferent 
to  a  hundred  others,  to  devote  himfelf  to  that  which  particularly  interefls 
him. 

*  *  Nature  having  only  given  a  certain  portion  of  ftrength  fpread 
through  the  individual,  leaves  us  the  power  of  fortifying  one  of  our 
organs,  by  co'nilant  exercife,  at  the  expence  of  the  reft.  Such  are 
the  legs  of  a  dancer,  and  of  a  fencing  matter  ;  the  left  hand  of  a  player 
on  the  violin  ;  the  lungs  of  a  finger ;  the  head  of  the  learned  ;  the 
organs  of  fentiment  of  the  poet,  the  painter,  the  muiician,  and  all  men 
of  genius.  Judge  not  then  flightly  of  a  man,  who  does  one  thing 
better  than  another,  and  let  us  remember,  that  a  young  coxcomb  would 
have  replied  ten  times  to  a  queftion,  whilft  J.  J.  Roufleau  remained 
iilent  fearching  for  an  anfwer.' 

We  fliall  clofe  our  review  with  the  author's  own  account 
©f  his  defigA. 

*  There  does  not  exift  a  book  on  mufic  which  fpeaks  lefs  than 
this  of  the  rules  of  the  art.  An  effay  on  the  fpirit  of  mufic  ought 
not  to  be  a  technical  book;  but  to  endeavour  to  unfold  even  the 
fentimehts  of  an  art,  as  it  continually  ftrikes  the  organs  of  an  artift 
during  his  work,  is  to  reveal  the  fecret  which  preceded  rules,  and  hat 
almoft  always  given  them  birth. 

*  On  this  account,  after  having  read  the  treatifes  of  harmony  by 
Tartini,'Zarlin,  Rameau,  and  d'Alembert,  I  have  often  faid  to  myfelf, 
well,  enough  of  theories  1 — For  before  pra<^ice  had  made  ufe  of  thefe 
rules,  and  of  thofe  immenfe  calculations,  there  was  fufficient  to  employ 
artifts,  duriiig  feveral  ages. — could  this  mafs  of  erudition  alone  give  us 
the  turn  of  a  tune,  which  would  awaken  a  pieafing  or  foothing  fenfation 
in  a  feeling  mind  ?  It  is,  however,  demonltrated,  that  the  mathematical 
fciences  are  the  fource  of  harmonic  combinations,  and  that  they  give  a 
determinate  value  to  the  founds  of  the  gamut  in  fubjedling  them  to  certain 
calculations,  fure  as  rules,  if  they,  afford  littJe  pleafure.  I  have  alfo 
read  J.  J.  Rouffoau  ;  undoubtedly  he  has  faid  much,  and  if  he  had 
made  as  many  operas  as  works  of  literature,  his  reflexions  more  ge- 
neral and  numerous,  and  fupported  by  various  examples,  would  have 
difpenfed  with  my  writing  on  the  art. 

*  For  wh^t  a  length  of  time  have  not  men  erred  in  mufic.  as  in  all 
the  fciences,  before  they  arrived  at  true  beauty ;  foraetimes  in  delivering 
themfelves  up  to  a  puerile  fimplicity,  fometimes  to  faftidious  and  dil* 
orderly  complication.  At  firft  the  moft  fimple  tunes  formed  of  four  or 
five  liotes,  fufficed  to  exprcft  the  joy  or  grief  of  fimple  men  devoted 
to  nature.  The  rifing  art  of  melody  has,  however,  enriched  itfelf, 
tunes  are  multiplied  in  proportion  as  moral  and  phyfical  ideas  are 
enfolded.  Liilen  to  the  fong  of  the  man  of  nature,  his  tune  will 
be  the  mirror  of  his  fpul.  If  feveral  men  fung  by  turns  the  fame  air 
they  would  reveal  their  charadcrs ;  there  are  exceptions,  but  they  are 
not  for  the  men  of  whom  1  fpeak/       .         .  j 

?  Wbe.^ 


Adriano ;  -  or-^  the  Firji  of  June.  39 

*  When  ancient  hiftorics  fpeak  of  the  wonderful  effefls  of  mufic,  1  do 
not  queftion,  nor  even  ^oubt  of  it. — It  ought  to  have  had  an  abfolutc  * 
empire  over  uncorrupted  hearts.  The  ancients  applied,  and  fcrupuloufly 
prefervtd  a  melody,  and  above  all  a  rhythm  for  every  thing.  The 
people  were  fure  that  they  celebrated  the  feaft  of  Venus  or  Juno,  when 
they  heard  the  tune  which  charafterized  them ;  ever}'  air  made  a  diftinft 
imprefllon.  — .  _  ...  ..  — 

*  Melody  (hould  give  birth  to  harmony.  One  perceives  that  after 
having  mounted  fpven  notes,  the  iirft  is  revived  in  the  eighth.  The 
learned  faw  the  relation  between  fuch  and  fuch  founds;  harmony  once 
fubmitted  to  calculations,  ought  to  affift  the  progrefs  of  melody,  which 
only  advances  to  the  aid  of  the  new  fcnfation  that  it  infpires.* 


Art.  vf .     Adriano  \  or^  The  FirJi  of  June^  a  Poem*     By  the 

Author  of  *  The  Village  Curate.'     Small  8vo.     105  pages. 

Price  2s.  6d.     fewed.     Johnfon.     175(0. 

The  author  of  The  Village  Curate,  very  quickly  prefents 
us  with  another  poem,  in  which,  though  it  is  far  fuperior  to 
his  firft  produ£lion,  we  difcover  th^  fame  beauties  and  faults  ; 
the  fame  exquifite  tafte  for  the  charms  of  nature,  and  ignorance 
of  the  human  heart  j  befides,.  not  to  confound  native  energy 
j(nd  obftinate  prejudices,  there  is  a  kind  of  rigidnefs  in  many 
of  the  fentiments,  which,  whilft  they  convince  «s  that  the 
author  is  a  man,  who  adls  from  fixed  principles,  (hew  alfo  a 
^arrownefs  of  mind  or  little  knowledge  of  the  world. 

The  tale  is  fimple,  but  many  of  the  incidents,  and  particu- 
larly the  cataftrophe,  are  fo  unnatural,  that  we  only  confider 
it  as  a  vehicle  to  convey  many  beautiful  and  interefting  pidlures, 
which  are  feelingly  deicribed  in  an  unaffected,  .and  fometimes, 
poetic  manner. 

The  following  brief,  but  beautiful  reprefentation  of  youth 
pverwhelmed  with  forrow,  deferves  to  be  noticed.     P.  48, 

♦  O  grief,  thou  bleffmg  and  thou  curfe;  how  fair 
•    *     How  (chartning  art  thou,  fitting  thus  in  ftate 

Upon  the  eyelid  of  ingenuous  youth, 
.  Wat'ring  the  rofes  of  ahcalthfal  cheek 
With  dews  of  filver ! 
If  there  be  a  want  of  paffion  in  this  tale,  which  prevents  Jts 
being  interefting,  confidered  as  a  whole,  there  is  a  degree  of 
delicacy  and  talte  in  fome  of  the  fentiments,  that  quietly  fmlc 
into  the  heart  like  the  filent  refrefliing  dew;  we  fhall  cite  a 
paflage  on  Modefty— that  with  fober  grace  meet^  the  eye,  P.  78. 

*  ^O  ye  miftaken  belles^  who  fondly  think 
.  'Tis  prudent  to  engage  the  public  eye 

Ere  infancy  expire;  to  lead  the  dance ; 
Parade  the  public  walk  and  crowded  ftreet. 
Prate  to  the  grinning  coxcomb,  and  engage 
The  eager  ears  of  an  affembled  rout 
All  hangiry  to  devour  your  pert  remark. 
To  {cream  at  thir  full  concert  unabaih'd, 

D  4  And 


** 


F  O  E   T  R   r. 

God  made  and  faid  let  live  ?  what  more  betrayt 

Rank  cowardice,  than  tim'roufly  to  fhakc 

And  fly  diftra^cd  at  a  foe's  approach  ? 

Can  there  be  aught  more  painful,  than  to  lofe 

An  amiable  wife  ?  in  one  (hort  hour 

To  fall  from  afiiuence  and  joy  and  peace 

To  poverty  and  grief  ?  Can  there  be  felt 

Heavier  misfortune,  than  to  lofe  a  foa 

And  find  myfelf  a  beggar  at  his  death ; 

Forc'd  into  folitude  without  a  friend. 

And  only  one  poor  little  weeping  child 

To  be  the  fad  companion  of  my  grief  I 

Yet  am  I  living  flill,  and  kifs  the  hand 

That  fmote  me  fo  feverely.    Tell  me  not 

That  life  has  pains  too  heavy  to  fupport. 

Look  towards  Calvary,  and  learn  from  thence 

The  Bobleft  fortitude  is  ftill  to  bear 

Accumulated  ills,  and  never  faint. 

We  may  avoid  them,  if  we  can  with  honor ; 

But,  God  requiring,  let  weak  man  fubmit. 

And  drink  the  bitter  draught,  and  not  repine. 

Had  Cato  been  a  Chrifiian,  he  had  died 

By  inches  rather  than  have  ta'en  the  fword 

y^d  fall'i^  unlike  hi^  mailer*'  M^ 


A*T.  VII.     Specimens  of  the  early  Englijh  Poets,     Crown  Svo^ 
Vellum  paper.  323  p.  Pn  6s.. in  boards..  Edwards.  1790. 

This  poetical  mifcellany,  the  editor  informs  us,  was  ori* 
ginally  intended  to  comprife  within  the  compafs  of  one  volume, 
all  the  moft  beautiful  fmall  poems  which  had  been  publifhed 
during  the  fi!xteenth  and  feventeenth  centuries ;  and  '  it  was 
conceived  that,  byclaffing  the  feveral  authors  under  the  reigns 
in  which  they  flourifhed,  the  coUeftion  would  unite  the  advan- 
tages of  a  poetical  comtnon-place  book  with  thofe  of  a  hiftory 
of  Englifh  poetry.'  How  far  thefe  ends  may  be  attained  \;>y 
the  execution  of  his  plan,  we  will  not  pofitively  determine; 
but  thus  much  may  be  faid  in  his  praife,  that  the  feveral  little 
pieces  which  he  prefents  to  his  reader,  when  taken  coUe6lively, 
may  vie  with  the  Anthologia  of  any  age  or  country.  To  this 
we  may  add,  that  the  printer  of  the  book  has  done  juftice  to 
thi^  exertion  of  his  art. 

Some  miftakes  we  have  found  in  the  editor's  notices  of  au« 
thors  ;  and  his  chronological  arrangements  are  not  quite  exa<%. 
Thefe  imperfedions,  however,  are  but  hairs  in  ambtr,  an4 
take  but  little  from  the  merit  of  the  work,  Zt 


Art; 


Swain*f  RedemptioM.  43 

Art.  viri.  St.  Adari's  Day ;  or^  King  John's  Freemen.  A 
Poem.  Comprehending  an  Account  of  the  Origin  and  Ceremony 
of  making  Free  Burgejge$  at  Alnwick  in  Northumberland.  By 
a  Native  of  Alnwick,  To  which  are  acided^  Tlje  Bellows  ^ 
pr^  Country  Jaunty  &fc.  ^c.  Small  410,  60  p.  Pr,  2s,  6cL 
Forbes.      1 790. 

The  ludicrous  manner  of  making  free  biirgefles  at  Alnwick, 
by  wading  through  a  filthy  pond  and  other  ceremonies,  is  here 
told  in  rhimes,  which  are  tolerable.  Here  and  there  the  author 
fcews  fome  abilities,  although  we  do  not  pretend  to  give  the 
following  as  a  fpecimcn. 

*  60  here  I  go  to  it,  ding  dong, 

N0r  heed  the  proud  cynical  elf; 
For  he  that  finds  fault  with  my  fong, 

May  try  to  write  better  himfelf. ' 

This  defiance  to  criticifm  is  a  great  confolation  to  fome 
Huthors,  but  we  are  determined  not  to  accept  the  challenge. 

CO. 


•Art.  VII.  Redemption^  a  Poem:  In  five  Books.  BvJofe{di 
Swain.  8vo.  187  p.  Price  2s.  6d.  fewcd.  Mathews, 
1789. 

We  are  informed,  in  the  preface,  written  by  Mr.  Dc  CoeN 
logon,  that  the  author's  defign  in  this  poem,  was  fimply  to 
illuftrate  the  truths  oi  genuine  Chrijiianity :  we  do  not  mean  to 
carp  at  the  phrafe,  but  {hall  quote  the  pafTage. 

•  Amidll  the  numerous  publications  with  which  the  prefs  abounds^ 
a  cafual  obfcrvcr,  ^yhofe  mind  is  ferioufly  concerned  for  the  inteiefli 
of  genuine  Chriftianity ^  cannot  but  lament  how  much  it  is  difguifed  by 
rational  affeftation,  difgraced  by  Socinian  corruption;  and  oppofcd  hf 
deiftical  infidelity. 

•  In  whatfoevcr  form,  therefore,  and  by  whatever  innocent  means^ 
the  eilential  peculiarities  of  divine  revelation  can  be  introduced  to 
the  notice  of  the  public,  we  cannot  but  approve  the  attempt.  The 
abilities  to  produce  a  perfeA  work  are  not  difpenfed  to.evenr  man,  by 
the  great  author  of  our  nature.  The  fmalleft  talent,  faithfully  devoted 
to  the  fervice  of  true  religion,  ought  to  be  acknowledged  with  due 
cftimation.  ■ 

•  The  author  of  the  following  fpecimen  of  a  work,  which  he  hopes 
hereafter  to  complete,  ajflfefts  not  the  fublime  genius  of  an  Horner^ 
the  elegant  flow  of  a  Virgil^  nor  the  divine  majefty  of  a  Milton* 
What  he  means,  is,  to  throw  the  infallible  dictates  of  the  fpirit  of  in- 
ipiration  into  humble  metre,  and  in  the  modefl  ftrain  of  fcriptural 
Simplicity  and  godly  fincerity.  He  writes  not  for  the  regions  of  po- 
lite literature ;  having  never  derived  any  advantages  of  that  fort  from 
a  liberal,  or  even  claffical,  education.  He  hopes  therefore  not  to  be 
judged  by  th^  fevere  rules  of  criticifm — ^perfcitly  fatisfied  if  what  he 
■ '  hai 


J 


44  .*•  o  E  T  R  y. 

lias  advanced  in  thefe  pages  will  (land  the  tefl^  and  promote  the  catifSr^ 
^Jiety  and  trutbJ  ^  • 

in  the  introduilion  the  author  himfelf  gltes  a  modeft  ac- 
count of  his  aim ;  we  Ihall  tranfcrifee  a  part  of  it  becaiife  it 
contains  a  juft  profpe6lus  of  the  work. 

«  The  glory  of  the  Redeemer,  and  the  ^ood  of  his  redcem^d>  I 
am  proud  to  confefs,  is  the  higheft  aim  of  this  little  attempt ;  ii^ 
.which- my  great  concern  has  been,  in  a  ftyle  natural  and  eafy  to  niofl: 

\  capacities,  to  fet  forth  the  leading  dodrines  of  the  gofpel ;  fuch  as—* 
atonement  for  fin  by  the  blood  of  Chriji — ^juftification  from  guilt  hy 
'fcis  perfeft  obedience  to  the  moral  law — regeneration  and  fandlificatioA 
©f  heart  by  the  eternal ^/W/— divine  inftruftion  drawn  from  the  word 
©f  God,  and  communicated  to  the'  human  underftanding  by  the  £^itie 
Almighty  Spirit :  and  all  this  as  the  fruit  of  God*s  everlafting  love  to 
his  chofen  people^ 

*  Thefe  things  (however  defpifed  and  rejefted  by  the  reputed  wife 
men  of  the  world  as  enthufiaftic)  are  the.  foundation-work  on  which  I 
have  rai-fed  the  prefent  fuperftrufture ;  and  other  foundations  I  Ihall 
ftot  need,  though  Ilhould  continue  to  write  till  grey  hairs  warn  me  of 
iny  removal  from  a  ftate  of- probation  to  an  unchangeable  eternity  I* » 
•  ■ 'Deeply  imprefled  by  the  fubjeds  he  treats,  this  worthy  nilan 
writes  in  a  Ample  unaffected  manner ;  and  if  now  and  then  he 
fells  into  turgid  Bomibafl:,  or  profaic  loquacity,  it' never  difgufts, 

f'becaufe'fincerity  of  heart,  and  rediitude  of  principle,  give  a  d#- 

,  grce  pf  eafe^andrefpeiclability  to  bis  flyle,  which  muft  intereft 
all  thofe  who  feel  themfelves  moved  by  what  truly  dignities  our 
nature,  though  they -do.  not  coincide  with  him  in. opinion,  re- 
fpefting  the  peculiar  tenets  on  which  his  contentment  is  built. 
However,  he  is  in  eamefl,  and  his  opinions  appear  to  be  con- 
victions fufficiently  flrong  to  give  Tifmgleneji  to  bis  heart,  and  a 
-firmnefs  to  his  morality.     How  fuperior  then  is  his  work,  to 

'  the  laborious  productions  of  vanity,  where  fentiment  tricks  out 
lullij^g  rhymes — where  no  manly  fpirit  (hews  that  the  writer 
wa$  employed  about  fome thing  of  more  coafecjuence  than  an 
artful  arrangement  of  words. 

Neverthelcfs,  we  •  do  not  think  the  fubjeCl  favouraWe  to 
poetry. ^Milton  llackened  his  flight  when  be  entered  hea- 
ven j'fbr  with  drooping  wing  did  he  -vainly  attempt  to  foar 
where  the  boldeft  imagination  is  foon  overwhelmed  with  filent 

.  defpair.  Befides,  the  fimple  majefty  of  the  fcriptures  will  not 
bear  diluting;  for  if  we  only  fj^ak  of  many  fine  pafTages,  as 
fubjec^s  of  tafle,  they  have  this  in  common  with  them,  that  a 
fubJime  defcription,  or  pathetic  tale,  fcldom  warms  the  heart, 

.or  exalts  the  imagination,  when  thrown  into  a  new  form. 
This  is  delivered  as  a  general  obfervation,  for  the  volume  we 
have  perufed,  will,  we  are  perfuaded,  afford  much  fatisfaCtion 
and  comfort  to  a  numerous  clafs  of  readers  ;  and  fome  poetical 
paflages  would  do  honour  to  a  writer,  who  had '  had  fuperior. 
advantages. 


r 


Wc  ftiall  clofc  our  revicw^with  a  rpccimcn.     P.  89. 

•  As  the  broad  funflow*r,  from  the  mocning  dawn 
Till  evening  (hade,  turns  after  the  bright  orb  , 
From  which  it's  nam'd»  fo  turns  the  new-bom  foul, 
Call'd  Chriftian»  after  him  whofe  name  he  bears-— 
Nor  bears  his  name  alone ;  his  likenefs  lives 
Where  (bines  his  prefcnce  I  Ev'ry  heart  that  feels 
The  vital  beams  of  heav'n's  eternal  Sun 
Bads  with  imm6rtal  beauty.     Meeknefs  there. 
And  glowing  Ijyve,  and  reftitude  of  thought  i 
Sweet  Gratitud^^  the  full-blown  rofe  of  grace ; 
Finn  Patience,  rooted  faft,  and  clinging  round 
The  verdant  ftem  of  ever-fmiling  Hofe ; 
And  Faith y  with  eagle-wings  and  eagle-eye. 
That  penetrates  the  gloom  of  death,  and  mounts 
The  fteep  of  heav'n  to  happinefs  in  God. 
There  Innocence,  tranfplanted  from  above. 
Like  a  fair  lily  grows ;  the  ambient  air  ' 

Perfuming  with  fuch  fweets  as  never  die.  .• 

There  grows  Humility,  (like  that  fam*d  plant 
That  (brinks  before  the  touch)  its  lowly  head 
Still  bending  to  the  fov 'reign  hand  of  grace. 
And  hiding  from  the  public  walks  of  men. 
•  With  ev'ry  other  grace  that  comes  from  God, 
And  up  to  glory  tends ;  fown  in  the  heart 
By  that  almighty  Spirit  which  produced 

Whatever  is  by  willing  it  (hould  be ;  ■         ^ 

And,  like  the  feed  into  the  good  ground  caft. 
Wait  but  the  falling  (bowers  and  (hining  fun 
Through  the  furrounding  clods  to  burft  their  way^ 
And  fpring  to  life  and  lovelinefs  at  once. 
Nor  wait  the  heavenly  inftuence  in  vain  : 
God  will  not  leave  the  feed  he  fows  to  die 
For  want  of  vital  heat,  or  precioos  dew ; 
But  fruitful  makes  each  heart  in  which  he  lives. 
And  ufeful  ev'ry  life  through  which  he  (bines. 

'  Shew  me  a  Chriftian! — ^Is  the  jewel  fcarcc  ? 
The  juft  reflexion  makes  a  Chriftian's  heart 
Sigh  while  he  looks  around  him : — fcarce  indeed! 
Shew  me  a  thoufand  men  that  bear  the  name  % 
And  one,  perhaps,  rhe  charaSer  difplays  I 
Who  finds  a  Chriftian  when  he  looks  abroad  ? 
The  man  who  through  th'  accomplilhments  of  art. 
The  wealth  and  honours  oi  2l  dying  world. 
And  nature's  fineft  touches  in  the  mind. 
Looks  for  a  heart  renewM,  and  holy  life. 
Whether  the  fubjed  be  a  prince  cfr  clowns 
Who  finds  a  Chriftian  when  he  looks  at  home? 
The  man  who  looks  abroad,  and  loves  the.  foul 
That  boars  the  Saviour's  image,  lovers,  the  teft  ^ 
Knowledge  muft  fail,,  accompliihments  decay. 
As  mental  vigour  dies.-^Taleats  may  (hine 

TJirongh 


46  fsMBtciwx; 

Thronfi;h  lifej  and  (bine  dmong  the  fona  of  mett 
When  he  that  held  and  ua'd  them  is  no  more  ; 
But  talents  have  no  wings  to  mount  the  fkies. 
No  worth  inherent  that  will  purchafe  heaven  l 
Eloquence  here  is  but  as  tinkling  founds ;  , 
And  all  that  fly  by  human  ftrength  rauft  clofe 
Their  little  wings  and  drop  into  the  duft  :— 
But  love's  immortal,  and  can  never  die ! 
Love  is  the  tree  of  life  that  grows  in  heaven^ 
Faft  rooted  in  the  rock  immutable. 
On  which  the  throne  of  God  Tor  ever  ftands. 
Life's  Fountain  waters  it ;  and  the  bright  rays 
Of  glory's  Sun  expand  and  fill  its  fruit : 
Its  fruit,  the  food  of  faints  and  angels  there. 
Knows  no  decay ;  and  its  inunortal  feed, 
Gather'd  by  God's  own  hand,  and  fown  by  him 
In  iinners  hearts,  and  by  him  nourifh'd  there, 
Bloffoms  on  earth  ;  and,  though  befet  with  thorns^ 
(Which  from'the  curfed  ground  of  nature  fpring) 
Difplays  the  likenefs  of  the  Prince  of  love 
In  holy  aftion,  and  in  pure  defire.* 

In  a  note  the  author  informs  us  that  be  means,  *  at  fome 
future  period  (if  the  Lord  will),  to  add  five  books  more  to  the 
prcfent  work,  on  the  fame  fubjeft*  M. 


♦Art.  VIII.  ATreattfe  on  the  Materia  Medica.By  W.  Cullen. 

M.  D.     2  vols.  4to.     1042  p.  Pr.  2I.  2S.  in  boards.  Elliot^ 

1789. 

While  every  judicious  phyfician  approves  fiqcerely  of  fimple^ 
pra£lice,  forfakes  many  old  medicines,  and  wifbes  the  farrago 
ftill  further  reduced— while  ^very  college  reforms  its  pharma-i» 
copceia,  and  retrenches  and  corrects  its  lift  of  fimples-«-while 
fome  affe£l:  to  fay,  that  all  the  articles  of  the  materia  medics 
may  be  grafped  in  the  palm  of  the  hand,  Dr.  Cullen  brings 
forth  a  book  ot  materia  medica  in  two  quarto  volumes. 

In  two  quarto  volumes,  fome  will  fay,  the  whole  fcience  might 
be  detailed.  By  what  rule  then  (hould  materia  medica  occupy 
fuch  a  fpace  ?  Should  we  give  this  latitude  to  one  department, 
and  give  to  every  other  branch  its  due  proportion,  many  fqlios 
would  not  contain  even  the  elements  of  anatomy,  furgery, 
midwifery,  chemiftry,  botany,  and  therapeutics. 

A  fyftem  of  materia  medica  may  be  either  a  clofe  and  welU 
digefted  coUeflton  of  all  that  is  defirable  and  ufeful  in  former 
authors^  or  it  may  contaiir many  new  and  curious  obfervati- 
ons,  the  refult  of  a  long  and  diligent  courfe  of  pra£Hce.  Every 
new  author  then  cither  claims  the  merit  of  an  original  and 
curious  obferver  of  nature,  whofe  difcoveries  are  of  fervice  to 
phyficians  3  or  he  profefTes  to  bavQ  performed  the  lefs  fplendid 

but 


r 


Cullcn  M  the  Materia  Medica.  4f  ' 

but  more  meritorious  fcrvice  of  forming  a  corrc<3:,  judicious, 
and  concife  compilation  of  all  that  is  ufcful  in  prance.  But  ' 
thpfe  who  expert  in  this  book  a  new  and  correct  compilation, 
related  with  judgment,  and  confirmed  by  experience,  will  find 
it  very  defective  ;  and  thofe  who  look  for  many  fads,  or  even 
obfervations  curious,  ufeful,  and  new,  will  be  difappointed. 

If  the  author,  in  his  preface,  declines  the  merit  of  compila- 
tion ;  if  we  have  read  his  book  without  the  recolle£lion  of  si 
fingle  fadt  that  is  interefting  or  new  *,  if  this  branch  be  nothing 
enlarged  nor  improved  by  his  labours ;  if  he  has'  not  added 
to  that  knowledge  which  we  had  received  from  Dr.  Lewis  and 
Mr.  Aikin,  this  long-promifed  work  of  Dr.  Cullen  muft  be 
diflended  with  foreign  matter,  and  the  cenfure  we  have  Ven- 
tured to  exprefs  will  be  found  juft. 

The  contents  of  the  firtt  volume  (land  thus  arranged : 

Chap.  I.  On  the  adion  of  medicines  upon  the  body  i^ 
general. 

Chap.  II.  On  the  feveral  means  of  learning  the  virtues  of 
medicines. 

Chap.  III.  Of  the  moft  proper  pUn  for  a  treatife  on  the 
materia  medica. 

A  didionary  of  technical  terms — A  general  table  of  materia 
medica — A  catalogue  of  drugs— Of  aliments  in  general— -Of 
meats — Of  cookery — Of  drinks— -Of  condiments. 

Every  reader  muft  think  this  a  moft  extraordinary  index  to  a 
quarto  volume ;  but  how  much  more  muft  he  be  furprized  who 
knows  the  true  denomination  and  value  of  each  chapter  and  divi- 
fion.  We  have  firft  a  fyftem  of  phyfiology  more  regular  and  full 
than  that  which  the  author  publifhed  under  the  formal  title  of 
Infiitutes  of  Phyfiologv,  but  more  imperfect  than  can  be  be- 
lieved, send  bearing  all  the  marks  of  hurry  in  the  compoficion 
'—A  weak  and  ill-digefted  theory  of  the  nervous  fyftpm-^^The 
common  do£lrine  of  the  fluids,  which  is  taught  in  every 
elementary  book,  and  which  is  prefented  here  in  its  leaft 
attracting  form,  very  imperfedly  explained,  and  very  ill  dif- 
played — A  tedious  catalogue  of  terms  and  names,  occupying 
no  lefs  than  60  quarto  pages ;  and  fome  confufed  diflertations 
on  aliments,  cookery,  and  drinks ;  wherefore,  when  we  (hall 
have  laboured  fo  far  through  this  cumbrous  mafs,  we  (hall  do 
it  the  juftice  to  tranfcribe  ^  few  paflages  the  moft  w6rthy  o.f 
notice.  '  , 

We  could  not  proceed  to  the  individual  parts  without  thus 
g^anc4ng  our  eye  over  the  whole;  we  would  not  hazard  a 
Bunute  inveftigation  without  candidly  warning  our  reader  how 
very  little  we  (hould  find  worthy  of  praife.  We  are  forry  to 
anticipate  conclufions  which  (hould  firft  be  proved  and  then 
pronounced;  but  the  defire  of  accounting  for  this  motley  col* 
2e<iioii  of.  opinions  and  do^irines^  fo  little  conneiled  with 
4  each 


48:  it  E  D  I  C  X  K  E. 

each  other,  or  with  the  proper  objefl:  of  the  work,  muft  have 
taken  poflefiion  of  the  reader,  as  it  has  affefted  us  j  we  fliall 
therefore  hazard  an  opinion,  which  is  at  leaft  probable,  if  not 
abfokjtely  proved. 

•It  foems  that  the  le£lures  of  Profeflbr  Cullen  firft  appeared, 
furreptitiouily  printed,  in  one  volume  ;  that,  feeing  the  fuccefs 
of  the  work,  he  had  defigned  to  print  a  new  edition,  corre&ed 
and  enlarged,  but  afterwards  forfaking  this  idea,  refolved  to 
puUifb  a  book  apparently  new,  in  two  volumes  quarto  ;  and  if 
we  ihould  be  put  to  define  this  new  materia  medica  of  Dr. 
Cullen,  we  (bould  fay  it  is  a  new  edition  of  his  former  work, 
vpon  whicii  he  has  "ingrafted  ^  the  principles  of  the  nervous 
fyftem/ 

Hfs  firft  fubjedl  is  the  adion  of  drugs  ;  and  as  they  a<a  only 
on  the  fentient  parts,  our  reader  muft  be  impatient  to  know 
what  new  and  ingenious  do<%rines  are  here  offered;  what  un- 
expe£led  and  happy  ill uft rations  of  the  phenomena  of  the  ner* 
irous  fyftem  ;  what  new  and  curious  fources  of  nervous  fympa- 
thy  are  formed  ;  what  extraordinary  and  curious  effects  of  cer- 
tain medicines  in  peculiar  circumftances,  or  in  peculiar  con- 
ftitutions. 

Such  expeflsitions  are  anfwered  in  one  word :  *  the  animal 
fpirit^are  continually  going  to  and  fro  in  all  the  parts- of  the 
living  body ;  the  trembling  motion  is  carried  along  the  nervous 
cofd« ;  and  when  the  nervous  fluid  is,  by  external  agents, 
driven  towards  the  brain,  it  excites  fenfation ;  and  when  the 
fluid  is  repelled  by  the  will  into. the  parts  which  received  the 
impulfe,  voluntary  m6tion  is  excited/ 

We  know  this  will  not  be  believed  but  on  the*moft  certain 
proof;  we  (hall  therefore  prefent  a  very  curious  outline  of  the 
nervous  f)ftem,  in  the  ftyle  '  peculiar  io^  and  charatJtriftk  of^ 
the  author. V 

•  In  thefe  days  it  is  hardly  necefTary  to  fhow,  that  the  ;iftion  of 
other  bodies  upon  the  human,  is  chiefly  by  the  impulfe  of  thefe 
bodies  upon  the  extremities  or  other  parts  of  the  nerves  of  the 
human  hod^ ;  in  confequence  of  which »  a  motion  is  propagated 
from  the  place  of  impulfe  along  the  courfe  of  the  nervei  to  their 
origin  in  the  brain,  or  medulla  fpinalis :  and  that,  upon  fuch  oc« 
cafion,  there  does,  for  the  mod  part,  arife  a  fenfation.  This  agaia 
generally  gives  occaiion  to  a  'voJjtiom.;  whereby  a  motion  is  pro- 
duced, which  being  determined  along  the  courfe  of  the  ner<ves  into 
fertaitimufclesy  or  moving  fibres,  ti^  afiion  of  thefe,  as  well  as 
the  various  e£Feds  which  thefe  anions  were  fitted  to  occafion*  are 
in  confe^aence  produced.  This  is  the  general  idea  of  the  con- 
nexion of  the  human  body  with  the  other  parts  of  nature  ;  or  of 
the  manner  in  which  the  hitman  body  is  aded  upon  by  other  bq- 
dies,  and  in  its  turn  dXs  -irpon  thefe.  That  condition  by  w^hich  i^ 
is  fitted  to  hare^uliac  eScAs  produced  in'  it  by  the  action  of 

othtf 


Cullen  on  the  Materia  Medtca.  49 

tther  bodies,  is  called  its  fenfibility ;  which  feems  to  be  lodged  in 
every  part  of  what  we  can  difcern  to  be  parts  of  its  nervous  fy flem : 
and  that  condition  of  the  body,  by  which  certain  parts  of  it  are 
fitted  to  have  certain  motions  of  contra^ion  excited  an  them^ 
either  from  a[  communication  with  the  nervous  fyftem,  as  exprefled 
above^  or  by  an  impulfe  diredly  made  upon  thofe  parts  themfelves, 
is  termed  the  irritability  of  the  body ;  which  feems  to  exift  only 
in  the  mufcular  or  moving  fibres,  probably  of  a  peculiar  flruflure^ 
fuited  to  that  purpofe.  From  all  this  we  come  at  ihis  conclufion  ; 
that  the  peculiar  efFefts  of  fubftances  in  general^  or  of  thofe  fub- 
ftances  in  particular ^  which  we  call  medicines^  when  applied  to  the 
fa  Oman  body,  depend  upon  their  adion  upon  the  fentient  and  irri- 
table parts.* 

This  is  indeed  a  mod  laborious  induftion.  We  (hall  not  pay 
fo  poor  a  compliment  to  our  reader's  judgment,  nor  fo  great 
^  compliment  to  the  author's  compofition,  as  to  difcufs  the 
point  of  dodirine ;  it  is  fufficiept  if  we  leave,  thus  tiaked  and 
expofed,  this  mod  extraordinary  introduSion  to  this  new  fyftem 
of  phyfiology,  pathology,  and  materia  medica  :  the  profeffor 
will  judge  whether  this  be  ingenious  or  new,  or  a  fit  founda-> 
tion  for  fo  great  a  ftrudure. 

By  this  exordium  the  reader  is  prepared  for  fomething  very 
extraoidinary ;  but  ftill  the  following  curious  fpeculatlon  will 
not  lofe  its  effedi. 

'  I  here  pre/ume,  with  fome  ctnjidence^  that  the  motions  occurring 
in  the  nervous  fyftem  are  the  niotions  of  a  fuhtiU  elafiic  fiuid^ 
/omehoiv  conneded  with  their  medullary  fubftance ;  and  1  fuppofc 
that  this  fluid  may  have  its  denfity  2iii^  elafticity  in  a  certain  pro- 
portion to  one  another,  but  this  varying  in  different  perfons,  and 
in  the  fame  perfon  at  different  periods  of  life,  from  hence  it 
will  follow,  that  as  the  elafticity  is  greater  with  refpeft  to  the  den- 
•^lyt  the  mobility  of  the  fluid  will  be  greater,  and  the  body  ia 
which  it  takes  place  will  have  a  greater  degree  of  fenfibility  ;  and, 
on  the  contrary,  that  a  ^efler  fenfibility  will  refult  from  a  greater 
denflty  with  refpedt  to  the  elaflicity. 

*  That  fuch  a  difference  in  the  proportions  of  elafticity  and 
denflty  does  aSually  take  place  may  be  readily  concluded  from  what 
happens  in  the  courfe  of  life,  where  we  can  diftincUy  perceive 
that  the  fenflbility  is  gradually  diminifliing  as  the  denflty  of  the 
Ample  iblid  is  increaflng ;  and  if,  as  we  have  /aid  above,  the  ori- 
ginal flamina  give  a  different  Hate  of  the  denflty  of  the  Ample 
folid  in  different  perfons,  and  that  proportionably  through  the 
whole  of  life,  we  fhall  have  no  difficulty  in  fuppojing  that  the  fame 
circumflances  will  give  a  difference  im  the  proportional  denjitj  and 
elafticity  in  the  nervous  fluid,  and  therefore  a  difl^ercnce  of  its 
fenfibility.  It  is  much  in  illuftration  of  all  this  that  the  fenflbility 
is  evidently  lefs,  according  as  the  ftrength  of  the  fyflcm  following 
the  denflty  of  the  Ample  folid  is  greater  in  different  perfons,  as 
well  as  at  the  difFeront  periods  of  life. 

Vojt,  VIL  E  «  The 


50  MBDICIN  Bt 

'  The  difference  of  fenfibiJity  ijiay  therefore  depend  upon  the 
different  condition  of  the  ner-vous  fiuid  inherent  in  the  medullary  fub- 
ftiince ;  and  that  it  is  liable  to  be  in  iuch  different  conditions,  we 
learn  from  the  different  caufes  of  the  difference  of  fenfibility  men- 
tioned above,  fome  of  which,  fuch  as  narcotic  powers,  or  heat  and 
cold,  affe£l  the  fenfibility  of  the  nerves  even  when  entirely  re- 
moved from  all  connexion  with  other  parts  of  the  fyllem. 

*  A  fecond  circumftance,  determining  the  ftate  of  fenfibility, 
feems  to  he  the  degree  of  tenjion  that  is  given  to  the  extremities  of 
the  medullary  fibres  in  all  the  fevcral  organs  of  fenfe.  To  ex- 
plain this,  1  fuppofe  that  the  motion  of  the  nervous  fluid  is  aa 
ofcillatory  motion  in  an  elaflic  fluid,  and  that  the  mofl  part  of  iror 
preffions  made  upon  the  organs  of  fenfe  are  made  by  the  impulfes 
of  the  ofcillatory  motions  of  other  elnftic  fluids;  and  if  all  thts 
be  juft,  it  will  be  evident  that  the  motions  excited  in  the  nerves 
by  impulfes  upon  their  extremities,  will  be  more  or  lefs  confider- 
able,  according  as  thefe  extremities  are  under  a  greater  or  leffer 
degree  of  tenfion  :  for  giving  this  neceffary  tenfion,  nature  feems 
t©  have  provided,  by  diftributing  a  very  copious  ramification  of 
blood  ve&ls  amongHhe  medullary  fibres  that  are  properly  the  fei>- 
ibtium  in  every  organ  of  fenfe.  Jt  is  no  where  more  remarkable 
than  in  the  retina  of  th,e  eye,  and  that  the  tenfion  of  the  blood 
,,veffels  niuil  give  a  tenfion  to  the  medullary  fibres  thus  intermixed 
and  coherent  with  them,  is  fufEciently  probable.  That  the  in- 
creafed  tenfion  of  the  blood  veffels  has  an  effecl  in  increafing  the 
fenfibility  of  the  eye  is  well  known  from  many  cafes  of  ophthal- 
mia, or  as  I  may  otherwife  exprefs,  in  the  cafes  of  afflux  of  blood 
into  the  veffels  of  the  eye,  in  which  the  fenfibiJity  of  the  retina  is 
increafed  to  a  prodigious  degree.  The  increafed  fenfibility  both 
of  the  eye  and  ear,  that  commonly  attends  phrenitis,  is  readily 
explained  in  the  fame  manner  ;  and  fome  other  illuHrations  might 
be  given  to  ihe  fame  purpofe.' 

All  that  can  be  underftood  is  this,  that  fenfibility,  mobility, 
and  ftrengih,  are  the  attributes  of  the  nervous  fyftem  ;  that 
the  nervous  influence  refides  in  2ifubtle  elaflic  jiuid^  and  that  th^.. 
fubtle  elaflic  fluid  is  connected  with  the  tnedullary  fuhjiances  oS 
the  nerves ;  that  as  the  nerves  are,  by  their  original  conftrtu- 
tion,  rigid  and  denfe^  or  weak  and  lax,  the  fluid  movts  more 
nimbly  or  more  flowly ;  that  as  in  the  aged  they  are  rigid  and 
denfe,  the  aged  are  callous  and  ftrong,  and  opium,  cicuta,  heat 
and  cold,  increafe  or  diminiih  the  nervous  power,  by  afietSttng 
the  condition  of  the  nervous  fiuid,  rendering  it  denfe  and 
fluggilh,  or  light,  moveable  and  adtive-,  The  only  merit  of 
this  dodl:rine  is,  that  it  muft  have  been  put  together  with  vary 
little  cxpence  of  genius  or  labour ;  and  though  we  prefent  it 
fiift  entire  and  pure,  neither  disfigured  by  criticifra,  nor  inter- 
rupted by  remarks,  we  muft  examine  the  flimfy  materials  of 
which  it  is  compofcd,  and  the  flight  of  hand  by  which  they  are 
joined. 

4  The 


CuWcn  dn  the  Matena  Medlcai  5 1 

The  nervous  fyftem  has  never  been  explained,  and  will 
hcver  be  explained  :  nothing  new  is  to  be  looked  for  \  but  when 
an  antiquated  and  abfurd  idea  is  drefTed  in  a  new  form,  thofe 
who  are  learnod  in  phyfic,  and  who  fee  the  deceit,  will  wonder 
at  an  impofition  fo  very  palpable.  We  would  compare  this 
idea  with  other  forms,  but  it  is  z  phantom  which  almoft  eludes 
the  grafp. 

The  language  of  this  curious  fyftem  is  invented  to  co- 
ver its  defedls,  and  to  give  an  air  of  truth  to  a  mere  ro- 
mance :  when  the  reader  thinks  that  a  proof  is  laid,  and  the 
deduction  clear,  he  examines  both,  and  can  hardly  account  for 
his  firft  deception;  for  this  illuftrious  author  excels  in  the 
ufe  of  undefined  terms,  inaccurate  and  evafive  language, 
affunned  principles,  and  confcquenccs  deduced  from  con- 
jciSlures  rather  than  from  proofs.  His  paragraphs  are  made  up 
of  guefles  and  conjeftures  of  words,  with  little  m^^ning  but  of 
much  found;  and  often  he  concludes  with  an  infinuation  of 
more  knowledge  than  is  there  exprefled,  and  of  curious  mean- 
ings, which  muft  not  be  too  early  divulged. 

The  reafoning  begins  always  in  afllimed  fa<3s ;  it  proceeds 
with  ap  apparent  confidence  in  thefe  faiSls ;  but  foon  it. appears 
that  new  fads  crofs  the  firft ;  the  fenfe  of  the  whole  train  is 
confounded  or  loft;  and  when  the  argument  fhould  be  clofed, 
it  evaporates  in  fome  equivocal  expreflions,  which  either  con- 
vey no  meaning  at  ajj,  or  direflly  contradidl  the  conclufion 
which  he  had  laboured  to  prove.  * 

If  the  reader  compare  thefe  remarks  with  the  text,  he  will  {e,e 
their  truth.     *  I  here prefume,  with  fome  confidence^' thzt  the  W- 
iions  occurring  in  the  nervous  fyftem  are  the  motions  of  a  fuitle 
elaflic  fiuidj  soM'E.Hoyr  conneded  with  their  medullary  fub- 
ftances.'     '  I  here  prefume*  is  a  true  mark  of  the  ftate  of  our  ' 
author's  mind  when  engaged  in  his  favourite  enjoyment  of 
building  fyftems  :  and  prefuming  with  confidence^h  another  pe- 
culiar and  characteriftic  trait :  having  prefumed  with  confidence 
that  the  phenomena  of  the  nervous  fyftem  are  caufed  by  mctiijn^ 
he  finds,  by  the  fame  fimple  procefs,  that  the  motions  are  thofe 
ofzjfluid'f  that  that   fluid   is   elajlic  \    and,  finally,^  that  this 
elaftic  fluid  is  conceded  with  a  medullary  Juhjiance.     AlLthefe  ' 
are  mere  conjedure,  not  only  unfupported  by  proofs,,  but  in 
contradidion  to  reafon;  and  if  we  grant  the  laft  of  thefe  con-  ' 
jeftures,  the  moft  difficult  queftion  of  all  remains  behind,  viz. 
What  union  can  fubfift  betwixt  a  medullary  or  folid  fubjiance^ 
^ni  2Ljubtle  elajiic  fiuid  ? 

H^  may  we  fee  by  what  proofs  medical  dodtines  are  efta- 
blifhed  ;  the  young  artift  in  fyftem  building  may  be  inftrucSed. 
Thus  let  him  tsikz  ^  petitio  prindpli^  a  round  affertion  for  the 
bafis  tS  allk  Let  him  fuppofiy  that  *  the  palenefs  of  the  furface, 
thedrynefs  of  the  (kin,  the  Ihrinking  of  the  extremities,' the 

£  z  fubfiding 


52  medicine; 

fubfiding  of  tumours,  and  the  drying  up  of  fpreSj  are  abfolrrte 
proofs  of  fpafm  in  the  extrenie  veflfels/  and  not  to  be  explained 
by  any  other  means.  Or  let  him  prefume  with  eanfidenee,  *  that 
the  motions  of  the  nervous  fluid  is  an  ofctllatory  motion  in  an 
claftic  fluid,'  by  a  judicious  a^nd  well-timed  ufe  of  •I  fuppofe/ 
*  Whence  it  will  follow'—**  from  which,  that  fucb  a  difference 
does  adually  take  place,  will  be  readily  concluded/  He  will 
find  a  bafi«,  and  having  found  the  principle  in  fuch  proofs  as 
thefe,  the  conclufion  may  run  thus  :  *  If j  as  we  have  faid 
above' — *  then  we  (ball  have  no  difliculty  in  fuppofing'— -and 
thus,  without  quoting  a  fingle  fad,  he  may  be  taught  to  create 
data,  to  invent  fuitable  conclufions,  to  fafcinate  his  readers 
with  a  few  myfterious  words,  to  btcome  an  oracle  in  phylic. 
He  is  not  forced  to  work  by  the  tiniid  rules  of  the  novum  or- 
ganum,  creeping  forward  by  a  flow  and  tedious  induction  to  an 
irrefolute  conclufion.  The  new  procefs  of  reafoning  is  a»  art* 
lefs  and  as  no^el  as  Shandy's  ufe  of  the  auxiliary  verbs. 

But  left  our  reader  (hould  think  we  mifreprefent  an  ingenious 
doiSrine,  becaufe'it  is  ill  explained,  we  entreat  bim  to  confider 
Dnce  more  the  following  conjefture,  which  is  the  very  bafis  of 
this  doctrine ;  let  him  not  look  backwards  upon  its  flender 
proofs,  nor  forward  to  its  abfurd  conclufions,  but  regard  it  thus 
detached  with  an  unbiafled  judgment.  '  To  explain  this,  I 
'  f^PP^fi  ^^^^  ^^^  motion  of  the  nervous  ^uid  is  an  ofcillatory 
motion  in  an  elajiic fluid \  and  that  tlie  moft  part  of  impreiEons 
upon  the  organs  of  fenfe  are  made  by  the  impuljes  of  the  ofcilla" 
Ury  motions  of  other  elaftic  fluids  \  and  if  all  this  be  juft,  it 
will  be  evident  that  the  motion  excited  in  the  nerves^  by  impulfes 
upon  their  extremities,  will  be  more  or  lefs  confiderable,  accord- 
ing as  thefe  extreniities  ate  under  a  greater  or  leffer  degree  of 
ienflon.* 

An  ofcillatory  motion,  when  truly  defined,  is  that  of  a  pen- 
dulum, a  folid  body  moved  by  the  power  of  gravitation  ;  but 
an  ofcillatory  motion,  exifting  in  one  fluid,  and  communicated 
by  that  fluid  to  another,  and  the  motion  of  the  fecond  fluid 
b^ing  increafed  by  the  tenfion  of  the  folid  cord^  in  which  the 
fluid  pafles,  defies  all  invefligation,  and  leaves  us  at  a  lofs  which 
to  admire  moft,  the  matter  or  the  ftyle. 

We  have  always  confidered  the  nervous  fyftem  as  one  and 
entire  ;  intimately  united  in  all  its  individual  parts,  not  to  be 
afie£led  in  one  point,  but  communicating  inftantaneoufly 
through  all  its  parts  the  affections  of  each.  But  fo  curious  is 
this  fpeculative  author,  as  to  divide  the  animal  from  the  natural 
funflions,  as  if  moved  by  different  fyftems  of  nerves  no  way 
cbnne<aed  with  each  other:  for  he  fays  of  lavender,  '  that  it 
will  feldom  go  farther  than  exciting  the  energy  of  the  brain,  to. 
a  fuller  Impuliie  of  the  neivi>us  fluid  into  the  nery«s  cf  the  ant* 


Culkn  oh  the  Materia  Medicet.  53 

mat  funAions,  and  feldom  into  tbofe  of  the  vital  functions/ 
Vol.  II.  p.  148. 

We  are  previoufly  warned,  by  many  little  inconfiftcncies  and 
wanderings,  that  our  author  had  fome  confufed  notions  of  fomc 
additional  caufe  of  the  nervous  influence ;, that  it  depended' not 
merely  on  the  nervous  fluid,  but  on  fomethinglike  a  tremulous 
vibration  of  the  nervous  cords  ;  and  after  labouring  much  to 
difplay  the  mutual  effecUs  o{  the  ftate  of  the  nervous  cord  and 
of  the  nervous  fluid  on  each  other,  he  concludes  thus  \ ^  Jf 
I  am  right  xnfuppoftng  the  ftate  of  the  fimple  folid  to  modify  the 
ftate  of  the  medullary  fihre^  this  laft  will  contain  a  denfer  fluids 
as  we  commonly  find  the  inherent  power  in  the  medullary  mufr 
cular  fibre*  (a  new  and  undefined  term  of  art)  ^  to  coirefpond  with 
the  deafer  ftate  of  the  fimple*  folid.'  The  ofcillatory  motions 
of  an  elaftic  nervous  fluid,  and  the  tremulous  motions  of  ner- 
vous cords,  or  the  combined  motions  of  fubtle  elaftic ,  fluids 
and  trembling  nervous  cords,  are  abfurd  in  the  laft  degree ; 
and  here  they  are  altogether  out  of  place  as  well'  as  out  of  date* 
They  were  allowed  in  that  age  when,  from  a  puerile  fondnefs 
for  theories  and  doQrines,  that  phyfician  was  defpifed  who  could 
not  defcribe  every  internal  function ';  as  the  aSion  of  ;hc  hearty 
the  contradion  of  mufcles,  the  flux  and  reflux  of  the  nervous 
fpirits,  with  as  full  a  confidence  as  if  he  had  aSually  feen  the 
hidden  operations  of  nature.  We  are  mortified  to  find,  in  the 
work  oif  fo  great  an  author,  fo  old  and  fo  abfurd  a  dodrine  of 
the  nervous  fyftem,  when  w,e  are  as  ignorant  of  nervous  influ- 
ence as  of  the  power  of  gravitation,  of  magnetic  attrailion,  of 
chemical  affinity,  of  the  fo^Tce  of  cohefion,  of  the  electric  qua-r 
lity,  or  of  any  other  attribute  of  animate  or  inanimate  matter. 

Philofophers  acknowledge  thefe  as  ultimate  fadls ;  as  inex- 
plicable properties  of  matter  ;  as  the  great  laws  of  the  univerfal 
fyftem— they  are  ignorant  and  they  are  filent-— but  phyficians 
are  forward  in  hypothefis,  while  lame  in  fadls — tliey  are  moft 
confident  where  leaft  founded;  for  they  feel  moft  difficulty 
where  they  have  leaft  fuccefs.  It  were  well,  if  warned  by 
many  errors,  they  fliould  learn  to  forego  the  enjoyment  of 
general  do<Strlnes,  till  they  had  accumulated  a  treafure  of  indif- 
puted  fads.  This  firft  tafk  \s  Jcarcely  begun  ;  let  them  return 
tb  experiment^  and  labour  for  years,  perhaps  for  ages,  to  find 
the  true  laws  of  the  nervous  fyftem — '  Nor  fit  down  and  dream 
romantic  fcheihes,  defended  by  the  d;n  of  fpecious  words  and 
tyranny  of  names.* 

Our  author  proceeds  to  treat  of  aliments  in  general ;  and 
to  prepare  us  for  this  fubjedl,  he  examines  the-compound  parts 
of  the  human  body. .  He  very  juftly  obferves,  that  to  examine 
firft  the  folids,  and  then  the  fluiils,  were  necdlcfs  labour  ;  for 
fince  aliment  cannot  be  conveyed  in  its  folid  form,  it  muft  pafs 
through  the  veflels  in  a  fluid  ftate  ^  and  by  analyzing  the  fluids, 

E.3  we 


we  mufl:  find  that  ipatter  in  a  fluid  form,  which  is  to  be  after- 
wards applied  for  the  fermentation  and  iiourifiiment  of  ihf 
folids. 

He  concludes  the  gluten  to  be  the  true  animal  matter,  finc^  • 
it  refembles  the  folids  of  the  body.  He  prefumes  that  the  red 
globules  are,  by  certain  powers  of  the  animal  oeconomy,  formed 
of  the  fame  gluten  j  that  both  are  proportioned  to  the  ftrengtli 
of  the  fyftcm  ;  and  that  the  aliment  which  increafes  the  quan- 
tity of  the  one  alfo  nouriflaes  the  other.  The  ferum  he  finds 
to  be  the  watery  parts  of  our  food,  mixed  with  a  certain  pro- 
portion of  gluten,  and  that  gluten  tainted  to  a  certain  degree 
by  a  conftant  tendency  to  the  fceptic  procefs.  This,  though 
not  a  very  correal:,  is  yet  a  very  philofophical  view,  and  proves 
that  the  folids  are  formed  from  the  fluids  of  the  common  mafs, 
the  fluids  more  direSly  from  the  elementary  matter,  and  that, 
though  differently  modified,  they  muft  be  of  one  common  na^ 
ture  fince  derived  from  one  common  fource. 

He  divides  foods  into  animal  and  vegetable  :  he  concludes^ 

*  that  animals  are  perfect  nourifliment,  and  require  little  aflimi- 

lation;  that  they  need  only  the  means  of  folution  and  mixture, 

and  pafs  into  the  body  with  very  little  change  of  their  original 

qualities. 

'  Of  vegetables  he  obferves,  that  thofe  parts  which  give  taftc 
-or  fmell,  indicate  acrid  matter ;  that  though  this  change  the 
chara6let  of  the  plant,  yet  it  exiflrs  in  a  very  fmal!  proportioni 
has  nothing  of  a  nutritive  nature,  and  is  often  lodged  apart, 
contained  in  vefcicles  peculiarly  fitted  for  its  reception  ;  and  he 
concludes,  that  whether  in  the  whq)e,  or  in  the  diJBFerent  parts 
of  vegetables,  the  matter  fitted  to  form  the  animal  fluid  is  an 
iacid,  a  fugar',  arid  an  oil.     P.  227. 

That  acid  is  a  neceflary  ingredient  of  our  fluids,  he  proves 
by  no  other  evidence  than  that  it  exifts  in  many  vegetablq 
foods  'y  and  that  the  parts  of  vegetables,  the  oil  excepted,  arc 
all  acefent.  He  never  hints  that  acid  has  been  found  in  the 
circulating  mafs,  or  in  the  fecreted  fluids ;  he  even  allows,  that 
inineral  acids,  though  diflblved  and  diluted  in  the  ferum,  are 
returned  very  quickly  by  various  fecretions ;  and  not  only  are 
inineral  acids  thus  excluded,  but  all  the  vegetable  acids  whicl][ 
are  not  native,  als  the  acids  of  tar,  of  tartar,  of  borax,  of  amber, 
arid  even  th(b  iacid  of  vinegar  itfelf:  now  if  vinegar  bears  the 
fame  footing  with  the  mineral  acids,  arid  if  mineral  acids  be 
inimical  to  the  tonftitutio'n,  and  excluded  from  the  common 
hiafs,  what  muft  that  acid  be  which  proceeds  from  the  vegetable 
fermentation,  for  the  acefent  procefs  is  vegetable  fermentation^ 
and  the  vegetable  fermehtatiori  generates  acetous  acid. 

That  fu gar  is  a  greatl'fburce  of  nourifhment," he' prefumes 
from  the  fweetnefs  of  maijy  vegetables,  and  from  fweet  vege- 
tables being  nburifhing  food,  from  the  African  flaves  being  fat- 


Cullcn  om  the  Materia  Medica.  55 

tencd  by  the  cane  juice,  from  the  inhabitants  of  warm  climates 
living  on  fruits,  and  from  the  Athletae  of  old  bting  fed  chiefly 
with  figs.     Even  farina  itfclf  is,  he  fays,  nutritive  only  in  pro-, 
portion  as  it  contains  fugar ;  and  he  concludes,  that  fugar  and 
farina  are  mutually  convertible  into  eadh  other.     This  laft  piece  * 
of  information  will  be  new  to  all  readers,  and  amufing  to  the . 
well-informed  j  for  when  we  obferve  more  clofely  the  chain 
of  this   analyfis,   we  forefee  a  very  abfurd  conclufion.     Our 
author  cohcludes,  ift,  '  that  acid  is  convertible  into  fugar  be-, 
caufe  fruits  are  firft  acid  before  they  become  ripe  and  fweet.* . 
P.  227.     2dly,  '  thatfugaris  cbnvcrtible  into  farina,  and  farina 
into  fugar.'  234.     And  3dly,  '  that  befides  fugar,  farina  con- 
firts  of  another  matter,  which  is  an  oil  of  that  mild  and  unc-^ 
t^ous  kind  commonly  named  exprefled.*  231.     From  all  which  . 
it-  would  appear,  that  oil   is  convertible  into  fugar,  farina  is 
convertible  into  fugar,  acid  is  convertible  into  fugar,  and  fugar 
again  is,  by  fermentation,  convertible  into  acid.     Acid  is  the 
ultimate  produce  of  every  procefs ;  and  Dr.  Cullen,  by  this 
curious  analyfis,  having  obtained  nothing  but  acid,  has  difco- 
V€red  that  portion  only  of  the  human  fluids  which  has  never 
yet  been  found  in  the  common  mafs  of  blood. 

To  fupport  a  new  and  whimfical  opinion,  he  has  induftrioufly 
fupprefled  all  thofc  h&s  which  can  lead  to  a  true  folution  of 
this  interefting  queftion ;  for  if  we  analife  any  vegetable,  we 
find  that  the  acid,  fugar  and  oil,  are  in  fmall  pjoportions,  while 
the  ttarch  and  gluten  conftitute  the  great  bullc  of  the  alimen- 
tary matter,  and  are  the  only  parts  which  tally  in  their  proper- 
ties with  die  animal  fluids. 

If  having  formed  a  pafte  of  flour  and  water,  we  wafti  it 
continually,  it  is  fpontaneoufly  refolved  into  three  parts,  the 
gluten,  the  fl:arch,  and  the  faccharine  matter.  The  gluten  re- 
mains in  the  hand,  the  ftarch  is  gradually  dcpofited  from  thf 
water  with  which  the  pafte  was  waflied,  the  faccharine  matter 
continues  diflTolved  in  the  water.  The  gluten  refcmbles  the 
animal  folids  \  it  is  very  tenacious  and  elaftic  ;  it  is  infoluble  in 
water  ;  it  yields  volatile  alkali  by  diftillation,  and  forms  a  large 
proportion  of  the  flour.  7  he  ftarch  or  amylaceous  matter  is 
alfo  a  gelatinous  fubftance ;  it  is  depofitcd  in  the  form  of  powder ; 
that  powder  being  dilTulved  in  warm  water  forms  ftarch  :  but 
this  jelly  is  fufceptible  of  acetous  fermentation,  and  is  the  true 
vegetable  jelly  which  conftitutes  the  great  bulk  of  the  flour. 
The  mucofa-fadcharine  matter,  which  is  diifolved  in  the  water, 
i^  in  a  very  fmall  proportion,  and  is  the  only  part  which  can . 
give  out  fugar  or  acid. . 

This  is  the  true  analyfis  of  many  vegetable  bodies,  and  of 

aimoft  all  thofc  which  are  ufed  as  food  ;  for  this  analyfis  of 

/flour  may  be  undcrftood  of  all  the  grain,  of  potatoes,  of  the  ^ 

Jcgumina,  &c.     The   gelatinous  matter  of  flour,  is   ifke  the* 

'"^  £  4  coagulablc 


S6  MSDieiNE. 

coagulable  part  of  the  blood ;  and  the  vegetable  gclly  or  ftarch^ 
is  cafily  convertible  into  animal  folid.  His  prejudice  muft  be 
veryftrong  who  cannot  fee  with  a  glance,  that  thofe  two  which 
conftitute  the  chief  bulk  of  the  vegetable  muft  be  the  nutritive 
part;  that  the  faccharine  or  acefent  matter,  in  its  very  mi- 
nute proportion,  can  ferve  only  to  qualify  the  ftarch  and  gluten, 
to  promote  their  fermentation,  to  unite  the  whole  in  the  form 
of  bread. 

This  anal  yds  is  a  complete  proof  j  but  the  conclufion  docs 
not  reft  on  this  proof  alone,  it  is  fupported  by  a  cloud  of  com- 
mon and  acknowledged  fafts  j  and  thefe  we  Ihall  quote  chiefiy 
from  the  author's  own  work. 

When  in  p.  365,  he  fays,  *  that  animal  foods  give  in  the 
fome  proportion  more  nourifhment  than  any  vegetable  aliment^ 
do,'  he  has  furely  forgotten  that  animal  food  gives  nothing  of 
that  acid  nor  Tugar,  and  very  little  of  the  oil,  which  he  coiir- 
ceives  to  be  the  pahula  vita  \  though  animal  foods  contain  nei- 
ther fugar  nor  acid,  ^et  *  can  they  afford  all  the  juices  of  an 
^nimal  body  ;'  and  *  animal  bodies,  which  can  be  entirely  dif- 
folved  in  the  gaftric  fluid,  feem,  in  proportion  to  that  quantity,, 
to  be  convertible  in  fuccum  ^  Janguinem,  It  is  faid  that  in 
fome  parts  of  the  earth  there  are  people  who  live  entirely  upon 
fifli ;  and  it  is  certain  that  fifli,  with  many  people,  is  the  chief 
part  of  aliment.  Jn  fuch  cafes  it  appears  to  be  perfectly  fuffici-. 
en t  for  all  the  purpofes  of  the  human  oeconojny.'  (p.  389.) 
Whence  it  appears^  -that  that  food  is  perfect  which  has  no  pro- 
portion of  acid,  nor  fugar,  where  there  is  the  oppofite  quality, 
an  alkaline  nature  where  the  chief  matter  is  a  gelatinous  fubi« 
ftance. 

Many  of  the  moft  nutrient  vegetables  have  no  portion  of 
acid  nor  fugar,  at  leaft  while  recent  and  unchanged  by  fire  or 
fermentation.  They  are  often  pure  gums,  void  of  tafte  or 
odour,  and  often  the  fweeter  are  lefs  nutrient  than  the  more 
infipid.  *  Barley,  rye,  and  others,  the  fweeteft  of  the  cocca- 
lia,  are  leaft  nutritive  \  and  in  thofe  parts  of  Scotland  where 
they  ufe  the  former,  they  are  forced,  for  nouriftirnent,  to  mii; 
with  it  peafe,  or  fome  other  alimentary  matter.  Whe^t,  the 
moft  univerfal  aliment,  has  fo  little  faccharine  matter,  that  it 
can  hardly  be  brewed  ;  and  rice,  on  which  many  eaftern  nations 
fubfift  entirely,  has  but  a  very  fmall  proportion  of  fugar  \  and 
is  with  difficulty  fubje£led  to  fermentation.'  He  acknowledges 
this  fa6t,  yet  is  he  forced  to  confefs,  that  it  is  *  the  moft  nou- 
riftiing  of  all  the  grains/  And  '  maize,  a  farioa  of  the  beft 
quality,  and  highly  nourifliing,  as  the  experience  of  America 
has  fully  afcertained,'  has  little  fweetnefs,  no  acidity^  and  by 
itfelf,  or  even  with  yeft,  does  not  ferment  fojweU  as  to  give  a 
light  bread.  The  Arabs,  when  getting  gum,  are  nouriflied  by 
it  alone.    *  Sago,  in  fome  parts  of  the  Eaft  Indies,  m^kes  ^. 


Culkn  •«  thi  Materia  MecSca^,  57 

great  part  of  the  food/  Thunberg  informs  us,  that  the  Ja|)9« 
jiefe  ufe  it  as  a  food,  and  chiefly  efteem  the  pith  of  the  ftem  aft 
moft  confpicuoufly  nutritive,  infomuch,  that  a  very  fmall  quani^ 
tity  will  fupport  the  life  of  a  foldier  in  the  time  of  war;  and 
left  the  foreign  enemy  ihould  poiTefs  themfelves  of  thiis  advan^ 
tage,  the  carrying  it  out  of  the  country  is  made  a  capital  crime* 
The  gelatinous  quality  of  the  falep  proves  it  alfo  to  be  nn- 
trleni.*   . 

But  if  all  thefe  be  infipid ;  if  their  gelatinous  quality  he  t, 
proof  ?of  their  nutrient  powers ;  if  there  be  no  evidence,  nor 
fuf|;Hcion  of  acjd,  nor  fugar,  and  if  yet  one  of  thefe  fupport  th^ 
life  of  a  foldier  in  time  of  war,  furcly  there  is  fomething  mor6 
eilcntial  to  nourifhment  than  fugar  or  oil.  This  eflential  part 
is  exaSly  what  we  find  conftituting  the  chief  bulk  of  all  vege* 
table  or  animal  diet :  it  is  the  chief  part  of  vegetables  ;  for,  if 
in  flour,  potatoes,  &c,  the  fecule  or  ftarch  be  to  the  other  a$ 
XOO  to  J,  to  which  (hall  we  attribute  the  nutritive  powers  J 
And  if,  in  every  part  of  the  human  fyftem,  we  find  the  famp. 
mucilage  ;  if,  in  the  ferum,  the  red  globules  and  craflamcntumii 
we  find  this  matter  ;  if  it  conftitute  the  chief  part  of  the  muf- 
cles,  tendons,  and  ligaments ;  if,  except  a  fmall  prdporrion  of 
earthy  bafis,  it  is  the  very  matter  of  the  bones  themfelves ;  and 
if  this  gelly  differ  from  that  of  vegetables,  only  in  being  ani- 
malyzed,  is  not  the  proof  perfect  ?  for  the  tranfition  from  vege- 
table to  animal  jelly  is  very  eafily  explained  by  the  aflimilating 
powers  of  the  living  fyftem,  more  efpecially.  when  there  are  ibq[)e 
vegetables,  as  in  wheat  (probably  latent  in  many  others)  a  per* 
fedt  animal  jelly,  with  all  its  attributes,  as  giving  out  chemical 
alkali  and  running  into  putrid  fermentation. 

Surely  we  may  receive  vegetable  and  animal  mucilage  a^  the 
fame,  when  Dr.  Cullen  reckons  animal  and  vegetable  oils  the 
famt  (p.  300);  and,  fure4y,  it  will  be  more  difficult  to  coq- 
ceive  a  procefs,  by  which  oil,  fugar,  and  acid,  (hould  be  trani* 
muted  into  animal  jelly  than  this  vegetable  mucus. 

Our  author  appears  to  be  far  behind  in  the  great  doSrines  of 
the  animal  oeconomy,  when  he  (hows  much  anxiety  to  refute 
or  confirm  the  Experiments  of  Sandorius,  Keil,  and  Gortcn 
He  talks  in  a  ferious  way  of  the  perfpirability  of  mutton  and 
beef  and  oyjiers  ;  and  following  this  great  queftion,  *  he  thinks 
by  what  experiments  he  has  been  able  to  make,  mutton  or  beef 
are  more  perfpirable  than  birds  or  fifties. *  (p.  369)t  He  is 
furprifed  that  more  experiments  on  perfpirable .  toods  did  not 
occur  to  Sanftorius  and  others ;  but  we  are  furprifed  that  able 
men  were  bufied  fo  long  in  fuch  idle  and  childifli  employments, 
There  are  little  points  of  do<^rine  on  various  occafions, 
where  the  apparent  novelty  of  obfervation  gives  an  ingenious 
^d  pleafing  appear^npCf     Thus^  o^  th^  a^^ion.of  the  ftomach, 

he 


58  MEDICINE. 

be  obfcrvcs,  *  wc  arc  of  opinion  that  every  kind  of  feodTtakeit 
into  the  ftomach,  as  foon  as  it  fets  this  organ  to  z<;^r>&,  cncreafes 
the  a(3ion  of  the  heart,  and  occafions  a  frequency  of  pulfe ; 
and  if  wc  miftake  not,  by  the  energy  of  the  brains  being  thu« 
direSfed  to  the  heart  and  Jlomach^  a  torpor  in  the  animal  func- 
tions, both  of  fenfe  and  motion,  is  induced,  and  often  to  a  de- 
gree of  Aeepinefs,  Tbefe  are  the  effefts  of  food  foon  after  it 
is  takfen  into  the  flomach  ;  and  it  feems  alfo  manifeft,  that 
thcfc  cfFefts  arc  more  confiderable  than  from  vegetable  food :'  - 
q^  if  the  brain  were  bufied  in  working  out  various  procefies  for 
the  digeftion  of  birds,  of  fifli,  of  animal  foods,  milk  and  eggs: 
as  if  one  funfiion  of  the  body  were  inconfiftent  with  the  gene- 
ral aftivity  of  the  fyftem ;  as  if  tht  Jioinach  could  not  wor^ 
unlefe  the  body  were  at  reft. 

He  concludes  the  article  of  diet  with  obfervations  on  boil- 
ing, roafting,  and  drinks.  We  promifed  to  tranfcribe  thefe, 
and  where  we  only  tranfcribe,  we  cannot  be  guilty  of  injuftice; 
.  *  ift.  Boiling,  (p.  399,)  is,  properly,  the  expofing  of  meat  ta 
the  heat  of  boiling  water,  while  it  is  immerfed  in  this  for  fome 
length  lof  time,  l^y  this  joint  application  of  heat  and  moifture, 
(he  textpre  ;9  certainly  rendered  more  tender  and  more  foluble  ia 
the  flomach ;  and  it  is  only  In  this  way  that  the  firmer  parts,  as 
the  tei^dinous,  ligamentous,  and  membranous  parts,  can  be  duly 
fqftened,  and  their  gelatinous  fubftance  duly  extradled. 

'  zd.  Roafting  (p.  402)  The  manner  of  applying  heat  yet  to  be 
mentioned,  is  the  frequent  one  of  roaftilig. '  In  this,  a.s  by  a  proper, 
artifice ,  an  equal  application  is  taken  care  of;  the  efFed  of  heat, 
in  rendering  the  meat  more  tender,  is  certainly  obtained:  an4 
though  a  confiderable  exhalation  is  made,  it  is  almoflonly  of  a  watery 
humidity.  This,  indeed,  would  take  place  to  a  very  great  de- 
gree,  and  render  the  meat  again  more  unfoluble,  were  it  not  that 
large  maffes  only  are  fubjefted  to  this  operation,  and  that  thereby 
the  outer  furface  is  £ril  condenfed^  and  prevents  the  exhala'tion 
from  the  interior  parts :  at  the  fame  time  an  oily  matter  is  com- 
monly and  repeatedly  applied  to  the  outer  Jurfacey  which  prevents 
both  much  exhalation  and  any  great  hardening  of  the  outer  furface, 
till  the  heat  has  penetrated  the  whole,  and  rendered  it  fuificiently 
tender.  From  all  which,  the  efFedls  of  roafting,  and  the  propejc 
condudl  of  it,  may  be  underftood.' 

*  3.  (y  Drinks.  How  much  water  enters  into  the  compofi;ioi| 
of  the  fluid,  and  even  the  folid  parts  of  our  bodies,  is  well  known  ^ 
and  it  is  equally  well  known,  that  the  fame  water,  by  various 
means,  is  in  continual  diffipation  and  wafte,  and,  confequently, 
that  a  conftant  fupply  of  fuch  liquid  is  abfolutely  necelTary  to  the 
fupport  of  the  fyllem.  That  fuch  a  fupply  may  be  duly  made, 
nature  has  given  the  appetite  of  thirft,  which  leads  to  the  taking  in 
Oi  drink:  ^ 

( In  a  future  number  uefiall  conjider  the  fecond  volume  of  this  work, ) 

Art, 


White'j  Obferoations  on  Gangrenes  and  Mortificathm^  ^c.  59 

A&T.  IX.  Ohfervations  on  Gangrenes  and,  Moytifications  ac^* 
€ompanied withj,  or  occafioned  hy^  canvulfive  Spaf/m^  or  ar'tftng 
from  local  Injury^  producing  Irritation.  By  Charles  White^ 
Efq.  F,R.s%&c,     8vQ.     29  p.     Price  IS,     Dilly.     1790. 

The  Jcnowledge  of  medical  pr.i6litioners  in  cafes  of  gan- 
grene is  yet  far  from  being  perfect.  The  bark,  on  wh.ich  our 
truft  has.  been  fo  often  repofed,  has  in  many  cafes  failed,  pro- 
|>ably  becaufe  the  fpccies  of  mortification  which  it  is  peculiaily 
adapted  to  check,  have  not  been  fufficiently  diftinguiflicd  ;  nnd 
pothing  tends  more  to  bring  a  medicine  into  difreputc  than  an 
indifcrin^inate  adminiftration.  Although  the  bark  is  unqucf- 
fionafcly  a  medicine  of  great  power  and  efficacy,  many  able 
practitiqners  have  been  difappointcd  by  it,  and,  as  our  author 
pbferves,  have  been  doubtful  if  it  had  any  well-founded  claim 
to  a  preference  to  pordials  in  general.  Without,  however, 
detfa<^ing  from  the  merit  of  a  medicine  to  which  the  world  has 
undoujjtedly  great  obligations,  we  may  fay  that  it  will  not  fervc 
to  ftop  every  fpecies  of  mortification, 

^'The  particular  fpecies  of  mortification,' •fays  Mr.  White, 
^  which  is  thp  fubjedl  of  this  pamphlet,  is  that  accompanied 
with,  or  occafioned  by,  conyulfive  fpafms,  or  arifing  from  local 
injury,  producing  irritation,  which  is  alfp  of  the  fpafmodi^ 
kind.*  The  remedy  for  this,  Mr,  White  modeftly  fays,  he 
difcovered  by  accident,  but  he  appears  to  have  entertained  an 
idea  of  its  probable  efficacy  from  the  cafes  he  met  with  iq 
books,  fome  of  which  jire  here  recited.  A^ter  many  trials^  he 
found  that  large,  and  frequently  repeated,  dofes  of  muik  ana 
iialt  of  hartfhorn  are  very  powerful  Jn  this  fpecies  of  gangrene. 
The  operation  of  the  mufk,  he  thinks,  *  may  be  attributed  to 
^ts  antifpafmodic,  diaphoretic,  fedative,  and  cordial  properties  5 
and  it  may,  perhaps,  be  affifted,  as  a  rcfolvant  and  ftimul'ant  by 
the  fait  of  hartftiorn,  which,  very  probably,  alfo  renders  the 
mufk  more  a£ljve.  By  ^he  united  qualities  of  thefe  medicines, 
the  ofcillatory  motion  of  the  arteries  is,  in  general,  promoted^ 
the  juices  become  liquified,  and,  from  their  difpbfition  to  dlred 
their  efFeSs  to  the  cutaneous  pores,  and  alfo  their  tendency  to 
sflift  the  nervous  fyftem,  they  are  attended  with  tft^moft  bene- 
ficial confequences.  Taken  in  another  view,  when  the  com- 
plaint is  fuppofed  to  originate  from  a  thin  and  acrimonious 
ftate  of  the  blood,  volatile  falts  in  laVge  dofes,  and  continued 
for  fpme  t^me,  would  be  unfafe,  and  might  augment  the  pu- 
trefadlion.  They  may  alfo  be  hurtful  in  an  inflammatory 
fliathefis,' 

Although  Mr.  White  has  found  this  medicine  anfwer  in  the 
particular  fpecies  of  mortification  mentioned,  in  mofl:  cafes 
even  beyond,  his^y^ilhes,  yet  where  tried  in  gangrenes  arifing 
from  other  caufes*  he  has  been  difappoimed.  Three  cafes  are 
'      :  ^  >     '  —  ^^        '  her© 


66  }F  A  t  it  I  t  TL  ir. 

here  publifh^d,  which,  in  our  opinion,  clearly  eftabliflicd  tbt 
credit  of  the  mulk  and  fait  of  hartfhorn.  The  laft^  that  of  a 
young  girl  ^f  feventeen,  whofe  arm  mortified  in  confequence 
of  a  compound  fraSure  of  the  fore-arm,  is  a  cafe  from  which 
the  ef&eacy  of  the  rnedicine  may  be  fafely  inferrcdi  The  rdief 
of  the  child's  complaints,  when  the  mufk  and  hartfhorn  were 
adminiftered  ;  the  return  of  therh  when  they  Were  omitted  ; 
and  their  vaniihing  again,  as  foon  as  (he  began  to  take  them  a 
fccond  time,  are  decided  proofs  ;— and  it  is  with  much  pleafure 
we  recommend  this  pamphlet  to  the  attention  of  the  faculty. 
The  very  fmall  dofcs  of  muflc  hitherto  adminiftered,  have,  no 
doubt,  been  the  caufe  why  many  have  reje£bcd  it  as  an  ufeful 
medicine.  Mr.  White  generally  began  with  ten  grains,  and  in- 
creafed  the  quantity,  in  one  cafe,  to  170  grains,  a^d  a$  much 
lalt  of  hartfhorn,  and  with  the  beft  eflFedts, 


Akt.  X.     Thoughts  and  Obfervations  on  the  Nature  and  TJfe 
sff  Dr>  yames^s  Powder^  in  the  Prevention  and  Cure  of  Lfif^ 
safes,     Gy  a  Gentleman  of  the  Faculty,     gvo^     90  pages, 
Price  IS.  6d.     Scatchard  and  Whi taker.     lygo. 
This  writer  is  a  firm  friend  to  the  ufe  of  Dr.  Jameses  pow- 
der, the  alledged  bad  cfFe£h  of  which,  he  attributes  entirely  to 
improper  admin  ftration— -to  its  having  been  given  in  improper 
dofes,  or  too  late  in  the  diforder.     He  gives  us  a  number  of 
difeafes  and  cafes  in  which  .he  has  fuccefsfully  prefcribed  the 
powder,  and  as  his  mode  of  treating  difcafes  fecms,  on  the 
whole,  to  he  judicious,  we  fee  no  reafon  why  his  name  fhould 
be  concealed.     A  medical  writer,  above  all  others,  ought  to 
9(ppear  xx\  propria  perfona.  C.  C, 

Art.  XI.  PraSfical  Obfervations  upon  Thorn  PFounds^  PunSiurei 
TendonSy  and  Ligamcntary  Lamenefs  in  fiorfes^  with  Experi- 
mental  Infiruciions  for  their  Treatment  and  Cure.  Illujirated  by 
a  k.ecital  of  Cafes^  interfperfed  with  a  Variety  .of  Ufeful 
J^emarks  :  to  which  is  addedy  a  fuccefsful  MetJ^cd  of  treating 
the  Caninf  Species^  in  ti^at  aeftrultive  Difeafe  called  the 
piflemper :  the  whole  fanning  a  Supplement  to  the  G4ntleman'i 
Stable  Dir^^ory.  By  William  Taplin,  Surgeon.  88  pages, 
Price  J  s,     Kearfley.     179Q. 

If  the  reader  be  acquainted  with  the  publication  to  which 
this  is  a  fupplement,  he  will  not  be  at  all  furprifed  to  find  it 
begin  with  the  puff  dir^cft,  ip  which  the  author  informs  us  that 
the  *  wonderful  avidity  with  which  the  numerous  editions  of 
the  Stable  Diredlory,  have  been  purchafed  in  this,  and  repeatedly 
printed  in  a  neighbouring  kingdom,  are  demonftrative  proofs, 
that  the  fubjedl  has  acquired  new  life  fron^  fuch  publication,' 
6  and 


TapHn'j  Obfervations  on  Thorn  Wounds,^  &c.  6t 

and  that  in  confequence  of  it,  '  the  medical  and,  chirurgical 
parts  of  ferriery  are  immerging  very  rapidly  from  the  rude  and 
illiterate  hands  in  which  they  were  originally  placed/  nor  will 
he  be  furprifed  to  to  find  in  it,  as  in  .the  former  work,  a  general 
i?i^ant  of  arrangement,  fubjedls  totally    unconnedled  brought 
together,  the  moft  unlimited  cenfure  beftowed,  not  only  on 
the  commom  praftitioner  in  farriery,  but  even  upon  mpdical 
men,  who  prefunie  to  interfere  refpedting  the  difeafes  of  hor^es^ 
and  the  whole  written  in  the  rooft  turgid  and  afFe<Sbed   ftyle, 
full  of  conceited  egotifms,  and  the  moil  tirefome  pleonafms. 
Though  from  the  title  we  were  led  to  expedi  obfervations 
on  thorn  wounds,  &c,  and  in  the  order  in  which  thefe  fubje^ls 
are   there   mentioned,  yet  the  fir  ft  article  of  inftrufiion  the 
author  enters  upon  is,  '  the  method  of  neatly  delivering  a  ball  j' 
after  which  he  gives  the  reafons  which  '  determined  him  upoa 
the  perfonal   preparation  of   his    moft    pov/erful  prefcriptions 
under  the  feaj  and   fignature   of  Taplin's  genuine  HORSfc 
MEPiciKES,  as. a  CQunteradtion,'  he  adds,  *  to  the  adulteration 
fo  fully  explained  in  the  preface,  and  as  being  adapted  to.  the 
promotion  cf  public  good/  After  this  indeed,  one  of  the  fubje£is 
announced  in  the  title  page  is  introduced,  in  the  fhape  of  a  cafe 
of  a  punilured  tendon,  in  which  Mr.  Taplin  has  the  fatis- 
faSion  of  reprobating  the  injudicious  attempt  of  a  ftudent  in 
furgery,  to  cure  an  enlargement,  juft  above  the  footlock  joint ; 
*  fhe  operation,'  he  fays,  was  attempted  with  a  common  lancet, 
but  with  fo  little   fortitude  and  fuccefs,  that  in  making   his 
incifion,  the  natural  motion  and  rejefting  effort  of  the  animal, 
fafcinated  the  inexperienced  operator  in  his  firft  attempt,   and, 
deprived  him  of  his  inftrument  (which  was  the  next  day  found 
in  the  litter)  but  not  'till  he  had  given  a  deftrudlive  proof  of 
his  inability.'     To  this  follows  a  cafe  of  the  farcy,  cured  *  by 
reducing  inflammation,  correding  acrimony,  and  refcuing  the 
whole  mafs  of  blood  from  an  inveterate  and  dangerous  ftute 
of  niorbidity,  by  the  ufe  of  the  alterative   powders,  bark,  and 
nitre.*     The  next  is  a  fucceftful  cafe  of  ligamentary  lamenefs,  . 
in  which  he  reprobates  the  ufe  of  opodeldoc,  which  had  be.ca 
firft  applied,  and  '  after  cleanling  the  furrounding  parts  from 
X\i9 faponaceous  ohjiru^ion  of  corroborants,  *  he  effefts  the  cure 
by  the  application  of  camphorated  fpirits,  '  followed  up  by  bis 
advertifed    embrocation   for  lameri'efs   or   ftrains.'      I'o   this 
fucceeds  a  '  cafe  of  a  lacerated  tendon,  and  the  mifchief  in 
this  inftance,'  the  author  fays,    *•  was  alfo  produced  by  the 
premature  attempt  of  a  furgepn  of  no  fLnall  eminence  to  open 
*  a  kind  of  flatulent  or  fluftuating  tumor  upon  the.  inlide  of, 
the  near  bough/    Then  comes  what,  according  to  the  ajrange- 
meat  of  the  title,  ihould  have  been,  the  firft  article  in  the. 

bock. 


6i  ^AkRiEitr* 

book,  ot)fervations  on  thorn  wounds,  and  the  whole  concluded 
with  the  difeafe  in  the  canine  fpecies  called  the  diftcoiper. 

We  obferve  nothing  in  the  treatment  of  the  recited  cafes 
but  what  plain  common  fenfe,  and  the  moft  moderate  ac- 
quaintanc«  with  the  difeafes  of  horfes  would  have  didlated,  and 
^j^re  doubt  not  but  every  rational  farrier  who  has  an  extenfive 
.  pra^Elice,  (and  notwithftanding  what  our  author  fays,  we  know 
there  are  fome  fuch)  could  eafily  produce  a  lift  of  cafes  equally 
fuccefsful,  and  their  favorable  terminations,  not  lefs  owing  to 
care  and  judicious  management. 

Of  the  obfervations  on-  the  difeafe  of  dogs,  called  the 
diftemper,  we  think  more  favorably,  and  could  we  fet  afidc 
our  difguft  at  the  author's  manner  of  writing,  we  Ihould  even  be 
pleafed  with  it.  In  the  management  of  the  cafes  adduced,  Mr* 
Faplin  certainly  difcovers  good  fcnfe,  and  a  very  laudable  fpirit 
of  inveftigation  refpedting  the  caufe  of  the  difeafe,  and  we  doubt 
not  the  lives  of  the  animals  to  whom  he  devoted  fo  much  time 
and  attention,  were  faved  by  his  judicious  method  of 'treatment. 
He  was  foon  led  to  fuppofe,  that  the  popular  opinion  which 
refers  the  feat  of  this  difeafe  to  the  head  was  linjuft,  and  he 
thought  it  more  likely  to  be  in  the  ttomach  or  bov^-els  :  with 
this  view,  in  the  firft  inftance  Vv^hich  occurred,  and  in  which 
the  fymptoms  were  violent,  he  adminiftercd  emetic  and  purgative 
medicines,  but  thefe  were  not  retained  long  enough  fufficiently 
to  produce  either  of  the  efFefts  intended  ;  he  therefore  had  re- 
courfeto  inje6lions,  and  after  repeating  theni  many  times  one 
entire  mafs  was  expelled,  '  compofed,*  the  author  fays,  '  of 
every  kind  of  extraneous  fubftance  fuch  animal  could  have  been  • 
fiippofed  to  fwallow  with  food  during  its  puppyifm.  It  confifted 
of  grafs  or  hay,  wonderfully  matted  or  interwoven  with  hair, 
and  particles  of  fand  or  gravel  cemented  together  (o  exceedingly 
kard,  that  it  might  fiirly  be  fuppofed  to  have  been  prepared  by 
art,  and  pafled  through  a  mould  by  fome  inftrumcnt  of  powerful 
prefliire.* 

•  Further  experience  muft  determine  whether  the  difeafe  in 
general  be  produced  by  a  fimilar  accumulation ;  Mr.  Tqplin 
thinks  ^Jt  is,  and  therefore  ftrongly  urges  the  early  and  re- 
peated ufe  of  opening  medicines,  Thofe  who  have  paid  atten- 
tion to  tha  natural  hiftory  of  this  animal,  and  who  have  well 
obferved  its  early  manner?,  'may  perhaps  know  whether  it  be 
a  fa£fc  that  very  young  dogs  fwallow  fuch  kind  of  articles  as 
compofed  the  mafs  above  defcribed. 

Before  we  quit  our  author,  it  is  but  right  that  .we  fliould 
give  fome  fpecimens  of  his  manner  of  writing,  from  whence, 
it  may  be  feen  on  what  ground  we  have  formed  our  general 
jvidgment  of  his  performance.  The  following  will  exhibit  the 
great  perfpicuity  of  bis  ftylc,  and  his  liberality  towards  other 
practitioners. 

<  Naturally 


Taplin'j  Obfcrvations  on  Thori  ff^ounds,  &c.  6^ 

•  Naturally  re\xrting  to  onic  or  another  of  the  cafes  already  recited. 
It  muft  be  perfedtty  appofite  to  repeat  the  abfurdity,  the  wonderful  in- 
confiflency  of  fubraitting  the  management  of  valuable  or  indeed  any 
horfes,  to  the  ftrange  and  inconfiderate  experiments  of  thofe  who  have 
no  one  qualification  but  their  unbounded  confidence,  or  rather  impu- 
dence, to  recommend  them ,orjuftify  the  dreadful  ha^ock  they  conftaiitly 
make  among  this  moft  ufeful  part'  of  the  creation,  if  we  may  be  fairly 
allowed  to  decide,  by  the  great  numbers  annually  doomed  to  death,  in 
the  penury  and  credulity  of  one  clafs,  or  the  invincible  obftinacy  and 
ignorance  of  the  other. 

•  The  penury  and  credulity  J  allude  to  (and  which  cannot  he  too 
often  or  emphatically  repeated)  is  that  kind  of  faving  knowledge  in  the 
toiployer,  inevitably  produftive  of  a. double  deception;  for  (without 
beftowing  even  a  remote  thought  upon  the  defeftive  abilities  of  the 
employed)  his  imagination  outdripping  rcfiedion,  rapidly  reaches  an 
ideal  cure  at  the  leaft  expenfe,  totally  forgetting  that  felf-prefervation 
is  a  concomitant  to  low  cunning,  and  confequently  more  is  lavifhed 
upon  the  ignorant,  obftinate,  confident,  or  neceflitous,  for  the  promo- 
^on  of  raifcbief  and  danger,  than  would  amply  compenfate  the  en- 
lightened, praditioner  for  his  afliftance  in  all  cales  of  emergency.' 

In  another  place  he  fpeaks  of  '  a  broken  knee  feparating^ 
the  liganaentary  union  of  articulation  at  the  joint ;'  independent 
of  the  grofs  nonfenfe  of  this  phrafe,  we  never  remember  feeing 
fo  curious  a  pleonafm,  fuch  a  fmgular  combination  of  fynonimes 
in  fo  fhort  a  phrafe.  From  the  next  extraft  we  Ihall  make,  we 
might  fuppofe  our  author  to  be  an  Hibernian,  for  he  fays, 
*  having  gone  through  every  necclfary  inftrjidlion  that  cau 
fojfibly  be  advanced  for  the  treatment  and  cure  of  different 
kinds  of  lamenefs,  proceeding  frorn  various  cafes,  one  addi^. 
iional  remark  cannot  be  too  forcibly  inculcated ;'  and  in  the 
next  leaf  he  flill  fays,  *  it  becomes  a  matter  of  indifpenfabl© 
neceifity  to  add  a  few  words.'  One  other  extract  we  cannot  for- 
bear treating  our  readers  with,  as  it  is  a  fine  fpecimen  of  th« 
fentimental,  we  might  (ay  of  the  pathetic.  Having  defer ibcd 
his  patient,  the  author's  ov/n  dear  puppy,  a  pointer  about  eight 
months  old,  as  in  the  utmoft  danger,  and,  himfelf  as  much 
cmbarraiTed  what  mode  of  treatment  to  purfue,  he  fays, 

•  No  refinement  of  thought,  no  fublimity  of  expreflion  is  neceffary 
to  convey  a  defcription  of  the  prefent  dilemma.  Every  fportfman 
whofe  mind  is  embellilhed  with  the  nicer  fenfations,  and  whofe  heart 
is  inftin^tively  open  to  alleviate  the  fufferings  of  thefe  partners  of,  and 
contributers  to  our  pleafures,  thefe  nofturnal  protestors  of  our  property  ; 
as  well  as  the  many  (though  no  fportfmen)  who  have  their  favorites 
of  the  different  fpecies,  and  are  no  ftrangers  to  their  attachments, 
fidelity  and  gratitude,  have  no  doubt  fome  time  or  other  ftood  in  a 
iimilar  predicament.' 

Such  is  the  manner  in  which  Mr.  Taplin's  fupplement  is ' 
written,  in  fuch  a  manner  alfo  is  the  Stable  Dire<5lory  written,^ 
and  y^t  the  latter  has  gone  through  nine  editions.  P« 


6^  <^   R   A  M  M  A  1^4     . 

Art',  xin  J  Dljfertatton  on  the  Englijh  Ferhi  pnncipaHy  sH-^ 
tended  to  afcertain  the  precife  meaning  of  its  TTenfes^  and  point 
mi  the  Tenfes  of  the  Latin  and  French  Verhy  which  eorrefpond 
to  them  ;  tn  order  to  facilitate  the  Attainment  of  an  accurate 
Knowledge  of  thofe  three  Languages^  and  difplay  the  fuperiot 
Excellence  of  the  Englijh  Verb  with  refpeSf  to  Simplicity^  Cbr^ 
reQrufsy  and  Perfpicuity*  To  which  is  added,,  an  Appendix  of 
Wrench  and  Latin  Participles*  By  James  Pickbourriy  Maftef 
©f  a  Boarding- School  at  Hackney.  8vo.  276  pages.  Price 
6s.  in  Boards.     Roblnfons,  1789. 

The  fubjeft  of  this  differtation  is  briefly  ftated  in  the  title  ^ 
>nd  as  the  occafion  which  gave  rife  to  it  is  fomewhat  fingular, 
we  fhall  explain  it  in  the  author's  own  words  : 

•  About  fifteen  years  ago,  when  I  refided  at  the  Hague,  I  hap- 
pened to  have  fomc  converiation  with  a  French  gentleman  on  the  com- 
parative excellence  of  the  ancient  and  modern  languages.  He  praifed 
the  ilrength  and  copioufnefs  of  the  Engliih  language ;  but  remarked , 
that  it  was  peculiarly  difficult  for  a  foreigner  to  obtain  a  corredt  know- 
kdge  of  it,  on  account  of  the  multiplicity  of  tenfes  belonging  to  the 
verbs.  He  mentioned  fome  of  them,  as  /  Ifyved,  I  did  love,  I  have 
lived,  I  ^as  l(fving,  &c.  and  faid  he  believed  that  the  French,  and 
moil  other  people  on  the  Continent,  generally  confidered  them  as  {y- 
nonymous  expreflions :  but,  for  his  part,  he  could  not  fuppofe  any 
language,  either  ancient  or  modern,  had  two  tenfes  which  meant  pre- 
eifely  the  fame  thing.  He  immediately  enumerated  the  tenfes  of  the 
French  verb,  and^with  great  facility  and  exaftncfs  pointed  out  their 
different  meanings ;  and  concluded  with  requefting  me  to  favour  him 
with  an  explanation  of  the  tenfes  of  the  Englilh  verb.  My  Situation 
was  not  a  little  embarraffing ;  I  felt  myfelf  unequal  to  the  talk,  and 
fliould  have  been  happy  to  nave  declined  it ;  but  I  was  the  only  Eng- 
iifhman  prefent,  and  unfortunately  I  had  firft  introduced  the  converfo-* 
tion ;  1  therefore  could  not  help  faying  fomething  upon  the  fubjeft. 
The  account  I  gave,  though  received  with  polite  attention,  did  not 
feem  quite  fatisfadory  to  the  company,  and  was  very  .far  from  being 
ib  to  myfelf.*  , 

Mr.  P.  then  informs  us,  tliat  he  had  recourfe  to  our  beft 
Grammarians,  but  not  finding  the  fubjedk  accurately  invefti* 
gated,  or  clearly  explained,  he  began  to  examine  for  himfelf. 

*  I  had  made  but  very  little  progrcfs  in  my  inquiries,  when  I  difco- 
vered  that  I  had  not  only  an  unbeaten  track  to  purfue,  but  that  I  muft, 
in  fome  inftances,  go  in  direft  oppofition  to  all  our  moft  eminent  Gram- 
marians ;  for  it  appeared  to  me,  that  Englilh  participles  might  be  ufed 
cither  in  an  aftive  or  paflive  {tvSs,,  and  that  they  were  no  more  figni- 
ficant  of  time  than  adjeftives;  the  contrary  of  which  I  knew  all^our 
lieft  writers  had  aiTcrted.,  When  I  firft  entered  .upon  the  fubjeft,  I 
thought  it  a  very  eafy  one ;  but  the  more  I  confidered  it,  the  more 
difficult  it  appeared,  I  had  many  other  engagements,  and  but  little 
'fcifure  for  abftrufe  refearches ;  1  therefore  quitted  the  purfuit :  and  I 
fhould  probably  never  have  returned  to  it  again,  had  I  not,  about  five 
years  ago,  been  called  upon,  in  my  turn,  to  produce  fome  kind  of  com- 
poficion  before  a  literary  fociety  of  which  I  have  the  honour  to  be  a 

mesiber 


t^ickbume^  Dijfertation  on  the  £ngl!jh  V^rk  65 

fiiiember.  This  appeared  to  be  a  favourable  opportunity  for  rcfuming 
Hie  fiibjc^ ;  for,  though  I  was  afraid  to  exhibit  fo  many  novel  opinions 
before  the  public,  I  thought  I  might  with  propriety  fubmit  them  to  the 
confideration  of  a  few  feleft  friends.  The  reception  I  met  with  was 
fuch  as  encouraged  me  to  purfue  my  inquiries;  and  I  read  again  upoii 
the  fubjeft,  about  two  years  afterwards,  before  the  fame  fociety.  The 
fubftance  of  thoic  two  difcourfes  1  now  venture  to  lay  before  the  pub- 
lic. How  far  I  have  fucceeded>  that  impartial  tribunal  will  deter- 
mine.' 

It  does  not  fell  ftridly  within  our  province  to  enter  into  a 
minute  difcuffion  of  the  feveral  fubjects  treated  of  in  this  differ- 
tation  ;  nor  would  a  difquifition  on  the  fubtilties  of  Grammar, 
we  truft,  be  very  acceptable  to  the  generality  of  our  readers  : 
We  fhall,  therefore,  only  give  an  analyfis  of  its  contents,  with 
fufficient  extrafts  to  exhibit  the  author's  ftile  and  talents  ;  ob- 
ferving  that,  in  general^  the  different  tenfes  are  judicioufly 
explained,  and  difcriminated  with  philofophical  accuracy.  There 
are  many  original  remarks  worthy  of.  attention,  and  though  we 
differ  in  opinion  with  Mr,  P.  in  fome  effential  particulars,  yet 
we  give  him  full  credit  for  'minute  inquiry,  liberal  communi- 
cation, and  candid  debate. ' 

The  author's  firft  objeft  is  to  (hew  *  the  fimplicity  of  the 
verb,  as  confifting  of  an  infinite  mode,  a  prefent  and  preterit© 
tenfe,  and  two  participles.'  Throughout  the  whole  perform- 
ance, we  muft  obferve,  the  Englifti  verb,  by  way  of  illuftra- 
tion,  is  contrafted  with  that  of  the  French  and  Latin. 

Speaking  of  the  participles  in  ing^  and  ed^  Mr.  P.  attempts 
to  prove,  tJiat  they  are  neither  of  them. confined  to  any  time  or 
voice  ;  that  the  former  may  be  ufed  in  a  paffive  fenfe,  as  well 
as  an  acftive*  one  ;  as,  *  the  houfe  is  building  j'  that  the  latter 
is  almoft  as  often  ufed  aftively  as  paffively  ;  and  that  the  dif- 
tinction  of  preterite^  or  paji^  when  applied  to  this  participle,  is 
liable  to  objecSHon,  becaufe  we  can  fay,  *'!  am  loved,  I  was 
loved,  or  I  Jhall  he  loved.' 

•  I  therefore  conclude/  fays  the  author,  *  that,  all  that  is  peculiar 
to  the  participles  is,  that  the  one  Cgnifies  a  perfeSi,  and  the  other  an 
imperfe^  aftion.  The  one  points  to  the  middle  of  the  aftion,  paflion, 
or  ftate  denoted  by  the  verb ;  and  the  other  to  the  completion  of  it. 
Or,  in  other  words,  the  one  reprefents  an  adion  in  its  progrefs,  i.  c. 
as  begun,  and  going  on,  but  not  ended,  as  perfirmifig,  but  not  per* 
formed:  whereas  the  other  denotes  an  aftion  that  is  perfed,  or  com- 
plete, an  a^ion  not  that  is  performingy  but  that  \%  performed,  Thefc 
are  all  the  variations  which  our  verbs  admit  of.' 

The  copioufnefs  of  the  verb,  arifing  from  its  compound 
tenfes,  is  then  (lightly  noticed ;  and  the  author  proceeds  to 
explain  the  tenfes,  or  forms  of  expreflion,  belonging  to  prefent 
time.  In  this  part  of  the  fubjeft  the  reader  will  find  much 
accurate  diftin(3:ion,  with  fome  novelty  of  opinion,  which,  per- 
haps, he  will  not  readily  adopt. 

Vol.  VII.  F  The 


66  GRAMMAR. 

The  tenfes,  or  forms  of  expreffion  belonging  to  paft  time,  are 
next  confidered,  and  a  general  view  of  aoriftical,  or  indefinite 
tenfes  given.    The  following  obfervations  deferve  notice. 

•  The  Latin  preterimperfed  tenfe  is  ufed  for  two  parpofes,  the  firft 
and  principal  ot  which  is  to  fignify  the  progreflive  ftate  of  a  paft  ac- 
tion, i.  e.  to  denote  that  it  was  begun,  going  on,  but  not  ended,  at  a 
certain  time  paft ;  and  the  fecond  to  exprefs  habits  or  cuftoms.  In  the 
firft  of  thefe  cafes  it  very  nearly  corrcfponds  to  the  Englifh  preterim- 
perfeft  tenfe.  I  believe  there  is  no  inftance  in  which  the  latter  muft 
not  neceflarily  be  tranflated  by  the  former.  But  there  are  fome  in- 
dances  in  which  the  Latin  preterimperfed  tenfe  (though  ufed  to  denote 
an  aftion  begun,  going  on,  but  not  ended)  cannot  be  tranflated  by  ours. 
For  Englifh  verbs,  which  do  not  admit  of  the  diftindion  between  the 
perfeft  and  imperfeft  ftatc  of  an  aftion,  have  no  tenfes  compounded 
with  the  participle  in  wg.  The  preterimperfedl  tenfe,  therefore,  of  Latin 
verbs  fignifying  an  affe^^lion  of  the  mind,  cannot  be  rendered  into  Eng- 
lifh by  our  preterimperfeft  tenfe.  For  amaham  can  never  be  tranflated 
by  /  ouflj  louingy  nor  timeham  by  /  ^was  fearing.  The  Latin  preter- 
imperfed  tenfe  is  likewife  in  a  it^  other  iiiftances,  ufed  to  exprefs  con- 
tinued energ)^  where  our  preterimperfedl  tenfe  cannot  be  admitted,  Aa 

*  OfTa /e-^^^/j/ iiumus.  Ovid. 

•  Arboriae  frondes  auro  radian te  nitentes 

*  Ex  auro  ramos,  ex  auro  poma  tegebant.         Id. 
*  Eum  tenuis  glauco  'velabat  amidlu 

•  Carbafus,  et  crines  umbrofa  tegehat  arundo.'        Virg. 

•  Thefe  verbs,  tegtbaty  'velabat^  &c.  when  applied,  as  they  are  here, 
to  inanimate  objefts,  which  are  incapable  of  adling,  do  not  fo  pro- 
perly flgnify  adions  as  the  continued  ftatc  of  things,  or  the  continuance 
of  the  effedls  of  certain  aftions.  Or,  if  they  muft  be  allowed  to  re- 
prefent  a^^ions,  they  reprefent  fuch  adtions  as  no  fooner  exift  than  they 
cxift  in  a  complete  ftatc  J  and  therefore  cannot  be  tranflated  by  our 
preterimperfeft  tenfe  :  for  that  tenfe  is  not  ufually  applied  to  any  other 
purpofe  than  that  of  exprefTmg  the  middle,  or  progreffive  ftate  of  an 
extended  adion.  In  defcribing  unfiniftied  adions,  i.  e.  aftions  in 
their  progreffive  ftate,  we  fay,  the  man  was  clothing  himfelf,  or  he  was 
covermo;  the  bones  with  earth.  But  in  reprefenting  the  efiefts  of  thefe 
actions  m  their  finiflied  ftate,  we  cannot  tranflate,  carbajfus  ^velahatt  by 
canvas  woas  clothing  him  ;  nor  ojpi  tegebat  humus y  by  earth  <was  co-uerhtg 
the  bones.     But  we  muft  fay,  canvas  clothed,  the  earth  covered,  &c/ 

After  briefly  exemplifying  the  tenfes  belonging  to  futuriC 
tame,  the  author  begins  to  examine  the  paffive  voice.  The 
Mfual  exemplification  of  the  prefent,  paft,  and  future  tenfes,  is 
given,  with  fome  appofite  remarks  on  the  ufe  of  them ;  and 
Mr.  P.  adds, 

»  The  diftin(ftion  between  perfe(fl  and  imperfed  tenfes  does  not  ex- 
tend to  verbs  which  denote  a  continued  energy,  or  affedion  of  the 
mind;  from  the  very  nature  of  them,  they  are  incapable  of  it:  their 
participles  in  ing  are  therefore  never  made  ufe  of  in  forming  compound 
tenfes.  We  do  not  fay,  /  am  lot-ing,  I  am  fearing,  I  am  bating,  I  am 
kppro-vingi  I  am  kntmjing ;  but  we  fay,  1  love,  I  fear,  I  haff,  1  approve, 
IknmjOy  &c.  Nor  do  we  fay,  /  have  been  loving ^  I  have  been  hating, 
&c.  but  /  have  loved,  I  have  hated,  &g«    Nor  ia  the  paifivc  voice  caa 

we 


Plckburne*j  Differtation  on  the  EngUJh  Verb,  67 

We  fay  that  any  things/,  or  has  bcen^  louing,  ox  fearing  ;  but  that  it  /V, 
or  has  been^  louedy  ot  feared.  For  thefe  verbs  exprefs  not  only  the  com- 
pletion or  ending,  but  likewife  the  continuance  of  energy,  or  aifedion, 
by  the  participle  in  ed,* 

This  diftindlion  is  clear  and  judicious. 

The  following  difcovery  being  novel,  and  to  the  ftudents 
of  pure  Latinity,  important,  we  fhail  give  it  in  the  author^s 
own  words : 

•  All  the  Latin  grammars  which  I  have  fcen,  appear  to  me  to  have 
made  a  miftake  in  the  formation  of  the  pretcrperfeif^  tenfe  paffive. 
They  direft  us  to  form  it  by  joining  either  the  prefent  or  the  prefer- 
perfed  tenfe  of  the  \tvh  fum  to  the  perfed  participle  ;  and  generally 
feem  to  conCder  adificata  eft^  and  cedijicatafuity  as  fynonyraous  expref- 
fions :  nor  do  they  tell  us  which  of  them  is  the  mod  G^mmonly  ufed. 
Ruddiman,  indeed,  has  attempted  to  point  out  a  diftinClion  between 
them.  He  fays»  *  By  domus  aedificata  eji^  I  mean  (imply  that  the  houfe 
'  is  finifhed,  without  any  regard  to  the  time  when ;  2edificatay«/V,  it  is 

•  finifhed,  and  fome  time  fince  has  intervened.*  Ward  makes  nearly 
the  fame  dillindion.  In  modem  Latin  authors,  it  is  not  uncommon 
to  find  fuit  joined  to  a  perfed  participle  :  but,  in  writers  of  claffical 
antiquity,  fuch  a  conftrudion  very  feldom  occurs.  With  a  view  to 
afcertain  this,  and  fome  other  points  relative  to  the  tcnfes  of  verbs,  I 
have  lately  read  a  great  part  of  Vidor,  Eutropius^  Nepos^  Jujlin,  Salli/fl, 
Cicero's  Orations ^  Phadrus,  O'vid's  Metamorphifes  and  TrijUa^  V^irgih  ho^ 
race^  Terence,  and  Jievenal.  But  I  have  only  been  able  to  colled  three 
and  twenty  inftances  oi  fuit'%  being  joined  to  a  perfed  participle :  and 
Hioft  of  thefe  are  very  fufpicious  cafes  ;  for  the  participles  with  vrhich 
they  are  compounded  are  frequently  ufed  as  nouns  or  adjedives. 
Whereas,  in  the  courfe  of  the  fame  reading,  I  found  innumerable 
(I  believe  I  may  fafely  fay  many  thoufand)  inftances  of  eji  joined  to 
the  fame  participle,' 

The  differtation  concludes  with  an  illuftration  of  the  com- 
pound tenfes,  and  of  the  infinitive  mode,  in  which  the  author's 
favourite  fubje£t  relating  to  participles  is  refumed,  and  more 
fully  explained.  It  is,  indeed,  interwoven  with  almofl:  every 
chapter  of  the  boofe.  Mr.  P.  afferts,  that  the  Latia  infinitive 
mode  is  ufed  as  a  noun  in  all  cafes  5  as,  Nom.  '  Dulce  eft  defipere 
in  loco.'  Hor.  Gen.  '  Poffe  loqut  eripetur.'  Ov.  Dat.  *  Laur 
dare  paratus.'  Juv.     Accuf  *  Reddes  dulce  loqui.^  Hor,     AbL 

*  Digna  legi,^  Hor.  We  leave  the  reader  to  form  his  own 
judgment  on  the  propriety  of  this  aflertion,  and  the  authority  of 

the  examples  j  but  we  proceed  with  pleafure  to  recommend 
fome  judicious  remarks  (too  copious  to  be  transcribed)  on  the  ufe 
of  the  infinitive*  ;  as  they  may  ferve  to  correfl:  a  fault  frequently 
committed  in  Englifh  grammar.  To  thefe  are  fubjoined,  a  few 
obfervations  on  the  fubjunftive  mode,  a  definition  of  the  verb, 
and  fome  ingenious  conjeftures  on  its  origin  in  language. 

*  Vid,  p.  136 — 147, 

F  2  The 


68  BOTANY. 

The  appendix  contains  additional  obfervations  on  the  French 
and  Latin  participles,  with  copious  illuftrations  from  the  claf- 
fics. 

We  muft  not  conclude  without  obferving,  that  the  author 
appears  to  write  with  real  modefty  and  candour  f  ;  and  that 
his  book  is  beautifully  printed  by  J.  Davis,  on  fine  writing 
paper.  I. 


Art.  XIII.  A  botanical  Arrangement  of  Britijh  Plants^  ^c. 
y§L  III.  Part  L  Coutaining^  i.  An  eafy  IntroduSiion  to  the 
Study  of  Botany.  2.  DireSiions  for  drying  and  preferving 
Specimens  of'  Plants,  3.  Dictionary  of  Englijh  botanical  Terms. 
4.  Latin  i'erms  of  Linnausy  accented  and  explained.  5.  Ex- 
planation  of  the  Plates.  6.  An  Index  to  the  two  firfi  Volumes^ 
6ff.  By  William  Withering,  M.  D.  F.  R.  s.  8vo.  157  p. 
and  10  plates,     Pr.  3s.  6d.  fewed.     Robinfons,     1789. 

In  the  preface  to  the  fecond  improved  and  enlarged  edition 
•f  this -very  ufeful  work,  dated  the  24th  of  Auguft,  1787,  the 
learned  author  declared  *  his  intention  of  publiflbing  his  third 
Tolume  in  the  courfe  of  the  enfuing  year.'  Probably  the  mul- 
tiplicity of  his  profeffional  engagements  might  delay  this  part 
of  it  a  year  longer.  *  The  purchafer  is  deiired  not  to  bind  it, 
but  to  wait  for  the  fecond  part,  which  will  compleat  the  work, 
and  which  will  be  publifhed  as  foon  as  it  can  be  got  ready,.  A 
full  title-page  to  the  third  volume  will  Ije  given  at  the  fame  time.' 

This  fecond  part  of  the  third  volume  is  to  contain  an  enu- 
meration and  defcription  of  Britifli  plants  belonging  to  the 
clafs  Cryptogamia,  and  will,  doubtlefs,  be  very  interefting  to 
all  fuch  as  enquire  into  the  minuter  vegetables.  In  the  mean 
time,  the  public  is  in  pofTeffion  of  the  more  neceflary  parts  of 
the  work,  particularly  the  index,  without  which  it  was  almoft 
ufelefs  to  many. 

In  the  introduftion,  the  parts  of  which  a  flower  confifts  are 
explained  y  and  the  explanation  is  illuftrated  by  a  familiar  in- 
ftance  of  the  crown  imperial.  Secondly,  the  mode  of  claflifi* 
cation  is  enlarged  upon  ;  the  divifion  of  vegetables  into  clafles, 
orders  and  genera,  is  explained ;  and  a  table  of  the'  clafles, 
according  to  the  Linnean  fyftem,  is  given,  referring  to  a  plate> 
which  may  be  found  at  the  head  of  the  firft  volume,  and  iJluf- 
trated  by  familiar  examples.  Thirdly,  rules  for  the  inveftiga- 
tion  of  plants  are  fct  down,  accompanied  with  eighteen  in- 
fiances  of  well-known  plants,  from  moft  of  the  difl^erent  claffes. 

+  The  frequent  recurrence  of  *  my  humble  opinion/  '  1  humbly 
think/  &c.  would  be  rather  fufpicious,  if  the  general  tenor  of  the 
diflertation  did  not  confirm  tb^  truth  of  our  remark. 

The 


Withering'^  Arrangement  of  Brltijh  Plants^  69 

The  direfiions  for  drying  and  preferving  fpecimens  of  plants, 
are  very  ample  and  judicious.  The  nicety,  however,  of  the 
execution,  depends  much  on  pra6lice  and  attention. 

The  di^ionary  of  terms  has  the  correfponding  Latin  terms 
ufed  by  Linne  ;  and  plants,  either  natives  of  our  ifland,  or 
common  in  gardens,  are  referred  to,  in  order  to  illuftrate 
them.  This  didionary  is  by  no  means  fo  full  as  that  of  Dr. 
Berkenhout;  and  it  is  well  known,  that  Dr.  Withering  does 
not  in  general  adopt  the  Linnean  terms,  but  tranflates  them 
into  Englifh.  We  think  that  many  of  his  terms  will  hardly 
become  current. 

The  lift  of  Latin  terms  ufed  by  Linne,  with  the  correfpond- 
ing Englifh  words,  will  be  very  ufeful  to  the  learner,  becaufe 
it  will  enable  him  to  underftand  other  botanical  works.  The 
accent  alfo  is  put  to  every  word.  It  muft  be  obferved,  how- 
ever, that  this  lift  doesf  not  always  correfpond  with  the  pre- 
ceding. Thus,  abortivi  is  tranflated  barren  ;  but  if  we  look 
for  barren  in  the  Englifh  diftionary,  we  find  the  equivalent 
Latin  term  to  be  mafculi^  not  abortivi^  which  we  fee  under 
abortive.,  Acinaciformis  is  VnxAzX^ii  fcymitar-Jhaped \  but  this 
Word  does  not  occur  in  the  Englilh  dfidionary.  Apex,  point ; 
aJfurgens,  rijing\  barba,  beard  \  bicapfularis,  two-capfuled -y  bi-  ^ 
fidus,  cleft^  or  cloven^  &c,  &c.  not  to  be  found  among  the 
Englifh  terms.  Some  of  the  Latin  words  are  alfo  ill  ren- 
dered; as  audus,  leafy  \  auriculatus,  ear-Jhaped'y  whereas  a 
leaf  is  fo  called  which  has  fmuU  appendages  like  ears  :  thus  we 
fay  a  two-eared  cup,  when  it  has  two  handles. 

The  plates  are  ten,  numbered  from  three  to  twelve  \  num- 
bers one  and  two  having  been  given  before.  They  are  moftly 
copied  from  the  Philofophia  Botanica  of  Linne,  with  fome  alte- 
rations however,  and  improvements.  They  are  all  explained 
in  the  oppofite  page. 

Thefe  are  followed  by  additions  to  the  two  firft  volumes  ; 
fix  pages  of  errata ;  rules  for  the  pronunciation  of  the  Lin- 
naean  names  ;  and  the  index. 

As  an  extrad,  we  fhall  give  the  rules  for  pronunciation, 

*  I.  The  Englifh  reader  is  defired  to  obferve,  that  the  accent,, 
or  the  force  of  the  voice,  is  to  be  thrown  upon  that  fyllable  or 
letter  which  precedes  the  mark.  Thus  in  Arbutus^  the  ar  is  to  be 
the  accented  or  flrongly  founded  fyllable ;  and  not  the  bu,  as  is 
commonly,  though  erroneoufly,  the  cafe. 

*  2.  That  the  letter  f,  at  the  end  of  a  name^  is  always  to  be 
founded:  thus  the  vfoxd  Elatine  is  to  be  pronounced  ^/ii/-/j.»^, 
with  four  fyllables,  and  not  E-la-tiffe, 

*  3.  That  in  words  ending  in  ides,  the  i  is  always  to  be  pro- 
Boanced  long. 

f  ^.  That  cb  is  to  be  pronounced  bard,  like  the  fetter  k. 

F  3  **5.  Tha 


7b  THEOLOGY.  f 

'  5.  That  in  words  beginning  with  f€e  and  fcl^  the  c  is  to  be 
pronounced  foft ;  though  it  is  allowed  that  fome  few  words  de- 
rived from  the  Grtek  are  exceptions  to  this  rule. 

*  6.  That  in  fuch  words  as  have  fch^  the  c  is  to  be  pronounced 
hax.d.     Thus  Scboe'nus  \%  to  be  pronounced  as  if  it  \\ere  writtea 

I  *  7.  That  c  and  g  before  e  and  /,  and  before  ae  and  oe  are  to  be 
pronounced  y^/,  but  before  the  other  vowels  and  diphthongs  hard  * 
The  public  have  now  been  in  pofleflion  of  the  two  former 
volumes,  which  were  publiflied  before  the  commencement  of 
our  Review,  long  enough  to  have  determined  concerning  their 
merits,  and  to  be  convinced  that  they  contain  a  great  body  of 
information  relative  to  the  plants  which  are  natives  of  Great 
Britain.  Dr.  Stokes's  references  to  plates  or  figures  of  plants, 
.  ranged  according  to  their  fidelity  or  excellence,  are  well  ima- 
gined, anJ  of  great  utility.  He  and  Mr.  Woodward  have  im- 
proved this  edition  with  abundance  of  good  defcriptions  azid 
obfervations.  M.  T. 


Art.   XIV.     Ledi^e  Uuren^  hefteed  tot  nuttige  overderi^jungen  : 
i,  e.  Leifure  Hours  employed  in  ufeful  Rejle£iions,     By  Johan- 
nes van  Eyk,  Minifter  at  Muiden.     Parts  1.  and  II.     Am- 
fterdam,  Martinus  de  Bruyn.     1786  and  1790*     8vo. 
The  firft  part  of  this  work  having  been  publiftied  folong  ago, 
it  does  not  fall  within  our  plan  to  give  any  particular  account  of 
it.     It   containSv  fix  difiertations   on  the  following  fubjecls  : 
en  the  different  ufe  of  the  names  of  God  in  the  beginning  of  the 
firji  book  of  Mofes, — On  the  time  of  Jacob'* s  going  to  Laban^  of  his 
two  marriages^  and  of  the  birth  of  his  fin  Levi, — On  the  firfi  lights 
and  the  waters  above  the  firmament^  mentioned  Genefis  /.   verfe 
3  and^» — On  Genefis  i,   verfe  ib^  which  pajfage  he  would  thus 
iranflate^  *  let  us   make  man  to  be  our  image,  &c.' — And  on 
the  proof  of  the  perfcSiion  of  Adam^s  reafon^   deduced  from,  his 
having  given  names  to  every  creature^  and  fro?n  his  having  known 
God  by  the  wind  of  the  day^  which  is  generally  fuppofed  to  be 
the  meaning  of  Gen.  iii.  verfe  8.     Thefe  fubjed^s  are  curious, 
and   Mr.   Van  Eyk's   fentiments  upon   thern   differ  in  many 
refpe(9s  from  thofe  commonly  adopted,  and  fhew  him  to  be  a 
man  of  acutenefs,  judgment,  and  ingenuity,  joined  with  great 
liberality  and  candour. 

The  fecond  part  contains  four  difl!er  tat  ions,  the  firft  of  which 
is  on  the  ferpent  which  tempted  Eve^  a  fubje(5i:  on  which  fo  much 
has  been  written,  and  of  which  fo  many  different  explanations 
have  been  given.  Mr.  Van  Eyk  rejects  the  opinion  that  this 
was  a  brute  ferpent,  not  feeming  to  know  that  it  was  ever 
embraced  by  any,  though  it  is  at  prefent  pretty  general  in  Ger- 
many, and  fupported  by  feveral  .refpe6table  writers;  and  alfa 
th«  more  common  ones  that  the  devil  alTumed  the  appearance 

of 


Van  EykV  RefleSHons.  'ji 

of  tliat  animal,  or  crept  into  a  real  ferpent ;  and  adopts  the  fup- 
pofition  already  broached  by  Amyraldus,   Vitringa,   Heinfius, 
and  Gerard,  that  there  was  no  ferpent  at  all  in  the  cafe,  but 
that  it  was  the  devil  alone  who  was  the  tempter.     To  this  fu{)- 
pofition  he  endeavours  to  add  fome  new  weight,  hut  we  find 
little  different  from  what  has  been  faid  by  the  above  mentioned 
"writers^    In  combating  the  notion  of   a  brute  ferpent  being 
made  ufe  of  in  this  tranfadlion,  from  the  injuftice  that  would 
have  been  in  the  fentence  pafled  by  God  upon  it  and  its  feed, 
he  afks,  '  who  can  pretend  to  juftify  fuch  feverity,  which  would 
have  punifted  all  the  feed  of  this  ferpent,  for  the  trarifgrefBon 
committed  by  the  parent?'  This  feems  uncommon  language  for 
a  Calvinift  to  ufe,  who  vindicates  a  fimilar  proceeding  towards 
the'  pofterity  of  Adam.     The  queftion,  *  if  the  devil  did  not 
appear  to  Eve  in  the  form  of  a  ferpent,  how  was  it  poffible  for 
him  to  converfe  with  her?'  he  anfwers  by  another,  '  Was  It 
neceffary,  that  for  this  purpofe  he  ftiould  affume  an  external 
appearance?  cannot  a  fpirit  have  intercourfe  with  a  fpirit  with- 
out   any   outward    mode    of    communication?*    And  if  one 
a(k,  how  could  Eve  know  that  the  fuggeftions  fhe  then  had 
arofe  from  the  devil,  if  ftie  did  not  fee  him  ?  he  again  anfwers, 
•  if  (he  had  feen  a  ferpent,  how  could  ftie  know  that  it  was  the 
devil  and  not  the  ferpent  itfclf  that  fpoke  to  her  ?' 

The  next  diflertation  is  on  Genefis  iii.  8.  his  thoughts  on 
which  paflage  he  had  promifed  in  the  conclufion  of  the  firft 
part.  Though  commentators  differ  in  forne  refpefts  in  their 
explanations  of  thefe  words,  yet  they  pretty  generally  agree, 
that  the  wind  here  mentioned  was  a  particular  wind  which 
only  blew  at  a  certain  time  of  the  day,  and  which  was  always 
the  forerunner  of  God's  manifeftation  of  himfelf  to  the  primi- 
tive pair  ;  and  it  is  doubtlefs  from  this  fenfe  of  the  words  that 
they  have  been  led  to  conclude  that  Adam  knew  God  by  the 
wind  of  the  day^  and  turned  this  into  an  argument  of  the  per- 
fection of  his  reafon*  It  feenis,  however,  furprizing  to  Mr. 
Van  Eyk,  that  whatever  might  have  been  the  perfection  of 
Adam's  reafon,  it  could  never  have  occurred  to  any  one  to  feek 
for  a  proof  of  it  in  this  palTage,  even  according  to  this  inter-j 
pretation  of  it.  But  though  he  acknowledges  that  this  inter- 
pretation is  fpecious,  yet  he  does  not  think  it  fo  well  founded  as 
is  generally  imagined,  and  therefore  propofes  another  which  is 
not  merely  ingenious,  but  feems  to  us  better  to  agree  with 
Mofes'  defign  in  this  place.  He  obferves,  that  in  the  language, 
which  Moles  fpake,  the  word  rendered  voice^  fignifiesi  ia 
general,  every  kind  of  found,  and  that  it  is  often  ufed  to  denote 
particularly  the  awful  found  of  thunder,  and  that  though  it 
may  appear  ftrange  to  us,  that  a  found,  that  the  thunder  (hould 
be  faid  to  walk^  yet  that  this  mode  of  fpeech  is  not  unufual  to  ^ 
the  writers  of  the  Old  Teftament ;  that  the  ixpreffion  the  wind^ 

F  4  or. 


72  t»E©LOGY* 

or,  as  it  is  in  our  verfion,  the  cool  of  the  day^  fignifies  in  general 
the  daily  windy  in  like  manner,  as  work  of  the  day^  portion  of  the 
dayy  means  daily  work^  daily  portion  \  and  that  there  feems  no 
rcafon  to  confine  it  to  a  certain  wind  which  only  blew  at 
a  particular  ftated  time  of  the  day  ;  that  therefore  this  ex*- 
prefljon  feems  to  fp<?cify  not  fo  much  the  time  as  the  occafioa 
on  which  Adam  heard  the  thui)der — the  fuddennefs,  the  unex-^ 
pe<Sednefs  of  •the  event.  From  thefe  obfervations,  he  is  led  to 
jincjej-ftand  the  pafliage  as  implying,  that  hitherto  Adam  and 
Eve  had  enjoyed  a  peaceful  ferene  life,  undifturbed  by  any  vicif-^ 
fitudes  of  weather  or  tjie  rage  of  jarring  elements ;  but  that 
now  after  their  tranfgrpffion,  while  nature  ftill  retained  her 
ufual  fmiling  afpe6l,  and  there  was  v\o  appearance  of  any  altera- 
tion, they  were  all  at  once  alarmed  with  a  dreadful  tempeft, 
accompanied  with  thunder  and  lightning,  which  feemed  to 
threaten  univerfa)  deftruftion. 

This  explanation  he  fupports  from  confidering  the  nature  of 
the  cafe, 'which  was  to  uflier  in  God  in  the  character  of  ^ 
judge;  and  it  feems  a  very  fuitable  introdu<5lion  to  fucl^  a 
folemn  occafion;  and  from  the  fimilarity- there  will  then  be 
here  to  thpfe  outward  tokens  of  his  majefty,  with  which  God 
in  after  times  generally  accompanied  his  appearances  to  the 
children  of  men;  fuch  as  that  to  Mofes  from  the  burning 
^u{h,  to  the  Ifraelite?  at  Sina,  to  Job  and  his  friends,  and  a3 
we  are  taught  yvill  take  place  at  the  day  of  judgment.     And 

!his  explanation,  he  thinks,  will  throw  fome  light  on  that  paf- 
age,  in  which  Adam  fays  to  God,  *  I  hpard  thy  yoice  in  the 
farden  ;  and  I  was  afraid  hecaufe  I  was  naked  \  and  I  hid  myfelf.* 
Vom  the  connexion  it  appears,  that  Adanj  and  Eve  had 
already  made  themfelves  aprons,  and  therefore  had  np  reafon  to 
be  afliamdd  of  their  nakednefs ;  and  according  to  Mr.  Van 
tyk  there  feems  no  foundation  for  tl^eir  (bame  before  God, 
even  if  they  had  been  naked.  He  therefore  fuppofes  the  mean- 
ing tp  be,  that  Ajdam,  from  his  being  in  a  manner  nailed,  wag 
not  able  to  witjiftand  the  fury  of  the  ftorm  to  which  he  was 
now  exppfed,  and  tp  which  he  was  entirely  unaccuftomcd,  and 
endeavoured  to  flidter  himfelf  from  its  rage  among  the  trees  of 
jthe  garden*.  He  thinks  like  wife  th^t  the  above  explanation 
>vill.  I(;a4  us  bettpf  to  underftand  the  manner  in  which  God 
drove  Adam  and  Eve  out  pf  Paradife.  This  it  feems  probable 
to  him  was  )>y  qieans  of  the  ftorm  which  purfqed  them  till  it 
pbliged  them  to  cjuit  ip,  and  which  exteiiding  no  farther  than 
the  boundaries  of  the  garden,  pccafioned  that  appparance  which 
is  called  the  cherubipns,  and  the  {laming  fword  which  turned 
every  way  to  prevent  their  returning,  and  to  keep  the  way  of 
fhe  tr^e  of  life.  This,  however,  he  only  gives  as  a  conjedture, 
and  it  certainly  is  very  plaufible,  and  leaves  us  room  to  hope. 


Vap  EykV ,  Rejle^iont.  73 

that  at  fome  future  time  he  may  take  the  fubjeS  into  farther 
confideration. 

The  fubjciSl  of  the  following  diflertation,  h  thefentence  pajfed 
upon  the  devily  Gen.  iii.  1:4,  15.  in  which  he  inquires  into  th^ 
reafons  why  the  dtvil  received  his  fentence  before  Adam  and 
Eve,  and  why  this  fentenire  was  paffed  upon  him  without  his 
being  previoufly  examined;     He  next  confiders  the  fentence 
itfelf  then  paffed  upon  him.   'On  the  firft  part  of  it,  becaufe  thou 
bajf  done  this^  he  obferves,  that  -as  we  are  intirely  ignorant  what 
his  condud  and  ftate  were  previous  to  this  period,  thefe  words 
would  feem  to  imply,  that 'his  being  the  tempter  of  our  firft 
parents  was  the  origin  of  his  fall,  and   reduced  him  to  that 
wretched  fituation  in  whicl^,  he  is  generally  fuppofed  to  be. 
Mr.  Van^tyk's  interpretation  of  the  words,  and  J  will  put  en^ 
mity  between  thy  feed  and  her  feed^  ^c,  differs  a  little  from  that 
given  to  them  by  the  generality  of  commentators.     By  the 
feed  of  the  ferpent  is  commonly  underftood,  wicked  men  in  all 
ages,   and  by  that  of  the  woman,  Chrift  and  all  good  men ; 
whereas  he  would  confine  the  latter  expreffion  to  Chrift  alonc^ 
and  the  former  to  the  Jews  who  crucified  him.     Speaking  of 
the  promife  here  made   by  God  to  our  firft  parents,  he  has 
the  following  wonderful  remark,  which  fhews  to  what  length  a 
fenfiblfj    man  will   go   in  favour   of  pre-conceived   opinions. 
*  Whb  can  doubt,  but  that  the  father^  who  here  gives  the  firft  . 
intimation*  of  his  only  begotten  fon^  inftru(Sed  the  original  pair  at 
the  fame  time,  in  the  knowledge  of  the  Holy  Ghoji?  Who  can 
doubt,  but  that  Adam  believed  at  this  moment,  and  was  faved?* 
This  is  like  hunting  the  myfteries  of  faith  out  of  a  whin-buft}. 
The  laft  differtation  is  on  the  dire^lons  given  by  the  apojlle 
Paul  to  the  Corinthians^  with  refpeSf  to  the  celebration  of  the  ordi^ 
nance  of  the  Lord^s  [upper ^   i  Corinth,  xi.     it  has  fared  with 
this  pafiage,  as  with  many  others  of  the  facred  writings ;  it  has 
been  taken  out  of  the  connexion  in  which  it  ftands,  and  ap- 
plied to  all  Chriftians  in  general,  and  to  the  condudt  they  have 
to  obferve  with  refpe61:  to  the  ordinance  of  the  Lord's  fupper. 
Hence  the  many  fuperftitious  notions  which  have  been  adopted 
concerning  this  rite,  as  if  it  had  fomething  in  it  peculiarly  ^ 
facred  above  any  other  a£t  of  religion,  as  if  all  the  a£ts  of  re- 
ligion had  not  equal  fandtity,  as  if  it  required  fome  extraordi- 
nary preparation,  and  fome  ftrange  and  wonderful  cffe£ls  were 
to  be  expedled  from  it;  and  hence  many  fincere  Chriftians 
have  been  terrified  from  engaging  in  it,  from  an  opinion  that 
they  were  not  worthy  to  partake  of  it ;  have  been  deprived  of 
much  of  their  comfort,  and  often  rendered  extremely  miftrable, 
from  an  apprehenfion  of  their  having  «xpofed  themfclves  to  the 
judgements  of  God.     Thefe  abufes  are  of  a  \tx'j  ferious  na- 
ture, and  have  long  loudly  called  for  correSion.     Of  this  Mr. 
yan  Eyk  feems  very  fenfible,  and  therefore  from  a  full,  accu- 
*'"'''■'  rate| 


74  THEOLOGY. 

rate,  and  judicious  examination  of  this  whole  chapter,  fets  the 
fubjeift  in  its  true  and  proper  light.  Our  limits  will  not  allow 
us  to  give  a  particular  account  of  what  he  fays  on  it,  but  wc 
cannot  fufEciently  recommend  it  to  the  attention  of  humble  be- 
lievers, who  arc  apt  to  entertain  too  low  thoughts  of  them- 
felvcs,  and  too  high  ones  of  **the  fandlity  of  this  ordinance,  and 
of  the  preparation  neceffary  for  joining  in  it,  fo  as  to  difquiet 
thenifelves  with  vain  fears  about  their  worlhinefs  to  communicate, 
and  perhaps  even  to  ahftain  from  communicating  altogether. 
Such  will  here  find  their  doubts  fa^isfacSorily  removed,  the 
nature  of  the  ordinance  clearly  explained,  the  meaning  of  the 
apoftle's  exhortation  pointed  out  when  applied  to  the  Corin- 
thiai  s,  to  whom  it  was  addreflcd,  and  whofe  (hameful  behaviour 
gave  rife  to  it ;  and  the  proper  ufe  that  Chriftians  in  -general 
Tnay  make  of  it  for  regulating  their  condudl  with  refpeii  to 
this  religious  ceremony,  that  they  may  engage  in  it  with  com- 
fort, and  derive  ihofe  happy  efFecSls  from  it,  which  it  was  in- 
tended, and  is  naturally  calculated  to  produce.      ^        A.  G. 

Art.  XV.  Obfervations  on  prophetic  Times  and  SimilitudeSj 
as  they  relate  to  the  Church  and  the  Worlds  from  the  Vifions  of 
the  Mojlle  Johny  compared  with  other  Scriptures^  being  a  com  - 
fendious  Explanation  of  the  Book  of  Revelation.  In  FiiJt  Parts. 
Part  I.  By  James  Purves.  8vo.  p.  200,  Pr.  2s.  Edin-. 
burgh,  Rofs ;  London,  Marfom. 

We  like  this  author's  principles  of  religious  liberty,  bet- 
ter than  his  canons  of  interpretation,  which  we  think  are 
often  ianciful.  This  firft  part  contains  an  explanation  of 
the  Epfftles  to  the  Seven  Churches ;  or,  as  he  thinks  them, 
ftates  of  the  church  in  different  periods ;  after  which  he  fup- 
pofes  there  is  a  more  full  reprefentation  of  things,  relating 
both  to  the  church  and  world,  in  the  following  parts  of  the 
book.  We  cannot  help  thinking  the  divifion  of  St.  John  him- 
fclf  into  *  the  things  which  are,'  and  '  thofe  which  fhall  be 
hereafter,'  fufliclently  juftifies  Mr.  Lowman's  opinion,  that 
thcfe. letters  relate  to  the  then  prefent  ftate  of  feven  real,  not 
figurative  churches. 

Mr.  Purves  docs  not  go  upon  the  plan  of  Brightman,  (whom 
in  other  refpeds  he  moft  refembles)  of  eflimating  the  refpec- 
tive  purity  of  thefe  periods  of  the  churches,  by  the  latitude  of 
the  places  which  are  fuppofed  to  reprefent  them ;  he  deduces 
their  charaSers  from  the  fancied  etymology  of  their  names. 
Thus  Ephefus  fignifics  defirable^  and  fitly  expreffes  the  flate  of 
the  apoltolic  church,  the  members  of  which  were  of  one  heart 
and  mind.  The  Nicolaitans,  or  over  corners  of  the  people^  de- 
note thcfe  who  by  the  exercife  of  worldly  power  have  deprived 
the  people  of  their  juft  rights.— rS my rna,  ox  7nyrrh^  has  an  ex- 

'ceeding 


TI}e  Book  of  Common  Prayer  Reformed.  75 

ceeding  bitter  tafie,  but  an  agreeable  fmell,  and  is  therefore  a 
fit  emblem  of  a  ftate  of  bitter  fufferings,  which  difenga(>;ing 
the  hearts  from  the  world,  and  turning  their  defires  unto  God, 
make  them  become  a  fw^et  favour  unto  God,  &c. — Perga- 
mos,  high  and  lofty^  the  exalted  ftate  of  the  church  after  the 
fell  of  the  heathen  power  in  the  Roman  empire. — ^^Thyp.tira, 
killer  of  vi^ims^  the  perfecutions  of  popery  before  the  reforma- 
tion.— Sardis,  a  proud  and  noble  city,  reprefents  a  fplendid 
church  fuccefHon,  which  has  a  reputable  name  in  the^v/orld, 
where  the  king  fits  as  its  fupreme  head.  It  fignifies  carnal 
hondsy  and  therefore  well  reprefents  the  carnal  motives  which 
had  too  much  influence  in  the  reformation,  particularly  in  Eng- 
land.— Philadelphia,  or  brotherly  love^  is  a  fit  name  for  the  pe- 
riod introdudlory  of  the  feventh  and  laft,  that  of  the  Laodi- 
ceans,  or  ju/i  people^  or,  as  Pafor  explains  it,  the  rights  of  the 
people }  in  which  all  the  ufurpers  of  the  rights  and  privileges  of 
the  people  fhall  be  cut  off. 

In  a  kind  of  appendix,  the  author  aflerts  the  fupremacy  of 
Chrift,  not  only  over  all  fpiritual,  but  all  civil,  conftitutions  : 
ivith  what  confiftency  with  our  Lord's  declaration  that  his  king- 
dom is  not  of  this  world,  we  leave  him  to  make  out. — He  con- 
cludes with  an  elaborate  explanation  of  fomc  of  the  prophecies 
relating  to  the  final  reftoration  and  pre-eminence  of  the  Jews, 
and  attempts  to  point  out  many  of  the  ufes  of  Jerufalem,  con- 
fidered  as  the  metropolis  of  all  nations  ;  for  which  he  has  a 
map  to  fhew  that  it  is  particularly  well  lituated,  which  many 
of  his  readers  will  think  fanciful  enough.  The  moft  capital 
of  thefe  ufes  appears  to  be,  that  it  may  become  the  feat  of  a 
general  congrefs  for  framing  regulations  for  the  good  of  man- 
kind ;  and  for  fettling  fuch  differences  as  may  arife  among 
the  nations  in  an  equal  and  amicable  manner. 

Art.  XVI.  T})e  Book  of  Common  Prayer  of  the  Church  of 
Englandy  reformed  upon  Unitarian  Principles  ;  together  zvith  the 
Pfalter  or  Ffalms  of  David,  Crown  8vo.  p.  ^80.  Pr.  4s. 
in  baards.  Newcaftle,  Charnley;  London, /Longman, 
1789. 

Leaving  the  important  queftion  concerning  the  expediency 
of  a  revifal  of  our  articles  and  liturgy  to  be  fettled  by  the  noble 
*  layman,'  his  opponents  and  coadjutors  ;  and  without  inter- 
fering between  th,e  Socinians  and  the  Editors  of  this  revifal, 
whofe  claim  the  former  will  probably  difpute  to  the  title  of 
Unitarians  (though  we  confefs  we  fee  no  good  reafon  why  ail 
may  not  be  allowed  to  claim  the  title,  even  according  to  their 
reftridied  fenfe  of  it,  who  worfliip  one  divine  perfon  or  being 
only  s)  wefliall  content  ourfelves  with  briefly  ftating  the  prin- 
cipal alterations  which  we  have  obferved  in  this  new  edition  of 
the  Book  of  Common  Prayer. 

■  In 


76  THEOLOGY. 

In  the  table  of  leiTons  we  were  furprifed  to  find  no  alterations,. 
Even  the  ftory  of  7" obit  and  the  amorous  Devil,  of  Sufannah, 
and  of  Bel  and  the  Dragon,  are  fufFered  to  'keep  their  accuf- 
tomed  places. 

In  the  general  confefHon,  the  v/ords  *  and  there  is  no  healtH 
in  us,'  are  omitted.  And  the  abfolution  is  pronounced  in  the 
following  manner,  *  Almighty  God,  the  Father  of  our  Lord 
Jefus  Chrift,  defireth  not  the  death  of  a  finner,  but  rather  that 
he  may  turn  from  his  wickedneis  and  live.  He  therefore  par- 
done  th,  &c/ 

For  the  Gloria  Pat.ri  is  every  where  fubftituted  the  follow- 
ing doxology,  *  To  God  be  glory  in  the  churches  by  Jefus 
Chrift>  throughout  all  generations.  Glory  be  to  God  in  the 
higheft,  and  on  earth  peace,  good  will  towards  men.*      <^ 

in  the  Te  Deum  wc  find  the  following  alteration.  ^C^h^ 
Father  of  an  infinite  Majefty;  who  haft  manifefted  thyfelf  by 
thy  true  and  only  Son  ;  and  by  the  Holy  Ghoft,  the  comforter. 
Wc  acknowledge  thy  Chrift  to  be  the  king  of  ^iory,  &c.  wh^ 
when  he  took  upon  him,'  &c.  in  the  third  perfon. 

The  So;ig  of  the  Three  Children  is  omitted. 

In  the  Apoftlcs  Creed,  the  defcent  into  hell,  the  holy 
catholic  church,  and  the  communion  of  faints,  are  opnitted. 
It  is  fcarcely  neceflary  to  obferve,  that  the  other  two  creeds 
ai'e  not  to  be  found. 

In  fcveral  of  the  prayers  for  the  king  *  our  moft  gracious'  fon 
vercign  is  retained  -,  in  others  it  is  altered  to  '  thy  fervant 
George,  &c.' 

In  the  prayer  for  the  bifliops  *  and  minifters  of  the  gofpel/ 
the  claufe  '  who  alone  workeft  great  marvels,'  is  changed  into 
*  who  art  the  author  of  every  good  and  perfecl  gift.' 

The  colledt  for  aid  againft  perils,  in  the  evening  prayer,  is 
altered  as  follows ; 

*  O  God,  the  protedlor  of  all  wlio  truft  in  thee,  with  whom  there  is 
no  (badow  of  darknefs ;  defend  us,  we  befcech  thee,  from  all  the 
dangers  and  evil  accidents  of  the  approaching  night,  and  keep  us  by 
thy  watchful  providence  in  peace  and  fafety ;  fo  that  fecurcd  by  thy 
merciful  providence,  we  may  rife  to  thank  and  praife  thee  for  all  thy 
bleffings  beftowed  upon  us,  through  Jefus  Chrift,  &c.' 

The  three  firft  petitions  in  the  Litany  are  addrefled  to  God 
the  Father,  thus, 

*  O  God  the  Father' Almighty,  maker  of  heaven  and  earth,  have 
mercy  upon  us,  miferable  finners. 

*  O  God  who  by  the  precious  blood  of  thy  only  begotten  Son,  hafl 
purchafed  to  thyfelf  a  holy  church,  and  placed  it  under  thy  continual 
proteftion,  &c. 

*  O  God,  who  by  thy  holy  fpirit  doll  govern,  direct  and  fandUfy 
the  hearts  of  all  thy  faithful  fervants,  have  mercy,  &c.* 

The  Litany  is  alfo  much  curtailed,  and  altered,  as  might  be 
expected. 

,   The 


An  Apology  for  the  Liturgy*  yf 

*The  occafional  prayers  we  were  furprifed  to  find  unaltered* 
Even  the  prayer  againft  Plague  or  Sickncfs,  the  conclufion  of 
which  ('  like  as  thou  didft  then  accept  of  an  atonement,  fo  it 
may  now  pleafe  the^e  to  withdraw  this  pkgue  and  ficknefs 
through  Jefus  Chrift')  we  fhould  have  expelled  the  editors 
would  have  obje<Sed  to. 

In  the  collects,  as  every  where  elfe,  thefe  Trinitarian  con* 
clufions  and  doxologies  are  expunged. 

^d  Ad-vent,  *  Almighty  God,  who  at  thy  Son's  firft  coming.  Sec' 
/^h  Ad'vent.  •  O  Lord,  we  befeech  thee  caufe  the  power  of  thy  true 
religion  to  fhew  forth  itfelf  effectually  among  us,  that  we,  thoroughly 
fotrfaking  all  fin  and  wicked nefs,  and  conltantly  applying  ourfelves  to 
obey  thy  commandments,  may  finally  be  admitted  into  thine  everlajft- 
ing  kingdom.  Sec' ^^  Stephen  \  *  Who  prayed  that  his  rnurderers 
might  obtain  forgivenefs  through  the  interceffion  of  the  bleffod  Jefus, 
who  llandeth.  See' — Epiphany,  *  May  after  this  life  be  admitted  into 
thy  glorious  prefence.' — ift  Sunday  in  Lent-,  *  O  God,  whofe  bleHedfon 
fubmitted  to  faft,  &c.' — Good  Friday,  iftColka^  «  We  befeech  thcc 
gracioufly  to  behold  thy  houlhold  the  church,  &:c. — crofs :  -and  2& 
thofe  fparedfl  not  thine  own  fon,  but  freely  delivered  him  up  for  us 
all,  fo  we  befeech  thee  to  give  us  all  other  good  things  which  thoa 
knowcft  to  be  expedient  for  us,  through  Scc*-r^Trinifj  Sunday  ;  *  Al- 
mighty and  everlafling  God,  %yho,  by  thy  fon  Jefus  Chrilt  hall  com- 
manded all  that  believe  in  him  to  be  baptized  in  the  name  of  the  Fa- 
ther, and  of  the  Son,  and  of  the  Holy  Spirit ;  grant  that  we,  always 
duly  remembering  our  baptifmal  covenant,  may  in  all  things  obey  the 
rules  of  that  moft  holy  Gofpel,  which  Thou,  our  Almighty  Father, 
Jiaft  revealed  to  us  by  thy  Son,  and  confirmed  by  the  manifold  tefH- 
mony  of  the  Holy  Spirit;  grant  this,  O  heavenly  Father,  througli 
Jefus  Chrifl  our  only  Mediator  and  Advocate,  S:c* 

SVhe  Communian  Service  is  much  amended. — The  Exhor- 
taffon  in  the  Office  for  Baptifm  is  taken  word  for  word  trom 
Mr.  Lindfey,  and  a  better  could  fcarcely  have  been  found. 

Upon  the  whole, we  think  that  the  Editors  have  performed 
a  very  acceptable  fervice  to  thofe  who,  being  diilatisfied  with  the 
prefent  fervice  of  the  church,  flill  continue  to  attend  its  wor- 
Ihip.  To  fuch  perfons  we  would  recommend  it  to  furnifh  them- 
felves  with  this  edition,  which  they  will  find  little  difficulty  in 
accommodating  to  the  order  of  public  worlhip,  even  while  it 
continues  to  be  condudicd  according  to  the  prefent  form. 

The  Editors  give  notice,  that  they  are  ready  to  publifh  the 
occafional  Services  of  the  Church,  correfted  in  the  fame  man- 
ner, if  they  fhall  be  informed  that  it  is  likely  to  be  acceptable. 

V.  F. 


Art.  XVII.  A  Vindication  of  the  DoSlrines  and  Liturgy  of  the 
Church  of  England  \  in  Anfwer  to  a  Pamphlet  entitled  ^  Hints 
to  the  New  AJfociation  and  other  late  Publications  of  a  fuiilar 
Tendency^  in  a  Letter^  from  a  Gentleman  in  the  Country  to  a 
Friend  in  Town,''     8vo.  59  p:     Pr.  is.  6d.  Debrett.   1790. 

This 


yS  T  H  E  O  t  O  0  V. 

"  This  is  the  moft  mafterly,  and  at  the  fame  time  the  moft: 
liberal,  defence  of  the  articles  and  liturgy  of  the  church  of 
England,  v/hich  has  hitherto  fallen  under  our  infpeftion. 
After  expofing,  with  fome  keen  but  polifhed  raillery,  the  opi- 
nion fupported  by  the  author  of  the  '  Hints,'  that  the  immo- 
rality of  the  age  is  to  be  chiefly  attributed  to  the  defeats  of 
the  national  liturgy,  our  author  proceeds  to  a  vindication  of 
the  clergy  from  the  infmuation  of  betraying  their  confciences 
from  fecular  motives.  He  next  inquires  whether  the  church 
would  be  a  gainer  in  numbers  or  not  from  the  furrender  of 
certain  dodlrines,  which  he  determines  in  the  negative.  A 
fhort  hiftory  of  the  compilation  and  different  revifals  of  the 
liturgy  follows,  whence  the  author  deduces  the  conclufion  that 
no  further  revifion  is  neceflary.  We  are  next  prefented 
with  the  moft  able  defence  of  the  Athanafian  creed  that  we 
have  feen,  by  parallel  pafl'ages  from  fcripture  and  the  early 
fathers.  The  objections  alfo  of  the  '  Country  Curate,'  are 
combated  with  much  ability.  The  difputed  text,  i  John  v.  7. 
is  defended.  The  expediency  of  a  new  tranflation  of  the  Bible, 
by  authority,  is  examinedj  on  which  topic  many  of  the  author's 
fentiments  appear  forcible  and  juft.  The  whole  concludes 
ivith  a  fpirited  exhortation  to  the  nobility  and  gentry  to  form 
an  effe^five  aflbciation  in  favour  of  religion  and  virtue,  by  a 
prohibition  of  gambling  in  their  own  families,  and  an  endea- 
vour to  procure  the  public  fuppreflion  of  gaming-houfes  ;  by 
the  obfervance  of  the  fabbath,  the  withholding  their  children 
from  the  contagion  of  public  fchools,  &c.  &c. 

The  ingenious  author  has  honoured  us  with  a  note,  (p.  16) 
and  we  are  forry  to  add,  has  departed  from  his  wonted  libera- 
lity in  reprefenting  the  Analytical  Review  as  the  echo  of  a 
party.  We  are  well  convinced,  that  :f  the  names  of  our  re- 
viewers were  made  public,  our  journal  would  appear  to  be 
conducted  on  as  liberal  a  plan  as  it  is  poflible  to  adopt  in  fuch 
a  publication.  It  is  our  earneft  wifh  to  do  juftice  to  all  par- 
ties, but  to  appear  as  the  champions  of  none  ;  and  the  charac- 
ter which  we  have  given  of  the  very  pamphlet  which  is  now  under 
our  examination,  v^^ill,  we  hope,  convince,  its  author  that  we 
are  difpofed  to  treat,  with  the  utmoft  liberality,  both  the  efta- 
blifhed  church  and  all  its  fair  and  confcientious  advocates. 

Art.  xviii.  An  Aphkgy  for  the  Liturgy  and  Clergy  of  the 
Church  of  England^  in  Anfjuer  to  a  Pamphlet  entitled  *  HlntSy 
&c.'  Subtnitted  to  the  ferious  Attention  of  the  Clergy^  Nobility^ 
and  Gentry  ^ewly  affociated.  By  a  Layman,  in  a  Letter  to 
the  Author  by  a  Clergyman.  8vo.  95  p.  Price  is.  6d. 
Riyingtons.  1 790. 
This  pamphlet  is  inferfor  both  in  ftyle  and  argument  to  the 

former.     It  is  more  diiTufe,  and  yet  more  barren  of  fa<3:s  and 
5  fenti- 


On  the  Expediency  of  revifing  the  Liturgy^  t^c.  yq 

fentiments.  The  author  is,  however,  well  verfed  in  the  hiftorjr 
of  the  Englifh  liturgy ;  and  the  chief  and  moft  valuable  part 
of  the  pamphlet  conhfts  of  a  number  of  facts  relative  to  that 
fubje<ft.  The  arrangement  of  the  matter  is  nearly  the  fame 
as  in  the  preceding  article,  and  confifts  of  a  vindication  of  the 
clergy,  an  account  of  the  compilation,  &c.  of  the  liturgy,  and 
an  examination  of  the  fentiments  of  eminent  divines  concern- 
ing it.  We  do  not  fee  with  what  propriety  the  author  intro- 
duces the  teft  aft  into  this  difpute  ;  on  which,  however,  he 
advances  nothing  new.  His  cenfure  alfo,  or  rather  abufe,  of 
a  moft  refpedlable  divine  (Dr.  Symonds)  we  hold  it  our  duty 
to  reprobate.  As  there  is  nothing  in  the  do6tor's  late  publica- 
tion to  warrant  fuch  treatment,  we  ftiould  fufpeft  it  to  be  the- 
didtate  of  private  refentment  and  malignancy,  did  we  not  know 
the  unjufti liable  warmth  into  which  theological  controverfy  too 
frequently  betrays  the  pious  combatants. 

Art.  XIX.  Confiderations  on  the  Expediency  of  revifing  the  Lt^ 
iurgy  and  Articles  of  the  Church  of  England 'y  in  which  Notice 
is  taken  of  the  Objections  to  that  Meafure  urged  in  two  late 
Pamphlets.  By  a  Confiftent  Proteftant.  8vo.  112  p. 
Pr.    IS.  6d.     Cadell.     1790. 

Excepting  the  few  reprehenfibleexpreiJaons,  which  wenoticed 
in  the  apology,  we  have  feldom  feen  a  controverfy  conducted 
with  fo  much  moderation  and  good  manners  as  the  prefent* 
The  pamphlet,  which  is  now  before  us,  is  intended  as  a  reply  to 
the  two  preceding  publications  in  favour  of  the  Liturgy,  and 
is  a  very  liberal  and  able  production.  The  author  pleads,  in 
favour  of  innovation  in  general,  that  fevpral  n'alutary  inno- 
vations have  been  adopted  even  during  the  courfe  of  the  prefenc 
reign.  He  declares  in  favour  of  an  eftablifhed  maintenance  for 
the  teachers  of  religion ;  and  does  not  confider  tythes  as  a  tax 
raifed  on  individuals. — He  conceives  it  unreafonable  to  call  on 
the  friends  of  reform  to  ftate  theix  particular  objections ;  but 
refers  to  fcveral  publications,  in  which  the  objectionable  paf- 
fages  in  the  Liturgy  are  pointed  out.  He  next  enumerates 
feveral  of  the  alterations  which  were  propofcd  by  the  commif- 
fioners  in  1689.  """^^  Athanafian  creed  is  cenfured  by  this 
author,  not  becaufe  he  profefles  to  difTent  from  the  dpClrine  of 
the  Trinity,  but  becaufe  he  conceives  the  damnatory  claufes 
inexcufable.  He  apprehends  no  lefs  danger  to  an  eftablifhment 
from  the  obftinacy  of  its  own  members,  than  from  the  inno- 
vating fpirit  of  fe^aries.  He  next  examines  the  American  re- 
formed^ liturgy,  which,  though  it  does  not  rejeCt  any  6f  the 
do<£krines  of  the  Church  of  England,  is  yet  proved  to  differ 
materially  from  ours.  Our  author's  plan  of  reform  is  contained 
in  the  following  extraCl : 

'That 


*  Thit  a  commiflion  fhould  be  iffued,  impowcfiiig  an  e(](tal 
toumbe^  of  laymen  and  churchmen^  to  revife  the  liturgy ;  and  tcf 
propofe  to  the  coniideration  of  Parliament,  .fiKh  alterations  in  it  as 
they  fhoald  think  fit ;  having  refpeft  in  the  execution  of  thcif 
office  CO  what  was  done  by  the  commiflioners  in  i68a,  to  what 
has  iince  been  offered  from  the  prefs  in  various  publications,  and  to 
what  has  been  adopted  in  the  Liturgy  of  the  Epifcopalian  Church 
in  America.-^That  fubfcription  to  the  59  Articles  of  Religion,  and 
to  the  2d  and  3d  articles  of  the  36th  canon,  and  the  declaration 
of  affent  and  confent  to  the  book  of  Common  Prayer,  fhould  be 
laid  afide  wholly,  unlefs  it  fhould  be  thought  fit  to  prefervc  the 
fubfcription  to  articles  made  againfl  Popery.-^^That  ev^ry  perfon 
when  he  is  ordained,  or  inHituted  td  a  benefice,  Ihall  mak^  and 
fubfcribe  the  following  declaration,  or  one  to  the  fame  fenfe,-^*^ 
I  bei.eve  the  canonical  Scriptures  of  the  Old  and  New  Teflament  to 
be  the  word  of  God,  and  to  contain  all  things  neceffary  to  falva- 
tion ;  and  Ida  folemnly  engage  to  conform  to  the  Liturgy  of  irhe 
Church  of  England,  as  it  is  now  by  law  eftablilhed/ 

Art  XX.  yfn  Jddrefs  to  the  Right  Rev.  Dr.  Samuel  Horjley^ 
Bijhop  of  St.  David^s  on  the  Subject  of  an  Apology  for  the  Li^ 
turgy  a7id  Clergy  of  the  Church  of  England^  ^c.  By  Gilbert 
Wakefield,  b.  a.  and  late  Fellow  of  Jefus  College,  Cam- 
bridge.    8vo.    41  p.   Pr.  IS.     Deighton.   1790. 

There  is  much  pointed  claffical  allufion,  and  fome  humour 
in  this  addrefs,  in  which  the  author  follows  the  apologifl  through 
the  various  topics  treated  in  his  pamphlet..  On  the  fubjeft  of 
the  Aihanafian  creed  the  following  pleafant  anecdotes  are 
introduced  by  Mr.  W. 

•  A  clergyman  in  the  We^  of  England  was  much  harafTed  by  his 
parifhiontrs  for  omitting  the  Aihanafian  creed  at  the  ilated  feafons. 
Kot  one  of  the  parifh,  except  his  clerk  John^  coincided  in 
opinion  with  him.  The  complaints  of  his  flock  were  at  laft  con- 
veyed to  the  diocefan,  who  iflued  out  his  bully  commanding  the 
offender  to  read  this  obnoxious  portion  of  the  fervice.  In  this  di- 
lemma, our  parfon  goes  over  10  an  organift  in  a  neighbouring  city, 
and  after  much  importunity,  prevails  with  his  tuneful  friend  to 
fet  the  creed  to  mufic^  for  himfelf  and  John,  in  /wc  parts.  "  You 
know,"  fays  he,  «*  1  am  2i  fox-hunter  :  fet  it  to  a  good,  jolly,  rat- 
tling hunting  tune."  This  was  done  accordingly  ;  and  the  farfon 
and  his  clerk  made  themfelves  perfefl  in  their  refpeftive  parts. 
When  the  next  day  arrived,  on  which  this  creed  is  appointed  to  be 
read,  the  whole  parifh  to  a  man  were  at  church,  hoping  to  enjoy 
the  complete  humiliation  of  the  poor  parfon,  thus  compelled  to 
fwallow  the  bitter  potion  in  the  face  of  his  audience  1  The  fer- 
vice had  now  proceeded  in  order  to  the  creed  in  queilion.  The 
congregation  was  filent :  their  mouths  gaped  with  expe^ation. 
**  Next  follows,"  fiiys  the  parfon^  **  the  creed  of  St  Athanafim^ 
appointed  to  be  faid  or  fung  ;  and,  by  the  grace  of  God,  I'll 
SING  it*     So  now,  John  (turning  to  the  clerk)  mind  what  you're 

about— i 


Shepherd^x  Sermon*  tt 

li)>oat-^liere  goes."  Upon  which  he  and  John  fet  up  their  pipe^» 
and  rattled  away  pell-mell  moft  merrily  from  one  end  of  the  creed 
to  the  othen  The  church  rung  again  :  the  people  ilared :  and  the 
par/on  was  left  in  future  to  the  unmolelled  enjoyment  of  his  own 
fancies. 

*  Here  at  Nottingham  we  had  a  bookfeller  (lately  deceafed) 
ftn^aed  with  a  portion  of  charitablenefs  and  tender  feeling,  wor- 
thy to  be  remembered.  He  occafionally  officiated  for  the  clerk  of 
St,  Marys  ;  ^nd,  to  the  great  fcandal  of  fome,  uniformly  foftencd 
the  rigour  of  this  creed  by  a  qualifying  interpolation.  This  is  th§ 
catholic  faith  :  (faid  honefl  Sam)  nuhich,  except  a  man  believe  faiths 
fully,  be  can  hardly  hefa'ved.^ 

We  apprehend  our  author  is  miftaken  in  imputing  the  Apology 
to  the  bifhop  of  St.  David's*  D/ 

Art.  XXI.  Sermons  on  various  ufeful  and  important  Subje^s^ 
adapted  to  the  Family  and  Qofet.     By  George  Lambert,  8vo. 
431  p.    Pr.  6s,  in  boards.     York,  Ward.     London,   Dilly, 
.      1788. 

Mr«  Lambert  publifhed  a  volume  of  fermons  in  1779.  The 
prefent  publication  may  therefore  be  confidered  as  a  fecond 
volume.  It  is  introduced  by  an  epiftle  dedicatory  to  the  church 
and  congregation  of  Fifh-ftreet  in  Hull  j  and  contains  twenty. 
one  plain  pious  difcourfes,  calculated  to  improve  a  numerous 
clafs  of  people,  above  whofe  level  of  underftandings  fermons 
too  frequently  foar.  To  the  congregation,  who  carneftly  re- 
quefted  their  minifter  to  publiih  what  they  had  liftened  to  with 
attention  from  the  pulpit,  this  volume  will  doubtlefs  be  very 
acceptable,  and  many  ferious  families  will  be  glad  to  meet 
with  an  ufeful  fet  of  Sunday  evening  difcourfes.  '  Such  will,* 
fays  the  author,  *  find  that  falvation  by  grace  through  faith  \n 
Jef4i5  Chrijl  to  the  honour  of  God's  charader,  and  as  it  tends 
to  promote  the  intereft  of  real  holinefs  in  the  hearts  of  men,  is 
the  principle  which  runs  through  them  all !'  T. 

Art.  XXII.  A  Sermon  preached  before  the  Univerjity  of  Oxford^ 
on  January  30,  1 790.  By  the  Rev.  R.  Shepherd,  d.  d.  late 
Fellow  of  C.  C.  C.  Archdeacon  of  Bedford,  and  Chaplain 
to  the  Right  Rev.  the  Lord  Bifhop  of  Durham.  4to.  17  p* 
Price  IS.     Davis.     1790. 

A  RATIONAL  and  ufeful  difcourfe ;  moderate  with  refpe(9: 
to^the  political  principles  which  it  inculcates,  and  well  adapted 
to  the  memorable  occaiion  on  which  it  was  preached.  We 
fubjoin  the  following  paragraph  as  happily  illuftrating  the  au- 
thor's fentiments. 

'  The  Text,  (Rom.  xiii.  5.  Ye  muft  needs  be  fubjeft,  not  only  for 

wrath,  but  alfo  for  confcicnce  fake")  whatever  it  imports,  cannot 

'  mean  to  fumifh  power  with  a  licence  to  opprefs  unoppofcd ;  or  to 

Vol.  VII.  G  ''r  r        ^^^ 


82  T   a   E   O  L  O  C   T. 

tftablifli  abjcdl  iUvcry  under  the  facrcd  guard  .of  ^onfciencc.  The 
example  of  St.  Paul  is  the  faixeft  and  farcft  comment  on  bis  precept 
and  injundion.  No  one  could  better  praftife,  or  was  more  exercifed 
in  praftifing,  thofe  paflive  virtues  of  Chriftian  patience  and  fortitude 
under  fufferings,  than  himfelf :  yet  we  learn  from  the  authentic  monu- 
ments, which  contain  a  relation  of  hi§  ads,  that  he  could  alfo  (hew  a 
juft  concern  for  the  prefervation  and  fupport  of  his  civil  privilege^ ; 
could  vigoroufly  aifert  his  right  of  judging,  when  thofe  privileges 
were  invaded ;  and  exprefs  a  becoming  zeal  againft  any  illegal  or  arbi- 
trary violations  of  them.  While  he  obfcrved  on  all  occafions  the 
fevered  precepts  of  our  religion,  yet  we  read  he  was  alfo  ready  to  vin- 
dicate, with  due  warmth,  the  liberties  and  immunities  of  his  birth-  ' 
right.  And  though  he  perfeftly  knew  how  to  bear  private  injuries  as 
a  Chriftian,  yet  he  difdained  quietly  to  fubmit  to  public  indignities  as 
a  Roman.' 


•Art.  XXIII.     The  Evils  which  may  arife  to  the  Conjlttution  ttf 
'     Great  Britain  from  the  Influence  of  a  too  powerful  Nobility^ 
»     conftdered  in  a  Sermon^  preached  before  the  fjniverfity  of  Cam-^ 
bridge^  May  29,    1789.     By  W.  Purkis,  d.d.  f.s^a.  &c. 
4to.     18  p.     Price  is.     Cadell.     I790. 
A  SENSIBLE  political  differtatfon  on  the  fubjeft  exprefled  in 
the  title,  which  is  extended  alfo  to  the  dangers  that  might  arife 
to  the  conftitution  from  the  ufurpation  of  the  commons  and 
the  tyranny  of  the  king.     Text,  Rom.  xiii.  4. 

Art.  XXIV.  The  NegleSi  of  known  Duty  is  Sin  :  a  Sermon 
preached  before  the  Univerjity  of  Cambridge ^  on  Sunday y  Jan. 
31,  1790.  By  Peter  Peckard,  d.  d.  Matter  of  Magdalen 
College.  8vo,  33  p.  Price  i  s.  Cambridge,  Merrills. 
London,  Payne  and  Son.     1790. 

A  SENSIBLE  and  pious,  difcourfe  on  James  iv^  17.  againft 
the  flave  trade  ;  in  which  the  benevolent  author  ibews  how  in- 
confiftent  that  infamous  traffic  is  with  the  duties  of  juftice  and 
humanity,  and  ho\v  incompatible  it  muft  be  with  the  profefGon 
of  true  Chriftianity. 

Art.  XXV.  The  fP^ill  of  God  the  Ground  and  Principle  of 
civil  as  well  as  religious  Obedience :  a  Sermon  preached  before 
the  Univerftty  of  Oxford^  at  St.  Mary's^  OSlober  '25,  1789. 
By  Ralph  Churton,  m.a.  &c.  4tQ.  14  p.  Price  is. 
Oxford,  Fletcher.     London,  White  and  Son.     1790. 

A  HIGH-TORY  fermon,  on  a  higb-tory  text,  (iPet.  ii.  13, 
14.)  but  written  in  a  fenfible  and  pleafing  manner. 

Art.  xxvr,  A  Sermon  preached  m  the  Cathedral  Church  of 
Hereford,  at  the  Mcj^ting  of  the  thru  Choiirs  of  Worcefler^ 

Here^ 


Difcourfe  cmcemmg  the  RefurreSfton  Sodles*  83 

Hereford^  and  Gloucejier^  September  9,  1789.  By  John  Na- 
pleton,  D.  p.  Canon  Refidentiary  of  Hereford,  &c.  Oxford^ 
Prince  and  Cooke.     London,  Cadell.     1%.     1789. 

A  SENSIBLE  difcourfe  on  beneficence,  preached  for  a  charity, 
and  publiflied  at  the  requeft  of  the  ftewards.  Text,  Gal.  vi. 
9,  IP. 

Art.  XXVII.  A  Sermon  to  the  Poor  :  addrejfed  more  partial-^ 
larly  to  the  Parents  of  the  Children  belonging  to  the  Sunday 
Schools  at  Hackney^  on  Chrijimas  IXay  Evenings  ^7^9*  ^Y 
S.  Palmer.  Small  i2mo.  27  p.  Price  4d.  or  ll.  is.  per 
hundred.     Buckland.     1790. 

Plain,  fenfible,  and  pious.  One  of  thofe  little  praSical 
trads  that  might  be  read  with  intereft  and  attention  by  thou- 
fands  who  have  neither  leifure  to  go  through  a  long  treatife, 
nor  tafte  to  relifh  a  more  eloquent  and  refined  addrefs.  Text, 
Matth.  xi.  5.    •  F. 


Art.  XXVIII.  A  Difcourfe  concerning  the  Refurre^ion  Bodies  \ 
tending  to  Jhew^  from  the  Writings  of  Heathens^  Jews^  and 
Chrijiians^  that  there  are  Bodies  called  our  own  which  will  not  . 
he  raifed  from  the  dead ;  that  there  are  bodies  properly  called  our 
own^  which  will  be  raifed  from  the  dead ;  by  what  Means  the 
Perfetlion  and  Immortality  of  the  RefurreSiion  Bodies,  are  to  be 
obtained  \  and  by  whom  to  be  effe£ied.  By  Philalethes.  8vo, 
70  p.     Price  2S.     Davis.     1788. 

There  is  much  learning,  much  ingenuity,  and  much  can- 
dour in  this  difcourfe.  We  muft^,  however,  objeft  altogether 
to  the  ufe  of  heathen  authorities  on  a  queftion  which  can  only 
be  determined  by  proofs  from  divine  revelation.  The  follow- 
ing heads  contain  the  outlines  of  our  author's  defign,  p.  2. 

«  I  ft.  That  the"  dead  will  not  be  raifed  with  thefe  bodies  of  flcfli 
and  blood. 

zdly.  That  there  are  other  bodies  which  may  be  called  our  own. 

•  jdly.  That  thofe  other  bodies  will  be  the  refurredion  bodies. 

•  4thly.  That  the  refurrcAion  of  the  foul  with '  thefe  bodies,  will 
be  the  refurrei^tion  of  the  true  man,  or  of  the  dead. 

•  jj^thly.  That  thefe  bodies  ftand  in  need  of  fanflification,  and  aa 
happy  immortality,  as  the  bodies  to  be  raifed  do. 

•  6th1y.  At  what  time,  or  in  what  Hate  of  our  cxiftence,  the  fanc- 
tification  is  to  be  effeded. 

•  7thly.  By  what  means  it  is  to  be  obtained* 

•  Sthly.  By  what,  or  whom,  it  is  to  be  eflfefted. 

«  9thly.  ^y  what  means  the  imniortality  is  to  be  obtained. 

•  lothly.  By  whom  it  is  to  be  operated, 

A  fummary  of  the  arguments  by  which  thefe  propofitlons 
arc.  fupported,  fs  prefented  towards*  the  clofe  of  the  pamphlet. 


84  CORPORATION     AND    TEST    ACT^. 

» 

«  To  collet  all  that  has  been  urged  into  a  narrow  compaft— If  tlitf 
icfurreftion  of  the  carnal  body  be  not  included  in  tac  rcfurreftion  ai 
.the  dead ;  if  the  fefurredion  of  the  foul  without  this  body  of  earth 
be  a  refurredtion  of  the  dead;  if  by  this  corruptible  and  mortal^ 
which  are  to  put  on  incorruptibility  and  immortality,  we  are  not  to 
underftand  our  corruptible  aini  mortal  bodies,  but  the  true  man  {own 
in  a  corruptible  and  mortal  body — it  is  then  poflible  that  we  may  be 
raifed  from  the  dead  without  thefe  terreftrial  bodies.  If  the  reafons 
ibr  fuppofmg  a  refurreftion  of  thefe  carnal  bodies  be  fully  anfwered, 
it  will  then  appear  probable  that  they  will  not  be  the  refurreftion 
bodies :  if  there  be  good  reafons  for  believing  that  wc  Ihall  not  rife 
from  the  dead  with  thefe  bodies  of  flefli  and  blood,  the  probability 
that  they  will  not  be  the  bodies  of  the  refurredion  will  be  greatly  in- 
crcafed.  If  the  learned  among  the  ancient  Heathens — if  Solomon,  if 
Maimonides,  and  others  of  his  countrymen— if  St.  Paul,  and  one  of 
the  Chriftian  apologifts,  have  decided  abfolutely  againd  the  rcfiirrec- 
tion  of  thefe  earthly  bodies,  we  think  the  point  muit  be  given  up. 

*  If  we  have  an  interior  body,  called  by  divines  an  animal  fpirit,  a 
fenfitive  mortal  foul,  a  fubtle  body,  an  <ethcrial  body,  a  fpirit — and 
*hy  the  Heathen  philofophers,  an  xtherial,  lucid,  heavenly,  immortal^ 
ipiritual  body  and  fpirit — ^then  it  is  poffible  that  this  may  be  the  re- 
iurredion  body.  If  this  aetherial  body  be  ever  united  to  the  fuperior 
part  of  man ;  if  it  be  neceflary  tjo  it ;  if  by  it  the  fuperior  part  per- 
ceives all  fenfibles,  and  be  made  a  fit  inhabitant  for  the  heavenly 
regions ;  and  if  this  body,  when  perfeded,  be  peculiar  to  the  juft ;  it 
is  then  probable  that  this  will  be  the  refurreftion  body :  and  if  the 
fpiritual  body  be  in  us  at  prefent,  the  probability  of  the  xtherial  body 
being  that  in  which  we  (hall  be  raifed  will  be  greatly  ftrengthened.* 

1  o  the  fecond  edition  of  this  difcourfe,  juft  publiflied,  the 
author  (J.  Gough,  a.  b.  Reftor  of  Kirk  Ireton,  Derbyfliire} 
has  affixed  his  name. 

Art.  XXIX.  J  Letter  to  the  Right  Rev.  Dr.  IV.  Cleaver^ 
Lord  Bijhop  of  Chejier^  on  the  SubjeSi  of  two  Sermons  addreffed 
by  him  t^  the  Qergy  of  his  Diocefe  ;  comprehending  alfo  a  vin- 
dication of  the  late  Bijhop  Hoaaly.  8vo.  43  p.  Price  is, 
Johnfon.     1790. 

The  objefts  of  this  letter  are  to  controvert  the  Warbur- 
jEbnian  dogma,  which  aiferts  the  Lord's  fupper  to  be  *  a  feaft 
upon  a  facrifice,'  and  to  vindicate  the  memory  of  the  great 
Bifiiop  Hoadly,  vrhich  the  letter-writer  conceives  to  have  been 
unjuftiy  attacked  in  the  Bifhop  of  Chefter's  two  fermons. 
Several  other  pofitions  in  thefe  dlfcourfes  are  ably  controverted 
lA  this  publication. 

Art.  XXX.  PhUo-Theodofius  \  with  a  new  CharaSler  of  Mr. 
Burke.  To  which  are  added,  a  Series  of  Propoftions  on  the 
Nature  of  Ejiablijhmen%  civil  and  religious.  By  an  old 
Member  of  rarliament.     8vo«     31  p.     Pr.  is.     Bourne. 

Thw 


Smith '^  Remarks  on  the  Chejier  Refolutions,  85 

This  pamphlet,  like  the  former  which  we  noticed  in  our 
Jaft  number  under  the  title  of  Theodofius,  and  which  appears 
to  be  written  by  the  fame  perfon,  is  extremely  eccentric,  bub 
contains  a  variety  of  flir^wd  obfervations,  detailed  in  a  lively 
manner.  Of  the  French  levolution  the  author  fpeaks  in  the 
following  manner. 

*  The  revolution  iu  France — which  patriots  behold  with  admira- 
tion, and  angels  with  applaufe — is  vilified  and  traduced  by  Mr. 
Burke!  "  It  is  bloody ,  ferocious,  and  tyranukal"  What  fallhood! 
ivhat  mean  and  miferable  falftiood  ?  It  is  a  revolution  unftained  with, 
blood,  and  condu(^ed  on  principles  of  upexampjcd  dignity  and  mode- 
ration. 

•  And  what  ought  to  cover  his  face  with  confufion,  4nd  imbitter 
refleftion  to  the  lall  moment  of  his  life,  is,  that  on  the  very  day  in 
which  the  evil  genius  of  Mr.  Burke  prompted  him  to  unmaflc,  and 
fiand  confeft  the  advocate  of  despotism  and  i  do  j.  a  try,  news  was 
received  that  the  king  of  France — unfoUcited — unexp.eSi^d — went  to  the 
national  aflembly,  and  recorded  his  full,  fr£e,  ^nd  cordial 
APPROBATION  of  their  *'  WISE  and  patriotic  efforts  for  the 
public  good."  There  was  no  popular  tumult  to  render  the  meafure 
expedient ;  nothing  in  the  afpeft  of  affairs  to  terrify  his  majefty ;  it 
was  a  voluntary  offering  at  the  (hrine  of  freedom  ;  and  the  inference 
is  nioft  obvious — either  the  king  of  France,  aftually  and  bona  fide^ 
approves  of  the  fyftem  of  civil  policy,  adopted  by  the  national  aflem- 
bly—»and  under  that  hypothefis  the  lamentations  of  my  quondam  frien4 
are  ridiculous,  as  well  as  unconftitutional — or  he  does  not  approve  of 
their  fyftem,  and  on  that  fuppofition,  he  is  an  hypocrite  worthy 
the  abhorrence  of  God  and  man.' 

Mr.  Burke's  inconfiftency  in  calling  the  revolution  (not- 
withftanding  the  blood  jflied  in  the  various  efforts  of  James 
and  his  polterity  to  recover  the  crown)  "  a  bloodlefs  revolu- 
tion ;"  and  in  approving  that  of  Brabant,  where  the  emperor 
has  been  aflually  dethroned,  and  where  the  blood  fhed  is  not 
to  be  compared  with  that  in  France,  is  ftrikingly  pointed  out. 

We  obferve  a  mifreprefentation  in  the  poftfcript :  at  the  late 
meeting  of  the  Diffenters  at  the  London  Tavern,  the  author 
tells  us,  that  the  king  and  queen  were  drank  fitting,  but  when 
the  prince  of  Wales  was  announced,  the  company  rofe  as  one 
man,  and  by  command  of  the  chairman^  the  health  was  drank 
with  three  times  three.  The  truth  is,  that  the'toafls  were 
given  from  the  chair  in  the  fame  manner. 

At  the  clofe  of  this  pamphlet,  the  author  gives  us  the  out-^ 
lines  of  a  plan  of  a  New  Diftionary  of  the  Englilh  language.   • 


Art,  XXXI.    Some  Remarks  on  the  Refolutions^  whuh  were  formed 

at  a  Meeting  of  the  Archdeaconry  of  Chejl^r^    on  Monday^ 

'  February  i  c,  1790  ;  with  jome  Observations  on  the  late  Argu-r 

ments  of  Mr.  Pitt^  and  the  ConduSi  cf  Mr.  Burke  relative  to 

^  Repeal  of  the  Teft  ASf.     By  the  Rev.  J.  Smith,  qi  Liver- 

G  3  pool 


86  CORPORATION   AND  TEST   ACTS. 

pool.     8vo.     44  p.     Pr.  is.     Liverpool,  Gore ;   London, 
Johnfon.     1 790. 

The  ftyle  of  this  performance  is  unequal.  It  contains 
fome  judicious  and  forcible  remarks  on  the  refolutions,  and 
feveral  animated  fentiments  in  favour  of  liberty,  civil  and  reli- 
gious.  The  poftfcript  is  altogethet  a  piece  of  excellent  com- 
pofition  ;  and  the  following  well-drawn  portrait  of  Mr.  Burke, 
extrafted  from  it,  cannot  fail  to  be  acceptable  to  many  of  our 
readers. 

*  TheJiiftory  of  Mr.  Burke  is  really  a  curiofjty  of  its^kind.  We 
have  fcen  him  at  one  time  direding  the  moft  virulent  invedives  againfi: 
the  perfon  of  his  fovereign  ;  at  another,  with  all  his  mother's  foftnefs> 
weeping  at  the  remembrance  of  his  generous  virtue;  at  one  time  pre- 
fenting  the  fhield  of  his  eloquence  to  guard  the  groffeft  peculation 
front  public  juftice;  at  another,  exerting  the  whole  ftrength.of  his 
faculties  to  expofe  it  to  the  vengeance  of  his  country.  To  the  extent 
and  brilliancy  of  his  genius  every  man  of  talle  will  pay  a  tribu/e  of 
applaufe  ;  but  what  are  we  to  think  of  his  wifdom  ?  Or,  has  he  not 
hazarded  fomething  infinitely  more  important  than  the  charad^er  of  hifc 
underllanding  ?  His  imagination  has  given  him  an  unlimited  command 
over  the  moft  beautiful  images,  both  in  nature  and  in  art ;  but  defici- 
ent in  thofe  powers  which  fhould  diredl  the  operation,  and  controul 
the  excurfions  of  fancy,  though  his  eloquence  has  fometimes  arrefted 
the  attention  of  the  houfe,  it  has  feldom  been  heard  with  convidion  ; 
•~-the  corufcations  of  lightning  may  pleafe  by  their  novelty,  their 
fplendour,  and  their  beauty,  but  the  fteady  light  of  heaven  guards  us 
froni  danger,  and  condufts  us  on  our  way/ 


Art.  XXXII,  A  Series  of  Refnarks  upon  a  Sermon^  preached  at 
St.  Philip's  Church  in  Birmingham^  J^^"  3?  1790,  entitled^ 
The  Teji  Laws  defended^  by  G,  Croft^  d.  d^  Prefaced  by  Ani- 
piadverfions  on  his  Preface^  cantaining  Remarks  on  Dr,  Price's 
jRevoIution  Sermon  and  other  Publications.  By  the  Rev,  Joha 
Hobfon.  8yo,  67  p.  Pr.  js,  6d,  Birmingham,  Thompfon  j 
London,  Johnfon.     1790. 

No  man  could  lay  himfelf  more  open  to  animadverfion  than 
Dr.  Croft.  Mr.  Hobfon,  therefore,  has  greatly  the  advantage^ 
He  indeed  convi6ls  his  antagonift  of  the  moft  palpable  igno- 
rance, a  grofs  inftance  of  which  is  Dr.  Croft's  aflTertiori,  that 
♦ '  the  fliades  of  difference  between  the  three  denominations 
of  Diflenters,  Prefbyterians,  Baptifts,  and  Independants  it  is 
not  pojftble  to  point  out.' 

Art.  5CXXIII,  The  principal  Claims  of  the  Dijfeniers  confidered^  in 
a  Sermon  preached  at  St.  Philip's  Churchy  Birmingham^  on 
Sunday^  the  i^-th  of  February^  ^19P*  Some  Notes  have 
teen  fmce  added.  8vo,  36  p.  rrice  is*  Birmingham, 
J^^^rcy  J  Londpn^  Riviiigtons,     1790, 

Tf5ER5 


Public  DocumentSy  &c.  87 

There  is  nothing  nev^  in  this  fermon.  Mr.  Madan  con- 
fiders  the  Diffenters  as  having  always  manifefted  a  faftious 
difpolition ;  and  with  refpeft  to  the  fuppofed  profanation  of  the 
ordinance,  he  alleges,  that  the  cafe  is  exacSlly  analogous  to  the 
application  of  an  oath  in  civil  concerns,  where  the  profane 
tion  does  not  lie  with  the  law,  but  with  the  perfon  whyo  fwears 
falfely. 

Art.  XXXIV.    Familiar  Letters^  addrejjed  to  the  Inhabitants  of 
the  Town  of  Birmingham^  in  Refutation  of  fever  al  Charges 
adfuanced  againfi  the  Diffenters^    by  the  Rev,.  Mr,  Madan^ 
ReSld^  of  St,  Philips s^  in  his^  Sermsn^  entitled^  '  The  principal 
Claims  of  the  Diffenters  conftdered^  preached  at  Si.   Philip's 
-Churchj  on  Sunday^  Feb,    14,  1790.'     By  Jofeph  Prieftley, 
X.. L.D.  F.R.s.     Parti.    8vo.  23. p.  Pr.  6d.     Birminghaoi, 
Thompfonj  London,  Johnfon.     1790* 
Dr.  p.  in  three  plain  letters,  examines  the  arguments  of 
Mr.  Madan  in  the  preceding  fermon.     In  the  firft,  he  excul- 
pates himfelf  and  his  brethren  from,  the  feditious  tendency 
afcribed  to  their  public  meetings.     In  the  fecond,  he  very  fatis- 
failorily  vindicates  the  Diffenters  from  the  charge  of  being  in- 
imical to  monarchy ;  on  which  fubjeft,  a§  he  does  not  think; 
Mr.  Madaii  very  convcrfant  in  the  more  ancient  periods  of 
hiftory,  he  calls  his  attention  to  the  part  the  Diffenters  took 
when  .the  famous  coalition  lately  invaded  the  prerogative"  of  the 
crown.     In  the  laft  letter  the  Dr.  endeavours  to  prove,  that  - 
no  danger  or  inconvenience  to  the  church  could  enfue  froiii  the 
repeal  of  the  ads  in  queftion.     - 

^RT.  xxxv.     Tranfation  of  a  Speech  fpoken  by  the  Count  Cler^ 

mont  Tonnercy  Chriftmas-Eve  lojl^  on  the  Subject  of  admitting 
■  Non- Catholic Sy  Comedians  and  fews^  to  all  the  Privileges  of 

Citizens^  according  to  the  Declaration  of  Rights,     8vo.    1 6  p. 

Pr.  6d.     Stuart.     1790. 

Reflects  much  honour  on  the  good  fenfe  and  liberality  of' 
the  fpeakery  highly  becoming  the  enJightened  fyftem  of  politics 
at  prefent  purfued  by  the  national  affembiy.. 

Art.  xxxvi.    Public  Documents  declaratory  of  the  Principles  of 

'  the  Proteflant  Diffenters  j  and  provin^y  that  the  Repeal  of  the 

Corporation  andTe/l  A^s  was  -earh'efHy  dcfired  by  King  IVilltatn 

.  ///.  George  I,  andalfo  by  many  refpeHable  Members  of  the  Church 

-  of  England  of  high  Rank  and  Situations^  both'  in  Church  and 

Statey  during  tJjeir  Reigns,     Svo.  •24p.  Pr.  6d.     Birming- 

.  'Jiam,  Thompfon-j  Londonj  Johnfon.     1790. 

TiiEafe  documents  are^  in  geiieral,  well  calculated  to  pro- 
,  'motethe  4?^ufc  they  we,rc  ii)tended  to  fcrve  ;  (otne  of  them  re-. 


88  CORPORATION     AND    TEST     ACTS. 

fled  great  honour  on  the  liberality  of  certain  members  of  th^ 
eftabhfli  ed  church . 


Art.  xxxvil.  The  Qpprejfivcy  unjuji^  and  profane  Nature  and  Ten- 
dency of  the  Corporation  and  Teji  JSis  expofed^  in  a  Sermon^ 
preached  before  the  Congregation  of  Protejlant  Diffenters^  meet-m 
ing  in  Cannon  Street^  Birminghaniy  February  21,  1790.  By 
Samuel  Pearce.  Printed  at  the  Requeft  of  the  Committee 
of  the  feven  Congregations  of  the  three  Denominations  of 
Proteftant  Diffenters  in  Birmingham.  8vo.  34.  p.  Pr.  6d» 
Birmingham,  Thompfon  ;  London,  Johnfon.     1790, 

This  is  a  vehement  difcourfe  in  favour  o^  the  Diffenters, 
The  only  r^ew  argument  is,  that  the  Teft  Aft  is  an  unlawful 
encroachment  on  the  royal  prerogative. 


Art.  xxXVIII.  A  ColleSfion  of  Tefiimonm  in  Favour  of  religious 
Liberty^  in  the  Cafe  of  the  Uiffenters^  Catholics  and  Jews,  ^y  a 
Chriftian  Politician.     8vo.     137  p.     Price  is.  6d.     Dilly, 

A  very  judicious  and  valuable  feleftion  of  fugitive  pieces 
from  the  Repofitory,  and  other  periodical  publications.  For 
the  fatisfa£ii(m  of  our  readers,  vre  ihall  prefent  them  with  the 
contents  at  large. 

*  Art.  I.  The  Freeholder,  N°  z\  and  4.7,  written  by  Mr.  Addifon 
—II.  Remarks  on  the  Debate  in  the  Houfe  of  Commons  in  1787,  on 
the  Subjed  of  the  Sacramental  Tcft  Laws ;  with  Hints  concerning  the 
Catholics,  Jews,  Marriage  Service,  &c.  in  a  Letter  to  a  Friend ;  in- 
cluding fome  Faffages  from  M.  Turgot — III.  Preface  to  the  Englifh 
Tranflation  of  Baron  Bom's  Natural  Hiftory  of  Monks,  after  the 
LLonaean  Syftem — IV.  Scheme  by  the  Bifhop  of  Clonfert  for  reform- 
ipe;  the  Irilh  Catholics — V.  Letter  of  Lord  Mountgarret  on  the  State 
ClChurch  Affairs  in  Ireland — VI.  Arguments  extradled  from  Bifhop 
Hoadly's  Reply  to  Bifhop  Sherlock  on  the  Sacramental  Teft  Laws-»» 

VII.  Teflimonies  on  the  fame  Subjeft  from  Bifhop  Sherlock's  Life, 
Pr.   Sykes,  Archdeacon   Paley,    and  the   late  Earl  of  Chatfcam-r^ 

VIII.  Arguments  from  Mr.  Locke's  Letters  on  Toleration — IX.  Tef^ 
timonies  on  the  fame  Subject  by  Sir  Jofiah  Child,  Mr.  Richard 
Jackfon,  M.  P.  Dr.  Davenant,  Archbifliop  Sharp,  and  the  Author 
of  Effays  on.  Population-^X.  The  fame,  from  Sir  William  Temple's 
Obfervations  on  the  Netherlands — XL  Arguments  from  a  Work  iiiti- 
tled,  *  Rights  of  the  Diffenters  to  a  compleat  Toleration  aflerted ;' 
incl6ding  Hints  by  Dr.  Franklin  and  others — XII.  Earl  Mainsfield'^ 
Opinion  on  the  Religious  Liberty  of  the  Diffenters,  with  Extra^ 
from  Prefident  de  Thou  referred  to  by  him-r.XIII.  Two  Perfian  Let, 
ters  by  fr^fid^nt  Montefquieu,  refpefting  religious  Liberty  and  the 
Jews — XIV.  Mr.  Nccker's  Opinion  on  religious  Liberty — XV.  M, 
Rabaud  de  St.  Etienne's  Speech  on  the  fame  Subied^ — X VI.  Meafure^ 
of  the '  National  AtTembly  of  France  refpcftmg  Non-Catholics— 
XVIL  Adt  of  the  AfTcn^bly  of  Virginia  in  1786>  for  cftablifhing  tc-  ' 

tigious 


Stri^ures  en  a  late  Puhlicationy  &c.  89 

Eglotts  Freedom — XVIII.  Parable  againft  Perfecution,  imitated  from 
a  Jewifli  Tradition,  by  Dr.  Franklin,  with  an  Extraft  from  the  fame 
Author — XIX.  Addreffes  from  the  Quakers  and  Epifcopalians  of  the 
Middle  American  States  to  General  Wafhington,  with  his  Anfwers— 
XX.  Fa%  and  Obfervations  refpefting  the  Situation  of  the  Jews  in 
England — ^XXI,  Two  Letters  by  a  Ghriftian  Politician,  which  firil 
af^>eared  in  the  Public  Advertifer,  in  February,  T790. 

*  Appendix.  I.  The  Cafe  of  the  Proteftant  Diffcnters  in  1790— 
II.  Hiftory  of  the  Teft  and  Corporation  Adls,  extrafted  from  "  The 
Rights  of  the  Diflenters,  &c." — III.  Protefts  in  the  Hoiife  of  Lords  - 
in  Favor  of  the  Diflenters — IV.  Alfo  Refolutions  in  the  Houfe  of 
Commons — V.  Alfo  Petition  by  the  Livery  of  London  to  the  fame 
£ffe£^ — VI.  Teftimonies  of  our  Kings  in  Favor  of  the  DifTenters  for 
more  than  a  Century — VII.  Refotitions  of  the  Committee  of  London  . 
Diilenters  in  1 790/ 


Art.  XXXIX.  A  Jhort  Examination  of fome  of  the  principal  Reafons, 
J^or  the  Repeal  of  the  Tefi  and  Corporation  A^is^  as  contained  in 
the  Refolutions  of  a  Meeting  of  Delegates  ofthefeveral  Congre^ 
gations  of  Protejlant  Diffenters  in  the  eafiern  Divifion  of  the 
County  of  Somerfet.  By  a  Clergynfian  of  the  Church  of 
England.  8vo.  23  p.  Pr.  6d.  Rivjngtons.  1790. 
Contains  nothing  new. 


Art.  XL.  Reafons  for  fe eking  a  Repeal  of  the  Corporation  and 
Teji  Acfs^  fuhmitted  to  the  Conjideration  of  the  Impartial,  By 
aDiffenter.     8vo.     42  p.     Pr.  6d.     Auckland.     1790. 

The  chief  topics  infilled  on  by  this  author,  are  the  natural 
freedom  of  confcience  ;  the  natural  claim  which  all  members 
of  a  ftate  have  e.qually  to  the  exercife  of  all  civil  and  religious  • 
rights  ;  the  condu<ft  and  merits  of  the  Diflenters,  whom  he 
auerts  always  to  have  manifefted  themfelves  real  friends  to  the 
conftitution,  and  particularly  to  the  reigning  family.  With 
refpeft  to  the  American  war,  (the  only  inftance  fmce  the  ac- 
ceflion  of  the  houfe  of  Hanover,  when  the  Diflenters,  as  a 
body,  oppofed  government)  he  afl'erts,  that  the  event  ha$ 
proved  them  in  the  right,  flnce  ^  Lord  North's  miniftry  fpilt 
the  blood  of  more  than  100,000  of  the  human  race,  entailed 
above  j^.  100,000,000  of  debt  upon  the  nation,  and  fevered 
thirteen  colonies  and  near  3,000,000  of  fubjedls  from  the  Britifh 
empire.' 

This  authdV  contends  further,   that  the  repeal  would  not 
,  prove  injurious  either  to  the  conftitution  or  the  church. 


^%T.  XLI.  Some  Str inures  en  a  late  Publication^  entitled^ 
*  Reafons  for  feeking  a  Repeal  of  the  Corporation  and  Teft  A^s^ 
hv  a  DijUnter.*  By  a  Churchmaa.  8vo.  32  pages,  Pr.  is. 
Ei|Fii^;toiis,  1790. 

This 


9*  CORP  ©.RATION     AND     TEST     ACTS. 

Thi8  vehement  churchman  has  not  produced  any  new  argu-» 
ments  in  favour  of  the  Teft  Act  -,  and,  if  he  had,  liis  credit 
as  an  impartial  reafoner  on  the  fubjeiSI:,  would  not^  we  con- 
ceive, be  greatly  improved  in  the  eye  of  the  public,  by  the 
affertion,  that  '  he  has  never  known  an  inftance  where  a  dif- 
fentcr  has  been  prevented  from  executing  an  office,  which  he 
was  delirous  to  fill,  becaufe  his  confcicnce-  would  not  permit 
him  to  receive  the  facrament,  according  to  the  rites  of  the 
church  of  England.'  The  moft  obvious  inference  is,  that  the 
information  of  our  churchman  is  very  limited  indeed  on  the 
fubjeft,  D. 


Art.  xlii.  The  Debate  in  the  Houfe  of  Commons^  on  the  Repeal 
of  the  Corporation  and  Teji  A^s^  March  2,  179O,  8vo. 
59  p.     Pr.  IS.      1790.     Stpclcdale, 

This  is  a  tolerable  iketch  of  the  important  debate  on  the 
%i  of  March.  The  fpeech  of  Mr.  Fox  is,  however,  unaccount- 
ably ihort ;  thofe  of  Mr.  Pitt  and  Mr.  Beaufoy  are  given 
more  accurately  and  at  fuller  length.  Divifion.  For  the  re- 
peal 105.     Againft  it  294.     Maj?)rity  189. 

Art.  xliii.   The  Debate  in  the  Houfe  of  Co?nmo?is^  on  Tuefday  the 
0,d  of  March^   1790}  0^  ihe  Motion  of  Mr,  Fox  for  a  Repeal^ 
' l^c,     8vo.     58  p.     Pr.  IS.     Walter.      1790. 

More  juftice  is  here  done  to  the  fpeech  of  Mr.  Fox.  The 
others  feem  to  be  drawn  from  the  fame  fourccs  as  the  pre- 
ceding pamphlet.  C.  C. 

Art.  xliv.  J  Letter  from  the  Ri^ht  Hon.  Lord  Petre  to  the 
Right  Rev.  DoSior  Horfley^  Bifiop  of  St.  David's,  8vo, 
44  p.     Pr.  IS.     Fauldcr.      1790.- 

When  we-rcviewcd  the  bifhop's  pamphlet,  we  remarked  an 
inconiiftency  into  which  we  thought  he  had  fallen,  in  afTerting 
that  papifts  were  not  excluded  from  parliament  by  the  qualify- 
ing oaths,  but  by  the  notoriety  oF  their  principles.  To  this 
the  biihop  added,  with  fome  iliiberality,  'that  neither  oaths 
nor  declarations  can  bind  th,eir  conferences  j'  and  on  this 
ground  he  is  ably  attacked  by  the  noble  peer,  who  affcrts  for 
himfelf  and  the  catholic  diffenters  of  England,  that  no  petfons 
pay  a  more  fcrupulous.  regard^  ia  every  inltance,  to  their  oaths 
and  obligations  than  they  do. 

His  lordftiip,  in  this  pamphlet,  manifefts  both  the  man  of 
fenfe  and' the  gentleman. 


Art.  xlv.     a  Letter  to  the  Rev,  John  Martin^^  occafioned  by  his 
intended  Speech  on  the  Repeal  of  the  Tejl  and  Gorporation  JSis. 

By 


Eplftola  Macarmica  ai  Fratrem^  &c«  gi 

^y  no  IieverendT>iStnt^t.     8vo.     32  p.     Pr.  6d.    JohnfcMtu 

^1790. 

I'N  this  pamphlet,  Mr.  Martin's  principles  are  invefligated 
with  fome  flirewdnefs  and  argument,  particularly  the  reverend 
orator's  favourite  pofition,  '  thai  civil  rights  are  not  likely  to 
be  of  any^fervice  to  religion.'  .  This  author  afferts,  vyridi  per- 
haps too  much  feverity,  that  Mr.  M.'s  fpeech  '  betrays  a  de- 
gree of  felfiflinefs,  pride,  and  ingratitude,  very  inconfiflent 
with  the  charafter  of  a  diflentlng  minifter,  and  quite  incom- 
patible with  the  benevolent  fpirit  of  religion.'  The  raillery 
on  the  compliment,  which  Mr.  M.  is  faid  to  have  received 
from  two  right  reverend  prelates,  and  a  maid  of  honour^  is  more 
good-natured,  and  proves  a  tolerable  fpice  oi  Jeajoning  in  a 
controverfy  of  this  kind. 


Art.  XL VI,  A  Sermon  preached  before  the  Lord^  Spiritual  ani 
Temporal^  in  the  Ahhey  Church  of  Wejiminjier^  January  30, 
1790,  being  the  Anniverfary  of  King  Charles's  Aiartyrdom. 
By  John,  Lord  Biihop  of  Cariifle.  4to,  22  p.  Price  is* 
CadclL  1790. 
A  CANDID,  liberal,  and  well-written  difcourfe,  the  perufai 

of  which  is  well  calculated  to  blunt  the  afperity  which  the  late 

conteft,  concerning  the  Teft  Act,  was  calculated  to  produce 

in  all  parties. 

Art.  XL VII.  A  Sermon  on  religious  Toleration^  preached  in  th^ 
Church  of  Bownefs  upon  Windermere^  Wejimoreland.  By 
Samuel  Beilby,  d.  d.'  Redlor  of  Folkton,  Yorkfhire,  and 
Vicar  of  Croxton,  Leicefterfhire.  4to.  20  p.  Price  is. 
Baldwin.     1790.  '  ^ 

This  is  a  fenfible  and  moderate  difcourfe,  the  principal  ob- 
je6!:  of  which  is,  to  diftinguifii  between  thofe  laws  which  may 
be  accounted  a  violation  of  the  general  principles  of  toleration, 
and  thofe  which  are  only  a  neceffary  fecurity  to  the  nation^ 
religion.  Each  fociety,  Dr.  B.  afferts,  has  a  right  to  adopt 
that  mode  of  government,  civil  and  religious,  which  the  ma- 
jority approves,  and  to  adopt  certain  regulations  for  its  fecu- 
rity, provided  thefe  regulations  do  not  extend  tp  the  molefting 
pf  others. 


Art,  x-Lviii.   Epijiola  Macaronica  ad  Fratrem^  de  iis  qua  gejla 

funt  in  nupero  dijfentientium  conventu^  Londini  hahito^  prid.  id. 

Fehr.  lygo.     4to.     21  p.     Pr.  is.     Johnfon.     1790. 

This  very  agreeable  jeu  d^efprit  may  be  read  with  great 

pleafure  by  all  who  underftand  Latin,  and  perhaps  by  fome 

who  dp  not»    Jt  is  fcarcely  neceflajry  to,  inJEbf  m.  the  reader, 

that 


9^  CORPORATION     AKD     XE$T     ACTS, 

that  it  contains  a  good-natured  laugh  at  fome  of  the  proceeds 
ings  of  a  certain  celebrated  meeting  at  the  London  tavern. 
The  following  is  a  good  and  pjeafant  account  of  a  p^rt  of  llw 
company. 

*  Eft  locus  in  London  (Londini  difta  Taberna) 
Infignis  Celebris  ;  cives  quo  faepe  folemus 
Eatare,  et  drinkare-«-et  difceptare  aliquando ! 
Hie,  una  in  Halla  magnaque  altaque,  treceni 
Meetaverc  viri,  ex  diverfis  nomine  feftis : 

Hi  quibus  et  cordi  eft  audacis  dognqa  Socini 

Hi  quib^us  arrident  potius  didtamina  Arii; 

Hi,  qui  Calvini  myfleria  facra  tuentur; 

Hi  quibus  affixum  eft  a  blbaptifmate  nomen : 

All  in  a  word,  qui  fe  oppreffos  moft  heavily  credunt 

Legibus  injuftis,  teft-oathibus  atque  profanis! 

While  high-church  homines  in  eafe  et  luxury  vivonts 

£t  placeas,  poftas,  mercedes,  n^unia,  grafpant. 

*  Hi  cun^i  keen  were;  fari  aut  pugnare  parau 
Prifca  pro  caufa.     Bravus  Beaufoius  heros 
Adfuicj  et  Sawbridge  aufterus,  et  ater  Adairi 
Vultus,  Bourgoigni  et  frons  pallida.     Proximus  illij 
Watfon  grandiloquus ;  poft  hunc  argutus  JefFriesj, 
Perdignus  Chairman-— et  poft  hunc  Foxius  ipfe  j; 
Foxius,  elo<|uii  noftro  Demofthcnis  a?vo 

XJnicus  adfertor ;  et  libertatis  amator 

XJnicus  }  et  nondum  venalis  I-rrrPlaudite,  cives ! 

Plaudite  magnanimum  concivem  ;  plaudite  v^run^ 

Humani  juris  ultorem  ;  et  ducite  plaufus 

Ter  ternos,  donee  reboabunt  voce  columnae. 

*  Nee  taceam  Milford,  Hayward  ;  Brand  Hollis  etilluni 
Cui  Saxum  eft  nomen  *  ;  fed  cui  non  faxeus  eft  heart, 
Aut  placid  urn  Thornton,  aut  afperitate  carentem 

Shore,  aut  folertem  populum  fufpendere  nafo 
Toulmin,  aut  praedi£lum  in  facro  codice  f  Payneum  ! 

*  Quid  referam  Cleri  clariffinaa  jiomina?  Reefum^ 
Lindf£um,  Kippis,  conrpicillifque  Toerum 
iniignem,  et  (woe's  me  1)  yiolenta  forte  coadlum 
BelJhamum  %  ;  niveo  candentem  peAore  Difney  ; 

£t  Price,  humani  generis  totius  amicum. 

*  Non  aderas,  Prieftley  ! — potior  te  cura  tcnebat 
Rure,  ubi,  magna  inter  centum  miracula  rerum, 
Horflaei  caput  in  rutilantia  fulmina  forgis : 
Sulphuris  et  fatagis  fubtilia  grana  parare. 

Church  quibus,  et  church-men  in  ccclum  upblowere  poflis  §^ 

'  *  Mr.  Stone  of  London  Field, 

*  t  This  alludes  to  a  gentleman's  having,  by  way  of  joke, 
found  in  the  name  of  Jo^n  Auguftus  Payne  the  Apocalyptical  num- 
ber of  Antichrift,  666. 

'  I  Mr.  Belfham  is  a  ftrong  neceiTarian. 

•  \  Sec  his  Letter  to  Mr.  Pitt,* 

9  Th# 


(bhferoations  on  Mr.  Loffi^s  Hijlory^  kc*  ^J 

*Th€  conclulion  of  the  banquet  is  lively  and  agreeable* 
*  Pocula  furripimus.— a-Sed  vae !  vae !  nulla  nianebaat 
Ticketa* :  nata  Difncy  (Deuce  take  him)  omnia  \o^  had ! 
Clubandum  lie  €rac  rurfamy  (i  vin^  velimus. 
Omnibus  at  notum  efl,  qua  paapertate  Poeta 
Sit  prcffus : — cum,  ergo,  fcircm  mc  vix  dare  pofle' 
Unum  obolum  ;  tacitus  furgo,  furtimque  galero 
£t  baculo  arreptis  (nonam  ilrikantibus  horam 
Jam  clockis,  itxmt  et  fhutatis  undique  ihoppis) 
JDiledlos  repeto  contenta  mente  penatcs, 
H«c  tibi  fcripturus  cariffime — Vive  valequc.' 

f 

Art.  XLix.  Obfervations  %n  the  Origin  and  EffeSfs  of  tht  Tejt 
A£lj  with  jome  Hints  for  the  Cmftderation  of  the  Clergy.  8va* 
44  p.  pr.  IS.  Johnfoni^ijgo. 
•  Thk  author  fiippofes  that  the  annual  income  of  the  clergy 
amounts  to  about  one-feventh  of  the  landed  income  of  the 
kingdom,  or  to  between  three  and  four  millions  fer  annum. 
This  he  fuppofes  to  be  about  forty  millions  of  property  more 
than  is  neoeflary  for  their  fupport ;  and  concludes,  that  fhould  the 
national  debt  be  increafed  by  another  war,  the  ft  ate  will  be 
tinder  the  necef}ity  of  imitating  the  example  of  France,  and 
•appropriating  this  property  to  its  difcharge.  We  hav^,  how« 
ever,  fome  reafons  for  believing  this  calculation  erroneous  an4 
over-rated ;  and  would  refer  our  readers,  for  a  more  accurate 
ftatement,  to  the  pamphlets  pubKlhed  a  few  years  ago  in  the 
Llandaff  controverfy,  from  which  it  appeared  that  the  whol^ 
annual  income  of  the  church,  including  the  univerfities^  di4 
not  exceed  a  million  and  a  half. 


Art.  L*  a  ferious  Jddrefs  to  the  Rev.  Mr.  Madau^  containing 
fome  Obfervations  on  his  Sermon  preached  at  St.  Philip's  Churchy 
Birmingham^  on  Sunday^  Feb.  i/^hy  lygo^  entit/ed  ^  the  prin- 
cipal  Claims  of  the  Dijfenters  confidered.'  By  a  Layman* 
8vo.     i6  p.     pr.  6d.     Johnfon- 

The  tendency  of  this  pamphlet  is  to  confute  fome  of  Mr^ 
Madan*s  pofitions  concerning  the  pafEve,  we  might  fa;^  flaviili 
tendency,  of  the  CJofpel  5  we  muft  add,  that  we  think  the 
author  has  fucceeded. 


Art.  LI.     Obfervations  fuggefted  by  the  Pervfal  of  Mr,  LoffVs 
Hiflory  of  the  Corporation  and  Teji  A5ls,     By  a  Clergyman  of 

*  •^It  is  ufual  to  give  tickets  to  the  gueils,  on  entering;  which 
tickets  entitle  them  to  call,  after  dinner,  for  their  value  in  wine.* 

the 


^  Politics. 

the  Eftablifhrncnt.     8vo.     30  pages    pr.'6J.    Robinfbns, 

In  this  clergyman,  Mr.  LofFt  feems  to  have  met  with  a  gen- 
tcel,  candid,  and  able  antagonift*  The  obfervations  do  not  go 
to  the  impeachment  of  the  fafts  which  Mr.  Lofft  has  advanced, 
kut  to  fome  of  the  inferences  which  he  has  deduced  from  them* 

Art*  LI  I.    The  Diffinters  prefent  Claims  conjidered^  in  a  Sermon 
preached  in  the  Parijh  Church  of  ff^arringtotTy  J^n.  30,  1 790* 
By  Edw.  Owen,   m.  a.    Redtor.      8vo.     p.  33^      pn  is. 
Warrington,  Eyres.     London,  Lowndes,  1790*      ^ 
From  a  confideration  of  the  effe£ls  produced  by  the  Re* 
formation  and  Revolution,  iVir.  Owen  proceeds  to  examine  the 
condudl  of  the  Diflenters,  as  well  at  thofe  periods  as  at  the 
prefent.     He  charges  them  with  entertaining  republican  prin*^ 
ciples  ;  and  afferts  that  their  grievances  are  altogether  imagi- 
nary, while  the  mifchiefs  which  the  accomplifliment  of  their 
wiihes  would  bring  on  the  civil  and^  ecclefiaftical  conftitutioa 
would  be  great  and  fatal. 

This  article  was  reviewed  previous  to  our  perufal  of  Mr- 
Bealey's  obfervations  upon  it,  (fee  our  Review  for  March, 
P*  343>)  ^^^  ftiould  have  preceded  that  article,  but  v/as  acci- 
^ntally  omitted  by  the  printer. 

Art.  LIU.  J  Letter  tathe  Rev.  Richard  Pricey  D.  D.  &c.  upon 

his  *  Difcourfe  on  the  Love  of  our  Country^  delivered  Nov.  ^thy 

1789,  to  the  Society  for  commemorating  the  Revolution  in  Great 

Britain^      By   Wm.  Coxe,    a.  m.  &c.     gvo.     46  pages* 

'  pr.  is,     Cadell,  1790. 

Mr*  Coxe  has  acquired  much  popularity  as  a  writer  of 
travels,  but  we  do  not  hefitate  to  give  it  as  our  opinion, 
that,  for  a  confiderable  part  of  his  reputation,  he  is  in- 
debted to  the  unbounded  adulation  which  he  pours  out  in 
kis  volumes  upon  crowned  heads,  and  perfons  in  power.  Ac- 
cording to  Mr.  Coxe,  there  is  fcarcely  a  foolifli  monarch 
or  a  wicked  minifter  upon  the  face  of  the  earth  ;  and  con* 
fequcntly,  we  cannot  wonder  that  he  has  perufed  the  bold 
and  democratical  produdtions  of  Dr.  Price  with  fentiments  of 
uneafmefs  and  diffent.  We  would  not  be  underftood  as  un- 
limitedly  fubfcrrbing  to  all  the  opinions  of  the  Do£lor,— We 
confefs,  with  Mr.  Coxe,.  that  in  the  prefent  depraved  ftate  of 
morals  in  this  country,  we  have  not  fuch  fanguine  expedlations 
frorn  a  parliamentary  reform  as  the  Dodor  feems  to  entertain  5 
on  the  contrary,  we  are  perfuaded,  that  the  reform,  to  be  effec- 
tual, muft  go  much  deeper  than  to  a  mere  alteration  in  the 
leprcfentation  :  ~and  as  much  as  we  profefs  ourfelves  friends  to 
3  religious 


Courtenay*j  RefleBhns  on  the  French  Revolution.  95 

religious  liberty,  we  are  far  from  believing  that  the  religious 
ientidnents  of  mankind  are  at  prefeiit  in  fo  refined  and  fo  en-* 
lightened  a  ftate  asto  render  all  cftabli&ments  totally  u  11  neceilary* 
Mr.  Coxe  is,  however,  too  feeble  a  politician  to  contend  with 
any  advantage  or  fuccefs  againft  a  perfon  fo  well  informed  on 
all  public  and  political  topics  as  Dr.  Price.  In  oppofition  to 
the  Do6lor,  Mr.  Coxe  afTcris,  that  '  the  word  country  includes, 
not  only  the  community  of  which  we  are  members,  but  our 
native  foil/  and  that  with  all  limiiar  advantages  *  he  could  not 
be  as  happy  in  the  heart  of  France  as  on  his  native  foil,'  Mr. 
C.  widely  differs  from  Dr.  P.  (as  might  be  expetSled)  on 
the  fubjc6t  of  the  adclreffes  to  his  Majefty,  and  compares  the 
flyle  ot  Dr.  Price's  projedkd  addrefs  to  that  of  the  Quakers  to 
Charles  II :  '  Ff  icnd  Charles,  we  are  forry  thy  father  is  dead  j 
we  are  glad  to  fee  thee.'  * 

The  arguments  which  Mr.  Coxe  produces  againft  the  aflb- 
ciation  of  the  Diffenters  for  the  repeal  of  the  teft,  have  been 
often  repeated  and  anfwered. 


Art.  LI  v.  Philofophical  Rtjicdions  on  the  late  Revolution  in 
France^  and  the  Conduct  of  the  Dijfenters  in  England  \  in  a  Let- 
ter to  Dr.  Prie/I/ey.  By  J.  Courtenay,  Efq.  m.  p.  8vo. 
94  p.     pr.  2S.     Becket,  1790. 

From  a  knowledge  of  feme  of  Mr.  C/s  political  conne<Slions 
we  confefs  we  rather  expected  to  find  the  prefent  publication  but 
little  favourable  to  the  progrefs  of  civil  and  religious  liberty. 
We  were  agreeably  difappointed  ;  the  pamphlet  is  a  pleafant 
piece  of  irony  direfted  againft  thofe  who  affevS  to  apprehend 
the  moft  alarming  confequences  from  the  growing  ardour  in 
favour  of  the  rights  and  liberties  of  human  nature  ;  and  his 
indireft  cenfure  even  of  the  American  war,  in  which  Mr.  Cour- 
tenay's  moft  intimate  political  connexions  were  engaged,  proves 
that  with  his  excellent  abilities  he  poffeffes  a  liberal  and  en- 
lightened mind :  as  a  fpecimen,  we  feledt  the  following  ironical 
defence  of  the  fl^ve  trade,  p.  28  : 

*  It  is  inconteftibly  proved  by  the  celebrated  author  of  Ancient 
Mythology,  and  uniyerfally  admitted,  that  the  Europeans  ar«  the 
fons  of  Japbeth  :  it  is  therefore-"our  indifpenfable  duty  to  accom- 
pHfti  the  divine  predidions  of  Noah,  and  to  hold  Ham's  defcen- 
darits  in  chains  forever.  But  it  is  the  avowed' intention  of  the  Na- 
tional A'fifemWy  tq  weaken  the  credibility  of  the  facred  hiftory,  by 
emancipating  the  negroes.  However,  f  truft  we  lliall  not  be  made 
the  dupes  of  this  profane  policy  :  on  the  contrary  I  fincerely  wi(h, 
that  the  corporations  of  Briftol  and  Liverpjool  would  fend  out  the 
reverend  author  of  the  Scriptural  Refearches  to  the  Weft  Indies, 
with  a  cargo  of  .Bibles';  which  may  be  conveniently  flowed  in  fhe 
ilave-fiiips,  as  they  arc  not  now  fo  much  crowded  as  formerly,  Lee 
'ftm  teacii' th«  unfortunate  Africans  to  read  and  ftud/  the  bool^of 

Geneiis ; 


^6  t  0  t  t  r  t  c  i. 

Genefis ;— let  their  genealogy  be  condenfed  into  a  Ihort  cdtechiiirf^ 
fuited  to  their  untutored  capacities,  and  tacght  them  every  Sunday 
by  one  of  the  negro-drivers  —It  is  impoffible  to  fay  what  a  fudden 
and  falutary  efFeft  it  may  have  on  their  unenlightened  minds,  to 
know  that  their  fuffering^  are  folely  owing  to  the  wickednefi  of 
*' their  ancellor,  Ham. 

•  It  will  conciliate  their  afFeftions,  and  endear  the  fons  of  Ja- 
*  pheth  to  their  hearts,  if  they  are  once  perfuaded  that  we  hold  them. 

in  bondage,  and  inflid  ftripes  on  them,  neither  to  obtain  any  bafc 
and  fordid  profit  from  their  burning  toils,  nDr  to  gratify  the  fuddea 
impulfe  of  vindidive  pallion,  but  merely  in  obedience  to  the  de- 
crees of  Heaven,  to  accomplifli  the  word  of  prophecy,  as  faithful 
executors  to  the  laft  will  and  teftament  of  Noah,  our  common:  pro- 
,  genitor,  the  fecond  father  of  mankind. 

1  be  commutation  ad:  does  not  efcape  the  ridicule  of  our 
iatyrift,  p.  48  : 

•  The  more  I  confider  this  important  fubjedl,  the  political  evils 
that  menace  our  country,  from  the  fatal  revolution  in  France, 
become  more  apparent.  I  fhall  adduce  one  ilriking  inftance  by 
which  our  revenue  and  manufa^lures  may  be  ruined.  The  com- 
mutation a£l  is  now  a  favourire  one,  as  it  fairly  and  impartially 
compels  every  man  to  pay  an  additional  window  tax,  in  order  to 
icduce  the  price  of  tea  :  if  he  does  not  choofe  to  drink  it,  he  has 

.  no  reaibn  to  complain,  as  it  is  his  own  fault.  Perhaps  it  will  be 
fuggeited  at  fome  moment  of  popular  frenzy,  that  the  commuta- 
tion ?tl  is  a  badge  of  flavery  ;  for  when  this  meafure  was  firft  pro- 
pofed,  it  was  compared  in  debate  to  the  ^^^^//f,  a  fimilar  fort  of 
impoH  en  fait,  which  long  prevailed  in  France,  and  has  lately  been 
aboliihed  by  the  National  AfTembly.  Mr.  Fox,  though  he  owned 
the  jiiitnefs  of  the  remark,  fadioiifly  preferred  the  mild  fpirit  of 

.  French  taxation  ;  aflerting,  •  that  there  was  no  degree  of  compa- 

>  rifon,  on  the  plea  of  neceffity,  between  the  ufe  of  fait  and  tea.— 
The  latter  was  clearly  a  luxury,  and  no  ways  conducive  to  health  ; 

.  perhaps  far  othervvife,  as  many  had  thought.  Salt,  on  the  con- 
trary, was  a  nece.Vary  ;  and  therefore  it  was  far  lefs  oppreifive  to 
oblige  the  Aibjedls  of  France  to  purchafe  as  much  fait  as  it  was 
fuppofed  a  pt  rfon  of  any  given  defcription  in  life  would  have  occa- 
fion  for.*  Thefe  words  may  be  malicioufly  repeated,  to  excite 
fedition  and  dilloyalty  in  the  niinds  of  the  people,  and  induce  them 

.  to  infift  on  the  repeal  of  a  moft  equitable  and  impartial  tax. 

Our  author's  plan  for  preventing  the  mifchiefs  likely  to 
cnfue  to  this  country,  from  the  fpreading  flame  of  liberty  is 
equally  pointed,  p.  54  : 

•  Let  the  whole  of  the  Britiih  revenue  be  farmed  to  that  great 
controller  of  finance,  Monf.  C-  Let  a  royal  imfritnatur  be  eila* 
bliihed ;  (nibbling  at  the  newfpapers,  by  forbidding  them  to  be 
lent,  is  a  nugatory  policy ;)  let  both  houfes  of  convocation  meet  to 
recommend  lotteries,  and  his  majedy's  proclamation  for  the  refor- 
mation of  manners ;  let  them  appoint  a  committee,  (Dodor  H.  ia 
the  chair)  to  cite,  degrade,  and  deprive  fuch  of  the  clergy  of  their 
benefices  who  |hall  prefume  to  fupport  any  of  the  prefent  members 

of 


Mfs  WilUams'j  Julta.  97 

of  tbe  lioufe  of  commons^  at  the  next  general  elefUpn,  who  voted 
for  a  repeal  of  die  teft  ad ;  let  them  examine,  and  fentence  to  the 
flames,  all  publications  of  an  immoral  tendency,  and  commit  the 
authors,  printers,  and  readers  to  Newgate  ;  let  the  fchifm  bill, 
which  expired  cm  the  ift  of  Auguft  17 14)  be  revived  ;  let  the  au* 
thority  of  the  bifliops*  court  be  extended,  and  no  appeal  be  allowed 
from  their  decifions,  except  to  heaven*  D« 


Art.  lv.  A  Letter  from  Lord  de  Clifford  to  the  worthy  and 
independent  EleStors  of  the  Town  of  Downpatrick,  8vo.  25  p# 
Price  IS.     1790.   Debretr. 

Lord  de  Clifford  here  complains  that  Lord  Down(hirc 
and  Mr.  Price  have  fet  up  an  oppofition  to  his  friends  ia 
Downpatrick,  and  publifhes  letters  from  them  proving  how 
unwarrantable  fuch  an  oppofition  is.  Peers,  we  underftand, 
are  prohibited  from  interfering  in  elections.  How  far  this  law 
is  complied  with  is  obvious  from  the  pamphlet,  by  which  we 
learn  that  the  worthy  and  independent  ele£tors  are  bargained  for 
like  (beep  in  Smithfield  market* 


Art.  lvi.    J  Letter  addreffed  to  the  Heritors  or  landed  Pr$pri* 
itors  of  Scotland^  holding  their  Lands  of  Suhje£f  Si^eriars^  or 
mediately  of  the  Qrown.     8vo.     37  p.     Price  is.  6d.    Edin- 
burgh, Hill.    London,  Murray.     1790. 
This  fenlible  and  fpiritcd  writer  endeavours  to  roufe  the 
sittention  of  the  landed  proprietors  of  Scotland  to  what  he  con- 
fiders  as  their  right,  the  right  of  voting  for  members  of  par- 
liament in  the  feveral  counties.     That  right,  he  proves,  is  fo 
narrowed  and  contra£ied  by  the  power  of  the  crown,  and  the 
iiKTroachments  of  the  peers,  who  make  fiditious  voters,  or 
parchment  baronsy  that  the  whole  number  of  freeholders  who 
ck&.  for  thirty-three  counties,  amounts  only  to  about  two 
thoufaiul  fix  hundred  and  thirty-eight,  of  whom  twelve  hun« 
dred  and  thirty-four  are  nominal  freeholders.     He  proves,  by 
clear  arguments,    that  the  eledlioiw  are  generally  carried  by 
undue  influence,  and  urges  the  freeholders  to  vindicate  their 
privileges  and  their  independence.  C.  C, 

Art.  LVII.  JuUa^  a  Novel:  interfperfed  with  fame  poetical 
Pieces.  By  Helen  Maria  Williams,  In  two  Volumes.  lamo. 
508  p.     Price  6s.  fewed,     Cadell.     1790. 

M1S6  W.  is  already  known  to  the  literary  world  as  a  poet, 
and  though  it  may  require  more  knowledge  of  the  human 
heart,  and  comprehertfive  views  of  life,  to  write  a  good  novd 
tbaa  to  tell  a  pretty  ilory  in  verfe,  or  write  a  little  plaintive 
lay-^^yiet,  from  her,  calm  domeftic  fcenes  were  to  be  e^cpcSed-^ 
aad  in  this  novel  they  abound.     Her  landfcapes  are  highly 

Vol.  VII.  3  finiflxed 


$i  NOVELS. 

finifhed  in  water  colours,  and  her  chara£lers  delineated  witK  a 

degree  bf  truth  and  proportion,  which  inftantly  infinuates  that 

they  werp  drawn  from  nature ;  particularly  when  filial  aficc- 

tion  is  exhibited,  for  then  there  is  a  degree  of  winning  tender- 

nefs  glowing  in  the  pidure,  that  filently  reaches  the  heart. 

Indeed,  there  is  a  fimplicity  and   eafe   reigning  throughout, 

which  renders  many  detached  paflages  very  interefting ;  yet, 

confidered  as  a  whole,  the  tale  is  not  fufficiently  dramatic  to 

excite  lively  fympathy  or  intcreft ;   nor  complek  enough  t<> 

roufe  a  kind  of  reftlefs  curiofity  as  a  fubftitute.     Mifs  W.  is, 

probably,  a  warm  admirer  of  Mrs,  Smith's  novels  ;  but  if,  in 

defcriptions  of  nature,  and  lively  charadleric  converfations,  (he 

falls  far  fhort  of  her  model,  the  reader  of  tafte  will  never  be 

difgufted  with  theatrical  attitudes,  artificial  feelings,  or  a  dif- 

play  of  ftudied  unimpaflioned  falfe  grace.     This  lady  (eems  to 

be  an  exception  to  Pope's'  rule,  '  that  every  woman  is  at  heart 

a  rake' — and  that  two  paffions  divide  the  fex — love  of  pleafure 

and  fway  ;  for  no  fcencs  of  diflipation  are  here  (ketched  by  the 

dancing  fpirits.  of  an  intoxicated  imagination  5  nor  drefies  de- 

fcribed  with  the  earneft  minutenefs  of  vanity.     In  ftort,  her 

mind  does  not  feem  to  be  debauched,  if  we  may  be  allowed  the 

expreiiion,  by  reading  novels  ;  but  every  fentiment  is  uttered  in 

an  original  way,  which  proves  that  it  comes  direftly  from  her 

heart  with  the  artlefs  energy  of  feeling,  that  rather  wiihes  to 

be  underftood  than  admired.     Without  any  acquaintance  with 

Mifs  W«  only  from  the  perufal  of  this  produftion,  we  Oiould 

venture  to  affirm,  that  found  principles  animate  her  condu6V, 

and  that  the  fentiments  they  didlate  are  the  pillars  inftead  of 

being  the  fanciful  ornaments  of  her  charafter. 

There  is  fuch  feminine  fweetnefs  in  her  ftyle  and  obferva- 
tions — fuch  modefty  and  indulgence  in  her  fatire — fuch  genuine 
unafFeiSied  piety  m  her  eflrufions  and  remarks,  that  we  warmly 
recommend  her  novel  to  our  young  female  readers,  who  will 
here  meet  with  refinement  of  fentiment,-  without  a  very  great 
alloy  of  romantic  notions : — if  the  concluCon,  that  love  is  not 
to  be  conquered  by  reafon,  had  been  omitted,  this  would  be 
an  unexceptionable  book  for  young  people. 

The  ftyle,  we  have  before  praifed  for  its  fimplicity,  and  we 
may  add,  that  it  is  pretty  correal ;  yet  the  narrative  is  too  often 
interlarded  with  quotations  and  allufions.  We  (hall  prefent  a 
fpecimen — Vol.  I.  page  64. 

*  The  old  man  (Julia's  grandfather)  was  vifited  every  Saturday  morning 
by  a  fet  of  penfioners,  to  each  of  whom  he  gave  a  fmall  weekly  allow-* 
ance.  He  had  not  much  to  give ;  yet  he  denied  himfclf  fome  indulg- 
cncies  his  age  required,  to  beftow  that  little ;  which,  however  trifling, 
was  fufficicnt  to  procure  fome  additional  comfort  to  the  receivers. 
The  luxuries  of  the  poor  are  not  expenfive ;  and  the  rich  can  make 
them  happy  by  parting  with  fo  little,  that  it  can  fcarcely  be  termed  a 
4.  ,  privatiot 


Mfi  WilUams'x  Julia.  99 

{ntvation.  This  benevolent  old  man  felt  charity  Icfs  a  duty  than  a 
pleafure.  He  might  have  made  the  fame  appeal  to  heaven  which  was 
made  by  Job,  *'  if  I  have  eaten  my  morfel  myfelf  alone,  and  the 
fatheriels  hath  not  eaten  thereof,"  without  danger  of  incurring  the 
forfeiture.  He  felt  none  of  that  admiration  of  himfelf  which  the 
felfifh  feel  when  they  perform  a  kind  adtion ;  for  he  could  perceive 
litde  merit  in  exertions  which  were  attended  with  the  mod  fweet  and 
exquifitc  fatisfaftion.  That  kindnefs  which  flows  from  the  heart,  is 
like  a  clear  ftream,  that  pours  its  full  and  rapid  current  cheerfully 
iJong,  for  ever  unobftrufted  in  its  courfe ;  while  thofe  afts  of  benefi- 
cence which  ^re  performed  with  reluftance,  rcfemble  (hallow  waters 
fupplied  by  a  muddy  fountain,  retarded  in  their  noify  progrefs  by 
every  pebble,  dried  by  heat,  and  frozen  by  cold.  This  old  man's 
chief  fource  of  happinefs  was  drawn  from  religion.  His  devotion 
was  more  than  habitual;  for  his  mind  had  attained  that  ftate  in  which 
reflection  is  but  a  kind  of  mental  prayer;  and  every  objedl  around 
him  was  to  him  a  fubjed  of  adoration,  and  a  motive  for  gratitude^ 
Praife  flowed  from  his  lips  like  thofe  natural  melodies,  to  which  the 
car  has  long  been  accultomed,  and  which  the  voice  delights  to  call 
forth.  The  contemplation  of  a  venerable  old  man  finking  thug 
gently  into  the  arms  of  death,  fupported  by  filial  affedlon,  and 
animated  by  religious  hope,  excites  a  ferious,  yet  not  unpleafing,  fen- 
fation.  When  the  gay  and  bufy  fcenes  of  life  are  pafl,  and  the  years 
advance  which  *«  have  no  pleafure  in  them,"  what  is  left  for  ace  to 
wi(h,  but  that  its  infirmities  may  be  foothed  by  the  watchful  folici- 
tude  of  tendernefs,  and  its  darknefs  cheered  by  a  ray  of  that  light 
•*  which  Cometh  from  above?"  To  fuch  perfons  life,  even  in  its  laft 
dage,  is  ftill  agreeable.  They  do  not  droop  like  thofe  flowers  which, 
when  their  vigour  is  paft,  lofe  at  once  their  beauty  and  fragrance ;  but 
iiave  more  affinity  to  the  fading  rofe,  which,  when  its  enchanting 
colours  are  fled,  ftill  retains  its  exhilarating  fweetnefs,  and  is  loved  and 
cheriihed  even  in  decay  ? 


*  The  porpofe  of  thefe  pages,'  fays  Mifs  W.  in  the  ad^ertifement,' 
*  is  to  trace  the  danger  arifing  from  the  uncontrouled  indulgence  of 
ftrong  affections;  not  in  thofe  inltances  where  they  lead  to  tiic  guilty 
cxceffcs  of  pafiion  in  a  corrupted  mind — but,  when  difapproved  by 
reafon,  and  uncircumfcribed  by  prudence,  they  involve  even  the  vir- 
tuous in  calamity ! 

This  plan  gives  the  aijthor  an  opportunity  to  difplay  the 
mpft  exemplary  degree  of  re£litude  in  the  conduct  of  her  he- 
roine. But  a  reader,  with  the  Itaft  difcernment,  muft  foon 
perceive  that  Julia's  principles  are  fo  fixed  that  nothing  can 
tempt  her  to  aft  wrong ;  and  as  {he  appears  like  a  rock,  againft 
which  the  waves  vainly  beat,  no  anxiety  will  be  felt  for  her 
fafety  : — (he  is  viewed  with  refpeft,  and  left  very  tranquilly  to 
quiet  her  feelings,  becaufe  it  cannot  be  called  a  conteft.  A 
good  tragedy  or  novel,  if  the  criterion  be  the  efFedt  which  it 
has  on  the  reader,  is  not  always  the  moft  moral  work,  for  It  is  npt ' 
the  reveries  of  fentiment,  but  the  ftruggles  of  paiTion — of  thofe 
human  pajjion's^  that  too  frequently  cloud  the  reafon,  and  lead 
mortals  into  dangerous  errors,  if  not  into  abfolute  guik,  which 
raife  the  moft  lively  emotions,  and   leave  the  moft  lafting  im- 

H  2.  '  preflion 


too  III  r  ^  C££LAtl80n9* 

preffion  oif  the' memory;  an  tmpreffion  rather  made  by  the 
heart  than  the  underftanding ;  for  our  affef^ions  are  Qpt  quite 
fo  voluntary  as  the  fufFrage  of  rcafon. 

The  poems  are  ingenious  and  harmonious ;  we  fhall  felefl: 
one,  not  becaufe  it  is  the  beft,  for  we  {hould  have  chofen  the  little 
tale  of  the  linnet,  or  the  elegy  on  a  tbrufh,  if  they  had  not 
been  too  long. 

SONNET    To    THE     MOON. 

•  The  glitt'ring  colours  of  the  day  are  fled-^ 
Come,  melancholy  orb !  that  dweiril  with  night. 
Come !  and  o'er  earth  thy  wand'ring  luftre  Ihcd,  * 
Thy  dcepeft  fhadow  and  thy  fofteft  light. 
To  me  congenial  is  the  gloomv  grove. 
When  with  faint  rays  the  flopmg  uplands  fhine ; 
That  gloom,  thofe  penfive  rays,  alike  I  love, 
Whofe  fadncfs  feems  in  fympathy  with  mine ! 
But  moft  for  this,  pale  orb !  thy  light  is  dear. 
For  this,  benignant  orb !  I  hail  thee  moft. 
That  while  I  pour  the  unavailing  tear. 
And  mourn  that  hope  to  me,  in  youth  is  loft! 
Thy  light  can  vifionary  thoughts  impart. 
And  lead  the  mufe  to  tooth  a  fuft'*ring  heart.* 


Art.  LVIII.  Hijioric  Tales :  a  Novel  iimo.  267  p  Pr.  2S.  6d# 
fewed.  Dilly.  1790. 
Though  feveral  hiftorical  tales  have  been  well  received  by 
the  public,  and,  in  feme  meafure,  deferve  the  reception  they 
met  with ;  yet,  we  cannot  cordially  approve  of  fuch  produc- 
tions as  indirefHy  weaken  the  evidence  of  hiftory,  and  by  con- 
founding truth  and  fiction  in  a  regular  ftory,  miflead  young 
people,  who- will  afterwards,  perhaps,  find  truth  in  its  native 
drefs  infipid,  or  be  unable  to  difentangle  matters  of  faiSl  from 
the  adventitious  ornaments  that  adorn  them,  or  are  interwoven 
fo  artfully  into  the  very  texture  of  the  narration,  that  matured 
reafon  may  afterwards  vainly  endeavour  to  efface  the  firft  lively 
imprefSon  made  on  the  imagination.  The  court  of  France, 
previous  to,  a^d  during  the  reign  of  Francis  the  Firft,  was  as 
interefting  a  field  of  aSion  as  the  author  could  have  chofen,  and 
the  intfodu£lion  of  the  ftory  of  Anna  Boleyn,  whofe  ambitious 
coftdudl  contrdfts  with  that  of  the  heroine,  in  afimilar  fituation, 
is  judicious : — upon  the  whole,  the  tales  are  moral,  and  tolerably 
artiufirtg,  fo  that  without  deferving  much  praife,  thiey  cfcap^ 
from  cenfure.  '  M, 


AtiT.  LI*.  Literary  Relits  :  ccntaining  original  Letters  from 
King  Charks  II.  King  James  II.  the'^een  of  Bohemia^ 
ISuuifi^  Befieky;  Addifin^  Steele,  Cortgreve,  the  Duke  of  Orrnond 
and  Bijhof  Bundle,     To  which  is  prefixed^  an  Inquiry  into  the 

-        >  .  Lifi 


Berkdey^^  Lkerary  JljIkSf  tot 

ttft  rf  i^««  SfVijfi.  By  George-Monck  Berkeley,  £% 
i.  r.  B.  in  the  Univerfity  ftf  Dublin,  ^c.  Svo.  415  p^ 
Pr.6s.    Elliot  vid  Kay.     1789. 

The  relics  of  literary  men  are  feldom  worth  preferving* 
AU  that  is  valuable  of  their  compofitions  is  generally  publi£bed 
in  their  life  time^  or  immediately  on  their  deceafe  s  and,  above 
all  relics,  private  correfpondence  is  leaft  interefting*  Whil^ 
Wc  obferve  this  in  the  general,  wp  muft  confefs  that  the  publi*. 
cation  before  us  is  one  of  the  beft  coUedions  of  the  kind  wc 
have  ever  ieen^  and  it  is  the  more  valuable,  becaufe  it  con* 
tains  a  number  of  pieces  by  a  chara6l:er  univerfally  admired, 
though  we  believe  his  works  are  butfejdom  perufed  at  prefcnt; 
We  mean  the  excellent  and  learned  Berkeley,  bifljop  of  CJoyne, 
After  all,  the  beft  relic  with  which  Mr.  B,  has  prefented  us,  is 
(if  he  will  excufe  the  Irifhifm)  what  he  has  written  himfelf. 
The  defence  of  Swift  is  animated  and  iudicious,  ancl  from  1%. 
we  will  vehture  to  predi£l|  that  Mr.  fi.  will  oile  day  be  aa 
author  of  emiiience. 

The  abfurd  calumny  of  Swift  having  attempted  a  rape,  which 
is  now  generally  believed  to  have  originated  entirely  in  a  piece 
of  author-crafty  is  very  ably  refuted  and  ridiculed  by  Mr, 
Berkeley ;  but  as  Mr.  B.'s  defence  of  the  dean  would  exceed 
oar  limits,  wd  muft  content  ourfelves  with  referring  to  the 
work  itfelf.  We  have  already  intimated,  that  the  mbft  valu- 
able letters  in  this  coIle£^ion  are  bifliop  Berkeley's.  The  fol- 
lowing account  of  Vefuvius  by  that  eminent  prelate,  cannot 
fail  to  be  entertaining'  to  moft  readers.    P.  83* 

*  To  Dr.   AKBUTHIfOT. 

Jfril  iy^  tyij. 
f  With  much  difficalty  I  reached  the  top  of  Mount  Vefuyius^  la 
wKicli  i  faw  a  vail  aperture  full  of  fmoke,  which  hindered  the  iee- 
^Dg  its  depth  and  figure.  I  heard  within  xh&t  hovrid  gulf  certain 
odd  founds,  which  teemed  to  proceed  from  the  belly  of  the  moan- 
taio  ;  a  6>rt  of  mariQuring,  iighing*  throbbiiig,  churning,  dafhing 
(as  it  were)  of  waves,  and  between  whiles  a  noife  like  that  of 
thunder  or  cannon,  which  was  conlbaiuly  attended  with  a  clattering 
lUpe  that  of  tiles  falling  from  the  tops  of  houfes  on  the  dreecs* 
Sometimes,  as  the  wind  change d«  the  fmoke  grew  thinner^  difco- 
▼e^ng  a  very  ruddy  flame,  and  the  jaws  of  the  pan  or  C9'aur 
ftreaified  with  red  and  ieveral  Aades  oi  yellow.  Afoer  an  hour's 
fts^y,  the  (moke^  being  moved  by  the  wind,   gave  as  ihoft  and 

fartiai  proipeds  of  the  greac  hollow,  in  the  Hat  bottom  of  which 
could  difcern  two  far n aces  a! moft  contiguous  :  that  on  dift  left, 
feeming  about  three  yards  in  diameter,  glowed  with  red  flame, 
and  threw  up  red-hot  Rones  with  a  hideous  noiie,  which,  as  they 
fell  hack,  caufed  the  fofemendoned  clattering.  May  8,  in  the 
^prniiig,  I  afceiided  to  che  top  of  Veiuvius  a  fecond  time,  and 
foi^nd  a  diferent  face  of  things.  The  fmoke  afcending  upright, 
gave  a  full  profpe^  of  the  crater,  which^  as  I  could  judge,  is 
T'  '  about 


lOZ  MISCELLANEOUS. 

about  a  mile  in  Circumference,  and  an  hundred  yards  deep.     A 
cpnical  mount  had  been  formed  iince  my  laft  vifit,  in  .the  middle 
of  the  Bottom  :  this  mount,  I  couid  {ee,  was  made  of  the  ilones 
thrown  up  and  fallen  back  again  into  the  cratejr.     In  this  new  hill 
remaineid  the  two  mounts  or  furnaces  already  mentioned  :  that  on 
our  left  was  in  the  vertex  of  the  hill  which  it  had  formed  round  it, 
and  raged  more  violently  than  before,  throwing  up,  every  three 
or  four  minutes,  with  a  dreadful  bellowing,  a  vail  number  of  red- 
lK>t-ftones,  fometimes  in  appearance  above  a  thoufand,  and  at  leaft 
three,  thou  fan  d  feet  higher  than  my  head  as  I  ilood  upon  the  brink  $ 
hat  there  being  little  or  no  wind,  they  fell  back  perpendicularly 
into  the  crater,  increafing  the  conical  hill.     The  other  mouth  to 
the  fighc  was  lower  in  the  fide  of  the  fame  new- formed  hill*     I 
could  difcern  it  to  be  filled  vdth  red>hot  liquid  matter,  like  that 
in  the  furnace  of  a  glafs-houfe,  which  raged  and  wrought  as  the 
waves  of  the  fea,  cauUng  a  fhort  abrupt  noife  like  what  may  be 
imagined  to  proceed  from  a  fea  of  quickfilver  daihing  among  un- 
eren  rocks.     This  ftufF  would  fometimes  fpew  over  and  run  down 
tkc  convex  fide  of  the  conical  hill ;  and  appearing  at  firft  red-hot, 
it  changed  colour,  and  hardened  as  it  cooled,  (hewing  the  firii 
yvdunents  of  an  eruption,  or,  if  I  may  fay  fo,  an  eruption  in 
niniatuive.     Had  the  wind  driven  in  our  faces,  we  had  been  in  oo 
£)iall  danger  of  Hifiing  by  the  iulphureous  fmoke,  or  being  knocked 
on  the  head  by  lu^ps  of  molten  minerals,  which  we  faw  h^d  fome- 
times fallen  on  the  brink  of  the  crater^  upon  thofe  (hot  from  the 
gulf  at  bottom.     But  as  the  wind  was  favourable,  I  had  an  oppor- 
tunity to  furvey  this  odd  fcene  for  above  an  hour  and  a  hajf  toge- 
ther; during  which  it  was  very  obfervable,  that  all  the  volleys  of 
fmoke^  flame,  and  burning  flones,  came  only  out  of  the  hole  to 
our  left,  while  the  liquid  llufF  in  the  other  mouth  wrought  and  ' 
overflowed,  as  hath  been  already  defcribed.     June  5th,   after  an 
iiorrid  noife,  the  mountain  was  feen  at  Naples  to  fpew  a  little  out 
of  the  crater.     The  fame  continued  the  6th.     The  7th,  nothing 
was  obferved  till  within  two  hours  of  night,    when  it  began  4  ' 
hideous  bellowing,  which  continued  all  that  night  and  the  next 
day  till  noon,  caufing  the  windows,  and,  as  fome  affirm,  the  very  ■ 
lioufes  in  Naples  to  fhake.     From  that  time  it  fpewed  vaft  quanti- 
ties of  molten  ftufF  to  the  fouth,  which  (Ireamed  down  the  moun- 
tain like  a  great  pot  boiling  over.     This  evening  I  returned  from 
a  voyage  through  Apulia,  and  was  furprifed,  palSng  by  the  north 
fide  of  the  mountain,  to  fee  a  great  quantity  of  ruddy  fmoke  lie 
along  a  huge  traft  of  iky  over  the  river  of  molten  fluff,  which  was 
itfelf  out  of  fight.     The  9th,  Vefuvius  raged  lefs  violently:   that 
night  we  faw  from  Naples  a  column  of  fire  fhoot  between  whiles 
out  of  ics  fummit.     The  loth,  when  we  thought  all  would  have 
been  over,  the  mountain  grew  very  outrageous  again,  roaring  and 
groaning  moft  dreadfully.     You  cannot  form  a  jufter  idea  of  this 
noife  in  the  moft  violent  fits  of  it,  than   by  imagining  a  mixed 
found  made  up  of  the  raging  of  a  tempeft,  the  murmur  of  a  troubled 
fei,  and  the  roaring  of  thunder  and  artillery,  confufed  all  together. 
It  was  very  terrible  as  we  heard  it  in  the  further  end  of  Naples,   ■ 
at  the  diii^nce  of  above  twelve  mile^:  this  moved  my  ciiriofity  td 

approacl^ 


Berkeley'*  Literary  ReRcs.  tftj 

jipproach  the  mountain.  Three  or  four  of  us  got  into  a  boat»  and 
Were  fet  ai^ore  at  T^rre  del  Greco^  a  town  iituate  at  the  foot  of 
Yefuvius  to  the  fouth-weft,  whence  we  rode  four  or  live  miles  be- 
fore we  came  to  the  burning  river,  which  was  about  midnight. 
The  roaring  of  the  volcano  grew  exceeding  loud  and  horrible  aa 
we  approached.  I  obferved  a  mixture  of  colours  in  fhe  cloud  over 
the  crater,  green,  yellow,  red,  and  blue;  there  was  likewife  artfddjr 
difmal  light  in  the  air  over  that  trad  of  land  where  the  burning 
river  Bowed  ;  aihes  continually  (howered  on  us  all  the  way  front, 
thefea-coil:  all  which  circumftances,  fet  off  and  augmented  bf 
the  horror  and  iilence  of  the  night,  made  a  fcene  the  moil  un- 
common and  ailonifhing  I  ever  faw,  which  grew  flill  more  extra- 
ordinary as  we  came  nearer  the  fiream.  Imagine  a  vafl  torrent  of 
liqnid  £re  rolling  from  the  top  down  the  fide  of  the  mountaio^ 
and  with  irrefiftible  fury  bearing  down  and  confuming  vinesp 
olives,  iig-trees,  houfes ;  in  a  word,  every  thing  that  iiood  in  it* 
way.  This  mighty  flood  divided  into  different  channels,  according 
to  the  inequalities  of  the  mountain  :  the  largeil  ilream  feemed  half 
a  mile  broad  at  leaft,  and  five  miles  long.  The  nature  and  con- 
fidence of  thefe  burning  torrents  hath  been  defcribed  with  ib  muck 
exadnefs  and  truth  by  Borellus  in  his  Latin  creatife  of  Mounc 
Mtxiz,,  that  I  need  fay  nothing  of  it.  I  walked  fo  far  before  mjr 
Companions  np  the  mountain,  along  the  fide  of  the  river  of  £rc, 
that  1  was  obliged  to  retire  in  great  hafte,  the  fulphureous  ftream 
having  furprifed  me,  and  almoll  taken  away  my  breath.  During 
our  return,  which  was  about  three  o'clock  in  the  morning,  we 
conftantly  heard  the  murmur  and  groaning  of  the  mountain,  whiclt 
between  whiles  would  burft  out  into  louder  peals,  throwing  up 
liuge  fpouts  of  fire  and  burning  ftones,  which  falling  down  again, 
reicmbled  the  ftars  injour  rockets.  Sometimes  1  obferved  two,  at 
others  three,  diilinft  columns  of  flames;  and  fometimes  one  vaft 
one  that  feemed  to  fill  the  whole  crater.*  Thefe  burning  column* 
and  the  fiery  ftones  feemed  to  be  (hot  'looo  feet  perpendicular 
above  the  fumnoit  of  tke  volcano.  The  i  jth  at  night,  I  obferved 
it,  from  a  terrafs  in  Naples,  to  throw  up  inceflTantly  a  vafl  body 
of  fire^  and  great  ftones  to  a  furprifing  height.  The  12th,  in  the 
morning,  it  darkened  the  fun  with  afties  and  fmoke,  caufing  a 
fort  of  eclipfe.  Horrid  bellowings,  this  and  the  foregoing  day, 
wexe  heard  at  Naples,  whither  part  of  the  aflies  alfo  reached. 
At  night  I  obferved  it  throwing  up  flame,  as  on  the  iith.  On 
the  13th,  the  wind  changing,  we  iaw  a  pillar  of  black  fmoke  (hot 
npHght  to  a  prodigious  height.  At  night  I  obferved  the  mount 
caft  up  fire  as  before,  though  not  fo  diftindly  becaufe  of  the  fmoke- 
The  14th,  a  thicR  black  cloud  hid  the  mountain  from  Naples. 
The  15th,  in  the  morning,  the  court  and  walls  of  our  houfe  in 
Naples  were  covered  with  aflies.  The  16th,  the  fmoke  was  driven 
by  a  wefterly  wind  from  the  town  to  the  oppofite  fide  of  the  moun- 
tain. The  17th,  the  fmoke  appeared  much  diminifhed,  fat  and 
grtziy.  The  18th,  the  whole  appearance  ended ;  the  mountain 
remaining  perfettly  quiet  without  any  vifible  fmoke  or  flame.  A 
gentleman'  of  my  acquaintance,  whofe  window  looked  towards 
Vcfaviu*y  affured  me  that  he^fcrved  fcveral  flafhes,  as  it  \Vere  of 
^   ■  •/  lightning. 


lightnings  iflue  out  of  the  mouth  of  the  volcano.  It  is  not  worth 
while  to  trouble  you  with  the  conjeftures*  I  have  formed  con- 
cerning the  eaufe  of  thefe  phaenomena,  from  what  1  obferved  Iq 
the  Laems  AmfanSt^  the  Smfatara,  &c.  as  well  as  in  Mount  Vefu- 
vius.  One  thing  I  may  venture  to  fay,  that  I  faw  the  fluid  matter 
life  out  of  the  centre  of  the  bottom  of  the  crater,  out  of  the  very 
middle  of  the  mountain,  contrary  to  what  Borellus  imagines ; 
whofe  method  of  explaining  the  eruption  of  a  volcano  by  an  in- 
!flexed  fyphon  and  the  rules  of  hydroftatics,  is  likewife  inconfiftent 
with  the  torrents  flowing  down  from  the  very  vertex  of  the  moun- 
tain. I  have  not  fcen  the  crater  fince  the  eruption,  bnt  defign  to 
vifit  it  again  before  I  leave  Naples.  I  dotrbt  there  is  nothing  in 
this  worth  ihewing  the  fociety  :  as  to  that,  you  will  ufe  your  dif. 
cretion.  E.  (it  fliould  be  G.)  BERKELEY.' 

The  letters  of  Congreve  are  eafy,  and  on  the  whole,  good 
models  of  epiftolary  writing,  but  the  fubjefts  are  trifling  and 
temporary.  B» 

Ta    CofcRESPOKDCVTS. 

We  are  oUiged  to  a  refpedable  carrefpondent  for  pointing  out  t 
tjrpographical  enor  of  one  word  in  ow  Review  for  March,  wbick 
may  lead  the  reader  to  fuppofe  that  we  had  a&ribed  "  A  PhiloA>pbi- 
cal  Survey  of  the  South  of  Ireland,  in  a  Series  of  Letters^  tp  Joha 
Watkinfon,  M.  D.*'  publilhed  in  1777,  a  very  entertaining  work, 
not  to  Dr.  Campbell,  biit  to  Colonel  Vallancey. — This  mi&ke  wiU 
be  corre^^ed,  and  our  fentiments  on  the  fubjed^  in  queftion  expiefled 
without  ambiguity  by  reading,  (inftead  of  fn)  m  his  philofophical 
Survey,  page  296.   line  |d. 

At  the  time  of  our  writing  the  account  of  **  Striftures  on  the 
Hiftory  of  Ireland,"  we  had  been  privately  informed  that  the  Philofo- 

eical  Survey  was  the  produAion  of  Dr.  Campbell :  and  that  we  had 
zn  rightly  informed,  we  are  now  aflured  by  the  beft  authority* 

In  the  fame  page,  line  4th,  inftead  oiTwo  icad  Tnvel've.  . 

*♦*  ^^  ^^^^  received  a  fecond  letter  from  Mr.  Holcroft ;  but  a& 
we  fee  no  reafon  to  altec  our  opinion,  and  have  already  given  place 
10  a  letter  of  his,  in  which  the  fubjeft  in  diiptfte  is  very  fully  di(^ 
culled,  it  appears  improper  to  enter  further  into  it. 

I  'i  -        ,        -        .  ■  ,    _         .    .    .    I  u      I     I  .  1  r  .11.  .         J  .1  -    -  -  II 

<  *  Our  author's  coojedures  on  thecaoie  of  the  pbaeaomena  abovjs 
mentioned,  do  not  appear  in  any  of  his  writings  ;  bat  be  has  often 
communicated  them,  in  converfation,  to  hisfriendi.  Heobf«ryed» 
that  all  the  remarkable  volcanoes  in  the  world  weie  near  ths  iea. 
It  was  his  opinion,  therefore,  that  a  vacuum  being  «iadeln  ik9 
bowels  of  the  earth  by  a  vaft  body  of  inflammable  matterlial&iog 
£re,  the  water  rulhed  in,  and  was  converted  ii»to  fteam?  which 
£mple  caufe  was  fuflicient  to  produce  all  the  wooderfat  ,eifeda  i^ 
volcanoes  if  as  appears  from  Savery's  fire-engine  for  railing  watert 
and  from  the  JEolifik** 


C    105    J 

litIrary    intelligence. 

MiSTpRY     OF     ACADEMIES. 

Art.  1.   koTAL  ACAtOBMY  pr  ^CISNtSS,  3£LLES-LSTT&£S»  ano 
AUTS,    AT    LYONS. 

The  double  prise  oq  the  following  fubjedl :  to  a/certain  the  moftjimpln 
nady  andikcaaraU  mtthod  <f  dete&ing  the  prefince  ^'  alum^anditt  qttaxtity^ 
Kvben dtffbhutdin  loitte,  farttcuUrfy  in  high  cglourtd  wine:  was  divide* 
The  gold  mediil  of  500I.  (12!.  los.}  to  M.  Hoeer,  u.  o.  smd  150L 
{6L  5s.)  )each  to  M»  Beraud»  xDath.  prof,  at  Marieilles,  and  an  anony* 
mods  anthor^  who  deiixed  hU  prize  might  be  difpofed  of  as  the  aca« 
demy  fhould  think  proper. 

The  prize  300I.  (12!.  los.)  refpeftingthc  Aianufafturc  of  leather, 
rfee  our  Rev.  Vol.  ILp*  588]  is  doubled  for  .1702,  the  papers  fcnt 
being  fortign  to  the  purpofe.  It  is  propofed  in  tne  following  terms  : 
Required  the  means  of  rendering  leather  impenetrable  to  nvater,  ninthout 
diminijbing  its  ftrength  and  fuppUnefs^  or  nmch  increajing  Its  price.  It  is 
expected,  that  the  difierent  modes  of  preparing  leather  be  firft  de^ 
fcribcdi  and  their  efie^s  pointed  out,  and  afterwards  the  prcceii 
ofiered  as  a  folution  to  the  qoeftion.  A  fimple  and  inftrudlive  theory 
will  be  dgreeable»  but  accut^te  expdrimenu  will  be  moft  valued. 
An  account  of  the  prefent  procefs  will  be  nfelefs^  without  ibmething 
new  be  offered.  No  oil  or  fat  that  is  difagreeable  to  the  touch  or 
fmell,  or  weakens  the  leather  muft  be  employed,  even  though  it  would 
keep  oat  the  water.  Fats  or  oils  hardened  by  wax  or  metallic  calces 
cannot  be  ufed,  nnleis  proof  againft  the  heat  to  which  ihoes  are  liable 
to  be  expoied.  Solutions  of  faltti  which,  ciyftallizing^  in  the  pores  of  the 
kadier,  may  ieparate  by  deliquefcence,  and  fuperficial  vamiihes.  Habit 
to  fcale  off,  or  be  deftroyed  by  the  alternate  eSk^  of  fun  and  rain,  muft 
be  Avoided. 

Nothing  fatisfaftory  having  been  fcnt  on  the  fol^'eft  of  fixing  the 
tolours  produced  by  lichens  (fee  Iw  above),  the  queflion  is  withdiawn^ 
and  the  following  pifopofed  in  its  ftead,  for  1791,  for  two  gold 
medals  of  300I.  (12I.  ios.)each.  ^re  rwooUen  manufa&ures  fn<fre  ad* 
njontageoks  than  any  others  to  agriculturey  tr^ide,  and  the  fupport  of  tht 
people  f  Are  they  more  capable  than  any  others  offurmjhing  employment 
to  both/exes,  of  all  ages  and  capacities ;  and  are  thej  more  indepessiasa  on 
accidental  circumfiances  f  What  are  the^  mofi  ready  and  eajy  means 
of  wsnltiptyingfuch  manvfaSures  in  France^  *vafying  their  obje&s^  and  per " 
feeing  them  f  Would fuch  manufa^res  ufefulty  employ Jilk  manufadurers^ 
thofe  of  Lyons  in  particular ,  nifhen  their  o*iun  bufinefi  is  at  aftand^  and 
tvhat  'would  be  the  mofi  fimple  methods  ofadaptitig  their  implements,  ^c,  to 
fuch  manufa^ures  ? 

Of  twdve  papers  fent  idaiive  to  the  efic^s  of  the  difcovery  of  Ame- 

.  rica,  [fee  as  above]  foroe  defcrve  praife  ;  but  none  meriting  the  prize, 

the  ^eftion  is  withdrawn,  and  the  foUov/lng  fubftituted  in  its  ftead, 

lor  f  79>  •     What  truths  and  'wbc^  Jentiments  is  it  ofmoft  importance  to  th^ 

tapping  of  mankind  to  inculcate  into  them  f 

Vol.  vU.  I  The 


106  LITKHARV.    INT]gI,LlCfiNCfi. 

The  following  new  fubjedl  is  propofed  for  the  fame  year,  for  a  prJzrf 
of  300i.  (i  zl.  I  OS.)  What  are  the  caufes  of  the  a/cent  of  the  Jap  in  trees  in 
thefpring^  and  thofe  of  its  renovation  in  July  or  Augtiji^  according  to  the 
climate f  .....     ...  .    *^    ^.     ^ 

The  papers  muft  be  fent  before  the  firft  of  April  in-  each  year. 

Art.    tl.    ROYAL  ACXdEMY  Of  "^CIEl^CtS  A'T  BERLllf, 

Jan.  28.  Mr.  Formey  opened  the  meeting  with  an  hiftorical  accoui\f 
bf  the  foundation  of  the  academy  in  174:4.,  on  which  occaiion  he  is  the 
only  member  now  living  who  was  prefent.  Count  Hertzberg  after- 
wards re^d  an  t^?iy  on  th6  purpofes  of  academical  aifemblies. 

The  prizes  50  Fred.  (43I.  15s.)  each,  for  two  eulogies  of  the  latcf 
King,  in  German  and  in  French,  [fee  our  Rev.  VoK  IV.  p.  482,} 
werepoftponed  till  next  year,  as  was  that  of  100  due.  (22I.  los.)  for  the 
difcovery  of  it  fubftitote  for  oak  barky  for  the  ufe  of  tanners,  \lb. 
Vol.  III.  p.  Ill]  no  fatisfaftory  paper  having' been  fent  ott  either 
fubjeft.  .        • 

Art.  III.     Stockholm.    .Kongelige  Vetenjkaps  Academkns  Nya  Hand^ 

lingar,  l^c.     Memoirs  of  die  Royal  Academy  of  Sciences..  Vol.  X# 

for  the  year  1 789.     Part  I.  IL 

The  contents  of  the  firft  part,  four  of  which  are  publifhed  annually, 
are,  i.  Supplement  to  the  eifay  on  cubic  and  biquadratic  equations  ; 
by  G.  A.  Lejonmark.  2.  Method  of  finding  the.  right  afcenfion  of 
the  fun  or  a  ftar  J  by  J.  A,  Cafltrom,  aftronom.,  doc.  at  Upfal.  3. 
On  the  influence  of  difirrent  degrees  of  ttmpertlture  on  chemical  af- 
finities; by  M.  de  Morvcau.  4.  Botanical  remarks  on  certain  Swedilh 
plants,  and  ^fpergulafid^ulata  never  before  defcribed ;  by  O.  Swarz. 
5.  On  a  fpecies  of  triton\  by  A.  Modeen  This,  which  he  found 
under  a  ihip's  bottom,  he  thus  defcribe» :  Corpus  cylindraceum^  baji 
adfix'um^  fuperius  infiato-*ventricofam  (cucullatum)  rnembranaceum^  nudum, 
tamfllis.  hinc  inde  rvahjultpve  njariis  :  apertura  lateralis ^  teiitacula  1 2  arti- 
tulaioy  ciliata,  6.  On  wooden  fences;  by  J  .A.  Grill.  The  quan* 
tity  of. wood  confumed  yeadv  in  fences,  in  Sweden  is  incredible.  Mr. 
G.  here  defcribes  one,  which  is  every  way  fupcrior  to  thofe  com- 
monly ufed,  and  requires  lefs  wood.  7 .  Account  of  fom^  bugs  found 
in  a  holbw  tree;  by  S.-Ocdman.  Mr.  O.  fuppofed  them  to  have  been 
.conveyed  thither  from  houfcs  by  bats,  many  of  which  were  found  in 
a  tree:  but  count  Von  CarMbn  obferves,  that  he  found  a  great  quan- 
tity *tn  (bme  old  paling,  .far  from  any  houfe,'  and  in  which  there  was 
no  fhelter  for  bats.   - 

With  this  part  are  given  plates  of  fome  plants ;  the  tritm  {5),  and  the 
fence  (6).. 

In  part  11.  are,  i.  Farther  remarks  on  cubic  and  biquadratic  equa« 
tions^.  by  G.  A.  Lejonmark.  2*  Ort  the  climate  of  Uhleaborg,  on  the 
cafterncoaft  pf  the  gulph  of  Bothnia,  N.  lat.  65^  \  30'';  by  J.* 
JuUng.  3.  Defcription  of  a  .new  Swcdilh  plant,  fiellaria  hunifufa^ 
with  fome  botanical  remarks  on  others;  by  Ol.  Swarz.  3.  Continu- 
ation of  experiments  on  molybdceaa ;  by  P.  J.  Hielm.  4.  Inquirjr* 
how  far  mangancfe  is  convertible  into  calcareous  earth.;  by  J.  Ga-! 
dpjin.  In  the  experiments  of  Scheele,  which  fecmed  to  favour  the 
fuppoficioQ  of  fuch  a.  change  fugaf  was  ufcd:    this  prof.  G,   was 

inclined 


MBHICXNE..      .;  fOf 

inclined  to  conficler  as  afFordingf  the  calcareous  eafth,  and  .not  the* 
manganefe.  His  experiments  tend  to  fupport  this  opinion.  Prof,  GJ 
alfo  found,  that  manganefe  contains  a  confiderable  portion  of  calx  of 
iron  faturatcd  with  phofphoric  acid.  5.  On  the  efficacy  of  wild 
valerian  againft  violent  nervous  difeafes;  by  E.  Odhelius.  Cafe  of  a 
girl  of  ten  years  old  Cured  of  moft  fevere  convuliions  by  the  ufe  of  this 
plant.  It  was  given  in  powder  and  in  decodion :  the  former  was 
gradually  increated  to  ten  or  twelve  drams,  and  one  or  two  ounces 
were  given  daily  in  the  latter.  6.  Account  of  a  woman  with  a 
remarkable  large  tongue;  by  CI.  Bjernander.  >.  Remarks  on  a 
Jirix  hubo,  Lin,  by  O.  L.  Cronftedt. 

In  this  part  are  plates  of  t\\.tftellaria  humifufay  ^  malaxis  paludofa, 
and  an  algebraical  one  relating  to  the  paper  No.  I.      • 

.  Jen.  Mlg*  Lit.  ZeiU    - 
T  H   E  o  L  o  G  r. 

Art.  IV,  Leipfic.     Lehrbuch  der  Religion  nach  GrUndJatzen  der  Ver- 

.  minft  und  des  Chriftejdkums ^   ^c.     fnftitutes  of  Religion,   on  the 

Principles  of  Realbn  and  Chrillianlty  ;  intended  chiefly  for  the  Ufe 

of  the  upper  Claffes  in  Schools,     Large  8vo.  2Z4  p.     Price  I2g. 

(is.  9d.)     1789. 

This,  with  fome  few  faults,  is  a  very  good  and  ufeful  work.  The 
author  avoids  all  learned  inveftigations,  and  fpeculativc  fubtiltics,  con- 
fidering  found  reafon  as  a  proper  judge  of  the  truth  of  revelation, 
without  depreciating  the  value  of  the  Icriptures.  It  is  divided  into 
fix  fe^tions.  i .  Of  God  and  his  attributes.  2.  Of  the  mutual  rela* 
tions  between  man  and  God.  5.  On  the  end  of  man^  and  the  mean» 
of  attaining  it.  4.  On  fm,  as  an  obftacle  to  it.  5.  On  the  religion 
of  Jcfus,  as  an  antidote  to  fin«  6.  Thoughts  on  a  future  flate,  and  on 
angels.  Jen*  Allg.  Lit,  Zeiu 

MEDICINE. 

Art-  V,  Halle.  Toxicologia  Veterum^  Plantas  venenatas  exhihenf 
Tbeopbrafiiy  ^c.  On  the  Poifons  of  the  Ancients,  being  a  De- 
fcription  of  the  Plants  confidcred  as  deleterious,  by  Theophraftus, 
Galen,  Diofcorides,  PHny,  and  others,  with  a  Commentary;  to 
which  are  added  various  Experiments  and  Obfervations  :  by  J.  E.  F. 

,  Schulze^  M.  D.    4to.    78  p.     1788. 

The  contents  of  this  work  are;  i.  De  aconito.  Mr.  S.  reckon* 
three  kinds :  aconitum  Theoph.  which  he  confiders  as  a  fpecies  of  grafs; 
thdyphonum  Theo.  or  aconitum  Diofcor.  the  ranwnculus  phthora\  and 
the  lycoBomim  Diofc.  the  aconitum  of  the  moderns.  2.  Z)l?  dotycnio 
Diofc.  the  dorjcmdium  of  Galen.  It  is  probably  of  the  clafs  diadelpb'ia* 
It  is  not  the  Ictus  dorycnium^  Linn.  3.  De  elaterio.  4.  De  elleboris. 
They  belong  to  the  delphinica.  5.  De  thapjia*  ^hapfta  faeiida,  Linn- 
6.  De  colcljico  ephemera  Our  colchictim  antumnals,  "i,  De  corio 
feu  coriandroy  our  coriandmm,  Profper  Alpinus  has  miftakenly 
denied  the  poifonous  quality  of  th^s  plant.  8.  De  cicuta  fett, 
conio.  Probably  the  conium  maculatttm,  Lin.  9.  •  De  mandragora 
Atropa  mandragora y  Linn.  10.  De  melanthio  feu  gith.  Appa- 
rently the  nigella  faiivay  the  poifonous  nature  of  which  Mr,  S.  )ias 
proved  by  experiments.  11.  De  papa-vere,  12.  De  oph  l^  meconio, 
I  J.    Df-^wigii  *vener*atis.     The  agaricus    mttfcariusy  Lin.    appears   to 

1  z  have 


toft  tltBRARV    lNTStLlG£NCt. 

have  fceea  known  to  the  iLncicnti-  14*  ^^  opocarpafo.  The  efocalfafm, 
bac  not  t)^  cMrp^mm  of  Galen.  Mr.  S.  has  frequently  found  m  the 
lidt-  m}Trh  a  foreign  gunMny  refin,  which  he  has  proved  b/  experiments 
tb  be  poifonons^  and  fuppofes  to  be  this  ofocalfafw,  15.  De  fegano 
lUtfitJlL  Probably  the  feganum  harmala^  Lin.  16.  De  fard$a  herba^ 
Marntmnlits  fcderatus,  L.  17.  De  taxo.  Taxus  Ifauatus,  L.  iS,  Df 
J^WiUJeuJiryekntis^  Thcftrychnon  hortenfe  is  not  t\\t/olaftum  nigrum,  L* 
The  s.  iaiicarabon  appears  to  be  tht  phyfitlis  alkekengi's.  and  the  s,  hyp' 
mtkftmt  ikut  p, /omnyitra,  L.  The  s.maniconii  unluiown.  19.  De 
mJ^*  Unknown^  20.  De  byofcyamo.  The  h.  alhus  of  the  ancients  is 
the'^.  alhui'^  and  their  b.JUpvus^^  the  h,  niger,  L;  but  v^rhat  their  h,  niger 
19  Mr.  S.  cannot  fay «  2r»  De pkharico  feu  pharko.  Unknown.  22. 
T>e  ehamaleone  albo  13  nigro.  The  former  Mr.  S.  fuppofcs  to  be  the 
earlimi  acanlis,  L«  which  he  has  found  to  be  deleterious,  z^^  De pfyllia. 
This  Mr.  S.  does  not  afcertain. 

In  an  appendix  Mr.  S.  notices  fome  other  poifonous  plants*  as  "the 
ilmygdalttt  amara  tS  perfica^  apocynurtiy  arijarum,  cinna,  crocus,  nerium, 
&c«  and  fome  foporiferous  ones^  as  *vitex,  amomum,  aloe,  btyonia^baccha" 
fis ,myrrba tjuHCus  euripkus^Scc,  he  alfo  promifes  us  remarks  on  thefedative 
quality  of  tdtjnftkia  adhatoda,  hkraiium  aurantiacum,  cerinthe  major  and 
Misery  Bilad  fome  other  plants.  Jex^  Allg.  Lit.  Zeit. 

AUT,  VI.  Gottingcrt^  De  Morbo  Venerto  Analeaa  auadam,  ^c. 
Remarks  oA  the  Venereal  Difeafe,  taken  from  manuicripts  in  the 
Britifc  Mufeum,  by  Juft.  Arnemann,   m.  d.     4.to.     1789. 

This  pamphlet  chiefly  confifts  of  extra^is  in  fupport  of  the  opinion,  that 
fhe  difeafe  was  brought  from  the  Weft  India  i (lands  by  the  Spaniards : 
followed  by  remarks  on  the  ufe  of  opium  in  it>  and  of  the  aftragulus 
txfcaptis.  The  former  is  only  beneficial  to  diminifh  morbid  irritabi- 
lity, when  quickfilver  has  laid  the  grounds  of  a  cure ;  and  to  the  lat- 
ter more  virtues  have  been  attributed,  than  from  experience  it  appears 
,  to  poflcfs.  Jem,  Allg^Ut.  Zeit. 

CHEMISTKT. 

Art'.  VII.  Berlin*.  Thyftkalijch-chemifche  Verfuche  wtd Beobachtimgen^ 
^r.  Phyfieo-chemical  Eifays  and  Obfervations ;  by  Sigifm.  Fred. 
Hermbft'adt,    Vol.11.     8vo.  340P.     Price  aog.  (3s.} 

This  volume  is  not  quite  fo  rich  in  new  and  important  pieces  as  thr 
former/  fome  in  it  harving  been  already  printed  elfe where.  It  contains, 
I .  Experiments  on  the  acid  of  ants.  Mr.  H.  expreffes  the  juice  of 
living,  or  lately  dead,  ants  j  filters  this  juice  to  leparate  the  fat  oil, 
and  mucilaginous  parts  \  and  finds  the  acid  thus  obtaiined,  to  di^r 
from  vcgetii>le  acid,  only  by  the  mixture  of  a  fmall  portion  of  aninial 
^ucilaga,  not  fepafable  by  the  filter.  2.  Experiments  and  remarks 
on  obtaining  pure  air  from  manganefe.  Mr.  H.  Ihows  that  manganefc 
i*  preferable  to  nitre^  for  the  purpofe  -of  fupplying  the  chambers 
of  the  fick  with  pure  air,  and  dcfcribes  a  furnace  of  his  invention 
proper  to  be  employed  o»fuch  occaiions.  ^  On  the  preparation  i  of 
rxtra^U.  4.  On  the  pr^^paration  of  mercurius  dulcis.  Mr.  H.  pre- 
fers Wiegleb*s  method  to  Scheele's,  as  the  produ^  of  the  former  con- 
tains lefs  acid,  5.  Defcription  of  a  tindture  of  antimony.  6.  Ana* 
lyfis"  of  a  cryftallized  gall-ftone.  It  confifted  of  calcareous  earth, 
acid  of  fUgar,  and  a  reUnous  fubftance.     7.  On  the  acid  nature  of  the 

bafes 


KATURAt?HlLOSOP|HV.  IO9 

bafes  of  metals.  Mr.  H.  is  of  opinion^  that  metals  confift  of  ao  acid 
and  ph]ogxil6n ;  and  that  the  metallic  acids  haVe  an  extremely  power* 
fql  attradion  for  phlogtllon>  fo  that  it  is  fcarcely  poflible  to  feparate 
them  entirely,  and  even  in  the  ftatp  of  a  calx  t^e  inetallic  aqid  re- 
tains a  fofficicnt  quantity  of  phlogifton  to  faturate  it.  8.  On  th^ 
formation  of  acids,  and  their  affinity  to  ^Ikalies^  earths,  and  metals, 
Mr.  H.  confiders  acids  as  a  combination  of  a  ceyrcain  acidifying  prin- 
ciple with  peculiar  bafes.  He  does  not,  however,  admit  the  preiencc 
of  pure  air  in  all  acids,  and  aflerts  Lavoifier's  theory  to  be  founded 
on  erroneous  fuppofitions*  The  theory  of  Mr.  H.  ijj  by  no  meatus 
fufficiently  proved,  in  its  prefcnt  ftate,  yet  wfi  think  it  preferabte  to 
that  of  Kirwan,  as  it  is  not  repugnant  to  the  experiments  which  mill? 
tate  againil  the  latter.  9.  On  the  fait  of  benjamin,  and  fome  fimilar 
fiibilances.  According  to  the  experiments  of  Mr.  H.  this  fait  confifta 
of  the  phofphoric  and  vegetable  acids,  with  phlogifton  and  calcareous 
earth •  10.  On  the  cryftallized  oils  of  parfley  and  fennel.  Mr.  H. 
coald  diftover  nothing  like  camphor  in  thefe,  but  merely  vegetal^  acid,* 
phlogifton,  and  an  earth.  1 1 .  Remarks  on  fermentation.  A  defence 
of  the  author's  theory,  as  Uid  down  in  the  firft  volume^  with  a 
few  alterations;  and  ftridures  on  that  of  Lavoiiier.  iz.  On  the  phos- 
phorated natron,  and  its  application  to  the  preparation  of  phofphorjp 
acid.  13.  Farther  remarks  on  the  origin  of  xther,  and  the  dujcifit 
cation  of  ^cids.  Thefe  confift  of  an  extraft  of  ^  letter  frop  .Mr,, 
Kunfemiiiler,  and  anfwers  to  the  obje^ons  made  by  him  to  the  author'^ 
theory.  JeN,  Mig.  Lit,  Zeit. '  • 

Whci?  we  noticed  the  firft  volume  of  Mr.  H.'s  EiTays  we  hoped  to 
have  given  a  review  pf  it,  J^ut  not  having  bten  able  to  procure  i^  w^ 
have,  in  the  pr&fent  inftance  contented  ouffelves  \yith  the  fufafomce  gf 
the  account  given  by  our  brethren  at  Jena^ 

VATU&AL      PHILOSOPHT- 

AaT.  vixi.  Gottingen.  Ueher  den  Biidunglirieh^  ^c.  On  the  format 
tivc  Propenfity ;  by  Prof.  J.  F.  Blun.e.ibach.     8vo.  io8p.   1789. 

This  work  ^isfieis  but  little  in  fubftance  from  that  which  prof.  B^ 
publifhed  in  1781,  upder  the  title  of  UeBer  den  BildungArleh  und  dot 
Zengungjgefchafie.  Its  aim  is  to  provp,  «  that  no  preformed  ;germa 
exilt,  but  that  there  is,  in  the  matter  from  which  organifcd  bodies  ard  ' 
prt)duced,  a  particular  propenfity,  terniinating  but  with  life,  to  affuaie 
primarily  a  certain  form,  to  maintaif>  it  during  Hfe,  and  to  repair 
jt,  a^  far  as  poffibie,  when  maimed  ;  a  propenfity^  that,  to  diftin- 
guiih  }tfrom  other  vital  powers,  may  be  X^xmt^  formtitive  (nifir^ forma- 
trim)*  This  the  profcffbr  diftinguifties  from  the  '^is  plaftka  of  the 
ancients,  and  the  *u/>  ejjentialis  of  Wolff.  [For  fome  of  the  pro- 
fcflbjr's  arguments  fc^  our  Rev.  Vol.  IV.  p^   245] 

Jtn.  Allg.  Lit,  Zeit. 

Art.  IX.  Strafrurg.  Ahreg^  ebronolqgique  foitrjfervir  d  I'Hjftoirt  ^e 
la  Pfyfiqui^  tf f.  Chronological  Abftra<it  of  the  Hiftory  of  Naiuial 
Philofophy  to  the  prtfcnt  Times :  b^y  M,  dc  Loy.5»  Vol,  IJi.  gm. 
1789- 

Tb&  firft  rolomc  of  this  woyk  was  publifti?<^^  in  1786  ?  the  whole 

I  3  will 


no  XITJSRARY  INTELLIGENCE. 

will  make  fix,  and  the  fourth  is  now  in  the  prefs.     It  is  printed  with 
the  Balkerville  types.  Jourh.  de  Medeme. 

NATURAL       HI6T6RY. 
Art.  X.     Berlin.     J^  Fred,  W,  Herhfly  Gemeimnlizige  Naturgefchkhte 
desThierreichsy  l^c.  A  natural  Hiftoiy  of  the  animal  Kingdom,  for 
generalUfe;  byJ.F.W.Herbft.     Clafs  VU.     Worms,     Vol.  X. 
1789. 

This  is  the  laft  volume  of  Mr.  HL*s  work.    It  contains  a  general  in- 
dex to  the  whole.  Jen,  Allg.  Lit.  Zeit. 

Art.  XI.  Nuremberg.  Die  Pjlan%,enthiere  in  Ahhildurtgen  nach  der 
Natur,  ^c,  A  Delcription  of  Zoophytes,  with  Plates  coloured 
from  Nature  :  by  Eugenius  J.  Chriftopher  Efper.  4to.  Part  I. 
40  p.  24  Plates.  II.  56  p.  38  pi.  1788.  III.  72  p.  21  pi.  IV. 
28  p.  24  pi.     1789. 

This  is  a  valuable  work  ;>  good  plates  of  jhis  clafs  of  natural  produc- 
'  tions  being  much  wanted.  ^<f».  Mlg.  Lit,  Zeit, 

MINERALOGY. 

Art.  xn.  Hanover.  Beohachtungen  iiber  die  Harxgehirgey^c,  Oh^ 
fcrvations  on  the  Harz  Mount?,ins,  with  a  pctrographical  Chart, 
and  a  perpendicular  Sedion,  as  Sketches  of  the  Natural  Hiftory  of 
Minerals  r  by  G.  Sigifmund  Otto  Lafms,  Member  of  fe\'cral  Aca- 
demies, &c.  8vo.  near  600  p.  Price  3  r.  { los.  6d.)  The  Map  alone, 
linilhed either  as  a  pctrographical  or  topographical  one,  i  r.  (3s.  6d). 
A  Cabinet  of  Minerals,  confifting  of  11 9  Pieces,  taken  from  the 
Harz«  may  be  had  with  the  Work  for  12  r.  (2I.  2s.) 
No  part  of  Germany  affords  more  fubjeds  to  the  mineralogift  than 
the  mountains  of  Harz,  and  this  work  of  Mr.  L.  is  in  every  icfpeft  at 
valuable  one.     The  cabinet  is  excellent.  Jen,  Allg.  Lit,  Zeit. 

MINERALOGY. 

Art.  xm.   Stockholm.     Berg^eris-Lexicov,  ^e,    A  Mineralogical 
Dictionary :    by  Svcn  Rinman,  Knight  of  the  Royal  Order  of 
Vafa,  &c.     Vol.  I.  4to.     1096P.   1788.     Vol.  IL  1248 p.  1789. 
•     with  34  folio  Copper-plates. 

If  the  fcience  of  mining  be  important  to  any  nation,  it  unquef. 
tionably  muft  to  Sweden,  the  chief  riches  of  which  are  its  mines.  Of 
thefc  die  moft  valuable  are  the  iron,  which  employ  25000  hands, 
imd  bring  into  'the  kingdom  two  million^  of  dollars  (350,0001.)  an- 
nually. Aware  of  tne  fuccefs  with  which  the  Swedes  have  cultivated 
this  fcience,  and  of  the  afliftance  which  the  author  has  had,  ilill  we 
are  aftonilhcd,  that  he  {hould  have  completed,  in  fo  (hort  a  time, 
fo  copious  and  extenlive  a  work,  which  contains  not  only  all  the 
^  technical  terms  of  the  miner,  but  an  account  of  all  known  mineral 
5>rodudli6ns,  the  manner  of  working  them,  and  the  inftrumcnts  necef- 
iary  to  be  employed ;  fo  that  the  mineralogift,  the  chemift,  and  the 
mechanic  will  find  it  ufcful  in  their  feveral  occupations.  The  plate$ 
are  worthy  of  the  work.  Jen,  AUg^  Lit.  Zeit. 

•  •  •  MATQE* 


•    AG'U  1   C   U   L  T  U  R    £•  fVl 

MiATHTBMATICS, 

Art.  XIV.   Lifbon.     Ephemerides  nauticas  ou  Diario  aftron(micOy   Wr. 

The  nautical  EphemeriS;  Tot' aftronomical "Diary  for  1789,  which 

•  contains  ali  the  Elements  neceffary  for  determining  the  Latitude  at 

-  Sea  by  the  meridian  Aliitode  of  the  Sun,  of  the  Moon,  of  the 
higher  Planets,  or  of.  the  fixed  Stars,  with  the  Diftances  of  the 
Moon  from  the  Sun  and  Stars,  in  order  to  determine  the  Longi- 
tude of  a  Ship  at  any  Hour,  and  the  Method  of  doing  it,  calcu- 
lated for  the  Meridian  of  Lifbon,  and  pablilhed  by  Order  of  the 
Royal  Academy  of  Sciences,  for  the  Benefit  of  Portugueze  Navi- 
gators, and  the  Promotion  of  Aftronoray.     Small  410.  1 84  p. 

In  the- preface  to  this  work  is  an  cminieration  of  fimilar  ones,  from 
Regiomontanus  to  the  prefent  times,  ^be  Ephemeris  for  J  790  is 
publifhed  under  the  follovving  ihorter  title :  ■  , 

Art.  XV.     Ephem,  nqut,  ou  Diario  aftron,  para  0  Anno  de  1790,  calcu" 

-  lado  para  0  Meridian  de  Lijboa,  e  puhlicado  pnr  Ordem  da  Acad*  R.  dar 
Sciencias, 

In  this  is  a  new  table  of  refriiftion,  calculated  by  capt,  C,  G.  de 
Villas-boas,  from  his  own  obfervations  and  the  theory  of  de  la  Grange. 
It  completely  accords  with  that  of  the  elder  Caffini. 

Jen.  Allg.  Lit,  Zeit. 

AnT.  xri.  Berlin  and  Libaw.  Gruttdhhre  der  Statik,  ^c.  Prin- 
ciples of  Statics,  or  of  that  Part  of  Mechanics  which  treats  of  Equili- 
bria in  folid  bodies  and  machines :  by  Abel  Burja,  prof,  of  Matl^raa- 
tics,  Fel-of  the  Roy.  Ac.  of  Sciences,  &c.  8yo.  384  p,  with  wooden 
figures.  ^ 

T.OPOGRAPHY. 

Art.  XVII.  Bronfwic.  Befchreibnftg  der  Stadt  Brauttfchnjaeig^  ISc 
Deicription  of  the   City   of  Brunfwic :    by   C.  P.    Ribbentrop, 

-  Vol.  I.  8vo.  537  p.  with,  a  Copper-pl^te  Title  Page  including  a 
Repreifentation  of  the  Statue  of  Henry  the  Lion,  two  large  Maps 
of  the  City,  and  eigbt  Tables,  Price  1  r.  12  gr.  (5s.  3d.)  1789. 
Amongft  fo  many  publications  relative  to  the  houfe  of  Brunfwie» 

and  its  prinpes,  a  defcyiption  of  the  city  was  ftill  wanting.     This  de- 
ficiency is  now  well  fupplied  by  Mr.  R.  Jen,  Aiig-  Lit,  Ziit^ 

i^RT.  XVI II.  IJaJle,  U^ber  Golgat}ja  iind  Chrifti  Grab^  ^c.  On  Golgoth^i, 

and  the  Grave  of  Chrift :   an  hiftorical  Eflay,  with  a  Map  of  the 

modern  Qity  of  Jerufalem  and  its  Environs ;    by  J.  Fred.  PJeffin^. 

'  Large  8vo.  542  p.  •Price  i  r.  (^s.  6d.)     1789. 

,   Mr.  P.  already  celebrated  for  his  hiilory  of  the  refurredion,  clearfy 

proves,  that  the  j^aces  now  fhown  to  travellers  for  Golgotha,  ^and 

thrift's  grave;  are  not  the  true  ones,  and  endeavours  to  afcertain'thc 

real  fituation  of  them.  Jen.  All^.  Lit,  Zeit. 

'  .  ^*        AGRICULTURE.  -., 

Art.  XIX.  Florence.     Ifiruzioni  per  la  Cuhi'uaxiQne  del  Tahacco,  tifr. 
.Jbaftrudions  for  the  Culture  of  Tobacco,  approved  and  publifhed  by 
^    the  0eorgophilic  Academy  of  Florence.    '4to.     8  p.   .    ' 

Copiplete  inftruftions  for  the  cultivation  of  tobacco,  in  a  fhort  com- 

I  4  pafst 


v  - 

pfs,  written  hy  Ad.  FabbxonU  aoAox  of  m  dnMntaiy  Ueatife  om 

^gricultarc  f^av^IUiitUr*  4*  Siriuze. 

AiT.  XX.  Stockholm,  i&rf  Uthgft  Hi  Kotami-Qt^t^  AM^  9ch 
df/s  Oemaols  Lffvtmes-BeJkrifninP  I  AnUdmnr  of  £  Sfiver  demjlagm§ 
Skaod^'Pefrningar.  Brief  medalUc  Hlftory  of  Kiag  Gaft^^ut  Adol« 
phus  and  bis  Queeiu     8v.o.  208  p.     1788. 

Art.  XXI.    Bnef«  &c,  of  Queen  Chrifljna.  181  p» 

Art.  XX  ji«  of  Charles  GufUvutand  his  Queeiv  84  p« 

Art.  XXI 1 1.  qf  Charles  XI.   184  p. 

AiLT.  XXI  v#  of  Charles  XII.  249  p. 

Art.  XXV.  of  Frederic  and  his  Queen,  138  p. 

Thcfe,  which  were  written  by  the  late  celebrated  C.  Reinhold 
Berch,  knight  of  the  order  of  the  Polar  Sur,  &c.  contain  few  new^ 
hklorical  fa^s,  it  it  true;  yet  ate  they  valuable,  particularly  to  the. 
nwdallift;  With  cefpcQ  to  moll  of  the  medals,  Mr.  B.  tells  us  in  what 
collections  they  are  to  be  found.  Jen^  Allg.  Lit.  Ziiu 

9  I  s  T  o  &  T. 

Art.   XXVI.      Paris.      Qorrefpondance  particulUre    6?    bifforique   i& 
•  Marechal  due  de  ^ichelieu^  &c.     Private  and  hidorical  Corrdpond- 
cnce  of  Marfhal  Duke  dc  Richelieu,  with  M.   Paris  du  Vemcy, 
Counfellor  of  State,  in  the  Years  1'Jk6,  7,  8 ;  to  which  arc  ftb» 
joined  Memoirs  relative  to  the  Expedition  againft  Minorca  in  1 756  ; 
the  whole  preceded  by  an  Account  of  the  Life  of  the  Marmal*  * 
9  vols.    8vo,    489  p.    Price  fewed  61.   la  s.  (5s.  6d.) .  17^9* 
As  entertaining,  we  cannot  fay  much  in  praife  of  thefe  letters,  hot  as 
materials  for  the  hiflorian  they  are  certainly  valuable.  The  account  of 
the  taking  of  Minorca  is  the  moft  perfe^  that  has  yet  appeared  ;  and 
the  life  oT  the  maifiial  is  «eU  written.  VEfirit  det  JwmaMx. 

Art.  xxyii.  Berlin.  Oejchkhte  der  grufftf^  JRewIutbtt  m  Fraxi* 
^ekh,  ^f.  Hiftory  of  the  Revolution  in  France :  by  Fred.  Schulz. 
Svo-  244  p.  with  .a  plate  containing  a  ground-plan  and  view  of  (he 
Baflille.    1 790. 

Art.  xxviii.  Berlin  and  Weimar.,  Befchrohung  und  Abbildwfg  der 
Foijfardtn  in  Paris ^  fcfr.  Defcription  and  Figure  6f  the  Fififi-womeh 
of  Paris;  by  Schulz  and  Kraiis^  4to.  12  p.  with  a  coloured  plate* 
1789. 

Art.  XXIX.  Bmnfwic.  Hijfori/cher  Almanach  Jfurs  Jahr  ijgo, 
&>.  Hiftorical  Almanac  for  the  Year  1 790  :  containing  the  hiftory 
of  the  revolution  in  ]?rancc.  i2mo.  with  four  portraits,  and  eight 
hiftorical  plates,  240  p.  bcfides  the  calendar,  and  explanation  of  the 
plates.  1790.  '         " 

Art.  XXX.  Briefe  aui  Pifiv  z»r  Zeif  d^r  Kevolutim^  fcfr.  Lettec^ 
from  Paris,  written  at  the  Time  of  the  Revolution,  "bj;  Joachim  IJ, 
Campe.   8vo.  j84p.   1790.  .  -    .  ^  ,    ;  .        :        ,. 

^11  thefe  publications  well  dcfcrve  to  be  read.  Mr.  S.  antf  Mif. 
C»  were  both  eyc-witneffes  of  feYe^al  of  the  occdtrchccs  which  they 
'      ■  •   •  rchttcj;" 


TOYAGBS    AND     T  R  A  V  K  L  S.  If  J 

id^te,  and  we  httvp  many  leafoni  to  beKeve,  that  their  accoantt  aM 
in  almoft  every  inftancti  to  be  depended  upon.  One  of  ^he  letters  of 
Mjr.  C.  relates  principally  to  Roufleau^  containing  many  new  anec« 
ilotcs  of  hiin,  and  ^n  examination  of  the  baronef^  of  Staal's  opinion, 
tliat  he  Ihorten^  his  days,  Jfu,  411^,  Lit.  2^ii^ 

Aar.  XXXI.  Mentt.  Die  Znx^  ^wichtigften  Reichjgruttd^f/etze,  &C# 
The  two  moft  important  fundamental  Laws  of  the  Empire  :  I.  The 
Capitularies  j  IL  The  Tieatj^  of  Ofnabure :  taken  from  the  Originals 
in  the  Ilnpenai  Archives,  for  the  life  of  Academical  Inures:  by 
J.  R.  Roth,  B.  a.  D.  ^c*  SVo.  142  p.  pr.  i6g.  (m.  4d^  1788. 
Mr.  R.  profcfles  to  have  copied  the  originals  with  accuracy,  even  to 
their  faults. .  The  heads  of  the  di&rent  articles  and  paragraphs^'  a$ 
given  \3Y  ^^«  R«'are  more  exadl  than  ^fe  of  Mofer. 

Jen.AUg.LiuZeiL 

Art.  jcxxii.  Halle.  7.  G.  Aug.  Qdltttti,  lie.  Gefihicbte  %'m 
Deutjcblattd.  Hiftory  of  Germany :  ty  J.  A.  GaUetc^,  Prof,  of 
Hid:  at  Gotha.    .Vol.  III.    4tc^    592  p.    1789. 

This  volume,  which  makes  the  37th  of  the  Allgemeint  Weltgefchichte^ 
*  DDiverfal  Hiftory,'  reaches  from  1437  to  1538.      Jen.  Jllg,  Lit.  Zeif. 

Aar.  XXXI II.     St.  Blafe.     Hijloria  Nigne  Sih^,  Wr.     Hiftory  of 
Schwartz^vald,  a  Colony  of  the  Ordi^r  of  St.  Benedid,  collcfted  and 
illuftrated:  by  Martin  Gerhert,  Abbot  of  St.  Blafe,  «.  (^.a.  i.p. 
3  Vols*  4to.     1 51 7  p*  with  I'ktes,  and  an  Index.    .1 785-8. 
This  work  of  the  prince  abbot,  whofe  merit  is  above  our  praife, 
teiyls  ^11  more  to  convince  us»  that  we  owe  moft  of  oar  knowledge  <^ 
German  hiilory  to  monafteries.     From  two  Roman  infcriptions  it  ap- 
pears, that  the  mountain  of  Schwartzwald  was  called  Abnoba  by  that 
people*    In  the  fecond  volume,  is  a  dcfcription  of  a  Roman  bath,  dif- 
covered  a  few  years  ago  at  Badcnweiler,  with  three  plates. 

^  Jen.Allg.Lit.Zeit. 

A^T.  XXXIV.     Stockholm;     UthMtilenHifioriaafKongl,Soderm0itft' 

lands  Regemente,     Hiftorical  Nfemoirs  of  the  Royal  Regiment  of 

Sodermania.  Vol.  II.     8vo.     146  p.     1788. 

As  this  regiment  was  with  GuHavus  Adolphus  in  all  his  campaigns', 

at  leaft  that  part  of  its  hiftory  which  bcludes  his  reign  will  be  found 

IQterefting.  '  Jen.  Allg.  Lit.  Zeit. 

V0YAGE3     AND     TRAVELS. 
A^T.XXXY.     TParfs,     Leftres  ie  Mde.lqlPrittceJIfe  de  G.  (Gonzaguey) 

fifcf.  ',I-etters  of  the  Jprincefs  of  ^Q.^  written  to  her  Friends  during 

Jicr  Travels  from  Italy  in  1779,  and  the  fubfequent  Years,  a  Vols. 

iimo."  446p.    pr.  3L  (2s.  6d.)  fewcd.     1790. 

Theft  Icttec^  have  many  clainos.  to  our  praife.  They  do  not,  howr 
CT^r>  fmellbf  ^e^lamp^  but  havi?  all  the  negligence  of  what  they 
vaiiy  'are/  ^iivatfe  correfpondence.  VE/frit  da  Joutnaux. 

AaT.  X,5f;xVi.     Gdttingen.     Briefe  vher  Kxdahrien  und  SicHien,  &c. 

JLctteri  Gk  (jSala^xia  ^  Sicily.  Vol.  U.  icontaining  a  1  our  from 

'     •         .  Scilla 


114  .LITERARY      1  MTE  LLICKNC  E, 

•  Seilla  in  Calabria,  to  Catania  in  Sicily :  by  J.  H.  Birtcls.     8vrOt 
.   500  p.    pr.  rr.  i2g.  (^9.  3d.)     1789, 

The  moft  entertaining  part  of  this  work,  which  ranks  amongft  the 
few  that  claim  the  firft  place  in  this  clafs  of  writings  in  Germany,  is. 
perhaps,  the  account  ©f  Mr.  B.'s  journey  to  Mount  Etna,  the  fummit 
of  which  he  was  happy  enough  to  attain.  Mr.  B.'s  account  does  not 
ferfeclly  agree  with  that  of  Brydonc ;  the  latter,  indeed,  while  he  he- 
Hows  on  it  confiderable  praiie,  he  deems  rather  a  beautiful  romance 
than  a  true  narrative,  aiid  aflures  us,  that  Mr.  Br.  never  reached  the 
top.  In  his  preface,  Mr.  B.  mentions  fome  of  the  bed  foreign  writers 
Dn  Sicily.  Of  Brydone  and  Swinburne  he  fpcaks  highly;  particularly 
the  latter,  whofc  work,  with  the  notes  of  Mr.  Forftcr,  who  tranflated 
ft  into  German,  he  confiders  as  one  of  the  bed  we  have  on  the  fubjecl. 

Jen.  Allg,  Lit,  Zeit, 

Art.  XXXVII.     Jena.     Bes  Hemn  Ritter  <von  Bourgoing  Neut  Reifi 
■    iiurch  Spanieny  &c.  .  The  Chev.  -de  Bourgoanne's  Travels  through 

Spain;  from  the  French :  with  an  Appendix.   2  Vols.  8vo.    798  p. 

with  a  coloured  Map,  Plans,  and  venous  Plates,    pr.  31.  (los.  6d.) 

1790. 
'[For  our  Account  of  the  Che-u*  Bourgodnne*s  Tra^uels^fee  Vol,  F;  /,  290.} 

We  notice  this  tranflation  on  account  of  the  appendix,  which  de.' 
fcribes  the  prefent  ftate  of  fcience  in  Spain,  and  is  written  by  profl 
Tychfen,  of  Gottingen.  It  takes  up  80  pages  of  the  2d  volume.  Ac- 
cording to  prof.  T.  Spain  is  far  behind  hand  with  moft  parts  of  Eu- 
rope, though  its  natives  appear  capable  of  art  improvement,  !n  which 
it  is  to  be  hoped  they  will  no  longer  be  dilatory.  The  tranflator  ha^ 
gdded  a  new  plate,  containing  the  mufic  of  the  celebrated  Fandango^ 

Jen.  Allg,  Lit.  Zeit. 

Art.  XXXV III.  Offenbach  on  the  Main^.  Tpig^huch  einer  Reife  durch 
Holland uud  England y  ^c.  Journal  of  a  Tour  through  Holland  an4 
England :  by  the  Aythoreis  of  Rofalie*s  Letters.  8vo.  740  p, 
1788. 

This  is  an  entertaining  account  of  an  eleven  weeks  tour,  in  the  au- 
tumn of  1787,  by  the  celebrated  Madame  de  la  Roche.  London,  and 
the  adjacent  country,  occupy  the  greater  part  of  the  book.  Rcfpcfting 
them  we  find  much  not  to  be  met  with  in  Wendeborn's  work. 

Jen,  Allg^  Lit.  Zeit*    . 

BIOGRAPHY. 

Art.  XXXIX.  Mentz.  Diether.  'von  IJenhurg^  ^c,  Dicther  von 
Ifenburg,  Archbifhop  and  Eleftor  of  Mentz,  a  Hiftor}'  from  the 
fifteenth  Century,  Vol.  I.     240  p.  with  a  Portrait  of  the  Arch- 

•  bifhop.     1789. 

The  melancholy  fate  of  Diether,  who  founded  the  univerfity  of 
Mentz,  and  the  bloody  war  occafioned  by  his  dcpofition,  which  he 
owed  to  his  firm  and  couragious  oppofition  to  the  arbitrary  will  of 
pope  Pius  IL  render  him  not  unworthy  the  pen  of 'the  hiftorian..  The 
cocfpicuous  part  he  performed  fias  indited  fomc  to  attempt, to  blacker 
his  charadler ;  the  prefent  author,  who  appears  to  be  a  p^ft,  untfcr- 
takes  his  defence.  '        "  Jen.  Allg.  Lit.  2eit. 

,  Ajit» 


DRAMA.-  fl$ 

Art.  XL.  Stutgard.  Koflanzer  ILins^  tine  ScJywahifchs  Jajmen- 
Gefchicbte,  Uc,  Hiftory  of  Koftanzer  Hans,  from  autbeatic  Sources* 
8vo.     439  p.     1789. 

This  hiftory  of  a  ftill  living,  but  reclaimed  robber,  who  was  a 
terror  to  Swabia  andS^^itzeriand,  from  the  year  1779  to  17F5,  during 
which  time  he  committed  upwards  of  three  hundred  robberies,  without 
being  guilty  of  a  fmgle  murder,  or  attacking  any  one  on  the  highway, 
defervcs  the  attention  of  the  pfychologift  and  moral  philofopher.  In 
it  are  fome  excellent  obfervatxons  on  the  evil  tendency  of  houfcs  of 
CorreiSlion.  Jen.  4llg,  Lit.  Zeiln 

BELJ-ESJ.ETTRE8, 

Art.  XL  I.     Berlin.     Ahhandhmgen  uher  die  F rein f rage  ^on  dem  Einfujk 

der  Nachahmung  fremder  Werke  auf  den  'vaterlmidifchen  Ge/chmack, 

'  Eflays  on  the  Prize  Queftion  refpe^iing  the  Influence  of  the  Imitation 

of  foreign  Works  on  the  Tafte  of  a  Nation.     [Sec  our  Kev«  VoL 

HI.  p.  III.]     8vo.     120  p. 

Prof.  Schwab,  who  obtained  the  prize,  firfe  endeavours  to  wipe  off 
the  contempt  ufpally  thrown  on  imitation,  and  to  Ihow,  that,  if  nature 
be  incxhauftible,  it  is  not  fo  relatively  to,  us.  After  enumerating  th6 
principal  advantages  of  imitation,  as  increafing  the  (lock  of  ideas ; 
enriching  and  improving  the  language ;  and  affording  tefts  of  the  truth 
of  thoughts  and  images ;  prof.  S.  proceeds  to  give  rules  for  it.  Ge- 
nius, he  obfervcs,  is  by  no  means  incompatible  with  imitation ;  and 
fpeaking  of  Virgil,  he  fays :  *  the  poet  of  genius  troubles  himfelf  little 
whence  he  derives  the  images  and  ideas  he  employs :  like  nre  he  de- 
vours every  material  that  falls  in  his  way,  and  like  a  conqueror  inquires 
not  into  the  rights  of  his  acquifitions.' 

The  author  of  the  accejjit  equally  endeavours  to  prove  the  neceffitjr 
pf  imitating  foreign  authors  of  celebrity,  particularly  the  Greeks. 

Jen,  Allg.  Lit.  Zeit. 

POETRY.  ' 

Art.  xlii.    Leipfic.     Nordifcbe  Blumen,     Northern  Flowers:   b/' 
Fred.  Dav,  Grater.     8vo.     372  p.     pr.  i  r.  (3s.  6d.)     1789. 

This  is  a  tranflation  of  poems  compofed  by  the  ancient  inhabitants 
of  the  north.  Mr.  G.'s  view  was  rather  to  give  fpeciraens  of  the 
tafle  and  genius  of  the  anoient  bards»  than  to  elucidate  the  hiilory  and 
manners  of  antiquity.     The  fele^^ion  is  excellent. 

'^eti.  Allg.  Lit.  Zeit. 

.DRAMA. 

Art.  XL  I II.  Theatre  de  la  Nation.  Feb.  22.  Le  Philinte  du  Moliere^ 
9u  lajuite  du  Myfanthrope^  '  The  Philintus  of  Molicre,  or  the  fecond 
Part  of  the  Miianthrope,'  was  performed  for  the  firft  time.  .  Thus  to 
tread  in  the  fleps  of  Moliere  was  certainly  a  bold  attempt ;  the  piece, 
however,  met  with  great  fuccefs.  M.  Fahre  d'Eglantine,  the  author, 
has  very  happily  adopt«:d  the  idea  of  RoulTeau.  Philintus,  the  hero  of 
this  piece,  a  perfed  &oic  in  what  concerns  otliers,  cannot  bear  the  leaft 
jnisfortune  that  aflt^s  himfclf ;  whilll  the  mifanthrope,  carelefs  about 
what  concerns  himfelf,  is  the  determined  foe  of  every  aft  of  injutticc 
tp  Others.     Notwithilanding  the  merits  of  the  piece,  we  obf^rvc,  with 

regret. 


H6  LITERARY     INTELLIO  ENCE. 

regret,  that  its  ftylc  has  too  many  impcrfcdions  to  bear  a  conapetitioft 
with  thflt  of  Molicrc. 

Feb.  at 3.  Les  trots  IfoctSy  ?  The  three  Weddings/  ^  paftoral  piece, 
in  one  a«fl;  was  performed  for  the  firft  time,  and  extremely  well  re- 
ceived\  The  tiwific,  by  M.  Dezede,  was  excdilcnt,  and  dn^oft  all  the 
fongs  encored.  The  beautiful  country  fcencs,  various  dances,  and 
military  ceferaony  at  taking  the  civic  oath j  were  much  admired. 

*  VEjprit  des  Jdurttaux.   ' 

MUSIC.  ,     . 

«AliT.  XLitr,  Lcipfic,  Mufikalijcher  ^Imana^b  fur  Peutjchland^  W^, 
The  German  raufical  Almanac  for  1789.     8vo.  163  p.    pr.  \^%• 

This  is  one  of  thofe  periodic?!  publications  that  defcrves  to  bo 
fead  by  men  of  tafte.  It  contains  a  catalogue  of  new  mufic  with  rc'- 
anarkjs^  of  living  mufical  writerjj  and  compoiers,  of  dcceafed  muficians, 
and  anecdotes.  Jen..  Allg.  Lit.  Zeiu 

f   A    I    N  T    I   N   G. 

Art.  XLV.  Leipfic.  Ut-her  die  Compojttion  \n  Phillf  IVowvermanru 
Qemaldert,  l^c  On  the  Compofuion  of  the  Paintings  of  Wouver- 
mann,  for  the  Inllruftion  of  Lovers  of  Painting,  8vo.  52  p^ 
,783. 

The  author  is  Ernft  Kamm^rer,  a  painter  at  Rudolftadt.  His  pcTr 
formance  befpeaks  him  a  man  of  tafte  and  judgment.  Some  £0od  rc- 
maxks  on  compoiition  and  its  rules  fcnx  as  an  introduction  to  >r. 

Jetu  Mlg*  Lit*  Ztili. 

MISCELLANIES. 

Art.  xtri,     Bergamo.     Lettere  di  Diodoro  BAfieo  a  Ltjhia  Cidonug 
Jbpra  gli  Epigramfju,    liCtters  from  D.  D.  to  L.  C.  on  Epigrams. 
8vo.     zSjp.    1788. 

^  Thefj  letters,  which  firft  appeared  in  the  Giomale  di  Modena,  are  by 
the  celebrated  abbe  Bettinelli,  and  written  to  the  countcfs  Faolina. 
Grifmondi.  Abbe  B.  a  zealous  admirer  of  the  French  language  andi 
literature,  was  an  intimate  friend  of  Voltaire,  fpent  a  great  part  of  his 
life  in  Paris,  and  flione  amongft  the  focieties  there.  Thefe  letters  con- 
tain no  learned  diflertations  on  epigrams,  but  a  relation  of  the  l>on  motx 
and  combats  d'e/prit  in  which  he  took  a  part :  many  interefting  and 
anyufing  anecdotes  will  be  found  in  them.  Of  Voltaire,  Mr.  B.  tells 
us,  amongft  other  things,  that,  on  a  tour  through  Germany^  he  pre- 
fented  fome  manufcript  poems  to  fevcral  differenf  princes,  from  each 
of  whom  he  received  gold  fnuff-boxes,  jewels,  &c.  in  return.  Each 
thought  himfelf-in  poffeffion  of  an  unique  trsafure,^  but,  on  comparing 
notes,  the  poems  were  found  to  be  the  fame  in  every  thing  except  the 
titles.  Thus  V.  contrived  to  make  a  profitable  journey.  In  another 
inftance,^  however,  he  was  not  altogether  fo  fuccefsful.  He  had  fold 
his  hillory  of  Lewis  XIV .  to  van  Durcn  of  Amfterdam,  and  received 
fome  thoufand  guilders  for  it.  After  a  confiderablc  part  of  it  was 
printed  ofF,  a  defeft  was  found  in  the  manufcript.  V.  was  requcfted  tQ 
fupply  the  deficiency,  but  in  vain  :  neither  threats  nor  intreaties 
were  of  any  avail.     Hearing  fome  time  after,  that  V,  would  paft 

through 


MISCELLANIES*  tlf 

&tough  t'ranVfort,  van  D.  fcnt  to  a  relation  there,  to  <Jaufe  him  to  be 
arreted.  V.  ramq^  pla^red  the  man  of  coiifequence  as  ufoal^  and  whilst. 
he  little  cxpeded  fucn  a  difgrace,  an  order  for  arreiiing  him  >vas  ifTued.  • 
The  poor  author  ftormc.d*  threatened,  abufej  young  van  D.  but  to  no 
puipofe^  A  guard  was  at  the  door ;  he  muft  write,  refund,  or  go  t^ 
ptiioa.     It  is  eaij  to  guefs  which  he  chofe.        Jen,  Allg,  Lit.  Ztit, 

Ablt.  XL VI I,  Laufanne.  Tableau  general  de  la  Suede^  ^c.  A  gene- 
ral View  of  Sweden:  by  M.  Cattcau,  Vol.  I.  8vo.  2  6op« 
1790.  ^         -      ^ 

This  voldmc  gives  an  account  of  the  geography,  hiftory,  and  natu- 
ral.hiftoryof  Sweden;  the  title,  coronation,  court,  family,  and  pa- 
laces of  the  king ;  the  alliances  of  Sweden  with  foreign  powers ;  its 
conftitution,  internal  government,  religion,  civil  and  criminal  laws, 
imiitary  cftablifhrnents ^  orders,  of  knighthood,  revenues,  and  cxpences. 
The  following  addrefs  terminates  this  fhort  but  interefiing  Ikstch. 

«  To  you,  people  of  Sweden,  with  whom  I  have  fpent  a  confiderabk 
part  of  my  life,  I  ofier  this  work.  The  moft  ftrid  impartiality  hafi 
guided  my  pen ;  I  have  written  what  my  eyes  have  feen,  what  my 
miiid  has  conceived,  what  my  heart  has  'felt.  You  are  confcious, 
that  no  human  focicty  is  without  imperfe^ions :  to  point  them  out 
without  acrimony  is  the. way  to  correct  them.  Befidea,  I  covet  your 
cftcem;  and  were  I  tofacrifice  truth  to  adulation,  I  Ihould  merit  your 
contempt.'  journal  Encjclopidi^e, 

^UTi  XLVirx.  Paris.  Le  Parifien  a  Londres,  ^c.  The  Pari fian  la 
London,  or  Advice  to  Frenchmen  going  to  England,  with  a  Paral- 
kl  between  the  two  greateft  Cities  in  Europe :  by  M.  Decremps. 
itnu>,  3^6  p.  with  6  Plates  apd  a  Map  of  London.  Price  fewcd 
5I.  {2s,  6d.)     1789. 

This  is  an  excellent  book,  and  contains  all  the  information  neceflkry 
to  jprevent  the  French  traveller  to  London  from  being  impofed  upon, 
0fKd  into  fcrapes  from  ignorance  of  the  cuftoms  of  the  country, 

Annie  litteraire. 
'        [We,,howevejc,  obferve,  that  it  is  not  quite  free  from  miltakes,  and 
can  affure  our  friends  on  the  continent,  that  they  will  find  in  London, 
liixflifticd  lodgings,  or  even  fiirnilhed  houfes,  f hotels  gamies)  if  they 
prefer  them  t©  boarding  (a/e  mettre  en  penfim)  in  a  family i] 

Akt^  XLix.     Paris.     Les  Swpers  d^  Vaucliye,.^c.     The  Suppers  of 

yaucliifc:   by  R.  de  L ,  Member  of  feveral  Academies. 

3  Vols..     I2m0.     Price  fewcd  61^  ijf.  {5s.  7d.) 

The  aim  of  this  work  is  lefs  to  conned  a  number  of  fhort  poetical 
pieces^  than  to  infpirc  youth,  particularly  of  that  fex  which  g  modern 
edocatiob  condcinns  to  frivolity,  with  a  taftc  for  improving  the  mind. 
A-naraerous,  bat  feled  fociety,  form  the  interlocutc  r.,  whofe  conver- 
iaticm;  interfperfed  with  occafional  readings,  compofe  the  matter  of  the 
bobki  The  anther  has  taken  occafion  to  introduce  his  corrcfpondence 
Wit3i  Mile,  de  M. ;  and' we  may,  without  flattery,  fay,  that  thcfc  let- 
tcfis:  are  modeh  of  the  epiftofery  llyle.  The  work'  concludes  wit!l  the 
author's  journey  from  Paris  to  Cerfica,  in  1776,  which  contains  fdme 
intercfting  obfcrvaticns  on  that  illand.  Mercure  de  France. 

AjlT. 


tl8  tlTE^ARY   INTELtlCfEN^f. 

Art*  t*     Paris.     Nou^elle  Corre/pGiidance,  ou  Choix  de  Leitres  intefe/-*^ 
'  /antes,  l^c.     New  Correfpondence,  or  a  Seledion  of  intcrefting 

Letters  on  various  Subjefts,  collefted  in  1789. 

Interefting  piftiires  of  the  follies  of  the  times,  chiefly  from  difiercnt 
periodical  publications,     A  fimilar  colledion  is  intended  to  be  pub- 
lithed  annually,  to  which  the  ingenious  are  invited  to  contribute. 
^  ,  VEfprit  des  Journaux, 

AkT.  LI.  Paris.  Promenade,  ou  Itineraire  des  Jardins  d'Erminonn;iUe, 
^c.  The  Walk,  or  Itinerary  of  the  Gardens  of  Ermenonville,  with 
Twenty-five  of  the  principal  Views  in  them,  defigned  and  engraved 
By  Merigot,  fils.     8vo.     70  p.     pr.  bound  18L  (15s*)     1789. 

Al.  Gerardin,  who  has  been  twenty  years  adding  to  the  embellifli- 
mcnts  of  the  gardens  of  Ermenonville,  celebrated  for  the  tomb  of 
Rouffeau,  has  made  them  the  moft  delightful  fpot  in  the  environs  of 
Paris.  The  toipb  of  yean  Jacques  is  adorned  with  bas  reliefs,  by  le 
Sueur.  On  the  north  fide  is  a  woman  fitting  at  the  foot  of  a  palm- 
tree,  emblem  of  fruitfulnefs ;  with  one  hand  (he  fupports  her  child,  to 
whom  fhe  is  giving  fuck,  in  the  other  fhe  holds  I  Emile ;  behind  her 
are  a  gtonp  of  women  offering  flowers  and  fruits  on  the  altar  of  nature : 
before  her,  a  child  fctting  fire  to  fome  fwadling-clothes,  whilft  others 
are  playing  with  the  cap  of  liberty*  On  the  two  pilafters  are  harmony 
and  eloquence.  On  the  pediment  is  the  motto  of  RouiTeau,  Vitam  int- 
fendere  ^vero^  On  the  north  fide  is  the  infcription  :  Here  refts  the  fon 
of  Nature  and  of  Truth.  On  the  pilafters  are  Nature,  reprefented  by  a 
woman  fuckling  hpr  infants ;  and  Truth,  by  a  naked  woman  holding  a 
torch.  On  the  pediment  are  two  doves  expiring  at  the  foot  of  an  urn. 
The  ends  are  ornamented  with  lachrymatories.  The  defcription  is  by 
the  vifcount  d*E.,M.  G.'s  eldcft  fon*  Journal  de  S^a^ans. 

Art.  LI  I.  Paris.  Hiftoire  veritable  de  la  Vie  errante,  ^c.  d'un  Cha^ 
mine  qui  vit  encore,  &c.  True  Hiflory  of  the  wandering  Life  and 
fiidden  Death  of  a  Canon  now  living;  written  at  Paris  by  the  De- 
ceafed  himfelf,  God  reft  his  Memory ;  publifhed  at  MayenCe  fince  hid 
Refurreftion  j  with  the  Pedigree  of  the  various  Pieces  to  which  his 
Firmnefs  has  given  Birth.  2  Vols.  8vo.  with  plates,  pr.  fewed 
7I.  4/.  (6s.} 

The  author,  a  man  well  known,  relates  with  much  pleafantry,  and  in 
an  interefting  manner,  the  perfecutions  and  farcafms  with  which  he  has 
l)een  affpiled,  in  various  fituations,  for  a  number  of  years. 

VEfprit  de  Joumaux* 

jkzr,  Liii.  Paris  and  BruflTels.  Le  Depofitaire^  ou  Choix  de  Lettres  fur 
divers  Sujits,  ^c.  The  Depofitory,  or  feledl  Letters  on  various 
Subje^s :  by  a  Society  of  literary  Gentlemen  and  Men  of  the 
World.     2  vols.    i2mo.     1789. 

The  greater  part  of  thefe  letters  are  already  known,  but  the  collec- 
tion has  merit,  and  we  think  will  afford  fomethino;  to  pleafe  every 
tafte.  The  following  obfervations  on  the  prices  ot  things  appear  to 
us  joft  and  new,  •  The  price  which  things  ouo^ht  to  bear  relatively  to 
their  propprtion  to  the  quslntity  of  money  in  circulation,  I  cd\\  propor- 
tional price  :  that  which,  having  been  once  fixed  in  a  ftriking  manner, 
copunucs  long  after  it  is  below  the  real  value,  I  term  price  of  cuftoni^ 

A  bar- 


M   I   8   C   £   L   L   A  N   I   £   S«  .  IX^ 

^  barrel  of  wine  being  purchafed  in  Burgundy,  Champaignc,  or  elfe- 
^here,  by  a  wine-merchaht  at  Paris  for  a  certain  price,  bis  annual 
order  to  his  correfpondent  is  founded  on  that  price.  He  is  pundual 
in  his  payments,  his  orders  arc  certain,  and  his  correfpondent  wiflies  ta 
retain  thtm.  The  price, '  however^  of  other'  articles  in  the  province 
increafes :  labour, -wood,  cafltSy  growdearer.  What  is  the  confe- 
quence  ?  The  proprietor  of  the  vineyard  bears  it  patiently,  retrcaches 
his  expences,  content9  himfelf  with  lefs  profit,  and  at  length  gets  no- 
thing by  his  wine.  What  remedy  is  there  for  this  ?  A  year-of  fcarcity  i 
which,  though  it  may  feera  paradoxical,  I  dare  affirm  is  far  more  bene- 
ficial than  injurious.  Have  you  not  frecj^ently  heard  fay,  that  after  a 
fcarcity  provifions  never  return  to  their  iormer  price?  The  reafon  is, 
becaufe  they  were  before  rated  below  their  value,  and  after  the  pricQ 
of  cuftom  has  been  deviated  from,  the  proportional  price  is  adopted.— 
It  is  a  fmgular  obfeyvation,  too,  that  this  difproportlon  continues  much 
longer  when  unfortunately  the  price  is  a  round  fum,  as  half  a  crown-,  \ 
(hilling,  iixpence,  &c.  The  facility  of  payment^  and  remembering 
the  fum,  are  additional  reafons  for  retaining  the  old  price." 

VEfprit  des  Joumaux. 

Art.  liv,  Leipfic.  Manch  Hermann,  ^c.  Many  Herm^a,  in  the 
proper  Senfe  of  the  Word  :  by  the  Author  of  Sophiens  Reife.  z  Vols^ 
8vo.    749  p#    pr,2r.     (7s,)     1788. 

Mifcellaneous  eflays,  chiefly  elucidated  by  Ihort  tales. 

Jen.Allg.Llt.Zeit. 

Art.   lv.     Berlin.     Btytrdge  zur  Phyficy  Oehmmie^  Technologky  uni 
Statifiik^  C5fr.     Phyhcal,  oeconomical,  technological,  and  political 
Eflays,  relating  chiefly  to  Ruffia,  and  the  neighbouring  Territories : 
by  B,  F.  Herrmann,  Vol.  III.     8vo.     376  p.     1788. 
Thefe  eflays  throw  great  light  on  the  prefent  ftate  of  Ruflia,  and  wiH 
be  found  inftrudlive  by  more  than  one  cUfs  of  readers,    In  this  Volume 
are  :  I.  Further  accounts  of  the  peft  of  Siberia.     This  difeafe,  termed 
by  the  natives/«/w.7  (air-plague,)  prevails  every  year  more  or  lefs.     It 
is  fatal  both  to  men  and  cattle,  particularly  to  horfes,  of  which  more  thaa 
100,000  died  of  it  in  1785,-2.  Catalogue  of  the  principal  ftonesdif- 
covered  in  the  Altajan  Mountains,     Thefe,  which  no  mineralogift  had 
before  examined,  are  particularly  rich  in  jafpers,  and  in  fome  beautiful 
kinds  of  porphyry,  not  inferior  to  thofe  of  the  eaft. — 3.  Defcription 
of  the  province  of  Pcrmia.     The  gold-mines  of  Catharineuhourg  pro- 
duced in  1782,  only  22143  ^^ublcs  (about  5:000!.)  clear  profit. — 4.  Lin- 

•jdenthal's  account  of  a  journey  through  the  mountains  of  Kufnetz. ;, 

Geographical  flcetch  of  the  province  of  Wiburg. — 6.  Account  of  the 
produce  of  the  royal  fmel ting- works  and  forges  in  1783. 

Jen.  Allg.  Lit,  Zfit. 

AftT.  LVI.  Berlin.  Einige  Gedanhn  iiber  die  Methode  zu  Examiniren^ 
^c.  Some  Thoughts  on  the  Methods  of  examining :  by  Fred. 
Gedicke.     8vo.     94  p.     1789. 

As  wc  have  too  frequently  had  occafion  to  obferve,  that  an  exami- 
nation is  little  more  than  a  farce  j^/*  Germany,]  we  are  plcafed  to  find 
9,  man  of  Mr.  G.'s  abilities,  Ihowmg  its  importance,  and  pointing  out 

I  tbo 


120  tiTEiiAity  iiJrttii6tuci. 

the  qaalificdtions  and  daties  of  an  examiner,  to  £11  whibh  office,  as  il 
oaght  to  be  filled,  no  (mall  talents  are  requiiite. 

Jen,Allg,  Lit.  Zett, 

Art.  tvii.  Hattover.  (k/chkbit  des  anmnUntn^vm  Mildenhurg^  ^ci 
Hiftory  of  the  poor  Baron  of  Mildenburg :  by  Adolphus  fiaroa 
Knigge,  VoKL     ^vo.     350  p.     1789. 

This  romahce  is  in  the  fame  ftylc  as  the  author's  preceding,  ones. 
It  difplays  much  knowledge  of  the  world,  found  philolophy,  ai3  prac- 
tical morality ;  and  excells  naore  in  delineation  of  charadki*  than  rieh- 
iiefs  of  adventure*  The  portrait  of  a  perfect  woman,  and  flceteh  of  a 
practical  female  education,  are  the  htSt  we  have  feen  in  the  German 
language.  Jr/r.  jillg.  Lit.  Zeh. 

D   I   C   T   I   O  N  A  R   I   £   S* 

AtT.  Lviii.  Lifbon.  Dicchnario  da  Liftgtut  Porfugueza^  ^c,  X  Olc- 
tionary  of  the  Portugucfe  Language,  compiled  by  D.  Rafael  Bluteau^ 
corredled  and  augmented  :  by  Antonio  de  Moraes  Silva.  2  Vols. 
4to.     1290  p.     pr.  3  due.  (il.  8s.)     1789. , 

.  Mr.  de  M.  S.  has  reje^led  every  thing  fuperfluous  in  the  volu-* 
minous  work  of  Bluteau,  which  was  properly  a  Cyclopoedia,  though 
he  has  omitted  very  few  terms  of  art*  Of  thofe  belonging  to  natural 
hiftory,  indeed,  we  could  have  wifhed  for  a  more  copious  explanation. 
From  the  addition  of  many  words,  HOt  to  be  found  in  other  diftiona- 
ties  of  the  Portuguefe  language,  it  is  certainly  one  of  the  beft  extant ) 
and,  being  of  a  reafonable  compafs,  will  not  be  ufelefs  after  the  pub* 
lication  of  the  complete  one  promifed  by  the  Academy  of  Sciences,  the 
bulk  of  which,  from  the  plan  laid  down,  muft  prevent  its  being  of 
general  ufe.  Jen.  Allg.  Lit.  Zeit. 

EBVCATION* 

Art.  lix.     Vercelli.     Logica  Elemeniate^  13 c*     Elements  of  Logicj 
or  Firft  Principles  of  the  Art  of  Reafoning*     8vo*     1 66  p.     1 788. 

So  much  has  been  faid  upon  this  fubjeft,  that  we  muft  not  expeft 
any  thing  new  in  this  work;  but  to  originality  of  manner,  at  lead,  the 
author  may  lay  claim.  It  is  well  executed,  and  leads  us  to  hope^  jthal 
the  complete  elementary  courfe  of  philofophy  promifed  us,  will  not  be 
4ela3red.  Ntmellt  letter,  di  Firenze, 

Art.  LX.  Paris.  A  new  edition  of  M.  Berquin's  U Amides  En^ 
fans^  *  The  Children's  Friend,'  is  publifhing  here  in  12  vols,  of  about* 
350  pages  each,  in  which  hisrL'Jmi  de  VAdotefcence^  *  The  Friend  of 
Youth,*  is  alfo  to  be  included.'  They  are  to  be  ornamented  with  1 32 
plates,  engraven  by  the  beft  artifts,  from  deiigns  of  M.  Borel,  being 
one  to  eveiy  tale,  befides  a  frontifpicce  to  each  volume.  The  price  of 
each  volume  is  jl.  (45.  zd.} 


ft  n  t  ,  ■    .    '  ^ 

A  N  A  L  Y  T  I G  A  L     R  E  V I E  W, 

For    J  U  N  E,     I790. 


Art.  !•  Du  Divorce.    Of  Divorce.   8vo.    145  pages,   Paris; 

1789- 

It  was  to  be  expelled,  that  among  the  various  cbrreftions 
and  improvements  proje£led  by  the  Trench  nation,  in  the  pre* 
fent  sera  of  revolution  and  change)  we  ihould  find  fome  new 
regulations  refpeding  marriage  j  one  of  the  moft  interefting 
and  important;  objedb  that  can  fall  under  the  cc^nizance  of  a 
legiflature  9  and  one  which  is  peculiarly  interefting  and  im- 
portant in  the  eyes  of  a  people  to  whom  female  fociety  appears 
to  be  the  very  firft  ingredient  in  human  happinefs. 

The  author  of  this  treatife  on  divorce,  which  makes  a  gresrt 
noife  on  the  continent,  requeftsi  the  favour  of  his  readers  to  pe* 
rufe  it  without  prejudice,  with  the  eyes  of  reafon,  confciencCi 
and  good  faith.  ^  I  know/  fays  he,  ^  that  many  people  arc 
againft  divorces  without  giving  any  feafons  why  they  fhould  be 
againft  them ;  I  know  that,  for  want  of  reafons,  men  often 
attack  it  with  the  weapons  of  pleafantry :  but  I  know  alio,  that 
philofophy,  which  is  now  bur  guide,  was  formerly  a  fubje^ 
of  detra^ion.  Good  words  are  forgotten  ^  good  things  re- 
main. The  Englifh  have  admitted  of  divorce,  but  by  no  means 
to  th«  extent  in  which  it  ought  to  be  admitted.  It  is  the  glory 
of  our  nation  that,  while  we  imitate,  we  furpafs  the  Engliih. 
They  have  the  advantage  of  us  in  point  of  priority  j  we  of 
them,  in  re(pe£l  of  pcrfeftion.'  Thus  far  our  author  in  a 
preface. 

In  a  very  animated  and  elegant  introdu(3:ion  he  obferves, 
among  other  particulars,  that  '  marriage  is  one  of  the  moft 
beautiful  inftituttons  to  be  found  upon  earthy  it  refines  and 
protefts  the  pieafures  of  the  married  parties ;  it  fegures  the 
exiftence  and  the  education  of  the  children ;  it  attaches  parents 
to  their  families,  and  citizens  to  their  country  ;  it  ftrengthens 
the  ftate  by  the  increafe  of  population;  it  gives  manners  to 
fociety,  and  thence  humanity  draws  its  fweeteft  fentiments* 
But  all  thefe  advantages,  and  many  others  that  I  might  men- 
tion, &0W  only  from  happy  marriages.     An  unfprtunate  unioa 

Vou  VII.  K  produces 


17-2  I.    E    C    I    S    L   A    T   I    O    N. 

producef,  quite  contrary  effcfts,  JThe  fcourge  of  the  parties 
united.  Of  their  children,  ind  thdtr  families,  it  extinguifhes 
patriodfm,  is  injurious  to  population,  troublefome  to  lociety, 
and  outrageous  to  hupianity.*  It  is  not  enough  tlwt  a  legifla- 
ture  ciideavoUrs  to  make  gobd  marriages :  m^ans  fhould  te  left 
for  remedying  them  when  they  are  bad ;  and,  perhaps,  in  the 
prefent  imperfedi:  ftate  of  human  nature,  the  art  of  correfting 
abufcs  is  more  uitfcil'than  ttiatof  preventing  them. 

I  This  poffibility  of  reviewing  and  corrcfting  errors  man  en- 
joys in  the  greater  part  of  his  adions :  and  he  has  enjoyed  it 
with  refpeft  to  marriage  ih  aH"  times  und  plarces.  It  is  only 
within  the  fpace  of  a  fmall  number  of  ages  that  it  has  been 
ritvi&ed/rom  a.  fmall  part  of.  Europe  *•  Whyihould  an  error 
lii  the  artide  oiF  marriage  leave  np  other  arternafive  lo  fee  uh- 
bappy  yiftim  than  that  Qf  ah  infupportable  union,  or  an  im- 
^bYftft  JbparJitibn,"  ^hen  a  third  option,  To  natural  arid  fo  rea- 
fbnibfe  lies  ^befoffe  .theiil'?  that  of  undoing  what  it  waj  wrong 
I'd/Jo,  and  what  nfever  oa^ht  to  have  been  donet  Why  ?  it  is 
anfwered,  becaufe  nlaiiria'ge  is  indiflblublc.  But  is  the'indiflb* 
lubillty  df  marriage  Inevitable  ;'is  it  necefTary  ;  is  it  ufeful  ?  Is 
It  accbriipanied  with  advantages  whrch  counterbalance  its  dif- 
'ard^v^antages  f  If  it  h  proved,  on  the  contrary,  that  it  has  not 
exifted  at  all  times  and  in  all  places,  that  it  never  ought  to 
•ftave  exifted,  and  that  it  tnight  be  iannulled  whhout  inconv^ni- 
Vricy,'  aiVd  even  witl^the  moft  extenfivtj  riuyneroiis,  and  precis 
jbus  advainia^es,  wh6  Vitl  undertake-  the  defence  t)f  a  principfe 
'tbiiflded  in  injuftice,  and  fraught  with  fo  hiany  pernicious  con- 
tdquerit^s  ?  Who  would  not  with  pleafure  iee  a-  tree  cut  down 
Hvhjch  is  wholly  ufekis^and  whofe  friiit  h  pbifon^d  ?  To  prove 
;|thut/fhis  is  the  Cafe  with  regard -to  the  indiffoltibility  of  mar- 
'tiage ;  to  prove  that  'it'  has  not  had  place  alv«f^ys,  or  every 
"where;  that  it  oilght  not  ever  to  "have  had  pi'ace;  and  that  its^ 
^abolition  would  be  attended  with  manifold  bleiSngs  and  advan- 
tages,; is  the  end  and  objeft  of  the  learned,  ^methodical,  and 
/elegant  performance  Under  confideration. 

In  farther  profecution  of  this  defign,  unfplded  and  partly  exe- 
Icuted  in  the  introdu6tion,  our 'author  expaiAds,  illuftrates,  and 
confirms  his  ideas,  by  (hewing  that  divorce  was  allo^^,  and 
"even  inftituted, from  the  beginning  of  the  world,,  adopted  ty 
rthe  Jews,  the  Egyptians,  the  Athenians,  and  the  Romans  > 
and,  when  fotin4ed  on  juft  motives,  approved  by  Jefus  Chrift ^ 

*  Of  the  twelve  principal  circles  into  which  Eiirope  is  divided, 

there  is  only  France,  Spain,  Portugal,  Italy^  Hungary,  and  part  of 

Germany,  where  the  praftice  of  divorce  is  not  admitted.     The 

'other  part  of  Germany,  Prttffia,  Holland^  Switzerland,  Eagland, 

*  Poland,  Ruffi^,  and,  in  a  wftrd,  )all  other  nations,  hy$  o»r  author^ 

*  kave  been  wifcr  and  happier ! 

praitifed 


Of  Divorce.  1I3 

praftifed  by  the  firft  Chriftians,  and  by  feveral  fainjs ;  per- 
mitted by  the  ciyil  laws  of  all  nations,  by  the  writings  of  two 
fathers  of  the  chucch,  by  feveral  popes,  and  by  a  great  number 
of  couDcils.  His  reafoning  on  all  thefe  points  will  proba^bly  ap- 
pear fatisfaftory^  two  inftances,  perhaps,  excepted,  namely,  that 
4ivorce  was  inftituted  from  the  beginning  of  the  world,  and 
thatj  when  founded  on  juft  motives,  (among  which  our  author 
r#ckon^  many  others  befides  adultery)  it  was  approved  by  Jefus 
Chrift» 

With  regard  to  the  firft  of  thefe,  our  author  is  of  opinion, 
that  the  diflblubility  of  marriage  is  implied  in  the  words  of  the 
Creator:  *  It  is  not  good  that  man  fhould  be  alpnej  en- 
creafe  and  multiply.'  For  mutual  folace,  and  ihe  propagation 
of  mankind^  the  great  ends  ,of  marriage  are  obftruSed  hy  ab^ 
fence,  by  incompatibility,  ^lul  by  fteriiity,  the  three  heads  to 
which  he  reduces  all  the  different  caufes  of  divorce*  As  -^ 
^he  approbation  beftowed  on  divorce,  in  certain  cafes,  by  Jefus 
Cbrift,  our  author  is  reduced  to  the  neceffity  of  remarking  a  ^ 
difference  in  the  accounts  that  are  given  of  that  matter  by  the 
evangeliftjs  Mattbe>v  $ind  Mark.  According  to  Mark,  th^e 
pharifees  put  the  queftion  to  Jefus,  '  Is  it  lawful  for  a  man 
to  put  away  his  wife  ?*  According  to  Matthew,  '  Is  it  lawful 
.for  a  man  to  put  a^yay  his  wife  for  every  caufe  ?'  Jefus  Chrift 
anfwers  in  the  iiegative.  According  to  the  firft  queftion,  )t 
is  divorce  which,  he  prohibits  in  general :  according  to  tt^e 
fecond,  the  unlimited  and  unaualified  exercife  of  divorce.  Oi^r 
author  is  inclined  to  follow  Matthew  rather  than  Mark,  ^  b^- 
caufe,'  fays  he,  ^  St.  Mark  might  have  forgotten  a  part  ^ 
what  Jefus  Chrift  faid  \  but  St.  Matthew  could  not  have  io- 
Tcnted  what  he:  did  not  fay/  He  holds  it  for  certain^  thep^ 
tfaat  divorce  was  permitted  by  Jefus  Chrift  under  a  certain  cif- 
cumftance.  And  wh^t  was  that  circumftance  ?  The  Greek 
tranflation  frooi  the  Hebrew  of  Matthew  is  no^Mt^A,  the  Latlp, 
forntcatto\  the  French,  Qdu[ter€\  the  Englifti^  adulttrjy  i^p. 
Are  all  tliefe  verfons  expreffive  of  the  fame  idea,  and  }uft  { 
The  Greek  word,  «ro^wia,  according  to  a  modern  writer,  does 
not  import  adulUry^  but  every  grievous  crime  or  offence  con- 
trary to  the  end,  and  what  is,  undoubtedly,  implied  in  .the  en- 
gagements come  under  by  marriage.  ..       . 

But  our  author  by  .no  means,  refts  the  validity  ^  his  rcafoo- 
ing  againft  the  indijOTolubiUty  of  (he. marriage  tte  on  a  piece  of 
Greek  criticifin.  He  obferves,  tl>at  Jefus  Chrift  had  declared 
that  the  objeif  of  Iris  coming  v^c^s  not  to  alter  or  reform  the  taw- 
And,  farther  ftill,  he  conuders  reafon  and  conscience,  in  alt 
cafes,  as  the  infallible  guides  of  opinion  and  of  condudl.  It  is 
-  eviSeat,.tQ  fpoftk  plainly,  .that.ev^n  if  the  New  Teftament 
«.liad  been  more  explicit  in  its  disapprobation  of  divorce^^exc^t 

K  2  '     fiir 


12+^  L   E   G   1   S   t   A   f   I   O   K. 

for  the  caufe  of  conjugal  infidelity,  our  author  would  ftill. con- 
tend for  its  propriety  in  certain  other  cafes. 

Expanding  ilill,  and  illuftrattng  his  views,  he  goes  on  to 
/Kew,  what  he  had  juft  hinted  before,  concerning  th^  prefcnt 
ftate,  or  domain  of  divorce  at  greater  length,  'l^be  world  is 
divided  by  chriftianity,  mahometanifm,  and  idolatry.  .  In  the 
countries  poflcilcd  by  the  two  laft,  unfortunately  the  moft  exten- 
sive, divorce  is  practifed;  and  in  chriftendom  too,  the  Roman 
Catholic  ftates  alone  excepted.  '  Thefe  refle<^icns,  drawli 
from  real  hiftory,. ought  to  undeceive  thofe  who  arc  of  opinion 
that  the  permiifion  of  divorce"  would  turn  the  world  upfide 
down!  No,  the  reverfe  of  this  is  the  truth.  The  world  is 
thrown  into  confufioh  when  divorce  is  prohibited.  It  is  not 
ncceflary  to  create :  it  is  fufEcient  that  we  re-eftablifh.  Di- 
vorce was  never  deftroyed ;  it  only  fleeps.  Let  us  roufe  it 
from  its  flumbers,  and  recover  it  from  a  lethargy  which  has 
too  long  afflifted  mankind.' 

Our  author  having  thus  fhewn  that  divorce  was  never 
univcrfal,  but  very  general,  in  moft  timed  and  places,  pro- 
ceeds, according  to  his  well-digefted  plan,  to  fbew  the  ne- 
cciEty  and  the  advantages  of  it.  Tt  is  agreeable  to  nature,  and 
to  Juftice  ;  and  conducive  to  the  ends  of  piety,  good  morals, 
and  found  policy.  Divorce  would  reftore  multitudes  of  huf- 
bands  and  wives,  feparated  either  by  legal  proc,edures,  or  the 
orders  of  government,  to  the  paths  of  houoi^  Imd  virtue^  It 
would  prevent  conjugal  ftrife,  or  at  leaft  it  would  nip  it  in  the 
bud  before  it  (hould  have  time  to  produce  mifery  and  crimes 
on  the  part  of  the  married  parties,  and  trouble  and  d.ifguft  to 
fgpciety.  It  would  put  an  end  to  thofe  fhameful  SKcufations  and 
trials  for  impotence.  It  would  aiFord  the  means  of  getting  rrd 
of  ufelefs  marriages,  render  the  crime  of  adidtery  lefs  common, 
diminifli  the  number  of  bachelors,  and  give  a  check  to  prof- 
titution.  And  what  would  be  the  greateft  advantage  of  aH; 
the  very  liberty  of  divorce  would  render  the  adual  feparation 
■  of  hufbands  and  wives  lefs  frequent. 

Ourlegiflator  comes,  in  the  third  and  laft  place,  fo  lay  down 

laws  for  the  regulation  of  divorce,  which  he  does  in  the  vray 

©f  propofing  certain  qucftions :  I  ft.  Is  it  pradticable  To  re- 

eftablffti  divorce  in  FraiKe  at  the  prefent  moment  ?     Yes,  for 

there  cannot  be  ^  more  favourable  conjuncture  for  any  parti- 

J  cular  change,  than  one  in  which  a  general  change  is  e'fiedted  , 

not  for  a  new  law,  than  when  a  reformation  Is  made  in  a 

Whole  coj^  ;  nor  for  the  fuppreffion  of  abufes,  than  when  fa 

.  many  abufes  ale  trz^fg^ed.     ad.  Is  the  liberty  of  divorce  to 

'  be  granted  to  the  wifb  as  i/tftll  as  to*  the  huft>and  ?     Without 

di  doubt :  and,  if  greater  indulgence  were  to  be  (hewn  tp  one 

party  rather  than  to  the  other,  it  ought  to  be  to  tiie  weaker. 

•  3d,  la 


Of  Divorce.  125" 

3d.  In  what  particular  cafes  may  a  divorce  be  demanded  ?  As 
diis  is  a. curious  fubjedl,  we  fhall  ftate  all  the  cafes  In  whiph 
divorce,  according  to  our  legiflator,  ought  to  be  made  lawful ; 
though  thefe  amount  to  no  lefs  than  twelve,  ift.  A  divorce  may 
be  infifted  on  in  cafe  of  civil  death.  2d.  In  that  of  condemnation 
to  a  punifliment  that  involves  infamy.  3d.  In  that  of  impri- 
fonment  of  long  duration,  4th.  In  that  of  indefinite  captivity, 
5th.  In  the  cafe  where  either  of  vthe  parties  hsis  left  his  owA 
and  gone  to  another  country  ;  ana  that,  whether  his  ixpatrta^ 
jtton  *  be  voluntary  or  involuntary,  and  their  difappearaiice, 
unaccompanied  with  any  intelligence  concerning  them". ,  6th." 
Barrennefs  for  a  certain  Ipecified  time,  without  a  knowledge  of 
the  caufe.  7th.  An  incurable  malady  that  is  incompatible  with 
generation.  8th.  Madnefs.  9th.  AH  kinds  of  crimes,  loth • 
Adultery,  nth.  Extreme  diffipation  and  debauchery.  I2th. 
Incompatibihty  or  difcordancy  of  cl?ara6ters.  .4.  In  what 
manner  is  a  divorce  to  be  granted  ?  Our  author,  oh  this  head, 
propofes  regulations,  refpedling  the  nature  and  quantum  of  proof 
in  the  different  cafes,  delicacy  and  decorum^  and  the  time  that 
ought  to  elapfe  between  the  commencement  and  the  conclufion 
of  a  fuTt  for  divorce-  5.  What  is  to  be  the  condition  of  the 
parties  after  being  divorced  ?  Not  the  fame  as  before  marriage, 
out  the  fame  in  which  each  would  be,  if  the  other  were  dead. 
A  kind  of  doable  widowhood  would  take  place,  6.  What 
would  be  the  condition  of  the  children  after  the  divorce  of 
their  parents  ?  This  is,  perhaps,  the  mod  importaht'confide- 
ratipn  on  the  fubjedt  in  queftion.  Our  author  endeavours  to 
make  up  to  the  children,  as  much  as  poffible,  the  lofs  and  dif- 
advantages  they  fuffer  by  the  difunion  of  their  parents,  both 
in  refpeft  of  education  and  fortune.  But,  after  all  that  he 
urges  with  great  plaudbility  and  good  fenfc,  the  afFi^fting  pic* 
tures  which  he  draws  in  the  out-let  of  his  obfervations  on  this 
head,  of  the  fituation  of  the  child  nurfed  by  parental  fondnefs, 
by  love  and  virtue  in  the  temple  of  honour,  with  that  of  the 
infant,  whofe  parents  are  divided  by  irrtconcileable  hatred,  re- 
cur to  our  minds  again  and  again,  banifli  all  other  reflexi- 
ons, and  excite  a  temporary  conviction  at  leaft,  that  a  huibahd 
^nd  wife,  united  by  a  common  progeny,  ought  never  to  be 
feparated. 

In  general,  our  author,  in  the  laft  part  of  his  work,  endea-* 
vours  to  adapt  to  the  manners  of  the  French  nation  the  Roman 
laws,  or  rather  the  fame  laws,  corrected  and  improved,  in  the 
new  code  which  Frederic  the  Great  has  given  t?6  Pruffia.  In 
conclufion,  our  author,  in  a  Very  lively  and  eloquent  addrefs, 

*  Here  we  h«ive  adopted  the  Latin  term  ufed  by  our  author,  it 
}«  eafijy  underftood>  and  expre/Tes' the  precife  ideaan  (jueition* 

K  3  ......      recom*t 


Jj6,  LEGlSLATieK. 

recommends  the  rc-eftablifhmcnt  of  divorce,  to  tJ^e  iiational 
aflembly  of  France, 

In  the  preface  of  this  writer,  We  have  a  catalogue  of  books 
which  he  confulted  on  the  fubjeft  of  divorce  ;  amdhg  which 
we  find,  Legiflatlon  du  Divorce^  and  Le  Cri  d'un  bonnets 
Honrnu — Le  Cri  d^une  honnite  Pemni^,  '^\\t{^  performances 
are  before  us,  bound  up  in  one  volume  8vq;  entitled,  Legijlation 
d^  Divorce,    Precede  du  Cri  d^un  honnite  Homme  qui  le  Croit 

fohdi  en  droit  et  divin  a  repudier  fa  Femme^  &c.  vThe  Legifla- 
tion  of  Divorce :  to  which  is  prefixed,  the  Complaint  of  ar^ 
J^orieft  Man,  who  thinks  that  he  has  a  Right  to  put  away  his 
Wife ;  intended  to  difplay  to  the  French  legiflature  the  eccle- 
fiaftical  and  civil  juftice,  ^s  well  as  the  moral  and  political  ad- 

.  vantages,  that  plead  for  the  diffolution  of  marriage  in  certain 
^ven  circumftances.  London.-  1769.  The  Cri  d'tine  honniti 
f'emmey  or  Complaint  of  an  honeft  Woman,  i^  fubjoined  to  the 
Legiflation,  under  the  title  of  Le  Divorce  Reclame  pat  Ma^ 
dame^  i^c, 

Oor  limits  will  not  admit  of  fo  full  an  analyfis  of  thefe  as  we 
have  gfven  of  the  former  treatife  on  divorce  :  nor  is  it  necef- 
fary  that  we  fliould,  as  the  author  of  the  former  has  adopted 
many  of  their  leading  ideas,  and  incorporated  them  in  his  plan 
for  the  re-eftablifliment  of  divorce,  of  which  we  have  juft 
given  ar^  account.  As  the  indiflblubility  of  marriage  is  a  doc- 
trine general,  and  almoft  univerfal,  amongft  thofe  to  whom  the 
Complaint  of  an  honeji  Man^  and  the  Legiflation  of  Divorce^  Sec, 
are  ,addrefled,  the  author  exprefles,  in  an  advertifement,  how 
fcnfible  he  is  of  the  difficulty  of  combating  prejudice.  '  A 
coloflal  ftatue,  weak  at  the  bafe,  but  formidable  by  its  height, 
which  every  one  is  afraid  of  feeing  fall,  and  to  whofe  defence 
all  run  without  knowing  why.  But  I  am  fure,  fays  he,  *  of 
one  thing :  my  ideas  are  founded  in  truth ;  and  there  is  cer- 
tainly an  aera  marked  out  in  the  hiftory  of  human  undcrftand- 
Ing,  when  mankind  will  be  capable  of  eftimating  and  enter- 
taining them.* 

.Our  unfortunate  honeft  man  prefaces  his  complaint  with  an 
eulogy  on  the  commiflipn  that  had  been  made  out  by  the  king, 
fome  years  before,  for  infpedling  certain  religious  orders,  and 
correfting  any  abufes  that  might  have  crept  into  them.  *  May 
this  ftep,*  fays  he,  •  while  it  leads  to  emancipation  from  chains 
Injurious^  to  the  intelfecEl  of  man,  give  birth  to  the  examination 
of  otheV  queftions,  interefting  m  refpeft  to  the  honour  of 
families,  the  purity  of  morals,  the  encouragement  of  marriage, 
and  the  increafe  of  population.  It  is  in  this  hope  that  I  am 
now  to  fubmit  to  our  legiflature,  the  dreadful  calamity  which, 
by  their  deed,  I  am  unjuftly  condemned  to  fuffer,  for  the  reft 
of  my  life :  *  a  calamity  founded  on  our  morals,  which  is  but 

'  too  common,  and  from  which  no  perfon  is  exempted  by  birth, 
honour,  or  virtue,  byt  which  womW  not  be  an  evil  without  3k 

lenaedyji 


0/ Dwcrct.     z  :  'fciy 

remedyV  if  ^  filly'and  orv^I  prejiidicd' eoixrenung  the  al&Iute 
in^KiToIubility  of  mArmgey  did  not  ufiiirp  the  phufof  thofe;^ 
^tem  laAVs  relative  to  this  matter,  wbichi  were  in  full  force  in 
the  primitive.  chur<:h^  ai^'d  under,  the  firfi  CHriftidn  emperors/' 
After  declaring  the  public  ipirit,  or  regard  to  the  general  in;- 
terefts  of  human  najture^  which  induce  him  thus  to  make  known 
his  complain^  and  fetting  all  petulance  aind  pleafantry  which 
this  might  occafion,  at  defiance,  he  proceeds  to  rdate  his  me>. 
lancholy  ftorjr.     He  had  the  honour  of  Jjeing  the  firft  officer 
of  juftice  ih  a  provincial  town  of  the  fecond  clafs.     His  father 
left  him  a  genteel  fortune  amafled  without  a  crime  ;  which  h« 
might  have  encreafed  by  an  advantageous  marriage,  if  he'hai 
iiot  been  attached  to  a  young  lady,  v/hom  he  redeemed  from 
a  ftate  of  dependence,  for  fhe  had  not  any  fortune,  and  frooa 
the  tyranny  of  a  ftep-mother.     Three. nit)nths  had  fcarcdy 
elapfed,  after  his  marriage  with  that  per&n,  when  he  jdifcovered 
fhe  had  been  debauched  by  a  prieft,  with  whom  vflip  had  beea 
in  die  habit  of  impure  cortne6i:ion.     He  embraced,  however^ 
the  generous  refolution  of  over-looking  what  his  love  con/lrueil 
to  be  only  one  of  the  pardonable  extravagancies  of  youthi 
Hefmind  arid  principles  might  be  yet  untainted,  and  her  heart 
fufceptible  of  frncere  attachment.     And  in  the  hope  of  this  he 
perfevered,  notwithftanding  that  flie  not  only  treated  him  with 
the  utmoft  infenfibility  and  indifference,  but  fometimes  repelled 
freedoms  to  which  he  had  a  right,  with  marks  of  brutality : 
ftill,  however,  he  indulged  the  fond  notion  that  all  this  might  be 
the  natural  efFeft  of  her  pregnancy ;  but  a  ihort  time  convinced 
feim  that  it  was  neither  owing  to  this  caufe^nor  to  a  coldconfti- 
tution.     To  certain  young  officers  and  others  fhe  Wfis  prodigal 
of  her  own  charms,  and  of  her  hufband's  money.     She  became  a 
,perfe£t  MeiTalina  ;  and  loft,  by  her  facility  in  granting  favours, 
almoft  all  value  in  the  eyes  of  her  paramours ;  fome  of  whom  on 
account  of  fome  little  difobligation,  went  fo  far  as  to  affront  her 
even  in  her  hufband'sprefence.     A  feparation  took  place  after 
two  years.  The  lady  was  received  into  her  father's  family.  The 
injured  hufband  found  a  fenfibk  confolation  for  fome  timeiii  the 
ediKation  of  his  young  -Ton  and  only  child,  wh9ni,  notwithfland« 
ing  the  vicioufnefs  of  his  mother,  he  tenderly  loved;    But  heaveq 
deprived  him  of  this  comfort  ;*  and,  much  about  the  fame  time, 
of  a  tender  and  afliciionate  mother,  who  hearing, 'in  her  re4 
tirement,  of  the  mifery  of  her  fon,  died  of  a  broken  heart.    Ht 
Was  now  left  in  that  melancholy  fit?Uation  which  he  defcribes 
in  thefe  words.     *  The  father  of  a  family  without  a  famify  ; 
deprived  of  the  right  of  marrying  again  under  better  aufpiceSy' 
and  of  ti*e-powef  «f  living  in -a  Chriftian  manner  in  theibciety 
of  a  woman  of  chara<9:er ;  cut  off,  for  ever,  from  th^  fvwet 
fiitisfadtion  of  being  a  parent,  after  having  tailed  it  in  allots 

K4  *  delijiQufc 


denci^u(he&,  and  with  a  hearty  diough  I  faynt^  a^ble  of  feel- 
ins;  .it;  folitary  amidft  mankind :  punifliea,  prectfely,  becaufe 
'I  nad  fuftained  an  injury.  Such  is  the  horrible  iituation  in 
vkkrh  I  find  myfelf  at  the  age  of  four  and  fort^>  without  any 
4feaKinable  profpeS  of  ever,  being  emancipated  nom  it,  but  by 
the  hand  of  death.'  Penetrated  with  the  profoundeft  venera- 
tion for  the  eternal  truths  of  religion  and  morality,  and  being 
endowed  by  nature  with  delicacy  of  fentiment  and  probity  c^ 
difpofition,  he  fcorned  the  common  refources  of  fedu£lion  oi 
married,  or  promifcuoiis  intercourfe  with  common  women: 
nor  could  he  enter  into  a  ftate  of  concubinage  fo  long  as  women 
ef  birth  and  education  were  not  to  be  found  who  would  de« 
Icend  to  the  condition  of  concubines.  In  thefe  circumilancesy 
he  caft  his  eyes,  from  a  natural  movement  of  curiofity  over 
the  world,  to  fee  if  .there  were  any  people  on  earth,  among  fo 
many  kindreHs,  natipns,  religions,  governments,  manners,  and 
languages,  who  entertained  the  fame  prejudices  with  the  catho-» 
lie  church,  to  whom  be  might  extend  and  teftify  his  compafr 
iion.'  'He  finds  that  the  indifiblubility  of  marriage  neither  has 
been  nor  is  univerfal,  but  that  it  is  confined  within  very  narrow 
bounds  of  both  time  and  fpace.  He  contends  for  divorce  for 
the  caufc  of  adultery  from  fcrip'ure,  the  practice  of  the  firfl 
Chriflians,  and  the  Roman  empire  for  the  firfl  ten  ages  j  from 
the  nature  and  end  of  marriage ;  from  juftice  and  common 
fcnfe ;  from  the  good  efFefts  it  would  have  on  the  happineis  and 
the  morals  of  fociety  j  and  the  encreafe  of  population  and  other 
refouj^es  of  political  government.^ 

From  the  famQ/topii;^^  chiefly,  divorce  not  only  for  tl>e  caufe 
of  adultery^^  hut  for  feveral  other  caufes  fpecified,  is  contended 
for  at  grc^jtfcr  length  in  the  treatife  which  follows  The  Com-^ 
plaint  ^  an  honejl  Man^  and  is  entitled  The  Legijtaiion  of  Di- 
V9r£e.  And,  6n  the  fame  grounds  alfo,  it  is  demanded,  in  a 
ihort  piece,  fubjoined  to  the  Legijlaiion^  by  Madame  la  Com-^ 
teffe  de  — ^  under  the  title  of  Le  Divorce  reclame.  This  is 
the*  Cri.d^une  Honnite  Femme^  pientioned  in  the  catalogue  of 
books  confulted  by  the  author  of  the  Treatife  on  Divorce  al« 
irbady  mentioned.  As  the  Cri  d'un  Honnete  Hornme  was  a 
prologue,  fo  this  little  piece,  in  which  a  lady  of  a  virtuous  and 
tender  difpofition  is  neglefted  and  injurioufly  treated  by  an  in- 
fenfibie  and  ungrateful  hufband,  forms  a  proper  prologue  to  the 
Legiflation  of  Divorce, 

7  hough  this  book  has  furnifhed  a  very  gre^t  portion  of  the 
feftsand  fentiments  that  are  made  ufe  of  in  the.well-compofed 
Treatifis, on  Divorce,  which  the aiithor  of  that  treatife  isi*  ready 

^  '  I  mingle  v(^y  voice  with  that  of  the  Dumeroas  and  refped* 
able  adverfaries  of  the  iodiiiblubiiity  of  marriage,  or  rather  coIt 
kaing  the  idc^s  fcatiered  in  ihcir  yvQrksi  ^c.  J^v't*    Pa^e  6. 

enough 


Of  Divorci.  139 

enough  to  acknowledge,  and  is  more  copious,  by  far,  on  their 
common  fobjecl  5  yet  does  the  treatife,  which  in  many  inftances 
is  a  copy,  carry  greater  convidion  in  the  reading  of  it,  and 
leave  a  more  deep  impreffion  on  the  mind :  fo  great  are  the 
advantages  of  brevity  over  difFufenefs ;  and  of  method  and 
predion  over  irregularity  and  repetition.  The  author  of  the 
Treatife  on  Divorce,  which  is  an  excellent  model  of  GDntro^ 
verfial  writing,  is  animated,  but  regular,  in  his  gait.  The 
author  of  the  Complaints  and  the  Lcgijlatimy  though  animated, 
ingenious,  and  learned,  in,  perhaps,  a  higher  degree,  produces 
not  fo  full  an  effeft  on  the  mind  of  his  reader,  becaufe  he  is 
greatly  inferior  in  the  art  of  compofition.  Digreffions,  repe^* 
titions,  and  anticipations,  weaken  the  general  relult  of  his  ira- 
foning. 

Art.  II.  Lettres  fur  le  Divorce^  £!fr,  ^  Letters  on  Divorce  U  a 
Deputy  of  the  National  JJfembly.  By  the  Abbe  de  Barrndl, 
Or,  a  Refutation  of  the  Work  entitled^  *  Of  Divorce  *  8vo* 
42  p.     Paris.     1789. 

The  abbe,  in  four  different  letters,  confiders  the  author  of 
the  Treatife  on  Divorce  in  the  cha rafters  of  a  Frenchman,  a 
politician,  a  philofopher,  a  hidorian,  and  a  theologian.  He 
endeavours  to  fhew,  that  he  is  a  bad  Frenchman  and  a  bad 
citizen ;  that,  as  a  politician ,  he  would  produce  trouble  and 
confufion  to  the  ftate,  inftead  of  peace  and  happinefs  ;  that  his 
philofophy,  inftead  of  leading  to  good  morals,  and  a  life  ac-* 
cording  to  the  fimplicity  of  nature,  is  an  outrage  to  both  nature 
and  morality.  He  examines  the  twelve  cafes  in  which  the 
Treatife  ^n  Divorce  fuppofes  it  to  be  right  and  expedient  to 
fue  for  a  divorce  ;  and,  in  a  b rifle  and  lively  manner,  not  un- 
mixed with  petulance  and  airs  of  ecclefiaftical  prerogative,  en** 
deavours  to  turn  them  into  ridicule,  by  viewing  them,  as  it 
were,  through  a  microfcgpe,  and  fuppoTing  cafes  carried  to  ex- 
tremities, which,  though  poffible,  are  not  certainly  probable. 
For  example,  he  fuppofes  that. a  man  is  likely,  if  divorce 
ibould  be  re'cftablifhed,  to  go  on  to  the  tenth  or  twelfth  wife, 
pr  any  pther  number,  and  to  carry  along  with  him  into  the 
^mily  into  which  he  fliould  next  marry,  the  offspring  of  tea 
or  twelve,  or  more  preceding  connexions :  a  circumftancc 
which  would,  no  doubt,  be  attended  with  much  inconvenience 
^nd  confufion.  This  is  not  candid  ;  for  the  author  of  the 
Treatife  on  Divorce^  reafooing  from  human  nature  and  the 
hiftory  of  m^kind,  fhews,  that  the  privilege  of  demanding  a 
divorce  is  nether  likely,  por  has  in  faft  given  birth  to  adlual 
reparations*  In  like  manner,  the'  abbe  makes  a  fhew  of  tri- 
umphing over  the  author  of  the  Treatife  of  Divorce,  by  mul- 
tiplying inftances  in  which  popes  "and  general  councils  iUued 
ie^fef5  agai^ft  ;b?  diffpjubility  of  marriage.     The  author  of 

the 


130  L   E   G  .1   ^  L  'A   T>  I  O   N, 

the  Trcatife  docs  not  deny  that  there  were,  in  the  cathoHi 
church,  naany  fuch  decree^  j  he  only  contends  that  certaia 
other -couhcils  and  fathers  of  the  church  tolerated  divorce,  or 
left  it  doubtfuK.  What  he  proves  moft  fuccefefuUy  is,  that  the 
prance,  of  diyorce,  fgr  any  other  caufe  than  that  of  adultery, 
and  fcarc^ly  even  for  tfiat,  receives  not  any  countenance  from 
Jefus  Chrift  or.  his  apoftles. 

Art.  III.  Ohfervatims  fur  le  Divorce^  t^c,  Obfirvations  on 
*    Divorce.    BytheCountD'Antraigues,.  8vo.    55  p.    Paris. 

1789-     ,    .  . 

The  count  introduces  his  fubjeft  by  a  beautiful  and  juft  de-» 
du£lion  of  the  iiatural  connection, between  liberty,  virtue,  and 
marriage. 

«  Independence  is  acquired  by  an  overbearing  force  which 
breaks  all  ties  :  freedom  is  feeu/ed  and  rendered  permanent  only 
by  virtue.  Whoever  wijhes  for  impunity  for  any  crimes ;  who- 
ever defi/es  forgivenefs  iox  a  fecies  of  faulu  ;  whoever  prefers  in- 
dulgence to  feverity,  ought  to  live  under  a  mafter ;  for  in  his  hands 
alone  is  the  power  of  punifhment,  and  to  the  law  he  prefers  cle- 
mency. The  Jaw  fliould  be  juil  but  fevere  ;  and  the  piore  liberty 
that  a  people  enjoys,  the  more  is  the  Jaw  implacable.  Hence  it 
follows,  that  he  who  defires  liberty,  often  defires  what  he  does  not 
know  ;  and  what,  when  he  has  obtained  it,  he  will  hate :  for  the 
reign  of  the  law  is  more  rigid  to  the  perverfe  than  the  fceptre  of 
tyrants.  But  a  people  under  the  influence  of  manners,  abhors 
llavery,  and  che^ilhes  the  inflexible  government  of  the  laws.  If 
is  then  courage  that  deilroys  flavery,  and  good  morals  that  are 
the  fountain  of  lib&rty. 

*  The  manners  of  a  people  cooflfl  in  habits  of  conforming  their 
inclinations  to  their  duty.  But,  as  (debauchery  corjupts  at  once 
all  virtuous  inclinations,  and  that  the  virtues  of  free'  men  never 
fprung  up  in  a  foul  contaminated  by  the  licentioufnefs  of  debau- 
chery, marriage  has  been  long  coniidered  as  the  fured  baiis  of 
virtue  and  manners.' 

The  count  d'^Antraigu'es  beftoWs  juft  praifc  on  much  of  the 
reafoning  in  the  Treatife  on  Divorce,  as  well  as  on  the  excel- 
lence of  its  c6mpofition.  But  he  differs  from  the  author  of 
that  performance  with  regard  to  the  facility  of  obtaining,  and 
^bove  all,"  with  regard  to  the  number  of  the  caufes  for  which 
a  divorce  may  be  obtained.'  He  allows  that  the^pra6lice  of 
divorce,  in  certain  cafes,  may  be  admitted,  becaufe  it  has  been 
admitted  in  former  times,  and  is  now  admitted  in  Poland  by 
the  catholic  church.  But  at  the  feme  time  that  the  law  allows 
of  this  defperate  remedy,  it  ought  alfo  to  ufe  the  beft  means 
for  preventing  its  neceflity  :  and  thefe,  in  the  judgment  of  our 
^luthor,  would  be,  to  abolifli  the  odious  and  pernicious  re- 
ftraints  on  marriage,  and  to  allow  young  people  of  20  or  22 
years  of  age,  to  marry  according  to  their  inclination.  He 
would  reduce  the  twelve  caufes  of  divorce  contended  for  by 

the 


Medallic  Hifiory  of  England.  ^  l^i 

the  author  of  the  Treatife  on  that  fubjeft,.  to  thjrce,  naixvely^ 
adultery,  extreme  diflipation,  and .  difcordancy  of  charaders : 
Wt  in  no  ca(i  would  the  count  allow  of  the  diffolutlo^  of  mar* 
riage  where  it  has  been  fruitful,  and  the  children  livings  The 
edwat  propofes  regulations  for -the  different  kinds  of  divorce, 
which  he  admits.  He  touches  with  a  delicate  and  mafterly 
•hand  on  the  propriety  of  early  marriages^  when  tw6  duftlle 
ftiinds  are  eafily  united  in  one;  the  mutual  tenderneCs  and  com- 
placency which  accompany  the  recolleSion  of  fuch  early  con- 
nections ;  and  the  tendency  of  all  this  to  preferve  the  filken 
tie  of  voluntary  matrimony  unbroken.  Nor  is  he  iefs>  but,  if 
goffible,  more  elocjuent  ftill  on  the  power  pofleffed  by  children^ 
in  every  pe\od  of  their  life,  to  reconcile  and  re-unite  the 
jarrihg  minds  and  revolting  hearts  of  their  parents.  *  Parents, 
during  the  infancy  of  their  children,  are  conftrained  by  the 
power  of  nature  to  join  in  paying  them  attentions.  And  the 
flame  of  love  is  eaiily  re-kindled  by  the  cradle  of  innocence* 
The  tender  fmile  of  an  infant,  guarded  by  its  own  innocence, 
ignorant  that  mankind  are  capable  of  hatred,  and  equally  em- 
bracing thofe  that  gave  it  birth,  recalls  them,  in  fpite  of  them* 
felves,  to  love  and  concord,  revives  the  dying  fpark  of  fenfi^ 
bility,  and  conftrains^  th^m,  in  the  prefence  of  an  ok^tSt  fo 
jdear  to  both,  to  (bed  tears  of  repentance  and  gentle  compaC- 
fion.*  On  the  whole,  the  count  d'Antraigues,  from  this  pub- 
lication, appears  to  be  as  moderate  and  virtuous  a  man,  a$  he 
certainly  is  a  fenfible,  well'^informed,  and  eloquent  a  writer.    . 

Art.  2V.     The  Medallie,  Hiftory  of  England  to  the  Revolution. 

With  forty  Plates.     Royal  4to.     Vellum  Paper.     \17,  p. 

Price  21.  2S,  in  boards,     tdwards.     J  790. 

To  this-fpleniiid, and  valuable  work  the  following  notice  is 
prefixed. 

*  This  work  is  the  iirft  whidi  lays  before  the  leadef  a  complete 
leries  of  Englifii  Medali  down  .to  the  revolutioe.  Mr,  Eyelyn,  ia 
his  NvMisnTATA,  .pubtiihed  many  £Q^f$lni  roed^s,  and  about  the 
tntddle  of  rfiit  ccntuiy  Mr.  Perry  cagravcd  forae  plates  of  them ;  but 
Mr.  SnoUing's  plates  gnath^  exceeded  all  former  attempts  in.  this 
way..  •  '     .  .     *• 

*  The  publilhers  of  theprefent  work  have  improved  upon  Mr.Snel- 
liixg'^  pIaQ»  ia  fupplying  his  i^didencics,  and  giving  a  dofcription 
widi  the  plates,  '^rheir  expence  has  been  confiderable^  and  thefhut 
of  it  is  now  fabmitied.  to  tlie  public.  .     . 

•  *  Mr.  SnelUng^s  cdk6bion^  though  mer'^toriouB,  was  fo  incomplete, 
that  more  than  a  third  of  the  plates  now  appear  for  the  iirft  time,  and 
jn  thofe  fosse  ^f  the  moil  rare  and  curious  medals  are  contaiDed, 

.  'Tf  we  except,  the  medals  of  the  popes,  this  collefUion  may  boa4 
of  being  the  firft  genuine  aud  complete  one  of  its  kind.  Notwith- 
iftanding  the  eminence  of  France  in  books  of  fcience  muft  be  acknow- 
l^«di  yet  that  country  has  as  yet  only  t^e  fabulous  and  imaginary  works 

*  "  of 


I3t  M   E    D   A   1   S« 

of  Dc  Bic  and  Typotius,  and  a  fevr  detached  plates  by  Lc  Clfcre.  Ger* 
many,  Spain,  aftd  the  other  countries  of  Eiiropp*,  have  no  collei^tion  of 
this  kind^  though  all  mud  allow  that  its  impdrtancc  to  the  hiftory  and 
arts  -of  a  coentry  ought  to  render  it  a  national  obje^^  CTcry  where. 

*  The  poblifhcfi  Dcg  leave  to  acknowledge,  with  gratitude,  thfe 
liberality  df  that  eminent  medallift  Dr.  Combe. in  favour  of  this 
work.  To  his  capital  colleftioti  of  prints  and  drawings  of  Engliih* 
medals  they  are  entirely  indebted  for  many  of  the  curious  arricles  here 
publifhed.  To  him  they  alfo  owe  feveral  explanations  in  the  defcrip- 
tion/ 

The  fuppreffion  of  the  compiler's  name  is  an  objefil  of  no 
moment,  if  his  refcarches  have  been  properly  diredted,  and  his 
dbfcrvations  accurate;  and  that  they  have,  there  is^vcry  reafon 
to  fuppofe,  from  the  approbation  of  our  beft  cncdallifts,  and  the 
fancStion  of  Dr.  Combe. 

The  plates,  which  appear  to  be  executed  witlr  the  greateft 
fidclitv,  are  followed  by  cxplanatpry  obfervations  on  the  feveral 
fubjeas  they  contain,  interfperfcd  with  hiftorical  remarks.  To 
ive  our  readers  an  idea  of  the  execution  of  the  work,  We 

all  fubjoin  tfie  defcription  of  plate  35.  p.  97. 

SIR     E  D  M  U  N  I>  a  U  *  Y     C  O  D  F  Jl  E  T . 

«  In  the  year  1678,  whuM  the  public  roipd  was  remarkably  heated 
by  the  Popifti  plot,  difcovered  or  .pretended  by  Toogc  and  Gates,  Sir 
Edmundbury  Gpdfrcj,  a  magiftrate  who.  had  taken  the  information  of 
Gates,  and  who  was  thought  rather  active  againft  .the  f^apifts,  was, 
on  Saturday,  the  12th  of  October,  1678,  miffing,  and  on  Thurfday 
the  17th  of  Gdtober  was  foohd* murdered  in^a  ditcfr  near  PriftiYoft 
Hill.  Stifpicions  naturally  fell  on  the  Papifts;  and  at  that  time  fuf- 
picions  were-  as  fparks  in  gunpowder*  In  the  reign  of  James  II.  Sir 
JLoger  L'Eftrange  pubjilhed  his  ««  Myftery  of  the  Death  of  Sir  5^ 
Codfreiy  unfolded,"  in  which  hp  attempts  to  prove  that  Sir  Edmund- 
bury  was  of  a  melancholy  temper,  and  had  killed  himfelf ;  but  as  Sir 
Roger  was  a  Papift,  and  iriferts  the  moft  ludicrous  remarks  in  his 
book,  a  man  who  could  have  (o  bad  a  heart  as  to  jefton  fuch  an  occa* 
fion  dcferves  little  credit.  But  however  this  be,  one  Bcdloe  appeared; 
who  pretended  to  have  been  prefent  at  the  murder,  and v^  upon  his  des- 
pofitions.  Green,  fierry,  and  Hill,  who  were  iaid,,  with  Kelly,  A 
Jefuit,  and  others,  to  have  perpetrated  the  mufder*  wdac  tried,  con* 
demned,  and  exixuted.  Sir  £.  Godfrey  was  iregarded  as  a  martyr  for 
the  Fioteil^t  caufe,  and  his  memory  xeiBereBcea.and  cheriihed  by  the 
Proteftants.  Hence  the  number  of  medals  00  this  occafion  will  not 
furprife  the  reader,  • 

*  r.  The  head  of  Godfrey  with  two  hands  ftiangfing  him*  the 
manner  .of  his,  death  in  the  co^rt  of  Somerfet  Houfe,  .as  iworn  to  by 
Bedloe;  b.  Godfrey,  morienjijo  eestitvit  aiM,  **  E.  God* 
frey.  By  dying  he  reftbred  the  jProtcftant  intercft.^'  An  allufion  to 
Virgirs  expreffion  concerning  Fabius,  Cundtando  reftituit  rem*  Rc% 
verie  a  Jefuit  murdering  Godfrey,  the  pope  a^^lauding,  and  holding 

•  The  medallic  hiftory  of  the  United  Provinces  begins  atfo  Ute  a 
period,  that  it  hardly  deferves  to  form  ap  cxeej^tioiH 

'      '        abuUi 


Metallic  Hijhty  of  England.  1 33 

a  bull,  markefil  ByLLA,  in  his  hand;  taktvm^helicio  potvxt« 
iupply /uadere  fnaiorum':'**  Such  mifduefs  could  religidn  peHuade/' 

*  2.  The  bead  of  Godfrey,  and  legend  as  on  the  M*  Reverfe 
<5odfrcy*s  body  carried  on  a  horfe  from  Soho  to  Primrofe  Hill,*  as 
fworn  to  by  Bedloe;  eqvo  credits  tevci.1,  **  Bdkve  in  a  horfe, 
Trojans  ;"  alluding  to  E^uo  ne  ereditt  Teucri. 

*  3.  Godfrey's  head,  and  legend  as  before.  Rcverfc  the^evirs 
head  and  the  pope's  joined,  as  on  fome  {atiric- medals  of  the  fixteench 
^cntury.j  ecclesia  perveilsa  tenet  facxem  diaboli,  **  A 
pervdfe  church  holds  the  face  of  the  devil." 

*  4.  St.  Dionyfias,  or  Dennis,  carrying  his  head  after  it  was  cut 
off,  according  to  the  legend  ;  dennys  walks  downe  hil  carry* 
INC  Hi-J  head.  Revcrfe  Godfrey  walking  near  Primrofe  Hill,  and 
lying  murdered  at  a  diftancc;  Godfrey  walks  \r  hil  after  hb 
IS  dead.  Tlicrc  is  a  running  infcription  on  both  fides;  sumus — 
ERGO  PARES,  *•  We  are  therefore  equal;"  implying  that  none  bot 
Fapiiis  could  bdieve  fuch  matters.  In  the  exergue  of  St.  Dennis  ia 
FA.  for  Papifi,  And  of  Godfrey  pro.  for  Protdlant. 

*  5.  Two  heads  joined;  o  why  so  ficrle.  Rcverfe  fcven  faces; 
birds  of  a  feather  flock  together. — I  have  met  with  no 
naedal  more  difficult  to  decypher  than  the  prefent.  On  one  fide  ieems 
to  be  the  head  of  Dr.  Oates  with  two  faces,  one  %&  an  AnabaptUt 
preacher,  the  other  as  a  Jefuit,  to  which  the  motto  refers.     This  man 

'was  the  saoft  infamous  of  mankind.  His  father  was  an  Anabaptift 
preacher,  chaplaio  to  Colonel  Pride.  The  fon  having  a  livit^  given 
him  by  the  Duke  of  Norfolk,  took  orders  in  the  church.  He  had 
been  indited  for  perjury,  but  by  fome  means  efcaped.  He  was  after- 
wards chaplain  on  board  the  fleet,  from  whence  he  was  difcharged  for 
unnatural  pra^ices.  •  He  then  turned  Catholic,  and  was  admitted  at 
the  Jefuits  College  at  St.  Oraer's.  After  this  affair  he  turned  Ana- 
baptift.  His  whole  evidence  was  full  of  contradidions  and  abfurdi- 
tics.  The  reverie  feems  to  have  been  defigned  by  one  who  had  faga- 
€ity  «notkgh  not-  to  beiicvc  a  word  of  the  plot,  and  who  thought  the 
fcine  was  at  the  bottom  of  it  to  ferve  ibme  particular  purpofe,  as  it  is 
evident  th«  £Bce  in  the  middle  is  that  of  Charles  the  Second  ;  the 
others  I  apprehend  eo  be  Lord  Danby,  llord  Shaftefbury,  Titus  Oates, 
William  fiedloe»    Dr.  Tonge,  and  Kirby  the  chcroift.     Oates  was 

^  carefied,  lodged  at  Whitchain  and  encouraged  by  a  penfion  of  iiool. 
a  year.  ,In  1685  he  was  convided  of  pefjury  on  two  indidlments,  and 
on  the  cleareij^  evidence :  his  fentencc  was  whipping,  pillory,  and  per- 

'  petnal  imprifonment,  and  fined  a  thoufand  marks.  On  the  acceliion 
o{  William  he  had  400 K  a  year  fettlai  on  him. 

«  6.  A  larfie  caft,  without  revede,  in  thi«e  divifions :  i.  The  pope 
and  the  devil;  2.  Two  Jefuits  murdering  Godfrey,  and  Hill  and 
Berry  carrying^himtin.a  chair  from  Somertec  Houfe  to  Soho  ;  5.  The 
manner  in  which  Sir  Edniondbury  was  found,  his  murderers  having 

•  pot  him  in  fuch  a  pofture  as  to  make  it  be  beiieved  that  he  had  fallen 
on  his  fword;.ROMF/s  revenge  or  sir  edmvnd«vry  oodfrev 
MVRTHERed  in  the  pope's  slauohterhous.    Above  the  names . 
of  the  perfons  in  the  fecond   divifion  arecREENE.  kely.  hill.  & 
BERT  :  and  below,  jvstice   kIllers  to  his  myUnefs, — It  is  re- 

-  markable  that  the  place  where  Godfrey  was  found,  near  Primrofe  Hill, 
is  called  Greenberry  Hill,  and  the  names  of  thofe  executed  for  his 

,     ..        death 
.6 


134  TRAVELS. 

death  were  Green^  Ber^,  Hill :  perhaps  the  noiint  has  been  fo  terinei 
from  thein«  though  fome  (ay  that  ic  was  fo  called  before. 

«  7,  An  extremely  fcarce  xi^dal.  The  head  of  Godfrey^  foU 
faced;  fame  legend  as  numbers  i » }»  3.  Reverfe  the  murder  of  God- 
frey, the  pope  applauding,  and  a  labil  from  his  mouth,  Heretia's  npi 
tfijei^wntdafdis,  **  Faith  is  not  to  be  kept  with  heretics."  A  label  from 
Godfrey's  mouth  bears,  Pro  Fide  et  Patria^  **  For  my  faith  and  coun- 
try."     Le^nd,   TANTVM    RfitlGlO    POTVIT  i^TADSaB   MALORVM^ 

•«  Such  evils  could  religion  perfuadc' 

•  S.  A  fmall  medal  of  Dr.  Titus  Oates,  the  difcorercr  of  the 
Popifh  plot.  His  head,  and  name  under  it.  Reverfe  the  manner 
in  which  the  king,  Charles  U.  was  to  have  been  (hot  in  St.  James's 
Park.     THE  POPISH  plott  discovered  bt  me.* 

The  unfcholar-like  and  abfurd  corruption  of  cotemporary  for 
eontemporaryy  we  obfcrve  every  where  to  occur,  and  we  arc  the 
more  induced  to  remark  it,  from  its  again  creeping  into  uie 
by  writers  of  tafle  md  erudition,  amonglt  whom  may  be  men- 
tioned Mr.  Ellis  and  Mr.  Palcy*.  Z. 

Akt.  v.    Bruce* 5  Travels  ta  di/cover  the    Source  of  the  Nile*- 
[Continued  from  page  20*^ 

Arrived  on  the  frontiers  of  Abyflinia,  our  author,  before 
he  conduds  his  reader  to  this  centre  of  his  travels,  coniecrates 
the  remainder  of  the  firft  and  all  the  fecond  volume,  to  conjec- 
tures on  the  origin,  fettlements,  commerce,  language ;  and  a 
narrative  of  the  principal  epochs  that  diftinguifli  the  hiftory  of 
its  inhabitants. 

The  firft  chapter  of  the  fecond  book,  treats  of  the  India  trade 
in  its  earlieft  ages — ^the  fettlement  of  Ethiopia  afcribed  by  the 
Abyffinian  tradition  to  Cufli  the  grandfon  of  Noah  j— of  the 
Troglodytes,  and  building  of  the  firft  cities. 

The  fecond  chapter  peoples  the  fouth  of  Africa  »nd  Saba-«« 
gives  an  account  of  the  Shepherds,  their  particular  employment 
and  circumftances — exhibits  Abyffinia  occupied  by  fevcn 
ftranger  nations — gives  fpecimens  of  their  feveral  languages-^ 
and  nnifhes  with  conjeftures  concerning  them. 

As  it  would  be  equally  impoflible  in  itfelf,  and  inconfiftent 
with  the  confined  plan  of  our  work  to  follow  the  author  in  ai)y 
other  way  than  by  a  tranfcr.Iption  of  the  whole,  through  his 
ingenious  conje6lures,  or  rather  fyftem,  on  the  population  of 
Abyffinia,  we  ihall  content  ourfelves  with  informing  the  rea- 
der, that  he  divides  thofe,  who  in  comparifon  of  the  five 
ftranger  nations  by  whom  they  afterwards  were  joined,  may 
be  called  the  Aborigines  of  the  country,  into  two  races,  a 
ftationary  and  domeftic  one,  ftyled  the  Cufhites,  and  into  the 
Shepherds,  or  a  travelling  tribe,  the  carriers  of  the  merchan* 

*  See  the  Sjtedmens  of  early  Englijk  P:*ftfy^  publiihed  by  the  former, 
and  the  I^r^  PauUiug  of  the  latter. 

I  diac 


Bruce'j  Travels-  to  Hifiavtr  the  Sauree  of  the  Nile*        1 3|j 

*fec  prepared  by  the  former.  Havfng  prefmifed  this,'  we  prc- 
4cnt  the  reader  with  an  extradl  from  his  account  of  Che  fmgular 
phaenomerfon  which  to  this  day  obliges  the  inhabitants  of  the 
country,  to  migrate  for  a  certain  limited  time,  and  diift  their 
habitations,    p.  387.  . 

*  Nothing  was  more  oppolite  than  the  manners  and  life  of  th^ 
Cufliite,  and  his  carrier  the  ihepherd,  Th^  firft,  though  he  had 
forfaken  his  caves,  and  now  lived  in  pities  which  he  had  built, 
was  neceffarily  confined  at  home  by  his  commerce,  amaffing  gold, 
arranging  the  invoices  of  his  fpices,  hunting  in  the  feafon  to  pro- 
vide himfeif  with  ivory,  and  food  throughout , the  winter*  His 
mountains,  and  the  cities  he  built  afterwards,  were  iituated  upon 
a  loomy,  black  earth,  fo  that  as  foon  as  the  tropical  rains  begati 
to  fall,  a  wonderful  phaenomenon  deprived  him  of  his  cattle. 
Large  fwarms  of  flies  appeared  wherever  that  loorny  earth  was, 
which  made  him  abfolutely  dependent  in  this  refped  upon  the 
ibepherd,  but  this  affefted  the  fhepherd  alfo. 

*  This  infeia  is  called  Zimh  *  ;  it  has  not  been  dcfcribed  by  an/ 
naturalift.  It  is  in  fize  very  little  larger  than  a  bee,  of  a  thicker 
proportion,  and  his  wings,  which  are  broader  than  tho(e  of  abciQ, 
placed  fepifate  like  thofe  of  a  fly  ;  they  are  of  pure  gauze,  without 
colour  or  fpot  upon  them  ;  the  head  is  large,  the  upper  jaw  or  \ip 
is  (harp,  and  has  at  the  end  of  it  a  Arong-pointed  hair  of  about  a 
quarter  of  an  inch  long  ;  the  lower  jaw  has  two  of  thefe  pointed 
hairs,  and  this  pencil  of  hairs,  when  joined  together,  makes  a  re> 
iiftance  to  the  finger  nearly  equal  to  that  of  a  Urong  hog's  brilllc. 
Its  legs  are  ferrated  in  the  iniide,  and  the  whole  covered  with 
brown  hair  or  down.  As  foon  as  this  plague  appears,  and  their 
buzzing  is  heard,  all  the  cattle  forfake  their  food,  and  run  wildly 
about  the  plain,  till  they  die,  worn  out  wiih  fatigue,  fright,  and 
hunger.  No  remedy  remains,  but  to  leave  the  black  earth,  ami 
hailen  down  to  the  fands  of  Atbara,  and  there  they  remain  whtie 
the  rains  lail,  this  cruel  enemy  never  daring  to  purfue  then 
farther. 

*  What  enables  the  Ihepherd  to  perform  the  long  and  toitibme 
journies  acrofs  Africa  is  the  camel,  emphatically  called  by  the 
Arabs,  the  Jb{p  of  the  iie/ert.  He  feems  to  have  been  created  for 
this  very  trade,  endued  with  parts  and  qualities  adapted  to  the 
oflice  he  is  employed  to  difcharge.  The  drieft  thiflle,  and  the 
bareft  thorn,  is  all  the  food  this  ufeful  quadruped  requires,  and 
eveii  thefe,  to  fave  time,  he  eats  while  advancing  on  his  journey, 
withodt  (lopping,  or  occafioning  a  moment  of  delay.  As  it  is  his 
lot  to  crofs  rmmenfe  deferts,  where  no  water  is  found,  and  coun- 
tries not  even  moiilened  by  the  dew  of  heaven,  he  is  endued  with 
the  power  at  one  watering-place  to  lay  in  a  (lore,  with  which  1^ 

J '  ■  * '  '  ''  " '        '  ' 

*  Of  this  infed,  which  belongs  \q  the  Diptera,  the  author  has 
given  a  figure  in  the  appendix,  where  it  is  called  Tfaltfalya,  or 
the  Humming  Fly  ;  the  Greeks  knew  a  fimilar  in  fed  by  the  na»e 
of  Ocdros,  mentioned  by  Homer ;  the  Latins  called  it  Afylus, 
dcfcribed  by  VirgiU 

fuppliet 


^3^  r  K  A  V  t  L  t* 

lapplic«  kimfelf  for  thirty  days  to  come.    To  contain  tkis  enonQOUt 

gaantiiy  of  flaid.  Nature  has  formed  large  cilleriu  wiihiakinu 
^om  which ^  oftce  filled >  he  draws  at  pleafure  the  quantity  he 
vants>  and  pours  it  into  his  ilomach  with  the  fame  effe£l  as  if  he 
then  dreiv  it  from  a  fpring'^  and  with  this  he  travels^  patiently  and 
vigorondy,  all  day  long,  carrying  a  prodigioas  load  upon  him, 
through  countries  infeStd  with  poifonous  winds,  and  glowing  with 
parching  and  never-cooling  fands.  Though  his  (ize  is  immenfe, 
as  is  hts  ftrengrh,  and  his  oody  covered  with  a  thick  ikin,  defend- 
ed  with  ftrong  hair,  yet  ftill  he  is  not  capable  to  fudain  the  violeot 
pundares  the  By  makes  with  his  ppinted  probofvis.  He  muH  lofe 
no  time  m  removing  to  the  (knds  of  Atbara  ;  for,  when  once  at- 
tacked by  this  fly,  his  body,  hcad>  and  legs  break  out  into  faiTge 
bp^es,  which  fweil,  break>  and  pucrify^  to  the  certain  deftru^ion 
cf  the  creature. 

•'  Even  the  elephant  and  rhinoceros,  who,  by  reafbn  of  their 
enormous  bulk,  and  the  vaft  quantity  of  food  and  water  they  daily 
-need,  cannot  fiiift  to  defert  and  dry  places  as  the  feafon  may  re« 
i|uire,  are  obliged  to  roll  themfclves  in  mud  and  mire,  which, 
when  dry,  coats  them  over  like  armour,  and  enables  them  to  flanci 
their  ground  againft  this  winged  affafiin  ;  yet  I  have  found  fottte 
of  thcfe  tubercules  upon  almoft  every  elephant  and  r^noceros  that 
I  have  feen,  and  attribute  them  to  this  caufe. 

*  All  the  inhabitants  of  the  iea-coad  of  Melinda,  down  to  Cape 
'Gardefan,  to  Saba,  and  the  fbuth  coaft  of  the  Red  Sea,  are  obliged 
to  put  themfelves  in  motion,  and  remove  to  the  next  fand  in  the 
beginning  of  the  rainy  feafon,  to  prevent  all  their  flock  of  cattle 
from  being  deHroyed.  This  is  not  a  partial  emigration  ;  the  in- 
habitants of  all  the  countries  from  the  mountains  of  Abyi&nia 
iiorth;vard,  to  the  confluence  of  the  Nile  and  Aflaboras,  are  once 
a-year  obliged  to  change  their  abode,  and  feek  prote6iion  in  the 
lands  of  Beja  ;  nor  is  there  any  alternative,  or  mean^  of  avoiding 
this,  though  a  hoflile  band  was  in  their  way,  capable  of  fporling 
them  of  half  their  fubitance ;  and  this  is  now  a£lually  the  cafe,  a) 
we  ibail'  fee  when  we  come  to  fpeak  of  Sennaar. 

'  Of  all  thofe  that  have  written  upon  thefe  countries,  the  pro- 
phet ifaiah  alone  has  given  an  account  of  this  animal,  and  the 
manner  of  its  operation.  Ifa.  vii.  ch.  i8.  and  19.  ver.  **  And  ic 
ihail  come  to  pafs,  in  that  day,  that  the  Lord  Ihall  hi/s  for  the  fiy 
that  is  in  the  littermoft  part  of  the  rivery  pf  Egypt," — *«  And  they 
(hall  come,  and  (hall  reft  all  of  them  in  the  defolate  vallies  *,  and 
in  the  holes  of  the  rocks,  and  upon  all  thorns,  and  upon  all 
i>tt(hes.'» 

*  The  mountains  that  I  have  already  fpoken  of,  as  running 
through  the  country  of  the  Shepherds,  divide  the  feafons  by  a  line 
drawn  along  their  fummit,  fo  exaflly,  that,  while  the  eaftern  fide, 
towards  the  Red  Sea,  is  deluged  with  rain  for  the  fix  months  ikzt 

*  *  That  is,  they  fhall  cut  olFfrom  the  cattle  their  ufual  retreUt 
to  the  defert,  by  taking  poffeilion  of  thofe  places,  and  iheetftig 
them  there  where  ordinarily  they  never  come,  and  which  therefore 
are  the  refuge  of  the  cattle. 

conflitute 


Bruce 'j  Travels  to  'difiiroer  thi  Source  oftht  Nile*        i  jjr 

•emiflUote  onrtuimer  in  Europe,  the  weftcrn  (hie  towards  Atbana 
enjoys  a  perpetual  fan,  and  aflive  vegetation.  Again,  the  fix 
months,  when  it  is  oar/ummer  in  Europe,  Atbura,  or  che  weflem 
Mc  of  theft  mountains,  is  conftantly  covered  with  clouds  and  rain, 
ivhile,  for  the  fame  time,  the  (hepherdon  theeaftcrn  lide,  towards 
the  Red  Sea,  feeds  his  flocks  in  the  muil  exuberant  foliage  and 
'luxuriant  verdure,  enjoying  the  fair  weather,  free  frona  the  Ay  or 
•any  other  moleftation*  Thefe  great  advantages  have  very  naturally 
occaiioned  thefe  conn  tries  of  Acbara  and  fieja  to  be  the  principal 
reiidence  of  the  fhepherd  and  his  cattle,  and  have  entailed  upon 
him  the  tiecellity  of  a  perpetual  change  of  places.  Yet  fo  little  is 
tJiis  inconvenience,  fo  Ihort  the  peregrination,  that,  from  the  rain 
on  the  weft  fide,  a  man,  in  the  fpace  of  four  hours,  will  change 
to  the  oppdfite  icafon,  and  find  hlmfelf  in  fun-fhine  to  the  eaft- 
ward.* 

At  a  time  when  the  opinions  of  men  differ  fo  widely,  though 
perhaps  accQuntabfy  enough,  concerning  a  queftion  which  has 
interefted  the  legiflature,  we  mean  the  flave  trade,  we  cannot 
refift  the  temptation  of  ftparately  tranfcribing  the  author-s 
opinion  of  it,  though  clofely'  conneded  with  the  fc^rm^r  paf«- 
fage:  an  opinion,  we  confefs,  not  convincing  to  us,  but  not- 
withflanding  founded  on  principles  equally  difintereffed  and 
buipane.  P  39;. 

«  When  Carthage  was  built,  the  carrMge  of  this  comnoierci^l 
city  fell  into  the  hands  of  Lehabim,  or  Lubim^  the  Libyan  pea- 
iants,  and  became  a  great  acceflion  to  the  trade,  power,  and  nui^* 
ber  of  the  fhepherds.  In  countries  to  which  there  was  no  accefs 
by  ihipping,  the  end  of  navigation  was  nearly  anfwered  by  the 
imroenfe-increafe  of  camels  ;  ^nd  this  trade,  we  iind,  was  carried 
on  in  the  very  earliefl  ages  on  the  Arabian  fide,  by  the  llhmaelite 
merchants  trading  to  Palefline  and  Syria^  from  the  f  iuth  end  of 
the  peninfula,  with  camels.  This  we  learn  particularly  from 
Geneiis,  they  brought  myrrh  and  fp ices,  or  pepper,  and 'fold 
them  for  filver ;  they  had  alfo  ba]m,  or  Dalfam,  but  this  it  feems, 
in  tbofe  days,  they  brought  from  Gilead. 

'  We  are  {orry,  in  reading  this  curious  anecdote  preferved  to  us 
in  icripture,  to  find,  in  thoS^  early  ages  of  the  India  trade,  that 
another  fpecies  of  commerce  was  clofely  conne£ted  with  it,  which 
modern  philanthropy  has  branded  as  the  difgrace  of  human  nature. 
It  is  plain,  from  the  pafTage,  the  commerce  of  felling  men  was 
then  univerfally  eilablifhed.  Jofeph  *  is  bought  as  readily,  and 
fold  as  currently  immediately  after,  as  any  ox  or  camel  could  be 
at  this  day.  Three  nations,  Javan,  Tubal,  and  Mcfhech  f ,  are 
mentioned  as  having  their  principal  trade  at  Tyre  in  the  felling  of 
men  ;  and,  as  late  as  St.  John's  time  X>  this  is  mentioned  as  a 
principal  part  of  the  trade  of  Babylon;  notwithflanding  Which, 
no  prohibition  from  (Jod,  or  cenfure  from  the  prophets,  have  ever 
ftigmatized  it  either  hi  irreligious  or  immoral ;  on  the  contrary,  it 
is  always  fpokep  of  as  favourably  as  any  fpecies  of  commerce  what- 

*Gen.diap.xxayii.  ver.  25.  28.        f  l^zek.  chap,  xxvii.  ver.  13. 
X  Rev.  chap,  xviii.  ver.  13. 
Vot.  VII.  L  ever. 


138  /r  R  A  y  E  t  «.          '  ^  . 

ever.  For  this»  and  many  other  reafons  whkh  I  coald  fnentioi^ 
I  cannot  think,  that  pnrchafing  flaves  is,  in  icielf,  either  cruel  ojr 
unnatural.  To  purchafe  any  living  creature  to  abufe  it  afterwards, 
is  certainly  both  bafe  and  criminal  $  and  the  crime  becomes  ftiU 
of  a  deeper  dye,  -when  our  fellow-creatures  come  to  be  the  fuf^ 
ferers.  But,  although  this  is  an  abufe  which  accidentally  follows 
the  trade,  it  ia  no  necefTary  part  of  the  trade  itfelf ;  and  it  is 
dgainit  this  abufe  the  wifdom  of  the  legiilature  ibould  be  direded, 
|iot  againfl  the  trade  itfelf. 

*  On  the  eaftern  fide  of  the  peninfula  of  Africa,  many  thonfaad 
(laves  are  fold  to  Afia,  perfeAly  in  the  fame  manner  as  thofe  on 
the  well  fide  are  fent  to  the  Weft  Indies ;  but  no  one,  that  ever! 
heard,  has  as  yet  opened  his  mouth  againfl  the  fale  of  Africai^s 
to  the  Bail  indies  ;  and  yet  there  is  an  aggravation  in  this  laft  fale 
of  flaves  thatftiould  touch  us  murch  more  than  the  other,  where  no 
fuch  addiiional  grievance  can  be  pretended.     The  (laves  fold  into 

^  ^iia  are  mod.  of  them  Chriftians ;  they  are  fold  to  Mahometans^ 
4Sind,  with  their  liberty,  they  are  certainly  deprived  of  their  refi- 
,gion  likewise.  But  the  treatment  of  the  Afiatics  being  much  more 
humane. than  what  the  Africans,  fold  to  the  Weft  Indies,  me^ 
with,  no  clamour  has  yet  been  raifed  againft  this  commerce  in  Aiia» 
be^aufe  its  only  bad  confequence  is  apoftacy  ;  a  proof  to  me  that 
religion  has  no  part  in  the  prefent  difpute,  or,  as  I  have  faid,  ic 
is  the  abufe  that  accidentally  follows  the  purchafiog  of  (laves,  not 
the  trade  itfelf^  that  fhould  be  confidered  as  the  grievance. 

'  It  is  plain  from  all  hiftory^  that  two  abominable  practices,  the 
one  the  easing  of  men,  the  ether  of  facrificing  them  to  the  devil, 
prevailed  alio  vet  Africa;  The  India  trade,  as  we  have  feen  in 
very  early  ages,  firft  eftablifhed  the  buying  and  felling  of  Aaves  ; 
ii nee  that  time,  the  eating  of  men/  or  facrificing  them,  has  fo 
greatly  decreafed  on  the  eaftern  fide  of  the  peninfula,  that  now  we 
*  fcarcely  hear  of  an  inftancd  of  either  of  thefe  thai  can  be  properly 
touched.  Or  the  weftem  part,  towards  the  Atlantic  Ocean, 
where  the  fale  of  flaves  began  a  confiderable  tinve  later,  after  the 
difcovery  of  America  and  the  Weft  Indies,  both  of  thefe  horrid 
pradlices  are,  as  it  were,  general,  though^  I  am  told,  lefs^  Co  to 
the  northward  fince  that  event. 

*  There  is  ftill  alive  a  man  of  the  name  of  Matthews,  who  wk» 
prefent  at  one  of  thofe  bloody  banquets,  on  the  weft  of  Africa,  -ta 

-  the  northward  of  Senega.  It  is  probable  the  continuation  of  the 
flave-trade  would  have  abolifhed  thefe,  in  time,  on  the  weft  fide 
alfo.  Many  other  reafons  could  be  alledged,  did. my  plan  pernniit 
it.     But  I  ihall  content  myfelf  at  prefent,  with  faying,  that  I  very 

.  tnuch  fear  that  a  relaxation  and  effeminacy  of  manners,  rather  than 
genuine  tendernefs  of  heart,  has  been  the  caufe  of  this  violent 
parojtyfm  of  philanthropy,  and  of  fome  other  meafures  adopted  of 
Jate  to  the  dilconragement  of  difcipline,  which  I  do  not  doubt  wjll 
foon  be  felt  to  contribute  their  mite  to  the  decay  both  of  trade  and 
navigation  that  will  ncceffarily  follow.* 

Pafiing  over  a  number  of  carious  particulars  concerning  the 

(even  nations  that  people  Abyflinia,ipecimen«  ©f  wbofe4angU'ages 

aic  exhibited^  we  conic  .to  chap,  iii.  which  treats. of  the  origirt 

4  ©f 


Brucfe'i  Travels,  to  difiwtr  the  Source  of  the  Ni/e.       i  jg 

of  chara^rs  or  letters,  ftates  the  Ethiopic  as  the  firft,  an^ 
&OWS  how  and  why  the  Hebrew  letter  was  formed^ 

Tb&  author  enters  here  into  a  difcuffion  of  the  meaning  of 
hieroglyphics^  which  he  coniiders  as  charaSers  excjufively  ex« 
preffive  of  aftronomical  and  phyfical  obfervations^  without  re- 
ference to  philofophical  and  theological  dodrines,  in  ihort,.  as 
e^hemerides  and  almanacks :  every  word  he  advances  on  this 
fubjeft  deferves  confideration,  but  we  confine  ourfelves  to  the. 
following  extra£t,  p.  41 6  : 

-  •  I  (haTl  content  niyfclf  in  this  wide  field,  to  fix  upoo  one  famous 
nieroglyphical  perfonage,  which  is  Tot,  the  fecretary  of  Ofiris,  whofe 
fun<LboQ  I  Aiall  qndeavour  to  explain ;  if  I  fail,  I  am  in  good  com-* 
pany ;  I  give  it  only  as  my  opinion,  and  fiibmit  it  chearfuUy  to  the> 
corredlion  of  others.  The  word  Tot  is  Ethiopic,  and  there  can  be 
little  (ioabt  It  means  the  dog-ftar.  It  was  the  name  given  to  the  firft 
month  of  the  Egyptian  year.  The  meaning  of  the  name,  in  the  lan- 
guage of  the  provmccof  Sire,  is  an  M,  compofed  of  diflferent.her 
tcrogcncous  pieces ;  it  is  foand  having  this  fi^nification  in  many  of 
their  books^  Thus  a  naked  man  is  not  a  ^t,  but  the  body  of  a 
naked  man,  with  a  dog*s  head,  aii  afs's  head,  or  a  ferpent  inftead  of" 
a  head,  is  a  Tor*  According  to  the  import  of  that  word,  it  is,  I 
fu|yofe,  ah  almana!ck>  or  fe^ion  of  the  phsenomena  in  the  heavena 
which  are  jtq  happen  in  the  limited  time  it  is  ^ade  to  comprehend, 
when  expofed  for  the  informatipn  of  the  public  ;  and  the  more  ei- 
tenfivc.its.uie  is  intended  to  be,  the  greater  number  .of  emblems,  or 
Sgns  of  obf?rvationi  it  is  charged  withv  ^ 

*■  Befid^s  many  other,  em\>lems  or  figarei>  the  common  Tot,, I  think, 
bas  in  iiis  hand  a  cro/s  with  a  hancSe>  as  it  is  called  Crujc  Aajata^ 
which  has  occafi'ohed  great  (peculation  among  the,  decyplierers.  This 
crofs,  fixed  to  a  circle,  is  fuppofed  to  denote  the  fmr  dtmenti^  and 
to  be  the  (y'mbol  of  the  influence  the  fun  has  over  them.  Jambiichus 
records,  that  this  crofs,  in  the  hand  of  Tot,  is  the  name  of  theV/v«V 
Being  that  travels  through  the  world •  Sozomen  thinks  it  means  the  ^ 
life  to  come,  the  fame  with  the  ineifable  image  of  eternity  ;  othecs, 
itrange  difierence !  fay  it  is  the/i^aZ/fv/,  or  human  genitals,' while  a 
later  writer  maintains  it  to-  be  the  mariner's  compafs.  My  opi- 
nion, on  the  contrary  is,  that,  as  this  figure  was  expofed  to  the  puuic 
for  the  reafon'  I  have  mentioned,  the  Crux  Anfata  in  his  hand  Ti^as 

nothing  elfe  but  a  monogram  of  his  own  name  TO,  and  TT  figni- 
fying  TOT,  or  as  we  write  almanack  upon  a  colieftion  publiftied  f^r 
the  lamc  purpofe.  - 

*  The  changing  of  thefe  emblems,  and  the  multitude  of  them,  pro- 
duced the  neceffity  of  contrafting  their  fize,  and  this  again  a  confc- 
quential  alteration  in  the  original,  forms ;  and  a  ftile,  or  unall  portaWe 
inftrument,  became  all  that  was  neceflary  for  finifliing  thefe  fmall  Tou, 
inftead  of  a  large  graver  or  carving  tool,  employed  in  making  the  large 
ones.  But  men,  at  laft,  were  fo  much  ufed  to  the  alteration,  as  to 
know  it  better  than  under  its  primitive  form,  and  th6  engraving 
became  what  we  may*  call  the  firft  elements,  or  root,  in  preference  to 
rfieorieinal.'  ' 

*  The  reader  will  fee,  that  in  my  hiftory  of  the  civil  wars  in  Abyffi- 
Eia,  the  king,  forced  by  rebellion  to  retire  to  the  province  of  Tigre, 
and  being  at  Axum,  fofinda  ftone  covered  with  hieroglyphics,  which. 

La  by 


I4d  T  It  A  y  E  L  ft. 

1^  the  minv  inquiriet  I  tttsdc  after  inferiptions,  and  feme  converfa^> 
tiotii  I  bad  nadiwitb  htoir  be  gaefled  was  o£  the  kind  witich  I  wanted. 
ixiii  of  that  princely  goodneft  and  eoadciceafion  that  he  everbonoofed 
aie.wiAs  tbroMghout  my  whole  ftay,  he  brought  it  with  .htm  vfheft 
^e  returned  from  Tigic,  and  was  icftored  to  bi»  thro^  at  Gondar. 
.  ^  It  &c(D»  tto  o&e  to  be  one  of  thofe  private  Tots,,  pr  portable 
^nianacksy  of  the  mod  curious  kind.     The  length  of  the  whole  (lone 
1$  fourteen  inched,  and  fii  inches  broadt  upon  a  bafe  three  inches  high, 
projcfting  from  the  block  itfclf,  and  covered  with  hieroglyphics*    A 
na)^  fignre  of  a  man,  near  fix  inches,  f^ands  upon  two  crocodiled, 
their  heads  turned  dilitrent  ways,  in  each  of  his  hands  he  holds  iwQ 
ierpel^ts,  and  a  fcorpion»  aHI  by  ^e  tail,  tnd  in  the  right  hand  hang» 
a  noofe>  in  which  ts  fufpended  a  ram  or  goat.    On  the  left  hand  be 
bplds  a  Uon  by  the  tail.     The  figure  is  t»  great  relief  ^  and  the  head  of 
it  with  that  kind  of  cap  or  ornament  which  is  geiferally  painted  upon   . 
the  head  of  the  figure  called  Ifis,  bat  tht»  figure  is  that  of  ia  man. 
On  each  fide  of  the  whok^lengtb  figure,  and  wove  it>  upon  the  face 
0f  the  ftonr  whefe  it  projects,  are  marked  a  nvmber  of  hiero^l)rphics  of 
all  kinds*    Over  this  is  a  very  remarkaMe  rcprefentattoaj  it  »  an  old 
})ead,  with  very  ftrong  features,  and  a  large  bu>fhy  beard,  and  opgn  it  a 
high  cap  ribbed  or  ftriped.     This  I  take  to  be  the  Cnuj^r  or  ^^i^w» 
l^n^ndi,  though  Apuleus,  with  vtry  little  probability^  fays  this  wa» 
ffiade  in  th^  hkeneis  j^  no  creature  whatever ►    The  back  of  the  ftooc 
is  divided  into  efgh|  compartments,  from  the  top  to  the  bottom,  and 
thefc  are  fiUcd  with  hieroglyphics  in  thelaft  ftage,  before  they  took  the 
entire  refemUance  of  letters.    Many  are  perfedly  formed  v  ^  Crux 
Anfata  ap^rs  in  one  of  the  compartments,  and  Tot  in  atiother.  l^^pcni 
tht  edge,  j.uft  above  where  it  is  broken,  is  1 1 15,  fb  fair  «nj  peife^  ijk 
fortni  that  it  might  ferve  a^  an  example  of  cailigraphy,  even  in  the 
piefcnt  rimes;  45  and  19, 'andfome  other  arithmerical  figures,  arc 
Jbund  up  and  down  among  the  btcroglyphicsi  *   .  ^ 

•  This  I  fuppofc  was  what  formerfy  the  Egyptiaaw  called  a  book,  or 
idmanack ;  a  coUe^ion  of  thefe  was  probably  hang  up  in  fome  confpi- 
euous  place,  to  inform  the.  public  of  the  ftate  of  the  heavcna,  and 
(nton^f  and  difeafes,  to  be  expelled  in  the  €our4  of  them,  ^id^  is  tite 
cafe  in  the  Englifh  almanacks  at  thb  day.  Hermes  h  fsMd  to  have 
compofed  36,c3i5  books,  probably  of  thi&fortj.  or  they  might  contain 
the  correfponacnt  aftroaonic^  obfcrvation*  made  in  a  certain  rime  as 
McroS,  Ophir,  Axum,  or  Thebes  communicated  tabe  hung  up  foa 
the  life  of  the  neighbouring  cities;  Porphyry  jn\:e&  di  patticular  ac- 
count of  th^  Egyptian  almanacks*  *  What  i»  comprifod  in  the 
£g^ptian  almanacks,  fays  he,  contains  but  a  fmaU  part  oi  the  Hermaicr 
inilittrdons ;.  all  that  relates  to  therifmg  and  fe6rin|;  of  the  moon>and 
planets^  and  of  tkt  fiaf^  and  their  influence,, axid  d&^  Gxda  advioe  upctn 
diffeafcsy* 

•  It  is  very  remarkabie,  that,,  befides  my  Tot  here  defcfibed,-  i^te 
arefive  or  fix,  precrfely  the  fame  in  ail  refpciis,  already  in  Chc  Bxitilb 
Mufeum  ;•  one  of  then^,.  the  largeH  pf  the  whoU^  is  made  of  fycaoiare, 
the  others  ^r^  of  metal.     There  is  amotherir  I  am^  toki,  m  Lord  Sh^- 

^liiirn's  coUefrion  ;,  thisi  oerer  had  an  opportunity  of  feeing;.. but  ia 
veiry  principal  attenuon  (eeiM^to  have  been  paid  00  make  aH  ot^M^ 

.Hght  and  por|a{b2e,aadit,wQiiidieem  that  by  thtfe  having  ba:n  jbrmed 

fo  exacUy  fixnllar,  they  were  &e  lots  in<et)ded  to  1^  expoied  in 

a  di^ejetit 


BruccV  Travels  ti  JHfiitoer  the  Sovrc4  ofiheNilt.       14  tr 

•dlfeeot  citiei  or  phces*  and  wem  neither  more  nor'  left  thaii  Ej^ypdan.? 
jrimanftdca^' 

Chaf.  IV.  gives  ibnie  account  of  the  trade-* winds,  tni| 
monfoon6-f«>very  difFerem  i"  t^^>r  meaning,  and  applies  it  to  ch^ 
Voyage  to  Ophir  and  TarfliKh*  Ophir,  according  to  htm,  it 
Sdhla. 

Chaf.  V.  defcribes  the  flucSuating  (late  of  tbie  India  trade—* 
hurt  by  mtlttary  expeditions  of  the  Herflans-^its  revival  under 
the  Ptoleimes — its  decay  under  the  Roman^^ 

Cyrus  in  this  chapter  is  treated  as  a  weak  prince;,  for  having 
i^newed  the  abfurd  (cheme  of  SeoHraints,  to  obtain  the  wealth . 
of  India  by  war,  rather  than  by  commerce  1  of  the  expedictoo 
of  his  fen,  we  fhall  extraiS  the  following  account :  p.  450. 

^  Ca«byfes*t  expedition  into  Africa  is  too  well  known  tit  me  to 
dwell*  upon  it. in  this  place.  It  bath  obtiained  a  celebrity  by  the 
afoftfrdity  of  the  jproiefi,  by  the  enormous  cruelty  and  havock  that 
actended  the  courle  of  it,  and  by  the  great  and  very  jaft  puhilhment 
tb^t  t^ofed  it  in  the  end.  It  was  one  of  thofe  many  monftrou^  extr;^ 
vagancies  which  made  up  the  life  of  the  greateft  madman  dkat  ever 
di^raccd  the  annah  of  antiquity.  The  bafeft  mind  is  perhaps  the 
MoH  capable  of  avarice ;  and  when  thb  pafiion  has  taken  pofiemon  of 
the  hnman  heart,  it  is  ftrong  enough  to  excite  Us  to  undertakings  as 
gceat  as  any  of  thofe  didUted  hy  the  nol>le£t  of  our  virtues. 

<  Cambyib,  amldft  the  commiflion  of  the  moft  honid  exceifes  during 
the  conqueft  i^  £gypt,  was  informed  that,  from  the  foutb  of  tha^ 
country,  there  was  coniiancly  brought  a  Quantity  of  pare  gold,  inde« 
pendant  of  what  caaie  from  the  top  of  tne  Arabic  Galf,  which  was 
now  carried  into  Aflyria,  and  circulaced  tn  the  trade  of  his  country^  , 
This  fupply  of  gold  beloageid  properly  and  exdufively  to  Egypt;  and 
m  ver)- luccative,  though  not  veiy  extenfive  commerce,  was,  by  lU 
means,  carried  on  with  India.  He  found  out  that  the  people,  pof- 
ftifinfi;  theie  treafures,  were  called  MaerohU,  which  fignifies,  lon^  livers ; 
and  tnat  they  poOTeiTed  a  country  divided  from  him  by  lakes,  mountains, 
and  deferts.  But  what  ftill  aliened  him  moft  was,  that  in  his  Wiiy 
were  a  multitude  of  warlike  (hephesds,  with  whom  the  reader  is  at- 
leady  fufliciently  acquainsed, 
'  *  CamlMrfi»,  to  Hatter,  and  make  peace  with  tbtrn^  f^X  furioufly 

ri  all  the  gods  and  temples  in  £gypt;  he  murdeied  the  facredox, 
apis,  deilroyed  Memphis,  and  all  the  public  buildings  wherevet 
be  went.  This  was  a  gratiftcation  to  the  fhej^hcrds,  being  equally^ 
enemies  to  thofe  that  wor(hipped  beaih,  or  lived  in  cities.  Aftet  this 
i0tro€hi^on,  he  concluded  peace  with  them  in  the  moft  fotemn  manner^ 
each  nation  vowing  eternal  amity  with  the  other*  Notwithftahdi^g 
which,  no  fooner  was  he  arrived  at  Thebes  (in  Egypt^  than  he  detached 
a  large  army  to  plunder  the  Temple  of  Jupiter  Ammon,  the  greaceit 
ob|e£l  of  the  worHiip  of  x^a^dt  Jbtpheris  -,  which  army  utterl]f  periihed 
vrithouta  man  remaining,  covered,  as  I  fuppofe,  by  the  moving  fands. 
!Ke  then  began  his  march  againft  the  MacroHiy  keeping  cloie' to  the 
Uile.  The  country  there  being  too  high  to  receive  any  benefit  from 
the  inundation  of  the  river,  produced  no  corn,  fo  that  part  of  his  )rmy^ 
dliodfor  want  of  provifion.  r  ^ 

^  Another  detecbment  of  his  armv  proceeded  to  the  country  of  the 
iheph^lds^  whOj  indeed,  furniibed  nim  with  food  ;  but,  exafperated 

L  3  at 


14^*  r  ^  h  V  %  p$. 

at  the  facrikge  he  had  committed  againft  their  god»  they  condo^ledt' 
his  troops  through  places  where  they  could  procure  no  water*  AfteK 
fdfoin^^  all  this  lofs,  he  was  not  yet  arrived  beyond  ij?,  the  parallel 
of  Sycne.  From  hence  he  dif^atched  ambafladors,  or  fpies,  to  difcovej^ 
t^  country,  before  him,  finding  be  could  no  longer  rely  upon  the 
ihepherds.  Thefe  found  it  full  of  black  warlike  people,  'ot  great  fize, 
and  jprodigious  ftrengthofbqdy ;  fidivc,  and  continually  exercifed  iii 
h'ljntmg  the  lion,  the  elephant,  aind  other  monftroiis  "beafts  which  live 
in  thefe  forefts. 

*  The  inhabitants  fo  abounded  with  gold,  diat  the  moft  common 
titenfds  and  inftruments  were  made  of  that  mPetal,  whilft,  at  the  fame 
time,  they  were  utter  iln^ngers  to  bread  of  any  kind  whatever  ;  and, 
not  only.fo,  but  their  country  was,  by  its^ nature,  incapable  of  pro- 
ducing any  fort  of  grain  from  Which  bread  could  be'made*  They  fub- 
Med  upon  raw  flefh  alone,  dri^d  in  the  fun,  efpeqially  that  of  the 
rhinoceros,  the  elephant,  and  giraffa,  which  they  had  (lain  in  hunting. 
On  fuch  food  jh^y  have  ever  fince  lived,  and  live  to  ^his  day,  ,and 
on  fuch  food  I  myfeif  have  Jived  with  t^^^m ;  yet  ftill  it  appears 
fttangc,  ^at  people  confined  to  this  diet,  without  variety  or  change., 
Ihould  have  it  for  tlieir  cKarafleriftic  that  they  were  long  livers. 

*  They  were  not  at 'all  al^irmed  at*  the  arrival  of  Cambyfes's  am- 
bafladors.  On  the  contrary,  they  treated  tjlem  as  an  inferior  fpeciea 
of  men.  .  Upon  aflcing  them  about  their  diet,  and  hearing  it  was  upon 
bread,  they  called  it  dtuiF,  I  fuppofe  as  having  the  appearance  of 
that  bread  which  I  have  feen  the  miferable  Agows;  their  neighbours, 
loake  from  feeds  of  baftard  rye,  whieh  they  coll^^  in  their  fields^ 
under  the  burning  rays  of  the  fun.  They  laughed  at  Cambyfes's  rc- 
quifition  of  fubmitting  to  him,  and  did  no;  conceal  their  contempt  of 
Jhis  idea  of  bringing  an  army  thither. 

They  treated  ironically  his  hopes  of  conqueft,  even  fuppofing  all 
difficulties  of  the  defert  overcome,  and  his  army  ^ready  to  enter  their 
country,  and  counfeled  him  to  return  while  he  was  well,  at  leaft  for 
a  time;  till  he  ftould  produce  a  man  of  his  army  that  could  bend  the 
bow  that  they  tbeii  fent  him  ;  in  which  cafe,  he  might  continue  to  > 
advance,  and  have  hope  of  conqueft, — ^The  reafon  of  their  reference 
to  the  bow  wilj  be  feen  afterwards.  I  mention  thefe  circumftances  of 
the  quantity  of  gold,  tlie  hunting  of  elephants,  their  living  upoa 
the  raw  flefli,  and,  above  all,  the  circumftanccsof  thebow,  as  things 
which  I  myfelf  can  teftify  to  have  met  with  am6ng  this  vtry  people. 
It  is,  indeed,  highly  fatisfaftorjr  in.  traveling,  to  be  able  to  explain 
trj}ths  which^  from  a  want'oC  knowledge  of  the  country  alone,  have 
been  treated  as  faliehbods>  and  placed  to  the  difcredit  of  hiftorians* 

*  The  Perfians  were  aH  famous' archers.  The  mortification,  there- 
fore,  they  experienced,  by  receiving  the  bbw  they  could  not  bend,  was. 
a  very  fcnfibfc  one,  thoiigh  the  riarrative  of  the  quantity  of  gold  the 
meilengers  had  feen  made  a  mucK  greater  impi:e0ioa  upon  Cambyfes, 

>  To  procure  tjiis.treafure  was,  however,  imprafticable,  as  he  had  no  pro- 
vifion,  tibr  ^vas  there  any  in  the  way  of  his  march.  His  army,  there^ 
fere,  waft^  daily  by  death  and  dsfperfion ;  and  he  had  the  mortifica- 
tion to  be  obliged  to  retreat  iiitb  Egypt,  after  part  of  his  troops,  had 
.^<enrcdu(x4  to  thetiece^ityof  eatihg^eachotbcn  ,   y 

'  Chap.  VI.    'Qijeen  of  Saba  vifits 'J^rufiJem — AbyiBniaiu 
tradition  concfernrrig  her — Suppofed  founder  of  that  monarchy 
—Abyffinia  embraces  thejewifli  religtbn—^Jewiflvhierarchy  ftftf 
-      '  '  .  V  .  *   -  '  ..        -  .  retained 


BruceV  Travels  ic  difcover  the  Source  of  the  Nile.       143  ' 

fc^tiied  by  the  Fakfli^ — Some  conjefturcs  concerning  their 
copy  of  the  Old  Teftament. 

*  Many,'  fays  Mr.  Bruce,  p.  472-^  'have  thought  this  queen  was  an 
Arab.  But  Saba  was  a  feparate  ftate>  and  the  Saheans  a  diftin6l 
people  from  the  Ethiopians  and  the  Arabs,  and  have  continued  fo 
till  very  lately.  We  know,  from  hiftory,  that  it  was  a  cnftom 
among  "thrffe  Sabeans,  to  have  women  ^(>t  their  fovereigns  in  pre- 
/erence  to  men,  a  cuftom  which  ilill  fubHils  among  their  defcen* 
dents.  / 

■■  Mtdis  levihu/que  Sah^is, 

Imptrat  hie  fexus  Reginarumqite  Jub  at  mis. 
Barb  art  a  pars  magna  jacet .  Claudian. 

.^  Her  name,  the  ^r^bs  fay;  WdisBel^is;  the  Abyflinians,  Ma- 
£tcda.  Qui-  Saviour  calls  her  ^een  of  the  Scttth,  without  men- 
tioning any  other  name,  bat  gives  his  fan^lion  to  the  truth  of  the 
voyage.  *'  The  Queen  of  the  South  (or  Saba,  or  Azab)  (hall  rife 
ujp  in  the  judgment  with  this  generation,  and  (hall  condemn  it; 
jfor  (he  came  from  the  uttermoft  parts  of  the  earth  to  hear  the  wif- 
dom  of  Solomon  ;  and,  behold,  a  greater  than  Solomon  is  Jiere." 
Kg  other  particulars,  however,  are  mentioned  about  her  in  fcrip- 
tart ;  and  it  is  not  probable  pur  Saviour  would  fay  fhe  came  from 
the  uttermoft  parts  of  the  earth,  if  ijie  had  been  an  Arab,  and  had 
^car  50^  of  the  Continent  behind  her.  The  gold,  the  myrrh, 
caflia,  and  frankincenie.  were  all  the  produce  of  her  own  country; 
and  the  many  reafons  Pineda  gives  to  (hew  (he  was  an  Arab,  more 
than  convince  me  that  (he  was  an  Ethiopian  orCu(hite  (hepherd. 

*  A  ftrpng  objedlion  to  her  being  an  Arab,  is,  that  tl^e  ^^ibe^n 
Arabs,  or  Homerites,  the  people  that  lived  0ppof]te  to  Azab  on 
t£e  Arabian  ihore,  had  kings  inftead  of  queens,  which  latter  the 
ihepherds  had,  and  ftill  have-  Mforeover,  tlie  kings  pf  the  Home« 
rhes  were  never  feen  abroad,  and  were  Itqped  to  death  if  they  . 
appeared  in  public  ;  iTubje^s  of  this  (lamp  would  not  very  readily  * 
fn^er  their  queen  to  go  to  Jerufaleni,  even  fuppofmg  they  had  a 
qneen,  which  they  had  not. 

*  Whether  (he  was  a  Jewefs  or  a  Pagan  is  uncertain ;  Sabaifm 
was  the  religion  of  all  the  £a(l.  It  was  the  conftant  attendant  and 
ftumbling- block  of  the  Jews  j;  but  conddering  the  mult;itude  of 
;Kat  people  then  trading  irom  Jerufalem,  and  the  long  time  |t  con* 
tinned,  it  is  not  improbable  (he  was  a  Jewefs.  **  And  when  the  , 
queen  of  Sheba  heard' of  the  fame  of  Solomon  conc^erning  tl^e 
name  of  the  Lord,  (he  came  to  prove  him  withi  hard  que(ifQns." 
Our  Saviour,  moreover,  fpeaks  of  her  with  prajfe,  pointing  her  . 
put  as  an  example  to  the  Jews.  And;  in  her  thankfgiving  before 
Solomon,  ihe  alludes  to  God*s  bkjjing  on  the  ^^V  of  Ifrael  for  ever* 
which  is  by  no  means  the  language  of  a  Pagan.  |)ut  of  a  perfoa 
ikilled  in  the  ancient  hiftory  of  the  Jews. 

*  She  likewife  appears  to  have  been"  a  perfon  of  learning,  and 
that  fort  of  learning  which  was  then  almoft  peculiar  Jo  Paleftine^ 
|K>t  to  Ethiopia.     For  we  fecvthat  one  of  the  reafons  of  her  cofning, 
vras  to  examine  whether  Solomon  was  really  the  learned  man  he , 
was  faid  to  be.     She  cam.e  to  try  him  in  allegorjes,  bf  parables,  , 
ill  which  Nathan* had  inftrufiled  Solomon. 

-  •   *••    J      -  '    ■      1;  4^    '  '   '  «  The 


14^  T  E  A  V  E  t  a* 

<  The  learning  of  the  Eaft,  and  of  the  neighboming  kings  thiii-* 
correfponded  with  each  other,  efpecially  in  Paleftine  and  Syria,  con- 
fitted  chiefly  in  thefe :  **  And  Joalh.  king  of  Ifrael  fent  to  Ama* 
ziah  king  of  Judah»  faying,  The  thiftle  that  was  in  Lebanon  fent 
to  the  Cedar  that  was  in  Lebanon,  faying,  Give  thy  daughter  to 
iny  fon  to  wife  :  and  there  paffed  by  a  wild  beaH  that  was  in  Leba- 
non, and  trode  down  the  thiftle,"— •*  Thou  fayeft,  Lo,  choa  haft 
fmicten  the  Edomites,  and  thine  heart  lifceth  thee* up  toboaft; 
abide  now'  at  home,  why  (houldeft  thou  meddle  to  thine  hurt,  that 
thou  ihouldeft  fall,  even  thou,  and  Judah  with  thee?" 

*  1  he  annals  of  Abyffinia,   being  vtry  full  upon  this  point, 
have  taken  a  middle  opinion,  and  by  no  means  an  improbable  one.^ 
They  fav  fhe  was  a  Pagan  when  (he  left  Azab,  but  being  full  of 
admiration  at  the  fight. of  Solomon's  works,  fhe  was  converted  to.«^ 
Judaifm  in  Jerufalem,  and  bore  him  a  fon,  whom  (he  calUd  Me« 
xiilek,  and  who  was  their  firft  king.     However  ftrongly  they  aflert  ^ 
this,  and  however  dangerous  it  would  be  to  doubt  it  itk,  Abyl&nia,. 
I  will  not  here  aver  it  for  truth,  nor  much  lefs  ftill  will  I  pofi*  ; 
lively  contradiA  it,  as  fcripture  has  faid  nothing  about  it.     I  fup* 
^ofe,  whether  true  or  not,  in  the  circumftances  ihe  was,  whilft 
oolomon  alfo,  fo  far  from  being  very  nice  in  his  choice,  was  par« 
ticularly  addicted  to  Idumeans,  and  other  flrange  women,  he  could 
Dot  moxt  naturally  engage  himfelf  in  any  amour  than  in  one  with 
the  queen  of  Saba,-  with  whom  he  had  fo  hng  entertained  the 
moft  lucrative  connections,  and  moft  perfed  friendfhip,  andwhoj^ 
on  her  part;  by  fo  long  a  journey,  had  furely  made  iufficient  ad*  . 
yances.  .   .  ,  « 

*  The  AbyffiniaAs,  both  Jews  and  Chriflians,  believe  the  xfvtl^ 
pfalm  to  be  a  prophecy  of  this,  queen's  voyage  to  ferufalem;  that 
ihe  was  attended  by  a  daughter  of  Hiram's  from  Tyre  to  j[eru(a^  . 
lem,  and  that  the  laft  part  contains  a  declaration  of  her. having  a  < 
ion  by  Solomon,  who  was  to  be  king  over  a  nation  of  Gentiles* 

*  To  Saba,  or  Azab,  then,  fhe  returned  with  her  fon  Menijek;;, 
whom,  after  keeping  him  fonie  years,  fhe  fent  back  to  his  father  , 
CO  be  inflruded.     Solomon  did  not  negledl  his  charge,  and  he  was. 
anointed  and  crowned  king  of  Ethiopia,  in  the  temple  of  Jerufa* 
lem,  and  at  his  inauguration  took  the  name  of  David.     After 
this  he  returned  to  Azab,  and  brought  with  him  a  colony  of  jews» 
among  whom  were  many  dolors  of  the  law  of  Mofes,  particular!/ 
one  o?  each  tribe,  to  make  judges  in  his  kingdom,  from  whoni , 
the  prefent  Umbares  (or  fupreme  judges,  three  of  whom  always 
attend  the  king)  are  faid  and  believed  to  be  defcended.     Witl^ , 
thefe  came  alfo  Azarias,  the  fon  of  Zadok  the  prieft,  and  brought . 
with  him  aHebrewtranfcriptof  the  law,  which  was  delivered  ioto. 
ills  cuftody,  as  he  bore  the  title  of  Nebrit,  or  high-priefl  |  ^nd  thi^  • 
charge,  though  th^  book  itfelf  was  burtit  with  the  church  of  Axuni ; 
in  the  Moori&  war  of  Adel,  is  fli{l  coi^tinued,  as  it  is  faid,  ia 
the  lineage  of  Azarias,  who  are  Ncbrits,  or  keepers  of  the  church 
pf  Axum,  at  this  day.     All  Abyffinia  was  thereupon  converted^ 
and  the  government  of  the  church  and  ftate  modelled  according  tQ- 
what  was  then  in  ufe' at  Jerufalem. 

*  9y  ^*>«  Jaft  a£l  of  the  queen  of  Saba*s  reign,  fhe  ifttlcd  thf . 
^ode  of  fttcceifion  in  her  country  for  the  future.     Firfl,.  fhe  en- 

aftcd. 


Bruce*  J  Travels  txdi/cover  tbt  Source  of  the  Nile.      14$, 

ad«d;  that  the  crmxrn  QiMd  be  hereditary  in,  the  family  of  Solo*/ 
moa  for  ever*     Secondly,  that,  after  her,  no  woman  (houid  be; 
capable  of  wearing  that  crown  or  being  queen^  but  that  it  (hould 
defcend  to  the  heir  male,  however  diftant«  in  excluiion  of  all  heirs . 
female  whatever,  however  near ;  and  that  th^fe  two  ar^cles  Ihould 
be  confidered  a«  the  fundamental  laws  of  the  kingdom,  never  tp; 
be  altered  or  aboliihed.     And^  laftly,  That  the  heirs  male  of  thet 
roya)  houfe,  ihould  always  be  fent  prifoners  to  a  high  mountatn^r' 
where   they  were  to  continue  till  their  death,  or  till  the  fucccffioa 
ihould  open  to  them.' 

Chap.  VII.  treats  of  the  books  in  ufe  in  Abyffinta— Enoch 
— Does  not  allow  that  Abyffinia  was  converted  by  the  apoftles— ►  c 
Afcribes  its  converfion  from  Judaifm  to  Chriftianity  to  Fru- 
mentius.  1 

•  The  Abyffinians,'  fays  oar  author^  *  have  the  fcriptures  entire 
as  we  have,'  and  connt  the  fame  number  of  books  ;  but  they  divide 
them  in  another  manner;  and  l>oth  the  Old  and  New  Teftament 
are  but  in  few  hands. 

*  Many  books  of  the  Old  Teftament  are  forgot.  The  Revela- 
tion of  St.'  John  is  a  piece  of  favourite  reading  amongft  them :  (o 
is  the  Song  of  Solomon  with  their  old  prielts,  but  forbidden  to 
the  young  ones,  to  the  deacons^  laymen,  and  women.  They  af- 
cribe  no  inyftic  meaning  to  it. 

'  After  the  New  Teltamcnt,  they  place  the  Gonftitutions  of  the 
Apoftles,  which  they  call  Synhodot,  which,  as  far  as  the  cafes  or 
dodlrines  apply,  we  may  fay,  is  the  written  law  of  the  country. 
Thefe  were  tranflated  out  of  the  Arabic.  They  have  next  a  general 
liturgy,  or  book  of  common  prayer,  beiides  feveral  others  peculiar 
to  certain  feftivals,  under  whofe  names  they  go.  The  next  is  a  vtry 
large  voluminous  book,  called  Haimanout  Ahou^  chiefly  a  colIe6tion 
from  the  works  of  different  Greek  fathers,  treating  of,  or  explaining 
feveral  herefies,  or  difputed  points  of  faith,  in  the  ancient  Greek 
church.  Tranflations  of  the  works  of  St.  Athanafius,  St.  Ba^l,  St. 
Chryfoftome,  and  St.  Cyril,  are  likewife  current  amon?  them.  Th^ 
twolafl  I  never  faw;  and  only  fragments  of  St.  Athanaifus,  but  they  ' 
are  certainly  extant.  \         .        ' 

*  The  next  is  the  Synaxar,  or  the  Flos  San£borum,  in  which  the ' 
miracles  and  lives,  or  lies  of  their  faints,  are  at  large  recorded,  ii^ 
four  monftrous  volumes  in  folio,  llujffed  full  of  fables  of  the  moft  * 
incredible  kind.     They  have  a  faint  that  wreilled  with  the  devil 
in  ihape  of  a  ferpent  nine  miles  long,  threw:  him  from  a  mouh.  ' 
taih,  and  killed  him.     Another  faint  who  converted  the  devil, 
who  turned  monk,  and  lived  in  great  holinefs  for  forty  )iears  after 
his  coQveriion,    doing  peoance  tor  having  tempted  our  Saviour 
npon  the  monntsin :'  what  became  of  him  after  they  do  not  fn/.  ' 
Again,  another  faiot,  that  never  ate  nor  drank  from  his  mother's  ' 
womb,  went  to  Jerufalem,  and  faid  mafs  t^try  day  at  the  holy  * 
fepolchre,  and  came  home  at  night  in  the  fhape  of  a  flork.     The  ' 
|aft  I  ftall  mention,  was  a  faint,  who,  being  vexy  fick,  and  hi§  * 
^oflMCh  in  diibrder,  took  a  looging  for  partridges ;  he  called  upon 
a  brace  of  ttiem  to  come  to  htm,  and  immediately  two  roai^ed  par- 
fridges  Q^me  Jljing,  and  reded  upon  his  plate,  tp  be.  devoured.  • 


^4*^  r  It  A  V  K  t  S. 

Thde  Horns  are  circumftantially  told  and  voudieifey  uneitcption* 
able  people*  and  were  a  grievous  ftumbling-block  to  the  Jefuits, 
who  could  not  pretend  their  own  miracles  were  either  better  cfla^  ' 
Isiifhcd,  or' more  worthy  of  belief. 

♦  There  are  other  books  of  lefs  ii«e  and  confeqoencc,  particif^ 
^  larly  the  Qrganon  Dcnghel,  or  the  Virgin  Mary*s  Muiical  Inilru- 
*neRt,  compbfed  by  Abba  George  about  the  year  1440,  mach 

irailned  for  the  purity  of  its  lana;ua|;e,  though  he  himfelf  was  ai| 
.Armenian.  The  lall  of  this  Ethiopic  library  is  the  book  of  Enoch. 
Upon  hearing  this  book  £rft  mentioned*  many  literati  in  Europe 
lad  a  wonderful  defire  to  iee  it,  thinking  that,  no  doubt,  many 
iacrets  and  unknown  hiftories  might  be  drawn  fnsm  it.  Upon  this 
fome  impoftor,  getting  an  Ethiopic  book  into  his  hands,  wrote  for 
the  title,  TJbe  Frof hides  of  Enoch,  upon  the  front  page  of  it*. 
^.  Pierifc  no  foooer  heard  of  it  than  he  purchafed  it  of  the  im- 
foftor,  for  a  confiderable  fuia  of  money  :  being  placed  afcerwards 
9A  Cardinal  Mazarine'^  library,  where  Mr.  Ludolf  had  accefs  tot 
it,  he  found  it  was  a  Gnoftic  book  upon  myf^eries  in  heavea  and 
earth,  bnt  which  mentioned  not  a  word  of  Enoch,  or  his  pro- 
phecy,  from  beginning  to  end ;  and,  from  this  difappointment,  h^ 
takes  upon  him  to  deny  the  exiftence  of  any  fuch  book  any  where 
elfe.  This,  howey^er,  is  a  miftake ;  for,  as  a  public  return  for  th<; 
many  obligations  I  had  received  from  twtty  rank  of  that  moft  hu- 
joane-,  polite,  and  fcientific  Qaeion,  and  morp  efpecially  from  the  * 
fovereign  Louis  XV.  I  gaye  to  his  cajbinet  a  p2i|rt  of  every  thing^ 
curious  I  had  collefked  abroad  ;  which  was  received  with  that  dc- 
grce  of  confideration  and  att^rntip^  that  cannot  failto  determine 
every  traveller  of  a  liberal  mipd  to  follow  my  example. 

'  Amongft  the  articles  I  conggned  to  the  library  at  Paris,  was  a 
ytry  beautiful  and  magnificent  copy  of  the  prophecies  of  Enoch, 
in  large  quarto  ;  anotl^er  is  amongft  the  books  of  fcripture  which 
I  brought  home,  fiandifig  immediately  before  the  book  of  Job, 
which  IS  its  proper  place  in  the  AbyfTmian  canon  i  and  a  third  copy 
I  have  prefented  to  the  Bodleian  library  at  Oxford,  by  the  hands 
of  Dr.  Douglas  th<s  bi/)iop  of  Carliil^.  Th^  n^ore  ancient  hiilory 
of  that  bopk  is  well  known.  The  church  at  firft  looked  upoa  it  as 
apocryphal ;  anc}  a6  it  Mfas  quoted  ifi  the  book  of  Jude,  the  fame 
fufpicion  fell  upoi^  that  boolb^  alio.  For  this  rea{bn>  the  council  of 
Mice  threw  th^  epiftle  of  jude  out  of  the  canon,  but  the  council 
of  Trent  arguing  tfetter^  replaced  th^  apoflle  in  the  canon  aa 
before. 

*  Here  we  may  pbferve  ^y  the  way,  that  Jude?s  appealing  to 
the  apocryphal  books  did  by  no  means  import,  that  either  he  be-  * 
lieved  or  warranted  the  truth  of  them.  But  it  was  an  argument, 
a  fortiori^  which  our  Saviour  himfelf  often  makes  ufe  of,  ^nd 
amounts  to  no  more  than  this,  You,  fays  he  to  the  Jews,  deny 
certain  fads,  which  mud  be  from  prejudice,  becaufe  you  have 
them  allowed  in  your  own  books,  and  believe  them  there.  And 
a  very  ftrong  and  fair  way  of  arguing  it  is,  but  this  is  by  no 
means  any  allowance  that  they  are  true.  In  the  fame  manner. 
You,  fays  Jude,  do  not  believe  the  coming  of  Chrift  and  a  latter 
judgment  j  yet  yo\;r  ancient  Enoch,  whom  yo^  fuppofe  was  thei 

'       -      '         "         -  '        r         fevcntlj 


(eventh  from  Adam,  tdls  you  this  plainly,  and  in  fo  many  wordt^ 
jpng  ago.  And  indeed  tbe  quotation  is,  word  for  word  the  iiiine» 
in  chc  fecond  cl|i^pter  of  the  Dook. 

*  All  that  is  material  to  fay  further  concerning  the  book  of 
$noch  is,  that  it  is  a  Gno^c  book,  containing  the  age  of  the 
Emims,  Anakims,  and  figregores,  fuppofed  defcendents  of  the 
fens  of.  God,  when  they  £ll  in  love  with  the  daughters  oi  men*, 
and  had  fons  who  were  giants.  Thefe  giants  do  not  feem  to  havQ 
been  fo  charitable  to  the  fons  and  daughters  of  men,  as  their  father^ 
hahd  been.  For,  firft,  they  began  to  eat  all  the  beafts  of  the  earthi^ 
they  then  fell  upon  the  birds  and  iifhes,  and  ate  them  alfo ;  their 
hunger  being  not  yet  fatisfied,  they  ate  all  the  com,  all  men^s  la* 
bour^  all  the  trees 'and  bnihes,  and,  not  consent  yet,  they  fell  to 
««ating  the  men  tbemfelves.  The  men  (like  our  modern  failors 
wkh  the  fava|^)  were  ^ot  afraid  of  dying»  t^ut  yery  inuch  fo  of 
being  eat^n  after  death.  At  length  tl^ey  cry  to  God  againft  the 
wrongs  the  giants  hs^l  done  ^hem,  and  God  lends  a  £(x>d  whick 
drowns  both  them  and  the  gi4nts. 

*  Such  is  the  reparation  wh^ch  this  ingei^ions  author  has  thought 
proper  to  attribute  to  Providence^  in  aniWer  to  the  firft^  and  the 
beit- funded  complaints  that  were  made  to  him  by  man*  I  think 
this  exhauds  abotit  four  or  five  of  the  £rft  chapters.  )t  is  not  the 
fourth  part  of  the  book  ;  but  fny  cnrioiity  led  me  i^o  further.  The 
cataftrophe  of  the  giants,  and  the  juftice  of  the  cata^ophe,  had 
fully  fatisfied  me. 

*  I  cannot  but  recollect,  that  when  it  was  known  in  England 
that  I  had  prefented  this  book  to  the  library  of  the  king  of  France,^ 
without  itaying  a  feiy  days,  to  give  me  time  to  reach  London,! 
when  our  learned  countrymen  might  have  had  an  opportunity  of 
peruiing  at  lelfure  another  copy  ef  this  book,  DoAor  Woide  fee 
out  for  Paris,  with  letters  from  the  fecretary  of  ftate  to  Lord  Stor- 
mont,  ambaflador  at  that  court,  defiring  him  to  afiifl  the  dodlor  in 
procuring  accefs  to  my  prefent,  by  permiflion  from  his  Moll  Chrif^ 
tian  majefly.  This  he  accordingly  obtained,  and  a  tranflation  of 
the  work  was  brought  over ;  but,  1  know  not  why,  it  has  no  where 
appeared.  1  fancy  Dr.  Woide  was  not  much  more  pleafed  with 
tne  condud  of  the  giants  than  I  was.' 

Chap.  VIIL  War  of  the  elephant— -Firft  appearance  of  the 
fmall-pox — ^Jews  pcrfecute  the  Chriftians  in  Arabia— Defeated 
by  the  Abyffinians— Mahomet  pretends  a  divine  miifion — Opi- 
nion concerning  the  Koran-^Re volution  under  Judith,  queen  of 
the  Falaftia  or  Abyffinian  Jews— Re&pration  of  the  line  of 
Solonaon  from  Shoa.     ' 

So  &r  the  firft  volume ;  with  the  fecond  commence  the  lefs 
apocryphal  annals  of  Abyflinia,  which  we  (hall  analyze  in  our 
jnextnumben 

Art.  VI.    An  Introduition  to  the  PraBice  of  Midwifery,     By 
Thomias  Denman,  H4.  D.     Vol.  I.     8vo.    416  p.     Pr.  6  s- 
in  boards.    Johnfon.     1788. 
Pr.  Denman  firft  publiihed  in  a  fmall  oaavo  volume  his 

Introdudipn  to  the  Practice  of  Midwifery,  and  at  various  times 


H^  MX  D'*w  I  r  r  R.  n        '^ 

he  had  given  to  hi9  pupils  fliort  eflays  on  floodiiig»«-«oh  P^<*^ 
ternatural  laboursr^on  difficult  labouri— 'Oa  the  ufe  of  inftru* 
ments— on  puerperal  fever,  and  on  every  fubje^l  that  could  be' 
thought  of  importance  in  praftide.  The  Introdudton  is  novr 
fepuSlifhed,  and  the  detached  eiTays  will  form  the  fecond  volume 
6(  the  prefent  work. 

This  is  the  common  progrefe  in  all  the  departments  of  nie« 
dical  fcience,  that  at  firft  there  arc  "but  few  refourccs,  the  prac*- 
tice  is  fimple  and  defeiSive^  the  means  of  aififtancc  are  by  HO* 
means  proportioned  to  the  variety  of  caies»-<«»Soo(i  t^e  rebiir6i{$ 
are  enlarged, .  medicines,  inftruments  and  operadons  are  proN*: 
pofed,  and  often  the  variety  of  invendxja  is  fo  great^  that  phjr*^ 
iicians,  in  their  rage  for  improvement,  pa&  beyond  thipr  paiAtV' 
and  in  this  artificial  praSice  there  is  left  danger  from  the  un* 
aififted  wealcncfe  of  nature,  than  from  the  fuperfluous  refine* 
ments  of  art.  When  the  fsnthafiafm  of  invention  has  fubfided^ 
ani^  when  fedate  by  ufe,  they  fit  down  to  examine  calmly  the' 
merits  of  each  invention,  it  is  often  found  that  many  operations, 
ar^  fuperfluous,  many  are  hurtful,  a  few  only  are  retained^  the 
art  is  reftored  almoft  to:' its  primitive  and  umpte'ftate.  ThiS: 
is  the  laft  degree  of  improvement,  when  being  poflfeiled  of  many^ 
refources,  a  fe\y  are  chofen,  which  ar<?  in  variety  proportioned 
to  the  occafions,  and  which  are  fully  proved  by  long  ufe  and 
pradice.  Thefc  remarks  are  applied  to  midwifery  with  great 
efFed  \  for  in  this  branch  the  wtldeft  exceffes  have  prevailed 
among  the  older  inventors  of  inilruments  and  operations,  and 
the  moft  complete  reformation  has  been  atchieved  by  the  mo- 
dern teachers,  who  have  been  chiefly  employed  in  moderating 
that  reftlefs  propenfity  to  unneceffary  operations^  and  in  rc- 
ftoring  a  natural  and  flmpIe  plan  of  practice. 

Without  any  invidious  comparifon  we  may  fay  with  our  au« 
thor,  '  that  in  France  the  praftice  of  midwifery  is  more  arti- 
ficial, and  there  is  in  that,  as  in  other  countries  on  the  conti- 
nent, a  very  reprehenfible  fondnefs  for  inftruments  and  opera-i 
tions.'  In  our  country  the  fame  fondnefs  prevailed  within  thcfe 
few  years.  It  is  moft  confpicuous  in  the  works  of  Dr-  Smel^ 
lie  ;  yet  his  book  is  ftill  refpefted  as  a  book  of  inftruAion  for 
young  men.  While  his  directions  for  operations  are  copied  iiv 
every  text  book  of  the  prefent  day,  this  fat^l  fondnefs  fop  ope- 
rations is  by  repetition  enforced,  all  his  errors  are  left  unre^ 
proved,  and  we  have  reafon  to  wilhanxioufly  for  a  new  fyftem 
of  midwifery,  calculated  to  reprdent  and  to  enforce  the  chafte. 
and  fimple  practice.  Without  this  view  we  could  not  have* 
proyed  the  true  value  oj;  Tl)y.  Denman's  labours.  We  have 
feeh  him  anxious  to  difchargs  the  duties  of  a  teacher,  and  care--^ 
ful  left  the  rules  of  praSLce.  ihould  be  forgotten  entirely,  or 
but  imperfeclly  rcro^mbered  i    and  he  now  fulfils .  his  duty  tp 

^        ■  tlie 


Dcnmm^s^'-Intr^dii^dn  fo  HdtAvifery.  149 

Ae  public  at  large  In  coUe(fting  tdefe  detached  rules  of  pradice 
into  a  more  corre^  and  regular  form. 

We  have  always  regarded  his  Intr^du^ftM  as  a  very  ufeful 
and  elegant  compenaium,  original  in  many  parts,  and  correA 
throughout ;  we  have  confidered  his  aphorifms  and  eflays  as  a 
neat  abftfatSt  of  ^improvW  pradlice  ;-  we  refpeft  the  whole  ^s 
the  produ£tion  of  a  *  mind  eompofed  and  finely  turned  for 
<>Hervatian  ;*  we  can  recommend  itwiih  confidence  as  a  moft 
excellent  little  fyftem  of  improved  and  fimplc  pradlice,  where 
^e  modeft  and  unafltiming  charader  of  the  author  appears  at 
every  tarn,  and  muft  conciliate  at  once  the  efteem  and  confi^ 
dence  of  every  reader. 

The  prefeee  to  the-work  is  a  {hort  hiftory  of  meihcxnt  at 
latge,  and  of  this  individual  branch.     The  author  has  chofen 
todi^lay  chiefly  the  firft  dawnings  of  fcience  in  our  country. 
After  fhowihg  the  progreft  of  fcieiice  from  Egypt  to  Greece, 
<and  from  Greece-  to  Rome,  the  divifion  and  final  overthrow  of 
^e  Roman  empire,  and  the  taking  of  Cofiftantinople  and  Alex- 
andria by  the  ieaftern  nations,  he  gives  the  common  hiftory  of 
the  progrefs  of  learning  towards  the  weft,  of  the  invention  of 
printing,  and  of  the  univerfai  dtffufion  of  knowledge  which 
iohnediately  -enfued,  he  feems  chiefly  anxious  to  prove  that 
Englanfd  had  an  early  ftiske;-  and  by  bringing  to  light  fome 
books  hitherto' not  ^ferved,  or  very  little  known,  and  by  flight 
flce«ches  of  Bacon,  Hiirvey,  Sydenham,  Gliflbn,  Willis,  Mayow, 
Lower,  Qr^w,  Morton,  and  Cowper,  he  has  fully  proved, '  that 
tb«  phyficians  of'  this  country  were  indefatigable  in  the  acqui- 
fitton  and  improvement  of  fcience  j  and  that  they  were  not  only 
acquainted  with  the  general  knowledge  of  the  Greeks,  Romans, 
Arabians,  Italians,  and  French,  but  that  they  might  fairly  be 
-put  in  competition  with  thofe  of  any  other  nation,  if  they  did 
not  precede  them.*    •  • 

He  concludes  the  hiftory  of  general  knowledge  to  attend  to 
the  hrftoiry  of  his  own  art,  of  which  he  takes  a  view  fo  very 
narrow  aiid  confined,  that* we  cannot  conceal  our  difappoint- 
menl  in  the  defigiv  rather  than  the  execution.  He  brings  to 
light  a  few  ailthors^  who  might  have  flept  in  their  original  ob- 
fcurity,  whofe  works  have  never  been  known  till  now,  and  will 
never  be  fought  fot  in  future.  The  laft  author  he  mentions 
is  -Sir  Fielding  Ould-j  he  therefore  flops  exadlly  where  fcience 
begths,  for  m  the  authors  he  names  we  cannot  drfcover  even 
tRe  rudiments  of  fcience  ;  they  were  either  popular  books  for 
the  ufc  of  the  vulgar,  or  plain  directions  by  profelTional  men, 
where  even  the  leaft  ft\ow  of  fcience  was  not  aflTumed. 

Ould,  Burton,  and  moft  of  all  Dr.  Smellic,  were  the  firft 
who  cried  to  deferibe  the  pelvis,  a]id  to  undcrftand  or  explain 
the  mechanifm  of  the  par.ts  j  till  then  the  mechanifm  of  labotir 
was^o  object  of  care,  and  for  many  years  after,  its  ufs  was  not 

fully 


150  Wi  n  V9r  I  p  e  jl  v# 

fully  eonteivecL    .Sjneliie  fiurft  defcribed  the  pelvis  and  child's: 
hesui,ddmon(lrated  the  importance  of  mechanical  knowledge^and 
ttnderftood  the  fiiperiority  of  the  forceps.     He  firft  marked  the 
progrcfs  of  the  head  through  the  bones^  and  its  diredton  at  va-r 
f  ious  points.  He  firft  taught  the  true  ufe  of  the  forceps,  and  con-:- 
iSned  the  operation  of  the  crotchet  to  it^  proper  caie,  di/hrthn  of 
the  pelvis.  Hedid  indeed,Uke  every  improver,  ftrain  the  point,  and 
from  his  mechanical  notions  fcliemed  operations  in  theclouds^andl 
explained  them  by  engravings^  which  were  impoffible  in  prat^ice, 
and  which  muft  have  been£i.tal  wherever  they  were  attempted^ 
Still  he  may  be  regarded  as  the  accoucheur  who  firft  laid  down: 
the  principles  of  his  profeifion^  and  whO)  by  founding  the  prin^ 
ciples  on  mechanical  laws,  formed  that  branch  ii|to  a  fcience, 
which  had  been  only  an  art,  conducted  not  by  principles,  but 
by  rules. — We  are  lure  our  author  will  gladly  fubfcribe  to  thefe 
remarks.     Had  he  begun  his  hiftory  from  this  point  i   had  he 
given  us  a  hiftory  of  inventions^  rather  than  a  lift  of  authors  i 
had  hp  feparated  the  pretenfions  of  many  from  the  real  im- 
provements of  a  few,  he  would  have  been  able  to  have  con* 
cliidedhis  hiftory  with  a  fatisia&ory  review  of  the  prefent  imw 
proved  pra£lice,  and  to  have  given  a  moft  advantageous  con- 
traft  of  the  rude  attempts  of  the  old  furgeons,  and  the  vaft 
fuperiority  of   the  modern  art*     This  would  have  been  of 
great  fervice ;  for  though  the  ftudent  may  by  an  elemen- 
tary book  be  qualified  for  pra<Elice,  he  is  not  prepared  for 
ftudy  \    he  mav  underftand  the  modern  art  in  its  prefent 
fimple  improvea  eftate,  but  he  will  not  have  learning  enough 
in  the  hiftory  of  the  fcience  to  underftand  the  older  authors^  to 
read  ^eir  works  without  imbibing  their  opinions^  to  ufe  their 
cafes  and  fads  without  following  their  pra&ice,  or  to  read  of  their 
numerous  operations  without  incurring  fome  danger  of  for- 
faking  that  correft  and  iimple  view  in  which  he  had  been  onQC 
inftruded  by  his  teachers.     There  is  no  other  alternative  than 
this  ;    the  teacher  muft  give  fuch  a  hiftory  as  will  prevent  the 
influence  of  anqient  authors,  or  ho  muft  forbid  ftudy,  and  truft 
only  to  his  own  inftruftions.     We  are  fbrry  this  advice  has 
come  too  late.     Dr.  Denman  fays,  that  (ince  ^  Englifh  phy- 
ficians  were  pofTefTed  of  all  the  foreign  boqks,  any  gentleman 
has  an  opportunity  of  forming  his  own  opinion  of  their  re- 
fpeAive  merits  :*  but  we  could  have  told  Dr.  Denman  that  no 
perfon  is  well  qualified  to  form  a  judgment,  nor  fo  much  bound 
.  in  duty  to  perform  that  fervice,  as  one  who  has  made  midwifery 
the  ftudy  of  his  life,  who  has  improved  his  acquired  knowledge 
by  a  long  courfe  of  teaching  and  pra£lice :    we  might  have 
added,  that  in  this  elementary  work  he  writes  for  thofe  who 
cannot  be  fo  ripe  in  ftudy  a^  to  form  a  judgment  of  books. 
But  Dr.  Denman  has  chofen  his  plan,  ahd  was  entitled  to 


Denman'x  Jntr^u^m  fit  Miwifery.  .ijf 

isdfQofe  it : '  his  labours  may  be  ufeitil  to  dibfe  wh6  take  % 
\(rider  tange :  we  are  hardly  entitled  to  fay  what  he  migtac 
have  done  j  we  fliall  proceed  in  our  proper  office  of  obferving 
how  mtich  he  has  really  performed; 

The  firft  dhaptef  contains  a  defcriptiori  of  die  bonels 
of  the  pelvis  and  the  nfechanifm  of  labour^  difplayed  by 
comparing  the  dimenflon  and  form  of  the  child's  head-with 
the  openings  of  the  well-formed  find  of  the  diftorted  pelvis^ 
Though  Dr«  Denman  feems  hurt  by  th«  c^cceis  to  which  fomie 
have  carried  their  mechanical  ideas  ^  aJthaugh.  be/eems  jealous 
of  that  fpirit  of  invention  and  continual  propenitty*  to  operation 
which  fuch  reafonings  have  tended  to  introduce  and  fupport .; 
'  although  he  feems,  upon  the  whole,  averfe  to  mechanical  prin- 

•  ciples,  ycft  he  gives  them  their  due  degree  of  weight  and  im- 
portance. He  has  feen  that  though  lefs  ufeful  in  prafticc, 
thefe  doftrihes  are  neccflary  in  teaching ;  that  to  (how  the 
impropriety  of  certain  operations,  the  true  mechanifm  muft  be 
proved ;  that  though  the  demooftration  is  ufele&  in  natur4 
labour,  it  is  *  the  foundation  of  good  praftice  in  cafes  of:  darn 
ger  ;'  knd  that  there  is  fuch  a  variety  in  the  form  of  the  pelvis, 
in  the  ilimenfions,  ftrudure,  and  flexibility  of  the  child's  head> 
in  the  pcrfev#rance  or  force  of  the  propelling  power,  as  muft 
induce  us  tb  wait  to  the  laft  moment  of  the' patient's  ftrength, 
and  refrain  from  inftruments  and  operations  fo  long  as  there  is 
the  moft  diftant  p.rofpe<S  of  a  natural,,  though  tedious,  labour. 
As  nothing  of  the  mechanifih  of  labour  can  be  peculiar  or 
nejv,  we  flull  tranfcribe  our  author's  re-marks  on  the  feparatic^i 
of  the  bones  of  the  pelvis,  or  rather  on  the  confequences  of 
that  feparation,  on  the  poikion  of  the  pelvis,  &c. 

Se6L  IV.  *  An  sngoiry  into  the  manner  in  .which  the  bones  of  the 
pelvis  may  re-unite  wheBi<tbey  haue.been  feparated  feems  neceflary,  as 
the  treatment  to  be  enjoined,  and  the  profpe^  of  ft^ccefsL,  will  be  rt- 

*  gul^ted  by  the  idea  we  emenain  of  the  ftate  of  the  parts  when  feparated. 

*  When  the  connexion  of  ■'the  bones  of  the  pelvis  has  eithei*  been  im- 
paired or  deftroyed,  it  is.probabie  that  a  confirmation  or  re-anion  takes 

.  place  by  a  reftoration  of  the  original  mode;  by  a  callus^  as  in  the  cafe 
of  a  fradurcd  bone;  or  by  anchylofis, 

*  It  is  alfo  poifihle  for  them  to  remain  in  a  feparated  ilate ;  and  that 
an  articulation  fhould  be  formed  by  the  ends  of  each  bone»  at  the  fym- 
phyfis  of  the  oihk. pubis,  and  at.  the  jundion  of  the  o(la  inominata 

.  with  the  facrum;  of  which,  by  the  favour  of  Mr.  Cline,  I  have  (t^n 
an  inftance  in  the  dead  body,  and  have  had  reafon  to  fufped  the  fame 
i^ccident  in  the  living. 

.  /  In  all  the  lower  degrees  of  imperfection  in  the  union  of  thefe  parts, 
it  is  reafonable  to  conclude  that  the  jforraer  mode  is  reftorcd  focn  aftjer 
deliven* ;  for  the  complaints  which  women  make  of  pai.i'  and  weaknefs 
in  thefe  parts  are  almoit  always  relieved  before  their  month  of  confine- 
ment is  concluded^  bnt^  ihouid  they  continue  a  longer  time,  it  appears 
<\\ax  the  greatefl  bextefit.will be  dqrived.fjamreiiand  an  horizontal  po- 
-  fition. 


Tr52  »i  D  w  I  *  E  «  y. 

Ation,  vAiiAi  vlU  kflcn  the  fnkai  incanveniencies,  and  bvoitr  tliac 
.a^oa  of  the  part8«  "by  which  tbcir  infirmity  tauf^  be  iiepaixcd.    . 

*  Bi|t>  if  jhe  coroplaint  is  in  an  increaied  de^ree^  and  {be  he^h^ 
of  the  patient  likewiie  affe^ed,  a  longer  time  wilT  be  required  for  the 
recovery  of  the  psgt ;  which  may  be  forwarded  by  fuqh  means  as  invi- 
gorate the  conilitutionj  fuch  applications  as  quicken  the  action  of  thp 
parts,  of  by  mechanical  fupport. 

•  •  Shquld  the  irtjiiry  be  too  great  to  allow  of  the  relioration  of  the 
•original"mode  of  union;  of  which  we  are  to  judge  by  the  conftquei\t 
impotence  to  move,  a  much  longer  time  will  be  required  for  the  for- 
mation of  a  callua,  if  that  is  ever  done,  but  ae  a  previous  ftep  to  an 
i  anohylofisi  which  has  been  obferved  by  aoatomifis  to  take  place  at  the 
iuncUon  of  the  ojQTa  innominata  with  the  factum*  not  un&eqiiciotly, 
but  never  or  very  feldom  at  the  fymphyfis  of  the  oSk  pubis.  Und^r 
fueh  cixcMmdances,  unlefs  by  an  amendment  of  the  geoecal  health* 
little  ebod  is  to  be  expe^ed  from  medicine,  the  procefi  which  the 
parts  muft  undergo  being  an  operation  of  the  conftitution*  which  it 
will  not  be  in  our  power  to  cohtrol.  In  the  iirll  cafe  related  a  variety 
of  applications  were  tried,  from  the  moft  emollient  to  thofe  which  are 
aAtve  aAd  Simulating ;  but  from  cold  bathing  only  did  (he  receive 
any?  real  advantage.  The  -patient  was  alfo  very  much  aflifted  by  the 
ufe  of  a  fwathe,  or  broad  belt,  made  of  foft  leather,  quilted,  and  buckled 
with  fuch  firmnefs  over  the  Ipwer  part  of  the  body  a$  to  leflisD»  if  mt 
prevent,  the  motion  .of  the  bones ;  and  this  w^sxeftr^ined.io' its  ftua- 
tion  by  a  bands^  pafled  between  the  legs,  from  the  hind  tp  the  fore 
part  of  the  belt. 

<  In  that  unfortunate  iituaHon,  in  which  a  joint  is  formed  between 
the  feparated  furfaces  of  the  bones*  all  hopes  of  the  recovery  of  the 
patient  to  her  former  abilities  may  be  given  up;  and  what  remains  to 
be  done  for  her  reHef  will  be  by  the  ufe  of  a  belt,  or  a  £milar  con- 
trivance, to  flibftitute  as  much  artificial  firmncfs  as  we  can,  for  the 
natural  which  is  loft«  In*  the  cafe  in  which  I  fufpe^kd  this  event  to 
have  happened,  the  life  of  the  patient  was  truly  miierable;  but  I  pre- 
fume  that  foch  very  rardy  occur,  having  been  lately  informed  of  ano- 
ther perfen,  who,  after  a  confinement  of  eight  years  to  her  bed,  in 
conifeqnence  of  the  feparation  of  the  bones  at  the  time  of  labour,  w$ts 
reftored  to  the  full  and  perfedl  ufe  of  her  inferior  extremities.' 

Sect.  V.  '  There  is  a  wonderful  variety  in  the  pofition  of  the  pelvis 
in  the  difierent  claifes  of  animals,  as  it  relates  to  that  of  the  body  in 
general ;  and  their  powers  and  properties  very  much  depend  upon  this 
circumftance.  But,  with  a  view  to  this  fubjeA,  they  may  be  divided 
into  three  kinds ;  the  ftrong,  the  fwift,  and  the  mixed. 

'  In  thofe  animals  whioi  potfefs  the  greatefl  ihare  of  ftrength  the- 
pofition  pf  the  pelvis  is  nearly  perpendicular,  and  the  two  apertures  of 
the  cavity  ho^iz;onta]. 

'  In  thofe  which  are  diftinguifhed  by  their  fpeed  or  agility  the  po^ 
liiion  of  the  plelvis  js  horizontal,  and  the  two  apertures  nearly  per- 
pendicular. 

*  la  mixed  animals,  or  thofe  in  which  ftreng^  and  fpeed  are  united, 
the  pofition  of  the  pelvis  is  neither  horizontal  or  peipendicular,  but 
iaciined ;  (o  as  to  partake,  by  di&rent  demes  fn  inclination,  of  a 
certain  ihait  oi'  tfae^advaAtagss  of  cithec  pomioo. 

'  '  In 


' 


benmai^i  Ir/haSutiiik  ft  M§wtferj.  'i$^ 

'  '^  Itt  tW  Imman  fpccics,' wTitfn  tKe  pdfition  of  tht  bddy  x^  ttc^,  tite 
pelvis,  w^iiclt  is  flronger  in  proportion  to  their  liic  than  in  any  qW- 
dmped,  -is  fo  placed  that  a  line  paflfmg  from  the  third  of  the  lunibat 
vertebrae  will  fall  nearly  upon  the  fuperior  edge  t>f  the  fymphyiis  ctt 
the  oifa  pubis ;  the  cavity  of  the  pelvis  being  projedcd  fo  rar  back.- 
Wards,  that  the  offa  pafeis  become  thb  part  on  which  the  enlarged 
toteros  chiefly  rcfts  in  the  advanced  ftate  of  pregnancy-  *,  If  then  wfc 
recollet^  the  fmallncfs  of  the  ofla  pubis,  the  manner  m  which  they  ate 
coniiec^ted,  and  advert  at  the  fame  time  to  the  increaflng  effedl,  which 
may  be  produced  by  the  Internal  prelTurc  of  the  weight  fapported  b^ 
them,  we  Ihall  not  bt  furprifed  at  the  frequency  of  tne  complaints  of 
pain  and  weakness  at  the  iymphyfis ;  efpccially  when  the  child  is.large, 
of  the  patient  under  the  neceflity  of  (landing  for  a  Ibng  time.  And 
fhould  there  be  tiny  degree  of  weakiiefs,  rdajtatlon,  or  difunion,  at 
the  part*  where  the  ol!a  intiominata  are  joshed  to  the  facxam,  fimilat 
cSe^s  will  be  produced  ;  and  one  or  thefe  parts  can  fcarcely  bfe 
a5bhed  witliont  an  equivalefjt  alteration  in  the  Other. 

*  The  confeqpences  of  the  feparatiori  of  the  bones  of  the  pdHs,  ck 
of  their  difpofition  to  feparate,  will  be  more  clearlr  compninaided  if 
we  confidcr  the  pdvis  as  an  arch  fnpporting  the  weight  of  the  fupci'- 
incumbent  body.  .  In  this  view  the  facrum  may  be  called  the  k^- 
ftbn^;  the  oj9a  innomirtata,  as  far  as  the  acctabuta,  the  pendcnti?cs| 
and  the  inTerior  extremities,  the  piers  of  the  arch.      .     - 

•If  a  greater  weight  be  laid  upon  an  arch  than  It  is  able  to  fuflaiif, 
one  of  thefe  confequences  will  follow;  the  key-ftone  will  fly,  the  peri*- 
dentives  will  give  way,  or  the  piers  will  yield  to  the  preButc. 

*  To  prevent  the  two  firft  accidents.  It  i$  ufual  to  Uy  heavy  bodicii 
upon  the  different  parts  of  the  arch,  the  weight  of  which  muft  bear  t 
relative  ptbponi6ir  to  each  other,  or  the  contrary  effe^  will  be  prtf- 
dnded;  for,  if  too  g;rcat' weight  be  laid  upon  the  key-ftone,  the^cn- 
dcfltives  will  fail ;  and,  if  there  be  too  much  preiFurc  upbn  thSe  fid^s^ 
thckey-ftone  will  "be  forced. 

*  When  the  greateft  poifible  flrength  is  required  in  an  arch,  it  ts 
tifoal'tt)  tnake  what  is  called  a  counter-arch,  which  is  a  continuafioti 
of  the  arch  till  it  becomes  circular,  or  of  any  intended  form.  This 
contrivance  changes  the  dire<5lion  oi  the  weight,  before  fapported  at 
^he  chord ;  and  part  of  it  will  bs  condufled  to  the  centre  of  the  coun- 
ter-arch, and  borne  in  what  is  called  the  fmc  of  the  arch. 

«  If  the  refeinblance  of  the  pelvis  to  an  arch  can  be  allowed,  .we 
may  coiifider  ail  the  fore  or  lower  part  of  it,  between  the ;?-cetabala,  ad 
a  counter-arch,  v^hich  will  explain  to  us  the  reafon  of  fo  nrach  ftrefs 
being  made  upon  the  fymphyfis  of  the  ofiTa  pubis,  when  there  is  aSiy 
increafe  of  the  fuperincumbent.  weight ;  or  when  that  part  is  in  a 
weakened  or  feparated  ftate,  as  in  the  fecond  cafe  before  defcribed. 

'  When  that  patient  laid  in  an  horizontal  pofitiorf  (he  was  perfeifily 
cafy,  there  being  then  no  weight  upon  the  pelvis. 

*  When  '(he" was  ^red,  the  vveight  borne  by  the  fymphyiis  l>cing 
greater  than  it  could  fupport,  (he  could  walk  before  fhe  could  ftand; 
or,  if  ihc  flood,-  fhe  was  obliged  to  move  her  feet  alternately  as  if  ihe"" 

*  «  This  part' has  bceii  cdniidered'as  the  center  of  gravity  in  the  hu- 
man body ;  but  Defagulien  thought  it  was  lii  the  middle  fpace  between 
the  facrum  and  pubis.' 

Vol.  VU.  M  was 


!&<•  •'       M  I  D  W  i  F  8  H  r. 

^was  walking  r  or  flic  conld  ft^d  ttpon  orte  leg  better  than  tipomboth. 
,*Bjr  thefe  various  movements Jhe  took  xhe-fu)penncambent  weight  from 
Ac.  weakened' Tymphyfis  *arii  cpndiiAed  it  bygone  leg,  in*  ir«ght 
line,  to  the  ground.  .,.':'. 

*  The  fatigue  of  walking,  DTof  the  alternate  motion  of  thefeet^ 
being  more  than  ftie  was  able  to  bear,  fhe  was  obliged  to  fit.  When 
Jhe  firft  fat  in  her  chair  fhe  was  upright,  refting  her -elbow's  upon  the 
^rmi  of  the  chair;  by  which  means  part  of  her  weight  Was  condui^ed 
to  the  chair,  not  defcending  to  the  pelvis.  But  there  being  then  more 
weight  upon  the  fymphyfis  than  it  was  able  to  bear  for  any  long  time» 
and  her  arms  being  weaiy ,  by  putting  her  hands  upon  her  knees,  Ihe 
took  off  more  of  the  Tuperincumbent  weight,  conducing  it  by  her 
arms  immediately  to.  her  knees.  When  fhe  refted  her  elbows  upon  her 
knees  the  fame  efie^  was  produced  in  an  increafed  degree ;  but,  this 
pofition  becoming  painful  and  tirefome,  (he  had  no  other  jcfource, 
and  was  obliged  to  return  to  her  bed. 

« "It  cannot  efcape  ob£ervation>  that  this  patient  inftinftively  difco^ 
Jeered  the. advantages  of  the  particular  attitudes  into  which  fhe  put 
berifelf,  and  by  wmch  (he  obtained  cafe,  as  ^xadtly  as  if  Che  had  ua^ 
derilood  her  com^l^nt,  and  the  manner  in  which  I  have  endeavoured 
to  explain  it.  . 

*  In  the  wearinefs  which  follows  common  exercife,  when  we  often 
change  our  pofition,  apparently  without  defign,  the  manner  in  which 
cafe  ts  procured  to  any  particular  part  may  be  readily  undcrftood  by 
'a  more  ex tenfive  application  of  the  fame  kind  of  reafoning/ 

Sedl.  VI.  *  The  violence  which  the  conneftine  parts  of  the  bone» 
undergo,  when  the  head  of  the  child  is  protruded  through  the  pelvis 
jwith  extreme  difficulty,  fometimes  occafions  an  affe^oi?  of  that  part 
.'of.  more  importance  than  a  feparation  -,  becaufe,  together  with  the 
incpnvaiiencies  arifmg  from  the  feparation,  the  life  ,of  the  patient  is 
endangered  by  it»  This,  is  the  formation  of  matter  on  the  loofened 
furfaces  of  the  bones,  preceded  by  great  pain,  and  other  fymptoms  of 
.inflammation  :  though,  in  the  beginning  of  the  complaint,  it  is  diffi- 
*cult  to  afcertlin  whether  the  conneding  parts  of  the  bones*  or  fome 
contiguous  part,  be  the  leat  of  the  difeafe. 

*  When  fuppu ration  bas  taken  place  in  conieqoencc  of  the  injury 
fuflained  at  the  jun^on  of  the  offa  innominata  with  the  factum,  the 
abfcefs  has  in  fome  cafes  formed  near  the  part  a£^d^d»  and  been  cured 
by  common  treatment.    But  in  others,  when  matter  has  been  formed 

.  and  confined  at  the  fymphyfis  of  the  offa  pubis,  the  fymptoms  of  aa 
heftic  fever  have,  been  produced,  and  the  caufe  has  been  difcovered 
ai'ter  the  death  of  the  patient.    In  others  the  matter  has  burfl  through 
the  ca^fular  ligament  of  the  fymphyfis  at  the  inferior  edge,  or  perhaps 
made  its  way  into  the  bladder;  and'  in  others  it  has  infinuated  under 
theperiofleum,  continuing  its  courfe  along  the  pubis  till  it  arrived  at 
thQ-?^jZtetabuliim.     The  mifchief  being  thus  extended,  all  the  fymptoms 
^  w^'aggravated;  and,  the  matter  making  its  way  towards  tiie  fqcface, 
.a  large  abfcefs  has  been  formed  on  the  inner  or  fore  part  of  the  thigh, 
_or  near  the  hip,  and  the  patients  being  exhaufled  by  the  fever  and  prp- 
fufe  difcharge,  have  at  length  vielded  to  their  fate.     On  the  exami- 
nation of  the  bodies  after  death,  the  track  of  the  matter  has  been  fol- 
lowed from  the  aperture  of  the  abfcefs  to  the  fymphyfis,  the  cartilages 
.  V   ■  ■"  q£ 


DenmanV  Intr^dniHon  t$  Jldidwi/ery*  tjS 

of  which  wete  found  to  be  eroded^  the  bones  carious^  and  the  adjacent . 
paxts  very  much  injured  or  deftrpyed* 

^  It  may,  perhaps,  be  poiCyie  to  difcovcr,  by  fomc  particular  fymp* 
torn,  when  there  is  in  this  part  a  difpofition  to  fuppurate;  or  it  m^y 
be  difcpvered  when  fuppuration  has  taken  place.  In  all  oafes  of  unu- 
fual  pain,  attended  with  equivocal  fymptoms,  it  will  therefore  be  nc- 
ceffary  to  examine  thefe  parts  with  great  care  aud  attention.  Foir, 
when  there  is  a  difpofition  to  fuppurate,  bv  proper  means  it  might  be 
removed ;  and  when  matter  is  formed,  if  there  be  a  tumcfaftipn  at  th« 
fyinphyfis,  more  efpecially  if  a  fluftuation  could  be  perceived,  we  might 
deliberate  upon  the  propriety  of  making  an  incifion  to  evacuate  the 
matter;  and  by  fuch  proceedmg  further  bad.  confequences  might  be 
prevented*.' 

We  (hall*  tranjfcribe  feme  reniarks  on  the  retroverfus  uteri, 
which  do  much  honour  to  the  author.  The  retroverfus  uteri 
is  fuch  an  overturning  of  the  womb,  that  the  fundus  occupies 
the  hollow  of  the  facrum,  the  orifice  is  turned  towards  the 
fymphj^is  pubis,  and,  as  the  accident  happens  chiefly  in  the 
third  month  of  pregnancy,  the  uterus  is  fo  large  as  to  fill 
the  cavity  of  the  pelvis,  and  to  caufe  a  complete  obftruftion 
of.  faeces  and  urine,  and  if  the  obftrudiion  continue,  the  acci- 
dent muft  end  in  death.  This  is  the  nature  and  tendency  of 
tfee  difeafe,  and  the  cure, is  reprcfented  by  our  author  in  a  new 
and  intejrefting  point  of  view.  It  is  needleis  to  mention  that 
this  difeafe  was  obferved  only  of  late  years ;  that  it  was  difco- 
vered  by  the  late  Dr.  Hunter,  explained  in  a  le3:ure,  and  en- 
graved for  his  great  work  on  the  Gravid  Uterus.  But  it  is  only 
juftice  to  oiir  author  to  fay>  that  though  it  was  difcovered  and 
£:>cplainedy  it  was  not  underjiood  by  others  j  that  though  the  re- 
lative pofitions  of  the  bladder  and  womb  were  difplayed,  the 
effefls  were  not  juftly  conceived  j  tfaat  the  returning  of  the 
uterus  to  its  proper  place  by  a  violent  operation,  was  long 
thought  to  be  the  only  chance  of  fafety,  and  was  attempted  in 
Various  very  violent  ways ;  and  that  in  the  firfi:  cafe  which  at- 
tracted the  public  notice  the  patient  died,-  having  her  bladder  ' 
ftill  diftended  with  ten  pounds  of  urine. 

«  The  fuppreffion  of  urine  has  hitherto  been  fuppofed  to  be  the 
confequence  of  the  retroverfion  of  the  uterus,  which  has  been  afcribed  . 
to  various  accidental  caufes.     But  if  we  confider  the  manner  in  which  ^ 
thefe  parts  are  connc^ed,  and  examine  the  effe^  produced  by  the  in-*^ 
flation  of  the  bladder  in  the  dead  fubjedt,  fo  as  to  refemble  the  dif- 
tenlion  broaght  on  by  a  fuppreffion  of  urine  in  the  living,  We  (hall  be 
convinced  that  the  uterus  muft  be  elevated  before  it  can  be  retro- 
verted  t.    Now,  as  there  appears  to  be  no  caufe,  befides  the  diften- 
£on  of  the  bladder,  capable  of  elevating,  and  at  the  fame  time  pro- 

jeaing 

*  «  See  Medical  Obfervations  and  Inquiries,  Vol.  II.* 
'  +  *  By  repeated  inflations  of  the  bladder,  and  then  prefling  out  the 
wr  in  the  dead  fubjeft,  I  could  give  a  very  good  idea  of  the  retro^. 

M  a  verfioa 


3eJ^liie  the  fundus  of  tb«  vterus  backwKfcId^;  af)4  iLt  f^ch  dtvatioD  and 
projeSion  necelTarily  follow  the  diftcntiop  of  the  bhdder,  it  is  more 
ToSo^n^  ta  cofichide  tiibl  the  Aiop^^flten  of  tjt ine  pteccdcs  the  ic- 
tr<iT«rfion,  if  we  do  nt>t  irflow  it  ttf  be  sf  cade  withontwWch  the  fttro-  ' 
vct6&n  cannot  exilK  Moreover,  if  the  uteru*  is  in  a'  ftate  ^^ch  per- 
mit* it  to  be  rctroi^rted,  when  tlie  Wadder  is  much  diflaiided,  a  re- 
treteriion  18  a  necciTaiy  coafcqueiice.  If  a  wopfian,  for  inftance,  about 
the  third  month  of  her  pftgnancy,  has  afuppreflion  of  tjrine  continuing 
fof  a  certain  time,  ^c  may  be  aSftufcd  that  the  uterus  is  retro  verted. 

*  It  would  be  vain  and  al)fard  to  contend  for  the  opinion,  that  the 
fapprcfllon  of  urine  is  the  caufe  of  the  ittroveriion  of  the  uterus ;  for, 
weie  it  pet  jufly,  it  wotrld  be  eontraii^bed  by  daily  experience.  But 
the  matter  no  longer  rcfts  upon  the  foundation  of  opinion  or  conjee- 
tuie :  for»  from  the  firft  cale  in  whkh  I  thought  I  had  reafon  to  fufpe^ 
it,  .1  have  fo  conikatly  obfen^ed  if,  either  by  the  iderve  of  women  of 
fupeiior  rank  in  iife«  or  by  the  reftraint  of  thofe  in  inferior  fituations, 
AegleAing  or  being  prevented  from  attending  to  the  caUs  of  nature, 
that  there  does  not  remain  a  doubt  concerning  it.  The  fa^  hath  alfo 
befl»,  proved  in  a  variety  of  cafes  by  praditioneps  cf  the  firff  eminence, 
who  have  fupplied  me  with  the  moft  unqueftionat)le  teftiraonies  of  it* 
truth ;.  and,  in  this  eafe,  it  is  a  matter  of  great  importance  to  difcover 
the-  caufe  of  the  difcafe,  as  the  method  of  preventing  it  is  thereby  im.- 
medi^tely  pointed  out. 

*  But  the  pfeceding  fuppreflion  of  orine  may  be  overlooked,  a* 
there  is  not  occafinin  for  it  to  be  of  long  continuance  in  order  to  pro^ 
duce  its  efie^;  efpecially  in  a  woman  v^ho  hath  a  capacious  pelvis,  iit 
wbojp  Uac  retroveriioa  of  the  uterus  is  moft  likely  to  happen.  It  muft 
alfo  be  obferved,  though  the  fuppreffion,  of  urine  gives  to  the  uterus 
it$  fir^  inclination  to  retrovert,  yet  the  pofition  of  the  osut^ri  is  fuch,  ' 
in  the  aCl  of  retroverting,  and  the  tumour  formed  by  the  fundus  is  ' 
fometiipes  fo  large,  when  actually  retro  verted,  as  to  become,  in  their 
tariff  caufes  of  the  cdntinuance  of  the  fiippreffion  of  urine. 

*  Should  tmy  doubt  remain  of  the  c^ufe  of  the  rctroverfton,  it  can- 
ned, howeyes,  be  diCmtcA  but  that  all  attempts  to  reftore  the  uterus  to 
its. natural  pofition,  befoie  the  diftcntion  of  the  bladder  is  removed, 
moft  be  fruitkfii,  as  the  uterus  will  be  borne  down  by  the  pte^re  of  the  ' 
fuptfllnciimbept  bladder.  The  firft  ftep  to  be  taken  for  the  relief  of 
the  patient,  is  to  difcharge  the  urine ;  yet  there  is  always  great  diffi- 
cuJily  in- the  iatrodoj^iion  af  theeommon  catheter,  becauie  the  urrthra 
is  ei9ngated|»  altered  in  its  dire^ion,  and  pr^fled  againi!  (he  oiTa  pubis . 
by  the  tumour  formed  by  the  retroverttd  uterus.  But  the  inconve- 
nicncies  thence.  ajiiing<may  be- avoided  by  the  ufe  of  the  ^xible  m^le 
catheter,  flowly  conduded.  I  fay  flowly,  becaufe,  whatever  catheter 
is  ;Vki<rd»  the  fucodfs  of  the  operation,  and  the  eafe  and  fafety  of  th« 
patien;t,  very  much  d^end  upon  this  circumstance ;  for  if  we  afiedt  to 
mffor^  it  with  hafte  and  dexterity,  or  drive  to  over<^ome  tbe  diiicalt^r 
bv-foxcciy  vve  (hail  be  foiled  in  thErattefnpt,  o^  it  will  b^  f^arc^ly  pof^ 
iible/to  avoid  doing  injury  to  the  parts.  The  catheter  Ihould  not  be 
carried  farther  into  the  bladder,  when  the  urine  begins  to  flow,  unlef§ 

verfion  qf  the  uterus  j  ahd  probably,  if  I  could  have  h^d  an  ppppr^u- 
nfty  of  tnnking  the  expfcrimenfc  in  a  ftate  of  pregnincy^  tniigfct  toye^ 
fllcc«cdcddn--pivdxicirig-a»adu*kl'retrov^rfio£U*      ^    '' 


Denhiftrt*i  'Intriduffhn  h  Mutvuifery.     .  "        f^^ 

k  cc9fe»  lEidbire  ibe  dtfbontioa  ifi  r^mcm^d?  whkh;  in  imt  da&s,  ImSij^ 
pen$  »  fuch  a  m^ii^^r  as  to  g^v%  us  the  idea  of  a .bixdder'divided'ines 
two. canities.  Ext^iapil.preflvfe  ,up©n  the  abdoknto-will'-aKd  favottt 
tbejdlTchai^&Qif  the  axine,  after  id^hich  the  patient  is  feniibie  df  fueh 
relief  as  to  conclude  that  ihe  is  wholly  freed  from  her  difeafe.  '  *A 
clyfter  ftiQiarld  t^u  be  injatWd,  and  repeated  if  neceffary,  to  reiiiove  tlic 
fxtes.  which,  may  have  been  detained  in  the  return  befois  of  diiritig 
the  ccntipuaace.af  the  rctrov«ri»n, 

*  But  tiiough  the  diilentton  ^  the  bladder  it  removed  by  the  dif« 
diarge  of  the  urine,  and  ali  the  fympeomtoceafiontd  by  it  selier^d, 
tiae  uterus  coociuaes  retro  verted.  It  has  been  faid  that  the  ftate  of 
retf ovcr^oai  B.ai  uiJ33jioQ&  to  the  ateras  nklU  and  would  poduce  {otxtt 
dangerous  difcafe  in  the  part:  it  has  alfo  been  affertei,  chat  if  fh# 
Mteras  was  permitted  to  reraain  in  that  ftate,  it  w«uid  be  locked  ki  the 
pcl?is  by  the  gj;adual  enlargement  of  th»  ovtrno,  inr  fuch  a  roanner  at 
to  fender  its  repo^tion  impradticabie,  and  tlie  death  of  the  patient  an 
jaievitable  cenfeqaence.  On  the  groumd  of  thefe  opinions  we  havt 
been  taught  that  it  is  neceffary  to  madce  attempts  to  reftore  the  uterut 
to  its  natural  fituation,  with,  all  expedition^  when  the  urine  is  dif« 
ch^ged,  and, that  we  are  to  pccfevcre  in  thcfe  attem^  till  we  fucceed. 
In  caJJe  of  fsiiliire,  the  nicans  we  hare  been  advifed  to  purfue,  man^ 
of  which  are  f::vere,.  and  fame  extremely  cruel,  as  wcii  as  ufeteis, 
would  bed  defcril.e  the  dread  of  thoftt  confequeneev  whidi  faa^e  ben| 
apprehended  Train  the  retroverfion. 

*  For  both  thefe  confeqtiences  there  cannot  furely  be  itaibn  to  fe«f. 
If  tlj^  uterus  he  injured,  there  will  be  no  farther  growth  of  the  ovutni 
and  if  the  o\  um  fhouid  continue  to  grow,  it  is  the.  moil  infallible 
proof  that  the  uterus  has  not  received  any  mat«riaHii|ury.  But  it  is 
remarkable  that,  in  the  moit  deplorable  «afe$  of  the  relroveriion  of  th« 
»t.frus,  thofe  wliich  iiave  terminated  i^ally^  the  deatk  of  tine  patiant 
fcas  been  difcoyered  to  he  owing  to  the  iajsKryrdcne.  to  the  Madder 
only.  It  is  jet  nrare  remark«able,  in  the  maltipliciiy  of^  cafes  of  thtd 
kind  v^hich  have  occurred,  many  of  which  hav»  been  iradec  the  €ar«  pf 
pradtitiontirs  who  had  no  fufpicion  that  the  uterus  could  bexetcovened; 
and  who  would  of  courfe  tnake.na  attempts  to  replace  it,  that  ther*. 
ihould  be  fo.  few  inihaccs  of  any  injury  whatever.  Yet  eveiy  patient 
under  thefe  cirCumuances  muii  have  died,  if  their  fafety  bad  depenided 
npoB  the  reftcration  of  the  uterus  to  its  psoper  iituation  by  art ;  atten* 
cion  having  onfy  been  paid  to  themoft  obvious  aad  tti^nt  fyiv^Mom; 
che^  foppcei&oa  of  urine*,  aad  to  the^re^^val  of  diemi&hie^  wh\xAk 
might .toencea^i^  ..  ;  ,. 

'  Opinions  are  often  vain  and  deceitful*;  kofty  %vith.<  relped  t»t^ 
matter.  aoWundbroonfideracion,. they  hawe  adfo  boiiv  vtfry^pkjtidiciUl : 
fbr  it  has  batsa  pxx)vcd  iai  a  vaaieiy  of  cales^  iMiy  ef  vhioh'  We«fc^  acv 
tended  to  with  pairticulav  caxc  by  uQ|>0ej<udiced  and  vttv  capabk  w^ir*  * 
neile&*^  that  the.  uterus  may  foouiiii  in  a  vetiovciced  ibttt  fi>r.mady  dayft 
or  weeks,  without  any  other  demment  than  what  may  be  occairtoned 
by  the  temporary  interruption  of  tht;  difchargeaby-^oolor  ortnev  And; 
contrary  to  all  exjpettation,  it  hath  bacn  mojpoover.  proved^  jtbat  the 
tuenis,  -when  retrovcned*  will  often  be  graduaily>  and  fosKrinieB  fud^ 
«ienly,  ceflored  t6  its  pofition  wldiout  any  ^fiance)  provided  tfoscati^- 
be  lemoved  by  die  occa(io<ial  ufe  of  the  catheter.    It  appean  that  the 
enlargement  of  the  utorua,  from  the  incie^  ^  t\»  &iv^my  \»i  ib  far 

M  ^  ftoni 


1S8  14  I  o  w  I  r  E  R  T. 

from  olbftrufUng  the  afccnt  of  the  fundus,  that  it  contributes  to  pro^- 
mote  the  effeft,  the  diftention  of  the  cervix  becoming  AWknce'tb 
counteract  the  depreflion  of  the  fundus ;  for  I  have  found  no  cafes  of 
the  retro  verted  uterus  admit  of  a  repofition  with  fuch  diflSculty  as  iit 
women  who  were  not  pregnant*  ■  •  '       "  ■    '      "    - 

-  *  Allowing  that  we  have  the  power  of  returning  the  uterus  when 
yctrovcrted  to  its  proper  fituation ;  khbwing  alfo  that  it  may  continue 
tetroverted  without  any  immediate  ill  comequcnces ;  and  prefuming 
that  it  is  capable  of  recovering  its  fituation  by  the  gradual  exertion  of 
its  own  power,  at  leaft  that  fuch  recovery  is  an  event  which  followg 
the  change  which  th6  parts  naturally  undergo ;  it  is  neccflary  to  cqn-< 
fidef  the  advantages  and  difadvantagcs  which  may^  refult  from  oiir 
adllng  according  to  either  intention; 

*  If  the  attempt  to  replace  the  uterus  be  inftantly  made  after  the 
urine  is  difcharged,  fo  much  force  will  often  be  required  for  the  pur- 
pofe  as  will,  notwitl^ftandirng  all  precaution,  give  much  pain^  induce 
the  hazard  of  injuring  the  uterus,  and  often  occafion  abortion;  which; 
in  feme  inftances,  is  alfo  faid  to  have  happened  when  little  force  was 
ufed,  and  even  when  the  uterus  was  aSually  retroverted.  It  mud 
likewife  be  granted  that;  in  fome  cafes,  by  paffing  two  or  more  fingers 
into  the  vagina,"  the  fundus  of  the  uterus  may  be  raifed  beyond  the 
projeftion  of  the  facrum  without  much  force ;  though,  in  others,  re- 
peated attempts,  with  various  contrivances,  and  with  the  patient  at 
the  fame  time  placed  in  the  ^oft  favourable  pofitions,  have  failed  to 
procure  fuccefs.  -  »       •  '  • 

,  '  If,  on  the  contrary,  we  are  perfuaded  that  the  uterus  will  fuitain 
no  injury  by  its  retroverfion,  and  that  there  is  no  danger  of  its  being 
locked  in  the  pelvis,  but  that  it  will  be  gradually  reftored  to  its  natural 
•pofition  without  afiiftance,  we  have  then-  only  to  guard  againft  thoic 
inconveniences  which  may  be  dccafioncd  by  the  drftention  of,  or  the 
preffurc  made  by  the  bladider  and  redlum.  -By  the  former  of  thefe  wc 
(hall  be  reduced  to  the  neceffity  of  ufing  the  catheter  daily  or  frequent- 
ly, which  is  generally  done  without  difficulty,  except  the  firft  time  it 
is  introduced.  This  operation,  it-  muft  be  acknowledged,  is,  in  all 
cafes,  very  difagreeable  and  troublefome  to  the  patient ;  and,  in  fome 
iitoations-,  the  neceffity  we  are  under  of  performing  it  fo  often,  and  for 
fo  long  2^  time,  is  in  itfelf  a  fufficieni  reafon  for  our  attempting  to  re- 
place the  uterus  fpeedily.  But  the  fuppreffion  of  urine 'doe$  not  always 
remain  through  the  continuance  of  the.  retroverfion'of  the  uterus:  for,' 
when  the.  diftention  of  the  bladder  has  been  lemovcd  for  fome  days/ 
and  its  power  of  adion  reftoied,  the  patient  will  often  be  able  to  void 
her  urine  without  flfliftance.  i  ' 

«  We  may  then  bring  the  matter  to  this  ififue :  if  the  uterus,  when 
letroverted,  can  l>e  replaced  by  m^  without  the  exertion  of  much 
ibrce,  or  the  riik  of  mifchief,  the;  immediate  repofition,  though  not 
abfolutcly  neceflary,  is  at  all  times  an  event  to  be  wifhed;  as  farther 
•Upprehenfion  and  trouble  are  prevented,  the  fafety  of  the  patient  en- 
fared,  and  her  mind  qujetcdv  But,  when  the  utenis  cannot  be  replaced 
without  violence,  it  ieems  more  juftifiable  to  wait  for  its  return,  and 
to  fatistyourfejy^  with  watching  and  relieving  the  inconveniences 
produced  by  the. retro vcrfion.  We  (hall  alfo  find:that,  the  longer  the- 
attempt  to  replace  the  uterus  is  delayed,  the  more  eafy  the  operation 
will  Qltimatei^  be,  and  the  fuccefs  more  cert^in^  ... 
^ '  .'.  •    ♦To 


Denman'5  Introiu^jon  to  Midwifery.  1 59 

•  To  thofc'who  have  been  accnffomcci  to  cohfidcr.  the  nctrovcrfion 
<if  the  uterus  as  pfodndiveof  immediate  and  .urgent  danger>  it  inay  * 
fcem  Ibangc  to  aflfert  thut,  when  the  urine  is  difchai^ed,  the  patients* 
are  often  able  to  ret«in)  to  the  comsnan  bufinefs  of  Itie  without  danger,-' 
and  with  very  little  trouble,  if  no  effential  injpry  lias  been  done  t6 
the  bladder  by  the  grcatnefs  or  long  continuance  pf  the  diftcntion.     I 
do  not  mean  that  they  will  be  as  perfefUy  cafy  as  if  the  uterus.  \fa#  not 
retro  verted  ;  but  the  inconveniencies  they  may  fuffer  will,  be  trifling, 
and  of  ftiort  duration,  compared  with  thofe  which  might  arife  from 
violent  attempts  to  replace  it. 

*  I  (hall  conclude  thefe  remarks  with  an  obiervation  which  will  ap- 
pear extraordinary*  From  the  lime  when  the  firft  accounts  of  the 
retTOverfion  of  the  uterus  were  given  in  this  country,  till  within  thefe 
few  years,  it  was  cftcemcd  to  be  a  cafe  of  great  danger,  and  to  require 
the  moft  delicate  management ;  but,  at  the  prefent  time,  no  praditi- 
oner  of  credit  confiders  it  as  a  cafe  of  any  difficulty,  or  feels  any  foli- 
citude  for  the  event,  provided  he  be  called  to  the  relief  of  the  patieiit 
before  any  mifchief  is  aftually  done  *.' 

This  was  the  ftate  of  pradice  from  the  difcovery  by  Dr. 
Hunter  till  Dr.  Denman's  Obfervations  were  firft  publifhed. 
The  importance,  the  dangers,  and  the  difficulties  of  the  cafe 
were  magnified  to  a  great  degree.  It  was  univerfally  fuppofed 
that  unlefs  the  womb  were  reduced,  it  would  fo  increafe  in 
iize  that  no  human  force  could  raife  it  from  the  pelvis  \  that, 
by  thus  increafing  in  fize,  and  preffing  on  all  points,  the  ob- ' 
ftru^on  of  faeces  and  urine  would  become  complete,  and  that 
death  would  follow;  that  redudlion,  immediately  performed, 
was  the  only  means  of  fafety,  and  that  the  reduftion  ihould  be 
accomplifhed  by  any  poflible  means ;  and  finally,  that  if  re- 
duftion  failed,  die  contents  of  the  womb  or  of  the  bladder  were 
to  be  immediately  difchargcd.  Some,  to  perform  the  redu<9;ion 
oi  the  womb,  pafled'two  or  three  fingers  into  the  vagina,  and 
an  equal  number  into  the  reftum  +,  •  Others  ufed  the  lever,  or. 
ablade  fimilar  to  the  lever,  and  paffed  it  into  the  vagina  or 
reftum,  as  a  fubftitute  more  powerful  than  the  fingers  ;  or  they 
applied  one  lever  to  the  orifice  of  the  womb  to  move  it  down- 
wards, in  order  to  diminifti  the  impa5fion^  and  introduced  ano- 
ther into  l^e  reftum  to  fupply  the  place  of  the  fingers  J. 
Others  contrived  to  procure  abortion,  by  pufhing  a  catheter 
through  the  os  internum  §.  Others  propofed  to  puncture  the 
bladder  above  the  pubis,  or  from  the  vagina  ||.  A  few  declared 
in  favour  ofthefcdic'fymphyfi^  pubis,  \vhen  other  means  faii- 
'fd  **  i  and  Dr.  Hunter  gave  Hi^  countenance  to  fuch  extraya-; 
gant fears  and  fuch  fatal  operations,  by  making. ft  a  queftion  pf 
bis  own,  *  whether  it  were  advifafele  to  perforate  the. womb 

.^  *  b^  Medical  Obfervations  and  Inquiries,  Vol'.  IV.  and'  futifequent 
volumes,   .,        ,  t  Ibi4. .  f  See  Aitken'l  fedWifery/p.  xa^"^ 

h  lb.     .  , Jl  Lynn.   See  Obfcrvatioj^  ^nd  Hq^ric^,-  Vol.  IV,:  py  ^q^;, 
**  Dr.  Piirpel*  TMledical  Commentaries.    '  1 

'^'    ^-  '    '■  '    ^'       -       ■■  M  4     .'  "'       ■.  _  ;,,=  J/  ,^,^ 


i6q  «  tjt  r  6  t  r  r.' 

with  ft  fmajl  typq^r^  or  ^oy  other  proper  infl:run>ent>  'in*«>r4er  to 
djfchargc  the  liquor  amii^iiy  and  thereby  ronder  tiie  womb  Co 
finaU  aad  fo  lax  a$  to  ^dmit  reduction.'  If  lie  whi>,  -on  other 
Ojccafions,  pleaded  the  powers  a£  nature,  a«d  inculcated  the 
moft  ilmple  prafUce,  was  guilty  of  fuch  unreafcnable  fears,  and 
propofed  liicQ  desperate  mcans-^if  all  thefe  operations  be  pro-» 
pofed  in  ^  t§xt-book  of  the  laft  year  for  the  inftru£tion  of 
ftudent^i  furely  the  profeffion  owes  much  to  our  author. 

A.  A, 


Art.  VII.  The  Chirurgical  Works  of  Perdyall  Potty  F.  R.  5, 
Surgeon  to  St.  Bartholomew^  tfo/pitaf.     A  new  Editiony  with 

.  his  laji  CorreSiions,  To  whick  are  added  afisart  Account  fif  the 
Life  of  the  Author^  a  Method  of  curing  the  Hydrocele  by  Ifijeifiotty 

•  and  ^ccafianal  Notes  and  Ohfervations,  By  James  Karle,  E&j;. 
Surgeon  Extraordinary  to  his  Majefty's  Hoirfehold,  and  Sur- 
geon, to  St.  Bartholomew's  Hofpital.  In  three  Volumes  8vo* 
1516  p.  and  19  plates.  Pr.  ll.  is.  in  boards.  Johnfon,  &c. 
1790. 

We  ^grec  with  the  Editor  of  thefe  volumes  that  a  complete 
and  corre<9:  edition  of  Mr.  Pott'$  works  canngt  fail  to  be  ae- 
cepuble  to  the  public.  Whatever  improvements  may  be  intro- 
duced hereafter,  Mr.  Pott's  eflays  will  always  be  valuable  as 
being  the  refult  pf  an  extenfive  practice,  and  .found  judgment. 
He  was  no  contriver  of  ingenious  fpeculations  or  fplendid  theo- 
ries., yet  the  chirurgical  world  are  indebted  to  him  for  fome  of 
the  beft  parts  of  modern  prafiice,  and  for  having  removed  the 
prejudices  of  ancient  fyftems. 

from  Mr.  Earle's  life  of  Mr.  Pott  we  flDall  give  the  follow- 
ing  brief  notices.  Mr.  Pott  was  born  Dec.  26,  171 3,  ia 
-  Threadneedle-ftreetj  at  feven  years  old,  he  was  fent  to  a  pri- 
vate fchool  at  Dame  in  Kent,  where  be  made  cgnfiderabre  pro- 
ficiency in  claflfical  knowledge  In  1729  he  was  bound  ajp-. 
]frcntice  to  Mr.  Noui^fe,  one  of  the  lurgeons  of  St.  Bartholo^ 
mew's  hpfpital,  where  his  opportunities  of  improvement  were 
tnany.  •  Very  early  in  life  he  adopted  Lord  Bacon's  advice  to 
^  ftudent,  ^  to  confider  one  part  and  one  dileafe  at  a  time/  his 
^dvancemeiit  in  anatomy  and  furgery  muft  of  co.urfe  have  been 
grcat.T-lx)  1736,  his  apprenticelhip  being  finifeed,  he  com- 
mencef]  praftjtioner  and  lived  in  Fenchurch-ftreet*  Jp  1744-5 
he  was  elected  ^iSftant  furgcori,  ai>d  iri  1749  wa?  appointed  one 
0f  the  principal  furgcons  of  St.  Bartholomew's  hofpital.  In 
^746  he  removed  to  Bow-lane,  and  aurried  the  daughter  of 
Kohert Cruttcnden,  Eft|.  In  if 756  he  foad  the  misfortune  to 
(iiflfer  a  compound  iti&Mte  df  ^he  leg,  and  it  was  during  the 
4|COp4aM7  QQoi&n^  this  accident  that  he  fouod  l^ifu/e 


Earlc*9  ChlrurgtodlJVurlU  ofP^rchall  Pott.  i6| 

to  pl;»;i  aild  partly  exec uti:  his  Tnatiftan  Huftuns.     Befoi;e  this 

ixp  bad  writt^a.o<dy  the  Relation  of  a  curious  Cafi  ofTunuiurs^  by  ' 

ivhich  the  bones  are  fofccned  \  which  was  inrerted  in  the  Philof.. 

IVanfac.  Vol,  XLL.  Part  2d,  and  is  here  reprinted.     In  1757 

^ic  wrote  W  Mcouxd  of  tb£  Hernia  Qot^genita^  which  involved 

bind  in  a  difpute  conccrmng  priority  ot  invention  with  Dr.  Wil* 

]iam  Hunter.     His  Ohjavations  on  th&  FiftyJa  Lachrymalii  apr 

peared  in  1758.     (p  17^60  he  pujjkUih^d  On  Wou/ids  andCantU"^ 

Jiofis  ofth  Uia4%  ^.     ^n  ^762,  Prq^'ual  Remarks  on  the  Hy^ 

droceU.     In  1764.  he  ^^a^  ^eiSted  F*  R.  S.  when  he  prefente4 

th^  focLety  with  4  cucLpus  ^d  uncommoa  Oif^  ^  a  Hernia  ff 

the  urinary  Bladder.     In   1 765  he  pubiilbed  On  the  lujlul^  tm 

jino.     About  this  time  he  gave  a  cow(e  of  lc3ures  at  his  houfe 

in  Wading- ftreet^  where  be  liad  reftded  ijbveral  years.     In  1768 

be  publiibed  a  new  and  improved  edition  qf  his  book  on  In^ 

juries  of  ths  Head\  accompanied  witii  his  Remarks  on  FraSfifres 

and  Difio(ations.     In  I'jfx^  1^  bcug^ht  a  houfe  in  Lincoln's-ion- 

fields,  where  he  refided  feven  years.     In  1772  he  repri-nted  hi^ 

work  on  the  hydrocele,  witk  a  new  method  oipajfmg  the  Setom^ 

In  17  75  appeared  Chirurgical  Qbjervations  relative  tp  the  Cata- 

rafl^  the  Polypus^  &c.     In  1777  hi  rw«oved  oq  Hanovcr-fquarc, 

9it  which  time  his  pradice  extended  co  an  amazing  degree,     in 

1779,  he  publifced  Remarks  on  that  Kind  of  Palfy  of  the  Limh 

which  is  frequently  found  to  accompany  a  particulaf  curvaturg 

9f  the  ffine.     In  1783  he  jKinted   Farther  Remarks  on  the  fansf 

SubjeSi.     This  was  the  laft  of  his  literary  productions,    in  1786 

he  was  elefted  an  honorary  fellow  of  the  royal  college  of  lur- 

freons,  Edinburgh,  and  received  a-  fimilar  honour  foon  aftef 
rom  the  royal  college  of  furgeons  in  Ireland.  In  171^7,  he 
refigned  the  office  of  furgpon  to  St.  Bartholomew's  hofpitat^ 
after  having  ferved  it  half  a  century,  '  man  and  boy,*  as  his 
ufed  to  fay.  On  Thurfday,  Dec.  11,  1788^  he  was.  feized 
with  the  diforder  which  proved  fatal ;  on  the  21ft  he  faid,  *My 
lamp  is  almofl  extinguifhed  ;  I  hope  it  has  bi^rned  fbr  the  bene- 
fit of  others.' — Next  day,  he  expired.  Such  are  the  chronoio* 
gical  events  of  Mr.  Pott's  life.  His  charader  is  ably  and*  ele- 
gantly drawn  by  Mr.  Earle,  but  for  this  we  refer  the  reader  to 
the  work  itfelf. 

The  ad  litions  arc,  in  the  firft  place,  notes  to  fome  pf  the 
treatifes  hitherto  publiftied,  by  the  editor  of  the  prefent  edition. 
Thefe  are  marked  K.  to  diftinguiQi  them  from  thofe  of  the 
original  author.  They  are  replete  with  utility  aj;)d  found judge- 
fnent,  and  form  that  very  neceflary  addition  to  JVir.  Pott's 
works,  which  he  probably  would  liave  giveii  himfcif,  bad*  bis 
extenfive  pra£bice  and  numerous  avocations  permitted*  la 
ipme  paflages  it  was  neceflary  to  elucidate  bis  meaning,  and  in 
others  to  take  notice  wh«re  h^had  changed  his  opiatoiv  pofterior 
tiQ  the  laft  publication  of  the  fevera\  treatifes. 

Tin 


l6«  S  U  E  G   E   R   \^.  ' 

The  Other  additions  are  two  treatifes  by  Mr.  Earle,  whicK 
claim  our  attention  from  their  connexion  and  importance.  The 
firft  is  entitled— iZ^Vtf/  Cure  sf  the  Hydrocele^  by  Means  of  an 
Inje^kn.  - 

The  objcft  in  the  cure  cf  hydrocele  being  to  produce  an 
adhefion  of  the  diftended.vaginal  coat  of  the  teftis  with  the. 
gland^  or  a  confolidation  of  the  contiguous  parts,  fo  as  to 
annihilate  the  cavity  in  which  the  water  is  contained,  it  has 
always  been  found  necefiary  to  produce  this  by  a  certain  degree, 
of  initanunation.  Before  Mr,  Pott*s  time  this  was  done  by 
dividing  the  fcrotum  and  the  vaginal  coat,  or  by  deftroyihg  .a 
part  of  them  by  the  knife  or  cauftic.  Mr.  Pott  introduced  a 
feton,  and  the  inflammation  was  effected  in  a  more  flmple  man- 
ner 5  but  notwithftanding  his  improvements  on  this  prafticcj^  he 
iw'as  not  always  able  to  moderate  the  degree  of  infiammatipn  ; 
Mr.  Earle  propofed  to  him  the  method  oi inje^lon^  tlwA  Mr,' 
Pott  approved  the  idea  and  would  have  given  it  a  fair  trial,  had 
not  death  fhortened  his  labours.  Mr.  Earle's  prafiice  will  be 
beft  underftood  from  his  own  words  : 

«  It  is  well  known  that  our  forefathers  inade  ufc  of  inJedHoiw 
for  the  cure  of  hydrocelesi  and  this  method  it  not  now  out  of 
pra£l]ce  on  the  continent ;  but  it  is  wonderful  that  a  remedy  which 
jnay  be  made  to  anfwer  the  intention  of  exciting  inilammation  t^ 
any  degree,  and  is  attended  with  no  inconvenience,  prefent  or 
future,  ihou!d  have  fallen  almofl  into  total  difafe  in  this  country  ^ 
fome  of  the  latter  Eoglifh  writers  on  the  hydrocele  do  not  mention 
it,  and  if  it  be  noticed  by  others,  it  is  only  to  ihew  their  difap^  . 
jjrobation  of  it. 

•  Ipjeftions  introduced  within  the  tunica  vaginalis  teftis,  into 
the  urethra,  or  into  any  cavity  of  the  body,  natural  or  formed  by 
<ilifeafe,  are  certainly  capable  of  doing  mifchief ;  but  the  mifchief 
inuft  arife  from  the  nature  of  the  injedion  ;  if  it  be  violent  and 
irritating,  it  may  produce  too  great  inflammation.  It  is  wtry  pro- 
bable that  the  cauftic,  and  highly  ftimulating  ingredients^  which 
have  been  fometimes  injudicioufty  injeded,  and  confined  an  un-^ 
neceiTary  and  unreafonable  length  of  time,  have  done  harm,  and 
have  been  the  caufe  of  bringing  injedions  in  general,  and  for  the 
cure  of  the  hydrocele  in  particular,  into  difcredit ;  but  it  is  ex-* 
tremeiy  abfurd  to  infer,  from  fuch  inftances,  that  all  kinds  of  in* 
jje^ion  muft  be  pernicious :  in  the  ufe/  of  them  we  are  not  limited 
to  any  degree  of  ftimulus.  Inje^ions  may  be  found  fo  bland,  a^ 
not  to  ofend  the  moft  ienHble  membrane  or  furface  in  the  human 
body  ;  on  the  other  hand,  they  may  be  prepared  fo  corrofive  as  to 
in^ame,  and  even  to  diffolve  the  moft  indolent  parts;  and  they 
may  be  made  to  produce  any  intermediate  eiFe^.  There  is  no 
kind  of  ftimulus  which  admits  of  fuch  various  modifications. 

*  Another  great  advantage  of  injeflions  is,  that  they  apply 
tbemfelves  equally  and  univerfaliy  over  the  whole  cavity  into  which 
|hej  are  thrown>  which  no  folid  body  can.  do*     < 

'     .        .  ..        ,,,■"'",         .      '     V  As 


Proffer  un  the  Fevers  if  Horjes.  x6j 

*  As  I  had  frequently  fucceeded  in  procuring  an  adhefion  and 
confolidation  of  parts  in  finules  and  other  large  cavities,  by  in<- 
|e6Uons  of  various  kinds,  without  caufihg  great  inflammation,  and 
%ad  by  thofe  means  avoided  the  neceflicy  of  eytenfive  divifions  of 
die  ikin  and  integuments,  whic;h  (houid  be  avoided  as  much  as 
poflible  in  tvnxy  part,  I  conceived  that  the  cure  of  hydroceles 
might  be  eiTeded  by  the  fame  gentle  means,  without  deranging 
more  than  is  neccflary,  the  cKConomy  of  thofe  tender  and  fenfible 
organs  which  are  the  feat  of  the  difeafe,  and  I  determined  to  make 
the  experiment. 

*  The  ihjedion  I  employed  for  this  purpofe  is  wine,  which  I 
made  choice  of  for  feveral  reafons ;  it  had  been  iifed  with  fuccefi 
in  France;  I  h^d  found  it  anfwer  well  in  procuring  adhe/ions  in 
bther  parts  ;  the  ilrength  of  wine  is  never  fo  great  as  ta  render  it 
an  uniafe  remedy,  and  it  may  be  readily  lowered  according  to  the 
^^ifFerent  feniibility  of  the  parts.  Thus  a  vinous  injedion  appeared 
capable  of  producing  all  the  good  efiefls  which  could  be  defired, 
with  fcarce  a  poflibility  of  doing  harm.  The  fuccefs  which  ha; 
attended  it,  has  more  than  anfwered  my  expedation ;  and,  from 
every  trial  I  have  made,  I  have  no  reafon  to  wi(h  for  a  different 
one :  the  pain  which  is  produced  by  it  is  incomparably  lefs  than 
by  any  other  operation  :  it  does  nothing  more  than  is  intended, 
knd  the  curative  effect,  lu  far  as  vay  experiments  have  gone,  is 
equally  certain.' 

In  fupport  of  this  pra£lice  Mr.  Earle  gives  us  Hxteen  cafes, 
in  moft  of  which  it  certainly  appears  to  have  fucceeded,  and 
\vhere  it  failed,  no  other  mode  could  be  fubftituted  with  fu- 
perior  advantage. 

*■  The  fecond  original  treatife  is  On  Hamorrhpidal  Excrefcences^ 
and  is  appended  to  Mr.  Pott's  treatife  on  the  Fiftula  in  Am. 
After  accurately  defcribing  this  particular  kind  of  excrefcence 
and  difcrirtiinating  it  from  every  other,  Mr.  Earle  prefcribes 
the  removal  of  it  by  ligature,  and  gives  a  few  cafes  in  which 
the  operation  is  explained.  It  appears  that  Mr.  Pott  intended 
to  have  written  on  this  (ubjeft,  had  not  his  engagements  denied 
him  Icifure.  ^ 

'  Prefixed  to  this  edition  of  Mr.  Pott's  works  is  an  engraving 
of  him  by  Heath  from  a  pifture  by  Sir  Jolhua  Reynolds.  The 
)>lates  of  inftrumcnt?,  &c.  are  executed  with  accuracy,  and  a 
Complete  indexi  which  the  ftudent  will  find  extremely  ufeful^ 
is  given  at  the  end  of  the  work.  A. 

■■■?■■■■    ' ' "   ■■■'■' ■■  II   ■  -II 

Art.  VIII.  A  treatife  m  the  Strangles  and  Fevers  of  Horfes. 
'    Wkh  a  Plate  reprejenting  a  Horfe  in  the  Staggers  Jiung,     By 

Thomas  Proffer.  8vo.  Pr.  3s.  od.  p.  142.  Grant.  1790. 

What  another  treatife  on  ferriery  !  Mr.  Taplin's  fuccefs  is 
jncJeed  very  encouraging,  and  will  undoubtedly  bring  many 
Adventurers  into  the  fame  field,  where  a  plentiful  harvefl  of  re« 
putation  is  fc  eafily  reaped.     Mr.  Proffer,  like  Mr.  Taplin,  is 


s66  THE6£bcirA 

Parental  Duty.-^The  Revelation  of  the  laft  Jfudgtnent.— ii 
Well-doing. — ^The  Duty  and  Charafier  of  a  national  Soldier. 
Moft  of  thefe  fubjeSs  occupy  two  difcourfesj  and  fonie  three  3^ 
for  the  number  of  fermons  in  both  volumes  is  thirty-three. 

The  charadleriftic  merit  of  Mr.  W.  as  a  writer  of  fermons, 
is  a  ftrength  of  underftanding  and  plenitude  of  ideas,  that  fel- 
dom  leaves  the  reader  to  regret  the  want  of  matter,  or  infor- 
mation^ on  the  refpeflive  iubjeSs  which  he  treats.  This  is,; 
perhaps^  the  firft  requifite  of  good  writing  j  but  yet  he  falls  ^ 
far  ihort  of  attainable  perfeSion.  His  compofition  is  often  de- 
fcftive,  his  ftyle  is  in  general  rude,  and  his  manner  fometimes 
offenfive.  In  particular,  we  objeft  to  an  awkward  kind  of  fa- 
miliarity, which  is  inconfiftent  with  the  dignity  and  decorumi 
of  the  pulpit,  and  which  in  the  clofet  appears  ftill  more  dif-^ 
agreeable.  For  inftance,  adverting  to  fome  '  who  boaft  tbem-i 
felves,  as  by  way  of  eminence,  to  be  moral  Chriftians  V  Mr* 
W.  exclaims,  '  fFhy  I  gentUmeny  as  much  morality  as  you  pleaje.* 
There  are  alfo  many  uncouth  forms  of  expreffion,  aiid  ipme 
grammatical  improprieties. 

Having  frankly  ftated  the  imperfe£Uons  of  thefe  yohtmes, 
we  haften  with  pleafure  to  produce  fuch  extrai£):s  as  willafford 
our  readers  an  opportunity  of  judging  for  theirifelves/  We 
ffiall  not  feleft  fentences  that  might  exhibit  miftakes  in  gram- 
gar  and  defefts  in  ftyle  ;  bu^  a  few  paflageS,  out  of  a  great 
itumber,  that  will  (hew  the  good  fenfe  and  rational  piety  of  thb 
author. — ^VoL  I.  p.  lOO.  ;      J; 

Ok  Fiety.  *  Piety  has  the  fame  foundation  in  human  nature  with  ever/ 
other  virtue ;  it  is  of  the  fame  charafter  and  fpirit  with  thofe  virtiioua 
afie^tions  which  we  all  acknowledge,  which  we  all  admire,  which  we 
all  revere ;  it  is  in  us,  if  we  will  look  for  it ;  it  may  be  brought  for- 
ward, if  we  will  cherifti  it ;  and  it  may  be  weakened,  it  may  b€  re- 
lifted,  it  may  be  deftroyed,  if  we  will  abandon  ourfelves  to  thofe  paf- 
£ons  and  to  thofe  temptations  which  conflitute  pur  trial,  both  as  we 
are  related  to  our  Creator  and  to  our  fellow-creatures.  To  fin  againft 
piety  is  the  very  fame  crime  as  to  fin  againft  gratitude  or  love  in  any 
of  their  forms ;  and,  as  man  admits  not,  in  the  fins  againft  man,  the  , 
falfe  and  profligate  plea,  that  we  are  by  nature  indi^'ofed  to  virtue 
and  to  goodnefs,  fo  neither  is  it  to.be  prefumed,  that  God  will  remit 
the  crimes  againft  religion,  becaufe  we  are  pleafed  ,t6  fuppofe  that  wc 
have  no  inclination  to  her  demands,  or  no  capacity  of  entering  into 
her  fpirit.* 

On  Happinefs.  P.  1 46.  *  To  an  attentive  obferver  of  human  life,  it  will 
befound,  that  the  government  of  all  mankind  is  much  more  a  theocracy 
than  is  generally  imagined  :  nor  is  the  conclufion  to  be  rqedted,  becaufe 
the  purpofes  of  divine  providence  appear  to  be  brought  forward  by  the 
intervention  of  fecondary  caufes.  If  happinefs  be  citimated  by  fipcerc 
and  pleafant  enjoyment,  then  it  is  not  only  a  general,  but  almoft  an  uni* 
verfal  truth,  that  happinefs  is  a  ft  ranger  to  vice ;  that,  allowing  even 
for  the  debafement  of  tafte,  the  vicious  do  not  even  know  enjoyment. 
They  purfue  her,  but  they  find  her  not  ^  and  whether  it  be  that  the 
4  cagerneft 


Walker*^  Sermons  en  various  SuhjeSis^  167 

^agCCTfifs  of  their  wi(hes»  the  intempennce  t^  their  expedbcions*  the 
nufmanagcroent  oi  their  ounda,  the  ufurpatiqns  of  a  felfifh  fpirit,  the 
lyant  of  lynipthy  with  pthexs,  or  the  being.gcnerally  driven  by  theif 
pafficms  and  by  the  objeft  pf  their.y urfuit  into  a  ftate  of  hoftility  with 
their  fellow-creatures,  or  lattly  their '  having  no  refource  under  difap- 
jjointment ;  whetheir  \\  be  that  any  ox  all  of  thcfe  caufes  defeat  them 
of  the  expeded  joy, ,  the  truth  is,  that  their  whole  plan  is  an  impo- 
tfent  ftruggle  againft  human  nature  and  againft  human  life,  and  there- 
fore againft  God,  the  author  of  both.  To  (peak  in  plain  terms,  who- 
<vit  contemplates  human  Hie  with  attention,  finds' ample  reafon  to 
cdticiude,  that,  .among  the  fona  of  vice,  among  the  mere  childroi  oJF 
this  world,  neither  the  great  man,  nor  the  rich  man,  nor  the  man  of 
pkafuie,  is  by  any  means  a  happy  man ;  and  ytt  if,  with  a  mind  de^ 
voted  to  thia  world,  happinefs  be  atfainable,  greatnefs,  and  wealthy 
and  pleafure,  ought  to  adminifter  it.  Worldly  wifdom  infults  over* 
the  timidity,  the  credulity,  the  inadlivipr,  the  imprudence,  which 
often  mark  the.charader  of  the  trulv  good:  ilian  ;  but,  with  al!  their 
infults,  he  has  the  blefling  which  they  have  fought  after;  care!r&of 
*  &i»  world,  he  enjoys  it  tnore ;  every  thing  is  friendly  to  him ;  or 
the  good  temper^  the  chearfulnefs,  the  temperance,  the  government 
of  his  mind,  converts  every  thing  into  a  friend,  and  extracts  that  plea- 
fbie  from  it,  whidb  it  was  defigned  to  minifter,  and  which  virtue 
knowa  only  to  receive/ 

With  the  following  fenfible  remarks  we  muft  clofe  our  ex- 
ttrafls.— Vol.  li.  p,  45/ 

.  *  The  confufed  Ideas  which  are  generatly  entertained  of  heaven, 
jtt  if  it  were  a  perfe<^  equality  both  of  character  and  of  condidon; 
arc  among  the  wildeft  dreams  of  man.  The  charafter  of  thofc  perfon- 
ages  into  whofe  prefence  and  feMowihip  we  fhall  be  admitted,  and  the 
varied  chara^ler  which  fliall  be  tranfplantod  from  earth,  render  foch 
notions  utterly  incredible.  They  bear  no  analogy  to  the  ways  of  di- 
vine wifdom  herp,  nor. to  the  ways  and  difpofitions  of  divine  wi£dom 
"  a%  intimated  to  us  of  hereafter.  Every  gift  of  God  is  varied  on  this 
,  earth;  and  from  this  diverfity  of  gifts,  of  talents,  and  capacities,  ap- 
peiars  to  fpring  all  fecial  union.  To  give  and  to  receive,  to  alTift  and 
be  afliftcd,  to  inftrud  and  be  inHrui^edi  to  improve  and  be  improved, 
is,  according  to  all  our  notions,  of  the  very  elTence  of  fociet}%  The 
moftexahed  being  under  God  is  not  degraded  by  a  dependence  on 
eoodf  whether  to  be  imparted  to  him  immediately  from  the  Supreme 
Hand,  or  mediately  through  thofc  inftruments  whom  the  Father  of 
all  kindnefs  and  mercy  may  have  provided  ;  and  the  moft  exalted  fpirit 
18  honoured  and  blefled  in  having  the  capacity  of  good  entnifted  to 
him,  in  having  the  fubjeft  of  good  prefented  to  him.  God  is  the 
only  being  who  has  the  high  prerogative  of  independence,  of  a  frec- 
dpni  from  all  want ;  he  alone  gives  and  not  receives,  unlefs  in  the 

frateful  and  dutiful  returns  of  his  beneficiaries^  unlefs  in  the  refle^ed 
appinefs  of  the  wide  blelfings  which  he  difFufes. — Neither  is  it  pof- 
,fibleto  conceive  from  the  varied  capacities,  attainments,  and  improve- 
ments with  which  we  clofe  our  ftate  of  probation  here,  but  that  all 
the  diverfity  of  charafter  which  a  pi'openfity  to  God  and  goodnefs  ad- 
mits of,  will  be  found  in  heaven,  and  provide  an  abundant  'field  for 
a,Il  charitable  exercjfe,  fimilar  to  the  walk  of  the  moft  adive  and  be- 
rievoleot  charity  on  earth.    It  would  require  an  abfolute  re-creatio» 

of 


of  ihind,  to  «fic£l  aii  e^ualky  of  cirpachf ,  •attairmnjn*',  jfcl  illriJi^^- 
iftent.in  ill  who  ftiall  pafs  from  car^  to  "hcairn,  Which  k  #eft  inhgi^ 
ib  fupprfe  ;  as  it  would  be  contrary  to  thit  otder  of  progrefliotii  W' 
riiat  gradatii>n  of  being,  to  th«  wiie  a(nd  equitable  JjHoportioh  of  te- 
wsird,  which  ippfcars  t6  ^ntct  into  the  whole  j^lAn  of  providcrtce/ 

We  cannot  difmifs  die  prefent  article  without  rertiarkinffy 
{tifX  the  fubjedb  of  Charity  is  treated  in  a  very  full  and  maft^rfy 
manner,  in  three  fucceflivc  difcourfes  ;  and  that,  notwithftand^ 
ing  the  imperfedtions,  which  critical  jullice  oblige^  us  to  men-7 
tion,  we  received  uucommoii  pleafure  from  the  peru(al  of  the& 
volumes,  F«    . 


Art.  XI.     ithe  Jewijh  and  Heatheti  R^e^im  of  the'  Cfjrl/fiM 
Miracles.     A  Serfnoriy  pre<iched  before  the  Untverfty  of  Cam^ 
brid^ey  on  Sunday y  March  7,   1790.     By  Thoraas  Edwardsi 
X.L.  D.     4tol     19  p.     Pr.  IS.     Cadell.     1790'. 
The  learned  author  of  tliis  difcourfe'has  conitdenably  extfted^ 
by  it  the  attention  of  divines,  whofe  curi^fity  be,  ho  dgubc^  iti^ 
ttnded  to  pique  by  (fliall  we  fav  ?•)  the  novelty  he  afffeft^,  botB 
of  manner  and  fnatter.     The  Jii^dijhrit  hiftorian  bf  the  R6mati 
empire  is  extolled  by  him  with  the  warmeft  language  of  in- 
flated panegyric,  wKilft  his  opponents  jjre  degraded  as  unlet-. 
tered  bigots  and  futile  cavillers.     Thai  Rlr.  Gibbon  has  nof 
been  hitherto  fatlsfaftorily  anfwered,  we  are  very  ready  to  ad- 
mit ;  but  we  cazi  by  no  means  allow  that  the  language  applied 
^.  to  his  anfwerers  is  either  propem  or  decent;  and  we  csM^nol 
forbear  adding,  that,  to  us,  it  appears  incompatible  with  the 
modefty  of  .a  philofopher,  the  liberality  of  a  fcholar,  and  the 
urbanity  of  a  gentleman.     Let  Mr.  Gibbdn  and  his  opponents 
both  have  their  due ;    and  if  Dr.  Edwards .  intend  to  eclipfe 
them  both  by  his  own  pre-eminent  effulgence,  fo  be  it  5  btit* 
till  his  intention  be  realized,  other  language  we  think  would 
be  more  proper. 

The  doctor  ftates,  that  *  the  effential  interefts  of  our  holy 
religion,  and  the  credit  and  charader  of  the  clerical  profefEon^ 
moit  importunately  demand  fuch  a  compleat  refutation  of  our 
inveterate  enemy,  as  may  defeat  his  purpofes,  reprefs  his  con-i' 
fidencc,  and  filence  his  reproaches  :*  with  a  view  to  which, 
*  he  ventures  in  this  difcourie  to  point  out  to  the  mod  deliberate 
attention  of  any  learned  and  judicious  writer,  who  may  be  in- 
clined to  undertake  fuch  a  necelTary  work,  two  important  arti- 
cles, which  appear  to  require  a  more  accurate  difcuflion  than 
they  have  hitherto  obtained.'  Of  thcfe  articles,  the  former 
refers  to  the  indifference  with  which  the  contemporaries  ot 
Mofes  and  Jofhua  beheld  the  inoft  amazing  miracles,  and  Mr. 
Gibbon's  obfervations  on  the  fact ;  the  latter,  to  the  indiffer^- 
ence  of*  the  Pagan  and  philofophic  world  to  the  miracle* 
%rought  in  favour  of  Ghrittiamty.     To-  folve  the  fifft  queftion^ 

the 


Gny^s  Sjy  t9  the  Old  Te/iam^tyiJc.  .169 

the  dp^lor  Jiems  difpoTed  ta  yield  ibmewbat  of  the  authenticitjr^ 
of  die  hiftorica]  part  of  the  Pentateuch  ;  but  how  the  {tcond 
is  to  be  explained^  our  author  vouchfafes  not  at  prefent  to  hint* 
To  a  (imple-^minded  critic,  there  is  a  previous  queftion  of  more 
importance  than  both,  which  is,  Can  the  reality  of  the  mira- 
cles in  either  cafe  be  proved  ?  for,  if  it  can,  the  fubordinate 
inquiries  are  of  but  little  importance  any  further  than  by  giving 
fcope  for  logical  pujh^pin. 

iu  the  laft  page  of  this  difcourfe  the  learned  author  announces 
it-  to  be  an  introdudion  only  to  fome  others,  of  which  tht  foi* 
lowing  is  the  plan  in  his  own  words*  . 

«  i  luve  now  delivered  what  I  ifttended  to  advance oa  thefip  two 
iBtereftinff  topics.  Bot  it  will  be  I>roper  to  mention  tha(*  though 
they  conffitiite  of  tbenfelves  an  entire  fabje^  yet  they  are  oafy  a 
part  of  a  more  exteniive  plan  :  refle^ons  on  two  other  important 
articles,  the  infpiration  of  the  Ne<v  Teftkment*  and  the  aooHtioa 
of  the  jewifli  ritual,  wiO  fumifli  materials  for  my  mxi  difcoorfe  i 
and  at  dit  pcecept  ta  the  text  nay  tery  rationally  be  egrtended  not 
oai^t»  the  prooto»  bat  to  theiioOriaes  of  ehrlfHaaity^  a  9hM  will 
be^oaq^oyed  is  cfmfidering*  what  mrt  the  beft  methods  of  aiber- 
tatniag  thele  dodlrtnes,.  aM  of  prrfervMig  theiA  unfallicd  by  humai^ 
cortapttons:  the  fecies  will  M  coiid«ded  with  the  dilermtioa 
abovementioaed  eoncemiBg  die  aathentkity  of  the  hillorical  paita 
of  the  Peatatcttch/  L* 


Art.  xt.  AParewiU  Sgrmn  frsacbed  in  th  Parijb  Qni^b  0/ 
Sk  Martin^  Birmingham^  Ditm.  139 1789*  By  J,  Cluttoo^ 
M.  A.  &c.  FubliQm  by  requeft.  8vo«  25  pages*  pr.  lu 
Birm.  Pearfon.    IvOJidon,  Baldwin^  1790. 

FAUxwtLxdtfcoories  are  in  general  aiore  indebted  for  their 
puWcation  to  the  aiiedion  felt  by  the  audience  for  the 
preachers,  than  to  their  pofleffion  of  any  great  intrinfic  exceN 
lence.  Such  a  requeit  is,  however,  a  pleafing  teftimonial^  if 
not  of  the  abilities  of  the  preacher,  at  leaft  of  the  worth  of  that. 
man.  Mr*  Glutton  concludes  by  exhorting  his  hearers  to^ 
charity,  and  forbearance  towards  their  neighbours  who  fit  in 
darknefi.  D. 

in  mi     II  p     in  ■ ■>■     ( <      11  III ■  1  iiiiw  I    I 

Ajit.  xii^  J  Key  to  the  Old  Tejiament  and  Apocrypha:  in 
which  is  given  an  Account  of  their  feveral  BeoiSj  their  Con* 
.  ientSy  and  Authors^  and  of  the  Times  in  which  they  were  re* 
^etivify written.  By  the  Rev.  Robert  Gray,  a.m.  late  of 
St.  Mary  Hall,'  Oxford,  8vo.  643  p.  pr.  7s*  6d.  in  boards. 
RivbgtonS)  1790. 

The  general  idea  of  this  publication  was  fuggefted  to  the 

author  by  the  Bifhort  of  Dromore's  Key  to  the  New  Tefta- 

lAent,  but  from  the  different  charader  of  the  books  of  the  Old^ 

Mr*  Gray  has  not  only  been  induced  to  adopt  a  more  diffuse 

Vot.VIL  N  and 


if6  T  H   fi  O   L   O  O   v. 

ahd  difcurfive  method,  but  endeavoured  to  exhibit  in  one.  point 
df  view  tbe  probable  date  of  each  byk,  the  cbaradter  and  de-^ 
fign  of  its  author,  and  the  proofs  of,  or  objeflions  to,  its  infpira- 
tion.  As  a  plan  of  this  fort  muft  neceffarily  involve  in  it  a 
variety  of  incidental  difcufljons,  thcfe  have  been  ftudioufly  coai- 
preffcd,  but  at  the  fame  lime  references  to  the  beft  authorities 
are  added,  with  brief  obfervations  upon  them. 
,  Of  ^is  performance  the  author  (who  uniformly  fliles  himfelf 
the  editor)  fpeaks  in  the  following  terms  :  pref.  p.  7.  : 

*  The  whole  defjgn  of  the  editor  has  been  to  affift  ihe  reader  to 
form  a  juft  idea  of  the  Old  Teftament,  and  of  thofe  uninfpired  * 
books  which  were  written  uadei;  the  firfl  difpenfation,  and  to  fur- 
ni(h  hrm  with  fuch  itt trod udlory .intelligence,  as  may  enable  him  to 
read  them  with  pleafure  and  advantage.  He  lays  claim  to  n6 
praife,  but  that  of  having  brought  into  a  regular  form  fach  infor* 
matioa  as  he  could  coUedl  frdm  various  works.  He  acknowledges- 
in  the  rooft  unreftraincd  terms,  to  have  borrowed  from  all  aothors 
of  eUablilhed  reputation,  fuch  materials. as  he  could  find,  after  hav- 
ing dc4ibcrat€fly  confiderfad-.aod  impartially  collated  their  accounts. 
He  ha3  appropriated  fuch  obvious  information  as  was  to  be  col- 
UAed  from  thofe  writers  who  ar^p  univerfally  known  to  have  treated 
on  tl^e  facred  books,  and  he  has  endeavoured  farther  to  enrich,  and 
f^bdantiate  his  accounts  by  diligent  and  cTOeniive  refearch.  He 
has  not  wiihed  to  (^onceal  the  four^es  from  which  he  has  drawn  his 
inforihatipn,  nor  has  he  fcrupled  in  fome  minute  inflances  to  em- 
ploy the  words  of  thofe  writers  from  whom  he  has  borrowed.  He 
has  often  produced  numerous  authorities,  not  for  odentation,  but 
to  confirm  intereiling  patticular?,  and  to  aflift  thofe  who  may  be 
inclined  to  inveftigate  fade's'  or  to  purfue  the  fubjedl  under  confi- 
deration*  In  important  and  controverted  points,  he  has  induf- 
trioufly  confulted  the  authorities  on  which  his  aiTertions  reft,  but 
in  mztxcn  of  little  moment,  and  where  there  coald  be  no  rea- 
Ibn  to.  fufped  aii£reprefentation,  he  has  fometimes  taken  up  with  • 
cited  references.  He  has  adopted  that  plan  which  he  thought 
would  render  his  book  moil  generally  ufeful ;  and  prefnmes»  that 
tiie  tmiformed  may  find  it  an  inilrudive,  and  the  learned  a  conye-^ 
Bient  compilation.  His  wifhes  will  be  fully  gratified  if  it  fliould 
ht  thought  a  fit  companion  for  the  work  in  imitation  of  which  it 
#as  compofed,  or  in  any  degree  calculated  to  elucidate  the  fcrip- 
tares.' 

The  preface  is  followed  by  an  introdudion  of  forty-three 
pages,  in  which  a  general  view  is  given  of  the  canon  of  the- 
Old  Teftament,  its  writers,  divifions,  and  prefervation :  the 
Samaritan  pentateuch,  feptuagint,  and  other  verfions,  particu- 
larly thofe  of  our  own  country,  with  pertinent  precautions  relative 
to  a  new  and  authoritative  tran(lation.  A  difquifition  on  the 
pentatsuch  opens  the  work,  and  to  it  is  annexed  a  feparatc  ac- 
count of  each  book  it  contains,  interfperfed  with  proper  remarks^ 
and  occafional  critiques  on  particular  explanations*  To  the : 
hiftorical  books  a  general  preface  is  prefixed,  which^  at  th*. 


Gray'x  Key  to  the  Old  TeJlamenU  ^c.  171 

fame  time  that  it  furniflics  a  fynoptical  view  of  what  is  com- 
mon to  them  all,  exhibits  their  feveral  peculiarities,  without, 
however,  defcending  into  thofe  difcriminations  which  belong 
to  a.diftinft  difcuffion  of  each.  Having  accumulated  fUch  in- 
formation, and  blended  with  it  fuch  notices  as  relate  to  the 
books  properly  h\ftoricaU  as  well  as  to  thofe  of  ^oh^  the  Pfalms^ 
Proverbs^  Eccleftafles^  and  Song  of  Solomon^  Mr.  Gray  proceeds 
to  the  writings  of  the  prophets,  introduSpry  to  which  he  has 
prefixed  an  ingenious  differ tation,  under  the  title  of  a  general 
preface^  Diftinguifliing,  firft,  what  properly  are  the  prophetic 
books  of  the  Old  Teftament,  and  who  were  properly  prophets^ 
he  inquires  into  the  nature  and  charafter  of  that  infpiration  by 
which  the  prophets  were  enabled  to  communicate  divine  in-^ 
ftruclions  and  predidiions.  This  he  apprehends  to  have  con- 
fifted  rather  in  illuminating  the  inteliedl:  than  inflaming  the 
fancy  ;  and  of  its  reality,  thofe  whofe  minds  were  thus  fuper- 
naturally  affe<Sted,  could  not  have  been  unconfcious.  What- 
ever were  the  precife  limits  of  this  infpiration,  he  thinks,  that 
its  operation  confided  in  fometimes  inftrudlirrg  by  immediate 
revelation,  and  fometimes  dire<5bing  in  the  communication  of 
knowledge  derived  from  the  ordinary  fources.  Divine  re  vela-' 
tions  being  obtained  in  various  ways,  he  particularly  adverts 
to  them,  and  after  defcanting  feveraily  on  each,  proceeds  td 
defcribe  the  different  modes  in  which  the  prophets  publifhed 
their  prediSions,  which  leads  him  exprefsly  to  confider  their 
writings.  Concerning  thefe,  he  infers  \\\  the  firft  place,  from 
the  diverfity  of  ftyle,  that  the  infpiration  of  the  prophets  con- 
iifted  rather  in  a  fuggeftion  of  the  matter  than  the  words  of 
their  predictions,  except  in  thofe  inftances  where  communica- 
tions were  made  to  them  in  an  audible  voice,  or  in  terms  appro- 
priate to  the  effential  difcriminations  of  the  prophecy  itfelf. 
The  next  fpecies  of  infpiration  fuggefted  by  him  is  the  typicali 
whence  he  derives,  or  at  leaft,  to  which  he  ftates  as  analogous, 
the  double  fenfe^  In  what  he  confiders  the  fecondary  import  of 
prophecy^  he  reprefents  the  prophets  as-inftru(5ling  their  coun-. 
try  men,  for  the  purpofe  of  opening  before  them  an  infight  into 
the  Meffiah's  kingdom.  After  fome  fanciful  remarks  on  thor. 
language  of  the  prophets,  and  fome  obfervations  on  the  metrical 
nature  of  their  compofitions,  he  concludes  this  preface  with  the 
paffage  annexed  i   p.  360. 

*  The  prophets  undoubtedly  colle£led  their  ovvil  prdphecies  into 
their  prefent  form,  though  the  author  of  the  lives  of  the  Prophets, 
under  the  name  of  Dorotheus,  affirms  in  a  very  ground lefs  affertioii 
that  none  but  David  and  Daniel  did,  conceiving  that  the  fcribesi 
of  the  temple  received  them  as  they  were  delivered,  without  order,' 
but  they  were  indifputably  compofed  and  publiflied  by  thofe  pro- 
phets whofe  names  they  feveraily  bear.  As  their  genuine  produc* 
tions,  they  were  received  into  the  ^wi(h  canon,  and  were  read  in 
the  jewifli  fynagogues  after  the  pcrfecution  of  Antiochus  Epipha-*^^ 

N  2  nes. 


ties,  when  At  tt^img  of  th^  Uyr  was  knordided*  ^d  contkiaed  (0 
to  be,  to  the  day$  of  oar  S^vi9an  They  are  with  great  proprieC]r 
deceived  into  our  churches  as  illufirating  the  grand  ^heme  of  pro- 
phecy, and  as  replete  with  the  ni oft  excellent  inftru£tioi|  of  every 
kind:  The  prediftions  which  they  corttain,  were  principally  ac- 
confpHfhcd  in  the  appearance  of  Ghri ft.  Some,  howevei.  which 
referred  to  fbe  difperfion  and  fubfeqdent  ftate  of  the  Jews,  as  well 
as  to  the  condition  of  other  nations^  ftiil -continue  lind^r  oar  own 
eyes  10  be  futfi^lled,  and  wiM  gradually  receive  their  final  and  con- 
fuflnnate  rattficacaon  in  th6  reftoration  of  the  Jews,  in  the  antverfal 
cftabliibroent  of  Chrift's  kingdojn,  and  in  the  fecond  advent  of  our 
Lord  to  "judge  the  world  in  righteoufnefs.'* 

The  fubfequent  parts  of  the  Bible  and  ^^o^rypba*  arc  treated 
in  the  manner  already  defcribed.  In  fo  ve/y  ufeful  and  weU 
compiled  a  work  as  Mi*.  Gray  has  hece  furnjlkeilt  we  are  forr^ 
%o  dilbover  any  blemilhes  ;  lA&t  in  this  light  appear  to  us  tboitf 
refineiiients  h€re  and  there  interfperfed^  which  refemhle  too 
much  Hutcbinibnian  conceits.  The  ortbpograpbical  barbarifm 
of  €oUTi/tpor^ry  fox  cbnUmporary-  we  muft  alio  point  out,  and  the 
rather  as  it  feems  to  be  daily  gaining  ground.  The  itde  in  tbis 
YeTpeS.is  fo  obvious,  that  onq  would  think  no  fcbolar  could  ovcc^ 
look  it;— -Wherever  a  compound  has  c9n  for  its  firft  fyllable^ 
the  »,  when  a  confonant  follows,  is  always  frejervedj  and  at 
uniformly  dropped  when  followed  by  a  voweK 

Art.  XIII.  Litters  to  and  from  the  Rev.  Philip  Doddrrdgij 
D#  D.  late  6f  Northampton :  publijhei  from  the  Originals  : 
with  Notes  e:tplanatory  and  biogrdphicaL-  By  Thofnas  Sted- 
man,  m.  a.  Vicar  of  St.  Chad's.  8vo,  472  p.  Price  6s. 
in  boards.  Shrewfbury,  Eddowes;  London,  Longman. 
1790. 

To  the  publication  of  thefe  letters  the  editor  was.  ittduiped 
by  two  confiderations  :  one^  the  hope  of  aflifting,  by  thp.  f^e 
of  them,  *  the  venerable  relid  t  of  the  eminently  good,  Dr. 
Doddridge,'  and  the  other,  *  to  ferve  tqe  caufe  of  truth  aiid 
virtue,  charity  and  moderijition.'  tj^clufiye,  however,  of  the 
rimary  inducement,  the  intrinfic  merit  of  the  letters  theoi- 
elves  will,  we  doubt  not,  fecure  to  their  publication  a  general 
acceptance.  The  number  to  which  they  amount  is  a  hundred 
And  fifty-three.     Of  thefe  the/r/?  eighty  addreflcd  to  Dr.  Dod^ 


I 


*  An  academical  cxercife  has  been  communicated,  to  us  from 
Gottingcn,  under  the  following-  title :  Specimen  Exercitationum 
Qritictxrum  in  Veteris  Teftamenti  Lihros  Apocryphot  e  Jcriptis  patrum 
et  antiquis  Ferjionihus:  by  Bkneoict  Bjkndtsen  ;  which  induces 
us  to  expedl  trom  its  learned  author  a  far  more  accurate  edition  of 
thefe  books  than  has  hitherto  appeared. 

t  As  this  lady  died  fmce  the  letters  were  printed,  the  profits 
^Ul  no]Kr  be  transferred  to  her  daaghteri* 

9  dridgc 


Lifters  in  imifirm  Dr.  DndJridgf.  175 

iriigc  ill  ctriy  Hfe,  bV  Dr.  Glark  of  St.  Alban's,  his  guardian 
and  fiiend,  arc  equally  chamfleriffic  df  the  writel*  in  both 
tapaditre^,  and  contain  the  ihoft  unequivocal  prooft  of  his 
piety,  affeSidn  and  good  fenfe,  Tbe  next  eight  between  Dr# 
poddridge  and  Mr.  Hughes,  who  was  a  fellow-ftudent  of  th^ 
do£br,  and  confpicuous  for  his  amiable  diipofition  and  libefal 
^ccoaapIiihments>  exhibit  an  advantageous  picture,  of  both* 
The  two  letters  which  immediately  foHow^  from  Dr.  Doddridge 
t&  two  youAg  ladies,  one  of  whom-  was  fuffering  uiidfr  i 
broken  arm,  and  the  other  preoaring  for  the  Indicts,  are  djftin* 
guiflied  for  their  piety  of  fentfment.  Thrfe  are  fucceeded  by 
fa/enty-four  letters,  trom  the  Rev.  Mr.  Barker  to  a  diffenting 
minifter  in  London,  and  refpeflable  friend  of  the  dodor.  This 
part  of  the  correfpondence  throws  great  liffht  on  many  cha^f 
raclers  and  concerns,  particularly  of  the  diiienters  at  that  time| 
and  are  peculiarly  interefting  to  the  doftor's  friends.  In' 
p.  io3,  mention  being  made  of  ^  converfions  by  die  dodor 
n'om  infidelity  to  the  iober  belief  of  the  Chriftian  reUgion«'  if| 
immediate  connexion  with  Mr.  Weft's  book  on  th#  irfurrec^f 
tion,  and,  fliortly  after,  the  following  paflage  occurring :  <  I 
ekfinot  fdrbear  to  congratulate  the  ChrijUian  triumvirate  [Gil* 
hett  Weft,  Lord  Lyttleton,  and  Dr,  D.J  at  Wjckham.  { 
feafl  on  the  happy  interview,  and  enjoy,  in  imagination,  the 
^leafutes  of  the  vifit.  The  Lord  increafe  the  number  of  fuco 
i&nveris J  &c,*-r^Wc  have  good  ground  to  prefume,  that  the 
dofior  was  inftrumcittal  in  bringing  over  to  Chriftianity  th^ 
illuftrious  converts  he  went  thither  to  meet*  From  another  of 
Mr-  Barker's  letters,  we  find  a  brief  account  of  the  fcheme 
^en  talked  o(  for  efteding  a  comprehenfion  of  the  diflenters 
with  the  church,  which  originated  between  Dr.  Gooch,  wheii 
>ifllop  c^  Norwich,  and  the  late  Dr.  Chandler.     P.  113. 

'  The  utmoft  I  know  of  that  matter  is  this :  Mr.  Chandler^ 
wlule  on  a  vifit  to  his  friends  at  Norwich,  happened  to  hear  the^ 
biAop  deliver  a  charge  to  his  clergy »  which  he  thought  not  very 
caadid  tovvards  the  diiTenters.  One  expreffion  in  it  appeared  to 
him  iJi¥idioas.  which  wat,  **  That  the  leaders  of  the  rebellion 
were  preftyterians^  as  appeared  by  the  condudt  of  thofc  lords  in 
tjre  tQ^'tt^  ivho,  during  their  iihprifonment  there,  fcht  for  prclljy- 
teriaft  confeiTofs."  Mr.  Chandler,  on  bis  retnrn  to  London,  wrote 
a  letter  t6  the  bifhop,  complaining  of  his  charge,  and  particularly 
-6f  that  ejtprcffion.  His  letter  was  written  very  handfo^j^ely,  aind 
it  brooght  a  very  civil,  refpedlful  anfwer*  After  the  bifhop  came 
to  town,  Mr,  Chandler,  at  his  defire,  made  him  a  vifit;  in  which 
.  they  h^  much  difoourfe ;  ^hd  amongft  other  things,  there  was 
ttlk  <Jf  a  eortiprcbenfion.  This  vifit  was  followed,  at  Dr.  Gooch's 
4efire,  with  another,  when  the  bifliop  of  Salifi)ury  ♦  was  prefeut ; 


•  Dr.  Sherlock. 

N  3  wh# 


174  THEOLOGY. 

who  foon  difcovered  his  ihrewdnefs,  but  faid,  *^  Oar  church,  Mr. 
Chandler^  confills  of  three  parts,  dodlrine,  difcipline,  and  cere- 
monies. As  to  tTie'laft,  they  ftiould  be  left  indifferent,  as  they  are 
agreed  on  all  hands  to  be.  As  to  the  fecond,  our  <iircipline  : —  — 
-T- — .  And  as  to  the  firft,  What  is  your  objection  ?"  Mr.  Chand- 
ler anfwered,  "  Your  articles,  my  lord,  muft  be  cxprefled  in  fcrip- 
ttfre  words ;  and  the  Athanafian  creed  be  difcarded.''  Both  the 
bifhops  anfwered,  «*  They  wiftied  they  were  rid  of  that  creed*, 
apd  had  no  objedton  to  altering  the  articles  into  fcripture-words.'* 
**  But  what  ihould  we  do  about  re-ordination?*'  To  which  Mr. 
Chandler  replied,  "  None  of  us  would  renounce  his  prefbyterian 
ordination  ;  but  if  their  lordfhips  meant  only  to  impofe  their  hands 
on  us,  and  by  that  nte  recommend  us  to  public  fervice  in  their 
fociety  or  conflitution,  that  perhaps  might  be  fubmitted  to."  The 
two  bifhops,  at  the  conclufion  of  the  viftt,  requefled  Mr.  Chatid- 
ler  to  wait  on  the  archbifliopf  ;  which  he  did,  and  met  the  biftiop 
of  Norwich  there  by  accident.  The  archbiihop  received  him 
well ;  and  being  told  by  Dr.  Gfooch,  what  Mr.  Chandler  and  he 
had  been  talking  on,  viz.  a  compreheniion,  the  archbifhop  faid, 
**  A  very  good  thing.  He  wiflied  it  with  all  his  heart,  and  the 
rather,  becaufe  this  was  a  time,  which  called  upon  all  good  mea 
to-unite  againft  infidelity  and  immorality,  which  threatened  uni- 
verfal  ruin  ;  and  added,  he  was  encouraged  to  hope  from  the  piety, 
learning,  and  moderation  of  many  diiTenters,  that  this  was  a  pro- 
per time  to  make  the  attempt."  **  But,  may  it  pleafe  your  grace, 
faid  Dr.  Gooch,  Mr.  Chandler  fays,  the  articles  mull  be  altered 
into  the  words  of  fipripture.  And  why,  not  ?  replied  the  arch-*- 
bifhop.  It  is  the  impertinences  of  men,  thrilling  their  own  ^ords 
into  articles,  inftead  of  the  words  of  God,  which  have  occafioned 
mod  of  the  divifions  in  the  Chriftian  church,  from  the  beginning 
to  this  day."  The  archbiihop  added,  that  the  bench  of  biftiops 
feemed  to  be  of  his  mind  ;  that  he  fhould  be  glad  to  fee  Mr.  Chand- 
ler again,  but  was  then  ob'iged  to  go  to  court.* 

Mr.  Barker's  Jetters  are  .followed  by  three  froin  the  late  Mr^ 
Coftard,  of  Wadham-college,  Oxford,  which  abound  with  cri- 
tical obfervations  on  difficult  palTages  of  fcripture,  and  a  poeti- 
cal fable  addreiTed  to  a  lady.  The  former  refpedl  in  particular 
Ifaiah  xxxviii.  Pfalm  ix.  6.  John  i.  lO.  Gen,  iii.  8,  &c, 
Luke  ii. — [*  As  to  the  taxing  under  Cyrenius,  there  is  a  Latin 

^  *  Bifhop  Sherlock  d^d  not  at  alj  approve  of  the  Athanafian 
Creed,  Britijh  Biography y  vol.  ix.  p.  301, 

'  As  to^  the  Athanafian  Cre^d  (iays  the  prefent  learned  dean  of 
Gloceiler,)  it  is  really  fuperfluous  in  our  prefent  fervice;  becaufe 
the  very  fame  do^^rine  is  as  ftrongly,  though  not  as  fcholaflically 
*  maintained  in  the  Nicene  Creed,  the  Litany,  and  in  many  othei* 
parts  of  our  public  offices:  and  as  the  damnatory  claufes  are  feldom 
rightly  undcrftood,  and  therefore  too  liable  to  give  offence,  it  were 
to  be  wifhed  that  the  whole  wais  omitted,  &c,  See  his  Apology  for 
the  prefent  ChUrch  of  England,  page  58.' 

t  *  Dr.  Herrings* 

trcatife 


jLetters  to  and  from  Dr.  Doddridge.  175 

treatife  juft  come  out,  wrote  by  Mr.  ReynoWs,  one  of  the 
canons  of  the  cathedral  at. Exeter,  and  fellow  of  Eton  college.* 
It  was  printed  here  in  1738,  but  the  publication  prevented  b/ 
;iccidents  for  fome  time.  You  will  fee  a  great  deal  of  curious 
learning  there.  He  makes  Q^iirinus  at  the  time  only  cenfor, 
and  fhews  feveral  examples  of  rye.oowoj^Io,'  ufed  in  fuch  feiife.'] 
Chriftmas  not  the  time  of  Chrift's  birth.  Mich,\.*2.  Mattr 
ii.  6.  John  i.  16.  Matt.  iv.  To  Mr.  Coftard's;  letters  Aic-. 
ceed  eighteen  from  Bifhop  Warburton,  which  exhibit  the  biftxop, 
in  more  advantageous  points  of  view  than  perhaps  any  other 
parts  of  his  writing,  but  ftill,  however  marking  the  man, 
Thefe  letters  turn  on  various  fubje£ts  of  criticifm,  and  have 
refpect  to  feveral  charadlers  and  writers  of  eminence,  particu- 
hirly  Pope,  Croufaz,  Morgan,  Chapman,  L.elahd,  Middleton, 
Biackwell,  Wake,  Sherlock,  Lowman,  Taylor,  Coventry,  •  and 
Sykes.  The  bilhop  frequently  adverts  in  them  to  the  produc-f 
tions  of  his  own  pen,  as  well  as  thofe  of  his  correfpondentS|p. 
and  in  one  he  particularly  communicates  the  plan  of  his  Divjni 
Legation.  Refpefting  the  Free  and  Cdndid  Difqmjitionsy  we 
will  cite  the  following  paffage. 

*  As  to  the  Difiuijitionsy  1  will  only  fay,  that  the  temper,  c^i^-, 
dour,  and  charity,  with  which  they  are  wrote,  are  very  edifying 
and  exemplary.  I  wifli  fuccefs  to  them  as  much  as  you  can  do. 
But  I  can  tell  you  of  certain  fcience,  that  not  the  lead  alteration 
will  be  made  in  the  ccclefiaftical  fyilem.  The  prefent  miniileri' 
(1750")  were  bred  up  under,  and  adl  entirely  on  the  maxims  of  thfe 

'  laft.     And  one  of  the  principal  of  his  was  not  to  Jir  'what  is  at 
reft: 
Dr.  Warburton's  laft  letter  we  cannot  but  infert. 

'  DEAR  SIR,  '      Prior-Par  kf  Sept.  2,  I J  ^i. 

*  YOUR  kind  letter  gave  me,  and  will  give  Mr.  Allen  great 
concern ;  but  for  ourfclvcs,  not  you.     Death,  whenever  it  hap- 

.  pens,  in  a  life  fpent  like  yours,  is  to  be  envied,  not  pitied,  and 
you  will  have  the  prayers  of  your  friends,  as  conquerors  have  the 
Ihoots  of  the  crowd.  God  preferve  you;  if  he  continues  yoa 
here,  to  go  on  in  his  fervice ;  if  he  takes  you  to  himielf,  to  be 
crowned  with  glory. 

*  Be  aflured  the  memory  of  our  friend/hip  will  be  as  durable  as 
ijiy  life.  I  order  an  enquir)r  to  be  made  of  your  health  from  time 
to  time :  but  if  you  fatigue  yourfelf  any  more  in  writing,,  it  m\\ 
prevent  me  that  fatisfaflion.     I  am,  dear  Sir, 

Your  moft  affeftionate  friend  and  brother,. 

W.  Warburton/ 
The  next  three  letters  from  the  late  Dr,  Miles,! are  chie^fly 
critical.  His  charaSer  of  archbifhop  Leighton's  writings  de- 
ferves  to  be  tranfcribed,  *  You  mentioned  to  me  archbiihop 
Leighton's  works.  I  blefs  God  I  ever  met  with  them.  There 
is  a  fpirit  in  them  I  never  met  with  in  any  human  writings, 
nox  can  I  ^ead  many  lines  in  them  without  being  afFefted : 

N  4.  though 


176  T  H  E  O  i;  0  O  T.         \ 

llmigh  yovL  limow  all  bis  nvorks  are  imperfeA  and  tnacciinUe^^ 
JL  lltttcr  frpm  Dr«  Vy^  on  the  death  of  his  daughter,  prefenu 
an  amiid>le  Ike^b  of  a  fenfible  mindi  fubdued  to  acquiefcence 
by  the. influence  of  rdigton.     Colonel  Gardinej's  three  letters 
are  ^e  effufions  of  a  rdigious  h^arti  in  language  like  that  of 
^  4m  of  CromiKrelli  and  much  in  the  fame  ftraia  is  the 
g$^  nooi  Pr*  Poddrickre  to  a  young  gentleman,  on  his  reco- 
very from  a  dblngerou^  tUnefs.    Three  letters  from  Dr.  Leland^ 
womot  of  the  Rdvtew  of  the  Deifttcal  Writers,  follow  in  or- 
dafi  but  haire  nothiiig  in  ihem  particularly  important,    A  letter 
ftoni  Mr.  Jones  a  ^ergyman  of  the  eftabliflied  church,  affords 
an  admiiaUe  piAare  orthe  writer  as  a  divine  and  a  Chriftian, 
Dr.  Jennings  $  t^r^f  letters  refpeft  chiefly  the  papers  left  by 
J)r.  Watts ^  an4  are  fucce«4cd  by  a  letter  from  the  Rev.  Robert 
Bkir,  a  Scottifll  clefgymani  author  of  the  Grave :  one  from 
tfie  late  Mr,  Fanner,  of  Walthamftow,   and  one  from  Dr. 
Doddrttke  to  Sir  J*-« -^  on  (wearing  in  converfation.     The 
H^fW  fiibfequent  letters,  are  from  the  late  Dr.  Oliver,  of  Bath, 
in  Ae  laft  of  which  he  tells'  Dr.  D.  *  your  friend  Mr.  War- 
burton  (afterwards  bifliop)  has  got  the  fccretary  of  the  poft- 
4liSce  to  write  to  th^  papuin  of  the  packet-boat  at  Falmouth, 
dat  he  may  give  you.  the  beft  accommodations  poffible  in  your 
voyage*  (tp  £i(bon,  where  the da£lor  died.)     From  the  former 
of  the  t%vo  followiiig  letters  from  the  late  principal  Newton, 
oLHertford-college,  Oxford,  it  appears  that  Dr.  D.  was  con- 
fulted  by  him  in  reipe^  to  his  ftatutes,  and  requefted  to  com- 
muoicate  his  plan  of  edqcation  from  17^9  to  1743.     To  Dr. 
Lardner's  three  letters,  which  are  chiefly  critical,  wc-can  only 
in  general  refer.  .  Four  letters  from  archbiftop  Seeker  occur 
after  thefe,  ftrikingly  charaderiftic  of  his  grace's  manner,  and 
i|l  one  of  which  we  find  the  following  paflJ^e.     ♦  Your  fe- 
yourable  opinion  of  the  church  of  England  gives  me  no  fur- 
prize,  but  much  pleafure.     And  as  I  agree  with  you  heartily, 
m  wiihing,  that  fuch  things  as  we  think  indifferent,  and  )^u 
cannot  be  brought  to  think  lawful,  were  altered^  or  left  free, 
in  Juch  a  manner  as  that  we  might  all  unite :  fo  /  have  no  f  ea- 
fon  to  believe,  that  any  one  of  the  bishops  wijhes  otherwife,* 
Eleven  letters  from  Dr.  Doddridge  to  the  late  Dr.  Woo4  of 
Norwich,  come  next,  and  are  chiefly  filled  with  expreffions  of 
friendfhip,  notices  relative  to  the  itate  of  the  difTenting  inte-» 
refts  at  that  time^  and  the  progrefs  of  the  writer's  purfutts« 
'^hefe  are  followed  by  a  letter  from  Dr.  Afcough,  in  which  a 
moft  advantageous  reprefentation  is  given  of  the  docility  of  the 
prefent  king,  his  brothers  and  fitters,  who  were  juft  put  under 
the  fuperintendance  of  the  dean,  and  in  behalf  of  whom  he  aflcs 
Dr.  Doddridge's  advice.     Tw^  letters,  from  Dr.  Rich.  Grey,  of 
Hinton,  ftrongly  mark  his  regard  for  Dr.  D.  and  his  opinion 
p(  his  literary  talents  and  worth*    Between  theie  and  fve  let-^ 
:  "  '  ■     ters^, 


titfirs  f$  anifrm  Dr.  IhiSn^  tjf 

tetSy  from  die  late  Dr.  Hunt  of  Oxfofd,  b  Merlid  a  JvMr 

from  Dr.  Doddrulge  to  a  kdy^  wilder  dejedkm  on  acco«ist  ef 
religion,  which  is  fraught  with  piety  and  cood  fimfe.  Dr^ 
Hunt'i  letters  furnifli  a  pleafing  tranlcript  of  his  mind.  We 
fee  in  them  traits  of  an  amiable  temper,  unaffeAed  pictyt^  an4 
fteady  patriotifm.  As  a  proof  of  the  laft,  majr  be  mentioaed  ^ 
courfe  of  fermohs  preach«d  by  him  in  oppofKion  to  the  ixbd^ 
lion  of  the  year  1745*  Dr,'Hunt  mentions  atfo  his  pr^orin^ 
an  edition  of  AbibUatiphy  and  a  I^ftny  nf  Egyj^  the  Ctte  df 
which  we  know  not*  In  the  haods  of  his  iticceficMr  Dr«  Whkc^ 
they  might  be  brought  forward  with  advantage.  The  next 
au-e  two  letters  from  the  earl  of  Hatt£ix,  relative  to  die  raiii^ 
a  regiment  in  Northampton  at  the  time  of  the  rebellion^  whicS 
bear  the  fulleft  teftimohy  to  the  loyalty  of  Doddrid|e.  Th^ 
are  followed  by  eighteen  others  from  the  late  Mr.  Neal,  wKk^ 
en  the  whole,  are  the  beft  in  the  prefent  colledion.  They 
every  where  evince  the  author  to  be  a  man  of  folid  fenfe,  firm 
in  his  principles,  and  faithful  to  his  friend.  The  zeal  he  mani- 
feds  for  Chriftianity  is  rational  and  maiJy ;  and  his  fdicitude 
to  promote,  by  what  he  conceived  the  beft  means,  the  end  of 
religion,  is  every  where  confpicuous.  The^^  letters  of  Mr« 
Baker  of  the  R.  and  A^  SS.  have  nothing  which  entitles  them 
to  particular  notice.  Mr.  'Wt&*%feviH  letters  muft  give  pka- 
fure  to  every  liberal  and  good  mind.  They  are  obviouflj  fuch 
as  might  be  looked  for  from  a  ftremious  advocate,  upon  c6n« 
ifi£libn,  for  religion,  who,  at  the  fame  time  that  he  poflbffed 
confiderable  talents,  was  a  polite  fcholar,  amiable,  and  a  man 
of  good  breeding.  The  fubfequent  letters  :  iilu$  from  bifliop 
Maddox,  one  from  bi(hop  Sherlock,  one  from  Dr.  Cotton  of 
St.  Albans,  and  one  from  bifliop  Hildefley,  particularly  the  lafi^ 
are  all  to  the  honour  of  their  refpe^ive  writers  \  as  alfo  are 
the  two  from  the  duchefs  of  Somerfet.  The  concluding  onp 
from  lord  Lyttleton  we  fhall  add  at  length. 

•  DBAR  SJR,  Wugley,  03.  5,  1751. 

•  MY  concern  was  fo  great  on  the  account  I  received  from  the 
bifliop  of  Worcefter  of  the  ill  ilace  of  your  health,  that  in  the 
midft  of  my  grief  for  the  death  of  my  father,  when  I  had  fcarce 
performed  my  laft  duties  to  him,  I  wrote  to  you  at  BrifEoI ;  which 
letter,  1  find,  yoa  never  received.  Indeed,  my  dear  friend,  there 
are  few  lofies  I  flioald  more  feiifibly  feel  than  yottrs,  if  it  flioold 
pifilafe  God  to  take  you  from  me ;  but,  I  trnft,  he  will  be  io  graci* 
00s  to  your  family  and  yoor  fHends,  as  to  prolofig  your  lif^,  and 
defer  your  reward  for  fome  time  longer ;  and  I  am  perfuaded,  no 
human  means  can  be  found  better  than  that  which  has  been  pre<- 
fcribed  to  y<)o  of  removing  to  Lilbon,  and  palling  the  winter  ia 
that  mild  climate ;  only  let  me  efttreat  yon  to  lay  by  all  ftodiet 
while  you  are  there  ;  for  too  much  application  (and  a  very  little  in 
yoor  gate  is  too  much)  would  frn^ate  the  benefit  which  wemaf 

hope 


1^  Samuel  Hey^odd^  Efq;  of  the  liineir  Tefriple.    8vo. 

484  p*    Pr»  ^Si  6d«  in%oard8k     Jobnflin*     1790. 

Thb  author  having,  in  his  prefitec,  giren  the  general  out* 
ijne  of  his  work,  w6  mall  ri^ort  it  in  his  own  words. 

'  Under  each  divifion.l  have  given  the  hifloryi  as  well  a^  tii€ 
prcTerit  Rate  of  the  law ;  and  in  general  the  modern  praftice  will 
be  fbond  at  the  cohclufion  of  each  refpedive  head.  Feeling  nd 
prejudice  in  fupporc  of  any  eftibliflied  fyftem,  \  have  paid  little 
regard  to  die  comitieiitaribs  of  others  ^  but  have  I'eforted,  with  Uh* 
remitting  indaftry,  to  the  briginat  authorities,  and' endeavoured 
to  dedilce  the  law  from  the  fbuntatn^-head.  1  havb^  however,  a6l:f<l 
hxvlj  b^  my  readers ;  and,  upon  all  occafions^  gii^en  them  the 
anthdriues  on  both  fides,  h  is  for  them  to  JHdge  how  far  nvy  ^b* 
fervatloas  are  well  founded ;  they  may  difpnte  the  contiafiotis  I 
liave  drawn  from  the  premifes  here  laid  down*  or  take  that  lor  the 
tale  Which  I  have  confidered  as  the  exception.  At  all  events,  I 
flatter  myfelf  that  this  publication,  ^s  i  m&e  reptriory  of  caftt^ 
nay  fave  ibme  trouble  to  the  profeJKon,  be  a  couvenieht  compa- 
nion at  a  polt^  and  perhaps  not  wholly  without  its  ufe  on  the  tabl^ 
of  a  committee.  The  flatutes  cited  are  generally  giy^ii  in  the 
very  words  of  the  ftatnte^book,  and  the  cafe^  carefully  examined, 
with  the  original  journals  atid  ^reports,  i  am  feufibfe  that  tht 
accoracy  of  fach  a  work  muft  ftamp  its  value  in  the  public  eftima* 
tion.' 

We  think  that  the  author  has  done  great  jufttce  to  Ris  tiri-^ 
dertaktng  \  and  that  his  work  wilt  prove  not  only  an  ufeftil 
repertory  of  cafes,  btit  will  be  6fteen^d  is  one  of  the  befl 
effiiys  upon  election  law  now  extant. 

Art.  XVII.  Tre^tift  on  the.  Law  of  Elellionsj  arranged  and 
laid  dvvin  auording  to  the  A^s  (f  parliament  relating  thereto. 
By  John  Potterj  of  Guilford^  in  the  County  of  Surrey^ 
Attorney,  ^c.  8vo.  61  p.  Pr.  3s.  ftitched.  Guilford^ 
Ruffell.     London,  Evans.     1750.    . 

This  pamphlet  is  tntfoduced  by  a  preface,  confifting  of  a 
Variety. of  extrads  from  the,  chapter  on  parliaments,  contained 
in  Sir  William  Blackftone's  excellent  commentaries  \  aXid  the 
treatife  itfelf  is  (as  far  as  itj^es)  liberally  what  the  title  pag^ 
ftates  it  to  be^  the  jLaw  of  fieiSions,, arranged  and  laid, dpn^jt 
accordi;ig  to  the  afts  of  .parliament,  relating:  thereto^  confining 
merely  of  fliort  extraft$;  from,  tjie  iix^^ro/  a&s  of  pairliammt 
c^oncerninft  matters  p^evjo^s  to  ap  4€<9tionr- freedom  of  ehsi^, 
fioiv— quanfication  of, the  c^ndidates-r-qualification  of  theeiec* 
tors — ^polling — ^return  ptthe  wriv^privilege,  oiF  parfiampi^j:..^ 
adjournmcnt-r-prorogatioq  and.  diflolution.    .  ,  ,  * 


Art% 


Impmrttal  Thoughts  Mpm  tk€  ffKoUtng  cf  Deeds^  &c.     \%l 

AftT*  SlViit.  hfpatfidThtughtt^apmihrieMiJkiat  CnffkfMirue 
4f  enrolling  aH  Deeds^  fflU$i  mdOnSeilky  afftSing  Landt 
throughout: England  tnut  Wakn  B}(  Fpancis  rbwdeHi.Efq; 
CQxiveyancei:«    Evp.    p»  1.^4.    Bipoke.    1789. 

Mr.  PLowtfE^r  in  his  addrels  to  the  j^ublic  acquaints 
them,  that  *  from  his  experience  of  the  mifchiefs  arifing  fron^ 
the  imperfciJlion  of  the  prefcnt  regiffering  afts  for  the  coun- 
ties of  Yorlc  and  Middlefejf,  as  well  as  from  the  wa^t;  of  aa 
tmiver&I  enrollment  of  deeds  and  wills  affecting  lands,  he  fi?el$ 
it  his  duty  to  apprize  the  public  of  the  evil  they  are  fu^erinfi^ 
and  to  fuggeft  a  remedy  that  vriU  not  on}y  eradicate  th^  da^ 
order^  but  add  ftrength  and  vigor  to  the  part  aiFeded.'  With 
this  .view  the  authcMr  flates  it,  as  his  defign,  *  to  reduce  the  ie* 
veral  a6b  of  parliament  upon  the  fubject,  to  one  plain,  con* 
fiftent,  and  efficient  ftatute  \*  and  as  a  previous  ftep,  '  expeds 
that  the  public  will  approve  of  his  going  rather  largely  into 
the  incbniiftencies  and  mifchiefs  of  fuch  aas,  as  he  has  thought 
neceflary  to  be  repealed.*  And  •  he  concludes,  by  obfervihfo 
that  *  the  confiderations,  motives,  and.r^afons,  for  his  digeu- 
ing  and  propofmg  to  the  public,*  a  plan  for  an  uniyerfel  enroU* 
rtieht  of  atf  deeds  and  wills  affe^liiig.  land^  will,  he  hope% 
have  their  full  weight  in  forming  the  q)Lniion8  of  individual^ 
upon  the  expediency  of  it.  Theje  are^  to  the  land  ownery  tba 
increqfo  of  thi  value  $f  ht$  land%  ,hy  clearing  and  coxArming  hi$ 
iitU  to  it^  and faalitating  th?  means  of  JetHing%  chat^mg^  or  fellr 
ingl  it:  to  the  mcnUd man^  the  multipltcatkny  ceftaintfyAndfyitk 
of  land  fecurities  :  to  the  lawyer^  the  eafe^  fatisfa^my  andjur^ty^ 
ioth  of  his  client  and  himfelf  in  all  negociations  rej^£^ing  lands  : 
to  thefifianciery  the  general  rife  of  the  value  (flam  in  the  market^ 
whichk  tnuft  propprtionably  raije  tbe  pri^e  (f  the  funds :  to  tie  fe- 
ndtoTy  the  good  and  quiet  of  the  fubjeSl^  the  confijlency  and  cer^ 
iain^  of  the  law^  and  the  welfare  and  profperity  of  the  nation^* 

The  author,  in  confiderlng  this  fubje£b,  divides  his  matter 
into  a  variety  of  fe£iions,  or  heads,  under  which,  among 
©tfceri,  he  frcats  upon  the  notoriety  of  the  firft  alienation  of 
land-— of  ufes—  of  the  introduftion  of  fccret  conveyances— 4nd 
ifcj  abfurdity  and  inefficacy  of  the  4th  ^nd  sth  William  and 
Mj(ry,;  to  prevent  fraud  by  clandefthie  mortgages — ^he  likewife 
diicufies  the  prefent  ftate  of  the  regillry  of  deeds  and  wills 
uh<fer  different  a£b  of  parliament,  and  fhews  the  diftinfilon 
between  that  and  enrollments  at  coifimon  law— he  treats  like*' 
wife  on  tjie  enrollment  of  deeds  by  ftatute — and  after  difcuf- 
fing  thefe  fubjeils  in  a  variety  of  different  views,  and  fliewing^ 
hovir  far  the  legifladve  refrulationa  are,  in  their  prefent  ftate, 
efficacious,  and  wherein  they  are  defeftive,  the  author  fub- 
mitg  to  the  public,  a  bill  for  requiring  the  enrollment  of  alt 
4eeds^  wiUch  he  fubmits  to  the  public  for  their  confideration,  and 


i^i  t    A    w. 

for  the  iuggeftion  of  fuch  amendments^  as  may  occur  to  thoAr 
who  fhall  look  into  the  fubjeft. 

Though  we  have  our  doubts,  as  to  the  wifdom  and  utility 
of  any  plan  which  has  for  its  objeft  the  general  enrollment  of 
deeds  and  inftruments,  by  which  all  the  arrangements  and  in- 
ternal regulations  of  private  property  would  be  expofed  to  the 
eye  of  the  curious  and  inquifitive,  we  highly  approve  of  the 
candid  and  open  manner  v/ith  which  Mr.  rlowden  has  fubmit- 
ted  bis  thoughts  to  the  public  confide  ration,  and  muft  agree 
with  him^  that  much  alteration  is  necefTary  to  give  efficiency 
to  the  regiftering  afts,  fliould  they  ever  be  extended  through- 
out the  kingdom:  yet  we  cannot  but  be  of  opinion,  that 
many  of  the  difficulties  that  now  prefent  themfelves  would  be 
got  rid  of,  by  fimply  making  the  regiftry  univerfal  notice  of  the 
contents  of  every  deed  therein  contained,  as  the  confequencc 
of  that  would  be,  to  prevent  all  perfons  from  engaging  in  any 
purchafe  or  fecurity,  without  firft  getting  an  infight  into  the 
nature  and  contents  of  every  inftrument  to  which  they  were 
directed  by  the  regiftry ;  which  would  efFeftually  prevent  many 
of  the  frauds  that  are  now  pra£lifed,  by  tacking  fecurities  anS 
other  expedients  which  are  let  in,  by  reafon  of  the  regiftry  not 
being  confidered  as  conftruftive  notice  to  all  perfons  of  the 
exiftence  of  all  deeds  therein  contained,  and  of  their  contents^ 
This,  with  fome  further  regulations  that  might  be  fuggefted 
would,  we  conceive,  give  fuch  efficacy  to  a  general  regiftry, 
as  would  anfwer  the  purpofes  of  fociety,  without  expofing  the 
private  concerns  of  individuals,  to  the  prying  eye  of  mere  cu- 
iofity  and  impertinent  obfervation. 

Art.  XIX.  Confuierations  on  the  Salifications^  ClerkJhipSj  Ad-*^ 
mijjtons^  and  PraSfice  of  Attornies^  with  fome  Hints  on  the  Ne-^ 
cMty  and  Means  \ff  corrcyfi'ng  feveral  prevalent  Abufes^  in  a 
Letter  to  the  Right  Hon,  Lord  Kenyon^  and  Lord  Loughbo^ 
roughj  Chief  yujlices  of  the  Court  of  King^s  Bench  and.  Com'*, 
mon  Pleas,  fiy  Charles  Alartyn,  of  Lambeth  Terrace,  At-» 
torney  and  Solicitor.  8vo.  p.  ^3.  Pr.  is.  6d,  whiel- 
don,  1790. 

The  author,  after  ftating  a  variety  of  inftances  of  im- 
proper perfons  who  are  daily  admitted  into  this  branch  of 
the  law,  and  of  the  practices  by  which  they  gain  a  livelihood 
put  of  the,  inferior  and  ignorant  part  of  fociety,  on  whom  they 
conftantly  prey  under  the  licence  and  cover  of  their  legal  cha- 
ra<9:cr,  whicii  they  exert  to  all  the  purpofes  of  rapine,  extor- 
tion, and  villainy ;  propofes  regulations  which  may  tend  in 
fome  degree  to  check  the  progrefs  of  the  fet  of  mifcre- 
ants.  of  this  kind  already  admitted,  by  regulating  the  manner 
«f  taking    affidavits    on   motions   in    court,   and   punifting 

any 


r 


Hoole^x  Modern  Mannerjy  &C,  igj 

tny  malpraiStices  that  (h^U  be  deteded,  with  iintnediate  dir^ 

grace,  which  {hodld  be  attended  with  public  notoriety ;  and  to 
prevent  their  increafe,  by  placing  checks  on  the  future  ad- 
miflion  of  perfons  of  improper  character. 


Art.  XX,     The  Duty  of  Conftahles^    containing  InJiruHiens  to 
Con/lableSj   Petty  ConJiahleSy  HeadhoroUghs^    Tythingmeny  (5fc. 
.  in  the  fiveral  Particulars  of  their  Office.    8vo.  p.  48.  Pr.  is, 
Raikes,  Gloucefter  j  London^  Robinfohs,  1790. 
A  ufcful  pamphlet,  and  very  proper  for  the  purpbfe  intend* 
ed,  viz.  '  to  be  put  into  the  hands  of  every  high  conftablc, 
petty  conftable,  and  tythingman,  &c.  at  the  time  of  their  be- 
ing fworn  into  office  ;'  ^s  it  contains  a  clear  and  concife  ac- 
count of  the  duty  of  conftables,  on  the  various  occafions  and 
emergencies  in  which  they  are  called  upon  to  aft. 


Art.  35x1.    Poems  5    conning  9/  Modern  Manners^   Aunlia^ 
the  Curatey  and  other  Pieces  never  before  Publijhed.     hy  the- 
Reverend  Samuel  Hoo!e,  a.m.  In  'Fwo  Vols,  .Crown 8vo. 
388  pages.     Price  6s.  fewed.     Dodfley.    1790. 

Every  attempt  to  laugh  vice  out  of  countenance,  and  make 
vanity  fhrink  back  abaihed,  wounded  by  the  fhafts  of  ridicule, 
deferves  praife  5  for  when  things  are  unnatural,  a  very  little  ca-* 
louring  will  make  them  appear  ridiculous  to  thofc  carelefs  ob- 
fervers,  who  go  with  the  tide,  and  muft  peep  through  the  mag- 
nifying glafs  9f  other  men's, wit,  before  they  can  difcern  the 
real  nature  of  the. objects  that  coniinuallyfurround  them. 

The  poems  we  have  juft  perufed,  gave  rife  to  thefe  reflexions, 
and  ih'theone  on  Modern  Manners,  the  beft  imitation  we 
have  met  with  of  the  New  Bath  Guide,  there  are  many  humo- 
rous (ketches  and  (hrewd  remarks,  though  the  pidures  may 
moftly  be  termed  caricatures.  Letters  from  raw  country  coufms 
fuddenly  introduced  into  fafliionable  life,  muft  neceflarily  be 
amufing,  as  the  abfurdity  of  departing  fo  widely  from,  nature, 
will  forcibly  ftrike  thofe  who  are  brought  into  fuch  an  artificial 
world,  after  they  have  acquired  habits  more  confonant  with  her 
fimplc  diftates. 

Aurelia,  as  the  author  modcftly  fuppofes,  made  us  think  of 
the  Rape  of  the  Lock  j  but  ingenious  imitations  (bould  never 
be  ftigmatized  as  if  they  were  fervile  copies.  In  an  attempt  to 
write  a  pathetic  tale  (the  Curate)  the  author  has  not  fuccecded 
fo  well,  in  our  opinion,  as  in  the  humourous  letters  5  however, 
this  little  ftory,  and  the  fhorter  pieces,  which  co;iclude  the 
fccond  volume,  have  fome  claim  to  praife. 

With  refpeft  to  auricular  orthography,  he  feems  to  have  a 

happy  koack ;  but  v/e  cannot  tranfcribe  a  whole  kttcr,  and  muft 

5  content 


it4*  t  o  t  T  t  r. 

coMletir  Ottrfetm  with  aildiiig  a  coaple  of  ftan^as  from  Letfct  V« 

•  fiut  how  flitl!  I  ted  alt  Ac  borrid  difa^ers» 

That  cafnc»  like  a  dril-hm^  iince  yon  left  theliaH  ? 
Some  deviKlh  old  witcl^  hasWa  hither  to  blaft  us^ 
And  conjured,  mea»  maids^  dogs,  cats»  kictem  and  alU 

•  A  pot  of  the  lobfter  jou  did  up  fo  clerer, 
Wm  eat  op  by  one  of  my  xaafiers  relations ; 

Mi&  Kuty's  dog  FidA^  more  fancy  than  ever» 
Has  done  what  Aalhoiild  not  00  Dodd^Medkations/ 

M, 

A&r.  XXII*  Jl  Rowkmdfar  an  Oliver  ;  or  a  Poetical  anfwer  i9 
tbi  BtmnfskMt  £pi/Ui  of  Mr,  Pettr  Pindar :  aUo  thf  Manufcript 
Odes^  S^ff  LeUiTS^  (Sc.  bfc.  rftbe.  above  Mr.  Peter  Pindar^ 
wtnt^frfi  fMifi>edy  by  Syhanus  urban.  4to.  50  p.  Pr.  2S.  6d» 
Kaciey.    ^790* 

Petik  Pindar  here  appears^  in  utrumque  paratusy  no  lefa 
fcady  to  bespatter  himfelf  in  the  name  of  Mr»  Nichols,  than 
to  abufe  Mr.  Nicbok  in  his  own.  In  this  anfwer  it  was  evi- 
^ntly  his  tnteiitioA  10  underwrite  himfelf,  and  it  would  be 
fUinift  to  deny  that  he  hath  fucceeded. 

Mr.  N.  however,  though  the  chief,  is  not  the  fote  objeft 
of  his  abufe ;  the  King  and  Queen  as  ufuid,  the  Dukes  of 
Gloticelier,  Richmond,  and  Leeds,  Lori  Hawkibury,Mr.  Pitt, 
and  Sir  Jufepb  Banks,  not  tonaention  Mefirs.  Walpole,  Googh, 
and  Hayley,  nor  Mefdames  Seward,  Yeardfley,  and  More ; 
comt  all  in  for  their  fliares^  £6  that  Sylvanus  has  theconfolatioa 
ofl:eing  not  alone* 

The  pretence  of  annexing  the  odes,  fongs,  letters,  &c.  is 
to  ridicule  the  manner  of  reviewing  in  the  iyentUtmm^^s  Maga^ 
%ine  i  but  the  true  reafon  perhaps  may  be  drawn  from  the  nrft 
cftbem,  which  is  entitled  P£T£R'a7^0/7g> 

Peter's    Afologv. 

•  Ladies^  I  keep  a  rhyrae-{hop — mine's  a  trade  ; 
I  fell  to  old  and  youngs  to  man  and  maid  : 

All  cailomers  muft  be  oblig'd  ;  and  no  man 

Wilhes  more  univerfally  to  pjcafe  ; 

I'd  really  cramrl  open  my  hands  and  kneeSs 
T*  oblige — ^particularly  lovely  woman. 

•  Yet  fome,  (the  devil  take  fuch  virtuous  times) 
Faftidious,  pick  a  quarrel  with  my  rhymes. 

And  beg  I'd  only  deal  in  love-fick  fonnet—- 

How  eafy  to  bid  others  ceafe  to  feed ! 

On  beauty  I  can  quickly  die  indeed, 
But^  tiufk  IDC,  caa't  li've  long  upon  \u 

♦  Infteai. 


r 


A  Rowland  for  an  Oliver^  &c:  l8S 

*  Inftcad  of  a  formal  commentary  on  every  cotnpofition,  I  (hall 
mak<:  fliort  work  with  them,  by  giving  them  their  true  charadler  in  a 
few  words,  as  €or  example : 

Impudence,  Egotifm,  and  Conceit.' 

The  titles  of  the  other  pieces  are.  Ode  to  my  Barn—To 
my  Barn — Ode  to  Affeftation — To  Fortune— Ode  to  Madam 
Schw — g  and  Co,  ^on  their  intended  voyage  to  Germany, 
written  1790, — Ode  on  Matrimony — To  Chloe — An  Apology 
for  going   into  the    Country — Ode  to  Lais— A  Confolatory 

ftanza  to  Lady  Mount  £ ,  on  the  death  of  her  pig,  Cupid. 

To  Mr.  J»  Nicholls,  on  his  Hiftory  of  the  Progrelfes  of  Queen 
Elizabeth — To  Delia — To  Fortune — To  Chloe— To  a  Friend 
in  Difgracc,     We  fhall  infert  two  fliort  ones  from  p.  45,  46* 

To  Delia. 

*  Whilft  poets  pour  their  happieft  lays* 
And  call  thee  ev'rv  thing  divine ; 

Not  quite  fo  lavifli  m^thy  praife. 
To  cenfurc  be  the  province  mine. 

*  Though  bom  with  talents  to  furprife. 
Thou  feldom  deft  thofe  pow'rs  difphy  t 

Thus  feem  they  trifling  in  thy  eyes  j    . 
Thus  heav'n's  beft  gifts  are  thrown  away. 

*  Though  rich  in  charms,  thou  know'ft  it  not ; 
Such  is  thine  ignorance  profound : 

And  then  fuch  cruelty  thy  lot. 

Thy  fweeteft  fmile  inflidls  a  wound.* 

To   Fortune. 

•  Yes,  Fortune,  I  have  fought  thee  long, 
Invok'd  thee  oft,  in  profe  and  fong ; 

Through  half  Old  England  woo'd  thee  i 
Through  feas  of  danger,  Indian  lands, 
Thfough  Afric's  howling,  burning  fands  : 

But,  ah !  in  vain  puriued  thee ! 

*  Now,  Fortune,  thou  woulft  fain  be  kind ; 
And  now  I'll  plainly  fpeak  ray  mind— 

I  care  not  ftraws  about  thee  : 
For  Delia.'^s  hand  alone  1  toil'd ;  / 

Unbrib'd  by  wealth,  the  Nymph  has  fmil'd ; 

And  blifs  is  ours  without  thee.* 

We  are  forry  to  fee  at  the  clofe  of  this  pamphlet  a  fecond  part 
advertifed;  for  whilft  we  profefs  ourfclves  friends  to  welldireSfed 
Satire,  we  cannot  help  lamenting  that  talents  which  certainly 
might  be  more  laudably,  and,  we  doubt  not,  advantageoufly 
employed,  fhould  be  fo  directed  as  we  generally  find  them  in 
our  author. 

N. 

Vol.  VIL  O  Art- 


i9$  l»  o  «  T  It  t. 

Art^  x>tiIT.  A  Poetical  Epijih  to  John  tVakoiy  commonly  kHoion 
by  the  Appellation  of  Peter  Pindar.  410.  28  p,  pr.  2  s; 
Ribeau.     1790* 

We  muft  acknowledge  that  wc  take  up  with  a  kind  of  pro* 
phetic  dread  every  epiftle  addreffed  to  this  redoubted  hu* 
mourift ; — the  fight  of  it  only  has  the  fame  efFeft  as  the  be- 
numbing torpedo's  touch  j  for,  taught  by  experience,  we  always 
cxpe£t  to  meet  with  dry  outrageous  inveftives  and  the  filent 
homage  of  imitation.  1  he  prefent  writer  would  fain  be  bitter  } 
but  he  finks  intochildifh  fcurrility— indeed,  all  thofe  who  have 
railed  at  Peter  in  trint  prove  to  a  demonftration  that  they  relifh 
»  his  jokes  by  fervilely,  though  lamely,  copying  his  witty  quaint 
ftyle. 

Peter,  however,  will  not  feel  himfelf  much  hurt  by  the  fol- 
lowing threat* 

*  You,  Walcot,  arc  ambaflador  from  hel). 
In  wretchedncfs  to  chain  the  frantic  worlds 
The  devil  gave  thee  art,  but  I  foretel 
All  thy  mifchiefs  will  on  thy  head  be  hurrd.* 

Art.  XXI v.    The  Prifm^  a  Poem*    4to.     52  p.    pr*  2s,  6d# 
Moore«     1790. 

As  the  advertifement  conveys  fome  informatfon,  which  wc 
fhould  have  read  with  doubt  if  it  had  come  from  any  other 
quarter,  we  (ball  infert  it,  merely  to  fay,  that  the  fentiments 
which  this  review  of  prifons  breathes,  do  honour  to  the  heart 
of  the  writer,  and  that  the  language  does  not  Ihew  any  want 
of  education. 

ADtTERTUEMENT.— *  The  following  lines  arc  fubmitted  with  the 
greateft  deference  to  public  decifion ;  and  as  the  writer  is  entirely 
deditute  of  all  thofe  acqaifitions  that  education  bedows,  he  hopes  that 
candour  will  plead  his  excufe  for  impropriety  of  expreflion,  or  any 
other  miftake  or  defeat  that  is  not  of  material  concern/ 

Prepared  for  indulgence  by  this  modeft  preface,  w«  were  often 
furprifed  into  approbation.  The  argument  is  a  clear  analyfis 
of  the  whole. 

*  Introduftion  of  the  fubje<ft^— Its  univerfal  import— Accefs  to  the 
fJrifon— The; debtors  dcfcribed— The  felons — The  miieries  to  which 
they  arc  cxpofed— The  diiferent  fentiments  which  they,  excite,  with 
an  exemplification  and  exceptions — Their  incorrigibility— iEnumera- 
rion  of  their  offences— -Their  manner  of  paffinR  their  time — Dlfquifition 
on  the  mal-pradices  that  prevail  in  fome  prifons — Benevolence  of  Mr. 
Howard— The  penal  laws  conMered-^Panegyrio  on  Englifli  Judica- 
ture— A  digreffion  that  comprizes  the  following  particulars;  demoli- 
tion of  the  fiaflile ;  inftances  of  arbitrary  power  and  judicial  ieverity 
in  other  countries,  contratled  with  our  own  methods  of  trial  ai^d  pu«^ 
niihment;  torture;  military  captives ;  and  a  ftimmary  view  of  the 
ails  of  violence  that  have  heretofore  prevailed  in  this  kingdom.— Trial 
of  the  prifoners— -Their  pumfh[neat-«*£xcelleQt  dcfign  of  |he  Philan- 
tropic  Society-— ConcIufion»* 

The 


Fenude  Chora ffirs  in  marriid  Life^  EsTr.  187 

The  following  ftanzas  introduce  the  fubjeft  widi  fomc  degree 
of  prc^riety.    p,  i. 

^  Now  winter*  ilTaing  from  his  northern  £>arce, 
Mumes  tlui  empire  of  pur  milder  flcies ; 
•  Fierce  drive  his  bfafts^  with  ftill  increafuig  force. 
And  fnow-whelm'd  earth  in  wade  fubjedion  Ues» 

All  nature  droops  beneath  th'  oj^reffor**  fway ; 

Heard  far  around  afiiided  want  complains; 
While  every  objeft  prompts  a  kindred  lay. 

Or  calls  the  mufe  to  fwell  her  folemn  ftrains. 

She  comes ;  aid  lo!  above  the  reft,  explores 
The  drear  recefs  of  yonder  firm-built  pile, 
^at  feems  a  fortiefs,  form'd  for  deathiul  ftores^ 
/  From  fofeign  arms  to  guard  this  envied  iile. 

But  there  no  warriors  foreign  arms  repel ; 

For  depredators  of  our  native  climes 
In  painful  durance  fill  each  dolefome  cell 

TiU  juftice  hears  and  dooms  their  feveral  crimet. 

Though  wild  defires  their  fenfual  breads  enflame^ 

The  diffolute  may  fure  awhile  fufpend 
Voluptuous  joys,  to  view  this  den  of  (hame« 

The  place  where  oft  they  ultimatdy  end. 

Nor  let  intmity,  with  cold  ne^leA, 
Inftead  gf  fearching  through  its  wards  unclean^ 

^ieve  the  jail  can  ne'er  her  fons  affed. 

And  flirink  to  diftance  from  the  dreadful  fcene«' 


Art*  XXV.     Female  CharaSfers  in  married  Life:  an  Eptgrd" 
matte  Satire*     Humbly  addrejfed  to  the  Wife  without  a  Fault. 
4to.     p«  38.    pr.  2S.  6d.     btalker,  1790. 
There  is  fome  coarle  humour  and  truth  in  thefe  fketches^ 
though  the  deformed  features  are  fometimes  fwelled  to  unna- 
tural ugltnefs  by  the  rude  hand  of  a  humorift,  who  feems  to' 
delight  in  heightening  the  colours  of  a  caricature,  till  a  fneer 
of  difguft  effaces  from  the  countenance  of  the  reader  the  half 
involuntary  (mile  which  a  vulgar  witicifm  had  imperceptibly 
diffufed.over  it*    The  portrait  of  the  pet^fondler  does  not  ap« 
pesurtiobeoverftretcbed,  p.  17. 

*  Of  ibfcer  nature  ihe-*--all  pliant,  kindl 
Th'  Extreme  of  ^entlenefs  in  fpeech  and  mind ! 
.  To  all  degrees  alike  I— to  feed  her  cats. 
Who  fatttti  rabbits  buys,  inftead  of  r^ts : 
. .        Who  lap-dogs  phyiics  for  an  appetite ; 

Ytt  to  make  robins  fing,  puts-  out  their  fight. 
:  Of  kittens,  puppies,  marks  their  feveral  ages. 
Wish  diildren's  names,  within  the  lacred  pdges  ; 
Employs  her  huiband's  talents,  difFerent  waysj 
To  dean  her  cages^  or  comb  Shock  for  fleas*    ^ ' 

O  z  Apei 


j88  i>  o  £  t  r  y. 

Apes  chatter,  pariots  fquawU  cats  mew,  dogs  bark. 
'  The  hufband's  pent^  like  Noah  in  his  ark  ! 

Art.  XXVI.  The  Grave  of  Howard,  A  Poem.  By  W.  L. 
Bowles.  4ta.  p,  ii.  pr.  is,  Salifbury,  Eafton.  Lon- 
don, Dilly,  1790. 

This  appears  to  be  a  hafty  compofition ;  and,  confidcring 
the  fubjeft,  wc  were  a  little  difappointed  to  find  it  lefs  inte- 
refting  than  fome  pretty  lays  which  we  have  lately  perufed, 
written  by  the  fame  author. — It  would  not,  perhaps,  be  unfair 
to  conclude,  from  a  penfive  monotony  which  always  pervades 
this  poet's  rhymes,  that  his  mufe  flags,  when  he  would  fain 
take  a  fublime  flight,  and  mount  from  the  diffufe  graces  of  fen- 
timent  to  the  concentered  energy  of  impaflioned  adrniration  ; 
but  wc  ihall  give  an  extrad,  p.  5. 

*  How  awful  did  thy  lonely  track  appear 
O'er  ftormy  mifcry's  benighted  fphere  ! 
Barbaric  legions  trained  to  fpoil  and  blood, 
Heart-ilruck,  and  wond'ring,  and  relenting,  ftoodj 
To  fee  thee,  (hrouded  in  a  human  form. 
Alone  fair  Mercy's  great  behefts  perform  I 

As  when  an  angel  all-ferene  goes  forth 
To  ftill  the  fweeping  tempeil  of  the  North, 
Th'  embattled  clouds  that  hid  the  flruggling  day 
Slow  from  his  face  retire  in  dark  array. 
On  the  black  waves,  like  promontories,  huiSg, 
The  <:adiance  of  his  palling  path  is  flung. 
Till  blue  and  level  heaves  the  burning  brine. 
And  all  the  fcatterM  rocks  at  diflance  fhine  : 
So  didft  thou  wander  forth  with  cheering  eye. 
Bidding  the  fallen  (hades  of  mifery  fly, 
Huihing  the  bitter  florm,  and  flilling  wide 
Of  human  woe  the  loud- lamenting  tide  I' 


Art.  XXVII.     Ode  m  the  Diftant  View  of  France^  from  Dover 
Cliffy  in  the   Year   1789.     ^to.     10  p.     pr.  is.      Becket, 

'  1790- 

An  ode  to  hail  the  rifing  liberty  of  France,  in  which  national 
prejudices  arc  made  to  give  way  to  more  enlarged  views.     It 
concludes  with  this  exhortation,  which  will  ferve  a^afpecimen. 
*  Malignant  fliadows  1  hence,  away  ! 
Hie  to  fome  dark,  unlettered  fhore. 
Behold  the  dawn  of  Reafon's  day  !— - 
Britain  and  France  contend  no  more. 
In  Freedom's  caufe,  from  age  to  age. 
Shall  both  with  equal  warmth  engage, 
Purfqe  the  fame  exalted  plan. 
To  vindicate  on  earth  the  Rights  of  Man,» 

6  Art. 


Dinar  has  I  A  Tale.  189 

AltT.  xxvm.  Dlnarbas ;  A  Tale :  Being  a  Continuation  of 
Rajfelasy  Prince  of  AbyJJinia.  121110.  p.  336,  pr.  3s. 
fcwed,     Dilly,  1790. 

Dr.  Johnson's  Raffelas,  Prince  of  Abyilinia,  is  fo  well 
known,  that  any  comments  on  it  might  appear  to  be  almoft  im- 
pertinent 5  but  it  is  neceffary  to  inform  the  public,  why  the 
author  of  Dinarbas  attempted  to  continue,  or  rather  to  give  a. 
happier  termination  to  the  ftory  j  and  we  fhall  ufe  his  own 
i^ords : 

*  Sir  John  Hawkins,  in  his  life  of  Dr.  Johnfon,  fays,  *  that  the 
writer  had  an  intention  of  marr}dng  his  hero,  and  placing  him  in  a 
ftate  of  permanent  felicity.'  This  paflage  fuggcfted  the  idea  of  the 
continuation  now  offered,  with  the  greateft  diffidence,  to  the  reader, 
and  without  any  thought  of  a  vain  and  prefumptuous  comparifon ;  as 
every  attempt  to  imitate  the  energetic  ftile,  ftrong  imagery,  and  profound 
knowledge,  of  the  author  of  RaiTelas,  would  be  equally  ralh  with  that 
of  the  fuitors  to  bend  the  bow  of  UlyfTes. 

*  It  is  indeed  much  to  be  regretted,  that  the  fame  pencil  which  fb 
forcibly  painted  the  evils  attendant  on  humanity,  had  not  delineated 
the  fairer  profped/ 

The  good  fenfe  which  runs  through  this  continuation, 
makes  us  lament,  that  the  author  did  not  work  on  fofter  ma- 
terials, which  he  might  have  moulded  into  a  new  form,  and 
rendered  both  amufing  and  Inftt  u6tlve.  We  have  very  feldon^ 
met  with  a  continuation  of  any  dramatic  writer  or  npvelift 
which  did  not  appear  laboured  and  fpiritlefs,  and  the  remark 
may  be  extended  to  moft  productions  that  are  diftinguifhed  by 
the  cold  correftnefs  and  infipid  uniformity  which  points  out 
the  meafured  lines  of  the  copyift. 

As  a  diftinft  work,  Dinarbas  has  confiderable  merit ;  but 
if  Raffelas  was  to  have  been  made  hiappy,  without  contradift- 
ing,  or  taking  all  force  from  the  former  energetic  remarks  and 
inferences,  it  muft  have  been  done  by  Dr.  Johnfon  himfelf. 
The  flyle  without  the  vapid  tone  of  tautology,  which  renders 
a  fervile  i  r.itation  very  wearifome,  made  us  recolleft  the  Ram- 
bler ;  but  if  this  work  had  not  been  a  profefTed  conclufion  of 
one  of  that  writer's  productions,  we  fhould  fimply  have  re-* 
marked  that,  without  the  ftiff  gait  of  affectation,  the  writer 
had  let  us  fee  that  Johnfon  had  been  his  model : — a  quotation 
or  two  will  enable  the  author  to  fpeak  for  himfelf. 

P.  3.  •  How  we  may  be  received  by  the  inhabitants  of  the  happy 
yalley,  replied  the  prince,  or  how  we  may  be  entertained  by  our  own 
reffedtions,  is  to  me  uncertain.  '  I  wifh  we  may  not  be  morc.difcon- 
tented  with  the  valley  than  we  were  while  unacquainted  with  other 
fcenes  :  wandering  has  often  given  a  momentary  dciire  of  fettled  refi-r 
,denee  ;  but  adjvity  is  natural  to  man,  and  he  who  has  once  tafted  the 
joys  of  liberty  and  adion,  will  no  more  be  contented  with  perpetual 
relt  and  feclufjon,  than  he,  who  may  have  wiihcd  for  fleep  in  a  mo^ 
ment  of  lafTitude,  would  defire  to  remain  iriadive  on  his  couch,  after 

O  3  th« 


i^  NO     V     E     L     S, 

the  li^ht  of  the  fun  lias  awakened  him  from  oblivion  and  tepofet  I 
am*  however,  neither  difpleafed  with  our  pad  attempts,  nor  hopelefa 
for  our  future  fuccefs  :  as  we  ndvance  in  years*  the  fire  of  ims^natioa 
will  cooU  and  the  agitation  of  refUeflneis  fubfide :  we  have  laid  up  ^ 
flock  of  knowledge  which  will  teach  U6  to  diiUnguiih  real  merit  from 
falfe  pretenfion.  Reafon,  whom  we  have  already  perceived  ffom  afari^ 
advanoes  towards  us  as  youth  recedes,  and  I  doubt  not  but,  by  tak-> 
iog  her  for  our  {;uide,  we  ihall  enjoy  that  {trenity,  calmneis,  an4 
jultnefs  of  perception,  ^hich  are  alone  worthy  of  a  thinking  being/ 

We  {ball  add  fome  obf^rvatioin^  on  fimplicity>  without  anjf 
fiirther  comments  on  the  work. 

P.  312.  *  Imlac,'  faid  Raffelas,  *  I  have  often  obfer\xd  with  what 
fltill  thofe  who  poffefs  the  advantages  of  a  fuperior  education  and  know- 
ledge of  the  world,  can,  without  apparent  incivility,  leffen,  in  hia 
own  opinion^  that  ooan  who  has  intruded  himfelf  on  their  company, 
pr  who  has  abufed  the  privileges  they  have  allowed  him ;  he  has  no 
.  leafon  to  complain,  yet  he  feels  himfelf  uneafy  in  dbeir  preience^  and 
is  awed  into  refpe^  without  the  (hame  of  reproof. 

<  This  is  one  of  the  many  advantages  of  good  breeding,  a  quality 
which  has  perhaps  more  power  than  any  other,  fince  it  will  for  a  time 
(Conceal  even  want  of  tdents,  and  want  of  virtue.  How  neceffary  is 
it  therefore  to  acquire  this  pleafiftg  pre-eminence,  without  which  the 
moft  eflcntial  endowments  are  abamed  before  inferior  merit.  Polite- 
nefs  may  be  called  the  portrait  of  virtue,  and  its  refemblance  is  fo  per* 
feft,  that  nothing  but  the  folidity  of  the  original  is  wanting:  cere- 
mony and  aficftation  are  poor  imitators  of  true  good-breeding,  which 
is  eafy  and  fimple,  like  nature  itfelf.  If  I  was  to  foroi  a  ^em,  it 
would  be  that  of  fimplicity;  it  Ihould  pervade  all  works  of  imagina- 
tion, all  enquiries  ot  fcience,  all  performances  of  the  chifel  and  pen- 
cil, all  behaviour,  and  all  drefs.  Carry  this  idea  even  to  the  moft 
awful  height,  what  is  fimplicity,  but  truth,  the  great  bafis  of  virtue 
and  religion  ?  When  I  call  this  a  fyftem,  it  is  only  to  comply  with  the 
common  mode  of  fpeech,  which  would  make  of  the  moft  natural  ideas 
aphilofophical  difcoveij'.  Simplicity  is  the  child  of  nature :  %he  love 
ot  it  feems  implanted  in  us  by  Providence ;  yet  all  the  labour  of  erring 
mortals  is  to  depart  from  this  great  and  open  road,  and  to  return  to  it 
when  they  have  feen  the  fallacy  of  winding  paths,  and  doubtful  mazes.* 
•  My  brother,'  faid  Nekayah,  *  when  you  extol  wjth  reafon  the 
univerfal  merit  of  fimplicity,  you  certainly  do  not  mean  to  imply  a 
negled  of  combination  of  ideas  in  the  works  of  art  or  fcience,  or  a 
a^left  of  common  forms  in  diels  or  manners.' 

<  So  £ur  from  it,'  replied  the  prince,  *  that  as  nature  is  varied,  fo 
mnft  be  the  imitation  or  inveftigation  of  it;  and  to  affc6\  iingularjity» 
either  in  habit  or  behaviour,  would  be  wandering  from  the  very  rulQ 
diat  I  have  been  propofmg. 

«  To  explain  this,*  faid  Imlac,  <  we  need  only  have  rccourfe  to  our 
own  feelings  and  perceptions :  the  variety  of  nature  is  infinite ;  hut  it 
is  harmonized  fay  general  effed.  The  verdant  leaves  irf  the  trees  pajf-  . 
ticipate  of  the  azure  of  the  iky,  and-their  trunks  of  the  colouring  of 
the  earth :  tSe  moft  difcordant  founds  in  mufic,  the  moft  diftant  ideas 
in  metaphyfics^  ate  combined  hy  gradation,  or  oppofed  by  contraftj 
yet  even  in  contraft  there  i&  an  imperceptible  connexion  that  unite* 
the  whokft    Without  one  great  plan,  to  w^u^h  all  is  fubfeivient,  our 

general 


Adveniures  of  John  of  GaunK  191 

ganttd.  condu^  in  Ilk,  and  our  fineft  prudu^tons  of  art  or  gcnias, 
are  like  a  republic  without  laws,  or  a  monarchy  without  a  king. 

*  Simplicity,  by  thofe  whofc  wayward  minds  are  not  fufceptible  of 
its  charms,  is  fuppofed  to  exclude  pomp  and  elegance ;  yet  what  it 
pomp  without  dignitv,  and  elegance  witnout  grace  ?  Both  are  the  off- 
ipring  of  nature,  and  fifters  to  hmplidty.' 

*  Iknow,'  faid  Zelia,  *  that  no  other  power  obtains  accefs  to  our 
hearts :  the  various  inflexions  of  voice,  the  painful  eilbrts  of  the  mu* 
iician,  who  ihows  his  art  in  deviating  from  nature,  excite  our  won* 
der ;  but  the  nightingale,  and  he  whofe  notes  are  equally  pathetic  and 
(imple,  inipire  us  with  more  than  admiration/ 


Abt.  XXIX.  The  Jdventures  of  John  cf  Gaunt^  Duh  of 
Lancafter^  By  James  White,  Elq;  Author  of  Earl  Strong* 
bow,  Conway  Caftlc,  &c.  In  Three  Volumes,  j2mo« 
p.  766.  pr,  9s.  fewed,  Robinfons.  1790*  • 
In  John  of  Gaunt  wc  obferve  the  fame  difcrimination  of 
chaiadter,  which  rendered  Earl  Strongbow  amufing  ;  but  this 
romance  is  not  fo  entertaining,  becaufe  it  is  fpun  out  too  muc^ 
by  unneceilary  fpeeches;  befides,  the  bundle  of  diverting 
cpiibdes  before  us,  feems  to  want  a  more  important  main  ftory 
to  connect  them,  and  give  that  kind  of  reftlefs  intereft  to  the 
whde,  which  impels  a  reader  to  follow  wherever  the  author 
choofes  to  lead.  We  are  therefore,  even  whilft  we  praife  fome 
detached  parts,  inclined  to  think  it  inferior  to  the  work  which 
we  have  already  alluded  to-.-yet,  in  travelling  with  the  Black 
Prince  and  his  illuftrious  companions,  in  their  journey  to  the 
tournament  at  Carnarvon,  we  met  with  many  fbrewd  remarks 
^nd  animated  (ketches  of  charafters,  evidently  caught  from 
life,  and  placed  in  a  good  light — for  the  author  has  the  art  of 
throwing  forward  what  diftinguifhes  the  man.  We  fliall  fub-r 
join  two  or  three  of  his  portraits,  which  can  more  conveni- 
ently be  taken  out  of  their  niches  than  the  reft. 

P,  fij.  Vol.  I.  •  The  Black  Prince  and  I  (there  being  a  fcarcity 
of  ladies)  preferred  fetting  down  by  the  patriarch,  who  dcfcribed  to 
us  in  thcfe  words  the  various  charaders  of  the  affembly  :  You  perceive 
the  pe rfon  who  dances  with  the  lady  Altifidora ;  that  is.  Sir  Hubert, 
of  a  noble  houfe  in  Norft)lk.  He  is  here  ftiled,  the  modefi  knight  njuho 
affeSs  to  be  immodeft.  Diffident  by  nature,  yet  not  beyond  what  is 
commendaU's,  he  hath  encouraged  the  opinion  that  he  (hall  arrive  at 
fame,  and  fucceed  in  the  general  favor,  by  the  reverie  of  this  good 
quality.  It  diverts  me  riot  a  little,  to  behold  an.  ingenuous  young 
man  endeavouring  to  bani(h  the  bluih  of  virtue  from  his  face ;  or, 
what  is  ftill  more  laughable,  attempting,  with  a  countenance  occirfi- 
onally  fuffufed  with  fcarlet,  to  aiTume  that  cool  and  genuine  impu*- 
dence,  which  is  unvarying,  inveterate,  incurable.  You  cannot  ofer 
to  Sir  Hubert  a  more  grateful  kind  of  flattery,  than  to  pretend  io  con* 
fider  him  as  a  (hameleS  fellow.  Employ  him  in  any  bafmeis  that  mjiy 
..Require  effrontery,  and  you  bind  him  to  yout  intfll;eft$  for  ever.  So 
.         O  4.  puxperousn 


1^2  NOVELS. 

numerous^  my  children,  are  the  habits  and  difguifes  in  which  vanity 
petitions  the  world  to  take  notice  of  her. 

'  The  next,  continued  he,  that  feems  worthy  of  your  obfervation, 
is  friar  Matthew,  an  Augufline,  now  dancing  with  dame  Eleanor. 
He  is  but  lately  out  of  his  noviciate,  and  pants  for  the  prize  of  ele- 
gance,  particularly  in  language.  For  this  purpofe  he  hath  laboured 
confiderably,  but,  alas !  to  little  efFeft.  He  reads  much,  which,  with- 
out diminifhing  his  ignorance,  hath  augmented  his  prefumption.  He 
hath  every  grammar  and  vocabulary  by  heart ;  yet  is  ever  finning 
againft  propriety  of  fpe^ch^  and  ijiolating  the  dignity  of  the  Englijb 
tongue* 

P.  250.  Vol.  I,  'Sir  Percival  was  a  portly  man,  of  a  clear  ikin, 
cleanly  in  his  perfon,  and  fumptuous  in  his  attire.  His  fole  exercife 
was  walking  to  and  fro  in  the  great  hall,  with  one  hand  in  his  bofom, 
and  the  other  behind  his  back.  In  his  attitude  there  was  a  flight  ftoop, 
not  unfuitable  to  his  time  of  life  ;  in  his  gait  a  flow  movement  of 
the  hinder  parts  from  right  to  left,  which  occafioned  a  regular  and 
not  ungraceful  dangling  of  his  fkirts ;  circumftances  that,  together 
with  a  gentle  agitation  of  his  head,  which  was  more  the  effed  of -old 
age  than  of  affectation,  diffufcd  over  his  perfon  a  gentlemanly  ap* 
pcarance.  His  principal  enjoyment  during  thefe  his  ambulations,  was 
to  gaze  ever  and  anon  at  the  hereditary  fuijs  of  armour  that  hung 
againft  the  arches,  and  at  pictures  of  grim  knights  with  battle-axes  and 
maces,  the  Percivals  of  ancient  days.  It  was  eafy  to  divine,  from 
the  fatisfadtion  in  his  face,  that  he  blefled  the  powers  above  that  he 
was  of  fo  dignified  an  extraftion.  Sir  Percival,  however,  had  fome- 
thing  affable  and  mild  about  him,  and  his  domeftics  and  retainers  were 
affedlionately  attached  to  him.'  M, 


Art.  XXX.  Loulfa,  A  Novel,  By  the  Author  of  Melifla  and 
Marciaj  or  the  Sifters.  3  Vols.  lamo.  780  p,  pr.  gs, 
fewed,     Hookham.  1790. 

The  analyfis  of  a  povel  fo  replete  with  incidents  as  that  now 
before  us^  would  greatly  exceed  the  bounds  of  our  Review. 
The  heroine  (whofc  attractions  are  fuch  as  to  captivate  every 
beholder)  is  the  fuppofed  daughter  of  Sir  Edward  Rofeville, 
but  in  reality  the  offspring  of  an  illicit  amour  between  her  mo- 
ther and  a  Rufllan  prince.  She  is  forcibly  carried  off  by  one 
admirer,  refcued  by  another,  reduced  from  affluence  to  poverty, 
and  re]e£ts  the  man  of  her  choice  from  motives  of  delicacy. 
.Her  virtue,  as  may  be  fuppofed,  does  not  pafs  unrewarded  ; 
Fortune  pours  down  her  favours  into  her  lap,  and  Che  arrives 
at  the  fummit  of  earthly  felicity.  Upon  the  whole,  however, 
this  novel  is  fuperior  to  the  greater  part  of  the  flimfy  contents 
of  circulating  libraries.  B. 


Art.  XXXI.  An  Inquiry  into  the  Nature  of  Zemindary  Tenures 
in  the  landed  Property  of  Bengal^  &c,  in  two  Parts*  with  an 
Appendix^  including  a  Dufcujfton  of  the  great  national  ^ef- 
fion  i  *  Whfther^  by  the  Granf  and  Condition  of  fuch  Tenures  the 

Z^etiiiadar 


9 


An  Inquiry  into  the  Nafuri  ofZmindary  Tenures.       r^j* 

Zemindar,  or  the  Sovereign-Reprefentativc-Govcrnment, 
is  to  be  confidered  the  legal  real  Proprietor  of  the  Soily  as  Land-- 
lordy'^-^ccording  to  the  Laws  and  Conjiitution  of  the  Mogsd 
Empire  in  India^  which  are  referred  io^  as  proper  to  afcertain 
the  Rule  of  Right  J  in  an  A£l  ofBritiJh  Legiflature  faffed  in  the 
Year  1784.  By  J.  G.  late  ScrrMhtehdar  of  Bengal,  &c.  410* 
101  p.     Dcbrct.     1790. 

In  1786  Mr.  James  Grant  was  appointed  chief  Serrifliteh- 
dar  of  Bengal,  &c.  or  general  fuperintendant  of  the  Native  Re- 
venue Accounts,  and  keeper  of  all  the  rules,  forms,  and  ordi- 
nance, in  the  native  admintftration  and  colledlion  of  the  re- 
venues, &c.  which  office  not  being  deemed  neceflary,  by  the 
fucceeding  adminiftration  of  Lord  Cornwallis,  the  appoint- 
ment was  aboliihcd  foon  after  his  taking  the  government. 
The  objed  of  this  performance  is  to  prove  the  propriety  of  that 
office  being  continued,  to  defend  the  old  fyftem  under  which 
the  revenues  of  the  company  in  Bengal  were  collefted,  and 
to  reprobate  the  new  fyftem  which  has  juft  been  adoped,  of 
letting  the  lands  in  thofe  provinces  on  a  ten  years  leafe  or 
fettlement ;  by  which  the  Zemindars  are  infome  cfegree  allowed 
to  poflefs  the  right  of  proprietary  to  the  lands  under  their 
jurifdidion,  on  paying  a  fixed  unalterable  tribute  for  that  pe- 
riod to  the  fupreme  government.  Some  meafurc  of  this  na- 
ture has  been  long  contended  for  in  the  Britiih  Parliamenc 
as  likely  to  afford  lecurity  to  landed  property,  and  relief  to  the 
natives  ;  but  Mr.  G,  afferts  that  it  will  have  a  contrary  effefl-, 
with  refpeS  to  the  ryots,  or  labouring  hufbandmen,  and  prove 
detrimental  to  the  Company  as  fovereigns,  and  folc  univerfal 
proprietary  lords  of  the  land,  as  giving  a  new  unnatural  confti- 
tution  to  the  Bcitifli  provinces  in  India,  Time  muft  determine 
how  far  he  is  correfl:  in  his  opinions,  as  the  experiment  is  now 
aftually  begun.  A  confiderable  part  of  the  work  confifts  ia 
difcuffing  the  rights  of  the  Zemindars  under  the  Mogul. 
Government,  which  has  been  much  agitated  in  the  Britiih 
parliament,  and  a  number  of  ^authorities,  funnuds,  grants,  &c« 
are 'referred  to,  to  prove  that  they  were  only  contra<9:ors,  or 
farmers  general  of  the  revenues,  and  confequemly  poffefl'ed  no 
rights  but  what  they  derived  from  the  grants  of  the  fovereign, ' 
by  virtue  of  their  office,  of  which  they  might  legally  be  de- 
prived by  the  power  under  which  they  held  it.  As  feveral  of 
the  moft  imelligent  men  in  the  kingdom  on  India  affairs,  have 
been  divided  in  opinion  on  this  point,  we  fliall  not  attempt  to 
determine  how  far  Mr.  Grant  has  elucidated  the  fubjeii;  fince, 
although  he  appears  to  be  poffeffed  of  very  confiderable  informa- 
tion, his  compoiition  is  rather  deficient  in  point  of  clearnefs  and 
pcrfpicukjTr 

AEt. 


194  f  O  t  t  V  %  t  B, 

Art*  xxxxi.  Obfrrvathm  $n  Mr.  Dundafs  India  Budget.  $yc. 
4ft  p.    Price  IS.  6d*    Debrett.     1790. 

ThB  objeft  of  thefe  obfervations  is  chiefly  to  fliew,  that  the 
ffftem  of  colleding  the  revenues  in  India^  9$  eftablided  by 
Mr.  Haftings^  is  ftil]  continued  by  Lord  Coruwallis  in  all  its 
farts.  The  performance  has  therefore  very  little  reference  to 
the  ftatement  of  the  budget,  except  in  fo  far  as  relates  to  feycral 
circutnftances  brought  forward  in  the  ^eeches  of  Mr.  Dun- 
das  and  Mr.  Francis  relative  to  the  difFerent  articles  of  revenue 
in  Bengal,  and  the  fituation  of  the  Zemindars,  &c.  And  its 
general  tendency  is  either  an  oblique  defence  of  Mr.  Haftings, 
or  an  attempt  to  prove  that  the  Britifh  Parliament  are  profecut* 
ing  one  man  for  a  condufl:  which  they  approve  in  another. 

A  piotion  to  this  effe£l  was  propofed  to  be  brought  forward 
by  Major  Scott  about  a  week  before  the  di£blutioa  of  parliaments^ 
bat  was  deferred. 

The,following  obfervation  refpeding  a  gradation  of  ranks  in 
Bengal,  which  Lord  Cornwallis  has  attempted  to  put  in  a  train 
of  eftabljfhment,  we  are  afraid  is  too  faithful  a  cepirefentation  of 
the  ilate  of  that  country. 

'  I  do  not  believe  it  poffible,  that  by  any  arrangement  we 
may  forixi^  we  can  alter  the  nature  of  the  people  of  Bengal  j 
they  have  been,  and  ever  will  be,  divided  into  two  clafles, 
very  rich,  and  miferably  poor ;  I  mean  the  Hindoos.  From 
the  nature  of  our  governmeot^  we  have  effedually  deftroyed 
the  Mahometan  nobility  and  country  Gentlemen ;  and  if  we 
were  to  re-eftabUCh  them,  they  would  foon  find  out  Ijiow  abfurd 
it  was,  that  a  great  kingdom,  with  regular  gradations  of  rank 
in  it,  and  inhabited  by  eighteen  millions  of  people,  fhould  be 
governed  by  a  few  tl^oufand  men,  from  a  diftaat  quarter  of  the 
globe.*  fi. 

Art.  XXXIII.  AJkort  Retrofpe^  of  the  Conduct  of  Adminijlraiion 
.  to  fime  of  the  principal  Powers  of  Europe.     In  a  Letter  to  a 
Friend.     8vo.     75  p.     pr.  zs.     Debrett.    1790. 

The  purpofe  of  this  pamphlet  is  to  prove,  that  the  condufl 
of  adminiftration  to  foreign  powers,  without  being  extremely 
exceptionable,  is  not  fuch  as  might  have  been  reafonably  ex- 
pefted ;  that  the  fingular  advantages  of  their  fituation,  though 
not  totally  neglefled,  have  been  by  no  means  properly  im-r 
proved,  and  that  our  political  and  commercial  advantages  have 
not  been  advanced  in.  the  proportion  they  ought.  The  rea*» 
foning  our  author  employs,  however,  is  very  far  from  being 
fatisfe<9:bry.  He  every  where  takes  more  for  granted  than  he 
proves,  and  deals  fo  much  in  perhaps  and  fuppofef^s  to  leave 
bis  r^der  vnth  little  information  and  lefs  conviction.     That 

the 


Hamtlton  €n  tU  Ttrms  Democracy ^  &<*  19I 

Ae  abfolute  neutrality  of  the  Britifh  court  during  the  rerokitbii. 
in  France,  is  an  obje^fhn  we  can  by  no  means  agree  to,  nor 
do  we  think,  that  the  French  democracy  has  yet  done  much 
more  than  ought  to  be  done.  Their  garden  was  full  of  weeds  $ 
the  whole  required  to  be  grubbed  up.  As  to  the  condud  of 
our  Miniftry  with  regard  to  Spain,  which  he  reprobates,  how 
can  that  be  a  fubje£l  for  argument  or  fpeculation,  of  the  me« 
rits  of  which  few  men  can  fay  at  prefent  they  know  any  thing  ? 


A&T.  XX3CIV,  Curjhry  RefleSiions  eu  public  Mtn  and  ptMe 
Mgafures  on  the  ContinenU  In  a  Letter  to  a  Friend^  1 18  p« 
pr,  2  8.  6d.     Stockdale.     1790. 

These  are  introduced  by  a  general  refle£lion  on  the  uncer- 
tainty of  the  fcience,  it  it  may  be  called  a  fcience,  of  politics  : 
the  indulgence  that,  in  confequence  of  this,  15  ufually  grantodi 
to  minifters,  and  the  mifcondu^  into  which  they  are  apt  to 
fall  from  this  indulgence,  as  well  as  from  flattery,  falfebood, 
and  other  circum/lances.  Our  author,  after  an  eulogy  on  the 
character  and  public  condu£t  of  the  prefent  minifter  of  England, 
proceeds  to  illudrate,  by  occurrences  which  have  happened  fince 
the  year  1765,  the  truth  with  which  he  fets  out,  that  it  is  im- 
poi&ble  to  reafon  with  any  precifion  a  priori^  oh  the  events  of 
political  meafures,  which  neceflarily  depending  on  remote  and 
latent  contingencies,  and  being  expofed  to  numberlefs  accidents, 
^re  often  produ£live  of  elFefts  not  only  contrary  to  what  weir 
intended,  but  what  never  could  be  expeded  from  any  podible 
combination  of  circumftances  whatever.  This  truth  is  placed 
jn  a  Ariking  point  of  view  by  the  prefent  fituation,  compared 
with  the  views  and  meufures  of  France  a  few  years  back.  On 
,  the  policy  and  perfidy  of  the  French  monarchy,  and  on  the 
conduft  of  other  ftates  to  which  he  is  led  by  their  relation  to 
France,  he  makes  various,  and  we  think  judicious,  obferva* 
tions.  He  reviews  the  conduft  of  the  late  emperor,  and  par- 
ticularly towards  his  fubje^^s  in  the  Netherlands,  whom  he 
drov^  to  the  neceiEty  of  revolting  againft  his  government. 
He  urges  many  plauhble  reafons  for  the  propriety  and  pra&i« 
cability  of  turning  the  Auftrian  Netherlands  into  an  inde-» 
pendent  republic.  i« 


^RT.  XXXV.     An  Attempt    to  explain    the   Terms  Democracy^ 
Jriflocracy^  OUgarchty  Monarchy^  and  Defpotifm.     By  James 
Edward  Hamilton,  Efq.     8vo.     16  p.     pr.  6d.     Debrett^ 
1790. 
f  AOM  this  {hort  and  fenfible  pamphlet  (for  our  author  is  t  /" 

j^etter  politician  than  a  financier)  we  learn  that  Democracy  is 
9  *  where 


igft  POLITIC   ff. 

*  where  the  people  felefl:  from  among  themfelves  a  certain 
number  of  individuals,  and  for  a  limited  time,  to  manage  all 
matters  regardinjg  the  fociety/  Arijiocracy  is  a  government 
\efted  for  life,  in  individuals  chofeh  by  the  people  from  among 
themfelves.  Oligarchy  is  a  government  vefted  in  a  few  families. 
Monarchy  is  a  government  \n  which  the  power  of  legiflating 
and  executing  the  laws  is  vefted  in  a  fmgle  perfon.  In  confi- 
dering  our  own  conftitation,  he  thinks  it  only  wants  (bme 
improvement  to  be  rendered  the  beft  poflible  for  the  happinefs 
and  profperity  of  individuals.  To  fome  of  the  above  defini- 
tions.  objeiSbions  might  be  offered,  did  we  not  recoiled  that 
Aesre  is  no  government  on  earth  the  plan  and  the  execution 
of  which  agree. 


Art.  XXXVI.     j1  Letter   to   the^ People  of  England^   upon  the 
frejent  Crijis.     By  James  Edward  Hamilton,    Efq.      8vo. 
15  p.     pr.  6d.     Debrett,  &c.     1790.  ' 

The  author,  fearing  left  the  people  fliould  be  difcouragcd 
on  the  approach  of  a  war,  prefcribes  a  cordial  draught,  which 
will  remove  anxiety  and  uneafmefs.  The  ingredients  arc 
thefe: 

One  penny  a  pound  on  butchers'  meat  would  produce  aboutj{^. 3, 000,000 
A  halfpenny  a  pound  on  wheaten  meal  -  -  5,000,000 

A  farthing  a  pound  on  horle-com         -  -  -  5,000,060 

A  farthing  a  pound  on  all  diftillablc,  or  diftilled,  or! 

brewtdgjain  -  -  -  .        )     3.000,000 

Excife  on  fpirits,  a  few  port  duties,  more  for  regulation  "> 

than  finance,  and  incidents        -        -         .         J     **ooo,ooo 
Land  Tax  -  -  .  •  .  2,000,000 


^.20,000,0Q0 

Expence  of  coUcdling  -        ,  ••         .1 ,000,000 

Net  income  ••  19,000,000 

In  lieu  of  all  taxes. — The  pamphlet  contains  ample  direc* 
tions  for  ufmg  this  medicine,  but  no  V/ell-atteJled  inftantfes  of 
its  good  effedls ! 


Art.  xxxvii.  Second  Letter  to  the  People  of  England^  upon 
the  prefent  Crifis.  By  James  Etlward  Hamilton^  Eiq.  -  8vo. 
15  p.     pr.  6d.     Debrett.     1790. 

This  letter  contains  a  farther  explanation  of  the  contents  of 
the  former,  and  a  ftring  of  arguments  againft  the  minifter*s'{Jan 
for  I  aying  off  the  national  debt.     It  feems  unfortunate  for  Ai\% 

country 


Ptoliiical  DiSiioiutry^  lay 

country  that  fo  many  private  individuals  are  capable  of  paying 
off  this  debt,  and  fo  few  minifters  have  the  lean:  idea  of  it ! 


Art.  XXXVIII.     The  Critical  Period :    or,   Seafonable   Truths 
relative  to  the  General  Ele^ion  in  Great  Britain  aud  Ireland, 
8vo,     Sap.     Pr.  is.6<I.     Kearfley.     1790. 
These  truths  have  been  publifhed  over  and  over  again,  al* 
though  we  fee  no  objeftion  to  their  being  reprinted  at  this 
time.     They  may  do  iome  good,  and  can  do  no  harpi.     The 
author  feems  to  be  no  party  man,  and  argues  with  calmnefe 
and  good  fenfe.     We  are  inclined  to  think  with  him  that  a 
parliamentary  reform  muft  begin  with  the  ele^orsy  and,  p^ 
from  them  to  the  eU^ed*    The  right  to  poll  is,  with  too  many, 
the  right  to  fell ;    and  what  the  candidate  buys  he  will  un- 
doubtedly think  he  has  a  right  to  fell  again. 

Art.  XXXIX.  The  Members*  and  EleSiors'  ufeful  Companion 
for  the  prefent  General  EleSlion :  containing  an  alphabetical 
Lifl  of  the  Boroughs^  £sff .  of  Great  Britain  :  The  Right  of 
Election,  and  Numb^&  of  Voter i  :  A  Liji  of  the  late  Membtrs^ 
and  a  blank  Column  for  the  newly-e levied  Members,  19  p. 
pr«  I  s^     Stockdale.     1790. 

To  perfons  interefted  in  ele6Hons,  or  who  wifh  to  complete 
an  accurate  lift  of  the  new  parliament,  this  pamphlet  will  be 
found  ufeful.  The  number  of  voters  is  not  always  correct,  but 
as  a  contefted  eledtion  only  afcertains  this,  it  is  eafy  for  thofc 
who  ufe  the  pamphlet  to  improve  it  in  this  refpeci. 

-Art.  XL.  DiSiionnaire  Raifonne  de  plufieurs  Mots  qui  font  dans 
la  Bouche  de  tout  le  Monde,  et  ne  prefenient  pas  des  Idees  bien 

nettes.      Par   Monfieur  ***. A  Rational  DiSfioncrry  ^ 

fever al  Words  which  are  generally  ufed  without  having  any 
determinate  Ideas  affixed  to  them.  By  Monfieur  ♦**i  8vo, 
288  p.     Paris.     1790. 

A  philofopher  of  the  firft  clafs,  decorated  with  every  literary 
honour,  obferved  to  a  civilian  that  there  was  no  fuch  thing  in 
France  as  public  law^  or  a  public  conftitution  :  that  the  only 
public  law  among  Frenchmen,  was,  to  live  as  they  have  always 
lived  ;  or,  in  cafe  of  new  circumflances,  to  change  their  mode 
of  living  by  adopting  that  which  is  conformable,  to  the  general 
inclination  of  the  community. — ^The  civilian  replies,  in  fub- 
ftance,  that  as  well  might  it  oe  aflerted  that  a  man  might  live 
to  the  age  of  fourfcore  without  any  particular  temperament  ox 
Habit  of  body,  as  that  the  French  monarchy  has  fubfifted  for 
fourteen  hundred  years  without  a  public  law  or  conftitution.—- 
A  convcrfation  is  carried  on  between  the  philofopher  and  th^ 

civiliani 


cSirSian,  lii  which  the  latter  fhews  the  impd&t^Uityo^eitabtiAi* 
ing  amy  new  form  of  government  on^the  bafis  of  a  majority  iri 
any  community,  or  the  general  inclination  i  but  that,  on  th^ 
other  hand,  there  is  fucb  a  thing  as  natural  equity  or  public 
law,  the  principles  of  which  are  as  deeply  fixed  in  the  naturcr 
of  diings,  and  the  mind  of  man,  as  even  thofe  of  mathemfttital 
fcienccr,  The  reafoning  of  the  civilian,  that  is  of  our  audior^ 
on  this  fubjedl  is  not  more  ingenious  than  juft* 

*  What  yott  call  niathemacicai  truth  (or  procefs  of  reafoning^. 
ia  tlie  French  original,  erJrenia$Bematique\  is  the  eftablilhment  of 
certain  axioms  whofe  truth  i'r  already  recognized,  axioms  that 
other  fpring  up  immediacely  from  the  fountain  of  nature  and  rea- 
Icm*  or  that  are  admitted,  for  carrying  on  the  flruflure,  by  way 
of  hypothecs  or  lemma.— By  approximating  two  of  the(e  axioms^ 
the  one  to  the  other,  we  diredly  perceive  relations  which  them* 
iUves  produce  new  ideas,  called  confequences :  which  cohfe* 
^ieaces  become  themfelves  principles,  capable  of  producing  other 
pfftndpies,  either  by  the  relations  in  which  they  ftand  to  one  ano- 
ther, or  to  the  common  principles  from  whence  they  are  both 
dierived:  and  thus  that  chain  of  truths  is  formed^  quat  fertingit  a 
Jitmmo  ad  imum,  and  jrefolves  problems   in    the  minuteft  details.  . 

■  ■  Now,  fays  the  civilian  to  the  academician,  what  is  to 
Idader  us,  in  the  caie  in  quefljionj  to  eftablifh  this  chain  ?— -PaiN- 
ciFtEs,  fays  the  academician :  nature  has  not  furnilhed  any  of 
theie ;  and  with  regard  to  hypothefes  and  lemmas,  what  one  fup- 
pofition  agreed  on  is  fufficient  to  e(labli(h>  a  contrary  fuppofition 
is  able  to  deilroy.-->The  civilian  replies  to  both  parts  of  tnis  argu- 
saent,  lil,  As  to  the  principles  which  are  implanted  in  your  bread 
by  nature,  or  natural  reafon  and  truth  ;  thefc  principles  are  not 
given  to  you  as  a  proper  and  e)fclufive  patrimony  ;  but  to  yon  and 
to  me.and  all  who  have  occafion  to  make  ufe  of  them.  Thus  I 
Ihoald  agree  with  you  that  truth  ftands  in  oppofition  and  contra^-' 
(diftindion  to.  the  co-exidence  of  two  things  that  imply  contradic-^ 
^n*.  I  might  have  my  own  maxims,  wholly  unknown  to  you, 
on  the  fubje^  of  what  is  fitted  to  eftabliih  folid  peace  among 
fellow-citizens,  and^  the  nature  and  foundation  of  that  fbcial  coh- 
traft  which  unites  a  great  .number  of  men  in  one  family :  it  is 
fttificient  to  my  purpofe  that  I  give  you  a  general  tLHii  iiniple  idea 
of  it.  idly,  A  fuppolicion  agreed  on  \ccinj^fntdn\  may  indeed 
be  deftroyed  by  a  contrary  fup{X)fition  ;  but  fb  long  as  it  h  not,  it 
retains  its  exiftence  and  authority.  It  is  fufitcient  for  the  foundav 
tion  of  an  edifice,  it  being  always  underftood  that,  if  ever  the 
fuppoficion  or  hypothefis  be  overturned  the  fuperilruAure  raifed  on 
that  foundation  will  no  longer  be  iuterefiimg.  But  to  the  deftruc- 
don  of  one  fuch  hypotheus  another  will  probably  fncceed  wbicll. 
Iball  ftrve  as  a  bafis  to  fome  other  edifice.    Now,  in  mathematiqi^ 

I    ■"    ■■  "■ ■'  ■         ■         ■  I*       111!  ■■wi.  .Ml    Ill        •^lm^ 

*  The  meaning  of  the  author  is,  not  only  that  two  things  whofb 
co-exiftence  implies  a  contradiflion  cannot  be  true :  but  that  die 
veiy  nature  and  eflence  of  truth  confifU  in  an  Oppofition  to  fuch  a 
foppoied  co^exiftence*        ' 

fton 


political  DiahMf);  /^    t^ 

from  w&icli  yoQ  reafbn,  have  yott  Aot  perpetually  to  do  with  mere 
bypQthefts  and  fofiulaia?  and  varions  combinations  and  calcuU'* 
dons  which  have  no  object  if  thofe  bypothe/es  and  poftuUta  on 
which  alone  they  are  founded,  be  dedroyed  ?— ^If  you  fay  that  the 
mathematical  combinations  and  calculations^  whatever  become  of 
the  aiTumptions  in  which  they  are  founded,  are  nevertheiefs  true  ; 
I  reply,  that  the  cafe  is  precifely  the  fame  with  moral  and  political 
calculations  and  combinations.  It  is  for  this  reafon  that  I  ob- 
ferved  to  you,  that  the  edifice  would  no  longer  be  iutereJHng^  I 
did  not  fay  that  it  would  tumhU  down.  If  it  be  well  cemented  all 
Its  parts  wiil  fubiift  in  compa^  on  a  hypothetical  bafe ;  which  will 
be  ranked  in  the  number  of  things  poffibk,  at  leaft,  if  not  of 
thofe  that  adually  fall  within  the  fphere  of  oar  obfervation* 

*  The  truth  is,  that  in  mathematics  oar  ideas  are  all  of  them 
decompounded,  and  reduced  to  fuch  a  degree  of  fimplicity  that 
they  will  always  appear  the  fame  to  all  men,  juft  as  they  fpeak  and 
underiland  the  fame  language.  Every  word  is  iht  proper  word  : 
no  room  for  ambiguity  or  equi vocation. --^In  this  fimplicity  things 
are  received  purely  as  they  are  in  their  own  nature.  There  is  no 
movement  of  the  heart,  neither  love  nor  hatred,  nor  defire  nor 
fear,  nor  any  other  obftacle  to  the  admiifion  of  truth. 

*  Far  different  is  the  cafe  in  moral  and  political  fcience.  Our 
ideas  ^  complicated  and  their  relations  compounded.  Hence  they 
are  oUcnre  and  coufufed,  and  the  lines  that  bound  them  indiftinA 
and  £unt. 

'  Again,  oar  heart  is  fubj€£l  to  different  paffions,  to  love^ 
hatred,  fear,  and  defire.  Thefe  play  about  objelds  with  which  we 
are  but  little  acquainted ;  and  names  are  fubfiitnted  in  the  place 
'^f  thipgs*  Thefe  names  are  only  an  imperfect  reprefentation  of 
objeAs  imperfedlly  known  :  and  draw  a  veil  over  monfters  that  are 
naturally  £tted  to  fill  us  with  horror.  We  approach,  we  grow 
familiar  with  them*  On  the  other  hand,  there  are  words^  of 
which  we  become  paflionaiely  fond  :  they  become  the  idols  which 
we  adore ;  and  to  which  we  addrefs  our  vows.  Thefe  vows  we 
convert  into  principles :  and  if  tru.h  herfdf  ihould  arraign  thefe 
principles,  ihe  would  be  found  in  the  wrong,  lofe  her  caufe,  and 
be  found  guilty^  It  is  abfolutely  neceffary  that  we  have  names  or 
words  :  without  names  or  words  we  cannot  exprefs  our  ideas.  But 
names  ought  never  to  be  made  the  fut^efts  of  controverfy.  It  is 
not  to  names  that  we  ought  to  ihewrefpedt,  bnt  to  truth.' 

Our  ingenious  author  proceeds  to  illuflrate  the  ncccffity  of 
determining  the  ideas  annexed  to  certain  technical  terms,  on 
fubjeds  of  great  importance,  which  are  in  every  body's  mouthy 
widioot  beiing  well  underftood. 

.There  art  fome  of  thefe  words  common  to  all  languages  and 
all  nations ;  fome  that  are  peculiar  to  the  French  language, 
and  form  the  French  public  law;  and  a  third  fort  that  are 
whoHy  unknown  to  France.  Thefe  three  dafles  of  words  na* 
turalty divide  this'  Mpork  into*three  parts.*— The  words  that  are 
conrunon  to  all  languages,'  and  which  form  theHrft  part  of  this 
S&ioiaiiy  are,  angrchu^  chi/mfy  am^ur  di  la  pairl^^  ^/pp^  ^ 

€orps  \ 


aOO  CORPOR  ATIOir    AYiD     TfiST    ACTS. 

^orps;  conJiitutioH\  defpoilfmg  it  monarchies  liberte^  propriete^ 
Jurete  de  run  et  de  V autre  ;  loi ;  nation. — The  words  peculiar 
to  France,  contained  in  part  fecond  are,  nation  Francoife\ 
r6i\  etats  generaux ;  parUments  et  coursjouveraines, — The  ftrange 
words,  comprised  in  part  third,  are,  prerogative  royale  \  pouvoir 
gxecutifi  lijie  civile  \  mots  Anglois  a  traduire  j  mots  Polonois, 

The  Engliih  words  to  be  tranflated  arc,  *  The  commons,' 
in  contradiftinSion  to  the  upper  houfe  :  *  a  word,  fays  our 
author,  borrowed  without  necejfity  to  fignify  what  in  France  is 
called  the /z>rx  ^/j/.*  Motion,  in  French  ^r^/^//««.  Amend- 
ment, in  French  correSiion^  ou  modification.  Address  to 
THE  King,  in  French  memoire  de  remonjltances^  ou  reprefen^- 
tations.'-^The  Polifh  word  in  ufe  among  the  Poles,  and  bor- 
rowed by  them  from  the  Romans,  is  Veto. 

What  we  have  extracted  from  the  preface  to  this  work  will 
fuffice  to  fticw  the  ingenious  fubtlety  and  the  comprehenfive 
views  of  the  author,  as  well  as  the  moderation  and  juftnefs  of 
hts  principles  in  matters  of  government.  He  is  an  advocate^ 
and  a  very  powerful  one,  for  the  limitation,  not  the  fubver- 
iion  of  the  monarchy,  by  the  introduction  of  novelty  after 
novelty  without  end. 

This  writer  holds  an  eminent  place,  as  a  metaphyfical  rea- 
foner,  even  among  the  numerous  writers  of  a  metaphyfical 
nation.  He  is  folid  though  refined,  and  knows  to  diftinguifli 
the  fummits  of  mountains  from  the  clouds. 


Art.  XLI.  Familiar  Letters^  addrejfed  to  the  Inhabitants 
of  Birmingham^  in  Refutation  of  feveral  Charges  advanced 
againft  the  Dijentersj  by  the  Rev.  Mr.  Madan^  ReElor  <f 
St*  Philips s^  in  his  Sermon^  entitled^  '  The  principal  Claims  rf 
the  Dijfenters  conjidered,  preached  at  St.  Philip* s  Chzcrchj  ox 
Sunday^  Feb.  14,  1790.'  By  Jofeph  Prieftley,  LL.d.  f.r.s* 
Part  II.  8vo.  20  p.  Pr.  6d-  Part  III.  40  p.  price  is« 
Partly.  48  p.  pr.  is.  Birmingham,  Thompfon j  London^ 
Johnfon.     1790. 

In  the  fourth  letter,  Dr.  Prieftlev  confiders  the  nature  of  the 
Teft  and  Corporation  Afts  ^  and  fliews,  that  fo  far  from  their 
being  neceffary  to  the  fecurity  of  the  church,  it  exifted  with- 
out them  in  the  fulleft  vigor,  from  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII. 
to  that  of  Charles  II.  that  the  fafety  of  the  eftablifhment  isk 
Ireland  is  unendangered  by  the  repeal  of  the  Teft  A& ;  that 
the  Catholic  religion  continues  in  France  though  Proteftants 
are  admiiEble  into  places  of  power  and  truft ;  and  that  the  chuich 
of  Scotland  fubfifts  without  any  Teft.  He  next  Ihews  the 
inadequacy  and  impolicy  of  fuch  a  Teft,  and  declares  the  in-^ 
te^iions  of  the  difTcnters  to  perf^vere  ij^i  their  efforts  for  its 

aboUtioi2» 


Prlcftldy'j  Litters  to  the  Inhabitants  of  Strmtngham.    apt 

abolition^  The  dodor  proceeds  with  a  complaint^  certainly 
not  made  without  reafotii  of  a  paper  difperfed  among  the  bifhops> 
previous  to  the  late  dlfcuffion  in  parliament,  which  contained 
mutilated  extra£ls  from  his  writings,  tending  to  give  an  un£ur 
view  of  his  principles  and  condudt,  and  which,  aided  by  the 
eloquence  of  Mr.  Burke,  excited  the  indignation  of  the  houfe^ 
not  only  againfl:  himfelf,  but  the  diflenters  in  general. 

In  the  hfth  letter,  which  begins  the  third  part,  the  doflor 
*  treats  of  a  complete  toleration ;  and  aflerts,  in  oppofition  to 
Mr.  M.  that  while  the  a6l  which  makes  it  confifcation  of 
goods,  and  imprifonment,  to  deny  the  do&ine  of  the  Trinity, 
remains  on  the  ftatute  book,  the  diffenters  do  not  enjoy  com- 
plete toleration.  In  the  fixth  letter,  he  adduces  the  common 
arguments  againft  religious  eftablifhments  in  general.  In  ano<« 
ther  letter,  marked  alfo  vi.  he  infifts  on  the  fame  topics  in 
oppofition  to  what  Mr.  Madan  has  advanced. 

The  feventh  letter,  which  begins  the  fourth  part,  is  intended 
to  countera£t  any  unfavourable  impref&on  which  Mr.  Madan's 
reply  might  mate  with  refpeft  to  the  doftor  himfelf.  The 
eighth  treats,  in  general  terms,  of  what  the  do£lor  calls  '  Mr. 
'Madan's  Apology  for  the  Dilfenters,'  in  other  words  of  the 
conceffions  which  he  has  made  in  his  laft  publication.  In  the 
ninth  letter,  our  author  enters  into  an  examination  of  Mr* 
Madan^s  further  argument,  in  fupport  of  his  pofition,  that  the 
difTenters  are,  unqueftionably,  republican;  and  adds  fome 
ftridtures  on  the  late  decifion.  Letter  lo,  treats  of  the  eccle- 
fiaftical  conflituti6n  of  Ireland.  The  nth  contains  a  few 
brief  remarks  on  the  nature  of  controverfy.  The  I2th  is  a 
comment  on  the  principles  of  the  church  of  England ;  and  the 
13th  rtSpo&s  the  fubfcription  which  is  required  by  that  church 
to  her  articles.  As  a  fpecimen  of  the  ftyle  of  thefc  letters,  we 
fele£l  the  following  paflage,  which  certainly  contains  fome  wit, 
and  is  well  calculated  to  remove  a  very  falfe  and  illiberal  pre- 
judice. 

'  The  philofophic  world  has  of  late  been  am u fed  with  a  ftory 
of  a  poifonous  tree  in  the  idarid  of  Java»  that  would  not  fuFer  any 
plant  to  grow,  or  any  animal  to  approach,  within  twelve  miles  pf 
It.  But  the  murder  of  this  king  (ch.  i.)  has  a  far  more  baneful  and  cx^ 
tenfive  influence ;  and  according  to  appearance,  we  can  never  re- 
move far  enough  from  it.  i  (hould  think,  however,  that  the  clergy 
'  ihonid  fi^  fome  time,  a  thouf and  years  {ox  example  (for  I  would 
not  be  unreafonable  in  fixing  too  ihort  a  term  of  probation)  after 
which^  if  the  diiTentera  fhould  behave  like  other  fubje^s,  and  kilt 
sip  more  kings,  it  fliould  be  deemed  illiberal  in  fnch  preachers  as 
Mr.  Madan  to  charse  us  with  the  crimes  of  r^^»^/irA«r^f  and  if«/- 
killing.  However,  it  feems  hardly  fair  to  infer  a  habit  from  a 
Jingle  a9,  and  we  are  not  charg^  with  kilUng  any  more  kings 
than  one/ 

Vol.  VII,  P  We^ 


202  CORIPORATION    AK0    TE*T     ACTf 

We  were  much  concerned  (for  the  honour  of  a  certairt 
learned  focicty)  at  the  perufal  of  the  following  feft, 

*^  As  Mr.  Madan  lays  much  ftrefs  cm  ?irguments  from  euthoritj; 
1  wtH  Inform  him  of  one  with  which  he  is  probably  unacquainted. 
The  difienters  have  not  only  been  defeated  in  the  bonj}  of  ctm- 
■Moni,  but  in  the  Rayal  Soc'nty  alfb.  A  friend  of  rninfe  was  lately 
recommended  to  this  philofophical  fociety  by  myfelf,  Mr.  Kirwan^ 
Mr.  Watt,  Dr.  Crawford,  Dr.  Watfojr,  Djr.  Price,  and  Dr,  Kippis- 
His  knowledge  of  philoToplw  and  chemillry  far  exceeds  mine,  and 
Lcntenahicd  no  doubt  bet  mat  a  certificate ^^^»^^^  could  not  fail 
to  be  fuccefsful.  But,  as  my  information  goes,  "  Bifhop  Horiley, 
the  king's  two  librarians,  and  many  church  digmtaries  came  to^^ 
vote  agamft  him,*'  and  the  votes  of  two  thirds  of  the  company 
prefent  being  nec^ffary  to  an  elcdUon,  he  was  rejected. '  Unfortir^ 
nately,  he  was  known  to  be  not  only  a  friend  of  mine,  but  to  have 
been  aftive  fn  the  meafures  to  procure  a  repeal  of  the  Teft  and 
Corporation  Ads,  and  was  fent  to  Lt>ndo«  as  a  delegate  from  the 
diflenteri  in  a  northern  county.  Had  my  own  eledion  been  de- 
pending, it  would  certai^jly  have  met  with  the  fame  fate.  I  wi41 
venture  to  Uy  that,  had  the  clergy  looked  through  the  three  king., 
domi,  they  could  not  have  found  an  abler  man  ib  put  an  aj^roitt 
opon.  It  therefore  ihews,  what  is  much  to  Mr.  Madan's  purpoft,, 
the  iuperiority  of  thofe  who  oppofe  the  repeal  of  tlve  ads  in  quef- 
tion  ever  thofe  who  defire  the  repeal,  ijot  only  in  the  hAufe  af  com^ 
mens,  but  even  in  the  Royal  Society,* 

For  our  account  of  the  firft  part  of  thefe  ktters,  fee  p.  87. 


'J^ 


AxT-  XLii.    J  Free  Examinatim  of  Dr.  Prkt's  and  J?r.  Priejh^ 
.ley''s'Sermo77s,     By  the  Rev,  W.  Keate,  Reito**  of  Lavertoo^ 
.&c.  and  j^ditorof  W,  Bull's  Addrefs  to  the  Steward  of  the 
Manor.     With  a  Poftfcript,  contaJnmg  ibrne  Swifturps  upon 
an  Addrefs  to  the  Oppofers  of  the  Repeal  of  the  Corporation 
and  Tcft  Ads.     Svo.  p.  64.     pt.  2s. .   Dodfley.     1.790..  . 
Mr.  Keate  is  of  ojnnfon  that  Dr.  Price  and  his -ai&ciates  are 
in.purfuit  of  an  ideal   liberty,  which  mver  can  be  realleed, 
while  they  treat  with  difrefpe^  that  fyftem  of  liberty  which  has 
flood  the  teft  of  experience.     He  oppofes  the  idea  of  a  parira^ 
mentary  reform,  becaufe  no  two  projeSors  are  agreed  upon  the 
fubje<S. — On  thefe  topics  Mr.  K.  advances  nothing  new«     In  a 
note  however  at  the  end  of  his  examination^  he  very  ably  con- 
tends againft  the  aflertion  of  Lord  Chathamy  ^  that  w<:  have  a 
Calviniftic  creed,  a  Popifli  liturgy,  and  an  Arminian  clergy.* 

In  op^y^fition  to  Dr^  Prieftley  he  urges  the  danger  of  giving 
viray  to  a  party  who  have  not  fpecified  the  extent  of  their  ckims, 
fince  the  DoiSor  has  afferted,  that  the  *  diflbnteFS  are  entitled 
even  to  nnfn  than  they  have  folictted.'  He  remarks,  that  the 
example  of  Holland  has  been  abfurdly  mtroduced  in  thisdifput^^ 
fiace,  though  from  the  neceflity  of  employing  foreign  troop* 
they  have  iifpeofcd  withr  a«teit  in  tlic  army,,  the  great  civil 

officers,. 


Catalogue  ofPuhlkations  nlathe  to  t'li  Teji  Asi.    •     20 J 

officers,  as  burgomafters,  &c.  are  ail  of  the  eftabliflied  re- 
ligion. 

We  cannot  agree  with  our  author  in  opinion  refpe<Sing  MrS; 
Barbauld's  elegant  publication,  the  Addrefi  to  the  Oppcfers  of  the 
Repealy  which  he  confiders  as  written  *  with  great  intempe* 
ranee  and  forenefs  from  dirappointment.'  He  obferves  that  the 
ferment  of  which  th^t  author  complains  was  wholly  excited  by 
the  diflenters  themfelves/  He  defends  the  Englifli  feminaries  j 
and  rcuiarks,  with  refpe<Sl  to  the  proiperity  of  France,  thjat  the 
completion  of  things  is  not  yet  feen ;  and  that  notwithftanding 
the  various  refinements  in  tlieir  civil  code.  Popery  is^  by  th^ 
national  a^Fembiy,  in  concurrence  with  their  king^  eftabliihed  as 
the  national  religion,  by  an  ordinance  for  ever. 


Art.  xliii.  A  Vindication  of  the  Hijlory  of  the  Corporation  and 
Teji  A^s.  8vo,  35  pages,  pr.  is.  Johnfon,  1790. 
In  this  manly  and  fpirited  vindication  Mr*  Lofft  enters  into 
a  fuller  inveftigation  of  the  verfattlity  of  Sir  Jc^n  Rous.  He 
continues  to  aflert  the  propriety  and  advantage  oi  adthittiri^ 
diiTenters  into  offices  of  truft  and  power,  and  that  this  meafur6 
is  far  from  being  calculated  to  excite  in  them  a  difpofition  tcf 
reform  or  fubvert  the  conftitution. 

At  the  end  i^  giyen  the  refolutions  of  tbc  clergy^  &c.  Qjt 
Suffolk,  with  the  proteft  againft  them. 


Art.  XLlV.  An  arranged  Catalogue  of  the  fenJeral  Publications 
'  which  have  appeared  relating  to  the  enlargment  of  the  Toleration 
cf  Proteftant'DiJfenters ;  and  the  Repeal  of  the  Corporation  and 
Te/l  Adfs :  with  Reference  to  the  Agitation  of  thoje  ^ejiions 
in- Parliament^  from  tjji  to  1790  include.  evOi  p.  65. 
pr.  is.     Johnfon.     1790. 

A  SHORT  detail  of  the  fucceffive  efforts  which  have  been 
made  by  memiicrs  of  the  eftablifhment,  by  proteftant  diflenters^ 
and  by  RomaA  catholics  in  favour  of  religious  liberty,  is  given 
as  an  introdu6tion  to  the  cataloi/ue  ;  and  to  this  narrative  is 
fubjoined  the  Addrefs  to  the  People  o(  England,  whieh  was 
publiflied  by  the  committee  of  pi  oteftant  drffenters  appointed  to 
condu<9:  the  late  application  to  parliament.  The  enumeration 
of  every  article  in  a  caldogue  of  writings,  the  bare  titles  of 
which  extend  to  more  than  thirty  pages,  will  not  be  expefted 
•within  the  limited  bounds  of  our  review;  It  is  fufficient  to 
fay  that  it  appears  to  have  been  made  with  faithfulnefs  and  ac-^ 
curacy.  Its  ufefulnefs  to  colleftors,  and  thofe  who  wifh  to- 
know  what  has  been  Written  on  the  Itibjedl:,  is  too  obvious  t6 
be  mentioned.    . 

?  %  Art*. 


204  MlSC£LLAKfiOty  is 

Art.  xlv.    J  Statement  of  Dr.  Whitens  literary  Obligationf  i9 

the  late  Rev,  Mr,  Samuel  Badcock  and  the  Rev,  Samuel  Parr^ 
,  LL,D,  By  Jofeph  White,  d.  d.  8vo.  io8  p*  price  2s.  6d, 
.  Oxford,  Prince  and  Cook.     London,  Robinfons«     1790. 

In  confequence  of  the  publication  by  Dr.  Gabriel,  of  which 
an  account  was- given  in  our  5th  vol.  page  361,  and  of  the  re- 
ports circulated  refpeding  the  (hare  which  the  late  Mr.  Bad- 
cock  and  Dr.  Parr  had  in  the  compofition  of  the  Bampton  lec- 
tures, Dr.  White  has  here  laid  before  the  public  a  narrative  o( 
the  affiftancc  he  received  from  thofc  gentlemen  ;  to  which  the 
following  introduction  is  prefixed. 

*  Much  having  been  ailerted  concerning  my  literary  connexions 
with  the  late  Mr.  Badcock,  and  the  Aippofed  injuflice  of  my  condud^ 
to  him  and  his  fiftcr,  my  continued  filence  may  poffibly  be  conilrued 
into  a  confeifion  of  guilt.  It  b  therefore  neceflary  for  me  to  ftate 
what  was  my  connexion  with  Mr.  B.  what  was  my  condoX  towards 
him,  and  what  was  his  (enfe  of  that  conduct.  This  wi>!  explain  and 
jaftify  my  conduct  towards  his  fiiler>  and  thofe  who  a^kd  in  her  be- 
nsdf.  In  doine  this^  I  have  two  things  to  lament,  the  irkfome  ne* 
ceiiity  of  publiming  any  private  and  confidential  letters  (even  thougb 
addreffed  to  myfclf,  afta  relating  to  my  own  affairs),  and  my  having 
incautioufly  deilroyed  many  others,  which  the  fame  n^ceffity,  and  that 
only,  would  have  compelled  me  to  print.  Thofe  which  I  now  pro- 
duce are  deilgned  to  fubflantiatc  a  very  plain  narrative,  with  which  I 
difdain  to  mix  the  language  of  invedive  either  againft  the  dead  or  the 
living.* 

This  publication  confifts  chiefly  of  letters  from  Mr,  Bad- 
cock  to  Dr.  White  refpe£iing  the  Bampton  le£hjies,  inter* 
fperfedwith  feveral  articles  relative  to  a  review,  in  which  Mr, 
B.  was  engaged.  But  no  notice  whatever  is  taken  of  Dr«  Ga- 
briel, or  of  any  other  perfons  who  were  moft  active  in  propagating 
the  reports  of  the  affiftance  he  had  received  from  Mr.  B.  and 
Dr.  Parr. 

From  this  ftatement  Dr.  W.  appears  to  ftand  in  the  fame 
predicament  as  we  fuppofed  in  our  former  review.  Badcock 
and  Parr  were  affiftants  whom  either  his  diflidence  in  himfelf, 
or  his  indolence,  induced  him  to  call  upon  ;  an^  in  particular  fer- 
mons  they  both  contributed  largely  ;  but  the  plan  of  the  whole, 
and  the  execution  of  the  greateft  part,  ft  HI  appear  to  have  been 
Dr.  White's. 

It  is  not  eafy,  from  this  ftatemcnt,  to  appreciate  the  value  of 
the  contributions  of  Mr,  Badcock  and  Dr.  Parr  to  thofe  fermons  j 
for  although  Dr.  W.  feems  to  have  ftated  with  a  minute  exa£t- 
nefs  every  paflage  which  they  furniftied ;  yet  as  much  of  Dr. 
Parr's  a^ftance  confifts  of  verbal  alterations,  or  additions  of 
epithets,  &c.  it  would  be  almoft  neceflary  to  compute  the  num- 
ber of  words  in  a  fermon  to  afcertain  the  proportionate  part 
belonging  to  him.  And.  as  thofe  correftions  abound  in  the 
parts  written  by  Mr.  B.  it  would  require  another  arithwretical 
procefs  to  diftinguifb  what  properly  belonged  to  each,  for 
6  tbefe 


WhitcV  Statement  of  literary  Obltgatlons.  to% 

tbefe  particulars  we  refer  to  the  pamphlet  Itfelf.  On  a  general 
view,  however,  the  following  a|^ears  to  be  nearly  an  abftra£l 
of  the  whole  of  their  affiftance. 

Left,  I.  Mr.  B*  wrote  the  greateft  part  (to  the  40th  page). 
Dr.  P.  made  a  great  many  corrcdions,  and  appears  to  have 
added  a  page  or  two.  "Left.  2.  Mr.  B*  none— Dr.  P.  ten  cor- 
rections, and  about  two  pages  added.  Left.  3.  Mr.  B.  24  pages, 
from  p.  1 18  to  p,  141,  about  half — Dr.  P.  about  12  pages,  p.  105 
to  107,  and  1A4  to  154,  and  feveral  corredlions  and  additions. 
J^&,  4.  Mr.  B.  none — Dr.  P«  added  three  pages  at  the  end, 
three  epithets,  and  correfted  three  lines.  Left.  5.  Mr.  B.  about 
a  fourth,  from  p.  225  to  240— Dr.  P.  fomewhat  more,  p.  210 
to  225,  and  fome  other  additions  and  correftions.  Left.  6« 
Mr.  B.  none— Dr.  P.  added  page  253-4,  correftcd  an4 
fubftituted  12  lines.  Left.  7.  Mr.  S.  about  four^iifths,  p.  289 
to  327,  except  fome  few  additions*— Dr.  P.  nearly  the  remainder • 
Left.  8.  Mr.  B.  two  fifths,  p.  362  to  383 — ^Dr.  P.  a  few  lines, 
and  fome  epithets  added.  Left.  9  and  10  Mr.  B.  none-^Dr.  P. 
furntihed  a  confiderable  part  of  the  9th  in  additions  and  fubfti- 
tutions  of  various  paflages  throughout  the  fermon,  which 
appear  to  amount  to  frbout  half.  Of  the  loth  Dr.  P.  added 
and  fubftituted  the  greater  part.  In  the  notes  Mr.  B^  wrote 
about  a  fourth*,  and  Dr.  P.'s  contributions  feem  to  be  nearly 
ilat  fame,  viz.  p,  14,  23—27 — 50  to  60—85  to  87,  he. 

By  adding  thefe  feveral  parts  together,  the  general  refult,  as 
near  as  we  can  judge,,  appears  to  be,  that  Mr.  B.  compofed  or 
filled  up  of  Dr.  White's  outlines  about  a  third  of  the  volume, 
and  that  Dr.  Parr's  additions,  &c.  may  amount  to  about  a 
fourth,  including  the  tenth  fermon.  With  refpeft  to  the  racrits^ 
of  thefe  parts^  wc  reoommend  to  fuch  of  our  readers  as  wifli 
to  fatisfy  themfelves,  to  compare  leftures  2,  4,  and  6,  in  which 
Mr.  B.  had  no  {hare,  and  Dr.  P.  but  a  very  trifling  one,  with 
thpfe  parts  of  the  other  fermons  which  they  are  fpecifically  ftated 
to  have  writtein  , 

The  letters  from  Mr.  B.  are  inferted  to  (hew  that  he  wrote 
only  parts  of  thofe  fermons ;  that  he  '  condufted  himfelf  by 
Dr.  W/s  bints,  and  only  filled  up  the  outline  which  he  drew 
for  his  direftion,  &c.'  p.  20. 

Dr.  W.  appears  to  have  furniflied  Mr.  B.  with  fome  articles 
for  a  review*  Several  fermons  are  ^ftientioned  which  Mr.  B. 
lent  to  Dr.  W.  on  diflFerent  occafions,  which  are  not  relevant 
to  this  fulsjeft  farther  than  as  they  tend  to  ibew  the  whole  of 
the  obligations  Dr.  W.  received  from  Mr.  B. 

'^"'"'' n»    "    n      ■w.r.*. mm    m      ...   ■<■■■■       !■  -  ■    ■     > l  iMWI  mi-    |  ■    ,       ■  i...  ,,. 

*  Thefe  notes  co^^il  of  about  nine  pages  at  the  beginnings  part  of 
p.  28  aod  29—60  to  68—77  ^®  ^3'  Thofc  which  relate  to  Sociniam- 
lOn  Mr*  B.  feem$  to  h^vc  been  exceedingly  anxious  to  have  infcited, 
and  almoft  infifted  upon  it  in  his  letters,  p.  35,  Thefe  references  are 
made  to  the  fecond  edition  of  the  fermons. 

P3  Th« 


%q6  miscellanfotjs. 

The  ftatcment  of  Dr.  Parr's  affiftaricc  in  the  Bampton  lec^  ' 
tures,  appears  to  have  been  drawn  up  by  himfelf,  from  the  fo]« 
lowing  extraS,  p.  91. 

. «  It  includes  every  thing,  which,  after  a  {>erfonal  interview,  and  a 
fecond  feparaie  and  qaretul  examination,  either  Dr,  Parr  or  myfeif 
had  the  leaft  reafon  for  believing  to  have  been  written  by  him.  It  is 
my  duty  to  add,  that  I  publifh  this  flatemcnt  by  Dr.  Parr's  permiifion  : 
and  left  affiftance  fo  valuable  (hould  be  in  any  degree  depreciated,  I 
Ihall  explain,  in  his  own  words,  the  abbreviations  ufed  in  the  follow-r 
iiig  lift,  *'  Sub.  is  ufed  as  an  abbreviation  for  /ubfiiiuied,  cqrr.  for  cor-^ 
reSed^  and  add'ior  added  \  and  under  the  word  fubftitutioh  is  often  im- 
j^icd,  not  merely  the  prefervation,  but  the  expanfion  of  foipe  idea 
which  Dr.  Parr  found  in  Dr.  White's  papers,  and  fometimes  the  addi-r 
^ion  of  other  conncfted  ideas.' 

The  manner  in  which  this  lift  is  drawn  up  is  fo  curious  that 
vre  cannot  forbear  giving  a  fpecimen  of  ir,  and  recommending 
ic  to  the  conf(d?ration  of  fuch  of  our  readers  as  may  happen  to 
revife  or  correft  the  works  of  any  of  their  friends,  and  have  9 
juji  fenfe  of  the  value  of  their  own  wriiings^  and  of  the  altera-* 
tions  they  may  make,  as  it  is  certainly  a  very  proper  method  of 
preferving  to  pofterity  every  word  they  may  have  written ! ! 

LECTURE       |. 

page  2,  line  22,  ^*  exemplary,*'  add. 

Ibid.  1.  23,  **  gracious,*'  add. 

Page  3.  1.  8,  "  the  petulance  of  ridicule,  and  the  malignity  of  re-* 
p roach,"  fub, . 
.  Jbid.  \f  16,  "  They  gazed  perhaps"  to  "  warnings  of  the  preacher,'* 
I.  20.  fub. 

Page  5, 1.  8,  9, '"  with  efTeft"  and  *•  with  propriety,"  add. 

Page  8^  1.  17,  **  no  foundation"  to  **  emotions  of  enthufiafm," 
1.  19,  corr.   Sec.  &c. 

Dr.  Parr  itares  that  his  fiift  *  declaradon  at  Oxford,  about 
the  affiftance  he  had  given  to  Dr.  W.  was  extorted  from  him 
upon  hearing  tbofe  unjuft  and  provoking  reports  by  which  the 
ivhole  of  the  Bampton  le<3ures  was  then  afligned  to  Mr.  Bad- 
cock;'  and  this  Dr.  W.  fays^  '  he  7710J}  implicitly  and  firmly  be-* 
0eves>^  Some  other  inftances  are  alfo  ad  Jed,  ip  which  Dr.  W, 
has  been  under  obligations  to  Dr.  P.  for  •lerwo'ns,  &c. 

In  our  former  review  v.'e  mentioned  the  circupiftance  of  ^ 
promifibry  note  for  500 1.  having  been  given  by  Dr.  W.  to 
Mr.  B.  as  a  tranfac^ion  for  which  we  were  unable  to  account; 
this  JDr.  W.  has  now  explained  in  a  manner  which  clearly 
proves  th^t  it  was  given  for  feryices  to  be  jicrformed  in  the  hif- 
-  tory  of  Kgypt,  and  which  never  were  executed.  In  confe- 
quenceof  the  plan  he  had  formed,  Dr.  W.  applied  to  Mr.  B, 
fwhis  aiiift!inre  In  the  firft  part  of  the  work,  refpe^ting  the 
ancient  hiftory  of  Egypt,  to  diretl  him  in  which,  he  was  to  receive 
th6  general  plan  and  an  analyfis  of  every  part ;  whilft  Dr.  W. 
intef^dc4  to  cplle^  materials  from  the  hiftprians  of  the  eaft, 
*  r^Utivc> 


\yhite*i  Statement  9f  literary  Obii^atidns.  2>7 

relative  to  the  micklle  ages,  in  which  all  our  pre/cnt  hiflories  of 
that  country  are  very  deficient,  to  enrich  the  modern  part. 

*  This  application  was  nwide  perfonally  at  South  Molton,  in  July, 
1786,  when  I  left  40 1.  with  Mr.  B.  who  was  at  that  time  employed 
in.  writing  for  fome  periodical  publications,  and  dej>cnded  principally 
on  the  profits  arifmg  from  thefe  employments.  I  vvas 'convinced  that 
the  attention  he  mult  neceifarily  pay  to  that  part  of  the.hiilory  Fie  had 
undertaken,  would  render  his  ptrfeverance  in  thefe  labours  in  a  great^ 
degree  impradicable,  and  his  means  of  fubfiftence  fcanty  and  preca- 
rious. I  was  at  the  fame' time  fanguine  in  my  hope  that  the  work  I 
had  planned,  would  prove  uncommonly'  lucrative;  and  I  therefore 
took  an  early  opportunity  of  alluring  Mr.  B.  that  he  (hould  amply 
partake  of  it«  fruits.  With  this  view,  on  the  7th  of  Auguft,  1786,. 
1  fcnt  him  the  following  note,  &cc.  (See  our  Review,  Vol.  V.  p.  ^6^*) 
Ipufpofely  avoided  making  the  note  payaole  to  order,  thinking,  how- 
ever crroneoufly,  that  I  fhould  by  this  means  afford  fecurity  and  en- 
couragement to  Mr.  B.  1^  ithout  the  rifque  of  its  being  prefcnted  for 
payment,  (hould  he  die  without  rendering  the  future  alfiHancc,  for 
which  it  was  dcfigned  to  compcnfate. 

*  I  conceived  that  the  Ancitnt  Hlftory  of  Egypt  would  roalvC  one 
volume  quarto,  and  the  Modern  another ;  and  that  the  whole  wor|p 
^ould  produce  fuch  a  funi  as  would  enable  me  to  difcharge  the  note 
n^ith  a  confiderable  remainder  to  rayfelf.* 

In  tlie  letter  in  which  the  note  was  enclofed.  Dr.  W. 
£4irnejlly  requejied  Mr.  B.  to  take  no  notice  of  it  in  any  letter  he 
might  fend  to  him,  with  which  injundion  Mr.  B.  feems  to 
have  fcrupuloufly  complied,  as  no  mention  is  mac^c  of  it  in  the 
next  letter  he  wrote  ;  bat  in  a  fubfcquent  one,  dated  Septem- 

"  ber  2»  in  which  he  defires  to  De  the  plan  fairly  drawn  out,  and 
requires  inftrudions,  &c.  he  afibres  Dr.  V/.  that  the  memo* 
rnndum  will  never  be  made  any  ufeof  by  h'lm^  or  by  any  one  for 
himy  living  or  dead.^     Dr.  W.  in  his  anfwer  gives  fome  direc- 

,  tions  rcfpeding  the  part  he  wiflied  him  to  undertake.  The 
whole  or  the  note  becane  payable  in  Augul*  I7i^7>  '^^^^"^  which 
Mr.  B.  wrote  feveral  letters  to  \jx,  W.  in  none  of  which  arc 
any  pecuniary  claims  that  he  had  on  him  mentioned  ;  *  though 
he  was  confefledly  in  a  fituation  too  necenitous  to  admit  of 
falfc  delicacy  or  miftakerl  tendernefs,  he  only  en  treats  him.  to 
procure  the  fale  of  fome  manufcript  fermons.' 

The  la(t  of  thefe  letters  from  Mr.  B.  is  dated  the  7th  of 
March,  1788,  acknowledging  the  receipt  of  Dr.  W.'^y^poaf^, 
which  is  ftatcd  to  have  been  a  letter  with  a  bill  encloled.  Mr. 
JB.  died  the  jqth  of  Alay  following.  Refpe<9ing  the  pajtrient 
of  the  note  ih  que  ft  ion,  Dr.  W.  gives  the  follov^ing  accohnt. 

*  When  I  was  applied  to,  foon  after  his  death,  for  the  payment  of 
the  note  jnenticned  in  jvige  65,  I  was  with  dlfEculty  prevailed  on  tp 
Lelidve  that  this  note  exilted  ;  fo  pcrfeft  had  ever  been  my  confideace 
in  the  honour  of  Mr.  B  and  fuch  was  the  iconi\nt(ftion  which  that 
ijonfidcnce.had  induced  me  to  pat  on  a  letoer  akeady  AibmitHfi  ta  the 

.  #-— — . ■ . ; 77"*: — r^ — ~— 

*  An  %%U9^  of  chi«  kctei;  ii  ioferted  ia  Dr.  G^brAel's  [^mphlet. 


208  MISCELLANEOUS. 

reader.  I  engaged  to  pay  Mr.  B.  500!.  upon  the  prefuniptibn  of  le^ 
ccivine  an  equivalent  from  his  afliftance  in  the  hiftory  of  Egypt.  But 
^  he  died,  without  rendering  me  any  part  of  that  aiTtftance,  I  there- 
fore refufed  to  pay  his  reprefentative  what  I  thought  (he  could  not 
Ugaliy  demand^  what  Mr.  B.  never  had  claimed,  and  what  I  knew 
•  that,  had  he  lived,  he  never  could  equitably  have  claimed. 

*  I  afterwards  confented  to  pay  the  whole  fum,  partly  becaufe  I  ap^ 
prehended  that  my  perfifting  to  refufe  the  payment  of  it,  might  tend 
to  the  difclofure  of  the  ailluafice  which  Mr.  B,  had  given  me  in  the 
Bampton  left u  res,  and  partly  becaufe  I  was  informed  that  the  note  by 
Mr.  B.'s  death  became  a  part  of  his  affets,  and  as  fuch,  could  legally  blc 
demanded.^ 

In  the  whole  of  this  bufinefs  Dr.  White  appears  to  have  ex«. 
perienced  very  great  injuftice.  That  he  was  blameable  in  paffing 
on  the  public,  as  his  own,  fo  great  a  proportion  of  the  vaitings  of 
Dr.  Parr  and  Mr.  Badcock,  without  acknowledgment,  muft 
ht  admitted ;  and  although  little  more  than  a  twelvemonth  is 
allowed  from  the  time  of  the  appointment,^  to  the  preaching 
of  the  Bampton  leSures,  yet  the  fhortnefs  of  that  period  wiU 
hardly  be  deemed  a  fufEcient  apology  for  feeking  after  fo  much 
aiiiftance  in  the  work.  His  condudl,  however,  by  no  means 
juftifies  that  of  his  ailiftants  \  nor  affords  any  excufe  for  the 
illiberal  manner  in  which  the  affiftance  they  gave  has  been 
propagated.  No  account  is  here  given  of  the  engagements 
under  which  Dr.  P.  aded ;  but  thofe  of  fecrecy  he  muft  in  honour 
have  been  bound  to  ob&rve  ;  and  he  attempts  to  extenuate  his 
preferring  his  claims  by  the  plea  oi  Jheltering  hhnfelf  from  a 
claimant  whofe  pretenjions  were  unknown  to  him.  Mr.  Badcock 
aflifted  under  folemn  engagements  of  fecrecy,  and  received  con* 
iiderable  fums  of  money  in  return,  and  fo  binding  did  he  at  one 
time  think  them,  that  in  a  letter  dated  the  14th  of  November, 
1785,  he  writes, 

*  But  if  our  correfpondence  (hould  by  any  untoward  circumftances 
be  diflblved,  yet  nothing  fhall  ever  make  me  betray  the  confidence  re- 
pofed  in  me.  It  ihall  not  be  faid,  that  I  have  betrayed  a  friends  e^veu 
though  that  friend  may  negled  me.  Nay  :  a  pofitive  injury  (much 
Jefs  negleft)  fhould  [not]  make  me  violate  the  law  of  honour ; 
for  whatever  fails  me,  I  will  never  lofe  the  noble  fatisfadion  which 
arifes  from  an  upright  mind,  that  would  befriend  another  even  tQ  my 
own  prejudice.'    P.  6^» 

This  affurance  however  did  not  prevent  him  from  difclofing 
the  fliare  he  had  in  the  Bampton  ledlures  to  Dr.  Gabriel,  tq 
Mr.  Hutton,  and  Sir  John  Chichefter,  as  appears  from  Dr, 

•  GabriePs  pamphlet.  In  that  pamphlet  alfo  Dr.  G.  ftates,  tha^ 
Mr.  B.  told  him  he  had  received  certain  pecuniary  fromifes  froq^ 
Dr.  W.  in  confequence  of  the  affiftance  he  bad  given  him^  not 
one  of  whieh  he  bad  ever  fulfilled,  whereas  in  Mr,  B.'s  letter$ 

-now  pubiUhed,  the  receipt  of  various  fums  is  acknowledged*; 

*  .  Ill  li     M I   .  .    m.  m   ■      ■       ■      .1       I     I  J  !■        ^y I      I     |«       11       .    ■  I   I  ^  ■  III  .  m    II  .   . 

*  It.fcems  foinewhat  curious  th^tJn  all  thefe  letters  no  fpccific  fun> 
is  acknowledged^'  I  received  ydur  ban!;  oofc*  I  receive  the  bil} 
you  fent/  tec,  arc  th^  %^tm  m»iic*^ft  oi. 


JftatU  jRefearthes:  a09 

at  the  fame  thne  he  deprecates  the  idea  of  receiving  any  money 
as  a  recompence  for  what  he  had  done,  but  accepts  of  it  as 
a  fum  borrowed  until  he  could  repay  all  (p.  45  and  57);  or 
if  Dr.  W.  fliould  not  need  it,  he  would  throw  the  fum  into 
a  ftdck  to  be  applied  to  their  mutual  account  in  a  tour  he  moft 
ardently  longed  to  make  with  him  to  the  continent. 

The  diftreilcd  and  deje£ted  fituation  in  which  Mr.  B.  lan« 
guifhed  for  fome  time  previous  to  his  deceafe,  will  perhaps  afford 
an  excufe  for  his  deviating  from  the  line  of  condud  which  he 
bad  prefcribed  to  himfelf,  but  for  the  inveteracy  with  which  his 
friends  have  preferred  their  accufations  againft  Dr.  W.  refped^, 
ing  his  conduct  towards  him,  there  does  not  appear  at  prefeot 
any  palliation.  A*  D, 


Art.  xlvi.     JfiatU  Refearches. 
{JConcludcd  from  Vol.  vi.     p.  437.) 

Art.  XVI.  Contains  a  Method  of  cakulattng  the  MwrCs  ParaU 
taxes  in  Latitude  and  Longitude ;  by  Mr.  Reuben  Burk^w.--* 
This  method  Mr.  B.  thinks  of  fo  much  the  greater  importance^ 
as  in  the  Nautical  Almanac  for  1781,  the  problem  for  calcu- 
lating the  place  of  the  nonagefimal  degree,  recommended  to 
aftronomers  as  '  fuperior  to  all  other  methods  for.  calculating 
eclipfes  of  the  fun,  and  occultations  of  the  ftars,'  is  in  a  great 
meafure  erroneous. — ^This  deferves  the  attention  of  Dr.  Maflce- 
Jyne,  and  of  the  Board  of  Longitude. 

In  Art.  XVII.  H^e  have  the  Procefs  of  making  Attar^  or  EJfential 
Oil  of  Rofes  i  by  Lieut.  Col.  Polier. — It  is  obtained  by  iimple 
diftiflation.  Forty  pounds  of  rofes,  with  their  calyxes,  (but 
with  the  ftems  cut  clofe)  are  put  into  a  ftill  with  fixty  pounds 
of  water.  The  mafs  being  well  mixed,  a  gentle  fire  is  put 
under  the  ftill ;  and  when  fumes  begin  to  rife,  the  cap  is  put 
bn,  and  the  pipe  fixed.  The  chinks  arc  then  luted  with  pafte, 
and  the  refrigeratory  filled  with  cold  water.  When  the  im- 
pregnated w^ter  begins  to  come  over,  the  fire  is  leffened  by 
gentle  degrees,  and  the  diftillation  continued  until  thirty  pounds 
of  water  are  cpme  over ;  which  is  generally  done  in  about  four 
or  five,  hours,  l*his  water  is  to  be  poured  on  forty  pounds  of 
frefli  rofes  5  ai>d  thence  ^r^  to  be  drawn  from  fifteen  to  twenty 
pounds  of  difiilled  water,  by  the  fame  procefe  as  before.  It  is 
then  poured  into  pans,  either  of  earthen  ware  or  of  tinned 
metal,  and  left  expofed  to  tha  frelh  air  for  the  night*  •  The 
attar  or  eflfence  will  be  found  in  the  morning,  congealed)  and 
iwimmin^  on  the  the  top  of  the  v^^teff 

-    •  To 


210  MISCEttANEOUS, 

To  this  article  is  fubjoiiied  a  paper  by  Mr.  MacdotiaId| 
giviivg  a  fhort  account  of  the  gold-duft  ^id  mines,  in  the  iflaiid 
ef  Sumatra ;  which  the  author  takes  to  be  the  Ophir  of  So- 
lomon* *  This  conjedure  (favs  he)  derives  no  fmall  force  from 
the  word  ophire's  being  a  Malay  compound  j  fignifying  a 
mountain  containing  gold.  The  natives  have  no  oral  or  writ^. 
ten  tradition  on  the  fubjeil ;  except  that  the.  ifland  in  former 
times  afforded  gold  for  exportation.' 

Art.  XVIII.  On  the  Literature  of  the  Hindoos  from  the  San^ 
fcrit  V  communicated  by  Qoverdhan  Caul,  with  a  commentary, 
probably  by  Sir  William  Jones. — From  this  firft  chapter  of  a 
jrare  Sanfcritbook,  intitled  Vidyaderfa,  (A  view  of  learning) 
we  find  that  the  Vedas  are  confidered  by  the  Hindoos  as  the 
fountains  of  all  knowledge,  human  and  divine. 

The  Vedas  confift  of  three  Candas,  or  general  heads  ;  name- 
ly, Carma,  Inyana,  Upafana  ;  or  works,  faith,  and  worfliip. 
The  Atharvan  is  a  fort  of  corollary  from  all  three  Vedas,  and 
contains  the  quinteflence  of  them.  We  are  told  that  Colonel 
Polier  poffefles  a  complete  copy  of  all  the  Vedas,  in  eleven 
large  volumes. 

The  commentaries  on  thefe  Hindoo  Scriptures  arc  innu* 
merable  j  among  which  that  of  Vafilhtha  is  reputed  the  moft 
excellent. 

From  the  Vedas  are  deduced  the  Upaveda,  or  pradtical  arts 
of  chirurgery  and  medicine,  nluiic  and  dancing,  archery,  or 
the  art  of  war,  and  architecture,  under  which  the  fyftem  of 
mechanical  arts  is  included. 

There  are  a  great  number  of  medical  works  in  Sanfcrit, 
which  contain  the  names  and  ddcriptions  of  Indian  plants  and 
minerals,  with  their  ufes  in  curing  diforders.  Many  bopks 
alfo,  in  profe  and  verfe,  have  been  written  on  mulic,  with 
fpecimens  of  Hindoo  airs  i^i  very  elegant  notation*  :  but  the 
Silpa-faftra,  or  body  of  treatifes  on  mechanical  arts,  is  believ^ 
cd  to  be  loft. 

Next  in  order  are  the  Vedangas ;  of  which  three  relate  tQ 
grammar,  one  to  religious  ceremonies,  a  fifth  to  mathematics, 
and  the  fixth  to  the  explanation  of  the  obfcure  words  in  the 
Vedas.  The  Hindoo  grammar  is  abftrufe,  and  requires  the 
lucubrations  of  many  years  before  it  can  be  underflood;  but 
jthe  Sanfcrit  profody  is  eafy  and  beautiful ;  and  it  is  remarkable, 
that  the  language  runs  very  naturally  into  Saphics,  Alcaics,  and 
JaJnbics. — Aftronomical  works  are  exceedingly  numerous. 

Subordinate  to  the  Vedangas  are  the  Purana,  or  the  fcries  of 
/acred  poems,  the  body  of  lav^^,  and  the  fix  philofophical  faf- 
Cras.-^The  firft  Indian  poet  was  Valmici,  author  of  the  Ra-^ 


What  theiir  notation  is,  we  do  not  learn, 

.  mayan?) 


i&- 


Afiatu  Refidrclm.  ^H 

ihavana,  a  complete  epic  poem,  on  one  continued  interefting 
ana  heroic  a6lion  *• 

The  fyftem  of  Hindoo  law  confifts  of  many  Xx^Sk%  in  high 
cftimation ;  a  complete  digeft  of  which  was  compiled,  a  few 
centuries  ago,  by  Raghunadan,  (the  Trebonian  of  India)  in 
twehty-feven  volumes :  '/Fhe  grand  repofitory,  fays  our  au- 
thor, of  all  that  can  be  known  on  a  fubjed  fo  curious  in  itfelf^ 
and  fo  interefting  to  the  Britilh  government.' — The  author 
concludes  with  this  obfervation.-^— 

*  Wherever  we  direft  our  attention  to  Hindu  literature,  the  notion 
of  infinity  prefents  itfelf ;  and  the  longeft  life  would  not  be  fufficient 
for  the  perufal  of  near  five  hundred  thoufand  ftanzas  in  the  Purana's, 
with  a  million  more  perhaps  in  the  other  works  before-mentioned ;  we 
may,  however,  feleft  the  heft  from  each  iaftra,  and  gather  the  fruits 
of.fcience,  without  loading  ourfelves  with  the  leaves  and  branches; 
while  we  have  the  pleafwre  to  find,  that  the  learned  Hindus,  encoa- 
raged  by  the  mildnefs  of  our  government  and  manners,  arc  at  leaft  as 
eager  to  communicate  their  knowledge  of  all  kinds,  as  we  can  be  to 
receive  it. — Since  Europeans  are  indebted  to  the  Dutch  for  almoft  all 
they  know  of  Arabic,  and  to  the  French  for  ;)11  they  know  of  Chinefe^ 
let  them  now  receive  from  our  nation  the  firft  accurate  knowledge  of 
Sanfcrit,  and  of  the  valuable  works  compofed  in  it ;  but  if  they  wilh 
to  form  a  corred  idea  of  Indian  religion  and  literature,  let  them  begin 
with- forgetting  all  that  has  been  written  on  the  fubjeCl,  by  ancidftta 
or  moderns,  before  the  publication  of  the  Gita.' 

Art.  XIX.  is  the  tranflation  of  an  Indian  grant  of  Jand,  in 
the  fame  inflated  ftyle  with  Art.  \\\. — The  following  ftanzas 
(for  fo  they  are  called)  are  curious. 

.  '  He  who  feizes  land,  given  by  himfelf  or  by  another,  will  rOt 
among  worms,  himfelf  a  worm,  in  the  midll  of  ordure.* 

'  By  feizing  one  cow,  one  vefture,  or  even  one  nail's  breadth  of 
ground,  a  king  continues  in  hell,  till  a  univerfal  deftrudion  of  the 
world  has  happened.' 

•  A  granter  of  land  remains  in  heaven  60,000  years »  a  difleifor 
Continues  as  many  in  hell.' 

This  article  contains  alfo,  Remarks  on  the  City  of  Tao-sera  ; 
by  Lieut.  Fr.  Wilford, 

This  famous  city,  known  to  the  Greeks  2050  years  ao-o^ 
and  for  many  ages  the  great  emporium  of  the  Decan,  is  now 
called  Doulet-  Abed. 

^  Art.  XX.  gives  a  defcription  of  the  Pangolin  Of  Baharjby 
.  Matthew  LeiHe,  Efq.  with  a  plate. 


^  Our  author  makes  no  mention  of  their  dramatic  poetry;  but  we- 
are  juft  now  informed  from  good  authority,  that  Sir  William  Jones 
has  difcQvered  an  infinite  number  of  plays  in  Sanfcrit ;  one  of  which 
a  regular  drama  of  feven  a^ts,  he  has  tranflatcd  into  Englifb,  and 
printed  at  Calcutta,  (^opies  of  it  are  expedk^d  by  the  fird  Ikips  from 
fengal. 

The 


212*  MXSCSLtANEOUS. 

The  principal  difFerence  between  this  animal)  and  that  of 
BufFon^  is  in  the  tail,  which  is  much  fhoiter,  ends  obtufely,  and 
lerembles  in  form  and  flexibility  the  tail  of  a  lobfter. 

*  The  pangolin,  fays  Mr.  JLeflie,  feems  to  conftitute  the  firft  ftep 
froni  the  ^uadrupede  to  the  reptile ;  but  we  cannot  venture  to  afiirm 
more,  until  we  nave  examined  it  alive,  and  obferved  its  inftin^s ;  as 
it  Is  (aid  to  be  common  in  the  country  round  Khanpur^  and  at  Cha- 
tJgam,  where  the  MulTelmans  call  it  the  Land-Carp  ;  we  fhall  poflibly 
be  able  to  give,  on  feme  future  occalion,  a  fuller  account  of  it.* 

Mr.  L.  adds,  that  there  are,  in  our  Indian  provinces,  many 
other  animals,  and  many  hundreds  of  medicinal  plants,  which 
have  either  not  been  defcribed  at  all,  or  ill  defcribed,  by  the 
naturalifts  of  Europe. 

Art.  XXI.  is  a  tranflation  from  the  Sanfcrit  of  infcriptions 
on  a  very  Angular  monument  near  Delhi,  called  the  Staff  of 
Firuz-fliah,  accompanied  with  a  ipecimen  of  the  original  cha** 
rasters,  and  a  figure  of  the  monument.— One  of  the  infcrip-* 
tions  runs  thus,  m  the  tranflator's  verfioft  : — ^  May  thy  abode, 
O  Vigraha !  fovereign  of  the  world,  be  fixed  (as  it  ought)  in 
the  bofoms  embellifhed  with  love's  allurements  and  full  of  dig^ 
nity,  of  the  women  with  beautiful  eye^brpws,  who  were  mar«> 
ricd  to  thy  enemies  !' 

Art.  XXII.  is  a  converfation  which  the  prefident  had  with 
Abram,  an  Abyilinian,  concerning  the  city  of  Gwender,  and 
the  fources  of  the  Nile. 

According  to  the  narration  of  this  Abram,  Gwender  i$  the 
metropolis  of  Abyifinia,  and  as  large  as  Grand  Cairo.  It  lies 
between  two  broad  and  deep  rivers,  Caka  and  Ancrib,  which 
flow  into  the  Nile  at  the  diftance  of  about  fifteen  days  jour-» 
ney.  The  walls  of  the  houfes  are  of  red  ftone,  and  the  roofs 
of  thatch.  The'  palace  has  a  plaiftered  roof,  ftands  in  the 
heart  of  the  city,  and  refembles  a  fortrefs.  The  markets  abound 
in  pulfe,  and  have  alfo  wheat  and  barley,  but  no  rice.  Sheep 
and  goats  are  plenty,  and  the  inhabitants  are  extremely  fond 
of  milk,  cheefe,  and  whey ;  but  the  country  people  and  foU 
diery  make  no  fcruple  of  drinking  the  blood,  and  eating  the 
raw  flefli  of  an  ox,  which  they  eat  without  caring  whether 
it  be  alive  or  dead  ! — A  kind  of  mead  is  their  common  inebri- 
ating liqupr  p  though,  jn  fome  places,  wine  is  made  in  abun- 
dance. The  troops  of  Gwender  are  confiderable,  are  armed 
with  mufkets,  lances,  bows,  fcimiters,  and  hangers.  The  coun- 
cil of  ftate  confifts  of  about  forty  minifters.  Six  or  feven 
tongues  are  fpoken  in  Abyffinia,  but  the  moft  elegant  is  the 
Amharcik.  As  to  th?  fources  of  the  Nile,  which  our  Abram 
it  feems  had  feen  with  bis  own  eyes,  and  its  courfe  through 
Ethiopia,  zW  that  he  h^d  feen  or  heard  of,  was  conformable  to 
LudolPs  defcription,  f.But  all  thefe  matters,  added  b^,  aro 
explained,   J  fuppofe,  in  the  writings  oif  Yakub^  whom  I 


Jjkttc  Rifearchest  Ai}  ^ 

&W  thirfeen  years  ago  in  Gwender.  He  was  a  pbyfician,  and 
bad  attended  the  king's  brother  in  his  laft  illnefs.  The  prince 
died  ;  yet  the  king  loved  Yakub,  and  indeed  all  the  court  and 
people  loved  him.  The  king  received  him  in  his  palace  as  a 
gueft,  fupplied  him  with  every  thing  that  he  could  want ;  and, 
when  he  went  to  fee  the  fources  of  the  Nile,  for  he  was  ex- 
tremely curious,  he  received  every  poflible  afliftance  from  the 
royal  favour.  He  underftood  the  languages,  and  wrote  and  col- 
lected many  books,  which  he  carried  with  him.' — It  was  im- 
pofiible  for  me  to  doubt,  fays  the  prefident,  that  he  meant  James 
Bruce,  Efq. 

Art.  XXIII.  is  a  curious  paper  on  the  trial  by  ordeal  among 
the  Hindoos  ;  communicated  by  Warren  Haftings,  Eiij. 

The  principal  laws  of  Ordeal  are  as  follow,  verbally  tranf- 
lated  from  Yagyawalcia. 

*  The  balance,  fire,  water,  poifon,  and  the  idol,  are  the  ordeals 
ufedbeift  below  for  the  proof  of  innocence,  when  the  accafations  are 
heavy,  &c. 

*  The  fovereign  having  fummoned  the  accufed,  while  his  clothes  are 
Y^t  moift  from  lathing,  at  funrife,  before  he  has  broken  his  faft,  (haH 
caufe  all  trials  hy  ordeal  to  be  condudied  in  the  prefence  of  Brahmans. 

*  The  balance  is  for  women,  children,  old  men,  the  blind,  tlie 
lame,  Brahmans,  and  the  fick ;  for  the  Sudra,  iiK  .or  water,  or  icMtn 
faeirley.-corns  of  poifon* 

'  He,  who  has  recourse  to  the  balance,  muil  be  attended  by  peribns 
experienced  in  weighing,  and  go  down  into  one  fcalc,  with  an  equal 
weight  placed  in  the  other,  and  a  groove,  with  water  in  it>  matk^ed 
on  the  beam,' 

*  Thei)  he  thus  addreiTes  the  balance. 

'  *  Thou,  O  balance^  art  the  mattfion  of  truth  ;  thou  ixjnft  andently  corr- 
trived  bj  Deities :  declare  the  truth,  therefore,  O  giver  of  fuctefi,  ufot 
clear  me  from-all  fufpicioti*  If  I  am  guiltj,  O  'venerable  as  my  o^vft  mS' 
fher,  theit'fnk  me  down  ;  but  if  innocent,  raife  me  aloft '^^^  If  he  fink, 
he  is  convided,  or  if  the  fcales  be  broken  ;  but,  ii  the  firing  be  noc 
broken,  and  be  rife  aloft,  he  muft  be  acquitted.' 

*  On  the  trial  by  fire,  let  both  hands  of  the  accufed  be  rubbed  with 
rice  in  the  hjifk,  and  well  examined :  then  let  feven  leaves  of  the 
Afwatt'ha  (the  religious  fig-tree)  be  placed  on  them  and  bomid  with 
leven  threads.' 

<  He  is  then  to  addrefs  the  fire  thus ; 

*  Thou^  O  fire,  fer^adeft  all  beings  \  O  caufe  of  purity,  tvho  glvejl 
evidence  of  virtue  and  of  Jin,  declare  the  truth  in  this  my  hand/ — '  VV'heu 
he  has  pronounced  this,  the  prieft  (hall  place  in  both  his  hands  an  iron 
ball*  red  hot,  and  weighing  fifty  palas  *.  Having  taken  it,  he  fhall 
ftep  gradually  into  feven  circles,  each  with  a  diameter  of  fixteea 
fingers,  and  feparatcd  from  the  next  by  the  fame  fpace.  H,  having 
caft  away  the  hot  ball,  he  fhall  again  have  his  hands  rubbed  with  rice 

*  A  pala  is  four  carfha's,  ,and  a  carfha  eighty  ra^tica's,  or  feeds  of 
the  Gunga -creeper,  each  weighing  abov^  a  gFaia  and  a  ^»arter,  or 
«:orieflly  i  ^\  gr, 

ia 


214-  MISCELLAKEOUS. 

in  the  huflc,  and  (hall  (h6w  them  unbumecJ,  he  will  prove  his  inn<^* 
cence.  Should  the  iron  fall  during  the  trial,  or  fhould  a  doubtarUe^ 
on  the  regularity  of  the  proceedings,  hcmuft  be  tried  again/ 

*  If  water  be  the  trial,  Pre/erve  me,  O  Varufia,  (fays  he)  by  declann» 
the  truth,*  *  Thus  having  invoiced  the  God  of  Waters,  the  accufed 
fhall  plunge  his  head  into  the  river  or  pool,  and  hold  both  thighs  of  a 
man,  who  (hall  ftand  in  it  up  to  his  navel.  A  fwift  runner  fhall  then 
haften  to  fetch  an  arrow,  Ihot  at  the  moment  of  his  plunging  ;  and  if, 
while  the  rumier  is  gone,  the  prieft  (hall  fee  the  head  of  the  accufed 
under  water,  he  muft  be  difcharged  as  innocent.' 

*  If  poifon  be  the  trial,  he  prays  thus: — *  Thott,  O  poifon,  art\ 
the  child  cf  Brahma,  ftedfafi  in  jufiice  and  in  truth  :  dear  me  then 
from  this  heanry  charge,  and,  if  I  have  Jpoken  truly,  become   neSar  t9 

tne* — Saying  this,  he  (hall  fvvallow  the  poifon  Jarnga,  from  the  tree, 
which  grows  on  the  mountain  Himalaya ;  aad,  if  he  digeft  it  without 
any  inflammation,  the  prince  fhall  pronounce  him  guiltlcfs. 

*  Or  the  priefl  fhall  perform  rites  to  the  image  of  fome  tremendous  • 
deity,  and,  having  bathed  the  idol,  fhall  make  the  accufed  to  drinlt 
three  handfuls  of  the  water,  that  has  dropped  from  it.     If,  in  fourteen 
days  after,   he  fuffer  no  dreadful  calamity  from  the  aft  of  the  deity^ 
or  of  the  king  ;  he  mufl  indubitably  be  acquitted.* 

Thus  we  fee  that  fuperftition  is  nearly  the  fame  all  over  thq 
world  ;  and  has  been  fo  in  all  ages. 

Articles  XXIV.  and  xxv.  are  two  Amiverfary  Difcourfes^ 
by  the  prefident^  written  with  his  ufual  elegance  and  ingenuity-^* 
but  which  cannot  be  eafily  abridged,  and 

Art.  XXVI.  and  lafl,  contains  CorreStiom  of  the  Lunar  Method 
cf  finding  the  Longitude^  by  Mr.  Reuben  Burrow. 

We  (hall  embrace  the  earliefl  opportunity  after  its  arriyal'^ 
of  laying  before  our  readers  an  analyfis  of  the  fecond  volupie 
of  this  curious  work.  R, 


Art.  XL  VII.     Trial  for  a  Breach  of  Promije  of  Marriage.  Mifi 
Elizabeth  Chapman^  again fl  TVihiiim  Shaw^  Efq.  Attorney  at 
Law.     Before  the  Right  Honourable  Lord  Kenyon^  in  the  Court 
^     of  King^s  Benchy  Weflminfler  Hall^  on   Saturday ^    May  2Z, 
1790.     4to.     31  Pages,     price  is.  6d.     Riebau.     1790, 
There  is  nothing  very  interefting  in  this  tcial.     The  Jury- 
gave  only  20I.  damages,  yet  as  we  conceive  the  young  lAdy 
was  a  fufferer,  we  cannot  but  recommend  the  perufal  of  this 
pamphlet,  to  young  ladies  in  general,  any  half-hour  they  caa 
fpare  from  the  circulating  library. 

Art.  xlviii.  The  Journal  of  the  Proceedings  of  the  Guardian^ 
Commanded  by  Lieutenant  Kiou^  bound  to  Botany  Bay^  from 
the  Q.%d  of  December^  to  the  i^th  af  "January^  '79^^  wi/A 
Authentic  Copici  of  Lieut.  Riou's  Letters  to  the  Board  of  Ad-- 
miralty^  ^c.  8vo'.  45P^ges.  Price  is,  Ridgcway.    1790. 

I         '  '  THlh 


BHgh'x  Narrative  of  the  Mutiny  on  hoard  the  Bounty.       21 5 

The  fame  as  pubHfhcd  in  the  papers  from  the  copy  at  the 
Admiralty.  The  ileady  perfeverance,  bravery,  and  decifion  of 
Lieut.  Rion,  in  circumftances  that  feemed  to  require  greater 
than  human  wifdom,  can  never  be  fufficiently  admired.  The 
philofopher  wiU  think  him  entitled  to  fomething  more.thaa 
common  approbation. 


Art.  XLlx.    J  Narrative  of  the  Mutiny  on  Board  his  Majejiy^s 
Ship  Bounty  ;  and  the  fubfequent  Voyage  of  Part  of  the  Cr£ii\ 
in  the  Ship*s  Boat^from  Tofoa^  one  of  the  Friendly  Iflands^    t9 
Timor y  a  Dutch  Settlement  in  the  Eall  Indies.     Written   by 
Lieut.  William  Bligh,     llluftrated   with  Charts*     410*     8S 
pages,     price  7  s*  in  boards."    Nicol,     1790^ 
This  narrative  is  only  a  part  of  a  voyage  undertaken  by 
this  unfortunate  fhip,  for  the  purpofe  of  conveying  the  bread- 
fruit tree  from   the    South   Sea  iflanJs,  to    the  Vv'eft  Indies. 
"What  is  here  related,   is   not   the  fir  ft   in  point  of  time  j  that 
part  of  the  voyage  which  preceded,  will  be  publiflied  hereafter. 
Lieut.  Bligfa  confidered   it  neceflary  to  pubiiih  the  pre&nt  nar- 
rative, as  foon  as  polUble,  for  his  own  vindication. 

in  Auguft,  1787,  he  was  appointed  to  command  the  Bounty, 
'  a  (hip  of  215  tons  burthen,  carrying  4  fix  pounders,  4  fvvivels, 
and  46  men,  including  himfelf  and  every  perfon  on  board.  They 
failed  from  England  in  December^  17875  and  arrived  at  Otaheitc 
on  the  26th  of  Odober,  1788.  On  the  4th  of  April,  1789, 
they  left  Otaheite,  and  at  this  period  the  narrative  begins.  He 
had  then  on  board  1015  fine  bread-fruit  plants,  bcfides  ma«y 
other  valuable  fruits  of  that  country,  which  they  had  been  col- 
lediingfor  23  weeks,  and  were  in  the  higheit  ftate  of  perfection. 
As  the  mutiny  followed  almoft  immediately,  we  fball  give  an 
account  of  it  in  his  own  words. 

•  On  the  nth  of  April,  I  difcovered  an  ifland  in  latitude  i8* 
52'  S.  and  longitude  200°  1 9'  E.  by  the  natives  called  Whytootackec. 
On  the  24th  we  anchored  at  Annamooka,  one  of  the  Friendly  Illands; 
from  which,  after  completing  our  wood  and  water,  I  failed  on  the 
a  7th,  having  every  reafon  to  exped,  from  the  fine  condition  of  the 
plants,  that  they  would  continue  healthy.  ^ 

•  On  the  evening  of  the  28th,  owing  to  light  windsj  we  were  not 
clear  of  the  iflands,  and  at  night  I  directed  my  courfe  towards  Tofoa- 
The  matter  had  tlic  firft  watch  ;  the  gunner  the  ^piddle  watch ;  and 
Mr.  Chriftian,  one  of  the  mates,  the  morning  watch.  This  was  tlic 
turn  of  duty  for  the  night. 

•  Jail  before  fun-riUng,  Mr.  Chriflian,  with  the  matter  at  arms, 
gunner's  mate,  and  Thomas  Burket,  feaman,  came  into  my  cabia 
while  I  was  aflecp,  and  feizing  me,  tied  my  hands  with  a  cord  behind 
my  back,  and  threatened  me  with  inftant  death,  if  I  fpoke  or  made 
the  leaft  noife:  I,  however,  called  fo  loud  as  to  alarm  qvery  one;  but 
th^  had  already  fecured  the  officers  who  were  not  of  their  party,  by 

placing 


ai6  VOYAGES. 

placing  centinels  at  their  doors.  There  were  three  men  at  my  eabia 
door»  oeiides  the  four  within  ;  Chriftian  had  only  a  cutlafs  in  his  hand^ 
the  others  had  moikets  and  bayonets.  I  was  hauled  out  6£  bed,  and 
forced  on  deck  in  my  (hrrt,  fuffering  great  pain  from  the  tightnefs 
with  which  they  had  tied  my  hands,  i  demanded  the  reafon  of  fuch 
violence,  but  received  no  other  anfwer  than  threats  of  inftant  death, 
if  I  did  not  hold  my  tongue.  Mr.  Elphinfton,  the  mailer's  mate,  was 
kept  m  his  birth ;  Mr.  Nelfon,  bounift,  Mr.  Peckover,  gunner,  Mr. 
Leidward,  fargeon,  and  the  mader,  were  confined  to  their  cabins;  and 
alfo  the  clerk,  Mr.  Samuel,  but  he  foon  obtained  leave  to  come  oa 
deck.  The  fore  hatchway  was  guarded  by  centinels ;  the  boatfwain 
and  carpenter  were,  however,  allowed  to  come  on  deck,  where  they 
(aw  me  ftanding  abaft  the  mizen-maft,  with  my  hands  tied  beliind  mjr 
back,  under  a  guard,  with  Chriftian  at  their  head. 

'  The  boatfwain  was  now  ordered  to'  hoift  the  launch  out,  with 
a  threat,  if  he  did  not  do  it  inftantly,  to  take  care  of  himfelf* 

«  The  boat  being  out,  Mr.  Hayward  and  Mr.  Hallet,  midfliipmen, 
and  Mr.  Samuel,  were  ordered  into  it ;  upon  which  I  demanded  the 
ciwfe  of  fach  an  order,  and  endeavoured  to  perfuade  fome  one  to  a 
fenfe  of  duty ;  but  it  was  to  no  cik&. :  *  Hold  your  tongue,  fir,  or 
you  are  dead  this  inftant,'  was  conilantly  repeated  to  me* 

*  The  mafter,  by  this  time,  had  fent  to  l>e  allowed  to  come  on  deck, 
which  was  permitted ;  but  he  was  foon  ordered  back  again  to  his  cabiif. 

•  I  continued  ray  endeavours  to  turn  the  tide  of  affairs,  v^hen 
Chrifiian  changed  the  cutlafs  he  had  in  his  hand  for  a  bayonet,  that 
was  brought  to  him,  and,  holding  me  with  a  ftrong  gripe  by  the  cord 
that  tied  my  hands,  he  with  many  oaths  thteatened  to  kill  me  imme* 
•liately  if  I  would  not  be  quiet:  the  villains  round  me  had  their  pieces 
cocked  and  bayonets  fixed.  Particular  people  were  now  called  on  to 
go  into  the  boat,  and  were  hurried  over  the  fide :  whence  I  concluded 
that  with  thefc  people  1  was  to  be  fet  adrift. 

«  I  therefore  made  another  effort  to  bring  about  a  change,  but  with 
no  other  effeA  than  to  be  threatened  with  having  my  brains  bk)wn  our. 

*  The  boatfwain  and  feamen,  who  were  to  go  into  the  boat,  were 
allowed  to  collet  twine,  canvas,  lines,  fails,  cordage,  an  eight  and 
twenty  gallon  calk  of  water,  and  the  carpenter  to  take  his  tool  cheft. 
Mr.  Samuel  got  150 lbs.  of  bread,  with  a  fmall  quantity  of  rum  and 
wine.  He  alfo  got  a  quadrant  and  compafs  into  the  boat;  but  was 
forbidden,  on  pain  of  death,  to  touch  either  map,  ep^emeris,  book  of 
aftronomical  obfervations,  fextant,  time-keeper,  or  any  of  my  furvcys 
or  drawings. 

•  The  mutineers  now  hurried  thofe  they  meant  to  get  rid  of  into  the 
boat.  When  moft  of  them  were  in,  Chriftian  difeded  a  dram  to  be 
ferted  to  each  of  his  own  crew.  I  now  unhappily  faw  that  nodiirtg 
could  be  done  to  eftedi  the  recovery  of  the  Ihip :  there  was  no  one  to 
aflift  me,  and  every  endeavour  on  my  part  was  anfwered  with  threats 
of  death. 

'  *  The  officers  were  called,  and  forced  over  the  fide  into  the  l)oat^^ 
while  I  was  kept  apart  from  every  one,  abaft  the  mizen^maft ;  Chrif- 
rkin,  armed  with  a  bayonet,  holding  me  by  the  bandage  that  fycvtrcA 
my  hands.     The  guard  round  me  had  their  pieces  cocked,  but,  ofi  nd^^ 
daring  the  ungrateful  wretches  to  firc>  they  uncocked  them*  ' 

*  Ifatc 


Bligh*j  Narrative  of  the  Mutiny  on  hoard  the  Bounty.       217 

'  Ifaac  Martin,  one  of  the  guard  over  me,  1  faw,  had  an  indination 
to  affift  me,  and,  as  he  fed  mc  with  fhaddock,  (my  lips  being  quite 
parched  with  my  endeavours  to  bring  about  a  change)  we  explained  . 
our  wifties  to  each  other  by  our  looks;  but  this  being  obfervcd, 
Martin  was  inftantly  removed  from  me ;  his  inclination  then  was  to  , 
leave  the  fhip,  for  which  purpofe  he  got  into  the  boat ;  but  with 
many  threats  they  obliged  him'to  return, 

•  The  armourer,  Jofeph  Cohman,  and  the  two  carpenters,  M'Intofh 
and  Norman,  were  alfo  kept  contfary  to  their  inclination  ;  and  they 
begged  of  me,  after  1  was  aftern  in  the  boat,  to  remember  that  they 
declared  they  had  no  hand  in  the  tranfaftion.  Michael  Byrne^  1  am 
told,  likcwife  wanted  to  leave  the  (liip. 

•  It  is  of  no  moment  for  me  to  recount  my  endeavours  to  bring 
back  the  offenders  to  a  fenfe  of  their  duty  ;  all  I  could  do  was  by 
fpeaking  to  them  in  general ;  but  my  endeavours  were  of  no  avail,  for 
I  was  kept  fecurely  bouad,  and  no  one  but  the  guard  fuflPered  to  come 
near  me.  J 

•  To  Mr.  Samuel  I  am  indebted  for  fecuring  my  journals  and  com-* 
miffioD,  with  fome  material  fhip  papers,  Without  thefe  I  had  nothing 
to  certify  what  1  had  done,  and  my  honour  and  charafter  might  have 
been  fufpeded,  without  my  pofleiiing  a  proper  document  to  have  de-^ 
fended  them.  All  this  he  did  with  great  refolution,  though  guarded 
and  flridly  watched.  He  attempted  to  fave  the  time-keeper,  and  a 
box  with  all  my  furveys,  drawings,  and  remarks  for  fifteen  years  paft, . 
which  were  numerous;  when  he  was  hurried  away,  with  *  Damn  your 
eyes,  you  are  well  off  to  get  what  you  have/ 

•  It  appeared  to  me  that  Chriftian  was  fome  time  in  doubt  whether 
lie  (hould  keep  the  carpenter,  or  his  mates ;    at  length  he  determined  ^ 
pn  the  latter,  and  the  carpenter  was  ordered  into  the  boat.     He  was ' 
pejmitted,  but  not  witbout  fome  oppofition,  to  take  his  tool  cheft. 

«  Much  altercation  took  place  among  the  mutinous  crew  during  the 
whole  bufmefs:  ibme  fwore  *  I'll  be  damned  if  he  docs  not  find, his 
way  home,  if  he  gets  any  thing  with  him,'  (meaning  me) ;  others, 
when  the  carpenter's  cheft  was  parrying  away,  *  Damn  my  eyes,  he 
will  have  a  veffel  built  in  a  month,'  While  others  laughed  at  the 
helplefs  fituation  of  the  boat,  being  very  deep,  and  fo  little  room  for 
thofe  who  were  in  her.  As  for  Chriftian,  he  feemed  meditating  in- 
itant  deftru^ion  on  himfelf  and  every  one. 

•  I  alked  for  arms,  but  they  laughed  at  me,  and  faid  I  was  well 
acquainted  with  the  people  wh«re  I  was  going,  and  therefore  did  not, 
want  them ;  four  cqtlafles,' however,  were  thrown  into  the  boat,  after 
we  were  veered  aflem. 

•  When  the  officers  and  nicn,  with  whom  I  was  fufiered  to  have  no^ 
communication,  were  put  into  the  boat,  they  only  waited  for  me, 
and  the  mafter  at  arms  informed  Chriftian  of  it ;  who  then  faid— 
*  Come,  Captain  Blight  your  officers  and  men  are  now  in  the  boat, 
and  you  muft  go  with  them ;  if  you  attempt  to  make  the  leaft  rcfiftance 
you  will  inftantly  be  put  to  death  :'  and ,  without  any  farther  ceremony, 
holding  me  by  the  cord  that  tied  my  hands,  with  a  tribe  of  armed 
roffians  about  tne,  I  was  forced  over  the  fide,  where  they  untied  my 
Iiands.  Being  in  the  boat  we  were  veered  aftern  by  a  rope.  A  few 
pieces  of  pork  were  then  thrown  to  us,  and  fome  clothes,  alfo  the  cut- 
laftes  I  have  already  mentioned;   and  it  was  now  thai  the  armouret 

Vol.  VII.  ,  %  and 


tii  r  O  Y  A  G  t  ^ 

and  carpenten  called  out  to  me  to  remember  that  they  had  no  hand  itk 
the  tranfaftion.  After  having  undergone  a  great  deal  of  ridicule,  and 
been  kept  fome  time  to  make  fport  for  thefc  unfeeling  wretches,  wc 
were  at  length  caft  adrift  in  the  open  ocean/ 

•  After  fofTiC  account  of  the  ringleaders,  wha  appear  to  have 
aSed  with  the  bafeft  treachery  and  ingratitude,  Capt.  Bligh  en- 
quires into  what  might  be  the  caufe  of  a  revolt  fo  unexpcdlcd  ; 
and  is  of  opinion,  that    •  the  mutineers  had  affurcd  themfelves 
of  a  more  happy  life  among  the  Otaheitans,  than  they  could  poffibly 
have  in  England ;  which,  Joined  to  fome  female  connections, 
have  moft  probably  been  the  principal  caufe  of  the  whole  tranf- 
aftion.'     Several  circumftances  are  here  brought,  refpe£linjr,t.he 
Otaheitan  women,  and  the  behaviour  of  the  natives  in  general 
to  the  crew,  which  juftify  this  opinion,  but  fcarccly  any  thing 
that  leflens  or  excufes  their  perfidy.     The  perfons  in  the  boat 
now  confifted  of  nineteen,  including  Lieut.  Bligh.     His  firft 
determination  was  to  feek  a  fupply  of  bread  fruit  and  water  at 
Tofoa,  and  afterwards  to  fail  for  Tongataboo,  and  there  folicit 
Pouiaho  the  king  to  equip  the  boat,  and  grant  a  fupply  of  water 
and  provifions.  To  as  to  enable  them  to  reach  the  Eaft-Indies. 
The  quantity  of  provifions  in  the  boat  was   1501b.  of  bread, 
16  pieces  of  pofrk,  2  lb.  in  each,  6  quarts  of  rum,  6  bottles  of ' 
wine,  28  gallons  of  water,  and  four  empty  barrecoes.     This 
quantity,  for  nineteen  men  in  their  fituation,  fcarcely  contradicts 
the  faying,  that  *'  The  tender  mercies  of  the  wicked  are  cruelty/* 
Wednefday,  April  29,  they  got  to  Tofoa,  too  late  at  n>ght  to 
bjB  able  to  land  with  fafety ;  next  morning  fome  part  of  the  crew 
landed,  and  brought  away  a  quantity  of  vyater.     A  glafs  of  wine 
and  a  morfcl  of  bread  was  the  dinner  of  thefe  poof  men  on  this 
day.     On  the  30th  they  landed  again,  and  procured  a  few  cocosi 
nuts,  being  willing  to  huftand  their  own  provifions  as  much  as 
poffible.     The  wind  preventing  them  from  getting  to  fea,  they 
landed  next  day  again,  and  after  a  fatiguing  fearch,  returned  - 
with  only  fome  water  and  plantains^  two  of  which,  with  aii 
ounce  of  pork  and   half  a  glafs  of  wine,  was  the  proportion . 
allotted  to  each  for  his  dinner.     May  the  ift,  made  a  fruitlcfs 
attempt  on  land  for  provifions,  but  finding  a  convenient  place 
to  remain  in,  part  only  ftaid  in  the  boat ;  next  day  the   party 
on  land  met  with  two  men,  a  woman,  and  a  child,  and  foon 
after  others  came,  and   a  friendly   intercourfe   began   to   be 
eftabliflied,  the  captain  receiving  fome  few  provifions  in  exchange 
for  buttons  and  beads.     May  the  2d,  they  were  vifited  by  two. 
chiefs,    who  enquired  after   Captains   Cook  and   Clerk ;    the 
tiatives,  hov/ever,  became  numerous  and  troublefome,  and  an 
attack   was  plainly  in  agitation.  Captain  Bligh  had  no  fooner 
put  himfelf  and  his  men  on  l>oard  the  boat,  ("except  one  poor 
man  whom  the  natives  killed)  than  the  attack  began  by  about 
20#  of  them  i  refiftance  was  impoffible,;  providence,  however, 
2  fo 


Bligh's  Narrative  dfthe  Mutiny  on  ioari  the  Bounty.       219 

fo  far  favoured  the  boats  crew,  that  they  were  able  to  pu( 
to  fea,  and  it  being  no\y  almoft  dark,  the  natives  gave  up  the 
purfiiit. 

The  boat  now  bore  away  acrofs  a  fea,  where  the  navigation 
IS  but  little  known,  the  crew  having  promifed  to  be  contented 
with  one  ounce  of  bread,  and  a  quarter  of  a  pint  of  water, /)^r 
day  .5  the  whole  ftock  was  1501b.  of  bread,  28  gallons  of  water^ 
2olb«  of  pork,  3  bottles  of  wine,  and  5  quarts  of  rum.  A 
ftorm  coming  on  in  the  evening,  they  were  under  the  neccffity 
of  throwing  overboard  fuch  of  their  cloaths  as  could  be  fpared 
to  lighten  the  boat,  and  to  prevent  the  bread  from  being  wetted 
and  fpoiled.  This  expedient  gave  them  more  room  to  bale  the 
water  out,  and  get  the  bread  flowed  in  a  cheft  which  fortu- 
nately the  carpenter  had.  Their  dinner  on  this  day.  May  3^ 
was  a  tea-fpoonful  of  rum  to  each  perfon,  with  a  quarter  of  a  bread 
fruit,  which  was  fcarcely  eatable.  He  now  wifhed  to  dircfl  his 
courfe  to  the  W.N.N,  to  get  a  fighD  of  the  Feejee  iflands. 
May  4th  blew  a  ftorm  from  N.E.  to  E.S.E.  which  occafioned 
great  hardihips  to  them  from  the  wet  and  cold.  Nothing 
material  to  tranfcribe  occurs  for  fome  days,  without  our  being 
obliged  to  refer  to  the  charts.  On  the  8th  they  were  chafed 
by  a  canoe,  which  did  not  come  up  with  them.  The  greater 
part  of  the  journal  now  exhibits  a  feries  of  diftrefl'es  and  diffi* 
culties,  in  which  the  refolution  of  the  crew  is  honourably  con- 
fpicuous.  The  captain  every  day  minutes  down  his  bearings 
and  fuppofed  latitudes  and  longitudes,  for  which  we  muft  reler 
to  the  journal  itfelf,  as  without  the  charts  they  would  not  be 
eafily  underftood. 

T'heir  diftrefs  on  the  24th  of  May  is  thus  defcribed, 

•  I  determined/  fays  capt.  B.  « to  know  theexadl  quantity  of  bread 
I  had  left ;  and  on  examining  found,  according  to  my  prefent  iffues, 
fufficient  for  29  days  allowance.  In  the  courfe  of  this  time,  I  hoped 
to  be  at  Timor;  but,  as  that  was  very  uncertain,  and  perhaps  after  all 
we  might  be  obliged  to  go  to  Java,  I  dcterminea  to  proportion 
my  iflues  to  fix  weeks. — 1  therefore  fixed,  that  every  perfon  (hould 
receive  one  2 cth  of  a  poand  of  bread  for  breakfaft,  and  one  25th 
of  a  pound  for  dinner  ;  fo  that  by  omitting  the  proportion  foe 
fupper,  I  had  43  days  allowance.  At  noon  fome  noddies  came  fo 
near  to  us,  that  one  of  them  was  caught  by  hand.  This  bird  is 
about  the  fize  of  a  fmall  pigeon,  I  divided  it,  with  its  entrails, 
into  18  portions,  and  by  the  method  of.  Who Jhall  ha*ve  this?  it  was 
diflributed  with  the  allowance  of  bread  and  water  for  dinner,  and  eat 
up  bones  and  all,  with  fait  water  for  fauce.' 

The  method  of  divifignby  Who  jhall  have  this?  isrthus  per- 
forme'd.  One  perfon  turns  his  back  on  the  obje<3:  that  is  to  be 
divided  ;  another  then  points  feparately  to  the  portions;  at  each 
of  them  aflcing  aloud,  *  Who  (hall  have  this?*  to  which 
the  firft  ai>fwcrs  by  naming  fomebody.  This  impartial  method 
of  divifion  gives  every  man  an  equal  chance  of  the  beft  fhare. 

Q^Z  May 


aao  V  o  y  A  o  t  «• 

May  2()th,  they  landed  on  a  proje£ling  part  of  the  main« 
bearing  from  S.W.  by  S.  to  N.NiW.  J  W  j  here  they  found 
plenty  of  oyfters  and  fre(h  water,  and  being  enabled  to  kindle  ^ 
a  fire,  made  a  (lew  with  fome  bread  and  pork,  of  which  each 
man  got  a  pint.  Their  bodily  complaints  were,  dizzincfs  iii 
the  head,  weaknefs  of  the  joints,  and  violent  tenefmus  ;  moft 
of  them  having  had  no  evacuation  by  ftool  fince  they  left  the 
Ihip !  Thcfe  complaints,  however,  were  not,  the  captain  fays^ 
alarming.  On  this  ifland,  (12^.  39'.  S.)  they  found  feveral 
fruits,  and  were  enabled  to  add  fomething  to  their  ftores;  no 
natives  appeared  until  May  31,  juft  as  they  had  (lored  their 
boat  with  oyfters,  &c.  and  were  about  to  fail,  when  twenty 
natives  came  running  and  hallooing,  and  made  figns  for  the 
boats  crew  to  come  to  jhem,  but  the  latter  chofe  to  make  the 
bcft  of  their  way,  dirtfting  their  courfe  within  two  fmall 
Iflands,  that  lie  to  the  north  of  the  ifland  they  had  juft  left, 
paffing  between  them  and  the  main  land  towards  Fair  Cape, 
with  a  ftrongtidc  in  their  favour.  The  coaft  feemed  to  incline 
to  the  N.W.  and  W.N.W.  agreeably  to  capt.  Cook's  furvey. 
After  failing  fome  time,  they  landed  on  an  ilbnd  of  good  height, 
and  fent  out  parties  to  feek  fupplies.  Here  the  firft  fymptoms 
of  difcontent  appeared  among  the  men,  which  capt.  Bligh 
quelled,  by  the  very  fingular  expedient  of  challenging  the  prin- 
cipal malecontent  to  fight  him  !  In  this  place  they  found  oyfters 
and  fmgll  dog-fi(h,  with  water,  Sunday  June  I.  left  it,  but  landed 
again  foon  on  a  neighbouring  ifland,  the  latitude  of  which 
was  ii<>.  47'.  S.  Here  like  wife  they  picked  up  fome  fcanty 
provifions. 

June  12  they  difcovered  Timor,  the  coaft  of  which  they  had 
thus  reached  in  an  open  boat  in  41  days  after  leaving  Tofoa, 
having  in  that  time  run,  by  their  log,  adiftance  of  361 8  miles, 
without  lofing  a  man,  notwithftanding  the  extremity  of  their 
diftreflijs.  The  remainder  of  the  journal  is  a  pleafmg  account 
pf  their  reception  at  Timor,  and  their  fubfequent  voyage  to 
Europe,  for  which  we  refer  to  the  work  itfelf. 

This  journal,  confidered  as  part  of  a  larger  v*^ork,  forms  a 
very  important  acquifition  to  our  knowledge  of  the  South  Sea 
Iflands.  The  courage  and  perfeverance  of  Capt.  Bligh  and  his 
aflTociates  after  they  were  driven  from  the  fliip,  the  exc^fs  of 
their  diftreflTes,  their  fteady  adherence  to  an  ccconomy  of  provi-* 
fions  fcarcely  fufEcient  to  prcfcrve  life,  without  having  loft  a  maa 
or  been  afliidted  with  any  fatal  diforder,  the  many  little  circum- 
fiances  too  numerous  for  us  to  extrad,  but  fufficiently  interefting 
to  detain  the  reader  of  the  work  itfelf,  altogether  exhibit  a  fublime 
picture  of  human  refolution,  and,  what  Capt.  Bligh  appears 
iicver  to  have  loft  fight  of,  a  firm  confidence,  amidft  the 
j^rcateft  diftreflcs,  in  the  protection  pf  providence^ — Wc  have 

on\f 


Mrs.  Trimmer^  Plan  for  the  religious  Obf.  of  Sunday  .^      4aj 

only  to  add,  that  no  accounts  have  hitherto  been  received  of  the 
Ihip  and  the  mutineers  ;  it  is  not  improbable  that  the  reftleft 
fpirit  and  fenfual  difpofition  which  incited  them  to  mutiny  may 
have  ere  now  proved  their  deftruftion. 

Art.  l.  Incidents  of  youthful  Life  \  «r,  The  true  Hi/lory  of 
IVilHam  Langley,  Fo.  cap.  8vo.  p.  157.  Pr.  is.  6d* 
fewed.     Faulder.     1790. 

This  little  volume  is  written  in  an  eafy  ftyle,  and  familiar 
incidents  are  related  in  an  unafFedied  manner,  but  they  want 
Jife  and  Jntereft ;  it  may  be  found  a  ufeful  book  in  fchools  to 
teach  boys  to  read,  for  the  words  are  (hort,  and  the  leilbns 
4t  contains)  though  cold,  are  harmlefs* 


Art.  LI.  A  Plan  for  promoting  the  religious  Obfervjance  tf  the 
Sabbath-Day :  and  a  Friendly  Remonjlrance^  defigned  for  the 
Adult  Poor  \  fubmitted  to  the  Confideration  of  the  Patrons  of 
Sunday  Schools^  and  other  Benefahors  to  the  Lower  Clafs  of 
People.     By  Mrs.  Trimmer.     Pr.  4d.     Longman.     1790. 
That  the  obfervance  of  the  fabbath-day  is  not  a  religious 
obligation,  is  a  dodrine  which  naturally  follows  a  jclaxation 
of  public  morals,   and  even  the  ingenuity  of  fomc  men  has 
been  employed  to  prove  that  a  fenfe  of  this  duty  is  but  pre- 
judice, and  to  clafs  an  attendance  on  divine  worfbip  among 
the  fuperftitions  of  the  day.      Obfervation,    however,   points 
out  to  us  a  thoufand  evils  which  refult  from  the  profanation  of 
the  fabbath,    while  no  attempt  has  beea  made  to  prove  one 
fmgle  good  effe<5l  arifirr'g  from  it. 

'  The  lamentable  negleft,'  fays  Mrs.  Trimmer,  '  of  the  fabbat^ 
which  prevails  among  the  generality  of  the  adult  poor,  need  not 
he,  pointed  out,  to  thofe  who  are  daily  witneffes  of  it :  yet  from 
attentive  obfervation,  I  am  inclined  to  think,  that  numbers  who 
make  a  cuftom  of  abfenting  themfelves  from  public  worftiip,  have 
fallen  into  this  ill  habit,  through  caufes  very  remote  from  contempt 
of  the  divine  command,  and  may  be  ea/lly  prevailed  upon  to 
amend  their  lives  in  this  particular.' 

We  perfedly  agree  with  our  authorefs  in  this  fentiment; 
infenfthility  and  ignorance  are  the  common  caufes  of  this  neglejft, 
and  hence  we  are  led  to  think  well  of  the  plan  propofed  ;  ivhich 
is  '  to  make  Parochial  Gifts^  Ocfafional  Colle^ionsy  and  Private 
J)onations^  infirumental  to  the  religious  obfervance  of  the  iab- 
^ath-day/  An  experiment  has  been  made  of  the  efFe^s  of 
^his  mode  on  the  poor  of  Brentford,  and  this  our  readers  will 
|lot  be  forry  to  fee  in  the  authorefs's  own  words. 
*  for  the  (atisfa^ion  of  fach  perfons  as  may  be  defirous  of 

kxiowing 


tZt       '  RELIEF      OF      THE      POOR. 

icnowiDf  in  what  manner  the  experiment  was  made  here,  I  ihall 
give  a  Ihort  account  of  the  proceedings. 

*  The  firft  ftep  was,  to  expoftulatc  in  a  friendly  naanner  with 
forae  of  the  poor  who  oecafionally  applied  for  relief,  on  the  fad 
pradlice  they  had  falJen  into  of  profaning  the  fabbath.  The  ge- 
nerality of  them  agreed  that  it  was  very  wrong,  and  exprefled  a 
wifh  that  circumftances  would  admit  of  their  attending  divine  wor- 
fliip,  but  feeftied  to  think  there  were  infuperable  obftades  in  their 
way ;  two  only  attempted  to  juftrfy  themfelves,  by  faying,  *  they 
maft  take  the  fabbath  for  the  purpofe  of  washing  their  linen  and 
cleaning  their  houfes  ;' — rhefe  peribns  foon  yielded  to  the  reafons 
that  were  offered ;  one  of  them  has  never  fince  niiiTed  being  at 
church,  bo di  morning  and  afternoon^  and  has  repeatedly  declared 
that  (he  will  conftantly  attend  in  future  ;  the  other  has  generally 
been  once  a  day.  The  moil  prevailing  ^xcufe  amongll  the  women 
was,  the  want  of  funday  apparel :  this  was  filenced  by  arguments. 
The  original  plan  was  then  fent  to  ^stty  poor  perfon  that  had 
been  accuftomed  to  partake  of  the  gifts,  and  with  it  the  friendly 
remonltrance ;  together  with  6  tickets,  on  which  the  rcfpedive 
names  of  the  poor  were  written.  The  remonftrance  was  univer- 
fally  re^d,  and  received  by  thofe  to  whom  it  was  addreffed-  ais 
kindly  intended  ;  the  tickets  were  regarded  as  an  earneft  of  fome 
benefit,  which  it  depended  upon  themfelves  to  fccure.— On  fhe 
enfuing  funday,  as  has  been  already  mentioned,  they  flocked  to 
the  cha|)el,  both  men  and  women;  in  great  numbers,  behaved 
Tery  properly,  and  left  their  tickets  with  the  clerk,  who  flood 
ready  to  receive  them  at  the  Church  door* 

*  Inquiry  was.  made  the  nt^xt  day  after  thofe  who  fent  their 
tickets  for  ficknefs,  and  fome  relief  afforded,  to  fuch  as  ftood  in. 
need  of  it :  but  feveral  of  them  had  the  advantage  of  weekly  pay 
from  thofe  excellent  inftitutions  called  Friendly  Societies. 

*  After  the  poor  had  attended  three  fundays,  each  received,  on 
delivering  their  ticket,  a  note  for  a  loaf  of  bread,  to  be  had  on 
the  day  following,  at  the  baker's  whofe  name  was  inferted  on  the 
ticket;  with  this  they  went  quietly  home,  and  had  no  farther  trou* 
ble  than  to  go  themfelves,  or  i^n^  a  child,  the  next  day,  for  the 
loaf. 

*  As  fome  of  the  perfons  who  had  been  accuftomed  to  have  the 
gifts  belonged  to  the  congregation  of  DifTenters,^  notes  were  fent 
to  the  miniller  for  them  ;  and  when  he  made  his  diilributions, 
notes  were  fent  by  him  to  fuch  of  the  church  of  England  people 
QVk  the  liil  as  ufed  to  fhare  them  in  former  winters. 

*  In  this  manner  the  poor  have  been  repeatedly  fupplied,  feveral 
times,  with  bread  and  coals,  to  the  general  fatisfadlion  of  all 
parties.— The  baflcets  provided  for  the  accommodation  of  lying-in 
women,  have  been  lent  to  thofe  dhly  who  were  on  the  lifts  — When 
the  people  had  given  in  all  their' tickets,  they  received  them  back 
again.  It  was  very  pleafant  to  ob ferve  fuch  as  had  given  conftant 
attendance  deiirous  of  having  the  circumftance  remarked,  and  re- 
quefting  a  frelh  fupply  j  but  it  would  have  faved  fome  trouble  had 
we  given  them  a  larger  number  at  ficft, — Many  women  were  nnder 
the  Ji«ce^ity  of  bringing  children  with  (hem  i  an4  Qow  and  then 

(beiG 


Mrs.  Trlniincr*5  Plan  fir  the  reltgwus  Oif.  of  Sunday.       Tl^ 

there  has  been  a  little  fifturbance  with  the  very  young  Infants;  but 
thoie  of  two  or  three  years  old  behave  in  general  fo  well,  that 
there  is  tio  wlfh  to  keep  their  mothers  at  home  on  their  account* 
Befldes  the  benefit  which  it  is  to  be  hoped  the  minds  of  our 
poor  neighboars  will  receive  from  frequently  aflembling  together, 
for  the  purpofe  of  keeping  the  commandment  of  their  God,  they 
will  probably  derive  advantage  to  their  health  by  the  pradlice  of 
cleaning  themfelves  once  a  week. 

*  The  time  is  now  approaching  when  out*  winter  funds  being 
cxhaufted,  the  poor  will  have  but  little  to  expedl.— -Some  of  the 
moft  unprincipled  will  very  likely  abfent  themfelves;  and  (bme 
will,  from  various  caufes,  be  under  a  necejjity^  during  xhe/ummer 
months^  of  remitting  their  conftant  attendance ;  the  latter,  1  ap- 
prehend, will  inform  us  of  this :  and  as  a  check  upon  the  reft,  a 
itotice  to  the  following  purport,  figned  by  the  Minifter,  will  be 
prepared  to  be  fent,  as  their  tickets  are  miifed. 

**  It  has  been  obfcrved,  that  fince  the  gifts  ceafed,  yoti  have  left 
off  attending  divine  worihip.  Thofe  who  affifted  you  laft  winter 
afe  very  forry  to  find  you  came  to  the  hou/e  of  God  only  for  *world^ 
Jy  gain ;  and  you  are  defired  to  take  notice,  that  if  you  continue 
to  be  a  Sabbath  breaker,  your  name  will  be  ftruck  out  of  the 
liH  of  orderly  people,  and  you  will  not  be  allowed  any  part  of  the 
gifts  next  year.'* 

*  That  the  execution  of  this  plan  may  be  rendered  as  eafy  as 
poffible,  to  thofe  who  (hall  think  it  worth  a  trial,  the  form  of  the 
lift  and  tickets  may  be  had,  ready  prepared  for  ufe,  at  the  pub* 
lifher's  of  this  Traft.' 

The  objeSions  that  occur  to  this  plan  are  ably  anfwered  bjr 
Mrs.  T.  and,  indeed,  it  occurs  at  firft  fight,  that  here  a  con- 
nexion is  formed  between  religion  and  intereji^  but  it  muft  be 
remembered  that  the  adult  poor  are  in  general  notorious  in  ig- 
norance and  ftupidity,  that  in  every  attempt  to  make  them 
know  and  reflect,  fomething  muft  be  addrefled  to  the  fenfes,  and 
fome  allurements  placed  before  them,  which  to  well  informed 
mirids,  would  be  unneceflary,  and  indeed  infulting.  And  en- 
couraging the  poor  to  be  regular  in  their  attendance  on  divine 
worfhip  by  the  inducements  of  a  loaf  of  ^bread,  an  article  of 
clothes,  or  a  fmall  fum  of  money,  will,  we  hope  and  indeed 
are  almoft  confident,  lead  them  to  reflecS  that  the  favour  of  the 
rich,  and  the  pity  and  ailiftance  of  the  charitable  are  to  be  gained 
by  decent  and  virtuous  behaviour ;  whereas  in  the  prefent  fyftcm 
of  things  we  have  too  much  reafon*  to  think  the  very  reverfe 
is  their  belief,  and  hence  it  becomes  fo  eafy  to  feduce  the  poor 
to.  be  the  agents  in  any  mifchief,  or  even  villainy.  Upon  the 
whole  therefore  we  cannot  but  think  that  this^  plan  bids  fair  for 
fuccefs,  and  that  our  authorefs  will  hereafter  be  enabled  ta 
afllire  us,  V 

*  That  thofe  who  came  to  feoff,  remain 'd  to  pray.* 
To  this  plan  is  annexed  a  Friendly  Remanjirmice  to  the  aduk 
^  Pcor^  io  which  the  nature  and  duty  of  the  religious  obfervancc 
"  ^'  ^  of 


»24  ITAHAK^    LITERATURr* 

of  the  Lord's  Day  are  explained  in  a  plain  and  pious  manner^ 
a»id  well  adapted  to  the  capacities  of  thofe  for  whom  it  is  in- 
tended. It  is  fold  by  itfelf  at  3d.  or  20s.  per  hundred,  and  is 
a  valuable  prefent  to  the  poor,  and  to  young  pepple  in  general. 

c.  c. 


Art*  lit.  A  Sketch  of  the  Lives  and  Writings  of  Dante  and 
Petrarch^  With  fume  Account  of  Italian  and  Latin  Literature 
in  the  Fourteenth  Century^  Fo.  CapSvo.  ^14  p«  Pr.  2S.  5d» 
fewed*     Stockdale. 

This  accurate  fketch  contains  (bme  information,  brought 
forward  with  that  filent  unobtrufive  eafc  which  diftinguifhes  the 
writings  and  manners  of  a  gentleman ;  and  in  the  language, 
there  is  a  degree  of  purity,  bordering  on  elegance,  which 
equally  points  out  the  well  bred  man,  who  writes  at  his  leifure 
and  tranquilly  revifes  his  work  undifturbed  by  pecuniary  cares.. 
The  following  extraft  will  give  an  idea  of  the  plan,  and  of  the 
«yle. 

P.  !•  •  The  revival  of  letters,  and  the  progrefs  of  genius  and 
nannersy  have  ever  been  dear  to  the  lovers  of  literature  ;  and  wheit 
tvery  concomitant  circumftance  is  minutely  traced -by  the  hiftoriaa 
aid  antiquary,  we  are  apt  to  contemplate  with  pleafurc  the  ftrug- 
^les  of  expiring  barbarity,  and  the  rife  of  elegance  and  polite 
Itarning.  That  Italy  Ihould  be  the  country  which  firfl  Ihewed 
the  fymptoms  of  an  anxious  defire  to  throw  off  the  (hackles  of  ig- 
norance, and  break  the  bonds  of  barbarifm,  is  not  the  lead  fur- 
tU'i£ng»  fince  (to  ufe  the  words  of  a  learned  hiftorian),  even  in  the 
darkcil  periods  of  monaflic  ignorance,  (he  had  always  r,exained  a 
greater  degree  of  refinement  and  knowledge  than  any  other  £uro^ 
pcan  country.  In  the  beginning  of  the  fourteenth  century,  and 
at  the  end  of  the  fixteenth,  refinement  Teemed  to  exert  herfelf  with 
ibme  degree  of  power;  and  more  particularly  in  forming,  under 
Leo  t*hc  Xth.  a  body  of  men,  who  for  abilities,  learning  and  ac- 
complifhments,  might  vie  with  thofe  of  the  Auguftan  age.  The 
great  patronage  extended  to  men  of  learning,  by  a  prince,  who,  to 
the  deeper  ftudiesof  the  fcholar,  added  the  polite  and  refined  man- 
ners of  the  courtier,  could  not  fail  to  draw  into  being  the  poet, 
philofopher,  and  painter.  But  as  the  firft  dawn  of  the  morning 
is  often  furveyed  with  as  much  pleafure  as  the* fun  in  his  meridian 
brightnefs,  the  editor  will  therefore  attempt  to  trace  the  early 
produdions  of  Italian  poetry,  and  excufe  himfelf  from  proceeding 
farther  v  fince  that  fubjedl  is  Hkeiy  foon  to  receive  ample  illuftra- 
tion  from  one  of  the  firli  critics  of  the  age.  It  has  been  remarked 
that  Europe  may  perhaps  behold  ages  of  a  bad  tafte ;  but  will 
never  again  relapl'e  into  barbarifm  :— the  fole  invention  of  print- 
ing has  forbidden  that  event.  In  the  fifteenth  century,  this  art^ 
whofe  firfl  materials  were  rough,  and  execution  clumfy,  was  the 
means  of  multiplying  manufcripts,  and  ciraulating.  more  freely  the 
remaining  rolics  oTkniswleiigev'  u, 

J.ITERARY 


t     2^5     ] 

LITERARY      INTELLIGENCE* 
HISTORY      OF      ACADEMIES. 

Art.  I.    ROYAL  SOCIETY  OF  MEDICINE   AT  PARIS* 

Feb.  26.  The  prize  for  the  qaeftion  on  the  ufe  of  purgatives  and 
cold  air  in  the  fmall-pox  [fee  our  Rev.  Vol.  IL  p.  238]  was  adjudged 
to  Dr.  F.  Salva  Campillo,  of  Barcelona,  and  the  acceffit  to  Dr. 
Mazeron  Defvergnes,  of  Evaux  in  Combraille:  two  other  papers 
were  honourably  mentioned. 

For  anfwers  to  the  queftion  on  the  fteeping  of  hemp,  [fee  as  above^ 
p.  237]  were  given  to  Mr.  Luce,  apothecary,  of  Grape,  a  medal  of 
I  pol.  (4I.  58.  4.3.) ;  to  Mr.  Pajot  des  Charmcs,  of  Abbeville,  and  Mr. 
Faure,  m  d.  of  Paris,  a  fmaller  medal  each.  Dr.  Salva  Campillo 
fent  alfo  a  fupplcmcnt  to  his  former  paper  which  had  obtained  a 
prize,  ['W.]  • 

The  prize  for  the  queftion  on  the  nature  of  different  kinds  of  milk 
[fee  our  Rev.  Vol.  I.  p.  225]  was  divided;  900I.  (37I.  los.)  to 
MefTrs.  Parmentier  and  Dcyeux,  who  wrote  a  memoir  conjointly,  and 
300I.  (12I.  los.)  to  Drs.  Abr.  Van  Stiprlaan  Luifcius,  of  Delft,  and 
Nich.  Bondt,  of  Amfterdam,  who  wrote  another  in  the  fame  manned. 
Honourable  mention  was  made  of  another  by  Mr.  Boyffon,  apothe-* 
cary,  of  Aurillac. 

On  the  fubjed  of  medical  topography,  fmall  gold  medals  were  given 
to  Meffrs.  Vincent,  jun.  and  Baumes,  for  the  med.  top.  of  the  city  of 
Nimes  ;  Mr.  Gallot  for  that  of  Poitou ;  and  Mr.  Mallet  de  la  Brof- 
fiere,  for  thofe  of  Cayes,  Port  au  Prince,  and  Mol  St.  Nicholas,  in 
St.  Domingo,  and  of  St.  Malocs. 

A  paper  on  the  rickets,  [fee. our  Rev.  Vol.  III.  p.  501]  by  Mr* 
Baumes,  m.  d.  of  Nimes,  was  honourably  mentioned,  and  a  prize  of 
encouragement  b£  200 1.  (81.  6s.  8d.)  adjudged  to  him.  To  Mr. 
Waters,  m..  D.  of  Weteren  in  Flanders,  a  fmall  gold  medal  was  ad- 
judged, for  a  paper  on  the  fubjed  of  epifpaftics  [fee  our  Rev.  Vol.  I. 

P*  ^^y'l 

The  following  are  the  queftions  now  propofcd  by  the  fociety, 

1.  Are  there  any  (low  or  chronic  difeafes,  in  the  fenfe  admitted  by 
Stoll  and  fbme  of  the  moderns  ?  If  there  be,  what  are  their  fymptonjs, 
and  bow  ought  they  to  be  treated  ?  [fee  our  Rev.  Vol,  I.  p.  226,  and 
Vol.III.p.jjoo.] 

2.  What  is  the  nature  of  ptis,  and  by  what  figns  may  it  be  diftin- 
guilhcd  in  different  difeafes,  particularly  in  thofe  of  the  breaft  i 

5,  To  determine  by  experiments  and  obfervations  the  nature  of  the 
virus  which  attacks  and  fof  tens  the  bones  in  the  rickets,  and  thence  to 
inquire  whether  the  treatment  of  that  difeafe  might  not  be  improved, 
[feeVol.  III.  p.  ^01.] 

4.  To  afcertain,  in  the  treatment  of  difeafes  in  which  thc^ifferent 
kinds  of  epifpaftics  are  indicated,  in  what  cafes  ure  ought  to  pcefcc 
fomc  particular  oilc  to  any  other,  and  in  what  cafes  they  ought  to  be 
applied  either  as  far  as  pbflible  from  the  feat  of  the  difeafe,  on  the  parts 
near  it,  or  on  the  part  itfelf* 

VojL.  VII.  R  g.  To 


226  literary;      XNTEtLIOENCE. 

5.  To  determine  by  a  feries  of  obfervations,  wbat  are  tbe  good  or 
X  il!  effeds  phat  arife  from  the  ufc  of  the  different  kinds  of  bran,  ecu- 

fidered  as  an  aliment  or  medicine,  when  given  to  animals  ? 

6.  To  afcertain,  by  accurate  experiments,  the  nature  and  difference 
of  the  gaftric  juice  in  the  various  claffes  of  animals;  its  ufe  in  digef- 
tion  ;  the  principal  alterations  ofi  which  it  is  fufcepiible  -,  its  influence 
in  the  produftioa  of  difcafes  ;  in  what  wanner  it  modifies  the  adtion 
of  medicines ;  and  in  what  cafes  itfelf  may  be  employed  as  a  medi- 
cine. [See  below,  p.  233,  and  Vol.  III.  p.  600.] 

7.  To  determine,  from  the  beft  knowledge  we  have  of  the  nature 
of  the  milk  of  a  woman,  cow,  afs,  goat,  meep,  or  mare,  and  froni 
obfervation,  the  medical  properties  of  thofe  different  kinds  of  milk, 
and  on  what  principles  we  ought  to  regulate  their  ufe  in  the  ticatment 
of  different  difcafes. 

S.  To  determine  what  precautions  are  to  be  taken,  with  refpec^  to 
the  temperature  of  the  feafon  and  the  nature  of  the  climate,  for  pre- 
fer\  ing  the  health  of  an  army  towards  the  end  of  winter,  and  during 
the  firlt  months  of  a  campaign ;  what  difcafes  troops  are  moft  liable  to 
at  thofe  periods ;  and  what  are  the  beft  methods  of  treating  or  prti- 
vcnting  fuch  difeafes. 

The  prize  for  qucftion  3,  is  14C0L  (^81.  6s.  8d.) ;  thofe  for  i  r  2,  4^ 
^,  7,  6001.(251.)  each;  for  8,  409I.  (16I.  13s.  4d.) :  and  for  5, 

300 1.   (12I.   I  OS.) 

The  papers  in  anfwer  to  i,  2,  mud  be  fcnt,  poft-frec,  to  M.  Vi^ 
d'Azyr,  rue  de  Tournon,  No.  13,  before  the  lit  of  Dec.  next  r  thofe 
on  ?,  before  the  ift  of  Dec.  1791.  :  on  4,  5,  6,  before  the  ift  of  May^ 
in  the  fame  year;  and  on  7,  before  the  ili  of  May,  1792.  No  tia^ 
is  fet  for  thofe  on  queftion  8.  ^ 

The  fociety,  denrous  of  preventing  thofe  evils  to  which  healthy 
nurfes  are  expofcd  when  they  fuckle  new-born  infants  attacked  with 
the  venereal  difeafe,  and  aware  of  the  importance  of  the  fubjeft,  and 
how  effential  it  is  to  have  accurate  notions  of  it,  announce  their  in- 
tentions of  fhortly  publilhing  a  programma  for  thofe  purpofes.  As  it 
will  demand  much  time  and  extenuve  refearch  to  give  a  fatisfaftcry 
anfwer,  they  think  it  proper  to  communicate  their  defign  before-hand- 
♦in  the  following  terms. 

1 .  The  diagnofis  prefents  great  difficulties.  It  is  neceffary  to  Inquire 
how  the  venereal  difeafe  of  new-born  infants  may  be  diitingui{hed 
from  every  other,  at  all  refembllng  it,  to  which  children  at  that  period 
are  liable;  and  to  determine  whether  children  born  of  a  venereal 
mother  have,  at  the  birth,  fymptoms  fufficiently  marked  for  them  ta 
lie  deemed  infe^cd,  and  treated  as  fuch.  .  This  examination  muft  be 
made  in  the  firft  t^ecks  in  particular. 

2.  The  difference  between  the  venereal  difeafe  of  new-born  infants, 
,  and  that  which  appears  in  thofe  of  a  more  advanced  age,  muft  be 

pointed  out ;  and  whether  fuch  difference  has  any  influence'  on  the 
method  of  cure.  3.  The  precautions  neceffary  to  render  the  treat- 
ment of  fuch  infants  cfiedlual,  and  exempt  ^rom  danger,  muft  be  pointed 
out ;  a* the  fame  time  appretiating  the  value  of  the  methods  already 
propofed  with  thofe  views. 

The  readings  at  this  meeting  were  as  follows :  On  the  preventive 
-and  curative  treatment  of  the  difcafes  of  feamen  :  by  Mr.  Deiber- 
riercsr    On  the  true  nature  of  the  lepiofy  of  the  Hebrews :  by  Mr. 

dc 


^ISTOAV    0  1^    AC  AJ^'l&Mlg  S.  22f 

d*  Chaoiferu.  On  the  nature  of  the  fubftance  of  th^  brain,  and  feme 
ipigolaf  properties  of  it.  The  refults  of  the  prize  eflays  on  fteeping 
hemp  and  flax,  [fee  above,  p.  22^,]  by  abbe  Teflier.  Elogy  of  IVfr; 
Camper :  by  Mr.  Vicq  d'Azyr. 

HISTOItY    OF    ACAD£M  i£S,    . 
Art.  II.    Laufanne  and  Paris.     Hiftoire  ^  MimtHrts  it  la  Socieie  dif 
Science^  phyfiques  de  Laufanne^  ISc,     Hiftory  and  Memoirs  of  the 
Phyfical  Society  of  Laufanne ;  Vol.  II.  for  the  Year  1784.-6.     4to«' 
623  p.  with  plates.     1788. 

After  an  hiftorical  preface,  in  which  it  is  obferved,  that  the  preced-" 
ing  volume  of  the  Society's  memoirs  met  a  flattering  reception,  are 
the  following  papers,  i .  On  the  phofphorefcent  property  of  mineral 
fubftances  when  rubbed :  by  count  Razoumowlki.  2.  On  paving  and, 
cleanfing  ftyeets  as  conneded  with  the  healthinefs  of  cities :  by  abbe 
Bcrtholon.  3.  On  the  influence  of  the  ftars,  and  more  efpecially  of 
the  moon,  on  vegetation  :  by  J.  Ph.  de  Limbourg,  fen.  ?4.  d.  4  On 
diftinguifhing  the  fpecies,  kinds,  and  varieties  of  quadrupeds,  from 
exterior  charad^ers:  by  Mr.  Berthout  van  ^erchem,  jun.  5.  Dcfcrip- 
tion  and  natural  hiftory  of  the  wild  goat  of  the  Alps  of  Savoy  :  by 
the  fame.  The  hiftory  and  defcription  of  this  animal  had  never  before; 
been  well  given,  and  are  of  the  more  importance,  as  from  its  numbers 
decreaiing  we  have  rcafon  to  fear,  that  the  fpecies  may  (hortly  become 
extinf^.  6.  Defcription  of  the  mountain  hare,  or  hpus  'verjicolor :  by 
by  Mr.  Amftein,  m.  d.  This  has  by  many  been  confounded  with  the 
common  hare.  Mr.  Pallas  calls  it  lepus  'variabilis.  The  hair,  which 
16  grey  in  fummer,  becomes  perfeclly  white  in  winter.     7.  On  the 

flow-worm  :  by  count  Razoumowlki.  8.  On  cetaceous  animals  :  by 
ir.  H.  Merck  of  Darmftadt.  The  principal  view  of  Mr.  M.  is  to 
Compare  the  ofteology  of  thefe  animals  with  that  of  quadrupeds :  this 
memoir  is  occupied  wholly  by  the  bones  of  the  head.  9.  On  the 
hoop-titmoufe  :  by  Mr.  Van  Berchem,  jun.  10.  Account  of  a  mon- 
ftrous  horn  of  a  ftag  :  by  Mr.  Reynier.  11.  On  a  foftil  head  and 
horns  from  Ireland  :  by  count  Razoumowlki.  12.  On  the  nature  of 
the  rofes  of  moflcs,  and  the  reproduftion  of  that  family  of  plants,  with 
d  defcription  of  a  new  fpecies :  by  Mr.  Reynier.  According  to  Mr. 
R.  the  rofe  of  moflfes  is  a  heap  of  dry  pulverulent  leaves,  di(pofed  on 
the  fummit  of  the  ftalks  and  branches,  witK  a  fmall  bottom  at  the 
centre,  and  is  a  monftrofity  owing  to  the  influence  of  the  climate.  The 
parts  of  fnidlification  are  not  in  it,  but  in  thofe  urns  or  capfules  tfiat 
appear  in  moft  moflfes  from  January  to  May,  and  which  are  at  the 
extremity  of  a  filament  that  iffues  from  the  junfture  of  the  leaf  with  the 
ftalk.  13.  Defcription  of  the  golden  favrodine  :  by  the  fame.  This 
plant,  which  was  difcovered  in  Switzerland  by  the  late  Mr.  Favrod,  is 
not  only  a  new  fpecies,  but  of  a  new  genus.  It  approaches  thelapa- 
thum,  oxalis,  and  rheum  ;  particularly  the  lapathum  acutifolium :  its 
principal  marks  of  diftin^ion  are,  that  its  calix  is  divided  into  thpte 
parts,  and  that  it  has  three  piftils,  with  from  fix  to  nine  ftamina.  14. 
Botanical  remarks  on  the  roots  of  an  old  plumb-tree :  by  Mr.  Van 
Berohem,  fen.  i  ^.  Analytical  experiments  on  the  ftone  of  GoumoSns : 
by  count  Razoumowlki.  It  is  a  kind  of  marie,  abounding  fo  much 
with  calcareous  earth  as  to  be  capable  of  making  lime,  and  emitting  a' 
ftwng  bituminous  fmeli  when  rubbed.     16.  Defcription  of  W  cuprous' 

R  z  ftone 


%2%  .     tiTERARY     INTELLIGENCE.    ' 

ftone  found  near  thefommit  of  the  Grand  St.  Bernard  :  by  the  fam^* 
It  is  a  fatty,  opaque  quartz,  white  fpottedwith  black,  or  black  fpOtted 
with  white.    The  black  colour  is  owing  to  a  kind  of  cuprous  fteatite* 
17.  Mineralogicai  obfcrvations  on  the  depofits  (af ports)  made  by  the- 
fea  on  >hc  coafts  of  Holland  :  by  the  fame.     1 8.  On  the  fedative  fait, 
and  compofition  of  borax:  by  Mr.  H.  Exchaquct  and  prof.  Struve. 
iQ.  On  the  ufe  of  phofphoric  faks  in  the  arts,  and  on  the  attificia! 
coropofuion  of  gems.     20.  New  theory  of  falt-fprings,  and   rock- 
falt :  by  prof.  -Struve.     21.  On  the  management  of  the  falt-fpi-ings  of 
Fondeitient  iii  the  government  of  Aigle  x  by  the  fame.     22.  Hiltory 
and  analyfis  of  the  waters  of  BrUttelen^  in  the  bailiwic  of  Erlach  or 
Cerlier :    by   count  Razoumowlki.     23.  New  obfcrvations  on   the' 
toalyfis  of  mineral  waters.     24.  Chemical  obfcrvations  on  the  acid 
of  birch.     25.  Chemical  attempts  at  making  artificial  pyrites.     26. 
On   mines    of  native   metal   in   the  capillary   form.     27.  On  the. 
waters  of  Leyden:  and  28.  On  lime:  by  the  fame.     20.  Experi- 
liients  on  the  gaftric  juice:  by' prof.   Struve,  [fee  our  Rev.  VoL- 
III.  p.  600.]     30.  On  the  devaftation  made  by  the  larvae?  of  the  may-> 
bug  in  the  year  1784,  with  the  means  of  preventing  fuch  in  future: 
by  Kir.  Vin  Bercheiti,  fen.     A  deep  ploughing  in  the  autumn,  when 
the  rhay-bugs  have  been  numerous,  is  the  beft  method  of  deftroying 
their  larvae,     3 1.  On  the  water  mod  beneficial  to  vegetation  :  by  abbe 
Bertholon.     32.  On  the  fmut  in  wheat,  its  caufes  and  prevention  :  by. 
Mr,  Cadet  de  Vaiix.    33.  Agricultural  obfcrvations,  with  experiments. 
on  frequent  ploughing  light  foils :  by  Mr.  Van  Berchem,  fen.     34.  On 
the  importance  of  mineralogicai  obfcrvations  :  by  Mr.  J,  Sennebier. 
35,   A  defcription  of  feveral  new  mechanical  methods  of  preventing, 
llopping,  and  in  certain  cafes   amending;  diftortions  of  the  fpine  ; 
by  Mr.  Venel,  M.  d.     37.  On  the  deteds  of  the  common  inftru-' 
ments  emj)loyed  by  cYigineers  in  mines',  arid  on  the  means  of  ufmg 
them   in  fubterraneous  geometrical  operations  to  more   advantage: 
bjf  Mr.  Wild,  capt.  general  of  the  mines  of  Berne.     1%,  On  the  me- 
tjiod  of  cdnftruding  extenfive  plans  or  geographical  maps  of  coun- 
tries abounding  in  lofty  mountains  and  narrow  (traits  :  and  39.  On  the 
|x)puhtion  of  the  pArifti  of  Aigle  :  by  the  fame.     I'his  parifh,  fituated. 
in  the'  neighbourhood  of  marlhes,  and  in  a  narrow  valley,  offers  fonric. 
interefting  phenomena.     40.  Eulogy  of  Mr  de  Coppet. 

This  volume  proves,  that   the  fcience  of  phyfics  is  cultivated  in 
Switzerland  with  great  fuccefs. 

M.  WilkmeU  Journ.  de  Med. 

THEOLOCy. 

Ablt.  III.  Winterthiir.  Zzveen  VolkJIebrer^l^c.  Two  Teachers  of 
the  People,  a  Dialogue,  copied  by  Jonathan  Afahel.  8vo.  147  p. 
pr,  9gr.  (IS.  4a.)    1789. 

Of  thefe  interlocutors,  A.  is  a  teacher  of  the  eleft,  of  the  people  of 
God  ;  B,  a  teacher  of  the  i8th  century.  B.  inculcates  the  free  ufe  of 
reafou,  and  abjures  all  fuperiUtious  belief  in  tradition,  miracles,  revela- 
tion, and  infpiration  ;  he  meets  with  little  fuccefs,  however,  in  his 
olRce,  as  the  people  always  require  fomething  pofitive,  and  thofc  who 
think  more  deeply  will  jagSt  Itir  a  linger  to  lupport  him  boldly  and 
Openly,  lliis  want  ofr^JiicGefs  A*  attributes  to  his  endeavouring  to 
inilrud  his  flock  by  writings,  and  not  by  example  and  converfation. 
5      ■         -  The 


TH^OtOOy,  22f 

The  titles  of  his  works  too,  ♦  The  Bible  in  familiar  Laiigiiage/  and 
*  Letters  on  the  Plan  and  DcCign  of  Jefus/  he  finds  at  variance  with 
his  prJBciples ;  fmce^.as  he.  reieds  every  thing  pofuive  in  religion,  he 
ought  to  lay  nothing  of  Jefus,  or  of  the  Bibk,  as  they  both  lay  dow^ 
what  men  are  to  think  in  the  raaft  pofuive  manner.  B.  confeifej,  thaf 
he  employs  thcfe  names  only  to  induce  fuperficial  thinkers  the  more 
cafily  to  admit  his  fyftem.  A.  obferves,  that  he  who  has  recourfe  to 
little  means  can  never  be  capable  of  attaining  great  «nds;  and  that 
whilft  B.  endeavours  to  undeceive  the  people,  he  coafeSes  the  liecef- 
fity  of  their  being  deceived,  and  even  deceives  them  himfelf.  The 
defences  ;that  B.  makes,  on  the  fcore  of  pofuive  religion  having  beert  fo 
much  abufed,  and  of  the  promotion  of  the  honour  of  Jefus  by  his  fyfy 
tern,  are  powerfnlly  refuted,  but  without  virulence ;  and  thence  A. 
proceeds  to  an  expofttion  of  his  own  principles*  The  firfl:  thing  that 
occoracs  reafon  is  the  modeft  knowledge  that  it  iwift  not  attempt  to 
chanj^e  what  is  immutable,  fmcc  the  grand  teft  of  right  reafon  is  its 
fubmitting  tp  the  nature  of  things,  and  ixot  prefupiing  to  work  on  man 
otherwife  than  as  the  experience  of  all  ages  ihows  man  may  be  worked 
upon.  To  this  follows  a  recommendation  of  faith,  put  in  oui:  days 
.there  are  fo  many  kinds  of  faiths  that  it  is  not  eafy  to  make  a  choice. 
Of  what  faith  then  is  A  ?  Of  that  which  arifes  not  from  the  ponvic- 
tion  of  proof,  but  from  the  immediate  comii^iion  of  thp  heart,  through  ^ 
kind  of  fympathy  with  the  objed :  a  faith  or  confidence  like  that  which 
draws  us  towards  a  ceruin  perfon  in  a  fecret  inexplicable  way,  without 
our  being  able  to  fay  wherefore.  Reafon  cannot  reqqire  proofs  for 
intuitive,  perceptive  credibility,  without  ceafing  to  be  reafon;  and  to 
this  fpecies  of  credibility  belongs  the  truth  of  revealed  religion.  No- 
thing could  be  pbjeded  to  this  were  our  feelings  fuflSciently  ftrong^  or 
did  they  accord  with  our  reafon.  When  they  do  not.  A.,  endeavours 
to  prove,  that  reafon  Ihould  give  way  to  our  feelines.  Vi/e  le^ye  it  to 
others  to  determine,  whether  in  his  phyfiognomy  3ie  author  has  not 
admitted  this  to  be  the  parent  of  all  luperftition. 

We  meet  with  more  cool  invcftigation  in  this  work  than  is  ufual  in 
the  writings  of  its  author :  once  now  and  then*  though  but  feldom, 
we  find  fuch  flights  as  the  following  :  *  When  they  (A.-'s  flock)  weep, 
heaven  triumphs ;  and  when  they  pray,  tears  of  joy  flow  from  the 
eyes  of  angek.  Their  tears  flow  down  from  the  fame  fource  as  thofe  th^t 
flowed  in  Gethfemane,  and  a  figh  of  their  believing  love  gives  happi- 
hefs  to  an  immortal.' 

At  the  end  is  written  :  '  topied  Auguft  1788,  by  a  hand  th^Lt;;^"?- 
jiot  remain  unknown.     Revifed  April  4,  1789,  by  }.  C.  L.'  [avater.] 

Jen.Allg.Ut.leit, 

A  JIT.  IT.  Nuremberg.  D.  J^  G,  RofenmuUeri  Emendationes  ^  Sup^ 
plementa  ad  Scholiorum  in  No^um  Teftamenium,  Tomum  L  ^c.  Emen- 
dations and  Additions  to  the  Scholia  on  the  New  Teftament :  by 
J.  G.  Rofenrouller.  Large  8vo.  252  p.  Price  i  r.  (3s.  6d.) 
1789.  * 

Thefe  are  publiflied  for  the  benefit  of  thofe  who  ^rc  in  poflcinoh  of 

the  fecond  edition  of  the  Scholia^  and  contain  all  the  alterations  rtiadc 

ki  the  third.  J^ff.  AUg.  Lit,  Zeit. 

Art.  v.     Franckfort  and  Leipfic.     Der  Brief  an  die  Galater  Hberfazt 

1^,  mit  Anmerkungen  begleiter-,  ^c.     A  Tranflatioa  of  the  Epillie 

.         "  R  J       .  to 


tJP  LIT£|tAIlY     INTBtLIC£KCE» 

to  the  Galatians^  with  Remarks;  attempted  by  Fred.  Aug.  W» 
JCraufe.     8vo.     80  p.     1788. 

Mr.  K.  appears  to  have  had  the  beft  expofitors  before  him  ;  he  la 
In  gieneral  very  fuccefsful  in  his  remarks,  and  we  have  but  few  faults 
to  nnd  with  his  performance.  He  promifes  us  all  the  (horttyr  epiftles 
of  Paul  in  like  manner.  ^en.  AUg,  Lit*  Zeiu 

Art.  VI.  J>er  Brief  an  die  Ephe/er,  l^e.  A  Tranflation  of  the 
Epiftle  to  the  Ephefians,  &c.  by  the  fame.  8vo.  nop.  befides 
the  Preface  and  Introdudlion.     1789. 

This  fecond  attempt  does  Mr.  K.  more  honour  than  the  former,  as 
he  has  here  more  difficulties  to  encounter.  Jen,  Allg.  Lit,  Zeit. 

Art.  VII.  Jena.  Kurzer  Eutnjunrf  der  Chriftlichen  Sittenlebre^  ^c, 
A  (hort  Sketch  of  Chriftian  Morality,  for  the  Ufe  of  Lectures  r  by 
D.  J.  C.  Doderlein.     8vo.     313  p.     Price  i8g.  (2s  6d.)     1789. 

The  chriftian  fyftem  of  morality  has  certainly  gained  much  by- 
being  feparated  from  dogmatics,  but  the  Spirit  has  been  too  much 
confounded  with  the  letter,  and  fufficient  diftindion  has  not  been 
made  between  the  times  when  the  elements  of  this  fyftem  were  de- 
livered, and  the  prefent.  Jefus  and  the  apoftles  had  moftly  to  do  with 
men  whofe  morals  were  altogether  depraved,  and  required  a  total 
change ;  but  this  is  not  the  cafe  now,  when  the  principles  of  found 
morality  are  inftilled  into  the  minds  of  our  youth,  in  which  they 
need  only  be  confirmed.  This  compendium  of  Mr.  D.  on  the  fubjeft 
deferves  our  warm  recommendation.     Its  contents  are  : 

Introduftion.  Chap.  I.  On  the  moral  nature  of  man.  On  agency, 
and  the  exercife  of  it  in  perception,  cogitation,  volition,  and  adion, 

II.  On  the  ohftades  to  morality.  The  depravity  of  certain  periods, 
though  in  none  was  it  univerfal,  diftinguilhed  from  the  common  fail- 
ings of  mankind.  The  fcriptures  give  no  one  general  ground  of 
moral  corruption.     The  unfcriptural  doftrine  of  original  fm  refuted. 

III.  On  the  means  of  imprtyvinz  morals,  IV,  On  'virtue^  and  its  federal 
degrees .     V.  On  cbrifiian  morality. 

The  body  of  the  work  is  divided  into  three  parts,  i.  On  the 
Inonvledge  of  the  laivs  of  God,  It  would  be  difficult  to  find  any  one 
general  principle,  from  which  all  the  duties  of  man  might  be  deduced. 
2.  Pure  morality,  or  the fentiments  of  a  chrijiian,  3.  Pra&ical  morality^ 
pr  the  effeSs  of  chriftian  fentiments.  The  right  of  making  and  keeping 
flayes  d&fendcd.  Monogamy  ho  where  enjoined  in  the  New  Tcfta- 
ment :  pohgamy  at  Icaft  permitted  in  the  firft  ages  of  chriftianity. 
The  Mofaic  prohibitions  of  matrimony  are  inapplicable  to  chriftians, 
.  &c.  &c.  Jen.  AUg.  Lit,  Zeit. 

Art.  VIII.  Mayland.  Daniel y  fecundum  Ediiionem  LXX,  Interpre- 
turn  ex  TetrapUs  difumptam,  ^c,  Daniel,  according  to  the  Edition 
of  the  Septuagint,  taken  from  the  Tetrapla,  published  in  Syriac, 
'from  a  Syro-Eftranghelic  ms.  in  the  Ambrofian  Library,  with  a 
latin  Verfion,  Preface,  and  critical  Notes :  by  Caietanus  fiugati, 
Th.  D.4cc.    4to.     200  p.     1788. 

The  prejudices  prevailing  in  Germany  againft  the  abilities  of  Mr, 

p.  will  be  completely  done   away  by  this  work.     The  Syriac  is 

elegantly  printed,  with  the  Latin  verfion  in  oppoiite  columns.    This 

I  MS,  is 


MEDICI    iNe,  251 

ws,  is  of  excellent  fervice  for  afcertaiiiing  the  true  places  of  the  marks 
of  Origen,  whicii  both  in  the  Chigi  ms.  and  the  printed  edition  of 
it,  which  is  not  an  exaft  copy,  are  frequently  erroneous.  The  notes 
principally  relate  to  a  comparifon  of  thefe  two  ms.  nlanv  important 
paffages  in  the  latter  of  which  may  be  corrected  l)y  rhe  former.  They 
contain  alfo  f^mc  valuable  anecdotes.  At  the  end  feme  errors  of  Nor- 
berg,  in  his  edition  of  Jeremiah  and  Ezcldel  from  ihe  Mayland  Syri^c 
MS.  are  pointed  out.  Jen.  Allg\  Lit,  Zeit, 

•Art.  IX.  Copenhagen.  M.  F,  Milnieri  Commenlatio  de  Indole  Vcr- 
Jionh  No^i  Tift,  Sahidic^e^  C5V.    On  the  Sahidic  Verfion  of  the  New 

Teftament,  with  Fr2fgm<:nts  of  Paul's  Epiilles  to  Timothy  from  the 

Sahidic   m-s.  in  the  Borgian  Mufeum  at  Vtlktri :  by  Fred.  Mun- 

ter.     4to.     1 12  p.     Price  I  r.  (3s.  6d.)     1789. 

Of  this  ancient  and  important  verfion  of  the  New  Tefiament, 
liithcxto  little  was  known :  it  agrees  moft  with  the  cud,  D.  or  Cam- 
teidge,  and  next  to  that  with  B,  or  the  Vatican.  It  appears  to  have 
fceen  of  high  anticjuity,  but  fubfequently  revifed  in  fome  pailages  after 
more  modern  Greek  mss.  Of  new  Icftions,  found  no  uhere  elfe,  it 
contains  Jione  of  particukr  importance.  Amongft  the  fragments  here 
^iven,  we  obfcrve,  that  in  i  Tim.  iii.  16.  it  reads  with  the  old 
verfions  not  S<o?  but  05  l^avi^^yO*?  iv  cra^xL  Mr  M.  promifes  us  the 
hock  of  Job,  and  a  coniiderable  part  of  Proverbs,  in  the  Sahidic 
verfion,  and  the  book  of  Daniel  in  the  Memphitic.  In  the  New  Teft. 
where  thefe  two  Coptic  verfions  diiTer,  we  find  the  former  approaches 
jiearer  the  weftern  ones,  and  the  latter  the  Alexandrian  :  this  is  more 
appatent  in  the  gofpels  than  in  the  epiftles.         JeM.  Jllg,  Lit.  Zeit. 

MEDICINE. 

Art.  X.  Paris,  •  The  month  of  November  was  very  mild  and 
rainy  till  the  22d,  and  the.  wind  very  variable:  thence  to  the  end  of 
the  month  the  air  affunied  a  greater  degree  of  elallicity,  and  the  wea- 
ither  was  cold,  with  a  northerly  wind.  ' 

This  conititution  of  the  atmofphere  induced  i.  rheumatic  com- 
jjlaints,  regular,  and  eafily  removed  by  diaphoretic  diluents  pre- 
ceded by  venefe^tion  ;  2.  catarrhal  diforders,  mild,  and  but  flightly  in- 
flammatory :  frequently  they  Ihowed  themfelves  under  the  form  of 
diarrhota  or  colic,  which  were  difficult  of  cure;  3.  intermittent  fevers* 
Thefe  were  mors  numerous,  ohlHnate,  fubje^t  to  rclapfc,  and  began  to 
be  irregular;  4.  cutaneous  difeafes,  which  were  very  common  and 
various.  The  (hingles  were  pretty  common  :  the  red-gum  in  children, 
^nd  eryfipelatous  fevers  in  adults,  were  common  but  regular.  The 
froall-pox  continued  to  prevail,  though  never  of  a  malignant  kind:  in 
the  confluent,  l)leeding  v,  as  frequently  neceifary  after  they  were  dried  upi 
^nd^ven  fometimes  in  the  diftind.  Bilious  and  malignant  fevers  were 
rare :  the  latter  Ihowed  fome  alarming  fymptoms,  but  did  not  on  that 
account  prove  fatal.  Towards  the  end  of  the  month  inflammatory 
catarrhs  were  obfcrved,  and  fome  defluxions  of  the  breaft,  which  je- 
quired  only  the  common  treatment.  Apoplexies  and  paralytic  affec» 
tions  were  common.     T  he  gout  was  not  very  unfrequent, 

Journ,  de  Mcdea'ne. 

Art.   XI.     Paris.     Memoire  qui  a  remport^  le  Prix  en  \^^%^y  aujuge^ 
ptfTtt  d(  l€i  Soc.  J^oj,  de  Med,  de  Paris,  Jiur  Ift  ^eftim  proposee  en  ces 

K  4    *  Termtsz 


2^2  LITERARY    IKTELtlGENCS. 

Termes  *  Determlmr  far  VObfervathn  quelles  fimt  Us  Maladks  qni  r/- 
Jultent  its  Emanations  des  Eaux  ftagnanUs^K^c,  An  Effay,  which 
obtained  the  Prize  [Sec  our  Review,  Vol.  IIL  p.  ^oo.]  frooi  the 
Roy.  Soc.  of  Medicine  at  Paris,  in  1789,  on  the  following  Subjeft; 
to  determine,  from  Obfervation,  what  are  the  Difeafes  anting  from 
the  Exhalations  of  ftagnant  Waters,  or  marfhy  Countries,  that  aScft 
thofe  who  dwell  in  their  Environs,  or  thofe  who  are  employed  in 
draining  them,  and  what  are  the  Methods  of  preventing  and  reme- 
dying luch  Difeafes:  by  Mr.  Baumes,  m.  d.  &c.  Large  8vo. 
290  p.     1789, 

Prcvioas  to  confidering  the  difeafes  incidental  to  marfhy  countries, 
Mr.  B.  thinks  it  ncceffary  to  afccrtain  the  exiftence  and  nature  of  their 
effluvia,  and  compares  their  atmofphere  with  that  of  other  places.  The 
fenfes  alone,  he  obferves,  acquaint  us,  that  the  former  contains  a  fuper- 
abundant  humidity,  a  fplritus  reBor,  and  invifible  fubllances  capable  of 
fpontaneous  inflammation.  By  chemical  experiments  he  difcovcrs, 
that  it  contains  inflammable  air,  phlogifticated  air,  fixed  air,  and 
volatile  alkaline  air,  from  the  combination  of  which  refults  the  mix- 
ture ftyled  inflammable  air  of  marlhes.  The  capability  of  fuch  fubr 
llances  afting  on  the  human  frame  cannot  be  contefted :  hence  the  dif- 
eafes prevailing  in  fuch  countries  are  derived,  and  hence  the  modes  of 
preventing  and  curing  them  may  be  deduced.  All  thefe  fubjeds  Mr* 
B.  fully  confiders,  noticing  every  circumftance  that  contributes  to 
promote  or  leflen  the  eflFcds  of  marlh  eftluvia,  and  fupporting  what  he 
ndvances  by  a  number  of  fads  and  pradical  obfcrvations- 

Gazette  Salutaire* 

Art.  XII.  Paris.  N,  Chamhon  de  MontauXt  ^c,  Okfervathnes  clt^ 
mc4g,  i^c,  ClinicahObfervations  relating  to  the  Treatment  of  rare 
and  dangerous  Difeafes,  or  the  Phenomena  difcovered  on  opening 
Bodies  of  thofe  v\  ho  died  of  fuch :  by  Nich.  Chambon  de  Mon- 
taux,  Phyfician  to  the  Salpetriere,  &c.  4to.  478  p.  Price 
bound  12  li  v.  ( I  OS.)     1789. 

The  indefatigable  author  of  this  work  is  already  well  known  to  the 
world  by  his  produdions.  The  obfervations  here  given  us  being  the 
refult  of  his  praftice  ^t  the  Saltpetriere,  he  premifcs  a  general  view  of 
the  regimen  and  conftitution  of  thofe  who  inhabit  that  abode  of 
wretchednefs  and  infirmity.  A  laxity  of  the  folids,  and  difTolution  of 
the  fliuids,  always  predominate.  In  fevers,  which  form  the  fubjeft  of 
the  firft  part  of  the  work,  this  is  obvious.  Inflammatory  complaints 
are  extremely  rare.  In  intermittents  Mr.  C.  found  the  leflcr  centaury, 
gentian,  &c.  more  benefipial  th^n  the  bark,  which  was  injurious  to 
thofe  of  irritable  habits.  From  camphor  and  opium  he  obtained  as 
Jittle  fuccefs  as  from  the  bark  of  St.  Lucia.  The  fmall-pox  form  the 
fubjeft  of  the  fecond  part.  The  third  relates  to  difeafes  of  the  head. 
One  of  the  eflfcitts  of  the  conftitution  of  this  pl^ce  is  a  gangrenous 
fumour  in  the  chtek,  to  which  children  and  young  people  are  particu- 
larly fgbjeft.  Mr.  C.  faw  but  one  patient  of  this  kind  recover.  A 
fpafra  of  the  oefophagus  preventing  deglutition  was  cqred  by  a  cataplafm 
of  hemlock  and  henbane.  To  this  follow  difeafes  of  the  breaft  and  of 
the  abdomen.  Uhe  1^  pj^rt  includes  various  difeafes,  particularly 
chronic  ones,  M.  Ronjel.  Jourr:,  dc  Med. 


MEOICINS.  ±23 

Art,  XIII,  Vienna,  R.  SteideU  Verfuche  einiger  fpectfiichen  Mittei 
<wieder  den  Krebs,  ^c.  Experiments  on  fome  fpecific  Remedies 
againft  Cancer,  malignant  Ulcers,  and  convulfive  Colics,  with  a  re- 
markable Defcription  of  an  old,  large,  and  very  bad  Cancer  in  the 

'    Breaft  perfe^Iy  cured  :  by  Raphael  Steidele.     8vo.     1788, 

The  cancer  which  Mr.  S.  mentions  was  cured  by  the  following  ap- 
plication. R.  Deco^*  Cart,  Ferwv.faturaU  Jifs.  TinSi,  Opii, — Myrrhs, 
ana  3ij.  M,  It  firft  occafioned  the  wound  to  fuppurate  more  plen- 
tifully, and  emit  an  extraordinary  ftench,  but  by  perfevering  in  its 
ufe,  a  perfedt  cure  was  obtained  in  ten  weeks.  In  four  cafes  of  ma- 
lignant ulcers  Mr.  S.  employed  the  gaftric  juice  of  beeves.  During 
the  firft  fortnight  the  pain  generally  became  more  acute,  and  the 
ulcers  more  foul  j  they  even  affumcd  a  blackilh  and  livid  appearance, 
but  on  continuing  the  application  of  the  juice  on  lint  thrice  a  day, 
were  healed.  A  woman  forty  years  of  age,  in  the  fourth  month  of 
pregnancy,  who  had  frequently  been  attacked  with  a  cardialgia  and 
conltipation  of  the  bowels,  had  laboured  under  thefe  complaints  for 
fix  days,  and  could  find  no  relief  from  any  medicine.  When  Mr.  S. 
iaw  her  fbc  vomited  up  her  faeces.  He  immediately  ordered  her  a 
warm  bath  of  milk  and  water,  giving  internally  iced  chocolate,  and 
water  cooled  with  ice.  The  firft  bath  removed  the  conftipation ;  and 
Ihe  was  delivered,  at  her  full  time,  of  a  healthy  child.  The  fame 
remedies,  with  the  application  of  cold  water  to  the  abdomen,  cured 
a  convulfive  colic  in  a  child-bed  woman,  occafioned  by  a  metaftafis 
of  the  milk.  To  thefe  Mr.  S.  fubjoins  a  hiftory  of  a  contagious 
iphacelus  which  was  communicated  from  one  wounded  man  to  four 
others  in  the  fame  chamber*  M.  Grun<wald,  Journ,  de  Med.  . 

Art.  XIV.  Gottfngen.  Ohfervatiovum  medkarum  ac  chirurgkarunt 
Fafckulusy  ^c.  A  Colleftion  of  medical  and  chirurgical  Obferva- 
tions:  By  O.  Huhn,  m.  d.     8vo.     48  p.  with  a  Plate.     1788. 

Thefe  obfervatibns  are,  1,2.  fwo  hiftories  of  anafarca,  in  which 
the  patients  died.  3.  A  nimphomania  cured  by  tartarifated  antimony 
in  fmall  dofes,  camphor,  and  extradl  of  henbane.  4.  Cafe  of  fciatica. 
5.  Various  difeafes  of  the  eyes.  6.  A  moveable  cataraft.  7.  On 
the  manner  in  which  matter  accumulates  between  the  laminae  of  the 
cornea,  8.  A  venereal  ophthalmy  cured  by  purgatives  of  rhubarb 
with  cream  of  tartar,  and  a  grain  of  muriated  quickfilver  given  daily 
in  a  large  quantity  of  a  decoftion  of  farfaparilla  and  dandelion : 
towards  the  end  of  the  cure,  opium  was  adminiftered.  9— 11.  On 
difeafes  of  the  eyes.  12.  Account  of  an  inftrument  for  remedyinjy 
incontinence  of  urine  in  females,  Joitrn.  de  Medkine, 

Art.  XV.  Frankfort  and  Leipfic.  Wie  konnen  Frauenzimmer  frohe 
Mutter  gefunder  Kinder  <werden^  ^c.  How  may  Women  become 
joyful  Mothers  of  healthy  Children,  retaining  their  own  Health 
and  Beauty?    by  Dr.  G,  Fred.  HoflTmann  (jun.).     Price  12. g. 

'    (is.  9d.)     1789. 

The  rules  here  laid  down  for  the  conduft  of  pregnant  women  we 
can  warmly  recommend  ;  and  what  the  author  fays  refpefling  popular 
prejudices,  and  erroneous  opinions,  defer ves  to  be  read  with  attention, 
^  Jen.  Allg.  Lit.  Zeit. 

Art, 


234  tlTERARY    INTELLIGENCE. 

A&T*  XVI.  Ley  den.  Dijfertatio  medico  de  Cortice  Geoffnttt  Surinam 
menfis,  ^c,  A  medical  Trcatifc  on  the  Bark  of  the  GeofFrara  of 
Surinam:  by  Nich.  Bondt,  m.  d.     8vo.     1788.     . 

This  fpccies  of  ^Jhea  Mr.  B.  dcfcribes  geoffraa  Surinamenjts 
inermis,  foliolis  ovaliius,  cbtufis  fi've  retujisy  carina  dipetala.  From  re- 
peated experience  it  appears  to  be  perhaps  infallible  as  an  anthelmintic, 
except  in  cafes  of  taenia,  in  which  no  opportunity  offered  of  trying 
it.  On  the  difference  betwixt  this  and  the  geoffraea  of  Jamaica,  qien- 
tioned  by  Dr.  Wright  in  the  Phil.  Tranf.  Vpl.  LXVII.  Mr.  B, 
obferves,  that  the  latter  appears  to  be  infinitely  more  violent,  and 
to  poffefs  a  narcotic  quality,  which  has  net  been  obferved  in  the  for* 
mejr.    Wild  valerian  added  to  it  increafes  its  vermifuge  properties. 

M»  Grunwoald.  Joumal  de  Medecine, 

AnT.  xvn.     Wortzburg.     Fa/ciculus  Tentaminum   fhyfiahmedico-elec" 
tricorum^   Gff.     A  Colleftion  of  phyiico-medico-eledrical  Expert* 
liients,  with  Remarks:  by  H.  Groffer,    m.  d.    8vo.  66 p«  1788. 
The  reader  will  here  find  many  valuable  remarks  on  medical  elec- 
tricity by  a  phyfician,  who  is  in  confiderablc  repute,     Mr.  G.  hag 
employed  it  with  fuccefs  in  rheumatifm,  gouty  pains,  a  rheumatic 
hcad-ach,  a  periodical  head-ach,  a  diforder  of  the  eyes,  &c. 

M.  Willemet.  Journ.  de  Med. 

AnT.  XVIII.  Copenhagen.  Selena  Diarii  Nof)comii  Regit  Fridericiani 
Hafnienfisy  ^e.  Extrafts  from  the  Journal  of  the  Royal  Hofpital 
of  Frederic,  at  Copenliageri  :  by  Fred.  Lewis  Bang,  Prcf.  of  Med. 
and  firft  Phyfician  to  the  faid  Hofpital.  ?  Vols,  containing  the 
Years  1782-7.     6vo.     714  p.     1789. 

Previous  to  his  feleftion  of  cafes,  prof.  B.  givel  an  account  of  the 
hofpital  and  its  regulations.  It  appears  that  there  are  in  it  condantly 
near  280  patients,  of  which  170  are  at  the  king's  cxpence*;  the  phy- 
fician is  c«)liged  to  vifit  the  fick  at  kaft  twice  a  day,  to  keep  a  journal 
of  his  remarks,  to  open  bodies  when  neceffary  to  difcover  the  feat  of 
a  difeafe,  and  to  carry  his  pupils  for  initruftion  to  the  bedfides  of  the 
patients.  We  fhall  notice  a  few  of  the  obfervations.  Many  cafes 
prove  the  efficacioufnefs  of  an  aqueous  folution  of  gum  guaiacum  ia 
arthritic  complaints  In  putrid  fevers,  the  patients  have  never  recovered, 
if  the  parotid  glands  have  fuppurated.  Blifters  applied  to  the  calves  of 
the  legs,  and  the  camphorated  mixture,  have  cured  tremblings  of  all 
the  limbs,  accompanied  with  wandering  pains.  In  an  haemorrhoidal 
ftrangury,  Pyrmont  water,  glifters  with  opium,  and  leeches  to  the 
anus,  have  had  good  effcdts.  Urtication,  or  ftinging  with  nettles, 
has  been  found  ufeful,  with  other  remedies,  in  palfics.  A  fpoonful 
of  lemon  juice  twice  a  day,  has  proved  very  efficacious  againft  pains, 
of  the  limbs,  accompanying  or  remaining  after  intennittents.  Dropfies 
fcmaining  after  ihtermittents,  have  frequently  been  cured  by  the  bark 
alooe.  Mr.  B.  notices  an  epidemic  itch,  the  miafma  occafioning  which 
being  repelled,  produced  various  difeafes,  as  fever,  dropfy,  diarrhoea^ 
phthifis^  and  arthritic  complaints  :  he  alfo  obferves,  that  the  itch  has 
frequently  procured  eafe  to  thofc  affeCled  with  rheumatic  pains. 

M.  Gruti'wald,  Journ,  de  Med^ 

SNTOMQ- 


yOLITICAt     OSCONOMY.  2J5 

SNTOMOLOGY. 

AliT.  xix.i    Naples.     EntomahgUt  NffffoliUtn^  Specimen  primum^  yj. 
Firft  Specimen  of  Neapolitan  Entomology ;  by  Dominic  Cyrillo, 
M.  D.  &c.     Large  Folio.     £ngraved  on  ii  plates*     Price  xl.  6s. 
This  work,  highly  valuable  to  the  cntomologift,  is  moft  elegantly- 
executed.     The  firft  plate  contains  the  title,  with  a  beautiful  vignette : 
the  2d.  the  dedication  to  the  king  of  the  two  Sicilies,  in  the  Englifli 
manner  :   3d.  the  preface  :  the  four  next,  the  descriptions ;  and  the 
four  laft,  delineations  of  the  infeds  defcribed,  coloured.     Mr.  C. 
promifes  us  many  fcarce  infeCb  and  nondefcripts. 

Jen.  Allg.  Liu  Zfk. 

BOTANY. 

Art.  XX.     Turin.     Au&arium  ad  Floram  fedemoftt^mum,  l$€.     An 
Appendix  to  the  Piedmontefe  Flora,  with  Notes  and  Emendations; 
by  C.  AUionio.    410.     53  pages,  and  two  pUtes.     Folio.     1789, 
Befides  the  notes  and  emendations,  this  contains  feveral  plants  omitted 

Ul  the  Flora  FedeTnoutaTui^  Jen,  AUg^  Lit*  Zeii, 

Art.  XXI.  Manheim  and  Stralburg.  N,  Jo/,  Jacguin,  feleaarum 
Sti.pium  Americanarum  Hijioria,  k^c.  Hiftory  of  leleft  Americaa 
Plants,  in  which  are  defcribed,  after  the  Linnean  Syftem,  all  the 
more  rare  ones,  obferved  by  die  author  in  Martinico,  Jamaica,  St. 

*  Domingo,  and  other  Iflands,  and  in  the  neighbouring  Part  of  tlw 
Continent :  by  N.J.  Jacquin.  8vo.  363  pages.  Price  3I.  [2s.  6d.J 
1788. 

As  the  fine  folio  edition  of  the  America  Flora,  publiflied  at  Vienna  v 
'  in  1763,  with  183  plates,  is  now  become  fcarce  and  dear,  Mr.  J.  has 
permitted  a  cheap  edition  of  it  to  be  publiftied  without  plates,  as  above. 

Joum.  de  Mi4^ 

POLITICAL      OBCONOMY. 

Art.  XXII.  Paris.  Memoire  fur  le  Dejfechement  des  Marait^  {^c. 
/  Eflay  on  Draining  Marfhes,  and  the  Advantage  that  may  be  made 
of  Marfhes  when  drained,  in  general,  and  particularly  of  thoflp 
of  Laon,  which  obtained  the  Prize  from  the  Agricultural  Society 
of  Laon,  in  1787  :  by  Mr.  Crette  de  PallueL  8vo.  103  pages, 
with  plates.     1789. 

Mr.  de  P.  is  a  praftical  farmer,  and  has  conduced  his  experiments 
in  the  great,  on  which  account  his  work  is  valuable.  Had  he  confined 
himfelf  to  the  operations  he  defcribes ;  the  expence  of  them,  the  pre- 
vious ftate  of  the  ground,  and  the  alteration  produced  in  it,  we  ihoold 
have  nothing  to  find  fault  with:  but  when,  fpeaking  of  plants  and 
'  trees  beft  adapted  for  different  marlhes  after  they  are  drained,  he  en- 
croaches on  the  province  of  the  natural  hiftorian,  he  fometimbs  fallii 
into  errors.  The  effay  concludes  with  two  intercfting  fa{^s,  illufttated 
by  plates :  the  firft,  the  draining  of  a  marfti  by  caufmg  the  water,  te-  , 
ceived  into  a  canal  with  which  it  w^s  interfered,  to  pafs  under  a  river, 
through  a  conduit,  made  with  oak  plant,  c6  feet  long,  by  which  a 
4ecliyity  of  two  feet  was  gained:  the  ether  isof  a  very  extenfive  marfh 

convolved 


236  LITERARY     INTELLIGENCE. 

converted  into  an  excellent  meadow,  by  means  of  a  canal  cat  through 
its  middle,  and  pafling  under  a  rivfer,  through  a  ftoue  conduit,  into 
another  canal,  which  emptied  itfclf'into  a  fecond  river. 

Abbe  TeJJter,  Journ,  des  S^avans^ 

Art.  XX I II,  Paris,  tableau  de  la  Population  de  toutes  les  Provinces 
de  France,  ^c.  A  Table  of  the  Population  of  all  the  Provinces  of 
France,  and  of  the  Projportion,  under  every  Point  of  View,  of  the 
Births,  Deaths,  and  Marriages  for  Ten  Years,  taken  from  the 
Regifters  of  each  Generality,  with  Notes  and  Obferx  ations :  alfo, 
a  Memoir  on  the  Militia,  its  Creation,  ViciiTitudes,  and  prefent 
State:  with  an  Examination  of  the  Qnellion,  whether  the  Militia- 
Service  (hould  be  performed  in  Perfon,  or  converted  into  a  general 
Tax :  by  the  Chev.  des  Pommellcs,  Lieut.  Col,  of  the  5th  Reg, 
of  the  Etat-Major.     68  pages.     1789. 

This  work  is  clear  and  methodical.  With  refpeft  to  the  comparative 
population  *of  towns  and  villages,  and  of  different  climates  or  fituations, 
the  natural  philofopher  will  find  many  ufeful  data.  The  population  of 
France  the  chev.  des  P.  cftimates  at  25,06(^,883  fouls;  of  which  the 
females  are  to  the  males  as  nine  to  eight :  m  ten  years,  from  1777  to 
1788,  the  births  were  9,662,409,  which  gives  966,241  yearly:  the 
proportion  of  males  born  is  to  that  of  females,  as  1 7  to  1 6,  and  deaths 
of  males  are  to  thofe  of  females,  as  19  to  18.  With  refpe^l  to  raifing 
the  militia,  the  chev.  is  abfolutely  againft  commuting  perfonal  fervice 
with  a  tax.  AbbeTeJper.  Joum»  des  S^a^vans. 

CLASSICAL      LITERATURE. 

Art.  XXIV.  Strafburg.  ''Emendationes  ^  Ohfer^vatioaes  in  Suidam,  ^c. 
Emendations  of,  and  Obfervations  on,  Suidas :  by  J.  Schweighaeufer, 
Prof,  of  Greek  and  Oriental  Literature.  8vo.  86  p.  Price  9  gjr. 
(is.  4d.) 

From  this  fmall  but  valuable  work,  we  fhail  extraft  fomc  paffages 
principally  deferving  notice,  i.  AyeigM.  The  prof,  obferves  that 
e  yct^  T^o»o^  »$£0(;  5i»  xj  Hot*  \o\tt^<;  rot?  a.yi\f^a-if  are  not,  as  KuftcF 
feems  to  have  luppofed,  words  of  the  grammarian  himfelf,  but  of 
another  author,  as  appears  from  the  t^  ay6*5  following,  which  Suidas 
ufually  employs  when  he  gives  an  example  from  another.  The  perfon 
mentioned  in  tiie  following  example  he  concludes  to  be  Volujim,  from 
Afpkzn  de  BelL  Cii\  IV.  47,  and  a  paffage  in  Falerius  Maximus,  2. 
A\c$^e^cco'^eci,  l"rrevtyK&"v ,  vvof^BT^cct.  TloXvQio^.  Tlcivv  ya^  0oii^)]S)}v«&»  Tor 
^lAjTTjrov  a>a^£|ao-9«»,  v  xarapavn  yirea-^ai  'Po^Ic*?  rir  ;»  rovroiq  avr^ 
^^aiPttriY,  h  xecl  rlt  'll^aHTai^n*  ccmXva-E  rvii  vTro-j/iaf.  In  the  firft  part 
of  this  paffage  «■»»  ya^,  &c.  is  given  from  the  ed.  /r.  MedioL  and  Jld. 
whence  it  appears,  that  vvofxt'vxi  is  not  here  to  be  tranflated  patienter 
exfpeSare^  as  Kufter  fays  :  but  ^idvis  enim  Juftinere  maluijfe  Fhilippum, 
^uam,  ^r.  5.  Af,if^i',y.  The  paiTage  from  Polybius  atter  A|»tcn,  is 
wholly  from  that  author:  the  words  to  vtsVh',  'ai^»o»  i\^r,ynv  xj  iXiv^i^ioLw 
belong  to  the  paffage  itfelf,  and  3i"e  not  inferted  as  explanatory.  Mr. 
S.  'too  reads  with  Cafaubon  U^^kloi  for  ys^awt.  As  this  fragment 
belopf^s  to  the  x^th  B.  of  Polybius,  it  afcertains  the  campaign  of  An- 
tiochns  M.  to  have  b^en  in  the  4th  year  of  the  iA3d  Olympiad.  4. 
Bo^iajrSo;  IS  a  name  unheard  of  in  Roman  hiilory.  If  wc  fead  Bt/f  lar^o? , 

and 


VOYAGES    AKDTllAVEtS.  237 

lAd  Ktufr'uf  for  :S)H'7f'i6jy,  wc  (hall  have  Firiathus  and  C^piOy  which 
renders  the  paflage  clear*  So  Mr.  S.  propofes,  5.  for  Ov^^»<ig  to 
read  <l»ot;XCio$,  meaning  the  conful  Ful^ius,  6.  E^^r^tCtit}  Suidas  ex- 
plains by  ^ra^c^ftuSi'nj  amongft  other  words,  which  fenfe  of  it,  though* 
not  common,  is  fupported  by  fome  paflages  from  Appian  :  probably 
ivAiPOfjLiyoi  (hould  be  re^d  inftead  of  e9np%o/x,Ei'0(  in  Suidas,  and  of  iv/^oftiyot 
in  Hefychius,  by  which  thofe  two  writers  explain  the  word  tmr^t^ofAiioi. 
«7.  "Etya^iKoi,  ^To^t;C^of.  l^lui  5e  twh  TroXiTixuvg  Scc,  The  pailage  in 
Polybius  X.  16,  being  without  the  words  Ihu^  ^s,  they  (hould  be 
inferted  before  noXyC»o?,  and  written  ihufrva,  as  an  explanation  of  the 
preceding,  word;  ' 

With  refped  to  the  happy  collation  of  many  pa(ragcs,  the  applica- 
tion of  various  fragments  to  the  explaining  of  hiftorical  matters,  and 
the  precifion  of  its  grammatical  remarks,  this  work  well  deferves  the 
attention  of  the  learned. 

J^ev.  Allg,  Liu  Zeit, 

Art.  xxv.  Gcra.  Pherecydis  Fragmenta^  ^c.  The  Fragments  of 
Pherecydes,  colledled  from  various  Authors,  with  Emendations^ 
lUuftrations,  and  a  Commentary  on  both  the  Writers  of  that  Name, 
the  Philofopher  and  the  Hiftorian  ;  to  which  are  fubjoined*the  Frag- 
ments of  Acuiilaus  and  Indexes :  by  Fred.  W,  Sturz.  8vo.  238  p. 
pr.  18  g.  (2s.  6d*)  1789. 
This  continuation  of  Mr.  S.'s  labours  follows  his  publication  of 

Hcllanicus  faffibus  aquis»  Jen.  ^l^g'  Lit,  ZeiU 

VOYAGES     AND     TRAVELS. 

Art.  XXVI.  Zurich.  Handbuch  fiir  Reifende  durch  die  Schnxeix^  l^c* 
The  Traveller's  Companion  through  Switzerland,  with  an  Appendix, 
containing  an  Account  of  the  moft  remarkable  I'hings  in  the  diffe- 
rent Places  mentio^Acd,  and  a  Map,  Vol;  II.  8yo.  191  p.  price 
fewed  I  fl.  (2s.  jd.)  1789^ 

As  a  book  of  the  kind  was  much  wanted,  this  will  be  found  ufcfuU 
though  a  traveller  will  wi(h  for  much  information  which  it  does  not 
contain.  Je?^  Allg,  Lit,  Zeiu 

Art.  XXVII.     Paris.     Voyage  fimrefqne  de  la  Siciky  &c,     A  pi<^- 

refque  Tour  through  Sicily,  Malta,  and  the  Lipari  Ifles,  containing 

an  Account  of  the  Antiquities  (till  to  be  met  with  in  th<.m,  their 

principal  natural  Phaenomcna,  the  Drefs  of  their  Inhabitants,  and 

fome  of  their  Cuftoms :  by  J.   Houel,  Painter  to  the  King,  &c. 

Fol.     44  numbers,   price  i2l.  (los.)  each,  containing  264  plates. 

This  curious  work  (known  we  prefume  to  many  of  our  readers)  is  at 

length  fini(hed,  after  having  employed  fome  years  in  the  execution. 

(We  (hall  notice  only  a  fev^  of  the  latter  numbers,  which  properly 

€omc  within  our  plan.) 

The  port  of  Girgenii  is  the  moft  conliderable  in  Sicily ;  it  exports 
upwards  of  100,000  facks  of  wheat,  of  two  hundred  weight  c^ch  :  the 
luxury,  arts,  and  wealth,  however,  of  the  ancient  Agrigentum  have  dif- 
appeared  ;  but  their  (ports,  dances,  jollity,  and  love  remain,  though 
changed  in  form.  From  the  aioe  they  obtain  a  very  ftrong  white 
thread,  frequently  five  feet  long,  ufed  by  aftronomers  for  pendulums,  as 
it  has  the  property  of  fuffering  no  elongation.     The  lall  plate  of  the 

work 


238  LfTIRAXT    J}fttLVl<itnk%.  X 

iKTork  IB  t  view  of  a  erotto  cot  out  of  a  rock,  and  fappofed  to  be  tfiaC- 
of  Calypfo.     Mr.  H.  has  carefully  furveycd  the  fpot,  and  from  it»^- 
•erccmcnt  with  the  defcription  iji  Homer's  Odyfley,  concludes,  that 
Malta  is  the  ancient  Ogygia,  the  illand  of  Calypfo. 

^  No  place,  perhaps,  merits  attention  under  niorc  points  of  view  than 
Sicily y- and  Mr.  n.  has  given  us  a  grand  and  beautiful  defcription  of 
it,  in  which  he  has  afTemDled  its  ancient  and  modem  works  of  art,  an4 
every  thing  remarkable  in  its  cufloms  and  natural  hiftory,  ia  a  molt 
intereftiag  manner,  adorned  with  plates  not  inferior  in  execution. 
AoJndex  to  the  four  volumes  concludes  the  whole. 

Af .  Je  la  Lande,     Joum.  des  S^avans^ 

POETRY. 

Akt.  XXVI !!•  Paris.  La  Liherte  du  CloUre,  ^c»  The  Convents  fct 
at  Liberty ;  a  Poem :  by  the  Author  of  Letters  to  Emilia  (M.  de 
Mouftier).  63  p.  i790. 

As  this  bagatelle  was  written  on  the  fpur  of  the  occafion,  it  cannot 
be  fuppofed  to  Hand  the  ted  of-  fevere  criticifm :  its  title,  however, 
the  reputation  of  its  author,  and  a  number  of  entertaining  pafTages, 
will  enfure  it  fuccefs.  A  ftiort  preliminary  difconrfe  on  the  propaga- 
tion and  fuppredion  of  monachifm  is  well  written.  We  will  give  a 
couple  of  fpecimens  of  the  ftyle  of  this  poem. 

•  De  Brano,  de  Ranee,  les  di/cifles  aufteres 

Seuls  ^toient^parmi  nous^  cequils  a^oient  ttt  \ 

Seuh,  ils  nofoient  encor  braver  les  loixft*verei 

Du  jeufUt  du  filencBt  ^  de  la  chaftet4^ 

Mais  des  autres  foldats  la  milice  inconfiante^ 

En  urtifornus  noirs,  blancSf  brum,  barioles, 

A^joit  abandmne  Veglife  militante. 

Ces  deferteurs  mondains  s'itoient  tous  enroles 

Sous  les  drapeaux  chamels  du  pritic^  de  Cythere  \ 

^uelqueS'Utzs  s* etoient  faits  aumoniers  defa  mere  j 

D^ autres y  enlumines  des  rubis  de  Bacchus^ 

Patelesygrot,  gras,  ronds,  veniruSy  dodus,joufflus. 

En  Vhonneur  de  ce  dieu  chantoient  les  Baccbanales, 

Et  pleini  defon  ejprity  tomboient  fous  le  lutrin* 
.  On  eut  dit  en  'voyant  ces  trognes  monachales, 

^e  Silene,  chez  nous,  5*etoit  fait  Bernardium 

La  liberie  pourtanty  de  nos  prifans  myfthpies 
l^e.'voulantpas  etianrfapper  lesfondemens, 
De  lour  faint  inftitut  laiffe,  pour  rnonumens, 
Avec  le  'uieuxferail  les  abbeffes  antiques m 
Ainfiy  lorfqu  autrefois  les  GauloiSy  les  Normandi, 
F.nle<voient  des  autels  les  riches  ornemens  \ 
Ces  pieux  conjuerans  refpedeieiit  les  reliques, 

UEfprit  des  fournaux^ 


Art. 


MISCEtLAWXES.  239 

Art.  XXIX,  Paris.  Re\^lemem  de  l^  SocieU  de  la  Chartte  matemelle^ 
Cff.  Regulations  of  the  Society  of  Maternal  Charity,  made  at  the 
Meeting  held  the  13th  of  February,  1.789.  8vo.  84  p.  Sold  for 
the  Benefit  of  the  Charity,  at  1  !•  4s.  (is.)  I'-fi^* 
This  eftablifhaient  may  be  deemed  not  lefs  important  to  the  con- 
ceriih  of  humanity,  than  the  foundling  hofpital  inftituted  the  begin- 
ning of  the  prcfent  century.  To  the  abufc  of  this  it  owes  its  origin. 
To  prevent  the  mqrders  fo  frequently  perpetrated  on  the  fruits  of  ille^ 
gitimate  love  was  the  defign  of  the  foundling  hofpital,  but  the  facility 
with  which  children  were  admitted  iqduced  many,  who,  being  mar- 
ried, had  not  the  dread  of  fhame  to  encounter,  to  forego  the  ties  of 
parental  aiFedhon,  in  order  to  exonerate  themfelves  from  the  expencc 
of  maintaining  their  children.  Poverty  might  render  many  of  thefe 
excufable,  but  X.6  countervail  this  temptation  is  the  defign  of  the  mar 
ternal  charity.  To  eyery  child  admitted  to  their  bounty  they  allot 
the  fum  of  i92liv.  (81.)  in  the  following  manner:  child-bed  linen, 
i6s.  8d. ;  lying-in  expenc^s,  15s. ;  6s.  8d.  per  month  during  the  firft 
year,  4J.;  3s.  4d.  per  month  during  the  fecond,  2I. ;  trifling  articles 
of  clothing,  8s.  4d.  Since  its  eftablifhment  in  P^  y  1788  [to  March 
1790]  974  mothers  have  been  relieved,  of  whom  989  children  were 
born.  The  effei^t  it  has  on  the  foundling  hofpital  may  be  prefum^d 
from  the  number  of  children  received  into  the  latter  in  1788,  falling 
diori  of  that  in  17^7  by  J32,  and  in  1789  the  number  was  flill  lefs  by 
71.  As  no  children  but  thofe  born  in  wedlock  are  admitted  to  the 
charity,  it  tends  greatly  to  promote  matrimony  and  difcourage  illicit 
connedions  amongft  the  poor  ;  an  efFcft  already  experienced  in  feveral 
inflances.  It  vs>  fupported  by  voluntary  fubfcription  ;  the  fame  means 
which  have  enabled  tlKs  foundling  hofpital  to  admit  400a  chiidrea 
annually,  and  to  maintain,  as  it  at  prefent  does,  near  13000,  in  Pari* 
and  in  the  country. 

Ahhi  TeJJter*     Journal  des  S^a'vans. 

Art.  XXX.  La  Nature  coTtfiderie  fous  les  diftrens  AfpeSls,  ou  Journal 
d^Hifioire  naturelUy  ^c^  Nature  confidered  under  its  different  Points 
of  View,  or  a  Journal  of  Natural  Hiflory,  containing  every  Thing 
that  relates  to  the  Natural  Hiftory  of  Man,  the  veterinarian  Art, 
the  Hiftory  of  different  Animals,  the  vegetable  Kingdom,  Botany, 
Agriculture,  and  (lardening,  the  mineral  Kingdom,  the  working  of 
Mines,  and  the  Ufcs  of  Foflils,  Phyfics,  Cheraiftry,  Mathematics, 
Aflronoray,  Geography,  Navigation,  Commerce,  Architedurc, 
Engraving,  all  the  Sciences  depending  on  Phyfics  in  general,  and 
all  the  Arts,  with  hiflorical  Accounts  of  learned  Men,  and  a  great 
Number  pf  Copper-plates :  by  a  Society  of  Literary  Gentlemen ; 
fuperintcnded  and  publifhed  by  abbe  Bertholon,  prof,  of  experi- 
mental Phi  lofophy  to  the  States-general  of  Languedoc,  and  Member 
qf  feveral  Academies.  8vo.  in  monthly  Numbers  of  128  p.  each. 
Annual  Subfcription,  27 1.  (iK  2s.  6d.)  poft-free  throughout  France. 
Alfo, 

Art.  XXXI.  Journal  des  Sciences  utiles,  l^c,  A  Journal  of  ufeful 
Sciences :  by  the  fame.  i2mo.  in  monthly  Numbers  of  120  p. 
each.    Subfcription  25!.  (^il.  os.  lod.J  pofl-free. 

Journ,  des  S^avans, 

Art. 


i40  IITERARY   t^TELtlGBNCe- 

Art.  XXXII.  Berlin.  Ant^qften  auf  lukbtige  l^  *wurdtge  fragtit 
und  Brief ty  ^c,  Anfwera  to  important  Quellions  and  Letters  of 
wife  and  good  Men  :  by  J.  C.  Lavater*  8vo.  loo  p.  pii  8  gr. 
(is.  2d.)    Januar}^  1790. 

As  Mr.  L.  has  received  numbers  of  queftions  on  religious,  moral, 
literar}',  domeftic,  friendly^  and  even  hiftorical  fubjeds,  in  order  to 
fave  himfclf  the  trouble  of  a  very  extenfivc  correfpondence,  and  explain 
fome  parages  in  his  writings  that  have  been  mifunderftood,  he  has 
conceived  the  dcfign  of  publilhing  his  anfwers  to  the  moft  important 
and  generally  ufeful.  Thefe,  from  which  phyliognomical  fubjefts  are 
excluded,  will  appear  monthly,  as  long  as  they  find  a  fufficient  num- 
ber of  readers  and  purchafers.  Jerf.  Allg.  Lit.  Zeit, 

Art.  xxxxii.  Nuremberg,  G.  C.  LeibttitU  'Epiftolte  ad  D.  J.  And* 
Schmidium,  ^c.  Letters  from  Leibnitz  to  J.  A.  Schmidt^  Minifter 
at  Helmftadt ;  publilhed  from  the  Autographs,  by  G#  Veefenmeyer. 
8vo.     151  p.    pr,  6gr.  (lod.  |.)  1788. 

Thefe  ninety-fix  originalletters,  written  from  1693  to  1708,  will 
not  be  an  unacceptiible  prefent  to  the  public.  They  chiefly  confift  of 
literary  anecdotes  of  the  times,  principally  htftorical,  mathematical,  or 
theological ;  slnd  the  projed  for  the  union  of  the  Lutheran  and  re- 
formed chyrches  occupies  a  confiderable  (hare  of  them.  An  illegible 
pafTage  in  one  of  the  manufcripts  (p.  3.)  might  eafily  be  thus  filled  up» 
Commifi  Dno,  Leidenfroft^  regiminis  nofirijvve  cancellarite  fecretario^  ut  me 
ahfente  aperiat  litems  tuas,  atque  ex  illis  referaty  quee  iua  feTitentia  futurg, 
efi.  ^uare,  quas  mihi  fcribes  proximas,  iis  circumdabis  operculum^  Jic  in- 
/cripturo :  A  Mr,  Leidenfroji,  Secretaire  de  S.  A»  E,  a  Ja  regence — Han^ 
nvutrte^  ^c*  Jen*  Allg.  Lit»  Zeit. 

EPUCATION. 

Ar t.  XXX IV.  Halle*  Lejebuihfur  angehende  nveibliche  Dienjboten^  l^c, 
Inftruftions  for  young  female  Servants  :  by  the  Authorefs  of  In- 
llniftions  for  the  Kitchen,  and  domeftic  (Economy,  Vol.  I.  8vo« 
70  p.  1789. 

This  work  is  written  with  judgment,  fimplieity,  and  zeal.  We 
have  introduced  it  into  a  large  working  fehool,  and  cannot  but 
warmly  recommend  it  to  every  teacher  of  females  of  the  lower  clafs, 
though,  perhaps,  to  thofe  whom  it  is  intended  to  ferve,  infirufUoa 
might  be  Detter  conveyed  under  the  guife  of  example  than  of  precept. 
This  volume  contains  rules  for  the  behaviour  of  female  fetvants  with 
rcfpefl  to  themfelves,  and  their  duties  towards  their  mafters,  their 
fcllow-fervants,  their  neighbours,  ftrangers,  and  their  fervants,' and  on 
misfortunes  happening  to  thofe  whom  they  ferye.  The  fecond  is  to 
include  their  particular  duties,  in  different  domeftic  fituations. 

Jen.  Ailg,  Lit.  Zeit.     . 


r 


THE 

ANALYTICAL     REVIEW, 

For    JULY,     1790. 


AUT.  1.  TraSis^  Philological,  Critical,  and  Mifcellaneous. 
By  the  lati  John  Jortin,  p.D,  £3*^.  confifting  of  Pieces,  many 
lefore  fuhlijhed  Jeparately,  feveral  annexed  to  the  Works  of 
learned  Friends,  and  others,  nowfirjl  printed  from  the  Author* s 
JManufcripts,  in  2  Vols.  8vo.  1Q34  pages.  Price  i2s.  in 
boards.     White  and  Son.     J  790. 

Thb  ^dvcrtifcmcnt  prefixed  to  the  firft  volume  informs  us^ 
that, 

*  To  ofcr  an  apology  for^  rcpubliflung  feveral  of  the  pieces 
contained  in  thcfc  volumes  is  deemed  unneceiTary,  as  they  have 
l©n§  fince  become  ec^ually  fcarcc  and  defirable.  The  editor's 
motives  are  not  lucrative  :  his  principal  view  being  to  fulfil  the 
cxpc^ation  of  fomc  valued  friends,  who  are  partial  to  the  me- 
mory of  his  dcceafed  father;  and  alfo  of  other  learned  and  refpedt- 
able  men,  by  whom  he  has  been  induced  to  think  they  may 
afford  a  pleanng  gratification.  Some  few  additions  will  be  found, 
both  in  the  remarks  upon  Spencer  and  Milton  ;  and  at  the  clofe  of 
the  Ltfus  Foetid.  The  fecond  volume  confifts  partly  of  extra6ls 
from  Dr.  Jortin*s  manufcripts  ;  partly  of  other  extrads  from  his 
Mifcellaneous  Ohfervations  upon  Authors  :  and  by  fuch  of  the  literati 
4s  have  read  thofe  Ohferuations^  the  new  matter  now  introduced 
will  perhaps  be  confidered  as  a  valuable  fupplement.  His  remarks 
on  Seneca  have  already  been  given  in  periodical  publications, 
\irbich  are  now  rarely  to  be  met  with  ;  and,  together  with  thofe 
on  Hejiod,  Homer,  Firgil,  Horace,  Ovid,  and  Jofephus,  may  furnifii 
no  mean  affi^ance  to  any  future  editor  of  their  refpe6live  works.* 

The  advertifement  which  contains  fome  particulars  of  the 
doi^or's  family  and  life,  by  himfelf,  and  fome  refpeftable  tefti- 
monies  of  hischarader  as  a  man,  and  as  a  fcholar,  by  others,  is 
followed  by  the  Lufu^  Poetici,  printed  by  Bowyer,  1748,  with 
fome  not  before  publiflied.    Two  of  the  poems  are  in  Englifht 

The  chief  praife  of  modern  Latin  poetry,  is  di£tion,  and  to 
that,  thefe  poems  have  an  eminent  daimt    Rs^ther  gracefully 

Vol.  VII,  ^  'to 


t^t  CRITICISM,  &C. 

to  borrow  than  really  to  poffefs ;  with  dexterity  to  unite  the 
greateift  variety  of  claffic  ftyles  ;  to  feledl  the  beauties  of  Virgil, 
Ovid,  Horace,  Catullus — is  the  ambition  of  the  modern  Latin 
poet,  whether  under  the  rod  or  armed  with  it.  New  thoughts, 
if  they  come,  can  fcldom  be  admitted,  for  new  thoughts  cannot 
be  cxpreffed  by  prefcription,  and  combinations  not  fandioned  by 
the  Auguftan  oracles — may  be  barbarifms.  If,  as  it  has  been 
jEaid,  he  who  writes  in  a  modern  language,  writes  on  iQind,  he 
who  writes  in  Latin  or  Greek,  copies  only  what  has  been 
already  written ;  he  is  in  a  ftate  of  fervitude,  and  the  day  of 
fcrvitude,  fays  Homer,  takes  away  mahs'  better  half.  Meannefs 
of  occupation  confounds  powers  ;  Latin  Milton  is  the  fellow-, 
drudge  of  Cowley^  perhaps  with  lefs  dexterity  ;  and  Dante  would 
have  been  a  clown  at  the  fide  of  either  Scaliger. 

Far,  however,  from  defpifmg  or  difcou raging  the  cultivation 
of  claffic  verfe,  we  think  it  ernineptly  fitted  for  dida<Sic  poetry  ^ 
^wo  fu'ccefsful  fpecinaens  are  given  in  the  elegant  colle<Stioh  be- 
fore us :  thefubjett  of  the  prophecy  of  Bala  am  isfublirhe;  in  ihe 
©des,  there  are  many  happy,  and  fome  original  turns ;  but  the 
Mpitaphium  Felis^  and  the  fragment  of  an  epitaph  on  Poeta^  arc 
iulmirablc.    :We  fhall  prefent  them  to  our  readers*  '  P.  39, 4j« 

EPITAPHIUM    FELIS*. 

?  FefTa  annis,  morboque  gravi,  mitiflima  Feli», 

Infernos  tandem  cogoradirclacus  ; 
^        Et  mihi  fubridens  Proferpin^  dixit,  **  HabetQ 

*'  Elyfios  folcs,  Elyfiumque  nemua."    *  * 

Sed,  bene  fi  merui,  facilis  Regina  Silentum, 

Da  mihi  faltem  una  no(5le  rcdire  domum ; 
No(^c  redire  domum,  dominoq;  haec  diceie  in  aurem, 

Te  tua  fida  ctiam  trans  Styga  FeUs  amat." 

peceflit  Fcli$  Anno  mdcclvi,     Vixit  annos  ^ivt  menfes  ;f, 
dies 'IV.  ' 

I>^SCieiPTIONIS    FRAGMENTUM# 

D.  M.  '.      . 


^   lOyAE.  TE.  SVB..  TENERA.  RAPVERVNT-  PAETA,  IVVENTAf 

O.  VTINAM.  ME.  CRVDELIA.  FATA.  VOCENT. 
VT.  LINQV AM.  TERRAS.  INVISAQVE^LVMINA.  SOLtS. 

VTOyE^   TVyS.  RVRSVM.  CORPORE.  SIM- POSITO. 
TV.  CAVE.  LETHAEO.  CONTINGVAS.  ORA.  LIQX'ORE. 

ET.  CITO.  VENTVRI.  SIS.  MEMOR.  ORO.  VIRI. 
TE.  ^EQVAR.  OBSCVRVM.  PER.  ITER.  DVX.  IBIT.  EVNTI, 

FIDVS.  amor.  TENEBRAS.  LAMPAPE.  DISCVTIEN3.'  . 

The  Lufus   Poetici  are  followe^j   by  remarks  on  Spencer: 
(thefc  the  author  calls  p.  281. 

I  ^  Am 


■    Jortin'j  T^^^s.  243 

,  •  Ah  fcflay,  or  rough  draught  of  a  commentary  ;  deficient,,  in- 
tJced,  in  many  points ;  yet  in  fome  mcafure  ufeful,  and  enten- 
taining  t«  a  poetical  reader  of  Spencer.  Much  more  might  be 
done,  particulirly  towards  fettling  the  text,  by  a.  careful  colla> 
tioh  of  editions,-  and  by  comparing  the  author  with  himfclf :  buj 
that  required  more  time  and  application  than  I  was  willing  to 
bcfldw,  and  more  copies  than  I  had  by  me,  I  had  only  two  edi* 
tiohs  to  confuJt.'  .... 

This  is  fpeaking, with  great  modefty  ^  how  far  the  mere  Englifli 
cfltic  may  be  gratified,  we  cannot  here  prefume  to  determine, 
but  an  ample  featt  is  fpread  for  the  poetical  reader,  and  mUch 
important  claffical  criticifm  is  interfpcrfed :  the  feme  may  b<? 
faid  of  the  remarks  pn  Milton^  though  they  are  neither  fo  cbpioui 
nor  fo  elaborate.  Next  to  thefe  comes  an  inftrucliveahd  inter- 
cRing  fermon^  preached  at  the  confecrat'wn  of  the  Lord  hifljop  of 
Jiangor^  in  Kenjington  Church  ;  and  this  is  followed  hj  mlfcellaneous 
remarks  on  the  fermons  of  Archbifliop  TiUoifon^  from  which 
we  prefent  the  reader  with  ah  extr^ft.     P.  367. 

*  Tillotfon  printed  thefe  fermons  on  xh^  Di^vhiity  ef  Chrtfty  to 
vindicate  himielf  from  the  charge  of  Socinianifm  :  that  is,  from 
an  accufation  entirely  groundlefs.  I  have  been  told,  that  Crelliws, 
rf  Socinian,'^-and  adcfcendant  from  the  more  ce'ebrated  Crellius, 
— \*^ho  ufed,  when  he  came  over  hither,  to  vifitthe  Archbiflipp, 
3i:nd  to  cohfVerfc  with  him,  juftified  him  on  this  head  ;  and  declared' 
that  "  Tillotfon  hail  often  difputed  with  him,  in  a  friendly  way, 
upon  the  fubjett  of  the  Trinity  ;  and  that  he  was  the  beft  reafoner,- 
»nd  had  the  mod:  to  fay  for  himfelf,  of  any  adverfary  he  had  ever 
^ncouiitered.-"      '  .       , 

*  Sut  then,  Tillotfon  had  made  fome  conceffions  concerning' 
t|ic  Socinians,  wrhich  never,  were,  and  never  will  be  forgiven  himj; 
and;  hath  broken  an  ancient  and  fundamental  rule  of  theological 
cpntroverfy  ;  "  Allow  not  an  adverfary  to  have  cither  commof* 
fenfe,  pr  coipmon  hon^efty." 

*  Here  is  the  obnoxious  paflage  : 

**  And  yet,  to  do  right  to  the  writers  on  that  fide,  I  muft  own,^ 
that  generally  they  are  a  pattern  of  the  fair  way  ofdifputing,  and 
of  debating  matters  of  ixligion  without  heat  and  unfeemly  rcBec- 
tions  upon  their  adverfaries. — They  generally  argue  matters  with. 
that  temper  and  gravitv,  and  with  that  freedom  frqm  paifion  a-nd 
tranfpdrt,  which  becomes  aferious  and  weighty  argument;  and, 
for  the  moftpart,  they  reafon  clofely,  and  clearly,  with  ejttraorr 
dinary  guard  and  caution  ;  with  great  dexterity  and  decency,  and 
yet  with  fmar^nefs  and  fubtilty  enough  ;  with  a  very  gentle  hear, 
and  few  hard  words :  virtues,  to  be  praifcd,  wherever  they  arc 
f6\ihd';  yea  even  in  an  enemy,  and  very  worthy  of  our  imitation. 
In  a  word,  thby  are,  the  flrongell  managers  of  a  weak  cauie,  and, 
which  is  ill  founded  at  the  bottom,  that  perht^ps  ever  yet  meddled 
withcontroverfy ;  infomuch,  that  fome  of  the  protefiants,  and^: 
the  generality  ofthepoprfli  writers,  and  even  of  the  jefuits  them- 
felves,'  who  pretend  to  all  the  reafon  and  fubtilty  in  the  world, 
^t^  in  comparifon  of  them  but  mere  fcblds  and  bunglers*    Upon 

S  «  ttQ 


2*44  CRITICISM,  Sec. 

the  whole  matter,  they  hav«  but  this  one  great  Aef&Etf  that  AtV 
want  a  good  caufe,  and  truth  on  their  fide  ;  which  if  they  haif^ 
^hey  have  reafon,  and  wit,  and  temper  enough  to  defend  it.'' 

*  The  thought,  which  is  contained  in  the  laft  fcntence,  re-^ 
fembles  that  of  Quintilian,  who  fays  of  Seneca :  **  Multa  pro-» 
feanda  in  eo,  multa  etiam  admiranda  funt :  eligere  modo  curse  fit, 
quod  utinam  ipfe  feciflfet  J  Digna  enim  fuit  ilia  natura,  quse  me** 
liora  vellet,  quae  quod  voluit  effecit."  And  again,  *^  Vellea 
cum  fuo  ingenio  dixifle,  alicno  judicio/' 

*  Now,  by  way  of  contrail,  behold  the  charafter  of  the  fam» 
perfons,  from  the  maflerly  and  impartial  hand  of  South  : 

*<  The  Socinians  are  impious  blafphemers,   whofe  infamous 

Scdigree  runt  back  [from  wretch  to  wretch]  in  a  dire(Sl  line  to  the 
evil  himfelf ;  and  who  are  fitter  to  be  cruflied  by  the  civil 
magillratc,  as  deftru6tive  to  government  and  focietjr,  than  to  be 
confuted  as  merely  heretics  in  religion." 

*  Such  is  the  true  agoniftif  ftyle  and  intolerant  fpirit ;  fuch  the 
eourage  of  a  champion,  who  challenges  his  ad  vertary^  and  thcA 
^lls  upon  the  conjiabk  to  come  and  help  him. 

Vent  of d  in  lingua  y  fedihufjue  fugacihus  iftis 
Semper  erlt  V 
Thefe  remarks,  we  are  told,  are  taken  from  the  appendix  tQ 
Dr.  Birch's  life  of  Tillotfon.     Sec.  Ed.  p.  426.  No.  III.    Of 
the   fcriptural   illuftrations,  that  follow,  it   is  difficult  to  fay 
v^hich  are  the  moft  acute,  or  learned,  or  important!  the  very 
iirft  may  ferve  for  a  fpccimen  :     P.  380. 
JuDGjis  XI.  39. 
«  Jcphtha's  daughter  was  devoted  to  God,  and  to  the  fervice  of 
^c  high-prieft,  and  of  the  tabernacle.     It  is  ftrange  that  any" 
commentators  fliould  have  imagined  that  fhe  vt^  facrijiced.     In 
like  manner,  the  Locrians  were  obliged  te  fend  yearly  to  the 
temple  of  Minerva,  at  Troy,  two  virgins  ;  who  were  to  be  flaves, 
'  ^nd  employed  all  their  days  in  the  dull  office  of  fweeping  an4 
'iprinkling  the  floor,  to  expiate  the  crime  of  Ajax. 

♦  See  Plutarch,  Deferd  Numinis  'vindiHdi  orBaylc,  Cassandre 
Not.  E.'  V     T  r       . 

The  fecond,  on  i   Sam.  xxvj.  7.  exhibits  a  profufion  of 

learning  on  the  iMv^urm^  of  the  ancient  fpear  j  the  third,  the 

meffage  of  Cufhi,  2  Sam.  xviii.  32  ;  that  on  Matt,  xvii,  21  y 

.  on  Mark  ix.  49.  dcferve  the  utmoft  attention  j  with  that  q(\ 

John  i»  I.  we  will  conclude:     P.  402. 

John  1. 1. 
The  'word  was  God. Oilq  h  0  Aoypt* 

•  It  Is  difficult  to  tranflate  this,  becaufe  our  language  doth  not 
4ifiin§ui(h  between  ©eof,  and  0  eso?.  The  difference  between 
them  IS  obferved  by  Origen,  Clemens  Alexandrinus,  and  others* 

*  This  text  Julian  had  in  view,  when  be  faid,  **  Neither 
5aul,  nor  Matthew,  nor  Luke,  nor  Mark,  prefumed  toca^l  Chrift 
God  ;  but  only  honcft  John."     Tov  yS,^  'UaSv  in  noiv>.oq  hoXfAticru 


Jortin'j  TraSfs.  245 

*W»>i}f«  TliM  (hiws  the  injudicioufnefs  of  thofe  SociuianSi  who 
iifrould  change  the  place,  and  read,  ©iS  !» d  XoV?*' 

Thefe  are  followed  by JirWures  on  the  articles,  fubfcriptions^ 
lefts,  &c.  which,  if  they  do  not  exhibit  the  author  as  a  latitudi- 
^arian,  are  at  leaft  greater  proofs  of  polemic  dexterity  and  libe- 
rality, of  fen  titnent,  than  offtridl  adherence  toceruin  eftabliibed 
doftrines^ 

Such  is  his  definition  of  the  word  fubfcription.     P.  417. 

*  Subfcnption  to  the  articles,  liturgy,  Sec,  in  a  rigid  fenfci  if 
a  confent  to  them  all  in  general,  and  to  every  propofition  con- 
tained in  them ;  according  to  the  intention  of  the  compilers,  when 
that  can  be  known ;  and  according  to  tbe  obvious,  natural,  ufuai 
Sgnification  of  the  words. 

^  Subfcription,  in  a  fecond  fenfe,  is  a  confent  to  them  in  a 
meaning,  which  is  not  always  confiflent  with  the  intention  of  the 
compilers,  nor  with  the  more  ufual  iignification  of  the  words  ; , 
but  is  confiftent  with  thofe  paffages  of  fcripture  which  the  com- 
pilers had  in  view. 

<  Subfcription,  in  a  third  fenfe,  is  an  aiTent  to  them,  as  to 
urticles  of  peace  and  uniformity  ;  by  which  we  fo  far  fubmit  to 
them,  as  not  to  raife  diilurbances  about  them,  and  fet  the  people 
againft  them. 

*  Subfcription,  in  a  fourth  fenfe,  is  an  aiTent  to  them,  as  hi 
as  they  are  confident  with  the  fcriptures,  and  with  themfelves^ 
and  no  farther/ 

Curfory  Obfervatiom  on  a  variety  of  words,  things,  and  men: 
Anecdotes  and  Tranflations  from  the  Lufus  Poetici  conclude  the  , 
firft  volume.    From  the  anecdotes  we  prefent  the  reader  widi 
the  following  tr^iit  of  humour. 

*  One  of  Pcre  Simon's  favourite  paradoxes,  was  his  hypothefii 
of  the  Rouleau,  He  fuppofed  that  the  Hebrews  wrote  their 
facred  books  uponfmall  fheets  of  paper,  or  fomething  that  ferved 
for  paper ,  and  rolled  them  up  one  pvcr  another,  upon  a  ftick  ; 
and  that  thefe  iheets,  not  being  faftened  together,  it  came  to 
pafs,  in  procefs  of  time,  that  fome  of  them  were  loft,  and  others 
difplaced.  We  might  as  well  fuppofc,  that  the  artift  who  in* 
vented  a  pair  of  breeches,  had  not  the  wit  to  find  fome  method 
to  fallen  them  up ;  and  that  men  walked,  for  feveral  centurief^ 
with  their  breeches  about  their  heels ;  till,  s^t  lengths  a  f  eniuf 
arofe,  who  contrived  buttons  and  button-holes.' 

The  fecond  volume  contains  fix  letters  ;  one  to  Mr.  Aoifiri^ 
the  author  of  *  An  Effay  on  Mufical  Expreffion,  concerning 
the  Mufic  of  the  Ancients,  inferted  from  the  cffay^  3d.  edit. 
Davis,  1779 ;  the  fecond  is  from,  the  third  to,  biQiop  Sherlockj 
both  complimentary;  the  fourth  is  m  Lati^  to  Cafpar  Weijlein^ 
and  contains.fome  philological  criticifms  ;  the  hfth  is  to  an 
unknown  lady,  who  had  confulted  the  author's  opinion  con* 
cerning  a  ms^  of  an  anonymous  fcribbler ;  the  fixth  contains^  ' 
fome  remarks  on  Mr.  Phillips's  life  of  cardinal  Pole  3  from  the 

$,3  V     .  appendix 


246  CRITICISM,  &C« 

appendix  to  Dr.  Nevc*s  animadverfions  on  that  work,  No.  li    ^ 
Thefe  letters  defervc  the  attention  of  every  reader. 

From  page  49  to  138  inclufive,  follow  critical  rcniarl^s  on 
Gt^efc  authors,  all  acute,  all  learned  ;  fome,  which  we  exuadfe 
from  thofe  on  Homer,  may  ferve  as  a  fpecimen  : 

'Wc  think  the  following  conjecture  on  n.  509.  the  genuine, 
reading.  '  '  ' 

*  Sarpcdon  'and  Patroclus  come  down  from  their,  chariots,  to 
fight,  V.  426.  Thrafymelus,  the  charioteer  of  Sarpcdon,  i*  llain» 
463.  and  Sarpcdon,  481.     In  506.  it  is  faid 

m       '  "  Pttftquam  reliquijfent  currus  dominorum  fuorutn* 

*  This  is  unintelligible.   .  Perhaps  it  fliould  be ; 

<  ...  Poftquam  nominiy  nempe  Sarpcdon,  et  Tlvrafymcfus 

currum  reliquijfent.  Thus  u^f^o^et  will  be  put  for  u^fMc^  the  plural . 
for  the  lingular;  To  aVoid'this,  we  might  read,— ««•!*  hHvoy  »^/a» 
YavotKliq,  with  an  iEolic  digamma.     See  Clarke  on  11.  fl.  172. 

*  "Aval  cipfjLccloi  is  the  mafter,  the  owner,  or  the  driver  of  the,; 
chariot.     Thus,  II.  B.  777. 

. .    «  ^ — -Af^arx-^^  Iv  TrtTrvjiaorfAiiA  xirro  Manrtiv 

In  the  propofed  alteration  of  v.  722  of  thcfam?  book,  W$  . 
do  not  think  Mr.  J.  has  penetrated  the  poet's  meaning  :   , 

*  Hcftor  giving  way,  and  retiring,  Patroclus  flays  m.any  of  the 
Trojans.     Wbil^Hddor  is  deliberating  with  hinifelf,   AjppUji, 
comes  up  to  him. 

!•..•!        '  •'A>/pri»cr«/xEPo$  aiftjWTf,  xparipw  ti, 

-Atd'- o^oir  J^^wil  fi^tj'Toa^i' o-fo  ^ipTspo5  «y<f • 

*  What  fay-s  the  perfonat'ed  Afius  to  Hfcc^or  ? — he  fays,  **  I  wMi 
I  were  a  ftduter  Warrior  than  you  ;  I  v/ould  drive  you  out  of  the 
fiddfordy  handled.'*    This  is  abfurd,  and  one  friend  doth  not  ,^ 
acpoft  another  in  this  ftyle. 

vfJhbeU^veif  fliouH  be, 

,^  TuTic prd/e^jla}im/u$  mah  0  fugnd  ttccdcrct. 

*  Meaning  Fatroclusj  whoieLjaainc  is  here  fuppreflfed,  arid  who 
is  named  jn  the  next  line.*   ' 

Alius,  iuiour  opinion,  wouU  have  fatd  an  abfurdityj  if  he 
had  (aid  what  the  alteration  propofes,  for  if  he  fuppofed  that  it 
»  required  a  ftouter  warrior  than  Hc6tor  to  drive  Patfotlus  off 
the  i^sld^  Be<Sh)r  was  not  eqiial  to  the  tafk.     A  fimilar  manner  ' 
of-fpeaking;-  is  ufed  by .  Hedor  to  Polydamas,  who. vifas  like-  * 
wife  his  friend  and  relation.     Sec  Ilias.  M.  248,  feq.     The  * 
Wafaors  of  Homer  fpcak  from  the, Jieart,^  without  coniplimenl; 
V      •        ■     .   •  '.andl 


Jpriin' s  Trails.  24jr 

Jl^d.  Apollo,  in  the  fcmblance  of  Phaentjp^  a  fon  of  Afius  th* 
Wyrtacide,  civargcs  He^or  with  downrii'ht  fear  of  Menelaus, 
a  warrior  inferior  to  Patroclus,  in  another,  place :  IJias,  P# 
V.  587.    feq.-         '■  ; 

/  To  read  Kaw:;?  for  Kajtor?  in 'F.    V.  492.  mends  the  fenfe,  ^ 
Perhaps  it  might  be  read  : 

S.  19^.  *  Ulyffes,  intending  to  tell  Eumseus  a  thumping  lie^ 
begins  his  ftory  with  faying  that  he  is  a  Cretiari ; 

.*  To  fay  .that  th€  poet  .-intended  thia  as  a  fncer  Upon  th6 
Cretlansy  who  were  always  ii^rsf  is,  perhaps,  a  falfe  refinement ; 
—and  perhaps,  is  no^  {o.j   See  Epift.  ad  Tit.  c.  i,y.I2.* 

.  It  is  .difficul]t  to  tell, the  fenfe  of  this  obfervation  ;  the  poet 
may.  mean,. -.and|  ni^y  not  mean— fo  much  is  certain, . that 
Ulylles  meant  to  perfuad'p  Eumaens  that  he  was  telling  him 
Huth;  and;^  if  Crete  lay  at  that  time  under  the  imputation  of 
being!. inhabited  by  a  raceof  liars^  he  defeated'  his  own  purpofe 
at  the  very  onfet,  by  making  himfelf  a  Cretan. 

..  Mr.  J;,  tells  us,  th^t  he  lyas  •  *  obferved  in  Homer  a  defe£l,  and 
■>ji  inaccuracy,  which,  I  think,  hath  efcaped  the  notice  of  all  hii 
commentators  and  examiners.     It  is  this : 

*  He  often  introduceth  his  heroes  ading  and-  fighting,  nfter 
they  had  received  wounds,  which  would  not  admit  of  fiichefforts^; 
and  fuch  violent -exercife  ;  and  he  forgets  to  introduce  fome  deity 
tx»  machina  to  heal  tl^em.  I  except  therefore  -^neas  and  Hedor, 
and  thofe  who  are'fuppofcd  to  have  recovered  their  ilrength  by- 
divine  aillftance.'.  But,  .Ji^r/^^a^  is  adive  in  the  war;  Ulyffe: 
wrellles  with  Ajax,  and  conquers  in  the  rsLCt -,  Dimede  fighta 
with  Ajax  ;  fi^fcf^^  fliDOts  at  the  mark; — who  all  had  received 
wounds  ;  and  yet,  '^as  Homer  well  obfcrves,  a  wounded  ma|^. 
cannot  fight :  11.  5. 63.  '  . 

Sec  lUas^  E.  660.  0.  324.  A.  368,  434,  n.  426,  Y.  709,  75  j, 
8I2,  8^9-.'  '     ,    '  •    - 

Of  the  many  attempts  m^de  to  dlfcover  Homer's  fits  of 
fomnol^ncy,  this  obfe^vatioD  of  oar  author  appears  to  be  one 
of,,the  moft-  fuccefsful-r-perhaps,  however,  the  very  motive 
whi^h  rnadfi  Mr..  J.,  hazard  it,  .viz%  the  uniform  ftlencc  of  all 
the  .aocient  and  modern  commentators  and  examiners,  proves 
moft:!ag^inft:  it.  We  are  ignorant  of  ancient  Therapeutics, 
and  Homer's,  are  at  all  times*  very  expeditious ;  Mehclaus 
is  wounded  after  hilsfingle  combat  with  Paris,  as  fpon  healed 
by*  Vlachaon,  and  in  the  battle  almoft  irnmediately  fubfequent  ' 
to  his  wound,  f\3Lys  Scamandrias.  II.  E*  Vcr.  49.  feq.  Eury- 
pylus  is  attended  by  Patrocliis,  and  it  is  trne  neither  he^  nor 
Agamemnon,  Ulyfks  or  Diooiede,  recover  with  equal  rapidity^ 
but  lifeewife  fome  time  is  fufFered  to  elapfe  before  they  are 
called  upon  to  exert  thenafelves ;  not  till  the  games  exhibited 
for  Patroclus  j  that  fome  time  intervened,  the  ftory  itfelf,  and 

S  4  th« 


the  following  lines,  prove  fufficieiitly :  Achilles  threatened  t6 
give  Heftor's  corpfc  to  the  dogs,  but,  fays  Homer,  t.  185^ 

Sarpedori  indeed  fcales  th6  Grecian  wall  in  the  twelfth  hook  ; 
but  be  is  wounded  in  the  fifth,  and  though  it  is  not  exprefsl/ 
told  that  his  father  Zeus  did  more  than  avert  his  death,  yet 
we  need  not  fuppofe  that  he  would  help  his  fbn  by  hdvesi 
Teuccr  only  received  a  contufion  from  Heftor. 

From  page  ir8  to  505  we  have  critical  nmarks  on  Latiil 
authors— -all  made  with  the  fame  felicity,  the  fame  acutenefs^ 
with  equal  eafe  and  diligence.— Every  fcholar  ©f  tafte, 
ought  to  acquaint  himfelf  with  the  criticifms  of  a  man,  who, 
in  our  opinion,  may  challenge  the  firft  names  in  foreign  and 
Englifli  literature.  We  have  not,  however,  room,  nor  do  wr 
think  it  neceiTary  to  give  further  extradte  from  obfervations  that 
ought  all  to  be  read. — Wefhalljuftobferve,  that  Seneca  has  a 
great  (bare  of  our  author's  attention  :  the  remarks  on  him  ar« 
inferted  from  «  The  Prefent  State  of  the  Republic  of  Letters 
for  Auguft,  1734.     Article  IX.* 

Critical  Remarks  on  modern  Authori^  follow  the  former  j,  from 
which  we  prefent  the  reader  with  the  article  on  Pope,  ai)d  thai 
•n  Voltaire. 

*  What  pafled.  between  Mr.  Pope  and  me,  I  will  endeavour  to. 
recoiled,  as  well  as  I  can  ;  for  it  happened  many  years  ago,  and 
I  never  made  any  memorandum  of  it. 

*  When  I  was  a  Soph  at  Cambridge,  Pope  was  about  his 
Iranflatien  of  Homer's  Illas^  and  had  publiihed  part  of  it; 

*  He  employed fomeperfon  (I  know  not  who  he  was)  to  makfc 
txtrafts  for  him  from  Euftathius,  which  he  inferted  in  his  notes.. 
At  that  time  there  was  no  Latin  tranflation  of  that  commenr 
tator.  Alexander  Politic  (if  I  remember  right)  began  that  work 
foroe  years  afterwards,  but  never  proceeded  far  in  it.  The  perfoni 
employed  by  Mr.  Pope  was  not  at  leifure  to  go  on  with  the  w^rk  ; 
and  Mr.  Pope  (by  his  bookfeller,  I  fuppofe;  fent  to"  JefFeries,  a, 
bookfeller  at  Cambridge,  to  find  out  a  ftudent  who  would  un- 
dertake  the  talk.  JetFeries  applied  to  Dr.  Thjrlby,.  who  was- 
my  tutor,  and  who  pitched  upon  me.  I  would  have  declined 
the  work,  having  as  I  told  my  tutor,  other  lludies  to  purfue, 
to  fit  me  for  taking  my  degree.  But  he, — qui  qmcq^tttd  volehat 
*valde  volehaty — would  not  hear  of  6ny  e^civfe.  So  I  complied. 
I  cannot  recolledt  what  Mr.  Pope  allowed  for.  each  book  o£ 
Homer ;  I  have  a  notion  that  it  was  three  or  four  guineas.  I  . 
took  as  much  care  as  I  could  to  perform  the  talk  to  his  fatisfac- 
tion :  but  I  was  ^fliamed  to  delire  my  tutor,  to  give  himfelf  the 
trouble  of  overlooking  my  operations  ;  and  he,  who  always  ufetj 
to  think  and  fpeak  too  favourably  of  me,  faid,  that  I  did  not  want 
his  help.  He  never  pcrufed  one  line  of  it,  before  it  was  priaftcd;' 
nor  perhaps  afterwards^ 

9  *  Whe» 


*  When  1  had  g^one  through  fomc  books  (I  forget  how  many) 
Mr.  Jcfferies  kt  us  know  that  Mr.  Pope  had  a  friend  to  do  th« 
rci^,  and  that  we  might  give  over. 

*  When  I  ient  my  papers  to  JefTeries,  to  be  conveyed  to  Mr.'^ 
"pope,    1  iniertedy    as  I  remember,    fome  remarks   on  a  pafliagc^ 
where  Mr.  Pope,  in  my  opinion,  had  made  a  miflakc.     Bur^  3» 
1  was  not  dire(5tly  employed  by  him,  but  by  a  bookfelicr^  I 
did  not  inform  him  who  I  was,  or  fet  my  name  to  my  papers. 

*  When  that  part  of  Homer  came  out,  in  which  I  had  been 
cancerned,  I  was  eager,  as  it  may  be  fuppofed,  to  fee  how  things 
(lood;  aAd  much  pleafed  to  find  that  he  had  not  oniy  ufed  al- 
moft  all  ray  notes,  but  had  hardly  made  any  alteration  in  the 
cxprcffions.  I  obferved  alio,  that  in  a  fubfequent  edition,  he 
cxirredled  the  place  to  which  1  had  made  objedlions.' 

*  I  was  in  fome  hopes  in  thofe  day^  (for  1  was  yeung)  that 
Jiir.  Pope  would  make  enquiry  about  his  coadjutor <,  and  tak« 
fome  civil  notice  of  him.  But  he  did  not;  and  I  had  nonotioxk 
•f  obtruding  myfelf  upon  him. — I  never faw  his  face.* 

*  Scanderber^  was  fon  of  a  Defpot^  or  little  Prince  ct 
Albany ;  that  is  to  fay,  of  a  vajfal  Prince — for  fo  the  word 
defpot  fignified :  and  it  is  Ihanee,  that  the  word  defpot  fhould. 
be  appropriated  to  Mojiarchs,  wno  have  made  themfelves  abfo- 
lute.'  Voltaire-     EJai  fur  ^Hifioirr*     11.229. 

*  What  ignorance]  to  imagine  that  defpotlc  or  Jefpotifm  had 
Its  derivation  from  the  title  of  thefe  petty  rulers,  '^l  hough  tri- 
butary princes  have  worn  the  pompous  name  of  Defpot ^  yec 
originally  Afo-srolu?  is  a  lord  or  mafler,  relatively  to  ASxo?  a  llavc  ; 
and  fo  dejpotifm  means,  properly  and  flridlly,  arbitrary  and  uncow 
troulable poioer.     See  Philemon,  p.  362. 

*  A  total  ignorance  of  the  learned  tongue"^ ;  an  acquaintance  , 
with  modem  books,  and  with  tranilations  of  old  ones ;  fom<? 
knowledge  of  modern  languages  j  a  fmatterin*^  in  natural  philo-. 
fbphy,  poetical  talents,  a  vivacity  of  expreilion,  and  a  lara^e 
ftock  of  impiety  ; — thefe  conftitute  a  Foltairey  or  a  modern 
genius  of  the  firft  rank,  fit  to  be  patronized  by  princes,  axu! 
carefled  by  nobles ;  whiift  learned  men  have  leave  to  go  and 
chufe  on  what  tree  they  will  pleafe  to  hang  themfelves. 

*  Voltaire  obferves,  that  one  comedy  of  Machiavel  is  worth  all 
thofe  of  Afiitophanes ;  and  that  Taflb  and  Ariollo  greatly  furpaf* 
Homer.     Efai,  2>cc.  III. y^ 

<  One  of  the  caufes  which  induced  him  to  pafs  fuch  a  judg- 
ment is  this.  He  undcrllood  fomething  of  Italian  :  Greek  and. 
Latin  he  could  not  read  j  and  fo  knew  no  more  of  Ariilophan^ 


♦  The  above  is  copied  from  Dr.  Jortin's  ^4d'verfaria.  8e^ 
alfo  Johnfon's  Life  of  Pope,  p.  42.  43.  Who,  on  the  reading 
of  a  narrative  fo  limple,  yet  in  its  concomitancjes  io  pathetict 
«an  help  exclaiming  with  the  poet, 

FrohUoiJau^atur'-^^tx.  ^Iget ! 

Editor's  Friend, 
and 


f  ^Of  T    R     A    V    B    li    5. 

a^cT  Homer  than  he  liad  learned  from  French,  tranflations.  SucH. 
liien  depreciate  the  ancients  and  the  learned  moderns^  for  reafon* 
which  are  obvious  enough/  ,    ^  '        -,  ^     ',      ' 

,The  volume  is  concluded  by  Maxims  and  ReJIe^ionSy  which' 
ihew  much  knowledge  of  men  and  life.  R.  R» 


'Art.  II'.  Br  mi  5  'Travels  to  difcover  the  Source  of  the  Nile^ 
[Continued  from  p^g^  1^7 '2 
*V^E  ar^  ftow  arrived  at  the  fecond  volume,  which  contain*' 
Annals  of  Abyffinia,  tranfiated  from  the  original.  They  he-' 
giii  with  the  year  1268^  and  continue,  though  niore  or  lefs' 
iteficienrin  airthentitity,  and  of  intermediate  dates  and  materiaisy 
in  an  uuinterruptcdferies  of  rergtis,  to  pur  author's  arrival  ia 

^7^9-  ,    .    .-  ..    ..^    .  .  ..  •,•  •  ;i./. . -c  -^  -    -'^  .     ■ 

Not  to  perplex  the  reader  with  a  motley  ci^taloguc  ofjiftort-* 

cd  iumes  and  contefled^events,  we  pafe  the-  eightep;n  firA  reigHS> 

to  15-4.0,    and   to   the  name  of.  ClaudifiSy   or;  At7»emf  Segued'^ 

whofe  reign  is  made  memorable  by  his  a^chifivements  againft 

the  Moors  of  Adtl,  who,  had  diftrafted  Abyffirtia  ;    and  "by  the; 

fiagular  charadler  of  Chriftopher  de  Gamai  whohad  been  fent' 

ta  his  afli'ftance  by  the  goVerlipr  of  Gba.     The  following, 

Itrafagem  againft  Jonathan,  a  rebel  aiixiKary  of^  the  Mahome-'. 

tan  armj^^   will   piit  the' reader  In  mind  of  the' cetetrated  one' 

irt  th'e  fecond  Punic  wkr,   contrived   by  Claud\us  Nero  againft 

Afdf  iibal^  w'heii  on  his.  way  to  joij)  his  brother  :  ^  P.  175.      ^  >. 

•  The  king  inperfon  at  the  heaci  of.his'army  became  now  anobjed 
of'fucH  conhderation^    as  to  make,  the  Mahpmetan jchiefs  np  logger* 
relii-'i  as  ufiial  to  winter  in  .Adel,  but  canton  thenxfelves  \n  the  feveraj; 
tiiHrift^  they  had'conquired  in  AbyfTinia,   and  lay  aude.the  thoughts- 
of  fafthe'r  walling  the  C9uhtry, '  to  defeni  themfelyes .  againft  fa.aitive- 
arid  fbiiited  an'aUailant.     They  ^agreed  tlien  to  join  their  whole  for^e^/ 
together*  and  iiiarch  to  force  the  Hing  to  a,  battle..    Ofraan  .of  Ganze^^ 
vizir 'IVfudgid  who  had' fettled  in'Amfiara,'  Sab^reddin  *,  and^U  the.^ 
ieffer  rebel  officers  of  Sire' ail3Serawe».  eftciffe'd  a  jundlion  about  the  , 
fam'e  time  without  oppofition.     Jonathan  alope^  a  rebel  of  great  ex-, 
perie?iice>  had  not  yet  appeared  with  his  troops.     The  king,  pn  th<? 
other  hand,  did  not  feem  over  anxious 'to  come  to  an  engage^jcnx, 
th'oiigKhis  army  was  every  day  ready  for  battle  ;  and  his  ground  yv^as., 
always  talcen  with  advantage,  fo  that  it  was  al moll  defperate  to  pretend 
to'^fcrc'e  him. 

*  Jonathan  at  laft  was  on  his  way  to  join  the  confederates ;  but  the ' 
king  had  as  6arly  inceiligcnce  of  his  motions  as  his  friends  ;  aixd,  while 
he  was  yet  two  days  march  diftant  from  the  camp,  the  king,  leaving., 
his  tents  (landing  and  his  fires  lighted',  by  a  forced  march  in  the  night 
came  upon  him,  (while  bethought  him  blocked  up  by  his  rebel  aifo^  , 
ciates  at  a  diftance)  and,   finding  Jonathan  without  preparation  or 

-  '  I  *    ■  ■       •  '  ■■    ■  M Ill 

*  Coaftant  iu  the  faith* 

defence^ 


Bruce V  Travels  is  difcovir  tJ^e^Soiirce  of  the  Ntle.      ^^t 

defence*  cut  hie  whok  army,  to  picces",  flew  hiTn,  and  then  refumed' 
t^  hk  own  teaitft  as  rapidly  as  he  went,  having  ordered  fmall  detach- 
sicBt^  to  QQptimic  in  the  way  between  him  and  his  camp,  patroling, 
Ifcft  fpfiSJC' ajBbulh.  (hould  b«  laid  for  him  by  the  enemy,  who  if  they* 
had  been  informed  of  his  march,  though  they  were  too  late  to  prevent 
tbe  fuccefi'  of  it^  might  ftill  have  attempted  to  revenge  it. 

*  But  intelitgence  was  nowr  given  to  the  M^ors  with  much  lefi 
pujo^uality  and  .alacrity  than  fcrmerl)'.  So  generally  did  the  king, 
pqfljbfs  jhc-afteCiions  of-  the, country  people^  that  no  information  came 
to  thi?  confederate  army  till  the  next  day  after  his  return,  when,  early 
in  the  mornings  he  difp^hed  one  of  the  Mborlfti  prifoners  that" he* 
ha4  ta^n  tlwce  days  bcfofc,  and  fpared  fo^r  tl>c  purpofe,  carrying  with 
bi^t  the  head  of  Jonathan,  and  a  folk^ccount  of  the  havoc  to  which 
Jie.  had.been  a  wiaicfs. 

*  Thi&  mfeffenger  boro^alfo  tho  kiiigfs  defiiwcc  to  the  Moors,  whom' 
he  challenged,  under  the  odious  epithets  they  defenrd,  to  m6et  him  ;'  , 
afKi  then  adlaaUytoilhcw  that  he  was-  in  earned,  marched  towards 
the«l/with  his  army,  which  bo  formed,  in.  ordCr  of  battle.  But  thou^yh* 
they  ftood  under  armsfor  a  confideraMctime,  whilft'fcveral  invitations 
tQ,(w>|^  combflt.wcre  fent.  from^th©  Ghriftian  horfcwen,  as  their  ciif- 
tgo^iis^.  before  they  engage,  or^when  their  camps  are  near  each  other, 
yet  cIkMqoxs  were. fa  afloiiifliied  at  what  had  happened,  and  what 
they  fawf.  iK)w«  before  them,  thao^not  one  ofiker  would  advifc  the  rilk- 
isgr^battle,  nor. any  one  foldicr  accept lof  the  challenge  offered.  The 
kiijtg..  tfcn..  r^tttrned  to  his  campi  difbributed  the  whole  booty  amono- 
his»f6Wi«»*-aBd  j-efie(l»d  than^y  prcferving  a  proper  ftatton  to  cove* 
the  wounded,  whom  he  fent  off  to  places  of' fecurity/ 

^fli^y .  calW  Birmudes  by  our  author^  an*  atteitdant  on  a  for- 
mcr..enpiteafl>  from  P6rti*g^l  ta  Abyfiinia,  who  had  been  made 
ab,una  Of  patriarch,   wajs  fent  to  Europe  to  follcit  afgftance  ; 
he  obtained  aii  order  from  the  king,  for  Don  Garcia  de^Neronha^  . 
who  was. then  going,  out.viceroy  of  the. Indies,  to^ fend  400  Por- 
tu^ucfc  mufqweteL^rs.from  Lidia  to  ti>8  rciiaf  of  Abyifinia ;  but?  he  * 
dying,  the- fchpme  was.  protradled  for  upwardsof  ayear,'till'hife 
fucc^ilpr,  Don  Stephen  dejGama,.  undertook  to  condufta  fl^et 
ia.,p!ei:fon  tO:  the  coaft'  of  the  Arabian  gulph,-  and,  after  fome 
exploits  againft  the  *  Moors,    diipatehed  his  yotihgeft  brother,  ' 
Don.  Chrfllopher,  a  nobleman  of  great  hopes,  with  the  pro-  , 
mifed  troops,  increafcd  to  upwards  or450,  to  AbyiEnia.  P.  182* 

'  The  army  under  Don  Chriftopher  (fays  our  author)  marched'  to 
Afkeeko,  where  the  next  day  came  the  governor  Don  Stephen,  anel 
the  principal  officers  of  the  fleet,  and  took  leave  of  their  countrymen^  . 
•and  'after  receiving  the  bleliing  of  Don  John..  Bermudes,  Patriarch 
9f  the  Sea^  the  governor  and  relt  of  the  Portuguefe  embarkedj,  and  re-, 
turned  to  India.  , 

•^  Don  Chriftopher,  with  the  greateft  intrepidity,  began  his  (narch  »**' 
towards  Dobarwa,    the  eafieft  entrance  into  Abyfiinia,    though  dill  • 
over  rugged  and  almoft  inacceffible  mour.tains.     The,  BaKarnagafh  had  r 
orders  to  attend  him,  and.furnilh  this  little  army  vvith  cattle  .both  for 
ihok  provifion  and  carriages ;  arid  this  he  actually  performed/.  But  the 
cafriagcs  of  the  fmall  train  of  artilierygiving  way  in  this  bad  road, 
aiKl  ti^tB  being  nobody  at  hand  to  aM'  them  with  frefh.ones  in  cafe    ; 
-'••  .      :  .         the   / 


ap;  Y  n  A  V  E  r  ^» 

theotdfaifedi  Gatna  made  certain  carriages  of  wood>  after  the  pattern  of 
^ofe  they  had  brought  from  Portugal ;  and,  as  iron  was  a  rery  fcarce 
commodity  in  Abyifinia^  he  made  them  fpHt  in  pieces  fome  barnels  of 
cid  and  ufelefs  firelocks  for  the  wheels  with  which  they  were  to  draw 
their  artillery. 

*  The  queen,  without  delay,  came  forward  to  join  Don  Chriflo-^ 
pher ;  who,  hearing  fhe  was  at  hand,  wernt  to  meet  her  a  league 
from  the  city,  with  drums  beating  and  colours  flying,  and  fainted  hef 
with  a  general  difcharge  of  fire-arms,  which  terrified  her  much.  Her 
two  fillers  accompanied  her,  and  a  number  of  attendants  of  both  fexes« 
Don  Chrillopher,  at  the  head  of  his  foldiers,  paid  his  compliments 
with  equal  gallantry  and  refpe^.  The  queen  was  covered  from  head 
to  foot,  but  lifted  up  lier  veil,  fo  that  her  face  could  be  feen  by  him ; 
and  he,  on  the  other  hand,  appointed  a  hundred  mufquctcers  for  her 
guard ;  and  thus  they  returned  to  Dobarwa  mutually  fatisfied  with 
Jnis  their  firft  interview. 

Don  Chrillopher  marched  from  Dobarwa  eight  days  through  a  very"- 
iWgged  country,  endeavouring,  if  pofiible,  to  oring  about  a  junfHon 
with  the  king.  And  it  was  m  this  place,  while  he  was  encamped,, 
ifiat  he  received  a  mefiage  from  the  Moorilh  general,  full  of  oppro- 
brious exprefiions,  which  Was  anfwered  in  much  the  fame  manner. 
Don  Chriflopher  continued  his  march  as  much  as  he  could  on  account 
of  the  rains;  and  Gragne,  whofe  greateft  defire  was  to  prevent  th& 
jundlion,  followed  him  into  Tigr^.  Neither  army  defired  to  avoid- 
the  other«  and  they  were  both  marching  to  the  fame  point ;  fo  that  on 
the  25th  of  March  1542,  they  came  in  fight  of  each  other  at  Ainal^ 
z  fmall  village  iii  the  country  of  the  Baharnagafh. 

*  The  A£>ori(h  army  confided  of  1000  horfemen,  5000  foot,  go 
Turkifh  mufqueteers,  and  a  few  pieces  of  artillery.  Don  Chriflopher* 
befides  his  4^0  mufqueteers,  had  about  12,000  Abyflinians,  rooftly 
foot,  wnhr2L  lew  bad  horfe  commanded  by  the  Bahamagafli,  and  Ro- 
bel  governor  of  Tigrd.  Don  Chrillopher,  whofe  principal  view  was 
a  junction  with  the  king,  though  he  did  not  decline  fighting,  yet> 
like  a  good  officer,  he  chofe  to  do  it  as  much  poflible  upon  his  own 
terms':  and  therefore,  as  the  enemy  exceeded  greatly  in  the  number 
of  horfe,  he  polled  himfelf  fo  as  to  make  the  beft  of  his  fire-arms 
and  artillery.  And  well  it  was  that  he  did  fo,  for  the  Abyffiniana 
(hewed  the  utmoft  terror  when  the  firing  began  on  both  fides. 

*  Gragnd,  mounted  on  a  bay  horfe,  advancing  too  near  Don  Chrif- 
topher's  line,  that  he  might  fee  if  in  any  part  it  was  accefiible  to  his 
cavalry,  and  being  known  by  his  drefs  to  be  an  officer  of  difiindlion^ 
he  was  (hot  at  by  Peter  de  Sa,  a  Portuguefe  markfman,  who  kille4 
bis  horfe,  and  wounded  the  rider  in  the  leg.     This  occafioned  n 

fP8at  confufion,  and  would  probably  have  ended  in  a  defeat  of  the 
loots,  had  not  the  Portuguefe  general  alfo  been  wounded  immedi- 
ately after  by  a  (hot.  Don  Chriflopher,  to  fhew  his  confidence  of  . 
vi^ory,  ordered  his  men  forthwith  to  pitch  their  tents,  upon  whic(i 
the  Moors  retired  with  Gragnd  (whom  they  had  mounted  on  another 
horfe)  without  being  purfued,  the  Abyffinians  having  contented  them- 
ielves  with  being  fpeClators  of  the  battle. 

*  Don  Chtiftopher,  with  his  army  and  the  emprefs,  now  enterqd 
into  winter-quarfers  at  Affalo ;  nor  did  Gragnd  depart  to  any  diflanc^ 
fipom  him,  but  took  vp  his  quarters  at  Zabul,  in  hopes  jdjMays  to  fight 


Bruce'i  Travels  to  dtfcover  the  Souree  of  the  Nile*      253 

i|he  Portuguefe  before  it  was  pofllble  for  them  to  effefl  a  jun6H(m  with 
the  Idng.  The  winter  pafTed  m  a  mutual  int^rcourfe  of  correfpondcncc 
and  confidence  between  the  king' and  Don  Chriftophcr,  and  in  deter^ 
mining  upon  the  beft  fcheme  to  purfue  the  war  with  fuccefs.  D(M| 
Chriilopher  and  the  queen  were  both  of  opinion,  that,  confiderinj  tlic 
fmall  number  of  Portuguefe  firft  landed,  and  their  diminution  by  hght* 
ingy  and  a  ftrange  climate^  it  was  xiikin^  every  thing  to  defer  a  jita^c^ 
^on  till  the  winter  was  over. 

«  The  Mooriih  general  was  pcrfedly  of  the  fame  opinion ;  there- 
fore, as  foon  as  the  king  began  his  march  from  Dembea«  Gragne  ad« 
vanced  to  Don  Chriftopher's  camp,  and  placed  himfetf  between  the 
Fbrtuguefe  army  and  that  of  the  king,  drawing  up  his  troops  befoire 
the  camp,  and  defying  the  Portuguefe  to  march  out,  and  fight,  hi 
the  moft  opprobrious  language  Don  Chriftojjher,  in  a  long  cau- 
logue  of  virtues  which  he  poffciTed  to  a  very  eminent  degree,  had  not 
the  fmalleft  claim  to  that  of  patience,  fo  veyy  neceflary  to  thofe  that 
command  armies.  He  was  brave  to  a  fault ;  rafli  and  vehement ;  jea- 
lous of  what  he  thought  miUtary  honour ;  atid  obftinate  in  his  rdb- 
luttons,  which  he  formed  in  confequence.  The  defiance  of  this  hv-^ 
barian,  at  which  an  old  general  would  have  laughed,  made  him  ut- 
terly forget  the  reafons  he  himfelf  frequently  ailedged,  and  the  argu- 
hients  ofed  by  the  queen,  which  the  king's  approach  daily  ftren^th- 
ened,  that  it  was  riiking  every  thing  to  come  to  a  battle  till  the  two 
armies  had  joined.  He  had,  however,  from  no  other  motive  bu^ 
Gragnc's  infolence,  formed  his  refolution  to  fight,  without  waiting  a 
jun^ion  ;  and  accordingly  the  30th  of  Auguft,  early  in  the  mornings- 
having  chofen  his  ground  to  the  bed  advantage,  he  ofi«:red  battle  to 
jhe  Moorifh  army. 

«  Gragne,  by  prcfents  fent  to  the  balha  of  Zibid,  had  doubled  his 
number  of  horfe,  which  now  confided  of  2000.  He  had  got  like- 
wife  1 00  Turkifh  mufqueteers,  an  infinite  number  of  fo4^  and  a  train 
of  artillery  more  numerous  and  complete  than  ever  had  been  feea 
before  in  Abyffinia.  The  queen,  frightened  at  the  preparation  for  the 
battle,  fled,  taking  with  her  the  Portuguefe  patriarch,  who  feemed  to 
have  as  little  inclination  as  (he  had  to  fee  the  ifiue  of  the  day.  But 
Don  Chriftopher,  who  knew  well  the  bad  eflfefts  this  example  would 
have,  both  on  Abyflinians  and  Portuguefe,  fent  twenty  norfe  and 
brought  them  both  back ;  telling  the  patriarch  it  was  a  breach  of  duty 
be  would  not  fuffcr,  for  him  to  withdraw  until  he  had  confeffed  him, 
and  given  the  army  abfolution  before  the  aflion  with  the  infidels. 

*  The  battle  was  fought  on  the  30th  of  Auguft,  with  great  fury  and 
obftinacy  on  both  fides.  The  Portuguefe  had  ftrewed,  carlv  in  the 
morning,  all  the  front  of  their  line  with  gun -powder,  to  which,  on 
the  approach  of  the  Turks,  they  fet  fire  by  trains,  which  burnt  and 
diiabled  a  great  many  of  them ;  and  things  bore  a  profperous  appear- 
ance, till  the  Moorifti  general  ordered  feme  artillery  to  be  pointed 
agaiud  the  Abyflinians,  who,  upon  hearing  the  firft  explofion,  and 
iSing  the  effedt  of  fom'e  balls  that  had  lighted  among  them,  fled,  and 
left  th)e  Portuguefe  to  the  number  only  ot  400,  ^ho  were  immediatehr 
fqrrQunded  by  tte  Moorifti  army.  Nor  did  Gragn^  purfue  the  fugi- 
$iyc$,  his  affair  being  with  the  Portuguefe,  the  fmallnefs  of  whofi: 
piimber  promifed  they  would  fall  an  eafy  and  certain  facrifice.  H« 
therefore  attacked  theif  camp  upon  every  fide  with  very  little  fuccefs, 

having 


-254-  '^"^    A    V  .E   L   S.  ' 

l)aving  loft  rooft  of  Us  bcft  officere,  till,,  unforttinatcif,  Don  ChHftd* 
phcr,  fighting  and  exnofing  himfclf  every  whci^,  wjs  finglctl  6tit  by 
m  Turkifh  foldier,  and  (hot  through  the  arm.  Upon  this  all  his  ijien 
turned  their  thoughts- from  their  own  prefervation  to  that  of' their 
general,  v/ho  obftinately  refufed  to  fly,  till  he  was  by  force  put  upon 
^  litter,  and  fent  off,  together  with  the  patriarch  and  queen. 

«  Nieht  now  coming  on,  Dou  Chriftopher  had  jjot  into  a  wood  in 
which  there  was  a  cave.  There  he  ordered  himfelf  to  be  kt  down 
to  h^ve  his  wounds  drelTed  ;  which,  being  done,  he  was  urged  by  the 
queen  and  patriarch  to  continue  his  fiight.  But  he  bad  formed  hft 
tefolution,  and,  without  deigning  to  give  his  reafons,  he  obftinately 
refufed  to  retreat  a  ftep  farther.  In  vain  the  queen,  and  thofe  thiCt 
knew  the  country,  told  hini  he  was  juft  in  the  tra^  of  the  Moorifh 
Jiorfemen,  who  would  not  fail  foon  to  furround  him.  He  repeated 
Jiis  refolution  of  Ihying  there  with  fuch  a  degree  of  firmnefs,  that  th6 
queen  and  patriarch,  who  had  no  great  defire  for  martyrdom,  left  hiiti 
to  his  fate,  which  prefently  overtook  him. 

*  In  one  of  iDon  Chriftppher's  ex^ditions  to  the  mountains,  ht 
had  taken  a  very  beautiful  woman,  wife  to  a  Turkiih  officer,,  whont 
he  had  flain.  This  hidy  had  made  a  fhew  of  conversion  to  Chrifti-* 
aiiity ;  lived  with  him  afterwards,  and  was  treated  by  him  with  the 
titmolt  tendernefs.  It  was  faid,  that,  after  he  was  wounded  and  be- 
gan to  fly,  this  woman  had  given  him  his  route,  and  proffiifed  to 
Overtake  him  with  friends  that  would  carry  him  to  a  place  of  fafetr.^ 
Accordingly,,  fome  fervants  left  by  the  queen,  hidden  among  tte 
rocks,  to  watch  what  might  befal  him,  and  affift  him  if  poffiWc,  faswr 
a  woman,  in  the  dawn  of  the  morning;,  come  to  the  cave,  and  retunt 
into  the  wood  immediattly,  whence  there  rulhed  out  a  body  of  Moorifife 
hgrfe,  who.  went,  ftraight  to  the  cave,  and  found  Don  Chriftopher  ly- 
ing upon  the  g^round  forcly  woonded.  Upon  the  firft  queUion  that: 
was  alked  him,  he  declared  his  name,  which  fo  overjoyed  the  Modrs,..- 
that  they  gavtf  over  further  purfu  it,  and  returnedvvith  the  prifoner 
they  had  taken.  Don  Chriftopher  was  brought  into  the  pretence  oP 
the  Moorifh  general,  Gragnc,  who  loaded  him  with  reproaches;  tc^* 
v^hich  he  repued  with  fuch  a  (hare  of  invectives,  that  the  M6or,  .  jpi 
the  violence  of  his  paflTion,  drew  his  fword  and  cut  off  his  head  with- 
his  own  hand.  His  head  was  fent  to  Conftantinople,  a9d  pa«s  of  hi«- 
body  to  Zibid  arid  other  quarters  of  Arabia. 

«  The  Portuguefe  camp  was  now  taken,  and  all  the  wounded  found- 
in  it  were  put  to  death..  The  women,  from*  their  fear,  having^; 
retired  all  into  Don  Chriftopher's  tent,  the  Turks  began  to  indulge 
tnemfelyes.  in  thfiir  ufualexcclTes  towards  their  captives^  when  a  noble- 
Abyflinian  woman,  who  had  been  married '  to  a  Portuguefe,  f<*eing-i 
the  (hocking  treatment  that  was  awaiting  theroy  fct  ihre- to  fevcral- 
barrels  of  gunpowder  that  were  in  the  tent,  and  at-  onee  deftiroycd"^ 
jiierfelf,  her.  companions,  and  thofe  that  were  about  to  abufe  them.' 

The  diftrefles.  of  AbyfTuiia-frora  the- Moors- having  ceafed^: 
by  a  league  made. with'  the  baiha* of  Mafuah^by'  the  fucceflor' 
of  Claudius,  a  new^and  more' terrible  enemy  to^that'  coumfy 
arpfe,  in  thq.bvbwou8.race  called  Galk^  who  invaded =tt4in-^/ 
^M^kc  Segucd^w  This. race  appears  to  have  been  to  Abyf- 
iiota  what  the  ancient  ScotS'were  to  Eilgland;     Stimulated  ta 

invaliQi^ ' 


r 


Brace'5  Travels  to  dlf'ovcr  the  Source  of  the  Nile.      ^5^ 

invafion  by  want,  protefted  by  poverty  at  home,  apd  tpo  pro- 
iific  to  be  fenfible  of  defeat.  Such  is,''froin  thi^  perioci,  .tjieir 
fhare  in  the  events  of  Abyflinian  hiftory ;  they  occupy  fo  rauci) 
of  GUI' author's  attention,  that  we  prefent  the  readef  witji  thi^ 
following  copious  account  of  them  :  P.  216. 
''  '^  The  Galla  are  a  very  numerous  nation  of  fhepherds,  who  pro- 
bably* lived  under  or  beyond  the  line.  What  the  caqfe  of  their  *mi* 
twtit)n*  was  we  do  not  pieterid  to  {^y  with  certainty,  but  they  ha\T, 
TO^  itiixvy  years,  been  in  an  liniforn}  progrefs  northward.  They  were 
^t  firft'all  infantry i  and Taid  the  country  they  cnine  from  would  not  pcx- 
iliilf  h'offes  to  breed  in  it,  as  is  the  cafe  in  13°  north  of  the  line,  round 


duftribuliy  that  they  are  become  a  nation  of  cavaliy,  4nd  now  hold 
llieir  infantry  in  very  little  efteem. 

*  As  under  the  line,  to  the  fouth  of  Abyflinia,  the  land  Is  exceed- 
ingly high,  ^nd  the  fun  feldoni  makes  its  appearance  on  aocoimt  of 
the  continual  rains,  the  Galla  are  confequently  of  a  brown  complexi6n 
With  I6ng"blaclc  hair.'  Some,  indeed,  who  live  in  the  vaiiiesof  the 
Ib\V  country,'  are  perfedly  black.  Although  the  principal  food  of 
this  people  at  firft  was  milk  and  butter^  yet,  when  they  advanceiinto 
dticr  climates,  they  learned  of  the  Abywnians  to  plow  and  fow  the 
fiMds,  and  to  make  bread.  They  feem  to  affect  the  number  feyen, 
^nd  have  divided  their  immenfe  muititude  threefold  by  that  numbcr- 
Th^y  alf  agree, "  that,  wlien  the  nation  advanced  to  the  Abylfiniail 
frontiers,  they  were  then  in  the  centre  of  the  continent.  The  ground 
Beginning  to  rife  before  t'hem,  feven  of  their  tribes  or  nations  filed  off 
to' the  eaft  towards  the' Indian  Ocean;  and,  after  making  fettlementt 
therie,  ^nd  multiplying  exceedingly,  they  marched  forward  due  fouth' 
i'rftO  Bali  and  Dawaro,'  which  they  tiril  wafted  by  conftant  incurfions, 
then  conquered  and  fettled  there  in  the  reign  of  David  III.  in  1537. 

'  *  Another  divifion  'of  feven  tribes  went  off  to  the  weft  about  thf 
feme  time,  and  fpread  theiufelves  in  another  femicircle  round  the* 
ibuth  fide  of  the  Nile,  and  all  along  its  banks  round  Gojam,  and 
tb  the  eafi  behind  the  couijtry  of  the  Agows,  (which. are  on  the  eaf^ 
fide  of  the  Nile)  to  that  ot  the  Gongas  and  Gafats.  The  high  woody 
bahks  of  this  river  have  hitherto  been  their  barrier  to  the  fbuthward  • 
jfot  but  that  they  have  often  fought  for,  and  often  conquered,  and 
.^ill  oftener  plundered,  the  countries  on  the  Abyflinian  iiAt  'of  that  ri- 
Ver;  and,  from  this  reign  downwards,  the  fcene  of  adtion  with  the 
Abyflinians  has  conftantJy  been  on  the  eall  fide  of  the  river.  All  I 
ii^ean  Is,  they  have  never  made  afettlement  on  the  Abyffinian  fide  of 
the  Nile,  except  fuch  tribes  of  .thqm  as,  from,  wars  among  thcrafelves, 
have  gone  over  to  the  king  of  Abj^^flinia,  and  obtained  lands  on  the 
banks  of  that  river,  oppolite  to  the  nation  they,  have  revolted  from 
5»galnil  which  they  have  ever  after  been  the  fecu reft  bulwark. 

*  A  third  divifion  of  feven  tribes  remained  in  the  center,  due  fouth 
cf  the  low  country  of  Shoa'j  and  thefe  arc^the  Jeail  known,  as  havrng 
inade  the  feweft  incurfions.  Th?:y  have,,  indeed,  pollefled  Walaka,  a 
fijiail  province  between  A  ijihara  and  Shoa  5  but  this  has  been  permitted" 

poUtkally 


256  ^  K   A   V  K  U  $• 

pelitically  bjr  Ac  governor  of  Shoa,  as  a  barrier  between  him  a»i 
AbyfTinia,  on  whofe  fovereign  he  fcarcely  acknowledges  any  depen- 
dence bat  for  form's  fake,  his  province  being  at  prefent  an  hereditary 
government  dcfccnding  from  father  to  fon. 

♦  All  thefe  tribes  of  G  alia  gird  Abyflinia  round  at  all  points  from 
call  to  weft,  making  inroads,  and  burning  and  murdering  all  that  fall 
into  their  hands.  The  privities  of  the  men  they  cut  off,  dry,  and 
hang  them  up  in  their  houfes.  They  are  fo  mercilefs  as  to  fpare  not 
even  women  with  child,  whom  they  rip  up  in  hopes  of  dcftroying  a 
male.  The  weftern  part  of  thefe  Galla,  which  furrounds  the  penin- 
fttia  of  Gojam  and  Damot,  are  called  the  Boren  Galla  ;  and  thole  that 
arc  to  the  eaft  are  named  Bertuma  Galla,  though  this  laft  word  is  feU 
dom  ufed  in  hiftory,  where  the  Galla  to  the  weftward  are  called  Bo- 
ifen  ;  and  the  others  Galla  merely,  without  any  other  addition.  All 
thefe  tribes,  though  the  moft  cruel  that  ever  appeared  in  any  country^ 
are  yet  governed  by  the  ftridUft  difcipline  at  home,  where.the  fmalleft 
broil  or  quarrel  among  individuals  is  taken  cognizance"  of,  and  rc-» 
ccives  immediate  punimment. 

*  Each  of  the  three  divifions  of  Galla  eleft  a  king,  that  is,  there 
is  a  king  for  every  fevcn  tribes.  There  is  alfo  a  kind  of  nobility 
among  them,  from  whofe  families  alone  the  fovereign  can  be  chofen^ 
But  there  are  certain  degrees  of  meri*  (all  warlike)  that  raife,  from. 
time  to  rime,  their  plebeian  families  to  nobility,  and  the  right  of  fuf-< 
(rage*  No  one  of  thefe  nobles  can  be  eleded  till  paft  forty  years  of 
age,  unlefs  he  has  flain  with  his  own  hand  a  number  of  men,  whichj» 
added  to  his  years,  makes  up  forty. 

«  The  council  of  each  of  the  feven  tribes  firft  meets  feparately  in  it$ 
own  diftrift :  here  it  determines  how  many  arc  neceffary  to  be  left  bc-» 
bind  for  the  governing,  guarding,  and  cultivating  the  territory,  while 
tho/c  fixed  upon  by  moft  votes  go  as  delegates  to  meet  the  reprefenta- 
tives  of  the  other  nations  at  the  domicil,  or  head-quarters  of  the  king» 
among  the  tribe  from  which  the  fovereign  of  the  laft  feven  years  was 
taken.  Here  they  fit  dov/n  under  a  tree  which  ieems  to  be  facred,  and^ 
the  god  o{  all  the  nations.  It  is  called  Wanzey,  has  a  white  flower,  - 
and  great  quantity  of  foliage,  and  is  very  common  in  Abyftinia, 
After  a  variety  of  votes,  the  number  of  candidates  is  reduced  to  four, 
and  the  foffrage  of  fix  of  thefe  nations  go  then  no  farther ;  l>nt  the 
fevcnth,  whole  turn  it  is  to  have  a  king  out  of  thel^:  tribej  choofe» 
from  among  the  four,  one,  whom  they  crown  with  a  garland  of  Wah- 
xcy,  and  put  a  fceptre,  or  bludgeon,  of  that  wood  in  his  hands,  which 
they  call  Buco, 

'«  The  king  of  the  weftern  Galla  is  ftiled  Lubo,  the  other  Mooty, 
At  this  afl'cmbly,  the  king  allots  to  each  their  fcene  of  murder  and  ra- 
pine ;  but  limits  them  always  to  fpeedy  returns  in  cafe  the  body  of  the 
nation  ftiould  have  occafion  for  them.  The  Galla  are  reputed  very 
good  fold iers  for  furprife,  and  in  the  firft  attack,  but  have  not  coa- 
nancy  or  perfeverance.  They  accomplifti  incredible  marches ;  fwim 
rivers  holding  by  the  horfes  tail,  (an  exercife  to  which  both  they  andl 
their  horfes  are  perfedUy  trained  ;)  do  the  utmoft  mifchief  poffible  11^ 
the  ftiorteft  time;  and  rarely  return  by  the  fame  way  they  came.  They 
are  excellent  light  horfe  for  a  regular  arm^  in  an  ei^my's  country. 


firuce^j  Travels  to  difcover  the  Source  of  the  Nile.      ZiJ 

*  Iron  is  very  fearce  among  them,  fo  that  their  principal  arms  are 
boles  fharpened  at  the  end,  and  hardened  in  the  fire^  whicl^  they  ufe 
like  lances.  Their  Ihields  are  made  of  bulls  hides  of  a  fingle  fold, 
to  that  they  are  very  fubje<5t  to  warp  in  heat,  or  become  too  pliabld 
and  foft  in  wet  weather.  Notwithltanding  thefe  difad vantages,  the 
report  of  their  cruelty  made  fuch  an  impreiTion  upon  the  Abyfljnians, 
that,  on  their  firll  engagements,  they  rarely  flood  firmly  the  Galla's 
firft  onfet.  Befides  this,  the  fhrill  and  very  barbarous  noife  they  are 
^  idways  ufed  to  make  at  the  moment  they  charge,  ufed  to  terrify  the 
hprfes  ind  riders,  fo  that  a  flight  generally  followed  the  attack  made  hy 
Galla  horfe. 

*  Thefe  melancholy  and  frantic  howls  I  had  occafion  to  hear  often 
in  thofe  engagements  that  happened  while  I  wds  in  Abyffmia.  The 
Edjow,  a  body  of  Galla  who  had  been  in  the  late  king  Joas's  fervicc, 
and  were  delations  to  him  by  his  mother,  who  was  of  that  ckn  of 
^^uthern  Galk)  were  conflantly  in  the  rebel  army,  and  always  in  the 
moft  difaffeded  part,  who,  with  the  troops  of  Begemder  and  Lafla, 
attacked  the  king's  houlhold,  where  he  was  in  perfon  3  and,  though 
they  behaved  with  a  bravery  even  to  rafhnefs,  mofl  of  them  lofl  their 
lives,  upon  the  long  pikes  of  the  king's  black  horfe,  without  ever 
doing  any  notable  execution,  as  thefe  horfes  were  too  well  trained  to 
be  at  all  moved  by  their  Ihrieks  when  they  changed,  though  their  bra- 
,  rery  and  fidelity  merited  a  better  fate. 

*  The  women  are  faid  to  be  very  fruitful.  They  do  not  coniinie 
themfelves  even  a  day  after  labour^  but  wafh  and  return  to  their  work 
immediately.  1  hey  plow,  fow,  and  reap.  The  cattle  tread  out  tht 
corn,  but  the  men  are  the  herdfmenj  and  take  charge  of  the  cattle  ia 
the  fields. 

*  Both  fexes  are  fomething  lefs  than  the  middle  fizc,  exceedln|;ly 
light  and  agile.  Both,  but  efpecially  the  men,  plait  their  hair  with 
the  bowels  and  guts  of  oxen,  which  they  wear  likewife,  like  belts^ 
twifted  round  Sieir  middle ;  and  thefe,  as  they  putrify,  occafion  a 
terrible  flench.  Both  copioufly  anoint  their  heads  and  bodies  with 
butter  or  melted  greafe,  which  is  continually  raining  from  them,  an  J 
which  indicates  that  they  came  from  a  country  hotter  than  that  which 
they  now  poffefs.  They  greatly  refemble  the  Hottentots  in  this  filthy 
tafte  of  drefs*  The  refl  of  their  body  is  naked ;  a  piece  of  ikin  only 
covers  them  before ;  and  they  wear  a  goat's  fkin  on  their  fhoulders,  in 
fliape  of  a  woman's  handkerchief  or  tippet. 

*  It  has  l)een  faid  *,  that  no  religion  was  ever  difcovered  amotig 
them.  1  imagine  that  the  fafts  upon  which  this  opinion  is  founded 
have  never  been  fufficiently  invefligatcd.  The  Wanzey-tree,  under 
which  their  kings  are  crowned,  is  avowedly  wotfhipped  for  a  god  iii 
every  tribe.  They  have  certain  ftones  alfo,  for  an  objeft  of  their  de- 
votion, which  I  never  could  fufficiently  underftand  to  give  further 
dcfcriptiqn  of  them.  But  they  certainly  pay  adoration  to  the  moon, 
efpecially  the  new  moon,  for  of  this  I  have  frequently  been  a  witn«fs. 
They  likewife  worfhip  certain  flats  in  particular  pofitions,and  at  different 
times  of  the  year,  and  are,  in  my  opinion,  ftill  in  the  ancient  religion  of 
Sabaifm.  All  of  them  believe  that,  after  death,  they  are  to  live  again  ; 
that  they  are  to  rife  with  their  body,  as  chey  were  on  earth,  to  enter  into 

•  Jerome  Lobo  Hill*  of  Abyjfinia  ap*  Le  Grapde. 
Vol.  VII.  T  an«th«r 


^58  T  ft  A  V  E  t  Si 

another  life  they  know  not  where,  but  they  are  to  be  in  a  ftate  of  hodf 
infinitely  morcperfeft  than  the  prefent,  and  are  to  die  no  more,  nor  fuf- 
fer  grief,  ficknefs,  or  trouble  of  any  kind.  They  have  very  obfcure, 
or  no  ideas  at  all  of  future  punifhment;  but  their  reward  is  to  be  a 
moderate  ftate  of  enjoyment  with  the  fame  family  and  perfons  with 
which  they  lived  on  earth.  And  this  is  very  nearly  the  fame  belief 
with  the  other  Pagan  nations  in  Africa  with  which  I  have  converfed 
intimately ;  and  this  is  what  writers  generally  call  a  belief  of  the  im- 
mortality of  the  foul.  Nor  did  I  ever  know  one  favage  that  had  a 
more  diftinft  idea  of  it,  or  ever  feparated  it  from  the  immortality  of 
the  body. 

«  The  Galla  to  the  fouth  are  moftly  Mahometans;  on  the  eaft  and 
weft  chiefly  Pagans.  They  intermarry  with  each  other,  but  fufter  no 
ftrangers  to  live  among  them.  The  Moors,  however,  by  courage, 
patience,  and  attention,  have  found  out  the  means  of  trading  with 
them  in  a  tolerable  degree  of  fafety.  The  goods  they  carry  arc  coarle 
Surat  blue  deaths,  called  martmjtj  ;  alfo  myrrh  and  fait.  This  laft  is 
the  principal  and  moft  valuable  article. 

»  The  Galla  fometimes  marry  the  Abyffinian  women,  but  the  ifToo 
of  thofe  marriages  are  incapable  of  all  employment.  Their  form  of 
marriage  is  the  following :  the  bridegroom,  ftanding  before  the  pa- 
rents of  the  bride,  holds  grafs  in  his  right  hand,  and  the  dung  of  a 
cow  in  his  left.  He  then  fays,  *  May  this  never  enter,  nor  this  c\'er 
«  come  out,  if  he  does  not  do  what  he  promifes ;'  that  is,  may  the 
grafs  never  enter  the  cow's  mouth  to  feed  it,  or  may  ftie  die  before  it 
IS  difcharged.  Matrimonial  vows,  moreover,  are  very  fimple;  he  . 
fwears  to  his  bride  that  he  ftiall  give  her  meat  and  drink  while  living, 
and  bury  her  when  dead. 

'  Polygamy  is  allowed  among  them,  but  the  men  are  commonly 
content  with  one  wife.  Such,  indeed,  is  their  moderation  in.  this 
refpcft,  that  it  is  the  women  that  folicit  the  men  to  increafe  the  num- 
ber of  their  wives.  The  love  of  their  children  feems  to  get  a  fpeedy? 
afcendency  over  paflion  and  pleaflire,  and  is  a  noble  part  of  the  cha- 
radler  of  thefe  favages  that  ought  not  to  be  forgot.  A  young  woman, 
having  a  child  or  two  by  her  hufband,  intreats  and  folicits  him  that 
he  would  take  another  wife,  when  (he  names  to  him  all  the  beautiful 
girls  of  her  acquaintance,  efpecially  thofe  that  flie  thinks  likelieft  to 
have  large  families.  After  the  hufband  has  made  his  choice,  flie  goes 
to  the  tent  of  the  young  woman,  and  fits  behind  it  in  a  fnpplicant  poi^ 
ture,  till  (he  has  excited  the  attention  of  the  family  within.  She 
then  with  an  audible  voice,  declares  who  fhe  is ;  that  ftie  is  daughter 
of  fuch  a  one ;  that  her  hufband  has  all  the  qualifications  for  making 
a  woman  happy  ;  that  (he  has  only  two  children  by  him ;  and,  as  her 
family  is  fo  fmall,  fhe  corpes  to  folicit  their  daughter  for  her  huf- 
band's  wife,  that  their  families  may  be  joined  together,  and  be  ftroag ; 
and  that  her  children,  from  their  being  few  in  number,  may  not  fall 
a  prey  to  their  enemies  in  the  day  of  battle  ;  for  the  Galla  always 
fight  in  families,  whether  againft  one  another,  or  againft  other  ene- 
mies. 

'  When  (he  has  thus  obtained  a  wife  for  her  hufband,  flie  carries 
her  home,  puts  her  to  bed  with  her  hufband,  wh^re,  having  left  her, 
fhe  fealls  with  the  bride's  relations.  There  the  children  of  the  fiHI 
Marriage  are  produced,  and  the  men  of  the  bride's  familv  put  each 

tHeir 


Brucc^f  traviU  to  dtfcoVif  ihi  SoUrci  of  ihi  Hile.        Jt59 

their  hands  upon  thefe  children's  heads,  and  af!t»ward$  take  the  oath 
in  the  ufual  manner^  to  live  and  die  with  theiii  as  their  own  offspring* 
The  children,  then,  after  this  fpecies  of  adoption,  go  to  their  rela- 
tions, and  viiit  them  for  the  fpace  of  feven  days.  All  that  time  the 
hufband  remains  at  home  in  pofTeiHon  of  his  nevf^  bride }  at  the  end 
of  which  he  gives  a  feaft,  when  the  firft  wife  is  feated  by  her  huAand, " 
and  the  young  one  ferves  the  whole  company.  The  firft  wife  from  this 
day  keeps  her  precedence ;  and  the  fecond  is  treated  by  the  fi:rft  wife 
like  a  grown-up  daughter.  I  believe  it  would  be  vtty  long  before  the 
lovfe  of  their  families  woujdjntroduce  this  cuilom  among  the  young 
women  of  ftnTniri,  4^.  jj^i^ "' 

«  When  aj^ti^j^dies  and  leaves  many  children,  the  eldeft  fucceeds 
to  the  whole  iimcritance  without  divifion ;  nor  is  he  obliged,  at  any 
time,  or  j)y  any  circumftance,  to  give  his  brothers  a  part  afterwards* 
If  the  father  is  alive  when  the  fon  firft  begins  to  (have  his  head,  which 
b  a  declaration  of  manhood,  he  gives  two  or  three  milk-cows,  or 
more,  according  to  his  rank  and  fortune.  Thefe,  and  all  their  pro- 
dace,  remain  the'  property  of  the  child  to  whom  diey  were  given  hj 
his  father ;  and  thefe  the  brother  is  obliged  to  pay  to  him  upon  bis 
father's  death,  in  the  fame  number  and  kinds.  The  eldeft  brother  is, 
moreover,  obliged  to  give  the  fifter^  whenever  (he  is  marriageable, 
whatever  x)ther  provifion  the  father  may  have  made  in  his  li&-time 
for  her,  with  all  its  increafe  from  the  day  of  the  donation.     ' 

'  When  the  father  becomes  old  and  unfit  for  war,  he  is  obliged  t(> 
furrender  his  whole  effedls  to  his  eldeft  fon,  who  is  bound  to  giye 
him  aliment,  and  nothing  elfe ;  and,  when  the  eldeft  brother  dies, 
feaving  younger  brothers  behind  him,  and  a  widow  young  enough  to 
bear  children,  the  youngeft  brother  of  all  is  obliged  to  marry  her  5 
but  the  children  of  the  marriage  are  always  accounted  as  Jf  they  were 
the  eldeft  brother's;  nor  does  this  marriage  of  the  youngeft  brother 
t^  the  widow  entitle  him  to  any  part  of  thexleceafed's  fortune. 

*  The  fouthem  Galla  are  called  Elma  Kilelloo,  Elma  Gooderoo, 
£Ima  Robali,  £lma  Doolo,  Elma  Bodena,  Elma  Horeta,  and  Elma 
Michaeli ;  thefe  are  the  feven  fouthem  nations  which  the  Mahometan 
traders  pafs  through  in  their  >yay  to  Narea,  the  fouthernmoft  countiy 
the  Abyfiinians  ever  conquered. 

«  The  weftem  Galla  for  their  principal  clans  have  the  Djawi,.  Ed* 
jow  or  Ayzo,  and  Toluma ;  and  thefe  were  the  clans  we  principally 
fought  with  when  I  was  in  Abyflinia.  The^  are  chiefly  Pagans* 
Some  of  their  children,  who  were  left  young  m  court  when  their  fa- 
thers fled,  after  the  murder  of  the  late  king  their  mafter,  were  better 
Chriftians  and  better  foldiers  than  any  Abyifinians  we  had. 

^  It  is  not  a  matter  of  fmall  curiofity  to  know  what  is  tlieir  food» 
that  is  fo  eafy  of  carriage  as  to  enable  them  to  traverfe  immenfe  de* 
lerts,  that  they  may,  without  warning,  fall  upon  the  towns  and  vil- 
lages in  the  cultivated  country  of  Abyflinia.  This  is  nothing  but 
cofiee  roaHed,  till  it  can  be  pulverifed,  and  then  mixed  with  butter  to 
a  conflftency  that  will  fufler  it  to  be  rolled  up  in  balls,  and  put  in  a 
leather  b^g.  A  ball  of  this  compofition,  between  the  circumference' 
of  a  (hilling  and  half-a-crown,  about  the  fize  of  a  billiard-ball,  keeps 
them,  they  fay,  in  ftrength  and  fpirits  during  a  whole  day's  fatigue, 
better  than  s^  loaf  of  bread,  or  a  meal  of  meat,  its  name  in  Arabia 
and  Abyffinia  is  Bttn»  but  I  apprehend  its  true  name  u  Cafie,  from 

T  *  Caffiij» 


^^iO  T  R  A  V   B  t   «. 

Caffa,  the  foutti  province  of  Narea,  whence  it  is  firft  faid  to  tat* 
come ;  it  is  white  in  the  bean.  The  cofFee-trec  is  the  wood  of  the 
country,  produced  fpontaneoufly  every  where  in  great  abundanee, 
from  Caffa  to  the  banks  of  the  Nile. 

«  Thus  much  for  this  remarkable  nation,  whofe  language  is  pcr- 
fedly  different  from  any  in  Abyflinia,  and  is  the  fame  throughout  all 
the  tribes,  with  very  little  variation  of  dialed.  This  is  a  nation  that 
has  conquered  fomc  of  the  fineft  provinces  of  Abyflinia,  and  of  whofe 
inroads  we  (hall  hereafter  have  occafion  to  fpeak  continuall|y ;  and  it 
is  very  difficult  to  fay  how  far  they  might  not  have  accomplifhcd  the 
conqueft  of  the  whole,  had  not  providenco*interpofed  in  a  manner 
little  expe6led»  but  more  efficacious  than*  i  thouiand||||)pies,  and  all 
the  inventions  of  man..^  • 

*  The  Galla,  before  their  inroads  into  Abyflinia,  had  never  in 
their  own  country  feen  or  heard  of  the  fmall-pox.  This  difeafe  met  . 
them  in  the  Abyflinian  villages.  It  raged  among  them  with  fuch  vio- 
lence, that  whole  provinces  conquered  by  them  became  half  defert ; 
and,  in  many  places,  they  were  forced  to  become  tributary  to  thof« 
whom  before  they  kept  in  continual  fear.' 

We  are  under  the  necefllity  of  pafling  in  filence  the  fix 
following  reigns,  full  of  civil,  military,  and  ecclefiaftical  events^ 
to  the  year  1680,  or  epoch  of  ITajius  the  Firft.  Here  the 
author  details  the  religious  fquabbles  of  the  Francifcans  and 
Capuchins  about  the  Ethiopic  mifiion,  and  the  manoeuvres  of 
the  Jefuits  and  M.  de  Maillet,  conful  at  Cairo,  againft  both  ^ 
rives  an  account  of  the  travels  of  Charles  Poncet  through  Nu- 
bia to  Abyflinia,  full  of  candid  and  liberal  criticifm,  and  cir- 
cumftantially  relates  the  unfortunate  embafly  of  M.  du  Roule  : 
from  which  we  Ihall  infert  the  following  extraft.    p.  501. 

*  M.  Noir  du  Roule,  vice-conful  at  Damiata,  was  pitched  upon 
as  the  ambaflador  to  go  to  Abyflinia.  He  was  a  young  man  of  fome 
merit,  had  a  confiderable  degree  of  ambition,  and  a.  moderate  ikill  in 
the  common  languages  fpoken  in  the  eaft,  but  was  abfolutely  ignorant 
of  that  of  the  country  to  which  he  was  going,  and,  what  was  worfe, 

'  of  the  cuftoms  and  prejudices  of  the  nations  through  which  he  was  to 
pafs.  Like  moft  of  his  countrymen,  he  had  a  violent  prediledion  for 
the  drefs,  carriage,  and  manners  of  France,  and  a  hearty  contempt 
for  thofe  of  all  other  nations ;  this  he  had  not  addrefs  enough  to  dif- 
guife,  and  this  Endangered  his  life.  The  whole  French  nation  at  Cairo 
were  very  ill  difpofed  towards  him,  in  confcquence  of  fome  perfonat 
flight,  or  imprudences,  he  had  been  guilty  of;  as  alfo  towards  any 
repetition  of  projeds  which  brought  them,  their  commerce,  and  even 
their  lives  into  danger,  as  the  laft  had  done. 

*  The  merchante,  therefore,  were  averfc  to  this  emtiafly ;  but  th» 
Jefuits  and  Maillet  were  the  avowed  fupporters  of  it,  and  they  had 
with  them  the  authority  of  the  king.  But  each  aimed  to  be  prin- 
cipal, ,  and  had  very  little  confidence  or  communication  with  hi$ 

,«irpciate.  ' 

*  As  for  the  Capuchins  and  Francifcan*,  th^  were  mortally  of- 
fended with  M.  de  Maillet  for  having,  by  the  introduction  of  th« 
Jcfuft^,^  and  the  power  of  the  king  of  France,  forcibly  wrefted  the 
vfitkiopic  miflioa  from  them,  which  the  pope  had  graated,  aad  which 

the 


BruccV  Travels  to  dtfcover  the  Source  of  the  NtU.      261 

;  Ac  facred  congregiition  of  cardinals  had  confirmed.  Thefe>  by  their 
>  continual  communication  with  the  Cophts^  the  Chriftians  of  Egypt, 
;  had  fo  £ir  brought  them  to  adopt  their  defigns,  z%  one  and  all,  to 
;  regard  the  mifcarriage  of  Roule  and  his  embaffy,  as  what  they  were 
'•  bound  to  procure  from  honour  and  mutual  intereft. 

*  Things  being  in  thefe  circumftances,  M.  du  Roule  arrived  at 
Cairo,  and  took  upon  him  the  charge  of  tliis  embaffy,  and  from  that 
moment  the  intrigues  began. 

*  The  conful  had  peruiaded  du  Roule,  that  the  proper  prefents  he 
ihould  take  with  him  to  Sennaar  were  prints  of  the  kine  and  queqi  of 
France,  with  crowns  upon  their  heads;  mirrors,  magnirying  and  mul- 
tiplying objects,  and  deforming  them ;  when  brocade,  fattin,  and 
trinkets  of  gold  or  filver,  iron  or  fteel,  would  have  been  infinitely 
xnore  acceptable* 

*  Elias,  an  Armenian,  a  confidential  fervant  of  the  French  nation, 
was  firft  fent  by  way  of  the  Red  Sea  into  Abyflinia,  by  Mafuah,  to 
proceed  to  Gondar,  and  prepare  Yafous  for  the  reception  of  that 
ambaflador,  to  whom  he,  £has,  was  to  be  the  interpreter.  So  far 
it  was  well  concerted ;  but,  in  preparing  for  the  end,  the  middle  was 
negleded.  A  number  of  friars  were  already  at  Sennaar,  and  had 
poifbiied  the  minds  of  that  people,  naturalfy  barbarous,  brutal,  and 
jealous.  Money,  in  prefents,  had  gained  the  great;  while  lies,  cal- 
culated to  terrify  and  enrage  the  lower  clafs  of  people,  had  been  told 
fo  openly  and  avowedly,  and  gained  fuch  root,  that  the  ambaflador, 
when  he  arrived  at  Sennaar,  found  it^  in  the  firfl  place,  neceffaiy  to 
make  a  frocez  'verbal,  or  what  we  call  a  precognition,  in  which  the 
names  of  the  authors,  and  fubilance  of  thefe  reports,  were  mentioned, 
and  of  this  he  gave  advice  to  M.  de  Maillet,  but  the  names  and  thefe 
papers  periihed  with  him. 

'  It  was  on  the  9th  of  July,  1*704,  that  M.  du  Roule  fet  out  from 
Cairo,  attended  by  a  number  ot  people,  who,  with  tears  in  their 
«yes,  forefaw  the  pit  into  which  he  was  falling.  He  embarked  oh 
the  Nile ;  and,  in  his  paffage  to  Siout,  he  found  at  every  halting-place 
fome  i)ew  and  dangerous  lie  propagated,  which  could  have  no  other 
end  but  his  deilru^ion. 

*  Belac,  a  Moor,  and  fa^or  for  the  king  of  Sennaar,  was  chief  of 
the  caravan  which  he  then  joined.  Du  Roule  bad  employed,  while  at 
Cairo,  all  the  ufual  means  to  gain  this  man  to  his  intereft,  and  had 
every  reafon  to  fuppofe  he  had  fucceeded.  But,  on  his  meeting  him 
at  Siout,  he  had  the  mortification  to  find  that  he  was  fo  far  changed, 
that  it  coil  him  250  dollars  to  prevent  his  declaring  hrmfelf  an  abettor 
of  his  enemies.  And  this,  perhaps,  would  not  have  fufficed,  had  it 
not  been  for  the  arrival  of  r  ornetti,  drugoman  to  the  French  nation 
at  Cairo,  at  Siout,  and  with  him  a  capigi  and  chiaoux  from  Ifmael 
Bey,  the  port  of  janizaries,  and  from  the  balha  of  Cairo,  exprefsly 
commanding  the  governor  of  Siout,  and  Belac  chief  of  the  caravan, 
tp  look  to  the  fafety  of  du  Roule,  and  prote^  him  at  the  hazard  of 
their  lives,  and  as  they  fhould  anfwer  to  them. 

*  All  the  parties  concerned  were  then  called  together;  and  the 
fedtah,  or  prayer  of  peace,  ufed  iii  long  and  dangerous  joumies, 
was  folemnly  recited  and  affented  to  by  them  all ;  in  confequence  of 
which,  every  individual  became  bound  to  ftand  by  his  companion 
fven  tp  dcath^.4od  not  feparate  himfelf  {rom  him»  nor  ice  him  wronged, 

T  J  though 


7.6%  TRAVELS. 

thoagh  it  was  for  his  own  gain  or  fafetjr.  This  ted  brought  all  the. 
fccret  to  light ;  for  Ali  Chelebi,  governor  of  Siout,  informed  the 
ambafTador,  that  the  ChrifUan  merchants  and  Francifcan  friars  were 
in  a  confpiracy,  and  had  (worn  to  defeat  and  di||japoint  his  embaiTy 
«vcn  by  the  lofs  of  his  life,  and  that,  by  .prercntt,  they  had  gained  • 
him  to  be  a  partner  in  that  confpiracy, 

«  Belac,  moreover,  tdld  him,  that  the  patriarch  of  the  Cophti 
bad  affured  the  principal  people  of  which  that  caravan  coniifted,  that 
the  Franks  then  travelling  witn  him  were  not  merchants,  but  forcerers^ 
who  were  going  to  Ethiopia,  to  obftruft,  or  cut  oflf  the  courfe  of  the 
Nile,  that  it  might  no  longer  flow  into  Egypt ;  and  that  the  genera] 
syfolution  was  to  drive  the  Franks  from  the  caravan  at  fome  place  in 
the  defert  which  fuited  their  defigns,  which  were  to  reduce  them  to 
perilh  by  hunger  or  thirft,  or  elfe  to  be  otherwife  (lain,  and  no  more- 
Seard  of, 

♦  The  caravan  left  Siout  the  nth  of  September,  In  twelve  days 
they  paflcd  the  Icflcr  defert,  and  came  to  Khargue,  where  they  were 
detamoi  fix  days  by  a  young  man,  governor  of  that  place,  who  obliged 
M*  du  Roule  to  pay  him  ijo  dollars,  before  he  would  fufler  him  to 
pafs  further;  ana  at  the  fame  time  forced  him  to  fign  a  certificate^ 
that  he  had*  been  permitted  to  pafs  without  paying  any  thing.  This 
was  the  firi^  fample  of  the  ufage  he  was  to  expedi  m  the  further  profe- . 
CUtion  of  his  journey.  ^ 

f  On  the  3d  of  Odober  they  entered  the  great  defert  of  Selima^^  and 
OR  the  1 8th  of  fame  month  they  arrived  at  Machou,  or  Mofcho,  on  the 
Nile^  where  their  caravan  daid  a  coufiderable  time,  tiU  the  merchants 
had  tranfalfted  their  bufmefs.  It  was  at  this  place  the  ambaifadoi? 
learned,  that  feveral  Francifcan  friars  had  paiTed  the  caravan  while  it 
fen^ained  at  Siout,  and  advanced  to  Sennaar,  where  they  had  ftaid 
fome  time,  but  had  lately  left  that  capital,  upon  news  of  the  ^aravan^a 
approaching,  s^nd  htid  retired,  nobody  knew  whither, 

*  A  report  was  foon  after  fpread  abroad  at  Cairo,  but  no  one  could 
ever  learn  whence  it  came,  that  the  ambaifador,  arriving  at  Dongola, 
had  been  aflailinated  there.     This,  indeed,  proved  falfe,  but  was,  in 
the  mean  tin^e,  a  mournful  prefage  of  the  melancholy  cataftrophe  that  - 
}iappened  {bon  afterwards. 

M,  du  Roule  arrive^  at  Sennaar  towards  the  end  of  May»  an4 
wrote  at  that  time  j  but  ^  packet  of  letters  was  after  brought  to  the 
ponful  at  Cai|?o,  bearing  date  the  1 8th  of  June.  The  ambaifador 
there  mentions,  that  he  had  been  well  received  by  the  king  of  Sen^ 
naar,  who  was  a  young  man,  fond  of  ftrangers;  that  particSar  atten-^ 
tion  had  been  (hewn  him  by  Sid  Achmet-el-coom,  or,  2|s  be  Ihould 
have  called  him^  Achmet  Sid-el-coom,  i.  e.  Achn^et  mafter  of  the 
houfehold.  This  ofliccr,  fent  by  the  king  to  vifit  the  baggage  of  the 
ambaflador,  could  not  help  teftifying  his  furprife  to  find  it  To  incon^ 
fiderabie,  both  in  bulk  and  value. 

«  He  faid  the  king  had  received  letters  from  Cairo,  informing  hin^ 
that  he  had  twenty  chefts  of  filver  ajoqg  with  him.  Achmet  likewifc 
told  hiqi^  that  he  hinifelf  had  received  ipformation,  by  a  letter  undei? 
the  hand  and  feal  of  the  mod  refpedable  people  of  Cairo,  warning 
him  not  to  let  M.  du  Rciule  pafs ;  for  the  intention  of  his  journey  into 
Abyfiinia  was  to  prevail  on  Yafous  to  attack  Mafuah  and  Suakera, 
#n4  take  |hqx^  {t(m  the  Turks,    Achmet  would  no(  fi^ffer  the  bale^ 

Wen4$4 


Bruce*^f  Travels  U  difciyver  the  Source  of  the  Nile.      ^65 

Intended  for  the  king  of  Abyffinia  to  be  opened  or  vifited,  but  hh 
thenit  in^the  hands  of  the  ambaflador. 

«  M.  dtt  Roule,  however,  in  writing  this  account  to  the  conful, 
intimated  to  him  that  he  thought  himfelf  in  danger,  and  declares  that 
he  did  not  believe  there  was  on  earth  fo  barbarous^  brutal,  and  treach- 
erous a  people,  as  were  the  Nubians. 

«  It  happened  that  the  king's  troops  had  gained  fome  advantage 
over  the  rebellious  Aral)s,  on  which  account  there  was  a  feftival  at 
court,  and  M.  du  Roule  thought  himfelf  obliged  to  exert  himfelf  in 
e\^ery  thino;  which  could  add  to  the  magnificence  of  the  occafion. 
With  this  intention  he  fhaved  his  beard,  and  dreft  himfelf  like  a  Eu- 
ropean, and  in  this  manner  he  received  the  vifit  of  the  minifter  Ach- 
met.  M.  Mace,  in  a  letter  to  the  conful  of  the  above  date,  com- 
plains of  this  novelty.  He  fays  it  fhocked  every  body ;  and  that 
the  mirrors  *  which  multiplied  and  deformed  the  objeds,  made  the 
lower  forts  of  people  look  upon  the  ambaffador  and  his  company  as 
forcerers". 

*  Upon  great  fcftivals,  in  moft  Mahometan  kingdoms,  the  king*« 
wives  have  a  privilege  to  go  out  of  their  apartments,^  and  vifit  any 
thing  new  that  is  to  be  feen.  Thefe  of  the  king  of  Sennaar  are  very- 
ignorant,  brut'Jh,  fantaftic,  and  eafily  offended.  Had  M.  du  Roule 
known  the  manners  of  the  country,  he  would  have  treated  thefe  black 
inajcfties  with  ftrong  fpirits,  fweetmeats,  or  fcented  waters ;  and  he 
might  then  have  Ihewed  them  with  impunity  any  thing  that  he 
pleafed. 

*  Bat  being  terrified  with  the  glafles,  and  difgufted  by  his  inatten- 
tion, they  joined  in  the  common  cry  that  the  ambaffador  was  a  ma- 
gician, and  contributed  all  in  their  power  to  ruin  him  with  the  kingi 
which,  after  all,  they  did  not  accompliih  without  the  utmoft  repug- 
nance and  difficulty.  The  fartheft  length  at  lirlt  they  could  get  this 
prince  to  go  was,  to  demand  3000  dollars  of  the  ambaltador.  Thi* 
was  expreAly  refufed,  and  private  difgull  followed. 

*  M.  du  Roule  being  now  alarmed  for  his  own  fafety,  infilled  upon 
liberty  to  fet  out  forthwith  for  Abyffinia.  Leave  was  accordingly 
granted  him,  and  after  his  baggage  was  loaded,  and  every  thing  pre- 
pared, he  was  countermanded  by  the  king,  and  ordered  to  return  to 
his  own  l^oufe.  A  few  days  after  this  he  again  procured  leave  to  de- 
part ;  which  a  (hort  time  after  was  again  countermanded.  •  At  laft, 
c*i  the  10th  of  November,  a  meffenger  from  the  king  brought  hirji  final 
leave  to  depart,  which,  having  every  thing  ready  for  that  purpofe, 
he  immediately  did. 

*  The  amba{rador  walked  on  foot,  with  two  country  Chriftians  on 
on  one  hand,  and  Gentil  his  French  fervant  on  the  other.  He  re- 
fufed  to  mount  on  horfeback,  but  gave  his  horfe  to  a  Nubian  fervant 
to  lead,  M.  Li  pi,  and  M.  Mace,  the  two  drugomans,  were  both 
on  horfeback.  The  whole  company  being  now  arrived  in  the  middle 
of  the  large  fijua^-e  before  the  king's  houfe,  the  common  place  of 
execution  for  criminals,  four  blacks  attacked  the  ambaffador,  and 
murdered  him  with  four  fbokes  of  fabres.  Gentil  fell  next  by  the 
fame  hands,  at  his  matter's  fide.    After  him  M.  Lipi  and  the  two 

♦  We  have  feen  thefe  were  recommended  by  M.  Maillet  the  conful. 
T  4  Chfiftians  5. 


t64  TRAVELS, 

Chriftians ;  the  two  latter  protefting  that  they  did  not  belojng  to  the 
jtmbaffador's  family. 

«  M.  du  Roule  died  with  the  grcateft  magnanimity,  fortitude,  and 
jfcfignation-  Knowing  his  pcrfon  was  facred  by  the  law  of  nations, 
he  difdained  to  defend  it  by  any  other  means,  remitting  his  revenge 
to  the  guardians  of  that  law,  and  he  exhorted  all  his  attendants  to 
do  the  fame.  But  M.  Mac6  the  drugoman,  young  and  brave,  and  a 
good  horfeman,  was'  not  of  the  (heep  kind,  to  go  quietly  to  the 
Daughter/  With  his  piftols  he  (hot  two  of  the  aflaflins  that  attacked 
him,  one  after  the  other,  dead  upon  the  fpot ;  and  was  continuing 
to  defend  himfelf  with  his  fword,  when  a  horfeman  coming  behind 
him,  thruft  him  through  the  back  with  a  lance,  and  threw  him  dead 
upon  the  ground,' 

[To  be  continued,'] 


Art.  III.     Proceedings  of  the  African  JJfociation. 
\Concluded  from  Vol.  VL  p.  509.] 

The  other  gentleman  engaged  in  this  undertaking  was  Mr* 
Lucas,  who  *  had  been  fent,  when  a  boy,  to  Cadiz,  in  Spain, 
for  education  as  a  merchant,  and  having  the  misfortune  on 
his  return  to  be  captured  by  a  Sallee  rover,  was  brought  as  a 
flavc  to  the  imperial  court  of  Morocco  !* 

Three  years  of  captivity  preceded  his  reftoration  to  freedom, 
and  his  confequent  departure  for  Gibraltar ;  where,  at  the  rc- 
queft  of  General  Cornwallis,  he  accepted  the  offices  of  vice- 
conful  and  charge  d'afFairs  in  the  empire  of  Morocco;  and 
had  the  fatisfaftion  to  return,  as  the  delegate  of  his  fever 
reign,  to  the  very  kingdom  in  vyhich,  for  fo  long  a  period,  he 
bad  lived  as  a  flave.  At  the  end  of  fixteen  years  he  once  more 
rcvifited  England,  and  wasfoon  appointed  Oriental  interpreter 
to  the  Britiffi  court,  in  which  fituation  he  was  when  he  became 
Jcnown  to  the  committee,  and  expreffed  his  willingnefs,  with 
his  Majefty's  permiflion,  to  undertake,  in  the  fervice  of  the 
afTociation,  whatever  journey  his  knowledge  of  the  manners, 
cuftoms,  and  language  of  the  Arabs  might  enable  him  to  per- 
form. His  Majerty,  with  th^it  liberal  attention  to  the  progrtl^ 
of  knowledge  which  at  all  times  has  diftinguifhed  his  reign, 
fignified  his  pleafure,  that  Mr,  Lucas  fhquld  proceed  on  \\i6 
bufinefs  of  the  Society;  and  that  his  falary  as  Oriental  in-f 
terpreter,  fliould  be  continued  to  jiim  during  his  abfence. 

lAXf  Lucas's  inftrudlions  were  to  proceed  to  Tripoli ;  froni 
thenpe  by  the  paflage  of  the  Defert  of  Zahara  to  Fezzan,  and 
to  collefj:  and  tranfi^jt  by  the  way  of  Tripoli,  whatever  in- 
tellig/?nce,  refpeding  the  inland  regions  of  the  continent,  the 
people  of  Fezzan,  or  the  traders  who  vifited  their  country^ 
inight  be  able  to  afFord ;  and  .that  he  Ifaould  afterwards  returu 
}>y  the  way  of  Gambia,  or  by  that  of  the  coaft  of  Guinea. 

|yjf,  Iriic^  cmbarl^e^  at  Mar(eillc5  oq  the  i8th  j)f  Oftober, 


Proceedings  df  the  African  Afociatlon,  065 

1788,  and  on  the  25th  of  the  fame  month  arrived  at  Tripolu 
Some  of  th«  principal  tribes  of  the  tributary  Arabs  having  re- 
volted from  the  government,  and  infcfted  by  their  inroads  all 
the  frontiers  of  Tripoli,  on  the  fide  of  the  Defer t ;.  it  was  not 
eiarlier  than  the  ift  of  February,  1789,  that  iVir.  L.  fet  out 
on  his  journey  from  Tripoli  under  the  guidance  and  proteilion 
of  two  (hereefe  of  Fezzan,  who  came  there  as  merchants,  and 
brought  with  them,  for  fale,  a  variety  of  articles,  of  whicji 
flaves  and  fenna  were  the  chief.  With  this  caravan  he  travelled 
to  Mefurata,  about  1 50  miles  from  Tripoli^  where  they  arrived 
the  feventh  day,  which  terminated  iVIr.  L.'s  progrefs.  For  the 
country  being  in  a  ftate  of  rebellion,  and  no  fuificient  convey- 
ance for  the  goods  being  to  be  obtained,  the  (hereefs  warehou/ed 
their  packages  in  the  public  ftore  rooms,  and  retired  to  the, 
places  of  their  fummer  refidence,  deferring  their  journey  to 
Fezzan  till  the  next  winter;  and  Mr.  L.  feeing  no  profpeil  of 
being  able  to  profecute  his  route,  returned  to  Tripoli,  and 
from  thence  to  England,  where  he  arrived  the  26th  of  July, 

The  remaining  part  of  this  narrative  (1 18  pages)  contains 
the  information  which  Mr,  Lucas  obtained  from  the  ftiereef 
Imhammed  refpedting  the  kingdoms  of  Fezzan,  Bornou^ 
Qafbna,  &c.  as  enumerated  in  the  contents  of  the  chapters 
above  ftated.  In  fupport  of  thefe  accounts  the  teflimoay  of. 
the  governor  of  Mefurata,  to  whom  Mr.  L.  read  the  memo* 
xandums  he  had  made  from  repeated  converfations  with  Im- 
hammed, is  adduced,  which  is  farther  confirmed  by  the  general 
conformity  of  the  defcriptions,  which  the  committee  had  ac- 
quired from  Ben  AUi,  a  native  of  Morocco  at  that  time  in 
London,  of  the  countries  fouth  of  the  defart  of  Zahara,  which 
in  the  courfe  of  his  extenfive  travels  as  a  merchant  he  had 
vifited  J  his  remembrance  was  however  impaired  by  a  lapfe  of 
pear  twenty  years. 

Fezzan  is  defcribed  to  be  fituated  In  the  vaft  wildernefs  as  aa 
ifland  in  the  midft  of  the  ocean ;  the  capital  is  Mourzouk,  about 
390  miles  fou^h  fronj  Mefurata.  The  number  of  towns  and  vil- 
lages is  faid  to  be  little  lefs  than  one  hundred,  which  appear  to 
be  chiefly  inhabited  by  hulbandmen  and  fliepherds ;  for  though 
tl>ey  alfo  contain  the  merchants,  the  artificers,  the  minifters  of 
religion,  and  the  officers  of  the  executive  government;  yet, 
the  bufmefs  of  agriculture  and  pafturage  ieems  to  be  the  prin- 
fcipal  occupation  of  the  natives  of  Fezzan.  The  houfes,  like 
thofe  of  the  little  villages  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Tripoli,  arc 
\i\x\\t  of  c]ay,  2^nd  are  covered  with  a  flat  roof,  that  is  compofed 
of  the  boughs  and  branches  of  trees,  on  which  a  quantity  of 
.earth  is  laid.  Inartificial  and  defedtive  as  this  covering  ap- 
pears, k  is  fuited  to  the  climate:  for  as  rain  is  never  known 
jn  Fezzan,  the  principal  requifites  of  a  roof  are  (helter  from 
jhp  dews?  and  proteftiw  fron^  the  fyn*     The  heats  of  the 

fummer, 


a66  r  R  A  T  K  1  •« 

fommer,  which  I>egfn  in  April  and  end  in  November,  are  dated 
to  be  very  intenfe,  fuck  as  often  to  threaten  inftant  fuffbcation  ^ 
kot  nature  and  cuftom  have  formed  the  conftitutions  of  the  in^ 
habitants  to  fuch  high  degrees  of  heat  thatan  approach  to  the  com** 
mon  temperament  of  Europe  entirely  deftroys  their  comfort, 
Thek  drefs  is  fimilar  to  that  of  the  Moors  of  Barbary,  re- 
ifembiing  with  fome  exceptions  the  drefs  of  a  Britiih  feaman. 
In  their  common  xntercourfe  with  each  other  all  diftin6lions  of 
rank  appear  to  be  forgotten ;  for  the  (hereef  arid  the  loweft 
jdebeian,  the  rich  and  the  poor,  the  maft^  and  the  man,  con- 
vert /amiliarly,  and  eat  and  drink  together.  Generous  and 
eminently  hofpitable,  the  Fezzanner,  let  his  fare  be  fcanty  or 
abundant,  is  ever  defirous  that  others  fhould  partake  of  his  meal, 
and  if  twenty  people  fliould  unexpectedly  vifit  his  dwelling,  they 
muft  all  participate  as  far  as  it  will  go,  7^he  chief  medium  of 
payment  is  gold  duft,  the  value  of  which  is  always  expreffed  in 
weight.  A  grain  of  gold  is  ftated  to  be  worth  i|  at  Fezzan,  or 
three  fourths  of  its  value  in  England. 

Their  government  is  purely  monarchical,  and  the  revenues  of 
the  crown  arifes  from  taxes  on  the  towns  and  villages,  and 
duties  on  commerce ;  th?  king  alfo  appears  to  be  the  principal 
merchant  in  his  kingdom,  efpecially  inr  the  articles  of  trona 
and  fenna. 

*  Amon?  tlie  circumflances  for  which  the  natives  of  Fezzan, 
who  travelled  with  Mr.  Lucas,  coniidered  their  fovereign  as  emi- 
aeatly  diftiDguifhed,  they  often  mentioned  hisjuft  and  impartial^ 
bat  fevere  and  determined  adminiflration  of  juftice ;  and»  as  a 
proof  of  the  afcendaocy  which,  in  this  refpeft,  he  has  acquired 
over  the  minds  of  his  fubjeds,  they  defcribed  the  following 
coftom. — If  any  man  has  injured  another,  and  refufes  to  go  with 
him  to  the  judge,  the  complainant,  drawing  a  circle  round  the 
oppreflbr,  folemnly  charges  him,  in  the  king's  name,  not  to  leave 
the  place  till  the  o£icers  of  juflice,  in  fearch  of  whom  he  is  goings' 
fiiall  arrive,  and  fuch  (if  they  are  to  be  credited)  is  on  the  one 
hand,  his  fear  of  the  punifhment  which  is  infti£led  on  thofe  who 
diibbey  thp  injundion,  and  fo  great,  on  the  other^  is  his  dread 
of  the  perpetual  bani(hment,  which,  if  he  ieeks  kis  fafety  by 
withdrawing  from  the  kingdom,  maSt  be  his  inevitable  lot,  that 
l^is  imaginary  priibn  ^eraces  as  a  real  CQn£namenjt,  a^  the  of- 
fender fuhmiffively  waits  the  arrival  of  the  officers  of  the  iudge.* 

South-ea&  of  the  capital,  at  the  diftance  of  150  roUes,  is  a 
ijieide  and  fandy  defart,  entirely  barren  and  opiwefled  with  a  fuf-. 
focating  heat,  ^bout  aoo  miles  in  width ;  beyond  which  are 
the  moutains  of  Tihefli,  inhabited  by  a  wild  and  favage  people 
^f  that  name.  The  vales  are  fertile  in  corn  and4>afturage  for. 
cattle,  and  are  particularly  celebrated  for  their  breed  of  camels^ 
which  are  efteemed.  the  bed  in  Africa.  The  trade  to  Fez%aii 
confifts  of  fenna  and  camels,  for  which  the  Tibeftians  receive^ 
^oral^  alhaiksji  or  barakans,  imperial  doUarS;^  and  brafs.    Thefe 

people 


Prociidings  of  thi  African  Jffocwtion*  2f^ 

|)eopIe  are  ftated  to  have  been  conquered  by  the  king  of  Fezzsm^ 
but  at  prefent  they  neitlier  acknowledge  him  for  their  (oirerefgB 
nor  pay  him  any  tribute^ 

*  To  the  (buth  of  the  kingdom  of  Fezzan,  in  that  vaSE  i«« 
gion  which  fpreads  itielf  from  the  river  of  the  Antelopes  weft* 
ward  for  laoo  miles,  and  includes  a  confiderable  part  tf  the 
Niger's  courfe,  two  great  empires,  thofe  of  Bornou  and  ibofe  qf 
Caflma,  are  eftabliflied.' — The  foil,  climate  and  produ&ions  of 
thefe  empires  are  defcribed  as  fimilar;  the  inhabitants  are  blacky 
and  the  ruling  people  are  Mahometans. 

From  Mourzouk  to  Bornou  the  route  is  faid  to  be  more  tb^n  a 
thoufand  miles,  which  is  annually  performed  by  the  merchants  of 
Fezzan,  who  convey  a  variety  of  articles,  among  which  fome  arc 
of  European  manufadture,  from  Tripoli  through  Fezzan  to  that 
capital,  in  return  for  which  they  receive  flaves,  goki  duft,  civet. 
^  Bornou^  the  name  which  the  natives  give  to  the  country,  is 
diftinguiflied  in  Arabic  by  the  appellation  of  Bernou,  or  Bernoa^ 
a  word  that  figniHes  the  ia\id  of  Noah,.  £pr  the  Arabs  conceive 
that  on  the  firil  retiring  of  the  delMge,  its  mountains  received 
theark.'  In  this  empire  it  is  faid  that  thirty  languages  are  fpqk^n; 
that  of  Cafbna  contains  looo  villages  and  towns;  but  the 
boundaries  and  population  are  not  fufiiciently  explained  to  cui^ibJe 
the  reader  to  lorm  a  judgment  of  their  extent.  Thefe  coitntries 
produce  a  great  variety  of  fruits,  different  kinds  of  grain  9nd 
vegetables,  of  which  a  tree  called  kedeynah  is  faid  to  be  ^he 
moft  valuable,  in  form  and  height  it  refetnbles  the  o]ive,  us 
like  the  lemon  in  its  leaf,  and  bears  a  nut,  of  which  the  kernel 
is  in  great  eftimation  as  a  fruit,  and  the  (bell,  when  bruifed» 
furnifbes  oil  for  the  lamps  of  the  people  of  Bornou.  The  go- 
vernment of  this  country,  and  of  Caflma,  is  an  ele£livc  o^narcbyt 
the  fuccelTor  to  the  throne  being  chofen  from  among  the  fons. 
of  the  deceafcd  fovereign  by  three  elders,  wbofe  condu3  in  the 
(late  has  invefted  them  with  the  public  efteem*  Their  choice 
being  made,  the  elders  condu£l  the  fovereign  ele£t,  to  the  place 
where  the  corpfe  of  his  father  lies,  and  -^  point  out  to  him  the 
feveral  virtues  and  the  feveral  defe&  which  marked  the  cha- 
ra£ler  of  his  departed  parent ;  and  they  alfo  forcibly  defcribe^ 
with  juft  panegyric,  or  fevere  condemnation,  which  raifed  or 
deprefled  the  glory  of  his  reign/  *  You  fee  before  you  the 
end  of  your  nwrial  career ;  the  eternal,  which  fucceeds  to  it, 
will  be  miferable  or  happy  in  proportion  as  your  reign  fliall  have 
provqd  a  curfe,  or  a  blei}ing  to  your  people.' 

1  hi^  mode  of  elecEtion  however  does  not  fecure  the  people 
from  thofe  commotions  to  which  an  elective  monarchy  is  fub- 
ie6t ;  the  rejeded  princes  frequently  revolt,  and  whilft  he  has 
a  brother  alive  the  throne  of  the  fovereign  is  feldom  firmly 
rftabliflied.  The  prefent  fultan  is  defcribed  to  have  500  ladies 
io  his  fcraglio,  ^nd  a5  tb^  reputed  father  of  350  children,  of 

which 


268  T  It   A   V   E   L   5. 

which  300  are  males.  The  difproportion  is  explained  by  fup* 
pofing  that  the  mother  exchanges  her  female  child  for  the  male 
offspring  of  a  ftranger,  in  hope  of  feeing  berfelf  the  fuppofed 
parent  of  a  future  candidate  for  the  empire. 

South-eaft  of  Bornou,  at  the  diftance  of  about  twenty  days 
travelling,  is  fituated  an  extenfive  kingdom  of  the  name  of 
Begarmee,  the  inhabitants  of  which  are  rigid  Mahometans,  and 
though  perfcdly  black  in  their  complexions,  are  not  of  the 
Bcgro-caft.  Beyond  this  kingdom  ta  the  eaft  are  fcveral  tribes 
of  negroes,  idolaters  in  their  religion,  favage  in  their  manners, 
and  aCcuttomed,  it  is  faid,  to  feed  on  human  flelh.  Thefc 
nations  the  Begarmeefc  annually  invade ;  and  when  they  have 
taken  as  many  prifoners  as  the  opportunity  affords,  or  their 

Erpofc  may  require,  they  drive  the  captives,  like  cattle,  to 
garmee.  It  is  faid  that  if  any  of  them,  weakened  by  age, 
or  exhaufted  by  fatigue,  happen  to  linger  in  their  pace, 
one  of  the  horfemen  feizes  on  the  oidcft,  and  cutting 
efF  his  arm,  ufes  it  as  a  club  to  drive  on  the  reft.  From 
Begarmee  they  arc  fent  to  Bornou,  from  Bornou  to  Fezzan, 
snd  from  Fezzan  by  Tripoli  to  different  parts  of  the  Levant. 
Such  are  the  immenfe  diftances  to  which  this  unhappy  race  of 
men  are  fent  into  ilavery  from  inland  parts  of  their  native 
country. 

The  wild  cat  of  the  woods  of  Bornou,  from  which  the  civet 
18  produced,  *  is  taken  alive  in  a  trap  prepared  for  the  purpofe, 
and  being  put  into  a  cage  is  ftrongly  irritated  till  a  copious  per- 
fpiration  is  produced*  Its  fweat,  and  efpecially  the  moifture 
that  appears  upon  the  tail,  is  then  fcraped  off,  is  preferved  in 
a  bladder,  and  conftitutes  the  much  valued  perfume.  After 
a  fhort  interval  the  operation  is  renewed,  and  is  repeated,  from 
time  to  time,  till  at  the  end  of  twelve  or  fourteen  days  the 
animal  dies  of  the  fatigue  and  continual  torment.  The  c^uan^ 
tity  obtained  from  one  cat  is  generally  about  half  an  ounce.' 

The  above  analyfls  we  prefume  will  be  fufficient  to  give 
our  readers  a  general  idea  of  the  information  refpefling  the  in- 
terior parts  of  Africa  which  the  fociety  have  acquired,  as  well 
as  of  the  manner  in  which  the  narrative  is  compofed.  A  va-r' 
riety  of  particulars  refpeding  their  modes  of  travelling,  the 
productions  of  the  countries,  and  their  different  articles  of  com- 
merce, &c.  are  neceflTarily  omitted.  To  this  narrative  Mr. 
Beaufoy  has  fubjoined  fome  very  judicious  obfervations  on  the 
infight  it  affords  into  thofe  countries,  the  excitement  it  holds 
out  to  the  philofophical  or  curious  Britifli  traveller  to  explore 
this  uninvefiigated  foil,  and  the  curious  remnants  of  antiquities 
with  which  it  abounds ;  while  it  opens  a  profpedt  to  the  ac- 
tivity of  our  merchants  of  immenfe  countries,  in  which  the 
manufactures  of  Great  Britain  might  be  exchanged  for  tbw 
various  produf^i^ns  with  almoft  unlimited  profit. 

Aa 


ratter  s  Pmtical  Htjiory  of  Germany.  26^ 

An  elegant  map  of  the  northern  part  of  Africa  is  prefixed 
to  the  work,  in  which  the  fituation  df  the  places  is  laid  dowit 
from  the  information  it  contains  5  and  to  which  is  added  a 
memoir  illuftrating  the  principles  on  which  it  is  forriied,  by . 
Major  Rennell. 

As  the  greateft  part  of  this  narrative  is  collefled  from  the 
communications  of  a  native  of  the  country,  derived  from  the 
obfervations  he  had  cafually  made  in  the  courfe  of  his  traffic, 
or  what  he  had  heard  from  other  people,  the  prejudices  which 
might  incline  him  to  partiality  or  exaggeration,  and  that  cre- 
dulity in  extravagant  relations  for  which  the  Orientals  are  di(l 
tinguiflied,  may  perhaps  render  feveral  parts  of  the  work  liable- 
to  many  objedlions  ;  but  as  we  have  no  other  account  of  this 
country,  it  would  be  only  on  mere  conjefture  if  we  were  to 
attempt  to  make  any  at  prefent.  A,  d* 


Art.  IV.  Jn  Hijiorlcal  Developefnent  of  the  prefent  poli- 
tical Conflitution  of  the  Germanic  Empire.  By  John  Stephen 
Patter^  Privy  Counfellor  ofjujiice^  Ordinary  Projeffor  of  Laws 
in  the  Univerfity  of  Gottingen^  Member  of  the  Academy  of 
Sciences  at  Berlin^  &c.  Tranjlated  from  the  German^  with 
Notes^  and  a .  comparative  Fiew  of  the  Revenues^  Population, 
Forces^  fafr.  of  the  refpeSiive  Territories^  from  the  Statiftical 
Tables  lately  puhlijhed  at  Berlin.  By  Jofiah  Dornford,  of  Lin- 
colnVInn,  l.  l.  d.  of  the  Univerfity  of  Gottingen,  and 
late  of  Trinity  College,  Oxford.  In  Three  Volumes, 
Vol.  L    p.  551.    8vo.    Payne.    1790. 

The  tranflator,  in  a  Preface,  makes  feveral  obfervations  on 
flic  [fuppofedj  indifference  of  Engliflimen  to  the  forms  of 
government  of  other  nations,  and  their  inability,  or  rather  6\(^ 
inclination,  to  take  a  comprehenfive  view,  and  to  write  dif- 
paffionately  on  their  own.'  Our  attention,  however,  heobferves, 
feems  lately  to  have  been  in  fome  degree  awakened,  by  the 
violent  commotions  which  have  prevailed  in  France  and  in  the 
Netherlands.  The  revolution  in  Brabant,  he  thinks,  will  be 
particularly  interefting  to  thofe  who  ftudy  the  hiftory  before 
ns ;  becaufe  the  countries  which  have  declared  themfelves  in- 
dependent of  the  late  unfortunate  Emperor,  may  certainly  ht 
<tonfidered  as  connefted  with  the  Germanic  Empire,  a's  a  part 
of  the  Circle  of  Bungundy,  the  treaty  of  union  haying  never 
yet  been  publicly  diifelved.  And,  to  an  Englifli  reader,  the 
fafts  contained  in  the  following  pages  cannot  but  be  intereft- 
ing, as  they  relate  to  the  political  hiftory  of  a  people*t6  whom 
we  are  indebted  for  our  very  exiftence,  and  even  for  many  of 
feofebleffings  which  we  boaft  of  as  peculiar  to  ourfelve^.  P,  7, 

♦  The  fadls  contained  in  the  .following  pages,  moreover^  throw  a 
confidetable  light  upon  the  Englilh  hiftory  in  general »     The  pidures 

drawn 


yfO  HISTORY* 

bsBtm  of  the  barbarities  of  the  middle  a^s^  are  but  too  jufl  defcrip* 
tioiu  of  the  manners  once  prevalent  in  Bntain*  The  venerable  cafUes 
which  have  Ud  defiance  to  the  rapacious  band  of  time  for  (o  many 
centuries,  and  dill  fill  the  mind  of  the  approaching  traveller  with 
awc»  were  once  the  fbrtreflcs  of  independent  barons.  Sheltered  by 
their  lofty  battlements^  they  fummoned  their  vafTals  to  the  field,  and 
Evcd  upon  the  (poll  of  their  weaker  neighbours. 

•  The  acknowledgments  paid  to  the  lords  of  different  manors,  the 
piofleffion  of  copjrhold  eftates,  &c,  arc  illuftrated  by  many  of  the  pro- 
vincial cuftoras  dill  predominant  in  Germany.  From  them  we  may 
kam  what  the  hardmips  of  Vilianage  were,  which  Once  oppreiTed  our 
peafants,  and  read,  in  perfed  charakilers,  what  the  refinement  of  mo* 
acxn  times  has  happily  erafed,  or  left  us  but  a  faint  idea  of. 

•  England  is  alfo  particularly  interefled  in  the  hiftory  of  Germany, 
OD  account  of  the  frequent  connexion  of  our  kings,  either  by  family 
or  national  alliance,  with  the  Imperial  families,  and  the  houfes  of 
other  German  Princes.  This  is  in  a  oeculiar  manner  the  cafe  at  pre- 
lent ;  as  the  throne  of  the  Britifh  realms  is  graced  by  the  defcendant» 
of  the  illuftrious  Houfes  of  Brunfwick  and  of  Mecklenburg,  whofc 
anceftors,  for  fo  many  centuries,  have  contributed  by  the  mofl  elo* 
rious  adlions  to^  adorn  the  page  of  hifiory,  and  who  fJill  promifc  to 
tranfmit  their  virtues,  through  a  numerous  and  amiable  offspring,  to 
lucceedin^  agics,  and  gratify  the  fondeft  expectations  both  of  Germany 
and  Britam/ 

The  tranflator,  after  feme  obfervations  on  the  caufes  which 
retarded  the  general  improvement)  and  on  the  prefent  flou<« 
rifhing  condition  of  agriculture^  arts^  and  fciences  in  Ger* 
many^  mentions,  in  recommendation  of  the  *  work  which  he 
bas  attempted  to  tranflate,  that  it  was  originally  written  at  the 
cxprefs  defire  of  our  moft  gracious  queen.  Her  majefty^ 
anxious  for  the  welfare  of  her  native  country,  and  deliring  ta 
contribute  whatever  might  have  the  fmalleil  tendency  to-^ 
wards  it^  exprefTed  a  wim  to  our  author,  who  has  long  worn 
the  laurel  as  one  of  the  moft  diftinguifhed  public  lawyers  in 
Germany,  that  he  would  compofe  a  book  which  might  ferve 
to  convey  a  juft  idea  of  the  prefent  conftitution  of  Germany, 
in  the  manner  of  a  hiftory  ^  but  at  the  fame  time  more  with 
refpeft  to  the  modern  than  preceding  times.*  The  author 
was  informed  of  her  Majefty's  defire  in  May  1785;  and  in 
*the  month  of  March  of  the  following  year,  the  prefent  work 
was  publifhed. 

The  firft  volume,  confifting  of  530  pages,  is  divided  into 
five  books.  The  firft  of  thefe  contains  an  account  of  the 
earlieft  times,  until  the  decline  of  the  Carlovingian  race  888» 

P.5. 

•  Even.amidft  the  aftonilhing  migrations  of  the  fifth  century,  when 
tfter  the  Alani  were  firll  in  motion  on  the  Danube  and  Black  Sea,  two 
of  the  Germanic  nations,  the  Vandali  and  Suevi,  wandered  into  Spain^ 
and  from  thence  pafled  over  into  Africa;  when  the  Vifigoths  over- 
pov^ered  thefe  again  in  Spain,  and  at  the  fame  time  got  pof!efln>n  of 
thlB  fottChem  part  Of  Ffance,  from  ihe  Pyrenean  mountains  as  far  asr 

dm 


Putter'j  Political  HiJIary  of  Germanj.  lyt 

tte  Loire;  when  the  iBurgundi,  anotfier  German  people  from  tht 
Baltic  iea,  procured  themfelves  a  fetdement  on  the  Saone  and  Raone  ; 
when  the  Saxons  were  firmly  eflablilhed  in  England ;  and  la(lly»  whcit 
the  Huns  themlblves,  who  were  from  the  furtheft  borders  of  Afia,  and 
oocafioned  the  firft  emigrations  there^  came  up  the  Danube^  and  palled 
the  Rhine  into  the  country  of  Champagne,  but  met  with  a  repulfe  at 
Chalons  j — amidft  thefe  great  revolutions  the  Franks,  Swabians,  Thu- 
ringians,  Saxons,  and  trifians,  preferred  themfelves  in  thofe  coun- 
tries, where  we  find  their  original  fettlements  defcribed ;  as  the  Swa- 
bians or  Aleraans  in  the  prefent  country  of  Swabia,  and  on  the  upper 
part  of  the  Rhine,  as  far  as  Mentz ;  and  the  Franks  on  tlie  lower 
Rhine,  and  in  the  Netherlands. 

'  In  the  countries  deferted  by  the  Vandals,  Burgundians,  and  other 
northern  nations,  on  the  Baltic  fea,  and  on  the  right  fhore  of  the 
Elbe,  other  Venedic  and  Sclavonic  nations  fucceed^,  from  PruiTii, 
Poland,  and  Raflia.  Thefe  occur  iince  that  period  under  difiereat 
nasies ;  as  the  Moravi,  in  Moravia ;  Ezechi,  in  Bohemia ;  Lufitzi, 
in  Lufatia ;  Sorbi,  in  Mifnia ;  Hevdli  and  Ucri,  in  the  country  of 
.Brandenburgh ;  Obotriti,  Kiflini,  Circipani,  Wilzi,  Velatabi,  Tol- 
lenfi,  and  Khedarii,  in  Mechlenburg  and  Pomerania  ;  PoiabJ,  ia 
Laucnbnrg ;  Wagrii,  in  Wagria,  in  Holftein,  Each  of  thefe  fa- 
ctions had  again  their  own  peculiar  conftitution-;  yet  all  of  them  were 
(b  far  of  the  fame  extra^ion,  that  they  agreed  both  in  their  langus^ 
and  manners ;— as  even  new  the  Bohemian,  Polifh,  Rufliao,  and  Sea- 
vonic  kngna^s  are  fo  nearly  allied^  that  they  can  only  be  confidered 
as  different  dialed  of  the  fame  general  tongue. 

*  One  of  the  firft  fourc^s  then  of  our  prefent  conftitution  confifts  is 
this :  that  Germany,  with  refpedl  to  the  origin  of  its  firfl  inhabitants^ 
is  to  be  divided  into  two  different  forts  of  countries;  the  one,  the  in- 
Wbitants  of  which  were  not  originally  of  German,  but  of  Venedic 
cxtra^on ;  as  Mechlenburg,  Pomerania,  Wagria,  Lauenburg,  Bran- 
denburg, Mifnia,  Lufatia,  Bohemia,  Moravia,  and  fmcc  the  ieventli 
ceotuty,  Stiria,  Carinthia,  and  Carniola : — the  other  fort  of  countries 
are  fuch,  whofe  inhabitants  were  originally  Germans,  as  Lower  Sax- 
.ony,  Franconia,  Swabia,  and  the  greateft  part  of  Weftphalia.  This 
interior  part  of  original  Germany  has  this  advantage  over  almoft 
att  the  other  countries  of  Europe ;  that  no  foreign  nation  has  been  al^ 
firmly  to  eftabiifli  itfelf  there  for  any  length  of  time.  The  Romans 
could  never  edabliih  their  dominion  on  this  fide  of  the  Rhine  and 
Danube ;  nor  have  any  other  nations,  though  the  country  has  been 
traverfed  by  multitudes,  who  have  all  left  traces  behind  them  of  their 
4kvaftations,  ever  been  able  to  make  their  conquefts  permanent. 

*  Though  the  Venedic  countries  are  at  prefent,  the  greateft  part  of 
them  at  leaft,  fo  much  on  the  German  footing,  that,  except  in  Bo- 
hemia and  Lufatia,  the  Venedic  language  has  been  under  the  neceffity 
of  yielding  to  the  German  ;  yet  there  are  traces  fufficient  left,  both  in 
the  manners  of  the  people,  and  in  the  conftitution  of  the  country,  of 
their  original  diftinftion  from  other  parts  of  Germany.  In  particu- 
lar, it  may  be  aflerted  upon  good  grounds,  that  from  the  time  of  the 
fifth  century  every  land  had  its  own  lord,  its  prince,  or  king;  and 
was  reduced  in  fucceeding  years  to  acknowledge  the  fupremacy  oi  the 
Germanic  empire,  as  its  common  head.  So  far  therefore  we  may 
derive  the  firft  foundation  of  the  prefent  conftitution  from  thofe  times ; 

9  -  *5 


SL^  tt  I   S   T  O  ft   V. 

as  MecMcnbarg,  Pomerania,  Mifnia,  Brandenburg^  ice,  w^re  61'i^i-' 
nally  diilin^  coantries,  each  of  which  had  its  own  particular  regent^ 
though  afterwards  made  fubjed  to  the  empire.* 

Profeffor  Putter  proceeds  to  defcribe  the  ftate  of  that  part 
of  Germany  of  which  the  Romans  continued  matters  until  the 
fifth  century ;  and  the  influence  which  that  people  evidentty 
had  upon  the  other  nations  :  the  religious  opinions  of  the  art- 
tient  Germans,  and  the  propagation  of  the  Chriftian  religioa 
in  the  countries  contiguous  to  the  Rhine  and  the  Danube  i 
the  eredlion  of  the  Frankifh  monarchy  by  the  conquefts  of 
Clovis  in  Gaul,  and  its  extenfion  in  Germany  :  the  decline 
and  fell  of  the  Merovingian  race,  and  the  acceilion  of  Pepin, 
fiirnamed  the  Little,  to  the  throne:  the  Carlovingian  race  ia 
its  flourifliing  flate,  particularly  Charlemagne.    P.  72. 

•  Charlemagne  however  did  not  ncgled  the  eftablifhment  of  bene- 
volent inftitutions.  Amongft  thefe,  the  fchools  which  he  ordered  to 
be  founded  throughout  the  country  merit  the  greateft  approbation. 
In  thefe  the  youths  were  thoroughly  inftrui^ed  m  reading,  writing, 
arithmetic,  fmging,  ar>d  afterwards  in  logic,  rhetoric,  geometry,  and 
aftronomy.  He  gave  German  names,  Tikewife,  to  the  winds  and 
months;  fuch  as,  Oftwind,  Weftwind,  Sudwind,  Nordwind,  or 
Sudoft,  Sudweft,  Nordoft,  Nordweft,  &g.  which  have  continued  nearly 
the  fame,  in  feveral  European  languages,  to  the  prefent  day.  Even 
the  German  language  is  indebted  to  Charlemagne  for  its  firft  improve* 
ntents;  he  firfl  reduced  it  to  rule,  and  rendered  it  capable  of  being 
written. 

*  I  omit  mentioning  the  laws  enabled  by  Charlemagne,  refpefting 
jiolice  and  agriculture,  as  well  as  his  endeavours  to  promotecommeroe, 
and  regulate  the  tolls  and  coinage.  One  thing,  however,  I  muft  ftill 
remark,  that  he  knew  how  to  preferve  the  prerogatives  of  majefty  in 
affairs  which  concerned  religion  and  the  church  ;  which  he  fufficientl/ 
r/idenccd  at  the  fynod,  held  under  his  own  infp^dion  in  ^94,  at  Frank* 
fort  on  the  Main.  Amongft  the  decrees  of  that  council  were  feveral 
rcfpeding  the  worlhip  of  Taints,  quite  contrary  to  the  opinions  then, 
prevalent  at  Rome ;  though  Charlemagne  inferted  feveral  articles  in 
bis  capitulars,  from  the  colledion  of  church  decrees  which  had  been 
prefented  to  him  at  Rome  by  pope  Adrian  I,  Thus  much  is  certain, 
that  Charlemagne  confidered  all  tlie  archbiftiops  and  biftiops  of  hit 
empire  as  his  fpiritual  officers,  and  the  bifhop  of  Rome  only  as  the 
firft.  He  had  no  idea  of  the  immunity  of  the  clergy,  nor  of  their 
fpiritual  jurifdiftion.  Thefe ''^'ere  principles  which,  though  after- 
wards maintained  by  them,  he  never  admitted.  The  rights  of  fupre- 
macy  in  religious  and  ecclefiaftical  affairs  were  then  fufficiently  in  *the 
hands  of  Charlemagne ;  and  as  he  profeffed  the  fame  religion  as  hh 
fubjefts,.  there  was  no  danger  of  his  mif^pplying  his  power  to  its  pre- 
judice/ 

Our  author  having  given  an  account  cf  the  decline  of  the 
Carlovingian  race,  goes  on  in  his  feci^ni^'book,  to  defcribe  the 
firft  period  of  the  middle  ages  j  the  ^^enfion  of  the  Carlo- 
vingiaa  race,  and  fucceffion  of  the  I'axon,  Franconian,  and 
Swabian  emperors,  down  to  the  year  1235. 

The 


Piitter'j  Political  Hj/iory  of  Germany.  273 

The  reign  of  the  emperor  Henry  I.  in  the  tenth  century, 
is  diftinguifhed  by  the  change  which  took  place  in  the  inte- 
rloi:  parts  of  Germany  by  the  foundation  of  towns  ;  p.  115. 

*  For  before  this  period,  excepting  the  caftles  on  the  mountains, 
the  feats  of  the  nobility,  and  convents  which  happened  to  be  frrround- 
ed  with  walls,  there  were  only  lonely  farms  and  villages.  A  few  peo- 
ple might  poffibly  have  credled  fome  houfes.  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
a  caftle  or  church ;  but  all  thefe  places  were  open  and  defencelefs, 

.  *  The  mournful  experience  that  fo  few  were  able,  in  fuch  fituations, 
to  make  effedual  provifion  againft  the  increafmg  diftrefs  occafioned 
by  the  incurlions  of  foreign  nations,  firft  fuggefted  the  idea  to  Henry, 
that  it  would  be  more  conducive  to  the  public  fecurity  if  there  we'rp 
towns  furrounded  with  walls,  with  towers  and  gates ;  and  not  only 
large  enough  to  contain  a  greater  number  of  inhabitants,  but  capable 
of  affording  proceftion  to  their  efft^a,  and  thofe  of  their  neighbours, 
who  might  take  refuge  there  in  times  of  neceffity. 

*  An)'  other  motives  than  thofe  of  neceffity  would  have  availed  but 
little  to  diveli  the  people  of  their  averfion  to  live  in  towns ;  but  the 
experience  of  other  advantages  which  this  inftitution  produced,  foon 
taught  them  to  change  their  opinion ;  and  of  courfe  therefore  the 
number  of  towns  continually  increafed. 

*  But  how  was  it  poflible  to  accomplifh  this  innovation  at  firft  ? 
The  method  which  Henry  adopted  was,  that  every  ninth  man  Ihould 
remove  from  the  country,  and  fettle  in  the  towns,  and  that  all  public 
meetings  fhould  be  held  there ;  a  plan  which  certainly  merits  the  highclt 
approbation.  We  have  no  particular  account  of  any  other. regulation 
which  might  have  been  made,  to  encourage  the  population  of  the 
towns,  and  promote  their  trade ;  much  lefs  are  we  acquainted  with 
the  number  and  fituation  of  the  particular  towns  then  founded,' 

In  what  profefTor  Piitter  calls  the  firfl  period  of  the  middle 
ages,  he  traces  the  growing  pretenfions,  pride,  and  power  of 
the  emperors  of  Germany,  and  the  bifhops  or  popes  of  Rome.. 
Under  the  head  of  the  ^  fecond  period  of  the  middle  ages^^  which 
forms  the  fubiecS  of  Book  iii.  our  author  gives  an  account 
of  the  latter  Swabian  emperors,  and  fucceeding  emperors,  and 
kings  of  different  houfes,  from  1235  to  1493. — The  fourth 
book  treats  of  what  profefTor  Piitter  calls  '  the  firji  period  cf_ 
modern  [German]  Hijlory^  which  reaches  from  1493  to  1519, 
and  comprizes  the  eventful  reign  of  Maximilian  1.  In  that 
reign  the  public  peace  of  the  empire  was  eftahjifhed  by  the 
univerfal  and  perpetual  abolition  of  the  right  of  private  war  ; 
and  the  empire  was  divided  into  circles.  The  Imperial  Aulic 
Council  too  w<is  inflituted  in  this  reign,  the  league  of  Cam- 
bray  formed  againfl  Venice,  and  commotions  occarioned  in 
the  church,  and  the  reformation  begun  by  Martin  Luther. — 
Book  V.  treats  of  '  the  fecond  period  of  modern  hiflory^  whicb 
extends  from  4:he  acceflion  of  Charles  v.  1519,  to  '1558. 

ProfefTor  Piitter  evidently  pofTefTes  great  induftry  ;  and  both 
his  Hiftorical  and  Genealogical  Enquiries,  though  too  minute, 
in  many  inftanccs,  to  be  generally  interefting,  tend  to  illuflrate 

Vol,  VIL  U  th# 


474  H  I  s  T  0  It  y. 

the  hiftory  of  modern  Europe,  particularly  thd  Germamc  Cort«» 
ftitution  and  empire.  It  is^  beyond  all  doubt,  a  Germaii 
only,  whofe  painful  induftry  in  exploring,  is  equalled  only  by 
his  veneration  for  antiquity,  and  above  all,  for  antiquity  of 
family,  that  can  perufe  the  whole  of  our  author's  details  with- 
out difguft ;  but  he  is  candid,  clear,  judicious,  and  well  in-.. 
formed.  It  feems  to  be  one  of  his  great  objefts  to  illuftrat^ 
the  anti-chriftian  encroachments  of  tne  pope. 

With  regard  to  Dr.  Dornford,  who  is  a  young  man,  we 
underftand,  as  well  as  a  young  writer,  he  is  endowed  with  that 
patience  of  application,  which  is  neceflary  to  the  tranflatioa 
of  a  German  Hiftory,  and  an  ardour  in  the  purfuit  of  civil 
knowledge  which  is  highly  commendable.  When  he  is  far- 
ther advanced  in  years,  and  in  correftnefs  of  tafte^  and  judg- 
ment, he  will  perhaps  difcover  fomewhat  of  playful  levity  in 
his  dedication,  and  of  a  credulous  adoration  of  the  Houfe  of 
Brunfwick,  in  comparifon  of  which  Romulus  himfelf,  accord- 
ing to  the  tranilator,  was  an  upftart.  See  his  note  under  page 
83. — As  to  the  notes  of  the  tranflator  in  general,  though  they 
are  not  always  neceflary,  even  In  any  degree,  to  the  illuftration 
ef  his  original,  they  fhew  his  own  acquaintance  with  books, 
and  they  are  always  on  the  fide  of  humanity  and  freedom.— 
One  particular,  however,  in  Dr.  Dornford,  confidered  as  an 
annotator  or  commentator,  very  unworthy  of  a  civilian,  is, 
that  he  fometimes  confounds  compilations  with  original  com- 
pofltions*  The  compilation  from  various  authors  known  un- 
der the  name  of.  The  Hiftory  of  Modern  Europe,  is  a  ufeful 
book  for  young  people,  and  thofe  who  have  not  been  initiated 
in  the  ftudy  of  hiftory.  But,  to  make  books  compiled  from 
other  books,  and  thefe  again  from  others,  authorities  on  which 
to  reft  important  facts,  is  contrary  to  all  the  rules  of  both  law 
and  hiftory.     See  Dr.  Dornford's  note  under  page  326. 

It  is  not  any  part  of  that  plan,  on^  which  our  journal  is 
formed,  to  enter  much  into  what  may  be  caUed  the  oratorical 
merit  of  books.  Sentiments  and  fads  duly  attended  to,  leave 
little  time  or  iiclination  for  verbal  criticilm.  An  adherence, 
however,  to  the  principles  of  univerfal  grammar,  we  think  in- 
difpenfably  ncHreflary  in  every  compofition.  In  feveral  inftances 
Dr;.  Dornford  has  ofFended  againft  grammar  to  the  degree  of 
being  fcarcely  Intelligible.     For  example,  p.  35. 

«  With  refpcft  to  the  counts  who  wer?  at  that  time  appointed  in 
^very  diftridl,  or  canton,  as  royal  officers  to  adminifter  juftice,  and 
fuperintend  the  king's  revenues,  there  is  ftUl  lefs  doubt  that  they  had 
any  pretenfions  to  what  we  now  call  territorial  fovcreignty,* 

In  page  492,^  The  vow  of  poverty,  &c.  allowed  the  je- 
fuits  individually  to  have  no  idea  of  tvealth,'  he  means,  '  al- 
lowed them  not  to  have  any  idia.* 

ART.i 


Jt^ev)  tilftory  rf  Henry  IF.  $/  France.  I75 

AUt.  v.  Nouvelk  Htjioire  de  Henry  IV.-^A  New  Hift^ry  of 
Henry  IV.  King  of  France^^c.    ByM.B.  i2tno.  436  pages. 
Paris*     1790. 

If  ever  a  king,  as  is  juftly  obferved  by  our  author,  in  hta 
preface  or  advertifement,  was  a  fit  fuhjedt  of  hiftory,  it'  is  un- 
doubtedly Henry  IV,  of  France.     The  friend  of  mankind, 
the  idol  of  his  people,  and  who  with  the  traits  of  dignity  and 
grandeur  that  command  admiration,  united  thofe  amiable  qua- 
lities that  gain  the  heart.     This  prince  is  the  beft  model  for 
imitation  that  can  be  held  up  either  to  crowned  heads  or  to 
private  individuals. — Having  briefly  touched  on  the  leading 
talents  and  virtues  of  Henry,  and  the  principal  features  and 
events  of  his  reign,  he  obferves,  that  after  the  lapfe  of  an  hun- 
dred and  eighty  years,  his  name  was  familiar  in  every  mouth 
lA  France,  and  that  tears  were  ftill  ihed  upon  his  tomb.     The 
French  nation,  he  fays,  in  the  perfon  of  the  reigning  monarch, 
fee  the  great  virtues  of  Henry  IV.  revived  :  His  goodnefs,'  his 
openneis,  his  love  of  juftice.    Like  Henry  IV.  he  has  no  other 
objed  of  ambition  than  the  good  of  his  people.  Another  Sull  y^ 
feconds  his  noble  endeavours,  and  all  good  Frenchmen,  ani- 
mated with  the  fame  generous  glow  of  patriotic  zeal,  are  uni- 
ted by  him,  as  the  centre,  in  one  eiFort  to  regenerate  the  con- 
fiitution  of  the  ftate,  and  to  fecure  public  felicity  to  the  lateft 
pofterity. 

Although  different  writers  have  treated  this  fubjef^,  fome  of 
them  have  done  it  in  too  fuccind,  and  others  in  too  dfiiFufe  a  man- 
ner. Perefixe^  for  inftance,  declares  in  his  preface,  that  his 
defign,  in  writing  on  this  fubjed,  was  no  other  than  to  col- 
led whatever  might  contribute  to  the  format'ion  of  a  great 
prince,  and  render  him  capable  of  government.  It  is  not  my 
intention,  fays  he,  to  enter  into  the  detail  of  national  aflTairs. 
Other  writers,  on  the  contrary,  in  treating  the  fame  fubjeft, 
have  expatiated  very  complaifantly  on  matters  both  foreign  to  . 
the  hiftory  of  France,  and  in  themfelves  of  little  importance.— 
Our  author,  avoiding  each  of  thefe  extremes,  relates  public 
events  in  their  natural  order,  and  paints  the  principal  a£tors  in 
thofe  difaftrous,  but  memorable  times,  and  who  have  either 
exhibited  examples  to  be  (hunned,  or  patterns  of  imitation. 

This  excellent  defign  our  author  has  executed  with  great 
tafte,  judgment,  and  ability.  He  deduces  his  narrative  from 
the  commencement  of  the  troubles,  the  ambition  of  the  Houfc 
0f  Guife,  and  the  bigotry  of  religion. 

He  difplays  the  heroifm,  the  military  (kill,  the  found  policy, 
the  patriotifm,  fociable  qualities,  the  wit  and  humour,  the  be-, 
neficence,  the  magnanimity,  and  the  frailties  too,  of  the  great 
and  good  king,  of  whom  he  fays  in  the  conclufion  of  bin  well- 
compofed  hiftory,  *  he  led  forth  France  from  the  midft  of  ruins ; 
be  rendered  her  profperous  and  happy ;  and,  after  his  death^  {he 
foon  fell  back  into  a  fe^  of  confufiou  and  trouble.' 

U  2  Art, 


9,^6  H  I  8  T  O  R  Y. 

Art,  vu  Jn  Examnation  of  the  Life  and  CharaSfer  of  Nathan- 
nael  Lord  Crewe^  Bijhop  of  Durham :  wherein  the  IVritings  of 
hisfeveral  Biographers  and  other  Authors  are  critically  reviewed^ 
and  compared  with  a  Manufcript  never  before  pubUJhed^>£ontaining 
c^driotis  Anecdotes  of  that  Pnlate.  8vo.  119  p.  pr.  2S.  6d. 
Johnfon*     1790. 

Lord  Crewe,  bifliop  of  Durham,  is  generally  known  to  have 
been  an  important  and  interefting  charader  in  the  end  of  laft 
century  and  beginning  of  this  ;  a  man  of  family ;  an  acpom- 
plifhed  fcholar  as  well  as  gentleman ;  a  wit,  a  courtier,  a  com- 
panion and  favourite  of  (tatefmen,  princes,  and  kings. 

*  Mr.  Hutchinfon,  in  his  Annals  of  the  Bifhops  of  Durham^ 
has  enlarged  on  the  anecdotes  of  Nathanael  lord  Crewe,  and 
gathered  together,  with  an  affiduous  hand,  particulars  of  the 
life  and  principles  of  that  great  prelate,  which  reprefent  him  in 
an  ambiguous  charaften.  Some  of  his  authorities  are  to  be 
difcredited ;  he  colleded  indifcriminately,  and  yet,  with  3 
fpecious  degree  of  juftice,  referred  the  reader  to  confult  the 
originals/  It  is  the  purpofe  of  the  editor  or  editors  of  the  ex- 
amination, [for  they  fpeak  in  the  plural  number]  *  to  review 
ivhat  has  been  faid  of  bifliop  Grewe,  as  well  by  the  writer 
mentioned  above,  as  others  his  biographers ;  and  to  remove 
fuch  errors  from  the  public  eye,  as  their  mss.  may  ferve  to 
confute,  or  their  information  to  corredl/  Of  this  MS.  they 
give  the  following  account.     P.  2» 

*  By  accident  we  obtained  a  manufcript,  which  eridentiy  be- 
longed to  fome  one  of  the  houfehold  of  the  Crewes,  and  contains 
minuted  of  the  moft  material  incidents  of  the  prelate's  life :  the 
book  fell  into  the  hands  of  a  bookfeller  on  his  purchafing  the 
library  of  a  learned  gentleman  of  the  city  of  Durham,  and  was 
for  fome  yeai-s  thrown  by  as  lumber ;  fince  we  poffeffed  the  mss, 
much  inquiry  has  been,  made  after  its  authenticity ;  there  i» 
another  copy  or  two  extant,  in  private  hands,  kept  up  with  fo 
much  care,  that  they  cither  had  not  come  to  the  knowledge  of 
Mr.  Hutchinfon,  or  been  denied  to  him.  The  orig-inal,  it  is  faid, 
belonged  to  one  of  the  prelate's  domcftics,  Mr.  Trotter,  who 
furvived  him  many  years,  and  to  whom  the  gentleman  was  nearly 
allied,  whofe  librar)-  was  fold.  It  is  therefore  moll  probable, 
we  poffeft  the  original  manufcript.' 

1  he  editors  oi  this  little  volume  appear  to  be  impartial. 


Art.  VI  I.  Dr. CuWcn's  Materia  Medica.  {co7j  eluded  from  p.  58*) 
The  fecond  volume  of  this  work,  is  the  treatife  on  drugs, 
and  fmce  we  cannot  propofe  fuch  a  tafk  to  ourfelves  or 
our  readers  as  a  minute  enquiry,  we  (hall  revife  only  the  more 
important  articles,  obferve  the  detached  opinions  of  the  author, 
and  fee  how  they  correfpond  with  his  general  doctrines ;  for  this 
volume,  like  the  former,  contains  few  fads  and  much  theory. 

The 


Cullen'j  Materia  Medica.  277 

The  clafles  of  drugs  are  thefe;  aftringents,  tonics,  cmolients, 
ftiroulanis,  fedantia,  refrigerants,  antifpaftnodics,  diluent^,  anta- 
cida,  antalkalina,  antifeptica,  errhina,  fialagoga,  expedorantia^ 
emetica,  cathartica,  diuretica,  diaphorctica,  menagoga. — Of 
thefe  we  £ball  only  make  a  few  remarks  on  tonics,  ilimulantSy 
and  narcotics.-^ 

Bark  is  the  chief  of  his  tonics,  and  in  treating  of  bark  as 
ufed  in  intermittent  fevers,  hp  has  an  obfervation  which  we 
think  it  our  duty  to  notice. — In  his  '  Firft  Lines'  he  agrees,  that 
intermittents  are  to  be  cured  only  by  a  liberal  ufe  of  bark, 
but  he  makes  two  abfolute  exceptions  to  this  general  rule, 
ivhere  congeftioos  of  the  vifcera  are  formed,  or  where  a  pblo- 
giftic  diathefis  prevails.-— The  firft  of  thefe  opinions  he  has  now- 
renounced  in  the  moft  unequivocal  terms,  allowing  it  ^o  be 
freely  ufed  in  all  cafes  of  abdomical  obftru&ions. — Of  the  fecond 
queftion^  he  fpeaks  thus, 

*  There  may  ftill,  however,  be  fomc  exceptions  to  this  general 
dodlrine,  not  only  when  there  are  marks  of  internal  inflammation  prefent, 
but  cvei>  where  th^re  arc  marks  of  a  general  inflammatory  diathefis 
in  the  fyftem.  This  I  believe  to  be  always  aggravated  Jby  the  tonic 
power  of  the  bark,  and  in  fuch  cafes  accordingly,  the  bark  may  not 
only  be  hurtful,  but  as  I  know  from  experience,  will  bfe  ineffeftual,. 
till  by  blood-letting,  and  other  antiphlogiftic  meafures,  the  inflammatMy 
diathefis  ia  removed  or  mncji  abated.-— This  is  the  explanation*  of  the 
762d^Aph.  of  JBoerhaave,  *  Hinc^  venasfedio  nocet  per  fe  iemper 
prodeft  alias  cafu  ut  &  tuniis  exa^que  dia&t9/<-*It  is  e4>eciaUy  in  the 
caie  of  vernal  intermittents  that  a  phlogidic  diathefis  occurs,  and  there- 
fore that,  upon  this  and  other  coniiderations,  the  exhibition  of  the. 
birk  in  thefe  may  be  mod  fafely  delayed  ;  but  flill  it  mail  be  allowed 
thit  even  in  thefe  it  may  often  be  exhibited  very  early/ 

This  opinion,  as  old  as  the  difcovery  of  the  bark,  is  very 
pernicious,  and  (hould  be  refuted  ;  and  it  is  very  furprifing  that 
though  no  medicine  is  of  mgre  univerfal  ufe,  no  medicine  more 
generally  known,  and  no  one  more  innocent  than  the  bark  is,, 
yet  there  is  no  medicine  concerning  which  more  violent  pre- 
judices h^ve  always  prevailed;  indeed  there  were  of  late  years 
many  phyficians  who  would  have  given  the  noftrum  of  a  quack 
with  lefs  timidity  and  repugnance  than  they  would  have  prefcribed 
the  Peruvian  bark.  The  bark  was  at  firil  given  in  infignificant 
dbfes,  and  it  was  given  only  in  pure  intermittents^— it  was 
foon  found  to  be  as  fure  a  remedy  againft  remittent  fever. — ' 
Still  it  was  given  only  in  pure  remittents  where  the  remiflion 
was  diftincl,  and  of  fome  duration,  and  when  given  in  inter- 
mittents, they  kept  clear  of  the  paroxyfms,  with  a  moft  anxious 
care. — Laftly,  it  was  found  fafe  even  in  the  moft  regular,  continued 
fever,  and  was  found  to  be  moft  needed  in  theit*  moft  malignant 
forms. — During  all  thefe  ftages  of  improvement  in  praftice,  the 
bark  was  wfed  with  much  unneceflary  care  and  afFedted  caution  ; 
for  while  the  phyfician  gravely  counted  the  critical  days,  and 

U  3  waited 


:^o  M  E  D  1  c  r  N  E." 

Wc  may  leave  the  moft  ignorant  to  decide,  whether  the  two 
iirates  are  confiftent  with  each  other  ;  whether  phlogiftic 
diathefis,  and  intermittent  fever,  can  ever  meet  in  the  fame 
fyftem. 

Oi  Jii mutants  the  following  definition  is  given,  *  it  feems 
enough  to  obfcrve  that  wc  know  in  general,  that  the  nervous 
powers  may  be  in  different  ftates  of  mobility,  and  that  there 
are  fub (lances  which,  applied  to  the  nerves,  have  the  power  of 
increafirig  or  dimini(bing  the  mobility  of  the  fluid  contained  in 
them ;  the  former  we  name  ftimulants,  the  latter  fedativcs/ — 
There  are  many  little  flips  of  dodlrine,  which  perfe£tly  harmo- 
liife  with  this  curious  definition,  and  fince  thefe  compofe  the 
chief  bulk  of  the  book,  furely  the  author  did  not  mean  that 
^be  ingenuity  of  them  fliould  be  overlooked  :  after  fome  pages 
of  diflertation,  he  explains  the  operation  of  flimulants  thus. 

*  It  feems  to  be  an  operation  on  the  ner\  ous  papillae  of  the  {kin, 
when  a  certain  gentle  undulatory  motion  applied  to  the  Ikin,  produces  a 
fenfe  of  ticklings  which  often  proves  fiimulant.  It  is  alfo  chiefly  an 
operation^  not  only  upon  the  fame  organ,  but  partly  alfo  upon  that 
of  the  common  fenfibility,  when  certain  fubftances  applied  to  the 
ikin,  produce  a  fenfe  of  itching,  v.hich  is  always  ftimulant,  and  often 
continues  till  it  produces  rednefs,  and  other  circumftanccs  of  inflam- 
mation. Thefe  arc  the  obfervations  which  I  can  make,  on  the  adiou 
of  itimulants  applied  to  organs  of  fenfe.' 

And  this  is  a  full  and  true  account  of  the  whole  affair. 

We  iball  now  give  a  ipecimen  of  the  author,  and  of  the 
book,  which  will  perfeflly  determine^the  charader  of  both  ;  and 
it  is  not  a  flip  of  chance,  but  a  regular  and  fyftematic  arrange- 
ment. 

The  chief  of  his  lift  of  ftimulants  are  ;  lavender,  baum,  rofe- 
<T»2iry,  ground-ivy,  thyme,  anife,  cpriander,  fennel,  onions, 
leeks,  pine,  and  juniper,  turpentine,  cinnamon,  pepper,  and 
ginger. 

Contrafted  to  thefe,  which  are  his  chief  ftimulants,  we  have 
the  following  lift  of  fedativcs,  op'ium^  camphire^  faffron^  wine^ 
ardent  fpir  its ! 

The  dcu^rine  of  narcotics  alfo  is  curious  beyond  any  thing 
we  have  met  with,  even  in  his  own  phyfiology  of  the  nervous 
fyftem  ;  it  is  contained  in  thefe  words. 

♦  The  general  effedls  of  narcotics,  and  perhaps  every  particular  effeft 
that  has  been  taken  notice  of,  wc  fuppofe  to  depend  on  the  power 
tliefe  fubftances  have  in  diminllhing  the  mobility,  and  in  a  certain 
m2i\\ti£x ,  Jujpending  the  z^fl//o«  of  the  nervpus  fluid. — And,  as  we  take 
it  here  for  granted y  that  all  excrcife  of  fenfe  and  voluntary  motion, 
depend  upon  the  motions  of  the  nervous  fluid  to  and  from  the  brain, 
wc  conclude  that  flecp  confifts  in  a  fufpenfion  of  thefe  motions.*  P.  226, 

Whence  we  may  readily  conclude,  that  the  narcotic,  having 
in  a  certain  manner  fufpeiided  the  motion  of  the  nervous  fluid, 
the  fubjedl  could  not  4>e  capable  of  fenfation,  and  could  not 

be 


Cullen'^  Materia  Msdlca.  z%\ 

^  roufed  by  any  power  of  excitement — or  being  rf^ufed  from  the 
lethargic  fleep  produced  by  opium,  he  would  find  himfelf  awake 
and  in  health,  without  the  power  of  receiving  impreffions,  or 
performing  motions ;  or  he  would  be  fufceptible  of  imprei^on» 
and  capable  of  motion,  while  the  nervous  fluid  continued 
arretted,  immoveable  and  torpid,  or  he  muft  have  been  in  a 
^eep  fleep,  frbm  a  fijced  ftate  of  the  nervous  fluid,  with  hi$ 
nervous  fyftem  ftill  awake  to  any  the  flighted  impreflion.— r 
Some  one  of  thefe  conclufions  cannot  be  avoided,  and  aU 
of  them  are  too  abfurd  to  deferve  argument/ 

Our  author  goes  on  in  the  fame  ingenious  and  amufing 
manner  to  obferve,  *  that  when  no  fleep  is  produced,  the 
conflidl  ariflng  between  the  ftimulant  irritations,  and  the  fe- 
dative  power  of  opium,  gives  a  further  irritation  to  the  fyflrem, 
which  is  often  very  hurtful  to  it/ — And  it  is  amazing  we 
have  not  here  his  favorite  archausy  or  vis  medicatrix  naturay 
fighting  through  the  confufion  of  the  ftimulant  irritatiotis— 
and  it  is  the  greater  pity,  fince  a  very  little  matter  would  ferve 
the  turn,  for  '  it  is  to  be  remarked,  that  the  conflia  juft 
now  mentioned,  arifes  from  the  dofe  of  opium  being  too  fmall, 
and  where  a  larger  would  prevail  over  the  irritation  more  en- 
tirely/ 

After  much  theory,  and  many  trivial  remarks  on  the  ufe  of 
opium  in  fevers,  the  author  fays, 

*  Thefe  are  the  remarks  I  have  to  ofier  on  the  ufe  of  opiHin  io 
continued  fevers.  '  Many  are  more  fond  of  a  more  free  ufe  of  it,  than 
had  been  common  before,  and  have  believed  that  this  was  introduced 
by  a  certain  noted  teacher  and  author :  but  I  aflfert,  that  I  myfelf 
was  the  firft  who  freely  and  largely  employed  opium  in  fevers,  under 
certain  rcftriftions  indeed,  which,  negleded  by  other  praftitiorters,  have 
occafioned  much  mifchief/. 

Let  the  reader  be  informed,  that  though  Dr,  Cullen's  dofhrine 
be  founded  on  fever,  yet  be  never  publiihed  this  new  practice 
in  bis  Firft  Lines — that  while  Brown  lived,  the  noted  teacher 
and  author  here  alluded  to,  this  challenge  was  never  given— 
that  Dr.  Cullen  was  no  lefs  averfe  to  the  pradlicc,  than  to  the 
do£lrine  of  this  teacher  j  that  the  very  publick  and  note4 
difpute  with  this  author,  arofe  from  the  point  in  qucftion— 
that  in  the  pamphlets  which  followed,  and  which  diflibnoured 
all  who  took  any  fliare  in  the  difpute,  the  accufation  was, 
that  Dr.  Brown  had  fecretly  conveyed  dofes  of  opium  to  a 
young  pupil,  who  lay  ill  of  the  contagious  fever.— We  need 
hardly  aflc  whether  it  be  prudent  to  provoke  this  inveftigation  in 
thefe  circumftances,  or  whether  it  be  honeft  to  call  the  queftioa 
at  fo  late  an  hour. 

\  No  matter  by  whom  divulged;  phyficians  are  now  informed 
of  a  moft  ufeful  fact,  that  opium  is  of  great  ufe  in  typhous 

fevers. 


l8i  MfDicmt* 

fevers,  and  it  is  (o  well  confirmed,  that  all  kQ§  agree  la  tbe  Crvfh 
of  the  obfervation* 

It  muft  appear  fingular,  and  may  be  diooght  perrerie,  that 
we  have  been  employed  only  in  refuting  dodrines.  Many  have 
formed  £inguine  expedations  of  a  long  promifed  book,  and 
many  will  exclaim,  is  there  in  this  great  work  nothing  to  be 
Ibund  new  or  uocommon  ?  no  peculiar  virtues  dtfcovered  in 
certain  medicines?  no  new  mode  of  exhibiting  die  variont 
drugs  ?  nor  any  hints  of  certain  medicines  curing  difeafes,  in 
which  they  had  feldom  or  never  been  propcied  ?  are  there  no 
new  means  of  procuring  the  adive  parts  ?  nor  more  certain 
information  of  the  climates  or  plants  from  which  unknown 
drugs  are  procured  ?  There  is  indeed  nothing — nothing  which 
can  give  evidence  of  the  fucccfsful  praSice  of  a  life^time,  nor 
of  that  wide  communication,  which  every  learned  man  is  anxious 
to  eftablifh. — The  author  gives  the  hiftory  of  no  one  drug—' 
be  propofes  no  peculiar  forms  for  extemporaneous  prefcription 
—be  fcarcely  determines  a  fingtedofe; — and  this  book,  which  is 
dign'ficd  with  the  title  of  a  Treatife  of  the  Materia  Medtca^ 
is  but  a  crude  and  ill-digefted  mafe  of  the  opinions  and  doArines 
of  the  author.  We  have  a  flipfrom  the  dodrine  of  the  nerves^ 
to  explain  ftimulants  and  narcotics^-a  detail  of  the  balance  in 
tbe  circulating  fyftem,  to  explain  the  operation  of  cathartics^ 
a  K\^  from  tbe  doctrine  of  fpafm,  to  explain  refrigerants  and 
emetics-k-in  place  of  new  obfervations,  confirmed  by  cales,  we 
have  only  (craps  of  theory,  interfperfed  with  tbe  mod  trivial 
fa^«  We  would  not  injure  the  cbara^r  of  any  book«  by 
oblique  cenfures  of  the  general  plan,  ox  carping  criticifms  on 
little  faults ;  but  when  we  think  a  book  at  once  defeftive  in 
the  plan,  and  in  the  execution,  we  declare  our  opinion 
openly  and  freely,  and  perhaps  that  opinion  may  be  more  ievere 
where  vire  have  reaibn  to  be  jealous,  left  the  authority  of  4 
^reat  name  fliould  hang  a  bias  on  tbe  judgment  of  the  public. 

A*    A« 


Art.  VIII.  Experiments  and  Obfervations  on  the  Horhy-Green 
Spawj  near  Halifax :  to  which  is  added^  ajhort  Account  of  Two 
other  Mineral  Waters^  in  York/hire.  By  Thomas  Uzrnetf 
M.  D*  8vo*  86  pages.  Price  2  s,  Bradford,  Nicholibn. 
London,  Knott.     1790. 

The  water  which  is  the  fubjeA  of  this  eflay,  fprings  from 
the  fide  of  a  hill  at  Horley-Green,  near  Halifax,  in  Yorkihire. 
The  fpring  has  been  but  lately  difcovered,  its  medicinal  powers 
have  been  ftill  more  recently  noticed,  and  this  is  tbe  fir^  public 
cation  in  which  its  analyfis  has  been  made  known* 

I'he  improvements  in  modern  chemiftrv;  have,  in  no  ioftancef 
been  more  fuccefsfully  applied,  than  in  the  inveftig^on  of  the 
component  principles  of  mineral  waters  ;  tbe  excellent  direc- 
tions 


Garnet  $h  tin  H^rUy^Green  Spaw.  283[ 

tions  for  this  purpoie,  given  by  the  late  illoftrious  Bergman,  having 
not  only  very  much  facilitated  enquiries  of  this  kind,  but  rendered 
Cheir  refults  much  more  fatisfafiory  than  heretofore.  In  making 
the  prefent  analyfis.  Dr.  Garnet  has  apparently  taken  Bergman 
for  his  guide,  but  be  has  not  made  a  fufficient  number  of  ei^« 
pertments  to  afcertain  the  ingredients  in  this  water,  nor 
does  he  appear  to  have  pofle&d  even  the  moft  neceflary  re«  . 
agents,  fuch  as  acid  of  fugar,  nitrated  filver,^  &c.  From  ly 
experiments  only,  the  author  concludes,  that  a  wine  gallon  <K 
this  water  contains, 

dwts. 
*  Of  earth  of  iron,  or  ochre  -  i      o    e 

Vitriolated  iron,  or  fal-martis  -  8      $    8 

Alum  •  •  •  i      9    2 

Vitriolated  lime  -  -  j     13    o 

Dephlogifticated  martial  vitriol  -         o    14    Q   •^' 

Aerial  acid  or  fixed  air  18  cubic  inches.' 
The  predominant  impregnation  of  the  water  is  evidently 
therefore  that  of  a  martial  fait  and  of  alum  ;  it  refembles,  ou^ 
author  fays,  that  of  the  Hartfell  Spaw,  near  Moffat,  in  Scot- 
land, an  account  of  which  i§  given  by  Dr.  Horfeburgh,  in  the 
•^fl:  volume  of  the  Edinburgh  phyfical  and  literary  eflays,  and 
which  Ijas  been  alfo  lately  recommended  by  Dr.  Percivgl  of 
Mancbeiler,  in  the  fecond  volume  of  the  London  Medical 
Memoirs.  Dr.  Garnet  thinks,  however,  that  the  Hbrley-Grecn 
water,  is  more  ftrongly  impregnated  with  iron  than  the 
Hartfell  fpring,  and  indeed  that  it  is  the  flrongeft  chalybeate 
known.  After  finifhing  his  analyfis  and  offering  fome  con« 
jefturcs  refpeSing  the  manner  in  which  nature  prepares  thefe 
waters,  which,  however,  are  not  at  all  new,  as  like  moft  other 
writers  on  the  fubjed,  he  confiders  the  martial  impregnation 
to  be  derived  principally  from  the  decompofition  of  pyrites,  he 
proceeds  to  enumerate  the  difeafes  in  which,  as  a  tonic,  it  is 
likely  to  be  ferviceable  ;  thefe  are  dyfpepfy,  diabetes,  and  hse* 
iporrhagcs,  the  tonic  gout,  nervous  and  hypochondriacal  aiFec* 
tjons,  and  all  difeafes  produced  by  debility  ;  he  adds  alfo  fome 
general  dire£tions  refpedling  the  mode  of  taking  the  water,  and 
fome  cautions  which  ought  to  be  obferved  by  thofe  who  drink 
it,  chiefly  regarding  diet,  exercife,  and  cold  bathing  :  and  his 
account  of  the  falutary  ctk&s  of  the  water,  receives  confirma- 
tion from  cafes  which  are  fubjoined,  fome  of  which  occurred 
to  the  author  himfelf,  and  others  were  communicated  by  refp^d- 
a|>le  pradiitiqners  in  the  neighbourhood.  •    />S 

The  two  other  waters  alluded  to  in' the  title  page,  were  but 
jligbtly  examined  by  our  author  ;  the  one  is  that  of  the  Redmir^ 
Spaw,  near  Bingley,  in  Yorkfbire,  and  contains  iron  difTolved 
|»y  aerial  acid ;  ana  the  other  is  at  Batley,  in  the  fame  county, 
fBi)  is  ftfon^ly  impregnated  with  hepatic  air^ 


2*4  H  I  S  T  o  A  y. 

Dr.  Garnet  certainly  dcfervcs  thanks  for  having  excited  the 
attention  of  the  public  to  thefe  waters,  and  we  (hould  imagine, 
though  chalybeate  fprings  are  the  moft  numerous  of  the  mineral 
ivaters  in  this  kingdom,  that  the  Horley-Green  water  will 
foon  rife  into  reputation*  St. 

Art.  IX.     Truth   Fmdicated  ;    or^  the  Specific  Differences   of 
Mental  Difeafei,  ajcertained.      By  William  Rowley,    M.  P. 
8vo-    49  pages.     Wingravc*     iiqo* 
The  Do(3:or  complains  that  he  has  been  attacked  in  the  news- 
papers, on  account  of  the  definitions  he  puUiftied  on  mental 
derangement,  infinuating  that  no  medical  authority  defended 
thofe  propofitions.     Thefe  charges  he  confutes  at  greater  length 
than  they  fecmed  to  merit.     A  fingle  page  would  have  been 
fufficient.for  his  purpofe  of  proving  that  in  the  cafe  alluded  to 
the  mania  was  fymptpmatic.     The  Do<9:or  has  raijfacked  his  li- 
brary for  proofs,  authorities  and  quotations,  which  add  nothing 
to  bis  viSory,  although  they  may  grace  his  triumph.       c.  c. 

;     '■>  -"■"  J  '  ■  ■       '  "  '        ■'   "'     '- ■ 

Art.  X.  A  Jhart  Account  of  the  Method  of  treating  Scrofula^ 
and  other  Glandular  Affections  \  the  inveterate  Cutaneous 
DUeafes^  commonly  called  Scurvy  and  Leprofy :  alfo  Ring-- 
Worms^  Tetters^  Si^yiitif  Scurfs^  S^abSy  Blotchesj  Ulcerations^ 
isfc.  By  J.  Rymer,  Sargtoti.  8vOr  35  pages.  Pf lee  is.  6d* 
Evans.     1790. 

This  is  one  of  the  ftnany  publications  which  are  oonftantly 
iffuing  from  the  prefs,  recommending  noftrums  and  modes  of 
treating  difeafes  peculiar  to  certain  individuals.  In  the  prefent, 
Mr.  Rymer  invites  fcrophulous  and  fcorbutic  patients  to  put 
themfelves  under  his  care,  at  Reigate,  in  Surrey;  and  for  various 
other  difeafes,  he  recommends  his  cardiac  tincture,  his  febrifuge, 
detergent  and  alterative  pill,  his  anti-afthroatic  pill,  and  his  pec-^ 
toral  medicine.  At  the  feme  time  he  declares,  *  that  he  has 
no  fccr'ets  in  whatever  regards  the  health  of  mankind,  or  of 
^ny  of  God*s  creatures,  which  he  wifhes  to  conceal  from  the 
public'  Perhaps  he  thinks  himfelfjuftified  in  this  declaration, 
becaufe  he  gives,  an  account  of  other  remedies  which  he  ufes,. 
and  becaufe  he  has  added,  both  in  tatin  and  Englifti,  fome 
formulae,  moft  of  which  are  taken  from  the  laft  London  Phar* 
niacopoeia.  p. 


Art.  XI.  A  General  Hi/hry  (f  ^adrupeds.  The  Figures 
V  engraved  on  Wood  by  T,  Bewick,     8vo.     456  p.     pr.  8s. 

in  boards.     Robinfons.     1790. 

This  entertaining  and  judicious  compihtjon,  for  ihus  wcare 

Jed,  though  not  \si^  ftriit  prjppriety»  tQ  tprm  iiny  addition,  to 

5  •  iiatural 


General  Hiflory  of  ^adrupeds,  itj, 

natural  hiftory,  which  is  father  a  fummary  of  what  has  been 
Already  recorded,  than  a  relation  of  new  fadh  that  extend  the 
boundary  of  human  knowledge,  is  illuftrated  by  a  number  of 
beautiful  wood  cuts,  executed  with  a  degree  of  tafte  and  fim- 
plicity,  fuperior  to  any  thing  of  the  kind  we  have  before  feen 
in  this  country. 

If  it  were  pofEble  to  give  two  or  three  fpecimens  they  would 
fpeak  very  forcibly  for  themfclves ;  however,  as  this  is  a  vain 
wifli,  we  very  warmly  recommend  this  amufmg,  interefting 
work  to  our  readers,  and  efpecially  to  young  people,  who  will  ;. 
find  in  it  much  ufeful  information,  clothed  in  the  moft  alluring 
garb.  There  is  a  drynefs  in  natural  hiftory  when  technical 
terms,  are  ufed,  and  the  fubjec^s  are  fyftematically  arranged  for 
the  natural  philofopher,  which  renders  thepurfuit  of  the  moft  plea- 
fant  knowledge  that  youth  can  attain  a  wearifome  talk.  It  can 
fcarcely  be  doubted,  that  the  young  mm.d  ought  to  be  unfolded 
by  becoming  acquainted  withvthe  properties,  and  hiftory,  of 
furrounding  obje£^s,  and  mount  from  the  fimple  inftindts  of 
animals,  to  the  more  complex  operations  of  inteliedt ;  but  this 
will  be  a  thorny  path,  if,  what  ought  to  ftrike  the  fenfes,  oiily 
furnifbes  employment  for  a  cultivated  underftanding.  We 
make  thefe  obfervations  more  pointedly  to  praife  the  prcfent 
work,  becaufe  the  information  which  it  contains,  is  delivered 
in  an  cafy  ftyle,  and  many  anecdotes  enliven,  cVen  while  they 
throw  new  light  on  the  hiftoric  narrations. 

The  hiftory  of  the  mule  will  ferve  as  an  inftance. 

P.  ^lo,  *  I'his  ufeful  and  hardy  animal  is  the  offspring  ef  the 
hi>rfe  and  the  afs ;  and  being  barren,  furniilies  us  with  an  indif- 
putable  proof  that  the  two  fpecies  are  perfedly  diftin<ft.  ,  Nature 
has  providently  flopped  the  further  propagation  of  thefe  hetero- 
j^eneous  produdions,  toprcferve  uncontammated  the  form  of  each 
animal ;  without  which  regulation,  the  races  would,  in  a  (liort 
/time,  be  mixed  with  each  other,  and  every  creature,  lofing  its 
original  perfedion,  would  rapidly  degenerate. 

*  The  common  mule  is  very  healthy, '^nd  will  live  above  thirty 
years :  it  is  found  very  ferviceable  in  carrying  burthens,  par- 
ticularly in  mountainous  and  ftoHy  places,  where  horfes  arc  not  fo 
fure-footed.  The  fize  and  flrcngth  of  our  breed  has  lately  been 
much  improved  by  the  importation  of  Spanifli  male-afles ;  and  it 
were  much  to  be  wiflied  that  the  ufeful*  qualities  of  this  animal 
Were  more  attended  to :  for  by  proper  care  in  its  breaking,  its 
natural  obflinacy  would  be  in  a  ^reat  meafure  correfted :  and  it 
might  be  formed  with  fuccefs  for  the  faddle,  the  draught,  or 
the  burthen. 

*  People  of  the  firll  quality  in  Spain  are  drawn  by  mules,  where 
fifty  or  fixty  guineas  is  no  uncommon  price  for  them ;  nor  is  ii^ 
furpriiing,  v/hen  we  confider  how  far  they  excel  the  horfe  iii 
travelling  in  a  mountainous  country,  the  muJe  being  able  to 
tread  fecufely,  where  the  former  can  hardly  fland.     Thi'*:  man- 

^  ftcr  of  going  down  the  precipices  of  the  Alps,'  the  Andes,  8^c.  is 

very 


|t86  fTATORAL     HfSTOlty. 

▼erf  extmordinary ;  and  with  it  we  will  conclude  theif  hifbfV^ 
In  thefe  paiTagest  on  one  fide>  are  deep  eminenceg^  and  on  the 
otheft  friehtful  abyifes ;  and^  as  they  generally  follow  the  di« 
redion  of  the  mountain^  the  road^  inltead  of  lying  in  a  level, 
forms  at  every  little  didance  deep  declivities,  of  feveral  hundred 
yards  downward.  Thefe  can  only  be  defcended  by  mules ;  and 
the  animal  itfeif  feems  fcnfible  of  the  danger,  and  the  caution 
that  is  to  be  ufed  in  fuch  defcents.  When  the^  come  to  the  edge 
of  one  of  thefe  defcents,  they  (lop  without  being  checked  by  the 
rider;  and  if  he  inadvertently  attempts  to  fpur  them  on,  they 
continue  immoveable*  They  feem  all  this  time  ruminating  on  the 
danger  which  lies  before  them,  and  preparing  themfelves  for  the 
encounter*  They  not  only  attentively  view  the  road,  but  trem* 
ble  and  fnort  at  the  danger.  Having  prepared  for  the  defcent^ 
they  place  their  fore  feet  in  a  pofture,^  as  if  they  were  flopping 
themfelves ;  they  then  alfo  put  their  hinder  feet  together,  but  a 
fittle  forward,  as  if  they  were  going  to  He  do^^n.  In  this  attitude 
having  taken  as  it  were  a  furvey  of  the  road,  they  ilide  doti^tt 
with  the  fwiftnefs  of  a  meteor.  In  the  mean  time,  all  the 
eider  has  to  do^  is  ta  keep  himfelf  faft  on  the  faddle,  without 
checking;  the  rein,  for  the  leaft  motion  is  fulHcient  to  diforder  the 
equilibrium  of  the  mute ;  in  which  cafe,  they  both  unavoidably 
pcridu  But  their  addrefs  in  this  rapid  de(cent  is  truly  won* 
derful ;  for  in  their  fwifteft  motion,  when  they  feem  to  have  loft  all 
government  of  themfelves,  they  follow  exactly  the  different 
windings  of  the  road,  as  if  thev  had  previoufly  fettled  in  their 
minds  the  rout  thev  were  to  follow,  and  taken  every  precaution 
for  their  fafety*  In  this  journey,  the  natives  place  themfelves 
along  the  fides  of  the  mountains,  and  holding  by  the  roots  of 
the  trees,  animate  the  beafls  with  ihouts,  and  encoura|;e  them  to 
perfevere.  Some  mules,  after  being  lone;  ufed  to  thele  journies, 
acquire  a  kind  of  reputation  for  their  faiety  and  ikill ;  and  theit 
Talue  rifes  in  proportion  to  their  fame. 

The  hiftory  of  the  doe  is  particularly  amufing ;  we  (hall 
|ele£l  the  account  of  the  mepherd's  doe* 

P.  284.  ^  This  ufeful  animal,ever  faithuil  to  his  charge,  reigns  at 
the  head  of  the  flock  ;  where  he  is  better  heard,  and  more  attended 
to,  than  even  the  voice  of  the  fliepherd.  Safety,  order,  and 
difcipltne,  are  the  fruits  of  his  vigilance  and  activity. 

•  In  thofe  large  trafi's  of  land,  which,  in  manv  parts  of  our 
ifland,  are  folel^  appropriated  to  the  feeding  of  meep  and  other 
cattle,  this  fagacious  animal  is  of  theutmoil  importance.  Immenfe 
0ocks  may  be  fecn  continually  ranging  over  thefe  extendvewilds^ 
as  far  as  the  eye  can  reach,  feeminglv  without  controuU  Their 
oitly  guide  is  the  ihepherd,  attended  by  his  faithful  dog,  the 
conilant  companion  of  his  toils  ;  he  receives  his  commands,  and 
is  always  prompt  to  execute  them  ;  he  is  the  watchful  guardian  of 
the  flock,  prevents  them  from  flraggling,  keeps  them  together^ 
4ind  condurts  them  from  one  part  of  their  pafturc  to  another ;  and 
will  not  fuffcr  any  flranger  to  mix  with  them,  but  carefully  keeps 
off  every  intruder.  In  driving  a  number  of  flieep  to  any  dillant 
Dart,  a  well-trained  dog  never  fails  to  confine  them  to  the  road»  , 

watchea 


iiiniral  Hifiory  $f  ^adrupeds*  ^tj   ^ 

wuubes  every  avenue  that  leads  from  it,  where  he  takes  his  ftwd, 
threatening  every  delinquent :  he  purfues  the  ftraggler,  if  any 
Ihould  efcape ;  and  forces  them  into  order,  without  doing  them 
the  Icaft  injury.  If  the  herdfman  be  obliged  to  leave  them,  he 
depends  upon  his  dog  to  keep  the  fiock  together ;  and  as  foon  at 
he  hears  the  well-known  fignal,  this  faithful  creature  condu<5t« 
them  to  his  mailer,  though  at  a  coniiderable  diflance, 

*  There  is  a  very  remarkable  fingularity  in  the  feet  of  the  ^ep- 
herd's  dog :  all  of  them  have  one,  and  fome  two  toes  more  than 
ether  dogs,  though  they  fecm  not  to  be  of  much  ule.  They 
appear  to  be  deilitute  of  mufcles,  and  hang  dangling  at  the  hind 
part  of  the  leg,  more  like  an  unnatural  excrefcence  than  a  ne<* 
ceiTary  part  of  the  animal.  But  the  adage,  *•  that  nature  has 
made  nothing  in  vain,'*  ought  to  correal  our  deciiion  on  their 
utility,  which  probably  may  exiH  unknown  to  us* 

*  This  breed  of  dogs,  at  prefent,  appears  to  'be  prefcrvcd  \^ 
the  greateft  purity,  in  the  northern  parts  of  Scotland  ;  where  its 
aid  is  highly  neceiTary  in  managing  the  numerous  herds  of  iheep 
bred  in  thofe  extenfive  wilds  i' 

As  a  further  fpecimen,  we  are  tempted  to  add  an  extra^ 
from  the  biftory  of  the  wild  cat. 

P.  190.  •  Wild  cats  are  found,  with  very  little  variety,  in  al- 
moft  every  climate.  They  exifted  in  America  before  its  difcovery 
by  the  Europeans*  One  of,  them  was  brought  to  Columbust 
which  was  of  the  ordinary  fize,  of  a  browniih  grey  color,  with 
a  long  tail*.    They  are  common  in  many  places  of  Afia  and  Africa* 

*  Sparmann  gives  a  defcription  of  one  which  he  (hot  at  the  Cape^ 
which  was  in  every  refped  iimilar  to  thofe  of  this  country.  It 
was  of  a  grey  color ;  and  meafured,  from  the  nofe  to  the  tail» 
nearljr  twenty  two  inches*  The  tail  was  thirteen  inches  long. 
Its  height  was  about  a  foot  and  a  half.  Its  inteflines  we;-e  full  of 
znoies  and  rats* 

*  Some  wild  cats  have  been  taken  in  this  kingdom  of  a  mofl 
enormous  fize ;  we  recoiled  one  having  been  killed  in  the  county 
of  Cumberland,  which  meafured  from  its  nofe  to  the  epd  of  its 
tail,  upwards  of  five  feet. 

*  The  province  of  Chorazan,  in  Perfia,  is  particularly  famous 
for  a  moil  beautiful  cat,  about  the  fize  of  the  tame  one,  ot  a  fine 
grey  colour,  without  any  mixture,  and  as  foft  and  fliining  as  filk. 

*  It  is  darker  on  the  back,  foftening  by  degrees  towards  the  bread    • 
and  belly,  where  it  is  4lmofl  white.     The  tail  is  long,  and  co*- 
vered  with  hair,  fi\^  or  fix  inches  in  length.     The  animal  frc« 
quently  turns  it  upon  its  back,  like  a  fquirrel ;  the  point  of  it 
refcmbles  a  plume  of  feathers. 

*  The  cat  of  Angora  differs  greatly  from  the  wild  cat,  in  leaving 
much  longer  hair,  efpecially  about  the  neck,  where  it  forms  a  fine, 
ruff,  and  gives  the  creature  a  lion-like  appearance.  Soipe  of  thcfe 
are  of  a  filvery  whitenefs,  and  filky  texture;  Others  are  of  a 
dun  colour,  mixed  with  yellow  !* 

We  have  given  very  copious  extracts  from  this  work^  in. 

order  to  induce  parents  to  purchafe  it  for  their  children  \  per«« 

fuaded  that  it  will  afford  them  a  fund  of  inftru<ftidn  and  enteri* 

g  tainment* 


if  8  vision. 

tairrmenh     tVc   have  already  mentioned  the  cuts ;  but  ft  H'^ 
ttcceflary  to  add,  that  befidc  the  fubje6ls  of  the  hiftory,  many' 
little  degant  vignettes,  fimple  tranfcripts  of  nature,  adorn  the 
volume^  calculated  to  engage  the  attention  and  cultivate  the 
taftc. 

Art.  XII.  jin  EJfay  on  Vifton^  briefly  explaining  the  Fabric  of 
th€  Eye^  and  the  Nature  of  Vifion  :  intended  for  the  Service  of 
thofe  whofe  Eyes  are  weak  or  impaired  :  enabling  them  to  form 
an  accurate  Idea  of  the  true  State  of  their  Sight^  the  Means  of 
preferving  it,  together  with  proper  Rules  for  afcertaining  when 
SpeSfacles  are  neceffary^  and  how  to  choofe  them  without  injuring 
the  Sight.  By  Creorge  Adams.  8vo.  153  p.  Pr.  3s.  in 
boards.     Adams.     1790. 

The  importance  of  this  fubjefl,  and  the  neceffity  of  warn- 
ing the  ignorant  not,  to  tamper  virith  their  eyes,  muft  appeal* 
very  obvious,  becaufe  it  is  almoft  become  proverbial ;  we  fhalJ 
not  then  detain  our  readers  by  animadverfions  on  the  acjcnow- 
ledged  ufefulnefs  of  the  treatife,  but  refer  them  to  the  prefiice 
for  a  juft  and  unaffuming  account  of  the  book. 

*  The  following  eflay  is  fo  fhort,  that  there  is  no  occafibn  for 
a  long  preface  to  introduce  it  to  the  reader's  notice.  One  of  the 
principal  ends  of  it  is  to  do  away  a  general  prejudice  in  favour 
of  fpedacles,  namely,  that  they  a61:  as  preferrers  ;  a  prejudice 
which  has  caufed  numbers  to  ufe  glafles,  before  they  could  be 
of  any  effentiai  fervice  ;  who  thereby  force  their  eyes  into  an 
tmnatural  (late,  and  bring  on  a  very  unpleafant  habit.  To  re- 
medy this  evil,  the  marks  are  diftindly  poipted  out,  which  deter- 
mine when  the  ufe  of  glafles  will  be  ferviceablc  to  the  eye.  By 
an  attention  to  the  rules  here  laid  down,  they  will  be  taught 
neither  to  anticipate  evil,  by  a  premature  ufe  of  fpedacles  j  nor^ 
by  too  long  a  delay,  to  flram  and  injure  their  fight. 

*  A  fecond  end  was,  to  diffufe  more  generally  a  knowledge  of 
the  fubje6t  among  the  venders  of  this  article,  particularly  thofcf 
who  live  in  the  country;  and  this  was  the  more  ncceflary,  at 
numerous  inibnces  are  continually  occurring  to  every  optician, 
of  thofe  whofe  light  has  been  injured  by  an  improper  choice  of 
fpe6tacles. 

*  The  nature  of  the  eflay  has  given  mc  an  opportunity  of 
pointing  oat  rules  for  the  pccfcrvation  of  the  fight,  and  avoiding^ 
what  may  be  hurtful  to  it.  Among  the  latter,'thc  two  principal 
articles  arc,  the  ufe  of  reading  glafles,"  and  opake  fliadcs  to  can- 
dles ;  both  of  which,  I  have  reafon  to  think,  are  extremely  pre* 
judicial  to  the  eyes. 

*  As  this  eflay  may  probably  fall  into  the  hands  of  thofe  whcJ; 
may  have  no  opportunity  of  confulting  more  fcientific  \V'orks,  I 
have  concluded  it  with  an  account  of  fquinting,  the  proper  me- 
thods of  afcertaining  the  nature  of  it,  and  the  bcfl  known  reme- 
dies for  it. 

*  I  have  her^  to  retra6l  ah  error,  into  which,  in  common  withr 
moil  late 'anatomiils,  I  have  fallen,  with  refpet^  to  the  flrudure 

of 


'  ^    Ejiimatis  oftht  State  and  Faculties  of  Man^  &c.         289 

tX.  the  iri8,  and  the  fituatidn  of  the  cryftalline,  which  I  fliould 
have  avoided,  had  ^hc  *♦  TranfadVions  of  the  Royal  Irifli  Aca- 
demy, for  the  year  17S8,'*  fallen  fooner  into  my  hands.  It  is 
there  fhewn,  by  Mr.  O'Halloran,  that  the  iris  is  not  flat,  but 
very  convex,  and  that  the  in  fide  of  the  iris  adheres  clofcly  to 
the  anterior  part  of  the  vitreous  humour,  except  where  it  opens 
for  the  lodgment  of  the  cryf!alline,  and  confequently  that  there 
i$  no  poflenor  chamber  for  the  aqueous  humour.  For  a  fuller 
account  I  muft  refer  the  reader  to  the  author's  paper. 

*  I  have  fubjoined  a  lift  of  the  authors  to  whom  I  am  indebted 
for  my  inforniation  on  the  fubje6t  of  this  eflay.' 

It  is  not  neceffary  to  infert  the  /lames  of  the  diftinguifhed 
writers  Mr.  A.  has  niade  ufe  of;  it  is  fufficient  to  fay,  that 
the  colledled  information  is  well  digefted,  and  the  cautions  of 
experience  fenfible  and  humane.  However,  befide  the  imme-» 
diate  ufefulnefs  of  the  advice,  which  muft  be  apparent,  a  little 
compendious  account  of  vifion,  we  fliould  fuppofe,  would  be 
acceptable  to  many  readers,  who,  though  they  have  neither 
leifure  nor  courage  to  take  up  a  more  fcientific  treatife,  yet 
might  wifli.  to  obtain  fuch  a  general  idea  of  the  conftruftion  oF 
that  admirable  organ  the  eye,  as  would  gratify  their  curiofity, 
and  prevent  their  being  led  aftray  by  grofs  prejudices.  So 
convinced  are  we  that  the  eye  is  frequently  injured  by  the 
thoushtlefs  inattention  of  ignorance,  that  we  are  led  to  recom- 
mend this  rational  eflay  to  thofe  wha,  in  their  full  ftrength,  never 
dream  that  the  hour  of  weaknefs  will  come,  and  may  be  haf- 
teneil  by  indifcretion.  The  plates  will  be  found  ufeful  to  illuf- 
trate  the  fubjeSs. 

AltT«  XIII.  Moral  and  Phihfophtcal  Eftimaies  of  the  State  and 
Faculties  of  Man  5  and  of  the  Nature  and  Sources  of  Human' 
Haptinefs.     A  Serits  of  Didaffic  LeSlures.     In  Four  Vols, 
fmall  8vo.  1383  pages.  Price  1 6s.  in  boards.  White.  1789. 

These  ledhires,  as  they  are  called,  are  a  weak  tranflation 
of  ZoUikofer's  ♦  fenfible  fermons^  which  have  been  defervedly  ' 
celebrated  throughout  Germany,  as  rational,  perfuafive  dif« 
courfes^  calculated  to  roufe  the  attention,  and  improve  the  un- 
derftanding  of  a  very  numerous  clafs  of  readers.  They  con* 
tain  much  found  reafoning,  and  clearnefs  of  judgment ;  yet, 
the  author  feems  never  to  have  forgotten  that  the  greater  num- 
ber of  men  have  not  been  accuftomed  to  think,  and  therefore 
muft  be'  inftru£ted  in  a  manner  adapted  to  their  languid  unex- 

*  ZoUikofer's  Predigten  ueber  die  Wiirde  der  Menfchen,  &c« 
—Sermons  on  the  Dignity  of  Man,  and  the  Value  of  the  chief 
Things  that  conflitute  human  Happin'efs.  Why  the^  author's 
name  has  Been  concealed,  and  the  title  altered,  in  this  anony- 
mous publidation,  we  are  not  informed. 

Vol.  VII.  X  crcifed 


2^  T  H   E  O  t  O   G  y. 

ercifed  faculties.    There  is  a  manly  plainnefs  running  through 
the  ftyle  pf  the  original,  which  muft  excite  refped:,  whilft,  in 
many  paflages,  a  fudden  glow  of  eloquence  faftens  on  the  affec- 
tions,  and  finks  the  lnftru<^ion  deeper  than  dry  arguments  ever 
can.  Every  where,  indeed,  appears  that  degree  of  earneft  fince-* 
rity,  whicn  gives  a  commanding  dignity  to  the  fimpleft  language, 
feldom^  to  be  found   in  more    laboured  compoiitions,    when 
a  more  ignoble  purfuit  animates  the  abilities  of  the  writer,  or 
attempts  at  elegance  abforb  the  mind,  and  render  the  fenti- 
ments  coldly  corre^l^.      Earneft,   however,  as  this  excellent 
man.  was  to  improve  his  hearers,  he  nvver  fufFers  his  imagi- 
nation to  be  heated,  and  the  cautious  good  fenfe  with  which  he 
choofes  the  middle  path,  when  he  treats  various  opinions  that 
have  often  feparated  worthy  men,  proves  that  his  head  ever 
remained  cool,  though  his  heart  grew  warmer  and  warmer  by 
a  conftant  endeavour  to  enlighten  his  fellow  creatures.     The 
contents  of  the  firft  volume  will  be  fuBUcient  to  point  out  the 
pra£iical  tendency  of  thefe  fermons,  which   we   recommend 
to  families,  as  particularly  proper  for  focial  reading. 

*  Wherein  the  dignity  of  man  confifts. — What  is  in  oppofition 
to  the  dignity  of  man. — How  and  by  what  means  Chriftianity  * 
reftores  the  dignity  of  man. — The  value  of  human  life.— The 
value  of  health.— The  value  of  riches. — The  value  of  honour. 
—The  value  of  fenfual  pleafures. — The,  value  of  fpiritpal  plea- 

.    fures. — The  value  of  devotion.* 

The  fermon  on  the  value  of  fenfual  pleafures  deferves  to  be 
diftinguithed,  for  the  author  has  judicioufly  fteered  clear  of  the 
two  oppofite  exti;etpe»  into  which  moralifts  have  been  fo  apt 
to  fall ;  we  fliall  fubjoin  two  quotations  from  it. 

P.  247.  *  Be  prudent,  careful,  and  confcientious  in  the 
choice  of  your  pleafures.  Do  not  imagine  the  firft  that  foH* 
cits  you  to  be  the  beft.  This  is  to  do  like  children,  who  arfe 
yet  defeftive  in  that  which  generally  diftinguiflies  men  from  the 
inferior  animals,  I  mean  judgment,  and  follow  inllindt  more  than 
confideration  and  reflection.  Men  are  to  diflinguifh  themfelves 
from  children  by  the  felcdlion  of  their  pleafures.  Suffer  no  plea- 
furc-to  impofe  upon"  you,  to  perfuade" or  beguile  you,  to  which 
of  yourfelf  you  are  not  inclined  ;  or  which,  according  to  time, 
and  your  prefent  difpolition,  you  had  rather  change  for  another, 
perhaps  fom©  nobler  pleafure.' 

*  A  third  rule,  that  may  aflift  us  in  the  choice  of  our  plea- 
fures, is  this  :  always  prefer  thofe  pleafures  and  diverfions  whicTi 
are  at  the  fame  time  profitable,  to  fuch  as  are  (imply  pleafures 
and  diverfions,  or  the  advantage  whereof  is  very  remotie  and 
almoil-  imperceptible.  In  this  view,  the  more  mental  plekfurea 
have  a  manifeft  preference  to  the  barely  fenfual.  When  1  pleafe 
my  palate  by  well-tafted,  or  charm  it  by  generous  and  racy  wine  ; 
when  I  flatter  my  olfactory  nerves  by  aromatic  and  delicious 
odours ;  when  I  delight  myfelf  in  the  fenfations  of  a  genial 
warmth,  a  refrefhing  breeze,  or  other  gentle  impreSoas  on  the 

2  prgana 


'    Efiimates  of  the  State  dni  Faculties  of  Many  &c.         29^ 

organs  of  feeling;  when  I  beguile  the  tedioufnefs  of  time  by 
honeft  diveriion ;  when  I  totally  unbend^  and  yield  alternately 
to  the  fweet  impreflions  of  outward  things ;  all  this  is  real  plea- 
fure  ;  but  it  is  merely  pleafure,  nothing  but  pleafure  ;  that  is 
fometimes  advantageous  in  its  confequences,  but  never  of  itfelf. 
As  oft^n,  on  the  ptber  hand,  as  I  engage  in  ufeful  and  inftruc- 
tivfc  converfatiun,  or  fenfible  difcourfe  ;  as  often  as  I  contemplate 
the  beauties  of  nature,  or  the  harmony  of  founds,  or  the  works 
of  art,  with  earneflnefs  and  fentiment ;  as  often  as.  I  adm  nifter 
-wholeibme  food  to  my  mind,  my  fagacity  and  my  fenfibifiry,  by 
reading  or  hearing ;  as  often  as  I  employ  myfelf  in  reflection  or 
devotion,  or  in  the  work^  of  benelicence  ;  fo  often  1  enjoy  plea* 
fure,  actual  pleafure,  but  not  merely  pleafure.  I  at  the  fame 
time  enjoy  a  ufefVil  exercife  of  my  mental  'powers,  of  my  tafte, 
iny  fenubility,  and  my  talents,  and  accordingly  forward  my  per- 
fe<ftion  and  felicity.  Therefore  continue  no  labour  to  abfolute 
fatigue,  till  you  are  quite  weakened  and  exhauded,  and  Tq  force 
yourfelf  to  feek  mere  pleafure,  or  rather  a  not  cUfagrecable  ior 
ai^ivity  and  rcpofe,  for  attending  to  your  health  or  your  life.  If 
th^  the  choice  of  your  pleafures  depends  gn  yourfelf,  and  you 
may  enjoy  one  as  well  as  another  without  detriment ;  prefer  thiit 
which  by  a  moderate  employment  affords  you  recreation  and  ex- 
-  ercifc  at  once ;  to  that  which  barely  gives  you  reft,  or  barely 
pleafure,  or  inlpircs  you  with  new  ilrength  and  vigour  only  ia 
Its  effects. 

Fourthly,  let  no  fenfual  pleafure  become  a  paflion,  if  3^ou 
ivould  not  run  the  hazard  of  lofing  your  freedom,  and  of  felling 
into  tlve  moil  lamentable  bondage.  He  that  i^idulges  himfelf  as 
frequently  in  fenfual  pleafure  as  he  has  the  means  and  opportu- 
mtics  for  it,  will  foon  find  that  he  cannot  forego  it  without  uh- 
eafinefs  and  pain  :  and  he  who  cannot  deprivehimfelf  of  it,  with- 
out thinking  himfelf  miferable,  will  foon  find  it  becolne  a  pafiion ; 
that  is,  he  will  no  longer  be  able  to  withftand  the  calls  and  al- 
lurements of  it — will  prefer  it  to  ail  other  kinds  of  pleafure,  fa- 
crifice  them  all  to  that  one,  and  think  himfelf  happy  in  the  en- 
joyment of  that  alone.  And  when  he  oftce  is  fo  far  gone,  how 
can  the  man  ftill  prefefvc  his  freedom  ?  how  will  he  be  able  to  do 
that  which  reafon  and  confcience  in  all  events  enjoin  him  to  per- 
forin as  the  fittefl  and  beft  ?  how  often  will  he  neglect  the  moft 
urgent  aflfairs,  and  violate 'the  moft  facred  duties,  for  purfulng 
this  pleafure  which  is  every  thing  to  him  !  how  often  will  the 
bare  want  of  this,  or  the  impoffibility  of  enjoying  it,  render  him 
ayerfe  and  unlit  to  any  other  exertion  of  his  faculties,  indifpofc 
him  for  any  ferious  bufinefs,  for  any  neceiTary  empjoyment  I— 
iind  how  can  a  man  in  this  fituatipn  be  happy  ^  nay,  the  oftetier 
lie  muft  deny  hilmfelf  the  pleafure  he  fo  paffionately  purfues  (and 
neither  his  own  nature,  nor  the  nature  of  other  thizkgs  and  other 
men,'  will  allow  him  fo  frequently  to  enjoy  it  as  he  would  wifh)  . 
the  oftener  therefore  he  muft  deny  himfelf  to  it,  fo  much  the  of- 
tener  mijft  he,  more,  or  lefs,  be  miferable.  Would  you  then  avoid 
this  bondage  and  this  it>ifery'?  then  fuffer  .n6t  the  inclination  to 
fenfual  pleafure  to  get  the-  command  oinJr  you  ;  allow  it  not ' 
to  become  fb  violent  as  that  yqu  cannot  withftand  it.     To  this 

X  :^.  end, 


9l^2  theology. 

end,  accuftom  yourfelves  to  abiHnencc  from  thi«  kind  of  plea- 
fures.  £njoy  them  not  fo  frequently  as  circumflances  and  time 
permit :  not  fo  frequently  as  you  have  opportunities  and  incli- 
nation thereto.  Break  off  from  them  at  times,  on  purpofe,  that 
you  may  le^rn  to  \>c  deprived  of  them  without  anxiety  or  vexa- 
tion :  merely  that  you  niay  maintain  the  command  over  yourfel^ 
and  the  rights  of  your  reafon  and  liberty  ;  merely  that  you  may 
not  become  the  Haves  to  fuch  things,  as  you  probably  muft,  one 
time  or  other,  relinquifli  whether  you  will  or  no,  and  the  priva- 
tion of  which  would  render  you  unhappy,  if  you  had  prcvioufly 
accuflomed  yourfelf  to  it.  Hard  as  the  obfervance  of  this  rule 
may  appear,  lirs,  it  is  abfolutely  neceflary  for  every  man  who 
would  be  wife  and  virtuous,  and  capable  of  lading  peace  and  a 
folid  felicity. 

We  fhail  clofe  our  review  with  an  extract  from  a  difcourfe 
on  the  value  of  Scnfibility, 

P. 6.  Vol.2.  *  For  acauiring  a  juft  idea  of  feniibility,  we  muft 
take  care  not  to  confound  it  with  feniitivenefs,  or  fimply  take  them 
for  one  and  the  fame.  When  we  are  eafily  affected  by  the  things  we 
fee,  and  hear  and  feel ;  or  by  the  rcprcfentations  we  form  to  our- 
feltes  of  abfcnt,  vifiblc,  fpiritual  fubje<5ts  ;  or  by  the  images  which 
6ur  imagination  or  inventive  faculty  holds  up  to  us,  of  mere  poilibi* 
lities  or  of  actual  exigencies  ;  when  the  agreeable  or  difagrecablc 
imprellions  which  cither  of  them  make  upon  us  fink  deep,  and 
eafily  and  fuddenly  fcize  upon  our  whole  lenfitive  faculty,  eafily 
and  fuddenly  move  us  to  joy  of  to  forrow,  to  wegping  or-to  laughter, 
to  love  or  to  hatred,  to  zeal  or  to  anger,  to  tranfports  of  delight,  ar 
to  the  pungency  of  affli<ftion  ;  we  are  then  acutely  fenfitive  :  and, 
when  this  fenfitivenefs  is  ennobled  and  exalted ;  when  it  chiefly  dif- 
plays  itfelf  in  regard  to  moral  objeds,  to  more  refined  beauties, 
antl  to  fublimer  pleafures  ;  when  it  fliarpens  our  fentiments  of 
what  is  right  and  wrong,  good  and  bad,  becoming  and  unbecom- 
ingy  generous  and  ungenerous  ;  and  makes  us  readily  obfcrve  and 
acutely  feel  this  diflerence  in, fuch  things,  perfons,  actions,  and 
events,  wherein  the  generality  of  mankind  perceive  and  feel  no- 
thing,— then  arc  we  feniible.  A  few  antithetical  exemplifications 
will  fet  this  matter,  in  a  more  perfpicuous  light.  The  merely 
fenfitive  man  is  rather  moved  by  the  furface»and  the  exterior  of 
things ;  the  man  of  fcnfibility  mdre  by  their  intrinfic  qualities 
and  real  excellency.  The  former  is  in  particular  eafily  moved 
to  difpleafurc  and  to  anger  ;  the  other  is  adapted  to  all,  and 
chiefly  the  gentler,  nobler  kinds  of  fentiments.  The  former  is 
more  agitated  by  flrong  and. violent  impreffions  ;  the  latter  more 
touched  and  afFefted  by  the  milder  and  more  gentle.^  The  former 
is  more  fenfible  to  the  grand,  the  extraordinary,  and  the  fkrikino- • 
the  latter,  more  to  the  fine,  ^he  noble,  the  unobferved  and  dc- 
fpifed  beautiful  ^nd  good.  The  fenfitive  man  is  irritated  at  the 
injury  he  receives  or  is  offered  ;  the  man  of  fcnfibility  is  troubled 
likcwifc  en  account  of  the  injury  his  enemy  his  doing  to  himfe^f, 
ind  the  aifliftion  he  is  preparing  for  himfelf,  fooner  or  later  to 
undergo.  .The  fenfitive  man  is  more  frequently  moved  to  com* 
pallion  by  the  loud  complaints  and  the  copious  tears  of  the  un- 
happy j 


Charlefworth'j  Sermons.  293 

_py;  the  man  of  fenlibility  is  alfo  affcfled  by  the  filent  ex- 
premons  of  the  pain,  the  troubles,  find  the  want  which  he  in- 
terefls  himfelf  in,  in  regard  of  every  creature.  The  fgnfitive 
man  loves  rather  gay  and  noify  pleafures  and  divcrfions  ;  the  man 
of  fenfibility  feeks  moft  the  charms  of  quiet,   domeftic,  gentle 

N.  joys.  The  feniitive  man  rejoices  in  the  good  adiions  of  the  phi- 
lanthropift  and  the  patriot ;  the  man  of  feniibility  is  likewife  de- 
lighted in  the  tears  that  ftand  in  the  eyes  of  the  child,  when  he 

'  hears  of  noble  deeds,  which  he  wifhes  to  have  done  himfelf. 
The  fenlitive  man  is  full  of  feeling  towards  whatever  has  a  vi- 
iible  ^nd  intimate  influence  on  himfelf  and  his ;  the  man  of  fen- 
fibility is '  alfo  moved  by  the  remoter  and  more  hidden  confe- 
quences  of  things ;  and  nothing  is  totally  foreign  .to  him,  no- 
nothing  indifferent,  that,  relates  to  any  living  being  capable  of 
feeling  and  of  happinefs.  In  fliort,  fenfibility  is  enlarged,  re- 
fined and  generous  fenfation  ;  it  is  either  a  higher  degree,  a  pe-*  . 
cuUar  diredlion  or  difpofition,  or  a  nobler  life  and  exhibition  of 
it.  • 

*  Now,  if  fenfation  be  of  itfelf  a  true  and  honourable  pre- 
rogative of  man,,  then  fenfibility  rauft  be  as  much  fo  and  more. 
-  * ,  But,  as  the  former  may  be  fometimes  rightly  employed,  fome- 
times  abufed,  and  therefore  fometimes  ufeful  and  at  others  hurt^ 
ful  to  mankind,  fo  likewife  it  fares  with  the  latter. '  There  is  a 
real  and  a  falfe,  a  laudable  and  a  blameable,  an  innocent  and 
a  dangerous  fenfibility.      ^  ,  m. 

■■         ■  ~"     ■  > 

Art.  XIV.    PraSfical  Sermons^  [ele6iedand  abridged  from  various 

Authors.     By    J.  Charlefworth,    m.  a.     &c.     Small  8vo. 

Vol.  II.     272  pages.     Price  3s.  fewed.      Newark,    Allin 

and  Ridge.     London,  Johnfon.     1789.  * 

The  firft  volume  of  Mr.  C.'s  colleftion  was  reviewed  in 

Vol.  I.  p.  193.  We  then  hinted  a  wi(h  thai;  our  benevolent 

editor  would  endeavour  to  feleft  the  moft  animated  eflays  which 

the  language  would  furnifllon  the  neceffary  fubjefts,  and  which 

might  be  level  to  the  capacities  of  thofe  for  whom  they  were 

intended.     In  this  volume  we  are  happy  to  fay  that  Mr.  C,  has 

profited  from  our  hint,  though  we  ftill  think  he  may  improve 

in  this  refpeit  in  his  future  volumes^  and  particularly  if  he  will 

look  among  the  more  modern  fpecimens  of  Britifli  eloquence. 

The  following  extrafl  will  afford  a  fair  fanrple  of  the  ftyle  of 
thefe  difcourfes,  p.  226. 

*  Fix  then  this  conclufion  in  your  minds,  that  whatever  deftroys 
your  virtue,  effeiStually  deftroys  your  happinefs.  Keep  thy  heart 
*with  all  diligence.  Watch  and  govern  it  with  the  greateft  care^. 
For  out  of  it  arc  the  iflTues  of  happinefs.  In  no  ftation,  in  no 
period,  think  yourfelves  fecure  from  the  dangers  which  fpring 
from  your  paflions.  Every  age  and  every  ftation  they  befet  % 
frpm  youth  to  grey  hairs,  and  from  the  peafant  to  the  prince, 

^    *  At  your  firft  fetting  out  in  life,  efpecially  whilft  unacquj^inted 
with  the  world  and  its  fnares,— when  every  pleafure  enchants 

X  3  with 


294*  THEOLOGY. 

with  its  fmiiot  and  every  obje^  (hines  with  the  bright  glbft  of 
novelty,  beware  of  the  feducing  appearances,  which  fnrround 
vou  ;  and  recollect  what  others  have  fuffered  from  the  power  of 
headftrong  defires.  If  you  allow  your  paffions  to  take  the  leadf 
you  become  the  mod  wretched  of  all  flaves.  If  you  fuffer 
wicked  inclinations  to  take  pofleilionof  your  miady  you  may  date 
'  from  that  moment  the  ruin  of  your  tranquility. 

*  Nor  with  the  fcafon  of  youth  does  the  danger  ei\d«  To  the 
impetuelity  of  youthful  deUres  fucceed  the  ^more  foberi^  ^ut  not 
leuf  dangerous  attachments  of  advancing  years  :  when  the  paffiont 
which  are  oonne^ed  with  interefl  and  ambition,  begin  their  reira ; 
and  frequently  extend  their  malignant  influence  even  to  thofe 
periods'  of  li^,  which  ou^ht  to  be  moft  tranquil,  and  moft  in- 
different  to  the  concerns  ot  this  world.  From  the  firft  to  the  l?ft 
of  man's  abode  on  earth,  the  difcipline  muft  never  be  laid  afide 
of  guarding  the  heart  from  the  dominion  of  the  pailions.* 

Mr.  Chailcfworth  promifes  to  give  a  general  table  of  con- 
tents, and  the  natr?s  of  the  authors,  at  the  end  of  the  fourtl^ 
Yoluttie.  .  D« 


A  R  T .  X  v«  The  Grounds  and  Reafons  of  the  Truth  of  CSjrsJiianiiy^ 
by  Way  of  ^ijiion  and  Anjwer  :  deftgned  for  the  UJfe  of  th^ 
fiunger^  and  lefs  injirudled  Chrijiians.  By  the  late  Reverend 
Mr.  MtlWay.  8vo.  43  pages,  frice  t  s.  6d.  Jobnfoh* 
1790. 

Most  other  catechifms,  both  for  the  young  and  for  adults, 
have  contained  the  doSirines  of  our  religion,  and  being  regu- 
lated by  the  particular  opinions  of  a  fe6^,  have  been  confequently 
>:onfined  and  narrowed  as  to  their  ufefulnefs.  The  objed  of  the 
pamphlet  before  us,  is  to  explain  the  evidences  of  chriftianity, 
and  e^chibit  the  proofs  of  its  truth  and  authority,  in  an  eafy  and 
familiar  manner,  adapted  not  only  to  the  capacities  of  young 
perfons,  but  to  the  convenience  of  thofe  chriftians  who  have 
little  opportunity,  or  perhaps  ability,  to  confult  larger  treatifes. 
The  evidence  upon  which  >  the  truth  of  the  Old  Teftamerit 
fta;ids,  and  the  grounds  upon  which  we  receive  it  as  a  reve- 
lation from  God,  are  firft  confidered,  and  from  thefe  the  author 
proceeds  to  the  New  Tcftament  difpenfation ;  the  life  and  con-» 
du&  of  Jefus  Chrift;  the  prophecies  which  preceded  him ;  th^ 
miracles  he  performed  ;  and  the  nature  and  effects  of  the  doc* 
trines  he  taught.  The  authors  to  whom  Mr.  Milway  ac- 
knowledges bis  obligations  are,  Grotius,  Clarke,  Lardner,. 
Chandler  and  Grove.  Upon  th^  whole,  we  think  that  he  has 
performed  an  acceptable  fervice  to  rational  Chriftianity,  and 
that  this  catechifm  will  be  found  very  ufeful  to  the  perfons  for 
whom  it  is  intended,  and  who  may  wifh,  with  St.  Paul,  to 
prove  all  thitigSy  and  Hold  f aft  that  which  is  good.  c.  c. 

Aar, 


David  ab  Gwilym*/  Poems.  295 

Art*  xvz.     Barddoniahh  Dafydd  ah  Gwilym  c  grynheaod  Owen 

JoneSy  a  William  Oweuy  u  e.  Thi'Poems  of  David  ab  Gwilym,^ 

colUSied  by  Owen  Jones^  and  JVilliam  Owin.      fmall  '8vo. 

592  p.     Pr.  5s.  6d.  in  boards.     Williams*     ^789. 

The  fame  of  this  ancient  bard,  and  the  labour  taken  by  the 

curious  to  tranfcribe  his  works,  for  four  hundred  years,  will 

render  this  publication  highly  acceptable  to  thofe  who  have  a 

tafte  for  antiquity,  and  Welm  poetry.     The  Wel(h  language 

is  uncommonly  copious  and  fonorous,  cfpecially  confidering  tj^; 

calamitous  and  depreiTed  fttuation  of  the  Britons  for  {o  msLtif 

centuries.     Befides,  it  is  undoubtedly  as  original  and  ancient  i 

language  as  any  in  the  world,  and  capable,  if  properly  managed^ 

of  very  extraordinary  powers,  of  which  Gwilym's  poems  would 

fupply  u^  with  many  inftances,  though  they  are  not  To  crouded 

with  alliteration,  and  frequently  chiming  rhymes,  as  others  of  a 

later  date ;  for  no  language  that  we  are  acquainted  with  can 

bear  to  be  tortured  as  this  often  is,  in  many  of  their  more 

modern  and  much-boafted  of  twenty-four  meafurcs. 

David  ab  G wilym  was  born  in  1 340,  at  Brogynin,  in  the 
parilhof  Llanbadarn  Fawr,  in  the  county  of  Cardigan.  His 
father  was  G wilym  Gam,  (a  relation  of  Ivor  Hael,  lord  of 
Maefalee;,  in  Monmouth(hire,  an  anceftor  of  the  prefent  family 
of  the  .Nlorgans  of  Tredegar,)  and  his  mother  was  Ardudful, 
fifter  of  Llewelyn  ab  G  wily^m  Fychan,  ftiled  lord  of  Cardigan  ^ 

{ofleiTed  of  Emlyn  and  Cryngae,  in  Carmarthenfliire,  and 
>olgoch,  in  Cardiganfhire ;  in  whofe  family,  at  Emlyn,  the 
infant  bard  was  nurfed  and  educated  till  he  was  15  years 
of  agie ;  at  which  period  he  removed,  afteV  a  fhort  ftay  with 
his  parents,  and  fettled  as  fteward and  private  tutor  in  the  family 
of  Ivor  Hael,  who  (notwithftanding  a  (hort  difpleafure  on  ac« 
count  of  fome  overtures  made  by  the  tutor  to  his  fair  pupil,,which 
ihe  encouraged,  and  for  which  fhe  was  compelled  to  take  the 
veil)  continued  during  his  life,  by  his  hofpltality,  generofity  and 
friendfliip,  to  be  the  bard's,  et  praftdium  et  duke  doeus. 

Gwilym,  like  other  itinerant  bards  of  that  age,  often  viftted 
different  parts  of  the  principaKty^  and  was  fo  univerfally  admired', 
that  he  has  been  claimed  by  the  men  of  Anglefea,  as  tneir  coun^ 
tryman ;  he  was  known  by  the  name  of  David  of  Glamprgan, 
and  the  nightingale  of  Teivi  Vale,  in  Cardiganfhire. 

Excepting  mu(ic  anrd  a  few  Latin  words,  which  he  might  picl^ 
up  a^  mafs,  it  cannot  be  afcertained,  from  his  works,  that  he  had 
any  acquaintance  with  the  fciences  or  learned  languages  j  for 
his  poems  chiefly  confift  of  lively  defcriptious  of  nature,  written 
in  pure  unadulterated  Wejih. 

As  to  the  learning,  in  fa£l,  of  the  Britilb  bards,  they  appear 
to  have  very  little  of  what  may  be  ftyled  literature  among  them^ 
excepting  a  critical  knowledge  of  their  own  language,  and  of 
their  various  poetical  meafures ;  but  owe  all  their  merit  to  na- 

X  4  turC;. 


296  POETRY. 

ture.  So  fliat  we  feldom  meet  With  any  allufions  to  hiftory,  or 
any  claffical  authors,  but  only  to  fome  of  their  antient  bards^ 
cm:  to  fome  traditionary  legend  of  their  own  counti-ymen.  Some  - 
of  them,  indeed,  allude  to  Ovid  and  Virgil,  though  they  do  not 
feem  to  have  read  their  works  ;  and  to  bave  a  confufed  idea  of 
Homer's  heroes,  particularly  thofe  of  the  Trojan  fide,  as  they 
pride  theoifelves  on  being  defcended  from  iEneas  and  the  com- 
panions of  his  flight. 

With  refpect  to  his  manners,  he  diflFered  little  from  the 
wits  and  poets  of  modern  times.  This  volume^  being  but 
a  part  of  his  works,  fliews  how  juftly  he  has  been  ftyled 
the  Welfh  Ovid.  Of  262  odes,  1  c  are  dedicated  to  the  virtues, 
fahiily,  and  memory  of  his  patron,  Ivor  Hael ;  7  to  the  virtuous 
Duddgu,  who  rejected  his  fuit  5  106,  to  Morfydd,  a  lady  of 
great  beauty,  but  of  eafy  virtue,  whom  the  poet  firft  clan- 
fleftinely  married  5  then  unwillingly  was  forced  to  refign  her  to 
a  man  of  fortune  ;  afterwards  feduced  her  from  her  hufband  ; 
and  though  fined  and  imprifoned  for  it,  perfevcred  in  celebrating 
her  as  long  as  (he  lived.  There  are  eight  odes  on  the  conteft  be* 
tween  oiir  poet  and  Gryffydd  Gryg,  a  rival  bard  from  Anglefea. 
His  pointed  fatire  proved  as  fatal  to  another  rival,  as  Archilochus's 
Iambics  were  to  Lycambisj  for  Rhys  Morgan  upon  hearing 
No,  230  rehearfed  in  a  public  aflembly  of  the  bards,  was  fo 
hurt,  that  he  immediately  dropped  down  dead-r-104,  on  various 
amorous  fubjefts-— 10,  confilting  of  praifes  of  the  living,  and 
elegies  on  the  dead,  and  10  compofed  near  his  death,  about 
the  year' 1400,  containing  penitent  reflections  upon  the  vani* 
ties  and  follies  of  life-*-Chrift's  image-^his  virtues-— paflion«— re- ' 
demption-— confeffion  of  lin-^the  terrors  of  death' and  judgment, 
all  marked  with  the  divinity  of  the  times.  The  15th  poem  in 
the  appendix  is  quoted  in  the  Flores  Poetarum,  and  Dr.  Davies's 
di<Sionary,  as  Jeuan  Brydyddhxr's,  a  bard  of  the  15th  century. 

David  ab  Gwilym  died  about  the  year  1400,  aged  about  60, 
and  was  buried  at  Yftrad  Flur  (Strata  Florida)  in  his  native 
country. 

Gwilym's  fruitful  invention,  aptnefs,  and  variety  of  fimlles, 
will  always  be  admired  by  thofe  who  can  underftand  the  ori- 
ginal ;  and  the  literati  of  Europe  would  be  furprized  at  his 
inighty  ftrides  towards  Parnaflus,  if  they  could  but  conceive  the 
vmrelenting,  \vorfe  than  Bajiilian  (hackles  of  WelOi  profody,  i|> 
^hich  he  gained  every  inch  of  ground. ' 

NoDedal^an  labyrinth  is  more  perplexed  than  fome  of  them, 
cfpeciajly  than  one,  which  they  term  *  Gorcheft  y  Bevidd,  or 
the  Crux  Poetarum,'  a  meafure  which  it  would  be  next  to  an 
impoflibility  to  fill  up,  according  to  th^ir  prefcrihed  rules,  in 
^ny  other  language. 

'  Whether,  the  different  laws  of  poetry  in  different  languages, 
]pp   foyiidpd  (nerelv  on  ^afte^   and  arbitrary   quftam,  or  on 


David  ab  GwilymV  Poems.  297 

fcme  charaSeriftic  difference  in  the  feveral  languages  them^ 
felves,  we  (hall  not  pretend  to  determine. 

As  rhyme,  and  an  equal  number  of  fyllables  in  each  ftanza, 
though  blemifhes  in  Latin  and  Greek,  are  neceflary  ornaments 
in  Englifli  j  with  equal  reafon  may  the  fuppofed  faults  in  an* 
Englim  line,  be  a  real  beauty  in  Wclfh. 

So  it  is  in  fact :  for  each  ot  the  24  different  meafures  ufed 
in  Welch  poetry,  muft  ilot  only  like  the  Englifh,  have  each 
line  of  fuch  a  length  and  cadence,  rhyming  with  one  or  moj« 
yokefellows ;  but  each  fingle  line,*  like  every  individual  arch 
of  a  bridge,  mull:  b^  fo  locked  and  concatenated,  that  it  may 
fland  firm,  and  independent  of  its  fellows  3  according  to  eitheir 
of  thefe  three  rules,  ^ 

Rule  1.  Repeat  the  confonants  of  the  preceding  fyllables,  in 
the  fuccee'ding  fyllables  of  the  line,  changing. the  vowels  anj 
diphthongs ;  which  alliteration  refembles  a  compleat  arch,  whoie 
two  ends  exaftly  refemble  each  other,  as, 

*  I  hope  you  lead,  a  happy  life*' 
Or, 

I  *•  Ji^ot;  V  r^i\(M  aoihiv,     Odyfley.' 

Rule  2.  Divide  the  line  into  three  parts  or  refls ; — making 
the  fecohd  to  rhyixie  to  the  firft  ;  and  the  beginning  of  the  third 
'  to  alliterate  or  repeat  the  beginning  of  the  fecond, — This  is  like 
a  chain  of  three  links,  and  may  not  improperly  be  called  con- 
catenation, as 

*  Hear  the  doleful  mournful  moan.'* 

The  two  lafl  we  frequently  meet  in  Englifh  poets. 

*  For  bleffifigs////iny?<7rr.     Watts.* 

*  Indulgent,  on  the  r//?»^  rtfrtf.     Gray.* 
•Th'  exterior  y<7r/»  we ^«^.     Idem.* 

*  The  deluge  burft  vtithf^veepyf^way^    Idem.' 
And  the  three  links  intire  in 

*  Th'  encroaching  tide  that  drowns  her  lefs'ning  land.     Id.* 
-Aiiother, 

*  Temper  take,*     Idem. 
'  All  in  the  Fragment  6n  Education. 

Cicero's  fortunatam  natam^  though  blamed  by  the  Roman 
fatyrift,  would  have  been  no  unlucky  attempt  at  the  imiutioa 
of  Welfh  poetry. 

Rale  3.  Let  the  penultima  of  the  line  be  long  or  accented, 
rhyming  to  the  preceding  reft,  and  followed  bya  fhort,  or  un- 
'  accented  vowel,  as, 

*  That  man's  pride,  doth  ill  betide  him.* 

Or,  . 

*  Many  a  fcore,  are  flill  before  him,* 

We  fubjoin  a  madrigal  attempted  in  Englifh,  according  to 
the  above  rules,  by  which  the  Welfh  bards  have  been  crippW  in 
their  career  to  FarnaiTus,   ever  fincc  the  days  of  David  ab 

'  Q  *  2.  My 


tqi  POETRY. 

,  *  2.  My  fair  J  find  in  ihind  and  mien, 
^       I.  And  honour,  a  Diana  ; 

I.  I*d  ftorn,  by  George,  to  take  his  queen, 
I.  For  loihg  fair  Eliza.' 
This  very  poetical  language  admits  with  cafe  and  elegance 
cf  a  method  of  coining  words,  by  incorporating  two  or  three 
into  one.  The  German  language  allows  the  fame  freedom, 
and  it  certainly  gives  gr^at  energy  to  (joctry.  B»t  as  too  much 
liberty  is  apt  to  degenerate  into  licentioufnefs,  fo  our  WeMh 
bards  are  too  apt  to  abufe  this  licence,  by  employing  too  much 
of  thofe  new- fabricated  expreffions,  which  frequently  render 
their  performances  ftiflF  and  aukward.  And  notwithftanding 
the  harmonic  concatenation  of  the  Wellh  language,  the  fur- 
prifmg  ingenuity  of  its  conftrudlion,  and  the  mechanical 
ftrufture  df  the  verfification,  we  cannot  fpeak  much  in  praife 
of  the  latter,  unlefs  it  be  of  the  Englyn  Milcor,  and  fome  few 
others  of  the  more  ancient  and  lefs  colnplex  fort.  .  From  its 
name  it  feems  formerly  to  have  been  appropriated  to  martial 
fubjecSb,  and  might  properly  be  termed  their  heroic  verfe  ;  and 
"which,  though  certainly  as  ancient  as  ibe  Druids  times,  appea^r 
to  be  (with  fome  others  of  early  date)  far  more  eafy  and  har- 
monious than  all  ibe  lingling  of  the  complicated  mcafures  of 
modern  times,  which  iound  lijce  the  con fufed  jangle  of  i^ll- tuned 
bcllF,  or  the  clang  of  chains,  which  they  feem  voluntarily  to 
have  loaded  themfelves  with,  as  if  with  a  defigft  to  fhew  which 
of  them  could  hop  the  higheft,  or  run  the  fafteft,  or  move  the 
moft  gracefully  when  hampered  with  thofe  cumberous  fhackles* 
So  that  they  are  often  neceffitated  thereby  to  facrifice  the  fenfe 
to  the  found,  and  ftufF  their  compofitions  with  many  ufelefs  ex- 
pletives, far-fetched  epithets,  and  feveral  hemiftics,  nay,  whole 
iines,  foreign  to  the  fubjecS^;  which  is  not  feldom  the  cafe 
among  fome  of  the  Englifh  poets. 

To  convey  fome  faint  idea  of  this  author's  genius,  we  ihall 
conclude  this  article  with  an  imitation  of  an  elegiac  ode.  No.  234, 
6n  the  death  of  Roderic  ab  Jeuan  Llwyd,  of  Gogerthan,  Gar- 
diganfliire,  the  rules  of  alliteration  being  obferved  and  marked 
in  the  fir  ft  ftanza. 

*  I.  Hifi  /   Iheardhwtyefterday 
I.  /«  a  loud ^n^  folemn  lay^ 
I.  Thrice  a  great  VLTiA  hideous  groan^ 
a.  O  !  the  doleful  mournful  moan. 

Neither  ftorms,  norhuntfman's  horn,  * 
On  a  mountain  in  the  morn, 
Could  in  concert  fully  blown, 
Equal  this  unequall'd  groan. 

What  could'  raife  this  dreadful  roar  ? 
Shaking  earth  from  ihore  to  fhore  ? 
'Twas  L^welyp's  cries  alone, 
Grief  for  Rod'rick  made  him  grpan*  ^ 

Foad 


Francis'*  Mifcellaneous  Poems.  i^9 

Fond  Lewclyn  loth  tp  part. 
With  a  tender,  bleeding  lieart', 
Mourns  his  Rod'rick,  young  and  brarc. 
Laid  in  an  untimely  grave. 

Ne*er  was  mother  more  diftrcfs*d 
For  a  babe  torn  from  her  breaft, 
As  Levvelvn  for  the  fate 
Of  his  alUaccompliihed  mate. 

None'that  knew  the  wondVous  man^ 
And  his  fliining  virtues,  can 
Wonder  at  Lewelyn's  moan. 
And  his  thrice  repeated  groan. 

Cambria's  pride  and  glory's  o*ef, 
Cambria's  heroes  are  no  more, 
Cambria  loft  her  tow'iing  head, 
Roderick's  numbered  with  the  dead! 

From  a  rapid,  fpreadin?  pame. 
From  the  foaring  wings  of  fame, 
Kod'rick  ftrong,  and  Rod'rick  brave. 
Fell  into  the  filent  grave. 

Ah !  that  beauty,  valour,  vouth, 
Grac'd  with  learnmg,  friendUiip,  truth, 
And  the  brighteft  talents,  fell 
To  fo  dark  and  narrow  a  cell! 

As  the  brave  and  valiant  knight,^ 
Tho'  tehacious  of  his  right, 
Was  forgiving,  gen'rouB,  kind; 
Grace  and  mercy  may  he  find. 

8.  A# 


Art.  XVII.  Miftellaneous  Poems.     By  Anne  Francis.     i2mo« 
275  pages,   price   3s.  fewed.     Becket.     1790. 

We  have  before  obferved,  that  many  fmoothly  flowing  rhyme$ 
might  pleafe  domeftick  friends,  though  they  want  that  decided 
merit  which  would  entitle  them  to  public  attention.  The 
pref^nt  colleSion  comes  under  this  defcription ;  fome  of  the 
poems  are  pretty;  but  none  of  them  rife  above,  nay,  few 
reach  mediocrity,  if  we  except  the  cadence  of  the  verfe, 
which  flows  eafily,  and  tinkling  a$  it  flow$,  fometimes  made 
qs  think-  of  Shenftone. 

It  has  lately  been  the  fafhion  to  celebrate  the  Sorrows  of 
Werter,  and  poetical  ladies  have  been  eager  to  kill  Charlotte 
as  a  (acrifice  to  his  manes.  Charlotte  has  for  a  long  time  been, 
difplayed  in  the  print  fhops^  bpdy' and  foul,  weeping  over 
Wcrter'S  tomb,  whilft  the  willow,  in/weet  fyriipathy  weeping, 
0iades  her  head;  but  a  bolder  flight  was  referved  for  this 
lady,*  fhe  makes  her  Ghost  moan  over  her  friend^ s  urn^  and 
jhe  pale  &ade   loves  him  ia  the  manfion  of  death ! — The 

ladie» 


300  F  O   E   T   R   Y» 

ladies  are  all  {o  partial  to  the  man,  who  couid  die  for  love, 
that  it  appears  to  be  high  treafon  againft  the  laws-  of  romance^ 
to  allow  Charlotte  to  live,  and  bring  young  Alberts  into 
the  world  : — true,  tender  hearted  ladies — (he  ought  to  have  ran 
mady  and  died. — It  was  very  indelicate'  to  live  to  fulfil  the 
duties  of  life !  We  (hall  add  as  a  fpecimen  the  poem  which 
we  have  been  alluding  to,   P.  213. 

THE  CHOST  OF  CHARLOTTE  AT  THE  TOMB  OF  WERTER. 

*  By  the  willow  that  waves  o'er  the  tomb, 
'  O,  think  not  'twas  Charlotte,  you  fpied; 
When  Wertcr  had  feal'd  his  fad  doom, 

She  heard,— fhe  defpair'd, — and  fhe  died  ! 
How  deep,  and  how  awful  the  found — 

Of  the  bell,— as  it  broke  on  the  gale  ! 
From  the  lleep-rock  I  heard  it  rebound. 

And  it  plaintively  pour'd  thro'  the  vale. 

Where  the  yew-tree  extends  its  dank  fliade. 

And  yartrow  in  loofe  tufts  appears. 
At  even  I  faw  her  corpfe  laid  ; 

And  I  moiflen'd  the  fod  with  my  tears  ? 
I  mark'd  when  young  Albert  drew  nigh. 

All  pale,  and  dejected  was  he! 
I  faw  the  big  tear  in  his  eye,  -     -■ 

As  he  leant  on  the  ilem  of  the  tree: 

_  'Twas  pride  that  forbad  it  to  flow, 

*Twas  pride  that  denied  him  relief : 
His  heart  was  deprefs'd  with  its  woe,  *, 

Yetlilent, — and  fullen  his  grief ! 
I  mark'd  him, — and  inwardlv  faid,— i 

(His  for  rows  inclined  to  deplore) 
Since  Charlotte,  ill-fated,  is  dead, 

The  joj^s  of  poor  Albert  are  o'er  I 

Oft-times,  at  the  noon  of  the  night,  ; 

Pale  Charlotte  appears  on  the  green. 
When  the  moon  ftrikes  alkaunt  on  the  fight. 

And  fancy  emblazons  the  fcene  ; 
Her  cheeks  all  bereft  of  their  bloom ! 

Her  eye-balls  no  luftre  retain ! 
She  Heals,  a  wan  ghott,  from  the  tomb,  ' 

And  glides  to  the  verge  of  the  plain 
Where  Werter's  cold  relics  repofe ; 

('Neath  the  willow  impregnate  with  dew, 
Where  the  green  grafs  lu^unantly  grows 

Round  the  tomb— half  conceal'd  from  the  view,) 
I've  feen  the  light  phantom  recline. 

The  marble  f u flam 'cf  her  white  breaft^ 
In  founds  that  were  almpft  divine, 
.     X'vc  heard  her  fond  paifion  exprell ; 

♦  Dear . 


Dcacon'j  Poems*  3CI 

*  Dear  fliade  !  to  thy  Charlotte  attend, 

*  The'  fate  have  depriv'd  her  of  breath, 

*  She  hangs  o*er  the  urn  of  her  friend, 

•  And  loves  in  the  raanfion  of  death/ 

Soft  murmurs  enfued  from  bejovv —  ] 

Faint  echoes  were  heard  thro*  the  grove— 

*i^he  accents  were  mingled  with  woe — 
But  woe — that  was  fweeten'd  with  love, 

tf  fancy  impofe  on  my  mind 

*Tis  a  cheat  I  (liail  ever  hold  dear,  '  ^ 

>  I  mufe  on  their  pafTion  rcifined, 

And  I  think  on  their  fate  with  a  teaf: 
O!  Werter!— I  pity  thy  youth! 

Thy  love  and  thy  death  I  deplore,  .  ,       . 

May  ages  remember  thy  truth, 

When  thy  crime  is  r«member'd  no  inore.' 

Art.  xviii.     Poems.     By  D.  Deacon,  Jun.  410*  133  pages. 
Price  46.  fewcd.     Rivingtons.     1790. 
The  corre£lncfs  of  th6  principal  poem  in  this  coUeSion, 
(^  The  Triumph  of  Liberty,  occafioned  by  the  Centenary  Com- 
memoration of  the ,  Glorious  Revolution,'}  produces  a  lulling 
monotony,  which  is  fometimes  broken  by  a  few  lines  that  rife 
-  to  elegance.     For  inftance  the  following.     P.  5. 

*  Hark  1  how  the  mufic  of  the  diflant  belU 
Glads  the  chill  air,  and  fills  it  with  a  fort 
Of  infpiration  and  enlivening  found  : 

For,  'twixt  the  foul  and  harmony,  exifts 
A  mediate  fympathy,  which  gives  the  mind, 
Thro'  fancy's  aid,  expaniion  and  delight, 
.    Or,  as  the  foul  is^  tempered,  grief  or  joy.* 

Liberty,  though  reckoned  the  grand  fource  of  the  fublimc, 
has  feldom,  we  believe,  aded  as  a  mufe  to  warm  the  breaib 
with  true  poetic  fire,  that  prefumed  to  fing  her  praife,;'  loft  in 
contemplating  the  noble  deeds  fheinfpired,  like  Casfar,(he  forgets 
to  fpeak  of  herfelf,  and  dwells  on  the  praifes  of  the  heroes  whom 
(he  guides  up  the  fteps  of  glory.  We  principally  allude  to 
Thomfon's  poem  j  but  the  prefent,  though  it  celebrates  a  local 
triumph,  is  (till  uninterefting  and  coldly  difFufe.  The  '  Triumph 
of  Liberty,'  however,  is  far  fuperior  to  the  three  other  poems 
that  compofe  this  little  colle£l:ion, — 'Edwin  and  Clarinda,'  *  The 
Vanity  of  Ambitious  Expectations,' and  'An  EfFufion.'  The  tale 
is  a  very  romantic  one,  and  it  is  not  eafy  to  difcover  what  moral 
the  author  intended  to  inforce,  or  v/hether  he  had  any  other 
defign  in  writing  it,  than  to  tell  a  difmal  ftory  of  a  faithlefs 
fwain,  who  broke  the  heart  of  a  iweet  nymph,  and  jeft  her  ior^  , 
Jorn  to  die  under  a  fhady  tree,  though  Edwin  was  near  to 
comfort  her,  and  was  fo  true  to  the  code  of  romances,  that 

he. 


302  P  6  E  T  H  T» 

he  aftcrwiards  laid  his  head  on  the  grwn  grafs  turf  ^  that  vcilM 
the  mouldVing  fair/  and  breathed  his  Uft  figh  on  it.    .What 
fentiment  is  all  this  to  convey  ?    Only  this—* 
*  That  if  weak  women  go  aftray. 
Their  ftars  are  more  in  fault  than  they/ 


Art.  XIX.  Happinefs :  A  Poem.  410.  19  p.  Price  is.  6d. 
Ridgvvay.  1790. 
The  author  of  this  little  mpral  piece  apoloeifes  for  its  pub<- 
lication,  and  informs  us  that  it  is  his,  or  her^  nrft  attempt,  and 
that  its  reception  will  determine  whether  it  (hall  be  the  laft,  &c. 
If  our  advice  could  h^ve  fufficient  weight,  it  would  be  the  lad ; 
for  trite  fentiments  have  no  poetical  ornaments  to  recommend 
them  in  this  cflay— it  cannot  with  any  propriety  be  called  a 

poem.    P*  13- 

«  Your  happinefs,  0  Virtue!  is  ferene, 

A  happinefs  not  lefs,  becaufe  unfeen ! 

Ye  fix  yotir  ftay  within  the  inmoft  heart. 

Are  all  its  own,  with  nothing  can  it  part! 

In  cv'ry  bread  ye  find  a  place  to  ftay. 

Though  ev'ry  breaft  dotn  not  alike  obey 

Your  mild  commands ;  yet,  of  the  human  heart,   , 

No  innate  badnefs  ever  has  a  part!' 


Art.  XX.  Chiyt  Sing  :  A  Poem.    By  a  Young  Lady  of  Fifteen, 
Infcribed,  by  Permiffion,  to  the  Right  Hon.  C.  J.  Fox,  Efq,    . 
410.     38  p.     Woodhoufe.     1790. 

This  is  a  pretty  little  difmal  tale,  a;id  the  fentiments  fuch 
as  we  ihould  have  expected  from  an  innocent  inexperienced 
heart,  warmed  by  compaffion,  and  fpurning,  almoft  inftinc- 
tively,  at  cruelty  and  injuftice.  It  is  not  nccefiary  to  trace 
how  far  the  conpalTion  of  our  young  author  may  ftave  led  her 
aftray ;  but  we  mu{^  add,  that  the  account  of  her  age  excited 
our  pity  5  for  we  are  always  forry  when  either  boys  or  girls  have 
teeming  fancies,  and  attempt  to  firing  rhymes  wheq  they 
ought  to  be  ftoring  their  minds  with  ufeful  knowledge*  Be- 
fides,  thefe  premature  flowers,  generally  fpeaking,  difappoint 
the  expedation  of  their  friends,  and  the  wonderful  genim^  at 
fourteen  or  fifteeti,  is  found  nothing  extraordinary  at  four  or 
five  and  twenty  to  anfwer  the  hopes  its  dawn  gave  rife  to,  and 
parental  vanity  anticipated.  Nay,  we  are  firmly,  perfuaded, 
that  this  very  purfuit  injures  the  unJerftanding  more  thsin  moft 
others,  and  prevents  its  acquiring  diftii}<a  ideas.  To  expreft 
ourfelves  more  explicitly,  wc  mean  to  fay,  that  when  the  ima- 
.  ginatipn  is  condantly  heated,  and  the  feelings  continually  ex-^ 
erci^d,  by  confu()sd  emotions,  raifed  by  poetic  and  dramatic 
ivritings,  the  judgment  has  not  time  to  ripen  and  colle£l  prin- 
ciples, or  even  to  fee  things  in  their  true  colours.  . 

,    Any 


Epijile  to  James  BofiveU^  Bfq.  ^03 

Any  perfon,  Who  has  paid  the  kaft  attention  to  youths  muft 
have  experienced,  how^  very  difficult  it  is  to  prevent  young 
people  from  ufing  words  without  afRxing  determinate  ideas  to 
them  ;  a  cuftom  that  will  naturally  retard  the  progrefs  of  reafon, 
and  never  allow  the  mind  to  (hoot  out  vigoroufly. 

The  abfurdity  of  trying  to  teach  an  infant  to  dance  before 
it  can  walk  fteadily  ftrikes  every -one ;  yet,  it  is  not  fo  injurious 
a  pradice  as  the  common  method,  in  fchools,  of  endeavouring 
to  make  children  gabble  poetry  with  emphafis  before  they  can 
*  combine  their  conceptions  with  any  degree  of  correftnefs :  and 
this  cuftom  has  a  ftill  more  pernicious  efFeft  on  girls  than  boys. 
Some  coiifufed  expreffions  ifi  this  poem  gave  rife  %o  thefe 
refledlions ;  we  {hall  quote  a  pafiage  to  illuftrate  our  remark. 
P.  28. 

*  And  now  at  even  clofe  with  boding  dread, 
'  Ufg'd  by  paft  terrors,  by  intreaty  led. 

The  wretched  Rajah,  with  a  chofen  few. 

Bids  to  his  prifon,  once  his  court,  adieu  ! 

His  wife,  his  mother,  on  his  fteps  await. 

The  fad  companions  of  his  wayward  fate; 

And  whilft  they  hang  on  his  fupporting  arms. 

He  cheats  idea  of  its  rude  alarms, 

Robs  of  the  pearly  drop  the  tearful  eye^ 

And  burfts  the  thought  before  it  gains  a  figh!' 


Art,  XXI.  EpiJUe  to  James  Bofwell^  Efq.  occajioned  by  hh  Jong-* 
expe£ied^  and  now  fpeedily'tO'be'publiJhed  Lifty  ofDr,  Johnjon* 
4to.    ,38  p.     Price  is.     Hookham.     1790. 

This  addrefs  to  James  Bofwell,  Efq.  obvioufly  vl^ritten  by 
one  of  Peter  Pindar's  admirers,  contains  fome  humour ;  arri 
more  attention  to  modefty  and  decency  appears  in  it  than  is, 
generally  fpeaking,  to  be  found  in  the  numerous  rhyming  imi- 
tations of  his  excentricities  and  defeats.  Thus,  did  the  immor- 
tal Alexander  hold  his  head  afide,  thinks  a  pert  enfign,  as  he 
minces  acrofs  the  parade  held  in  the  market-place  of  a  country 
town. 

The  prefatory  addrefs  to  the  reader  gives  an  account  of  the 
anthor's  defign;  we  (hall  infert  a  part  of  it,  and  a  fpecimen, 
p.  29,  31, 

'  The  author  hopes  the  reader  will  not  fo  far  mifconftrue  the  pur- 
pofe  of  this  epiftlc,  as  to  fuppofe  it  intended  as  a  vehicle  for  illiberality. 
He  is  one  of  thofe  who  laments  the  deficiency  of  a  well-arranged  dif- 
fertation,  on  the  life,  genius,  and  literary  character  of  Dr.  johnfoo. 
He  confiders  Mrs,  Piozzi's  Anecdotes,  and  Mr.  Bofwell's  Journal  of 
the  Tour  to  the  Hebrides,  merely  as  caricatures  of  a  man,  who  deferved 
better  of  his  friends,  than  to  be  placed  in  fo'  difrefpeCiablc  a  poinr  of 
view.  Sir  John  Hawkins  has  certainly  been  ridiculoufly  minute; 
and  could  not  even  fufter  the  ftory  of  the  Brood  of  Ducks,  nor  the 
fatality  which  attended  the  odd  one,  to  remain  unnoticed.  Such  fide- 
lity of  narration  might  have  bcca  excufed,  were  not  the  performance 

degraded . 


304  p  o  £  I*  R  v:. 

degraded  by  (6  many  ill-timed  cenfures>  on  charafters  entirely  uncon* 
neCled  with  fhe  fubjeft/ 

*  Deem  not,  the  mn/e  fevcre  in  moody  fpleen, 
1'hy  handmaid fi>€y  with  frugal  care  would  glean^ 
The  fields  with  njjild  oatSy  and  with  iveeds  o'ergrown. 
Which  John  fin  5  hujbandmen  have  idly  fown ; 

Left,  rank  in  vicious  growth,  they  choak  the  foil. 
And  once  more,  Bofiwell,'  difappoint  thy  toil: 
'  Her  faintly-glowing  colours,  aim  to  paint, 
Falfi  ivit,  in  all  her  playful  fancies  quaint, 
Fa/fe  tafte^  to  hold  forth  to  the  teft  of  day> 
Dight  in  conceit,  in  Tufcan  pageant  gay  i- 
Not,  with  a  Nero's  fcorn,  aloof  to  gaze. 
Light  up  the  brand,  and  triumph  o'er  the  blaze/ 

*  Enough,  no  more  by  Johnfi-mania  fmit. 
Or  wMd,  in  fallies  of  excurftve  wit. 

Let  quaint  Conceit  difplay  her  gaudy  creft. 

Or  Egoti/mf  her  felf-embroider  d  veft ; 

Nor,  tales  portentous,  of  old^<wontenhTcd, 

What  time  the  Gnomes,  their  elfin  fancies  fped. 

Wed  in  alliance ;  nor  the  work  difgrace. 

With  Flemijh  farce ,  and  fcenery  out  of  place. 

Left,  like  the  wild  confufion  of  a  dream, 

M^^/?/»rV  C^^o/,  mafk  the  motley  theme.*  ' 

ArTw  xxiir  A  Sonnetj  fuppofed  io  have  been  written  hy  Mary 
^ueen  of  Scots^  to  the  rlarl  of  Bothwell^  previous  to  her  Mar -^ 
tiage  with  that  Nobleman.  Tranflated  inta  Englijh.  To  which 
is  fubjoined  ti  Copy  of  the  French  Sonnet^  written^  as  it  is  faidj 
with  the  ^een's  own  Hand*,  and  found  in  a  Cajket^  with 
ether  fecretrapers.  iyo^  p.  28.  pr.  is,  6d.  Robinfons^  1790. 
Many  doughtv  knights  have  lately  chofen  the  beautiful 
Mary  for  their  xiulcinea,  and  with  heroical  ardour  Waged  a 
wordy  war  to  purify  her  afhes  and  bleach  her  blighted  fame ! 

We  (hall  not  enter  into  the  minutia  of  the  difpute;  but  the 
champions  of  this  accomplifhed  princefs  muft  not  fuppofe  that 
we  mean  to  treat  her  with  difrefpeft,  if  we  are  rather  inclined 
to  coincide  in  opinion  with  Hume,  and  fome  other  hiftorians 
refpec^ing  the  abthenticity  of  this  poetic  epift^e,  though  the 
tranflator,  with  becoming  diffidence,  tells  us  thjlt  he-  has  '  but 
little  doubt  of  its  being  a  forgery.* 

The  tranflation  has  confiderable  merit  ;  the  original,  of 
courff,  lofes  great  part  of  its  fimplicity ;  but  this  was  in  fomcL 
degree,  perhaps,  unavoidable,  and  in  its  Englifli  drefs  it  is  not 
given  as  a  literal  tranflation. 

Art.  xkiii.     St.  James' s-fireet,  a  Poem^  in  blank  Verfe.     By 
Marmaduke   Milton,  Efq.      4to,     p.  38.  .  pr.  2S.      De- 

brett,  1790.  ,  .  • 

The 


Ode  for  the  new  Year.  305 

^HE  argument  contains  a  full  analyfis  of  this  mock-heroic 
t)oem,  in  which  the  reader  will  find  fome  humour  and  morality, 
though  it  is  not  very  highly  feafoned  with  pointed  fatire. 

*  Subje^l  propofed.  Invocation  of  the  mufe.  The  pretences 
t>f  other  parts  of  the  town  to  poetic  celebration  rebuked.  The 
clainis  of  the  fquares  enumerated,  and  rejeftcd.  Apology  for  the 
feeble  powers  of  the  poet,  and  conciliatory  addrefs  to  the  reader. 
— Spring,  with  the  arrival  of  the  Country  Families  in  London. 
The  Town  particularly  full  at  that  feafon,  and  St.  James 's-ftreet 
the  gayed  and  moll  crowded  part  of  it.— The  tranquility  of  the 
morning,  in  this  part  of  the  town,  when  perfons  ot  faftiion  are 
juft  going  to  bed.  The  accidental  noifes  that  difturb  their,  reft 
are  noticed  ; — particularly  the  chimney-f weepers  with  their  gar- 
lands at  the  beginning  of  May,  and  the  people  who  cry  mackarel 
all  the  fpring.— Noon — the  morning  of  thcfe  regions,  Horfes 
leading  up  and  down  the  ftreet.     The  man  of  falhion  takes  hia 

morning  ride The  fcene  enlivens.     The  Drawing  Room  be* 

gins.  Fine  men  going  to  court.  St.  James's  palace  formerly 
an  hofpital.  Refledlions  thereon !  Fine  ladies  going  to  court* 
Remarks  on  the  modern  drefs  of  fine  ladies. — The  plot  thickens. 
The  phaetontic  exhibition  commences.  Male  and  female  cha- 
rioteers.    The  vis-a-vis  parade.     The  full  tide  of  loungers.    The 

Flora  of  St.  James Vftreet. The  crowd  dccreafes.     Fafhioriable 

people  ffoing  to  dinner.  A  Ihort  ceflation  of  t^e  noife  and 
hurry  of  the  ftreet,  compared  to  a  calm  preceding  a  llorm.^^Thc 
buftle  of  the  evening  begins.  Men  of  fafliion  refort  to  Boodle's^ 
Brookes's,  and  White's. — —The  .noon  of  night, — The  poet^ 
"unequal  to  the  celebration  of  it,  refigns  his  pen.    \ 

Of  the  ftyle,  the  reader  may  judge  from  the  following  cx-^ 
traS,  p.  7.'       ^ 

*  Tis  mine  to  celebrate,  where  Fafhion's  fons 

Run  in  the  ring  of  Pleafure,  and  unite, 

Beneath,  thy  ftandard,  DilEpation,  rang'd 

To  rout  thejr  common  enemy,  and  flay, 

That  worft  of  fiends-,  intolerable  time. 

'  The  deed  is  glorious,  and  the  honoured  ^t\^^ 

I^roud  of  its  far-sfam'd  victory,  demands 

Its  due  eloge. O!  would,  ye  Gods,  that  I 

Were  gifted  with  fit  pow'rs  tOpay  it  well'.— »  J 

Yet,  all  I  can,  I  will.     Li  Genius*  ftead 

Let  Inclinatifein  ftund  ! — The  ^^rnefl  heart 

Shall  fomewhat  for  "he  barn  a  head  atonc^ 

Altho'  not  duly  ifeiir3  in  tu*-  -ful  ftrainai 

To  celebrate  mj  argument^  yet  ftiU 

1  chant  it  ctf,      ^.^i^^ — ?0  receive 

With  correl^. .  «^eir  fyr /athy  the  lay  !' 


Art.  XXIV.     Ode  for  the'Tfi  '-'  ar,  1790.     Js  it  wasintended 
to  have  been  rehearfed  this  '^\  ;  at  St,  'James^s^    foW  'fnr^ 
.    .6d.     Axtell,  1700.  X     . 

Vol.  VIL  Y  a     '  t  This 


306  TRADE     AMD     COMtMSRCE. 

This  age»  we  are  told,  is  diftingutflied  as  the  wbitejl  tiiali 
fime  has  ever  unrolled. 

*  And  hail  to  thofe  to  whom  *tis  given  to  fee 

This  year — the  opening  dawn  of  perfect  liberty  !* 

The  glow  of  fympathy  has  not  given  warm  life  to  this  profaic 

•   ode,  nor  the  glimpfe  of  freedom  a  vivacious  dance  of  fpirits— • 

and  the  epithet  white,  though  often  ufed  by  a  pleafing  poetefs^ 

is  certainly  not  very  grand  or  poetical.  m. 

■   --  -  •    ■  '-       J. 

Art.  XXV.    J  ColkSIion  of  Odes^  Songs y  and  Epigrams y  ogainjl 
the  TVhigSy  alias  the  Blue  ahd  Buff\  in  which  are  included  Mr* 
Hewerdine'^s  political  Songs.     8vo.     p.  98.     pr.2s.6d.    Bell, 
'      1790. 

*  The  following  colleflion,'  fays  the  preface,  *  certainly 
contains  ftrong  and  pointed  fadts  againft  thofe  political  impof- 
tprs,  /i^-denominatcd  whigs.' — This  we  are  inclined  to  doubt, 
lut  afiow  at  the  fame  time  that  there  is  a  confiderable  fliare  of 
'  point  ahd  humour  in  fome  of  thefc  fpngs.  Their  poetical  inerit  is 
trifling,  but,  aflifted  by  a  bottle  and  a  good  voice,  thefe  fongs 
muft  unqueftionably  add  to  the  feftivity  of  a  minifterial  aftef»* 
noon.  *  The  private  refledions  of  a  patriot,'  is  by  far  the  beft 
in  the  colIe£kion.  c.  c% 


Art.  XXVI.  The  new  CofmeitCy  or  the  Triuihph  of  Beauty^  U 
Comedy^  infcribed  to  Mis,  Hodges.  By  C.  Melmoth,  Efq. 
8vo.    80  p.     pr.  IS.  6d.     Cadell,  1790. 

This  farcical  piece  might  afford  fome  amufement  on  thf 
ftage,  where  grimace  and  antic  tricks  would  give  it  force,  and 
make  the  galleries  laugh  at  what  they  faw,  if  what  they  heard 
was  not  fufficiently  piquant  to  tickle  their  fancies.  In  the  dofet, 
however,  a  comedy  muft  appear  very  infipid,  in  which  humour 
feldom  fupplies  the  abfence  of  plot  and  chara£t;er%  Wt 

»    If  I  im    «  ■■ 1.^— ..  ■■  I-      ■     I  I  II  III  HIP      ■!    ■         I  ^»^»^—i — 

Art.  xxvii.  A  complete  Syjlem  of  Booi-keepingy  by  an  improved 
Mode  of  Douhle -entry  :  comprifing  a  rezular  Series  ofTranfac- 
tionsy  as  they  have  occurred  in  a^ual  Bufinefs ;  illuftrated  by  a 
Variety  of  PrecedentSy  difpofed  in  fuch  a  fnanner  as  ta  remove 
i*t)ery  Ohftach  in  fiathg  the  moft  difficult  Accounts^  either 
between  Individuals  or  Partners :  together  with  approved  Forms 
cf  all  the  Subftdiary  Books  required  in  Trade ;  being  the  refult 
^f  Thirty  Tears  Obfervation  and  Experience.  The  whole  defigned 
as  a  perfect  Companion  for  the  CduHting-houfe ;  ixrith  a  View  of 
filing  a  St^ndflrd  for  J^ra£iiud  Book-keepmgj  fijited  to  the 
Merchant  and  Traaery  of  evqry  Denomination^  To  which  are: 
\addedy  a  new  Method  of  jia^ng  FaSfurage  AccountSy  adapted 
farticularly  to  the  Trade  of  the  Britijh  Colonies  ;  alfpy  a  concije^ 
but  cemprehenfive  View  of  the  ^"fchanges  ^between  all  the  prtn^ 


Booths  Syflim  of  Book-ieeptng.  JOy 

ttfal  Trading  Cities  of  Europe ;  with  E^emples^  Jhewing  ilk 
readieji  Method  of  calculating  them^  at  full  Length*  By  Ben-> 
jamin  Booth,  late  of  New  York,  and  now  of  London^ 
Merchant.  410.  248  pages,  with  Plates  of  BIH  Books, 
and  a  large  Table  of  Exchanges.  Price  las,  in  boards. 
Wells  and  Grofvenor.     1789- 

CoRRECT  and  fyftcitiatic  arrangement  in  donduSing  and 
recording  mercantile  tran factions,  facilitates  as  much  tlie 
progrefs  of  the  merchant,  as  when  applied  to  philofophical 
refearches,  it  contributes  to  the  advancement  of  fcience.  Syftems 
of  book-keeping  therefore,  which  contain  the  nioft  legitimate 
and  approved  modes  of  praftice,  as  developed  in  the  courfe  of 
h)ng  and  varied  experience,  by  thus  promoting  the  intereft  of 
the  individual  trader,  acquire  an  importance  in  that  flate,  whofe 
profperity  depends  on  their  colleded  efforts,  and  which  therefore 
muft  rife  or  fall,  as  thefe  are  well  or  ill  dir^ded.  It  is  on  this 
accountj  and  becaufe  it  appears  actually  to  contain  fuch  a  fyftem, 
that  we  notice  the  prefent  article  fomewhat  at  length.  Mr. 
Booth,  from  his  fituation  in  life,  has  had  the  beft  opportunities 
of  becoming  acquainted  with  book-keeping  in  all  its  branches, 
and  is,  as  far  as  we  know,  the  only  qualified  ^txhn  that  has  hitherto 
written  on  the  fubjcft ;  all  other  treatifes  being  the  produc- 
tions of  fchoolmafters  who  could  have  no  adequate  ideas  of  the 
praftice  of  the  counting-houfe.  Hence  their  theories  are  obfo- 
lete,  involved  and  cumbrous ;  and  the  fcholar  whb  has  ftudied 
them  muft,  when  he  firft  enters  upon  bufinefs,  find  himfelf 
exadly  in  the  fituation  of  thofe  young  perfons,  who  having 
been  taught  letter-writing  in  the  fame  injudicious  manner,  as  Dr. 
Johnfon  obferves,  come  from  fchool  into  the  world,  without 
any  acquaintance  with  common  affairs,  *  and  llrand  idle  fpec- 
tators  of  mankind,  iti  expedlation  that  fome  great  event  will 

five  them  an  opportunity  to  exert  their  rhetoric' — or,  as  we 
lould  exprefs  it  on  the  prefent  occafion,  the  fchola/lic  fubtleties 
of  entry:  Not  that  in  fo  faying  we  mean  to  throw  the  fmallefl 
reflexions  on  that  ufeful  and  refpeitable  body  of  men,  who 
condufl  the  important  charge  of^educating  youth  ;  they  are  not 
blameaUe  in  this  matter,  becaufe  real  praSlical  information  is  o£ 
all  other  forts  of  knowledge,  the  mpft  difficult  to  communicate 
or  acquire,  and  perhaps  can  only  be  obtained  by  aftually  en* 
gaging  in  that  profeifion,  concerning  which  our  enquiries  are 
diceiSfced ;  we  only  mean  to  ftate  a  fa£t,  and  for  its  truth  we 
appeal  to  the  experience  of  every  man  of  bufinefs,  who  has  been 
taught  book-keeping  at  fchool. 

The  fingle  idea  on  which  all  book-keeping  refls,  is  that  of 
double  entry,  or  fo  recording  all  the  tranfaclions  and  operations  of 
tr^e,  that  forevery  article  on  the  debtor  fide^  there  be  a  correfpond- 
ing  one  on  the  creditor  fide,  and  vice  verfa  :  the  perfe-ftiort  of  it 
depends  on  thefe  entries  being  made  in  a  manner  perfpiciious, 
Y  2  concifcj 


308  TRADE     AND     C  O  M  M  E  ft  C  E. 

.concrfc,  and  fyftematically  correft.  How  far  thcfe  rcqaifitcs  tre 
attained  in  the  work  before  us,  it  (hall  be  now  our  bufinefs  to 
examine. 

Mr.  B.  in  his  introdu£tion,  fuccinSly  ftates  how  much  a  trca- 
tife  on  book-keeping  was  wanted,  that  might  be  confidered  as 
of  decifive  authority  in  all  cafes  of  doubt  or  difpute  ;  and  that 
on  this  fubjed  he  had  eir.ployed  his  leifurc  and  ulents.  He 
mentions  a  circumftance  that  fhews  the  neceffity  of  keeping 
exaci  accounts,  in  a  ftrong  light — on  the  failure  of  one  of  the 
moft  capital  houfes  in  London  it  wasobferved  to  be  more  owing 
to  the  want  of  a  proper  book-keeper,  than  to  any  other  caufe  ; 
for  that  this  faoAC  houfe,  on  the  failure  of  a  correfpondent  ia 
.  Dublin,  appearing  to  be  creditors  to  the  amount  of  30,000!. 
and  upwards,  the  partners  exprefled  great  aftonifliment,  luppo- 
fing  their  debt  did  not  amount  to  fo  many  hundreds. 

He  begins  his  work  with  giving  a  lift  of  the  nine  principal 
books  ncceflary  to  the  merchant,  with  general  principles  and  de- 
finitions relating  to  each.  Calling  the  wafte-book,  the  book  for 
original  entries,  he  applies  that  idea  to  the  caih  and  bill  books, 
&c. ;  the  journal  comprifmg  every  entry  in  all  the  books  taken 
c^olleftively,  he  confiders  as  an  index  to  the  whole ;  and  the 
ledger  as  a  differently  arranged  index  to  the  journal  This  mode 
of  viewing  thing*;,  carries  with  it  great neatnefs  and  propriety, 
and  gives,  as  it  were,  a  catalogue  raijonnee  of  the  whole  counting- 
houfe  library. 

The  cafc  book  is  firft  treated  of,  as  being  of  the  moft  im- 
portance •,  and  as  a  fpecimen,  the  tranfficlions  of  a  month  are 
.  detailed ;  but  for  information  as  to  this  and  every  other  fpecimea* 
of  the  mercantile  books,  we  mud  refer  our  readers  to  the  work 
itfelf :  fuch  details,  from  their  nature,  admit  not  of  analyfis  or 
abridgment  in  a  literary  journal.  Of  the  model  of  the  caftir 
book  we  do  not  approve,  as  far  as  regards  the  feparate  columns 
for  money  depofited  at  the  Bank,  and  the  bankers,  which 
ferve  only  to  perplex  the  book-keeper,  and  are  of  no  real  ufe, 
becaufe  there  are  books  peculiar  to  each  of  thcfe  connexions, 
in  which  all  tranfaclions  with  them  are  recorded.  In  the  fpe- 
cimens  of  ftiort  entries  not  intended  to  be  journalifed,  we  obferve 
there  are  omitted  the  words,  e  contra^  on  the  creditor  fide, 
to  an  article  of  50I.  an  error  of  the  printer  moft  probably,  and. 
we  only  notice  it,  becaufe  it  confounds  an  example  of  a  peculair 
mode  of  entry. 

In  other  refpefls,  we  approve  highly  of  the  cafh  book,  as  w« 
alfo  do  of  the  bill  book,  both  in  its  model  and  execution  ;  and 
we  recommend  what  is  faid  of  renewed  acceptances  and  ac- 
commodation notes,  to  the  attention  of  every  man  of  bufineis.-. 

The  invoice  book  outward,  wafte  book,  journal,  ledger  and 
Tales  book,  ?.re  next  particularly  defcribed,  and  examples  ad- 
duced of  each.     Mr.  B.  contends  ftrongly  for' introducing  that 

concift 


Ccnclfe  and  exprefllvc  form,  which  charafterifes  a  journal  entry, 
into  the  wafte  book,  and  in  this  we  think  he  is  right ;  and  forci- 
bly recommends  fixing  the  balance  at  the  end  of  fix  months 
to  every  perfon  in  tfade.     Hear  him,  ye  exporters  of  goods  ! 

*  One  of  the  greateft  errors  in  bufinefe,  is  the  fuffering  acconntt 
to  fleep  too  long :  they  cannot  be  too  often  infpedted,  nor  too  fre- 
quently balanced  and  compared.  A  twelvemonth  is  too  long  an  intei*val 
for  the  tranfraiffion  of  accounts  current,  efpecially  where  .the  partiea 
rcfide  abroad ;  for  thofe  who  owe  money  in  remote  places,  are  too 
apt  to  think  you  are  either  dead,  or  have  forgotten  them,  if  you  are 
not  frequently  quickening  their  memories  with  a  ftate  of  their  accounts/ 

In  the  fet  of  books  here  exempli ned>  the  proprietor  is  fup- 
pofed  to  be  a  large  importer  and  exporter  of  various  kinds  of 
merchandize,  and  part  owner  and  hufband  of  feveral  fliips,  be- 
caufe  this  idea  gives  occafionfor  introducing  the  greateft  variety 
of  entries.  One  month  of  the  journal,  and  fix  of  the  ledger^ 
are  fpecified,  all  in  a  neat,  corred^  manner :  but  we  objeft  to 
the  commencement  of  thefe  examples,  fuppofed  to  be  at  the, 
opening  of  a  new  fet  of  books,  becaufe  the  debtors  and  cre-v 
ditors  are  made  fo  to  ftock,  and  the  difference  between  thd 
refpciSlive  amounts  of  each  left  unappropriated.  Stock  is  cer-* 
tainly  the  fuppofed  true  value  of  the  merchant's  eftate,  real  and 
•perfonal,  and  muft  always  be  confidered  as  fmplyirig  that,  and  as 
confifling  of  a  certain  determinate  fum,  or  we  fliall  be  liable  to 
confufion  :  of  courfe  it  muft  have  been  determined  and  balanced 
at  the  clofing  of  the  old  books  fuppofed  to  precede  thefe  exem- 
plars, and  no  entries  fliould  be  carried  to  this  account,  but  the 
refults  of  the  lofs  or  gain  arifing  in  the  courfe  of  bufmefs,  under 
their  different  modifications.  At  the  end  of  his  fpecimen, 
indeed,  Mr.  B.  has  done,  what  we  would  have  had  him  do  at 
the  beginning,  and  given  the  balance  ftieet,  with  the  amount 
of  ftocic  fixed^  by  means  of  erecting  that  convenient  nominal 
account  of  balance. 

We  would  not  be  thought  captious,  but  we  cannot  help 
faying,  that  in  ail  (pecimens  of  art,  whether  more  or  lefs  fcien- 
tific,  the  truth  as  it  is  in  real  life,  ftiould  be  ftridly  adhered 
to ;  and  therefore  it  appears  to  us  abfurd  to  quote  *i\  per  cent, 
as  the  premium  from  Jamaica  to  London,  or  3  per  cent.  z% 
that  from  London  to  Jamaica,  even  in  fictitious  accounts.         '    ' 

The  examples  of  accounts  of  fales,  calculated  for  the  Britlfh 
colonies,  will  be  found  of  the  greateft  ufe  to  warehoufemenj 
and  others  in  that  line. 

The  account  current  book  pafTes  next  under  review,  with 
the  mode  of  calculating  intereft  therein,  in  which,  conformably 
to  the  practice  of  all  the  fuperior  countinghoufes  in  London,' 
the  author  wifely  rejects  tables  of  intereft. 

The  whole  is  jconcluded  by  a  concife  view  of  the  exchanges 
tet\^en  all  the  principal  trading  cities  of  Europe,  with  a  map- 

¥3  exhibit- 


|I0  TRAD^     AND     COMMERCE. 

exhibiting  ;at  one  view,  the  exchanges  of  London,  and  the 
-  procefs  of  their  calculation  oq  all  tho£b  citieSf     This  will  he 
found  a  very  ufeful  compendium  to  the  Britlfl)  merchant,  Mr,  B, 
having  feduloiifly  avoided  blending  real  with  imaginary  monies  ; 
a  defeiSt  which  we  noticed  as  common  to  works  of  this  kind,  in 
our  review  of  •  the  Italian  Calhier*;'  and  which  he  mentions  in 
his  introduction  to  this  part  of  his  book.     Here,  as  in  every 
other  explanatory  part,  Mr.  B.  writes  with  the  plain,  nervous, 
and  concife  ftyle  becoming  a  man  of  bufinefs ;  but  he  feems 
occafionally  to  afllime  the  air  of  a  mailer,  and  to  fpeak  in  <^ 
tone  rather  too  bold  and  decifive.     This  We  particularly  noticed 
in  his  preface,  but  attribute  it  rather  to  a  deeply  rooted  con- 
viction of  the  truth  and  propriety  of  what  he  advances,  than  to 
an  overweening  conceit  of  his  own  fagacity  and  talents. 

Upon  the  whole,  we  cannot  help  recommending  this  work 
as  the  beft  companion  to  the  counting  houfe  that  has  ever  yet 
appeared.  By  people  a£lually  engaged  in  bufinefs,  it  will  pro- 
Imbly  be  ufed  with  the  greatelt  advantage,  as  a  confiderable  part 
fjS  it  feems  only  written  for  the  initiated  ;  though  under  the 
C^t^  of  ^  dijierning  matter,  it  might,  no  doubt,  be  introduce4 
|vi(h  propriety  as  a  fchool-book. 

Art.xxvJII.  Commercial  Table  Sj  exhibiting  a  View  (if  the  Weights^ 

MeaJureSy  Coins  and  Monies  of  France  compared  and  equalized 

with  thofe  of  Great  Britain^  comprehending  eighty  one  different 

^      RateSy  being  a\\  the  Variations  which, occur  in  the  Pra^ice  of 

Uxchange^  from  27  to  32  inclufwe^  from  i  Livre  to  30,000  i 

and  a  general  Table ^  from  40^000  to   a   Million  \    a   ready 

Reckoner  in   French   Money ;    a  general  Table  of  Duties  on 

Goods  imported  from  France ;    to  which  is  addedy  an  cample 

Extract  from    the  Commercial  Treaty  with   France.     By  a 

Britifli  Merchant,    formerly  refident    in   France,      i2mo« 

270  pages,  and  30  leaves,  containing  the  Treaty  in  French 

and  fenglifli.     Price  4s.  6d.  in  boards.     Salifbury,  Eafton, 

tfOndon,  Wilkies.     1790. 

'    The  title  page  details  the  contents  of  this  work,  and  the 

jiuthor  pledges  himfelf,  in  the  preface,  for  the  accuracy  of  hi^ 

calculations;,  and  we  have  no  doubt  but  that  they  are  fuffi- 

ciently  fo  for  the  loofe  and  popular  mode  of  numeration.     At 

the  fame  time,  had  he  made  ufe  of  decimal  fraftions,  inftead 

of  vulgar,  he  would  have  attained  greater  accuracy,  with  more 

^afe  \o  himfelf,  and  lefs  fatigup  to  the  eye  of  his  reader,  y^hich 

^hefe  broken  and  minute  appendages  to  a  line  of  figures  arc 

extremely  apt  toofFend  and  perplex.     His  mpde  is,  to  fuppreft 

pvery  fradion  that  does  not  exceed  4^  and  when  it  does,  ^p  de^ 


t  SfeVoLV,  p. ^28, 


— — \ — ?. 
fiomipat^ 


Thomais'i  tables,  of  Exchange.  %xl 

ttominate  *  it  |»  ^  throwing  out  fome  parts  occaiiotiaUy,  and 
i»ther  augmenting  the  value  in  others,  fo  as  to  preferve  a  juft 
equilibrium.*  This  we  fay  of  his  calculation  of  exchanges, 
the  principal  part  of  the  book.  In  regard  to  bis  table  of  weights, 
he  does  not  appear  to  have  been  fo  precife  as  was  neceuary, 
for  he  gives  the  proportion  between  Paris,  and  what  be  calls 
Englifh  weight,  without  faying  whether  the  latter  be  Troy  or 
Avoirdupoize,  (the  former  evidently  from  its  relative  proportion, 
and  divifton  into  pennyweights,)  and  without  mentioning  that 
at  Paris  the  fame  weight  is  ufed  for  fine  and  coarfe  goods :  to 
have  made  the  table  complete,  ibis  fliould  haye  been  equalized 
both  with'our  Troy  and  Avoirdupoize  weighty,  articles  o[  Britiih 
commerce  being  moft  commonly  weighed  by  the  latter. 

The  preface  and  fome  of  the  occafional  explanations  are 
given  both  in  the  French  and  Engliflh  languages,  being  intended 
for  the  traders  of  each  natidn  ;  and  it  would  feem,  from  the 
forths  of  bills  of  exchange  being  detailed,  and  the  infertion  of  a 
re»iy-reckoner,  for  thofe  of  the  humbled  experience  and  capaci* 
ties.  It  is  obvious,  that  in  the  prefent  ftate  of  the  exchange 
between  France  and  England,  the  tables  thereof  can  be  of  no  ufe, 
and  therefore  the  author  ought  not  to  have  characterized  them, 
as  he  has  don^  in  his  title  page,  fo  complete  as  to  comprehend  all 
the  variations  which  occur  in  the  prafiice  of  exchange.  Thp 
vjhoh  pf  the  commercial  treaty  is  given,  and  not  an  extrafl. 
.  Notwithftanding  the  little  defeds  and  inaccuracies  which 
we  have  noticed,  we  fliould  be  wanting  in  juftice  to  the 
compiler  of  this  work,  did  we  not  fay,  that  his  Colleftion  of 
Tables  will,  in  party  be  found  ufeful  now,  and  altogether ^  we 
hope,  foon,  to  thofe  concerned  in  the  French  trade,  whether  as 
merchants,  bankers,  traders,  or  manufa6lurers,  the  four  denomi- 
nations  of  the  commercial  world,  to  whom  they  arc  addrefled. 


Art.  XXIX.  Tables  of  Exchange^  to  and  from  France^  from  l^d^ 
toiBi-yi.  the  French  Crown.  By  A.  Thomas,  Clerk  to  Sir  Rob, 
Herries,  and  Co.  8vo.  i34pages.  Pr.  7S.6d.  Murray.  1790, 
The  unexpefted  and  general  revolution  in  the  fyftem  of  the 
French  government  has  produced  various  efFefts,  both  of  apoli- 
tical and  commercial  nature.  Among  the  laft,  the  utiufual  depre* 
ciation  of  the  courfe  of  exchange  to  that  country,  is  not  the  leaft 
important,  and  arrefts,  in  a  particular  degree,  the  attention  of  mer- 
cantile men.  All  the  tables  hitherto  ufed  by  them  for  the  calcula- 
tion  of  French  exchanges  having  now  become  obfolete,  this  fre(h 
fet  is  compiled  with  a  profcflcd  intention  to  obviate  that  defeft  ; 
aiid  they  undoubtedly  do  fo  in  a  conftderafale  degree,  being 
very  corredl,  calculated  to  the  decimal  parts,  and  comprehending 
frbm  id.  to  loool.  in  one  divifton,  and  from  a  fous  to  30^)00 
Uvres  k  the  other.    They  have  alfo  th&jnerit  of  being  dtltin£ti v 

Y  4        ,  printed. 


3**  POLITICS. 

P""^.^»  With  proper  intervals  between  the  lines ;  but  bein<^ 
publilhed  on  fuch  an  occafion  as  the  prefent,  they  ou^ht  to  have 
been  more  extenfive,  and  admitted  a  greater  fcope  for  contin- 
gencies; for  while  the  exchange  fluauated  below  256,  as  it  has 
done  fince  their  publication  for  feveral  pofts  together,  thefc 
tables  were  in  point  of  ufe  asobfolete,  as  all  that  preceded  them. 


u.  u. 


Art.  XXX.  The  Duty  of  a  Member  of  Parlimnent^  clearly  ex- 
plained  \  in  a  Letter  from  a  Nobleman  to  his  Son  \  with 
Examples  from  the  Condu^f  of  the  Right  Hon,  W.  P-tty  Mr. 
'Gr-^nv—'lle^  ^c.  8vo.  P.  23.  Pr.  is.  Ridgeway.  1790. 
Spleen,  malice,  and  calumny,  with  a  requiiite  proportion 
of  falfehood,  feem  to  be  the  ingredients  of  political  fatire  in 
our  days,  and  this  pamphlet  is  an  eminent  proof  of  it. 

Art.  XXXI.  Conftderatiojts  on  the  approaching  Dijfolution  ofPar^ 
hament.  Addreffed  to  the  ElecTive  Body  of  the  People.  With 
Jome  Account  of  the  exijiing  Parties^  iffc.  By  the  Author  of 
the  Letter  to  a  Country  Gentleman^  Royal  Interview^  iffc.  8vo^ 
P.  76.     Pr.  2s.  6d.     Walter.     1790. 

This  author  is  one  of  thofe  who  deal  in  '  bold  truths,'  and 
^  to  an  acquaintance  with  men  and  parties,  fuperior  to  that  of 
the  common  tribe  of  pamphleteers,  he  adds  a  portion  of  candour 
and  elegance,  and  fome  novelty  of  thought  that  recommend 
his  writings.  In  this  pamphlet  he  advifes  ekaors  how  they 
are  to  aft  ;  that  they  are  not  to  afFeft  to  be  men  of  no  party, 
but  to  give  their  votes  for  that  party  whbfe  principles  and 
condua  they  approve.  To  leffen  the  fatigue  of  judging  for 
themlelves,  he  here  takes  a  review  of  the  two  great  parties 
which  divide  the  parliament,  and  throws  his  weight  into  the 
kale  of  the  prefent  Miniftry.  He  difclaims  all  ideas  of  Utopian 
reformation,  and  aflerts  that  <  the  government  of  this  country 
IS  carried  on  by  corruption  :'  this  he  confiders  as  a  part  of 
government  itfeJf.  «  Let  the  patriot  of  to-day,  who  has  de^ 
claimed  for  years  againft  it,  be  elevated  to  the  feat  of  power— 
and  he  wii  adopt  it  to-morrow.'— This  we  are  afraid  is  a  ferious 
truth,  although  our  author  feems  to  dwell  too  much  on  the 
expediency  of  corruption;  and  we  cannot  but  think  that  there^ 
have  been  periods  in  our  hiftory  when  the  fpirit  of  the  people  rofe 
fupenor  to,  and  was  beyond  the  poflibility  of  corruption.  The 
fupport  given  to  Mr.  Pitt  during  the  regency  (whether  right  or 
ivrong,  for  that  is  not  the  queftion)  may  be  inftanced. 

The  moft  interefting  part  of  this  pamphlet- is  a  review  of  the 
charaaer  and  condua  of  the  P.  of  Wales ;  the  arrangement 
ot  fadts,  the  Ityle,  and  the  arguments  are  mafterly,  and  it  will 
require  no  mean  powers  of  ingenuity  to  aiifwer  the  charges, 
p  acts  qffomc  kinds  cannot  b^  placed  but  in  one  light.      c.  c^ 

Art. 


Tlje  ConduB  of  the  Parltameni  5^1784  conftderei.         ^13 

Art.  XXXII.  T^he  ConduSf  of  the  Parliament  of  1784  confidered^ 
8vo.    P.  64.    Pr.  IS.  6d.     Stockdale.     1790. 

The  exigence  of  the  late  parliament  having  been  terminated^ 
the  writer  of  this  pamphlet  enters  ii>to  a  difcuffion  of  the  good 
efFe<9:s  which  the'  nation  has  experienced  during  its  continuance. 
With  this  view,  a  ftate  of  the  afFairs  of  the  nation,  under  the 
Tefpedive  heads  of  finance,  commerce,  and  navigation,  and 
foreign  politics,  at  the  time  of  its  eleftion,  is  given,  contrafted 
with  the  prefent  fituation  at  its  diffolution. 

*  In  1784,  our  credit  was  at  the  lowed  ebb:  our' expenditure^ 
though  in  peace,  exceeded  our  annual  revenue:  our  finances  were 
weighed  down  bj  an  oppreffive  and  increafing  load  of  debt ;  the 
country  was  without  a  fingle  foreign  ally  ;  our  commerce,  which  had 
funk  under  the  long  interruption  it  had  fufFered,  was  ftill  kept  down 

/  by  the  low  ftate  of  public  credit,  and  by  the  difpiriting  profpeft 
before  us:  the  affairs  of  the  Eaft-India  Company  were  in  a  ftate  of 
cmbarraflment,  which  rendered  their  fituation  in  theutmoft  degree 
critical :  and,  to  complete  the  wh<rfe,  the  country  was  fo  diftraded 
by  factions,  that  it  fcarcely  feemed  poffible  to  form  any  fettled  govern- 
ment, to  whom  the  people  could  look  up  with  confidence  tot  any 
relief  from  fuch  a  complication  of  diftreffes. 

*  The  reverfe,  in  1 790,  is  fo  extraordinary,  corifidering  the  fhort 
fpace  of  time  which  has  intervened,  that  we  (hould  alraoft  doubt  the 
reality  of  our  former  diftreffes,  if  the  hiftory  of  what  has  palled  fince 
the  meeting  of  the  Parliament  in  1784,  did  not  furnilh  us  with  caufes 
fully  adequate  to  the  happy  effeds  which  we  have  experienced,  in  fo 
fpeedy  a  tranfition  from  the  brink  of  ruin  to  an  enviable  pitch  of  na- 
tional profperity/ 

In  order  to  elucidate  thefe  aflertlons,  the  author  takes  a  vie«r 
of  the  circumftances  which  preceded  the  difl'olution  of  the 
former  Parliament  in  1784,  viz.  Lord  Shelburne's  adminiftra- 
tion — the  coalition  of  Mr.  Fox  with  Lord  North — Mr.  Fox'$ 
India  Bill.  The  adminiftration  of  the  affairs  of  Lidia,  as 
being  one  of  the  firft  fubjefts  difcuffed  in  the  Parliament  of 
1784,  is  firft  treated  of,  and  Mr.  Sheridan's  Comparative  State- 
mcnt  of  the  two  Bills  anfwered,  and  the  prefent  fyftem  vindicated 
both  by  arguments  as  to  the  nature  of  its  conftitution,  and  the 
a<ftual  experience  of  its  effe£ls.  From  the  ftatements  here 
given  it  appears,  that  the  company's  affairs  have  been  improved 
upwards  of  four  millions  fterling,  fince  the  beginning  of  the 
year  1786 — that  at  prefent  they  enjoy  '  a  clear  furplus  re- 
venue in  India  of  1,140,000!.  per  annum^  after  paying  their 
whole  civil,  military,  and  commercial  eftablifhments,  the  \n^ 
tereft  of  all  their  debts  there,  and  of  thofe  which  have  been 
transferred  home,  together  with  the  expences  incurred  for 
recruits,  fees  to  officers,  &c.  in  England,  and  poff/fs  a  trade 
which,  after  paying  upwards  of  950,000  1.  per  annum  to  govern- 
ment, for  cuftoms  and  duties,  yields  then^  a  profit  of  540,000 1. 
per  annum^*  ,       .       - 

u 


214  ^  O   L   I  T  I  C  3^ 

In  rei^e£l  to  the  general  finances  of  the  kingdom,  tbe  totsJ 
produce  of  all  the  taxes,  including  the  land  and  malt,  is  llatea 
to  have  amounted,  at  the  beginning  of  1784,  to  12,950,000  !• 
fer  annum.  The  intereft  and  charges  of  the  funded  debt 
amounted  to  8,053,072 1.  and  of  the  unfunded  debt  1,213,000 1. 
And  the  expence  of  the  peace  eftablifement  could  not  he 
eftimated  at  lefs  than  5,200,000}.  making  the  total  annual 
expence  14,466,072  L  Befides  which  deficiency,  the  war, 
though  clofed,  had  left  behind  it  a  long  train  of  expence,  with 
the  profpqft  of  a  variety  of  extraordinary  demands  for  many 

S'ars  to  come.  In  1786,*  the  Committee  appointed  by  the 
oufe  of  Commons  ftated  the  probable  amount  of  the  revenue 
at  15,400,000!.  and  the  current  annual  expenditure,  when  the 
peace  eftablifhment  fhould  be  fully  reduced,  was  eftimated  at 
14,500,000  L  leaving  a  furplus  of  900,000 1,  to  raife  which  to 
a  million,  new  taxes  were  propofed,  and  the  fum  appropriated 
to  the  gradual  redu£lion  of  the  national  debt.  From  the  ac-> 
counts  prefentcd  to  Parliament  in  the  laft  feffions,  it  is  ftated^ 
that  the  total  J)roduce  of  the  taxes,  including  the  land  and 
itudt,  between  the  5th  ef  April,  1789,  and  5th  April,  1790* 
amounted  to  16,345,0001.  and  the  average  produce  of  the 
three  laft  years,  from  the  5th  of  April,  1787,  to  the  5th  of 
April,  1790,  amounted  to  15,846,0001.  being  346,000 1.  ^fr 
annum  more  than  was  eftimated  by  the  Committee  in  1786, 
after  allowing  for  the  new  taxes.  The  extraordinary  demands 
which' have  been  fupplied  fince  the  commencement, of  1786, 
amounted  to  more  than  6,000,000 1.  and  of  the  national  debt 
5,184,0001.  has  been  extinguiftied  by  the  operation  of  the 
finking  fund.  '  The  whole  of  this  has  been  done  with  the 
^Igftance  only  of  about  400,000 1.  increafe  of  navy  debt,  and 
a  loan  of  one  million ;  the  greater  part  of  which  was  rendered 
neceffary  by  the  expences  or  the  armament  of  1787,  by  which 
Holland  was  detached  from  France,  and  by  the  payment  of  the 
^btsofthcP.of  W.' 

Under  the  head  of  Commerce  and  Navigation,  the  improve-*- 
ment,  fincef  1783,  is  equally  great;  the  imports  in  1783 
amounting^,  according  to  the  Cuftom-houfe  valuation,  to 
.I3»j22,235l.  and  in  1789,  to  17,828,887!. ;  the  exports  in 
1783  amounted  to  14,7^6,0181.  and  in  1789,  to  18,515,0301, 
The  number  erf"  veffels  belonging  to  the  different  ports  of 
Great-Britain  in  1783,  was  8,342,  and  the  tonnage  669,221 
tons  4  in  1788,  the  number  of  ihips  was  encreafed  tp  11,085^  . 
and  the  tonnage  tp  1,054,456,  and  the  number  of  failors  from 
59^004  to  83,256.  In  1783,  there  were  cleared  outwards  7,329 
Britifh  vefrdls,.and  1^544  foreign;  and  in  1788,  12,936  of 
thq  former,  and  only  969  of  the  latter ;  the  number  entered 
inwards  in  1783,  was  7690  Britifh,  and  2,741  foreign  veffels.^ . 
in  1788>  11,121  Brittfli,  and  1,830  foreign.    Tfie  great  en,^ 

'  cretf* 


Donaldfon*i  Propofalsfor  inereaftng  the  National  Wealth.  315 

creafe  in  the  value  of  the  expoi;ts  arifes  chiefly  in  the  Br itilh 
merchandize  exported,  which  101784,  was  8,800,000  L  and 
in  1789,  13,400,0001.  of  which  encreafe  upwards  of  three 
millions  confift  of  Britifh  manufadlures,;  made  either  from  tii^ 
pr^uce  of  this  country,—crr  from  the  raw  materials  of  other 
countries  imported.  The  quantity  of  the  raw  material  ^ci" 
cotton  wool  imported  is  encreafed  from  9,723^805  lbs.  in  ivB^ 
or  11,482,083,  in  1784,  to  32,576,023  lbs.  in  1789,  andthp 
value  of  cotton,  mixed  goods,  woollen  cloths,  &c.  ex^orte^ 
is  alfo  encreafed  upwards  of  a  miliioh  per  annum^  during  the 
fame  period,  according  to  the  Cuftom-houfe  valuation,  whicll 
is  far  beiow  the  real  amount.  A  variety  of  other  articles,  ia 
which  fimilar  improvements  have  taiccn  place  fince  the  elefiioa 
of  the  Parliament  of  1784,  fuch  as  in  the  feveral  iifheries, 
iron  and  linen  manufadlures,  &c.  are  alfo  inftanced. 
•'  In  regard  to  foreign  politics,  our  prefent  fituation,  united 
rn  the  clofeft  manner  with  the  Dutch  republic,  and  allied  with 
the  moflr  confiderable  military  power  on  the  continent,  iscon^ 
trafted  with  what  it  was  at  the  commencement  of  the  America^ 
war,  when  we  were  found  without  a  fmgle  ally  ;  and  the  con- 
jdition  to  which  we  were  reduced  at  the  conclufion  of  that  wai:, 
was  fuch  as  to  difcourage  any  power  from  conneding  its  m^ 
(erefts  with  thofe  of  Great-Britain.  A.  Jt>^ 

/Vrt.  XXXIII.,  A  Dialogue  on  the  Revenue  Laws,  Between  et 
Magiftrate^  a  Lawyer^  a  Courtier^  and  an  Anti-Churtier. 
Crown  8vo."  P.  198.  Pr.  3s.  Egertons.  1790. 
The  purpofe  of  this  fenfible  and  well  written  traft  is  to 
prove  that  much  of  the  hardftiips  and  oppreffion  arifing  from  a 
ftricft  execution  of  the  revenue  laws,  frequently  arife  from  th« 
ignorance  of  the  perfons  before  whom  complaints  are  made^ 
^d  like  wife  from  the  imperfeft  and  carelefs  manner  in  which 
many  afts  are  drawn  up.  This  is  at  great  length  illuftrated  in 
the  cafe  of  a  man  complained  of  fer  m^L^^ing  candles  contrary 
to  the  ftatute,  and  who  was  fined  nearly  as  much  as  might 
Jiave  ruined  him,  from  the  ignorance  of  the  juftice,  in  not 
Jcnowing  the  aft  which  allows  a  mitigation  of  penalties.  Many 
icxcellent  remarks  are  thrown  out  on  the  duty  of  magiftrates,  and 
the  difficulty  of  filling  that  office  confcientioufly  and  humandy  \ 
Snd  on  informers,  ftamp-duties,  and  other  fubje6is  connefted 
with  the  prefent  mode  of  coUedling  the  revenue.  This  tradl 
\^  probably  the  work  of  a  lawyer,  and  deferves  the  attention 
pf  country  magiftrates, 

Akt.  X%^\y.  Mifcellaneous  Propofals  for  increafmg  &ur  National 

fVealth  Twelve  Millions  a  Tear;  and  alfo  ffir  augfnenting  the 

.f^^V^\^^  without  a  new  Tax^  or  the  further  Ext^rtfan  of  iBe 

9  Excife 


3l6  POLITICS. 

Exdfe  Laws.     By  John  Donaldfon  Efq.     8vo.    58  p.     pr* 
IS.  6d.    Murray.     1790.  .  . 

Mr.  Donaldfon  difplays  the  moft  perfcft  confidence  in  his 
fchemc  throughout  the  whole  of  this  pamphlet,  and  of  this  be 
furcly  muft  be  allowed  to  know  better  than  the  public,  for  he 
has  not  been  pleafed  to  divulge  any  part  of  his  plan,  nor  are  we 
in  the  Icaft  degree  able  to  comprehend  how  he  is  to  extcute  it. 
His  obje£b,  however,  are  unqueftionably  importsuit,  for,  be- 
sides an  extraordinary  improvement  in  the  making  of  candles, 
of  which  he  gives  us  an  account  in  his  preface,  he  propofes  to 
find  employment  for  convi£^s,  vagrants,  and  other  idle  and 
diforderl V  perfons,  whether  old  or  young,  and  of  either  fex ;  to 
put  the  niheries  on  a  folid  and  lading  foundation ;  to  put  an 
end  to  fmuggling  ;  to  prevent  houfebreaking,  and  all  other  a<5ts  of 
violence  and  depredation ;  to  fupply  the  navy  on  any  emergency 
with  many  thoufands  of  ablefeamen  without  preffing ;  to  prevent 
the  emigration  of  manufadurers  and  others,  by  making  it  their 
intereft  to  remain  in  this  country  ;  and  by  thefe  and  other  po- 
pular means,  to  increafe  the  revenue,  profperity,  and  happinefs 
of  the  nation,  without  laying  any  additional  tax  upon  the  people, 
without  making  the  penal  laws  more  fevere,  or  putting  govern- 
ment to  any  expence.  Here  is  an  important  fcheme  indeed  ; 
but  not  one  fyllable  of  the  means  will  Mr.  Donaldfon  acquaint 
us  with,  unlefs  upon  the  following  terms.  If  the  whole  of  his 
plan  is  adopted,  he  is  to  retain  one  tenth  part  of  the  profits  for 
the  firft  twenty  years,  and  one  half  for  the  fecond  twenty  years  ; 
after  which,  government  is  to  have  the  whole.  He  fays,  his 
plan  is  as  clear  to  himfelf  as  any  propofition  in  Euclid,  and  he 
cannot  doubt  of  its  being  fo  to  others,  when  explained^  which 
however,  cannot  be  done  until  he  has  received  a  patent  or  fomc 
othef  ample  fecurity.  We  can  therefore  only  wifh  him  fuccefs, 
without  any  emotion  of  hope  or  fear. 


Art.  XXXV.  Report  of  the  Commijfioners  appointed  to  enquire  inia 
the  State  and  Condition  of  the  JVoods^  Forejis^  and  Land  Re^ 
venues  of  the  Crown  :  and  to  fell  or  alienate  Fee- farm  and  ether 
unirnproveable  rents^  to  the  Right  Hon.  the  Lords  Spiritual  and 
Temporal^  in  Purfuance  of  an  Order ^  dated  the  ly?  Day  of  Aprily 
179O-     8vo.     28  p.     pr.  IS.     Debrett.     1790.   . 

This  report  refers  chiefly  to  larger  reports  not  yet  publlfhed. 

One  piece  of  information  we  derive  from  it  of  an  unpleafmg 
kind  :  the  commiflioners  fay,  *  According  to  the  information 
we  have  received  in  the  courfe  of  our  enquiry,  there  is  a  general 
and  alarming  decreafe  in  the  quantity  of  great  timber  growing 
in  this  country :  that  no  dependance  can,  with  fafety,  be  had 
on  other  countries  for  a  fupply.'  The  caufes  of  the  wafted 
condition  to  which  the  royal  forcfls  are  reduced,  tliey  Hate  thus ; 


Review  of  the  Brltijh  Government  In  India*  ^\f 

' ' «  i^L  To  the  ill-defined  and  improvident  grants  of  the  cl-own^ 
\iy  which  oppoiite  and  jarring  interefts  are  created  in  the  fame 
torctb  : 

*  2<lly,  To  the  prefent  confufcd  and  abfurd  fyftem  of  manag^c- 
mcnt,  in  which  the  officers  are  not  paid  by  falaries  proportioned 
to  the  duty  they  perform,  but  by  fees,  poundages,  perquifites^ 
and  advantages,  which  increafe  according  to  the  wafle,  extrava- 
gance, and  dcftruftion,  committed  or  allowed ;  but  not  one  of 
which  is  calculated  to  excite  attention  to  the  intereft  of  the 
crown,  or  the  improvement  of  the  forefts :  and, 

*  3diy,  To  the  neglc6land  relaxation  of  go\''ernment,  during  the 
prefent  century,  refi>eding  this  part  of  the  public  property;  in 
confequcncc  of  which,  no  etfedual  check  has  been  given  to  the  mlf- 
condudt  of  the  reiident  officers,  nor  to  the  intrulions  of  the  neigh- 
bouring inhabitants  and  proprietors  ;  and  we  have  endeavoured, 
to  the  utmoft  of  our  power,  to  acquire  fuch  a  knowledge  of  the 
fubjedl,  as  to  be  able  to  give  the  Legiflature  a  clear  view  of  the 
prefent  flate  of  this  part  of  the  public  property  ;  to  fuggeft  fuch 
alterations  only  in  thofe  rights  of  individuals,  which  are  mixed 
with  the  rights  of  the  crown,  as  feem  necelTary  to  admit  of  the 
whole  property  being  improved,  with  reciprocal  advantage  to 
all  the  parties  interelied ;  to  propofe  a  better  avd  more  limple 
fyftem  of  management,  in  which  the  officers  iliould  be  paid  by- 
adequate  falaries,  and  all  fees,  poundages,  and  perquiiites  of 
every  kind,  lliould  be  aboliflied ;  and  to  point  out  the  means  of 
preventing  future  encroachment  or  walle,  fo  as  to  bring  thoic 
forefts  into  fuch  a  general  ftate  of  improvement,  as  may,  in  time, 
provide  a  fupply  of  timber  for  our  navy.  Thcfe  are  objects  of 
great  importance  ;  but  they  are  attended  with  fome  difficulty, 
and  require  deliberate  conlideration.* 

An  important  pamphlet  on  the  fatal  effefts  to  our  navy  of  ne- 
glecting to  plant,  &c.  oak  timber  in  this  country,  was  publiflied 
in  1763,  by  Mr.  R.  Fiiher,  ftiipbuilder  at  Liverpool.        c.  c. 

Art.  XXXV  r.  Ajhort  Review  of  the  Britijh  Government  in  India ; 
and  of  the  State  of  the  Country  before  the  Company  acquired  the 
Grant  of  the  Dewanny,  132  p.  price  3s.  6d.  Stockdale.  1 790- 
TH  E  objecSl  of  .this  performance  is,  to  defend  the  Britifh  go- 
vernment in  India  from  the  prejudices  which  have  been  enter- 
tained againft  it,  and  the  calumnies  with  which  it  has  been 
afperfed  by  perfons  unacquainted  with  the  true  ftate  of  affairs 
thcne,  or  who  have  viewed  them  through  a  faife  medium.  The 
author  enters  into. a  difcuffion  of  the  caufes  from  which  thofe 
prejudices  have  arifen;  the  principal  of  which  he  finds  in  the 
conftittttion  of  the  government  there  and  at  home.  At  home 
the  jarrinfe;  interefts  of  fovereigns  of  the  country  and  of  mer- 
chants, the  one  chara6ter  influencing  the  diredors  to  adopt 
tneafures  for  the  permanent  fecurity  and  profperity  of  the  Indian 
provinces;  and  the  other  leading  them  to  conducft  their  affairs 
with  a  view  only  to  increafe  their  dividends  by  larger  commercial 

profits^ 


Art*  xx'xix.  Sltuathn  Politique de  la  Francty  kc.^^Political SU 
tuation  of  Frana  and  its  Relation  to  ail  the  Powers  of  Europe  ; 
demonjirating  by  hijiorical  Fa6is^  and  the  Principles  of  found 
Policy^   the  Evils  which  the  Aufirian  Alliance   has  caufed  U 
France^  and  the  Errors  which  the  French  Miniflry  have  com-- 
nutted  from  the  Treaty  of  VerfaiUes  ^/^I756,  1757,  and  1758,  /# 
•ur  ownTime.     Addrefled  to  the  King  and  the  National  Af- 
fcn\h\y\  by  M.  De  Pcyfibnncl,  Ancient  Coni'ul- general  of 
France,  &c.  &c«     2  Vols  8vo,     p.  547.     Paris.     1789. 
The  objeft  of  this  work,  as  is  juftly  fet  forth  in  the  title 
page,  is  to  demonftrate,    from  hiftorical  fa£ls,  and  the  prin- 
ciples  of  found    policy,    the  evils  which    have  happened  to 
Franqe,  in   confequence    of  her  alliance   with   Auftria,    and 
the  errors  committed  by  the  French  miniftry,  fince  the  aera  of 
the  treaties  of  VerfaiUes,  1756,  17575  and  1758,  to  the  prcfent 
times.     Empires,  as  well  as  individuals,  it  is  obferved  by  M. 
Peyflbnnel  in  his  introdu(ftion,  in  the  courfe  of  their  exift- 
cnce,  experience  a  critical  moment,  which,  rightly  improved, 
prepares  the  way  to  profperity.  Such  a  moment,  to  France,  is  the 
prelcnt. — Furniflied  by  nature  with  every  phyfical  advantage, 
France  wants  nothing  to  make  her  the  happieft  and  the  moft 
powerful  monarchy  in  the  world  but  a  civil  conftitution.     He 
exhorts  the  prince  on  the  thrbne,  and  all  claiTes  and  ranks  of 
the  people,  to  co-operate,  at  this  favourable  crifis,  for  the  at- 
.tainment  of  fo  great  and  good  an  end. 

He  lays  it  down,  in  his  firft  fe£lion,  as  an  eternal  and  iramu* 
table  truth,  that  the  rife  or  fall  of  empires,  depends  on  the  ex- 
cellency or  the  imperfeitipn  of  their  conftitution.  A  kingdom 
of  fo  great  extent  and  ftrength  as  France,  has  nothing  to  fear 
from  interior  diforders ;  but  it  cannot  be  concealed  that  certain 
impolitic  maxims,  adopted  about  the  middle  of  the  prefent  cen« 
tury,  alliances  with  natural  enemies,  ill  managed  negotiations, 
an  affedted  moderation,  the  veil  undei*  which  ignorant  minifters 
endeavoured  to  conceal  the  weaknefs  of  their  own  perfonal  cha- 
radlers ;  all  thefe  circumftahces  have  humbled  France  and  ex-* 
alted  another  power  on  her  fall.  He  exhorts  the  French  nation 
to  open  their  eyes  to  their  political  interefts,  and  to  take  an  adtive 
concern,  as  their  forefathers  had  done  before  them.  In  his  fecond 
feiSVion,  he  defcribes  the  ftate  of  Europe  from  the  peace  of  Aix-la- 
Chapelle  in  1748,  to  the  treaty  of  VerfaiUes,  1756.  That  peace 
was  as  glorious  and  advantageous  to  France  as  this  treaty  was  dif- 
advantageous  (as  he  fhews  more  fully  in  feftion  m)  and  in* 
glorious.  The  court  of  Vienna  made  a  formal  offer  of  its 
tUiance  to  that  of  VerfaiUes,  which  was  ratified  on  the  9th  of 
May,  17S6. 

*  To  this  alliance,*  fays  our  author,  *  Ruflia,  foon  after,  ac 
ceded :  that  is  to  fay,  that  flie  went  hand  in  hand  with  Auilria 
in  iharing  the  conccffions  of  FrancQ  and  concerting  her  ruin>  by 

th« 


Pcyflbnncrjr  P^Utkal  Situathn  of  France*  32 1 

ilie  formation^  at  her  coft  and  ezpence,  of  an  ofTenfive  league,  in* 
Aead  of  one»  which  in  its  principle  ihould  have  been  merely  de- 
feniive.  Thefe  confederated  powers  were  not  content  with  laying 
the  foundation  of  de{lru(^ion  to  the  French  power  at  fea,  by  di* 
verting  into  the  channel  of  the  German  war,  thofe  aid*  which 
would  have  rendered  her  formidable  and  fuccefsful  againft 
England ;  but  had  alfo  a  mind  to  ruin  it  in  the  Mediterranean 
and  in  Turkey,  fcy  entangling  France  with  the  Ottoman  empire, 
her  moll  ancient,  powerful,  and  faithful  ally.  The  treaty  of 
die  9th  of  May  1756,  furnifhed  an  opportunity  of  carrying  into 
execution  their  long-meditated  projea  of  ra^nng  a  barrier  be- 
tween France  and  the  Porte,  that  they  might  effedl  a  feparation 
between  allies  to  them  fo  formidable  5  to  arm  them,  if  poiEble-, 
againft  one  another,  and  by  this  means  to  fubv^rt  the  foederal, 
after  weakening  the  military  power  of  France,  by  the  deftrudioa 
of  her  marine.' 

Our  author  examines  the  different  artiicles  of  the  treaty  of 
Verfailles,^  IJS^^  confirming  and  enlarging  that  of  1756, 
which  he  confiders  as  the  nrft  ftep  towards  the  decline  o^ 
France.  The  pacification  of  1763*,  which  terminated  the  war 
of  feven  years,  the  refult  of  thofe  treaties,  was  the  moft  dif- 
advantageous  and  difhonourable  which  France  had  made  for 
many  ages. 

M.  De  Peyflbnnel  g^es  on  to  (hewy  that  Auftria^  ever  ftnce 
the  peace  which  terminated  the  war  in  which  ihe  had  engaged 
France  for  no  other  end  than  to  prepare  the  way  to  her  rail, 
bad  never  loft  fight  of  her  object :  that  ihe  had  exercifed  a  kind 
of  magical  influence  and  afcendency  over  France,  which  had 
thrown  her  into  .a  ftate  of  lethargy  and  enervation  that  had 
reduced  her  to  the  fourth  line  in  the  fcale  of  European  powers* 
Se6t.  IV.  gives  an  account  of  the  alliance  between  Ruflia  and 
Pvfiia;  the  death  of  Auguftus  in.  king  of  Poland;  the  elec* 
tion  of  Staniflaus ;  the  circumftances  that  led  to  the  partition 
of  Poland;  the  war  between  the  Turks  and  Ruffians;  the 
revolution  of  Sweden;  and  the  pacification  of  Kain  Jarjife, 
between  the  Porte  and  Ruffia  in  1774.  He  (hews  in  all  thefe 
tranfa£tions,  how  greatly  France  had  fallen  from  her  former 
dignity  and  confequence  in  the  affairs  of  Europe.  The  fame 
conclufion  he  draws  in  feft.  v.  from  a  furvey  of  the  war 
of  the  fucceiSon  to  Bavaria,  terminated  in  1779  by  the  peace 
of  Tefchen. 

♦  Fifteen  years,*  fays  our  author,  '  of  profound  peace,  which 
filled  up  the  meafure  of  time  from  1763  to  1778,  would  have 
fuificed  to  repair  the  flrength  of  France,  cxhauflcd  by  the  un- 
fortunate war  of  feven  years,  if  flic  had  not  neglected  to  arm, 
when  the  other  great  powers  were  arming;  if,  with  a  fevere 
countenance,  (he  had  checked  their  movements,  obliged  them  to 
difarm,  and  impofed  on  them  that  tranquility  which  fhe  wiflied 
to  enjoy  herfelf.  But  fifteen  years  of  abfolute  inactivity 
and  total  abufe   of  pea^e,  enervated  her  military  power;   for 

YoL.VIL  Z  phiftical 


pi2  POLtTICfi. 

phiftical  argiimcntfi,  artful  infinuations,  deceitful  careflcs,  vaiii 
proniifcs:  all  the  narcoticks  that  the  court  of  Vienna  had  the 
addrefs  to  adminiiler)  plunged  France  into  a  ftate  of  lifllefs  ftu- 
pefa6tion  }  in  which,  with  the  exception  of  a  few  Harts,  fhe  iUll 
remains.* 

M.  Dc  Pcyflbnnel,  having  given  an  account  of  the  peace  of 
Tefchen,  which  rcftored  the  tranquility  of  Germany,  and  rc- 
ftraine3  the  ambition  and  injuftice  of  the  houfe  of  Bourbon^ 
elevates  his  firain  in  the  following  juft  and  energetic  panegyric 
on  the  late  king  of  Pruilia. 

*  Thus  terminated  the  glorious  military  career  of  Frederic  ii,- 
that  aflonifliing  man,  and  ftiU  more  aftonitmng  king  ;  that  prodifiry, 
in  whofe  formation  nature  feemed  to  feel  complacency  and  pride  ; 
and  whom  (lie  fhewed  to  mankind,  only  in  order  to  give  them  an 
idea  of  the  wonders  (he  was  capable  of  bringing  forth.  Frederic 
II,  after  avenging  the  infult  offered  to  the  rights  6f  nations^ 
maintained  the  laws  and  liberties  of  the  Germanic  body,  ref- 
cued  one  of  its  principal  members  from  Auftrian  oppi^effion^  tad 
eftablifhed  the  tranquility  of  the  empire  with  great  glory ;  laid 
down  his  arms  for  ever,  and,  featcd  on  trophies  of  vidlory,  wsuted 
the  approach  of  death,  which  took  him  away  ibme  vears  after, 
from  Pruffia  and  from  Europe.  The  latter  part  of  his  life  he 
eihployed  in  cultivating  the  palm-tixc  and  the  olive,  in  a  king* 
dom  which  he  had  covered  with  laurels/ 

Among  other  curious  fads  noticed  by  our  author  in  his  vith 
fedlion,  which  contains  a  furvey  of  the  principal  events  from 
the  peace  of  Tefchen  ^770  to  the  year  1789,  it  is  mentioned 
on  the  credit  of  a  letter  trom  St.  Ildefonfo,  dated  ift  of  Sep« 
tember  1780,  that  the  court  of  Vienna  had  offered,  on  the 
^  part  of  England)  to  his  Cathviic  Majefty,  the  reftitution  of 
Gibraltar,  if  he  would  make  a  feparate  peace  with  England. 
The  king  of  Spain  replied,  that  he  could  not  liften  to  anv  pro* 
pofition  for  peace  in  which  France  was  not  c6mprehendea. 

M.  De  Peyflbnnel  having  clearly  eftabliihed  his  theory,  that 
the  court  of  Vienna,  ever  fincc  its  alliance  with  Verlkillcs^ 
had  plotted  mifchief  and  degradation  to  France,  proceeds  in 
his  viith  fedion,  which  talons  up  the  fecond  volume  of  this 
work,  «  to  take  a  fummary  view  of  the  ftates  of  Europe,  and  their 
fituacions  and  interefts  relative  to  France,  in  order  to  lay  a  foun-^ 
dation  for  a  new  political  fyftem  that  may  yield  to  the  French 
empire,  that  primacy,  [primatie]  preponderance,^  and  regard, 
which  had  been  loft^  by  a  long  perfeverance  in  erroneous  and 
dangerous,  principles.*  Above  all  things,  M,  De  Peyflbnnel 
recommends  a  ftrift  adherence  to  the  principles  and  conditions 
of  the  fanriily  compaQ  between  France  and  Spain. 

*  In  order  that  thefe  powers  may  derive  mutual  advantage  from 
their  alliance,  it  is  nccelTary  that  they  mutually  exert  their  fin- 
cere  endeavours  to  render  it  eternal  and  indiffolublc.  They  muft 
both  employ  their  unwearied  efforts  to  undermine  the  influence 
of  Aullria  at  the  court  of  Naples,  conlliain  the  king  even  by 

forcei 


Peyflbnncl*i  P^littcal  Sliuatm  of  France^  323 

force,  to  accede  to  the  family  compa6l,  attach,  and  link  him  to 
it  for  ever  ;  that  they  may  thus  prefent  to  Europe  the  formidable 
Union  •  [^Faifceau]  of  the  three  branches  of  the  houfe  of  Bourbon, 
which  alone  is  fufficient  to  eftablifh  their  authority,  [tonlidera- 
tion,]  and  pre-eminence/  both  in  Italy  and  the  north  of  Europe.* 
Among  the  chief  circumftances  that  would  lead  td  this  end, 
he  reckons  the  improvement  of  their  marine,  which  he  thinks 
might  be  effefted  infenfibly,  and  without  the  alarms  of  war, 
*  by  taking  ad/antage  of  the  intoxication  of  England  with 
the  commercial  treaty.'  This  undoubtedFy  might  be  improved 
by  the  French  into  fuch  an  cxtenfion  of  their  carrying  trade, 
iiS  might  in  the  end  prove  fatal  to  the  very  independence,  or 
national  exiftence  of  England — Let  us  attend  to  this  hint.  Fas 
eft  et  ah  hofte  doceru 

Our  author  then  points  out  the'advantages  which  both  France 
arid  Spain  might  derive  from  the  family  cbmpa^t  for  the  re« 
eftablifhment  of  their  naval  power  and  commerce.  They  .might 
be  mutually  affifting  to  each  other  in  the  Mediterranean  and 
both  the  Indies }  and  in  many  other  refpcds  might  co-operate 
for  the  improvement  of  their  manufaidures  and  trade ;  and  on 
the  whole,  for  their  mutual  glory  and  advantage.  AU  this  is 
very  juft:  and  why  fliould  not  all  nations  live  in  harmony,  and 
Co-operate,  as  well  as  the  branches  of  the  houfe  of  Bourbon, 
for  their  general  welfare  ?  There  is  fomething  in  fuch  com- 
binations as  family  compafts,  that  produces  jealoufy  and  oppo- 
fition.  But  M.  De  Peyflbnnel  propofes  other  alliances,  which 
would  fortify  the  power  of  the  family  compact,  and  raife  France 
to  that  PRIMACY  which  he  thinks  is  due  to  her  amongft  the 
nations.  As  to  England,  he  thinks  that  ihe  muft  infallibly  come 
to  a  national  bankruptcy,  which  muft  diiTolve  her  connedions 
with  the  Hollanders,  and  throw  the  fortunes  of  individuals,  a$ 
well  as  the  concerns  of  the  public,  into  general  confafion. 
France  and  Spain,  he  fays,  will  feize  fo  favourable  a  con- 
jun&ure  for  alluring  her  manufactures  and  workmen,  and 
running  away  with  the  moft  important  brancheis  of  her 
commerce.  "^ 

M.  De  Pcyffonnel  is  well  acquainted  with  hiftory,  and  the 
political  interefts  and  views,  as  well  as  much  of  the  fecret  in*- 
trigue  that  prevails,  more  or  lefs,  at  all  the  courts  of  Europe. 
Like  other  political  projedors,  who .  are  generally  men 
of  lively  imagination,  he  lofes  fight  of  thofe  obftacles  and 
contretemps^  which  tUe  multiplicity  of  unforefeen  events  is  per- 
petually throwing  in  the  way  of  all  vaft  defigns ;  and  takes  for 

*  The  words  ♦formidable  bundle,'  carry  an  idea  fomewhat  lu- 
dicrous :  yet  there  is  nothing  ludicrous 'in  *  Redoubtable  Faif- 
ceau  ;'  of  fuch  importance  are  thofe  afibciations  of  ideas  that  are 
the  principal  foundation  of  idiem, 

Z  a      .  -granted. 


J24  CORPORATION     A  Kb     TfSf     ACTS. 

granted,  whatever  it  is  neceffary  for  him  to  aflame,  ?n  his  zeal 
to  bnild  up  an  airy  edifice fof  the  glory  of  the  houfeof  Bourbon. 
Yet  he  certainly  gives  his  country  many  wholeforae  political 
advices,  and  particularly  on  the  fut^edt  of  her  unfortunate  con- 
nections with  the  houfe  of  Auftria.  h.  h. 

Art,  XL*  J  Letter  to  Dr.  Priejileyyin  corifequence  of  hhfamillat 
Letters  addrejjed  to  the  Inhabitants  of  the  Town  cf  Dtrming" 
bam^  i^c.  occajioned  by  a  Sermon  preached  at  St,  Philips s  Churchy 
in  Birminghanij  Feb.  14/^,  1790.  By  the  Rev.  Spencer 
Madan,  Reftor  of  St.  Philip's.  8vo.  48  pages,  pr.  is, 
Biriyiingham,  Piercy,  1790* 

In  this  reply  to  the  letters  of  Dr.  P.  which  were  occalloned 
by  Mr.  Madan's  fermon,  the  author  profeiTes  his  intention 
neve'r  more  to  enter  the  lifts  of  controverfy  with  l|^is  opponent^ 
and  to  confine  himfelf  in  this  folely  to  the  refutation  of  thoie 
paflages  which  were  directed  againft  himfelf,  and  the  rather  as 
he  conceives  that  the  Dodor*s  arguments  upon  the  general 
queftion  have  been  fo  deliberately  dii'cufTed  by  former  parlia* 
ments,  as  well  as  the  laft,  (by  whofe  decifion  Mr.  M.  appears  to 
have  been  not  a  little  gratified,)  that  no  further  inveftigation  i$. 
neceflary.  To  Dr.  P.'s  charge  againft  Mr.  Madan,  that  the 
foleoin  manner  in  which  he  avowed  his  fentiments  to  his  audi- 
tors was  *  never  ufed  except  in  cafes  in  which  a  man  fuppofes 
that  there  may  be  fome  caufe  to  doubt  his  veracity,'  the 
latter  replies,  that  a  confciouChefs  of  the  goodnefs  of  his  caufe, 
and  his^^eal  in  its  defence,  fufficiently  warranted  his  appeal. 
Every  illiberal  expreffion  or  idea  which  may  be  found  in  his  dif- 
courfe  againft  the  diiTenters,  he  conceives  to  have  been  fully  j  uftified 
by  their  proceedings,  and  eftabltflied  by  parliamentary  decifion  ; 
and  he  arraigns  the  fentiments  of  the  DoiSlor  as  unfriendly  to 
government,  from  extrads  from  his  letter  to  Mr.  Burn.  He 
afitierwards  proceeds  to  vindicate  himfelf  from  the  charge  of 
having  aflerted,  that  the  prefbyterians  of  the  laft  and  prefent 
century  were  the  murderers  of  Charles  I.  but  gives  an  extract 
of  five  pages  from  the  Review  of  the  cgfe  of  the  protejiant  differi'* 
iers^  in  corroboration  df  his  ailertionr  that  *  the  preft)yterian 
principles  are  undoubtedly  republican.'  In  wielding  the  wea« 
pons  of  defence,  Mr.  Madan,  contrary  to  the  declaration  with 
which  he  fet  out,  frequently  makes  an  attack,  dnd  fometimes 
falls  into  expreffions  more  ufual  than  commendable  in  a  theo- 
logical combatant. 

Art.  XLi.     Familiar  Letters^   addreffed  to  the  Inhabitants  of 

Birminghaniy  in  Refutation  offevcral  Charges  advanced  againfl 

the  Dijfentersy  by  the  Rev.  Mr.  Madan^  Re^or  of  St.  Philip's^ 

in  his  Sermon  entitUdy  *  Thi  principal  Claim$  of  the  Dijfenters 

I  conftiered^ 


PoUiicai  Obfervathns  on  fbe^ijl'ASii  '    ^  325- 

ttinfidered.  Preached  at  St*  Philips  Churchy  on  Sunday^ 
Feb.  14^  1790/  Part  F*  By  Jofeph  Prieftley,  l.  t.  D, 
F,  R.  s.  8vo.  71  paoes.  Price  is.  6d.  Birminghatn, 
Thompfon.     London,  Johnfon.     1790. 

The  doflor  begins  his  fifteenth  letter,  with  aflcrting  the 
purity  and  harmlefTnefs  of  Unitarianifm,  arraigns  the  dodrine  of 
the  Trinity  as  abfurdand  unfcriptural,  and  refers  his  reader  to 
feme  of  his  other  pubHcations  for  the  fuir  juftifiication  of  his 
religious  opinions.  The  1 6th  letter  is  written  in  reply  to  Mr,  Burn, 
and  contains  a  further  vindication  of  his  fentiment^  refpe£ting 
the  portion  of  infpiration  poffefled  by  the  apoftles.  Letter  the' 
J  7th  contains  a  brief  hiftory  of  the  diilenters,  and  an  account 
iof  their  general  prindples.  The  18th  letter  exhibits  feveral 
circumllances  in  the  appointment,  the  education,  the  required 
Tubfcriptions,  the  unequal  proviiions,  &c.  of  the  clergy  of  the 
eftablilhment,  extremely  unfavorable  to  the  morals  and  refpeft- 
ability  of  that  body,  and  from  which  the  Dodtor  predicts  the 
downfall  of  the  hierarchy.  His  19th  epiftle  contains  a  full  denial 
of  every  particular,  celative  to  a  foolifh  ftory  publiihed  in  a 

Bipphlet  entitled  ^  Theodofius,'  concerning  the  late  Silas 
eane,  who  is  there  aflerted  to  have  died  a  confirmed  Atheift^ 
S|nd  to  have  afcribed  his  dreadful  fyftem  of  unbelief,  to  the 
inftruSions  of  Dr.  Prieftley ;  and  the  do6lor's  affertions  of  his 
^innocence  are  corroborated  (though  no  corroboration  could  be 
neceffary)  by  the  teftimony  of  Dr.  Bancroft,  and  of  Mr,  B. 
Vaughan.  The  20th  and  lall  letter,  contains  little  but  expreffions 
of  charity  and  forbearance  to  all  mankind,  and  a  declaration  of 
the  author's  aifent  to  thofe  truths  which  compofe  the  faith  of 
every  Chriftian,  and  which,  if  properly  attended  to,  are  fuffici^nt 
to  eradicate  all  rancour  and  hatred  from  the  heart  of  a  fmcere 
believer.  To  thefe  epiftles  is  added  a  poftfcript  containing 
feme  particulars  relating  to  the  late  Mr.  Badcockw 


Art-  xlii.  Political  Qbfervations  on  the  Tejl  jfSf.  fm.  8vo. 
61  p.  pr.  IS.  Bladon,  1790. 
The  author  of  this  traft  profeffes,  that  its  ^purpofi?  is  to 
fliew  the  utility  of  a  Te{l  Aft  upon  political  principles,  and  to 
examine  fuch  argurnents  as  haye  been  urged. againft  it  upon 
thefe  grounds,  as  more  particulariy  deferve  attention/  In  pur- 
fuance  of  this  defign,  he  proceeds  to  prove  its  nature  and 
utility;  I  ft,  by  confidering  the  teft  as  a  part  of  the  conftitu- 
tion,  which  would  be  materially  changed  by  a  repea}.  adly^ 
That  it  appears  from  the  evidence  of  hiftory,  that  where  two 
religions  are  fufFered  to  e;cift  in  a  free  ftatc,  it  is  expedient  that 
the  ftronger  of  the  two  (hould  have  the  exclufive  poffeffion  of 
i;he  executive  powers  of  government.  3dly,  That  the  repeal 
fi  the  t^  a<a  would  increafe  the  power  of  the  popular  part  of 

23  the 


3a6  CORFOHATIOM    AND     TEST     ACTS. 

the  conftittttion,  befsiie^  producing  other  injurious  ciFefls,  and, 
therefore,  that  its  continuance  is  neceifary.  The  confidera- 
tions  from  thefe  heads  are  concluded  by  Tome  ftri(^ures  on  fuch 
political  arguments  in  &vour  of  the  repeal,  as  appear  to  the 
author  to  be  moft  intitled  to  confideration. 

Art,  XLiiii  Jack  and  Martiuy  a  poetical  Dialogue  on  the 
fropofed  Repeal  of  the  Teji  M  ;  to  which  is  added^  (bijt 
the  fame  Juthor)  a  Pajioral  Song  'on  his  Majejl/.s  late  hcrp^ 
Recovery.  410.  39  p.  pr.  !$•  3d.  Hereford,  Parker.. 
London,  Evans,  1790* 

Jack  and  Martin,  two  neighbours  in  the  fame  ftreet,  difcufs 
in  very  tolerable  rhymes,  their  refpefiive  opinions  upon  the  fub*» 
jea  pf  the  teft  aa. 

*  Martin,  a  grocer  of  renown. 
Had  ferv'd  as  bailiff  of  the  town. 
While  Jack,  a  man  of  equal  hope, 
For  candhes  largely  fam'd,^  and  toap-* 
Bv  laws  uiijuft,  as  he  conceived. 
Of  pofls  of  honour  was  bereav'd.* 
*  This  rfattirally  excited  the  difcontent  of  Jack,  which,  ho\y- 
cver,  is  combated  by  the  arguments  and  perfuafions  of  Mar'tiii, 
who  exhorts  him  no  longer  to  perfevcre  in  his  attempt  to  abolilj) 
fancied  grievances,  but  contentedly  to  "" 

*  each  real  right  poflefs. 
And  with  your  neighbours  live  in  peace, 
Enjoy  your  worlhip  unconttourd,—  * 
But  ftill  the  bands  of  friehdfliip  hold  ; 
For  where  our  churches  difagree. 
You  may  be  right-^or  fo  may  we.' 
The  arguments  of  Martin  would  not  probably  prove  quite  fa 
convincing  to  his  ancagonifts  in  general,. but  as  fi£kioh  is  the  fou| 
of  poetry.  Jack  is  at  length  brought  to  declare  his  future  mo-i 
deratiofi  and  forbearance,  and  his  intention  to       '  .        '  ' 

^'  *  No  longer  pine  with  fancied  woes. 

But  talte  the  good  that  Heaven  beftows,* 


Art 


-  of  the  Protejiunt  DiJJ'enteri  of  \ 
By  George  Walker,     gvo.     44  p.     pr.  is.     Birmingham, 
Thompfon.     London,  Johnfori,  1790.  ' 

In  this  performance, Mr.  Waljccr  profefles  to  appeal  from 
the  legiflature,  to  the  good  fenfe  and  liberality  of  Englifhmen 
at  large.  He  then  proceeds  to  date  in  a  clear,  concife,  and 
manly  manner,  the  principles  bn  which  the  diflTent^ts,  as  well 
as  the  members  of  the  cftabllflied  church,  have  conduced  the. 
5  V  v    ^     arguments 


oiatifrunt  of  the  Fa^  relative  fa.  tfcot^a  Sounds  5c^.     327 

arguments  on  this  fubjefi:,  and  aflerts  that  the  grand  principle 
of  the  latter,  an  alliance  between  church  and  ftate,  has  no 
foundation  in  hSi ;  nor,  if  it  had,  could  the  end  in  view  juftify 
the  meafures  ts^ken  to  preferve  the  alliance.  Mr.  W.  goes  on 
to  inveftigate  all  the  other  arguments  of  his  opponents  in  a 
fpirited  and  forcible  manner,  and  concludes,  that  unlefs  bonpur, 
juftice,  religion,  and  liberal  policy  be  departed  from  this 
ifland,  the  appeal  of  the  diffenters  will  be  regarded,  and  thofe 
reftriftions,  which  he  condders  as  the  difgrace  of  the  country, 
entirely  done  away.  This  pamphlet,  in  our  opinion,  ranks 
with  the  beft  that  have  been  publifhed  oh  the  fubje£l:..  d, 

■  ■  ■  I       I  II  ■  I  t    ■    ■ 

Art.  XL  v.  Speech  of  Jldajor  Sc^tt  in  the  Houfe  of  Commons^  on 
Friday^  May  21,  1790,  on  the  Complfiint  of  General  Bur goyne 
for  a  Breach  of  Privilege.    %sq.     38  p.     pr.  is.     Stockdale, 

.  1790- 

The  major  had  accufcd  the  managers  of  the  impcachnient 
with  inconliftency  and  delay  j  this  was  publifhed  in  a  pewf- 
paper  and  conftrued  into  a  breach  of  privilege.  In  this  fpeecl^ 
he  proves  eyery  fa(^  afTerted  by  him,  and  recriminates  on  his 
enemies  as  having  oiften  libelled  the  houfe  of  commons  in  a 
much  higher  degree  than  he  has  done.  It  may  be  neceflary  to 
add,  that  notwithftanding  the  reprimand  he  received.  Major  Scott 
is  determined  to  bring  his  affertions  forward  in  fuch  ^  ibape  as  tq 
compel  the  houfe  to  avow  their  error.  This  he  thinks  due  to 
his  own  charafter. 

I  -  ^  ■    ■  ■    — ■ — -J — ^ — ^ — ^ — ^ — 

Art.  xlvi.     An  authentic  Statement  of  all  the  Fa£is  relative  iff 

Nootka  Sounds. its  Difcovery^  Htftoryj  Settlement,,  Xr^de^  anif 

the  probable  Aduanlages  to  be  derived  from  it  y  in  an  Addrep 

to  the  king.     By.  Argonaut.     8vo.     26  p,    pr.  js.    De- 

brett,  1790.  _ 

After  a  brief  defcription  of  Nootka  Sound,  ani  the  fcfaeme 

for  *  prbfecuting  and  converting  to  national,  utility  jthedifcove- 

ries  of  Captain  Cook,  and  for  the  eftabli(hing.^  regular  and 

reciprocal  fyftem  of  commerce  between  Great   Britain,  the 

north-weft  coaft  of  America,  the  Japanefe,  Kureil,  and   Te^ 

Iflands,  and  th^  coaft  of  Afia,  Corea,  and  China,*  prpjeded  by 

Mr.  R.  C.  Etches,  of  London,  and  warmly  patronize4  by  thfe 

miniftry,  &Ci  in  1785,  and  a  liiort  account  of  the  veffels"  thaf 

have  been  fent  upon  this  expedition,  our  author  imprecates  the 

vengeance  of  the  6ritl{h  na(ipn,  and  confidexs  the  Sp^qi^rds  as 

entitled  to  no  indulgence  pr  referve  on  our  part.     The  attack 

made  .on  our  (hips,,  he  afiertSi  wa$  not  only  unproyqked,  but 

Qot  tp  be  accounted  ibrt 

^4  A^Tt 


32$  MlSeEttA;K&OVS> 

Art.  XLVII.     A  Continuation  of  an  authentic  Siateffient^  &fr. 

In  a  fscond  Letter,     By  Argonaut,     8vo.     34  p.    pr.  i$» 

Fores,  1790. 

This  contains  fome  farther  account  of  the  trade  to  Nootka 
Sound,  and  the  mercantile  advantages  to  be  derived  from  it  to 
this  country ;  but  the  main  drift  of  it  is  to  expofe  a  deliberate 
falfehood  propagated  in  a  newfpaper,  and  which  was  pretended 
to  have  come  from  a  fpreigp  ambaflador,  '  that  one  of  the  per- 
fons  chiefly  interefted  m  the  affair  of  Nootka  Sound,  and  on 
whofe  refpedlable  authority  miniftry  have  fo  raOily  and  publicly 
committed  the  Englifh  nation,  did,  in  the  coiirfe  of  the  laft 
war,  make  application  to  the  court  of  France,  for  letters  of 
marque  to  cruife  againft  the  Britifli  trade.*  ^ 


Art.  xLviii.  Juthehtic  Copy  "of the  Memorial  to  the  Right 
Hon^  W,  W,  ixrenvilUy  one  of  Ms  Majejiy'*s  principal  Seer  eta-' 
ries  of  State •  By  Lieutenant  John  Mears,  of  the  Royal  >3avy^ 
dated  April  30,  1790,  snd  prcfcnted  to  the  Houfe  of  Com* 
mons,  May  i^th,  1700,  containing  every  Particular  of  the 
Capture  of  the  Veilels  in  Nootka  Sound.  8vo.  65  p* 
pr.  IS.  6d.     Debrett;  179Q. 

In  this  memorial,  and  the  documents  which  accompany  it, 
we  have  aa  authentic  and  particular  account  of  the  Englifh 
^Ibips  which  were  captured  by  the  Spanifh  commandet*  in 
Nootka  Sound,  but  the  motive  for  this  proceeding  Is  ftill  not 
accounted  for.  Captain  Mears  eftimatcs  the  lofs  to  his  em- 
ployers at  500,000  Spanifli  dollars.  Some  circumft^nces  of 
fpruiplty  are  detailed  here,  which  give  reafon  to  fup{)6fe  that  the 
$paniOi  commander  exceeded  his  orders,  and  that  if  th<e  Engliih 
(hips  had  been  able  they  might  have  been  juftifi^  in  repelling 
force  by  force.  '  Sed  adhuc  fub  judice  lis  eft. 

1|    III!  I  I    — — i^    mil  II  I  ■■mill  I 

Art.  xlix.  •  Bffap  and  Reflexions  on  various,  ^ukjefis  if  Po^ 

litics  and  Scunce.     By   R.  Young.    ♦N?  L  and  U,     8vo. 

p.  64  each,      Pr»  is.      Becket.     1790. 

These  effays,  Mr.  Young  Informs  us,  were  written  merely 
?iS  rough  materials,  defigned  to  be  arranged  into  a  very  exten- 
live  fyftem,  but'  it  was  round  expt^dient  to  lay  them  before  the 
world  iiii  their  rude  ftate.  They  have  a  near  relation  to  the 
plan  of  the  Philanthropic  Society,  and  it  is  his  purpofe  to  pub- 
Jifh  a  number  occafionsjiy,  as  m  this  fhape  th^ir  circulation^ 
and  confequently  utility,  may  be  more  widely  fpread. 

The  prefent  numbers  contain,  Eflay  I.  On  the  Poor.  YL 
On  the  Principles  of  'L^w,  in  the  manner  of  Aphorifm.s.  III. 
,On  Female  Seduftion.  IV.  Concerning  Government.  V. 
Pn  Human  Agency.  VI. 'Diftinftion  of  KnoMfledge  into 
M^ttef  of  Reafon  and  Matter  of  Opinion.    Theft  three  laft 


are  in  the  form  of  aphorifins,  or  nLthtt  prima  Unea^'  outlines 
of  the  author's  fcntimcnts. 

Deep  thinking  is  the  general  charaderiftic  of  thefe  eflays. 
They  are  not  to  be  read,  but  as  they  were  written,  with  fixed 
attentio/i  to  the  fubje£i«  The  author's  views  are  always  oa 
the  ficfe  of  virtue,  liberty,  and  humanity;  but  the  ftyle  is  not 
^aIways  familiar,  and  often  where  fimplicity  and  perfpicuity  are 
required,  there  is  an  affectation  of  mctaphyfical  diilindtions 
and  novelty  of  phrafe  which  obfcure  the  fenfe*  And  hence 
we  are  apprehenfive,  that  although  our  benevolent  author 
wifhes  to  addrefs  the  ntanyy  he  will  perhaps  be  read  with  piea« 
iure  only'by  thej/^. 

The  following  extrad:  from  the  eflay  concerning  govern- 
ment. Is  not  an  infi»vourable  fpecimen  of  the  whole.  W  IL 
P-  77- 

'  There  are  two  different  dates  of  men  fprineittg  from  one  fource, 
«viz.  a  date  of  fuperior,  governing  inferior*  and,  a  date  of  commerce 
-among  equjds^  bodi  fpringing  from  the  dieiire  of  natural  gratifications. 

♦  It  belones  to  the  former  of  thefe  ftatc«,  .(viz-  a  ftate  of  fuperior 
.governing  interior). that  die  fuperior  pofTeffes  and  the  inferior  wants 
what  both  eaually  defired ;  and  the  point  of  conteft  was  ciTentially 
which  (hould  hare  and  which  ihould  want. 

'  It  belongs  to  the  lattet  (viz.  a  ftate  of  commerce  among  equals) 
ths^  there  is  an  increafe  in  the  objeds  of  deiire*  and  that  men  in  the 
lame  a^  mutually  receive  and  communicate  benefits. 

<  I  do  not  know  that  thefe  two  dates  have  been  exadly  marked  by 
writers,  or  fignified  by  any  proper  names.  I  (hall  ufe  the  terms  a 
ftate  of  Juhordinatioity  and  a  ftate  of  reciprocation ,  as  the  beft  I  can  think 
of.  Subordination  being,  in  fad,  the  effential  charadcr  of  one  ftate, 
and  reciprocation  of  goods  and  benefits,  that  of  the  other. 

*  If  the  ftate  of  reciprocation  were  pure  and  perfed,  no  fupcrio- 
rity,  government  of  controul,  could  exilt  in  it.  Mutual  agreement 
and  controul  being  incompatible  with  each  other.  But  it  is  not  known 
that  fuch  a  ftate  of  men  ever  exifted  pure  and  perfed.     For  firft  a 

f  round  of  CQntention  is  fuppofed  to  exift,  and  only  to  be  counteraded 
y  fuch  a  balance  among  oppofite  difpofttions,  a»s  to  preferve  the  whole 
at  reft. 

•  But  fuch  an  equality  in  fociety  can  at  any.motncnt  fcaxcely  be  (bp-, 
pofed  to  be  perfed.  Secondly,  were  it  fo  at  any  moment,  the  chang- 
ing ftate  of  men  would  foon  make  alterations  and  deftroy.it.  There 
will  therefore  be  among  any  body  of  met?,  ftate  or  community,  fome 
one  party  or  power,  having  a  dittind  intereft,  and  being  in  fome  de- 
gree fuperior  to  any  other  power,  although  not  in  fuch  a  degree,  as 
to  induce  them  to  open  contention  for  yet  greater  powen  Thirdly, 
although  a  balance  among  men  ftiould.  be  fo  nearly  equal  as  to  pre^ 
vent  open  contention ;  'the  grounds  of  contention,  that  is,  mens  de- 
firing  each  others  pofteiTions,  will  operate  another  way. 

'  Commerce,  we  faid,  is  one  way  that  this  difpofttion  will  operate. 
Thus  a  man  has  more  of  fome  commodity,  than  he  can  employ  fof 
his  gratification,  but  of  another  commodity  he  is  deftitut^;  his  neigh- 
|)ouf  abounds  in  what  he  wants ;  but  l;tcks  of  that  of  which  he  pof-^ 

fc&i 


330  MltCEttAKBOV^*      ' 

feSks  a  faperfiait}r.  By  t  mntual  exdiange  C4cl|  ii.  benefited.  But 
the  grounds  of  commerce  may  be  wanting,  A  man  may  )iave  no  fu« 
perfluities  to  exchange  for  the  foperfluitieai  of  another^  nor  none  ade« 
quate  to  thofe  of  another  which  he  wants.  If  he  cannot  fucceed  thai 
by  force,  or  by  commerce,  he  has  rccourfe  to  cunnine,  and  by  fecrecy 
or  by  deceit,  he  unawares  pofTeffes  himfelf  of  what  ne  wants.  This 
ilate  of  things,  though  not  open  contention  or  hoflilities,  is  not  far 
removed  from  it ;  and  is  ^equally  with  it  opposed  to  the  perfect  ftate 
of  reciprocation.  The  moft  perfe^  equality  of  power,  cannot  ob- 
viate this,  becauie  power  is  not  oppofed  to  power,  but  cunning  and 
fraud  to  unguardednefs  and  unfufpicion.  For  thefe  reafons,  a  ftate 
of  reciprocation  or  mutual  agreement,  never  exifls  pure  and  perfe^. 

*  A  flate  of  reciprocation  by  mutual  agreement  among  men,  is  a 
lUte  of  union  of  wills  -,  fo  far  therefore  9»  this  date  prevails,  men  arc 
united  in  preferving  it. 

*  If  therefore  this  ftate  is  the  prevailing  ftat(i  among  any  body  of 
men,  and  it  is  only  rendered  imperfe^  by  the  efforts  of  contention, 
then  the  union  formed  by  the  agreement,  in  a  fta^  of  reciprocation 
or  of  commerce,  will  conftitute  a  united  part  and  power  in  the  body» 
diftin^t  from,  and  oppoied  to  that  part  and  power  which  exerts  dif- 
poiitions  to  contention,  as  mentioned,  and  the  united  power  being 
the  power  of  the  prevailing  ftate,  will  be  a  fiiperiOr  or  governing 
power  over  that  to  which  it  is  oppofed.' 

When  fpeaking  of  fenuiU  fedu^tofif  he  fays,  <  The  judgmetit 
that  robs  a  woman  or  her  reputation,  precludes  her  return'  to 
virtue  ',  I  had  almoft  faid  robs  her  of  it.  The  doom  that  pro- 
nounces her  difhonouredj  configns  her  to  proftitution  ;  for  thofe 
who  have  no  charaSer  to  lofe,  will  be  little  regardful  of  tfieir 
condu(9:.  Thus  by  a  partial  and  perhaps  too  fevere  judgment, 
policy  defeats  its  own  ends,  and  renders  thofe  wicked  who  were 
only  weak.* 

It  would  be  eafy  to  felefl:  a  number  of  juft  and  appofite  fen-^ 
timents  from  thefe  eflays,  did  our  limits  permit. 

Art.  l.  J  Plain  and  Rational  Account  (jf  the  Nature  and 
Effects  of  Animal  Magnetifm ;  /«  a  Scries  of  Letters.  With 
J^otes^  and  an  Appendix.  By  the  Editor.  8vo.  p.  51* 
Pr.  IS.    Stratford.     179O. 

The  art  and  myftery  of  animal  magnet jfm  are  here  expofed 
with  confiderable  force  of  humour  and  irony,  but  fometimes 
coarfe  and  indelicate.  In  the  appendix  the  author  aflumes  an 
air  of  gravity,  and  expofcs  the  fallacy  of  the  art  to  proper 
contempt. 


Art.  LI.  The  Compteat  Tradefman ;  or  a  Guide  to  Trade  in 
the  fevcral  Parts  and  Progre£ions  of  Trade :  To  which  is 
added^  An  Account  of  the  Britijh  ManufaShtres^  Produ^Sy 
Exports^  ^c.  ^c.  By  William  Wright,  8vo.  p.  152. 
Pr.  2s.  6d,     Pixwell.     1790. 

We 


The  S$a7fian^5  Manual.  33I 

We  have  long  wifhed  to  fee  a  work  upon  this  plan,  which 
ihould  contain  proper  advice  to  young  tradefmen  on  all  fub- 
jedbs  in  which  they  are  or  may  be  concerned.  After  atten- 
tively peruling  the  prefent  attempt,  we  cannot  but  give  it  our 
approbation  in  a  very  confiderable  degree.  The  author  ap- 
pears to  have  confidered  his  fubje£l,  and  there  cannot  be 
a  doubt  that  his  advice,  if  duly  attended  to,  would  ferve 
to  prevjent  many  bankruptcies  and  other  evils  to  which  impru-^ 
dence  in  various  ways  expofes  young  tradefmen.  The  fubjefts 
lie  chiefly  infifts  upon  are  diligence,  over-trading,  diverlions, 
expenfive  living,  partnerfhip,  credit,  punSuality,  &c.  &c.  &c. 
His  manner  is  familiar  and  lively,  though  fometimes  quaint 
a;nd  vulgar,  but  on  the  whole,  until  a  better  fliall  appear,  we 
piay  venture  to  recommend  this  pamphlet  to  the  ferious  ftudy 
pi  all  young  beginners,  \ 

Art.  LH.  Tlje  SeamarCs  Manual^  cmtaining  all  the  technical 
JVerds  and  Phrajes  ufed  at  Sea^  and  belonging  to  a  Ship  ;  /«*- 
eluding  all  thofe  introduced  in  later  TearSy  and  not  to  be  met 
with  in  any  Work  of  the  Kind  \  alphabetically  arranged,  To^ 
get  her  with  Inflr  unions  to  young  Men^  entering  on  a  fea -faring 
Life ;  with  the  Duty  of  a  Midjhipman,  By  a  Lieutenant  in 
his  Majefty's  Navy.  i2mo»  p.  108.  Pr."  3s.  half  bound* 
Trufler.     1790. 

To  fuch  as  wilh  to  acquire  a  knowledge  of  fea  terms,  this 
jbook  may  be  ufeful.  To  practical  feamen  it  can  be  of  no 
fervice,  as  they  are,  by  one  or  two  voyages,  rendered  inde- 
pendent of  its  information.  The  colle<Si:ion  of  fea  phrafes  we 
muft  allow  to  be  fuller  than  we  have  met  with  in  fimilar  per- 
Jorminces,  c.  c. 

Art.  liii.     Invocations,  addrejfed  to  the  Deity,  the  Ocean,  and 
*'  to  W^man. "  To  which  is  added,  The  Dijfolution,  a  Fragment. 
Fo.  Cap  8vo.  '  P.  69.     Pr.  is.  6d.     Stalker.     1790. 

.  T^iis  nonfcnfical  rhapfody,  for  a  fofter  word  could  not  be 
ufed  to  characterize  fuch  a  farrago  of  conceited  declamation, 
ih  which  fenfe  ind  grammar  are  equally  finned  againft,  and 
tepitheC  knocks  down  lepithet,  without  rhyme  or  reafon,  is 
ufliered  in  with  affefted  hUmiKty,  We  fhall  infert  a  quotation 
from  p.  12. 

'  *  Whilethe  routine  of  nature  leads  other  animals  through  one  un- 
varied courfe  6f  life,  emerged  id  apathy,  no  unruly  paffions  rend 
thtiT  foul,  no  tuiiKilent  dcfires  precipiti|te  them  to  deftruclion;  but,' 
ho  fofter  feelings— *QO  ardent  friendfbipS — no  tender  loves,  make  life 
an  objeft  of  requcft.  Man  thou  haft  wifely  plac'd  within  the  grafp' 
of  happinefs ;  out  we,  frail  creatures,  are  wafted  by  the  gale  of 
popularity,  and  hurried  down  the  ftrcam  of  wrctchcdnefs.'         w.  ■ 

•-'*■'  CAT  A- 


[    33^    J 


CATALOGUE  or  BOOKS  akd  PAMPHLETS, 


irx^BLISKED 


DURING    THE    FIRST    SIX   MONTHS    OF    I79O. 


"tftANSACTIONS   OF    SOCIETIES* 

l^hilofophical  Tranfaftions  of  the  Royal 
Society  of  ^ondoni  vol.  Ixxix.  part  ii. 

,  fto.  Ss.  fewed.     Davis. 

Tranfadions  of  the  Royal  Society  of 
£dinburgh>  voL  ii.  xl,  eg.  boards, 
Cadell. 

Irifli   Aca- 


demy, vol.  ii.    1 8s.  fewed,  Elmfley. 

Letters  and  Papers  on  Agriculture,  &c. 
from  the  Bath  Society,  vol,  v.  8vo. 
6*.  boards.     Dilly. 

Afiatic  Refearchcs  :  publiihcd.by  a  So- 
ciety in  Bengal,  voL  i,  4to.  al.  as. 
fewed.    Elmfley, 

Theology   and   EccLESiAsricAt 

HISTORY, 

Tor  ArJagalnfi  the  Truth  of  Revelation. 

Letters  to  the  Apologift  for  the  Religion 

of  Nature.     15 mo.     Payne,     as. 
Horas  Paulinae,    or   the  Truth  of  St. 
•  Paul's  Gofpel  Hlftory.     ByW.Paley. 

8vo.  6s,  boards.    Faulder. 
Sermon  on  the  Jew^ih  and  Heathen  Rc- 

jedion  of  the  Chriftian  Miracles.     By 

T.  Edwards,  ll.  d.     is.     White. 
The  Grounds  and  Reafons  of  the  Truth 

of   Chriftianity.      By   Mr.   Milway. 

IS.  6d.     Johnfon. 
Obfeivations  on  the'four  Gofpels.     8vo. 

6s.  fewed.     Kearfley. 
A  new  Syftem  of  Religion,    printed  at 

Amftcrdam.     a«.  6d.     Kerby. 

Sacred  Cri'icifm* 

Diflertation  upon  the  true  Meaning  of 
the  Word  rendered  jn>alf,  in  Gtn. 
chap.  i.  ver.  21.  By  J.  Hurdis,  m,  a. 
IS.     Johnfon. 

An  Expofition  of  the  New  Teftament ; 
intended  as  an  Introduction  to  the 
Study  cf  the  Scriptures,  By  W.  Gil- 
pin, A,  M,  4to.  ll,  IS.  boards. 
Blamiie. 

Orton's  Expofition  of  the  Old  Teftament, 
vol.  iv.     6s.  bovds.     Longman. 

A  Xey  to  the  Old  Teftament^  By  R. 
Gray,  a.  m.  upon  the  Plan  of  Biftop 
Percy's  Key  to  the  New  Teftament. 
•  V.O,  7s.  64.  ia  boards.    Rivingtons, 


Lettcrg  to  Mr.  Avchd«icon  Travis,  in 
Anfwerto  his  Defence  of  the  heayenlf 
Witneflcs.  By  R,  Porfon.  8vo,  6^ 
boards.     Egertons. 

An  Enquiry  whether  any  Doarlnc  reJa* 
tive  to  the  Lord's  Supper  can  be 
founded  on  the  Difcourfe  of  our  Lord, 
John  vi.  being  a  Supplement  to  a 
Treatifo  oa  the  Lord's  Supper,  By 
W.BeU,  D.D.     18.    Robfon, 

A  fliori  Comnrjent  on  the  Lord^  Prayer* 
By  M.  Lort,  D.  D.     is.    White. 

Scripture  Idea  of  Herefy.    6d.  Johnfon. 

An  Eflay  on,  «  fThin  tbefil/nefiofrmt 
joas  corner  God  fent  forth  hit  Son.* 
The  Norrifian  Prize.  By  Jof.  White- 
Icy,  M.  A.     IS.     Ibid, 

Controverjiah 
Unity  of  God. 

Scripture  Account  of  the  Attributes  and 
Worihip  -of  God,  and  of  the  Charac- 
ter and  Officei  of  Qhrift.  By  Hopton 
Hayncs,  Efqj  firft  printed  in  1750,  but 
not  advertifcd.  8vo.  boards,  cs.  John- 
fon. "^    •' 

Defences  of  Unitarianifm,  for  17  88  and 
and  17895  containing  Letters  to  Bi- 
fiiopH.  rfley,Mr.Barnard,Dr  Knowles, 
and  Mr,  Hawkins,  By  J.  Prieftley, 
J.L.D.  r.R.s.  8vo.  3s.  6d.  fowed« 
Johnfon. 

A  fecond  Addrefs  t>  the  Students  of  Ox- 
ford and  Cambridge  relating  to  Chrif|, 
By  T.  Lindfey,  a.  m,  45.  fewed.* 
Johnfon. 

Letter  to  Dr.  Prieftley  on  the  Infallibi- 
hty  of  the  Apoftolx  Teftimonies  con- 
cernmg  the  Herfon  of  Chrift.  By  the 
Rev.  E.  Bum.     u,    Johnfon. 

Letters  to  the  Rev.  Mr.  Burn  in  Reply 
to  the  above.  By  J.  Prieftley,  l.i  .  n. 
y.a.s.     18.    Ibid. 

Letters  to  Dr.  Prieftley,  in  Vindication 
of  thofe  already  addreffed  to  him  on 
the  Pefon  of  Chrift.  By  E,  Burn, 
A.M.     IS.    Rtvingtons. 

Liturgy  and  Artidet^  ^c.  of  the  Church 
of  EngUnd,  and  Suhfiriptiou, 

The  Book  of  Common  Prayer,  reformed 
upon  Unitarian  Principlei.  45.  board's. 
LoQgoua*  ^ 

i{jiiCs 


A   CATALOGU£  OF   BOOKS,  PAMPHLETS,  &C«       -  33| 


HbtB  to  the  Clergy,  See,  newly  aflbci- 

ate4«  Fourdi  editioiiy  with  Additions. 

Ts«  6d.    White. 
Vindication  of  the  Dodrine  and  Liturgy 

of  the  Church  of  England,  in  Anfwer 

to  Hint!  to  the  New  Aflbciations* 

IS*  6d.     Debrett. 
Apology  for  the  Liturgy  and  Clergy  of 

the  Church  of  Englandt  in  Anfwer  to 

the  fanoe*     is.  6d.     Rivingtons. 
An  Addreffl  to  Dr.  Horfley,  on  the  Sub- 

jeA  of  an  Apology  for  the  Liturgy,  &c. 

By  G.  Wakefield,  is.   Deighton. 
Confiderationt  on  the  Expediency  of  re- 

vhfing  the  Liturgy  and  Articles*  is.  6d. 

CadcU. 
On  the  Athanafian  Creed,  a  Sermon  at 

the  Vifitation  of  Archdeacon  HeUop. 

By  J.  Hayt  n.  o.    6d.    CadeJl. 
Obftrvadooi  on  the  Homilies  of  the 

Church  of  England*  is.  6d.  Johnibn. 
An  Inquiry  into  the  Nature  of  Subfcrip- 

tion  to  the  thirty-oine  Articles.    By 

O.  Pyer>  a*  b*    SuSlcribed  at  58.  in 

hoards* 

Fraaieal  Huntings, 

Setmont  and  Prayers  for  Priibners.  By 
J.  Brewiler.  is.  6d.  fewed.  John- 
Ibn. 

Vxpofition  on  fome  jf  the  moft  pifiu* 
fdlque  and  interefting  Paflages  of  Saip- 
ture.  By  B.  Turner,  m.  a.  8vo« 
6t*  boards*    Cadell* 

Letters  to  and  bom  Dr.  P.  Doddridge, 
with  Notts,  by  T.  Stedman,  a<.  m. 
6s  houdf*    Longmin 

A  Proteftant  Gatechiim  for  young  Chil- 
dren, tranflated  from  the  French.  By 
S*  Cttlow*    6d*    Johnfon. 

Vohmet  of  Sermonu 

By  P*.  Houghton  (of  Norwich)    8?o. 

p.  boards.    Ibid. 
By  G*  Walker  (of  Nottingham)  r.  n*  8* 

%  vob.  8vo>     IM.  boards*     Ibid. 
Vol.111.    By  H.  Scebbing,  D.  D.     8vo. 

6s*  boards.     Dilly. 
By  John  Dunn.      %  vols.     8vo.     8s. 

boards.    Dilly* 
By  the  late  J.  Logon,  (Edinburgh)  with 

the  whole  Service  of  a  communion 

Sunday,  according  to  the  Forms  of  the 

Church  of  Scotland*    8vo.  68*    Ro» 

binfoas. 
On  feveral  Sobjeds.    By  W.  Adamt^ 

0.  o.     5s.  boards*    Longman. 
£y  H.  Blair,  o.  d.  vol.  Hi.     6s.  boards. 

CadeU. 
On  the  Divine  Authority  of  Scripture. 

By  S.  Steonett,  d.  »•     cs*   boards* 

CadeJL 


By  the  Biihop  of  Caiiiile,  before  the 
Lords,  Jan.  30, 1790.     is.    CadelL 

The  Influence  of   Chriftianity  on  the 
Condition  of    the  World*     By    T.^ 
Coombe,D.D.    4to*     is.    Robfim." 

The  Evils  which  may  arife  to  the  Con- 
ftitution  from  the  Influence  of  a  too 
powerful  Nobility  :  at  Cambridge*  By 
W.  Purkis,  D.  D.     IS.     Cadell. 

A  Review  of  Engliih  Literature  at  jt 
refpedis  moral  and  religious. Enquiry  s 
at  Cambridge,  0€t»  259  1789*  Bf 
W.  Purkjs,  o.  n.     is.    Cadell. 

Before  the  Sons  of  the  Clergy,  May  14, 
1789.  By  Dr.  Vincent,  is.  Ri- 
vingtons. 

At  St.  Mary's,  Oxford,  Od.  25,  1789* 
By  R.  Churton.     is.    Ibid* 

Negle£i  of  known  Duty  is  Sin  i  at  Can* 
bridge.    By  P.  Peckarf    6d.  Payne. 

In  the  Cathedral  of  Hereford.  By  J« 
Napleton,  d.  n.     is.    Rivingtons* 

The  Place,  Objed,  and  Nature  of  ChriH' 
tian  Worfliip,  at  the  Archdeacon's 
Vifitation  at  Ipfwich*  By  G*  Rogen^ 
A.  M.    6d.    Johnfon. 

On  the  Neceflity  of  an  eftabilihed  Ord^ 
of  Teachers  in  the  Church.  By  G. 
A.  Drummood,  m.  a.  with  fome  plain 
Arguments  againft  repealing  the  Teft 
A^.    18*    Rivingtons. 

At  Oxford,  Jan.  31,  1790.  By  R, 
Shepherd,  d.  d.     is.    Davis. 

Two  on  the  Feftjvals  and  Failt  of  the 
Church  of  England.  By  J.  H*  Pott, 
M.A.    28.    Rivingtons. 

Scripture  Views  of  the  national  EAt- 
bliihment,  before  the  Lord  Mayor» 
March  28, 1790.  By  C.  £•  De  Coe&- 
logon.     18. 6d.    Ibid. 

At  North  Shields,  Nov.  22,  1 789,  for 
the  Benefit  of  the  Widows  and  Or- 
phans of  the  Seamen  who  periihed  ia 
the  Storm,  on  the  Eaft  Coaft,  O^ober 
'30,  31,  1789*  By  S.  Girle*  it* 
Johnfon* 

A  farewel,  at  St.  Martin's,  Birmingham. 
By  J.  Clutton,  m.  a.     is.    Baldwin. 

A  farewel,  at  Chriftian  Mclford,  Novem- 
ber 29,  1789*  By  W*  Jay*  6d« 
Dilly. 

■  on  the  Death  of  Mr.  Howard. 

By  S.  Palmer,     is.     Johnfon* 

*  —  on  the  fame  Occafion.    By  $• 

Stennett,  D.  1).     is.    Cadell. 

On  the  Death  of  the  Rev.  J.  Newton* 
By  C.  Evans   d.  d.    6d.    Dilly. 

On  the  Death  of  the  Rev.  T.  Toppeiu 
By  W.Jay.    6d.    ibid* 


334'^      •  A  CATALOGUE  O^   BOOK^,  PAMPMLETS^  &C. 


On  Scif-Murder*  By  L.  Turner*  is, 
^     Williams. 

The  Importance  of  religions  Inftruf^ion, 
for  the  Benefit  of  the  Charity- School 
in  Old  Gravel- Lane.  By  Sayer  Wal- 
ker.    6d.     Buckland. 

To  the  Poor,  more  particularly  to  the 
Parents  of  the  Children  belonging  to 
the  Sunday  Schools,  at  Hackney.  By 
S.  Palmer.    4d.    Bucldand. 

Ecdefiaft'teal  Hlftory. 

fiiftory  of  the  Chrlftian  Chttrch,  from 
the  earlieft  Period  to  the  prefent  Time. 

^  By  G.  Gregory.  2  vols,  fmall  8vo* 
Ss.-fewed.x  Kearfley. 

A  General  Hiftory  of  the  Cbriftian 
Church  to  the  Fall  of  the  Weftem 
Empire.     By  Jofeph  Prieftleyy  t.t.n. 

'  y.R.s.  2  vols.  Svo.  248.  boards. 
Johnfop. 

Church  Mujict 

l^falmodia  Evangelica.  A  complete  Set 
6f  Pfalm  and  Hymn  Tones  for  public 
Worihip.  By  Tho.  Williams.  2  vols* 
JOS.    Thompfons. 

tllXLOIOVHY  AND   MOIAL  ICISNCt. 

Origin  and  Progrefs  of  Language^  voL  v. 

6s.  boards.     Cadell. 
Elements    of   Moral  Science.      By   J* 

Beattie,  l.  l.  d.    vol.  i.    Svo.    6s. 

boards.    Cadell. 

M    I    I    T    O    K    T« 

Miftory  of  Greece.  By  W.  Mitfori", 
Efq;  vol.ii.     il.  is.  boards.    Cadell. 

Anfwers  to  fome  critical  Stridures  re- 
lating to  the  Controvcrfy  on  the  Parian 
Chronicle,  in  a  Letter  to  the  Rev. 
Mr.  Robertfon.  By  J.  Hewlett,  isbd 
Edwards. 

Hiflory  of  the  Reign  of  Hrtiry  II.  and 
of  his  Sons  Richard  and  John.  By  J. 
Berrington.  4to.  xl  is  boards.  Ro- 
binfons.  , 

Mary  Queen  of  Scots  vindicated.  By  J» 
Whitaker,  b.  d.  3  vols.  Svo.  with 
large  Additions,  il.  is.  in  boards. 
N.  B.  The  Additions  alone,  7s.  bda. 
Murray. 

The  Suce  Papers  of  Lord  Clarendon, 
vol.  lii.  and  lad.  Folio.*  z\  2s  large, 
il  78  fmall  paper,  in  fhects,     Cadelt. 

Sir  John  Dairymple*s  Memoirs  of  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland,  a  new  Kd)tion, 

., complete  in  ^  vols*  Svo.  xl  ixs  6d 
boards. 


Hiftorical  Account  of  the  Royal  Kof{yl- 
tal  of  Greenwich,  with  four  plates^ 
128  boards.     Nicol. 

Prefent  State  of  Hudfon's  Bay.  By  B. 
Umfreville.     4s  fewed.     Stalker. 

Letters,  chiefly  from  India,  containing  an 

.  Account  of  Military  Tranfadlions  dur- 
ing the  late  War.  From  the  French 
of  Capt.  le  Couteur.  Svo.  68  boards. 
Murray.  * 

Letter  to  the  India  Directors,  propofing 
a  Hiftory  of  Indoftan.  By  T.  Mau* 
rice.     IS     Richard  fon. 

An  hiftorical  Developement  of  the  CcfH'* 
ftitution  of  the  German  Empire.  Fronm 
the  German  of  J.  S.  Putter,  witli 
Notes,  by  J.Domford,  LL.D.  «Svo« 
vol.  t.     7s  boards.     Payne. 

Pofthomous  Works  of  tke  King  of  Pruf- 
fia,  in  French,  containing  fome  Pieces 
not  in  any  other  Edition.  15  vols. 
Svo.     3I  T^s  boar4s.     Robinfons. 

The  fame  tranilaticd  into  Engliih.  By 
T.  Holcroft.  13  vols.  Svo.  4I  44 
Ibid. 

General  Lloyd's  Hiftory  of  the  War  ia 
Germany,  vol.  ii.  containing  the  Cam-' 
paigns  of  1758-9,  with  t  Map  and 
Plans.  4to.     il  is  boards.  Egertons« 

Hiftory  of  France  to  the  RevolutioD, 

.    3  volt.  Svo*    xSs  boards.  Kewiley* 

Hiftorical  and  CriticjU  Memoirs  of  the 
Revolution  in  France.  By  J«  T.  Dil- 
lon, Efqj  4to«  il  If  boards*  Robin<* 
Ams. 

Coins* 

Medallic  Hiftory  of  England  to  the  Re- 
volution, with  40  plates.  Royal  4to« 
Vellum.paper.  2I  ^s  boards*  Edwards. 

Peerage* 

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of  Arms,  engraved  by  Chefliam,  from 
Defigtfs  by  Caton.  3  volS'  large  4to« 
Royal  paper,  5I  55^  fupcr  Royal  7I  79 

-'  with  plates.  Boards.  Robinfons. 

Kearfley^s  complete  Peerage  of  England^ 
'Scotland,  and  ireUnd.  i2mo.  7s  bcards« 
Kearfley. 

The  Peerage  of  England,  Scotland,  and 
Ireland}  to  which  are  annexed,  the 
cxtind  and  forfeited  Peerages  of  th« 
three  Kingdoms.  3  vols.  withplate». 
Royal  Svo.     xl  48  boards.    Owen. 

B  X  OG  If  APB  r« 

Life  of  John  Elwes,  Efqj  Member  in 
three  lucceftive  Parliaments  for  Berlc> 
ihire.     By  £.  Topham,  Efqj     3s  6d 

Ridgway. 

Anecdotet 


pUBtisrtEd  its  THfi  FiRsr  SIX  Months  op  179^.    ^335 


Atiecdotef  of  John  Howard,  Efq;    ss. 

'  Hookham* 

jSiographia  Enngelica.  By  E.  MMdlc- 
ton.  vol.  Sv.  and  laft.     7s  6d     Pillj. 

Aft  Examination  of  the  Life  and  Charac- 
ter of  Nathanael  Lord  Crewe,  Bllhop 
of  Durham,  from  a  ms.  never  before 
puf>liflied*  Sv(V  2S  6d  fewed.  John- 
fon« 

Appendix,  containing  Corredions  and 
'  Additions  to  Dr.  Difncy*s*Life  of  Dr. 
Sykes.     Gratis.    Ibid. 

TOYAGSS,  TaAVELI,  TOrOClAFHY. 

Obfervations  in  a  Tour  from  Bengal  to 
Perfia,  in  1786-7.  By  W.  Franklin. 
Itvo.     6s     Cadell. 

Memoirs  and  Travels'  of  M.  A.  Count 

'  de  Benyowfky,  containing  his  military 
Operations  in  Poland,  and  his  Travels* 

*  Tranilated  from  a  ms.  in  the  Britiih 
Mufeum.  With  23  plates.  2  vols.  4t09 
2I 2S  boards.     Robinfons. 

Api£turefque  Tour  of  iCillamey,  with 
twenty  Views  and  a  Map.  2I  12s  6d 
fewed.     Ibid. 

A  Tour  up  the  Straits,  from  Gibraltar 
to  Conftantinop'e,  with  the  leading 
Events  in  the  prefent  War  between  the 
Auftrians,  Ruffians,  and  Turks.  By 
Captain  Sutherland.  8vn»  6$  boards. 
Johnfon. 

Travels  to  difcover  the  Source  of  the 
Nile,  in  1768  to  1773.  By  J.  Bruce, 
£fq;  with  plates.  5  vols.  Royal  4to. 
5I  5s  boards.     Robinfons. 

■  into  the  Interior  Parts  of  Afnca. 
From  the  French  of  Vaillant.  2  vols* 
Svo.    Cuth.     izs  beards.    Ibid. 

Another  Tranflition.  2  vols,  8vo.  Cuts. 

I2S  boards.     Lane. 
Defcription  of  the  Ifland  of  Jamaica. 

By  W.  Beckford,  Efq;     2  vols,  8vo. 

I2S  boards.     Egertons. 

■  of  London.  By  T.  Pennant, 
Efqi  4to.     il  18  boards.     Faulder. 

^Letters  concerning  the  Northern  Coaft 
of  Antrim.  By  Mr.  Hamilton.  2d 
edit.     5s  boards.     Robinfons. 

Ideas  fuggeAed  on  the  Spot,  in  a  late  Ex* 
curiioa  through  Flanders,  Germany, 
Italy,  and  France.  By  A.  Walker, 
Le^urer  on  Natural  Philofophy.  8vo* 
6s  boards.     Robfon. 

lieutenant  Bllgh's  Nanative  of  the  Mu- 
tiny by  wluch  he  was  deprived  of  his 
Majefty*s  Ship  Bounty  ;  and  his  fubfie- 
quent  Voyage  in  .the  Ship's  Boat. 
Publlflied  by  Authority  of  the  Lords 

.  of  the  Admiralty.  410.  7s.  boards 
Nicol* 


Journal  of'  the  Proceedings  on  boar4 
Captain  Riou*s  Ship  the*  Guardian* 
IS  6d     Stalker. 

— - —  of  the  fame,     n    Forbes. 

■     ■       I  of  the  fame,     is    Ridgway. 

Travels  in  Europe,  Afia  and  Africa.  By 
J.  Macdohald.     6s  boards*    Forbea. 


Wood's  Borfy  of  Conveyancing.    A  new 

Edition  greatly  improved*     By  J.  J* 

Powell,  Efq;  vol.  i.     2I.  2S.  boards* 

Rivingtons. 
Eflay  on  the  Law    of  Contrads  and 

Agreements.     By  J.  J.  Powell,  Efqi 

2  vols,  Svo.     I2S  boards.  Johnfon. 
Reports  of  Cafes  in  Comtnon  Pleas,  in 

1789-90.     By  H.  BlackAone,   Elcg 

Folio.     Whicldon. . 
Reports  of  Cafes  in  Chancery.     By  C* 

Ambler,     il  16s  bound.     Ibid. 
A  Digeft  of  the  Law  of  Ad^ions  at  Nifi 

Prius.     By  Ifaac  ^Efpinafle,  Etfq;  Bar- 

rifter.  2  vols,  8vo.  las  boards.  CadelU 
A  Syftem  of'  the  Law  of  Marine  infii- 

ranees.     By  J.  A.  Park,  Elqj    Second 

Edition  improved.  Royal  8vo.  boards* 

Whieldon. 
Stockdale*s  Trial  for  a  fuppoled  Libel  on 

the  Houfe  of  Commons.    Royal  8vo* 

5s  boards.     Stockdale. 
Four  Letters  on  the  Subject  of  Stock- 

dale^s  Trial  fot  a  Libd.  is  6d   Stock' 

dale. 
A  Digeft  of  the  Law  concerning  E!ec« 

tions.     By  S.  Heywood,  Eiq;     78  64 

boards.     Johnfon. 
A  Colleaion  of  Statutes  and  Orders  of 

the  Hoafe  of  Commons    refpe^ing 

Elc^ions.      By   R.    Troward.     Svo. 

7s  6d  boards.     Whieldon. 
A  Treatile  on  the  Law  of  Eiedions  ac« 

cording  to  Afks  of  Parliamlc^nt.     By  f  • 

Potter,  Attorney.     Svo.     3s.  fewtd* 

Evans. 
Laws  of  Maften  and  Servants  considered. 

By  J.  Huntingford,  £fq$  2s  6d  fewed. 

Brooke. 
Confolidated  Abftraft  of  the  two,  Uift 

Tobacco  A^s.     IS     Keardey. 
Britiih  Tribunal.     A  CoUcdHon  of  Re- 
markable Tnals.     3s.     Barr. 
Yrial  for  Breach  of  PromL'e  of  Marri* 

age.     Mils  £«  Chapman  againft  W. 

Shaw,  Efq}     if'td    Ribeau. 
The  great  (^eftion  of  Bills  o(J^xchattge 

caHed  Fiditions*    By  S.  Godfrey     it 

Johnibn. 
Coniiderationi  on  the  Qualifications,  &c. 

of  Attornies.    By  C.  Martyn*     is  6d 

Whieidoa. 

Otalogttt 


33^  A  CATAtOCUt  or  906lL%  PAMFHUTSy  $tC^ 


Dblofoe  on  the  Rcfcmie  lamu  %%• 
£g6rtoiit« 

The  Duty  of  a  CooflaUc  is.  Robin* 
finis*  , 

Review  cX  the  Laws  of  the  United  States 
of  North  America  and  the  Weft-India 
Uhodt'  8vo*  4siewed.    Otridge. 

The  Introdndion  to  the  Obiervations 
made  by  the  Jvdgea  at  Qsiebecy  on  the 
Inveftigatten  there  held  into  the  paft 
Adminiftration  of  Jofticn*  is.  6d« 
Stockdale. 

roLiTics* 

Obimatioot  on    Dr.  Haid^a  two  Dt»> 

logoet  on  the  Conftitution.    as  6d 

Stockdale. 
An  Attempt  to  explain  the  Terms  Dt» 

mocracy*  Ariftocracy,  Jcc.    By  J.  E. 

Hamilton,  £iq.     6d    Debictt, 
Confiderationt  on  the  prefent  State  of  the 

Nation.    By  a  late  Under*Sccretary 

of  State.     it6d    Debrect 
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poblic  Meafures  on   the  Continent. 

fts  6d     Stockdale 
SwBtM  refpe^ng  the  Nootka  Sound  Efta* 

bliihnienty  in  a  Letter  to  the  King. 
,  By  Argonaut.    i»    Dehiett 
A  Second  Letter  by  Argonaut  on  the 

Nootka   Sound   EftabliihoienU     it* 

Fores 
Lieut.  Mean*s  Memorial  tefpe^ng  the 

Veflels  captured  at  Nootka  Sound. 

IS  6d    Debrett 
Short  Retrofped  of  the  ConduA  of  Ad« 

miniftration  to  fome  of  the ,  principal 

Powers  of  Europe,    as    Debrett 
A  Review  of  Mr.  Pitt*i  Adminiftration; 

addieiled  to  the  Freemen  of  Ltverpe(^« 

18  6d    Robinfons 
The  Struggles  of  Sheridan,  or  the  Mi- 

niAer  in  fall  Cry*     is    Kerby 
letters  fVom  Admiral  Rodney  to  the 

Miniften,  relative  to  the  Capture  o( 

St.  Euflatius,   &c.   in  lySi.    8vo. 

Boards.     5s    Grant 
Speech  of  Major  Scott  in  the  Hou/e  of 

Commons,  May  2|»  1790,  on  being 

charged  by   Gttu  Burgoyne  With  ar 

Breach  of  Privilege.  -  IS    Stockdale 
ifrocccdings  in  the  Houfe  of  Commons 

in  176$,  on  the  Petlticn  of  the  Dulft 

of  AtboI»  refpe^iing  the  Iflc  of  Man. 

is6d     Wilkie 
Reprefenution  of  the  Lords  of  the  Com* 

miitee  of  Council  for  regulating  the 

Com  Laws.     4to     38  6d     Stockdale 
Reports  of  Commiilionen  on  the  State 

of  the  Woods^  Fordlsi  and  Land  Rfr- 

f  enue  of  the  Crown,    ii    Debrett. 


Speeches  hi  the  Honie  of  Commons  upo« 
equalising  of  Weights  and  Meafures,' 
with  Notes  and  a  genuine  Suadard* 
By  Sir  J.  Riggs  Miller.  8vo    Debrett 

A  Chew  of  Tobacco  for  certain  Gentle^ 
men  in  Livery.     6d    Stockdale 

Remarks  on  Exctfesy  particularly  applied 
to  the  late  A6t  kit  excifing  Tobacco. 
Wilkins 

Obfervations  on  the  Petition  of  the  City 
of  London  in  Favour  of  the  Tobacco** 
nifts.     IS    Stockdale 

Reflexions  on  the  Infuny  of  Smuggling, 
with  a  PUn  lor  rendering  Part  of  thib 
public  Revenue  pore  produAive.  la 
Stockdale 

Young  H0CUS9  or  the  Hiftory  of  John 
Bull»  from  1783  to  17S9.  2s  64 
fewed    Bad 

Letter  to  theHeritors^or  landed  Proprie- 
tors of  Sootland.     IS  6d    Murray 

Letter  from  Lord  de  CliiFord  to  the  Elec- 
tors of  Downpatrick.     is    Debrett 

Conftitutional  Connexion  between  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland,  is  6d  Stocks- 
dale 

Plan  for  a  firee  ComL  mtty  on  the  Coaft 
of  Africa,  under  the  Protedlon  of 
Great- Briuin;  but  independent  of  a3! 
European  Laws  (1789)  4to.  ^siewed« 
or  with  aMapof  SieiraLeona,  ics.  6d. 
Hindmarih. 

The  Danger  of  die  Political  Balance  of 
Europe,  tranilated  from  the  Original 
of  the  King  of  Sweden.  By  Lord 
Moutftmorres.  Jef&ay.    3s  6d  fewed. 

Original  Letters  &om  the  Emperor  to 
Gen.  Dalton,  in  French.  3s.  6dtf 
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The  fame  in  Engliflu  3s.  6d.  fewed. 
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Rewenue  end  Taxatton, 

Hiftory  of  the  Public  Revenue.  By  Sir 
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boards    Cadell 

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The  practical  Means  of  exonerating  the 
puolic  Burthens,  and  paying  ulF  th"^ 
national  Debt.  By  the  fame.  410. 
Ibid.        ^ 

An  Inquiry  into  the  Principles  of  Taxa* 
tion.    4C0.  boards.     las    Debrett 

Letter  to  the  f'eople  of  EogUod  oa'thc 
'    pf«lettt 


PUBLISHED  in  THE  FIRST  SIX  MONTHS  QF  17^0.        33f 


•reieiit  Criiis    By  J.  E«  Hamiltoiiy 
"  Efq)     6d     Debretc 
A  Second  Letter  to  the  People  of  £ng« 
land  on  the  prefent  Otiis.    fiy  J.  £* 
Hamilton.    6d    Debrctt 

Pariiamemtary  Refirm* 

The  Soeech  and  PropoficSons  of  Mn 
Floods  on  the  Reform  of  Parliament^ 
March  4,  1790.     is    Debrett 

The  Patriot  \  or  the  Reform  of  Parlia* 
ment»  Mr.  Pitt*s  Admioiftration,  &c« 
IS     Bourn 

A  speech,  intended  to  have  been  fpokcn 
at  the  Crown  and  Anchor  Tavern^ 
May  19,  at  the  Meeting  of  the 
Friends  of  parliamentary  Reform*  6d« 
Debrett 

The  Critical  Period)  or  Seafonable 
Truths.     IS  6d    KearOey 

Ntw  Parliamtnu  / 

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ing Ele^ion*     is  6d    Walter 

Confiderations  on  the  approaching  Diflb* 
lution  of  Parliament.     2s  6d.  Walter 

The  Members*  and  EleAora"  Companion ; 
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The  Duty  of  a  Member  of  Parliament. 
I  a    Ridgway 

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cottiidered*  js6d    Stockdale 

Trade  and  Commera, 

Tables  of  Exchanges  to  and  from  France. 

By  A*  Thomas.   8vo«     7s  6d  boards. 

Murray 
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of  the  Weights,  Meafures,  Coins,  and 

Monies   of  France,    equaiiced    with 

thofe  of  Great  Britain.  48  6d  boards. 

Wilkie 
A  Treat! fe  on  the  Cotton  Trade.    By 

Experience,     is  6d     Abraham 
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the  Wool  Trade*     is    Baldwin 

Slave  Trade* 

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and  moral  Improvementi.  By  R* 
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Doubts  on  the  Abolition  of  the  Slav^ 
Trade,     as  6d     Stockdale 

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VnanfwerabJe  Arguments  agatnft  the  A- 
bolittoj;^  of  the  Slave  Trade.    By  J, 
M*  Adair,     eg    Batemaj^ 
Vol.  VII. 


Obfervattont  on  the  Evidence  before  th^ 

Privy  Council,  in  Support  of  a  Bill  for 

aboliihing  the  Slave  Trade.     30  6d. 

Stockdale 
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ardfon 
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ing  the  Slave  Trade.     By  John  Lord 

Sheffield,     is  6d     Debrett 
The  Slave  Trade  Indifpenf»ble*     is  6d 

Richardfon 
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Water 
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Philo  Africanut.     is  6d     Debrett 
An  Appeal  to  England  on  Behalf  of  the 

abufed  Africans.     A  poem.     By  T* 

Wilkinfon.     is     Phillpa 


Repeal  of  the  Ccrporatha  and  Tift  A£lsm 

An  Addrefs  to  the  Inhabitants  of  Not- 
tingham. By  G.  Wakciieldy  b.  m* 
IS    Johnfon 

Fa^s  fubmitted  to  the  Diflenters.  Con- 
taining Biihop  Horfley^s  Letter  to  his 
Clergy ;  and  the  Subftance  of  Mr* 
Fox*s  Speech,     is    Johnfon 

Extracts  from  Books  in  Favour  of  Reli- 
gious Liberty,  and  the  Rights  of  the 
DiHenters.  No.  I.  II.  Price  6d  each* 
Johnfon 

The  Danger  of  Repealing  the  Teft  Aft* 
IS  6d     Lowndes 

The'Difpuce  adjufted  about  the  Time  t0 
Repeal  the  Corporation  and  Teft  Afts  } 
ihewing  that  no  Time  is  proper.  Firft 
publiflied,  1732.     6d     Rivingtons 

Addrefs  of  W.  Bull,  Gent,  to  W.  Pool, 
Efq;  Steward  of  the  Manor  of  Biihops 
Whitelands.     is     Dilly 

Theodofius;  a  Solenf>n  Admonition  t« 
Pifl'encers.     is  6d    Bourn 

Philo- Theodofius,  or  a  new  Charafter  of 
Mr.  Burke*     is    Bourn 

Letters  and  Queries  to  Dr.  Prieftley  lelft- 
tivc  to  h's  Sermon.     it6d    Bew 

Review  uf  the  CaO:  of  the  Proteftant  Dif- 
fenters.     is  6d    Rbbfbn 

Addrrfit  to  the  Bifhops  on  the  SolijeAof 
Bi(hop  H'>rfley*s  Letter  to  hU  Cler|y« 
IS     Kearfley 

Dialogue  between  Hoadly  and  Sherlock* 
IS  6d     Divts 

Letter  to  a  Friend.     11     Stockdale 

A  Church  of  England  Man's  AnCwer  to 
t^e  Arguments  and  Petition  of  Dif« 
fenters.     6d    Rivingtons 

The  Teft  Laws  defended,  a  Sermon  at 
Birmingham.  By  G.  Croft,  d.  o* 
with  a  Preface  containing  Remarks  on 
Price's  Sermon*     is    Baldwin 

A  a  A  Serin 


33?         A  CATA;:oGrE  or  book:5>  pamfhlets,  Sic. 


A  Scries  of  Remarks  on  Dr.  Croft's  Ser- 
mon, entitled,  *  The  Telt  Laws  dc- 

•  fended.*  Ry  the  Rev*  John  Hobfon. 
IS  6d     Johnfon 

7hc  Spirit  of  t';e  Conditution  and  that 
of  the  Church  of  England  compared  j 
with  Remarks  on  Two  Letters  to  the 
Delegates,      is     fohnfon 

Letter  to  tJ^e  Quikers  on  the  probable 

'  Confcquences  to  them  of  the  Repeal. 
6d     Stockdale 

Xfiay   on  the    Origin,    Charadier,    and 

>  Views  of  the  Froieftint  Diflcnters.'  is 
Rivingtons 

Letter  to  a  Nobleman  on  the  Laws  rela- 
tive to  the  Diflcniers.     3s     Cadell 

Obfervarions  on  the  ^.'ondud  of  Protef- 

•  tant  Difl'^nters,.     No.  2.     6d  Fridden 
Half  an  Hour's  Converfation  on  the  Teft 

Laws.  -  id     A'atthews 
Let  er  to  the  People  of  England.     By  a 
-'  Graduate  of  Oxleid,     is     Bell 
A  Sourge  for  Difll  nters,  or  Nonconfor- 
mity UnmafkeH.      rs  6d     Parfons 
The  Teft  of    I  ruth,  Piety,  and  Allegi* 
''    ance,  a  sermon,  before  the  Lord  Mayor, 
tec.  on  the  Uay  of  Sacramental  Qnali- 
.    ficatton.  By  ^  .  E*  D<  Coetlogon,  m.a* 

IS  6d     Rivinj^tons  "  - 

Letter  to  the  Lord  Mayo*,  with  Obfer- 
i    vations  on  the  Sermon  preached  before 

•  him,  Jan.  lO,  i'79o.     is     Johnfon 
Curfory  Rcflcftions  on  the  Policy,  Juf- 
•^     tice,   and'Lxpediency  of  the  Repeal. 

By  W.  BrJftow,  t(q;     is  6J     Walter 
Public    Documents   declaratory    of    the 
Principles  of  ihe  Proteftant  DlHenters. 
.   6d     Jonnfon 

lleafons  for  feeking  a  Repeal  of  the  Cor- 
.     poration  aoi  Teii  A£Is.     fiuikiand 
Some  Strictures     on    a   Pamphlet  enti- 
tled, *  Rei^fns  for  feekng  a  Repeal 
of  the  Teft  Aft.'     is     Rvin.tons 
A  Look  to  the  laft  Ccntui^y,  or  the  Dif- 
£sntera  wei^heti  in  their  own  Scale*. 
2s     White  '  * 

Remarks  on  the  Rcfofution?  at  a  Meet- 
ing of  the  Noblemen,  Clergy,  &<•,  of 
Warwick,  Feb.  2,  1790.  in  three 
Letters  to  Lo.d  Aylcsford,  Chairman. 
-With  Remarks  vn  the  Refolutior.s  at 
BaitUtfs  Baidings.  is  Johnfon 
Obfervations  onthelate  Devifion  in  Par- 
'    liament  in  Favour  ef  the  Teft  Lawr* 

4d      Ibid. 
The  Difleaters  present  Claims  coniidered, 
•  in  a  Let inorf  at- Warrington.     By  J£i 
..  Owen»  Re£tor.      is     Lownrles 
Obfervations  00  ;he  above;  By  J.  Bealey. 
<    IS     Johnfon    * 

A  VindicAtioi^  of  the  modern  Di^ienters 
.>'  agatnft  the  Afperfiooi  ol  the  Rev.  Mr. 


Hawkins  in  his  Bampton  LtXkatap 
and  the  Right  Rev*  Author  of  a  Re- 
view of  the  Cafe  of  the  DiHenters. 

.    By  S.  t  aimer.     la     Johnfon 

Letter  to  the  Right  Rqv^the  Archbiftiopa 
and  Eifliops  of  England,  pointing  x>ut 
the  only  fure  Means' of 'prefer\'ing  the 
Church.     IS     lb  d. 

letter  to  the  Parliament  of  Great  Bri- 
tain. By  a  Member  of  the  Univerlity 
of  Cambridge,     is     Ibid. 

Short  Examination  of  fome  of  the  prin- 
cipal Reafons  for  the  Repeal  of  the 
Teft  Aa.  By  a  Clergyman.    6d  Ibid. 

Teft  againft  Teft,  or  a  View  of  the  Mel- 
fures  propofed  in  the  Refolutions  of 
the  Diftenters.     A  Folio  Sheet.     2d. 

.    Ibid. 

A  Speech  on  the  Repeal  of  the  Teft  A£t, 
intended  to  have  been  delivened  at  Red- 
crofs> Street  Library.  By  J^  Martin. 
6d     Stocki^ale 

Letter  to  Mr.  Martin  on  his  intended 
Speech.     6d     Johnfon 

Toleration  and  Charity  peculiar  to  the 
Chrifttan  Religion;  tranHated  from 
the  l^rench  ms.  of  a  Bifliop  itt  Laiio 
guedoc.     IS  6d     Murray 

A  Country  Curate*s  Obfervations  on  thie 
Advertifement  from  the  Leeds  Clevgy* 
3d.      fobnibn 

Curfory  Reftrdtions,  occafioned  by  the 
prefent  Meetings  in  Oppolition  to  the 
Claims  of  the  DiiTenters.  By  G« 
Wakefield,  B.  A.     6d     Deighton 

CoUe^ion  of  Tefti monies  in  Favour  of 
Religious  Liberty  in  the  Cafe  of  th^ 
Diniinters,  Catholics,  and  Jews,  is  64 
Dilly 

A  <,ot:tSt  Copy  of  Mr.  Foz^s  Speech^ 
March  2,  1790.     IS     RidgWay 

Two  Speeches  of  Mr.  Fcx,  March  s* 
IS  6d     Debrett 

The   Speech  of    Mr.   Pitt,    March  2. 

.    Stuart 

The  important  Debate  in  the  Houfe  of 
Cofiiiikons,  March  a*     ib     Walter    ' 

The  fame  Debate.     19    Stockdaie 

Anfwt-r  to  the  Biftiop  of  Comaha^s  paf- 

'  toralLrtt'r,  ^ai  the  genuine  Ei^Uih 
I  atholic  dlftinguiihed  fr  m  the  Jn6dU 
ous  Papift.     is     Fa-ilder 

Some  Remarks  on  the  R<!f>lutions  which 

•     were  f:>rmtrd  at  the   Meeting  of  the 

.  Archdeaconry  of  CheOer.  By  the 
Rev.  j.  Smith,     is     Johnfon 

The  princJp  I  Llaims  of  the  Diftcnters 
'  confidered,  a  Sermon,  ac  St.  Philip's^ 
Birmingham,  with   Notes,     is     Ri* 
vin^tons 

.Scrioos  Addrefs  to  the  Rev.  i/Lr,  Madn 

r   OD  his  Ser.i  on.     6d  'John£>n 

4  Famiiisir 


PITBLISHJED  IN  THE  FIRST  SIX  MONTHS  OF  1 790*        339 


Familiar  Letters  to  the  Inhabitants  of 
Birmingham,  in  Refutation  of  feveral 
Charges  advanced  againft  the  Diffencers 
in  the   above   Sermon.      By   Jofeph 

^  Prieftlcy,  l.l.o.  f  .r.s.  Part  i,  2. 
6d  each.     Johnfon 

The  fame,  Part  3,4.  is  each.  Part  5, 
IS  6d     Ibid. 

The  oppreflive  Nature  of  the  Teft  A&t  a 
Sermon,  at  Birmingham.  By  i?.  Fcarce. 

..     6d.    ibid. 

An  Adciiefs  to  the  Oppofers  of  the  Re- 
peal.     IS     Ibid. 

An  Addrefs  to  the  D-.ffidents,  on  their 
late  Defeat,     is     Ibid. 

Speech  Of  Count  Clermont  Tonnere  in 
the  National  AHembly,  on  admitting 
Non- Catholics  and  Jews  to  the  Privi- 
leges of  Cit'zens.     66     Stuart 

A  Sermon  on  religious  Tolrrationy 
preached  at  Bownefs.  By  S.  Bellby, 
n.  D.     4to«     IS     Baldwin 

Obferv«tions  on  the  late  Deciiion.  i2n>o. 
4d    Johnfon 

Letter  from  Lord  Pctrtto.  the  Bifhop  of 
St.  David's.     IS     Fauld-r 

A  Hint  of  Advice  to  the  Diflenters,  6d. 
Johnfon 

Collcftion  of  Rcfolutions  at  the  Meetings 
of  the  Clergy  on  the  Application  of  the 
Diflentcrs.      is     Riling' tons 

A  fiiort  Hiftory  of  the  Corporation  and 
Teft  Afts.  By  C.  Lofft,  Efq;  is* 
Johnf n 

Obfervationd  on  Mr.  LoftVs  Hlftory  of 
the  Corporation  and  Teft  A  As,  i» 
Robinfons 

A  Vindication  of  the  (hort  Hlftory  of 
the  Corporation  and  Teft  A6^s.  By 
Capel  LofFc,  Efqj     is     Johnfon 

Ail  Appeal  to  the  Inhab  tants  of  Bir- 
mingham, refpeding  Paftages  extraded 
from  Dr*  Krieftley's  Writings^  and  lent 
to  the  Members  of  the  H.  of  Com- 
mons.    6d    Ibjd. 

Obfervations  on   tTie  Origin  and  EfFcfts 

of  the  Teft  Aft.     is     Ibid. 
-Political  Obfervations  on  the  Teft  Aft. 
IS     BJadon 

A  Short  Hiftory  of  the  Pharffecs.  By  T. 
Twining.    6d     Johnfon 

An  arranged  Catalogue  of  Publication's 
On  the  Enlargement  of  the  Tolt/d- 
tion  of  DifTentrng  Minif^ers^  and  the 
Repeal  of  the  CotporaiioA  and  Teit 
A^«,  1772  to  1790.     IS     Ibid. 

Pampbltis  re-pfubh/hed  Ha  tbi  fame  ^uh-^ 

Jti^t  of  tl^e  Diflenters  t6  a  complete 
Toleration  aflerted.  Third  Edition* 
Ts  6d    Johnfon 

Itceer  0»  Cfai  Bildkaps.    15'   }ohMai 


The  Speeches  of  Lord  North  in  1787 

and  1789.     IS     Waiter  ,. 

Htftoiy  ot  th«  Teft  A^,  and  its  Itwport- 
ance  to  the  Church  3  ^rft  pubiiihed  in 
1732«     6d     Rivingtons  <  .     . 

Dean  Swift's  Traft  j  publifted  in  Ireland 
in  1731-2*     is  6d     Waiter 

Full  and  fair.DifcuffioB  of  the  Pretenfi* 
ons  of  Diflenters  to  the  Repeal  j  fin 
publiffied  in  1733.  -  6d     Rivingtons. 

Plea  for  the  Sacramentai  Teft.  By  Bi- 
(hop  fllys.     IS     Ibid.         .    , 

Bifhop  Sherbck*s  Arguments"  agalnft  a 
Repeal,     is     Ibid.' 

Bifliop  Hoadley's  Refutation  of  Biftiop 
Sherlock.     IS  6d     johnfon    , 

Enquiry  into  the  Prine'ptrs'  of  Toleratiotif. 
by  j.Eownes.  With  fome  Account 
of  his  Life,  by  Dr.  Kippis.  28  6d» 
Longman 

Two  Charges  to  the  Clergy. of  the  Arch- 
dcAconry  of  Leicefter,  in  tj%6''j.  By 
A   Burnaby,  d.  n.     is     Payne 

A  Treatife  on  Civil  Power  in  ccclefiafti- 
cal  Caufes,  fhewing  that  it  is  mt  law* 
fill  for  any  Power  on  Earth  to  compel 
in  Matters  of  Religion.  The  Author,' 
John  Miltun.     is     Johnfon 

Jde'volutiin  in  France* 

Additions  to  Dr.  Price's  Difcourfe  on  the 
Love  of  our  Country.  Given  to  the 
Purchafers  off  th^'  Sermon.     Cadell     , 

Obfervations  on  Dr.  Hriee*s  Revolution 
Sermon}  with  Rema'^kson  the  Cha- 
ra^ers  of  tli*  Minifter  and  his  Oppo- 
nents^    as 

Obfervations  oh  Dr.  Price's  Revolution 
Sermon,     is  6d     SCockdale 

Obfervations  on  Dr.  Price's  Revoiutlort' 
Sermon,     as     Fores        .■      , . 

Review  of  Dr.  Price's  Revolution  Ser- 
mon.     IS     Faulder 

Gontroverfial  Letter  of  a  neW  .K.ind  tqr 
Dr*  Price  from  a  Clergyman  of  the 
Churth  of  Englmd;  i»()d     >tockdale 

Complete  Rcftftation  crf  Dr.  Price's  Re- 
volu'Jon  Sermon*.  By  Anti-Price,  id 
Fores 

A  Letter  to  Dr.  Price  on  hi?  RVvoiution 
Seiifton.  "Bj^  R.  Coxc,  a.  id.  is. 
Cadeil    .  ^ 

A  free  ExaminatroT  o'f  Dr."  Price  and  Dr« 
Prie^ley*s  Se.mons,  By  fhe  R'eT.  W." 
Keate.     as     Dodfley 

Subftance  6f  Mr.  Burke'^s  Speech  in  the 
Houie  of  Co:r.monV,  Feb.  ^  I79C1  oa 
the  Affairs  of  France.     Debrett 

Letter  from  Ea^I  Stanhope  to  Mr.  Rurke^ 
containi;ig  an  Anfwer  to  his  S^ech^' 
Feb*  9*     IS     Eimiley 


340  A  CATALOGU£  OF  BOOKS,  PAMPHUTSi  &C^ 


Sttbftince  of  Speeches  on  the  French  Re- 
volution, Feb*  9,  by  Burke,  Fox,  She- 
ridan, and  Phipps,  in  French  and  Eng* 
lifb.     IS  6d     Keariley 

Phllofophical  R^flediions  on  the  RevoIu« 
tion  in  France.  By  J.  Courtenay,  Efq; 
Sk  6d    Becket 

A  Difcourfe  by  L^Abbc  Fauchet,  on  the 
Liberty  <f  France ;  to  the  Memory  of 
thofe  Cit  zens  who  fell  at  the  taking 
of  the  Baftile.  8vo.  6d«  Chalk- 
lin. 

Thoughts  on  the  probabk  Influence  of 
the  French  Revolution  on  Great  Bri- 
tain.    IS    Ibid. 

Kaked  Trutii.  AddrelTed  to  the  People 
of  EngUnd  on  the  fuccefsful  Struggles 
for  Liberty,     is  6d     Kerby 

Jf7dia  Affain* 

Review  of  the  Britiib  Government  rn 
India  before  the  Company  acquired  the 
Grant  of  Dewanny.  3s.  6d«  boards, 
Stockdale 

Obfervations  on  Mr.  Dundas>  India 
Budget*     IS  6d     Debrett 

A  fecond  Enquiry  into  the  Situation  of 
the  Eaft  India  Company.  By  ,G. 
Crauibrd.     3  s     Debrett 

Cape.  WiUiams*s  Narrative,  containing 
Particulars  relative  to  the  Execution  ^ 
Mnftap^.aCawn.     is  6d     Stockdale 

Letters  by  one  of  the  Commons  of  Great 
Britain  on  the  Murder  of  Muftayha 
Cawn  and  Mr.  Haftings^a  Impeach- 
ment.    3s  6d     Ridgway 

MATRBMATICS. 

Mathematical  Memoirs.     By  J*  Landen> 

j-.a.s.     Vol.11.'   8s  fcwed.     Win- 

grave 
A  Trr atife  on  pradical  A(lronomy«    By 

S.  VbiCd,  r.  R.  s.  With  plates.    15s 

fewed    Dcighton 
Compreheihfive  SyOem  of  Algebra.    By 

J.  Davidfon.     4s  boards     Longman 
A  new  Sy(len>  of  Arithmetic.     By  the 

fame.     2s  bound     Ibid. 

AnhiteEiuru 

A  Treatife  on  Theatre,  by  G.  Saun- 
ders.    4to.    los  6d.  boards. '  Taylor 

Mecba^Us, 

Remarks  on  the  comparative  Advantages 
of  Wheel  Carriages.  By  R.  Anitice. 
ts  6d     Batdwia 


MATUKAL    ICIIOWLE06S« 

A^rlcultur** 

A  Treatife  en  watering  Meadows.  Byr 
G.  Bofwell.  An  enlarged  Editioo. 
3s    Debrett 

GarJenhg* 

Hints  for  the  Management  of  Hotbeds^ 
and  the  Culcme  of  early  Cucumbera 
and  Melons,  &c.     la    Dilly 

Botattf  and  Natural  Htpory* 

Hiftorical  and  Biographical  Sketches'  of  the 
Progrefa  of  Botany  in  England.  By 
Dt.  Pnlteney.  2  voh,  8vo.  los  bds'« 
Cadell 

Plantarum  Icones  haftenum  inedita,  &c. 
Audi.  J.  £.  Smith,  m.  o.  25  plaies* 
Folio.  Fafic  II.  ll  is  boards.  White 
and  Son 

J.  DickfoQ  Fafic  11.  Piantarum  Ciypt** 
gam.  Britan.    4s    Kicol 

Natural  Hiftory  of  Eaft  Tartaiy.  Pub- 
liflied  by  the  Peteriburgh  Academy* 
and  tranflated  from  the  French  by  W* 
Raddifte.     3s  6d    Rrchardibn 

The  Philoibphy  of  Natural  Hiftory.  By 
Wm.  Smellie.  410.  il  is  boards. 
Cadell 

The  Sexes  of  Plants  vindicated,  in  a 
Letter  to  Mr,  Smellie.  By  J.  Ro* 
thcram,  d.  o.     is  6d     Cadell 

A  General  Hiftory  of  Quadrupeds  ;  the 
Figures  engraved  on  Wood,  by  T. 
Bewick.     8vo.  8s  boards    Robinfona 

Mineralogy, 

The  Natural  Hiftary  of  the  MinsraA 
Kingdom.  By  J.  Williams.  2  vols, 
8vo.  (1789)     I2S  boards    Whites 

Cbem'ifiry  and  Experimental  Philofcp£y4 

Elements  of  Chemiftry,  with  all  t])e 
modern  Difcoveries.  From  the  French 
off  LaVoifiere.  8vx  7s  6d  boards. 
Robinfons 

Firft  Principles  of  Chemiftry.  By  Wm< 
Nicholfon.  With  plates.  8vo.  7s  6d 
boards     Robinfons 

Chemical  Experiments  and  Opinions :  ex- 
traded  from  a  Work  publiihed  in:'  the 
laft  Century.  By  T.  Beddoes.  2s  6d 
Murray 

A  Treditllb 


]»UB11SH£0  M  THE  FIRST  SIX  MONTHS  OF  X79O.        34! 


A  Treatife  on  Chemiftry  and  Materia 
Medica.  ByD.Monro»  m.o.  VoKlY* 
SVo.     5s  boards    Caddl 

Experiments  and  Obfervations  on  differ* 
cnt  Kinds  of  Air,  and  other  Brancbei 
of  Natural  Philofophy,  in  3  volumes  } 
being  the  former  fix  volumes  abridged 
and  methodized,  with  many  Additions* 
By  Jofeph  Prieftley,  l*  l,  d*  l,%,  t« 
ll  J  a  in  boards    Johnfon 

MCDXCINX* 

£flays  medical,  philofophical^  and  expert* 
mental.      By  T.  Percival.     A  new    - 
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An  Enquiry  Into  the  Small-PoXj  medical 
and  politicals  By  R.  Walker,  m.  b* 
Svo     6s  boatdJ     Murray 

A  ncw-difcovered  Fad,  of  a  relative  Na- 
ture, ia  the  Vfcncrcal  Polfon*  By  J. 
Foote*     IS  6d     Becket 

Truth  vindicated,  or  the  fpeclfic  Difter- 
cnces  of  mental  Difeafes  afcertained. 
By  W.  Rowley,  Mi  n.  is  6d  Win- 
grave 

Thoughts  on  Dr.  James*s  Fever  Powder* 
IS  6d     Scatchard 

On  putrid,  inteftinal,  and  intermitting 
Fcvefs.  By  F.  Balfour,  m.  d.  8vo. 
boards.     6s     Richardfon 

Diurnal  Obfervations  on  Jail,  Hofpital, 
or  Ship  Fever.  Second  Edit,  enlarged. 
By  R.  Robeitfon,  m.  o.  8vo.  Ss« 
boards     Robinfons 

An  Eflay  on  Fevers.  By  the  fame.  Svo. 
5s  boards     Ibid. 

Review  of  the  medical  Department  in 
the  Briiifh  Navy.  By  T.  Trotter, 
M.  D.     IS     Bew 

A  ihort  Account  of  the  Method  of  treat- 
ing Scrofula.  By  James  Rymer.  is  6d 
Evans 

Obfervations  on  Animal  Life  and  appa- 
rent Death,  &c.  By  J.  Franks,  3s. 
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Letter  to  Sir  John  Sinclair  on  the  Vir- 
tues I'f  Muriatic  Acid  in  putrid  Fevers. 
By  Sir  W;  Fordyce,  m.  d.    is.  Cadell 

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and  Pradical.  By  A.  Swair.ftony  M.n. 
0s.  boards     Baldwin 

Experiments  on  the  Horley-Green  Spaw. 
By  T.  Gamett,  m.  d.     as    Knott 

Pbilofophical  Inquiry  into  the  Nature 
and  Properties  of  common  Water.  By 
P.  Lewbi  Mt  Di    3s  6d    Waiter 


Thoughts  on  the  Means  of  preff  rving  the 
health  of  the  Poor.  By  the  Rev.  Sir 
W.  Gierke,  Bart.    6d    Johniba 

minimal  Mdgnetifm* 

"ESt&i  of  Magnetlfm.    6d    Hawes 
A  plain  and  rational  Account  of  the  Na* 

ture  and  Eftcdis  of  Animal  Magnetiljn* 

la    Stratford 

a  V  R  6  B  n  T« 

A  Tfeatife  on  Cancers.  By  ff.  Fe^rom 
Third  Edition,  enlarged.  3s  6d  fewei 
Johnfon 

Surgical  Trads.  By  the  late  J.  O.  ]af» 
tamond.  Publiihed  by  Mr.  Houlftoo. 
4to.     ll  IS  br^rds     Cadell 

Obfervations  on  Gangrenes  and  Mortifi- 
cations. By  C.  White^  r.  a ,  s*  is 
Dilly 

The  Chimrgtcal  Works  of  P.  Pott.  A 
new  Edition,  with  a  Head  of  the  Au« 
thor,  his  Life,  and  Notes.  By  Mr* 
Earle.  3  vols,  Svo.  il  11  boards* 
Johnfon,  .&c*  ' 

r  A  n  R  J  X  X  Tf 

Supplement  to  Taplin^t  Fairiery*     tu 

Kearfley 
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tion.     Royal  paper>  1 53.  fmall  paper^ 

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Georgise  Augul^a?  Gottin.  Scrip.  A. 

C.  G.  Heyne.     Svo.  boards     Ibid. 
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Tafte.     By  R.  Alifon,  l.l.b.  p.x.s. 

4to.     16s  in  boards     Robinfons 
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MYTHOLO'CT. 

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r  A  I  N  T   I   N   G. 

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pbined.  By  A.  Bickndl.  2  vols. 
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ham 

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fmall  Svo.     Ill  58  fewed.     Riving- 

tons.  Sec, 
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Bowles.     IS    Diily 
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Poems  of  D^Ua  Crufca,  Anna  Matil- 

da,  &c.     Formerly  publilhed  under  the 
.      Title  of  the   Poetry  of  the  World. 

a  v.'.ls,  7s  iewed     Bell 
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A.  Parquin»      Small  8vo.     2S.   6d. 

Strahan 
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and  puniihing  CrimeK.     By  J.  Arm- 

ilrong.     2S  6d  fewed     Johnfon 
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^vii^tottt 


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performed  at    CovcnC  Garden.      lu' 

Debrett 
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By  J.*  P.  Kemble.     i»  6d     ^igertoht 
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>%  Errors  •r  OmtJJkn^  Jthat  are  difcovered  in  the  above  Cata^ 
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yearly  Publication^ 


iXTERAK^ 


r    345    1 

LITERARY      INTELLIGENCE. 
HISTORY      OF      ACADEMIES, 

Art.  I.    ROYAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES  AT  PARIS. 

April  14.  After  the  marquis  de  Condorcet  had  read  the  eulogies  of 

cardinal  de  Luynes,  Mr.  LaiTone^  firft  phyfician  to  the  king,  and 

Mr.  Camper^  the  celebrated  Dutch  anatomift,  the  prize  for  the  quef- 

tion  on  the  theory  of  the  new  planet  [fee  our  Rev.  Vol.  L  p.  489  ] 

'  was  adjudged  to  Mr.  de  Lambre. 

None  of  the  pieces  fent  on  the  method  of  reducing  the  apparent 
diftance  of  two  ftars  to  the  true,  [fee  our  Rev.  Vol.  IV.  p.  481 .]  being 
fufficiently  exad,  the  queftion  is  again  propofed,  with  a  double  prize, 
2400  liv.  [lool.]  The  papers  mult  be  tranfmitted  to  the  acauemy 
before  the  itt  of  Feb.  1791. 

The  paper  on  the  conilrudUon  of  fluices  [t'M.]  being  in  the 
iame  predicansent,  that  queftion  is  alfo  renewed,  with  a  double  prize* 
2160  liv.  [90 1.]    Theanfwcrs  to  be  fent  before  the  ift  of  Feb.  1792. 

The  following  new  queflions  are  alfo  propof<:d. 

J .  y^  dttermine  hy  o^fejrvatkny  and  hy  theory  ^  the  irregularities  of  the 
JateWus  -tfyupiter^  particularly  of  the  thirds  and  efpecially  relati*ve  to  tbt 
.  motion  of  their  ftodet,  and  inclination  of  their  orbits^  P^y^^g  attention  to  the 
-attraSionofthe^tMiteSf  of  the  fun  ^  and  of  the  other  planets  ^  the  influence 
9f  twhich  may  he  Iff  any  confequence.  The  prize  is  of  2000  liv.  [83 1. 
6  s»  8  d. ]    No  papers  will  be  received  after  the  3 ift  of  Auguft,  1 79 1 . 

2.  To  af certain  the  thim^  of  tannings  and  inquire  into  the  moft  proper 
means  of -obtaining  leather  of  wid  quality  f  and  of  Jhortening  the  term  of 
the  procefs  ^without  injuring  the  ^dnefs  of  the  leather.  The  prize  is  a 
gold  medal  of  1 800  liv*  [75^*]  *^^^  papers  to  be  fent  before  the  ift 
of  Auguft,  1793. 

Mr.  C.  Monnier  read  a  nMmoir  on  the  loiigitudes  of  the  coafl  of 
the  Arfacides  j^fee  below,  p.  ^^$*\  Mr.  Brii&n  gave  a  calculation 
of  cbe  new  meafures  propofed  to  be  eftablifhed  throughout  the  king- 
dom, taking  the  pendulum  fwinging  feconds  at  Paris^as  the  bafis  [fee* 
bdow,  p.  359*1  Count  de  Caffini  read  a  hiftory  of  the  progrefs  of 
geography.  Abbe  Teffier,  m.  d.  read  the  refults  of  his  experiments 
on  old  corn,  which,  being  fown,  fucceeded  nearly  as  well  as  new :  he 
«lfo  found,  that  procuring  corn  from  a  different  foil  was  uaneceiTary* 
Mr.  Mechain  read  the  hiitory  of  the  two  comets  feen  in  January,  one 
of  which  was  difcovercd  by  himfelf,  the  other  by  Mifs  Herfchel. 
The  aiiembly  concluded  with  Mr-  Sage's  reading  a  memoir  on  mines, 
in  which  he  (bowed  that  France  paid  other  countries  25  mill, 
£1,041,6661.]  for  metals  or  minerals  that  might  be  found  in  the 
kingdom. 

Art.  ji.    koyal  academy  of   inscrxftions  and   velx.es- 

LETTRES    AT    PARIS.' 

May  13.  The  prize  for  the  queftion  on  the  Roman  colonies  [fee 

cur  Rev.  Vol.  I.  p.  489.  and  Vol.  III.  p.  370.]   was  adjudged  to 

idt>be  Parent,  doctor  of  the  Soibonne.    Mr*  Dacicr  tbea  announced 

;  Vot.  VII,  B  b  the 


346  LITERARY     INTEIaLIGENCE. 

the  following  queftion  for  Martinmas  1 791 .  What  iverethe  fullk  modes 
of  education  at  Athens ^  Sparta,  and  Rome?  and  may  any  plan ^  applicable 
to  our  manners  and  go^-vemment,  be  fornud  from  a  comparifon  of  them  f 
nhe  prize  a  gold  medal,  value  500  liv.  [20I.  16s.  8d.]  The  papen 
to  be  fent  before  the  ift  of  July,  1791.  Mr.  Dacier  then  read  an 
hifiorical  eulogy  of  Mr.  d'Ormeflbn  ;  after  which  were  read  the  fol- 
Jowing  papers  i.  Remarks  on  fome  Samaritan  medals,  by  abbe 
Barthelcmi.  Mr.  B.  ihows,  that  a  new  order  of  their  feries  muft  be 
adopted,  and  that  the  Samaritan  letters  were  continued  on  tlie  Jewilh 
coins  till  the  fecond  century  of  our  era.  Some  obfervations*  on  the 
medals  of  Jonathan  and  Amigonus,  kings  of  Judea,  he  has  referred 
for  the  memoirs  of  the  academy.  2.  On  the  progrefs  of  painting 
amongll  the  Greeks,  by  Mr.Levcfque.  3.  Obfervations  on  feveral 
jewi(h  families  formerl/  ellablifned  in  China,  by  Mr.  de  Guignes. 
The  miffionaries  had  fixed  the  date  of  this  eilabliftment  at  the  year  of 
Chrift  6^,  but  Mr.  de  G.  (hows,  that  it  muft  be  carried  back  to  the 
year  202  before  Chrift.  He  concludes,  that  China  was  at  that  time 
known  to  all  the  people  of  Afia,  and  even  to  the  Greeks  and  Romans. 
4.  On  the  bronze  of  the  ancients,  and  the  tempering  of  copper,  by 
abbe  Mongez.  xMr.  M.  proves,  that  the  ancients  did  not- temper 
copper ;  that  they  always  alloyed  copper  with  tin,  in  different  pro- 
portions ;  and  that  hence  the  appellation  of  bronze  is  properly  gi\'eii 
to  all  ancient  copper,  even  to  coins.  He  has  alfo  demonftrated  fey 
chemical  experiments,  that  the  prefence  of  iron  or  arfenic  in  the 
bronze  of  the  ancients  was  fufped^ed  without  foundation,  and  that  the 
Gauliih  coins  were  formed  of  the  fame  metals  as  ptiodern  bells. 

Art.  III.    ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES,  BELLES-LETTHES,  AND  ARTS, 
AT    PADUA. 

A  fcarcity  of  all  kinds  of  wood  being  univerfally  complained  of, 
the  following  queftion  is  propofed  for  a  double  prize  of  60  f.  [27  L] 

To  inquire  in  mihat  places  of  the  Venetian  territories,  in  «what  fituaiionSy 
and  of'ivhat  kinds ^  it  lUGuld  be  pojfihlt  and  adiJautageous  to  make  planta- 
tions, fo  as  to  augment  the  quantity  of  njoood,  for  e^ury  different  purp^fe^ 
fpecifying  the  hinds  of  trees  and  Jhrubs  according  to  the  nature  of  the  foil ^ 
the  precautions  to  be  taken  in  cultivating  them,  the  expenct  of  it,  and  en;ery 
thihg  elfe  relati've  to  the  fuhjeB, 

1  he  papers  Written  in  italiani  or  French,  muft  be  fent  before  the 
cud  of  the  year  1791,  poft-free,  to  abbe  Franzoja,  or  abbe  Cefarotti. 

Art.     IV.      INSTITUTE    OF     BOLOGNA. 

Feb.  21.  The  prize  of  engraving  was  adjudged  to  Mr.  Francii 
Kofalpina.  The  fubjefl^  a  Magdalen,  from  the  celebrated  pifture  of 
Guido  Caguazzi.     . 

There  bein^  no  competitor  fcr  the  prize  of  painting,  the  following 
fubjeft  19  again  propofed,  Virginius^  filled iviih  grirf  andravt^  ^ft^ 
halting  ftahhed  his  daughter  to  the  heart  in  the  forum,  to  fa<ve  her  from 
the  ponver  of  Appius  Claudius  the  docem*vir,  exclaims,  «  Te,  Appi,  tuum« 
que  caput  fanguine  hoc  confccro.*     Livy,  B.  in. 

The  fubjeft  for  the  frize  of  fculpture  is  a  *vejial  attending  the  facr^d 
fire  burning  on  a  tripod. 

The  painting  muft  be  on  cloth,  in  colours,  not  more  than  four  feo- 

^iraAj^alms  high  by  fix:wide,  rolkd  on  a  ftick,  and  well  enclofed  in  a. 

^  cafe. 


t  H   £   O  L  O  O   Y.  347 

cafe.  The  fculpture  muft  be  a  ba^  relief;  on  marble,  and  ndt  Exceed- 
ing two  palms  and  half  by  three.  The  names  of  thofc  Who  mean  to. 
compete  for  the  prizes  muft  be  fent,  fealed  up,  fo  as  not  to  be  difco- 
verable  without,  with  fome  motto  or  device  on  the  cover,  before  the 
end  gf  the  prefent  year  j  and  the  piqces;  marked  with  the  fame  motto, 
muft  be  fent  before  the  end  of  January  1791.  The  addrefs :  All* 
illuftriffimd  Iff  excel/a  Affunterta  deW  Irrfiituto  di  Bologna.  The  prizes 
are  of  40  f.  [18I.]  The  fuccefsful  pieces  will  be  prefervcd  b^  the 
fociety,  with  the  siuthot'S  name }  the  otheB  \H11  be  returned  to  order. 

Art.  v.  .  Berlin;  Schrifttfn  dtr'Gffellct?tiftNaturforJcheftder  Freimde^ 
CSff.  Meitioirsof  the  PhyficalSocu'ty  of  Berlin.  Vol.  IX.  Part  IV, 
60  pages,  hefides  the  preface;  table  of  contents,  and  index  to  the 
volume.     Price  12  g.  [is;  9d.]   1789. 

In  this  part  are,  i.  Remarks  on  the  winter  of  1788-9,  in  Pfufliaa 
Lithuania:  by  Mr.  von  Wangenhcim.  2.  On  xk\^  pinus  pkea  cinerea 
Fntjpca^  foliis  minoribus,  ienuiorihus ,  Jolitariis,  a'ruth,  corns  nutantihutx 
cortice  cinereo\  and  the  hetula  ahius  inccvia  :  by  the  fame.  The  former 
of  thefe  a})pears  to  be  not  a  diftind  fpecies,  but  a  fcarce  variety  pro- 
duced by  difeafe.  3.  Short  account  of  Mr.  de  la  Faille.  4.  Defcrip- 
tion  and  plates  of  birds  from  Guinea :  by  Dr.  P.  E.  Ifert :  continued. 
In  this  part  are  the  loxia  francifcana,  and  the  capparis  Erythrocarposi 
5.  Chemical  analyfis  of  the  ruby:  by  prof.  Klaproth.  The  prof, 
differs  greatly  from  Bergmann,  and  from  Achard.  He  makes  it  con- 
iift  of  ferruginous  earth  2  parts,  calcareous  earth  i,  filiceous  earth  t^-, 
and  argillaceous  earth  76,  in  100.  On  the  red  colour  prof.  K.  has 
doubts,  and  is  not  inclined  to  attribute  it  to  the  iron  alone  i  with  re- 
fped  to  this  colour,  he  has  obferved  fome  refemblance  between  it,r 
and  that  of  the  alium  of  the  Levant.  From  the  conftitucnt  parts  of 
the  ruby  it  appears,  that  gems  owe  not  their  hardnefs  to  the  portion 
of  filiceous  earth  they  contain.  6.  On  fome  new  difcovered  mmerals^ 
Amongft  thefe  is  onq  of  a  blue  colout,  fold  at  a  high  price  irt  Vienna 
Jis  a  native  fmalt,  and  by  ethers  fuppofed  a  native  Pruffian  blue,  which 
on  analyfis  appears  to  be  mountain  blue  united  with  quartz.  7.  Ad- 
ditions to  Mr.  Abilgaard's  account  of  an  Eaft  Indian  fahella.  8i 
Orydognoftic  remarks  on  the  apatit,  prafys,  and  wolfram  :  by  Mr; 
Karften.  9.  Meteorological  obfervations  on  the  winter  of  1788-9: 
by  Mf.  Vcgobre.  lo.  ^hort  account  of  a  new  difcovered  femi  metal: 
by  Mr.  Klaproth.     [Sde  Our  Rev.  Vol.  VI.  p:  i  io.  j 

"^en.  Allg.  Lit,  Zeit. 

THEOLOGY. 

Art»  VI.  Ffrrara.  The  2d  vol:  of  Abbe  Man  in  i's  *  Thoughts 
on  Man/  Lo  Studio  ddV  Uomoy  ^c.  [for  the  ift  f:e  our  Rev.  Vol.  II: 
p.  497  ]  confilts  of  three  books.  Book  V.  The  taking  of  TroyJ 
Difcourit:  iiniiexed  :  hiftorical  certainty  of  a  revealed  religion  amongft 
the  Hebrews.  VI.  Solonif)ni  or  the  building  of  the  tempte.  Con-  ^ 
tinuation  of  the  former  difcourfc.  VII.  Found a!icri  of  Rome,'  Dif^ 
cburfe  on  the  metaphyfical  certainty  of  a  revealed  religion. 

Nacelle  letter,  di  Firenze, 

Art.  Vii.     Gottingen.     J,  D,  Michaelis  Ueberfel^Mng  des  Neuen  TeJ^ 

tamtnts.   A  Trdnflation  of  the  NciPv  Teftanidnt  i  by  J .  D;  Michadis. 

B  b  a  Vot 


3+8  LITERARY     INTELLIGENCE. 

Vol.  T.  containing  the  hiftorical  Books ;  the  Four  Gofpch,  arfad  Afl* 
•    of  the  Apoftics.   4.to.    92  and  516  p.    Price  1  r,  4g.  [4s:]    1790. 

Before  Mr.  M,  had  .completed  his  vcrfion  of  the  Old  Teftaiiacnt, 
lie  projedcd  a  tranflation  6t  the  New :  but  as  he  determined  not  to 
begin  publilhing  it  till  it  was  finifhed,  we  may  exped  the  fecond  vo- 
lume foon  to  follow  the  prefent.  His  comments,  which,  like  thofe  on 
the  Old  Tcftament,  are  intended  for  the  unlearned,  will  be  pobliftied 
fcparately.  He  alfo  gives  us  hopes,  that  the  learned  world  will  be 
favoured,  after  his  death,  with  fuch  remarks  as  he  has  made,  and  which 
are  properly  his  own>  in  the  Latin  language.  In  his  preface  Mr.  M. 
notices  the  excellencies  and  defers  of  the  Lutheran  verfion,  and  ob- 
fervcs,  that  he  has  compared  his  own  both  with  that  and  Fifcher's 
(Prague  1784),  and  where  he  found  a  happier  mode  of  expreffion  in 
cither,  has  made  no  fcruple  of  adopting  it.  We  cannot  deny  but  he 
has  ihmany  places  caught  the  fenfe  of  the  original  more  juftly  than 
Luther  .\  ftill  the  work  is  not  without  dcfeds.  It  was  his  aim  to  give 
an  intelligible  and  German  tranflation ;  hence  a  flri^lly  literal  one  was 
impodible,  but  he  has  endeavoured  to  make  it  as  clofe  as  was  confiftenc 
with  thofe  views.  Unwilling,  however,  to  fhow  the  leaft  partiality, 
or  eive^is  own  fenfe  to  difputable  pafTages,  many  obfcurities  remain  i 
indwe  ofteo  meet  with  words  that  are  not  German, 

Jen.  Allg.  Lit.  Zeif, 

Art.  VIII.     Gottingcn.     Commentathde  antiqm  illo  DocuTnentay  quoi 
Jecundo  GenefeQs  Cafite  exftat^  l^c.    Commentary  on  that  ancient 
Document  which  is  extant  in  the  2d  Chapter  of  Genefis  :  by  J.  H, 
Heinricht.     8vo.     51  p.     1790. 

Mr.  H.  fuppofes,  that  this  chapter,  fo  different  in  ftyle  from  the 
firft,  was  written  much  later,  poffibly  about  the  time  of  Mofes,  and 
probably  formed  part  of  a  philofophical  poem  on  the  origin  of  the 
heavens,  earth,  &c.  the  produft  of  learned  and  cultivated  Egypt, 
«yf  which  apparently  but  few  fragments  remain.  This  hypothefis  he 
defends  with  confiderablc  acumen.  Jen.  Allg.  Lit,  Zeit, 

Art.  IX.     Hamburg.     Ueber  die  Magier  und  ihren  Stem^  tff.     Oa 

the  Wife  Men,  and  their  Star,  written  in  Defence  of  Matthew,  as 

i  Criticifm  on  his  Commentators,  and  to  tranquillife  the  Minds  of 

,  thinking  Readers  of  the  Scriptures  :    by  J.  Otto  Thiefs.     8vo. 

'  117  p.     Price  6  gr.  [io|d.]     1790. 

Whoever  wifhes  to  find  all  the  conjedures  and  dreams  of  commenta- 
tors on  this  part  of  Matthew  will  here  be  fatisfied ;  but  this  is  not  a 
toete  coUedUon  of  the  opinions  of  othen ;  Mr.  T.  has  exercifed  hi» 
own  judgment  on  them,  in  foch  a  manner,  as  to  induce  us  to  form 
confiderablc  cxpediations  from  the  great  work  he  is  meditating  on  the 
whok  of  the  New  Teltamcnt,    '  Jen.  Allg^  Lit,  Zeit. 

MEDICINE. 

Art*  X.  Paris.  The  conftitution  of  the  weather  during  the  montk 
of  December  exhibited  two  very  ftriking  differences.  The  firft  fort- 
night was  moderately  cold  for  the  feafon,  the  iky  conftantly  cloudy^ 
jiud  the  wind  from  N.  E.  to  S.  E.  except  two  days,  on  which  it  ble\r 
ffrongly  from  th«  fouth*    The  fecond  fortnight  was  mild,  and  re- 

fcmbled 


M  £  D  I  C  I  K  t«  349 

Icmbled  ipring^  foutherly  winds  prevailed^  ilormy  with  frequent 
fliowers,  ligns  of  vegetation  began  to  appear,  willows  and  lilacs  put 
forth  their  nrft  (hoots  and  leaves;  marigolds,  pimpernel,  and  (hephcrds 
porfc  were  in  flower. 

The  fame  difeafes  were  obferved  as  in  the  preceding  month.  In  thd 
latter  part  bleeding  was  not  found  fo  ferviceable  in  rheumatifm  as  it 
had  been  in  the  former.  Amongil  the  aged,  and  people  of  bad  habits, 
a  cattarho-rheumatifmo*putrid  fever  prevailed,  which  carried  off  many 
about  the' third  or  fourth  day.  ^The  fymptoms  of  fever  were  flight  j 
the  patients  complained  only  of  an  pppreflion  at  the  bread,  which  they 
defcribed  as  a  weight,  with  a  wandering  pain  in  the  fide,  back,  or 
fhoulders :  there  was  st  conftant  difcbarg^  of  bile  during  the  few  d«ys 
which  the  difeafe  continued  :  bliflers  applied  freely  and  in  time  faved 
fome,  though  but  few,  as  the  attack  being  far  from  alarming  they 
•were  generally  too  long  deferred.  The  lower  clafs  were  chiefly  aff 
fcifled.  Mefenteric  fevers  of  a  very  bad  type  appeared :  fome  died  of 
them  on  the  fifth  or  feventh  day,  and  others,  after  depofitions  takiag 
place,  on  the  fourteenth  or  fifteenth.     Blifters  generally  produced  gan-i 

frenous  efchars.  Bilious  fynocha  exhibited  nothing  extraordinary, 
ruptiv^  and  eryfipelatous  fevers  were  common,  as  were  eruptive  dif- 
eafes without  fever.  Gout  occafioned  fome  fudden  deaths,  and  bbfti- 
nate  anomalous  complaints.  Sanguineous  apoplexies  were  numerous, 
and  almofl  always  accompanied  with  extravafations  of  blood.  The 
fmali  pox  continued  to  prevail,  and  was  in  general  regular  and  mild, 
though  in  fome  cafes  anomalous  and  fatal.  Chronic  difeafes  were 
violent  and  more  rapid  in  their  progrefs*  yourn.  de  Medecini. 

Art.  XI.     Apologie  iu  Jeune.     An  A^logy  for  Fading. 

The  author,  who  appears  to  be  a  phyfician,  confiders  fading  as  the 
grand  arcanum  for  attaining  long  life :  mere  temperance  is  infufficient. 
The  mod  interefting  of  the  author's  refledions  is  that  which  refpc(fts 
children.  He  obferves,  that  few  die  before  the  birth,  whild  from  that 
period  to  the  age  of  one  year  the  number  of  deaths  is  infinitely  greater 
than  at  any  other  age.  This  he  attributes  to  their  manner  of  feeding 
them.  Not  contented  with  allowing  them  the  milk  dedined  by  nature 
for  their  only  fupport,  nurfes  cram  them  with  a  variety  of  food,  whick 
kills  them  by  opprefling  their  tender  domachs,  or  producing  difeafe  :  > 
or,  at  bed,  if  tneir  digedive  faculties  be  fufficiently  drong  to  avert 
this,  a  morbid  obefity  is  produced,  by  which  their  mental  or  corporeal 
faculties  are  prevented  from  being  what  nature  intended. 

To  pcrfons  in  the  decline  of  life  our  author  driftly  enjoins  abdi* 
l^ence  from  all  folid  food.  M.  BcyL  Journal  de  Medecine» 

Art.  XII.  Vceux  d'un  Patriate  fur  la  Midedne^  £sfr.  Wifties  of  a 
Patjriot  on  the  State  of  Medicine  in  France;  in  which  are  exhibitedl 
the  Means  of  fupplying  the  Kingdcfai  with  able  Phyficians,  of  im- 
T^'oving  the  Art  of  Phyfic,  and  of  completing  a  natural  Hidory  of 
France  :  by  Mr.  Thiery,  DoAor-regent  of  the  Faculty  of  MedicinQ 
of  Paris,  &c.     1789. 

Many  valuable  propofals  for  improving  a  fcience  fo  important  as 
that  of  medicine  are  here  offered,  with  remarks  on  its  prefent  and  for- 
mer Sate  in  different  countries.  One  edabliihment  recommended  by 
Mr,  T,  is  altojpether  new  :  an  hofpital  for  thofe  who  can  pay  for  their 

B  b  3  cure. 


350  tiTERAliY    INT8L^IpENCX« 

cure.  It  is'  intended  principally  as  a  fchool  for  flodents,  thjit  theif 
pradlical  knowledge  might  not  l>e  confined  wholly  ^o  the  diibrders  of 
the  lower  clafs  of  people.  Such  an  eflabliniment,  it  is  imagined. 
would  alfo  be  of  great  benefit  to  unmarried  people,  lodgers,  and 
Grangers,  who  might  be  without  families,  and  not  in  a  fuuation  to 
procure  all  thofe  attentions  which  a  flate  of  ficknefe  requires. 

y  JourU'  des  S.gaTans, 

Art.    XIII.     Addrejp!  a  Nojpigneurs  de  VAjfemhUc  Nathnale,  fur  Af 

Necfffite  CSf  Us  moyens  de  perfedionnier  V Enfeignment  de  la  Medicine^ 

^c.     An  Addrefs  to  the  National  Aflembly,  on  the  l^eceflity  and 

Jyl-ans  of  improving  the  Teaching  of  Medicine :  by  Mjr.  Jadelot| 

Prof  of  Med.  at  Nancy.     8vo.     57  p.     1790. 

In  this  interefting  pamphlet,  prof.  J.  points  out  the  defetls  of  the 

prefent  courfe  of  medical  ftudies,  and  of  the  mode  in  which  permifv 

iion  to  praftice  phyfic  is  granted  :  he  then  proceeds  to  offer  his  plan. 

Convinced  of  the  neceflity  of  the  medical  ftudent's  having  previoufly 

acquired  a  knowledge  of  the  principles  of  the  belles  Icttres,  philofo- 

phy,  and  above  all  phyfics ;  die  prof,  confiders  a  ftrift  examination 

on  thofe  heads  indifpenfibly  necefTaty,  before  a  youth  is  admitted  to  th^ 

ftudy  of  medicine.  '     M,  WilUmet,  Journ,  de  Med. 

SURGERY. 
Art.  XI t.     Altenburg.     Tafchenhuch  fur  Deutfcbe  Wundarzte,  tfr. 
*   The  German  Surgeon's  Pocket  Book  for  1789'.     182  p. 

This  ufeful  and  well  feleded  repofitory  contains  the  following  pieces. 
On  the  paracentefis  of  the  thofax ;  by  Lobenwdn.  On  the  cxtradl 
and  water  of  lead  ;  by  Murray.  On  the  inflammation  and  fuppuratfon 
of  the  female  breail ;  by  Buying.  The  pradice  of  talking  Latin  af- 
fedled  by  German  furgeons  cenfured.  Confequences  of  the  hard  winter 
of  1788-9  ;  by  Zieglcr.  Cure  of  a  lame  foot ;  and  remarks  on  ofli- 
frage,  arnica,  and  concuifions  of  the  brain ;  by  Thijeniu*.  Jliftory 
of  a  cancer  in  the  os  uteri ;  by  Trampel.  Cure  of  2^  flooding,  and 
foine  cafes  of  difficult  labours ;  by  Jofephi*  phirurgicsj  inventions, 
difcoveries,  and  improvements,  made  during  the  ninth  decade  of  th# 
prefcrft  century.     Rvgulatipnsf  and  inflitutions.     J-iterary  news. 

....  Jen,  Jllg.  Lit.  Zeit, 

ANATOMY. 
Art.  xr.  Siena.  The  2d  vol.  of  Nannoni's  Anatomy  [fee  our 
Jlev.  Vol.  II.  p.  114..]  fs  now  publilhed,  making  3^0  p^  410.  Thq 
titles  of  the  three  chapters  it  contains  are:  i.  On  the  thorax,  and  it$ 
ctontenrs.  2.  Adenology.  3.  Angeiology.'  The  di'dion  is  clofe^ 
^nd  full  of  matter;  and  no  modern  difcovery  is  negledted.  • 

>  .    .        >       Nov.  l(tt^  di  Firenzr, 

4 

Art.    xvi.     Vienna.     Jni,  Camfirini,  P.  If  M.  D.  Uiftoria  de  Uteru 

diip!ici,  ^f.     Hiflory  of  a  double  Uterus,   which  was  ruptured  in 

the  fourth  IVfon til  of  Pregnancy.:  by  A.  Canolhini.     8vc.     ^7  p, 

with  a  piaie.*    1788.    '  '  '        •       •      '     • 

A  woman,  who' had  born  two  children,  whilfl  fitting  flill  in  the 

fourth  month  of  her  pregnancy,  was  feize^  with  a  violent  paJn  in  the 

.     .        ' ,   r ...  lowc| 


M    I    N    E    R    A    L    O    G    Y*  35r 

fewer  belly,  and  died  in  the  fpace  of  twelve  hours.    On  opening  the 
body,  a  foetus  was  found  out  of  the  uterus  which  was  ruptured  at  its 
fundus.  The  uterus  was  double,  and  the  ruptured  part  was  the  fmalleft.  . 
There  were  two  very  fmall  apertures  paifing  from  the  neck  of  the  one 
to  ^hat  of  the  other.  Journ.  de  Medecine. 

NATURAL     PHILOSOPHY. 
Art.  XVII.      Rome.      Ragiommento  fopra.  il  Conduttore  elettrico  ^iri' 
iiahy  ^c,     Difcourfe  on  the  electrical  Condudor  at  the  Quirinal 
Palace;  by  Ab.  Calandrelii,  Prof,  of  Math.  8vo.  36  p. >i 789. 

To  an  account  of  the  condudor  lately  placed  on  the  pontiff's  pa- 
lace, ab.  C,  has  prefixed  foine  general  x)bfervations  and  inltrudUons 
on  the  fubjeci.  N<h-v,  leU,  di  ji^irenze^* 

MINERALOGY. 
Art.  XVI 11.    Leipfic.    Bcrghaukunde,    The  Art  of  Mining.    Vol.  I. 

4to.  +oS  p.  with  plates.  pr...fr.  [h^*]  '7^'9' 
I  Thefe  firft  fruits  of  the  patriotic  and  ufeful  labours  of  the  Sociefijr 
of  the  Art  of  Mining,  are  a  coUeAion  of  valuable  effavs,  elegantly 
printed,  and  elucidated  with  excellent  plates.  After  the  introductory 
jeplftle  from  the  prefident  to  the  members,  come  the  following  treatifes. 
I.  Mineralogical  hiftory  of  the  gold-min.^s  in  the  mountains  of  Vo- 
rqfchpataker,  near  Abrud'banya,  in  the  grand-duchy  of  Siebenburgh,  with 
a  map,  by  Mr.  Von  MUller.  2.  On  the  chatoyant*  foflil  of  tlie  Harz,  by 
prof.  Gmelin.  This,  ^which  had  firft  been  taken  for  a  felafpath,  like 
that  of  Labrador,  and  afterwards  for  hornblende,  has  been  ^nalyfcd 
by  prof.  G.  who  found,  that  it  was  rather  a  glimmer  enveloped 
in  ferpentine.  Half  an  ounce  gave  i  dram  45  grs.  of  filiceous 
earth,  57  grs.  of  Iron,  43  grs,  of  argil,  and  27  grs.  of  magnefia.  5, 
On  the  ochres  of  Berry,  in  France,  by  baron  Dietrich.  4.  Defcrip- 
tion  of  the  aquedufli  for  the  ufe  of  tlie  mines  of  Dorothea  and  Caro-  ' 
lifja,  at  Claulihal;  by  G.  A.  Stelzii^r.  5.  Obfervations  on  the  mag- 
netic needle,  made  in  the  Harz.  The  variations  of  the  needle  were 
obferved  from  1783  to  1787,  and  tables  of  them  are  here  given.  •  6. 
On  the  Itate  of  mining  in  Carinthia,  in  the  i6th  century;*  by  C.  Von 
Ployer.  7.  On  the  ancient  gold-mines  at  Steinheidi^,  in  Thuringia  ; 
by  C.G.  Voigt.  This  account  reaches  from  14^2  to  1570.  It- ap- 
pears, that  the  procefs  of  anialgama^ticn,  which,  according  to  Ulloa, 
the  Spaniar^ds  firit  introduced  into  Mexico  and  Peru  in  1562  and  1574, 
was  employed  here  as  early  as  icc6t-  8/  On  the  obtaining  of  quick- 
fdver,  and  on  the  cinnabar-mines  at  Horzowitz,  in  Bohemia  ;  by 
jM!r.  Ref^nbaum.  Inilead  of  the  fmall  retorts,  with  each  its  furnace, 
commonly  employed,  inverted  cylinders  are  here  ufed,  and  the  quick-' 
filver  is  diftiljed  per  de/cenfum,  as  in  amalgamation,  with  great  ad- 
vantage. A  plate  to  explain  the  procefs  is  annexed,.  9.  'i'he  prcajft  • 
of  fmtking  fiiver  i^nd  copper  at  Tyrol;  by  Ignatius  Von  Born.  ib. 
The  theory  of  amalgamation,  from  the  bpanidi  of  Don  Fauftod'El- 
huyar.  Don  F.  d'E.  here  treats  of  the  cifference  of  metals  with  re- 
fped  to  their  capability  of  being  calcined  :  all,-  he  fays,  without  ex- 
ception, m^y  be  calcined  both  in  the  wet  and  dry  v.ay,  if  they  be  but 
treated  differently  according  tp  their  n.ature  ;  and   the  dilHndionfof 

'*  RetieCtiog  the  colours  of  the  xainbow,  and  varying  them  ^s  its 
pofition  to  tbe  eye  is  varied,. , 
^\      ■      ■       -      ■     ■  ■  B  b  4  thetft 


352  LITERARY     INTELLIGENCE. 

them  Into  perfeft  and  impcrfed  metals  and  femi-metals,  is  inacaratc*  • 
as  they  differ  only  by  the  peculiar  properties  which  diltinguilli  each 
from  others      ii.  Additions  to  the  account  of  amalgamation;    by 
F.  W.  H.  Von  Trebra. 

Under  the  head  of  extrafts  are :  i.  A  mineralogical  defcription  of 
Taurien,  taken  from  prince  Gallitzin,  and  2.  Onfuccefsful  experi- 
ments on  the  nnachines  of  the  mines  of  Harz  by  Baron  Von  Leibnitz, 
imparted  by  Mr.  Von  Trebra. 

The  third  hrad  of  remarks  contains :  i.  Mifcellaneous  obfervations 
on  mines,  2.  Minenlogical  remarks  on  the  mountains  in  a  tour  from 
Pra^^ue  to  Joas-hlmfthal ;  by  Mr.  Rofbler.  3.  Extracts  from  a  journal 
of  a  tour  from  Hanover  to  the  circle  of  the  Upper  Rhine,  and  the 
quickfilvcr-works  of  the  palatinate ;  by  lieut.  engineer  Lafius. 

Fourth  head :  Extracts  of  letters,  i .  Mr.  Hawkins  writes  from 
Zait,  tl.at  lie  lliall  foon  publiih  his  mineralogical  remarks  on  Greece, 
and  the  illands  of  the  Archipelago.  2.  Prof.  Grofchke  defcribes  a 
bafaltic  rock  in  the  ifjc  of  Mull,  a  plate  of  which  is  given.  3.  Ac- 
count of  the  elaftic  reii.i  found  in  Dcrbyflairc.  4.  Two  kinds  of  ada- 
mantine fpar  from  Bengal  and  China,  c.  Some  fcarce  fpecimens  of 
minerals,  A  letter  from  Mexico,  contaming  an  account  of  a  mine- 
ralogical tour.^'  yen,  Allg^  Lit,  Zeit. 

At T,  XIX.  Friburg,  Bergmanni/ches  Journal^  {^c.  The  Miners 
Journal :  by  A.  W.  Kohler.  Year  II.  Vol.  I.  8vo.  6^^  p. 
pr.  2  r.   [7s. J  1789. 

This  volume,  which,  like  the  others,  confifts  of  fix  monthly  num- 
bers, contains :  i .  Preface,     2 .  Defcription  of  the  prefent  fmelting 
works  at  Friburg;  by  J.   F.  Wiedenmann.     3.  Comparifon  of  the 
advafjtages  of  horfe-engincs  over  ihofe  worked  by  men.     4.  Geogra- 
phico-mmeralogical  account  of  the  mines  and  fmelting- works  at  Saltz- 
Diirg.     5.  On  thi:  application  of  water  in  vapour  to  fupply  the  place 
of  bellows  in  fmelting  works.     6.   0\\  the  preparation  of  ores ;  by 
K.  W,  Von  Oppel.    .7.  On  the  ironworks,  and  fteel  manufadory  at 
St^ycrmark.    8.  Catalogue  of , books  on  mineralogy  puhliflied  at  Eafter, 
1789.     9-  On  mi^afures.      10.  Mifccllanies.      11.  On  refining  the 
fcori.^  of  lead;  by  Mr.  Gellert.     12.  Continuation  of  the  orychto- 
graphy  of  Saxony ;  by  E.  A.  S.   Hoffmann.     This  niatcs  to  ttink- 
ftone,  marie,  bituminous  marly  fchiHiis,  apatit,  flu  .r-fpar,  gipfum, 
ta]c»    and  heavy  fpar,  of  moll  of  wiiich   feveral  variations,    fomc 
of  them 'very  rare,  are  noticed.     13.   On  the  expence  of  fmking  a 
(haft.     14.  On  the  produftion  of  bafaltes  on  the  fummits  of  very  high 
mountains ;  and  1 5.  D,  Fauft's  account  of  bafaltes  lying  upon  ftonc- 
co.al  and  bituminous  wood,  at  Meiflen  in  Hefle,  with  remarks ;    by 
A.  G.  Wem?r,     M.  W.  here  endeavours  to  fupport  his  opinion  of 
the  watry  produdion  of  bafaltes.     1 6,  GEconomical  plans  for  the  Up* 
per  Harz,     17.  lufpeftor  Werner's  fyftem  of  mineralogy.     18,  Ac- 
count of  three  kinds  of  firahlfiem,  the  common,  afbeltous,  and  vi- 
treous ;  by  Mr.  Karften.     Mr   Werner  has  fubftituted  the  ttrm^rahl" 
fiein  to  that  ^iftrahlfchorly  the  lattf  r  having  given  rife  to  fome  mifcon- 
cq)tions.     19.  Syltematic  catalogue  of  all  the  fimple  fofTils  hitherto 
analyfed,  with  their  contents.     20.  As  number  8,     21.  Letter  fronai 
Mr.%£verfmann  to  infp.  Werner,  on  the   celebrated  bafaltic  mountain 
near  Edinburgh,  called  Arthur's  Chair,  and  its  refemblance  to  the 
Scbcibenberg  hill,  with  remarks.     22.  Additions  to  two  accounts  re- 
lating 


A  a  T  H  O  K  O  M  T«  353 

kting  to  theprodu^lion  of  bastes  in  certain  circumftaRces,  mentioned  • 
in  the  precediog  article.  One  of  thefe  accounts  is  Mr.  Roller's,  the 
other  prof.  Grofchke's  of  the  bafaltet  at  Staffa.  23.  On  funcie  bafaltic 
moumains  near  Bilin  in  Bohemia.  ^  24*  Mineral  regulations  at  Iglau. 
1^.  Expcncc  of  a  fmall  horfe-engine.  26.  New  experiments  on  ,  pre- 
paring ftcel,  and  refining  gold  ;  by  Mr.  Exchaquet.  27.  On  feme 
Hungarian  fofTils,  by  Mr.  Wicdenmann,  with  remarks  by  infpe^tor 
Werner.  Mr.  W.  obferves,  that  the /axttm  metalli/erum  has  impro- 
perly been  deemed  a  kind  of  porphyry.  Jen.  Allg,  Liu  ZtiU 

ASTRONOMY. 

AfcT.  XX.  Tarts.  Mr.  Buggc,  allronomer  to  the  king  of  Den- 
mark, has  written  to  Mr.  de  la  Lande,  that  he  has  difcovered  the 
poles  of  Saturn  to  be  fo  much  flattened,  that  its  axis  is  to  the  diame- 
ter of  its  equator  as  100  to  148  only  :  whence  he  concludes,  that  Sa- 
turn mull  revolve  on  its  axis  every  fix  hours,  for  the  centrifugal  force 
to  produce  a  difference  fo  confiderahle.  We  cannot,  however,  avoid 
fufpeding  fome  inaccuracy  in  Mr.  B.'s  inftrumcnt,  as  Mr.  Hcrfclicl,  j 
who  alfo  obferved  this  oblatcnefs,  reckons  it  only  at  an  eleventh  part 
of  the  diameter.  Journ.  des  S^a'vma^ 

Aet.  XXI.  Erfort.  y,  M.  Schroetert  Beohachtuttgent  ^c,  Obfer- 
vations  on  the  Spots  and  Fafcix  or  luminous  ^arts  of  the  Sun,  with 
Remarks  on  the  apparent  Surface  of  the  Sun,  its  Rotation,  and 
Light:  by  J.  Jer,  Schroetcr.  ^to.  103  p.  with  five  copper- 
plates.    1789. 

Since  the  year  1779,  Mr.  S.  has  made  many  obfervatlons  on  th«  ' 
fpots  and  fafcias  of  tne  fun,  with  an  achromatic  ghfs  of  three  feet,  a 
telefcopc  of  four  feet,  and  another  of  feven  by  HerfcheL  He  hai 
perceived  faiciae  in  aimoft  all  parts  of  the  fun's  circumference,  but 
more  efpecially  from  the  equator  to  18*  or  26®  of  N.  or  S.  dedina-  ' 
lion,  in  that  zone  in  which  the  greateft  number  of  fpots  appears,  and 
generally  near  thofe  fpots.  Thefe  fafciac  were  fometiraes  iingle,  at 
others  forming  luminoos  maffes  or  veins,  the  greateft  diameter  o£ 
which  appeared  to  be  irom  i^  to  y  :  their  light  was  ^ways  more  clear  ' 
and  vivid  than  that  of  the  reft  of  the  fun's  difk>  but  their  limits  never 
feemed  well  defined.  Their  diredlions  were  alwa)^  very  irregular, 
and  he  pever  found  them  parallel  to  each  other,  and  ftill  lefs  fo  with 
the  fobr  equator.  All,  without  exception,  appeared  moft  diftiilA 
when  neareft  the  fun's  border :  as  they  were  carried  from  it  by  the  ro-» 
ration  of  the  fun,  their  light  gradaally  diminiihed,  difappearing  k>n^ 
before  they  reached  the  centre  of  the  dlik,  and  again  becoming  di£ 
tinCt  as  they  approached  the  other  border,  as  bad  been  remarked  by 
Mr.  Meiiier. 

Of  the  fpots  Mr.  S.  obferved»  that  their  nucleus,  which  in  common 
inftrumentj  appears  quite  black,  appeared,  in  his  feven  foot  telefcope, 
as  a  mift,  divid'd  into  feveral  irregtilar,  nebulous  parts :  he  has  feen 
them  form  almoft  fuddenly,  change  their  nucleus  and  the  mift  which 
furrounded  them,  and  as  quickly  difappear.  He  has  ieldom  obferved 
them  but  in  the  environs  of  the  equator,  from  8*  to  20**  of  N.  or  S. 
declination,  and  mpft  commonly  very  near  the  equator,  particularly 
40  6^  ox  "1°  of  S.  declination ;  they  wese  always  of  an  elongated  figure, 
I  and 


354  LITERARY    INTELLIGHKCH* 

aad  paralfel  to  the  equator.     Mr.  dc  la  Landc,  however,  h»  feen 
tbem  40®  from  the  equator. 

From  his  obfervations  Mr.  S.  has  framed  an  hypothecs,  of  which 
tfic  following  are  the  moft  remarkable  particulars.  It  Is  probable,  fays 
he,  1.  That  the  fun  is  neither  an  inflamed  body,  nor  furrounded  with 
as  igneous  fluid,  but  an  opaque  body,  ftmilar  to  its  planets  and  comets^ 
moving  in  like  manner  according  to  the  laws  of  attrartion,  with  the 
wfcole  of  its  planetary  fyftem,  towards  a  determinate  region  of  the 
Iica\«ns  poffefied  of  a  preponderating  mafs,  and  latiradive  power. 
2-  That  the  fun  has  an  atraofphere,  fubjedl  to  a  regular  motion  from 
ca^  to  weft,  and  which  is  moft  manifeft  in  the  zone  next  the  equator : 
titat  it  has  not  a  light  proper  to  itfelf,  any  more  than  the  planets  and 
comets  which  accompany  it ;  but  that  light  is  fpread  throughout  the. 
Bttiwrfe,  and  affefts  the  fight  only  when  determined  to  that  elfe«S^  by 
phyfical  caufes,  the  principal  of  which  caufes  is  probably  the  (hock 
or  force  of  the  fun's  rotation.  3.  That  the  body  of  the  fun,  being 
greater  than  thofe  of  the  planets,  attrads  around  it  a  larger  quantity 
of  Kght,  condenfing  it  more  there,  fo  that,  confequently,  roi^nd  the 
©pake  body  of  the  fun  is  formed  an  atmofphere  of  light,  giving  it  the 
Ijafendoor  we  perceive,  extending  itfelf  through  a  confiderable  part  of 
cttr  {blar  fyftem,  and  mingling,  not  only  with  the  atmofpheres  of  the 
planets  within  its  orb,  but  alfo  with  that  of  the  fun  itfelf,.  where  it 
las  moft  denfit}',  being  more  rare  in  proportion  to  its  diftance  from 
this  centre,  though  it  exifts  every  where,  even  where  its  denlity  is  this 
fcaft,  and  where  ^  is  too  delicate  and  tranfpareot  to  be  perceptible. 

M-  de  la  Lande,  Journ.  des  ^^o'l^em^ 

A|tT.  XX  r I.  BerHn.  Hetrn  Sichreeters  Abha»dlung,  i^c.  An  Effay 
on  fome  luminous  Spots  obfcrved  yw  the  dark  part  of  the  Moon  ; 
ly  the  fame.  8vo.  40  p.  with  plates.  1789. 
A  luminous  fpot  obferved-  in  the  dark  part  of  the  moon,  Jan.  i  r, 
1788,  by  Mr.  Fifcher,  at  Manheim,  induced  Mr  S.  to  refume  his 
oWervations,  which  he  has  done  with  Angular  attention.  Mr.  S.  had 
already  formed  the  plan  of  a  new  felenography,  or  topography  of  the 
Hipon,  when  thefe  obfervations,  made  with  Herfchers  feven  foot  te* 
lefeope,  gave  him  new  ideas  for  accelerating  its  execution.  April  9, 
Mr.  S,  carefully  obferved  the  fpot  named  Plato  and  its  environs,  witl) 
a  magnifier  of  160  times,  to  difco\'er  the  fpot  feen  by  Mr.  F.  Iii 
this  he  did  not  fucceed,,but  he  perceived  a  fmall  luminous  fpol»;  very 
jBcar  Ariftarchus,  making  with  the  enlightened  part  of  its  depr^ion, 
and  Grimaldi,  a  very  obtufe  angle.  Its  light  was  nebulous,  whitifh^ 
mvni  about  half  the  brilliancy  of  that  of -Ariftarchus.  Its  diameter  was 
a  fifth  or  fixth  of  the  greater , diameter  of  Ariftarchus,  and  its  diftance 
from  jt  about  half  that  diameter.  The  light  being  too  feeble  to  ad- 
mit of  meafuring  thefe  diftances,  they  were  taken  by  eftimation. 
This  fpot  preferved  neither  the  fame  degree*  of  light,  nor  the  fame 
pofition  ;  but  from  the  topographical  plans  of  the  mopn,  which  Mr.  5- 
had  in  great  number,  he  foon  difcovcred  the  mountains  in  Ariftarchus, 
which  appeared  to  him  capable  of  occafioning  the  appearance  of  thefe 
luminous  points  by  the  refiettion  of  light  from  them  on  their  environs. 
Mr.  S.  ftiows,  from  the  principles  f)f  photometry  and  catoptrics,  that 
the  degree  of  brightnefs  of  thefe  fpots  depends  on  the  nature  of  the 
refleCling.furfaces  of  the  moon^  and  the  angle  of  illumination,     I'hvis 


CSOG&APHY.  355 

fic  explains  in  a  clear  and  fimple  manner  their  appearance,  difappear- 
^nce,  and  viciffitudes.  He  has  fince  made  ne\i^  obfervations  on  the 
ipots  of  the  moon ;  and  Sept.  26,  faw  a  fpot  in  the  dark  part,  on  the 
iide  of  Plato,  in  the  fea  of  rain  ;  it  refembled  a  ftar  of  the  fifth  mag- 
nitude, and  difapppared  in  half  an  hour.  In  the  enlightened  part  ht 
pbferved,  on  the  lide  of  Grimaldi,  three  very  variable  fpots,  which 
he  was  unable  to  fee  in  fimilar  circumftances :  this  he  fuppofes  to  have 
arifen  from  the  nature  of  the  fpots,  or  the  variation  of  the  moon's 
;itmofphere. 

Mr.  S.  promifcs  us  foon  a  particular  work  on  this  fbbje^,  and  we 
^cannot  help  wiihing  a  continuance  of  the  labours  of  this  able  ailroT 
liomer*  M*  de  la  Lande,  Journ*  des  S^avans, 

OEOCRAPHY. 

Art,  xxiii.  Paris.  Me  moire  fur  la  pretendue  Decwverte  fitife  m 
i'^^^^  par  des  AngUisy  d*an  ContiMent,  ^c.  Memoir  on  the  pre- 
tended Difcovery  made  in  1788,  by  fome  Engliflimen,  of  a  Conr 
tinent,  which  is  no  other  than  the  Land  of  the  Arfacides,  difco- 
vered  in  1768,  by  Mr.  Bougainville,  Chfef  d'Efcadre,  and  in  1769, 
by  Mr.  de  Surville,  Captain  of  a  Veflel  belonging  to  the  Eaft  India 
Company  :  to  which  is  appended,  a  Scheme  for  a  Subfcription  for 
an  Expedition  in  queft  of  M.  de  la  Peroufe,  who  is  (uppofed  to 
^ave  been  (hipwrecked  on  fome  liland  in  the  South  Seas :  by  M. 
4e  la  Borde.     8vo.     14  p.    with  2  Maps. 

In  the  voyage  of  Captain  Phillip  to  Botany  Bay,  lately  publiihed 
In  England,  we  find  to  the  eaft  of  New  Guinea,  an  ifland  more 
than  2C0  leagues  in  circOmference,  defcribed  by  licut.  Shortland, 
under  tne  name  of  New  Georgia,  which  is  nothing  more  than  the  land 
•6f  the  Arfacides,  difcovered  by  M.  de  Surville,  an  abftrad^  of  whofe 
Voyage  is  appended  to  that  of  Mr  Marion,  who  was  eaten  by  the  fa- 
vages  of  New  Zealand.  Mr.  de  la  B.  (hows  therefore,  that  thefc 
new  voyagers  wanted  information,  a  circumftance  unpardonable  in 
Englilhnien,  oif  ha\ e  InfKiioufiy  a.  oided  ipentionfng  a  ftrait  moft  ef- 
iential  to  be  known,  and  other  difcoveries  of  MefTrs.  de  Bougainville 
and  de  Surville,  in  order  to  mark  on  their  chart,  as  their  difcovery, 
a  continent  which  only  forms  a  part  of  that  of  ths  French  navigaton. 

Mr.  le  chevalier  de  Fleurieux  has  prefcnted  to  the  Academy  of 
Sciences,  a  memoir  in  which  he  announces  a  work  ready  for  the  prefs, 
vvith  maps  of  the  difcoveries  made  by  the  French,  from  which  i-t  ap- 
pears, that,  except  New  Caledonia,  all  the  difcoveries  in  that  part 'of 
the  fouthern  hemifphe re  may  be  afcribed  to  that  people.  The  Spa- 
niards faw'Tome  lards,  but  they  did  not  mark  their  fituatjon.  Torre* 
difcovcifed  the  ftrai  s  of  Endeavour,  but  it  would  have  been  difficult  to 
find  them  again,  had  not  Cook  paffed  between  New  Guinea  and  New 
J^oUand.  Joum*  des  Sqavans,  ' 

[We  much  regret,  that  Mr  de  la  B.  probably  mifled  by  fome  im- 
perfeft  French  tranllation  of  capt.  Phillip's  voyage,  Ihould  infinuate 
a-  charge  againft  lieut.  Shortland,  which  he  by  no  means  deferve«, 
Lieut.  S  exprefsly  fays,  that  the  ifland  called  by  him  New  Georgia, 
Vi  probably  the  fame  land  with  that  which  Mr.  de  Bougainville  men- 
tions, and  to  a  part  of  which  the  name  of  Surville  was  given  by  the 
^rench^  though  the  longitude,  as  determined  by  his  oblervations, 
•  ,  docs 


35^  LITERARY      INTELLIGENCE. 

docs  not  quite  agree  with  that  of  Mr.  dc  B.  Tbfe  merit  claimed  b^ 
lieut.  S.  is  that  of  having  coailed  along  and  defcribed  one  whole  ii<k 
of  the  iiland,  with  the  ilraits  between  it  and  an  adjacent  one,  the 
foundings  of  which  he  has  taken,  and  thus  rendered  fecarc  to  future 
navigators,  the  (horteft  paffage  from  Port  Jackfon,  in  New  Holland^ 
to  China.  (See  Phillip's  Voyage  to  Botany  Bay,  aUb  ooi  Review^, 
Vol.  VI.  p.  151-3-)] 

Art.  XXIV.  Copenhagen.  Kort  over  Hanrehallegaardt^  Stiemholms\ 
k^c.  Map  of  Hanneball^aards,  Stiernholoi,  &Cv  taken  from  ac- 
tual Surveys,  and  redtified  by  trigonometrical  and  aftronomical 
Obfervations,  under  the  Direftion  of  the  Royal  Academy  of  Sci. 
ences.     Price  4.  marks.     [2s.  8d.] 

This  is  the  ninth  map  of  an  excellent  (cries,  the  firfl  of  which  ap- 
peared in  1768.  It  is  on  a  fcale  of  about  i^  inch  to  a  geographical 
mile.  We  cannot  but  wifh,  that  every  ftate  in  Europe  would  thus 
give  us  accurate  maps  of  their  country.  Jex*  ^lig*  Lit,  Zeit. 

AUT.  XXV.      Woxende  Kaart  over  en  Deel  of  den  WeftUge  Kyft  of 
IjJand,  ^c.    Chart  of  Part  of  the  Weftern  Coaft  of  Icelan^i,  from 
Fugle  Skiacrene  to  Stikkelfholm.    2  feet,  by  2  feet  8  inches.    Price 

3  m.    [2S*] 

With  this  general  Chart  are  alfo  publiftied  the  following  particular 

enes,  in  large  4to.     1S!aart  ov»r  Thorfhaun  mei  en  Landtoning. — Bct^ 

Junds'haun — Kieble  Wiig—Wapfe  Wiig—Strdms  IViig.     In  thefe   the 

depth  of  water  and  fand-banks  are  laid  down.     Of  iHll  more  iife  tcS 

navigators,  however,  may  be  the  following  publication. 

Art.  XXVI.  Bejkrtvelfe  wer  den  lijlandfie  Kyft  0^  alle  Haune,  ^u 
Dcfcription  of  the  Coaft  of  Iceland,  with  all  its  Havens,  from 
Fugle  Skiarene  to  Stikkelfliolm,  and  Direftions  for  failing  into 
them.  Large  4to.  72  p.  Price  with  all  the  neceflary  Charts  and 
Views  of  the  Land,  31:.  3  m.  [14s.]     1788.  . 

Jen.  Allg.  Lit.  Zeit, 

Art.  xxvii.  Stockholm.  Charta  ofver  Aland med  en  Del  of  Su^ 
tnjka  och  Finjka  Sk^ren^  ^f.  A  Chart  of  Aland  with  Part  of  the 
Shoals  on  the  Coafts  of  Sweden  and  Finland,  and  the  Pofts  between 
thefe  two  Countries,  taken  from  geometrical  and  trigonometrical 
Menfurations,  and  aftronomical  Obfervations,  under  the  Infpedion 
of  E.  von  Wetterftedt.  1789. 
The  lize  of  this  chart  is  2  feet  5  inches,  by  i  f .  5  in.     It  is  on  a 

ftale  of  fomevi'hat  lefs  than  a  mile  and  half  to  an  inch. 

Jen.  Allg.  Lit.  Zeit. 

GEOMETRT. 

Art,  xxmn.  Paris  and  Geneva.  Polygonomitrie^  mi  Ht  laMefur$ 
des  Figures  reQilignes,  ^c.  Polygonometry,  or  the  Menlura- 
tion  of  reftilincar  Figures ;  with  an  Abridgment  of  the  Elements 
of  Ifoperimetry,  or  the  mutual  Relation  of  the  Magnitudes  and 
Surfaces  of  Figures  :  by  Simon  Lhuilier*  Member  of  the  Pruffiaa 
Academy  of  Sciences^  &c.    4to.     1 24  p.     with  Figures. 

The 


COMMERCE.  357 

The  principal  aim  of  the  author  is  to  deternune  immediately  the 
futfacc  of  a  reftilinear  figure,  without  refolving  it  into  triangle*. 
This  he  does  with  fucccfs  m  the  firft  chapter,  .deducing  a  great  num- 
ber of  relations  between  the  fides  and  angles  of  fuch  figures.  Th©' 
theorems  cftabliflied  in  this  chapter,  ferve  as  hafes  to  polygonomctry, 
properly  fe  called,  which  forms  the  fubje^l  of  the  fecond.  After 
having  enumerated  its  three  general  cafes,  correfponding  to  thofe  of 
trigonometry,  and  their  fubdivifions,  Mr.  L.  proceeds  to  the'  fola- 
tions  of  them.  His  inquiries  into  this  part  of  elementary  gcometiy 
juftify  what  he  fays  of  the  utility  of  polygonometry  rendered  ixxicr 
pendent  of  trigonometry,  whether  confidered  with  rcfpeft  to  theory 
or  pradtice.  By  the  fucceflive  operations  of  the  latter,  perliaps,  thoft 
properties,  to  which  the  author  has  arrived  by  an  immediate  confidc- 
ration  of  the  fubjeft,  would  never  have  been  difcovered  :  and  in  prac- 
tice, the  refults  of  immediate  calculations  independent  of  each  other 
mufl  be  moft  certain,  and  moft  fpeedily  obtained. 

in  the  elements  of  ifoperimetry  the  chapter  which  treats  of  pyra- 
mids and  cones  is  the  moft  remarkable.  Mr.  L,  deraonftratcs,  that 
an  oblique  pyramid  has  a  greater  furface  than  a  right  one  of  the  fame 
bafe  and  height;  and  that  a  right  cone,  the  fide  of  which  is  triple  th« 
radius  of  the  bafe,  has  the  greateft  capacity  with  the  Icaft  furface,^ 
Mathematicians,  to  whom  the  new  methods  of  calculation^  a  re  fami- 
liar, will  find  no  propofition  in  this  latter  part,  perhaps,  which  they 
Blight  not  have  obtained  by  thofe  methods  :  lUll  they  will  no  doubt 
acknowledge,  that  it  was  worth  while  to  complete  thefe  elements  by 
treating  geometrically  a  geometrical  fubjed. 

M,  de  la  Lande^  Journ*  des  S^av* 

COMMERCE. 

Art.  XXIX.     Paris.     Memoire  fur  VEtat  du  Commerce  interieur  15  «dr- 

tirieur  de  la  France,  ^c.     Effay  on  the  State  of  the  internal  and  C3^- 

ternal  Commerce  of  France,  from  the  firft  Croifade  to  the  Reign  of 

Louis  XII.  wliich  obtained  the  Prize  from  the  Royal  Academy  of 

Infcriptions  and  Belles-Lettres  [See  pur  Review,  Vol,  V.  p,  lia.l: 

by  Mr.  Cliquot  de  Blervache.     8vo.     1790. 

The  commerce  of  Gaul,  according  to  Mr.  C.  was  confideraW* 

before  its  conqueft  by  the  Romans,  it  from  that  time  declined  greatly, 

nor  did  it  revive  till  the  time  of  the  firft  croifade.     Notwithftanding 

the  fanaticifm,  danger^,  and  misfortunes  with  which  thofe  expeditions 

may-^  juftly  be  charged,  they  produced  two  grand  advantages  to  poflse- 

rity ;  they  made  the  people  be  confidered  as  an  important  part  of  the 

community,  and  eavc  the  firft  blow  to  the  barbarous  defpotifm  of  the 

ieudal  fyftem ;  ana  they  opened  a  communication  betwixt  Afia,  Africa, 

and  all  the  coafts  of  Europe  bordering  on  the  Mediterranean.     Mar- 

ieilles  firft  profited  by  this  intercourie,  when  the  fouthcrn  parts  of 

France  had  juft  emerged  from  that  ftate  of  barbarity  during  which  the 

jxafants  were  purchaied  from  their  lords  by  the  Jews,  to  be  fold  to 

the  Saracens  of  Spain  and  Africa.     Speaking  of  the  commerce  of  the 

northern  provinces,  Mr,  C.  obferves,  that,  though  it  was  at  a  low^ 

ebb,  it  was  above  that  of  the  Englilh,  whofe  excellent  commercial 

laws  were  derived  from  the  edids  of  the  French  kings,  and  the  bafis 

of  whofe  commercial  fyftem  may  be  found  in  thofe  of  Charles  viii. 

Louis  xiu  in'jjo^V-and  Francis  i.  in  i^^^^    Mr.  C.  treating  of 

the 


358  tiTERARY    IKTELtlGENCE. 

Ac  promotion  of  commerce,  does  not  ftlently  pafs  over  agncakvrc, 
which  he  confiden  as  inrq)anibly  united  with  it :  this  forniibes  the 
matter,  that  gives  it  value.  A  number  of  curious  praflical  detaiU 
enhance  the  utility  ofthis  woik.  yourmal  Encyclopedi^nem 

Akt.  XXX.  Paris.  TahlfOtt  general  du  Commerce ^  ^c,  A  general 
View  of  the  Trade,  Merchants,  Manufadurers,  &c.  of  France, 
Europe,  and  the  other  Parts  of  the  Globe,  as  heretofore  under  the 
Title  of  the  •  Commercial  Almanac'  [fee  our  Rev.  Vol.  !♦  p.  372.]» 
for  the  Years  1789-90:  by  Mr*  Goumay.  8vo»  942  p.  Price 
fewed  8  liv.  [6%.  8d.] 

This  volume  is  rather  a  new  work,  than  a  new  edition.  Many  on- 
important  or  inaccurate  articles  in  the  preceding  are  omitted,  and 
many  new  ones  added.  All  the  laws  refgeding  commerce  ena^d  fince 
the-lafl  edition  are  inferted  at  the  end  ot  this,  with  a  ihon  account  of 
the  objeds  to  which  they  relate.  I'heie  are:  the  adminiltration  of 
commerce  :  the  corn-trade :  muflins,  cottons,  and  printed  linens  1 
the  trade  between  France  and  the  American  States :  ii(heriesi  iron 
and  nails  :  cufloms  on  various  goods :  mifcellanies. 

M.  de  Gttigmes.     Jourp.  des  S^avans^ 

POLITICAL     OECONOMY. 

Art.  XXXI.  St.  Gall,  fhilofiphie  derStaaff<wiffenfchafty^c.  The 
Philofophy  of  Politics,  on  the  Principles  of  foetal  Happinefs  :  by 
C*  Muller,  of  Friedberg,  Knight.     8vo.     347  p..     1790. 

This  work  is  animated  and  inftruftive.  In  the  firft  feftion  the  au- 
thor inquires  into  the  origin  and  ends  of  civil  fociety.  Defpotic  power 
was  not  coeval  with  the  commencement  of  fociety,  it  crept  into  it  by 
degrees.  If  the  fovereign  become  a  tyrant,  the  fubjcds  have  a  right 
to  fhake  off  the  yoke  ;  but  prudence  powerfully  oppofes  the  proceed- 
ing to  violence.  •  Woe  to  thofe  who  tear  afunder  the  focial  bonds, 
without  being  able  to  frame  new  ones/  The  fecurity  of  the  fovereign 
is  nrceflfary  to  the  fecurity  of  the  people.  *  The  propofition,  that 
individuals-  arc  bom  for  the  community,  is  liable  to  miflead ;  it  is 
certain,  that  the  community  was  formed  for  the  good  of  individuals, 
and  that  the  injury  of  one  endangers  the  whole.' 

Se^.  II.  confiders  the  relation  of  private  to  public  welfare.  Moral 
virtue  and  happinefs  are  warmly  recommended  as  the  infeparable  com- 
panions of  focial.  To  thefe  education  and  religious  inllruftion  are 
moft  conducive.  Sed^.  III.  On  the  origin  of  fovereign  power.  The 
advantages  accruing  to  the  fovereign  from  the  obfervance  of  his  pa- 
ternal duties.  Scd.  IV.  Erroneous  opinions  detrimental  to  focial 
iiappinels.  The  fplendouf  of  a  court,  and  too  folemn  confecration  of 
a  prince,  contribute  to  one  extremely  injurious  opinion; — the  notion, 
that  force  and  conqueft  give  a  right,  to  anotlier.  Seft.  V.  On  the 
ftrength  of  a  nation.  Thisconfifts  in  the  number,  wealth,  virtue, 
and  concord  of  the  citizens,  in  fo  far  as  they  poffefs  the  double  fecu- 
rity of  perfon  and  property.  Seft.  VI.  On  population.  Population^ 
induftry,  and  influence  mutually  augment  each  other.  The  increafe 
of  the  former  can  never  become  detrimental,  as  the  means  of  fohfift- 
cnce  increafe  proportionably  with  it.  Seft.  VII.  On  the  true  and 
fuppofed  obftacles  to  population.    In  this  fe^tioa  the  tuthdr  notices 

the 


1?0LXTICAL    OECONOMV.  35^ 

Ac  Tight  of  primogeniture,  which  he  cojifiders  as  a  remnant  of  the 
pernicious  feudal  fyltem,  and  an  odious  infradion  of  the  natural  order 
©f  inheritance* 

In  Scd.  VIII.  our  author  examines  4he  irtiportant  qoeftion,  how, 
far  the  compulfory  nwans  propofed  with  refpctt  to  the  pofTeffiolas  of 
the  clergy  are  fufficient,  that  is,  juft  and  ufefuL  He  treats  the  fubjcft 
hiftorically,  and  defends  the  rights  of  the  clergy,  and  the  celibacy  of 
the  prieithocd,  with  the  heft  arguments  perhaps  that  the  cafe  would 
admit,  though  we  cannot  but  deem  them  rather  fpecious  than  folid. 
Againft  that  profane  celibacy  arifing  from  luxury  and  our  militarf 
-Cltabliihments  he  declaims  with  zeal. 

Seel.  IX.  On  the  wealth  of  nations.'  Poor  bdt  happy  people  aic 
the  mifconceptions  of  an  overftretched  imagination.  Induftry  is  tbc 
fole  innocent,  effectual,  and  inexhauftible  fouxce  of  national  we;»ltb. 
This  (hould  be  difFufed  through  the  community  in  juft  proportions, 
the  means  of  which  are  expences,  which  pre\'ent  the  too  great  accu- 
mulation of  riches*  Sed.  X,  On  national  charai^ter.  This  is  com- 
pounded of  the  capacities  and  propentities  of  a  nation.  There  is  no 
better  remedj^  againft  that  fupinenefs  arifing  from  profjxirity,  than  a 
fecial  and  military  fpirit  amongft  youth.  Sed.  XI.  On  the  political 
fcarmony  of  citizens.  Sc^.  XTl.  contains  a  retrofpedl  of  the  whole, 
a  Iketch  of  the  following  book,  and  the  principles  of  fecial  order. 

The  continuance  of  this  interefting  work  we  expeft  with  imps- 
tience.  J^n.  Allg.  La.  Z?*/. 

Art.  xxxil.  Paris.  Propolttion  fahe  a  V AjfemhUe  'Nationale  Jur  Ux 
FoiJs  ^  Mefures,  ^c,  Propofuion  refpeding  Weights  and  Mea- 
fures  made  to  the  National  AflemWy :  by  the  Biihop  of  Autmu, 
§vo.     20  p.     1790. 

This  propnfition  was  made  on  the  27th  of  Mai^ch,  and  on  the  8di 
cf  May  the  National  Affembly  decreed,  that  his  majefty  (hould  be  rc- 
quetttd  to  order  the  feveral  adminiftratiops  of.  the  kingdom  to  procoic 
exad  models  of  all-the  different  weights  and  meafures  ufed  throughoat 
the  kingdom  to  be  fent  to  the  Academy  of  Sciences :  and  that  Ic 
fhould  aifo  be  requefted  to  write  to  his  Britanic  maj-fty,  to  deHrc, 
that  he  would  prevail  on  the  Britiih  parliament  to  concur  witia  the 
National  Affembly  in  elhblilhing  an  uniformity  of  wcig'  ts  and  mea- 
fures, for  which  purpofe  an  equal  number  of  academicians,  \vith  aa 
equal  number  of  members  of  the  Royal  Society,  {hould  aflemble  21 
fome  proper  place,  to  determine  the  lengjth  of  the  pendulum  fv\'inging 
feconds  a$  the  lat.  of  45^,  or  any  other  that  may  be  preferred,  thence 
to  eftablilh  an  invariable  ftandard  for  weights  and  meafures. 

The  inconveniencies  and  confufion  arifing  from  the  multiplicity  of 
weights  and  meafures  employed,  and  the  variety  of  thofe  dctigned  bjr 
the  faixjc  appellation,  have  long  been  felt7  and  it  has  been  fox  yean 
the  wiih  of  all  the  learned  of  Europe,  that  tht^  (hould  be  remedied. 
If  a  convention  for  this  purpofe  could  be  eftablifhed  betwixt  the  two 
moft  refpedable  nations  in  that  part  of  the  globe,  it  might  be  hoped, 
that^dl  the  reft  would  foon  follow  an  example  of  fuch  general  utility. 

Af,  de  la  Lande.  Journ.  de  S^anjans^ 


G  X.  A  S  S  I- 


30e  ltTEI.AKT  IMTELLIGEKCKr 

CLASSICAL      tITBRATURE* 

AltT.  xxxxif.  Annabere*  Tragcedia  *vetui  Latina^  Tereus,  tft* 
The  Prologue  to  the  old  Latin  Tragedy  of  Tercus,  tbe  Sifter  of 
Fifteen  that  are  loft»  with  a  Hiitoiy  of  its  Difcoyery :  by  D« 
Chriftian  Grimm*    410.    12  p. 

In  1788  Mr.  G.  N.  HeeiJcens  informed  the  world,  that  he  had 
been  prefented  with  the  tragedy  of  Tereus  in  ms.  written  1^  the 
Roman  poet  Varios,  from  the  library  of  fome  monaftery.  It  appeared 
from  tbe  title»  that  the  ms .  contained  the  other  fifteen  pieces  of  that 
poet,  but  they  bad  been  torn  out  without  the  poileiror's  knowledge. 
To  the  prologue,  here  pul^iflled,  Mr.  G,  has  affixed  fome  explanatory 
notes  The  res^on  he  gives  in  one  of  them  for  queftioning  the  aa« 
ifaoicicity  of  the  work,  we  think  not  valid,       Jen.  Allg.  Ut,  Zeit, 

A  K  T  I  q^U  I  T  I  E  S- 

Art.  XXXI ▼;  Rome.  //  Mufie  Fio^CUmentino  ie/critto  da  B»  G.  F^ 
k!^c.  Dcfcription  of  the  Pio-Clementine  Mufeum  :  by  E«  G»  Vif- 
conti — by  L*  and  Jof.  Mirri.  Vol.  IV.  Large  fol,  107  pages. 
With  47  (^tes.    Price  6  f.  [2I.  148.]  1788. 

All  the  plates  in  this  volume  are  from  bas  reliefs :  being  ^  XS&x* 
cnt  hands,  they  aie  differently  executed,  but  are  much  better  than 
thofe  of  the  Monumenti  inediti  of  Winkelman,  Of  the  originals  not 
more  than  fix  can  be  deemed  above  middling.  The  explaiutions  are 
in  the  following  order,  i.  Where  and  when  the  piece  was  fonfuf* 
2.  Who  was  iu  former  poiSefTor*  3.  Where,  how,  and  by  whom,  it 
has  been  alreadv  explained.  4.  The  fize,  iu  former  deftinatioa^  &c. 
^.  The  date,  determined  from  the  ftyle. 

The  3d  volume,  confifting  of  ftatucs,  was  promifed  in  about  a 
twelvemonth.  Jen.  Allg.  Liu  Ztit. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 
Art.  xxxv.     Hamburg.     Katalogus  der  Hamburgifchen  KommerxBi^ 
llhthek.    Catalogue  of  the  Commercial  Library  at'  Hamburg.  4to« 
'nop.    1789. 

The  library  of  the  Commen^Defutation  at  Hamburg  is  one  of  the 
moft  complete  and  feledi  of  its  kind :  it  contains  1^7  diflercnt  works. 
This  catalogue  of  courfe  may  rank  amongft  hiilories  of  German  lite- 
rature*   The  library  is  open  to  the  public  four  times  a  week, 

Jen.  Allg.  Lit.  Zeif. 

FAI^N   TINGS. 
Art.  XXX VI.    CaffeL    The  colleAion  pf  paintings,  drawings,  and 
engravings  of  the  late  J.  H.  Fifchbein,  couniellor  and  dire^^r  of  the 
Academy  of  Paintin|^  will  be  publicly  fold  cm  the  1 6th  of  Auguft 
.JKxr*  Jen.  Allg.  Lk.  Zei$. 


...  t  ft  1.  ^  ^   •  - 

ANALYTICAL    REVIEW, 

^Fer     A  U  G  U  S  t,      1790^ 


Art.  I.   Sacontali ;  ^r,  7%€  Fatal  king :   An  Indian  hram% 
By  Calidas.     Tranflated  from  the  Original  Sanfcrit  and 
Pricrit.    4to.    p.  98.    Pr.  7s*  in  boards*    Edwards.     1790* 
This  Indian  drama,  tranflated  by  Sir  William  Jones,  if  y^t 
tnay  credit  common  fame,  will  undoubtedly  be  thought  not 
only  by  the  man,  of  tafte,  but  by  the  philofopher,  a  precious 
marfeau  ;  for  whilft  thejatter  has  an  opportunity  of  tracing  hu- 
man paffions  clothed  in  a  new  modification  of  manners,  the 
former  will  be  immediately  gratified  by  the  perufal  of  fonie  pa- 
thetic fcenes,   and  beautiful  poetic  fimiles. 

The  preface  gives  the  following  account  of  the  play. 
*  In  one  of  the  letters  which  bear  the  title  of  Edifying^, 
though  mofl  of  them  fwarm'  with  ridiculous  errors,  and  all  muft 
be  eonfulted  with  extreme  diffidence,  I  met,  feme  years  a<ro,  with 
the  following  paflage  :  *  In  the  north  of  India  there  are   many 
books,  called  Natac,  which,   as  the  Brabmens  aflcrt,  contain  ^  • 
lar^e  portion  of  ancient  hiftory,  without.any  mixture  of  fable  ;* 
and  having  an  eager  defirc  to  know  the  real  (late  of  this  empire, 
before  the  conqueft  of  it  by  the  favages  of  the  north,  I  was  very 
folicitous  on  my  arrival  in  Bengal,  to  procure  acccfs  to  thofe 
books,  either  by  the  help  of  tr^nflations,  if  they  had  been  tranf- 
lated, or  by  learning  the  language  in  which  they  were  originally 
compofcd,  and  which  I  had  yet  a  ilronsrer  inducement  to  learn 
from  its  conneflidn  with  the  adminiftratlon  of  jufticc  to  the  Hin- 
dus :  but  when  I  was  able  to  converfe  with  the  Brahmens,  they 
affured  me  that  the  Natacs  were  not  hillories,  and  abounded  with 
fables  5  that  they  were  extremely  popular  works,  and  coniifted  of 
converfations  in  profe  and  verfe,  held  before  ancient  Rajas  in  their 
public  aflemblies,  on  an  indefinite  variety  of  fubjeds,  and  in  vari- 
ous dialeds  of  India :  this  definition  gave  me  no  very  diflincft  idea  ; 
but  t  concluded  that  they  were  dialogues, on  moral  or  literary 
topics  ;  whilft  other  Europeans,  whom  I  ccftfalted,  had  under- 
flood  from  the  natives  that  they  were  difcourfes  on  dancing,  mufic, 
or  poetry.     At  length   a  very  feniible  Brahmen,  named  Radha- 
cant,  who  had  long  been  attentive  to  Engliftx  manner^,  removed 
«U  my  doubts,  and  gave  .me  ao  Icfg  delight  than  forprife,  W  tcll- 
.     Vot.  VII.  C  c  ing 


%6t  THE        DRAMA. 

Ing  me,  that  our.nation  had  compo  fit  ions  of  the  fame  fort,  wMcli 
Were  publicly  rcprefented  at  Calcutta  in  the  cold  fcafon,  and  bore 
the  name,  as  he  had  been  informed,  of  plays.  Refolving  at  my 
Icifure  to  read  the  bcft  of  them,  I  afked  which  of  their  Natacs 
was  mbft  univcrfally  efteemed  :  and  he  anfwered  without  hcfita- 
tion,  Sacontala,  fupporting  his  opinion,  as  ufual  amonor  the  Pan- 
Aits,  by  a  couplet  to  this  etf*e*5l :  *  The  ring  of  Sacontala,  in  which 
the  fourth  act,  and  four  Ibnzas  of  that  aft,  arc  eminently  bril- 
liant, difplay  all  the  rich  exuberance  of  Calidafa's  genius.*  I 
foon  procured  a  correft  copy  of  it;  and,  aflifled*by  my  teacher 
Ramalochan,  began  with  tranllating  it  verbally  into  Latin,  which 
bears  fo  great  a  refemblance  to  Sanfcrit,  that  it  is  more  conve- 
nient than  any  modern  language  for  a  fcrupulous  interlineary 
verfion  :  I  then  turned  itvvord  for  word  into  Englifli,  and  after- 
wards, without  adding  or  fuppreffing  an)r  material  fentence,  dif- 
cngaged  it  from  the  Hiffnefs  or  a  foreign  idiom,  and  prepared  th* 
faithful  tranllation  of  the  Indian  drama,  which  I  now  prefent  to 
the  public,  as  a  nfoll  pleafing  and  authentic  piftur^  of  old  Hindu 
manners,  and  one  of  the  greateft  curiofities  that  the  literature  of 
Alia  has  yet  brought  to  light. 

*  The  play  of  Sacontala  muft  have  been  very  popular  when  k 
was  reprefentcd  ;  for  the  Indian  empire  was  tl^en  in  full  vigour, 
and  the  national  vanity  muft  have  been  highly  flattered  by  the 
maghiiicent  introdu6tion  of  thofe  kings  and  heroes  in  whom  the 
Hindus  gloried  ;  the  f<^enery  muft  have  been  fplendid  and  beau- 
tiful ;  and  there  is  good  reafon  to  believe,  that  the  court  at  Avanti 
was  ec^ual  in  brilliancy,  during  the  reign  of  Vicramadiiya,  tQ 
that  ot  any  monarch  in  any  age  or  country. 

'  As  to  the  machinery  of  the  drama,  it  is  taken  fi'om  the  fyf- 
tem  of  mythology,  which  prevails  to  this  day,  and  which  it 
would  require  a  large  volume  to  explain  ;  but  we  cannot  help 
remarking,  that  the  deities  introduced  in  the  Fatal  Ring,  are 
•clearly  allegorical  perionages.  Marichi,  the  lirft  produ(5^ion  of 
Brahma,  or  the  Creative  Power,  figni/ies  light,  that  fubtlc  fluid 
which  was  created  before  its  refcrvoir,  the  fun,  as  water  wafr 
.created  before  the  fea  ;  Cafyapa,  the  offspring  of  Marichi,  feems 
to  be  a  perfonification  of  infinite  fpace,  comprehending  innumer- 
able worlds  5  and  his  children  by  Adlti,  or  his  adive  power,  (un- 
lefs  Aditi  mean  the  primeval  day,  and  Diti,  his  other  wife,  the 
^  night)  are  Indra,  or  the  viflble,  firmament,  and  the  twelve  Adi- 
tyas,  or  funs,  prcfiding  over  as  n^ny  months.' 

We  have  been  informed,  that  thefc  exhibitions  are  qonti*. 
nued  for  feveral  days  in  tfae  open  air,  the  acSors  going  on  witii 
the  fame  piece  till  it  is  concluded. 

With  refpc«Sk  to  manners,  we  are  all,  more  or  Icfs,  under 
the  dominion  of  prejudice,  and  fo  local  are  our  fenfes,  arrd 
even  our  judgment,  that  for  a  fliort  time  everything  ftrange 
appears  abfuri  A  drama,  efpecially  a  comedy  or  fentimental 
pieces  whofe  chief  merit  confifts  in  a  fkilful  delineation  of 
manners,  muft  therefore  have  many  difficukies  to  cope  with> 
and  great  intriniic  excellence  to  iup{K>rt  it  *,  ifj  when  it  is  tranC- 

lated 


Sacpntali  y  or,  the  Fatal  Ring.  363 

lated  into  another  language,  and  read  in  a  different  clitnate,.  \i 
is  found  either  amufing  or  interefting.  Several  apparently  txU 
vial,  yet,  on  the  whole,  weighty  circumftances,  give  an  infi- 
nuating  intereft  to  many  of  our  popular  plays,  whicl^  ^nablq 
them  to  find  the  way  to  the  heart,  without  firft  parlying  wit^ 
the  reafon  ;  but,  when  we  are  obliged  continually  to  refer  to 
our  memory,  or  to  illuftrative  notes,  to  account  for  expreffions^ 
which  allude  to  foreign  cuftoms,  the  fcenes  are  viewed  with 
too  critical  an  eye;  and  the  confufed  fenfations  of  pleafure, 
which  works  addrefled  to  the  imagination,  are  particularly  cal^i 
culated  to  excite,  evaporate  in  the  flow  inveftigation.  In  order 
to  pieafe,  univerfally  poetic  fimiles  ought  to  ftrike  the  fenfe^j 
their  aptnefs  fhould  be  obvious  at  the  firft  glance,  and  theyafej 
perhaps,  often  rendered  dear  oy  reminding  us  of  the  firft,  ebul- 
litions of  fenfibility,  and  of  the  cuftoms  .that  have  been  long 
familiar  to  our  memory.  By  numberlefs  hidden,  yet  powerful 
fprings,  are  we  filled  with  admiration,  or  moved  to  fympathy  i 
but  we  are  feldom  loft  in  either  till  wonder  ceafes. 

The  introduftion  of  fupernatural  beings  invariably,  we  be- 
lieve, weakens  the  intereft  of  a  dramatic  compofition,  and  the 
fpeftator  never  feels  that  realizing  anxiety,  which  fo  power- 
fully keeps  the  attention  alive,  becaufe  it  does  not  watch  for 
events  confined  within  the  limits  of  probability,  nor  for  a  ca- 
taftrophe  produced  by  human  paflions ;  becaufe  fome  kind  celef- 
tial  being  is  always  expedled  to  cut  the  gordian  knot,  and  fet 
the  author  frtt  from  the  ihackles  that  reafon  and  nature  im^ 
pofes  when  miracles  are  not  allowed.  We  do  not  include  iti 
this  remark,  the  popular  ftories  of  ghofts  and  warnings,  for 
all  thefe  allufvons  to  the  do£trine  of  a  particular  providence^ 
are  very  interefting  in  this  country  j  but  we  refer  to  ancient 
mythology,  and  thofe  religious  opinions,  which  are  not  ren- 
dered facred  by  infantine  prejudices,  or  folemn  ceremonies. 
This  obfervation  may  be  extended  very  far,  for  even  the  vul- 
gar of  moft  nations  term  all  the  religious  ceremonies  of  remote 
diffimilar  countries,  idle  fuperftitions  ;  and  references  to  them,, 
which  might  ftrike  a  native  with  awe,  would  probably  excite 
a  fmile  of  contempt,  when  no  fuperiority  of  intelle6l  ihewed 
the  fallacy  or  irrationality  of  the  fondly  cheriflied  faith* 

The  plot  of  this  piece  is  fimple,  and  admits  of  fcenei  which 
muft  have  produced  great  ftage  efte£l« 

hSt  the  I  ft.  A  mighty  king  diverts  his  leifufef  hours  fey  hunt- 
ing in  a  foreft,  and  juft  as  he  is  going  to  dart  death,  a  hermit 
arrefts  his  hand  and  informs  him,  that  this  foreft  affords  aii 
afylum  to  the  wild  animals,  proteftedby  Sacontila,  whom  their 
holy  pfeceptor  Canna  had  received  as  a  facred  depofit :  and 
they  further  informed  the  prince,  '  that  the  holy  man  is  gone  to 
S6matfrt*ha,  in  hopes  of  deprecating  fome  calamity,  with  whict 
deftiny  threatens  the  ii^reproachable.  SacontaU>  and  that  he  had 

G  e  a  chargedf 


;j64  T   H  £        D  K  A  M  A# 

charged  her,  in  his  abfence,  to  receive  all  gueffs  With  due  Bo^ 
nour.' 

The  king  promifes  to  vific  her,  and  mean  while  hearing 
fome  female  voices,  he  retires,  and  Itfteniitg  to  their  conver- 
fation,  foon  perceives  that  it  was  Sacontala  herfclf  and  her 
companions,  who  were  converfing.  He  discovers  himfelf  in 
due  time,  and  learns  from  Sacontala^s  two  friends,  that  (he  is 
the  daughter  of  a  wife  monarch,  and  a  nymph  of  the  lower 
heaven.  A  mutual  afFedion  is  produced  by  this  iaterview, 
and  the  lovers  part  with  embarraffment  and  relu£bnce* 

A£t  the  ad.  Whilft  the  king,  only  occupied  by  love,  is  eon- 
verfmg  with  his  courtiers,  and  trying  to  find  fome  pretext  for 
vifiting  Sacontala  again,  the  Anchorites  come  to  requeft  hrna 
to  defend  them  during  the  abfence  of  their  fpiritual  guid^> 
from  the  evil  demons,  who  difturbcd  their  holy  retreats.     . 

A£l  the  jdr  The  offer  is  gladly  accepted,  and  this  ardent 
lover  quickly  finds  an  opportunity  to  declare  Ihs  pardon.  The 
declaration  is  (bon  followed  by  a  private  marriage^  and  the 
king  leaves  bis  bride, 

A<S  the  4th.  The  rery  morning  of  his  departure,  a  holy 
but  choleric  man,  arrives,  and  Sacontala,  full  of  the  idea  of 
her  beloved  lord,  pays  no  attention  to  the  '  pwe  gem  of  de- 
votion, who  demanded  hofpitaiity,'  and  he  leaves  the  place  with 
a  bitter  imprecation— <ieclaring,  that  he  who  made  her  forget 
her  duty,  (bould  forget  her,  when  (he  faw  him  ilext.  Sacon* 
tala  did  not  hear  this  curfe,  but  her  two  friends,  who  were 
terrified  by  it,  haftened  after  the  f^e,  and  fo  far  foftened  his 
anger,  as  to  make  him  (ay,  though  his  word  could  not  be  re- 
called, the  fpell  which  it  had  raifed  ihould  wholly  be  removed 
when  her  lord  (aw  his  ring. 

The  holy  Canna  now  returns,  and  a  confiderable  tim» 
elapfes  without  their  hearing  any  tidings  of  the  royal  bride- 
groom. Mean  while  the  pining  bride  finds  that  (he  is  preg- 
nant, and  her  fofter  father  is  informed  by  a  voice  from  hea- 
yj^hy  '  that  his  adopted  daughter  has  received  from  Du(hmanta, 
a  ray  of  glory  deftined  to  rule  the  world  ;  as  the  wood  Sami 
becomes  pregnant  with  myfterious  fire.'  Preparations  are 
then  made  for  her  departure,  and  the  parting  fcencs  whicb 
^ifiie  are  very  natural  and  pathetic. 

We  fball  fubjoin  anabftraft  from  thi«  aft,  but  we  avoid  irt^ 
ierting  it  in  this  place,  becaufe  we  do  not  wilh  to  break  the 
thread  of  the  tale. 

Aft  the  5th.  When  they  arrive  at  court,  they  are  intro- 
duced to  the  king ;  but  he,  under  the  influence  of  the  (pell, 
treats  Sacontala,  whofe  beauty  charms  him,  with  contem.pt> 
eonfidering  her  as  the  wife  of  another.  A  very  fpiri  ted  filter - 
cation  follow^,  till,  to  conclude  it,  Sacontala  tells  him  ironic 
•ally,  that  file  will  reftore  his  memory  by  producing. his  qw:» 

..  ring. 


Sac9KtaIi'i  try  iii  Fatal R'mg^  365 

thig.-^Biit,  alas !    the  fatal  ring  was  not  to  be  found,   and 
her  female  conductor   fuppofes,    that  it  muft    have    dr^opped 
from  her  finger,  when  Ihe  poured  water  on  her  head,  from  a 
pool  in  the  way.     This  excufe  produces  fome  bitter  taunts 
from  the  king,  and  indignant  replies  from  his-  injured  wife^ 
At  laft  her  companions  determined  to  leave  her  in  her  Jiuf- 
band's  manfion  till  he  acknowledges  her  to  be  his  wife,  firft 
tittering  this  fenfible  reflexion  :  -^^  Henceforth  let  all  be  cir- 
cumfpedl  before  they  form  fecret  connedtions.:  a  friendfhip 
haftily  contraSed,  when  both  hearts  are  not  perfectly  known, 
rouft  ere  long  become  enmity.'     The  Jcing  oppofes  this  deter- 
mination, faying,  *  Deceive  her  not,  holy  man,  with  vain  ex- 
pectations.    The  moon  opens  the  night  ilower ;  and  the  fua 
makes  the,  water  lilly  bloflbm  ;  each  is  confined  to  its  own  ob^ 
je<S  :  and  thus  a  virtuous  man  abftains  from  any  conne£lion 
with  the  wife  -of  another.'     But  the  prieft,  who  was  prefent, 
propofes  as  an  expedient,  that  fhe  fhould  remain  in  his  houfe 
till  after  her  delivery,  and  if  (he  brought  forth  a  fon,  whofe 
bands  and  feet  bore  the  marks  of  extenfive  fovereignty,  that 
he  would  do  homage  to  her  as  his  queen  ;  if  pot,  Ihe  fhould 
return  in  due  time  to  her  father.     Sacontala,  now  weepings 
J^ave^  the  royal  prefence,  exclaiming. — *  O  earth  !  mild  god- 
defs,  give  me  a  place  within  thy  bofom/ — But  the  prieft  quickly 
returns  and .  informs  the  king,  that  when  Canna's  puplis  de- 
parted, and  Sacontala  bewailing  her  adverfe  fortune,  extended 
her  arms  and  wept,  a  body  of  light  in  a  female  fhape  defcend- 
-cd,  where  the  nymphs  of  heaven  are  worihipped,  ajid  having 
caught  her  haftily  in  her  bofom,  difappeared. 

A(St  the  6th,  A  fifherman  is  brought  to  court  for  o9ering  to 
fell  a  ring,  which  he  foupd  in  the  ftoinach  of  a  fifh,  on  which 
the  king's  name  was  engraved.  It  is  carried  to  him,  and  he 
fuddenly  recoUeding  the  whole  tranfaclion,  becomes  a  prey  td 
(the  moft  corroding  fanciful  grief ;  and  he  exclaims  ;— ^  V/hy 
do  I  thus  indulge  unremitted  grief  ?  That  intercourfe  with  my 
darling  which  dreams  would  give,  is  prevei;ited  by  my  conti- 
nued inability  to  repofe,  and  my  tears  wiJi  not  iiifFer  me  to 
view  her  diltin£Uy  even  in  this  picture.' 

And,  again,  [fighlng  deeply.']  'When  an  ill«ftrioiis  ma» 
dies,  alas,  without  an  heir,  his  eftate  goes  to  a  ftranger  ;  and 
fuch  will  be  the  fate  of  all  the  wealth  a^cumuJate4  by  tKe  fbiis 
of  Puru/ 

*  Ah  mel  the  departed  fouls  of  myanceftors,  who  cliaim  a 
ihare  in  the  funeral  cake,  which  I  have  no  fon  to  offer,  are 
apprehenfive  of  lofing  their  due  honour,  when  Du(hnianta 
fhall  be  no  more  on  carih  : — Who  then,  alas,  wiJl  perform  in 
our  family,  thofe  obfequies  which  the  Veda  preftiribes  ? — My 
fcrefathers  mull  drink,  i^iftead  of  a  pure  libation,  this  flood  o( 

C  c  3  tears. 


j66  THE        DRAMA. 

tear$,  the  only  ofFertng  which  ^  man  who  dies  childlefs  can 
make  them.*     [ff^eeping.']     He,  however,  is  at  laft  roufed  bj:  . 
a  meilage  from  the  god  Indra,  who  demands  his  affiftance  to  quell 
iiis  enemies. 

Aft  the  7th.  This  aft  commences  with  a  romantic  fcene 
that  fometimes  rifes  to  fublimity.  The  king  defcends  from 
the  Epyreum,  where  he  had  been  exultingly  received  on  ac- 
count of  his  viftories,  in  the  car'of  Indra,  traverfes  the  clouds, 
and  alights  with  the  charioteer  near  the  holy  mountain,  where 
the  '  father  of  the  immortals,  and  ruler  of  men,  fon  of  Ma- 
rfchi,  who  fprang  from  the  felf-exiftent,  refides  with  his  con- 
fort  Aditi,  bleft  in  holy  retirement.  The  hero  is  left  alone, 
whilft  his  companion  goes  to  announce  his  arrival  to  the  fa- 
ther of  Indra. 

During  his  abfence,  the  king  drfcovers  a  little  boy  playing 
with  a  lion's  whelp,  whom  two  female  anchorites  are  endea- 
vouring to  keep  in  order.  To  induce  him  to  quit  his  hold, 
they  promife  him  a  toy,'  but  he  continues  to  play  with  the  prince 
of  wild  beafts,  regardlefs  of  the  entreaties  of  his  attendants, 
who  tremble  left  the  lionefs  fliould  approach.  The  king  views, 
him  with  tranfport,  and  prevails  on  him  to  let  go  his  hold  ;  the. 
attendants,  mean  while,  obferve  the  aftonilhing  refemblance 
between  him  and  the  child.  Pleafing  emotions  and  confufed 
hopes 'now  arife  in  the  forrowful  prince's  bofom,  and  thcfe 
hopes  foon  receive  a  very  pleafing  confirmation.  The  child 
had  dropped,  whilft  he  was  playing  with  the  lion,  a  wonderful 
amulet,  which  the  king  fnatched  up,  though  warned  by  the 
attendants.  He  enquires  why  they  cautioned  him,  and  is  in-i 
formed;  that  this  divine  amulet  had  a  wonderful  power,  for 
diat'when  ever  it  fell  to  the  ground,  no  humah  being  but  the; 
father  or  mother  of  the  boy  could  touch  it  unhurt, — At  a 
Granger's  touch  it  became  a  ferpent,  and  wounded  the  hand 
that  grafped  it. 

^  Sacontali,  hearing  a  rumour  of  this  event,  enters  in  a 
mourning  drefsj  an  explanation  enfues,  and  a  reconciliation 
followmg,  of  courfe,  winds  up  the  plot. 

Sacontala's  interview  with  her  friends  before  flie  leaves  the  facre4 
•forcft.  •'Her  twofrieftds  approach  hef,  Ahufuya,  Priyamvada. 
P.  45.  *  Beloved  friend,  was  your  bath  pleafant  ? 
♦  Sat;.t  >0'\  'tny  fdcnds,  you  ate -welcome  :  let  us  lit  awhile  to- 
gether* ■  '  ■■  [T/jey feat' t/jem/el-vcu    • 
*,  <  jiftu.    Now  you  muft  be  patient,  whilft  I  bind- on  a  charm 
to  fecurc  your  happinefs.            •^'                  . 

'  *  Sacy  .That  i&  kind.— Much  has, been  decided  this  day  :  and 
the  plcafure  of  being  thus  attended  by  my  fwect  friends,  will  not 
foon  return.   •    '  "  '  '      [Wiping  off  her  ncirs. 

'-  *  Pri.  Beloved,  it  is  unbecoming  to  weep  at  a  time  when  you 
jire  going  to  be  fo  happy.— [^(;//!?  damfeU  hurji  into  tears  as  they 
u      .  .  _  ...........  ^,.^} 


Sac6ntala\  oVy  ^tl}i  FatalRtng.  3^7 

Arffs  her,^  Your  elegant  pepfori  defervcs  richer  apparel :  it  is  now 
decorated  with  fuch  rude  flowers  as  we  could  procure  in  this  fo- 
reft.*  ' 

Canna's  Pupil  enters  wit/j  rich  cloths. 

*  Pup*  Here  is  a  complete  drefs.  Let  the  queen  wear  it  au- 
fpiciouily  ;  and  may  her  life  be  long  ! 

'  [  The  liwmen  look  ivlth  ajionijhment. 

*  Gaut.     My  fon,  Harita,  whence  came  this  apparel  ? 

*  Fup.     From  the  devotion  of  our  father  Canna. 

*  Gaut.     What  doft  thou  mean  ? 

P<(^.     Be  attentive.      The  venerable   fagc  gave  this  order: 
*  Bring  frefli  flowers  for  Sacontala  from  the  moll  beautiful  trees  ;' 
and  fuddenly  the  wood  nymphs  appeared,  railing  their  hands, 
which  rivalled  new  leaves  in  beauty  and  foftnefs.     Some  of  them 
wove  a  lower  qiantle  bright  as  the  moon,  the  prefage  of  her  fe- 
licity ;  another  prelTed  the  juice  of  Lacfha  to  ftain  her  feet  ex- 
quilitely  red  ;  the  reft  were  bufied  in  forming  the  gayell  orna 
ment5 ;  and  they  eagerly  fliowered  their  gifts  on  us. 
^*  Pri,     [LWzV/g'tf/ Sacontala.]     Thus  it  is,  that  even  the  bee, 
vJhofe  nefl  is  within  the  hollow  trunk,  does  homage  to  the  honey  - 
of  the  lotos  flower. 

*  Gaut.  The  nymphs  muft  have  been  coramiflioned  by  the 
^ocld^Cs  of  the  king's  fortune,  to  preditfl  the'acceflion  of  brighter 
ornaments  in  his  palace.  [Sacontala  looks  modeft, 

*  Pupy  1  muft  haften  to  Canna,  who  is  gone  to  bVithe  in  the 
Malini,  and, let  him  know  the  fignal  kindnefs  of  the  wood  nymphs. 

[//(p  goes  out, 
"  Amu     My  fwcet  friend,  I  little  expeded  fo  fplemdid  a  drefs  : 
— how  fliall  I  adjutt  it  properly  ? — \ConJidering.^     Oh  !  my  ikill 
in  painting  will  fupply  me  with.fome  hints;  and  1  will  difpofc 
tshe  drapery  according  to  art. 

*  Sac.\   I  well  know  your  affection  for  him.' 

Qk^kk  enters  meditating, 

*Can,  [A/ide,]  This  day  muft  Sacontala  depart :  that  is  re- 
{blved  :  yet  my  foul  is  fmitten  with  anguifli. — My  fpeech  is  inter- 
rupted by  a  torrent  of  tears,  which  my  reafon  fuppreiTes  and 
turns  inward  :  my  very  light  is  dimmed.-^Strange  that  the  afflic- 
tion of  a  forefter,  retired  from  the  haunts  of  men,  fhould  be  fo 
ckceflive ! — Oh,  with  what  pangs  muft  they,  who  are  fathers  of 
families,  be  afflidled  on  the  departure  of  a  daughter! 
■  '    .  [He  ivaiks  round  mujing* 

X  Pri.     Now,  my  Sacontala,  you  are  becomingly  decorated : 
put  bivthis  lower  veft,  the  gift  of  fylvan  goddelfes. 
'-  [Sacontala  rifes  and  puts  on  th^  mantle* 

*  Gaut,  My  child,  thy  fpi ritual  father,  whofc  eyes  overflow 
with  tears  of  joy,  ftands  dcliring  to  embrace  thee.  Haften  there- 
fore tp  do  him  reverence.  [Sacontala  modeftly  boivs  to  him* 

*  Can*  Rfay'ftthou  be  cherillied  by  thy  hulband,-  as  Sarmifli- 
tha  was  cherifhed  by  Yayati !  May'ft  thou  bring  forth  a  fovcrcign 
of  the  world,  as  ihe  brought  forth  Puru! 

*  Gaut*  This,  my  child,  is  not  a  mere  bcnediftipn  ;  it  is  a 
^joon  a(^ually  conferred. 

'"•  Pc4  ^Can. 


368    '  T  H  B       X»  R  A  M  A.       ^ 

.  <  Cfxi^  My  beft  beloTcd,  come  and  walk  with  m»  retrnd  tli# 
iacriiicial  fire. — [They  all  advance,"]  May  thefe  fires  prefcfve 
thee !  fires  which  fpring  to  their  appointed  fiations  on  the  Koly 
hearth,  and  confume  the  confecrated  wood,  while  the  frefli  blades 
of  myfterious  Cufa  lie  fcattered  around  them  !  facramental  fires, 
which  deftroy  fin  with  the  rifing  fumes  of  clarified  butter ! — [Sa^* 
contala  *walkj  nvith  foUmnity  round  the  hearth,]  Now  fet  out,  my 
darling,  on  thy  aufpicious  journey. — [^Laoking  r^»W.J  Whcr^ 
|ure  the  attendants,  the  two  Mifras  r 

Enter  Sarngarava  and  Sa&adwata* 

<  Bpth,    Holy  fage,  we  are  here. 

*  Can,     My  fon  Sarngarava,  ihow  thy  fifter  her  way. 

*  Sarii,     Come,  damfel.  ■  \T hey  all  advance* 

'  *  Can,  Hear,  O  ye  trees  of  this  hallowed  tbreft  ;  ye  trees,  ia 
which  the  fylvan  goddefles  have  their  abode  ;  hear,  and  proclaim^ 
that  Sacontala  is  going  to  the  place  of  her  wedded  lord  ;  Ihe  who 
drank  not,  though  thirfly,  before  you  were  watered ;  (he  who 
cropped  not,  through  afFedion  for  you,  one  of  your  frefh  leaves, 
though  fhe  would  have  been  pleafed  \v^ith  fuch  an  ornament  for 
her  locks  ;  Ihe  whofe  chief  delight  was  in  the  feafon  when  your 
branches  are  fpangled  with  flowers!  [Chorus  of  invijihle ivood 
nymphs,]  May  her  way  be  attended  with  profpcrity  !  May  pr6- 
jpitious  breezes  fprinkle,  for  her  delight,  the  odoriferous  dull  of 
rich  blofibms  ;  May  pools  of  clear  waterj  green  with  t4ie  leaver 
of  the  lotos,  refrefh  her  as  fhe  walks !  and  may  fliady  branchea 
be  her  defence  from  the  fcorching  fun-beams  ! 

[All  I'tfien  ivith  admiratiott* 

*  Sarn,  Was  that  the  voice  of  the  Cocila  wilhing  a  happy  journ 
ney  to  Sacontala  Prr-Or  did  the  nymphs,  who  are  allied  to  the 
pious  inhabitants  of  thefe  woods,  repeat  the  warblings  of  the  mu^ 
fical  bird,  and  make  its  greeings  th^ir  own  ? 

*  Gaut,  Daughter,  the  fylvan  goddefles,  who  love  their  kin^ 
<3red  hermits,  ha^e  wiflied  you  prosperity,  and  are  entitled,  to 
bumble  thanks.         [Sacontala  ivalks  rounds  ho^isingto  the  nfmfhs. 

*  Sac,  [Jfide,  to  Priyamv^da.]  Delighted  as  I  am,  O  Pri» 
yamvada,  with  the  thought  of  feeing  again  the  fon  of  my  lord, 
yet,  on  leaving  ^his  grove,  my  p^rly  afylum,  I  am  fcarce  able 
^o  walk. 

*  Fri.  You  lament  not  alone — Mark  the  afili»^ion  of  the  forcA 
itfelf,  when  the  time  of  your  departure  approaches  !-rThe  female 
antelope  browfes  no  more  on  the  colleaed  cufa  grafs :  and  the 
pea-hen  ceafes  to  dance  on  the  Jawn  :  the  very  plants  of  thegfo^c, 
whofe  pale  leaves  falj  on  the  ground,  Ipfe  their  ftrengtb  and  theic 
beauty* 

*  Sac,  Venerable  father,  fulfer  me  to  addreft  ^his  Madhav£ 
creeper,  whofe  red  bl^flbnls  inflame  the  grove. 

*  Can.     My  child,  I  know  thy  affedion  for  it, 

*  Sac,  [Embracing  the  plaint.']  O  moft  radiant  of  twining  plants, 
receive  my  embraces,  and  return  them  with  thy  flexible  >arms  : 
from  this  day,  though  removed  to  a  fatal  diilanoe,  \  fhall  for  etcy 
J>e  thine. 

f  Ol)eloved  fathfsr,  confid^r  t^iis  crpeper  as  myfelf, 

Cah; 


Saccntalai  or,  the  Fatal  Ring.  3^9 

*  Can.  My  darling,  thy  amiable. qualities  have  gained  thee  » 
Tiuiband  equal  to  thylelf :  fuch  ^n  event  has  been  long,  for  thy 
fake,  the  chief  objcft  of  ray  heart :  and  now,  iince  my  .folicitudc 
for  thy  marriage  is  at  an  end,  I  will  marry  thy  favourite  plant  to 
the  bridegroom  Amra,  who  flieds  fragrance  near  her. — Proceed^ 
jny  child,  on  thy  journey.    ^ 

*  Sac.  [Approaching  the  tnuo  damfeU,']  Sweet  friends,  let  this 
IMadhavi  creeper  be  a  precious  depofit  in  your  hands. 

*  Auu*  andFri.     Alas  \  in  whofe  care  fhall  we  be  left  ? 

\They  both  weep* 

*  Can.  Tears  are  vain,  Anufuya:  ourSacontala  ought  rather 
to  be  fupporied  by  your  firmnefs,  than  weakened  by  your  weep- 
ing. [All  advance. 

*  Sac.  Father  \  when  yon  female  antelope,  who  now  moves 
Kowly  from  the  weight  of  the  young  ones  with  which  (lie  is  preg- 
nant, fliall  be  delivered  of  them,  fend  me,  1  beg,  a  kind  meifagc 
"with  tidings  of  her  fafety. — Do  not  forget. 

*  Can.     My  beloved,  J  will  not  forget  it. 

*  Sac.  [Advancing^  then  Jlopping.'\  Ah  \  what  is  it  that  clings 
fo  the  ikirts  of  my  robe,  and  detains  me  ? 

[She  turns  round  and  looks. 

*  Can.  .  It  is  thy  adopted  child,  the  little  fawn,  whofe  mouth, 
when  the  fliarp  points  of  Cufa  grafs  wounded  it,  has  been  fooftea 
fmeared  by  thy  hand  with  healing  oil  of  Ingudi,  who  has  been 
fo  often  it^  by  thee  with  3  handuil  of  Syamaka  grain,  and  now 
will  not  leavp  the  foptfeps  of  his  protedtrefs. 

*  Sac.  Why  doft  thou  weep,  tender  fawn,  for  roe,  who  muil 
leave  our  cpmmon  dwelliB|^  place  ?— As  thou  waft  reared  by  me 
when  thou  hadft  loft  thy  mother,  vfho  died  foon  after  thy  birth, 
ib  will  my  foller-father  attend  thee,  when  we  are  feparatcd,  with 
anxious  care, — Return,  poor  thing,  return — we  muft  part. 


[She  hurjis  into  tears 
fuit  the 


*  Can,  Thy  tears,  my  child,  ill  fuit  the  occaiion :  we  diall 
^1  meet  again  :  be  firm  ;  fee  the  dire<ft  road  before  thee,  and  fol- 
low it.-rWhen  the  big  tear  lurks  beneath  thy  beautiful  eye- 
ladles,  let  thy  refolution  check  its  firft  efforts  to  difengage  itfelf. 
—In  thy  paflkge  over  this  earth,  where  the  p;M:hs  are  now  high, 
flow  low,  and  the  true  path  feldora  difting.uiilied,  the  traces  of 
thy  feet  muft  needs  be  unequal ;  but  virtue  will  prei«  thee  right 
l>award. 

*  Sarn^  It  is  a  facrcd  rule,  holy  fage,  that  a  benevolent  maft 
fllould  accompany  a  traveller  till  he  meet  with  abu^nd^ue  of  wa- 
ter ;  and  that  rule  you  have  carefully  obferved  :  we  are  now 
©ear  the  brink  of  a  large  pool.  Give  us,  iherefoce,  your  com- 
mands, and  return. 

/  Can.  Let  us  reft  a  while  ui>der  the  fl^ads  of  ihis.  Vat  a  tree. 
^[They  all  go  to  tlje  Jljade.'] — What  iHcffage  can  1  fend  with,  pro* 
priety  to  the  noble  Dullimanta  ? 

*  Anu.  [AJide  to  Saconta}*.]  My  beloved  friend,  every  heart 
in  our  afylum  is  fixed  on  you  alone,  and  all  areaffli(^led  by  your 
^ikparture. — ^LoOk";  tl>e  birdChacravaca,  called  by  bis  m;ite,  who 
l»«lmoft  hidden  by  water  lilies,  gives  hernoanfwer;  but  having 

dropped 


37©  THHBfBRAMA. 

dropped  from  his  bill  the  fibres  of  lotos  Aalks  which  he  had  pluck- 
ed, glasses  on  you  with  incxpreffiblc  tendernefs. 

*  Can,  My  fon  Sarngarava,  remember,  when  thou  (halt  pre- 
sent Sacontala  to  the  king,  to  addrefs  him  thus,  in  my  name  t 
*  Confidering  us  hermits  as  virtuous,  indeed,  but  rich  only  in 
devotion,  and  confidering  alfo  thy  own  exalted  birth,  retain  thy 
love  for  this  girl,  which  arofe  in  thy  bofom  without  any  inter- 
ference of  her  kindred  ;  and  look  on  her  among  thy  wives,  with 
the  fame  kindnefs  which  they  experience  :  more  than  thdt  can- 
not be  demanded  j  fince  particular  affedtion  muft  depend  on  tho 
will  of  heaven.' 

*  Sarn^  Your  meflTagc,  venerable  man,  is  deeply  rooted  in  my^ 
xemembrance. 

*  Can.  [Looking  tenderly  at  Sacontala,]  Now,  my  darling, 
thou  too  muft  be  gently  admoniflicd.— We,  who  are  humble  fo- 
rcfiers>  are  yet  acquainted  with  the  world  which  we  have  for- 
lakeD* 

*  Sam.     Nothing  can  be  unknown  to  the  wife. 

*  Can.  Hear,  my  daughter. — When  thou  art  fettled  in  the 
manfion  of  thy  hulband,  mow  due  reverence,  to  him,  and  to  thofc 
whom  he  reveres  :  though  he  have  other  wives,  be  rather  an  af- 
fectionate hand-maid  to  them  than  a  rival. — Should  he  difpleafe 
thee,  let  not  thy  rcfentment  lead  thee  to  difobedience. — In  thy 
conduft  to  thy  domeftics,  be  rigidly  juft  and  impartial ;  and  feek 
not  eagerly  thy  own  gratifications.— By  fuch  behaviour  young 
wotnen  become  refpedable  ;  but  perverle  wives  are  the  bane  of  ^ 
fcmily. — What  thinks  Gautami  of  this  leflbn  ? 

*  Gaut*    It  is  incomparable :— my  child,  be  fure  to  remember 

*  Can*  Come,  my  beloved  girl,  give  a  parting  embrace  to  rac 
and  to  thy  tender  companions. 

*  Sac*    Muft  Anufuya  and  Priyamvada  return  to  the  hermitage  ? 

*  Can,  They  too,. my  child,  muft  be  fuitably  married  ;  and  it 
would  not  be  proper  for  them  yet  to  vifit  the  city  ;  but  Gautanar 
will  accompany  thee. 

*  Sac.  [Embracing  bimJ]  Removed  from  the  bofom  of  my  fa- 
ther, like  a  jfoung  fandal  tree,  rent  from  the  hills  of  Malaya,  how 
ihall  I  exift  in  a  ftrange  foil  ? 

*  Can.  Be  not  fo  anxious.  When  thou  (halt  be  miftrefs  of  a 
family,  and  confort  of  a  king,  thou  mayeft,  indeed,  be  occafi- 
mally  perplexed  by  the  intricate  affairs  which  arifc  from  exube- 
rance of  wealth,  but  wilt  then  think  lightly  of  this  tranfient  af* 
iiidion,  cfpecially  when  thou  flialt  have  a  fon  (and  a  fon  thou" 
lirilt  have)  bright  as  the  rifing  day-ftar.— Know  alfo  with  cer- 
tunty,  that  the  boay  muft  neceffarily,  at  the  appointed  moment, 
be  feparated  from  the  foul ;  whio,  then,  can  be  immoderately  af- 
flidbd,  when  the  weaker  bands  of  cxtrinfic  relations  are  loofen- 
ed,  or  even  broken  ? 

'  *  Sac.  [Falling  at  his  feet,"]  My  father,  I  thus  humbly  declare 
my  veneration  for  you.     ^ 

'  *  Can.  Excellent  girl,  may  my  effort  for  thy  happinefs  provc^ 
fuccefsful.     '  '   ''  "'-■■■  '  • 


Sacontajai  or^  ih$  Fatal  JRIng*  371 

f  Sac*  lufyfroaching  her  tvjo  companions. '\  Come  tlitn,  my  be- 
loved friends,  embrace  me  together, 

Anu*  My  friend,  if  the  virtuous  monarcli  iliould  not  at  once 
recolle<£l  you,  only  fliow  him  the  ring  on  which  his  own  name  is 
engraved. 

*  Sac,  IStarting.^  My  heart  flutters  at  the  bare  apprchcnfioa 
which  you  have  raifed. 

*  Fri,  Fear  not,  fweet  Sacontala :  love  always  xaifes  ideas 
of  mifery,  which  are  feldom  or  ne^^er  realifed. 

*  Sarn,  Holy  fage,  the  fun  has  rifen  to  a  confiderable  height; 
let  the  quepn  haften  her  departure, 

*  Sac.  [Again  embracing  Canna.]  When,  my  father,  ob! 
when  again  fliall  I  behold  this  afylum  of  virtue  ? 

*  Can,  Daughter,  when  thou  llialt  long  have  been  wedded, 
like  this  fruitful  earth,  to  the  pious  monarch,  and  (halt  have  borne 
him  a  fon,  whofc  car  fliall  be  matchlefs  in  battle,  tKy  lord  fliall 
transfer  to  him  the  burden  of  empire,  and  thou,  With  thy  Dufli- 
munta,  flialt  again  feek  tranquility,  before  thy  final  departure, 
in  this  loved  and  confecrated  grove, 

*  Gaut.  My  child,  the  proper  time  for  our  journey  pafles 
away  rapidly  :  fufFer  thy  father  to  return. — Go,  venerable  man^ 
go  back  to  thy  maniion^  from  which  flie  is  doomed  to  be  fo  long 
abfent. 

^  Can,     Sweet  child,  this  delay  interrupts  my  religious  dqtics, 

*  Sac,  You,  my  father,  will  perform  them  long  without  for-i 
row ;  but  I,  alas  !  am  deftined  to  bear  aflli6tion. 

*  Can.  O  !  my  daughter,  compel  me  not  to  npgle6l  my  dailr 
devotions,  [Sighing.']  No,  my  forrow  will  not  be  diminiflied. 
—Can  it  ceafe,  my  beloved,  when  the  plants  which  rife  luxu- 
riantly, from  the  hallowed  grains  which  thy  hand  has  itrowai 
before  my  cottage,  are  continually  in  my  fight  ? — Go,  may  thy 
jpurney  profper.   , 

[Sacontala ^<7^j  out  w/M  Gautami  and  the  two  IMlfrau 

*  Both  Damfels.  [Looking  after  Sacontala  ^vith  anguijb.'\  Alas!! 
alas  !  our  beloved  is  hidden  by  the  thick  trees. 

*  Can.  My  children,  fince  your  friend  is  at  length  departed* 
check  your  immoderate  grief,  and  follow  me,    [They  all  turn  hackm 

*  Both.  Holy  father,  the  grove  will  be  a  perfed, vacuity  witliT 
out  Sacontala, 

*  Can,  Your  afFeftion  will  certainly  give  it  that  appearance. 
— [/f(?  i\}alks  round y  meditating,'\-^hh.  me  !— Yes  ;  at  laftniy  weak 
mind  has  attained  its  due  firmnefs  after  the  departure  of  my  Sa-? 
contala.— In  truth,  a  daughter  mufl  fooner  or  later  be  the  pro- 
perty of  another  ;  and,  having  now  fent  her  to  her  lord,  I  find 
my  foul  clear  and  undifturbed,  like  that  of  a  man  who  has  re- 
flored  to  its  owner,  an  ineflimable  depofit  which  he  long  had  kept 
with  folicitude.  [^CV  S^  outJ*' 

Oujf  readers,  we  prefume,  will  not  think  that  we  trefpafs 
on  their  patience,  if  we  feledl  inother  fcene  from  the  fevfhth 
aa.     P.  92. 

*  Sacontala  enters  in  mourning  apparel^  nuith  her  long  hair  tivijled 

in  a  JingU  hraid^  and  Jto^Ming  denun  her  hack* 

*  5acn 


371  THB       DRAMA. 

*  Sae.  ]*AJUe.^  Havin?  heard  that  my  child's  amulet  has 
proved  its  divine  po^fcr,  I  mud  either  be  ilrangcly  diffident  of 
luy  good  fortune,  or  that  event  which  Mifracesi  predi(5>ed  has 
actually  happened.  [Ad^**ancing, 

*  Bujiam.  \lVith  a  mixture  of  joy  and  forrmv.']  Ah  !  do  I  fee  the 
incomparable  Sacontala  clad  in  fordid  weeds  ? — Her  face  is  emaci- 
ated by  the  performance  of  auflcre  duties  ;  one  twitted  lock  floats 
over  her  fhoulder  ;  and  with  a  mind  pcrfc^ftly  pure,  flie  fupports 
the  long  abfence  of  her  huibaiid,  whofe  unkiudnefs  exceeded  all 
bounds. 

*  Sac.  [Seeing  him  yet  doubting, ^  Is  that  the  fon  of  my  lord 
grown  pale  with  penitence  and  alRiotion  ?— If  not,  who  is  it  that 
lullies  with  his  touch  the  hand  oFmy  child,  whofc  amulet  (liould 
have  prcferved  him  from  fuch  iiidi*^nity  ? 

^  JBfy.  [Gping  hnfiffy  t<f  S'dconttiii,]  Mother,  here  is  a  ftrangcr 
%vho  calls  me  fon. 

*  Dujhm.  Oh  !  my  bcft  beloved,  I  have  treated  thee  cruelly  j 
but  my  cruelty  is  fuccccdcd  by  the  warmcll  affection  ;  and  I 
implore  your  remembrance  and  forgivenefs, 

*  ^ac.  [Jfide,]  Be  confident,  6  my  heart ! — [Jloud.]  I  fliall 
be  mod  happy  when  the  king*s  anger  has  pafled  away- — l^'ijidr.} 
This  mufl  be  the  fon  of  my  lord. 

*  Dujhm.  By  the  kindnefs  of  heaven,  O  loveliclt  of  thy  fex, 
thou  ilandert  u.^^a\\\  before  me,  v^hofe  memory  was  obfctircd  by 
the  gloom  of  fafLination  ;  as  the  ilar  Rahini  at  the  end  of  an 
ctlip<c  rejoins  her  be  oved  moon. 

*  Sac,     May  the  kinc^  be [Sift:  hurj^a  into  tears, 

*  DuJhm.  My  darling,  though  the  word  victorious  be  fup- 
prcffed  by  thy  weeping,  yet  I  muft  have  victory,  liuce  I  fee  thee 
again,  though  with  pale  lips,  and  a  body  unadorned. 

*  J?#j».     What  man  is  this,  mother  ? 

*  Sac,  Sweet  child,  aik  the  divinity  who  prefides  over  the 
fbrtures  of  us  both.  [She  uuecps, 

*•  DuJhm,  O  my  beloved,  banifh  from  thy  mind  my  cruel  dc«- 
fertion  of  thee— A  vio'ent  phrenfy  overpowered  my  foul*.— Such, 
when  the  darknefs  of  ill u Hon  prevails,  are  the  actions  of  the 
bell-intentioned  ;^  as  a  Wind  man,  when  a  friend  binds  his  head 
v^ith  a  wreathe  of  flowers,  miilakcs  it  for  a  twining  fn-ake,  and 
fooiilhly  rcjev.'^ts  it.  ^  [He  fails  at  her  feet, 

*  Sac,  RifCy  my  hufband,  oh  1  rife.— -My  happincfs  has  been 
long  interrupted  ;  but  joy  now  fucceeds  to  affliction,  fince  the 
fon  of  my  lord  llill  loves  me. — [He  rifes,"]  How  was  the  rc- 
yncrtbrance  of  this  uafortunate  woman  rellored  to  the  mind  of 
vny  lord's  fon  } 

*  Dujljm,  When  the  dart  of  mifery  flia}!  be  wholly-  cstratftcd 
from  my  bofom,  I  will  tell  thee  all ;  but  fince  the  anguifli  of 
yny  Ibul  has  in  part  ccafed,  let  me  tirft  wipe  off  that  tear  which 
trickles  from  thy  delicate  cye-lafll ;  and  thus  efface  the  memory 
pi  \iX\  thic  tears  which  my  delirium  has  made  thee  Ihed. 

[He  Jlr etches  out  his  hariAf 

*  Site,  [Wiping  off  her  fearSf  And  feeing  tht  ring  4im  his  fiHg(^>'*\ 
Ah  i  is  that  t^e  utal  riae  ? 


Homcr^i  AntMfgla.  373 

«  Dujhm.    Yes  ;  by  the  furprifing  recovery  of  it  my  memory 

was  reitored. 

'  Sac»    Its  influence,  indeed,  ha* been  great,  fincc  it  has  brought 
back  the  loll  confidence  of  my  huiband. 

*  Dujhm,  Take  it  then,  as  a  beautiful  plant  receives  a  flower 
from  the  returning  feafon  of  joy. 

«  Sac.  1  cannot  again  trull  it. — Let  it  be  worn  by  the  fon  of 
m>  lord. 

*  They  are  then  blcflcd  by  Cafyapa. 

*  Caf.  [Looking  at  them  hy  turnsJ]  Sacontali  is  the  moilel  of 
excellent  wives  ;  her  fon  is  dutiful  ;  and  thou,  O  king,  haft 
three  rare  advantages,  true  piety,  abundant  wealth,  and  a^ivr 
▼irtue-' 

Thefe  two  extraft?,  and  our  copious  account,  will  fcarcely. 
We  imagine,  (atisly  a  reader  of  tafte  ;  he  will,  doubttefs,  turn 
to  the  elegant  tranflation  itfclf,  which  we  have  perufed  with 
fo  much  pleafure: — and  the  poetic  delineation  of  Indian  man- 
ners, and  the  artlefs  touches  of  nature,  which  come  home  to 
the  human  bofom  in  every  climate,  will  be  found  a  delicious 
reeale.  We  wiihed  to  have  inferted  fome  fimple  delicate  fen- 
time  nts,  and  beautiful  fimrles ;  but  detached  from  the  fcenc, 
where  they  charadlcrize  the  fpeaker,  they  would  not  appear 
to  advantage.  The  morality  is.  pure,  and  the  refinement,  coit- 
fpicuous  throughout,  never  degenerating  into  affectation,  an 
interefting  fimpiicity  of  manners  is  unitormly  prefervcd.         t. 

Art.  II.  Jnthologiay  or  a  G^lle^ijon  of  Flowej'Sy  in  Blank  Ver[e. 
By  the  Rev.  Philip  Bracebridge  Homer,  a.  m.  4to.  p.  25. 
Pr.  IS.     Robfon  and  Clarke. 

This  little  production  muft  not  be  overlooked.  It  confifts 
chiefly  of  Ihort  addreiTes  to  flowers,  upon  the  feveral  pages  of 
which  we  have  occaiionaliy  beftowed  in  the  margin  with  a  pcn- 
.  cil,  the  epithets  pretty^  viU^  obfcure^  charming.  But  though 
we  are  fometimes  difpleafed  with  the  Anthologia,  confideiedas 
a  work,  we  think  it  has  certainly  bloflbms  of  confiderable  hope. 
Mr.  H.  it  is  to  be  underflood,  is  a  young  man,  whoi'e  inufe  is 
not  yet  able  to  fuftain  a  Miltonian  flight.  In  time  ihc  may  ap-^ 
pear  to  greater  advantage,  as  the  following  beautiful  lines  on 
Afoon-light  will  ev  i  nee . 

*  Here  on  this  bank,  while  (liihe  the  (lars  fo  clear, 
Come,  Lucy,  let  U3  lit.     How  tranquil  fecms 
All  nature  !  With  what  mildnefs  from  above 
Yon  regent  of  the  night  looks  down  on  earth 
And  gives  to  ev*ry  herb,  tree,  plant  and  lield 
A  fofter  screen  !  Mark  now  her  virgin  front. 
How  calm  ilie  looks,  how  open,  and  how  pure! 
Nor,  Lucy,  on  thy  paler  beauty  dwells 
Lefs  fwcct  ferenity.     As  pure  art  thou, 
As  frank  and  as  benignant  as  the  light 
Of  that  fair  planet,  when  no  vapour  thin, 

FUttin': 


37+  p  o  K  r  ti  r. 

Flitting  o*er  ether,  tarniihes  her  face 
With  momentary  dimnefs.    She,  bright  quceil- 
Of  all  thofe  ftarry  gems  which  deck  this  vault 
Magnificently  built,  her  filver  horn 
Monthly  repleniihes.    From  that  llrong  hlzzt 
Of  unexhauiled  glory,  whofe  quick  heat 
Invigorates  the  world,  fhe  fbill  relumes 
Her  darkenM  countenance.     But,  Lucy,  thou. 
When  time  fhall  fteal  thofe  youthful  charms  away. 
From  what  full  fountain  of  immortal  grace, 
What  fun  of  beauty,  {halt  thou  then  repair 
Thy  form's  diminifliM  elegance  f  Alas 
That  female  lufire^  fairer  than  all  flars. 
And  dearer  than  the  light  which  rules  the  dayy 
Should  know  no  fecond  riling :  that  once  fet. 
Nor  months,  nor  years,  nor  ages  can  recall  (//•) 
But  turn  now,  Lucy,  and  furvey  that  cloud  , 
Which  comes  in  gloomied  majeftv  alon|^ 
To  fhrowd  the  imperial  moon*    Its  envious  (hade 
Now  creeps  upon  her  argent  diik,  and  now 
Blots  it  quite  out  from  heaven.     With  fuch  Health 
Malice  her  thick  and  baleful  darknels  draws 
O'er  lucid  virtue,  and  beneath  that  veil 
Would  hide  it  ever.     But  as  now  that  cloud 
Sails  on,  and  back  reftores  the  radiant  moon 
To  man's  deiiring  eyes,  fo  pafs  the  mifts 
With  which  fell  envy  labours  to  conceal 
The  merit  fhe  abhors.     Thus  tranfient  too 
Was  that  dread  llorm  which,  fweeping  by  the  thronc- 
Of  England,  fhook  this  kingdom  with  dijfmay. 
Till  rinng  from  the  black  portentous  night 
Which  hung  upon  his  beams,  our  leading  ilar 
Once  more  diffused  upon  thefe  joyous  realms 
The  fweeteft  influence  of  his  fober  flame.* 
The  above  concluding  fimile  is  juft  and  charming. 

In  the  laft  poem,  on  Love^  we  find  fome  good  and  fomc  bad 
paflages.  Let  not  the  author  be  offended  that  we  mention  the 
latter.  Critics  muft  be  plain  or  writers  will  not  improve.  We 
encourage  him  to  proceed,  but  advife  him  to  proceed  with 
caution  ;  to  weigh  his  epithets  before  he  adopts  them,  to  be- 
ware of  climbing  into  fuftian,  to  be  as  little  obfcurp  as  pof- 
fible,  to  avoid  puns,  and  not  to  make  his  fentences  too  long« 
Nine  lines  in  a  breath  is  too  much.  See  the  beginning  of 
pages  6  and  12.  4.  h- 

Art.  III.  Letters  concerning  the  northern  Coaft  of  the  County  of 
Antrim ;  containing  fuch  Grcum/iances  as  appear  worthy  of 
Notice  r'ifpeSftng  the  Antiquities^  Manners^  and  Cufloms  of  that 
Country.  Together  with  the  natural  Hiflory  of  the  Bafaltesf 
and  iis  attendant  Foffds^  in  the  northern  Counties  of  Ireland. 
%'ht  whole  illuftr^ted  by  an  accurate  Map^  and  Engravings  of 

ihi 
4 


Haroilton'i  Letters.  375 

.  the  moft  Intereftmg  Obje^s  on  i^e  Coaji.  In  tWQ  Parts*  Bf 
the  Rev.  William  Hamilton,  b.  d.  and  m  r.  i.  a.  let 
thefe  Letters  is  ftated  a  plain  and  impartial  View  of  the 
volcanic  theory  of  the  Bttfaltes,  8vo,  p.  328*  pr-  5s* 
in  boards.  Dublin,  Byrne.  London,  Robinfons.  I790. 
Th£S£  amufing  letters  arp  full  of  information,  delivered  iA 
that  conne£led  form,  which  charafierizes  a  Chinking  mind,  for 
the  ingenious  writer  appears  to  have  always  had  in  view  th^ 
natural  hiftory  and  antiquities  of  the  places  he  defcrihes ;  and 
the  defultory  matter  that  cafually  occurs,  entertains,  without 
turning  the  attention  from  the  main  fubje6l.  We  have  before 
obferved,  that  travels  would  be  very  ufeful  repofitories  of 
knowledge,  if  the  traveUer  always  had  a  particular  purfuit  in 
his  head  ;  not  merely  to  ferve  as  a  clue  to  the  judgment,  plunged 
into  a  maze  of  enquiries ;  but  as  a  folid  foundation  for  the 
work,  only  trufting  to  chance  fOf  the  ornamental  parts  of  the 
ftruSure.  The  imagination  would  not  then  be  racked  to  givfe 
the  air  of  adventures  to  common  incidents,  or  to  fpin  fenti- 
ments  out  of  the  brain  that  never  agitated  the  heart: — i^or 
would  the  trivial  occurrences  of  each  day  be  noted  with  puerile 
e^taflneis,  and  vacant  indifcriminate  furprife.  But  when  a  maa 
only  travels  to  whiU-away  the  time,  when  leifure  is,  literally^ 
fpeaking,  idlenefs,  his  eyes  are  turned  on  every  prominent  no- 
velty, and  the  mind,  quite  afloat,  catches  at  every  ftraw  and 
bubble  that  erodes  it,  not  having  previoufly  determined  what 
it  fliould  wi(h  to  examine,  excepting  the  vague  defire  of , feeing 
fomething  new. — An  old  propenfity,  as  St.  Paul  informs  us, 
that  led  to  vice  by  encouraging  a  vain  curiofity ;  though  a 
thoughtlefs  reftlefsnefs  of  mind  fcarcely  deferves  the  name  of 
that  ufeful  iraipulfe,  and  feldom  adls  as  an  incitement  to  acquire 
knowledge,  or  to  fearch  into  the  reafon  of  things.  The  art  of 
travelling  is  only  a  branch  of  the  art  of  thinking,  or  ftill  more 
prccifelv  to  exprefs  ourfelves,  the  conduct  of  a  being  who  adis 
from  prinflple ; — but  we  are  ftepping  out  of  our  province. 

*  Part  the  firft,  contains  an  account  of  the  manners,  cuf- 
toms,  antiquities,  &c.  of  the  northern  coaft  of  Antrim :  and, 
cafually,  obfervations  relating  to  its  natural  hiftory.* — The 
table  of  contents  will  ferve  as  an  analyfis. 

♦  General  Ikctch  of  the  northern  coafl  of  Antrim. — Obferva- 
tions on  its  ftru(^urc,  and  the  difpolition  of  its  f(5ffils. — Proba- 
bility that  the  ifland  of  Raghcry  might  have  been  once  connecfled 
with  the  oppofite  Continent. — Account  of  the  ifland  of  Raghcry. 
n — Its  tides— Produce— Popnlation. — Singularities  of  its  inhab- 
itants.— Antiquities.— Defcription  of  Ballycaflle.— State  of  its^ 
manufaftories, — Mincralo^ical  account  of  its  Collieries. — Re- 
markable partitions  of  bafaltes.— Difplaccmcnt  of  the  ftrata. — 
Theory  concerning  thefe  Phoenomena. — Probability  that  the  in- 
ferior beds  of  coal  may  be  the  moft  valuable. — Extraordinary 
difcovcry  of  an  ancient  coal  mine.'— Improbability  that  this  mine 

wa« 


376  T  R  A  lr  E  t  f • 

was  wroitght  citlicf  by  the  Daaes^  or  by  the  trifl^,  fubfeqaeiit  t§ 
the  Danifh  incurlions. — Probable  arguments  derived  from  thisi^ 
and  other  circumftances,  in  favour  of  the  early  civilization  of 
Ireland. — Proofs  of  the  purity  of  the  religion  profefled  by  the 
ancient  Irifli,  derived  from  the  primitive  Itate  of  chriftianity.— 
From  the  principles  maintained  by  the  Irifli  Teachers. — From 
the  oppofition  made  to  Romifli  innovations  and  corruptions.— 
From  the  teftimony  of  various  authors,  and  even  of  the  Ro- 
man pontiffs  themfelves.— Fifhery,  and  lingular  flying  bridge  of 
CaiTick-a-rede.— -Manner  of  filhing  on  the  coaft, — uncommo*- 
fagacity  and  addrefs  of  a  water-dOg  in  chafing  falmon.— Few 
remains  of  the  ancient  ftatc  and  hiftory  of  this  part  of  Aatrinj 
■now  difcoverable. — Incurfions  of  the  Scots. — Dunluce  caftlc. — 
Hiilory  of  its  old  Lord,  Mc.  Qulllan.— Account  of  the  fortunes  of 
Adam  Morning  and  his  family,  in  the  promontory  of  Bengore.* 

The  account  of  the  ifland  of  Raghery  is  very  inteiefting  ; 
and  the  defcription  of  the  remarkable  partitions  of  Bafaltes 
deferves  notice.  We  fliall  add,  to  affora  our  readers  a  fubje^t 
of  fpecuiation,  the  curious  difcovery  of  an  ancient  coal  mine, 
p.  49. 

*  Dear  Sir,  In  a  former  letter,  I  mentioned  fome  reafons,  de- 
rived from  the  cement  of  an  ancient  caftie  in  the  ifland  of  Rag- 
hery, which  might  induce  one  to  think,  that  the  Bally-caflle 
collieries  were  wrought  at  a  remote  period  of  time ;  but  an  acci- 
dental difcovery  feems  to  have  put  that  matter  beyond  doubt,  and 
bus  laid  open  a  very  curious  circumflance  in  the  ancient  hiftopy 
of  this  country,      ) 

'  About  the  year  1770  the  miners,  in  pufliing  forward  an  adit 
toward  the  bed  of  coal,  at  an  unexplored  part  of  the  Baliycaflle 
cliff,  uncxpededly  broke  through  the  rock  into  a  narrow  pafTage, 
fo  much  contratfted,  and  choaked  up  with  various  drippings  and 
depofits  on  its  fides  and  bottom,  as  rendered  it  impolfible  for  any 
of  the  workmen  to  force  through, 'that  they  might  examine  iC 
farther.  Two  lads  were  therefore  made  to  creep  in  with  candles, 
for  the  purpofe  of  exploring  this  fubterranean  avenue.  They 
accordingly  prcfTcd  forward  for  a  confiderable  time,  with  much 
labour  and  difficulty,  and  sJt  length  entered  into  an  extertfivf 
kbyrinth,  branching  off  into  numerous  apartments,  in  the  maze* 
and  windings  of  which  they  were  completely  bewildered  and  loft» 
After  various  vain  attempts  to  return,  their  lights  were  extin* 
.s^uiflicd,  their  voices  became  hoarfe,  and  exhaaffed  with  frequent 
Ihouting,  and  at  length,  wearied,  and  fpiritlefs,  they  fat  down 
together,  in  utter  defpair  of  an  efcape  from  this  miferable  dun*- 
geon. 

*  In  the  mean  while,  the  workmen  in  the  adit  became  alarmed 
for  their  fafety,  frefh  hands  were  incefTantly  employed,  and,  i* 
the  coupfc  of  twenty-four  hours,  the  pafliage  was  io  much  opened 
as  to  admit  Ibme  of  the  moft  aftive  among  the  miners  ;— -but  the 
fituation  of  the  tv\o  unhappy  prifoners,  who  had  fat  down  to- 
gether in  a  very  dilliint  chamber  of  the  cavern,  prevented  them 
altogether  from  hearing  the  noile  and  fliouts  of  their  friends, 
who  thus  laboured  ^o  afiill  them^ 

*  Fortu- 


Hamilton^  Letters:  377 

«  Fortunately  it  occurred  to  one  of  the  lads,  (after  his  voice 
had  become  hoarfc  with  Ihoutiilg)  that  the  noife  of  miners  ham- 
mers was  often  heard  at  confiderable  diftances  through  the  coal 
works ;  in  confequence  of  this  rcfJe6Hon,  he  took  up  a  ftone, 
which  he  frequently  flruck  againll  the  fides  of  the  cavern  ;  the 
noifc  of  this  Was  at  length  heard  by  the  workmen,  who,  in  their 
turn,  adopted  a  fimilar  artifice ;  by  this  means  each  party  was 
condudcd  toward  the  other,  and  the  unfortunate  adventurers  ex- 
tricated time  enough  t6  behold  the  fun  rifcn  in  full  fplendor, 
which  they  had  left  the  morning  before  juft  beginning  to  tinge 
the  eallern  horizon. 

*  On  exaiihining  this  fubterranean  wonder,  it  was  found  to  be 
a  complete  gallery,  which  had  been  driven  forward  many  hun- 
dred yards  to  the  bed  of  coal :  that  it  branched  off  intp  numerous 
chambers,  where  niiners  had  carried  on  their  differfent  works : 
that  thefc  chambers  were  drefiTed  in  a  workman-like  manner  :  that 
pillars  were  left  at  proper  intervals  to  fupport  the  roof :  in  fhort. 
It  was  found  to  be  an  exten five  mine,  wrought  by  a  fet  of  peo- 
ple at  leaft  as  expert  in  the  bufinefs  as  the  prefent  generation. 
Dome  remains  of  the  tools,  and  even  of  the  baikets  ufed  in  the 
works,  were  difcovered,  but  in  fuch  a  decayed  ftate,  that  on 
being  touched,  they  immediately  crumbled  to  pieces. 

*  The  antiquity  of  this  work  is  pretty  evident  from  hence,  that 
there  does  not  remain  the  moft  remote  tradition  of  it  in  the  coun- 
try ;  but  it  is  ftill  more  firongly  demonftrable  from  a  natural 
procefs  which  has  taken  place  fince  its  formation  ;  for  the  fides 
and  pillars  were  found  covered  with  fparry  incrufiations,  which 
the  prefent  workmen  do  not  obferve  to  be  depofited  in  any  defi-  ' 
nite  portion  of  time.  * 

*  The  people  of  this  place  attribute  thefe  Works  to  the  Danes  ; 
but  a  very  flight  confideration  of  the  fubjedt  muft  fatisfy  any 
one  that  this  opinion  is  iU-founded. — The  Danes  were  never 
peaceable  pofiefiTors  of  Ireland,  but  always  engaged  in  bloody  wars 
with  the  natives,  in  which  they  were  alternately  vidtors  and  van- 
quilhed, — Like  the  eaft^rn  defcendants  of  Iflimael,  they  Hood  at 
perpetual  bay  with  all  the  world,  their  hand  againft  every  man, 
and  every  man's  hand  againft  them. 

*  It  is  not  furely,  to  the  tumultuary  and  barbarous  armies  of  the 
ninth  and  tenth  centuries,  whofe  harvefi  of  wealth  and  power 
could  only  be  expe6led  from  the  rapid  and  hazardous  ravages  of 
war,  that  we  are  to  attribute  the  flow  and  toilfome  operations  of 
peace,  which  are  carried  on  only  where  population,  civilization, 
and  trade  flourifli  in  an  extreme  degree, 

*  While  Ireland  lay  yet  proftrate,  and  gafping  under  the  fatal 
wounds  received  in  a  bloody  ftruggle  of  more  than  three  hundred 
years,  againft  thefe  northern  invaders,  the  Englifh,  under  Henry 
the  Second,  made  their  fuccefsful  inroad,  and  eafily  eftabliflied 
themfelves  in  a  feeble  and  di drafted  country ;  from  which  time, 
till  the  beginning  of  the  prefent  century,  this  ifland  prefents 
little  to  our  view  but  a  wafteful  fcene  of  raifery  and  defola- 
tion. 

*  That  thefe  collieries  could  have  been  wrought  durtng  this 
period  feems  extremely  improbable. — We  are  all  alone  execrated 

Vol.  VII.  .      Dd  by 


37^  T   R   A   V   E   I.   S. 

by  the  Englilh  writers  as  a  nation  of  barbarians,  and  our  country 
curfed  as  a  wildernefs  of  forcfls  and  bogs. — ^It  is  not  then  to  be 
fuppofed  that  a  favage  people  Ihould  ranfack.thc  bowels  of  the 
earth  for  coal,  while  their  \voods  and  bogs  afforded  fuch  abun* 
dant  fuel  to  their  hand. 

•  Upon  the  whole,  during  the  dreary  interval  of  near  a/  thou- 
fand  years,  from  the  eighth  to  the  eighteenth  century,  it  is  vain 
to  look  for  the  laboured  works  of  induilry  and  peace,  in  a  king- 
dom where  war  was  the  only  trade,  and  where  all  property  turned 
on  the  ed^c  of  the  fword. 

*  The  difcovery  of  this  colliery  is  one  of  thofe  proofs,  whickf 
without  direcftly  deciding  either  time  or  perfons,  tend  ftrongly  to 
fliew,  that  there  was  an  age  when  Ireland'enjoycd  a  confiderable 
ihare  of  civilization, — Yet,  mod  of  the  Englifli  writers,  conceiv- 
ing this  defblate  and  diftraded  kingdom  to  have  been  naturally 
fuch  as  they  found  it,  eagerly  pronounced  it,  with  all  the  intem- 
perate bitternefs  of  enemies,  to  be  a  nation  without  law?,  with- 
out monuments,  without  records,  without  any  traces  whatever 
of  former  civilization  :  but  many  things  which  have  lliH  efcaped 
the  wreck  of  time,  and  the  i"ury  of  invaders,  concur  in  demon* 
ilrating  this  to  be  a  bafty  afTertion.' 

Part  the  fecond,  contains  the  mineralogical  hiftory  of  the 
county  of  Antrim,  and  fuch  other  counties  of  the  north  of 
Ireland,  as  include  the  bafaltic  fofBls. 

In  this  part  is  ftated,  a  plain,and  impartial  view  of  the  vol- 
canic theory  of  the  bafaltes.  We  fhall  again  refer  to  the 
analytical  table  of  contents. 

'  Hiftory  of  the  giants  caufeway,  from  its  firft  difcovery 
'till  the  prefent  time. — Opinions  of  the  natives  concerning 
it. — Defcnptions  and  opinions  of  the  literati  in  the  feventeentS 
century. — Labours  of  the  eighteenth  century. — Natural  hiftory 
of  the  columnar  bafaltes  of  the  county  of  Antrim. — Exterior 
chara<5ler  of  the  giants  caufeway. — Promontory  of  Bengore. — 
Promontory  of  Fairhead,  &c. — Definition  of*^  the  Bafaltes. — 
Analyfis  of  that  ftone. — Explanation  of  its  mofl:  remarkable 
properties,  from  the  elements  whereof  it  is  compofed. — Mag- 
netifm  of  the  capes  on  this  coaft. — Reafonable  conjectures 
concerning  .the  regular  form  and  arrangemcRt  of  the  pil- 
lars .-—Bimculties  attending  the  accurate  difcrimination  of  many 
different  fpecies  of  folHls. — Caufes  of  fuch  embarraffments.— 
Inftance. — Topographical  account  jpf  the  baCaltic  parts  of  Ire- 
land.— Enumeration  of  the  varieties  of  the  bafaltes. — Defcriptioa 
of  the  paffage  called  Caflan  an  Fhir  Leith,  or  the  Grey  Man's 
Path,  m  the  promontory  of  Fairhead,  Foffils  attendant  on  the 
bafaltes, — fuch  as  appear  to  be  co  eval  with  the  bafaltes,  or  of 
a  later  exillence.— Such  ^s  do  not  appear  to  be  ncceffarily  con- 
nefled  with  the  bafaltes,  but  rather  claim  a  priority  of  date.— 
Volcanic  theory  of  the  bafaltes. — Arguments  derived  from  the 
nature  and  properties  of  the  flone  itfelf,— From  its  attendant 
follils.— From  the  coniideration  of  thofe  elements  which  may  be 
eileemcd  the  food  of  all  volcanos. — From  the  exterior  character 
of  countries  which  cantain  the  bafaltes.— From  the  alterations. 

produced 


Hamilton*/  tetters:  •  i  379 

jproduced  in  tlic  fiibjacent  foflils  of  the  county  of  Antrim,  in  con- 
fcquencc  of  their  vkinity  to  the  bafaltes— Obje^^ions  to  the  vol- 
canic theory. — Anfwefs  to  thefeobje<5Hons. — Falfc  modes  of  rca- 
foning  adopted  in  natural  hiftory,  and  falfe  cone lu dons  inreligiQii 
and  morality  derived  from  thence  — Inilance  of  fair  analogical 
reafoning  to  prove  the  exigence  and'  attributes  of  God.— Ex- 
amples of  fali^  reafoning  to  difprove  his  exiltehcc  and  Attributes* 
Inliances  of  wifdom  in  the  flru<^ure  of  the  earth,  and  proofs  fa^ 
vourable  to  natural  and  revealed  celigion,  derived  from  the  hiftory 
of  the  earth,  and  its  inhabitajiits.' 

The  volcanic  theory  of  the  bafaltes  is  an  ingenious  conjec- 
ture, better  fupported  by  analogical  reafoning  than  many  fafhion- 
able  hypothefes,  which^  fanguine  men  have  rendered  plaufi&le, 
and  dull  mortals  laughed  at,  not  on  account  of  their  evident 
abfurdity,  but  becaufe  they  have  not  fufiicient  fancy  to  relifh 
them.  Mr.  H.  very  ably  defends  this  theory ;  and  his  argu- 
ments rcfpefting  the  general  features  of  the  coaft,  and  the  atten- 
dant foflils,  more  addreffed  to  the  underftanding  than  the  ima- 
gination, do  equal  credit  to  his  fagacity  and  induflry  Some 
modern  phjlofophers,  who  have  employed  their  leifure  to  guefs 
how  our  world  was  created,  may  have  been  too  partial  to  a 
particular  element,  by  making  it  the  mother  of  the  reft ;  but 
conjeduring  about  the  changes  that  our  earth  may  have  under- 
gone, the  arguments  have  undoubtedly  a  more  folid  bafis  to  reft 
on,  and  allow  probability  to  take  place  of  the  extorted  pof&bi^^ 
lity,  which  is  all  fomefpeculatifts  caii  hope  for. 

The  fuppofit'.on  that  the  Giants  Caufeway  might  have  been 
an  immenfe  vault,  or  the  heart  of  a  volcano ;  which,  burft 
afunder  by  fome  violent  concuflion,  difplayed  the  grand  yet 
regular  operations  of  nature  in  her  hidden  cells,  during  thofe 
revolving  ages  which  time  borrows  from  eternity,  to  complete 
the  bold  features,  at  wljofe  fight  we  creatures  of  a  day  ftart^ 
is  fublime.  That  lava,  like  other  cryftallizatioaii..lhould  afllime 
a  regular  form,  when  allowed  flowly  and  uninterrufhsediy  to  fub- 
fide,  is  rational,  and  we  have  great  reafon  to  fuppofe  that  fome 
northern  as  well  as  many  fouthern  iflands  have  been  fevered  from 
the  adjacent  continents  by  volcanic  eruptions. — For  all  this,  how- 
ever, the  author  cannot  imagine  that  a  few  thoufand  years  would 
have  been  fufficient — and  h^fuppofes^  that  this  goodly  world  was 
created  at  a  period  indefinitely  remote  from  the  prefent  age  ;  that 
the  light  was  divided  from  darknefs,  the  earth  clothed,  and  living 
creatures  fporied  in  their  different  elements,  martyr  very  many 
ages,  before  man,  with  front  erect,  furveyed  the  wonders  that  had 
long  unfecn  been  changing. — Butif  the  earth  was  created  for  the 
habitation  of  intelligent  beings — *  and  that  it  was,  all  nature 
cries  aloud,' — why  was  fo  much  time  to  be  loft  before  the  God 
of  nature  received  the  homage  of  a  creature  who  cuuld  pant  to 
refemble  him  ?  But  of  thefe  queftions  there  would  be  no  end— 
lK>r  is  it  of  much  confequence  ; — we  may  go  00  iafcr  ground, 

D  d  2  and 


» 


jSo  T   R    A    V,   E   b   S. 

and  tracing  the  manifeftatbns  of  the  wtfdom  of  God  in  tb«^ 
fublime  order  which  is  difcotrerabie  in  all  his  works,  we  may 
venture  to  hope  that  there  is  fome  affinity  between  what  we 
feel,  and  the  caufe  that  produced  tbofe  feelings^ 

We  (hall  now  clofe  our  review  of  a  work,  whi^h  has  aiForded 
us  a  fubje£l  of  thought,  and  confiderable  amufement,  with  a  few 
cxtra<fts  refpe6ling  the  bafaltes. 

p.  10 1,  *  Dear  Sir,  there  arc  few  things  that  can  affeft  a  con- 
templative mind  with  more  furprife,  than  the  numerous  and 
fignal  changes  which  appear  to  have  taken  place,  in  the  form 
and  arrangement  of  our  earth,  at  fome  very  djllant  age.  It  is  a 
fubje<5t  which  has  at  all  times  engaged  the  attention  of  mankind, 
and  certainly  coniiitutes  the  molt  interefting  department  of  na« 
tural  hiftory. 

*  From  the  frequent  and  unequivocal  vcjftiges  of  marine  pro- 
ductions, that  arc  found  in  the  midft  of  our  mod  extcnfive  con- 
tinents, and  on  the  fummlt  of  feveral  of  the  lofcieft  mountains, 
fome  philofophers  have  been  induced  to  attribute  the  formation 
of  the  prefent  habitable  world,  to  the  violent  and  tumultuary 
fury  of  the  ocean,  agitated  by  fome  uncommon  caufe  :  whillt 
others  have  thought,  that  the  gradual,  but  unccafing  efforts  of 
its  heaving  billows,  were  abundantly  adequate  to  account  for 
thefe  appearances  on  more  common  principles. 

^  But  variety  of  natural  phsenomena  occur  to  an  attentive  ob- 
ferver,  which  are  deemed  incapable  of  being  reafonably  explained 
by  thefe  hypothefes ;  whether  we  regard  the  general  features  and 
elevation  of  many  of  our  continents,  or  the  nature  and  fituatioa 
of  the  foffils  which  they  contain. 

*  Hence  it  has  come  to  pafs,  that  a  new  and  more  powerful 
principle,  efteemed  entirely  equal  to  tbofe  effects,  has  been  adopt-* 
cd ;  and  many  of  the  moft  furpriling  phaenoraena  of  nature,  ar6 
held  to  be  explicable  by  the  potent  agency  of  fubterrancan  fire. 

*  To  this  latter  caufe,  the  formation  of  our  pillars  of  bafaltct 
has  been  attributed,  with  fome  appearance  of  probability  ;  and 
though  much  has  been  faid  on  this  fubje<^  with  vaguenefs  and 
indecifion,  concerning  the  manner  of  their  production,  yet,  the 
principal  faCts  that  have  been  adduced  in  favour  of  the  general 
opinion,  are  well  worthy  of  attention,  and  open  to  view  a  very 
novel  and  important  object  of  enquiry. 

*  The  firft  perfon  who  took  a  decided  part  In  favor  of  the 
volcanic-  theory  of  the  bafaltes,  was  Mr.  Defmared,  a.  French 
gentleman,  whofc  memoire  on  that  fubjedt  may  be  feen  in  the 
publication  of  the  Royal  Academy  of  Sciences  for  the  year  1771. 
Mr.  Defmareft  made  a  tour  through  the  county  of  Auvergnc^ 
one  of  the  fouthern  provinces  of  France,  in  the  neighbourhood 
of  the  Rhone  ;  where  he  difcovered  many  piles  of  bafaltes,  with 
more  variations  of  magnitude,  figure,  and  arrangement,  than 
was  at  that  time  known  about  the  Giants  Caufcway  in  Ireland. 
By  his  means  a  , geographical  furvey  was  made  ot  this  part  of 
France,  and  a  map  delineated,  wherein  the  direction  of  the 
mountains,  and  the  fituation  of  its  bafaltes,  were  fuppofed  to  be 
accurately  projedtc'd. 

9  *  Fiom 


Hamilton  V  Letters.  38 1 

*  From  this  map,  and  his  own  pcrfonal  obfervations  on  the 
nature  of  the  foil,  and  the  general  fpecies  of  its  foflils,  he  con- 
ceived that  this  country  had  once  been  ravaged  by  fubterraneaq 
tire,  of  whofe  wafteful  dominion  undeniable  velHges  llill  re- 
mained ;  and  that  the  bold  inequalities  of  its  furface,  its  hills 
and  vallies,  were  formed  by  vail  heaps  of  fcoriae,  and  different 
melted  fubllances,  which  had  iflued  from  its  volcanic  mouQ.* 
tains,  fpreading  themfelves  in  every  dirediion  from  thefe  flaming 
centres. 

*  He  imagined  alfo,  that  many  of  thefe  melted  torrents  might 
be  traced  through  their  whole  extent,  from  the  fide  of  the  great 
volcano  which  gave  them  birth  in  the  mountains  of  D'or,  to 
their  remoteft  extremities,  where  they  terminated  in  banks  of 
prifmatical  bafaltes.  From  all  thefe  circumflances  he  concluded, 
that  the  bafaltic  columns  were  formed  by  the  gradual  refrige- 
ration of  a  mafs  of  fluid  lava,  during  its  (low  and  retarded  progrefs 
over  the  fubjacent  foil ;  and  that  mod  of  its  varieties  of  fliape  and 
fituation,  might  naturally  be  attributed  to  the  different  interrup- 
tions of  its  courfp^  ox  to  the  alterations  introduced  by  the  fuc- 
ceflivc  ravages  of  volcanic  fire.* 

P.    108.      *  The   bafaltes   itfelf  is    cfteemed   to  be    nothing 
clfe  than  lava ;  and  its  varieties  are  entirely  attributed  to  acci- 
,  dental  circumflances  attending  its  pourfe,  the  degree  of  fufioa 
to  which  it  has  been  fubjedled,  or  the  manner  of  its  cooling. 

*  In  fupport  of  t^is  bold  opinion,  (which  maintains  a  limila- 
rity  between  fubftances,  whofe  fpecies  have  hitherto  been  held 
perfe<5lly  difiin6l,)  it  is  affirmed,  that  the  bafaltes  agrees,  almofl 
accurately,  with  lava,  vaxx.^  elementary  principles  \  in  its  tW<?«r  and 
grain  \  in  the  diverfities  of  its  texture;  in  \i%  extraneous  nature^ 
and  the  fpecies  oi  foreign  bodies  which  it  contains  ;  and  in  almoft 
all  its  properties^  as  well  negative  as  pofitive.  • 

*  The  following  are  the  elements  of  which  the  bafaltes  and  lava 
are  formed,  and  their  relative  proportions,  according  to  the 
analyfis  of  that  able  chymifl  Sir  T.  Bergman. 


100  parts  of  bafaltes  of 
Stana  contain  of 

Parts. 


Siliceous  earth 
Argillaceous  earth 
Calcareous  earth 
Magneiia      -     -     - 
Iron      .     .     -     . 


SO 

I 


H 


100 


100  parts  of  lava  contain 
of 

Farts. 


Siliceous  earth 
Argillaceous  earth 
Calcareous  earth 


Iron 


49 

35 

4 

i» 
100 


*  Hence,  it -appears,  that  the  elementary  parts  oi  the  two  fpecies, 
bear  an  exceeding  clofe  affinity ;  and  that  the  difference,  even 
in  the  proportions  of  thefe  principles,  fcarce  vary  more  fron^ 
each  other  than  often  happens,  where  feparate  fp^cjmens  pf  cithcip 
fubilance  are  compared  between  themfelves.* 


DJ  3 


P-  X3S* 


382  TRAVELS. 

P.  135.  <  Such  arc  the  evidences  in  favour  of  this  bold  and 
faring  theory,  which  maintains  the  ancient  exigence  of  fubterra- 
nean  fire  in  our  temperate  climate,  and  even  over  a  large  portion 
of  our  entire  northern  hemifphere  ;  for  it  is  certain,  that  whatever 
be  the  rcafonings  that  fairly  apply  to  the  formation  of  the  bafaltes 
in  ourifland,  the  fame  mull  be  extended,  with  little  interruption, 
over  the  main  land  and  weftern  illes  of  Scotland,  even  to  the 
frozen  ifland  of  Iceland,  where  bafaltic  pillars  are  to  be  found  in 
abundance,  and  where  the  flames  of  Hecla  flill  continue  to  bla^e.' 
t  w. 

Art.  ly.     Bruce^s  Travels  to  difcover  the  Source  of  the  Nile. 
[Continued  from  page  26^."] 

*Though  far  from  having,  by  our  extrafts,  exhaufted  the 
annals  of  Abyffinia  which  compofe  the  fecond  volume,  yet  our 
limits  v(^ill  not  allow  us  to  analyfe  the  remaining  part,  a  period 
of  nine  reigns,  Wc  pafs  with  regret  our  author's  copious  ac- 
count of  the  Shangallaj  a  nation  of  blacks,  firft  attacked,  or  ra- 
ther hunted  by  Oujias  the  ufurper;  though  wc  cannot  help 
prefenting  the  reader  with  the  fliort  extract  of  a  pafTagc  which 
at  once  refcues  an  ancient  author  from  the  imputation  of  fidlion, 
and  will  furniOi  the  poet  and  the  painter  with  a  pidure  of  mag- 
nificence and  terrour.  .         . 

During  the  intenfe  heat  that  follows  the  tropical  rains,  the 
Shangalla,  to  clear  the  country  from  the  decayed,  and  fit  it  foir 
frefli  vegetation,  fet  fire  to  the  parched  grafs.  and  herbage :  the 
flame  '  runs  with  incredible  violence  the  whole  breadth  of 
Africa,  palling  under  the  trees,  and  following  the  dry  grafs 
among  the  branches  with  fuch  velocity  as  not  to  hurt  the  trees, 
but  to  occafion  every  leaf  to  fall.'     vol.  ii.  p.  552. 

*  While  what  I  have  faid,*  continues  our  author,  *  is  ftill  in  me- 
mory,  1  mud  apply  a  part  of  it  to  explain  a  pafTage  in  Hanno's  Peri- 
plus.  We  faw,  fays  that  bold  navigator,  when  rowing  clofe  along  the. 
coaft  of  Africa,  rivers  of  fire,  which  ran  down  from  the  higheft  moun- 
tains, and  poured  themfelves  into  the  fea;  this  alarmed  him  fo  much, 
that  he  ordered  his  gallies  to  keep  a  confiderable  offing. 
•  *  After  the.  fire  has  confumed  all  the  dry  grafs  on  the  plain,  and, 
from  it,  done  tjic  fame  up  to  the  top  of  the  high6ft  mountain,  the  large 
ravines,  or  gullies,  made  by  the  torrents  falling  from  the  higher  ground, 
being  Ihaded  by  their  depth,  and  their  being  in  poffeffion  of  the  laft 
water  that  runs,  are  the  lateft  to  take  fire,  though  full  of  every  fort  of 
herbage.     The  large  bamboos,  hollow  canes,  and  fuch  like  plants, 

f  rowing  as  thick  as  they  can  ft^nd,  retain  their  greennefs,  and  are  not 
ried  enough  for  burning  till  the  fire  has  cleared  the  grafs  from  all  the 
xcft  of  the  country.  At  laft,  when  no  other  fuel  remains,  the  herdf- 
mai  on  the  top  of  the  mountains  fet  fire  to  thefe,  and  the  fire  rirn$ 
down  in  the  very  path  in  which,  fome  months  before,  the  water  ran, 
filling  the  whole  gully  with  flame,  which  does  not  end  till  it  is  checked 
by  the  ocean  below  where  the  torrent  of  water  entered,  and  where  the 
fuel  of  courfe  ceafes.  This  I  have  often  fceh  myfelf,  and  been  often 
nearly  inclofc4  in  it,  and  can  bear  witncfs,  that,  at  a  diftance,  and  by 
a  ftranger  ignorant  of  the  caufe,  it  would  very  hardly  be  diftinguilhed 
from  a  river  of  fire.'   '''■'■  Our 


Bruce^x  Travels  to  difcover  the  Source  of  the  Nile.       383 

Our  author,  to  enfure  fuccefs  to  his  projefted  vifit  of  Ethiopia, 
had  procured  recocnraendatory  letters  to  Michael  Suhul^  go-^ 
vernor  of  the  province  of  Tigre^  and,  in  feft,  ruler  of  Abyflinia. 
This  man,  who  is  firft  mentioned  under  the  reign  of  Tajhus  the 
fecond,  had  received  from  nature  the  ufual  powers  of  thoie,  who, 
in  all  ages,  have  produced  revolutions;  ambition,  comprehen- 
fion,  impatience  of  controul,  diflimulatiJn,  cruelty,  treachery, 
open  carnage,  fecret  poifon,  hired  daggers — if  they  led  to 
aggrandizement,  were  indifcriminately  employed ;  and  at  the 
very  time  our  author  entered  Abyilinia,  had  placed  him  at  the 
helm  ot  that  empire. 

We  left  iVdr.  Bruce  at  Mafuah^  an  ifland  on  the  Abyffinian 
Ihore,  ruled  with  nominal  dependence  on  the  grand  fignor,  but, 
in  fadl,  with  abfolute  power,  by  a  Belowee  or  fliepherd -chief, 
called  the  Nayhe  \  and  from  the  rapacity  of  the  black  aflaffin, 
who  at  that  time  was  invefted  with  that  dignity,  nothing  but 
the  fuppofed  protection  of  Michael  and  his  own  intrepidity  could 
have  refcued  our  traveller. 

The  honours  paid  to  Mr.  B.  by  the  Englifh  fhips  on  his  de- 
parture from  Jidda,  had  been  related  with,  exaggeration  at 
Mafuah  : — he  was  fuppofed  to  be  a  prince  and  in  poireflion  of 
treafure ;  confultations  were  held,  before  his  arrival,  hpw  to 
receive,  or,  rather,  in  what  manner  to  difpatch  him ;  and,  but 
for  the  interpofition  of  Achmet  the  Naybe's  nephew  and  pre- 
fumptive  fuccelior,  he  would  ftill  have  added  one  to  the  vidlims 
of  what  he  calls  *  a  flaughterhoufe  of  ftrangers,'  without  having 
been  able  to  avail  himleif  of  his  letters  to  Michael. 

For  the  relation  of  thefe  tranl'actions,  the  character  of  Achmet,* 
and  our  author's  different  interviews  with  him,  though  highly 
interefting,  we  muft  refer  the  reader  to  the  booic  itfelf^  and  be- 
gin our  extrails  with  Mr.  B.'s  firft  vifit  tothe  Naybe.  vol.  iii^ 
p.  18. 

*  On  the  2 1  ft,  in  the  morning,  the  Naybe  came  from  Arkeeko.  The 
ufual  w&y  is  by  fea ;  it  is  about  two  leagues  llraight  acrcfs  the  bay, 
but  fomewhat  more  by  land.  The  paffage  from  the  main  is  on  the 
north  fide  of  the  ifland,  which  is  not  abo^e  a  quarter  of  a  mile  broad; 
there  is  a  large  ciftern  for  rain-water  on  th*-lami-fi^,  X^TitTe  you  em- 
bark acrofs.  He  was  poorly  attended  by  three  or  foui*  fervants,  mife- 
rably  mounted,  and  about  forty  naked  favages  on  foot,  armed  with 
ihort  lances  and  crooked  knives. 

*  The  drum  beat  before  him  all  the  way  from  Arkeeko  to  Mafuah. 
Upon  entering  the  t^oat,  the  drum  on  the  land-fide  ceafed,  and  thofe, 
in  what  is  called  the  cartle  of  Mafuah,  began.  The  caltle  is  a  fmall 
clay  hut,  and  in  it  one  fwivcl-gun,  which  is-not  mounted,  but  lies  upon 
the  ground,  and  is  tired  always  with  great  trepidation  and  fome  danger. 
The  drums  are  earthen  jars,  fuch  as  they  fend  butter  in  to  Arabia ;  th? 
mouths  of  which  are  covered  with  a  fkin,  fo  that  a  (Iranger,  on  feeing 
two  or  three  of  thefe  together,  would  run  a  great  rilk  of  believing  them 
to  be  jars  of  batter,  or  pickles^. carefully  covered  with  oiled  parchment. 

D  d  4  ^  All 


384  TRAVELS. 

«  All  the  procedion  was  in  the  fame  ftilc.  The  Naybe  was  drtifed 
in  an  old  ihabby  Turkifh  habit,  much  too  ihort  for  him,  and  feemed 
to  have  been  made  about  the  time  of  Sultan  Selim .  He  wore  alfo  upon 
his  head  a  Turkifh  cowke,  or  high-cap,  which  fcarcely  admitted  any 
part  of  his  head.  In  this  drcfs,  which  on  him  had  a  truly  ridiculous 
appearance,  he  received  the  caftan,  or  inveftiture,  of  the  ifland  of  Ma- 
faah ;  and,  being  thereby  reprefentative  of  the  grand  fignior,  confcnted 
that  day  to  be  called  Omar  Aea,  in  honour  of  the  commiflion. 

•  Two  ftandards  of  white  fiUc,  ftriped  with,  red,  were  carried  before 
him  to  the  mofque,  from  whence  he  went  to  his  own  houfe  to  receive 
tjic  compliments  of  his  friends.  In  the  afternoon  of  that  day  I  went 
to  pay  my  refpedts  to  him,  and  found  him  fitting  on  a  large  wooden 
*  elbow-chair,  at  the  head  of  two  files  of  naked  favages,  who  made  an 
avenue  from  his  chair  to  the  door.  He  had  nothing  upoii  him  but  a 
coarfe  cotton  (hirt,  fo  dirty  that,  it  feemed,  all  pains  to  clean  it  again 
would  be  thrown  away,  and  fo  Ihort  that  it  fcarcely  reached  his  knees. 
He  was  very  tall  and  lean,  his  colour  black,  had  a  laree  moqth  and 
nofe ;  in  place  of  a  beard,  a  very  fcanty  tuft  of  grey  hairs  upon  the 
point  of  his  chin;  large,  dull,  and  heavy  eyes;  a  kind  of  malicious, 
contemptuous,  fmile  on  his  countenance ;  he  was  altogether  of  a  moft 
ftupid  and  brutal  appearance.  His  charafter  perfeftly  correfponded 
with  his  figure,  for  he  was  a  man  of  mean  abilities,  cruel  to  excefs^ 
avaricious,  and  a  great  drunkard. 

•  I  prefented  my  firman. — The  greateft  balha  in  the  Turkilh  empire 
would  have  rifen  upon  feeing  it,  kiffed  it^  and  carried  it  to  his  fore- 
head ;  and  I  really  expeded  tliat  Omar  Aga,  for  the  day  he  bore  tha^ 
title,  and  received  the  caftan,  would  have  (hewn  this  piece  of  refpctt 
to  his  mafter.  But  he  did  not  even  receive  it  into  his  hand,  and  puftied 
it  back  to  me  again,  faying,  «*  Do  you  read  it  all  to  me  word  for  word."— 
•''  I  told  him  it  was  Turkilh ;  that  I  had  never  learned  to  read  a  word  of 
that  language."—"  Nor  1  either,"  fays  he  ;*' and  I  believe  I  never  (hall.** 
I  then  gave  him  Metical  Aga's  letter,  the  SherriiFe's,  Ali  Bey's,  and 
the  Janizaries  letters.  He  took  them  all  together  in  both  his  hands, 
|ind  laid  them  unopened  befide  him,  faying,  "  You  (hould  have 
brought  a  moullah  along  with  you.  Do  you  think  I  (hall  read  all  thefc 
letters  ?  Why,  it  would  take  me  a  month."  And  he  glared  upon  me, 
with  his  ihouth  open,  fo  like  an  idiot,  that  it  was  with  the  utmoft  dif- 
ficulty I  kept  my  gravity,  only  anfwering,  **  Juft  as  you  pleafe;  you 
know  heft." 

'  He  aiF;dW  at  full  r-ct  to  underftand  Arabic ;  fpoke  by  an  inter* 
preter  in  the  language  of  Mafuah,  which  is  a  dialed  of  Tigrc ;  but 
feeing  I  underftood  him  in  this,  he  fpoke  Arabic,  and  fpoke  it  well. 

*^  A  filence  followed  this  (hort  converfation,  and  I  took  the  oppor- 
tunity to  give  him  his  prefent,  with  which  he  did  not  feem  diipleafed, 
but  rather  that  it  was  below  him  to  tell  me  fo ;  for,  without  faying  a 
word  about  it,  he  afked  me,  where  the  Abuna  of  Habefh  was?  and 
why  he  tarried  fo  long  ?  I  faid.  The  wars  in  Upper  Egypt  had  made 
the  roads  dangerous ;  and,  it  was  cafy  to  fee,  Omar  longed  much  ^ 
fettle  accounts  with  him. 

*  I  took  my  leave  of  the  Naybe,  very  little  pleafed  with  my  recep- 
tion, and  the  fmall  account  he  feemed  to  make  of  my  letters,  or  of 
myfelf ;  hot  heartily  fatisfied  with  having  fcnt  my  difpatches  to  JannJ, 
^ow  far  out  of  his  power. 

•  The 


Bruce*j  Travels  to  dlfcover  the  Source  of  the  Nile.        385 

*  The  inhabitants  of  Mafuah  were  dying  of  the  fmall-pox,  (b  that 
there  was  fear  the  living  would  not  be  fufficient  to  bury  the  dead  The 
whole  ifland  was  filled  with  (hrieks  and  lamentations  both  nio;ht  and 
day.  They  at  lad  began  to  throw  the  bodies  into  the  fca,  which  de- 
prived us  of  our  great  fupport,  filh,  of  which  we  had  ate  fume  kinds 
that  were  excellent.  I  had  faporeffed  my  cbarafter  of  phyfician,  fear- 
ing I  (hould  be  detained  by  reaion  of  the  multitude  of  flck. 

•  On  the  1 5th  of  Oftober  the  Naybe  came  to  Mafuah,  and  difp^tched 
the  veflfel  that  brought  me  over ;  and,  as  if  he  had  only  waited  till  this 
evidence  was  out  of  the  way,  he,  that  very  night,  fent  me  word  that  I 
was  to  prepare  him  a  handfome  prefent.  He  gave  in  a  long  lift  of  par- 
ticdlars  to  a  great  amount,  which  he  deiired  might  be  divided  into 
three  parcels,  and  prefented  three  feveral  days.  One  was  to  be  given 
him  as  Naybe  of  Arkeeko  ;  one  as  Omar  Aga,  reprefentative  o?  the 
grand  fignior ;  and  one  for  having  pafled  our  baggage  gratis  and  im- 
viiited,  efpecially  the  large  quadrant.  For  my  part,  I  heartily  wilhed 
he  had  fcen  the  whole,  as  he  would  not  have  fct  great  value  on  the  brals 
and  iron. 

•  As  Achmet's  afifu ranee  of  proteftion  had  given  me  courage,  I  an- 
fwered  him.  That,  having  a  nrman  of  the  grand  fignior,  and  letten 
from  Metical  Aga,  it  was  mere  generofity  in  me  to  give  him  any 
prefent  at  all,  either  as  Naybe  or  Omar  Aga,  and  I  was  not  a  mer- 
chant that  bought  and  Ibid,  nor  had  merchandife  on  board,  therefore 
had  no  cuftoms  to  pay.  Upon  this  he  fent  for  me  to  his  houfe,  where 
I  found  him  in  a  violent  fury,  and  many  nfclefs* words  pafled  on  both 
fides.  At  laft  he  peremptorily  told  me.  That  unlefs  I  had  300  ounces 
of  gold  ready  to  pay  him  on  Monday,  upon  his  landing  from  Arkeeko^ 
he  would  confine  me  in  a  dungeon,  without  light,  air,  or  meat,  till  the 
bones  came  through  my  fkin  for  want. 

*  An  uncle  of  his,  then  prefent,  greatly  aggravated  this  affair,  H« 
pretended  that  the  Naybe  might  do  what  he  {)leafed  with  hisprcfents; 
but  that  he  could  not  in  an,y  fhape  give  away  the  prefent  doe  to  the 
janizaries,  which  was  40  ounces  of  gold,  or  400  dollars ;  and  this  wai 
ail  they  contented  thcmfelves  to  take,  on  account  of  the  letter  I  brought 
from  the  port  of  janizaries  at  Cairo;  and  in  this  they  only  taxed  me 
the  fum  paid  by  the  Abuna  for  his  palTage  through  Mafuah.  I  an- 
fwered  firmly, — *'  Since  you  have  broken  your  faith  with  the  grand 
fignior,  the  government  of  Cairo,  thcbafha  at  Jidda,  and  Metical  Aga. 
you  will  no  doubt  do  as  you  pleafe  with  me ;  but  you  may  expeft  to 
fee  the  £ngli(h  man  of  war,  the  Lion,  before  Arkeeko,  fome  morning 
by  day-break." — **  I  (hould  be  glad,"  faid  the  Naybe,  «*  to  fee  that 
man  at  Arkeeko  or  Mafuah  that  would  carry  as  much  writing  from  yon 
to  Jidda  as  would  lie  upon  my  thumb  nail ;  I  would  ftrip  his  Ihirt  off 
firft,  and  then  his  fkin,  and  hang  him  Ixjfore  your  door  to  teach  you 
more  wifdom." — •*  But  my  wifdom  has  taught  toe  to  prevent  all  this. 
My  letter  is  already  gone  to  Jidda  ;  and  if,  in  twenty  days  from  fhis, 
another  letter  from  me  does  not  follow  it,  you  will  fee  what  will  arrive. 
In  the  mean  time,  I  here  announce  it  to  you,  that  I  have  letters  from 
Metical  Aga  and  the  Sherriffe  of  Mecca,  to  Michael  Suhul  governor  of 
Tigr^,  and  the  king  of  Abyflinia.  I,  therefore,  would  wilh  that  you 
would  leave  off  theie  unmanly  altercations,  which  ferve  no  fort  of  pur- 
pofe,  and  let  me  continue  my  journey."  The  Naybe  faid  in  a  low 
voice  to  himfelf,  "  What,  Michael  too!  then  go  your  journey,  and 

think 


3^  T   E   A   V  B  L   S. 

tbink  of  the  ill  that's  before  you."  I  turned  my  back  withour  any  atir 
fwer  or  falutation,  and  was  fcarce  arrived  at  home  when  a  xneiTage  cama 
ffom  the  Naybe,  defiriag  I  would  fend  hira  two  bottles  of  aqua  vitac. 
I  eave  the  fervant  two  bottles  of  cinnamon -water^  which  he  refufed  till 
I  had  firft  tailed  them  ;  but  they  were  not  agreeable  to  the  Naybe^  £> 
they  were  returned.      '  .        ' 

«  All  this  tinie  I  very  much  wondered  what  was  become  of  Achmct, 
who,  with  Mahomet  Gibberti,  remained  at  Arkeeko :  at  laft  I  heard 
from  the  Nay  he's  fervant  that  he  was  in  bed,  ill  of  a  fever.  Mahomet 
Gibberti  had  kept  his  promife  to  me ;  and,  faying  nothing  of  my  ikill 
in  phyfic,  or  having  medicines  with  me,  I  fcnt,  however,  to  the  Naybe 
to  defire  leave  to  go  to  Arkeeko.  He  anfwered  me  furlily,  I  might  go 
if  I  could  find  a  boat }  and,  indeed,  he  had  taken  his  meafures  fo  well 
that  not  a  boat  would  flir  for  money  or  petfuafion. 

«  C)n  the  29th  of  Odober  the  Naybe  came  again  from  Arkeeko  to 
Mafuah^  and,  I  was  told,  in  very  ill-humour  with  me.  I  foon  received 
a  meilage  to  attend  him,  and  found  him  in  a  large  wade  room  like  s^ 
bam,  with  about  fixty  people  with  him.  This  was  his  divan,  or  grand 
council,  with  all  his  janizaries  and  officers  of  ftate,  all  naked,  affembled 
in  parliament.  There  was  a  comet  that  had  appeared  a  -few  days  after 
our  arrival  at  Mafuah,  which  had  been  many  days  vifible  in  Arabia 
Felix^  being  then  in  its  perihelion  ;  and,  after  pafling  it^  conjundioa 
with' the  fun^  it  now  appeared  at  Mafuah  early  in  the  evening,  receding 
to  its  aphelion.  I  had  been  obferved  watching  it  with  great  attention ; 
and  the  large  tubes  of  the  telefcopes  had  given  offence  to  ignorant 
people.  "^ 

*  The  firft  queftion  the  Naybe  alkcd  me  was.  What  that  comet 
meant,  and  why  it  appeared  ?  And  before  I  could  anfwer  him,  he 
again  faid,  •*  The  firft  time  it  was  vifible  it  brought  the  fmall-pox» 
ivhich  had  killed  above  1 000  people  in  Mafuah  and  Arkeeko.  It  is 
Jknown  you  converfed  with  it  every  night  at  Loheia  ;  it  has  now  folr- 
ibwed  you  again  to  finiih  the  few  that  remain,  and  then  you  are  to  car- 
ry'it  into  AbyfTmia.     What  have  you  to  do  with  the  comet  ?" 

'  Without  giving  me  leave  to  fpeak,  his  brother  Emir  Achmet  then 
faid.  That  he  was  informed  I  was  an  engineer  going  to  Michael,  go- 
vernor of  Tigrd,  to  teach  the  Abyffinians  to  make  cannon  and  gun- 
powder; that  the  firlt  attack  was  to  be  againft  Mafuah.  five  or  fix 
others  fpoke  much  iu  the  fame  (train ;  and  the  Naybe  concluded  by 
faying,  1  hat  he  would  fend  me  in  chains  to  Conftantinople,  unlefs  I 
went  to  Haraazen,  with  his  brmher  Emir  Achmet,  to  the  hot-wells 
there,  and  that  this  was  the  refolution  of  all  the  janizaries ;  for  I  had 
concealed  my  being  a  phyfician. 

*  I  had  not  yet  opened  my  mouth.  I  then  afked.  If  all  thefe  were 
janizaries;  and  where  was  their  commanding  officer?  A  well- 
looking,  elderly  n:an«  anfwered,  "  I  am  Sardar  of  the  janizaries."— 
"  li  you  are  Sardar,  then,"  faid  I,  *«  this  firman  orders  you  to  protc<S 
me.  1  he  Naybe  is  a  man  of  this  country,  no  member  of  the  Otto- 
xn.  n  empire."  Upon  my  firft  producing  my  firman  to  him,  he  threw 
it  afide  like  wafte-papcr.  The  greateft  Vizir  in  the  Turkifh  dominions 
would  have  receive4  it  ftandinv/,  bowed  his  head  to  the  ground,  then 
kifled  it,  and  put  it  upon  his  forehead.  A  general  murmur  of  appro- 
bation followed,  and  1  continued, — "  Now  I  muft  tell  you  n^y  refo- 
lution is,  never  to  go  to  Hama-^en,  or  elfev/here,  with  Emir  Achmet. 

Both 


ibruce'j  Travels  t^  difcav&r  the  Source  of  the  Nile*       j^y 

Both  he  and  the  Naybe  have  fhcweJ  therofelves  my  enemies ;  and,  I 
Relieve,  that  tO  feed  me  to  Hamazen  is  to  rob  and  murder  me  out  of 
light." — "  Dog  of  a  Chriftian !"  f^ys  Emir  Achmet,  putting  his 
hand  to  his  knife,  '*  if  the  Naybe  was  to  murder  you,  could  he  not 
do  it  here  now  this  minute!" — **  No,"  fays  the  man,  who  had  called  ' 
himfelf  Sai:dar,  "  he  could  not ;  I  would  not  fuffer  any  fuch  thing. 
Achmet  is  the  Granger's  friend,  and- recommended  me  to-day  to  fee  no 
injury  done  him ;  he  is  ill,  or  would  have  been  here  biinfelf." 

"  Achmet,"  faid  I,  "  is  my  friend,  and  fears  God ;  and  were  I  not 
hindered  by  the  Naybe  from  feeing  him,'his  ficknefs  before  this  would 
have  been  removed.  I  will  go  to  Achmet  at  Arkeeko,  bpt  not  to 
Jiamazen,  nor  ever  again  to  the  Naybe  here  in  Mafuah.  W^iatcver 
happens  to  me  muft  befal  me  in  my  own  houfe.  Confider  what  a  figure 
a  jfew  naked  men  will  make  the  day  that  my  eountrymen  alk  the  reafdi^. 
of  this  either  here  or  in  Arabia."  I  then  turned  my  back,  and  went 
out  without  ceremony.  "  A  brave  man!"  I  heard  a  voice  fay  behind 
me,  "  Wallah  Englefe  I  True  Engiilh,  by  G — d !"  I  went  away  ex- 
ceedingly difturbed,  as  it  was  plain  my  affairs  were  coming  to  acrifis 
rpr  good  or  for  evil.  I  obferved,  or  thought  I  obferved,  all  the  peo- 
ple mun  me.  I  was,  indeed,  upon  my  guard,  and  did  not  wifli  them 
to  come  near  me  ;  but,  turning  down  into  my  own  gateway,  a  man 
paffed  clofe  by  me,  faying  diftindtly  in  my  ear,  though  in  a  low  yoice, 
firft  in  Tigre  and  then  in  Arabic,  **  Fear  nothhig,  or.  Be  not  afraid.'* 
This  hint,  (hort  as  it  was,  gave  me  no  fmall  courage/ 

In  the  fecond  chapter  of  the  third  volume  our  author  gives 
direftions  to  travellers  for  prefer ving  health ;  enumerates  the 
difeafes  of  the  country,  viz.  violent  and  tertian  fevers,  with  their 
concomitants,  dyfenteries ;  a  difeafe  called  hanzeer^  the  hogs  or 
thcfwiney  which  is,  a  fwelling  of  the  glands  of  the  throat  and 
under  the  arm  ;  ulcers  and  cutaneous  eruptions  ;  the  farenteit 
or  worm,  with  which  the  author*  himfelf  was  afflicfted  j  and  the 
elephantiafis,  which  we  {hall  defcribe  in  his  own  words.  P.  40. 
*  The  lad  I  Ihall  mention  of  thefe  endemial  difeafes,  and  the  moft 
terrible  of  all  others  that  can  fall  to  the  lot  of  man,  is  the  elephantiafis, 
which  fome  have  chofen  to  call  the  leprofy,  or  lepra  arabum ;  though 
in  its  appearance,  and  in  all  its  circumftances  and  ftages,  it  no  more 
rcfembles  the  leprofy  of  Paleftine,  {which  is,  I  apprehend,  the  only  le- 
profy that  we  know)  tl^n  it  does  the  gout  or  the  dropfy.     I  never  faw 
the  beginning  of  this  difeafe.     During  the  courfe  of'  it,  the  face  is 
often  healthy  to  appearance ;  the  eyes  vivid  and  fparkling :  thofe  af- 
fedled  have  fometimes  a  kind  of  drynefs  upon  the  (kin  of  their  backs, 
which,  upon  fcrardung,  I  have  feen  leave  a  mealinefs,  or  whitenefs; 
the  only  circumftance,  to  the  beft  of  my  recollec^tion,  in  which  it  re- 
fembled  the  leprofy, 'but  it  has  no  fcalinefs.     The  hair,  too,  is  of  its 
natural  colour;  not  white,  yellowifti,  or  thin,  as  in  the  leprofy,  but  fo 
far  from  it  that,  though  the  Abyffinians  have  very  rarely  hair  upon  their' 
chin,  I  have  feen  people,  apparently  in  the  laft  ftage  of  the  elephan- 
tiafis, with  a  A'ery  good  beard  of  its  natural  colour. 
■    *  The  appetite  is  generally  good  during  this  difeafe,  nor  does  any 
'    change  of  regimen  afre<^  the  complaint.      The  pulfe  is  only  fubjed  to 
the  fame  variations  as  in  thofe  who  have  no  declared  nor  predominant 
illnefs ;  they  have  a  conftant  thirft,  as  the  lymph,  which  continually 
4  oozes 


38S  TRAVELS. 

oozes  from  their  wounds «  probably  demands  to  be  replaced.  It  it 
averred  by  the  Abyffinians  thai  it  is  not  intedHoas.  I  have  fecn  the 
wives  of  thofe  who  were  in  a  very  inveterate  ftage  of  this  illneis,  who 
liad  born  them  fcyeral  children,  who  were  yet  perfedly  free  and  found 
from  any  contagion.  Nay,  I  do  not  remember  to  have  feen  children 
>ifibly  infcded  with  this  difeafe  at  all^  though >  I  muft  own,  none  of 
ihem  had  the  appearance  of  htalth.  It  is  faid  this  difeafe,  though 
furely  born  with  the  infant,  does  not  become  vilibie  till  they  approach 
to  manhood,  and  fometimes  it  is  fald  to  pafi  by  a  whole  generation, 

•  The  chief  feat  of  this  difeafe  is  from  the  bending  of  the  knee  down- 
wards to  the  ancle ;  the  leg  is  fwelkd  to  a  great  degree,  becoming  one 
fize  from  bottom  to  top,  and  gathered  into  circular  wrinkles,  like  fmall 
lioops  or  plaits ;  between  every  one  of  which  there  is  an  opening  that 
Separates  it  all  round  from*  the  one  above,  and  which  is  all  raw  fleftx,  or 
perfectly  excoriated.  From  between  thcfe  circular  divifions  a  great 
quantity  of  lymph  conflantly  oozes,  llie  fwclling  of  the  leg  reaches 
ever  the  foot,  i'o  as  to  l^ave  about  an  inch  or  little  more  of  it  feen.  It 
ftioukl  feem  that  the  black  colour  of  the  Ikin,  the  thicknefs  of  the  leg, 
and  its  (hapclefs  form,  and  the  rough  tubercules,  or  excrefcences,  very 
like  thoie  feen  crpon  the  elephant^  give  the  name  to  this  difeafe,  and 
fof  m  a  ftriking  re/emblance  between  the  diftempered  legs  of  this  unfor* 
tuaate: indi victual  of  the  human  fpecjes,  and  thofe  of  the  noble  qua* 
draped  the  elephant,  when  in  full  vigour. 

•  An  infirmity,  to  which  the  Abyifinians  ar«  fubjeft,  of  much  worfe 
confequence  to  the  community  than  the  elephantiaiis,  I  mean  lying, 
vakes  it  impofiible  to  form,  from  their  relations,  any  accurate  account 
of  fymptom&  that  might  lead  the  learned  to  difcover  the  caufes  of  this 
extraordinary  diftempcr,  and  thence  fuggeft  focne  rational  method  to 
cure,  or  dimini(h  it. 

•  It  was  not  froin  the  ignorance  of  language^  nor  from  want  of  op- 
portur.ity,  and  Lefs  from  want  of  pains,  thfit  I  aiQ  not  able  to  give  a 
more  dillinft  account  of  this  dreadful  difoyder*  1  kept  one  of  thofc 
infected  in  a  houfe  adjoining  to  mine,  in  my  way  to  the  palace,  for 
liear  two  years  ;  and,  during  that  time,  I  tried  every  fort  of  regimea 
that  I  could  devife.  My  friend  Dr.  Ruflcl,  phyfician  at  Aleppo,  (now 
in  the  Eait  Indies),  to  whofe  care  and  (kill  1  was  indebted  for  i?iy  life 
in  a  dangerous  fever  which  1  had  in  Syria,  and  whofe  friendftiip  I  muft 
ahvays  confider  as  one  of  the  greateft  acqulfitions  I  ever  naade  in  tra- 
velling, defired  me,  among  other  medical  inquiries,  to  fry  the  effeA  of 
the  cicota  upon  tfiis  difeafe ;  and  a  confiderabie  quantity,  made  accord- 
ing to  the  direction  of  Dr.  Storke,  j)hyfician  in  Vienna,  was  fent  me 
from  Paris,  with  inftruftions  how  to  ufe  it. 

'  Having  firft  explained  the  whole  matter,  both  to  the  king^  Rat 
Michael,  and  Azage  Tecla  Hairaanout,  chief  juftice  of  the  king's 
bench  in  Abyffiaia,  and  told  them  of  the  confequences  of  giving  too 
great  a  dofe,  I  obtained  their  joint  permiflions  to  go  on  witnout  fear» 
and  do  what  I  thought  requifite.  It  is  my  opinion,  fays  the  Azage, 
that  no  harm  that  may  accidentally  befal  one  miferable  individual, 
DOW  already  cat  off  from  fociety,  (hould  hinder  the  trial  (the  only  one 
we  ever  fhall  have  an  opportunity  of  making)  of  a  medicine  which  may 
fave  multitudes  hereafter  from  a  difeafe  fo  much  worfe  than  death. 

«  It  was  foon  feen,  by  the  conftant  adminiilration  of  many  ordinary 
dofes,  that  nothing  was  to  be  cxpcdted  from  violent  or  dangerous 

ones; 


Bruce'j  Travels  tc  difccvtr  the  Source  of  the  Mie.      389 

ones ;  as  not  the  ftaalloft  degree  of  amendment  ever  appeared,  cither  . 
outwardly  or  inwardly,  to  the  fen&tion  of  the  patient.  Mercury  had 
no  better  efFed.  Tar-water  alfo  was  tried ;  and  if  there  was  any  thing 
that  produced  any  feeming  advantage,  it  was  whey  made  of  cow's 
jnilk,  of  which  he  Wasexceffively  fond,  and  which  the  king  ordered 
him  to  be  furnifhed  with  at  my  defire,  in  any  quantity  he  pleafed, 
during  the  experiment. 

'  The  troubles  of  the  times  prevented  farther  attention.  Dr, 
Storke's  cicuta,  in  feveral  inftances,  made  a  pcrfed  cure  of  the  hanxeera 
improperly  opened,  though,  in  feveral  other  cafes,  without  any  appa- 
fent  caufe,,  it  totally  mikarried.  I  fcarce  ever  obferved  mercury  fuc- 
ceed  in  any  complaint.'   . 

To  this  account  of  endemial  difeafes  the  author  has  fubjoined 
adiaetetic  regimen  for  the  prefervation  of  health — chiefly  nega- 
tive and  recommended  by  its  fimplicity  ;  attention  to  individual 
conftitution  ;  the  nature  of  the  climate  ;  the  manner  of  livings 
a  copious  ufe  of  fpices  with  meat ;  abftinence  from  all  fermented 
liquors,  vegetables  and  fruit  too  ripe  5  moderate  exercife  with- 
out fetigue,  &c.  What  he  fays  of  water,  for  drink  or  bathing, 
defer ves  much  attentioi^;    P.  46. 

•  Spring,  or  running  water,  if  you  can  find  it,  is  to  be  your  only 
drink.  You  cannot  be  too  nice  in  procuring  ;hi$  article.  Butas,  oa 
both  coafts  of  the  Red  Sea  you  fcarcely  find  any  but  ftagnant  water, 
the  way  I  praftifed  was  always  this,  when  I  was  at  any  place  that  al- 
lowed me  time  and  opportunity — I  took  a  quantity  of  find  fand,  waihed 
it  from  the  fait  quality  with  which  it  was  impregnated,  and  fpread  it 
upon  a  llieet  to  dry  ;  I  then  filled  an  oil-jar  with  water,  and  poured 
into  it  as  much  from  a  boiling  kettle  as  would  ferve  to  kill  all  the  ani- 
malcule and  eggs  that  were  in  it.  I  then  fifted  my  dried  fand,  as  flowly 
as  poffible,  upon  the  furface  of  water  in  the  jar,  till  the  fand  ftood  half 
a  foot  in  the  bottom  of  it ;  after  letting  it  fettle  a  night,  we  drew  it 
off  by  a  hole  in  the  jar  with  a  fpigot  in  it,  about  an  inch  above  the 
fand ;  then  threw  the  remaining  fand  out  upon  the  cloth,  and  dried  and 
wafhed  it  again. 

*  This'procefs  is  fooner  performed  than  defcribed.  The  wator  is  as 
limped  as  the  pureft  fpring,  and  little  inferior  to  the  fined  Spa.  Drink 
largely  of  this  without  fear,  according  as  your  appetite  requires.  By 
violent  perfpiration  the  aqueous  part  of  your  blood  is  thrown  off;  and 
it  is  not  fpirituous  liquor  can  reftore  this,  whatever  momentary  flrength 
it  may  give  you  from  another  caufe.  When  hot,  and  almoft  fainting 
with  weaknefs  from  continual  perfpiration,  I  have  gone  into  a  warm 
bath,  and  been  immediately  reflored  to  Itrength,  as  upon  firft  rifing  in 
the  morning.  Some  perhaps  will  objed,  that  this  heat  ihouid  have 
weakened  and  overpowered  you  ;  but  the  fa6^  is  othcrwife;  and  the 
reafon  is,  the  quantity  of  water,  taken  up  by  your  abforbing  vefiels, 
jreftored  to  your  blood  that  finer  fluid  which  was  thrown  off,  and  then 
the  uneafinefs  occafioned  by  that  want  ceafed,  for  it  was  the  want  of 
that  we  called  uneafinefs. 

«  In  Nubia  never  fcruple  to  throw  yourfelf  into  the  coldeft  river  or 
fpring  you  can  find,  in  whatever  degree  of  heat  you  are.  The  reafon 
of  the  difference  in  Europe  is,  that  when  by  violence  you  have  raifed 
yourfelf  to  an  extraordinary  degree  of  he«,  the  cold  water  in  which 

you 


390  ¥,lt   A  V  E  t  8. 

you  plrftigc  yourfclf  checks  your  perfpiration^  and  (huts  your  porei 
fuddenly.  The  medium  is  itfcif  too  cold,  and  you  do  not  ufe  force 
fufficient  to  bring  back  the  perfpiration,  which  nought  but  aftion  oc- 
cafioned  ;  whereas,  in  thefe  warm  countries,  your  perfpiration  is  na- 
tural and  conftant,  though  no  adtion  be  ufcd,  only  from  the  tempera- 
ture of  the  medium;  therefore,  though  your  pores  are  fhut,  the  moment 
you  plunge  yourfelf  in  the  cold  water,  the  fimple  condition  of  the 
outward  air  again  covers  you  with  pearls  of  fweat  the  moment  you 
emerge ;  and  you  begin  the  expence  of  the  aqueous  part  of  your  blood 
afrelb  from  the  new  ftock  that  you  have  laid  in  bv  your  immerfion. 

«  For  this  rcafon,  if  you  are  well,  deluge  yourfelf  from  head  to  foot, 
even  in  the  houfe,  where  water  is  plenty,  by  direfting  a  fenant  to  throvi^ 
buckets  upon  you  at  leaft  once  a-day  when  you  are  hotteft ;  not  from 
any  imagination  that  the  water  braces  you,  as  it  is  called,  for  your 
bracing  will  Jaft  you  only  a  very  few  minutes;  but  thefe  copious  in- 
undations will  carry  watery  particles  into  your  blood,^  though,  not 
equal  to  bathing  in  running  dreams,  where  the  total  immerfion,.  the 
motion  of  the  water,  and  the  adion  of  the  limbs,  all  confpire  to  the 
benefit  you  are  in  queft  of.  As  to  cold  water  bracing  in  thefe  climates, 
I  am  perfuaded  it  is  an  idea  not  founded 'in  truth.  By  obfervation  it 
.  has  appeared  often  to  me,  that,  when  heated  by  violent  exercife,  I  have 
been  much  more  relieved,  and  my  ftrength  more  completely  leftored  by 
the  ufe  of  a  tepid  bath,  than  by  an  equal  time  paffed  in  a  cold  one.' 

The  reft  of  the  chapter  is  taken  up  with  farther  obfervations 
on  the  mufic,  trade,  &c.  of  Mafuah,  and  confere/ices  with  the 
Naybe — with  thefe,  charaderiftic  and  interefting  ill  themfelves, 
as  they  at  laft  procured  the  author's  difmiflion,  we  fliall  clofe 
this  article  for  the  prefent. — To  make  the  reader  perfeftly  un  - 
derftand  the  whole,  we  juft  obferve,  that  Mr.  B.  on  his  firft 
arrival  at  Mafuah,  had  diipatched  letters  to  Abyffinia,  ftating-his 
apprehenfions  of  the  Naybe,  and  foUiciting  an  order  for  his  im- 
tnediate  difmiffion ;  and  that  the  meffengers  who  carried  the 
anfwer  were  now  arrived.    P.  57. 

*  On  the  13th,  at  four  o'clock  in  the  afternoon,  I  waited  upon  the 
Naybe  at  his  own  houfe.  He  received  me  with  more  civility  thao 
lifual,  or  rather,  I  (hould  have  faid,  with  lefs  brutality ;  for  a  grain  of 
«ny  thing  like  civility  had  never  yet  appeared  in  his  behaviour.  He 
had  juft  received. news,  that  a  fervant  of  his,  fent  to  colled  money  at 
Hantazen,  had  run  off  with  it.  As  I  faw  he  was  bufy,  I  took  my  leave 
of  him,  only  alking  his  commands  for  Habefh ;  to  which  he  anfwered, 
*«  We  have  time  enough  to  think  of  that,  do  you  come  here  to- 
morrow." 

*  On  the  14th,  in  the  morning,  I  waited  upon  him  according  to 
appointment,  having  firft  ftruck  my  tent  and  got  all  my  baggage  in 
readinefs.  He  received  me  as  before,  then  told  me  with  a  grave  air, 
«•  that  he  was  wi'ling  to  further  my  journey  into  Habefh  to  the  utmoft 
of  his  power,  provided  I  (hewed  him  that  confidcration  which  was  due 
to  him  from  all  palTengers ;  that  as,  by  my  tent,  baggage,  and  arms,  he 
faw  I  was  a  man  above  the  common  fort,  which  the  grand  fignior'a 
firman,  and  all  my  letters  teftified,  lefs  than  looqjjatakas  offered  by  me 

.    would  be  putting  a  great  affront  upon  him ;  however,  in  conHderation 
of  the  governor  of  Tigrd>  lo  whom  I  was  going,  he  would  confent  to 

receive 


firuce'j  travels  ta  difcover  the  Source  of  the  tiile.       Jgt 

receive  300,  upon  my  fwearing  not  to  divulge  this-,  for  fear  of  thfc 
ihariie  that  would  fall  upon  him  abroad, 

«  To  this  I  anfwercd  in  the  fame  grave  tone,  *«  That  I  thought  him 
very  wrong  to  take  300  patakas  with  (hame,  when  receiving  a  thoufand 
would  be  more  honourable  as  well  as -more  profitable  ;  therefore  lie  had 
nothing  to  do  but  put  that  into  his  account-book  with  the  governor  of 
Tigre,  and  fettle  his  honour  and  his  intereft  together.  As  for  myfelf^ 
1  was  fent  for  by  MeticalAga,  on  account  of  the  king,  and  was  pro^- 
ceeding  accordingly,  and  if  he  oppofed  my  going  forward  to  Metica! 
Aga,  I  fliould  return  ;  but  then  again  I  fhould  ext>ea  ten  thoufand  pa- 
takas from  Metical  Aga,  for  the  trouble  and  lofs  of  time  I  had  bcea 
at,  which  he  and  the  Ras  would  no  doubt  fettle  with,  him."  The 
Naybet  faid  nothing  in  reply,  but  only  muttered,,  clofing  his  teeth, 
fifeitan  afrit,  that  devil  or  tormenting  fpirit. 

**  Look  you,  (fays  one  of  the  king's  fervants,  wiidml  had  not 
heard  fpeak  before)  I  was  ordered  to  bring  this  man  to  my  mafter;  I 
heard  no  talk  of  patakas ;  the  array  is  ready  to  march  againft  Waragna 
Fafil,  I  muft  not  lofe  ray  time  here."  Then  taking  his  (hort  red  cloak 
under  his  arm,  and  giving  it  a  fhake  to  make  the  duft  fly  from  it,  he 
put  it  upon  his  fhoulders,  and,  ftretching  out' his  hand  very  familiarly, 
iaid,  '*  Naybe,  within  this  hour  I  am  for  Habelh,  ray  companion  will 
ftay  here  with  the  man ;  give  me  my  dues  for  coming  here,  and  I  fhall 
carry  any  anfwer  cither  of  you  has  to  fend."  The  Naybe  looked  much 
difconcerted.  *'  Befides,  faid  I,  you  owe  me  300  patakas  for  faving 
the  life  of  your  nephew  Achmet." — *'  Is  not  his  life  worth  300  pata- 
kas ?"  He  looked  very  fiily,  and  faid,  "  Achmet's  life  is  worth  all 
Mafuah."  •  There  was  no  more  talk  of  patakas  after  this.  He  ordered 
the  king's  fervant  not  to  go  that  day,  but  come  to  him  to-morrow  to 
receive  his  letters,  and  he  would  expedite  us  for  Habelh. 

*  Thofe  friends  that  I  had  made  at  Arkeeko  and  Mafuah,  feeiB<y  the 
Naybe's  obttinacy  againft  our  departure,  and,  knowing  the  cruelty  oi 
his  nature,  advifed  me  to  abandon  all  thoughts  of  Abyffinia ;  for  that, 
in  pafling  through  Samhar,  among  the  many  barbarous  people  whom 
he  commanded,  difficulnes  would  multiply  upon  us  daily,  and,  either 
hy  accident,  or  order  of  the  Naybe,  we  fhould  furely  be  cut  off*. 

*  I  was  too  well  convinced  of  the  embarraffment  that  lay  behind  me 
if  left  alone  with  the  Naybe,  and  too  determined  upon  my  journey  to 
hefitate  upon  going  forward.  I  even  flattered  myfeif,  that  his  ftock  of 
ftratagems  to  prevent  our  going,  was  by  this  time  exhaufted,  and  that 
the  morrow  would  fee  us  in  the  open  /fields,  free  from  further  tyranny 
and  controuL  In  this  conjedlure  I  was  warranted  by  the  vifible  ira- 
preffion  the  declaration  of  the  king's  fetvant  had  made  upon  him. 

'  On  the  1 5th,  early  in  the  morning,  I  (truck  ray  tent  again,  and  had 
iny  baggage  prepared,  to  (hew  we  were  determined  to  ftay  no  longer; 
At  eight  o'clock,  I  went  to  the  Naybe,  and  found  him  alraoft  alone, 
when  he  received  me  in  a  manner  that,  for  him,  might  have  pafled  for 
civil.  He  began  with  a  confiderable  degree  of  eloquence,  or  fluency 
of  fpcech,  a  long  enumeration  of  the  difiiculties  of  our  journey,  the 
riverSy  precipices,  mountains,  and  woods  we  were  to  pafs  ;  the  number' 
of  wild  beads  every  where  to  be  found ;  as  alfo  the  wild  favage  people 
tiiat  inhabited  thofe  places  j  the  moil  of  which,  he  faid,  were  luckily 
under  his  command,  and  he  would  recommend  to  them  to  do  us  all 
maoner  of  good  offices*    He  commanded  two  of  hi&  fecretaxies  to  write 

the 


S^  T   k    A   V  E   1   Si 

the  proper  letters,  and,  in  tlie  mean  time,  ordered  os  coflGee ;  coriverf- 
ing  naturally  enough  about  the  king  and  Ras  Michael,  their  campaign 
againft  Fafil,  and  the  great  improbability  there  was,  they  Ihould  be 
luccefsful. 

*  At  this  time  came  in  a  Cirrant  covered  with  duft  and  feemingly 
fatigued,  as  having  arrived  in  hade  trom  afar.  "The  Nay  be,  with  a 
confidcrable  deal  of  uneafinefs  and  confuiion,  opened  the  letters,  which 
were  faid  to  bring  intelligence,  that  the  Hazorta,  Shiho,  and  Tora,  the 
three  nations  who  poflHTed  that  part  of  Samhar  tl\rough  which  our  road 
led  to  Dobarwa,  the  common  paflage  from  Mafuah  to  Tigrc,  had  re- 
▼olted>  driven  away  his  fervants,  and  declared  themfelves  independent. 
He  then,  (as  if  all  was  over)  ordered  his  fecrttaries  to  flop  writing ;  and, 
Hfti'ng  up  his  eyes,  began,  with  great  fecming  devotion,  to  thank  God 
we  were  not  ^l^'eady  on  our  journey  ;  for,  innocent  as  he  was,  when 
we  ftiould  h^  been  cut  off,  the  fault  would  have  been  imputed  to 
kim» 

*  Angry  as  I  was  at  fo  barefaced  a  farce,  I  could  not  help  burfting 
out  into  a  violent  fit  of  loud  laughter,  when  he  put  on  the  fevereft 
countenance,  and  defircd  to  know  the  reafon  of  my  laughing  at  fuch  a 
lime.  It  is  now  two  months,  anfwered  I,  fince  yoa  have  been  throw- 
ing various  objeftions  in  my  way  ;  can  you  wonder  that  I  do  not  give 
into  fo  grofs  an  impolition  ?  This  fame  morning,  before  I  ftnick  my 
tent,  in  prefer. ce  ot  your  nephew  Achmet,  I  fpoke  with  two  Shiho  juft 
arrived  from  Samhar,  who  brought  letters  to  Achmet,  which  faid  aU 
was  in  peace*  Have  you  earlier  intelligence  than  that  of  this  mom* 
ing? 

*  He  was  for  forae  time  without  fpeaking ;  then  faid,  "  If  you  are 
weary  of  living,  you  are  welcome  to  go ;  but  I  will  do  my  duty  ia 
warning  thofe  that  are  along  with  you  of  their  and  your  danger,  that, 
when  the  mifchief  happens,  it  may  not  be  imputed  to  me."  **  No 
number  of  naked  Shiho,"  faid  I,  **  unlefs  inftruAed  by  you,  can  ever 
be  found  on  our  road,  that  will  venture  to  attack  us.  The  Shiho  have 
no  fire  arms  ;  but  if  you  have  fent  on  purpofe  fome  of  your  foldiers 
that  have  fire  arms,  thefe  will  difcover  by  what  authority  they  come. 
For  our  part,  we  cannot  fly;  we  neither  know  the  country,  the  lan- 
guage, nor  the  watering-places,  and  we  (hall  not  attempt  it.  We  have 
plenty  of  different  forts  of  fire-arms,  and  y»our  fervants  have  often  fccn 
at  Mafuah  we  are  not  ignorant  in  the  ufe  of  them.  We,  it  is  true,  may 
lofe  our  lives,  that  is  in  the  hand  of  the  Almighty ;  but  we  (hall  not 
fail  to  leave  enough  on  the  fpot,  to  give  fufiicient  indication  to  the 
king  and  Ras  Michael,  whp  it  was  that  were  our  ailalfins,  Janni  of 
Adowa  will  explain  the  reft.''     ' 

*  I  then  rofe  very  abruptly  to  go  away.  It  is  impoffible  to  give  one, 
not  converfant  with  thefe  people,  any  conception  what  perfe^  mafters 
the  moft  clownifli  and  bealUy  among  them  are  of  diffimulation. '  The 
countenance  of  the  Naybe  now  changed  in  a  moment.  In  his  turn  he 
burftout  into  a  loud  fit  of  laughter,  which  furprifed  me  full  as  much 
as  mine,  fome  timte  before,  had  done  him.  Every  feature  of  his 
treacherous  countenance  was  altered  and  foftened  into  complacency; 
and  he,  for  the  firft  time,  bore  the  appearance  of  a  roan. 

•*  What  I  mentioned  about  the  Shiho,  he  then  faid,  was  but  to  try 
you  ;  all  is  peace.  I  only  wanted  to  keep  you  here,  if  pofiible,  to  cure 
my  nephew  Achmet,  and  his  uncle  Emir  Mahomet ;  bat  fince  you  sue 

rcfolvcd 


HaflellV  Tour  tfthe  Ijle  of  Wight.  393 

Jrefolved  to'go,  bq  not  afraid ;  the  roads  are  fafc  enough.  I  will  give 
you  a  perfon  to  conduft  you,  that  will  carry  you  in  fafety,  even  if  thew 
\vas  danger ;  only  go  and  prepare  fuch  remedies  as  may  be  proper  fo^ 
the  Emir,  and  leave  them  with  my  nep^iew  Achmet,  while  I  finilh  my 
fctters."  This  I  willingly  confented  to.do,  and  at  my  return  I  found 
every  thing  ready.    . 

•  Our  guid^  was  a  handfome  young  man,  to  ^whom,  though  a 
Chriftian,  the  Naybe  had  married  his  fiftcr ;  his  name  was  Saloome. 
The  common  price  paid  fox  fuch  a  condudor  is  three  pieces  of  blue 
Surat  cotton  cloth.  The  Naybe,  however,  obliged  us  to  promifc 
thirteen  to  his  brother-in-law,  with  which,  to  get  rid  of  him  with  fomt 
degree  pf  good  grace,  we  willingly  complied.' 

\To  he  continued,'] 


Art.  v.  Tour  of  the  IJle  of  Wight.  The  Drawings  taken  and 
engraved  in  Jqua-tinta  by  J.  Haflell.  In  Two  Vols.  8vo* 
472  Pages,  with  30  Plates,  in  Aqua-^tinta*  il.  lis.  6d. 
in  boards-    Hookham.     1790. 

Tt  is  eafy  to  perceive,  after  reading  only  a  few  pages  of  tbefe- 
Yolumes,  that  this  tour,  in  fearch  of  picS^ujefque  beauties,  was 
fuggefted  by  the  perufal  of  Mr.  Gilpin's  ingenious  works,  and 
that  it  is  not  merely  the  refcmblance  which  a  mind  ftruck  with 
admiration  might  infenfibly  produce,  but  the  ftudied  imitation 
of  acopyift.  After  this  aflertion  it  is  neceflary  to  add,  that 
ive  do  not  mean  to  infinuate  that  the  work  has  no  intrinfic 
merit,  on  the'^contrary,  the  prints  are  always  pretty,  and  a^i  allu- 
xmg  rural  fentiment  appears  in  fome  of  them,  though  they, 
want  that  delicacy  of  touch  fo  confpicuous  in  Mr.  Gilpin's. 
Tht  tour  was  obvioufly  written  for  the  drawings,  inftead  of 
their  being  fketched  to  illuftrate  the  text,  yet  many  of  the  ver- 
bal defcriptions,  as  well  as  the  views,  are  truly  pifturefque 
and  interefting.  We  fliould  have  faid  more,  and  obferved,  that 
the  author  has  evidently  a  quick  perception  of  the  latent  beau- 
ties of  nature,  if  the  afFefted  phrafes,  and  a  continual  difplajr 
of  extatic  feelings,  had  not  difgufted  us  to  fuch  a  degree,  that 
It  required  an  effort  of  reafon  to  overlook  the  affeftation,  and 
give  the  traveller  credit  for  the  tafte  and  fenfibility  it  obfcured. 
The  redundancy  of  adjedives,  which  make  the  periods  tinkle, 
may  be  very  fentimentaX  to  borrow  one  of  the  author's  favourite 
words ;  but  as  they  tend  to  corrupt  our  language,  and  intro- 
duce a  prettinefs  not  confident  with  the  genius  of  it,  we  ought 
not  to  pafs  them  over  unnoticed  or  uncenfured. 

This  isa  book  that  will  probably  fall  into  the  hands  of  females; 
and'we  are  forry  to  find  that  Jt  is  written  in  an  artificial  ftyle, 
calculated  to  pamper  the  imagination  and  leave  the  underftanding; 
to  ftarve.  A  few  fpecimens  will  forcibly  point  out  to  our  read- 
ers what  we  were  particularly  difgufted  with.— vol.  i.  p.  41. 
•  When  we  view  a  plcafing  fcenc,  that,  in  fuch  a  country  ai 
Vat.  yile  E  ^  Hamp 


Hampfhire,  where  every  view  is  a  pidure,  wiuft  frequently  bur^ 
upon  the  light,  we  at  once  feel  its  full  force  ;  but  to  what  a 
pitch  is  the  imagination  carried,  when  we  behold  nature  flily 
fporting  in  fome  retired  corner,  where,  as  if  fearful  of  being 
feen,  (be  rears  a  ponderous  grove  to  overhang  fome  nturmuring 
rivulet,  to  whofe  cryftal  ftream  (fweet  facred  haunt!)  the  ti- 
"inorous  fawnsi  or  fturdy  heifers  retirer  to  (liun  the  fcorchkvg  rays 
6f  Phoebus.  While  fome  ftand  cheft  high  in  the  rapid  curreue 
to  avoid  their  annoying  enemy  the  fly,  others  recline  on  the 
mofTy  bank,  and  catch  the  palling  breeze.  But  if  perchance  the 
ruder  breath  of  zephyr  ruilles  through  the  leaves  on  the  fur- 
rounding  boughs,  away  fly  the  fearful  fawns,  and^  bounding  ovey 
the  flowery  lawns,  feek  a  fecurer  retreat.' 

The  following  defcription  is  pidlurefque,  though  not  free 
ftotn  the  faults  which  we  have  mentioned. — vol.  i.  p.  47. 

*  The  road  flill  continued  its  courfe  through  a  woody  range  thaf 
formed  noble  groups,  while  a  gradual  light,  darting  through  the 
thinner  branches  in  the  diflance,  caught  fome  open  fpace,  where 
lightly  touching  the  neighbouring  cot,  whofe  thatch,  with  raoflTy 
weeds  overgrown,  foftly  blended  with  the  huge  oak  boughs  that 
overfliadowed  the  roof,  formed  a  plealing  effeft  ;— at  the  fame 
time  the  mouldering  fpirc  of  Brokenhurfl,  clinging  to  the  elm 
and  yew,  juil  ftiows  its  fliaded  pile.  The  fore  ground  thus  laid 
in  fliadow,  with  a  fmall  piece  of  water  rufliing  at  its  foot,  with 
9.  fingle  right  upon  the  diftant  cottage,  and  grazing  herd,  almoft 
formed  a  pielure  of  itfelf :  but  when  the  fiiy  fpire,  darting  from 
the  lirfl  diflance,  appeared  fliaded  by  a  flying  cloud,  it  was  a  per- 
fect compofition  for  a  rural  pi6ture. — The  laft  diilance  wa*- 
fraught  with  one  of  thofe  purjple  glows  that  the  fetting  fun  fo 
freely  difplays  on  a  clear  evening,  when,  exhaling  the  vapour  of 
the  moiftened  earth,  it  fo  charmingly  blends  each  diilant  hill  and 
fiopfe  with  its  aerial  perfpedive.' 

We  {hall  give  a  (bort  fimple  picture  of  evening,  breakiag 
the  period,  that  the  affectation  which  rounds  it  may  not  throw 
a  fliade  over  the  paflage  we  wifti  to  praife. — vol.  i.  p.  72. 

*  On  a  fine  clear  evening,,  when  fcarcely  a  breath  of  air  floats 
on  the  furface  of  the  gliding  flream,  we  have  often  obferved  one 
^ave,  carelefsly  rolling  to  the  coming  tide,  catch  the  fun's  re* 
fledions  on  fome  evening  cloud, 

*  And  ilain  its  mirror  with  the  wood's  foft  hues  5* 
The  following  paragraph  certainly  overfteps  the  modefty  of 
profe. — VOL.  I.  p.  103. 

*  A  range  of  woods  declining  from  the  light,  ruflicd  down  tho 
mountain's  fide,  to  tafle  the  river's  flow,  and  join  the  bending 
poplar's  nod,  that  overhung  the  beachy  ^clift,  and,  unconfciout 
of  their  charms,  in  fweet  confufion  fpread  along  the  bafis  of 
the  mountains,  to  cafe  the  line  of  many  a  rugged  fl:ep.  Suck 
fcenes  frequently  encounter  the  eye  near  Botley,  and  afford  in- 
conceivable pleafure  to  the  enraptured  mind !' 

We  ifaall  uow  add  a  more  favourabte  fpecimeh.-— vol*  f  • 
p.  119. 

*-  Having 


HaAeirj  Tour  of  the  IJle  of  tVighu  395 

Ik  ^  Having  Ihipped  6ur  horfes,  we  now  embarked  for  the  ifland, 
which  had  been  the  primary  objedl  of  our  tour.  Cowe«  was  the 
place  of  our  deftination.— As  we  pafled  Monkton  Fort,  we  could 
npt  help  taking  notice  c^  the  number  of  new  works  which  were 
ereding,  and  which  mull  greatly  tend  to  the  fecurity  of  thia 
important  place/ 

•  *  We  had  fcarcely  pafled  the  fort,  before  the  heavens  frowned, 
and  a  violent  ftorm  threatened  us  ;  but,  inftead  of  being  appre* 
hcniive  of  the  confequcnces,  we  waited  the  expedled  combuftion 
of  the  elements,  with  a  pleafing  impatience,  that  we  might  ,ob- 
ferve  the  grand  effe«5l  it  muft  produce. — A  hail-florm  was  the 
forerunner. — The  fea,  though  fo  near  the  fhore,  rolled  in  with 
a  heavy  fwell ;  and  the  waves,  cafling  their  light  foam  on  the 
furface  of  the  ebbing  tide,  were  caught  by  the  rays  of  the  fet- 
ting  fun,  which  darted  through  a  cloud ;  while  feveral  tranlita 
of  light  from  the  fame  fource,  tinged  the  flowing  fails  of  the 
numerous  barks,  that  under  different  tacks,  flcimmed  along  the 
furrounding  ocean.  The  wind  at  length  abating,  the  fwell  alfo 
in  fome  degree  fubfided  ;  and  we  were  again  able  to  keep  the  deck. 
The  remaining  part  of  the  evening  proved  clear  and  agreeable  ; . 
but  at  the  time  the  evening  gun  was  fired  at  Portfmouth,  we 
were  ftill  four  miles  diflant  from  the  harbour  of  Cowes.  At 
this  diftance  the  fliores  appeared  to  be  covered  with  every  luxuri- 
ance the  richeft  foil  can  boaft. — The  ftorm  had  been  fuccceded  by 
a  calm  ;  at  length  however  a  favourable  breeze  fpringing  up,  we 
reached  Cowes  road  about  ten  o'clock,  after  a  tedious  paflage  of 
feven  hours!* 

The  aanexed  obfervations  are  certainly  juft,  vol.  ii,  p.  176. 

*  Croffing  another  glowing  copfe,  we  entered  a  bleak  furzy 
heath,  enriched  with  fern,  and  briars. — In  a  diftance,  a  moun- 
tain's fide,  covered  with  thefe,  juft  as  they  begin  to  turn,  and 
Terge  towards  a  bright  ochre,  are  delicate  colouring. — A  hill  thus 
coated  on  one  part,  and  on  another  with  oaks  and  allies,  at  a  dif- 
tance,  with  a  full  glow  of  the  fun,  about  the  clofe  of  day,  I 
have  particularly  remarked  to  be  fupcrior  to  an)r  other  in  woody 
diftances  ;  and  it  affords  every  liberty  in  colouring. — Its  foliage 
is  more  luxuriant  to  the  fight,  and  more  fully  gratifies  the  ima- 
gination !'  . 

Vol.  II.  p.  198.  *  Water  that  is  frefli  has  by  no  means  either 
the  diverfity,  or  the  beauty  of  tints,  which  the  fea  produces.— 
The  letter  are  peculiarly  confpicuous,  on  a  very  ftormy  day  ; 
when  fudden  rays  ftioot  from  the  fun. — At  thofe  inftahts,  2 
beautiful  light  green  is  partially  prefented.— From  the  minute 
obfervations  I  have  frequently  made,  during  fuch  ftorms,  I  hare 
always  had  the  pleafure.of  feeing  thefe  tranfitions  !' 

This  tour  undoubtedly  contains  fomc  information  for  lovers 
of  pi£lurefque  fcenes;  but  it  is  too  frequently  loft  in  founding 
words  and  mufical  epithets — and  the  compliments  paid  to  living 
artifls  are  laid  on  with  a  trowel. 

Mr.  HaflTeH,  however,  deferves  praife  for  iatroducing  fomc 
sinimal  life,  iifhermen  and  cattle,  into  his  landfcapes,  and 
wherever  they  occur,  they  arc  employed  with  tafte,  to  ftrengthen 
the  general  efie^  m. 

t%  %  Art. 


jgpS  R  r  I  T  o  R  Yir 

Art.  vir  Letfers chiefly froni India  \  containing  an  Account  $ffS^ 
Military  TranfaSfions  on  thg  CmJI  of  Malabar^  during^  the  late 
War ;  together  with  a  Jhorf  Defcnftion  of  the  Religion^  Man-- 
nei'i^  and  Cttjioms  of  the  Inheibiiants  of  Hindojtan.     By  Joh» 
Le  Couteur,  Efqj  Captain  in  his  Majefty's  Hundredth  Re- 
giment of  Foot.      Tranflatcd    from   the   French.      8vo# 
407  pages.     Price  6s.  in  boards.     Murray.     179a, 
Though  thefe  letters  contain  no  fails  of  importance,  either 
rcfpeSing  the  late  war  on  the  eoaft  of  Malabar,  or  the  manners 
ind   cudoms   of  the   Hindoos,   tbat  had  not  been  publifhed 
before,  and  many  of  them  even  again  and  again,  yet  they  may 
be  read  with  pleafure  and  inftru6lion,i  by  fach  as  have  not  had 
opportunities  of  being  made  acquainted  with  thofe  fufaje£ls. 
The  letters  are  witten  in  an  eafy  and  fprightty  ftyle,,  and  on  the 
^urof  the  occafions  to  which  they  refcf.     Though,  therefore, 
there  be  nothing  in  this  volume  that  was  not  before  fuificienily 
known  to  the  worlds  we  entirely  agree  with  the  trandator^  that^ 
*  Whatever  defeSs  may  be  found  in  the  work,  the  author  can- 
Aot  bie  accttfed  of  impoiing  on  the  public,  what  he  did  not 
write :  neither  did  he  employ  an  ailiftant  to  make  up  a  book 
from  the  works  of  othefs,  in  order  to  pafs  it  afterwards  o»  hi» 
headers,  as  an  original  compofition.* 

The  French  edition  of  thefe  letters  was  pmbliflicd  m  1789^ 
at  Nimes  in  France.  We  are  informed,  in  a  preface  to  that 
edition,  that  they  wci\,  originally  written  in  Englifli.  Thejr 
are  now  brought  back,  but  not  literally^  to^the  Engliih  again. 

We  fliall;  obferve,.  irt  juftice  to  Captain  Le  Couteur,  that  hi!^ 
fetters  entirely  agree  in  every  point  with  the  account  that  hadi 
before  been  givea  of  *  The  fate  War  in  Afia^  in  that  quarter 
of  India  m  which  his  regiment  ferved,  and  that  he  has  not 
laboured  in  vain,  for,  if  he  has  nfot  increafed  the  ftores,  he  has 
confirmed  the  truth  of  hiftory ;  and  afforded  very  agreeable  en- 
tertainment to  bis  friends  and  others,  by  the  pubFication  of 
his  letters. 

As  a  fpecimen  of  the  manner  in  which  thc^  are  wrkten,  we 
fliall  infer t  a  paflage  from  Letter  x.   p.  148. 

^  TPlie  country  about  Panian^  is  in  a  ftatc  of  the  hfgheft  cultiva-« 
rfon.  Its  grain  evinces  the  richeft  fertility  of  foil,,  and  its  ex-* 
tenfive  plains  are  laid  into  fmaU  enclofures,  all  of  them  furrouaded 
by  banks  twe  feet  high  ;  thefe  arc  mtcnded  to  retain  the  rains 
that  fall  during  the  wet  feafon,  the  quantity  of  which  is  the  mea^ 
fore  of  the  probable  plenty  of  the  enfuingyear* 

«  The  farmer,  in  this  part  of  the  world,  makes  no  lluew  with; 
his  iiiilruments  of  hufbandry :  his  plough  is  of  the  form  of  a 
wedge,  and  is  very  coarfely  made;  with  this  he  makes  furrows 
in  the  ground  about  two  feet  afunder  and  two  inches  in  depth  j 
iaving  caft  his  feed  rice  Into  them^  he  has  performed  all  the 
work  neceifary  10  infure  him  a  plcntifol  harveft*    He  is  not 

^ligedy 


Couteur'j  Letiert  from  India,  ifcm  397 

^AS&^t&y  as  the  huftandmcn-  arc  with  us,  to  enrich  his  land 
with  iitanurei  or  prepare  it  for  fowing  by  deep  and  repeated 
ploughingfi. 

*  In  this  country  nature,  ever  young,  ever  vigorous,  in  her  pro- 
duAions,  appears  inexhauftible.  Ground,  which  has  been  in  con- 
Hant  cultivation  for  many  ages,  ftill  bears  in  the  fame  perfection,  the 
fame  abundance  of  corn,  grafs,  ^nd  ufeful  vegetables*     Docs  not 

Ithis  circumd^nce  prefent  a  ftrong  contrail  between  the  foil  of  India 
and  that  of  Europe?  It  is  only  by  dint  of  indiifhy  that  Euro- 
peans draw  from  their  grounds  fufficient  food  for  thenifelves 
and  their  cattk ;  and  unlefs  the  cxhaufted  fertility  of  the  land 
is  recruited  by  fallomng,  or  by  plentiful  fupplies  of  manure,  it 
in  a  fhort  time  becomes  ftcril  and  unprodudive.  .Howfliall  wc 
account  for  this  phenonwnon  ?  Shall  we  fuppofe  that  the  opera- 
tions of  nature  in  this  climate  ^re  regulated  by  particular  laws  ? 
Such  a  fuppolition  might  indeed  meet  with  the  aflent  of  many 
lovers  of  the  marvellous  ;  but  by  thofe  who  like  me,  are  convinced 
that  nature  is  every  where  the  fame,  can  by  no  means  be  ad- 
mitted. To  folvc  the  queftion  we  need  only  confidcr  the  face  of 
the  country,  and  the  great  changes  effet^led  by  the  revolutions  of 
the  feafons.  In  every  part  of  India  we  (ce  lofty  mountains 
covered  with  trees,  which  have  their  heads  in  the  clouds.  Thefe 
natural  alembics  continually  diftil  a  large  quantity  of  water, 
which  fupplies  the  fources  of  numberlefs  rivers,  pouring  richc3 
and  abundance  on  all  the  different  regions-  af  Afia:.  To  this 
caufe  of  fertility  we  muft  add,  that  after  the  foii  has  been  burnt 
Up,  and  exhauiled  by  the  intenfe  heat  of  the  fun^  the  periodical 
rains  burft  from  the  clouds,  and  continue  to  fall  in  the  greateit 
abundance  for  three  or  four  months  together  :  impetuous  torrents 
rufh  down  the  mountains,  the  rivers  are  fwolkn,  and,  over- 
flowing their  banks,  deluge  the  whole  country,  which  remains 
a  confiderable  time  under  water  after  the  rains  have  ceafed.  This 
•wet  fdafon  is  attended  by  tremendous  ftorms,  which,  fliaking  the. 
lofty  and  deep-rooted  trees,  open  a  number  of  channels  to  the 
water  in  the  very  bowels  of  the  earth.  During  the  dry  months 
i-great  evaporation  takes  place^  and  the  ground  muil  necclfarily 
be  drained  of  its  moifturej  but  this  is  all  rellored  by  the  rains, 
while  the  torrents  wafh  down  from  the  mountains  fre(h  falts  and 
oils^  and  winds  always  blowing  in  one  dirc61ion,  waft  with  them 
from  diilant  quarters  every  principle  neceflary  to  the  perfe£lion 
©f  vegetable  life.  Such  are  the  caufes  of  that  aflontfliing  fertility 
for  which  the  climate  of  India  has  been  in  all  ages  diflinguiflied. 
As  care  is  taken  to  fow  the  giound  before  the  rainy  feafon  fets  in, 
it  is  not  ncceflary.ro  dig  it  to  fo  great  a  depth  as  is  ufual  in  Europe  ; 
it  is,  in  faifl,  fo  foftened  by  the  water,  that  the  roots  of  the  ger^ 
minating  feeds  ealily  ftrike  into  it,  and  imbibe  all  the  nourifliment 
neceflary  for  their  dcvelopement  and  growth, 

*  The  oxen  in  this  country  are  kept  to  very  hard  work  ;  they  are 
equally  ufed  for  the  cart  and  for  the  plough,  as  well  as  to  carry 
for  a  whole  day  together  a  load  of  three  hundred  pounds  weight. 
Thefe  animals  arc  of  middling  fize,  but  perfeiSly  well  propor- 
tipned.     Horfes  ar^  put  to  no  other  ufe  than  to  carry  their  riders. 

£  e  3  ^  W« 


398        TRANSACT   OF   THE   IRISH   ACAP.   VOL.11. 

*  We  found  the  roads  in  our  way  to  Palicochcry  extremely  bad;j 
the  fields  were  almoft  univerfally  under  water ;  and,  as  the  river 
was  not  navigable  from  Ramagory,  we  were  obliged  to  drag  our 
cannon  by  land  through  the  deep  and  miry  floughs.  In  many 
places  we  were  obliged  to  fell  trees  for  the  purpofe  of  making 
the  road  pracSiicable  to  the  train,  the  progrefs  of  which  was  fo 
much  retarded  by  the  difficulties  of  our  march,  that  not  a  fingle 
piece  of  artillery  had  yet  been  brought  up  when  Tippoo  appeared 
for  the  fuccour  of  Palicochcry.*  b.  B» 


Art.  VII.     The  TranfaSiions  of  the  Royal  Irijh  Academy. <^  1788. 

4to.  370  pages,  with  plates.    Price  i8s.  in  boards.    DubliPi^ 

Bonham.     Elmfley,  London.     1790. 

This  fecond  volume,  like  the  former,  is  divided  into  three 
parts;  namely,  fcience,  polite  literature,  and  antiquities;  of 
which  we  (hall  proceed  to  give  an  iaccount  in  their  prdtr.  The 
fcientific  papers  are. 

Art.  I.  An  Account  of  the  moving  of  a  Bog^  and  the  Formation 
of  a  Lake  in  the  County  of  Galway^  Ireland.  By  Ralph 
Oulley,  Efq. 

On  Tuefday,  March  20,  i745j  a  fudden  and. extraordinary 
rain,  or  rather  water-fpout,  fell  at  the  bog  of  Addergoole,.  abou|: 
a  mil6  and  a  half  from  tl\e  town  of  Dunmore,  in  the  counter 
of  Galway,  and  removed  a  turbary,  or  turf  ground,  of  about 
ten  acres,  from  an  higher  ground  to  a  low  meadow  of  thirty 
acres,  which  it  covered,  changing  the  courfe  of  the  river  of 
Punmore,  and  forming  a  lough,  or  lake,  of  55  acres.  This 
remarkable  event  is  exhibited  in  an  engraving  annexed  to  the 
prefent  paper.  ' ' 

Art*  2.     An  Account  and  Defer iption  of  three  Pendulums  invented 
■    and    confiruBed   by  John   Crofihwaite^    Watch  and    Clock' 
maker^  Dublin*  '  '        .,  « 

The  j5rft  of  thefe  pendulums  has  a  fteel  rod,  and  is  fup- 
ported  by  a  fpring  attached  to  the  upper  end  of  another  per- 
fe£Uy  equal  and  fimilari  hi  moveable,  rod,  reftirig  on  its  lowej 
end.  The  expanfion  of  the  fixed  rod  draws  the  pendulum 
upwards,  caufing  the  fpring  to  pafs  between  a  pair'of  cydoidal 
cheeks,  which  form  the  true  point  of  fufpehfion:  and  lit  this  man- 
ner the  centers  of  fufpenfion  and  ofcillation  ars  faid  to  be  kepi  ^t 
an  invariable  diftance  in  all  temperatures.  ^4r.  Crofthwaite 
thinks  this  the  moft  fimple  and  accurate  method  of  compenrat]on» 
and  indeed  we  know  but  of  one  fcbje£lion,  the  force  of  which  we 
will  not  at  prefent  attempt  to  difcufs.  It  is  that  the  cycloidal 
cheeks  attached  to  the  clock  plate  are  carried  upwards  by  the 
cxpafifron  of  the  wall,  while  the  ba)l  of  the  pendulum  is  car- 
|:icU  downwards  by  the  expanfion  of  the  rod  y  fo  that  thefe  two 
^''  ' i  '       ..;•',         ;  <;aiyfci 


Usflwr  ^n  ngutating  the  Pofihon  of  the  Tranfit  Injlrument.    399 

^aufes  unite  in  retarding  the  vibrations  :  but  on  the  other 
hand  the  ball  or  lens  is  raifed  by  the  expanfion  of  the  fixed 
ileel  rod,  in  a  degree  which  is  fuppofed  to  compenfate  for  thefe 
■cftefe.  But  whether  the  three  fubftances,  namely,  the  rod  in 
motion,  the  rod  at  reft,  and  the  wall,  will  all  regularly  become 
heated  and  cooled  at  the  fame  time,  may  certainly  be  confidered 
as  doubtful ;  and  it  will  not  be  eafy  to  prove  that  this  has  any 
real  fuperiority  over  the  gridiron  pendulum,  or  EUicot's,  which 
do  not  depend  on  any  wall,  except  forfteadinefs. 

The  fecond  pendulum  has  a  deal  rod,  and  moves  upon  fteel 
points,  refting  on  the  face  of  a  diamond.  The  workmanfliip 
is  very  ingenious,  but  the  obje&ions  to  this  kind  of  fufpenfion 
are  well  known. 

The  third  pendulum  has  the  maintaining  power  applied  dl- 
reftly  from  the  -efcapement  wheel  to  the  pendulum  rod,  by  a 
very  fimple  and  happy  variation  of  the  pofition  of  pallets, 
fimilar  in  efFedl  to  the  dead  beat  pallets*  of  Graham.  Th^ 
.  neceflity  of  referring  to  the  plates  to  render  ourfelves  intelligi- 
ble, even  to  artifts,  prevents  our  entering  into  farther  particu- 
lars refpefting  thefe  inventions  of  Mr,  Crofthwaite. 

^rt.  3.     An  Account  of  a  new  Method  of  illuminating  the  WireSy 

and  regulating  the  Pofition  of  the  Tranfit  Injirument.     By  the 

Rev.  Henry  Usflier,  d.  d.  f.  r.  s.  &c. 

From  the  uncertainty  of  weather,  and  the  variation  of  re- 
fractions, the  method  of  equal  altitudes  is  admitted  to  be  lefs 
eafy  and  certain  for  taking  the  paiTages  of  celeftiai  bodies  over 
the  meridian,  than  that  by  the  tranfit  inftrument.  Dr.  Usflier 
has  therefore  juftly  thought  it  an  objedl  of  public  utility  to 
defcribe  the  general  conftruC^ion  of  tranfit  inftruments,  and 
alfo  the  particular  circumftances  in  which  that  conftru£ted  by 
Ramfden  for  the  obfervatory  at  Dublin,  exceUs  the  common 
fort.  Our  attention  muft,  for  obvious  reafons,  be  confined  to 
the  laft. 

Thefe  confift  in  the  method  of  illuminating  the  wires,  and 
in  the  adjuftment  of  the  axis  to  an  horizontal  pofition.  The 
ufual  method  of  illuminating  the  wires,  confifts  in  placing  an 
clHptical  plane  before  the  obje<^  glafsj  in  fuch  an  oblique  pofi- 
tion as  that  it  may  reflect  the  light  of  a  lanthorn  down  the 
tube.  It  is  fubjeft  to  the  inconveniencies,  that  part  of  the  light 
of  the  celeftial  objeft  is  intercepted  ;  that  the  aperture  of  the 
objeCi  glafs  cannot  be  altered  without  changing  the  elliptical 
plane,  if  perforated,  or  without  a  material  lofs  of  central  rays 
if  the  illuminator  be  folid ;  and  laftly,  that  the  vicinity  of  the 
lanthorn  rarifying  the  circumambient  air,  tends  to  occafion 
tremors  in  the  obferved  image.  Thefe  difiiculties  are  obviated 
in  the  Dublin  inftrument  by  a  very  fimple  contrivance.  That 
f ivotvof  the  axis  which  refts  upon  the  plate,  which  regulates 

E  e  4  ,  the 


^00        T  KAN  SAC.  OF   TUB    IRISH   ACAD*   VOL!  IX. 

the  motion  in  azimuth,  is  perforated  lengthways  with  a  fmall 
hole,  and  in  this  is  inferted  a  convex  lens ;  the  plate  and  the 
pillar  are  alfo  perforated  in  the  dire£llon  of  the  axis.  The 
perforation  in  the  pillar  near  the  back  part,  is  three  inches  in 
diameter.  In  this  is  inferted  a  tube  carrying  another  large 
tonvex  lens ;  to  this  tube  is  attached  the  lanthorn,  in  which 
the  flame  of  the  candle  is  kept  always  oppolite  the  tube,  by 
means.. of  a  fpring  focket. 

The  fays  of  light  ifluing  from  the  candle  are  by  thefe  lenfes 
brought  t6  a  focus,  immediately  beyond  the  fmall  lens  inferted 
in  the  pivot,  and  diverging  from  thence  within  the  conical  axis^ 
lire  intercepted  a(  the  fqu^re  box  in  the  center  by  a  diagonal 
plate  of  filvered  brafs,  which  refleds  the  light  down  to  the 
wires*  This  plate  is  perforated  with  an  elliptical  hole,  to  let 
the  cone  of  rays  from  theobje£l  glafs  pafs  through  undimini&ed. 

To  temper  the  light  in  proportion  to  the  ftar  obferved,  there 
is  a  green  glafs,  gradually  increafmg  in  tint  from  the  top  ta 
the  bottom,  and  iet  in  a  frame  which  eafily  admits  of  a  re* 
quired  part  of  the  glafs,  being  Aided  into  a  due  pofition  for  in<» 
tercepting  a  quantity  of  the  rays. 

Mr.  Ramfden's  method  of  adjufting  the  pofition  of  the  axis, 
confifts  in  a  very  valuable  improvement  of  the  common  method; 
In  the  common  method  there  are  two  dots  made  in  fmall  faces 
of  brafs  near  the  ends  of  the  telefcope,  which  are  interfered  by 
the  wire  of  a  plumb  line  hung  on  at  either  end  occafionally. 
In  this  way  the  telefcope  is  loaded  during  adjuftment  with  a 
weight,  which  does  not  remain  at  the  time  of  obfervation  ;  the 
wire  and  dots  have  a  parallax ;  and  there  may  be  fome  fufpi* 
cions  entertained  of  a  deviation  of  the  pendulum  from  corpuf- 
cular  attra£lion*  In  Mr.  Ramfden's  method  a  fmall  hole  is 
made  in  one  fide  of  the  telefcope  at  twelve  inches  from  each 
end  of  it,  into  which  a  very  thin  femi-pellucid  bit  of  ivory  is 
inferted,  with  a  black  dot  in  the  centre.  la  the  other  fide  of 
the  tube,  oppofite  to  each  of  thefe,  is  inferted  a  convex  lens. 
It  is  obvious  that  an  image  of  each  dot  will  be  formed  in  the 
conjugate  focus  of  its  correfponding  lens  ;  and  to  thefe  images 
it  is  that  Mr.  Ramfden  applies  his'plumb  line,  with  its  adjufting 
apparatus,  independent  of  the  inftrumentj  by  vv/hich  means  h^ 
overcomes  all  the  difficulties  we  have  mentioned. 

Dr.  Usflier  has  illuftrated  his  memoir  with  fix  plates, 

Art.  4.     An  EJfay  to  improve  the  Theory  of  defe^ive  Stght,     By 
the  Rev.  John  Stack. 

This  author  feems  to  confider  the  optical  aberration  arifing 
from  the  fphericity  of  refrading  furfaces,  as  a  principal  caufe  of 
defedUve  fight,  not  duly  attended  to  by  writers  on  this  fubjed; 
But  there  is  a  want  of  precifion  in  his  method  of  treat  ing^  this  in- 
veftigation,  and  facb a  total abfenceof  the  new fa<Sh  andobfer^ 

vationi 


KirwanV  EJfay  on  the  Variation  ofthi  Barometer.       401 

trations  required  to  illuflrate  it,  that  we  do  not  think  it  neceflar/ 
to  abridge  his  paper. 

Jlrt,  5.  An  Account  of  fome  Obfervations  made  with  a  View  t9 
a/certain  whether  magnifying  Power;  or  Aperture  contributes 
mojl  to  the  difcerning  fmall  Stars  in  the  Day.  By  the  Rev, 
Henry  Usflier,  d.  d.  f.  r.  s.  &c. 

Contrary  to  his  own  expectation,  and  to  the  fuppofition 
which  we  fuppofe  moft  opticians  would  be  inclin<id  to  make, 
it  was  found  by  very  fatisfaftory  obfervations,  of  which  an 
account  is  here  giv-en,  that  magnifying  power  has  greatly  the 
advantage  over  aperture  in  this .  bufinefs.  In  accounting  for 
the  fa<ft.  Dr.  Uslher  thinks,  that  the  principal  advantage  of  the 
high  powers  confifts  in  the  quicknefs  of  the  ftar's  motion  in 
the  field  of  view.  That  this  contributes  to  perception,  he 
colle<5ls  from  the  circumftance,  that  when  a  ftar^  though  within 
.the  field,  does  not  immediately  preient  itfelf  to  the  eye,  as  is 
fometimes  the  cafe  with  Jupiter  near  the  fun;  if  the  telefcopc 
be  gently  moved,  the  apparent  motion  of  the  ftar  immediately 
difcovers  its  place.  Another  reafon,  he  obferves,  may  perhaps 
be  the  magnified  image  of  the  ftar,  which  then  becomes  a  more 
perceptible  objefl.  This  amplification,  as  far  as  he  can  per- 
ceive, is  nearly  in  the  inverfe  proportion  of  the  aperture,  as 
judged  by  the  time  of  the  tranfitsof  the  pole  ftar  with  different 
apertures.  He  infers,  that  it  does  not  arife  from  aberration  or 
error  in  the  object  glafs,  but  from  the  inflexion  of  light; 
becaufe  the  form  of  the  image  was  very  confiderably  governed 
by  that  of  the  aperture. 

Art.  6.  An  Ej/ay  on  the  Variations  of  t^e  Barometer •  Bf 
Richard  Kirwan,  Efq.  F.  R.s.  Sec. 

Mr.  Kirwan  begins  his  paper  with  nine  obfervations  upon 
the  variations  of  the  barometer,  which  he  proves  by  reference 
to  a  variety  of  authors.  Thefe  are,  i.  Tlje  more  confiderablc 
elevations  and  deprefEons  of  the  mercury  happen  at  a  very  fliort 
interval  of  time,  in  places  very  remote  from  each  other.  2. 
The  deviations  of  the  mercury  from  its  mean  altitude  are  far 
more  frequent  and  extenfive  in  the  neighbourhood  of  the  poles 
than  in  that  of  the  equator.  3.  The  variations  without  the 
tropics  are  greater  and  more  frequent  in  the  winter  than  in  the 
fummer  months.  4.  The  variations  are  confiderably  fmaller 
in  very  elevated  fituatibns,  than  on  the  level  .of  the  fea.  5.  The 
mean  height  of  the  barometer  on  the  level  of  the  lea,  in  moft 
parts  of  the  globe  hitherto  examined,  is  about  30  inches. — -The 
following  obfervatiojns  made  by  Dr.  Haliey  in  England,  feem 
to  be  moft  univerfal.  6.  In  cairn  weather,  when  the  air  is 
inclined  to  rain,  the  mercury  is  cornmonly  low.  7.  Upon 
very  high  winds,  though  not  accompanied  with  rain,  the  mer- 
cury 


4.031         TRANSAC.   OF   THE    IRISH    ACAD,    VOL.  IT. 

cury  fmks  loweft,  having  regard  to  the  quarter  from  whence 
the  wind  blows.  8.  In  ferene  and  fettle/J  weather  the  mercury 
is  generally  high  ;  asalfo  in  calm  and  frofiy  weather.  9.  The 
greateil  heights  of  the  mercury  are  found  upon  eafterly  and 
north-eafterly  winds ;  to  y/hich  we  may  add,  that  under  a 
foutherly  wind  it  is  commonly  low. 

He  then  proceeds  to  confider  the  various  caufes  which  pro- 
duce thefe  efFe6ts.  The  firft  is,  the  influence  of  difFerent  tem- 
peratures, which  rarifying  or  condenfmg  the  air,  caufe  a  change 
of  dimensions  in  its  lower  part,  which  he  affumes  to  diminifh 
with  the  heat  in  its  progrefs  upwards,  nearly  in  an  arithmetical 
progrelHon.  From  numerical  confiderations,  founded  on  thefe 
data^  he  infers  that  the  differences  of  temperature  cannot  caufe 
a  greater  difFerencc  in  the  height  of  the  mercurial  column 
than  iV  of  an  inch. 

The  next  confideration  which  our  author  attends  to,  is  the 
influence  of  winds,  which  from  a  variety  of  circumftances  he 
proves  to  have  no  immediate  or  mechanical  efFed  in  changing 
the  height  of  the' mercury.  He  then  confiders  the  influence  of 
vapour,  which  has  been  (hewn  by  various  philofophers  to 
»Se&.  the  denfity  of  air  in  which  it  is  fufpended.  He  does  not 
find  that  this  caufe  can  produce  a  greater  change  than  j\  of  an 
inch  in  the  barometer. 

The  preceding  caufes  being  found  inadequate  to  account  for 
the  confiderable  variation  to  t\'hich  the  whole  weight  of  the 
atmofpherical  column  is  fubje6t,  he  next  proceeds  to  explain 
that  which  alone  feems  to  him  adequate  to  the  efte6^s  produced, 
viz*  the  accumulation  of  air  over  thofe  parts  of  the  globe  in 
which  the  mercury  exceeds  its  mean  height,  and  the  diminu- 
tion or  fubtraftion  of  the  natural  quantity  of  air  over  thofe  re* 
gions  in  which  the  mercury  falls  beneath  its  mean  height.  To 
trace  the  origin  of  this  accumulation  and  diminution,  he  con- 
fiders what  may  be  called  the  natural  flate  of  atmofphere,  ^nd 
how  that  ftate  is  difturbed.  In  this  tafk,  interefting  as  it  is, 
we  cannot  attempt  to  follow  him  by  abridgment,  either  with 
juftite  to  his  arguments,  or  confiftently  with  our  limits.  Wc 
fhall  only  therefore  quote  the  reafons  upon  which  he  grounc^ 
the  fuppofition  that  the  aurora  borealis  and  auftralis  confift  of 
inflammable  air  fet  on  fire  by  eledricity.  This  is  confider ed 
by  him  as  the  caufe  of  rarefaction  at  the  polar  regions. 

*  Firft.  It  is  certain  that  inflammable  air  is  produced,  parti- 
cularly between  the  tropics,  by  many  natural  operations,  fuch 
as  the  putrefadlion  of  animal  or  vegetable  fubftances,  volca- 
noes, ^c.  and  that  this  air  is  lighter  than  any  other,  and  con- 
fequently  occupies  the  higheft  regions  of  the  atmofphere ;  and 
hence  Mr.  SaufTuie  and  others  have  found  the  air  on  the  higheft 

mountain? 


Young'^  Enquiry^  &c,  4OJ 

ioriountains  lefs  pure  than  that  on  the  plains,  and  its  deSricitjf 
ftronger.' 

*  Secondly.  It  is  allowed  by  Dr,  Halley,  and  others  who  have 
treated  of  the  trade  winds,  that  the  higheft  air  between  the 
tropics  is  thrown  ofF  on  both  fides  towards  the  poles,  and  of 
this  I  think  I  have  given  fufficient  proof ;  therefore  it  isinflam^ 
mabie  air  that  is  chiefly  thrown  on  towards  the  poles/ 

*  Thirdly.  It  is  certain  that  the  northern  lights  are  thehighcft 
of  all  meteors,  though  they  fometimes  extend  pretty  low  into 
the  inferior  atmofphere ;  and  Dr.  Franklin's  conjecture,  that 
they  proceed  from  electricity,  is  at  prefent  generally  followed 
by  all  meteorologifts.  A  detail  of  their  reafons  I  muft  omit^ 
«s  it  would  occaiion  too  great  a  digreffion  from  the  prefent 
fubjea.' 

^  Fourthly.  It  is  certain  that  after  the  appearance  of  aa 
aurora  boreal  is,  the  barometer  commonly  falls.  This  obferva- 
tion  was  firft  made  by  Mr,  Madifon  in  America;  and  I  have 
k^w  it  verified  in  the  diaries  of  the  Berlin  academy  for  1783 
and  1784,  the  only  ones  which  I  have  confultcd.  Thefe  me- 
teors are  alfo  generally  followed  by  high  winds,  and  ufually 
from  the  fouth,  all  which  ftrongly  prove  a  rarefaction  in  the 
northern  regions.  Thefe  lights  are  much  more  common  im 
the  higher  latitudes  of  North- America  than  in  the  fame  lati- 
tudes in  Europe.  Captain  Middleton  remarks,  that  they  appear 
almoft  every  night  in  Hudfon'sBay,  lat.  59,  whereas  at  Pcterf- 
burgh  they  are  feen  much  more  rarely ;  which  confirms  my 
opinion  that  the  fuperior  effluence  is  more  copioufly  diftributed 
over  North-America  than  over  the  gld  continent.* 

jjrt.  7.     An  Account  of  fome  Experiments  on  Wheel  Carriages^ 

In  a  Letter  from  Richard  Lovel  Edgworth,  Efq;  m.  r«i«a. 

and  F.  R.  s.  to  the  Rev.  Dr,  Henry  Usfher,  m.  r,  i,  a.  and 

F.  R.  s. 

Mr.  Edgworth  having  a  fufpicion,  rnany  years  ago,  that  the 
force  which  draws  carriages  over  an  obftacle  is  not  merely  em- 
ployed in  overcoming  the  fridion  of  the  axle-tree,  or  in  lifting 
the  weight,  but  likewife  in  overcoming  the  vis-inertjae  of  the 
weight,  has  made  a  fet  of  experiments  to  determine  this  point. 
From'  thefe  it  appears  that  the  weight  being  fupported  upon 
fprings  placed  between  it  and  the  wheel,  enabled  the  latter  tp 
pafs  over  obftacles  with  much  greater  facility  than  without  that 
affiftance.  '  Whence  it  follows  that  fuch  fprings  muft  ^be 
highly  advantageous  in  rough  roads. 

y/r/.  8.  An  Enquiry  into  the  different  Modes  of  Demonflration 
'  by  which  the  Velocity  of  fpouting  Fluids  has  hepn  invejiigated^  a 
priori.     By  the   Rev.  M,   Young,    d.  d.  F.  T^  C.  D.   and 


M.R.I.  A 


404.         1*RANSAC.   OP  THE   IRISH  ACA1)«   VOt.  IK 

The  inveftigation  which  forms  the  fubjeft  of  the  prefentva* 
luable  performance,  has  engaged  the  attention  of  the  firft  mathe- 
maticians, who  have  given  demonftrations,  founded  on  various 
poftulates,  and  including,  in  fome  inftances,  elements  which  fup-^ 
pofe  a  meafure  offeree  as  the  fquares  of  the  velocities,  multi- 
plied into  the  mafles.  Among  the  great  names  referred  to  by 
Mr.  Young,  are  Newton,  Emerfon,  Whifton,  Wildbore,  Jurin, 
Maclaurin,  Robinfon,  HelOiam,  Mufchenbroeck,  St,  Gravef- 
and,  &c.  The  feveral  errors  of  thefe  mathematicians  are 
fhewn  by  our  author  to  have  chiefly  arifen  from  the  fuppofition, 
that  the  minute  portions,  or  plates  of  the  fpouted  fluid,  fuccef- 
fively  emitted,  may  be  confidered  as  moving  uniformly  during 
the  time  of  their  emifllion ;  whereas,  in  fadl,  they  muft  movd 
with  an  uniformly  accelerated  motion  ;  and  that  which  has  been 
taken  for  the  raes^n  velocity  by  thefe  authors,  is,  in  faft,  the  final 
velocity  arifing  from  the  continued  action  of  thefuper-incumbent 
fluid  during  a  definite  portion  of  time.  Taking  this  confidera- 
tion  into  the  queftion,  which,  however,  has  not  been  totally 
overlooked  by  othei^s,  as  well  as  Mr.  Young,  our  author  con- 
cludes that  the  velocities  of  fpouting  fluids  are,  in  theory, 
equal  to  the  final  velocity  of  a  body  which  has  fallen  through  the 
whole  height  of  the  fluia  in  vacuo.  But,  from  experiment,  he 
finds,  that  about  |-  of  the  velocity,  deduced  by  computation,  are 
deftroyed  by  the  efFe<Ss  of  fricSion,  adhefion,  and  other  caufes. 

jtrt.  9.     Obfervations  on  Gunpowder,     By  the  Hon.  George 
Napier,  m.  r.  i.  a. 

In  this  paper  the  author  confiders  the  feleQion  of  materials 
which  com'pofe  gunpowder,  the  ftrongeft  and  moft  durable  pro- 
portion of  thofe  materials,  the  beft  mode  of  mixing  and  com- 
bining them,  and,  laftly,  fome  general  obfervations.  A  confi- 
derable  part  of  this  paper,  which,  neverthelefs,  contains  fome 
origii>al  obfervations,  is  to  be  found  in  the  writings  of  the  nu- 
merous authors  v/ho  have  handled  this  fubjedt, 

^rt.  10;     Obfervatiom  on  the  Magnetic    Fluid.      By  Captain 
Q'Brien  Drury,  of  the  Royal  Navy. 

Captain  Drury  finds  thatcafed  and  armed  compafs  needles 
retain  their  magnetifm  and  polarity  much  better  than  needles  of 
the  common  fort. 

^rt,  II.  A  critical  and  anatomical  E:(amination  if  the  Parts  im-^ 
mediately  interejied  in  the  Operation  for  a-  Cat^araSf ;  with  an 
.  Attempt  to  render  the  Operation  itfelfy  whether  by  DepreJJion  or 
ExtraSiion^  more  certain  and fuccefsfuL  By  Silvefter  0*Hallo* 
fan,  Efq;  M.  R.  I.  A.  Honorary  Member  of  the  Royal  Col- 
lege of  Surgeons  in  Ireland,  and  Surgepn  to  the  County  of 
Limerick  Hofpital. 

Mr, 


'Dsflier''x  Ohfervattm  on  the  Sun^s  Ecllpfe*  40^ 

Mr.  O^Halloraiiy  who  has  had  very  confiderable  experience 
in  the  difle^tions  of  the  eye,  finds,  contrary  to  other  anatomifts, 
that  the  iris  is  of  a  convex  form,  cJofely  adherent  to  the  viterous 
humour,  being  totally  different  from  the  choroides,  and  truly 
tnufcular*  He  alfo  refutes  the  idea  of  catarads  adhering  to  the 
iris,  and  proceeds  upon  thefe,  and  other  obfervations,  to  give  ra- 
tional diredions  for  extracting  the  cryftalltne  humour  in  cafes 
cf  cataradtsr  '^. 

Jrt*  xa.  An  Auount  of  ExperlmenU  made  to  tUtermine  the  Tem^ 
^    perature  of  the  Earw*s  Surface  in  the  Kingdom  of  Ireland^  in 

the  Tear  J788.    By  the  Rev*  William  Hamilton,  f.  t.  c.  d, 

and  M.  R.  I.  A. 

By  thefe  obfervations,  which  appear  to  have  been.condu£te4 
with  judgment  and  accuracy,  the  medium  temperature  of  fprings 
in  Irelaiid,  in  latitude  55°.  12'.  was  48^  and  from  deep  wells  it 
was  in  latitude  54*.  48*=r48.6%  latitude  53°,  20^=49.4*.  and 
in  latitude  51^  54'.=:5i.2^  The  elevated  inland  parts  pof- 
fefled  a  temperature  fomewhat  lower,  which  is  confetaaeou& 
with  other  f3<SU  of  the  feme  nature. 

jtrt.  13.  Obfervations  on  Coal  Mines.  By  R.  Kirwan,  Efq; 
M.  R.  I.  A*  and  F.  R.  s. 
This  ingenious  philofopher,  whofe  zeal  for  the  promotion  of 
fcience,  and  the  diffufion  of  its  advantages  to  fociety,  will  not 
fufFer  him  to  remain  ina<S):ive,  has  endeavoured  to  affift  in  awak^ 
ening  that  attention  which  the  pofTeflbrs  of  eftates,  in  Ireland, 
begin  to  feel  for  their  true  interefts.  With  this  intention  he 
has  colledled  a  number  of  general  fa6ls  refpe£ling  the  coal  mine* 
in  the  Britifh  dominions,  Germany,  Sweden,  France,  and  laftljr 
Ireland. 

idrt,  14.  Obfervations  oh  the  Properties  eommonlj  attributed^  hf 
Medical  Writers^  to  Human  Milk^  on  the  Changes  it  undergoes. 
inDigeJlion^  andtheDifeaJesfuppofedto  originate  from  this  Source 
in  Infancy.     By  Jofeph  Clarke,  M.  D.  M.  R.  I.  a.    • 

Dr.  Clarke  very  fuccefsfuUy  combats  the  general  pofition, 
that  the  difeafes  of  infants  are  caufed,  by  acidity  coagulating  the. 
milk.  He  denies  the  probability  of  its  coagulation,  from  its  con- 
taining no  curd,  and  thinks  it  highly  becoming  the  attention  of 
medical  men,  to  inveftigate  ihofe  difeafes,  infteadof  following 
the  fteps  of  each  other  in  an  abfurd  theory,  fan£lioned  indeed  by 
time,  but  by  no  good  reafons* 

Art,  15.     Eclipfe  of  the  Sun  obferved  June  3,  1788.     By  the 
Rev.  Dr.  Usfher,  and  others. 
We  fuppofe  thefe  obfervations  were  made  at  the  Obfervatory 
ftt  Dublin,  though  it  is  forgotten  to  be  inferted«     The  begin* 

inj 


4o6       TRAN8AC.   dF   TrfE    fRlSK  AcAD.    VOL.  If# 

ing  and  end,  aS  obfcrved  by  Dr.  tJsflier,  with  a  parallaftic  tefe-* 
fcope  of  17  inches  focus,  triple  ob}e6l  glafs^^  and  magnif)nng 
power  of  75,  were  igh,  3m.  42.7  fee.  and  20  h.  25  m.  3^.8  fee. . 
Appearances  of  diftortion  and  difcoloration  of  the  folar  fpots, 
as  the  moon  approached  them,  took  place  at  fuch  a  diftance  as 
Dr.  Uslher  thinks  were  more  like  the  operations  of  the  lunar 
stmofphere,  than  confequences  of  the  infledlion  of  light. 

Jbri.  16.     An  Account  of  an  Aurora  Borealis  feen  in  full  Sun-Jhine* 
By  the  Rev.  Henry  Usfher,  d.  d.  f.  r.  s.  and  m.r.i.a. 

This  phaenomenon  appeared  at  eleven  in  the  morning,  in  the 
form  of  whitifh  rays,  afcending  from  all  parts  of  the  fky,  to  the 
pole  of  the  Dipping  Needle.  The  time  was  May  25, 1788,  at 
deven  in  the  morning.  The  Doftor's  attention  was  dire<3:ed 
to  it  from  obferving,  that  the  ftars  were  remarkably  unfteady  in 
the  telefcope ;  a  circumftance  which  he  had  before  noticea  as 
concomitant  with  the  appearance  when  feen  in  the  night. 

The  articled  of  polite  literature  arc. 
Art.  I.     An  Examination  of  an  EJfay  on  the  Dramatic  Chara5Ier 

of  Sir  John  Fal/fajf     By  the   Rev.  Richard  Stack,   d.  d. 

F.  I.  c.  D,  and  M.  R*  I.  A. 

The  effay  here  examined  by  Dr.  Stack  has  attrafted  notice 
more  from  the  abfurdity  of  the  paradox  it  maintains,  and  the 
fmootbnefs  of  a  tolerably  confident  ftyle,  than  from  its  acutenefs 
or  depth  of  argument.  Congruity  of  language  is  remarkably 
fedudiive  to  common  readers,  who  find  it  diiBcult  to  believe  it 
can  be  combined  with  incongruity  of  argument.  It  would  b^ 
difficult  otherwife  to  account  for  the  notice  into  which  this 
effay  has  rifen.  Dr.  Stack  begins  by  allowing  it  to  be  •  one 
of  the  mod  ingenious  pieces  of  criticifm  any  where  to  be  found  ;*. 
and  then  politely  and  effectually  proceeds  to  ihew  that  the  author 
had  not  common  fenfe. 

Art.  2.  Ohfervatlons  on  the  firji  A51  of  Shakefpear"* s  Tempe/l* 
By  a  Young  Gentleman,  an  Under  graduate  in  the  Univer- 
fity  of  Dublin.  Communicated  by  the  Rev,  Digby  Marib, 
F.  T.  c.  D.  and  M.  R.  I.  A. 

The  young  gentleman,  after  a  few  introduflory  fentences, 
begins  by  afferting — '  the  excellence  of  Shakfpeare  is  not  the 
refult  of  art  or  ftudy,  which  in  their  clofeft  imitations  of  nature 
may  be  It  ill  perceived  to  imitate,^  but  of  intuitive  perception.' — 
Language  like  this  may  well  be  pardoned,  as  coming  from  a 
youth  who,  though  poficfled  of  very  confiderable  critical 
acumen,  is  too  diffident  of  his  powers  to  avow  his  produdtion  ; 
but  it  is  too  commonly  applied  to  this  great  poet  to  pafs  unre*- 
proved.  Inftead  of  that  potent  genius,  who  could  develop  th^ 
buma^  heart  under  all  the  agitations  of  paffipn,  be  \%  treated 
5  sw 


Harcly*>  Thoughts  on  the  Agamemnm  af  Mfchjlus*        4.0 'j 

4%  a  very  furprizing  but  undefinable  creature  ;  fomething  like 
an  ancient  Sybil,  or  a  modern  Highland-fecr*  Shakcfpeare  will 
never  indeed  be  equalled  while  thus  mifunderftood. 

The  author  proceeds  to  recommend  the  ancient  ufe  of  the 
prologue,  which  was  to  inform  the  audience  of  fo  much  of  the 
llory  as  was  neceflary  to  render  the  drama  that  was  to  fucceed, 
intelligible.  He  rightly  obferves,  it  would  be  preferable  to  the 
mwlern  mode  of  introducing  a  tedious  narrative  in  the  dialogue^ 
which  fo  effe6lually  interrupts  the  progrefs  of  the  afition.  Good 
plays,  however,  prove  that  neither  are  neceflary. 

He  nc)ct  judicioufly  comments  on  the  great  art  of  the  poet, 
(properly  forgetting  his  •  intuitive  perception,')  in  the  opening 
of  the  Tempeft  ;  where,  in  the  very  firfl:  fcene,  »  attention  is 
arrefted,  the  paflions  interefied,  and  the  mind  hurried  into 
a^ion.*  The  concluding  remark  of  the  following  paragraph^ 
is  as  worthy  of  the  true  critic,  as  the  conception  was  of  the 
true  poet.  It  is  on  the  manner  in  which  the  mind  of  the  fpcc- 
tator  is  prepared  for  the  reception  of  the  marvellous.  ''  Had  not 
the  appearance  of  Profpero  and  his  fpirits  been  preceded  by  a 
ftorm,  and  (hipwreck,  (hould  we  not  (he  very  acutely  afks) 
have  turned  with  difguft  from  that  which  at  prefent  only  fills  us. 
with  aftonifliment  ?" 

Many  of  the  fucceeding  obfervations  are  well  worthy  of  at- 
tention. It  is  not  however  a  little  Angular  that  after  having 
fpoken  fo  pointedly  againft  Shakefpear's  art,  and  fo  pofitivcly 
in  favour  of  his  intuition^  he  (houid  conclude  by  faying— 
•  There  is  not  one  (of  Shakefpeare's  plays)  in  which  his  ima- 
gination is  more  regulated  by  the  Jin6icji  rules  of  nature  and  of 
art.' 

Jlrt.  3.  Thoughts  onfdme  particular  Pajfages  in  the  Agamernmn 
of  jEfchylus.  nY  Francis  Hardy,  Efq;  M.  r.  i.  a. 
This  trad  relates  to  an  opinion  maintained  by  Mr.  Wood, 
in  his  Eflay  on  Homer,  as  well  as  by  others,  that  the  language 
of  Troy  was  that  of  Greece  ;  which  opinion  was  founded  on 
obferving  that  no  fuch  perfonage  as  an  interpreter  ever  makes 
his  appearance  in  the  Iliad  ;  and  that  Homer  was  much  too 
attentive  and  correal,  in  depicting  the  cuftoms  and  manners  of 
individuals,  and  of  nations,  not  accurately  to  have  noticed  the 
difference  of  language  between  Greece  and  Troy,  h^d  any 
fuch  difference  exifted.  After  acknowledging  the  confiftency 
and  hiftorical  truth  of  Homer,  Mr.  Hardy  proceeds  to 
combat  his  accuracy,  in  this  inftance,  by  citing  a  paflage 
from  the  Agamemnon  of  iEfchyl us,  in  which  Clytemneftra  is 
highly  offended  with  Caffandra  for  remaining  in  ftubborn  filencc, 
and  is  appeafed  by  the  chorus  at  being  informed  that  Caffandra 
comes  from  a  foreign  city,  and  ftands  in  need  of  an  interpreter. 

The 


408       TRANSAC.  OF  THE   IRISH   ACAD.   VOL.  IT. 

The  chorus  is  afterwards  amazed  to  hear  the  terrific  fere« 
bodings  of  Caflandra ;  and  particularly  to  hear  her  utter  them 
in  Greek,  as  fluently  as  if  (he  had  been  educated  at  Argos. 

After  ftating  thefe  fads,  Mr.  Hardy  proceeds  to  examine 
the  degree  of  probability  of  miftake  in  ^fchylus ;  which  he 
concludes  to  be  very  little,  and  that  confequendy  the  language 
of  Greece  was  not  the  language  of  Troy. 

Jri.  4.     EJfay  on  Ridicule^  Wiu  and  Humour.     By  William 
Prefton,.  £fq^  M.  R.  i.  A. 

This  efiay  is  divided  into  two  parts ;  in  which^  not  ridi- 
cule, wit,  and  humour,  are  confidered,  but  the  firft  only ;  and 
the  author  concludes  by  apologizing  for  having  tranfgrefied 
on  the  limits  of  the  fociety ;  and  by  adding  that  he  may,  perhaps, 
on  a  future  day,  refume  what,  after  reading,  we  difcover  he  . 
has  not  begun  ;  namely,  the  topics  of  wit  and  humour. 

The  theory  adopted  by  this  gentleman  is  that  of  Hobbs :  that 
is,  confcious  fuperiority,  and  contempt,  more  or  leis,  for  the 
perfon  or  thing  derided.  That  this  theory  will  explain  all  the 
pha&nomena  excited  by  mirth  and  ridicule,  is  far  from  being  fatis- 
fatSlorily  proved,  by  any  inveftigation  thefe  papers  contain.  £n« 
quiries  into  the  emotions  of  the  mind  are  in  their  own  nature 
delightful,  when  undertaken  by  powers  eqqal  to  the  purfuit ; 
but  we  are  confcious  either  of  pain,  or  of  feme  portion  of  that 
contempt  which  accords  with  Mr.  Prefton's  borrowed  theory, 
and  which  exhibits  itfelf  in  a  fmile,  when  we  read  a  profefled 
definition,  which  begins  thu&'^Ridicule  excites  mirth  by  the 

RIDICULOUS.' 

The  perfpicacious  and  great  Shaftefbury  would  fmile,  were  he^ 
to  revive  and  read  what  the  author  calls  a  demonftration,  with 
mathematical  (Iridnefs,  that  ridicule  cannot  be  the  teft  of  truth. 
It  cannot,  he  fays,  firft,  becaufe,  *  being  a  branch  or  mode  of 
the  imitative  arts,  it  prefents,  as  that  name  imports,  a  pi<Slure 
of  fome  objed,  and  cannot  be  the  criterion  of  that  of  which  it 
is  only  the  reprefentation.  adly.  The  ridiculoQs  not  only  confifts 
in  the  repreientation  of  a  picture,  but  it  is  a  fingle  pofitive 
picture  J  there  is  no  relative  view,  no  collation  of  two  objefts  ; 
but  to  the  exiftence  of  truth  or  fa  I/hood ^  the  collation  of  two 
objeiSs  is  neceflary.  jdly.  The  perception  of  ridicule  is  in- 
ftantaneous,  the  perception  of  truth  ox  fQlJhood  is  a  progreffive 
,operation  of  the  mind/ — Here  we  have  not  one,  but  three  de* 
monftrations,  all  and  each  of  which  are  equally  mathematicatj 
and  equally  true.  The  anfwer  to  the  firft  isj  that  mimicfy  is 
indeed  a  branch  of  the  ridiculous  ;  but  ridicule  cannot  by  any 
latitude  of  language  be  called  a  branch  of  the  imitative  arts: 
to  the  fecond,  that  it  is  egregioufly  erroneous,  to  aflert  thart 
the  ridiculous  confifts  in  the-reprefentation  of  a  fingle  pofitive 
pi<Sure ;  for,  to  render  ridicule  effedive,  it  is  abfolately  requl- 

fite 


Papets^n  Irljh  JntiquUieu  40f 

Ctc  that  the  piQure  of  folly  (hould  be  contrafted  in  idea  tvith  its 
oppofite  :  and  to  the  third,  that  the  perception  of  ridicule,  as 
well  as  of  truth,  i$  in  all  cafes  progrefHve  ;  though  th&  pro- 
grefs  of  the  perception  of  ridicule,  may  indeed  be  generally 
more  rapid  than  that  of  the  perception  of  fome  abftraS  truths. 

The  third  part  contains  papers  on  antiquities. 

Jrt.  i^  Jn  account  of  three  Metal  Trumpets  found  in  the 
County  of  Limericky  in  the  Tear  l^^^*  By  Ralph  Ouflcy^ 
Efq; 

jlrt.  2.  A  Martial  Ode^  fung  at  the  Battle  of  Cnucha^  by  Fergus^ 
Son  of  Fin^  and  addrejfed  to  GoU^  the  Son  of  Morna^  with 
a  literal  Tranjlation^  and  Notes.  &y  Silveftcr  O'Halloran, 
Efq;  M.  R.  I*  A,  &c. 

The  former  of  thefe  articles  cannot  be  rendered  intelli- 
gible without  the  engravings,  and  the  latter  is  in  its  own  na« 
ture  incapable  of  abridgment  or  feledlion. 

Art.  3.  Meraoir  of  the  Language^  Manners^  and  Cujioms  of  an 

Anglo-Saxon  Colony y  fettled  in  the  baronies  of  Forth  and  Bargie^ 

in    the  County  of   fVexford,^    Ireland^    in    1167,    1168,   and 

1 169.     By  Charles   Vallancey,   L.  L.  d.    Member  of  the 

;  Royal  Societies^  of  London,  Dublin,  and  Edinburgh,  &c. 

Thk  title  of  this  paper  fufficiently  {hews  the  curious  nature 
of  its  contents,  it  exhibits  the  prefcnt  ftate  of  a  colony  who 
went  ov«r  to  reinftate  Dermod,  king  of  Leinfter,  in  his  domi- 
nionsy  at  the  period  above  fpecified.  A  vocabulary,  and  an 
ancient  popt|}ar  fong,  are  annexed. 

Arti  4.  A  defcriptive  Account  of  the  Fort  of  Ardnorcher^  or 
Horfeleap^  near  Kilbegganj  in  the  County  of  Wefimeath^  Ire^ 
land ;  with  Conjeilures  concerning  its  Ufe^  and  the  Time  of  its 
Ere£lion*     By  Mr.  John  Brownrigg.   . 

Art.  5.  An  Account  of  an  ancient  Sepulchre  difcovered  in  the 
County  of  Kildare^  Ireland^  in  the  Tear  1788.  ^y  William 
Beauford,  a.  b. 

Art.  6.  Defcription  of  an  ancient  Monument  in  the  Church  of  Leejh^ 
in  the  County  of  Duhlin.  By  Col.  Charles  Vallancey,  r.  R.  s* 
&c.  &c. 

Art.  7.  On  the  Siher  Medal  lately,  dug  up  in  the  Park  of 
Dungannorij  in  the  County  of  Tyrone^  the  Seat  of  the  Right 
Honourable  Lord  fVelles.  By  Colonel  Charles  Vallancey, 
r.  R.  s,  &c.  &c. 

The  four  preceding  articles  are  illuftrated  with'.engravings. 

Art.  8.    An  Hijiorical  pjfay  on  the  li^Jh  Stage.    ,  Fy:  Jofeph  C^ 
Walker,  £fq;  m,r,j[,'a,  &c»    v; 
Vol,.  Vir.  F  f  Thi? 


AlO  MEDICINE. 

T'his  is  a  concife  diflcrtation,  which  brings  the  fubjefl  ei 
the  Irifli  drama,  from  the  early  interludes  of  the  natives,  to 
the  time  nearly  following  the  abdication  of  James  11.  v. 

Art.  VIII,    Jbhandlung  uber  die  Venerifche  Krankheit^  ^*5fc\     A 

Treatlfe  on    the  Venereal    Difeafe.     loy    Chrift.    Girtaaner, 

M.    and  c.  D.  and  Correfpondent  of  the  Royal   Society,  of 

Sciences  at  Gottingen.     8vo.     459  pages.     1788. 

Though  we  have  already  noticed  this  book  in  the  3d  volume 

of  our  Review,  as  we  have  now  a  copy  of  it  in  our  hands,  wc 

deem  it  not  unworthy  a  pretty  full  analyfis,  which  we  (ball 

proceed  to  give  oyr  readers. 

In  a  Ihort  preface.  Dr.  G.  obferves,  that,  after  the  many 
difcoveries  made,  and  improvements  in  the  treatment  of  the 
venereal  difeafe,  we  ftill  want  a  book,  that  (hculd  be  to  the 
prefent  day,  what  Aftruc's  was  to  the  times  in  which  he  wroie. 
To  fupply  this  deficiency  is  the  aim  of  our  author,  though  he 
modeftly  confeffes  himfelf  the  imitator  only,  not  the  rival  pf 
AftruCf  Profeffing  to  combat  fome  received  opinions,  and  ad- 
vance new  ones,  he  experts  oppofition  :  in  the  mean  time,  he 
requefts  but  an  impartiaV  examination.  / 

The  firft  book  contains  a  Hi/iory  of  the  Venereal  Difeafe^  its 
Origin^and  the  manner  in  which  itfpread  through  various  Countries* 
Dr.  G.  admits,  that  local  complaints  of  the  private  parts  were 
known  to  the  ancients^  and  cites  Leviticus,  chap,  xv,  Paulus 
jftigineta,  book  iii.  chap.   55,  Celfus,  book  vi,  chap.  18,  &c* 
"  but  thefe  he  contends  were  not  the  true  infe<^ious  lues  venerea. 
That  it  was  wholly  unknown  in  Europe  before  the  year  1493^ 
be  argues  from  the  various  names  then  given  it,  and  the  general 
teftimony  of  all  the   phyficians  of  thofe  days.     Henfler    has 
quoted  Widmann  or  Salicetus,  de  Pejlilentiaj  cap.  3.  as  having 
feen  it  in  14S7>  ^^^  Widmann  was  not  then  born  (he  was  born 
■in  1461);  Peter  Pin6tor,  but  he  exprefsiy  fays,  that  it  firft 
appeared  in.  Italy  in   1494;  and  a  leUer  of  Peter  Martyr  to  a 
Greek  profeflbr  at  Salamanca,  dated   i48q>  though  the  Greek 
profefforfliip  at  that  place  was  not  founded  till   1508.     That 
it  was  brought  to  Europe   from  America  in   1493,  ^  "un^ber 
of  hiftorians  and  phyficians  of  thofe  times  are  quoted  to  prove. 
It  was  mild  in  America,  but  very  fatal  in  Europe,  and  Dr.  G. 
here  obferves,  it  is  a  remarkable  fa<3,  that  infedious  difeafes^ 
introduced  into  a  country  where  they  were  before  unknown^ 
become  far  more  miilignant  than  they  were  in  the  countries 
in  which  they  had  long  been  common.     This  is  inftanced  in 
the  fmall-pox  in  various  places.     At  its  firft  breaking  out  in 
Europe,  it  always  began  in  the  parts  of  generation,  was  im- 
parted by  cohabitation,  and,  after  rendering  life  miferable  for 
years,  terminated  in  death.     The  gonorrhoea  did  not  appear 

till 


Girtanner  gn  the  Verureal  Difeafe.  41 1 

liU  about  the  middle  of  the  i6th  century;  when-the  difeafe 
became  milder.  Dr.  G.  conjedurcs  it  to  have  originated  in  a 
ouftom  peculiar  to  the  women  of  America,  related  by  eye- 
witnefies.  Being  extremely  libidinous,  they  ufed  to  apply  a 
fKMionous  infe£i  to  the  membrum  virile^  as  a  ftiroulus  :  the  bite 
of  this  infe£^  foon  paufed  a  malignant  ulcer,  re/embling  a 
chancre,  and  was  fometimes  even  {o  venoitious,  as  to  occaiion 
a  mortification  of  the  part.  This  conje£lure  is  fupported  by 
the  circumftance  of  the  venereal  virus  having  all  the  charac*^ 
teriftics  of  an  animal  poifon,  as  is  (hown  farther  on. 

Speaking  of  the  nature  and  effects  of  the  venereal  virus,  he  fays,, 
that  it  never  originates  fpontaneoufly,  but  always  from  cdnta-. 
gion.  *'  It  is  necefTary  t^at  the  purulmt  mucus^  in  which  the 
poifon  is  always  enveloped,  and  without  which  it  is  totally  in- 
aftivc,  remain  a  confiderable  time  immediately  in  contadt  with 
fome  part  of  the  body/  This  part  too  *  mull  be  covered 
only  with  a  very  thin  epidermis,  or  wholly  denuded  df  that 
membrane/  The  infection  always  (hows  itfelf  firft  in  the 
place  with  which  the  poifon  was  immediately  in  contaiSl.  The 
pokhn  aftefls  only  the  lymph  and  lymphatic  fyftem.  Its  prinr 
cipal  effects  are  the  corrupting  and  thickening  of  the  lymph* 
^Dr.  G.  is  inclined  to  think,  from  fome  cafes  he  has  feen,  that 
the  quantity  and  acrimony  of  the  virus  occafioning  the  infedlion, 
confiderably  influences  the  confequent  fymptoms.  *  It  feems 
to  me,'  fays  the  Doctor,  *  to  belong  to  the  clafs  of  animal/ 
poifons :  its  properties  and  efFe(^s  have  a  ftriking  fimilatity 
with  theirs.  Animal  poifons,  (thofe  pf  the  viper,  mad  dog, 
&c.)  when  applied  to  a*  part  of  the  body  denuded  of  the  epi- 
dermis, produce  effeds  refembling  thofe  of  the  venereal  poifon, 
only  in  a  far  more  violent  degree:  they  thicken  the  lymph, 
and,  like  the  latter,  are  perfeftly  innocuous  taken  internally.* 
It  appears  to  be  an  acid,  thickening  the  lymph,  foftening  the 
bones,  &c.  like  other  acids^  The  matter  of  the  venereal  go- 
xiorrhcea  reddens  the  blue  juices  of  vegetables.  «  Thi^  renders 
its  fimilitude  to  animal  poifons  ftill  greater;  all  thefe  poifons 
being  actds^  as  I  intend  elfewhere  fully  to  prove  againft  Fontana/ 

Book  n.  Local  fymptoms.  The  difeafe  may  be  divided  into 
two  ftages ;  the  local,  and  the  general.  The  latter  is  always 
preceded  by  the  former,  though  fometimes  the  local  accidents 
are  fo  flight  as  to  efcape  notice.  The  flighter  thefe  are,  the 
more  violent  the  fubfequent  general  difeafe.  The  gonorrhoea 
is  always  a  copious  fecretioa  from  the  mucous  glands  of  the 
|)enis,  particularly  thofe  of  Morgagni :  fometimes,  but  very 
rarely,  after  improper  treatment,  ulcers  in  the  urethra  occur, 
but  thefe  are  confequences,  not  caufes  of  the  diforder.  When 
theie  happen,  the  matter  may  be  abforbed  by  them,  and  the 

feneral  difeafe  enfue ;    but  without  an  ulcer  it  never  does, 
peaking  of  gonorrhoea  occurring  from  ftimuli  in  diffant  parts, 

Ff  2  Dr. 


Dr.  G.  relates  a  cafe  of  a  young  man  who  confulted  bim  for  a^ 
ccdematovis  fwelling  in  the  anck.  To  this  cloths  wetted  witb^ 
weak  vegeto-mineral  water  were  applied*  The  fwelling  foon 
went  off,  but  in  a  few  days  the  patient  had  a  violet  gonorrhoea, 
without  any  poffibility  of  venereal  Infeftion.  The  application 
to  die  leg  being  left  off,  the  gonorrhoea  difappeared  of  Itfelf. 

The  following  is  Dr.  G.'s  method  of  cure.  After  the 
phyfician  has  examined  the  part,  never  trwfting  to  the  report  of 
the  patienty  he  mud  forbid  all  ftimuli,  recommend  the  greatefl: 
deanlinefs,  and  particularly  enjoin  that  the  parts  be  not  expofed 
to  cold.  Making  water  in  the  ftreet,  therefore,  in  cold  or 
windy  weather,  muft  be  carefully  avoided.  The  part  muft  b»- 
Waihed  with  fre(h  limewater,  five  or  fix  times  a  day,  particu- 
larly if  there  be  chancres.  Four  or  five  times  a  day  (elfe where 
Dr.  G.  fays  every  hour)  a  dilute  folution  of  cauftic  alkali 
lukewarm  muft  be  injefted ;  when  the  inflammation  has  in* 
creafed  to  a  certain  degree,  limewater  muft  be  ufed  inftead  of 
this.  If  th^  inflammation  be  very  violent,  a  folution  of  opiuti^ 
muft  be  injefted^  with  or  without  lead.  Kvery  evening  twenty 
four  drops  of  the  tindure  of  opium,  with  a  dram  of  Hoffmann's 
anodyne  liquor,  (hould  be  given.  After  the  pain  in  ere£tioa 
and  making  water  has  ceafed,  eight  or  ten  drops  of  the  acetum 
lithargyrij  in  a  teacupful  of  water,  may  be  injeSed  fix  or  eight 
times  a  day.  This  fhould  be  continued  for  a  fortnight  after 
the  ceflation  of  the  gleet.  All  diuretics  muft  carefully  be 
avoided.  Bleeding  is  almoft  always  prejudicial ;  but  in  cafe^ 
of  violent  inflammation,  leeches  applied  to  the  groins  or  peri- 
neum are  of  great  fervice.  It  is  always  prudent  to  wear  a  bag-r 
trufs  or  fufpenfory. 

The  Doctor  next  proceeds  to  a  refutation  of  fome  erroneous- 
opinions  and  prejudices. 

*  Mr.  Hunter,  in  his  work  ow  the,  venereal  difeafe,  which  con- 
tains many  new  and  excellent  remarks,  has  alfo  laid  down  fome* 
falfc  pofitions.  Some  of  thefe  are  of  importance  to  the  welfare  of 
fociety  ;  and  as  the  celebrity  of  the  author  may  induce  many  tor 
adopt  them  as  true  without  inveftigation,  it  is  of  the  more  confe- 
quence  to  examine  them.  Mr.  H.  fays,  that  *  he  would  permit 
a  man  to  fleep  with  a  found  woman,  provided  he  would  take  the 
precaution  to  wafh  the  part  perfedtly  clean,  inject  the  penis,  and 
make  water  previoufly  :  the  woman  certainly  would  not  be  infect- 
ed.' This  is  refuted  by  dailj  experience.  Mr.  H.  aflerts,  that- 
the  clap  always  gets  well  of  itfelf,  and  it  is  of  little  confequence 
whether  remedies  are  ufed  or  not.  Serioufly  to  refute  fuch  an 
aiTcrtion  is  unneceflary  i  evtfy  pradUcal  phyfician  fees  the  con- 
trary daily.  I  only  pity  Mr.  H.'s  patients,  fince,  according  to 
his  own  confeflion,  they  who  follow  his  diredions,  and  they  who 
take  only  bread  pills,  get  well  equally  foon. — Mr.  H.  fayss,  that 
a  perfon  who  has  a  clap,  cannot  receive  a  frelh  infection  fi33iu 
Heeping  with  an  infedled  perfon,  nor  will  his  diforder  be  rendered 
worfe  by  it.     The  contrary  of  this  my  experience  ha»  fr«quentl|r 

tacight 

9 


Girtanner  on  the  Venereal  Dtfeafe.  41 3  ' 

tiught  m€.' '  Cleanlinefs,  fays  Mr,  H.  is  altogether  unncceflary  ; 
fts  the  virus  difchal'ged  from  a  venerealparienr  can  have  no  more 
eilc<5^  on  the  part  which  fecretes  it,  than  the  viper  can  be  poi- 
foned  by  her  own  venom.  Will  nor  every  one  exclaim  with 
K^ero  ?  Nihil  tarn  ahfurde  did  poteft^  quod  non  diSium  Jit  ah  alijuo 
philofofborumj* 

From  the  Doftor's  remarks  on  other  local  fymptoms,  we 
ieleft  the  following.  Supprefled  gonorrhoea  is  the  confequence 
ofexceffive  inflammation:  which  inflammation,  and  not  any 
fnetaftafis,  is  the  occafion  of  the  violent  fymptoms  ^attending 
it,  as  hernia  hunnoralis,  &c.  To  the  hernia  humoralis,  the 
beft  cxternai  applications  are^  cold  water,  fal  ammoniac  and 
vinegar,  or  a  ftrong  folution  of  lead.  Opiates  (hould  be  given 
every  evening,  and  the  antiphlogiftic  regimen  be  ftridly  purfued. 
Opiate  clyfters  are  of  great  fervice  ;  fo  are  emetics.  When 
the  gonorrhoea  returns,  no  injeftion  but  a  folution  of  opium 
muft  be  ventured  on,  and  that  with  care.  When  a  hardnefs 
of  the  tefticle  remains  after  the  inflammation  is  gone  off,  the 
beft  remedy  is  the  volatile  linament,  applied  to  the  fcrotum  and 
perineum.  If  all  other  means  fail,  inoculation  of  the  clap,  by 
a  bougie  fmeared  with  the  venereal  virus,  may  be  tried.  Thi» 
has  fucceeded  in  the  moft  obftinate  cafes  ;  but  a  fniiple  bougie 
is  a  fufficient  fllmulus  to  excite  a  gonorrhoea,  and,  therefore, 
always  to  be  preferred.  If  venereal  ifchury  cannot  be  removed 
by  the  common  noethods,  or  placing  the  feet  and  legs  in  the 
coldeft  poljible  WAter,  it  is  better  to  pundlure  the  bladder 
through  the  re<Suro,  than  attempt  to  introduce  a  catheter'  into 
the  highly  inflamed  urethra.  Dyfury,  and  contrad^ions  of  thfe 
.  urethra,  are  not  in  the  ftricEl  fenfe  of  the  word  venereal,  they 
are  fimply  the  confequences  of  inflammation.  When  they  arifc 
ixom  a  cronic  fpafmodical  contraction  of  the  urethra,  which  is 
fometimes  the  cafe,  bougies  are  ufelefs  ;  but  the  long  continued 
and  frequent  application  of  the  volatile  liniment  to  the  peririfeum, 
or  a  Wilier  on  that  part,  is  frequently  oF  fervice. 

On  venereal  ulcers  or  chancres  Dr.  G.  does  not  adopt  the 
late  Dr.  Hunger's  opinion,  that  a  moifture  fecreted  from  th^ 
glands^  is  tlie  reafon  why  they  do  not  more  frequently  occur  on 
it ;  he  fuppofes,  that  the  virus  feldom  remains  long  enough  on 
it  to  produce  that  effeft.  The  frequency  of  chancres  in 
women  feems  to  corroborate  this.  As  iiimuli  applied  to  the 
urethra,  excite  gonorrhgea,  fo  ftimuli  applied  to  the  glans  or 
prepuce  may  occafion  chancres,  which  are  not  eafily  diftin- 
guiftable  from  the  truly  venereal.  In  the  cure  of  chancres,  in- 
ternal medicines  are  ufelefs  :  nicrcurial  topics  aft  mechanically  : 
the  knife  and  corrofives  fhould  be  avoided.  If  the  chancre  be 
flight,  after  walhing  it  twice  or  thrice  with  a  weak  folution 
of  cauftic  alkali,  vcgeto- mineral  water  will  efFeft  the  cure  ;  if 
it  be  very  foul,  bcfides  the  wafliing,  lint  wetted  with  the  fo*  • 
kition  ihould  be  applied  till  the  fore  is  clean,  whci^be  cure 

F-f^.  majr- 


414-  M  I  9  I  C  I  K  I. 

may  be  finiflied  as  before.  Quickfilver  will  neither  prevent  ab« . 
forption,  nor  venereal  infeftion^  aad  ibould  not  be  adminiftered^ 
therefore,  until  fymptoms  of  the  general  dileafe  appear,  which 
wll  not  always  be  the  cafe. 

To  difperfe  venereal  buboes  the  patient  muft  be  kept  a$ 
fiill  a5  p<>flible  in  bed,  on  the  ftrldell  antiphloeiftic  regiraen* . 
If  the  inflammation  be  very  great,,  leeches  muft  be  applied  to 
the  thigh  near  the  part.  A  fmair  quantify  of  the  common 
volatile  liniment  muft  be  rubbed  into  the  infide  of  the  thigh, 
of  the  fide  afie6led,  the  perineum,  and  the  root  of  the  penis^ 
every  hour,  employing  ten  minutes  each  time  in  the  operation. 
'  Comprefles  dipped  in  cold  water,  or  powdered  ice,  muft  be 
applied  to  the  fwclling  every  quarter  of  an  hour.  An  emetic 
fliould  be  taken  every  other  day.  This  mode  of  proceeding 
will  generally  difperfe  the  bubo  in  the  fpacc  of  three  days  :  it 
after  that  time  it  continue  to  incrcafe,  and  the  throbbing  pain 
be  ftill  felt,  the  furgcon  muft  endeavour  to  promote  fuppura- 
tion.  If  buboes  cannot  be  difperfed,  they  are  beft  left  to  nature 
to  open.  iVlercurialsihould  by  no  means  be  given  during  their 
cure,  or  after  they  are  healed,  till  fymptoms  of  the  generafl 
cKfeafe  appear.  When  the  bubo  does  not  totally  difperfe,  but 
a  fmall  hardnefs  remains,  commonly  called  a  fchirrous  bubo, 
k  had  better  be  left  to  itfelf,  as  no  dar  ger  will  enfue  from  it. 

Book  III,  Preventatives.  So  early  as  the  year  1500  many 
preparations  under  this  title  were  publiflied :  moft,  however, 
that  have  been  recommended,  arc  ufelefs,  if  not  prejudicial. 
The  weak  folution  of  cauftic  alkali,  as  a  lotion  and  inje<^ion, 
IS  the  beft  \  and  oleaginous  fubftances  previouily  applied  havt^ 
their  ufe. ' 

Book  IV.  Of  the  confirmed  lues.  After  enumerating  the  vau 
nous  fymptoms,  concluding  with  the  hedic  fever,  terminating 
in  death,  Pr.  G.  obferves : 

♦  This  hedic  fever  is  generally  deemed  a  confcquence  of  the 
poifon  circulating  iji  the  body  :  but  it  is  merely  owing  to  a  long 
continued  llimulus  on  fome  particular  part,  and  is  fympathctic. 
Every  continued  ilimulus,  every  ulcer  from  which  there  is  a 
difcharge  for  a  conilderable  time,  produces  a  flow  hedtic  fever: 
not  by  the  abforption  of  pus,  as  is  commonly  fuppofed,  but  by  that 
debility  which  is  the  neceflary  confcquence  of  the  continued 
ftimulus  of  a  purulent  ulcer  of  long  duration.  In  the  firft  ftage  of 
abforption,  when  the  poifon  mult  be  prefcnt  in  the  fluids,  no 
Jiedic  fever  takes  place.  The  fame  happens  in  other  cafes.  Thi^ 
fever  frequently  occurs  without  any  ulcer  to  occa(ioi>  it  by  the 
abforption  of  pus :  and  fometimes  it  difappears  as  foon  as  the  lirnb^ 
in  which  there  is  a  difcharging  ulcer,  i«  removed.' 

The  notion,  that  the  venereal  difeafe  may  remain  concealed 

in  the  body  for  years,  to  break  out,   Proteus  like,  in  various 

forms,  and  even  to  be  tranfmitted  from  father  to  fon,  has  not 

only  influenced  the  prafticc  of  phyficians,  to  the  injury,  moft 

.1  prot 


Girtanner  on  the  Venereal  Dlfeafe.  415 

IBTo'bably,  of  their  patients,  but  has  alfo  rendered  numbers  un» 
iiappy  for  life,  by  keeping  them  in.  conftant  dread  of  this  terri- 
ble difeafe.     We  are  happy,  therefore,  to  fee  Dr.  G.  com- 
bating this  notion,  which  he  clearly  {hows,  to  be  totally  un- 
founded.    In  the  cure  of  the  lues  veneiea,  quickfilver  is  not 
a  fpecific.     It  ads  not  on  the  body  in  its  metallic  ftate.    What- 
ever preparation  of  it  be  given^  it  is  decompofed  by  the  acid  in 
the  gaftric  juice,  the  animal  acid  having  a  greater  affinity  to  it 
than  any  other  j  but  in  this  it  is  notfoluble,  unlefs  previoufly 
calcined.     Hence  its  corrofive  aftion  on  the  ftomach  :  hence 
alkalies  are  the    beft  remedies    for   this  ;    hence   it   is    only 
efficacious   in   a   (late  of  calx  :    and   hence   its   beft   prepa* 
ration  is  that  obtained  by  fridiion  alone,  or  by  precipitation 
with  an  alkali.     Mr.  Cruikfbank  has  proved,  that  the  fpittle, 
blood,  and  urine  of  perfons  in  a  falivation  contain  no  quick- 
filver:    but  gold  rings   and  watches   worn   by  them  become 
white,  whence  it  appears  to  be  carried  off  through  the  (kin 
by  tranfpiration.     Previous  to  this  it  muft  have  again  acquired 
a  portion  of  phlogifton.     On  falivation,  be  fays, 

*  Though  almoft  all  the  grciitefl  phyfickns  are  convinced,  that 
this  is  inefficacious  and  injurious,  iiill  it  is  the  common  pra«5lice 
of  hofpitals. — All  the  hofpital  phylicians,  vyhom  I  have  queflioned 
on  this  fubjedl,  in  various  countries,  confefs,  that  the  (ick  are 
not  cured  by  this  method,  that  fome  die  under  it,  and  that  moft 
who  are  difcharged  as  cured,  return  again  in  a  (liort  time  to  the 
hofpital. — In  the  Bicetre  I  faw  three  hundred  venereal  patients  go 
through  falivation  every  three  months ;  of  ail  thefe,  who  were 
difcharged  as  well,  not  one  of  thofe  of  whom  I  had  an  opportu« 
fiity  of  inquiring  was  really  cured.' 

in  anfwer  to  the  queliion  : — How  does  quickfilver  clFeft  a 
cure  ?  After  mentioning  the  feveral  opinions  of  phyficians  on  the 
Aibje£t,  Dr.  G.  obferves,  that  it  is  a  ftimulus,  quickens  the 
pulfe,  ftimulates  the  lymphatics,  and  renders  the  lymph  more 
fluid,  fo  that  it  flows  from  the  falivary  glands,  and  through  the 
pores  of  the  (kin,  by  which  means  the  poifon  is  conveyed  out  of 
the  body.  This,  however,  he  offers  merely  for  what  it  is,  an 
hypothefis. 

He  then  proceeds  to  notice  the  feveral  preparations  of  quick- 
filver, with  the  different  methods  of  employing  it  to  cure  the  vene- 
real difeafe.  The  following  is  what  the Do6tor  recommends.  Pre- 
paratory to  its  ufe  the  patient  (hould  firft  go  into  the  warm  bath, 
an  opening  medicine  (hould  be  adminiftered  thrice  in  the  courfe 
bf  a  week,  at  regular  intervals,  apd  on  the  intermediate  even- 
ings, (ixteen  drops  of  the  tinfture  of  opium.  1  he  mercurial 
Reparation  is  then  to  be  begun  with,  in  a  fmall  dofe  at  firfl*, 
and  gradually  increafing  it.  If  a  diarrhoea  come  on,  defift  a  day 
or  two,  and  give  tindure  i)f  opium.  When  the  breath  begins 
to  be  oflFenfive,  omit  the  quickfilver,  and  give  a  few  drops  of 
laudanum  thrre   times  a  day.     Again  refume  the  quickfilvef, 

Ff4     ■  and 


4l6  MEDICINE, 

and  continue  it  a  fortnight  after  the  fymptoms  have  dtfappeared, 
AfFedions  of  the  bones,  however,  are  feldom  cured  during  the 
courfe,  but  are  to  be  treated,  after  it  is  over,  merely  as  local 
complaints;  The  patient  muft  above  all  things  keep  warm, 
^nd  cautioufly  avoid  the  night  air :  this  he  muft  attend  to  for 
fome  time  after  the  cure.  For  the  firft  three  weeks  after  leaving 
off  the  mercury,  hefhouldufea  warm  bath  twice  or  three  times 
a  week,  and  afterwards,  going  into  a  warm  bed,  be  rubbed  all 
over  with  flannels  for  half  an  hour.  A  mixture  of  ^^c/j  ammonia^ 
acetata^  vinum  antimoniiy  Iff  tinSfura  opiiy  (hould  be  given  four 
or  five  times  a  day.  Finally  the  bark  and  fteel  muft  be  ufed 
to  perfed  the  cure.  *  I  have  found  by  experience,'  fays  Dr.  G, 
*  that  this  after  treatment  is  of  as  much  importance  as  the  ufe 
of  mercury  itfelf,  and  every  patient  who  ftrialy  obferves  it  will 
remain,  as  long  as  he  lives,  totally  free  from  all  confequeaces  of 
the  venereal  virus  that  he  had  carried  about  him :  on  the  other 
hand,  they  who  follow  the  ufual  methods,  will  ever  be  more  or 
lefs  troubled  with  rheumatic  complaints,  and  weaknefs  of  the 
ftomach  and  bowels.' 

A  medicine  has  long  been /ought  after,  which,  being  taken 
inwardly,  fliould  {how  whether  or  not  the  venereal  virus  ftill 
remains  in  the  fyftem :  none,  however,  hasyet  beeadifcovered, 
unlefs  perhaps  iron  poflefs  this  property,  but  that  remains  to 
be  determined  by  more  experiments.  Some  of  the  firft  voyagers 
to  America,  attribute  this  power  to  a  fpecies  of  lizard  found 
there.  (Dr.  Souville,  of  Calais,  has  employed  opium  for  this 
purpofe  with  fuccefs.  See  our  Review,  Vol.  V.  p.  245)  We 
next  find  remarks  on  remedies  from  the  vegetable  kingdom, 
Guaicum  muft  be  carefully  avoided  by  thofe  whofe  lungs  arc 
weak.  Box  wood  has  been  found  ferviceable  in  France.  From 
farfaparilla  Dr.  G.  never  faw  any  good  effects  ;  '  perhaps  be- 
caufe  what  is  ufually  met  with  in  the  ftiops  is  fpoilt.'  Burdock 
root  is  totally  inefficacious.  Hemlock  appears  to  have  little 
tfftStj  either  in  the  general  difeafe,  or  local  fymptoms  of  it. 
The  decodion  of  dulcamara  is  frequently  of  great  fervice  in 
obftinate  venereal  complaints.  Mezereon  is  alfo  an  excellent 
remedy;  chiefly  in  pains  of  the  bones,  and  affedions  of  the 
fkin.  The  daphm  lagetto  is  ftill  preferable  to  mezereon.  The 
negroes  in  the  Weft  Indies  cure  themfelves  with  the  epidendrum 
clavicu/atum.  The  decodion  or  extract  of  the  outer  green  ftiells 
of  walnuts  is  one  of  the  moft  excellent  remedies  for  obftinate  and 
inveterate  venereal  complaints.  Opium,  though  frequently  of 
great  fcrvice  as  an  auxiliary,  never  performs  a  radical  cure. 
Ten  cafes,  imparted  by  Dr.  Crichton,  ftiow,  that  the  ajlragalus 
ixfcapus  has  been  very  fuccefsful  in  removing  the  moft  obftinate 
venereal  cafes,  fwellings  of  the  bones  in  part^Jar,  in  a  ftiort 
time.  Dr.  G.  however^  doubts  whether  the  cUreV  mvere.  i:iui^  ^ 
•cal,  a  fufficient  time  to  prove  this  not  having  elapfed.    It jioes 

not 


Girtanner  on  the  Venereal  Dlfeafe.  41  y 

not  appear  to  have  anfwered  equally  well  with  all  who  hav^ 
tried  it.  (See  our  Rev,  p,  108.  of  this  Vol.)  A  plate  of  thii 
plant  is  given.  Thefe  are  followed  by  remarks  on  remedies 
from  the  animal  kingdom.  Volatile  alkali  has  been  highly  re^ 
commended  by/ome,  but  it  appears  not  to  have  deferved  the 
reputation  they  gave  it,  and  to  h^ve  been  fometimes  attended 
with  troublefome  confequences. 

In  a  chapter  on  fome  fymptoms  of  the  venereal  difeafe  which  re- 
quire particular  treatment.  Dr.  G.  notices  the  difeafe  that^nfueSi 
after  tranfplanting  teeth.  He  thinks,  in  oppofition  to  Mr« 
Hunter,  that  it  is  venereal ;  and  afks,  ^  may  not  the  venereal, 
or  any  other  difeafe,  be  tranfmitted  from  one  body  to  another, 
with  the  living  principled'  In  a  fubfequent  part  of  his  work, 
however,  he  aiFerts,  that  the  venereal  difeafe  cannot  be  tranf- 
mitted to  a  child  From  the.  father  by  means  of  the  iemen,  or 
from  the  mother,  but  by  contaS  of  the  venereal  virus  at  the 
birth.  Thi$  appears  tO:  us  a  fill  anfwer  to  his  queftion,  as 
furely  he  mud  allow,  that;  the  cl^.ld  receives  the  principle  of  vi- 
tality either  from  one  or  the  other. 

Book  v.  On  the  Venereal  Difeafe  in  Children.  As  little  or 
nothing  on  this  head  is  to  be  found  in  authors,  Dr.  G.  ob- 
ferves,  that  he  (ball  give  a  pretty  full  defcription  of  it,  from 
his  own  obfervations.     This  he  does  as  follow?. 

*  The  child  is  generally  found  at  the  birth,  its  fkin  clean,  and 
the  difeafe  firft  appears  in  ten  or  fourteen  days.  Sores  break  out, 
that  in  the  beginning  feem  onljr  flight  excoriations,  but  gradually 
increafe,  fpread,  begin  to  difchar^e,  aflTume  a  whitifli  colour, 
and  finally  turn  black,  which  is  a  hgn  of  gangrene.  The  face, 
articularly  about  the  chin  and  eye-brows^  appears,  as  if  the  child 
ad  had  a  bad  fort  of  confiuent  fmall-pox.  Aphthae  and  ulcers 
arifc  in  the  mouth,  gradually  fpreading  backwards  towards  the 
tjiroat,  forward  to  the  lips,  ana|nto  the  nofe,  fo  that  at  length 
the  child  cannot  breathe  through  the  latter.  The  nipples  of  the 
nurfe  now  grow  hard  and  chop,  and  venereal  ulcers  break  out  on- 
them.  The  body  of  the  child  gradually  becomes  covered  with 
ulcers,  and  there  is  a  purulent  difcharge  from  the'  cyc-4id8  ani 
cars,  which  is  a  certain  pathognomonic  fymptom  of  the  difeafe  ia 
children.  Puftules  refembling  thofe  of  the  fraall''[fox,  but  not 
quite  fo  hieh,  that  foon  fuppurate,  and  then  difappear,  arife  on 
all  parts  of  the  body,  but  principally  on  the  hinder  and  private* 
parts.  Swellings  on  the  head  occur,  from  the  fize  of  a  fmall 
hazlenut  to  that  of  a  walnut :  thefe  are  fometimes  hard,  fome- 
times  foft.  The  face  appears  yellow,  blui-fti,  and  full  of  wrinkiea. 
The  eyc4ids,  particularly  the  upper,  arc  greatly  fwoln  with  ex- 
tra vafated  lymph  ;  the  cornea  becomes  opake  ;  and  the  eye  looks 
red  and  inflamed.  Blue  and  copper-coloured  fpots  appear  all 
ever  the  body,  andrhagadcs  about  the  anus.' 

On  the  prognofis,  he  obferves,  that  children  are  eafieft  cured 
whilfl  they  fuck.  Ulcers  .near  the  navel,  or  os  facrum,  are 
^)moft  always  fatal  figns ;  thofe  on  the  bead  portend  ill :  fo  do 

condy- 


I 


41$  9  O   T   A   N   Y. 

condylomitt  or  rhagades  about  the  anus.  Children  infeded  in 
the  birth  are  not  (o  eafily  cured,  as  thoTe  who  take  the  difeafe 
lirom  the  nurfe.  *  It  is  a  very  fnigular  and  remarkable  obfer- 
vation,  that,  as  appears  from  the  day  books  of  the  phyficians 
of  the  venereal  hofpital  for  children  at  V  augirard  near  Paris,  th« 
number  of  venereal  children  who  die  Muring  infancy  is  far  lefs 
than  that  of  the  found.'  With  refpeft  to  the  cure,  it  has  been 
proved,  that  the  milk  of  a  perfon  taking  quickfdver  contains  no 
portion  of  it,  yet  at  V augirard  the  nurfe's  rubbing  in  mercurial 
ointment,  is  preferred  to  any  other  mode  of  cure.  Children, 
however,  bear  quickfilver  better  than  grown  perfons,  an<j  half 
a  grain  of  calomel  may  fafely  be  given  them  every  evening. 
This  is  the  beft  remedy.  The  faculty  of  medicine  at.  Paris  re- 
commend fumigations. 

The  book  terminates  vrith  formulae  referred  to  in  various 
parts. 

We  underftand  that  Dr.  Girtanner  intends  to  pnblifb  an 
£ngli(h  tranflation  of  tbis  work.  3, 

Art.  |x.  Piantarum  IconeSy  l^c,  AuHore  Jacobo  Edvardo 
Smithy  M.  D,  ^c.  Fafciculus  IL  The  fecond  Fafciculus  of 
Plants  hitherto  unpublifhed,  chiefly  from  the  Linnean  Her* 
barium.  By  E.  Smith,  m.  p.  &c.  F0K6,  jl,  is,  in  boards. 
White.     1790. 

We  have  already  announced  the  publication  of  the  firft  faf» 
ciculus  of  this  accurate  and  handfome  work,  in  our  Review, 
Vol.  IV.  p.  181.  This  fecond  fafciculus  is  not  inferior  to  that 
in  any  refpeft.  It  contains  the  fame  number  of  plants,  namely, 
twenty-five,  particularly  defcribed,  and  neatly  engraved. 

The  names  of  the  plants  are,  'Salvia  tuhijiora  &  amethyjlina. 
Nerteria  deprejfa.  L'lftanthus  glaher.  Efcailonia  myrtillotdeSy  ^ 
ferrata.  Ehrharta  iongifiora  Iff  calycina.  Daphne  pendula. 
jtrenaria  juniper  PI  a.  Vctiica  Chinenfis.  Hellehorus  ranuncuUnus^ 
Mentha  exigua.  CajViUeia  iniegrifoUay  tf  fJJifoHa,  Hypericum 
Brathys,  Mgopricon  vetulinum.  Begonia  ijopteroy  ferruginea 
a  urticafolia,  Maratiia  alata^  lavis  <S  fraxinea,  Acrdfticbum 
jpicatum.     Canopteris  rhizophy/la. 

The  author,  in  his  preface,,  apologizes  for  the  late  appear* 
ance  of  this  fafciculus,  and  promifes  for  the  future  two  every 

fear,  if  his  health  fhould  permit,  and  the  public  fhould  approve 
is  labours. 
Dr.  Smith  intends  to  publifh  ffiortly  a  very  fplendid  work, 
•ntitled,  Icones  pi£fa  piantarum  rariorum.     Or,  coloured  plates 
of  rare  plants  ;  drawn  and  engraved  by  Mr.  Sowerby  j  with 
full  fcientiiic  defcriptions,  by  himfelf.  M.  t. 


Art, 


7Sr<?rl^  ^.  Soamc  Jenyns,  "Efq.  419 

Art«  X»  "The  Works  of  Soame  Jenyns^  Efq\  including  feverd 

Pi^es  never  before  fublijhed\    U   which  an  prefixed,  Jhort 

Sketches  of  the  Author^ s  Family^  and  alfo  of  his  Life.     By  C. 

N,  Cole,  Efq.   In  Four  Volumes.     Crown  8vo,     p.  riSj. 

Price  16s.  fewed.     Cadell.     1790. 

The  iogenious  author  of  thefc  volumes,  was  born  in  London, 
on  New-yearls  day  1703-4.  His  father.  Sir  Roger  Jenyns, 
knight,  was  defcended  from  an  ancient  and  refpeftable  family 
in  Somerfetfhire.  Sir  Roger's  own  refidence  in  the  country 
Was, 'however,  at  Ely,  in  the  ifle  of  Ely,  *  He  was  an  upright, 
'knowing,  and  diligent  magiftrate,  a  great  encouragerof  induftry, 
and  at  enmrty  with  vice,  and  its  parent,  idlenefs  :*  and  fpent  his 
life,  it  appears,  very  ufefully  in  promoting  plans  for  the  benefit 
and  improvement  of  the  country  where  he  refided. 

Our  author  was  brought  up  under  the  care  of  his  excellent 
mother,  (a  daughter  of  Sir  Peter  Soame,  of  Hayden,  in  Eflex,) 
till  his  advancing  years  rendered  it  neceflfary  to  confign  him  to 
the  care  of  a  private  tutor.  He  was  admitted  a  fellow  commoner 
of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  in  1722,  where  he  con- 
tinued for  about  three  years.  In  1727,  he  publi{hed  (anonymous) 
his  art  of  dancing ;  in  1742,  foon  after  his  father's  death,  he 
was  unanimoufly  ele6ied  one  of  the  reprefentatives  of  the  county 
of  Cambridge ;  and  for  thirty  eight  years  continued  to  reprefent 
either  the  county  or  the  borough  of  Cambridge.  In  1 755,  his 
lite  majefty  appointed  him  one  of  the  lords  commiffioners  of 
trade  and  plantations,  ^which  appointment  he  held,  till  that 
board  was  abolifhed  a  few  years  fince  by  aft  of  parliament,-  He 
was'  twice  married,  but  left  no  iflue,  and  died  of  a  fever,  after 
0  few  days  iilnefs,  the  1 8th  of  December,  1 787. 

Mr.  Jenyns's  firft  political  conned^ion  was  with  Sir  Robert 
Walpole,  whom  he  fupported,  without  folicitation,  from  his 
firft  entrance  into  parliament,  on  the  pureft  and  moft  difintereft«<l 
principles  ;  nor  did  he  even  form  any  acquaintance  with  Sir 
Robert,  till  after  that  great  man  had  retired  from  public  life. 
His  attachment  to  Sir  Robert,  and  an  attention  to  the  caufes  and 
progrefs  of  that  oppofition,  which  forced  him  out  of  power, 
gave  Mr.  Jenyns  an  early  diftafte  to  political  oppofitions  in 
general,  which  he  retained  during  the  reft  of  his  life. 

A  part  pf  our  editor's  cnara^ler  of  his  amiable  and  ingenious 
friend^  will  probably  not  be  unacceptable  to  our  readers  :  p* 
xxvii. 

*  He  was  a  man  of  great  mildnefs,,  gentlenefs,  and  fweetnefs 
of  temper,  which  he  manifeiled  to  all  with  whom  he  had  concerns, 
cither  m  the  bufinefs  of  life  or  its  focial  intercourfe.  His  earneft 
deiire  was,  as  far  as  it  was  polfible,  never  to  offend  any  perfon  ; 
ind  he  made  fuch  allowances,  even  for  thofe  who  in  their  dif- 
pofi'tions  differed  from  him,  that  he  was  rarely  ofFended|  with 
iBfther^  \  of  which,  in  a  long  life,  he  gave  many  notable  inftances* 

.  He 


41^  BIOCRAFHT. 

Hfc  was  ftriA  In  the  performance  of  relig^ioui  duties  in  publicyanjL 
a  conftant  pradifcr  of  them  in  private  ;  ever  profefling  the  greateft 
Tcneratiou  for  the  church  of  England  and  tu  government, ^as  by 
Ia\v  eftabliflied  ;  holding  her  liturgy  as  the  pureft  and  moft  perfect 
form  of  public  worfliip  in  any  eftabliilicd  church  in.  Chrillcndom  : 
|)ut,  though  he  gave  it  the  preference  in  comparifon  with  other 
churches,  which,  with  Grotius,  he  thought  had  departed  from 
the  inftiturions  of  the  more  primitive  Chriftian  church,  yet  he- 
thought  that  alterations  and  amendments  might  be  made  in  it, 
whkh  would  render  it  nwre  pcrfed  than  it  is  in  its  prefent  ftatc, 
and  which  he  earncftly  delired  to  have  feen  accomplished  by  thofc- 
who  were  properly  authorized.  But  though  fuch  wa^  hb  difpq-^ 
fition,  fuch  his  defirc,  he  at  the  fame  time  exprefled  his  moft 
ardent  wifti  that  it  might  remain  in  its  prefent  form,  until  the 
alterations  propofed  to  be  made  therein  were  all  agreed  upon  and 
finally  fettled  ;  for  he  wifely  forefavr  the  dangerous  confequcnccr 
that  may  arife  to  a  long-eftabllflied  religious  or  civil  government, 
from  altering  or  doing  away  any  jxirt  of  it,  however  warranted  by 
reafon  or  found  policy,  before  it  is  abfolutely  determined  what 
fhall  m  future  be  adopted.  In  private  life  he  was  nibft  amiable 
arrd  engaging,  for  he  was  poffefled  of  a  well-informed  mind,  ac*- 
cojnpanied  by  an  uncommon  vein  of  the  moft  lively,  fpirited,  and 
j-enuine  wit,  which  always  flowed  very  copioufly  araongft  thofe 
with  whom  he  converfed,  but  which  was  tempered  with  fuch  a 
kiBrdnefs  of  nature,  that  it  never  was  the  caufe  of  uneafinefs  ta 
any  of  thofe  with  whom  he  lived ;  this  made  his  acquaintance 
much  fought  after  and  courted  by  all  thofe  who  had  a  tafte  for 
l)rilliant  converfation,  being  well  afTured  that  they  wanld  fee 
d^elighted  with  it  where  he  was;  and  that,  though  they  did  not 
poflefs  the  lame  talent,  t;hey  never  would  be  cenfured  by  hio^ 
becaufe  they  wanted  it. 

*  This  fo  gentle  an  exertion  of  fo  rare  a  quaKty  he  not  only. 
<ri6lly  obferved  himfelf,  but  was  always  much  hurt  if  he  obferved 
the  want  of  it  in  others ;  and  confidered  every  fally  of  wit^ 
liowever  bright  it  might  be,  which  tended  to  the  mortificatiox^ 
ef  thofe  who  heard  it,  as  one  of  its  grcatelt  abufes,  fincc  he 
looked  upon  all  pre-eminent  gifts  of  the  minH,  beftowed  by 
nature  as  much  for  the  happincfs  ofbthers,  as  of  thofe  who  pofiefa 
them. 

*  And  inHliis  his  delightful  converfation  he  fo  totally  abf^a^ned 
from  recurring  to  religion  or  fcriptureas  fubjcds  of  his  wit,  that 
thofe  who  lived  moll  with  him  could  not  help  obferving,  that  in 
his  common  and  unguarded  focialhours^  he  ever  ftridly  abdaincd 
from  ufing  the  name  of  the  Supreme  Being,  unlefs  when  it  wat 
rendered  necefliiry  by  the  immediate  fubjed  of  the  converfation. 

*  No  perfon  ever,  felt  ijore  for  the  miferies  of  others  than 
he  did  ;  no  perfon  faw,  or  more  ilridly  pradtifed,  the  ncceflity 
impofed  on  thofe  who  form  the  fuperior  ranks  of  life,  whofe 
duty  it  is  to  reconcile  the  lower  clafTes  to  their  prefent  condition, 
by  contributing  the  utmott  to  make  them  happy ;  and  thereby 
to  caufe  them  to  feel  as  little  of  that  differcrfce  as  is  poffible  ;  for 
he  was  moil  kind  and  courteous  to  all  his  inferiors,  not  only 
in  his  exprcffions  and  in  his  behaviour)  but  in  affiiling  them  im 


fTorh  pf  Soamc  Jcny  ns,  Efq^  42 1 

»11  theif  wants  and  diftreiTeSy  as  far  as  he  could  ;  ever  cohiiderra|^ 
his  poor  neighbours  in  the  country  as  parts  of  his  family,  and^ 
M  fucb,  entitled  to  his  care  and  protetStion. 

^  He  fpent  his  fumniers  at  his  houfe  in  the  country^  reiiding 
tjiere  with  hofpitality  to  his  tenants  and  neighbours,  and  nerer 
fAifferod  any  places  at  that  feafon  calculated  tor  public  diverfions 
to  allure  him ;  for  he  faid  he  could  at  that  time  do  more  ^ood 
sn  his  own  parifh  than  in  any  other  iituation. 

*  He  frequently  lamented  the  prevailing  paflion  of  the  latef 
times  of  his  life,  which  carried  gentlemen  with  their  families 
from  London,  when  it  is  deferted  by  all  thofe  whofe  abfence  can 
be  difpenfed  with,  to  places  far  diftant  from  their  houfes  and 
ancient  feats  in  the  country  ;  opened  chiefly  for  the  receptjoa 
of  thofe  who  wifli  to  continue  the  fcenes  of  diilipatlon  they  have 
left :  whence  it  is,  that  the  money  which  fhould  revert  to  th& 
diitrifts  from  which  it  was  received,  is  turned  into  a  different 
channel;  tenants  arc  deprited  of  the  advantages  they  are  in 
fome  degree,  entitled  to,  from  its  expenditure  amonglt  them ; 
hofpitality  done  away,  and  the  ilream  of  charity,  that  would 
otfaerwife  have  gladdened  the  hearts  of  their  poor  neighbours^ 
is  ftopped ;  thek  inferiors  deprived  of  their  example,  encourage- 
ment, and  prote(5tion,  in  the  pradice  of  religion  and  virtue,  and 
thereby  the  manners  of  the  country  altered  for  the  worfe,  which 
neceflarily  occafions  great  mifchiefs  to  the  public. 

*  Such  was  the  author  in  his  private  walk  of  life  :  and  the  prin- 
ciples on  which  that  condu(5l  was  founded,  when  expanded  as 
motives  for  his  public  charadter  in  a  larger  fphere  of  adiou,  ren- 
dered him  equally  praifeworthy  in  that  as  in  the  former.  * 

*  When  he  was  in  the  country,  he  conftantly  acted  as  a  ma- 
giftrate  in  his  own  diilridt,  and  attended  all  thofe  meetings  which 
were  holdcn  for  the  purpofes  of  public  juttice. 

*  From  the  general  opmion  that  was  entertained  of  his  -inflexibk 
integrity,  and  fuperior  underflanding,  he  was  much  reforted  to 
in  that  character  at  home.     From  his   natural  fagacity,  quick 
<lifcernment,  and  long  experience,  on  hearing  and  examining  the 
parties,  he  fcldom  failed  of  obtaining  a  complcat  knowledge  of  the 
cafes  that  came  before  him ;  and  was  thereby  enabled  to  deter- 
miffc  according  to  the  rules  ofcompleat  julHcc  ;  always  giving 
his  reafons  for  what  he  did,  with  a  clearnefs  and  perfpicaity  pe- 
culiar to  himfelf,  and  thofe  reafons  exprcfled  in  words  fo  accom- 
modated to  the  underllanding  of  all  who"  heard  him,  that  few  or 
none  departed  difTatisficd  with  his  decilions.     Though  he   was 
not  bred  to  the  ftudy  of  the  law,  his  underftanding,  like  old  Cato 
in  his  charafter  by  Livy,  was   fuch,  that  he  could  apply  it  to 
every  purpofe  for  which  it  was  wanted.     When  in  the  courfe  of 
converfation,  among  other  topics  that  arofe,  the  duty  of  a  magillrate 
had  its  place,  and  the  pains  attending  it,  as  alfo  the  difliculties. 
from  the  number  and  variety  of  powers  with  which  the  legiflature 
had  entruftcd  him  were  aflerted,  he  ufcd  to  fay,  that  bethought 
himfelf  iingnlarly  happy,  that,  on  a  recolle<Iition  of  the  many 
years  he  had  a(5ted  in  the  commiflion  of  the  peace,  he  had  never 
been  called  to  th«  Court  of  King's  Bench  to  account  for  his  not 
iinderilandiog  an  a£t  of  parliament,  ^  which  he  was  often  one  of 

-^h« 


444  B  i  6  d  it  A  P  li  v.    ' 

the  makers  ;  which  had  fomctimcs  happened  to  thofe  in  his  Sim^ 
tion ;  and  that  he  had  heen  am^ly  compenfated  for  the  psahw 
ht  had  taken,  and  the  difficulties  he  had  met  with  during  hi$  lon^ 
exercife  of  that  civil  office,  by  the  marly  opportunities  which  he 
had  been  gratified  with  of  reconciling  thofe  who  came  before  hi nr 
inflamed  with  the  highefl  degree  of  hatred  to  each  other ;  for  ho 
<ronfidered  that  beatitude,  which  h  pronounced  on  the  peace 
makers,  as  an  elTential  part  of  the  internal  evidence  of  the  trulth  of 
the  Chriflian  religion.* 

We  fhall  conclude  our  account  of  Mr.  Jenyws  with  the  fol- 
lowing elegant  minute  which  may  be  found  in  the  regiftry  of  buri- 
ah,  in  theparilh  church  of  Bottifham  for  the  year  1787.  p.  Lvi. 

*  SOAME  JENYNS,  in  the  S^d  year  of 

his  age. 

What  his  literary  charafler  was, 

The  world  hath  already  judged  for  itfelf ; 

But  it  remains  for  his  Parifh  Minifter  • 

to  do  his  duty. 

By  declaring, 

That  while  he  regifters  the  burial  of 

SOAME  JENYNS, 

He  regrets  the  lofs  of  one  of  the  mojt 

amiable  of  mertj 

And  one  of  the  trueft  Chriftians^ 

To  the  Parifh  of  Bottifliam  he  is  an 

irreparable  lofs. 

He  was  buried  in  this  church,  Dec.  27,  ' 

near  midnight. 

By  William  Lort  Manfell,  fequeftrator; 

Who  thus  tranfgreffes  the  common  forma 

of  a  Regifler, 

Merely  becaufe  he  thinks  it  to  be 

The  moft  folemn  and  laftin^  method 

of  recording  to  po'ftenty. 

That  X\i^finiJ{  underfiandtng 

Has  been  united  ' 

To  the  hefi  heart.* 

Our  readers  are  in  general,  we  apprehend,  well  acquainted 
with  the  literary  character  of  Mr.  Jenyns.  He  is  an  author  of 
uncommon  fancy,  and  of  confiderable  elegance,  lii  philofo* 
phyfing  he  poilefles  all  the  fweetnefs  and  fancy  of  Plato,  without 
his  obfcurity :  like  Plato  he  is  frequently  vifionary,  but  like  hini 
always  acute  and  ingenious.  He  keeps  the  attention  of  his 
reader  always  alive,  and  even  where  he  contradi£ls  our 
judgment  and  our  prejudices,  feems  to  produce  a  temporary 
conviftion  by  his  agl-eeable  manner.  Though,  however,  wc 
do  not  implicitly  fubfcribe  to  all  his  doftrines,  yet  his  writings 
contain  much  truth,  and  much  information.  They  are  all  of. 
them  intended  to  promote  the  intereftsofvirtue^  and  may  always 
be  read  with  pleafuie  and  improvement.         . 

The 


fForks  of  Soame  Jenytis,  JS/q.    -  4/23 

The  prelcnt  coHcaion  confifts  chiefly  of  a '  republication  of 
bis  poems,  hrs  Effay  on  the  Origin  of  Evil,  his  Internal  Evi-. 
dence,  his  Difquifuions,  fome  papery  in  the  World,  and  (bme^ 
Political  Eff^ys  ;  and  contains  nothing  new,  except  fome  fhort 
poems,  an  Eiiay  on  the  National  Debt,  and  fome  Curfory  Ob- 
fervations  on  feveral  Paflages  in  the  New  Teftament,  We  muft 
add,  that  Mr.  Cole  has  fulfilled  his  duty,  as  an  editor,  grcatljr 
to  his  own  honour,  and  that  of  his  illuftrious  friend. 

The  illuft rations  of  fome  paflages  of  the  New  Teftament,. 
which  are  the  principal  of  what  Is  new  in  thefe  volumes,  are 
diftinguiihed  by  the  fame  chara6lerifttcs  as  all  the  other  pro- 
ductions of  our  author ;  they  are  always  lively,  ingenious  and 
elegant,  but  fometimes  fanciful  and  vifionary.  Several  are 
excellent,  either  for  acutenefs  of  obfervation,  or  pointednefe 
and' elegance  of  exprei&on  ^  a  few  of  thefe  we  fliall  endeavour 
to  fele^t  as  fpecinaens  on  the  prefent  occafion.  Vol.  iv.  p.  x30« 

*  Blcjfid  are  the  meeky  for  thfy  fhall  irihertt  the  earth • 

*  It  appears  by  no  means  eafy  to  reconcile  the  promifc  witk 
fafts  and  experience  ;  for  earthly  profperity,  wealth,  power,  and 
pre-eminence,  are  fo  far  from  being  the  inheritance  ot  the  meek, 
that  they  feem  to  be  entirely  monppolijcd  bv  the  bold,  turbu- 
lent, and  ambitious ;  and  we  may  fay  with  (Jato,  *  This  world 
was  made  for  Caefar.' 

*  To  extricate  thcmfelves  from  this  difficulty,  fome  commen- 
tators have  been  induced  to  look  out  for  another  earth,  which 
they  at  laft  fortunately  found  in  the  words  of  St.  Peter ;  who 
fays,  *  Neverthelefs  we,  according  to  promife,  look  for  new 
heavens  and  a  new  earth,  wherein  dwelleth  righteoufnefs.*  To 
this  new  earth,  they  would  gerfuade  us,  this  promife  may  with 
propriety  be  applied,  and  that  therein  it  will  certainly  be  fulfilled, 

*  But  in  explaining  this  pallhge,  there  is  no  occafion  to  have 
recourfe  to  fo  far-fetched  and  fanciful  an  interpretation,  nor  to 
call  in  the  affiftance  of  a  new  world.  By  the  meek  inheriting  the 
earth,  nothing  more  is  meant,  than  that  perfons  of  meek,  quiet, 
and  peaceable  difpofitions,  enjoy  more  happincfs  on  earth,  and 
fufFer  lefs  difquietude  in  the  prefent  life,  than  thofe  of  oppofite 
characters  :  and  this  is  verified  by  the  experience  of  every  day  ; 
they  acquire  more  friends,  and  fewer  enemies,  they  meet  with 
fewer  injuries  and  difappointments,  and  bear  thofe  which  they 
cannot  avoid  with  lefs  uneafinefs,  and  pafs  through  the  world  as 
they  do  through  a  crowd,  lefs  obIlru(fted,  lefs  bruifedand  joftled, 
than  thofe  who  force  their  way  by  violence  and  irapetuofity.  To 
which  we  may  add,  that  a  meek  and  quiet  temper  is  tne  raoft 
efficacious  prefervative  of  health,  the  firlt  of  all  earthly  bleffings, 
and  without  which  we  are  incapable  of  enjoying  any  other. 
Wealth,  power,  and  grandeur,  are  by  no  means  eiTential  to 
earthly  happinefs ;  but  Ihould  we  admit  that  they  are,  and  are 
included  in  this  promife,  we  fliould  not  find  it  altogether  unful- 
filled ;  for,  though  the  turbulent  and  overbearing-may  fometimes 
f^izc  on  them  by  violence,  they  much  oftcner  fail  in  their  at- 

attempts, ' 


414  tttfidtOGY. 

tcmptv  artd  ^^^c  ^Y  their  owninfoJencc  into  ruin  and  contempt; 
H^hiift  thofeof  eafy  and  conciliating  manners,  lilently  climb  above 
tbem,  Icfs  envied^  and  lefs  oppofed,  becaufe  lefs  noticed  and  lefs 
(^Sending.  v 

*  It  is  uniVlSrfally  allowed,  that  nothing  fo  much  advances 
our  worldly  intereils,  and  fo  much  ailills  us  in  our  purfuit* 
cf  wealth  and  honours,  as  good-breeding ;  and  what  is  good 
breeding,  but  an  affcdtation  of  mceknefs,  humility,  and  compla- 
cency ?  if,  therefore,  the  pretence  to  thefe  amiable  qualities  can  do 
f>  much,  furely  the  poffcllion  of  them  will  do  a  great  deal  more. 
In  fad  it  does,  and  feldom  fails  to  gain  us  favour,  increafe  our 
friends,  and  advance^  our  interefts.— Thus  we  fee  this  promife  i$ 
g-enerally  accompliibed  ;  the  meek  do  inherit  the  earth,  that  is^ 
have  the  beft  chance  of  acquiring  and  enjoying  the  bleffings  of  thi» 
life^  as  well  ^sthe  happinefs  of  another.' 

•  He  that  recei'vetb  a  prophet^  in  the  name  of  a  prophet^  Jbalt 
receive  a  prophet^ s  revjard.     p.    149, 

*  By  •a  prophet'  is  here  to  be  underflood,  a  holy,  religious, 
imd  good  man  ;  and  the  meaning  of  the  whole  fentence  is  this  ;— 
*  He  that  receiveth  a  prophet/  that  is,  he  that  entertains,  afSfts, 
and  patronifes  a  religious  and  good  man  ;  *  in  the  name  of  a  pro-' 
phet,*  that  is,  becaufe  he  is,  and  has  the  name  and  charaftcr  of 
3  religious  and  good  man;  *  fliall  receive  a  prophet's  reward;* 
that  is,  is  entitled  to,  and  fliall  receive  as  great  a  reward  as  the 
teligious  and  good  man  himfelf.  That  he  ihould  receive  an  equal 
reward  is  perfectly  agreeable  to  divine  juftice,  becaufe,  cntcr- 
fainin'g  and  patronifing  a  pious  and  virtuous  man,  from  the  folc 
confideration  of  his  merit,  demonftrates  a  heart  as  much  devoted 
to  piety  and  virtue  as  any  aftion  which  the  worthy  objcdt  of  his 
favor  can  poffibly  perform. 

*  If  this  is  true,  the  converfc  muft  be  true  likewife;  that  is, 
that  he  that  entertains,  prpteds,  and  patronifes  an  impious,  a 
profligate  man,  for  the  fake  of  his  vices,  is  as  criminal,  and  fliall 
receive  as  fevere  a  punifliment,  as  the  mofl  abandoned  of  his  favo- 
rites ;  and  this  with  equal  juftice,  becaufe  the  approbation  of 
wickednefs  in  others,  having  no  temptation  for  an  excufe,  is  more 
atrocious,  anddemonllrates  a  more  depraved  difpolition,  th^n  even 
the  pracftice  of  it.  The  fedudion  of  pleafurc,  the  lure  of  intereft, 
or  the  violence  of  our  paffions,  may  be  fome,  though  a  poor  apo- 
logy, for  the  commillion  o^"  crimes ;  but  to  fit  coolly  by,  and 
view  with  pleafure  the  iniquities  and  profligacy  of  others,  and  to 
encourage  them  by  our  favor,  approbation  and  rewards,  indicates 
a  difpolition  more  compleatly  depraved  than  the  commiffion  of 
them  :  but,  depraved  as  it  is,  we  fee  inflarices  of  it  every  day  ; 
we  fee  the  moft  impious  and  profane,  the  moft  corrupt  and  dilfo- 
lute,  fometimes  the  idols  of  the  vulgar,  and  more  frequently  the 
idols  of  the  great ;  we  fee  them,  without  any  introdudion  or  re^ 
commendation,  except  their  vices,  entertained,  carelTed,  and  pa- 
tronifed  by  the  rich  and  powerful,  who  look  with  envy  and  ad- 
miration on  a  degree  of  profligacy  in  them,  which  they  them- 
fclves  are  unable  "to  arriv*  at.' 


fTorks  of  Soame  Jchyiis,  £fq.  425; 

*  Wtjofoe*ver^  therefore^  Jball  he  ajhamed  of  me y  and  of  my  tvordsj 
in  this  adulterous  and  Jinful  generathn^  of  him  aJfo  Jkall  the  Son  of 
fnan  he  ajbamed^  tvhen  h/  cometh  in  the  glory  of  his  Father •  p.  179. 

*  Many  and  fevere  are  the  threats  which  w^  find  denounced  by 
Chriii  againft  hypocrites ;  that  is,  againfl  thofe  who  pretended  an 
extraordinary  fandity  in  their  manners  and  converfation,  without 
having  any  true  fenfe  of  religion  or  morality  in  their  hearts.  The 
words  before  us  arc  a  threat,  likewife,  againll  hypocrites,  but 
hypocrites  of  a  very  different  fort ;  thofe  who  pretend  to  be 
more  profligate  than  they  really  are,  and  therefore  may  properly 
be  called  hypocrites  in  wickednefs.  Thefe  are  much  more  nu- 
merous in  the  prefcnt  times,  and  perhaps  more  mifchievous  than 
the  former';  a>  thofe  do  honor  to  religion  and  virtue  by  their 
fretences  to  th«m,  thefe  affront  them  by  an  open  difavowal. 
Thofe  make  others  better  than  themfelves,  and  thefe  worfe,  by 
their  example.  We  meet  with  this  ridiculous  and  criminal  kind 
of  hypocrify  every  day  ;  we  fee  men  affeding  to  be  guilty  of 
vices  for  which  they  have  no  rclifti,  of  profligacy  for  which 
they  have  not  conflitutions,  and  of  crimes  which  they  have  not 
courage  to  perform.  They  lay  claim  to  the  honOr  of  cheating, 
at  the  time  they  are  cheated,  and  endeavour  to  pafs  for  knaves, 
when,  in  fadl,  they  are  but  fools^  Thefe  are  the  offenders  of 
whom  Chrift  will  be  afliamed  when  he  cometh  in  the  glory  of  hit 
JFather ;  which  will  be  a  dreadful  but  juft  punifhment,  and  it 
proper  retaliation  of  thatfoolidi  and -impious  modcfty,  which 
induced  them  to  be  afliamed  of  him  apd  his  word,  in  complaifance 
to  a  finful  and  adulterous  generation ;  and  to  be  lefs  afraid  o^ 
Incurring  the  difpleafure  of  the  befl  of  all  beings,  than  the  profane 
ridicule  of  the  worft  of  men . 

*  Jcfus  faith  unto  him^  Thomas^  hecaufe  thou  haft  feen  me^  ihoU 
haft  hiiieved'i  hlejfed  are  they  that  ^mve  not  feeuy  and  yet  have 
heliefOed,  p.  237. 

*  What !  fays  the  felf-fufficient  reafoner,  are  thofe  the  moft 
blelfed  who  believe  withbut  proof?  And  is  the  merit  of  faith  greater^ 
in  proportion  as  the  evidence  for  it  is  lefs  ?— To  fuch  querilts  I 
ihall  only  aftfvver,  that  they  underftand  not  the  nature  of  faith, 
nor  in  what  the  merit  of  it  confifts.  In  the  mere  affent  to  a  pro* 
poflrion,  there  is  no  merit ;  becaufe,  if  the  proof  is  obfcure,  iti« 
weaknefs  ;  if  clear,  it  is  compulfion.  It  is  not  the  aH  but  the 
dU^ifition^  which  places  faith  fo  high  in  the  catalogue  of  Chriftian 
virtues,  and  renders  infidelity  fo  criminaU  One  of  the  chie'^ 
chara^erilUcs  of  ChrilHan  charity  is,  that  it  believeth  all  things*; 
becaufe  this  readinefs  to  believe  mufl:  proceed  from  an  humble, 
fubmiflive,  and  teachable  temper.  Whereas  incredulity,  -when 
the  evidence  is  fuflicient,  generally  arifes  from  men's  vices,  an4 
at  befl,  from  a  felf-coneited,  fufpicious,'  and  untra<flable  difpo- 
'fition,  which  is  utterly  incompatible  with  the  whole  tenour  of 
that  religion.  This  feems  to  have  been  the  cafe  of  St.  Thomas  • 
ivhp  is  here  reproved  for  not  believing  the  refurredion  of  Chrifl, 
on  the  politive  and  uha^imoiis  tellimony  of  all  the  apoftlcs  (with 

.  Vol,  VII.  G  g  whgfc 


426  T   H   t-O   L  O   O   Y* 

whofe  honefty  and  veracity  he  was  perfe(^Iy  acquainted^  W9 
had  no  realbu  to  queiVion)  becaufe  he  had  not  feen  him  with 
iis  own  eyes,  and  Felt  him  with  his  own  handd :  and,  perhaps, 
he  was  not  indulged  with  fo  incontcflible  proof  as  the  reft  had 
been>  in  arder  to  try  and  correct  this  incredulous  and  fufpicious 
4irpo(ition.  If  this  was  really  the  fa6t,  we  may  from  thence  rca* 
fonably  conclude,  that  many  things  are  communicated  to  us,  in 
the  fcriptures,  in  a  manner  not  fo  perfectly  clear  and  demon* 
ftritive  as  they  might  have  been,  for  the  fame  caufc,  that  is,^  to 
try  and  cultivate  in  us  a  difpofition  fo  necelTary  ia  the  compofitioQ 
•f  a  Chriftian«  P* 


ARt.  XI.  yfn  Expofttion  of  the  New  Tejiament ;  intended  as  an 
IntroduSiion  to  the  Study  of  the  Scripturesy  hy  pointing  out  the 
leading  Senfe,  and  Connexion  of  the  facred  fFr iters.  By  Wil* 
liam  Gilpin,  m.  a.  ice.  &c.     717  pages.  4to.     Price  iL  is. 

•    in  boards.     Blamire.    1790. 

In  this  volume  the  public  are  prefented^  by  an  elegant  fcholar 
and  refpedable  divine,  with  the  refult  of  his  many  years  labour^ 
the  main  objed  of  which  is  toaifift  the  younger  ftudents  in  di* 
vinity,  by  furniihing  them  with  an  introdudion  to  the  fcrip* 
tures  ;  and  thofe  whofe  engagements  in  the  world,  or  neceflarjf 
bufinefe,  may  prevent  their  making  deeper  refearches.  With  a 
view  to  tbefe  ends,  it  was  his  aim  to  produce  a  readable  expofi- 
tion,  in  ojipofitron  to  Aich  as,  though  fit  to  be  confuludj  are  tod 
difFufeto  be  eafily  read.  The  diffidence  of  the  author  in  fpeak- 
ing  of  his  performance  is  no  (light  recommendation  of  bis 
work. 

*  Though  I  hope  I  have  been  neither  deficient  in  reading,  in 
thinking,  nor  in  confulting  my  friends  on  the  fubjeft,  I  iHll  bring 
it  forward  with  apprehenfion.  Nothing  is  more  arduous,  than  to 
comment  on  the  fcriptures— "to  puhliji?  our  own  interpretations  of 
the  tjQord  of  God,  In  many  places  we  mufl  conjeBure ;  and  there 
will  ever  b!e  a  variety  of  opinions.  I  humbly  however  truft  in 
God,  that  I  have  hazarded  no  conjedure,  nor  have  given  any  ex- 
planation of  obfcu re  points,  inconfiftent  with  the  general  fenfe  of 
.Kripture,  which  muft  be  our  guide  in  all  dubious paJfagesJ 

After  a  dedication  to  the  bifhop  of  Salifbury,  the  work  opens 
in  a  General  Preface  with  a  view  of  the  fl:ate  of  the  world,  at  the 
time  of  our  Saviour's  appearance,  and  more  particularly  of  the 
condition  of  the  Jews  in  refpcft  to  their  political,  moral  and 
religioa?  charafter;  the  fe£ts  which  prevailed  amongft  themj 
and  the  ejfFefts^  which  their  expeftation  of  the  MefRah  had  pro- 
duced : — an  expcflation,  which,  not  confined  to  themfelvef^ 
"Wafc  fo  far  common  amongft  the  heathen  nations,  that  a  King 
was  not  only  expedted  to  arife  out  of  Judea,  but  many  fur- 
prizing  charadleriftics  of  Chrift  had  been  preyioufly  pointed  out. 

^  ai4 


Gilpin^  E»po/itm  of  the  Neix)  Te/tament.  427 

ftfid  pte^rvcd.  Biit,  Mr.  Gilpin  remarks^  <  whatever  might 
have  been  the  hopes  of  the  heathen  world,  the  birth  of  Chrift 
completely  fulfilled  the  Jewifli  difpenfation.*  This  he  proceeds 
to  exemplify  in  reference  to  the  various  prophetic  indications  of 
the  condition  of  Chrift,  his  family,  birth-place,  and  abode;  h\i 
fore-runner ;  the  commencement  of  his  miniftry  ;  the  choiceof 
his  difciples;  the  fimplicity  and  importance  of  his  religion;  his 
methodofinftruftionj  his  prophecies,  and  miracles ;  his  cruci* 
fixion,  refurredtionj  and  afcenfion.  The  next  objedis  of  his 
attention  are,  the  difFufion  of  the  gofpel  beyond  the  confines  of 
Judea,  and  the  provifions  made  for  the  future  ftatc  of  the 
church,  by  the  faithful  narratives  which  the  difciples  drew  up  of 
the  life  and  doctrines  of  their  matter,  and  the  epiftles  which  the 
apoftles  wrote  for  the  edification  6f  their  converts.  Hence,  the 
tranfition  is  immediate  tp  the  ftile  of  the  facred  writers ;  their 
manner  of  compofing ;  dates;  (purious  books;  the  canon  qi 
fcripture;  its  general  perfpicuity,  and  fubordinate  difficulties. 
Thefe  laft  are  referred  to  miftakes  in  tranfcribing ;  obfcurity 
occasioned  by  tranflators,  in  not  giving  idiomatic  phrales  their 
full  force  i  proverbial  modes  of  expreffion  ;  the  parabolic  forn^ 
of  inftruSion  ;  frequent  allufions  to  the  Jewifh  ritual,  with  the 
free  and  bold  ufe  of  figurative  language ;  miftakes  as  to  the 
proper  ufe  of  p^articles ^  peculiarities  of  inanners  and  cuftoms  }• 
Si  too  early  familiarity  with  the  fcripturcs ;  and,  perhaps,  more 
than  all,  the  prefent  abfurd  di^ifions  into  chapters  and  verfes* 
It  being  th^  commentator's  bufinefs  to  difpel  the  obfcurity 
arifing  from  thefe  feveral  caufes,  Mr,  Gilpin  proceeds  to  ob- 
viate the  objections  which  have  been  made  againft  com- 
mentaries in  general,  and  to  point  out  their  ufe ;  whence  he 
defcends  more  particularly  to  fpeak  of  his  own.     P.  xvii, 

*  The  following  work  is  certainly  not  intended  as  a  fuifiituU 
to  the  labours  of  the  many  learned  men,  who  have  commented  on 
the  fcriptures  ;  but  rather  as  an  introduBion  to  them.  It  is  meant 
to  give  in  a  (hort  compafs,  agenertdidea  of  what  the  commentator 
difcufTes  at  large.  In  their  works  we  have  the  parts  often  ably 
explained ;  but  rarely  a  connedled  view  of  the  ^hoh.  In  the 
following  work  this  plan  hath  been  rcverfed.  The  general  fenfe 
and  connedion  of  the  ivhole  hath  been  attended  to,  without  re- 
garding minutely  the  critical  examination  oi  farts ^  So  that  the 
reader  may  purfue  the  narrative,  or  argumeiit,  without  interrup- 
tion. This  endeavour  to  place  the  leading  fubjeft  in  the  fiaireft 
point  of  light,  hath  fometimes  made  me  perhaps  more  condfe, 
than  I  fliould  otherwiie  have  chofen'to  be.  1  wiflied  to  avoid 
what  1  thought  the  greateft  fault  of  paraphrafts,  that  of  faying 
every  thing  that  can  be  faid,  and  leaving  nothing  to  the  i*eader's 
obfervadon.  Many  parts  of  feripture  require  no  explanation  : 
and  a  difficult  paiTage  is  not  always  difficult,  bqcaufe  it  is  concife. 
An  explanation  perhaps  need  employ  no  more  words  than  a  dif- 

G-  g  a  ficulty. 


4^8  t  T   H  B  6  L  O  O  Y, 

ficulty.  *  Tt  appeared  to  mc,  in  fhort,  a  ufcful  mode  of  commeof'* 
ing,  to  give  juft  the  leading  fenfe  ;  which  is  fojnetimes  loll.,  or 
however  injured,  in  a  multiplicity  of  words  :  while  I  trufl  I 
have  left  nothing  unfaid,  except  in  critical  matters,  which  will 
not  eafily  ftrikc  an  obfervant  reader,  on  looking  into  the  original. 
— I  have  fometimes  alfo  abridged,  where  a  fentiment  or  (slS:  is 
drawn  out,  according  to  the  Jewifh  idiora,  into  repetition;  or 
where  a  dodrinc  relates  to  fome  ancient  error ;  and  is  lefs  intereft* 
ing  at  this  time.  But  when  1  over-run  a  real  diflScitlty,  the 
reader  will  generally  find  fome  account  of  it  in  the  notes  ;  unlef» 
It  relate  to  any  nicety  of  verbal  criticifm,  which  I  leave  to  work* 
more  profefledly  written  on  thofe  fubjcd^s.  1  refer  however  to 
eacfh  verfe  in  the  margin,  that  the  reader  may,  with  cafe,  apply 
elfewhere  for  fatisfadtion,  when  he  miifes  it  here.  '  A  clear,  con* 
neded  difcourfe,  without  paufing  long  at  obftacles^  hath  been 
chiefly  aimed  at^  which  may  iifclf  leflen  many  difficulties  ;  and 
by  throwing  a  general  light  over  the  ivhole^  make  even  the  farts 
more  intelligible.  **  1  am  more  and  more  convinced  (fays  a 
pious,  and  able  expofitor)  that  the  vulgar  fenfe  of  the  New 
Teflament,  that  is,  the  fenfe  in  which  an  honeft  man  of  plain 
fenfe  would  take  it  on  his  firft  reading  it,  is  almod  every  where 
the  true,  general  fenfe  of  any  paffage  :  tho'  an  acquaintance  with 
language,  and  antiquity,  with  an  attentive  meditation  on  the 
text,  and  context,  may  illuilrate  the  fpirit  and  energy  of  a  mul- 
titude of  places.*' 

'  Upon  the  whole,  in  this  expofition  I  have  endeavoured  as 
nearly  as  I  can,  to  give  the  fcrijjtures  \n/uc/j  a  drcfs^  as  I  humbly, 
(very  humbly)  fuppofe  they  might  have  appeared  in,  if  they  had 
been  ivritten  originally  in  Rnglijb ;  and  accommodated  tO  the 
cuftonis^  idlomsy  and  modes  of  phrafeology  now  in  ufe  ;  and  by  giving 
them  this  modern  caft,  I  have  attempted  to  make  thtfsn/e  of  them ^ 
as  familiar  to  our  ears^  as  it  was  to  thofe  of  the  cady  chr/Jiians. 
One  great  point  I  have  laboured,  is  to  make  the  conne<5tion  be- 
tween the  fevcral  parts  of  a  difcourfe,  as  eafy  as  I  can.  The  » 
Jewilh  writers,  among  whom  compoiition  was  not  cultivated  as  a 
fcience,  were  little  attentive  to  this  matter.  A  train  of  ideas,  no 
doubt,  flowed  regularly  in  their  minds  ;  but  it  is  not  always  ob- 
vious to  a  modern  ear,  which  is  ufcd  to  a  more  artificial  combina*- 
ti'on.  In  the  writinjjs  of  St.  Paul  this  abruptncfs  is  particularly 
remarkable  On  this  point  I  have  taken  all  the  pains  I  could, 
and  have  ufed  thebefk  helps  I  could  find,  to  (lie w  the  connection.* 
.  From  this  general  account  of  his  own  plan,  he  goes  on  to  con- 
fider  thofe  of  others,  and  particularly  of  the  harnionixers  of  the . 
gofpels.  The  obfervations  which  here  occur^  and  efpccially, 
refpeding  irdpirat'ton^  are  jp  the  bigheft  degree  pertinent,  nor 
are  the  reafons  lefs  fatisfacftory  which  Mr.  Gilpin  affigiis  for 
adopting  a  different  method. 

This  preface  concludes  with  a  few  explanations  of  perfons 
and  things  which  occu^r  frequently  in  fcripture: ;  fuch  as  the 
Sizmarkansy  the  Scribes^  tl\e  Herodians^  the  Paffcvef^  Pentecq/i^ 
Eeaji  of  Tabernacles^  Sabbatical,  liar ^  JubiUiy  NeW'tnoon^  FeaJU 

•f 


PalcyV  Hora  Paulina.  429 

tf.  Trumpets^  Purim  and  DedicatloHy  the  great  Day  of  Atonement^ 
^nidivijiom  of  time* 

The  general  preface'  is  followed  by  a  ^Life  of  Jefus  Chriji^ 
drawn  ft  9m  the^  prophecies  of  the  Old  Teftament.  Preliminary  to 
this,  Mr.  Gilpin  ftatcs  the  modes  of  prophetic  evidence  under 
the  three  heads  of  the  hijiory  of  the  Jews ;  the  ceremonies  of  the 
yewijh  Church  \  and  the  import  of  verbal  prediSfioni :  which 
having  diAindtly  done,  and  alfo  anlwered  the  objections,  *  that 
there  is  much  heterogeneous  matter  mixed  with  the  prophecies  of  the 
Old  Tefiamcnt^  fo  as  greatly  to  obfcure  them  j  and,  that  the  Jews 
ihemfelvesy  ivho  ought  to  be  befl  acquainted  with  their  ownjcrip^ 
iures^  do  not  apply  the  prophetic  parts  of  them  to  Chrifiy  as  we 
fhrijiians  do^-^e  proceeds  to  exhibit  the  whole  coliettion  of 
thole  prophecies  under  the  four  following  fe<9ions: — i.  The 
earlieji^  and  moft  remote  inlimSktions  of  the  MeiEah. — 2.  Thofq 
pi'oi>hecies  which  relate;  to  his  birth. — 3.  Such  as  appertain  to 
his  life. — And,  4,  To  his  deaths  &c.  Under  each,  iJluftrative 
i;>ot^sare  iupplied,  and  the  whole  is  concluded  with  the  follow* 
ing  paflage  from  Bifhop  Hurd's  Sermons  on  prophecy.     P.-43. 

*  The  argument  from  prophecy  lies  merely  in  the  evidence 
produced,  that  certain  pafl'ages  were  delivered  in  the  Old  Tefta- 
ment ;  and  have  been  ful^lled  by  certain  correfpondent  event* 
related  in  the  New.  The  argument  doth  in  no  degree  depend  on 
faith ;  but  is  calculai:ed  to  produce  it.  It  is  equally  ftrong,  or 
jcquaily  weak,  to  a  Chriilian,  a  Jew,  or  even  an  unbeliever — the 
/blc  point  in  quedioa  being  this,  whether  fuch  things,  as  were 
prophetically  delivered,  appear  to  have  been  fulfilled — a  point, 
on  which  common  fenfc,  and  common  honelly,  will  equally^ecide, 
psx  every  fuppofition.'  N. 

[  To  be  concluded  in  a  future  Numler,  ] 

Art.  xii.     Hora  Paulina  \    or^  The^  Truth  of  the   Scripture 
Hiflory  of  St,  Paul  evinced^  by  a  Comparifon  ^  the  EpijUes 
'    which  bear  his  Name^  with  the  Atls  of  the  Apofiles^  and  with 
cne  another.     By  William  Paley,  M.  a.  Archdeaconof  Car- 
Ijfle.     8vo.  426  p.    Price  6s.  in  boards.     Faulder.     1790. 
Those  who  are  acquainted  with  Mr.  Paley,  or  his  writ- 
ing?, will  anticipate  much  pleafure  from  the  volume  before  us  * 
;and  we  will  venture  to  pronounce  that  they  will  not  be  dif- 
appointed.     The  fame  acutenefs  of  inveftigatiow,  which  is  every 
where  perceptible  in  his  mor-al  difqi^ifitions^,  is  no  lefs  confpicu- 
ous  in  thefe  critical  refearches  ;  and  we  capnot  help  thinking 
that,  whoever  reads  this  work,  will  not  only  be  amufed,.  but 
informed.     It  opens  with  an  cxpofition  of  the  argumcpt  at 
large,  which  we  will  here  attempt  to  comprefs, 

'fhe  New  Teftament  contains  thirteen  epiftles  purporting  to 
be  written  by  St.  Paul,  and  alfo  a  book  which  profeffes  to  de- 
liver, amongft  other  things,  meinoirs  of  his  l^iftory.     Now, 

G  g  3  though 


43d  THEOI.OQT. 

though  by  aflTuming  the  genuincners  of  the  letters^  the  fubftantldf 
truth  of  the  hiftory  may  be  proved,  or  vic^  verja ;  yet  neither 
is  here  aflumed:  for  the  dri/t  of  the  argument  is  defigned  to 
(hew  that,  independent  of  extrinfic  or  collateral  evidence,  a 
comparifon  of  theie  difFerent  writings  would  afford  good  reafon 
to  believe  the  perfons  and  tranfadions  to  have  been  real,  the 
letters  authentic,  and  the  narration  true.  It  will  not  follow 
that,  becaufe  letters  bearing  the  name  of  an  author,  and  a  re- 
ceived hiftory  of  his  life  are  in  conformity,  the  credit  of  either 
the  letters  or  the  hiftory  are  thereby  eftabliOied  j  fince  the  hif- 
tory may  have  been  compiled  from  the  letters,  or  the  letters 
fabricated  from  the  hiftory :  or,  if  neither,  yet  both  hiftory  and 
letters  may  have  been  founded  on  a  common  authority;  in 
each  of  which  cafes  it  is  to  be  obferved,  that  conformity  muft: 
be  the  efie^t  of  dejign*  In  examining,  therefore,  the  agree- 
ment between  ancient  writings,  the  character  of  truth  and 
originality  is  undeftgn$dnefs^  and  it  is  upon  the  conftrudion  and 
validity  of  this  pofition  that  the  argument  of  our  author 
depends: — P.  8. 

'  As  to  the  proofs  of  undedgnednefs,  I  ftiall  in  this  place  fay  lit- 
tle ;  for  I  had  rather  the  reader's  perfuafion  ihould  arife  from  the  m^ 
fiances  themfelves,  and  the  feparate  remarks  with  which  they  may  be 
accompanied,  than  from  any  previous  formulary  or  defcription  of 
argument.  In  a  great  plurality  of  examples,  I  truft  he  will  be  per* 
^f^Y  convinced  that  no  defign  or  contrivance  whatever  has  been  ex- 
ercited  :  and  if  fome  of  the  coincidences  ailedged  appear  to  be  minute, 
circuitoasy  or  oblique,  let  him  refleft  that  this  very  indirednefs  and 
fubtility  is  that  which  ^vcs  force  and  propriety  to  the  example. 
Broad>  obvious,  and  explicit^ agreements  prove  little;  becaufe  it  nwy 
be  faggcfted  that  the  infertion  of  fuch  is  the  ordinary  expedient  of 
every  forgery :  and  though  they  may  occur,  and  probably  will  occur, 
in  genu]^e.  writings,  yet  it  cannot  be  proved  that  they  are  peculiar  to 
thele.' 

After  having  placed  thefe  pofitions  in  various  points  of  view, 
•  and  ilioftrated  by  pertinent  examples  the  general  fchenie  and 
formation  of  his  argument,  Mr.  Paley  fubjoins  an  account  of 
the  manner  in  which  he  candu6^s  it.-^P.  15. 

*  I  have  difpofed  the  fcveral  inftances  of  agreement  under  feparate 
pumbers ;  as  well  to  mark  more  fenfibly  the  divifion$  of  the  fubjeft,  as 
ipr  another  purpofe,  viz,  that  the  reader  may  thereby  be  reminded 
that  the  inftances  are  independent  of  one  another*  I  have  advanced 
nothing  which  I  did  not  think  probable ;  but  the  degree  of  probabi- 
lity j  by  which  different  inftances  are  fupported,  is  undoubtedly  very 
^liferent.  If  the  reader,  therefore,  meets  with  a  number  which  con- 
tains an  inftance  that  appears  to  him  unfatisfa^tory,  or  founded  in 
iniftake,  he  will  difmifs  that  number  from  the  argument,  but  without 
prejudice  to  any  other.  He  will  have  occafion  alfo  to  obferve,  that 
jhe  (fotncidences  difcoverable  in  fome  epiftlcs  are  much  fewer  and 
weaker  than  what  are  fupplied  by  others.  But  he  will  add  to  his 
obfemtion  this  important  citciimftance — that  whatever  afcertains  th^ 
pjriginal  of  on^  epiftle,  in  forne  meafur?  cftabtiihes  the  authority  of  the 

•  '   '  '■'.■      ■■•'-■'  left, 


PaleyV  Hora  Paulina.  4St 

reft.  For,  whether  thefe  epiftles  be  gent^ne  or  fpurious,  every  thing 
about  them  indicates  that  they  come  from  the  fame  hand.  The  didion^ 
which  it  is  extremely  difficult  to  imitate,  preferves  its  refembl^nce  and 
peculiarity  throughout  all  the  epiftles.  Numerous  expreffions '  and 
lingularities  of  ftyle,  found  in  no  other  part  of  the  New  Teftament, 
arc  repeated  in  different  epiftles ;  and  occur,  in  their  refpeftive  places, 
without  the  fmalleft  appearance  of  force  or  art.  An  involved  argu- 
mentation, frequent  obfcurities,  efpecially  in  the  order  and  transition 
of  thought,  piety,  vehemence,  affeclion,  burfts  of  rapture,  and  of 
unparalleled  fublimity,  are  properties,  all  or  moft  of  them,  difcernible 
ip  every  letter  of  the  colledion.  But  although  thefe  epiftles  bear  ftrong 
marks  of  proceeding  from  the  fame  hand,  1  think  it  is  ftill  more  cer- 
tain that  tney  were  originally  feparaie  publications.  They  form  no 
continued  ftory ;  they  compofe  no  regular  correfpondence ;  they  com- 
prife  not  the  tranfaftions  of  any  particular  period ;  they  carry  on  no 
connexion  of  argument;  they  depend  not  upon  one  another;  except 
in  one  or  two  inftances,  they  refer  not  to  one  another.  I  will  farther 
undertake  to  fay,  that  no  ftudy  or  care  has  been  employed  to  produce 
or  prefcrve  an  appearance  of  confiftency  amongft  them.  All  which 
obfervations  (hew  that  they  were  not  intended  by  the  perfbn»  whoever 
he  was,  that  wrote  them,  to  come  forth  or  be  read  together ;  that  they 
appeared  at  firft  feparately,  and  have  been  colledled  iincef' 

In  a  wprd,  *  the  proper  purpofe  of  the  following  work/  (as  fet  fortl;i 
by  the  author,)  '  is,  to  bring  together,  from  the  Afts  pf  the  ApoflJes, 
and  from  the  difterent  epiftles,  fucb  paflages  as  furniih  examples  of^n- 
defigned  coincidence ;  but  I  have  fo  far  enlarged  upon  thii  plan,  as  to 
take  into  it  fome  circumftances  found  in  the  epifttes,  which  contributed 
ftrength  to  the  conclufion,  though  not  ftriftly  objeds  of  comparifoh* 

*  It  appeared  alfo  a  part  of  the  ^fame  plan,  to  examine  the  difficulties 
wjiich  prefented  themfelves  in  the  courfe  of  our  enquiry.' 

As,  from  its  mifcellaneous  nature,  a  regular  analyiis  of  the 
worjc  at  large  would  greatly  exceed  our  limits,  we  muft  con- 
tent ourfelves  with  inferttng  a  fpecimen,  and  proceed  tp  the 
author's  conclufion. 

E  P  I  8  T  L  E     TO     THE     EPHBSIANjS,      NQ.  T.      P.  %^U 

f  As  our  epiftle  purports  to  have  been  written  during  St.  Paul's  im^- 
pdfoDmisnt  at  Rome,  which  lies  beyond  the  period,  to  whi^h  the  A^ 
oif  the  Apoftles  brings  up  his  hiftory ;  and  48  we  have  feen  and  acknow- 

i edged  that  the  epiftle  contains  no  reference  to  any  tnmia^on  at 
Jphefus  during  the  apoftle's  refidence  in  that  city,  we  cannot  eacpe^ 
that  it  (hould  fupply  many  mark3  of  agieement  wi^  the  narrative* 
One  coincidence  ho^yever  occurs,  aiMi  a  coincidence  of  that  minute 
and  lefs  obvious  kind,  which,  as  hath'  been  repeatedly  obferved,  is  of 
ail  others  the  moft  to  be  relied  upoi;. 

*  Chap.  vi.  ver.  19,  iq,  we  read^  *  praying  fo|r  me,  that  I  may 
open  my  mouth  Ixjldly  to  make  known  the  m}^ery  of  the  gofpel,  for 
which  1  am  an  ambaftador  in  bondf«'  ^  In  h^nds^  «» »Xv<n\i  in  a  chain. 
Jn  the  twentjr^ighth  chapter  of  the  A^  we  are  informed,  that  Paul, 
after  his  arrival  at  Rome,  was  fuffered  to  dwell  by  himfelf  with  a 
fc^ldier,  f:hat  kept  him.-  Dr.  Lardner  has  (hewn  that  this  mode  of 
c^ftody  was  in  life  amongft  the  Romans,  and  that  wheocfer  it  was 
adopted  the  prifotier  was  bound  to  the  fol4ie|:  by  ^  fingle  chain ;  ii| 
ireferen^^  to  which  St,  Paul,  in  the  twentieth  verfe  of  thii  pHapter, 

Gg4  tclli 


432  THEOLOGY. 

tells  the  Jcw$,  whom  he  had  aflembled,  *  for  this  caufe  therefore  haye 
I  called  f6r you  to  fee  you,  and  to  fpeak  with  you,  becauie  that  for' 
the  hope  of  Ifrael  I  am  bound  nvith  this  chain!  td»  «Xt^0-»v  Ta,xtTfi^ 
fD-efixfifAstt.  It  U  in  exa^  conformity  therefore  with  the  truth  of  St. 
Paul's  fituation  at  the  time,  that  he  declares  of  himfelf  in  the  epiflle, 
v^taQivbf  tf  »>Mcti.  And  the  exadtnefs  is  the  more  remarkable,  as 
aTwo-i^  (a  chain)  is  no  where  ufed  in  the  (insular  number  to  exprefs  any 
other  kind  of  cuftody.  When  the  prifoner  s  hands  or  feet  were  bound 
together,  the  word  was  ^«<r/iAo»  (bonds),,  as  in  the  twenty-fixth  chapter 
of  the  Ads,  where  Paul  replies  to  Agrippa,  «  I  would  to  God  that 
not  only  thou,  but  alfo  all  that  hear  me  this  day,  were  both  almofl, 
and  altogether  fuch  as  I  am,  except  thefe  bonit^  w-apiKTo?  rwr  hafjiuv 
Toi;Tft;».  When  the  prifoner  was  confined  between  two  foldiers,  as  in 
the  cafe  of  Peter,  Ads,  (jhap  xii:  ver.  6,  two  chains  were  employed ; 
aiid  it  is  faid,  upon  his  miraculous  deliverance*  that  the  '  chains' 
(aXtd-EK*  in. the  plural)  '  fell  from  his  hands.'  Ae<rfjL^'  the  noun,  and 
itcfxai  the  verb,  being  general  terms,  were  applicable  to  this  in  com- 
mon with  any  other  fpecies  of  per^nal  coercion ;  but  a^vatj,  in  the 
Angular  number,  to  none  but  this, 

*  If  it  can  be  fufpcded  that  the  writer  of  the  prefent  epiftle,  who, 
in  no  other  particular,  appears  to  have  availed  himfelf  of  the  informa- 
tion concerning  St.  Paul  delivered  in  the  Ads,  had,  in  this  verfe, 
borrowed  the  word,  which  he  read  in  that  book,  and  had  adapted  his 
cxpreflion  to  what  he  found  there  recorded  of  St.  Paul's  treatment  at 
Kome ;  in  (hort,-  that  the  coincidence  here  noted  was  eflfeded  by  craft 
and  defign ;  I  think^  it  a  ftrong  reply  to  remark,  that,  in  the  parallel 
paflage  of  the  cpiftlc  to  the  Coloflians,  the  fame  allufidn  is  not  pre- 
ferved:  the  words  there  are,  *  praying  alfo  for  us,  that  God  would 
open  unto  us  a  door  of  utterance  to  Ipeak  the  myftery  of  Chrift,  for 
which  I  am  alfo  in  bonds,'  J*  o  x»i  ^^ot(^a^,  After  what  has  been  (hewn 
in  a  preceding  number,  there  can  be  little  doubt  but  that  thefe  two 
cpiftles  were  written  by  the  fame  perfon.  If  the  writer,  therefore, 
fought  for,  and  fraudulently  inferted,  the  correfpondency  into  one* 
epiltle,  why  did  "he  not  do  it  in  the  other?  A  real  prifoner  might  ufe 
either  general  words,  which  comprehended  this  amongft  many  other 
modes  of  cuftody ;  or  might  ufc  appropriate  words  which  fpecified  this, 
and  diftingui(hed  it  from  any  other  mode.  It  would  be  accidental 
which  form  of  expreifion  he  fell  upon.  But  an  inipoftor,  who  had  the 
art, .  in  one  place,  lo  employ  the  appropriate  term  for  the  purpofe  of 
fraud,  would  have  ufed  it  in  both  places.' 

"Mr.  Palcy  having,  in  the  outfet  of  his  enquiry,  directed 
bis  readers  to  confider  the  ASts  of  the  Apoftles  and  St.  Paul's 
thirteen  Epiftles  as  mss.  difcovered  in  feme  celebrated  library, 
and,  without  adverting  to  any  kind  of  external  evidence  re- 
fpe^ing  them,  endeavoured  to  colleft  the  indications  of  truth 
and  authenticity  which  appeared  to  exift  in  them,  or  to  refult 
from  comparing  their  different  p:.rts — in  his  laft  chapter,  in- 
titled  the  Concision,  obferves  that,  *  it  is  no  longer  neccfiary  to 
continue  this  fuppofition ;'  for,  as  *  the  teftimony  w)iich  other 
remains  of  co[n]temporary,  or  the  monuments  of  adjoining^ 
ages  afford  to  the  reception,  notoriety,  and  public  eftimatloii 
of  a  book,  form  the  firft  proof  of  its  genuinenefs  5'  fo  '  it  is 

evident. 


1?alcy'f  Hora  Paulina.  43J 

^tdent|  that  this  proqf  is  in  no  books  whatever  more  complete, 
than  In  thofe  under  prefent  confideration  \  whence  it  follows 
that,  *  the  enquiries  of  learned  men,  and,  above  all,  of  the 
excellent  Lardner,  who  never  overfiates  a  point  of  evidence^ 
and  whofe  fidelity  in  citing  his  authorities  has  in  no  one  in* 
ilance  been  impefached,  have  eftabliihed,  concerning  thefe 
writings,  the  following  propofitions  :--*I.  That  in  the  age 
immediately  poflerior  to  that  in  which  St.  Paullived,  his  let^ 
Iters  were  publicity  read  and  acknowledged. — ^11.  They  who 
in  thofe  ages  difputed  about  fo  many  other  points,  agreed  in 
admitting  their  authenticity. — III.  When  the  genuinenefs  of 
fornp  other  writings  in  circulation,  and  even  of  a  few  which  arc 
now  received  into  the  canon  was  contefted,  thefe  were  never 
called  into  difpute.-— IV.  No  ancient  writing,  attefted  as  thefe 
epiftlcs  are,  hath  had  its  authenticity  difproved,  or  is  in  fai2 
ijucftioned:'r-and,  V.  '  It  cannot  be  ihewn  that  any  forgeries 
properly  fo  .called,  that  is,  writings  publifhed  under  the  name 
of  the  perfoo  ^yho  did  not  compofe  them,  made  their  appear- 
ance in  the  firft  century  of  the  Chriftian  sera,  in  which  century 
thefe  epiftles  undpubtcdly  exjfted.'  Thefe  pofitions  being  fevc- 
rally  difcufled  and  confirmed,  Mr.  Paley  reverts  to  the  argu- 
ment which  it  had  been  his  main  object  to  unfold,  and  having 
taken  a  view  of  the  external  and  internal  evidences  united,  he 
obferves  that,  *  befides  the  proof  thefe  epiftles  afford  of  the 
general  reality  of  St.  Paul's  hiftory,  of  the  kno^^ledge  which 
the  author  ot  the  Ads  of  the  Apoftles  had  obtained  of  that  hif- 
tory, and  the  confequent  probability  that  he  was,  what  he  pro- 
fefles  himfelf  to  have  been,  a  companion  of  the  ApoftJe's  j  be- 
fide  the  fupport  they  lend  to  thefe  important  inferences,  they 
meet  fpe.cincally  ibme  of  the  principal  obje(Elions  upon  which 
the  adversaries  of  ch^iftianity  have  thought  proper  to  rely.* 
Of  thefe  having  fpecified  feveral,  and  with  great  force  repelled 
them,  he  thus  winds  up  the  volume. 

*  Here  thenr  we  have  a  man  of  liberal  attainments,  and  iu  other 
points  of  found  judgment,  who  had  addided  his  life  to  the  fervice  of 
the  gofpel.  We  fee  him,  in  the  profecution  of  hispurpofe,  travelling 
from  country  to  countrj',  enduring  every  fpecies  of  hardftiip,  en- 
countering every  extremity  of  danger,  afTaulted  by  the  jjopulace,  pu- 
nifhed  by  the  magiftratcs,  fcourged,  beat,  ftoncd,  left  for  dead ;  ex- 
pecting, whenever  he  came,  a  renewal  of  the  fame  treatment,  and  the 
fame  dangers,  yet,  when  driven  from  one  city,  preaching  in  the  next ; 
ipending  his  whole  time  in  the  employment,  facrificing  to  it  his  plea- 
iures,  his  eafe,  his  fafety ;  perfiHing  in  this  courfe  to  old  age,  un- 
altered by  the  experience  of  perverfenefs,  ingratitude,  prejudice,  de- 
fertion ;  unfubdued  by  anxiety,  want,  labour,  perfecutions ;  un- 
wearied by  long  confinement,  undifmayed  by  the  profpe^  of  death. 
Such  was  St.  Paul.  Wc  have  his  letters  in  our  hands :  wc  have  alfo  a 
hiftory  purporting  to  be  written  by  one  of  his  fellow-travellers,  and 
appearing;  by  a  comparifon  with  thefe  letters,  certainly  to  have  been 
written  by  fome  perlon  well  acquainted  with  the  tranfaftions  of  his 

life. 


434  THEOLOGY. 

nfc.  From  the  letters,  as  well  as  from  the  hiftory,  we  gather  not  only 
the  account  which  we  have  ftated  of  him^  but  that  he  was  onjc  Out  of 
many  who  afted  and  differed  in  the  fame  manner ;  and  that,  of  thofc 
who  did  fo,  feveral  had  been  the  companions  of  Chritt's  miniftry,  the 
ocular  witnefles,  or  pretending  to  be  fuch,  of  his  mirades,  and  of  hit 
iefurre6Hon.  We  moreover  fend  this  faftie  perfon  rcfcrring  in  his  let- 
ters to  his  fnpernatural  converiioQ,  the  particulars  and  accooipanying 
ciixumftances  of  which  are  related  in  the  hiftory,  and  .which  acconi- 
panying  circumftances,  if  all  or  any  of  then)  be  true,  render  it  im- 
poflible  to  have  been  a  delufion.  We  alfo  find  him  poritively,  and  ia 
appropriated  terms,  afferting,  that  he  hirafelf  worked  miracles,  ilriftly 
and  properly  fo  called,  in  Aipport  of  the  milTion  whick  he  executed^ 
Ac  hiftory,  meanwhile,  recording  various  paflages  of  his  niinillry^ 
which  come  up  to  the  extent  of  this  aflertion.  The  queftion  is,  whcr 
•  ther  falfehocd  was  ever  attefted  by  evidence  like  this,  Falfehooda,  we 
know,  have  found iheir  way  into  reports,  into  tradition,  into  books; 
but  is  an  example  to  be  met  with,  of  a  m^n  voluntarily  undertaking  9 
li/e  of  want  and  pain,  of  inceflant  fatigue,  of  continual  peril ;  fub- 
initting  to  the  lofs  of  his  home  and  country,  ti?  ftripes  and  ftontng,  tp 
tedious  imprifonment,  aijd  tjie  conftajit  exoedation  of  a  violent  death, 
for  the  fake  of  carrying  jjbout  a  itory  of  what  wj^s  fja}fe.  and  of  what^ 
if  falfe,  be  muft  have  known  to  be  10  ?*    '  '  L» 

Art.  XIII.  Letters  to  Mr*  Archdeacon  Travis^  in  Anfwer  iff  his 
Defence  of  the  Three  heavenly  fVttneJfeSj  1  John  v.  7.  By 
^.  Poffon,  8vo.  406  p.  Pr,  6s.  'wx  Boards.  Egertons. 
>79P, 

As  the  publication  to  which  this  is  ai>  anfwer,  opginalljr 
appeared  in  the  Gentlerhan^s  Magazine  *,  thefe  letters  in  their 
firft  ftate  were  properly  (communicated  through  the  fame  chan- 
nel ;  and  as  Mr.  Travis,  to  make  a  juji  volume^  confiderabljr 
enlarged  b\s  original  prddudtions  f,  Mr.  Porfonf  hath  in  thil$ 
wfpecjt  follov/cd  his  example.  The  reputation  acquired  by 
the  former  (in  the  management  of  a  tithe  caufeV  for  argu^ 
tentative  flcilJ,  had  raifed  a  ftrong  prefumptlon In  nis  favour^ 
whilft  the  known  perfpicacity  of  the  latter,  iii  comunflbion  witl| 
his  learning,  leaves  no  one  to  fuppofe  he  woiild  difappoint  ex^ 
pcft^tion  :  accordipgly  tljefe  rivals  have  been  confidercd  as 

Arcades  ambo^ 
St  cantare  paresj  et  rejpondere  parati, 

Mr.  Porfon  introduces  his  letters  with  a  prefece  qf  35  pages, 
in  which,  after  having  given  a  ftatement  of  the  controvcriy  to 
its  recent  revival,  and  adauce4  the  decifions  of  many  learned 
'.  '  t     "  "  ■ ;    '  ' ',    ^  1.  "  ■ '-      >  f      1  u    .  ■  I  ..  ■  I       '"ii 

*  In  the  year  178a  Mr.  Travis  revived  the  controvcrfy  on  this 
fubjeft  in  three  fhoi^  Jitters. 

+  Thefe  he  reprinted  in  4to.  1784,  with  the  addition  of  J;wq 
others,  addreffed  to  Mr,  Gibbon;  and  in  8vo,  1786,  with  ftill 
further  augmentations, 

•  fpreigner^ 


Porfon'x  Letters  to  Archdeacon  Travts.  4J5 

/breigners  on  the  conduA  of  it  by  Mr.  Travis,  (at  the  fame 
):ime  not  withholding  his  own)  he  procqeds  to  affign  his  reafons 
Tor  engaging  in  it,  and  for  the  manner  of  writing  he  hath  chofeu 
jto  adopts  In  doing  the  latter,  however,  he  thinks  it  neceflary 
to  prevent  two  or  three  obje£tion8,  which  he  foref^ijv  would  bo 
raiied  againft  him.  Thcfe  ajrej— that  he  h^H  treated  a  gravis 
jfubjeft  with  too  much  levity ;  artd  a  dignitary  of  the  church  wi^ 
too  much  fi'eedom ;  and  what  is  a  much  more  grievous  crime, 
that  he  may  be  thought  to  defend  herefy,  and  to  attack  the  catho- 
lic faith.  'I'o  the  firft  and  fecond  objections  he  anfwers,  p.  xxiii* 

♦  1  could  not  treat  the  fubjedt  in  any  other  manner,  if  I  treated 
it  at  all.  To  perufe  fuch  a  mafs  of  talfliood  and  fophiftry  ;  and 
to  write  remarks  upon  it,  without  fometimes  giving  way  to 
laughter,  and  Ibmetimcs  to'  indignation,  was,  to  nic  at  leaft^-  im^ 
polSble.  For  the  firft,  let  Tertullian  plead  tny  excufe.  Si  et  ri^ 
dehitur  all  cub  l^  mater  Us  ipjisfntisjki*  Multa  /tint  fie  dlgna  revznci^ 
ne  gravitate  adorentur*  F'anitati  proprie  fefiivitfis  cedit,  Congruh 
it  <veritati  ridere^  quia  latans ;  de  amulisfuis  ludere^  quiafecura  eft. 
For  the  fecond,  I  am  pcrfuaded  that  every  attentive  reader,  who 
believes  me  right  in  the  ftatementof  my  iadls,  and  the  tenour  of 
my  argument,  will  allow,  that  even  harflier  expreffions  would  in 
fuch  a  cafe  be  juftified.  ]Be(ides,  I  confefs,  I  never  much  admired 
that  mock  politenefs,  which  cxprefles  a  flrong  charge  in  a  long- 
winded  penphraiis  of  half  a  dozen  lines,  wh^n  the  complete  fenfc 
inight  be  conveyed  in  as  many  words. 

-    Je  ne  puis  rien  nommer^  fi  ce  n*eft  par  f on  nam ; 
fappelk  unchat  un  chat  ♦*♦»»♦♦♦♦****»•  " 

*  As  a  river  taftes  of  the  foil  through  which  it  laft  flowec|,  our 
ftyle  generally  takes  a  tinfture  from  the  laft  book  we  read.  This 
tnuft  be  my  excufe,  if  I  haVc  too  muchdirregardcd  the  laws  of 
civility,  that  by  reading  Mr.  Tifiavis,  I  have  been  infenfibly  in- 
fcifted  with  his  fpirit.  But  whatciref  apology  1  owe  to  others  on 
this  ftorc,  I  owe  none  to  him.  He  thinks  himfelf  authorized  to 
treat  the  moft  eminent  men  for  learning  and  virtue  with  the  ut- 
inoft  contempt  and  Infolence.  He  is  the  laft  man  that  fliould'bc 
permitted  to  be  angry  with  others  for  railings  Idne  alteri  crimini 
dahis^  quod  eodem  tempore^  in  eadem  pronfincia  tu  ipfe  fecifti  f  aude* 
hifne  ita  aecufare  alterum^  ut  quo  minus  tutc  (ondemncrey  recufare  non 
fojjisV 

The  truth  of  the  third  objeftion  he  denies,  and  maintains 
that  ♦  to  ufe  a  weak  argument  in  behalf  of  a  good  caufe  can 
only  tend  to  infufe  a  fufpicion  of  the  caufe  itfelf,  and  is  fcarcely 
^  remove  ihort  of  pious  fraud.' 

'  After  having  anfwered  the  queftjon.  Why  dofend  Mr*  Gib- 
})on  ?  Mr.  Porfon  has  added  a  critique  on  the  Roman  hiilorian, 
which  we  fhall  here  with  pleafure  infert.     P.  xxvili. 

^  ♦  Mr.  Gibbon  (hews,  it  is  true,  fo  ftrongf  a  diflike  to  Chriftia- 
nify,  as  vifibl^  difqualifies  him  for  that  fociety,  of  which  he  has 
created  Ammianu«  Marcellinus  prefident.  I  confefs  that  I  fee 
nothing  wroi^g  in  Mr.  Gibbon's  attack  on  Chriftianity.  It  pro^ 
f  eeded^  1  doubt  not,  from  the  pureft  and  mofi  virtuous  motives. 


.  43^  TKEOLOOr^ 

We  can  only  blame  him  for  carrying  on  the  attack  in  an  infidioM 
manner,  and  with  improper  weapons.  He  often  makes,  when  hecan- 
not  readily  find,  anoccafion  to  infult  our  religion  j  which  hehate^ 
fo  cordially,  that  he  might  fecm  to  revenge  iomc  perfonal  injury. 
Such  is  his  eagernefs  in  the  caufe,  that  he  ftoops  to  the  molt  def- 
fpicable  pun,  or  to  the  moft  awkward  pcrverfion  of  language,  for 
the  pkafure  of  turning  the  fcripture  into  ribaldry,  or  of  calling 
Jefus  an  impoilor« 

^  Though  his  flyle  is  in  general  correct  and  elegant,  he  (bmetimef 
^raws  out  tht  thread  of  his  n^erhofity  fintr  than  the  fiafU  of  his  argU9 
ment*  In  endeavouring  to  avoid  vulgar  terms,  he  too  frequently 
(digniiics  trifles,  and  clothes  common  thoughts  in  a  fpUiidid  drefs, 
that  would  be  rich  enough  for  the  nobleit  ideas.  In  fbort,  we 
are  too  often  reminded  of  that  great  many  Mr.  Prigg,  the  auc» 
(ioniert  ivho/e  manner  vsas  fo  inimitably  fine y  that  he  had  as  much  t0 
fay  upon  a  rihhon  as  a  RaphatU 

*  Sometimes  in  his  anxiety  to  vary  his  phrafc,  he  becomes  obr 
fcurc ;  and,  inflcad  of  calling  his  perfonages  by  their  names,  de- 
fines them  by  their  birth,  alliance,  office,  or  other  circumllancea 
of  their  hiftory.  Thus  an  honeil  gentleman  is  often  defcribed 
by  a  circumlocution,  left  the  fame  word  iliould  be  i^v(;t,  repeated 
in  the  fi^me  page.  Sometimes  epithets  are  added,  libich  the  te- 
nour  of  th/s  fentence  renders  unnecefFary.  Sometimes  in  his  at;- 
tempts  at  elegance,  he  lofes  fight  of  Englifli,  and  fomccimes  oi 
ienfe. 

*  A  Jcfs  pardonable  fault  is  that  rage  for.  in^kcency  wh'icb 
pervade*  the  whole  work,  but  efpeciall^  the  laft  volumes.  Aad^ 
to  the  honour  of  his  confiftency,  this  is  the  fanje  man  who  is  fq 
prudiih  that  he  dares  not  call  Bellifarius  a  cuckold,  becaufe  ft  U 
too  bad  a  word  for  a  decent  hiftorian  to  ufe.  \i  the  hifiory  were 
anonymous,  I  fliould  guefs  that  thcfe^difgraceful  oblcenities  were 
written  by  fomc  debauchee,  who  having  from  age,  or  accident,  or 
excefs,  furvived  the  pradice  of  luft.  Hill  indulged  himifelf  in  the 
luxury  of  fpcculation;  and  expofed  the  impotent  imbecility ^  aftcrhc 
had  loft  tin  'vigour  of  the  pajions. 

*'  But  thefe  few  faults  make  no  confiderablc  abatement  in  my 
general  elleem.  >^otwithflanding  all  its  particular  defeds,  | 
greatly  admire  the  whole  ;  as  I  fhould  admire  a  beautiful  face  in 
the  author,  though  it  were  farniihefi  with  a  few  freckles ;  or  as  t 
^fliould  admire  an  elegant  perfon  and  addrefs,  though  they  werq 
blemiflied  with  a  little  affedation. 

*  Yet,  to  fay  the  truth,  1  have  one  cenfure  in  rcferve,  A  can* 
did  acknowledgment  of  error  does  not  feem  to  be  Mr.  Gibbon'^ 
fliining  virtue.  ^  He  promifed  (if  I  underfland  him  rightly)  that 
in  a  future  edition  he  would  expunge  the  words,  of  Armenia^  or 
make  an  equivalent  alteration.  A  new  edition  has  appeared ;  but  I 
have  looked  in  vain  to  find  a  correction  of  that  palHige.  I  am 
almoft  perfuaded,  that  the  mifreprefcntation  of  Gennadius  was 
not  wiltul ;  but  that  Mr.  Gibbon  tranfcribing  the  Greek  from 
the  margin  of  Petavius,  wrote  by  miflake  ai^oy/xa»  for  a\o(Z^a\. 
T^is  error  has  now  been  fo  long  publiflicd,  that  it  is  fcarcely 
poifible  to  fuppofe  him  ignorant  of  the  charge.     He  has  had  an 

4  ,  opportunity 


Porfon'j  Letters  to  Archdeacon  Travis.  437 

Oj^pnrtunky  of  confcffing  and  correding  the  miftakc.     Yet  Hill  it . 
keeps  its  place  in  the  odavo  edition.* 

The  preface  concludes  with  a  recapitulation  of  errors, 'and 
a  profeflion  o(  readinefs  to  corredl  any  others.  The  general 
tbpics  of  thefe  letters  are  as  follow: — '  Letter  i.  Of  Mr.  Tra- 
vis's candour  in  correfting  his  miftakes.  Inftances  in  what  he 
(ays  of  Erafinus,  of  the  Dublin  MS.  and  of  Bede.— -Letter  11. 
Of  Valla's  Greek.  Mss.  fuppofed  to  contain  the  difputed  verfe, 
I  John  V.  7,-— Letter  iii.  Of  the  Complutenfian  edition.-^ 
Letter  iv.  Of  the  mss.  ufed  by  R^  Stephens  and  Beza. — Let- 
ter V.  Of  the  Mss.  fuppofed  to  be  feen  by  the  Louvain  divines, 
of  the  Dublin  and  Berlin  copies.  An  enumeration  of  all  the 
Greek  mss.  that  omit  the  verfe. — Letter  vi.  Of  the  Vulgate 
Latin  verfion*— Letter  vii.  Of  the  Syriac  and  Coptic  ver- 
iions. — ^Letter  viii.  Of  the  Arabic,  -/Ethiopic,  Armenian,  and 
Slavonic  veijfions.— ^Letter  ix.  Of  the  Greek  writers  that  arc 
quoted  in  favour  of  the  verfe. — ^Letter  x.  Of  the  Latin  writers 
before  Jerome  that  are  quoted  in  favour  of  the  verfe. — Letter 
XI.  Of  the  later  Latin  writers  that  are  quoted  in  favour  of  the 
verfe.— Letter  xii.  Of  the  Greek  and  Latin  writers,  who, 
though  they  ha4  fufficient  dccafion,  have  not  quoted  the  veife.' 
To  this,  the  following  '  recapitulation  and  coticluiion'  are 
ainnexed.     P.  402. 

*  The  reader,  who  recollects  the  fubftance  of  my  letters,  will 
cafily  diftinguifli  the  probabilities  from  the  pofitive  fads.  But 
from  the  fa^ts  ftated  in  this  hiflJorical  dedudion,  it  is  evident^ 
that  if  the  text  of  the  heavenly  witneiTes  had  been  known  from 
the  beginning  of  Chrillianity,  the  ancients  would  have  eagerly 
feized  it,  inferted  it  in  their  creeds,  quoted  it  repeatedly  againi 
the  heretics,  and  felecled  it  for  the  brightcft  ornament  of  every 
book  that  they  wrote  upon  the  fubjedt  of  the  Trinity. 

*  In  fliort,  if  this  verfe  be  really  genuine,  not  with  {landing  iti 
abfence  from  all  the  vilible  Greek  mss.  except  two  ;  one  of  which 
awkwardly  tranllates  the  verfe  from  the  Latin,  and  the  other 
tVanfcribes  it  from  a  printed  book  ;  notwith  Handing  its  abfence 
from  all  the'  verfions  except  the  Vulgate ;  and  even  from  many 
of  the  beft  and  oldeft  mss.  of  the  Vulgate  ;  not  with  Handing  the 
deep  and  dead  filenceof  all  the  Greek  writers  down  to  the  thirteenth 
and  mod  of  the  Latins  down  to  the  middle  of  the  eighth  century; 
if^  in  fpite  of  all  thefe  obje^^tions,  it  be  ftill  genuine,  no  pijrt  of 
fcripturc  whatfoever  can  be  proved  either  fpuricjus  or  genuine; 
and  Satan  has  been  permitted,  for  many  centuries,  miraculoufly 
to  banifti  the  fineft  paffage  in  the  N.  T.  from  the  eyes  and  me- 
mories o{  almoftall  thcChriilian  authors,  tranflators,  and  tran*. 
fcribers. 

*  At  laft.  Sir,  1  fee  land.  I  have  fo  clearly  explained  my  fcn- 
timents  concerning  the  authority  of  the  difputed  verfe,  and  the 
merits  of  your  book,  in  the  progrefs  of  thefe  letters,  that  it  will 
be  needlels  to  add  any  thing  upon  either  of  thofe  topics.  As  I 
was  perfuaded  that  Mr.  Gibbon  would  never  condcfcend  to  an- 
iiver  yoii%  I  have  been  bold  enough  to  trouble  you  with  my  ob- 

jedions 


^4^  tntotoGt. 

gkve  us  not  wealth  for  fo  bad  a  purpofe.  It  is  ioltig  v^drfi  tkM 
the  ivieked  femfonty  wh«  hid  his  taient  in  the  earthy  for  if  a  gatncfter 
lofesy  he  has  fpeht  improperly  the  money  wherewith  God  had 
cDtrufled  him :  and  if  he  wins,  he  is  ne?erthelefs.  vocapabk  of 
giving  a  good  account  of  his  talent  to  God^  fince  ho  has  lodged  it 
m  an  unfair  Bank.'* 

The  prayers  at  the  end  are  chiefly  formed  on  the  model 
of  our  excellent  liturgy  j  fome  are  extrafted  from  Bifhop 
Wilfon,  and  the  infertions  by  tlje  author  are  by  no  means  in- 
judicious* 

Art.  XV*  Scriptural  Views  of  the  National  EJhbli/bn»ntf  con-* 
Jidered  as  the  Church  of  the  Living  Gcdi  and  as  the.  Pillar  and 
Ground  of  the  Truth :  a  Charity  Sermon^  preached,  before  the 
Right  Honourable  the  Lord  Mayor^  the  Sheriffiy  .(^c,  at  the 
opening  of  St.  Michael's  Churchy  in  Cornhill^  on  Sunday^ 
March  28,  1790;  being  Palm-Sunday.  By  C  E. .  de 
Coetlogon,  a.  m.  Chaplain  to  the  Mayosaky.  410.  49  p* 
Pr.  IS.  6d.     Rivingtons.     1790. 

In  this  fermbn,  the  text  of  Which  is  l  Timothy  fii.  15. 
the  author  confiders  what  are  the  particular  views  which 
ought  to  be  entertained  refpe6ling  the  Houfe  of  God ;  and 
refpefting  that  Houfe,  both  as  the  church  of  the  living  God, 
and  as  the  pillar  and  ground  of  the  truth.  His  definition  of 
the  term  church,  the  requifites  of  a  proper,  mode  of  be- 
haviour^  and  fuitable  difpofitions  of  heart  and  mind  in  fuch  an 
affembly,  and  that  the  church  of  God  is  the  pillar  and  ground 
of  the  truth,  will,  it  is  conceived,  be  controverted  by  few  who 
profefs  Chriftianity.  In  his  dedu<5iions  from  thefe  premifesj 
many  will  conceive  Mr.  De  Coetlogon  not  quite  fo  happy, 
and  that  many  affemblies  of  Chriftians  will  think  themfelves 
Warranted  by  the  higheft  authority,  that  of  the  faCred  writings, 
in  believing  their  claims  to  belong  to  the  church  of  God,  are 
zs  well  founded,  as  thofe  of  their  brethren  of  the  eftablifhment* 

The  Church  of  England  is  confidered  by  Mr.  De  C.  as 
*  the  center  of  all  Chriftian  verity,  the  bond  of  unity,  and  the 
fublime  fource  of  unanimity,'  and  uniformity  he  thinks,  fhould 
be  the  aim,  the  delight,  the  ambition  of  every  Chriftian.  Hbw 
far  a  general  uniformity  would  conduce  to  the  prefervation  oF 
real  religion,  it  is  not  our  prefent  bufmefs  to  enquire,  but 
probably  many  will  believe  that  the  difcuifions  whith  are  ex- 
cited by  differences  of  opinion  on  fpeculative  fubjeA^,  are 
more  favourable  to  the  caufe  of  Chriftianity,  than  the  languor 
and  fupinenefs  which  might  probably  arife  from  a  ftate  that 
called  for  no  enquiry.  . 

We  were  a  little  furprifed  in  a  difcourfe,  which  upon  the 
whols  is  well  written,  to  find  fuch  a  phrafe  as>  *  I  will  focm 
ten  thoufand  arguments  in  one,* 

ARTt 


ISiJhop  ^London*/  Charge  to  the  Clergy  of  his  Diocefe.     441 

Art.  xVl.  National  Gratitude  for  Providential  Goodnefs^  re- 
commended in  a  Sermon  preached  before  the  Lord  Mayor^  Alder^ 
men^  ^c.  May  29.  By  C.  E.  De  Coetlogon,  A.  m.  4to. 
p.  36.     Pr.  IS.  6d.     Rivingtons.     1790. 

The  author  in  the  difcourfe  under  our  prefent  confideration, 
ift,  inveftigates  the  nature  of  religious  gratitude,  which  is  ex- 
hibited for  our  imitation  in  his  text,  Pfalm  Ixxii.  18,  19.  He 
idly,  enumerates  fome  of  thofe  great  occafions  which  are  pe- 
culiarly calculated  to  excite  a  fpirit  of  national  gratitude  to  the 
Divine  Being,  efpecially  the  reformation  and  reftoration,  but 
in  confidering  the  latter,  judicioufly  difcriminates  between  the 
man  and  the  king,  between  the  reftoration  of  the  exiled 
Charles,  and  the  return  of  a  quiet  and  orderly  government* 
He  then  proceeds  to  mention  an  additional  fubje61:  of  public 
gratitude  in  the  revolution.  Mr.  De  C.  concludes  by  menti- 
oning feveral  caufes,  which,  in  his  idea,  ought  continually  to 
excite  the  religious  gratitude  of  Britons,  particularly  the  blef- 
fings  which  they  are  conftantly  deriving  from  their  ecclefiaftical 
and  civil  conflitution. 


Art.  xvii.     The  Harmony  between  Religion  and  Policy^  or  di-^ 
vine  and  human  Legijlation  ;  a  Sermon  delivered  before  the  Lord 
Mayory  Judges^  &c.  April  25,   1790.     By  C.  E.  De  Coet- 
logon,  A.  M.  4to.  p.  42.  Pr.  IS.  6d.  Rivingtons.   1790. 
The  Wifdom  of  God  fpoken  of  in  the  text,  Ezra  vii.  25,  26. 
Mr.  De  Coetlogon  confiders  as  the  Bible,  and  demonftrates  thcf 
peculiar  propriety  of  thus  confidering  the  facred  volume.     He 
then  proceeds  to  ftiew  the  great  importance  of  divine  know- 
ledge, or  true  religion,  to  ftates  and  individuals,  and  in  what 
this  knowledge  confifts.     Under  his  third  head  the  author  takes 
a  view  of  the  harmony,  or  alliance  between  religion  and  civil 
policy,    which   he  conceives  necedarily  cohnedled,   and  that 
their  union  and  co-operation  are  indifpenfably  requifite  for  the 
happinefs  of  mankind.     The  fermon  concludes  by  a  concife 
enumeration  of  fome  of  the  moft  glaring  enormities  of  the 
prefent  age,  and  a  ferious  exhortation  to  all,  whatever  their 
ftation,'  to  recommend  by  their  example,  the  true  Wifdom  of 
Gody  the  facred  fcriptures. 

We  find  fome  peculiarities  of  ftile  in  th5  prefent.  difcourfej 
and  among'ft  a  few  others,  coUld  not  but  remark,  *  Does  it  not 
necolie^  to  us,'  B, 

Art.  xvilii     A  Charge  delivered  to  the  Clergy  of  the  Diocefe  of 
London^  at  the  primary  Fijitation  of  that  Diocefe  in  the  Tear 
1790.     By  Beilby,  Lord  Biihop  of  London,     8vo.     28  p. 
Pr.  IS.     Rivingtons,     1790. 
You  VIL  H  h  His 


442  THE©LOGY. 

•  His  LfOrdfhip,  after  having  paid  a  handfome  compliment  to 
his  learned  predeceflbr,  addreiles  the  clergy  of  his  diocefe  oiv 
the  fubje<Sts  of  Refidence,  the  performance  of  Sunday-duty, 
which,  in  fome  churches,  it  feems,  is  froin  n^»gle£t,  only  once 
a  day  ;  the  expedience  of  Sunday  fchoois  in  London  and  Weft- 
mi  nfter,  pfalmody,  and  the  propriety^ of  increafing  the  ftipends 
of  curates.  The  charge  is  written  with  his  Lordihip's .  ufual 
good  fcnfe,  moderation  and  piety.  We  felect  an  important 
paiFage.  P.  24. 

'  The  regulations  I  have  propofcd  are  fuch  as  appeared  to  mc 
highly  neceffary  not  only  to  the  general  interefls  of  religion,  the 
welfare  of  our  people,  and  the  credit  of  our  order,  but  (fome  of 
them  at  leafl)  to  the  very  cxidrnce  of  our  eccleliailical  conllitu- 
tion,  and  to  the  permanency  and  fccurity  of  our  religious  eftablifli- 
ment.  For  let  us  not  flatter  ourfclves,  my  brethren,  thatbecaufe 
we  have  the  laws  and  the  g^j^vernment  on  our  fide  we  are  there- 
fore perfectly  fafc,  are  perfe^Ttly  fecure  in  our  privileges  andpof- 
feffions,  be  our  charat^ters  and  our  conduft  ever  fo  inconfiltent 
with  our  profeffion,  and  our  various  duties  ever  fo  much  neglect- 
ed. At  prefent  it  is  true  we  enjoy  a  profound  calm  :  we  polTcfs, 
I  truft,  a  large  fliare  of  the  public  elleem  ;  we  have  received  a 
recent  and  fubfhmtial  proof  of  it,  for  which  we  ought  to  be  thank- 
ful and  grateful.  But  on  what  is  this  favour  and  this  fupport  of 
the  legillature  founded  ?  Unqueflionably  on  this  idea,  that  we  are 
by  our  miniilerial  labours  promoting  moft  effbdually  the  peace, 
the  morals,  the  good  order,  the  w^elfare,  and  the  happinefs  of  the 
community.  While  this  conviClion  prevails,  we  fliall  never  fail 
to  meet  with  countenance  and  protec^tion.  ,But  if  once  we  relin- 
quilli  this  ground  ;  if  we  defert  our  proper  Itations,  and  rufh  into 
the  world ;  if  we  confider  our  preferments  merely  as  life  eftatcs 
without  any  regard  to  the  perfonal  fcrvices  and  perfonal  duties 
with  which  they  are  charged,  we  iliall  moft  alfuredly  forfeit  the 
good  opinion,  and  with  that  the  fupport  of  the  ftate  ;  we  fhall  be 
left  to  combat  our  adverfaries  as  we  can  ;  the  firm  ground  we  now 
ftand  upon  will  fink  from  under  our  feet,  and  our  properties  and 
revenues  will  be  fwept  away,  like  thole  of  our  brethren,  in  a 
neighbouring  kingdom,  whofe  defpoliation  is  faid,  (on  too  good 
grounds  with  refped  to  fome  of  them  I  fear)  to  have  been  no  lefs 
owing  to  their  non-refidence,  their  love  of  pleafure,  their  lofs  of 
the  public  efleem,  than  to  the  fubverfion  of  their  civil  govern- 
ment.' 

Art.  XIX.  J  Sermon  preached  at  the  Jnniverfary  Meeting  of 
the  Sons  of  the  Clergy^  in  the  Cathedral  Church  of  St^  Pau/y 
May  14,  1789.  By  the  Rev.  W.  Vincent,  jd..  d.  410. 
38  p.     l-r.  IS.     Rivingtons. 

A  {hprt,  but  fenfible  difcourfe  on  Benevolence,  and  well 
adapted  to  the  occafion  on  which  it  was  preached.  Text, 
Col.  II.  19. 

•  Art. 


Pott'j  Sermon  for  the  'Benefit  of  the  Humane  Society.       443 

Art.  XX.  A  Review  of  EngUJh  Literature^  as  it  refpeSis  Mo^ 
ral  and  Religious  Inquiry^  recommended  in  a  Sermon  preached 
before  the  Univerftty  of  Cambridge ^  0£f.  2$^  ^1^9'  By  W. 
Purkis,  D.  JD.  &c.  4to.  20  p.  Pr.  is.  Cadell.  1790, 
The  objefts  of  this  Review  may  be  Jeamt  from  Dr.  Pur- 
kis's  own  words,  p.  15. 

*  I  would  propofe  for  your  ferious  confidcration,  that  we 
fhould  (from  our  own  prcfs)  in  a  methodical  plan  publifli,  in  2^ 
cheap  edition,  fuch  a  feries  of  authors  of  approved  merit  as  might 
form  a  compendium  to  condu6t  our  youth  in  moral  inquiry — for 
the  motives  of  duty — the  proofs  of  God  and  his  attributes— the 
evidences  of  fcripture— and  the  clearly  eflablilhed  and  avowed 
doctrines  of  the  gofpel.  To  thefe  fhould  be  added  fome  of  the 
ableft  defences  of  civil  and  eccleliaftical  polity.  This  would  not 
be  a  work  of  great  labour  or  expence ;  for  it  is  not  fo  much  the 
multiplicity,  as  the  judicious  choice  of  the  books,  which  creates 
the  ditliculty.' 


Art.  XXI.     J  Sermon  preached  at  St.  Dunfian^s  in  the  Weji^ 
on  Sunday^  March  28,  1790,  for  the  Benefit  of  the  Royal  Hu^ 
mane  Society,     By  the  Rev.  Jofeph  Holden  Pott,  a.  M.  Pre- 
bendary of  Lincoln,  and  Archdeacon  of  St.  Alban's.     With 
an  Appendix,  &c.  8vo.  40  p.  Pr.  is.  Cadcll.   1790. 
A  fenfible  and  elegant  difcourfe  on  the  duty  of  preferving  life. 
Text,  2  Sam.  xxiii.  17.     'Is  not  this  the  blood  of  the  mer\ 
that  went  in  jeopardy  of  their  lives  ?'     The  following  extradl 
affords  a  proper  I'pecimen  of  Mr.  Archdeacon  Pott's  ftyle  and 
manner,   p.  13. 

*  The  ferviccs  which  we  may  ftrive  to  render  to  others  in  our 
beft  times  of  ftrength  and  profperity,  are  liable  to  fail ;  they  arc 
bounded  by  our  means  and  opportunities,  wh;ch  are  very  narrow 
and  imperfedt :  the  fervices  which  we  can  render  to  the  public 
caufe  of  truth  and  piety  are  not  exempted  from  the  frailties  of  our 
nature;  with  the  bell  de (ires,  and  with  the  pureft  iliotives,  we 
may  do  things  unfeafonably  or  unprofitably  ;  our  endeavours  for 
the  benefit  of  our  fellow-creatures  may  mifcarry  with  refpeft  to 
them  ;  but  in  all  thefe  inftances  the  improvement  of  our  own  cha- 
racter before  God  will  not  be  at  all  impeded  :  this  llamps  the  true 
value  of  life  ;  this  is  the  only  work  of  man  whofe  ilTues  are  in- 
fallible, over  which  time  has  no  power,  and  fortune  no  authori- 
ty. It  is  true  that  this  difcovery  was  made  by  the  light*  and  re- 
velation of  the  Gofpel.  H  we  regard  the  times  when  men  meted 
with  other  meafures,  it  will  abate  a  little  of  our  wonder,  though 
nothing  of  our  horror,  that  the  favage,  fwayed  by  falfe  conclu- 
fions^  and  by  the  prevalence  of  evil  cuftoms,  fliould  fupprefs  the 
dictates  of  his  nature,  and  expofe  the  old  and  the  decrepid  mem- 
bers of  his  houfhold  to  perilh ;  and  that  the  two  chief  m^fters  * 

•  Plato  de  Repub.  lib,  iii.— Ariftot.  lib.  vii.— Pol.  c.  xvi. 

H  h  2  of 


444  iTHfiOLOGY. 

of  philofophy  in  Greece  Ihould  no  lefs  barbaroiifly  proCcribc  the? 
weak  and  lickly  as  worthlefs  perfons,  and  baniih  the  phyfician  as 
contributing  by  his  art  to  continue  fuch  men  in  fociety.  But  the 
Chriftian  philofopher  does  not  form  his  eftimate  of  perfonal  worth 
from  bodily  endowments,  or  from  the  power  of  profecuting  worldly 
things ;  he  knows  that  no  man  can  have  fulfilled  the  end  of  his 
being,  becaufe  that  end  coniifts  in  an  entire  fubmiilion  to  Provi- 
dence, in  continuing  to  bear  its  difpenfations  of  what  kind  focver 
with  fortitude  and  cheerfulncfs.  The  fagacious  hound,  or  la- 
bouring ox,  may  have  fulfilled  their  parts  in  life,  and  may  have 
a  portion  of  exiftence  ufclefs  to  their  owners,  however  neceffary 
in  the  courfc  of  nature  ;  the  cedar  of  the  mountain,  and  the  oak 
of  the  foreft,  may  grow  to  maturity,  and  after  that  period  de- 
cline, and  at  lall  become  worthlefs  to  the  builder ;  but  with  man, 
the  cxercife  of  reafon  can  never  be  fo  complete  as  to  fuperfede 
its  ufe.  The  patient  fortitude  of  Chriliian  faith  may  gather 
ftrength  amidft  the  injuiies  of  time,  and  the  feeblen^s  ot  age. 
Though  the  fenfes  fail,  and  the  power  of  moving  be  loir,  yet  the 
foul  abides  entire,  and  often  with  frefli  force,  and  with  more 
clear  exertions,  as  the  bjdily  fupplies  run  out  :  a  furc  indication 
that  that  which  becomes  ftronger  as  the  body  ruftics  to  decay, 
will  not  follow  it  to  the  dufl.'  h. 


Art.  XXII.  A  Sermon  preached  at  the  Maze  Porul^  Southwarky 
Sept.  27,  1 780,  for  the  Bcnejit  of  the  Society  ejlablijbcd  in 
London  for  the  Support  and  Encouragement  of  Sunday  Schools  in 
ihe  different  Counties  of  England^  By  James  Dore.  8vo. 
33  p.     Pr.  6d.     Gurney.      1790. 

Intended  chiefly  to  recomniend  the  diftribution  of  bibles 
to  the  objects  of  thefe  charities. 


Art.  XX 1 1 1 .  Chrijlian  Vigilance  conftdered^  in  a  Sermon  preach^ 
ed  at  the  Baptijl  Chapel^  in  Taunton.^  on  the  Lord*s  Day  after 
the  fudden  Kemoval  of  the  learned  and  reverend  R.,  Robinfon. 
By  Jofliua  Toulfnin,  m.  a.  to  which  is  added,  feme  Ac- 
couat  of  Mr,  Robinfon  and  his  Writings.  8vo.  57  p. 
Pr.  IS.     Johnfon*     ^19^* 

The  duty  of  vatchfulneis,  and  its  nccefllty,  are  the  topics 
infifted  on  in  the  fir^f  part  of  this  dlfcourfe  ;  the  latter  part  is 
occupied  v/ith  a  variety  of  anecdotes  relative  to  Mr.  Robinfon; 
and  thefe  are  followed  by  an  appendix,  containing  a  further 
account  of  his  life  and  writings,  from  which  we  Ihall  extraft 
.  the  following  paflage,  p.  26, 

'  An  uncle  took  him  under  his  patronao;e  when  he  was  a  boy, 
and  educated  him  for  the  miniilry  in  the  eftabliflicd  church.  At 
about  fifteen  or  fixteen  years-  of  age  he  was  brought  under  ferious 
imprelTions,  and  became  poflefled  with  a  {Irong  fenfe  of  the  im* 
portance  and  excellence  of  real  religion,  by  hearing  the  eminent 
;ind  reverend  Mr.  George  "Whjtcfieid;  wkofc  preaching  wrought 

i'ucU 


Prieftley'i  Sermon  on  Rclinfon*  445 

fuch  a  change  in  his  temper  and  behaviour,  as  could  not  be  long 
concealed :  his  uncle  was"  fo  exafperatcd  as  to  difcard  him,  and 
to  expofe  him  to  the  fevered  hardlliips  and  extreme  poverty. 
He  was  for  a  few  years  ot:c  of  Mr.  Whitefield's  preachers,  and 
in  that  connedVion  married,  when  very  young.  During  that  pe- 
riod of  his  life,  he  became,  on  conviction,  a  DilTenter  and  a 
Baptift.  At  the  age  of  twenty-three,  in  the  year  1759,  he  was 
invited  to  a  congregation  of  Proteflant-DiiTeiitcrs  in  Cambridge, 
confilling  of  thirty-four  members,  and  fo  poor,  that  all  they 
could  pollibly  propofe  to  raife  for  his  fupport  was  3I.  6si  per 
cjuarter.  He  preached  with  them  on  trial,  nearly  two  years, 
and  fettled  as  their  pallor  in  1761.  In  1774,  the  congregation, 
includifig  children  and  fervants,  confilled  of  a  thoufand  fouls.* 

Art.  XXIV.     ReJUSiions  on  Death.     A  Sermon  on  occofion  of 

the  Death  of  the  Reverend  Robert  Rcbinfon^  of  Cambridge^ 

delivered  at  the  New  Meetings  in  Birmingham^  J^^^  ^3*  ^790  > 
'    and  puhlijhcd  at  the  Requefi  of  thofe  who  heard  it^  and  oj  Mr. 

Robirfons    Family,       By   Jofepli    Prieftley,     ll.  D.   f.  r.  s. 

Svo.  34  pages.   Price  IS,    Birnfiingham,  Belcher.    London, 

Johnfon.     1790. 

Of  all  the  funeral  fermons  which  have  ever  come  before  us,  this 
is,  in  our  opinion,  one  of  the  moft  rational,  the  mod  original,  and 
we  apprehend,  calculated  to  be  the  moft  extenfively  ufeful.  We 
therefore  heartily  recommend  it  to  the  perufal  of  all  claffes  of  peo- 
ple. The  do£tor  does  not  treat  the  fubjeci  of  death  in  the  com- 
mon ftyle  of  pulpit  declamation,  which,  if  it  anfwer  anv  purpofe 
at  all,  is  only  calculated  to  render  men  gloomy,  inactive,  and 
diflatisfied  with  their  condition.  He  fiift  ihews  that  it  is 
natural  in  mankind  to  put  off,  in  their  own  thoughts,  the 
time  of  their  death  j  and  that  this  delufion  is  a  happy  one, 
fuice  without  it  the  bufinefs  of  life  would  not  be  done  to  any 
purpofe.  2dly.  Ke  evinces  that  a  proper  preparation  for  death, 
does  not  at  all  depend  on  our  continual  thinking  of  it ;  but  that, 
on  the  contrary,  if  men  will  puifue  the  bufuiifs  of  this  life  pro- 
perly, they  will  find  it  the  beft  preparation  fqr  another.  3cliy. 
That  the  phuie  and  manner  of  our  death  ane  of  no  moment, 
4thl^.  That  the  fear  pf  death  is  unneccfiarily  increafed  by  fu- 
perftition.  5tWy.  That  if  death  be  not  naturally  terrible  to 
man,  it  is  ftill  lefsfoto  the  Chriftian.  bthly.  That  the  change 
of  our  natures  by  dc^rfh,  may  poffibly  be  net  fo  great  as  we 
are  apt  to  imagine.  It  will  be  happy,  in  our  opinion,  for  the 
rifing  generation,  if  the  following  liberal  fcntiments  of  Dr.  P. 
meet  with  the  attention  which  they  merit.  P.  23. 

*  I  would  particularly  recommend  to  your  imitation  Mr. 
Robinfon*s  exemplary  condud  in  the  education  that  he  gave 
to  his  numerous  family,  noton'y  in  relip;ion,  but  in  all  branches 
of  ufeful  knov*»ledge  ;  by  no  means  negleCiing  his  daughters.  -To 
their  underftuadingfi  his  good  Itnfe  t^iught  him  to"  giyc  the  fame 

H  h  3  .  cultivation 


446  POLITICS. 

cultivation  as  to  thofc  of  his  fon»,  that  is,  the  highcft  of  which 
thev  were  capable.  Getting  over  a  vulgar  and  debafing  pre- 
judice (that  women,  being  defigned  for  domeilic  cares,  fhould 
be  taught  nothing  beyond  them)  and  finding  his  daughters 
qapable  of  it,  he  himtelt*  taught  them  the  learned  and  the 
modem  languages,  and  he  got  them  inftruiflcd  by  others  in 
mathematics  and  philofophy.  Certainly,  the  minds  of  women 
are  capable  of  the  fame  improvement,  and  the  fame  furniture, 
as  thofe  of  men  ;  and  it  is  of  importance  that,  whfen  they  have 
leifure,  they  fliould  have  the  fame  refource  in  reading,  and  the 
fame  power  of  inlTrLuMincr  the  world  by  writing,  that  men  have  ; 
and  that  if  they  be  mother^.;,  they  be  capable  of  affifting  in  the 
inftruf'lon  of  their  cluLiien  ;  to  which  they  have  generally  more 
opportunity  to  attend  than  the  fathers.'  B. 

Art.  XXV.  Suicide '^  a  Sermon  preached  March  13,  17QO,  in 
the  Parijh  Church  of  Hurjlmonceux  in  Sujfex^  at  the  Funeral  of 

2ohn  Mitten.     By  the  Reverend   Lewis  Tumor,  Curate  of 
iurftmonceux.     4to.     26  pages.     Price  1  s.     Lewes,    W. 
and  A.  Lee.     London,  Williams.     1790. 

A  FLORifD,  defultory  harangue  on  Jer.  x.  23.  H. 

Art.  XXVI.  The  Danger  of  the  political  Balance  of  Europe^ 
Traiiflated  from  the  French  of  the  King  of  Sweden,  by  the 
Right  Hon.  Lord  Mountmorres.  Fools-cap.  8vo.  283  p. 
Price  3s.  6d.  fewed.     Jeffery.      1790. 

This  publication  1$  dedicated  by  Lord  MouRtmorres  to  the 
Lord  Vifcount  Torrington,  the  Britifh  minifter  at  Bruffels, 
He  obferves,  in  what  he  calls  a  Preliminary,  '  that  the  fpirit 
of  the  firft  works  frequently  evaporates  in  tranflations  ;  as  the 
effence  of  ether  is  often  lorf,  when  poured  from  one  vial  into 
another.  He  offers  this  work  in  an  Englifli  drefs,  v/ith  a  diffi- 
dent hand,  to  the  irripartial  tribunal  of  the  public,  p.  xi. 

*  In  this  work,  vhe  rapid  progrefs  of  Ruflia,  in  fomewhat  more 
than  half  a  centuiy,  from  civilization  to  preponderance  in  the 
general  fyiiem — the  dethronement  of  Peter  the  Third — the  ac- 
ceflion  of  Catherif.e — the  fiibjedion  of  Courland — the  appoint- 
ment of  a  king  of  Poland,  thfe  nominee  of  Rullia — the  partition 
and  difmembcrm-jrit  of  that  country — the  Leonine  convention 
with  Frederick  tlib  Great,  and  with  Auftria— the  Turkilh  wars— 
the  policy  of  the  Czarina — the  intereils  of  Denmark — the  confli* 
tution,  the  charafler,  the  revolution,  and  prefent  Hate  of  Swe- 
den-^above  all,  tjie  agitation  of  the  great' quellion,  of  the  con- 
fequences  of  the  fabjedion  pf  Turkey,  and  the  eilablifliment  of 
Rulfia  in  the  Mediterranean,  and  its  importance  to  the  maritime 
powers,,  are  moil  happily  diiplayed.* 

This  is  a  vefy  juft,  though  brief,   analyfis  of  the  original 

^ork:    bf  which,   however,  we  have  here  a  moft  inelegant, 

ungrammatical,  and  fometimes  unintelligible  tranflation  !    For 

example,  p.  8.  *  A  moiety  of  Europe  i'    this  is  French,  not 

I  Englilh* 


Danger  of  the  political  Balance  of  Europe*  447 

Englifh.  In  the  fame  page^  ^  What  would  be  the  confequence 
of  a  war,  which  *would^^  &c.  hft  means  JhouhL  In  the  fame 
page,  '  Hiftory  is  here  alone  the  torch  of  precaution.'  By 
this  arrangement  of  words,  Lord  Mountmorres  feems'  to  af- 
firm that  *  Hiftory,  in  this  inftance  [here]  alone,  is  the  torch 
of  precaution.*  His  meaning  undoubtedly  is,  that  *  Hiftory 
alone  is  here  the  torch  of  precaution.' — r.  15.  ^  The  other 
extremity  of  Europe  ambitioned  her  alliance.' — P*  21.  *  And 
fortified  his  influence  with  new  alliances  with  the  northern 
powers.'  Judging  by  the  grammatical  conftru(ftion  of  this 
fentence,  we  are  uncertain  whether  he  means  that  his  influ- 
ence was  fortified  by  or  with  new  alliances.'  It  is  by  the 
context  we  know  that  he  meant  the  former. — P.  22.  *  The 
maintenance  of  the  political  equilibre.^ — P.  33.  *  Prudence 
could  alone  preferve  him.'  He  means,  *  Prudence  alone  could 
preferve  him.' — P.  37>w  *  To  him  Ruflia  owes  the  wifeft  ordi- 
nances which  [he  means  that^  have  decorated  that  govern- 
ment.' And  here,  again,  there  is  a  fault%  The  pronoun 
that  refers  the  word  government  to  the  word  Rujfta  :  but  Rulfia 
is  not  a  government,  but  the  fubjecft  of  a  government.  The 
fentence,  in  order  to  be  grammatical,  fhould  run  in  fome  fuch 
manner  as  this  :  ^  To  him  RulTia  owes  the  wifeft  ordinances 
that  have  decorated  the  government  of  that  empire.' — P.  41. 
*  Many  of  thefe  wife  regulations  were  in  that  fhort  period  of 
fix  months.'  He  means  *  were  efiahlijhed  in  that  fhort  pe- 
riod,' &c. — P.  47.  <  And  finifiied  with  conjuring  that  the  em- 
peror,' &c.  As  neither ^?2/}^  nor  conjure  is  a  middle  or  neutral 
^edb,  two  words  are  wanting  in  this  one  line,  which  might  be 
amended  thus  :  '  And,  in  conclufion,  conjured  the  emperor,' 
&c.^ — P.  54.  *  But  it  feems  trivial  circumftances  accelerated 
the  execution,  aggravated  the  cataftrophe,  and  fecured  fuc- 
cefs.'  In  v/hat  ?  There  is  no  mention  of  the  projedt  to  which 
all  this  refers  in  the  whole  paragraph  which  this  fentence  con- 
cludes. P.  59.  .*  And  none  that  were  infenfible  of  his  fuffer- 
ings,  fave  only,'  &c.  He  means,  '  And  there  were  none  that 
were  infenfible,'  &c.  or,  more  elegantly  as  well  as  concifely, 
'  And  none  were  infenfible,'  &c.  But  perhaps  the  word  that 
has  been  inferted  inadvertently.—  P*  62.  '  At  fine  j' — *  in  fine,* 
or,  in  a  word. — P.  66.  *  In  order  to  colour  the  facrifice,  fifti- 
tious  reports  were  circulated ;  finifter  projects  were  imputed 
to  Peter  the  Third,  againft  which  the  emprefs  flioald  have 
guarded  herfelf.'  He  means,  '  Againft  which  it  became  ne-» 
cefTary  for  the  emprefs  to  guard  herfelf.'— *P%  133.  ^  Monafte- 
ries,  churches,  neither  age  nor  fex  were  fpared.' — '  Neither 
monafteries  nor  churches,  nor  age  nor  fex,'  &c. — -P.  139.  a 
paragraph  begins  thus  :  '  Seeing  Ruffia  weakened  by  the 
Turkifh  war,  obliged  to  keep  thirty  thoufand  men  in  pay  to 
guard  Polajid  \    ber  finances  exhaufted,  and  apprehenfive  of 

H  h  4j.  *  internal 


448  Politics. 

internal  commotions  5  Struenfee  attempted/  &c.  The  nomi- 
native, Struenfee,  fliould  hate  been  prefixed,  and  led  on  the 
fentence,  as  the  energizer^  in  the  language  of  univerfal  gram- 
mar, a£ling  on  a  fubjeft  energized,  and  not  to  have  followed, 
efptcially,  at  fo  great  a  diftance  from  the  beginning.  Again, 
in  the  line  '  her  finances  exhaufted,  and  apprehenlive  of  in- 
ternal commotions,'  the  conjun<Sive  and^  according  to  gram- 
matical interpretation,  would  lead  us  to  imagine  that  it  v/as 
the  finances  of  Ruflia  that  v^^ere  apprehenfive,  &c.  We  may 
add,  that  the  whole  of  this  fentence  is  concluded  in  a  very  vul- 
gar as  well  aS'  ungrammatical  manner — '  but  the  deftiny  of 
this  country  got  the  better' — of  what  ? 

Thcfe  ftridures  are  intended  not  to  damp  the  ardour  of 
Lord  Mountmorres  in  that  literary  career  on  which  he  has  en- 
tered *,  .but  to  enable  him  to  purfue  it  with  advantage,  by 
pointing  out  a  defeft  which  it  is  in  his  power  to  remedy.  He 
neither  wants  parts  nor  general  reading  and  obfervation  f  but 
it  is  not  to  be  concealed  that  he  is  very  inattentive  to  the 
firft  requifite  in  compofition,  Grammar.  Without  gram- 
mar ideas  cannot  be  reprefented  either  with  precifion  or  with 
perfpicuity.  Grammar  rifes  in  its  principles,  and  is  connefled 
with  thof©  of  the  other  arts  and  fciences  in  the  First  Philo- 
sophy. It  is,  therefore,  a  moft  eflential  part  of  liberal  educa- 
tion, not  only  to  fhew  the  rules,  or  analogies,  of  particular 
-languages,  but  to  fliew  the  principles  that  are. common  to 
them  5aTl :  how  words,  and  words  in  conjunilion,  exprefs  ideas, 
and  all  the  operations  and  modifications  of  the  mind  ;  and  how 
much  univerfal  or  philofophical  grammar  runs  into  the  piilg- 
fophy  of  things;  into  nature  in  matter  and  in  form,  in  fubftance 
and  iii^  quality.  In  this  important  branch  of  education  Lord 
Mountmorres,  beyond  all  doubt,  has  been  moft  miferably  neg- 
le£led,  as  he  {hews  in  his  preface,  in  his  notes,  and  in  the 
fpirit  too  that,  on  the  whole,  pervades  his  tranllation.'  Wc 
cannot  but  afcribe  his  grofs  ignorance  of  univerfal, gran^mar  to 
the  careleffnefs  or  to  the  incapacity  of  his  tutor  or  tutors.  We 
ftall  not  fend  his  lordfliip,  for  the  principles  of  philofophical 
grammar,  back  to  Simplicius,  to  Ammianus  Marcellinus,  or 
to  Ariftotle.  He  will  learn  them  with  fuificient  accuracy  and 
with  greater  facility  in  the  Hermes  of  Mr.  Harris,  and  have 
examples  of  their  practical  application  to  the  Englifh  tongue 
in  the  Grammars  of  Dr.  Lowth  and  Dr.  Prieftley,  5cc.  Thefe 
hints  we  offer  to  Lord  Mountmorres  with  fincerity  and  with 
rcfpeS.  ft  is  ftrange  thaf,  in  the  circle  of  his  private  ac- 
quaintance, not  one  has  been  found  to  urge  the  fame  falutary 
truths. — And  this  leads  us   to  make  a  few  obfervations  on 

*  He  informs  his  readers  that  he  is,  at  prefent,  engaged  in  a 
Parliamentary  Hillory  of  Ireland  to  the  Revolution* 

4  what 


Danger  of  the  political  Balance  of  Europe.  449 

.what  his  terdfhip  has  faid  on  the  fubje£l  of  noble  and  foy4 
authors,   p.  xx. 

*  Prejudices  there  are,  no  doubt,  againft  noble,  and  ^galnft 
royal,  authors— envy  exav^s  a  compromife  from  men  in  exalted 
flations  ;  flattering  milconception  and  fclf-love  have  eflabliflied 
an  opinion,  that  men  who  are  above  the  reft  of  mankind  in  fome, 
fliould  be  lo.wer  than  the  refl  of  their  l^ccies  in  pther,  refpe^ls ;— ^ 
but  fortuitous  advantages  do  not  alter  the  real  character — famp 
and  reputation  are  prizes  which  may  be  allotted  to  any  defcrip- 
tion  of  men  :  and  we  muft  admire  thofe  who  quit  exalted  ftations 
to  enter  into  the  common  lill,  who  (tart  in  the  popular  race,  and 
labour  to  gain  the  prize,  by  furpailing  mankind  in  the  beaten 
tracks,  and  the  common  high  roads  of  life.' 

There  is  not  in  the  multitude,  there  is  not  in  human  na- 
ture any  prejudice  againft  men  in  exalted  ftations.  The  pre- 
poffeflions  of  mankind  are  on  the  fide  of  the  great.  The  ex- 
pcftations  entertained  of  heirs-apparent  to  gr^at  fortunes  and 
power,  are  well  known  to  be  extravagant.  .  Their  talents  and 
virtues  are  exaggerated  j  their  faults  and  follies  are  {haded  and 
palliated  by  good  names.  O  king,  live  for  ever  !  is  not  only 
the  language  of  eaftern  adulation,  it  is,  to  a  certain  degree, 
tliat  of  all  nations  :  for  in  all  nations,  as  is  happily  illuftrated 
by  the  late  Dr.  Smith,  in  his  Theory  of  Moral  Sentiments,  there 
is  a  ftrong  difpofition  to  fympathize  with  the  profperity  of  the 
great.  If,  then,  there  be  indeed  '  prejudices  againft  noble 
and  ROYAL  authors,'  .they  muft  arife  from  fome  caufe  fteady 
and  powerful  in  its  operation :  and  this  caufe  is  no  other  than 
that  indolence  and  love  of  pleafure  which  is^indeed  common 
to  human  nature,  but  which,  in  the  middle  and  lower  ranks 
of  life,  is  counterbalanced  by  the  neceility  of  application  and 
exertion,  in  order  to  the  ajttainment  of  independent  fortune, 
or  diftinguilhed  reputation.  The  young  lord  has  the  fame 
love  of  diftindiion  and  praife,  that  ftimulates  the  induftry  of 
other  men :  but  a  crowd  of  parafites  and  flatterers,  from  the 
tutor  himfelf,  too  often  down  to  the  loweft  ftable  boy,  fatiates 
.him  with  unmerited  praife,  and  nourifhes,  by  the  bafcft  adu- 
lation, an  oyer-weening  conceit  of  his  own  accomplifliments. 
.It  is  eafier,  and  a  more  pleafant  tafk,  to  flatter  a  young  lord, 
that  he  is  mafter  of  all  that  is  valuable  in  grammar  and  rheto- 
ric, than  to  direS  and  accompany  him  in  a  painful  progrefs 
/in  thofe  ftudies*  And  when  my  lord  is  advanced  to  an  of- 
fice of  high  truft  in  the  ftate,  he  is  as  ready  to  beftow  a  bi- 
flioprick  on  the  complaifant  companion,  as  the  faithful,  but 
fevere  tutor.  If  fuch  language  had  been  held  to  the  infant, 
and  juvenile  niind  of  the  well-meaning  and  lively  nobleman, 
whom  we  have  now  in  our  eye,  we  ihould  not  have  had  occa- 
fion  to  make  the  foregoing  animadverlions  on  his  extreme  de- 
ficiency in  point  of  grammar.  We  cannot  take  leave  of  Lord 
Mountmorres,  without  making  fome  obfervations  on  what  fol- 
lows. 


450  ,  POLITICS. 

lows.  *  Fame  and  reputation  are  prizes,  which  may  be  al- 
lotted  to  any  defcription  of  men  ;  and  we  muft  admire  thofe 
who  quit  exalted  ftations,  to  enter  into  the  common  lift,  who 
Hart  in  the  popular  race,  and  labour  to  gain  the  prize,  by  fur- 
paffing  mankind  in  the  benten  tracks,  and  the  common  high 
roads  of  life.' 

As  the  faculty  of  reafon,  and  the  principle  of  intelligence, 
form  the  diltinguifhing  features  of  man,  fo  his  higheft  glory 
confifts  in  the  exercife  and  improvement  of  them.  *  Com- 
mon lift,  popular  race,  beaten  tracks,  common  high  roads  of 
life — Thefe  are  epithets  well  appropriated  to  the  common 
practices  of  the  vulgar  great,  who  know  no  other  claims  to 
public  attention  and  refpccl,  than  the  fplendor  of  their  defcent, 
the  imputed  merit  of  their  anceftors,  gaudy  equipages,  coftly 
entertainments,  fervility  to  men  in  power,  political  intrigue^ 
&c.  &c.  but  are  mifplaced  when  applied  to  what  is  moft  excel- 
lent in  our  nature.  The  liberal  arts  and  fciences  furntfti  a 
nobler  courfe  than  N  ewmarket,  and  triumphs  as  much  fu- 
perior  to  thofe  of  contefted  ele<Sions,  as  the  laws  of  nature 
have  a  more  extenfive  and  permanent  fway  than  the  varying 
interefts  and  views,  and  accidental  humours  of  a  giddy  popu- 
lace. It  is  of  no  importance,  in  the  prefent  argument,  that 
thoufands  aaid  tens  of  thoufands  of  damnable  poetafters,  trarif- 
lators,  and  fcribblers  of  every  kind,  like  fo  many  chimney 
fweepers  mounted  on  jack-afles,  attempt  to  keep  up  with  the 
rapid  flights  of  the  true  Pegasus  :  that  men  entred  to  mecha 
nical  employmcrtr,  fometimes  quit  their  tool>5,  and  keep  even 
^fhops  and  journeymen  of  literature.  Thefe  can  never  difgrace 
the  caufe  of  fcience,  though  they  may  expofe  themfelves ;  any 
more  than  the  humble  attempts  of  the  vulgar,  to  imitate  the 
taftiions  and  manners  ot  the  great,  detract  from  the  impor- 
tance of  THEIR  refinements  in  intrigue,  luxury,  and  diffipa- 
tion.  The  man  who  ftarts  in  the  career  of  literature,  does 
not,  or  ought  not  to  meafure  his  powers  with  thofe  of  the  crowd 
that  join  in  the  race,  but  with  thofe  of  the  diftinguifhed  indi-» 
viduals,  who  leave  the  crowd  far  behind. 

But  now,  to  pafs  from  our  noble  tranflator  to  our  royal  au- 
thor, it  was  not,  certainly,  any  ambition  of  literary  f^e,  that 
moved  the  king  of  Sweden  to  compofe  and  publifli  the  traft 
before  us  ;  but  a  defirc  to  roufe  a  general  indignation  through- 
out Europe  againft  a  proud  and  over-bearing  princefs,  who, 
by  her  arms  and  her  intrigues,  was  continually  employed  in 
extending  her  power  and  influence  over  all  her  neighbours. 

To  the  juft  account  that  has  been  given  of  this  traft  by 
Lord  Mountmorres,  and  which  we  have  abcfve  quoted,  we 
fhall  add,  that  the  matter  of  it  is  conceived  with  great  juftnefs 
and  good  fenfe,  arranged  in  the  moft  natural  order,  and  ex- 
prefled  ia  a  very  lively  manner,  It  pofl'elies  the  advantage  of 
/  pcrfe^ 


J>anger  of  the  political  Balance^of  Europe.  45 1 

prcfefl:  unity  of  defign,  without  which  little  is  to  be  expected 
from  the  ableft  writer,  namely,  to  move  the  jealoufy  of  Eu- 
rope and  the  revenge  of  particular  nations  againft  Catherine  ii, 
of.Ruffia,  He  enters  largely  into  the  domeftic,  as.  well  as 
foreign  intrigues  of  the  emprefs,  and  contrafts,  with  much 
efFedt,  the  cruelty  of  her  policy,  with  the  virtues,  and  par- 
ticularly with  the  humanity,  compailion,  and  unfufpicious  and 
generous  confidence  of  her  murdered  hufband,  Peter  iii,  p.  20, 

'  This  prince,  who  for  feme  time  was  only  known  in  Europe, 
through  the  medium  of  the  calumnies  of  his  aiTaffins — this  prince^ 
born  and  educated  in  Germany,  had  all  the  inclinations  of  his 
native  country,  and  a  contempt  for  his  new  fubje6ts. — Ma/ler  of 
Holflein,  a  member  confequcntly  of  the  German  empire,'he  added 
weight  to  the  Rullian  crown,  interfered  in  the  German  fyftem,  in 
his  own  perfonal  right,  and  fortified  his  influence  with  new  alli- 
ances with  the  northern  powers.  Happily,  this  profpe61:  did  not 
infpire  him  with  ambition ;  he  was  influenced  only  by  a  ju(l  re-» 
fentment  againll  Denmark,  and  by  his  friendfliip  for  Frederick  the 
Great.  Policy  leagued  with  his  moderation.  For,  the  ruinous 
war  which  ElizabelTi  waged  againft  the  king  of  Pruffia,  had  coft 
her  three  hundred  thoufand  men,  and  above  thirty  millions  of 
roubles. 

'  Though  the  third  Peter  had  no  other  title  to  public  efteem 
than  that  of  faving  a  prince,  upon  whofe  prefervatton  the  mainte- 
nance of  the  political  equilibre  depended,  his  memory  fiiould  be 
regarded,  and  efleemcd.  In  fome  venal  writings,  the  productions 
of  fanciful  hiftorians,  his  attachment  to  the  king  of  Pruffia  was 
j-idicuied  as  the  eiFedl  of  enthufiafm,  and  the  puerile  love  of  emu- 
lation : — but  aflTuredly  an  enthufiafm  for,  and  admiration  of,  the 
qualities  of  a  man,  w^ho  wrought  fuch  prodigies  of  wifdom  and 
intrepidity,  was  very  excufeable — and  the  heroifm  of  friendfliip 
is  a  rare  quality  among  ft  kings. 

*  This  profound  refpedt,  and  regard,  for  Frederick  the  Great, 
demonftrated  judgment  andfenfibility  in  the  third  Peter  ;_.the  ene- 
mies of  Pruflia,  at  Peterft)urg,  had  iignaUzed  themfelves,  by  the 
perfccution  of  the  young  czar,  during  the  reign  of  Elizabeth.— 
This  prince  had  accordingly  countcravfted  their  mcafures,  and 
his  fubfequent  conduct,  in  fupporting  th6  king  of  Pruffia,  was 
perfedly  confiftent.— This  laft  monarch  was  now  in  danger  ;  the 
new  Englifli  minifter  (Lord  Bute)  threatened  him  with  defertion, 
and  his  fafety  feemed  to  depend  on  his  Turkifh  negociations,  on 
the  capricious  motions  of  the  Khan  of  the  Tartars. — Let  us  fee 
in  what  terms,  the  hero  fo  renowned  for  his  knowledge  of  the 
human  charai^er,  has  appreciated  the  friendfliip  and  generolity 
of  the  third  Peter.'  ' 

After  the  quotation  from  the  king  of  Pruffia,  and  a  tribute  to 
the  memory  of  that  great  man,  our  royal  author  thus  proceeds. 

<  The  firft  misfortune  of  this  prince  (Peter  in.)  was  to  be 
adopted  by  Elizabeth,  to  mount  one  day,  p.  zZ^  ,       ' 

*  Sur  ce  throne  [trone]  gliflant,  dont  vingt  rois  defcehdirent— 

^  The 


45^  POLITICS. 

*  The  fecond,  to  have  been  led  from  Holftein,  to  become  a 
flave  at  Elizabeth's  court ;  and  his  wife  was  the  third  misfortune. 
His  Imperial  aunt  obtained  the  crown  by  a  revolution  ftained 
witkinj'^ltice,  and  was  always  in  drestd  of  a  counter-revolution  ; 
her  nephew  was  a  prifoner  of  ilate.  The  cabinet  was  barred, 
and  its  councils  were  concealed ;  all  intercourfe  was  fufpeded 
with  him  ;  his  German  fervants  were  deprived  of  the  comforts 
of  his  coDverfation,  and  their  attachment  was  a  principle  of  dif- 
grace  ;  furrounded  by  ciicmies,  the  right  of  approach  was  only 
given  to  fpics,  obfervers,  and  betra3'ers  of  his  converfation — his 
raatrimonial  mifunderffandinfj  left  the  Prince  without  domeftic 
confolation,  and  reviewing  feme  troops  at  Orienabaum,  .became 
bis  only  recreation. 

*  His  complaints  gave  rife  to  an  intrigue,  wliich  ferves  to  lead 
lis  through  the  mazes  of  thofe  deplorable  events,  which  ulti- 
mately deprived  the  emperor  of  his  fcepter,  and  of  his  life. 

*  The  chancellor  BcllucheT,  the  great  contidant  of  Elizabeth, 
was  the  Grand  Duke's  avowed  enemy  ;  his  infolence  in  contriv- 
ing mortiiications,  made  him  tremble  at  the  profpe6l  of  a  new 
reign  ;  he  formed  thjs  projed  of  fubftituting  the  prince  Paul, 
fon  of  Catherine  the  Second,  under  her  regency,  in  the  place 
of  Peter  the  Third.  Beftuchef  prcfuppofed  the  fuccefs  of  his 
plot,  from  a  multitude  of  groundlefs  calumnies  againftthe  Grand 
Duke,  and  the  favourable  reception  of  Elizabeth  ;  arid  laftly, 
upon  the  intention  of  Catherine  to  deprive  her  hufhand  of  the 
crown,  and  to  appropriate  the  regency  to  herfelf.  It  would  be 
prefumptuous  to  advance,  that  this  princefs  was  concerned  in 
this  plot — but  afluredly  Beftuchef  mull:  have  believed  it,  for,  he 
never  would  have  encountered  her  refiflance.  Elizabeth,  doubt- 
ful at  firft,  refumed  a  more  dignified  conducl,  arid  fupported  her 
nephew  againft  the  chancellor ;  and  an  incautious  exprcffion  of 
the  cmprefs  Elizabeth  is  dill  cited,  '  I  know  my  nephew,*  faid 
file  one  day,  to  the  llanderers  of  the  prince,  '  I  have  nothing 
to  fear  from  a  good  heart,  I  am  not  fo  well  acquainted  with  my 
niece.' 

*"  Beftuchef,  afterwards  difgraced  by  Elizabeth,  was  excepted 
out  of  the  amneily,  upon  the  acceffion  of  the  third  Peter ;  but 
upon  the  indulgence  qf  Catherine,  he.  was  recalled  from  exile. 

'  The  preceding  fa6ts,  which  rcpole  upon  the  authority  of  au- 
thentic hiftorians,  defcribe  the  firil  clouds  of  that  tempeJl,  in 
which  the  third  Peter  was  involved ;  prudence  could  alene  pre- 
ferve  him  fronfi  the  rocks  and  breakers  through  which  he  paffed  ; 
— but  amongil  his  other  virtues,  he  found  one,  namely,  confi- 
dence, which  caufed  his  deftru6tion. 

*  Notwithftanding  the  reproaches  juftly  cafl  upon  that  monarch, 
from  the  excefs  of  his  good  qualities,  fpite  of  the  blame  with 
which  he  is  attacked,  upon  the  unfortunate  career  of  his  de- 
baucheries, and  of  the  (landers  which  hatred  and  remorfe  have 
attached  to  his  memory,  few  princes  have  began  to  reign  with 
more  wifdom ;  his  tirft  public  a«5lions  expiated  the  defet^s  of 
many  preceding  years,  and  they  had  only  fix  months  duration. 

*  Siberia,  and  the  ftate  prifons,  were  filled  with  diftinguiflied 
captives,  viwlims  of  the  favourites,  and  miaiiters  of  Elizabeth— 

the 


Danger  of  the  political  Balance  if  Europe^  453 

the  emperor  r<idreffed  their  wrongs — the  illuftrious  Munich  was 
recalled,  and  reinflatcd — Biron,  Lcftock,  and  fome  of  whom  had 
offended  him  in  the  late  reign,  were  reftored  to  liberty,  by  a 
prince  who  extended  his  clemency  to  the  in  (blent  favourites  of 
his  aunt — the  firit  qualities  of  his  government  were  julHce  and 
clemency — and  his  magnanimity  to  fome  Prullian  officers,  whom 
the  fortune  of  war  had  deprived  of  liberty,  and  who  groaned  in 
extreme  fervitude,  is  too  well  known  to  be  recorded. 

*  The  commencement  of  his  reign  promifed  zeal  for  pron\oting 
order,  and  difcovered  application,  vigilance,  and  activity— h« 
was  early  at  the  fenate,  at  the  different  offices,  and  fet  an  exam- 
ple of  induftry,  by  his  fuperintendunee  in  various  departments : 
the  firrt  Peter  was  his  model,  and  his  plans  formed  th'e  chart  of 
his  Icgiflation— to  him  Ruffia  owes  the  wifeil  ordinances,  which 
have  decorated  that  government. 

/  '  Not  fatisfied  with  limiting  the  defpotifm  of  his  officers,  he 
abridged  his  own  power,  by  aboiilhing  the  fecret  council  of 
chancery,  a  ftate  inquilition,  which,  upon  the  lead  fufpicion, 
imprifoned,  tortured,  or  executed,  natives  and  Ilraftgers.  .  He 
was  a  warm  friend  to  toleration  ;  and  he  framed  that  memorable 
decree,  which  enfranchifed  the  nobles  from  compiilfive  ferviec, 
and  permitted  them  to  travel,  without  the  royal  pcrr^ilirion-' 

Thefe  traits  exhibit  the  character  of  Peter  in.  in  a  new 
point  of  view,  and  afford  a  very  ftriking  example  of  the  light 
that  is  ufually  thrown  on  truth  by  time. 

Precipitation,  however,  the  king  of  Sweden  obferves,  ac- 
companied fome  of  his  falutary  innovations  ;  particularly  thofe 
relating  to  the  clergy  5  which,  though  juft,  reafonable,  and 
political  in  thcmf»flvc«,  (hocked  the  cuftoms  and  manners  of 
the  country,  and  furnifhed  pretexts  for  rendering  his  govern- 
ment unpopular.    P.  39. 

*  The  regiments  of  Ifmailoff  and^Preobrazinfki,  formed  a  ^ody 
of  guards,  in  barraclis  in  Pcterfburg,  licentious  and  ill  Jifci- 
plincd,  their  want  ot  fubordinarion  enervated  their  Ivjyilty  ;  and 
ni  former  revolutions,  tlicy  were  fold  to  the  highell  piirchafer- 
Pcter  the  Third  conceived,  that  a  rigorous  difcipline  would  lecurc 
their  obedience,  and  prevent  the  diforders  ot  a  body  fo  badly 
organized,  he  introduced  the  Prullian  difcipline,  modelled  them 
after  Lis  Holftein  guards,  and  fecured  order  by  fe verity  :  had 
this  dircipline  beenfirmly  ellablifiied,  their  fidelity  would  have 
been  fecured  ;  corruption  is  difficult  in  a  corps  inured  to  the 
daily  detail  of  their  duty';  but  the  reformation  wns  of  neceffitv 
cntruiled  to  German,  in  preference  to  Ruffian,  officers,  Thele 
Grangers  were  confidered  as  ufurpers ;  their  favour  became 
the  oftjeft  of  ridicule,  and  the  national  troops   v*'crc  inftigared 

•  to  revolt,  by  the  ignorant  pride  of  being  offended  at*toieigu  in- 
flru6tian. 

*  Wheft  we  reflef>,  that  many  of  thefe  wife  regulntions'were 
in  that  fhort  period  of  fix  months,  which  put  a  period  to  the 
reign  of  their  author,  wc  areaffei^ed  by  pity,  and  with  horror. 

*  Some  of  thefe  innovations  deferve  public  gratitude,  others, 
the  reproach  of  precipitation — though  a  fuvereign  defpot,  this 

prince 


454  r  o  L  I  T  I  c  s. 

prince  excelled  in  afts  of  bounty,  and  of  julHce,'  His  cnte»^>rize«' 
agauift  Denmark,  tvere  more  natural,  and  lefs  pernicious,  than  the 
war  aj;ainil  Prullia,  foftercd  by  the  perfonal  hatred  of  Elizabeth, 
and  her  miniller.  The  private  life  of  Peter,  it  is  true,  was  dif- 
figured  by  the  exceffes  of  the  table,  which  ultimately  might  have 
rcndercQ  him  contemptible  ;  but  where  is  the  king,  or  the  indi- 
vidual, whofe  infirmities  are  not  relieved  by  fome  good  quali- 
ties ? — Dof  s  not  equity  hold  the  balance  of  good,  and  of  bad  quali- 
ties ? — If  the  virtues  and  defcdts  of  the  Emperor  were  weighed, 
who  is  there  could  juftify  his  dethronement,  and  his  death  ?  Is 
the  leail  equality  viliblc,  between  the  difcontcnts  he  produced, 
and  his  uu fortunate  exit  ?  A  warm  friend,  a  good  father,  an. 
indulgent  hulband,  but  too  eafy,  too  confident,  and  too  open  to 
thofe  traitors,  upon  whom  his  favours  were  lavifhed  ;  at  the  end 
of  lix  months,  he  experienced  a  fate,  which  ten  years  ilained 
with  crimes,  and  with  tyranny,  could  havclcarcely  juilified.* 

Our  author  having  detailed  the  intrigues  that  led  to  the 
death  of  the  Czar,  lays,  p.  54. 

*  To  his  lall  day,  even  to  his  laft  hour,  Feter  prefervcd  his 
magnanimous,  fatal  fccurity,  and  confidence  ;  his  Ruffian  guards 
were  corrupted  by  Orlof,  and  Rozamoufki ;  Catherine  was  miftreis 
of  the  Capital,  and  his  officers  were  fcduced  by  (landers  againft 
their  fovereign.  Already  had  the  conl'pirators  impioufly  coun- 
teracled  their  fidelity,  by  fwearing  and  binding  themfelves  in  the 
n'koil  folcmn  manner,  to  commit  high  treafon — and  the  archbifhpp 
of  Novogorod,  that  fanatic  incendiary,  whom  the  clemency  of 
Peter  had  pardoned,  prelided  in  the  folemnization  of  this  cere- 
mony, under  the  aufpices  of  the  Emprefs.  At  length  the  Em- 
peror's friends  were  arrclled,  and  the  people  were  deceived  by  the 
artful  reports,  that  the  Prince  had  died  by  a  fall  froni  his  horfc, 
before  Peter  fufpeded  the  enterprize  at  Peterfburg.  ^ 

*  He  was  then  at  the  Orienabaum.  Spite  of  the  bafenefs  and 
fervile  infidelity  of  many  nobles,  of  military  and  civil  officers,  he 
had  Itill  fome  reiblute friends:— the  chancellor  of  Woronzof,  the 
virtuous  marefchal  Munich,  and  his  faithful  Holftein  troops- 
affairs  were  not  yet  defpcrate — the  intrepid  Munich  counfeled 
Peter  to  march  direftly  to  Peterlburg,  at  the  head  of  his  German 
troops  : — *'  I  fliall  precede  you,*'  faid  the  generous  veteran, 
*'  and  my  dead  body  (hall  be  a  rampart  to  your  fac;:ed  perfon.'* 
PofEbly  fuch  a  refolution  would  have  cruihed  the  confpirators  ;— 
the  fame  fervile  fpirit  which  had  proftrated  the  nobles,  the  people, 
and  the  foldiery,  would  have  reduced  them  to  their  lawful  fove- 
reign, marching  to  vindicate  his  crown  with  his  fw^ord,  and  with 
the  abilities  of  Munich. 

'  But  alas !  irrefolution  fuperceded  courage  ;  not  thai  Peter 
wanted  fpirit,  but  he  was  diftradled  by  difcordant  councils — in 
his  train  were  emifTaries  of  the  emprefs,  bathing  the  hands  o^ 
this  prince  with  deceitful  tears,  affeding  to  reprefent  the  dangers 
he  incurred,  and  inviting  him  to  the  emprefs,  and  deprecati«g 
reliftance.  This  perfidy  accomplifhed  what  treachery  had  com- 
menced ;  and  thus  Peter,  furrouaded  by  traitors,  was  entangled 
in  their  fnares,  and  a  prey  to  uncertainty,  when  every  moment 
was  precious,  and  called  lordecifion. 

*  Europe, 


Danger  of  the  political  Balance  of  Europe^  4^5 

•  •  Europe,  and  pollerity,  will  never  forget  the  cruel  fate  of 
this  monarch,  in  the  flower  of  his  age — dragged  into  captivity, 
und  expiring  in  the  ferocious  hands  of  his  wife,  and  his  owa 
confidents.  The  humane  compalHonated  his  misfortunes ;  and 
none  that  were  infenfiblc  of  his  fufFerings,  fave  only  thofe  from 
whom  he  had  a  claim  tofuccour  and  toconfolation. 

*  On  the  contrary,  outrages  of  every  kind  were  offered  to  him : 
by  deliveringhimfelf  up  voluntarily  to  her,  who,  during  fourteen 
years,  had  the  honour  to  be  the  partner  of  his  bed,  it  feemed  he 
was  proteftcd  by  all  that  is  moft  facred  amongft  men.  Hi* 
pcrfon,  committed  to  the  difcretion  of  the  emprcfs,  became  a 
depofit,  upon  which  it  was  no  longer  permitted  to  form  attacks- 
it  neither  belonged  to  his  enemies,  by  the  rights  of  war,  nor 
by  that  of  the  laws ;  and  from  the  moment  Peter  had  furrendered, 
without  being  compullion,  every  abode  of  Catherine  ftiould  have 
been  an  inviolable  afylum  for  him  : — alas !  this  iliulion,  by 
Which  he  had  been  dazzled,  was  of  a  fliort  duration. 

*  He  had  been  defamed  by  a  manifefto  of  June  the  twenty- 
eighth  ; — hardly  arrived  at  Pcterhof,  he  became  a  prifoner,  and 
felt  the  humiliation  of  bein^  (pcretly  vifited  by  count  Panin, 
that  frivolous  and  verfatile  mmifler,  loaded  with  praifes  by  hire- 
ling gazetteers— that  Panin,  who  had  dared  to  didate  to  hi« 
mailer,  and  benefa^Slor,  to  a  fovereign,  who  was  a  prifoner,  aa 
aft  of  abdication,  and  of  diflionour ;  an  a6t  conceived  in  the  moft  ' 
humiliating  expreffions — that  Panin,  at  fine,  who  forced  the  de- 
fendant of  Petef  the  Firil:,  to  take  his  oath  in  the  prefcnce  of 
the  Almighty,  and  renounce  his  crown,  to  fign  with  his  owa 
hand  fuch  a  monument  of  audacioufnefs,  and  irffamy. 

*  Notwithftanding  this  abdication,  which  ferved  as  a  new  title 
for  prcferving  his  life,  and  liberty,  the  emperor,  that  very  night, 
was  confined  in  the  caftle  of  Robfcha.  Whiift  her  hulband  en- 
tered this  tomb,  the  emprefs  farprifed  Petev!>urg,  with  the  noife 
and  buftlc  of  a  triumphal  entry.  K' 

*  But  this  pageant  was  not  fufficient  to  lude  the  fenfibility  of 
the  multitude  ;  difloyalty,  in  a  vaft  number  of  them,  was  rapidly 
fucceeded  by  remorfe,  and  by  compaffion.  The  people,  who 
are  always  good,  when  left  to  their  natural  impulfe,  were  fliocked 
at  hearing  that  their  fovereign  had  juft  pafled  from  a  throne, 
into  the  horfors  of  an  eternal  prjlbn.  The  foldiery  manifefted 
their  emotlpns,  every  one  was  affefted  by  the  remembrance  of 
Peter's  virtues,  and  his  faults  were  forgotten,  as  the  difpleafure 
hourly  increafed  y  the  Emprefs  was  threatened  with  a  frightful 

reverie But  let  us  draw  a  veil  over  this  melancholy  fcene, 

which  put  an  end  to  his  inquietudes  ;  let  us  not  repeat,  that 
the  fcventh  day  of  his  captivity,  Peter  the  Third  was  no  more ; 
that  he  contended  for  his  unhappy  life,  with  the  ferocious 
courtiers  who  penetrated  into  the  fortrcfs  ;  that  the  fcreams  of 
his  convulfive  agonies  were  heard  ;  that  two  days  after,  fome 
(Irangers  faw  the  walls  flained  with  the  Emperor's  blood  ;  and 
that  one  of  the  principal  performers  in  this  tragedy,  had  been 
purfued  for  years,  by  the  idea  of  his  expiring  fovereign,  and 
exhibited  afliocking  fpcwlaclc  in  Peterfburg,  oi  remorfe,  and  of 
infanity/ 

It 


456  POLITICS. 

It  may  gratify  the  curiofity  of  our  readers  to  know  thii 
opinion  of  his  Swediffi  majefty,  concerning  Peter  I.  Czar  of 
Mufcovy,  commonly  called^  and  we  think  juftly,  Peter  the 
Great ':  though  in  this  we  prefume  to  diiFer  from  our  royal 
author.  Speaking  of  Peter  I.  he  confiders  him  as  *  A  man  of 
more  energy  than  genius,  formed  to  govern  more  by  the  impulfe 
of  his  paffions,  than  by  the  flow  empire  of  rcafon,  a  fuccefeful 
warrior,  and  a  tyrannical  legiflator-' 

The  king  of  Sweden  having  Ihewn,  in  a  very  clear  and 
convincing  manner,  the  ambitious  defigns  of  the  emprefs,  and 
the  hoftility  of  her  views  to  all  her  neighbours,  fhews  laftly, 
that  they  are  inimical  even  to  the  true  interefts  of  Ruffia  ; 
and  he  purfues  his  great  objeft  of  exciting  jealo^fy  and  oppofi- 
tion  to  Katherine,  even  in  her  own  dominions,     P.  249* 

*  To  all  thefe  [obfcrvations  on  the  views  of  Ruffia  and  the  in- 
tcrefls  of  other  nations]  I  fliall  fubjoin  the  fupercminent  confi- 
tlcration  of  the  happinefs  of  Raffia  herfelf,  of  her  true  glory^  of 
her  national  interefts,  facrificed  to  the  eclat  of  a  tranfitory  reign, 
whofc  trophies  arc  liaincd  with  blood.  That  nation,  which  ha» 
furprifed  Europe  with  the  rapidity  of  her  civilization,  fliould  en- 
deavour to  coniummate  that  great  work;  to  which  peace  is  effen- 
tial.  l  he  natural  aptitude  of  that  robuft,  flexible,  and  penetrating 
people,  to  repair  the  ravages  of  fucceffive  wars,  would,  facilitate 
this  dciign.  They  yet  want  arts,  manufa(!^urcs,  internal  and  fo- 
reign commerce,  capitals,  population  ;  and  her  civilization  does 
not  extend  beyond  Mofcow.  This^cnnnot  be  the  work  of  a  fovc- 
reign,  engrofled  with  ideas  of  territorial  aggrandizement ;  nor  of 
favourites  trembling  at  her  nod,  at  their  future  deiiiny,  and  pro- 
viding afyhims  in  the  neighbouring  Hates  as  refuges  from  cjef- 
potilm.  ibis  great  donation  is  refcrved  to.  the  nobility,  to  the 
nation  itfelf,  formca^  to  give  examples  of  virtue,  whkh  decorate 
humanity.  It  is  a>rie  by  exerting  her  atftivity  in  the  center  of 
the  ftate,  that  her  wounds  can  be  healed,  and  that  {lie  caafupport 
the  inconvenient  and  gigantic  extent  of  her  empire.     \ 

'  The  Ruffians  ftill  proudly  remember  that  prince  who,  unin- 
tentionally perhaps,  prepared  them  for  freedom,  while  they  were 
civilized  as  Haves.  Of  all  the  plans  and  fchcmes  of  that  great 
man,  the  moll  admirable,  though  the  leail:  noticed,  was  that  of 
abandoning  two-thirds  of  that  vait  empire  to  bears  and  to  nature, 
to  concenter  the  whole  population  in  the  provinces  which  are 
within  a  pratfticablc  dillance  of  the  capital,  and  to  ftren^then  his 
country  by  confolidation.  This  policy  is  a  fatire  upon  the  prefent 
reign  ;  a  policy  aflli redly  adopted  by  the  intelligent  part  of  the 
community  ;  they  have  too  much  good  fenfe  not  to  lament,  that 
all  her  powers  have  been  turned  againft  her  genius  and  difpofi- 
tion,  againft  her  interell,  and  to  fee  the  de(l:ru6lion  of  her  refources, 
without  the  acquifition  of  any  folid  advantage.  Of  what  moment 
are  vain  and  pompous  conquefts,  which  exift  only  in  founds,  in 
hymns,  in  Te  Deums,  and  in  feftivals  ? 

«  May  the  fucceflbr  to  this  throne,  that  Prince,  whom  Europe 
ha$  obfeived  in  his  travels,  accOitij^aiiied  with  fuch  modeity,  an 

.example 


Conftderaiions  ^n  the  political  Situation  of  France.        457 

example  of  private  virtues,  and  whofe  benign  inclinarians  may 
heal  the  wounds  of  thofe  fruitiefs  wars.  May  the  Grand  Duke 
he  no  longer  guided  by  this  abfurd  and  romantic  policy.  May  . 
he  fubftityte  in  the  place  of  fallacious  grandeur,  that  true  great- 
nefs  which  refults  from  the  moderation  of  princes,  and  from  the 
profperity  of  their  people.' 

It  is  probable  that,  on  the  acceffion  of  this  prince  to  the 
tJirone  of  the  Czars,  very  confiderable  alterations  may  take 
place  in  the  political  balance.  It  has  been  obfcrved  of  Julius 
C«far,  that  there  is  lefs  of  impertinence,  or  extraneous  matter  * 
in  hi^  writings,  than  in  thofe  of  perhaps  any  writer  of  hiftory. 
He  is  full  of  the  fadls  he  wifhes  to  be  remembered,  and, 
fetting  the  pomp  and  parade  of  authorfhip  wholly  afide,  writes 
with  the  utmoft  purity  and  fimplicity.  Something  of  this 
charafter  is  certainly  vifible  in  the  work  under  confiderationt 
The  king  of  Sweden  fpeaks  very  feldom,  and  Very  little  of 
himfelf ;  and  that  only  when  he  is  naturally  led  to  do  fo ;  ajad 
always  with  truth,  though  with  confcious  dignity,  which  we 
readily  cxcufe,  and  even  approve,  as  the  Superbiam  quesitam 
Meritis. 


Art.  XXVII.  Confiderations  upon  the  Political  Situations  ofFranciy 
Great'Britain^  and  Spain^  at  the  prefent  Crijis.  Tranjlated, 
from  the  French  of  Si.  Dupont^  Deputy  from  Nemours  to  the 
National  Ajfemhly  of  France.  8vo.  30  pages.  Price  is. 
Bell.     17)90. 

This  publication  affords  an  early  and  ftrong  prefage,  tb^it 
the  ikme  fpirit  of  rivality  and  oppofitjon  to  England  which 
ufually  reigned  in  the  monarchy,  will  alfo  prevail-  in  the  re- 
public of  France.  Mr.  Dupont,  who  is  in  high  cfteem,  and 
has  many  adherents  in  the  National  AiTembly,  fuppofes  that' 
our  prefent  armament  is  intended  to  command  a  treaty  of 
commerce ;  or  perhapa  a  treaty  ftill  more  advantageous  wich 
Spain.— England,  he  thinks,  *  aims  at  the  enjoyment  of  an  exclu- 
five  commerce  with  Spain,  fimilar  to  that  which  flie  has  poffeffed 
with  Portugal — that  ihe  wifhes  more  than  this— through  the 
mediump/ an. unimportant  commerce  with  North  California  to- 
aiTurc  herfclf  of  that  indired  commerce  with  Peru,  of  the  utmoft 
importance,  as  the  means  to  foment  thofe  seditions  tlier^, 
which  are  already  too  apparent— to  found,  as  it  were,  the  temper 
znd  political  kcVings  of  the  new  kingdom  of  France — to  deter- 
mine whether  the  momentary  embarraffments,  and  internal 
troubles,  &c.  of  that  kingdom,  will  not  oblige  the  French  nation 
to  renounce  their  treaties  and  abandon  t;heir  allies — and,  in  con- 
fequence  of  their  abandonment,  if  Spain  do  not  yield  to  her 
requifitions,  to  overpower  that  generous  monarchy.*— All  thi* 
appears  to  Mr.  D^pont  manifeft,  and  what  a  child  in  politicks 
might  perceive  as  clearly  as  he  does. 

WVII.  li  What 


458  politics: 

What  is  the  advice  then  that  Mr.  Dupont,  ia  thefe  cir« 
cumftances,  gives  to  his  country  ?  Immediately  to  arm  and  zGt 
as  umpire  between  Great  Britaiii,  her  rival,  and  Spain,  her 
ally. — '  If  the  pretenfions  of  England  be  jtd/lj  flie  is  able  to 

frove  their  juftice,  and  we  will  engage  our  ally  to  admit  them, 
f  Spain  be  reprehenfible,  France  (hould   fay  to  England,  "  I 
will  employ  my  mediation  to  obtain  you  redrefs,  but  I  will 
not  confent  that  you  pretend  to  force  it  for  yourfclves.!*— ^ 
France  ftiould  infift  that  the  refpeftive  powers  do  mutually^ 
difarm.* 

Whether  the  Britifh  miniftry  are  as  profound  in  their  view* 
as  this  French  politician  fuppofes  them  to  be,  may  admit  of  fome 
doubt.  But  aflfuredly  a  good  underftanding  between  Great 
Britain  and  Spain,  and  alfo  with  Ruifia,  now  confidered  as  the 
ally  of  Spain,  would  be  highly  beneficial  to  both  parties ;  becaufe 
Spain  and  RufSa,  in  order  to  obtain  vent  for  the  produce,  and 
to  excite  general  induftry  throughout  their  vaft,  and  widely 
extended  dominions,  have  need  of  a  commerce  widi  England  ; 
and  England,  befides  the  advantages  of  a  carrying  trade,  would 
be  a  gainer  even  by  the  importation  of  the  raw  mati&rials  for 
fundry  manufa<9:ures :  iince  thefe  manufadtures  would  be  re^ 
exported  at  a  price  to  which  that  of  the  raw  material  would  not' 
bear  any  proportion. 

A  clofe  and  permanent  connection  between  Spain  and 
England^  would  be  agreeable  to  the  inclinations,  as  well  as 
the  interefts  of  both  countries.  The  Family  Compa^  was 
not  the  refult  of  the  deliberate  councils  of  Spain,  but  the 
cffied  of  French  intrigue,  at  the  Court  of  Madrid.  Nay,  fo 
ilrong  was  the  nation^  current  of  the  Spaniards  in  favour  of 
the  Englifli,  that  a  permanent  and  indiflbluble  connection  v^as 
on  the  point  of  being  eftablifhed  between  Spain  and  Great 
Britain,  when  the  arts  and  influence  of  a  few  courtiers,  chiefly 
foreigners,  operating  on  the  indolence  and  irrefolution  of  the 
king  and  queen  of  Spain,  drew  them  over  to  the  fide  of  the 
French,  in  oppofition  to  the  general  bent  of  the  nation,  and 
even  to  their  own  original  intentions,  Thefe  particulars 
ought  to  be  made  as  public  as  poffible  at  this  crifis,  for  the  goo4 
of  both  the  Spanifh  and  the  Englifh  nation ;  between  whoni 
a  wall  of  partition  has  been  raifed,  not  by  intereft  or  incli-^ 
nation,  but  by  French  intrigues,  with  a  French  family  on  the 
Spanifh  throne.  The  hiftory  of  the  Family  Compa6t,  which 
by  the  way  is  a  great  delideratum  in  political  literature^ 
would  undoubtedly  excite  new  and  very  important  ideas  in  thQ 
breafls  of  both  Spaniards  and  EngHfhmen.  if  •  ^^ 

Art.  xxvin.  Speeches  in  the  Houfe  of  Commons^  up^n  thf 
/Equalization  of  the  Weights  and  Meafuresi  rf  Great  Britain  : 
with  Notes  and  Ohfervatiom^  (^f.  btf.  Jjfo^  a  general  Standard 


Rodney  V  Letters  to  his  Majejiy^s  Mlnijlers^  ifc.        45$ 

propofed  for  the  ff^eights  and  Meafures  of  Europe  ;  with  brief 
AbJlraSfs  of  the  moft  material  A3s  of  the  Britijh  Legiflature^ 
and  other  Ordinances  and  Regulations  for  the  Equalization  of 
cur  freights  and  Meafures ,  from  Magna  Charta  to  theprefeni 
Timey  iffc,  &c.  By  Sir  John  Riggs  Miller,  Bart.  Together 
tvith  two  Letters  from  the  Bijhop  of  Autun  to  the  Author^  upon 
the  Uniformity  of  Weights  and  Meafures ;  that  Prelate's  Pfo^ 
pofition  refpe^in^  the  fame^  to  the  National  Affemhly^  and  the 
Decree  of  that  Body^  of  the  Sth  of  Maj^  conformable  to  the 
Bifhop's  Propojition.  IVith  Englijh  Tranflations.  8vo,  128  p. 
Debrett,  1790. 

Sm  John  Miller's  ftudies  have  been  long  6ire<fted  to 
the  attainment  of  a  comnaon  meafure  and  weight  for  all  nations^ 
and  he  prefents  the  public,  in  this  work,  with  ample  documents 
for  forming  a  judgment  on  the  fubjed»  It  is  fingular,  that 
the  fame  improvement  has  been  fuggefted  nearly  about  the  fame 
time  in  En^and,  France,  and  America.  Sir  John's  propofi-* 
tion  is,  '  That  a  pendulum,  which,  is  as  much  longer  than  that 
which  meafures  feconds  at  the  equator^  as  it  is  Jhorter  than  that 
which  would  meafure  feconds  at  the  pole,  would  be  a  proper 
meafure  of  length,  'the  fquare  of  it  a  proper  meafure  of  fuper^ 
fices^  and  the  cube  of  it  a  proper  meafure  of  folids  5  or,  if 
'filled  with  water,  would  be  a  proper  fiandard  of  weight  for  all 
rile  nations  of  the  earth,'  For  an  explanation  of  this  propofition, 
and  arguments  in  favour  of  the  equalization,  we  fefer  to  th({ 
pamphlet,  where  the  reader  will  find  much  ufeful  information, 
and  a  detail  of  the  attempts  which  have  formerly  been  made  td 
obtain  this  important  object. 


Art.  XXIX.  Letters  from  Sir  George  Brydgesy  now  Lord  Rod* 
neyy  to  his  Majefi/s  MinJ/ierSy  ^c.  i^c.  relative  to  the  Capture 
of  St.  Eu/iatius\  and  its  dependencies  i  and  Jhewing  the  State  of 
the  War  in  the  Weft-indies^  at  that  Period.  Together  with  a 
Continuation  of  his  Lord/hi fs  CorreJpOndence  with  the  Gover^ 
nors  and  Admirals  in  the  Weft  Indies  ahd  America,  during  the 
Tear  1 781,  and  until  the  Time  of  his  leaving  the  Command  and 
failing  for  England.  4to.  175  p.  pr.  4s.  ftitchcd.  Robfon, 
1790. 

The  conduft  of  Lor3  Rodney,  after  the  capture  of  St. 
Euftatius,  was  very  feverely  commented  upon.  He  was  faid  to 
plunder  and  confifcate  the  property  of  the  inhabitants  wantonly, 
and  without  reafon  or  authority.  To  vindicate  his  charader, 
thefe  letters  are  now  publilhed  j  their  general  tendency  is  to 
prove,  that  St.  Euffatius  harboured  a  neft  of  thieves  and  trai-» 
toVs^  who,  literally,  fold  the  interefts  of  Great  Britain  to  its 
enemies,  and  whom  his  lordlhip,  very  properly,  confidered  in 
the  light  of  pirates  and  f  nemicS.     In  this  vindication,  we  think, 

.   I  i  2  his 


460  r     R     A     0     t. 

his  Lordihip  affords  ample  fatisfaSion  ;  but,  as  the  letters  are 
publi(hed  without  comment  or  arrangement,  they  require  to  be 
read  together,  and  with  confiderable  attention,  before  the  drift 
of  them  appears.  c.  c. 


Art,  XXX.  Tables  for  all  the  Duties  of  Exc'ife^  fitted  to  the 
Confoadated  ASi^  and  other  ftegulations  to  the  frefent  Time. 
By  John  Gotts,  OiEcer  of  £xcife,  Aldermafton,  Berks. 
8vo.  154  p*  pr>  4s*  in  boards.  Kearfley,  1789* 
Of  the  immenfe  jiiimber  of  laws  that  fwell  the  Britifb 
ftatute-book,  there  were,  perhaps,  none  relating  to  any  parti-* 
cular  branch  of  jurifprudence,  fo  complicated,  lb  difarranged, 
and  fo  voluminous,  as  thofe  on. the  fubjeiSl  of  revenue  and  taxa- 
tion. The  late  a£t,  indeed,  for  the  confoUdation  of  the  cuf- 
toms,  has  in  a  confiderable  degree  remedied  the  evil,  by  bring- 
ing order  out  of  confufion,  as  far  as  its  operation  extended  ^ 
but  ftiil  much  remains  to  be  done  in  the  way, of  fimplificatione 
The  excife  duties  being  levied  on  goods  and  manufactures,  in 
the  procefs  of  confumption,  transfer  and  fabrication,  are  necef- 
&rily  minute  and  complex ;  and  being  compofed  of  regulations 
made  at  confiderable  intervals,  and  frequently  without  due  refe- 
rence to  each  other,  even  when  applied  to  riie  fame  objed,  they 
require  much  time  and  pra<fiice  to  be  thoroughly  acquainted 
with  them.  To  be  poflcffed  of  this  knowledge,  however,  is 
a  matter  of  importance  to  many  thoufands  in  Great  Britain, 
and  with  a  view  to  facilitate  its  acquifition,  thefe  tables  are  pre- 
fented  to  the  public.  Their  author,  as  appears  in  the  compo- 
fition  of  his  title-page,  is  'more  a  man  of.  bufinefs  than  of'  let- 
ters, and  to  his  own  inaccuracies  of  flyle,  are  added  not  a  few 
typographical  errors.  At  page  124  for  inftance,  the  line  at  the 
top  is  in  writing  *  at  feven  .{hillings  and  nine-pence  per  pound, 
yard,  &c.  the  figures  below  are,  7s.  gd.  |.  and  fo  carried 
on  through  the  whole  of  the  table.  As  far  as  we  have  had 
occafion  to  try  the  calculations,  we  have  found ,  them  exa£l ; 
but  our  inquiries  on  this  point  were  necefiarily  very  limited, 
and  one  is  apt  to  fufpect  the  accuracy  of  numerical  books  in  the 
lefs  obvious  combinations  of  Arabic  fymbols,  when  in  a  few 
Explanatory  paragraphs  they  find  an  unufual  quantity  of  blun- 
ders. For  this,  however,  in  the  prefent  cafe,  we  are  willing 
to  account,  by  referring  it  to  the  profeflional  habits  and  bufinefs 
of  the  author,  which  require  and  give  fcope  for  arithmetic,  but 
may  be  carried  on  very  well  without  the  knowledge  of  grammar. 
Should  a  fecond  edition  be  required,  we  hope  Ml*.  Gotts  will 
profit  by  this  hint,  and  get  a  friend  to  revife  the  iXfritUn  parts  of 
his  book. 

Thefe  tables  come  recommended  by  Robert  Orfon,  fuper- 
yifor  of  the  diftrift,  and  are  pi'eceded  by  an  index,  of  duties 

and 


Giografhy  and  HiJIory^  t^c^  461 

and  drawbacks,  of  which  they  ferve  as  a  detail.  The  arrange* 
ment,  indeed,  is  not  very  clear,  but  as  they  are  co}le6led  into 
a  fmall  compafs,  the  reader  can  be  at  no  lofs  in  confulting 
them.  The  tables  are  divided  into  two  parts,  the  firfl:  compre- 
hending thofe  whofe  fra£lions  extend  beyond  farthings  ^  the  lafl, 
thofe  which  are  calculated  with  more  minutenefs,  with  an 
addition^  (hewing  what  quantity  of  foap  will  be  produced  from 
certain  quantities  offiich  and  (lich  materials,  and  feveral  other 
tables  refpeding  raalfters,  brewers,  &c. 

Upon  the  whole,  we  would  recommend  this  little  book  to  the 
tradefmen  and  manufafturers  of  this  country,  as  containing  a 
concife  view  of  the  excife  laws,  and  tending  to  abridge  much  of 
their  numerical  labours  by  pertinent  calculation.  v.  v. 

Art*  XXXI.     The  Grammatical  Wreath^  or  a  complete  Syjlem 

of  Englijh  Grammar^  being  a  Selc^ion  of  the  mojl  inftru^tive 

JtuIesfrQm  all  the  principal  Englijh  Grammars  :  In  two  PartSf 

Part  /.  Containing  fuch  Rules  as  are  necejfary  for  the  Inftruc* 

tion   of  Touth^    with  pertinent    Examples  for  their  Elucida-- 

tlon^^-^Part  II.  Such  further  Rules  and  Ubfcrvations  as  an 

needful  for  the  Attainment  of  the  Englijh  Language  in  its  utmofl 

Purity  and  Elegance,     A  trork^  not  only  calculated  for  the  Im^ 

frovemeni  of  the  Inhabitants  of  Great  Britain  in  their  native 

Tongue^  but  from  which  the  Englifo  Language  may  be  acquired 

by  Foreigners^  with  the  gratefi  Facility.     By  Alexander  feick- 

nell,  Efq^    i2mo.    304  p.    pr.  4s.  bound.     Baldwin,  1790. 

The  title  of  this  book  is  a  fufficient  analyfis  of  its  contents. 

We  (hall  only  add,  that  the  firft  part  is  written  in  the  form  of 

quefiion  and  anfwer ;  a  form  to  which  we  particularly  obje<9:, 

and  which  we  hoped  had  been  generally  exploded  in  compila* 

tions  of  this  fort. 

Art.  xxxii.     Excerpta  Poetica  ex  Virgilio,  Horatio^  Propertioy 
l^c.    In  tres  Partes  divifa.  Volumen  Secundum*    l2mo.  332  p. 
c   pr.  3s.  6d.  bound.     Diliy,  1790% 

A  USEFUL  feleftion  for  fchools,  neatly  and  more  accurately 
printed  thian  fchool-boaks  generally  are ;  but  we  do  not  think 
it  fufEciently  copious  for  the  variety  which  it  contains.  The 
extracts  from  Virgil  and  Ovid  alone,  (hould  have  filled  this 
volume. 


Art.  xxxi  i  i .  Geography  and  Hijiory.  Selected  by  a  Lady^  for 
the  Vfe  of  her  own  Children.  i2mo.  366  p.  pr.  3s.  6d. 
bound.     Law,  1790. 

A  USEFUL  and  judicious  compilation,  rendered  more  valua- 
ble, even  in  the  eftimation  of  a  reviewer,  from  the  motives 

which 


46z  K  O  V  E  L  s. 

which  gave  rite  to  it,  and  the  rational  tendernefs  which  it  neceP 
farily  implies.  The  early  part  of  educatton  is,  in  our  opinion^ 
one  of  the  mother's  moft  appropriate  and  important  duties. 

r. 


Art,  XXXIV.     Charles  Jltman ;  or  the  Son  of  Nature.     From 

the  German.    In  two  Volumes.    472  p.    pr.  5s.  fewed.    Lane, 

1790- 

There  is  a  fimplicity  of  manners  and  ftyle  in. this  ftory, 
which  renders  it  very  interefting,  and  induces  us  to  recommend^ 
it,  as  we  would  the  generality  of  German  novels  that  have 
hitherto  come  under  our  eve,  becaufe  it  appears  probable  that 
thev  would  aft  as  a  kind  of  antidote  to  the  deluge  of  fentiments 
and  gallantry,  which,  from  time  to  time,  have  been  tranflated 
from  the  French,  and  imitated  in  Englifli. 

This  fimple  tale,  unclogged  with  epifodes,  is  the  biftory  of  a 
well-difpofed  impetuous  voung  man ;  and  {hews  how  far  warm 
affedions  and  flrong  feelings,  may  lead  even  an  innocent  heart 
aftray,  when  not  under  the  direction  of  religion.  *  A  knowledge 
of  human  nature  appears  in  fome  of  the  aiFeding  fcenes,  and 
many  juft  obfervations  occur  in  the  courfe  of  the  tale,  calculated 
to  improve  young  people,  whiift  fome  moral  leflbns'  are  more 
forcibly  impreiled  by  appeals  to  the  heart. 

Art.  XXXV.  The  Negro  equalled  by  few  Europeans.  Tranflated 
from  the  French.  In  Three  Volumes.  i2mo.  751  pages^ 
Price  9s.  fewed.    Robinfons.     1790.  ^ 

In  a  preface  to  this  work,  not  prefixed  to  the  tra^flation^ 
the  author  informs  us  that  he  was  impelled  by  compaffion  to 
write  a  novel,  in  order  to  difFuie  more  widely  a  juft  opinion 
of  the  negroes,  and  awaken  an  intereft  in  many  hearts  (hut  by 
prejudices,  not  only  againft  the  common  emotion^  of  humanity, 
but  fo  hardened  by  cullom,  that  worthy  men  are  led  to  treat 
their  fellow  creatures  in  a  manner  that  would  outrage  their 
moral  feelings,  leaving  reafon  out  of  the  queftion,  if  they  had 
not  been  damped  by  fophiftical  arguments. 

He  aflerts  that  his  ftory  may  be  fatd  to  be  founded  on  truth, 
becaufe  it  exhibits  the  local,  or  prevailing  virtues  of  the  negroes, 
though  to  compofe  his  ideal  model,  he  has  combined  the  virtues 
which  ennoble  many  charaders,  in  the  rude  ftate  of  fociety  in 
which  they  live;  this  is  the  purport  of  his  adverti&ment,  though 
not  his  exprefs  words.  According  to  this  plan,  the  author 
proceeds  to  difplay  thofe  emotions  of  the  heart,  which  moft 
powerfully  attrad  our  fympathy,  and  thofe  fublime  virtues  that 
extort  our  admiration,  and  he  has  been  tolerably  fuccefsful  in 
giving  an  homogenous  appearance  to  his  picture;  but  the 
whole  has  a  romantic  caft,  which  renders  it  lefs  ufeful  to  the 
caufe  he  has  at  heart,  than  it  would  have  been,  had  the  tale 
9  been 


Laura',  «r,  Original  Letters,  i^c:  ^Sj^ 

been  fimpler,  and  turned  on  one  grand  incident,  inftead  of 
abounding  with  ftrange  adventures  and  hair-breadth  efcapes. 
Some  of  the  fcenes  are  very  afFe£ting,  and  many  of  the  obfer- 
vations  fo  juft,  that  we  warmly  recommend  it  to  the  perufal- 
of  young  people,  who  will  not  £nd  in  it  thofe  unnatural  fentt-o 
mental  flights,  or  that  buftle  of  gallantry,  which  too  frequently 
inakes  the  reading  of  works  of  this  clafs^  to  fpeak  in  the  fofteft 
terms,  a  pernicious  wafte  of  time. 

The  ftory,  as  may  be  fuppofed,  was  invented  to  give  the 
author  an  opportunity  to  depi(^,  in  various  points  of  view,-  the 
mifery  thofe  poor  wretches  endure  who  languilh  in  flavery,  and 
the  cruelty  and  injuftice  pra£iifed  to  entrap  men;  with  this 
defign  always  in  his  eye,  he  writes  with  enthufiafm  without 
violating  truth,  for  it  is  the  good  fortune  of  the  negro,  which 
we  alluded  to,  when  we  remarked  that  it  would  have  been 
more  interefting  if  it  had  been  lefs  romantic.  Defcribing  what 
be  (the  hero  of  the  tale)  fuf&red  on  ihipboard,  the  following 
incident  occurs,     vol.  i.  p.  99^ 

♦  Nothing  was  wanting  to  complete  this  fcene,  but  an  indanc^ 
of  that  domb  ferocity,  that  laft  courage  of  dcfpair,  of  which  man 
is  capable,  when  his  foul  has  become  Iteeled  beneath  the  torment* 
ofinjuiHce.  A  female  ne^ro  gave- us  this  example.  She  was 
pregnant,  and  the  pains  ot  labour  feized  her.  By  a  gefture,  flic 
gave  an  intimation  of  it  to  our  guards.  They  removed  her  from 
the  crowd,  and  placed  her  on  a  fail  in  the  after  part  of  the  veffeU 
Without  uttering  a  lingle  cry,  without  a  moan,  without  Ihcdding 
a  tear,  flic  delivered  herfelf.  Scarcely  did  ftie  perceive  her  infant 
when  flie  feized  it ;  gazed  on  it  with  a  fierce  eye  j  looked  around 
her ;  faw  herfelf  little  obferved  ;  crawled  to  the  edge  of  the  fliip  ; 
gave  her  fon  the  firfl  a&d  Idk.  kifs  -,  and  precipitated  herfelf  with 
him  into  the  waves.' 

Art.  XXXVI.  Plexippus  -,  or,  the  afpiring  Plebeian.  In  Two 
Volumes.  i2mo.  439  p^ges.  Frice  5s.  fewed.  Dodfley. 
1790. 

The  two  following  lines,  we  are  informed,  have  been  chofea 
by  the  author  for  his  motto. 

♦  To  pleafe  young  people  in  the  fcenes  he  drew. 
Was  the  chief  end  the  author  had  in  view.' 
Young  people  may  chance  to  find  fome  amufement  in  thefc 
infipid  volumes  ;  but  we  do  not  fuppofe  that  much  improvement 
can  be  reaped  from  reading  fuch  an  unnatural  ftory,  if  a  few 
wire-drawn  incidents  deferve  that  name,  nor  from  the  long 
uninterefting  converfations  with  which  it  abounds. 


Art.  XXXVII.  Laura  ;  or  original  Letters.  In  two  Valumes. 
A  Sequel  to  the  Eloifa  of  J.  J.  Roujfeau.  From  the  French. 
^  vols.  fo.  cap  8vQ.    305  p.     pr.  5s.  fewed.     Lane,  1790. 

Why 


464  NOVELS. 

Why  thcfe  fpurious  letters  ftiouU  be  called  original,  bccaafe' 
they  are  fpun  out  of  a  little  fequel,  annexed  to  fomc  of  the 
late  editions  of  the  New  Eloifa,  we  cannot  dtfcover,  unlefs  it 
was  to  give  them  a  pafsport  to  public  notice,  Roufleau  informs 
uSy  in  his  Confeilions,  that  to  render  the  Ms.  of  his  Eloifa^ 
which  he  gave  to  Madame  la  Marichale  de  Luxembourg^  more 
valuable,  he  added  the  account  of  Lord  Bomflon's  myfterious 
paffion  for  two  women  :— and  he  alfo  tells  us,  that  he  would 
not  incorporate  it  with  the  hiftory  of  Julia,  loft  it  (bould  take 
from  the  fimplicity  of  the  tale.  This  Iketch,  iiideed,  very 
ftrongly  charadlerizes  the  caft  of  the  author's  mind,  who  de- 
lighted in  difplaying  the  bold  features  of  grand  extraordinary, 
virtues,  and  the  violent  ftrjggles  of  pailion ;  but  it  may  be 
made  a  queftion,  whether  fuch  lively  pidures  arc  not  more 
calculated  to  render  thofe  romantic  or  vicious^  who  have  not 
fufficicnt  ftrength  of  mind,  or  greatnefs  of  foul,  to  acquire  a 
governing  paffion  for  virtue,  than  fo  excite  that  delicacy  of  fen-^ 
timent,  which,  in  fanguine  minds,  ierves  as  a  fubftitute  for 
priiKiples, 

Thefe  obfervations  only  extend  to  the  few  well-written 
works  of  this  kind,  to  the  produftions  of  genius  ;  for  neither 
poetry  nor  painting,  mufic  or  eloquence,  have  much  power  over 
the  paffions,  to  move  them  to  virtuous  or  vicious  exertions,  if 
they  are  not  natural  and  excellent.  It  is,  therefore,  to  Rouf- 
feau's  (ketch  that  we  allude,  and  not  to  this  filly  ill  written 
novel,  which  may  be  termed  fentiment  run  mad,  or  the  cj^u- 
fions  of  a  little  confufed  mind,  that  could  not  comprehend  the 
author  it  endeavoured  to  imitate,  and  never  felt  the  paffions  it 
attempted  to  dcfcribe.  Cold  rant,  and  unintelligible  nonfenfe^ 
inuft  of  courfe  be  expeded  in  fuch  a  work,  yet  thus,  indire^y, 
flickered  under  a  great  name,  it  may  be  read  by  young  people, 
who  will  be  hurt  by  the  perufal,  if  they  are  nqt  difgufted,  Thfi 
flyle  of  the  tranflation  is  bad.  T, 


Art.  xxxiii.  The  interejiing  Trial  of  Renwick  ff^lliams^  entitled 
TJ)e  Monjhr^  for  ajfaulting  Mifs  Jnn  Porter y  {fnd  cutting  her 
Garments :  Tried  before  Mr,  Jujiice  Buller^  at  th»  Sejions^ 
Houje  in  the  Old-Bailey,  Taken  down  in  Short-hand.  By 
a  Gentleman  of  the  Inner-Temple.  8vo.  26  p.  pr.  is» 
Stalker.     1790. 

This  account  is  fhort,  imperfefl:,  and  confequently  imfatis- 
fa<Story.  The  Gentleman  of  the  Inner-Temple  has  made  no  great 
progrefs  in  brachygraphy.  c.  q. 


t  ITf^ 


[  465  ] 

titERARY      INTELLIGENCE. 
HISTORY      OF      ACADEMIES. 

Art.    I.      ACADEMICAL  AND  PATRIOTIC  SOCIETY  OF  YALENCtf 
IN    DAUPHINY, 

March  5.  The  mechanic  arts  appointed  for  prizes  this  year  wcnJ 
tWe  of  mafonry  and  dying.  In  the  latter  there  was  no  candidate  of- 
fered, but  there  were  feveral  competitors  in  the  former,  with  whole 
works  the  fociety  were  fatisfied.  The  prize  was  decreed  to  Mr.  Jean 
Baptifte  Brun^  as  having  beft  fulfilled  the  intentions  of  the  fociety,  and 
honourable  mention  was  made  of  the  performance  of  Mr.  la  VioUttem 
yix.yeanBaftifte  Faifant,  jun.txYiThxttd  a  work  well  calculated  to 
obtain  the  prize ;  but  hfe  had  refufed  to  compete  with  his  fon-in-law, 
Mn  J.  B.  Brun. 

The  arts  announced  for  next  year  are  thofe  of  the  coofer  zxi^  farrier. 
The  prizes  are  50  liv,  [2L  is.  8d.]  each. 

Art.  II.  ELECTORAL  GERMAN  LITERARY  SOCIETY  AT  MANHEIM. 

June  36.  The  beft  writers  admit  the  excellence  of  abbe  Girard's 
work  on  the  fynonimes  of  the  French  language.  Roubaud  has  pur- 
fued  his  fteps,  and  made  fome  valuable  additions  to  it.  In  the  Ger- 
man language  Stofch  has  made  a  (imilar  attempt,  which  has  confider- 
able  merit.  It  is  the  wi{h  of  the  fociety,  that  by  degrees  a  complete 
German  work,  in  the  manner  of  abbe  G.'s,  and  in  every  rcfpeft  ex- 
cellent, ftiould  be  produced.  With  this  view  they  offer  a  prize  of  2  j 
due.  [nl.  5s.]  for  the  beft  colledlion  of  any  number  of  German  fy- 
nonimes, the  fignifications  of  which  have  not  hitherto  been  noticed 
and  difcriminated  with  fufficient  accuracy.  The  competitors  are  not 
bound  to  produce  a  certain  number  of  words,  as,  in  adjudging  the 
prize,  greater  regard  will  be  paid  to  precifion  than  to  quantity. 

The  papers  mim  be  fent  to  the  eledoral  private  fecretary,  profeifor 
Ant.  Klein,  before  the  ift  of  April,  1791. 

Art.  III.    SOCIETY  of  arts  and  sciences  at  utrecht. 

April  28.  No  fatisfadory  anfwer  having  been  received  to  the  quef- 
tion,  on  the  progrefs  of  modern  philofophy  in  the  knowledge  of  the  mind,  a 
fecond  time  propofed,  it  is  now  withdrawn.  One  dlay,  with  the 
motto.  Nihil  tfifimul  iwventum  ^  perfedum,  deferves  praife. 

The  queftion,  on  the  nature  and  adion  of  the  poifon  of  the  mad  dog, 
fWith  the  befi  and  moft  efficacious  means  of  presenting  its  ill  confequences, 
being  likewife  unanfwcred,  it  is  renewed,  with  a  double  prize,  60  due. 
[27I.]     The  papers  to  be  fent  before  the  ift  of  Od.  1792. 

The  following  new  queftion  is  announced  for  the  fame  period. 
Which  kind  of  education  is  the  hefi,  public  or  private?  What  are  the  ad^. 
^vantages  and  defe&s  of  each  f  and  is  there  any  mode  of  education  'which . 
unites  the  advantages  of  both,  at  the  fame  time  excluding  their  defeds  f 
The  prize  30  due.   [13I.  los.] 

A  gold  medal  of  20  due.  [9I.]  will  be  given  to  the  beft  elTay  on 
any  fubjed  of  morality y  fent  before  the  ift  of  Ocl.  1791,  and  a  filvcr 
xnedal  to  the  fecond  ix:ft. 

Vol.  VII.  •  Kk   .  Titt 


4^6  LITEH/fifLT    ISTELLlOtKCT. 

Till  the  fame  time  remains  to  be  anfwered  the  queflion :  TThat  it 
the  true  nature  of  the  rickets  ^  or  Engtijb  difeafey  as  it  is  ctdledf  What 
are  the  reafons,  that  the  firfl  traces  of  it  fetdom  appear  later  than  the  age 
of  three  years  f  What  a^e  its  pathognomonic  and  concomitant  fymptomSy  and 
conferences  f  Are  there  any  means  of  pre*venting  it,  and  ivhat  are  theyf 
and  liihat  are  the  hefi  methods  of  cure  f 

The  following  remains  to  l>e  anfwered  before  the  i  ft  of  Oft.  1790. 
What  are  the  ad*vaniages^  lue  have  deri'vedfrom  the  difco(ueries  of  the  mo* 
dems  relatrve  to  th^  lymphatics  ?  What  light  ha've  they  thrown  on  the- 
etconpmy  of  the  human  body?  and  nvhat  benefit  ha^e  lue  received  from 
them  ivith  refpeB  to  the  hionxjledgt  and  cure  of  difeafes  ? 

At  the  fame  time  muft  be  rtcfived  the  effays  on  natural  philofophy,. 
for  the  gold  medal  of  20  due.  [9I.]  The  fecond  beft  will  receive 
the  filver  medal. 

The  papers  muft  be  written  in  Dutch,  French,  or  Latin,  and  fent,- 
poft-frce,.  to  prof.  Luchtmans,  at  Utrecht,,  fecretary  to  the  fociety. 

Art.  IV.  Copenhagen.  July  r.  In  anfwcr  to  the  qucftion  pro- 
pofed  by  the  chancellor  Suhm  :  Is  a  national  drefs  ad<vantageouSy.  or  de- 
trimental? Fifty-two  memoirs  were  fent,  fourteen  of  which  were  ex- 
cluded from  comjpeting  for  the  prize,  being  figned  with  their  author'* 
names.  The  firit  prize,  of  400  r.  [70I..]  was  adjudged  to  prof, 
Witte,.  of  Roftock :  the  fecond,.  of  1 50  r*  [26I.  55.]^  to  fecretary 
Pram,  of  Copenhagen  :  the  third,  of  50  r.  [8K  ics.]  to  chancellor 
Hennings,  of  Plon,  in  the  duchy  of  Holftein.  Each  reprobated  a- 
national  drefs.  Prof.  W.  in  particular  ftiowcd  with  much  force,  that 
it  could  not  be  advantageous  to  any  nation  :  but  both  Mr.  P.  and 
Mr.  Ht.  recommended  an  uniform  for  civil  officers. 

THEOLOGY. 

AnT,  ▼.     Vienna.     Kurze  Anleitung  zar  Chriftlichen  Sittenkhre,  &ci 

A  Ihort  Introdudion  to  Chriftian  Morality,  or  Moral  Theology.. 

By  Jof.  Lauber,  d.  d.    Vo).   v.  and  laft.     375  p*    Price  20  g^ 

[3s.]     1788. 

This,  though  ftykd  a  (hort  intiodu^ion,  is  one  of  the  moft  com- 
plete, and  at  the  fame  time  moft  rational  and  generally  ufeful,  fyftems^ 
that  we  have  ever  fecn  from  the  pen  of  a  catholic  divine. 

fen.Allg^Lit.Zeif. 

Ar.t.  VI.  Halle,  yoBus,  Pro^erbia  Salomonis,  Ecclejtafles,  ^c.  Job,, 
the  Proverbs  of  Solomon,  Ecclefiaftes,  and  Solomon's  Song,  tranf- 
lated  into  Latin,  from  a  Revifion  of  the  Hebrew  Text,  and  the 
ancient  Verfions,  and  elucidated  by  philological  and  critical  Notes,.. 
By  J.  Aug.  Dathio.    8vo.     447  p.     1789. 

This  concludes  Mr.  D.'s  verfion  of  the  Old  Teftament,  which  hat 
met  a  moft  favourable  reception.  Mn  D.  knows  and  values  the  Ia>- 
Itours  of  his  predect^ftbrs  and  contemporaries,  but  he  examines  theov 
with  jadgment  and  (kill,  undazzled  by  a  fpecious  appearance,  and  nor 
led  away  by  novelty.  ^  ^en,  Jllg,  Lit.  Zeit., 

Art.  VII.     Lfiplic.    Tredigttnvher  die ge^ohnlichen  Bonn  und  Fejltagi. 
,  En;angtliin%  ^r-    Sermons  on  the  Gofpelsappobted  for  all  the  Sun-' 


ii  E  b  I  d  1  iii  ii  46^ 

Aiysznd  Holy  Days  in  the  Yeati  By  J.  G.  Rofenmliller*  Vol.  IV. 
Sva.     287  p.     1790; 

Thefc  'fermons,  the  author  of  which  has  already  obtained  forae  re* 
putation  for  eccleliaftical  oratbry,  will  hold  a  diftin^uilhed  place 
amongil  the  beft  coUedions^f  popular  pradical  difcour^s. 

y^«.  ^//j-.  Lit.  Zeiu 

Art,  viii.  ZuUichau  and  Neuftadt.  Vollfidndige  Sammlung  Von 
Tvedigten  fur  Chriftlkhe  Landleute,  l^c.  A  complete  Colled^ion  of 
Difcourfcs  on  all  the  Epiftles  for  SunHays  and  Holy  Days  through- 
out the  Year,  for  Ghriflian  People.  By  J.  GottL  Heim.  410. 
806  p.     Price  I  r.  6  gr.  [4s.  6d.]     1789. 

Well  acquainted  with  the  way  of  thinking  and  moral  wants  of  the 
lower  clafs  of  people  in  the  country,  the  late  worthy  author  has  here 
ddirered  many  ufeful  truths  in  a  ftyle  fuited  to  the  capacities  oi  thofe 
for  whom  his  difcourfes  are  intended.  Prefixed  to  the  volume  is  a 
life  of  Mr.  H.  written  by  Mr.  Schulz.  Jen,  Jllg.  Lit.  Zeit. 

MEDICINE. 

Art.  IX.  Paris,  The  month  of  January^  though  mild  for  the 
feafon,  was  more  cold  than  that  of  Decemberi  but  not  lefs  wet :  the 
Iky  was  conftantly  thick  and  cjoudy. 

Thk  conftitution  of  the  atmofphere  kept  up  rheums,  catarrhs,  and 
defluxions ;  rheumatifm  and  anomalous  gout ;  and  peripneumony. 
The  latter  was  generally  bilio-catarrhal ;  in  the  old  and  unhealthy,  rea- 
dily becoming  putrid,  and  carrying  .off  the  patient  about  the  fourth  of 
fifth  day.  In  thofe  of  healthy  conftitutions  it  was  violent :  its  in- 
flammatory type  required  repeated  bleeding  at  the  beginning,  and  blif- 
ters  in  the  courfe  of  the  difeafe.  Pleuro-peripneu  monies  demanded 
the  fame  treatment :  in  them  attenuants,  more  or  lefs  aftive  were,  ne- 
ceflary  to  promote  expedoration :  the  ftate  of  convalefcence  was  te- 
dious, and  fubjed  to  returns  of  fever,  which  required  febrifuge  pur- 
gatives. Nervous  or  malignant  fevers  were  very  violent :  many  died 
of  them  from  the  twelfth  to  the  fixteenth  day.  A  peculiar  fymptom 
of  thefe  was  a  fuffocation,  which  became  infupportable  towards  the 
evening  and  during  the  night.  They  who  recovered  continued  fub- 
jcft  to  this  fuffocation  during  and  after  the  convalefcent  ftate :  in  the 
latter  cafe  it  was  found  neceffary  to  apply  leeches  to  the  margin  of  the 
anus,  and  adminifter  faponaceous  tonics.  Eruptive  fevers  were  nume- 
rous :  at  the  beginning  the  fymptoins  were  violent^  but  repeated  bleed- 
ings, and  an  emetic  on  the  fourth  day  removed  them.  Eryfipelatous 
eruptions  were  common,  frequently  without  fever.  The  fmall-pox, 
though  confluent,  was  mild.  The  gout  made  great'  havock;  it  wa« 
anomalous,  difiicult  to  determine  to  the  extremities,  and  fometimes 
induced  apoplexy.  Chronic  difeafes  were  accelerated  in  their  pro- 
grefs  5  and  many  complaints  of  the  brcaft  degenerated  into  phthifis. 

Journ,  de  Medecine,  * 

Art.  X.  Franckfort.  and  Mentz. .  Q,  Sttacky  M^  D.  ^c.  Ohfer;- 
'vationes  Medicinales  de  di*verfa  Febris  continiut  remittentit ^  Caufa^  ^c. 
Medical  Obfervatibns  on  the  different  Caufes,  and  various  Metho4s 
of  Cure  of  continual  remittent  Fever.  .  By  C.^  Strack,  U.  d.  &C. 
8vo.     55  p.     17P9,  ^ 

K  k  2  Tbu 


468  tlTERARV    iNYELLltfENCE. 

This  is  a  valuable  colle^lion  of  obfervations.  To  them  the  prof- 
has  prefixed  an  account  of  the  doArines  of  Hippocrates,  Celfus,  Sy- 
dcnharn,  and  the  heft  writers,  relating  to  fevers  of  this  kind.  A  fever 
complicated  with  tinea  and  crufia  laffea,  'Dr.  S.  cured  by  adminifter- 
ing  daily  half,  an  ounce  of  the  powder  of  the  tjiola  tricolory  with  an 
equal  quantity  of  baric  Af.  WilUmet.  Joum.  de  Med. 

Art,  XI.  Halle,  y,  ChHftiani  Reil,  ^c,  Memorabilium  clinicorum 
medico-pra&icorum,  ^f.  Seleft  clinical  Obfervations.  By  J.  C. 
Reil,  Prof,  of  Medicine,  &c.  Vol.  i.  Part  i.  8vo.  204  p. 
Price  12  gr.  [is.  9d.]  1790. 

Prof.  R.  who  has  the  care  of  the  Practical  School  of  Medicine  at 
Halle,  [an  eftablifhment  on  the  plan  of  our  difpenfaries]  promifes  us 
an  occafional  volume  of  what  may  occur  moft  worthy  notice  in  it- 
In  the  prefent,  which  contains  fome  important  and  inftruftive  obfer- 
"vations,  are  :  an  account  of  an  epidemic  nernjoui  fe^er.  The  moft  re* 
markaWe  fymptoms  in  this  difcafc  were  nervous,  fometimes  with  ex- 
ceflive  irritability  and  debility,  but  more  frequently  with  diminilhed 
irritability.  Emetics  were  ferviceable :  but  when  they  purged,  in- 
ftead  of  vomiting,  the  patients  died.  On  opening  one  body,  the  oefo- 
phagns  was  found  to  be  deftroyed  for  the  fpace  of  a  hand's  breadth. 
Remarks  on  a  hernia  adnata,  A  fatal  confiipationy  from  a  contrac- 
tion of  the  fuperior  part  of  the  reftum.  C5n  the  inflammation  of  the 
glandular  parts  of  the  eye.  This  contains  fome  good  remarks  on  the 
inflammation  ot  glandular  parts  in  general,  and  the  moft  common 
ophthalmics  at  prdfcnt  in  ufe.  This  part  terminates  with  a  hiftory  of 
a  man  who  had  evacuations  of  blood  from  all  the  emunSories  of  the  hody^ 
without  any  apparent  caufe.  Jen,  Allg,  Lit,  Zeit. 

Art.  XII.  Stendal.  Beohachtungen  hey  ange«wendeter  Belladonna,  ^c 
Obfervations  on  the  Ufe  of  Belladonna.  By  H.  Munch,  8vo. 
195  p.     1789. 

It  is  fome  years  fmce  Mr.  M.  firft  employed  the  root  of  the  deadly 
nightfhade,  and  announced  its  utilit)^  He  has  now  given  it  to  6156 
perfons,  to  176  of  whom  it  was  adminiftered  for  the  prevention  or  cure 
of  hydrophobia.  The  defign  of  the  prefent  volume  is  to  recapitulate 
what  has  been  faid  on  the  fubjed  by  himfelf,  or  his  fons.  In  the  firft 
chapter  he  relates  experiments  made  on  himfelf.  He  has  frequently 
taken  it  in  rheumatic  and  catarrhal  complaints,  &c.  In  dofes  of  from 
three  to  fix  grains,  it  conftantly  brought  on  perfpiration.  It  gene- 
rally  gave  him  a  very  painful  ftrangury,  and  at  firft  reftlefsneis ;  to 
others,  however,  it  regularly  procured  fpeedv  and  quiet  fleep.  It 
once  cured  him  of  a  catarrhal  hoarfenefs  that  nad  refitted  every  other 
remedy.  Chap.  II.  relates  to  its  ufe  againft  the  bite  of  a  mad  dog, 
•^Mr.  M.  informs  us,  that  the  root  is  refolutivc^  fudorific,  diuretic,  an- 
ti»-fpafmodic,  aperitive,  fuppurative,  and  epulotic.  From  his  own 
experience,  confirmed  by  that  of  others,  he  is  convinced,  that  it  is  a 
certain  remedy  for  preventing  the  hydrophobia,  and  for  curing  it  in 
the  firft  ftages.  Chag^  III.  On  its  efiedis  againft  the  bite  of  the  viper. 
Four  cafes  are  given,  in  which  it  was  fuccefsful.  Chap.  IV,  On  its 
ufe  in  venereal  difeafe.  Mr.  M.  only  employed  it  in  vettercal  ulcers,, 
which  were  exafperated  by  the  ufe  of  mercurials.  He  gives  ninte 
odes,  i^  which  it  fucceeded  be^^ond  expe^tion.    Chap.  Y.  On-  it& 

ufe 


CHEMISTRY.  469 

ofe  in  gput  and  rheumatifm.    Twentj-two  cafes  are  given  in  its 
favour. 

In  an  appendix  are  fubjoined  remarks  on  the  ufe  of  the  belladonna  in 
the  plague,  by  Mr.  Lanee,  phyfician  at  Cronftedt  in  Tranfilvania. 
Five  per&ns  attacked  with  the  plague,  by  taking  two  grains  of  the  root 
in  powder,  mixed  with  fugar,  twice  a  day,  were  perfeftly  cuied. 
Mr.  M.  pfomifes  us  an  account  of  its  effeds  in  fome  other  difeafes. 

M,  Gruirwald^  Jmm,  de  Med^ 

CHEMISTRY, 

Art.  XIII.    Analyfe  chimique  du  Jargon  de  Ceylariy  ^f.     Chemical 
Analyfis  of  the  Jargon  of  Ceylon :  by  Mr.  Klaproth. 

Journal  de  Fbyjique. 
According  to  Mr.  K.  the  fpecific  gravity  of  this  ftonc  is  to  that  of 
diftilled  water,  as  4,615  :  1,000.    Its  conftituent  parts  are 
Silicious  earth        -        -        -        31  j 
Martial  earth  containing  nickel     -      ^ 
An  earth  of  a  peculiar  nature      -     68 
This  earth,  which  Mr.  K.  terms  terra  circonia,  appeared  to  di£fer  in 
^ome  refpefts  from  each  of  the  five  primitive  e^urths  hitherto  admitted. 

Art.  XIV.  Lett  re  de  Mr.  Donadei  fur  la  De'tonathn  d'un  Air  phofphs^ 
rique,  ^c.  Letter  from  Mr.  Donadei  to  Mr.  de  la  Metherie,  on 
the  Detonation  of  a  phofphoric  Air  with  dephlogifticated  and  ni- 
trous Air. 

Mr.  D.  and  Mr.  Pellctier,  having  diftilled  an  ounce  of  phofphoric 
acid,  obtained  from  phofphorus  by  deliquefcence,  in  a  glafs  retort, 
obtained,  over  mercury,  about  twelve  inches  of  air.  This  air,  paffed  . 
into  a  veffel  over  water,  was  not  perceptibly  abforbed  by  it :  being 
mixed  with  common  air,  no  particular  phenomenon  occurred :  on 
mixing  with  it  an  equal  quantity  of  nitrous  air,  a  thick  cloud  was 
produced,  and  the  glafs,  being  removed  from  the  tub,  was  filled  with 
a  white  vapour,  heavier  than  common  air.  An  inch  of  this  air  was 
mixed  with  an  equal  quantity  of  dephlogiiUcated  air  without  any  dif- 
turbance ;  but  an  inch  of  nitrous  air  being  added  to  this  mixture,  it 
inftantly  detonated  with  great  violence,  breaking  the  glafs,  the  frao^- 
ments  of  which  were  driven  to  a  coniiderable  diftance.  This  air 
appeared  to  be  a  mixture  of  inflammable  air  and  phofphorus.  A 
hjghted  candle  fired  it :  but  it  would  not  take  fire  with  dephlogifticated 
air,  like  the  phofphoric  air  of  Mr.  Gengembre,  till  the  heat  was  in- 
creafed  by  the  mixture  of  nitrous  air.  It  fometimes  happens,  that 
Mr.  G.'s  phofphoric  air  lofes  its  quality  of  detonating  with  dephlg- 
gifticated  air,  when  it  has  been  kept  fome  time  over  water. 

Art.  XV.  Analyfe  du  Cuivre  a'vec  leqnel  les  Anciens  fahriquoient  leurt 
MedailleSf  ^c.  Analyfis  of  the  Copper  with  which  the  Ancients^ 
fabricated  their  Medals,  and  cutting  Inftruments :  by  Mr.  Diz«. 

Mr.  D,  analyfcd  feveral  ancient  coins,  and  to  prove  the  truth  of 
his  operations,  compofcd  meuls  in  conformity  to  his  refults,  which 
were  in  every  refped  fimilar  to  thofe  he  had  examined.  A  Roman 
coin  of  red  copper,  pretty  malleable,  gave  in  1 00  part^  4  of  tin : 
another  of  a  pale  red,  and  very  "brittle,  io| :  one  hearly  rcfembling 
this,  but  fomewhat  more  malleable,  7^:  one  more  brittle  than  eitheip 

Kk3  9; 


470  LITERARY      INTELLIGENCE, 

9 :  and  one  nearly  malleable,  -j'^.  Some  Greek  coins,  of  a  brlttlo 
copper,  ga\e,  in  loo  parts,  4 -y  J  ^  of  tin.  A  Gaulilh  coin,  of  very 
brittle  copper,  gave  9  parts  of  tin  in  100;  and  another,  ftill  mope 
brittle,  ditt'ering  in  colour  from  «11  the  reft,  and  in  its  fradure  rc- 
ferabliiig  lletl,  though  fomewhat  darker,  gave  24 1.  No  kind  of  alloy, 
except  nn,  was  difcoverable  in  any  of  them,  and  a  fmall  portion  of 
aa  ancient  poniard  was  found  to  be  compofcd  of  the  fame  metals. 

NATURAL      KNOWLEDGE. 

Art.  XVI.  Lett  re  de  Mr.  de  Luc  a  Mr.  de  la  Metherie,  ^c.  Letter 
from  Mr  de  Luc  to  Mr.  de  la  Metherie,  on  Heat,  Liquefaftioa, 
and  Evaporation.  Journal  de  rbyjtqt^e. 

This  letter  was  written  in  confequcnce  of  a  memoir  of  Mr.  Seguin, 
in  the  Atmales  de  Chemie,  [fee  our  Rev.  Vol.  VL  p.  262.]  Mr.  de 
L.  obferves,  that,  though  evaporation  is  fo  general  a  phenomenon  and 
allied  to  fo  many  others,  and  merits  a  mofl  profound  mveftigation,  we 
find  nothing  relative  to  it  in  the  new  theory,  but  the  fimple  enuncia- 
tion of  its  being  a  folution  of  water  by  the  air :  a  vague  hyppthefis, 
ddlitute  of  any  folid  foundation,  incapable  of  explaining  the  pheno-> 
mcnon,  and  tending  to  obfcure  many  branches  of  phyfics. 

After  long  ftudying  ,the  nature  of  expanfi've fluids^  Mr.  de  L.  is  con- 
vinced of  the  folidity  of  a  general  theory  of  Mr.  le  Sage  on  the  fub- 
jedl.  From  this  theory,  fupported  by  fafts,  and  founded  on  mechanical 
laws,  it  follows,  that  when  an  expanfive  fluid  is  fituated  in  the  fpaces 
between  tlvs  molecules  of  any  fubftance,  its  power  of  expanfion  is  left 
jn  proportion,  as  thofe  fpaces,  confidered  individually,  are  fn^iUer. 
The  expanfion  of  thefe  fluids  arifes  from  the  motion  of  their  particles: 
the  preffure  they  exert,  from  the  (hock  of  thofe  particles,  either  againft 
the  molecules  of  other  bodies,  or  againft  each  other.  In  thefe  (hock^ 
they  lofe  a  portion  of  their  velocity,  and  fometimes  all  motion  :  bm 
this  they  recover,  for  the  fame  reafon  as  heavy  bodies  do,  when  fet  at 
liberty.  Their  velocity  alfo,  like  that  of  heavy  bodies,  gradually  in- 
creafes  to  a  certain  maximum.  Hence  the  (hocks  of  thefe  particles  arc- 
•  moft  forcible,  when  the}'^  have  the  greateft  fpace  to  pafs  through :  and 
confequently,  where  this  fpace  is  leaft,  a  greater  number  of  particles  i^ 
neceflary  to  produce  the  fame  effeft.  From  this  arifes  the  diflferent 
capacities  of  bodies  for  heat :  and  thus  the  temperature  of  a  body  is 
not  owing  to  the  dcnfity  of  the  igneous  fluid,  but  the  expanfive  power 
exerted  by  it.  This  theory  accords  perfectly  with  the  fniallnefs  of  the 
capacity  of  air  for  heat. 

Mr.  Seguin  confiders  the  liquefadlion  of  a  folid  as  owing  to  the  fc- 
paration  of  its  molecules,  by  their  combination  with  heat-:  hut  thi^ 
jioes  not  agree  with  the  known  phenomenon,  that  ipe  4in)ini(hes  in 
volume  on  becoming  fluid.  Referring  the  converfioiv  of  fluids  into 
vfipooj:  to  a  certain  degree  of  heat,  he  attributes  it  to  \  fre(h  iep^uration 
Ot  the  molecules  of  the  fubilance,  which  renders  their  pendency  to  re- 
main united  lefs  than  that  of  contracting  a  fre(h  union  with  fire.  But 
this  cannot  take  place  in  the  fluid ;  as  ^t  any  diilance  lefs  than  that 
which  conflitutes  vapour  the  molecules  have  a  tendency  to  nnite. 
Molecules  of  the  evaporating  liquor  are  detjiched  from  the  furfacfe.*' by 

*  When  vapour  appears  to  be  formed  in  the  body  of  a  quantity  of 
fluid,  it  always  takes  place  where  a  folution  of  continuity  has  beea  firf(| 
produced  by  an  air-bubble, 

tb9 


IWBTEOROLOGT.  4^ 

the  iropulfc  of  the  particles  of  fire,  and,  if  they  be  fo  far  fejparated  as 
is  rcquifite  to  the  ftatc  of  vapour,  in  which  their  diftance  ft-om  each 
other  is  to  that  of  their  diftance  in  the  fluid  (late  (fpeaking  of  water)  - 
ts  46,5  :  I,  they  unite  with  the  particles  of  fire,  and  become  vapour. 
This  vapour  mixes  with  the  air,  but  is  not  diHblved  in  it.  'franlparent 
as  the  air  itfelf^  it  does  not  diminifh  its  tranfparency,  as  we  fee  two 
airs  that  have  no  affinity  remain  t^anfparent  on  being  mixed.  It  is 
formed  in  the  air,  or  in  'vacuo-,  and  returns  to  its  fluid  ftate,  on  being 
ib  comprefled  that  its  molecules  are  brought  into  a  lefs  diftance  than 
its  mifrimum,  equally  in  either. 

Art.  xvii.  Obfirvations phyjiquefur  U  Fhofphorifme  iu  Tartre  iMtrioU^ 
^c.  Phyfical  Obfervations  on  the  Phofphorefcencc  of  vitriolated 
lartar--  by  Mr.  J.  AiK.  Giobert. 
^  Having  decompofed  a  pretty  large  quantity  of  vitriolated  magnefia, 
•by  means  of  aerated  vegetable  alkali,  for  the  preparation  of  magneiia 
in  the  great,  Mr.  G.  evaporated  the  liquor  to  cryftallize  the  vitriolated 
Jllkali.  The  evaporation  being  continued  to  the  formation  of  the  firft 
pellicle,  the  liquor  was  fet  afide.  Three  days  after  fome  cryftals  were 
formed,  and  Mr.  G.  decanted  the  liquor,  to  fee  what  effed  it  had  had 
on  the  copper.  The  light  being  accidentally  removed,  the  whole  in- 
terior furface  of  the  veifel  was  covered  with  large  ftiining  fparks  of  a 
faint  bluifti  iight,  which  foon  difappeared,  but  were  reproduced  by 
the  flighteft  rubbing  of  the  cryftals.  The  leaft  ftroke  on  the  bottom 
of  the  veflel  illumined  the  infide  of  it>  in  a  manner  refembling  the 
lightnings  of  a  calm  fummer evening.  The  liquor  being  again  po\>red 
into  the  vefTel,  the  cryftals  covered  with  it  were  rubbed,  when  they 
produced  a  (imilar  light,  though  lefs  vivid.  The  folution  of  the  fait 
IS  not  in  the  leaft  phofphorefcent ;  yet  water  is  neceffary  to  produce 
this  appearance,  for  the  cryftals  when  drained  on  filtering  paper  lofc 
their  phofphoric  property.  1  he  matter  of  the  vefiel  in  which  the 
cryftallization  is  made  is  of  no  importance,  as  veflels  of  pewter,  earth, 
XJhina,  and  tin  were  ufed,  with  the  fame  refults ;  but  the  phofphorefcencc 
is  greater  in  proportion  to  the  extent  of  furface.  It  is  alfo  neceflary, 
that  the  evaporation  be  as  little  as  is  poflible  to  produce  cryftals  fuffi- 
cientto  cover  the  furface  of  the  veflel,  and  that  the  cryftallization  take 
place  in  th6  cold.  When  the  fait  was  cryftallized  by  a  flow  evapora- 
tion, the  phenomenon  did  not  take  place.  It  failed  alfo,  when  the 
folution  was  not  perfedly  freed  of  its  magnefia.    . 

Sufoeding  that  electricity  might  be  the  caufe  of  this  phenomenon, 
Mr.  G.  made  feveral  experiments  to  determine  this  ;  but  the  leaft  in- 
dication of  ehdricity  cpuld  not  be  obferved  in  any  of  them.  It  ap- 
pears^ however,  that  light  is  of  great  importance  in  producing  it.' 
When  the  folution  to  be  cryftallized  is  expofed  to  the  rays  of  the  fun, 
the  phofphorefcencc  is  peculiarly  vivid :  if,  on  the  contrary,  it  be  put 
into  a  clofe  veflTel,  and  the  light  excluded,  the  cryftals  will  not  be  in 
the  leaft  phofphorefcent.  Hence  Mr.  G.  infers,  that  this  property  is 
owing  to  the  fixation  of  particles  of  light  between  the  faline  molecules, 
at  the  moment  of  cryftallization.  Ivfr.  G.  alfo  hints,  that  the  adion 
of  light,  in  its  combination  with  various  fubftanccs,  has  not  been  fuf- 
ficiently  confldered  in  chemical  operations. 

M£T£OROLOGY. 
Art.   XVIII.      Halle.      Befchnibung  der  Wirkungtn  eines  hefHgen  Ge^ 
nvitters,  ^c.    Dcfcription  of  the  Effe6h  of  a  violent  Thunder- 
K  k  4  ftorix^ 


^fJ^  LITERARY    INTELLIGENCE. 

florm,  which  happened  at  Halle  July  12,  1789.  With  an  Expla- 
nation of  the  Origin  of  Thunder  and  Lightning  :  by  G,  S.  KlUgel, 
Prof,  of  Mathematics,  Phyfics,  &c.  8vo.  64  p.  Pr.  4gr,[7d.j 
1789. 

This  ftorn)  was  remarkable  for  the  concurrence  of  many  cir^um- 
ftanccs,  which  are  not  uncommon  feparately,  but  taken  together  feera 
contradictory  to  each  other.  Jen.  Allg.  Lit.  Zeft. 

Art.  XIX.  Annaberg.  Mecbanijcher  <verhejferter  Wind-Regen-und 
Trockenheitjbeohachter y  ^c.  An  improved  Initrument  for  mcafuring 
Wind,  Rain,  and  Drynefs :  by  Chr.  G.  Herrmann,  8vo.  102  p. 
with  Plates.     Pr.  8  gr.  [is.  2d.]  1789. 

The  principal  advantage  of  this  complex  machine  is,  that  different 
meteorological  obfe^rvations  may  be  made  vvith  it,  at  the  fame  time, 
and  in  the  abfence  of  the  obferver.  The  defcription  of  it  will  not  adT 
mit  of  being  abridged,  and  would  be  unintelligible  without  plates. 

Jen.  Allg,  Lit.  Zeit. 

NATURAL      HISTORY, 

Art.    XX.     Augfburg.     Beytrage  zur    Gefchichie    der  Schmetterlinge^ 

iSc.     Supplement  to  the  Hiftory  of  Butterflies :   by  Jac.  Hiibner. 

Part  I. —  IV.     8vo.     160  p.    and  16  coloured  Plates.      Pr.  6  r. 

[il.  IS.]  1786-9. 

We  imagine  it  is  Mr.  H.'s  intentions  to  give  only  fuch  butterflies 
as  have  not  been  drawn  by  others,  or  fuch  as  ha\  e  been  given  inaccu- 
rately. The  figures  are  upon  the  whole  good,  and  true  to  nature,  but 
fometimes  their  beapty  is  a  little  heightened.  The  defcriptions  are 
alfo  good  in  general.  Jen.  Allg,  Lit,  Zeit, 

Art.  XXI.     Mentz.     Infekten  kalende^  fur  Sammler  und  Oekonomen, 

The  Infcft  Calendar,  for  Entomologiits  and  Hufhandmen :   by  Nl 

Jof.  Brahm.     Vol.1.     8vo.     248  p.     Pr.  20  gr.  [3  s.]  1790. 

This  is  an  ufeful  work.     The  time  of  appearance  and  plants  fre- 

quepted  by  infers,  in  the  places  examined  by  our  author,  affifted  by 

prof,  Miihlfeld  and  Mr.  Baader,  are  given  as  accurately  as  poflible, 

with  forne  good  remarks  principally  relating  to  their  natural  hiftory. 

Of  new  infeas  we  find  the  following.    Scarabceus  affinis,  proiromus:  Hif- 

tor  politusy  punQulatus  :  Dermejier  undtdatus,  'verbajci,  unicolor :   Byrrhus 

fafcicularis  :  Ips  crajfa  :  Cocci nella  lunigera,  margine  maculate y  4  guttata  : 

CaJJida  urticity  Jpeciofa  :  Chryfomela  molluginis :  Crioceris  junci,  ftriata  : 

Curculio  hi/pidusy  echii:  ^^rora  rihefii  :  Rhinomacer  fulvus  :  Saperda  1 2 

punHata  :    Donacia  ^verficolorea  :    Leptura  rofp  :    Cantharis  pellucida  ; 

Dytifcus  labiatus,  <virejcens.  Jen.  Allg.  Lit,  Zeit^ 

MINERALCGY. 

Art.  XXII,  Rome,  Saggio  diOJJervaxione  miucmlogicheflSc.  Minc- 
ralogical  Obfervjitions  on  Toifa,  Oriolo,  and  Latera:  by  Scip. 
Breiflak.     8vo.     nop.     17F9. 

With  the  geology  and  mineralogy  of  the  ecQlefis^flical  ftate  we  are 
yet  but  little  acquainted ;  this  per^rmance  of  Mr.  Bi  we  hope  will 
excite  his  countrymen  to  explore  a  field  almoft  new,  and  which  pro- 
ixiifes  much.  Mr.  B.  informs  us,  that  the  Apennines  are  by  no  means 
a  chain  of  volcanic  mountains ;  they  are  moftly  of  a  calcareous  naturQ. 

itf ,  Grttmiifdd.     Journal  d<  Mededne. 

A  S  T  R  Q-9 


CEOGRAPHY.  473 

ASTROJ^OMY. 

A  R  T.  X  X 1 1 1 .  Milaa.  Ephemerides  Aftronomicce,  €ffr.  The  aftronomical 
Ephemeris  for  1791,  calculated  for  the  Meridian  of  Milan:  b^ 
Angelo  de  Caefaris ;  with  an  Appendix  containing  Effays  ^n4  Ob- 
fervations.     410.     232  p.     1789. 

This  volume,  like  the  preceding  ones,  includes  fome  intereftjng  pa- 
pers by  Meffrs.  Reggio,  de  Caefaris,  and  Oriani,  with  obfejrv^xioflJ^ 
made  iu  one  of  the  moft  complete  obfervatories  in  the  world. 

Journ.  fles  Scqvans* 

Al^T.  XXIV.  Pifa.  Ohfervatioms  Siderum  hahitee  Pifis,  ^c»  AftrOr 
nomical  Obfcrvations,  made  at  Pifa,  at  the  Obfervatorj  of  the 
Academy,  from  the  Year  1778  to  17 81  ;  by  jof.  Slop,  Prof,  of 
Aftr.    4to.     367  p.     1789. 

This  fourth  volume  of  obfervations  with  which  the  prof,  has  pre-* 
fented  us,  adds  to  the  obligations  we  have  to  one  of  the  ableit  aftro- 
nonjers  of  the  prefent  day.  It  contains  a  great  number  of  obfervations 
on  the  planet  Herfchel,  compared  with  the  tables  of  Meffrs.  de  la  Place 
and  Oriani ;  but  Mr.  de  Lambre's,  now  in  the  prefs,  will  be  more 
perfeft.  Journ,  des  Sganjans, 

Art.  XXV.  Berlin.  Aftronomifches  Jahrbuch,  ^c,  Aftronomlc^ 
Ephemeris  for  1792  :  by  J.  E.  Bode.  8vo.  260  p.  with  Plates. 
This  ephemejis  continues  to  be  extremely  interefting,  and  is  alone 
fufficicnt  to  induce  an  aftronomer  to  learn  German.  Befides  various 
obfervations  made  in  different  parts  pf  the  globe,  and  announces  of 
^ftronomical  works,  the  prefent  volume  contains  tables  for  converting 
iideral  time  into  mean  folar,  or  true  time,  by  Mr.  Zach ;  remarks  on 
the  luminous  points  obferved  in  the  dark  part  of  the  moon,  by  Mr.  B. 
who  concludes,  from  obfervations  made  by  himfelf  and  others,  that 
they  are  not  volcanoes ;  a  catalogue  of  ftars  determined  by  Mr.  McfTier, 
forming  an  eleventh  fupplemcnt  t  >  Flamftead's :  with  fome  other  ar- 
pcle?.  Af.  de  la  Lande^     Journ*  dds  S^a-vaas^ 

GEOGRAPHY. 

Art.  XXVI.  Paris.  Gcographie  des  Grecs  analyfee,  ^c.  An  Ana- 
lyfis  of  the  Geography  of  the  Greeks,  or  the  Syltems  of  Eratotthenes, 
Strabo,  and  Ptolemy,  compared  with  each  other,  and  with  what  is 
known  by  the  Moderns ;  which  obtained  a  Prize  from  the  Royal 
Academy  of  Infcriptions  and  Belles  Lettres.  [See  our  Rev.  Vol.  V. 
p.  112.]  By  Mr.  Goffelin.  4to.  148  p.  with  10  Maps,  and 
8  Tables.     1 790. 

This  work  deferves  great  praife.  Mr.  G.  has  not  confined  himfelf 
to  the  comparifon  of  Strabo  and  Ptolemy,  but  has  examined  the  geo- 
graphical knowledge  of  the  Greeks,  when  it  was  firft  colleded  by  the 
fchool  of  Alexandria.  This  led  him  to  inveftigate  the  caufcs  of  the 
many  errors 'committed  by  the  ancients,  which  have  had  fo  much  in- 
fluence on  the  fcience,  from  the  time  of  Eratofthenes  to  the  beginning 
of  the  prefent  century.  Mr.  G,  thinks,  that  Pytheas  never  performed 
the  voyage  attributed  to  him,  but  that  he  borrowed  his  accounts, 
which  are  in  many  refpeds  very  accurate,  from  an  ancient  and  learned 
people^  that  has  long  ceafed  to  exifl.  The  reality  of  fuch  a  |)eople  it 
^  is 


474  LITERARY     INTELLIGENCE. 

i»  not  cafy  to  prove ;  but  this  does  not  render  Mr.  G/s  remarks  on  the 
geographical  Ikill  of  Pythcas  and  Eratofthcncs  lefs  folid,  important, 
or  curious.  The  river  Chefinas  of  Ptolemy,  Mr.  G.  fuppofes  to  be 
the  Dwina,  and  his  Thule  to  have  been  one  of  the  Orkneys,  whilft  that 
of  Pytheas  muft  have  been  near  the  ardic  circle.  The  ifland  of  Ta- 
probane  he  thinks  comprifed  the  peninfula  of  India,  with  the  ifland  of 
Ceylon.  Sina  he  con6ders  as  the  kingdom  of  Siam,  and  not  China  : 
but  in  this  we  cannot  agree  with  him.  The  tables  contain  the  lati- 
tudes and  longitudes  of  Eratoilhenes,  Strabo,  and  Ptolemy,  compared 
with  thofe  of  the  moderns.  The  maps,  which  arc  well  engraved,  and 
Jaid  down  by  Mr.  G.  himfelf,  are  two  for  Eratoithenes,  three  for 
Stiabo,  and  Uve  for  Ptolemy.         M.  de  Guignes.  Jount,  de  Sgavans, 

POLITICAL     OECONOMY. 

Art.   XXVI X.     Paris.     Memoircfur  U  Departement  des  Ftmi$\3Chauf- 
fees,  ^c.     Memoir  relative  to  the  Department  of  Bridges  and  High- 
ways :  by  Mr.  dela  Milliere,  January,  1790.     4to.     144  p. 
This  memoir  gives  a  full  account  of  the  nature  of  the  department, 
and  of  the  prcfent  ftate  of  the  roads  in  France,  with  the  ileps  thought 
neceffary  to  be  taken  for  their  improvement,  by  Mr.  de  la  M.  whofe 
Situation,  having  for  many  years  held  a  confidcrable  poft  in  the  depart- 
ment, was  particularly  favourable  for  obfervations  on  the  fobjed.     It 
appears  to  be  written  with  great  accuracy  and  candour. 

J6Le  TrJIer,     Joum,  des  S^a^ans. 

Art,  xxvili.  Sur  la  Canne^  U  fur  les  Moyens  d'en  Extraire  U 
Sel  ejfentiel,  Vc.  On  the  Sugar-Cane,  and  the  Methods  of  extraft- 
iDg  its  effential  Salt ;  to  which  are  added,  feveral  Memoirs  on  Sugar, 
the  Wine  made  from  the  Sugar-Cane,  Indigo,  and  the  Plantations, 
and  prefent  State  of  St.  Domingo.  By  Mr.  Dutrone  la  Couture, 
M.  D.  j8vo,  374  p.  with  Plates,  Printal  at  the  Expcnce  of  the 
Colony.     1790, 

After  a  brief  hiftory  of  the  fugar-cane ,  and  a  pretty  full  defcription 
of  it,  with  its  manner  of  growth,  Mr.  D.  proceeds  to  the*  methods  of 
preparing  its  juice.  The  notion  of  an  acid  in  the  exprefled  juice,  to 
iaturate  which  it  is  neceffary  to  employ  an  alkali,  he  fays  is  unfound- 
ed :  the  fole  effe^  of  the  alkali  is  to  caufe  a  feparation  of  the  feculae, 
by  depriving  them  of  the  faponaceous  extradive  juice  with  which 
they  are  enveloped.  Mr.  D.  blames  the  ufe  of  caft  iron  boilers,  of  a 
conical  (hape,  and  placed  againft  a  wall.  They  are,  apt  to  break, 
which  occafions  a  great  lofs  of  time  and  materials ;  the  great  degree 
of  heat,  which  they  are  capable  of  receiving,  frequently  decompofes 
a  confiderable  portion  of  the  fugar,  forming  a  coaly  cruft,  to  remove 
which  the  operation  muft  be  fulpended  feveral  times  a  day:  and  their 
iituation  is  inconvenient. 

Mr.  D.'s  procefs  confifts  in  feparating  the  feculas  by  boiling,  filtra- 
tion and  reft.  He  finds  it  ver>'  rarely  neceffary  to  employ  alkali,  and 
never  in  fo  large  a  quantity  as  is  generally  praftifed.  When  it  is  ne- 
ceffary, he  prefers  lime.  After  the  juice  is  depurated,  it  is  boiled  to 
a  due  confiftence,  to  be  determined  by  the  thermometer,  and  then  fee 
to  cryftallize  in  proper  veffels.  The  advantages  of  Mr.  D.'s  method 
are  great.  It  faves  much  labour,  is  not  expoied  to  mifcarriages,  pro^ 
duces  the  greateft  poflible  quantity  of  fugar,  of  the  bcft  quality,  and 
9  pre* 


MORAL      PHILOSOPHY.  J^.y^ 

prevents  any  wafte  of  melafles.  An  experience  of  fome  years,  in  a  plan-p 
ration  where  it  has  been  tried,  proves,  that  its  benefits  are  not  chim?* 
rical.  jfourn.  de  Fk^Jique* 

[An  intelligible  defcription  of  Mr.  D/s  method,  and  works,  which 
appear  to  be  excellently  contrived,  would  take  up  too  much  of  our 
foom,  we  muft  refer  our  readers  therefore  to  the  Vir'ork  itfelf,  or  thi? 
journal  4e  Phyfique  for  April  1 790,1 

PHILOSOPHY. 

Art.  XXIX.  Gottingen.  Philofophi/che  Biblioihek.  The  Philofo- 
phical  Bibliotheca  :  by  J.  G.  H.  Feder,  and  Chr.  Meiners.  Vol.  i. 
8vo.     232  p.     1788.     Vol.  II.     256  p.     1789. 

The  plan  oi  this  work  is  to  give  philofophical  effays  :  extrafts  from 
foreign  works  of  note,  with  remarks  :  the  fame  of  German  works : 
ihort  accounts  of  books,  asd  relation^  pf  literary  or  other  events  an/ 
way  intej:elUng  to  philofopRy.  Jen,  Allg,  l.it,  Zdt, 

Art.  XXX.  *  Berlin.  Ueher  /p€culati<ve  Fhilofophiey  ^c.  On  fpe- 
culative  Philofophy  :  by  J.  tnd.  2^ollner,  now  firft  printed  fepa- 
rately,  fron?  the  *  Weekly  Difcourfes  on  the  Earth  and  its  Inhabit 
tants,"  for  Beginners  in  Philofophy,  and  Lovers  of  that  Science 
8vo,     215  p.     Price  i4g.  [2s. J  1789* 

We  cannot  too  warmly  recommend  this  little  traft,  as  one  of  the 
moft  generally  ufeAil  and  interelting  we  know,  to  thofe  for  whom  it 
appears  by  its  title  to  be  intended.  Jen,  Allg.  Lit,  Zeit, 

'  Art.  XXX j.  Halle.  Epochen  der  'vorxuglichjlen  fhilofophijchen 
Begriffe,  ^c.  Dates  of  the  principal  Philofophical  Ideas,  with  the 
neceflary  Documents,  Part  i.  containing  the  iEras  of  the  Ideas  of 
Spirit,  God,  and  the  human  Soul :  with  theSyltcms  and  Authen- 
ticity of  the  Two  Pythagoreans,  Ocellus  and  1  imaeus  :  by  ChrilU 
Gottf.  Bardili.     ?vo,     198  p.     Price  12  g.   [is.  9d.]    1788. 

Mr.  B.  handles  his  fubjecl  with  much  penetration  and  hiftorical 
Knowledge.  In  fome  particular  paflages,  however,  we  deem  him  not 
equally  luccefsful ;  fome  finer  fhades  and  precife  determinations  of 
ideas  being  overlooked,  or  not  fufficiently  obferved.  His  defence  of 
the  authenticity  of  Ocellus  and  Timaeus  is  good,  but  to  us  not  con- 
vincing. Jen,  Allg,  Litf  Zeit, 

MORAL.  PHILOSOPHY. 

Art.  xxxii.  Leipfic.  .Skeptifche  Diatogen  uher  die  Vortheile  der  Leiden 
und  iVidfi^wfirtigkeiten  diefis  Lebens.  Sceptical  Dialogues  on  the 
Advantages  of  the  Sufferings  and  Adverfities  of  this  Life.  8vo. 
V96  p.     Price  1 2. jg.  [is.  9d.]  1788. 

Many  have  attempied  to  confole  mankind  under  their  affliftions, 
but  as  fuperficial  arguments  can  have  no  durable  effedt,  a  ^n^\  aqd, 
impartial  mveftigatioin  of  thofe  employed  is  far  from  ufelefs.  This  is 
the  dcfign  of  thfe  author,  Mr.  Kindervater,  who  finds  the  neceflary 
connexion  of  evil  with  the  exiltence  of  a  finite  created  being,  and 
{lis  moft  efleBtial  faculties,  fufScient  to  remove  all  objediions  to  the 
lijprcme  wifdom  of  the  Deity,  and  to  eftablifh  a  comfortable  truft  in 
}>imy  and  the  hope  pC  a  happier  futurity.  Jen.  Allg,  Lit.  Zeit, 

O  R  I  E  N- 


47^  l.lTERARir  INTfiLLIGElfCE* 

ORIENTAL      LITERATURE. 

A»T.  XXXIII.  Rome.  Alphahetum  Etliopicum,  Jive  Gbetx  ^  Amhar^ 
rkum,  k^c.  The  Ethiopic,  or  Gheez  and  Ambarric  Alphabets, 
with  the  Lord's  Prayer,  Salutation  of  the  Virgin,  Creed,  Ten 
Coipmandmeuts,  and  Beginning  of  the  Gofpel  of  St.  John.  8?o. 
32  p.     1789. 

The  fociety  de  propaganda  Fide  has  poffeffed  thefe  types  from  the 
year  1630,  but  they  have  remained  unen:ployed  ever  fmce  the  year 
1640,  as  the  ecmmunication  betwixt  RoniC  and  Ethiopia  was  flopped ► 
In  the  year  17 86,  ho\^evcr,  the  miiTionaries  becan  to  conceive  frelh 
hopes,  and  in  confequtiice  a  fhort  catechifm  in  the  Ethiopic  language 
was  pubjilhed,  which  this  book,  has  followed,      AW.  Utt,  di  Firenze. 

A  N  T  I  (\y  I  T  I  E  S. 

A*T.   XXXIV.      Expqfitio  I'abufte  hojpiialis^    l^c.     Explanation   of  a 
very  ancient  Tabukt   Hcfpitalis   of  Brafs,    in  the  Borgian    Mu- 
feu 91  #t  Veiletri ;  by  J,  Ph.  Siehenkees.     1789, 
This  table,  which  was  found  in  1783,  has  maqh  divided  the  opi- 
nions of  the  learned.     Mr.  S.  fuppoies  it  to  have  been  a  teftimony  of 
private  hofpitality  eftabiiChed  between  two  individuals,  Saoti  and  Si- 
chenia,  and  fiipjwrts  this  explanation  by  arguments  not  eafily  anfwcr- 
able.     Subjoined  are  foroe   remarks  on  the  lingular  form  of  fome  of 
the  letters,  and  the  very  ancient  one  of  others.     An  engraving  of  the 
table  is  annexed.  Efemeridi  Lett,  di  Konta. 

^RT.  XXXV.  May  land .  Deg/i  Amfiteatri  e  particolarmenie  del  Fla^'in 
di  Roma^  ^c.  On  Amphitheatres,  and  particularly  on  the  Flavian 
at  Rome,  that  of  Italica  in  Spain,  and  that  of  Pola  in  Iftria.  410. 
88  p.  with  plates.     1788. 

This  is,  in  faft,  nothing  but  an  extradl  from  count  Carli's  Work 
on  the  Antiquities  of  Italy.     [See  our  Rev.  Vol.  V.  p   124.] 

Jen.  Allg.  Lit.  Zeh. 

Art.  XXXVI.     Paris.     Metrologies  ou   Talks  pour  fer^jir  a  Vlntelli- 
gence  des  Voids  U  Mcfures  des  Anciensy  ^c.     Metrology,  or  Tables 
for  explaining  the  Weights  and  Meafures  of  the  Ancients,  and  prin- 
cipally for  determining  the  Value  of  the  Greek  and  Roman  Coins^ 
according  to  the  Proportion   they  bear  to  the  Weights,  Meafures, 
and  current  Coin  of  France  :  by  M.  Rome  de  rifle.  Member  of 
fevcral  Academies.  4to.  250  p.  Price  fewed  1 8  liv,  [15s.]  1789. 
Mr.  de  I'Ifle  has  examined,  with  great  care,  every  thing  he  coiild 
find  illuftrative  of  hia  fubjed,   and  has  cautioufly  weighed  3^  great 
noniber  of  Roman  coins  in  the  colledion  of  Mr.  d'Emery.     The  re- 
fiilts  of  his  inquiries  he  has  given  in  various  tables,  in  which  the 
Mcights  and  meafures  of  the  ancients  are  compared  with  the  prefent 
French.     To  this  ^le  has  added  a  chronological  table,  bringing  the 
Accounts  of  time  down  from  the  earlieft  periods  of  hiftory  to  our  era. 
The  tables  are  accompanied  with  notes,  afligning  Mr.  de  PIfle's  reafons 
for  the  valuations  he  has  adopted,  and  arguments  againft  thofe  of 
others.     The  Roman /criptuiuz/t  he  eftimates  at  it  grs.  French  [17  -^j 
grs.  Eng.]     Speaking  of  fome  extravagant  expences  of  the  Romans, 
Mr.  de  I'llle  notices  the  murrhine  vcffels,  which  were  made  of  oriental 

fardonyx. 


tt  I  s  T  o  <t  y.  4J7 

fardonjrx.  None  of  thefe  now  exift,  but  Arabian  authors  meritioa 
vdTels  made  of  that  ftone,  for  the  ufe  of  kings  only.  Mr.  Pau^on 
fuppofes  thofe  mentioned  by  Pliny,  as  brought  to  Ron^  by  Pompey, 
to  have  fold,'  the  one  for  80,  the  other  -^oo  fefiertii.  Pere  Hardouin, 
in  his  edition  of  Pliny,  reads  talentis  initead  of  ftfftertiis,  as  it  is  in 
fome  Mss,     Our  author  differs  from  both,  deeming  t\[Gm  fejiertia, 

Wcconfider  this  work  as  extremely  ufeful  to  all  who  Itudy  ancient 
hiftory,  but  what  is  faid  of  the  Arabian  raeafures,  and  of  the  modern 
ones  of  the  Eatt  in  general,  is  frequently  .erroneous. 

Mr,  de  Guigncs,     Jcurn,  dcs  S^ar'ans, 

HISTORY. 

Art.    XXXVI t.     Strnlburg.  Annales  du  Monde ^  depots  le  Deluge  jujquatt. 
Gotevemement  d*OthonieU    ^c.       Annals  of  the  Wcrid,    from  the 
Deluge  to  the  Re ijn  of  Othoniel,  firll  Judge  of  thclfraelites ;  in 
which  profane  Hiltory  is  reconciled  with  facred,  and  Ctefias  with 
•     Herodotus,  and  in  w*inch  are  given  the  true  fucceJTion  of  the  ancient 
Kings   of  Egypt,  Chaldea,  AflVTia,    and   the  different   States  of 
Greece,  the  principal  Events  of  their  Reigns,  the  Foundation  of 
•other  Kingdoms  and  Empires,  the  Origin  nnd  Prcgrefs  of  Idolatry, 
and  the  moft  remarkable  adions  of  thoie  whom  it  dciiicd  :  to  which 
is  added,    a  Hiftory  of  the  Kings  v.ho  reigned  in  E^ypt,  from 
Othomdto  the  Invafion  of  Cambyfcs.  8vo.  about  7C0  p.  1788. 
The  arduous  talk  impofed  on  himfclf  by  the  author  of  this  chrono- 
logical table  raifonnee  appears  in  the  ample  title  page.     He  propofes  to 
purfue  his  plan  up  to  the  taking  of  Troy  :  but  he  fears,  that  he  fhali 
want  time  Sufficient  to  invefligate  the  hiftory  of  the  empire  of  AfTyria, 
from  the  death  of  Sardanapalus  to  the  taking  of  Nineveh  by  Cyaxares 
king  of  the  Medcs :  that  it  was  not  deftrcyed  by  Arbalus,  though  de- 
prived of.feveral  provinces  by  that  rebel,   he  fays  he  has  fufiicicnt 
proofs. 

Of  the  Bible  the  author  prefers  the  chronology  of  the  Samaritan 
text  to  that  of  the  Septuagint,  we  think  with  reafcn.  Thedeluije  he 
places  in  the  year  of  the  world  1307,  and  the  death  of  Noah  in  7657.^  ' 
Noah  he  fuppofes  to  be  the  fame  perfon  as  is  called  by  Abydenus 
Si/utkrus,  and  by  Sanchoniathon  Elioun ;  and  his  fon  Cham,  Ouranos, 
the  fon  oi Elioun:  Chronos^  whom  Mr.  Fcurmont  fuppofes  to  be  Abra- 
ham, he  confiders  as  Mefraim,  or  Ofiris  the  ift,  known  alfo  by  the 
name  of  Titan:  Typbon,  thought  by  Mr.  F.  to  be  Jacob,  is  the  fame 
with  Phut  or  Fhyton^  the  brother  of  Mefraim  :  Oceanus  and  Nercus  the 
father  of  Ponius,  are  Canaan  and  Sidon :  Betjlus  or  Battel  is  Chus, 
who  fixed  in  Arabia :  Dagon,  Atlas,  and  Demarus,  were  brothers  of 
iMefraim:  Chronosxhtzdi,  was  Chaflubim,  one  of  his  fons,  sindSadtd, 
Belus,  and  Apollo,  were  others  of  his  children,  as  well  as  thofe  whom 
Philo  calls  Paths  and  Eros :  the  famous  king  of  Egypt  Sefoftris,  was 
the  2d  Ojiris,  and  the  fame  v/ith  Bacchus  wljo  warred  in  India, 
Chronos  was  not  a  proper  name,  but  a  title  of  honour,  principally  af- 
fedled  by  the  family  of  Cham. 

Thofe  who  have  tafte  for  a  fubjeft  fo'dry,  will  find  in  this  work 
many  profound  refearches,  ing^enious  conjectures,  and  new  ideas: 
what  refpefts  the  hiftory  of  Manetho,  which,  the  author  fays,  agrees 
extremely  well  with  the  Samaritan  chronology,  will  particularly  c'laim 
their  attention.  And  here  we  cannot  help  regreiti^ij;,  tliat  we  liave 
•     .  *  •  not 


47^  tfTHRARV    INTEtLIG^NC*. 

not  to  compare  with  it  the  D/fiouement  du  Fragment  de  Manethon,  '  fni- 
Teili nation  of  the  Fragment  of  Manetho,'  written  by  abbe  Richer  dU 
Boucheft  about  the  middle  of  the  prefent  century,  but  never  publifhed^ 
and  which  perhaps  no  longer  exifts.      Mr.  Dupuy.  Journ.  de  S^a^vans, 

Art.   XXXVIII.      Leipfic.      Erfte  Linien  eines  Verfuchs  uher  der  alien 
Slaiven  Urfprwig,  life.     Firlt  Lines  of  an   EfTay  on  the  Origin, 
Manners,  Cuftoms,  Opinions,  and  Science  of  the  ancient  Slaves ; 
by  C.  Gottlob  Anton.     Vol.  ii.     8vo.     n6p.     1789. 
Mr.  A.  purfues  the  plan  laid  down  in  his  firft  volume,  and  endea- 
vours to  elucidate  his  fubjtdl  from  the  language  of  the  Slaves,  and  their 
different  branches.     Such  a  method  mult  give  rife  to  arbitrary  and 
weak  conjeftures,  yet  in  fome  points  Mr.  A.  defervcs  our  thanks. 
Mr.  Former's  opinion,  that  the  Slaves  came  from  the  fouth  of  Afia, 
fte  thinks  iniprobable,  and  fuppofes  the  primitive  nation,  from  which 
the  Slaves,  Germans,  Greeks,  Perfians,  Armenians,  Latins,  and  Gauls 
defccfsded,  to  have  inhabited  the  nv^ighbourhood  of  mount  Caucafus. 
To  the  end  are  fubjoined  the  Glagolitifch  and  Cyrillifch  alphabets, 
with  the  beginning  of  the  Gofpel  of  John  in  feven  dialefts  of  the 
Sclavonian.  yen,  Allg,  Lit,  Zeit» 

BIOGRAPHY, 

Art.  XXXIX.      Leipfic  and   Buda.      Nacbrichten  voft  deft  Lehenjumr 
fianden  und  Schrijten  e*vangeUfcher  Prediger,  ^c.     Account  ot  the 
Lives  and  Writings  of  Preachers  of  the  Gofpel  in  all  the  Communi- 
ties of , Hungary,  collected,  and -elucidated  with  many  Remarks,  by 
}.  Dan.  Klein.     Vol.  i.  509  p.     Vol.  11.  522  p.     8vo.     1789. 
We  cannot  but  acknowledge  the  induftry  Mr.  K.  has  difplayed,  and 
the  thanks  he  deferves  from  his  country.     His  work  contains  much 
information  relative  to  the  literary  hiftory  and  topography  of  Hun- 
gary, as  well  as  to  its  ecclefiaftical  hiftory  in  general,  and  that  of  the 
proteftant  religion  in  particular.     In  the  notes,  which  occupy  more 
fpace  than  the  text,  are  accounts  of  various  men  of  learning  and  their 
writings,  with  many  other  things  which  would  fcarcely  iS  expeded 
in  fuch  a  work  as  this*      Each  volume  contains  the  lives  of  100 
preachers,  in  alphabetical  order,  with  catalogues  of  their  writings. 

Jen,  Allg,  Lit.  Zeit. 

Art.  XL.      Anlich.      Das  gelehrte  Efl-Friejland.     Lives  of  Men  of 
Letters  of  Eaft-Friefland.    Vol.  in.     8vo.     300  p.     1790. 
This  work  contains  fome  lives  omitted  by  other  biographers.     The 
prefent  volume  ends  with  E.  Meiners,  who  died  in  1752.    It  is  not 
faid  whether  it  is  the  laft.  Jen,  AUg,  Lit.  Zeit, 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

Art.  XL  I.  Ingoldftadt.  Bibliatbeca  Academic*e  Ingoldfiadienfis  Incu* 
nabulaTypagraphica,  ^c.  Incunabula  Typographica,  or  Catalogue  of 
about  1400  Books,  printed  before  the  Year  icoo,  in  the  Library 
of  the  Academy  at  Ingoldftadt,  arranged  in  chronological  Order, 
defcribed,  and  illuftrated  with  hiftorico-literary  Notes,  by  Sebaft. 
5eemiller,  d.p.  &c.  &c.  Part  11.  containing  upwards  of  220  Books 
with  Dates,  printed  during  the  Years  1477-83  ;  and  upwards  of  40 
urithout  Dates,  but  moft  probably  prior  to  the  Year  1484.     Large 

4to. 


MUSIC.  4/9 

4to.     16  and  174  p.     Price  19  g.  [2s.  9d.]    iy88.     Part  iii. 

containing  upwards  of  260  Books  with  Dates,  ana  of  30  without^ 

printed  in  1484-9.     196  p.     1789. 

Art.  xlii.  Aug(burg.  Mr.  Braun  has  publifhed  the  2d  vol. 
of  his  NoUtia  hiftorico4itteraria  [fee  our  Rev.  Vol.  VI.  p.  566.],  con- 
taining the  books  from  1480  to  1500.  Of  thefe  there  are  5:9^  with 
dates,  and  x6i  without,  but  which  from  internal  evidence  are  pre- 
fumed  to  be  of  the  above  period.  Sixteen  alphabets  of  early  printers 
are  given  on  two  copper-plates.  Mr,  B.  has  deferred  his  account  of 
the  manufcripts  to  a  future  period,  the  volume  as  it  is,  making  333  p. 

Jen,  AUg,  Lit.  ZeiU 

POETRY, 

Art.  XL II  I.     Leipfic.     Die  Belagerung  'von  Belgrad,  ^c.    The  Siege 
of  Belgrade,  under  the  Command  ot  Prince  Eugene  :   a  Gallery  of 
hiftorical  Pidures:    by  J.  Chriftian  Herchenhahn.     8vo.     344  pw 
Pr.21.gr.  Iss.]     1788. 
Mr.  H.  has  well  fucceeded  in  his  attempts  to  eipbellifh  a  profe 

(lefcriptioa  of  the  fiege  of  Belgrade  with  the  ornaments  of  poetry. 

Sometimes  we  own  his  ityle  is  rather  turgid  than  poetical,  but  he  has 

not  deviated  from  hiftoric  truth.  Jen.  AUg.  Lit,  Zeit, 

DRAMA. 

Art.  xltv.  Theatre  Italien.  L' Incertitude ,  ou  U  Clwix  impo^hle, 
«  The  Uncertainty,  or  It  is  impofTihle  to  clioofe,'  a  comedy  in  one 
aft,  in  verfe,  was  performed  with  the  greateft  applaufe.  1  he  plot, 
'  which  is  extremely  interefting,  is  as  follows.  A  wealthy  widow,  oir 
a  journey,  was  brought  to  bed  of  a  fon,  at  an  inn,  where  a  poor 
woman  was  delivered  of  another  at  the  fame  time.  In  the  hurry  the 
midwife  confounded  the  two  together*  The  widow,  unwilling  t(> 
hazard  the  lofs  of  her  fon,  obtained  the  confent  of  the  other,  by  means 
of  a  fum  of  money,  to  her  taking  both.  Both  became  equally  amiable, . 
and  equally  dear  to  her.  The  next  heir,  however,  unwilling  to  have 
a  double  chance  againft  his  fuccelfion,  threatened  her  with  a  law-fuit, 
unlefs  (he  made  a  choice.  Her  divided  affection  not  permitting  her 
to  do  this,  fhe  came  to  a  refolution,  that,  as  they  were  now  at  man's 
eftate,  the  inftant  the  judges  determined  the  one  to  be  her  fon,  ftie 
would  marry  the  other.  VEJprit  des,  Joumaux. 

MUSIC. 
Art.  xlv.     Leipfic  and  Halle.     Klcpvie^fchule^  oder  Awweijung  %um 
Khevierfpielen^  ^c,     Inftruftions  for  the  Harpfichord,  for  Mafters 
and  Scholars,   with  critical  Remarks :    by  Dan.  Gottlob.  Turk. 
408  p.     1789. 

This  is  an  excellent  work,  in  which  Mr.  T.  (hows,  that  he  has 
caught  the  ftyle  of  Bach.  It  is  well  calculated  for  beginners,  and 
many  maflers  will  learn  fome  things  new  to  them  from  the  remarks. 

Art.  XL VI.     Lubec.     Neue  Liedermelodiefz,  tiebji  etner   Cantate,  ^c 
New  Songs  fet  to  Mufie,  with  a  Cantata  for  the  Voice  and  Harp- 
fichord, compofed  by  C.  Ph.  Em.  Bach,    4 to.     60  p.     Pr.  i  r* 
4g    [4SO     ^789- 
This  appears  to  be  the  laft  publication  of  the  celebrated  B* 

Jen.  AUg,  Lit.  Lelt. 

£  N  G  K  A  V* 


480  LITERARY     1  NT  BLLIGENCi, 

ENGRAVINGS, 

A»T.  XLVII.  Paris,  Recueil  de  ^o  EftampeSyl^c.  A  Colleftion  of 
61'ty  Prints,  dcfigned  as  Ornaments  to  the  various  Editions  of 
Homer.      Svo.  and  ^to. 

Thefc  prints,  part  of  which  are  by  Ponce,  do  honour  to  the  graver, 
and  will  be  no  i'mall  embcllilhment  to  the  editions  of  Homer,  tp-ith 
which  they  are  bound  up  They  are  divided  into  eight  numbers'^  the 
third  of  which  was  publifhcd  at  the  end  of  laft  year. 

Joum,  des  S^a^vans* 

DICTIONARIES. 

Art.  XL VI 11.     Leipfic.     Phyjikali/ches  Worterbuchf  Uc.     A  Phyfical 
Didionary,  or  an  Attempt  to  explain  the  principal  Notions  and 
technical  Terms  of  Natural  Philofophy,  with  fhort  Hiftories  of  In- 
ventions, and  Defcriptions  of  Inftruments,  in  alphabcdcal  Order  : 
by  Dr.  J.  S.  Traugott  Gehler.     Vol.  11.  from  Erd  to  Lin,     Large 
Svo.     918  p.  with  6  Plates.     Pr.  2  r.  12  g.  [8s.  gd.]     1789. 
The  fecond  volume  of  this  excellent  work  dcferves  equal  praife  with 
the  firft.     In  chemiftry  and  mathematics  it  is  lefs  full,  but  in  anatomy^ 
and  phyfiology  more  fo.     Dr.  G.  does  not  often  give  us  opinions  of 
his  own,  but  he  is  dilijent  in  collcfting  every  new  difcovery. 

Jen.  Allg.  Lit.  ZeiU 

EDUCATION. 

Art.  XLix.  Bourdeaux.  Mc moire  Jut  V Art  d^inftruire  Us  Gourds  l^ 
Muets  de  Naijfancey  'dc.  Memoir  on  the  Art  of  Teaching  thofe 
born  Deaf  and  Dumb:  by  Abbe  Sicard.     Svo.     39  p.     1789. 

Art.  l.     Second  Mem^ire^  ^c.     Second   Memoir  on  the  Art,  <tc. 
by  the  Same.    'Svo.     ^^  p. 

It  is  about  thirty-five  }'ears  fince  abbe  de  TEpee,  compaffionating 
two  twin  fillers,  born  deaf  and  dumb,  turned  his  thoughts  to  the  ar- 
duous taflc  of  inftrufting  them,  and  finding  himfelf  fuccefsful,  extended 
his  valuable  talent  to  others.  Abbe  S.  became  his  pupil,  and  improved 
the  method  of  his  mafter,  fo  as  to  have  carried  it  perhaps  to  its  hiehcft 
perfedlion.  There  is  no  branch  of  fcience  in  which  he  has  not  been 
able  to  inftrudl  his  pupils.  On  the  death  of  ab.  de  TE.  ab.  S.  removed 
to  Paris,  and  was  placed  at  the  head  of  an  eftablifhment  for  teaching 
ilie  deaf  and  dumb,  fupportcd  by  government.  If  the  calculation  of 
ab.  de  TE.  that  there  are  near  12000  deaf  and  dumb  in  France,  be 
juft,  the  importance  of  fuch  an  eftablifhment  may  eafily  be  conceived. 
We  cannot  help  wilhing  to  fee  united  with  this  inftitution  that  for  the 
inflfuftion  of  thofe  born  blind  by  Mr.  Hauy,  who  has  fucceeded  ini 
communicating  to  thefc  unfortunate  perfons  the  art  of  writing. 

Jbbe  Tester,  Joum*  des  SqtpvanSm 

Art.  LI.     Florence,     The  2d.  vol.  of  ab.  Michelani's  Inftitutes  of 
Oratory  [fee  our  Review,  Vol.  11.  p.  598]  was  publilhed  laft  year.     It 
reaches  to  the  word  Proverbio,  and  a  third,  which  is  promifed  foon, 
will  complete  the  work.     The  execution  of  the  prefent  is  not  any  way  1 
inferior  to  that  of  the  firft.  JVln;.  Lett,  di  FircTiz.' 


AI»!>£ND1X 


t   D      THE 


SE\rfiNtfe[     VOLUME 
o  If    the 

ANALYTICAL  REVIEW. 


ttmtmimmmM\t  n      -i 


Akt.  I.  Letters  and  Papers  eH  Jgiricalture^  Plantings  Isfc. 
SeleSfed  from  th^  Correfpondenc€»book  ef  the  Society^  injiitut- 
ei  at  6ath^  for  the  Encouragement  of  Jgrzculture^  Arts^ 
ManufaBures^  and  Commerce^  within  the  Counties  of  Somerjet^ 
tVilt'Sy  Qloucejierfoire^  and  Dorfet^  and  the  City  and  County  of 
BriftoL  Vol.  V,  Pa.  484^  and  3  plates,  pr*  6s.  in  boards. 
Bath,  Cruttwell.     London,  Dilly,  1790. 

The  valuable  information  afforded  in  the  former  publications 
of  this  Society,  wc  have  already  noticed  in  our  third  vol.  p. 
185.  The  prefent  volume  contains  new  obfervations  and 
neiv  experiments^  corroborates  former  hints  by  the  actual  rc- 
fult,  and  corre6ls  fuch  miftakes  as  the  infufEciency  of  experi- 
ments had  fometimes  occafioned.  The  firft  article,  by  Mr. 
Wimpey,  \s  on  the  improvements  in  agriculture  that  have  been 
fuccefsfuUy  introduced  into  this  kingdom  within  the  lafl  fifty  years. 
This  fubjeft  is  difcufled  in  the  form  of  an  eiTay,  divided  into 
the  fevcral  heads  in  which  iipprovements  have  been  made^ 
in  each  of  which  Mr.  W.  gives  his  own  opinion  of  what  he 
conceives  at  prefent  the  beft.  In  the  article  of  tillage,  he 
afierts,  that  one  ploughing  in  the  beginning  of  winter,  and 
^  fecond  in  the  winter,  or  early  in  the  fpring,  will  be  more 
efFedual  in  pulverizing  and  fertilizing  the  (oil,  than  half  a 
dozen  at  any  other  time  of  the  year,  and  will  pay  much  more 
in  the  i>ext  crop  thaii  the  value  of  the  feed  of  (beep,  which 
the  fallow,  when  not  ploughedf  affords  in  the  fpring.  The 
drill  hufbandry  is  particularly  praifcd ;  according  to  Mr. 
W.'s  computation,  the  faving  in  the  feed  alone,  in  wheats 
amounts  to  a  bufliel  and  half  per  acre,  befides  producing  con-^ 
fiderably  better  crops.  Jn  the  courfe  of  thefc  obfervations, 
Mr«  W.  contradidls  the  ppinioi?,  that  turnips  given  to  milch 
cows  fpoil  the  butter ;  as  in  the  two  laft  winters  and  fpringsf* 
his  milch-cows  lived  chiefly  01}  turnips,  and  their  butter  was 
found  not  onlv  as  good  as  his  neighbours,  whgfe  cows  ate 
.      Afv. YouNll.  LI  none^ 


482  icR  I  CULTURE. 

none»  but  was  even  preferred  ^o  it.     Mr.  W.'s  turnips  were 
pulled  and  given  to  the  cows  in  the  yard,  while  they  were  freih 
and  firm;  whereas  other  pcrfons  ufually  turn  the  cows  in  upon 
them,  where  they  pick  up  the  charlock  and  other  weeds,  and 
to  this,  and  not   the  turnips,  he  is  perfuaded>  the  difagree- 
able  flavour  of  the  milk  is  owing.     Potatoes,  arc   ftrongly 
recommended  as  a  fubftitute  !n  the  winter  and  fpring  months, 
for  the  fupport  of  cattle.  Hogs  are  immoderately  fond  of  them, 
and  will  live  entirely  upon  them,  till  they  are  fit  to  be  put  up  a 
fatting  for  pork  or  bacon  ;  and  then  the  potatoes  boiled  and 
mix9d  with  barley  or  peafe  meal,  fat  them  fpeedily^  and  make 
fine  meat.     For  the  feed  of  milch-cows,  three  gallons  a  day, 
half  at  night  and  half  in  the  morning,   are  quite  fufficient 
to  keep  a  large  cow  in  full  milk,  and  the  milk  as  Tweet  and  as 
good  as  in  the  fummer  months.     Nothing  excels  them  for 
the  feed  of  cows  which  are  fatting  their  calves  for  the  butcher. 
From  this  ftatement  of  the  various  ufes  of  potatoes,  Mr. 
W.  proceeds  in  the  next  article  to  treat  of  the  eafieft  and 
moft  economical  culture  of  them.     His  experiment  was  made 
on  two  ftatute  acres,  which  he  ploughed  in  December,    1787, 
and  the  February  following  the  ground  was  well  dragged,  4a 
cart    loads  of  long    dung    were  then   equally    fpread,    and 
immediately  ploughed  in.     The  beginning  of  April,  furrows 
were  drawn  the  lengthway  of  the  field,  with  a  double  breafted 
plough,  at  about  two  feet  eight  inches  diftance  one  from  the 
other,  in  which  the  potatoe  fets  were  dropped  by  hand,  at  the 
diftance  of  from  12  to  14  inches,  which  were  covered  by  fplit- 
ting  the  ridges  with  the  lame  double-breafted  plough,  throwing 
one  half  of  the  mould  to  the  right,  the  other  half  to  the  left, 
leaving  a  furrow  between  the  rows.     When  the  weeds  began 
to  appear,  a  fmall  common  one-wheel  plough  was  fet  to  work, 
as  near  each  fide  of  each  rank  of  potatoes  as  could  be  without 
damage  to  the  plants,  and  this  raifed  ridges  between  the  rows. 
When  the  weeds  began  to  advance  again  in  their  growth,  the 
dx^uble-brcafted  plough  was  fet  to  work,  going  up  the  middle 
of  one  row  and  down  the  other ;  by  which  means  the  plants 
were  completely  earthed  up.     In  06lober,  the  greens  being 
moftly  decayed,  a  ftrong  plough,  without  a  coulter,  was  fet 
deep  enough  to  work  below  the  bed  of  the  roots,  with  which 
the  ploughmen,  going  up  one  row  and  down  another,  turned  up 
the  roots ;  and  women,  boys,  or  girls,  were  employed  to  follo^«r 
after,  and  pick  them  up  in  bafkets.     A  pair  of  drags,  with 
long  tines,  was  afterwards  drawn  pver  the  ground  to  bring  up 
thofe  which  had  been  mified,  after  which  U  was  cleared, ploughed, 
and  harrowed,  and  was  then  in  the  moft  perfe£fc  condition  for 
the  immediate  reception  of  a  crop  of  wheat.     The  produce  €m 
•  thefe  two  acres  was  750  bufhels,  from  which  dedufling  tfie 
tithe,  the  remainder  is  675  bulhels^  which  at  one  ftiiiltng  per 
3  buflirf* 


1.* 

8. 

d. 

o 

12 

o 

o 

3 

o 

4 

o 

o 

o 

2 

o 

o 

12 

o 

o 

6 

o 

o 

6 

o 

o 

6 

6 

2 

o 

1 

o 
6 

o 

6 

o 

.  1 

lO 

6 

o 

7 

6 

0 

S 

9 

2 

o 

? 

'•13  . 

7. 

J 

TranfaSiions  of  the  Bath  Society  of  Agriculture^  Sic.      483 

bu(he1,  is  33I.  15s.    The  expences  of  ploughing^  &c.  are  ftated 
as  follows : 

A  clean  ploughing  in  winter, 
Dragging  in  February, 
Forty  loads  of  long  dung,  and  carriage, 
S purling  ditto,  t  .  - 

plowing  in  the  dung. 
Striking  furrows  with  double  plough. 
Planting  and  catting  potatoes, 
Covering  them  with  double  plough. 
Sets,  15  facks  at  3s.  (is.  per  bufliel,) 
Ploughing  intervals  from  the  rows. 
Earthing  up  the  plants. 

Taking  them  up,  ploughing  up,  drawing  home,  flack- 
ing, &c,  three  horfes,  man  and  boy,  five  days, 
'  One  man  and  woman,  five  days. 
Boys  and  girls,  -  -  , 

A  year's  rent,  -  .  • 


This  gives  the  net  profit  on  two  acres,  20K  7s.  gd.  or 
lol.  3s.  io|d.  per  acre.  But  Mr.  W.  obferves,  that  the  fuc- 
ceeding  crop  of  wheat  ought  to  be  charged  with  at  leaft  2I. 
per  acre,  as  it  would  have  cofl:  fo  much  at  leaft  to  have  brought 
barley  ftubble  into  fo  perfeft  a  tilth  as  the  potatoes  left  it  in; 
this  would  encreafe  the  profit  to  12I.  3s.  lofd.  The  produce, 
it'is  to  be  remarked,  might  have  been  more  confiderable,  if  the 
rows,  inftead  of  32  inches,  had  been  planted  at  16  inches 
afunder ;  but  then  the  land  would  have  loft  the  benefit  of  the 
plowings  between  the  rows.  The  profit,  however,  muft  de- 
pend upon  the  price  at  which  potatoes  can  be  fold.  Mr.  W^ 
ftates,  that  three  or  four  years  fince,  the  current  price  in  hi^ 
neighbourhood,  was  6s.  per  fack,  fomettmes  as  high  as  i2S. 
but  laft  year  he  fold  fome  fdr  2s.  6d.  none  for  above  3s.  * 

The  great  reduftion  of  the  price  of  this  valuable  article  of 
food,  affords  a  juft  encomium  on  the  improvements  which 
have  been  made  in  huft)aridry  within  thefe  few  years.  If  any 
further  confiderable  reduction,  howevei*,  takes  place,  (he  profits 
on  planting  them  will  of  courfe  equally  decreafe,  and  (uch  will 
bt  the  deductions  to  be  made  from  the  fiims  calculated  as  the 
het  profits,  fuppofing  the  expences  to  remain  nearly  the  fame  ; 
but  which,  in  fadl,  muft  vary  in  different  couritries,  though 
probably  not  fo  much  as  to  render  the  cultivation  of  this  vege- 
table unprofitable.  In  cafe  pf  the  market  being  overftocked,  it 
becomes  necefTaryto  afbertain  what  other  profitable  ufes  potatoei^ 
may  be  applied  to,  ^nd-Mr.  Wimpey  i^  now  feeding  of  difFerent 
kinds  of  ftock  on  them,  in  order  to  determine  their  real  value 
when  applied  t(>  this  purpofc.     T'he  next  article  is,  Jn  enquiry 


484  AGHICUITUR*. 

concerning  a  fure  and  certain  method  of  improving  fmatt  aralk 
farms  \  the  refult  of  thefe  experiments  is  almoft  anticipated,  as 
the  profits  to  the  farmer  on  feeding  his  cows  with  potatoes,  were 
computed  in  the  preceding  paper.     Seven  acres  and  a  i^uarter  «f 
arabte  land  planted  with  potatpes^  the  author  calculates,  will  keep 
twenty  milch-cows  equaHy  well  as  a  dairy  form  of  48  acres. 
The  expence  of  planting  and  gathering,  &c.  7  |  acres  of  pota- 
toes, according  to  the  rate  above  ftated,  would  be  48I.  8s.  gfd. 
and  the  rent  of  a  dairy-farm  of  48  acres,  at  2r5«.  per  acre,  is 
60I.  confequently  the  gain  by  feeding  cows  on  potatoes  is  ill. 
lis,  2|d.  more  than   on   meadow   or   pafture  ground.     The 
profits  on  planting  cabbages  for  the  feed  of  cattle  appear  to  be 
Dearly  the  fame  as  with  potatoes:   carrots,  and  parfnips,  ^\{o 
afford  excellent  provender  for  cattle  ^  horfes,  cows,  flieep,  and 
hogs,  eat  them  feemiogly  with  the  fame  appetite,  and  are  equally 
improved  by  them;  but  unfortunately,  the  greatefi  proportioa 
of  land  in  this  country  is  unfuitable  to  them  ;  as  they  require  a 
deep,  light,  free  foil,  "which  is  eafily  penetrated,  and  moderately 
fertile.     By  planting  a  few  acres  with  thefe  articles,  and  with 
fainfoin  for  hay  to  mix  with  the  potatoes,  Mr.  W.  concludes^ 
^  that  an  arable  farm  of  50I.  or  60I.  per  annum,  though  it  has 
not  an  acre  of  meadow  or  pafture  land  belonging  ta  it,  may,  by 
fkill  and  proper  management,  be  made  to  produce  as  much,  and 
7S  good  butter  and  cheefe,  as  a  dairy-farm  of  the  fame  value,  and 
have  a  large  proportion  of  land  left  for  the  growth  of  corn  and 
other  purpofes."     Although,  perhaps,  the  advantages  here  com- 
puted upon,  may  in  fome  cafes  appear  rather  exaggerated,  y:et 
the  fubjeS  well  deferVes  the  attention  of  the  farmer  and  the 
public  in  general  ^   for  if,  according  to  the  abovemcntioned 
experiment,  '  every  acre  of  land  could  by  art  and  induftry  be 
made  to  yield  fix  times  the  quantity  of  produce  it  does  at  pre- 
fept,  the  whole   might  be  rendered  capable  of  fupporting  fix 
times  the  number  of  the  prefent  inhabi-tants.'- — And,  it  might 
have  been  added,  afford  employment  for  them. 

In  planting  a  piece  of  ground  with  whole,,  and  another  with, 
cut  potatoes,  Mr.  W.  found  the  acreable  produce  nearly  the 
fame;  but  the  quantity  required  fob  planting  of  the  whole 
potatoes  was  40  per  cent,  or  y%  more  than  of  thofe  whrch  were 
cut,  i.  e.  37  f  bufliels  of  uncut  potatoes  were  req,uired  to  plant 
an  acre,  and  only  20  |  bufhels  of  thofe  that  were  cut. 

In  pur  review  of  the  former  volume,  we  noticed  a  mi-ftake 
into  which  Dr.  Anderfon  had  faHen,.  by  drawing  a  conciufion 
from  a  fingle  experiment  on  ratfing  potatoes  from  feed ;  the 
dodor  has  correSed  this  opinion  in  the  prefent  volume,  and 
given  a  fpecification  of  feverat  6f  the  varieties  produced  frooi 
the  fame  feed. 

Mr.  Onley  has  given  a  calculation  of  the  profits  on  fowing 

car^rots  compared  with  thofe  on  a  crop  of  oats,  which  appear 

I  fiearf^ 


YrcmJaSlwns  of  the  Bath  Society  of  Agriculture^  &c.      485 

^nearly  double  in  favour  of  the  carrots.  But  neither  of  the 
above  articles  are  equal  to  the  profits  on  the  mangel  wurz|:], 
as  appears  from  a  calculation  furniflied  by  the  Rev.  Mr.  Brom- 
wich,  near  Bridgenorth  ;  the  value  of  the  produce  of  a  quarter 
of  an  acre  of  this  vegetable,  as  applied  to  the  feeding  of  cows, 
calves,  and  pigs,  is  ftated  as  fbUows : 

Debt6r.  L   s.    d* 

To  forkhig  the  land,  -  ^  -0140 

To  hoeiftg,  •»  *  -  -040 

T«)  gathering  the  leaves,  -  -  -         100 

To  coft  of  eight  pigS;,  at  -Ss.  each^.  _  -         3     4    e 


Creditor* 
By  keep  of  two  cows,  four  weeks,  at  is.  each, 
Uy  ditto  two  calves,  eight  weeks,  at  6d.  each, 
By  fale  of  four  pigs, 
By  ditto  of  four  ditto, 

By  tvsenty  pigs,  kept  28  weeks,  at  4d.  each, 
jBy  9600  lb.  of  roots  for  ftore,  at  6d.  per  100  Ife. 


Profit, 

The  feeds  fown  at  haJf  a  yard  diftance  from  each  other  in 
ihe  field,  afforded  a  better  crop  than  plants  which  were  tranf- 
planted  from  a  feed-bed.  The  ground  was  planted  in  Matcli 
and  April,  and  in  May  the  leaves  were  fit  to  gather  for  the 
cattle,  and  a  frefli  crop  was  colle(Sled  every  ten  days  or  fort- 
night afterwards  to  December,  when  Mr.  B.  wrote  this  ac-* 
count  *^ 

The  refult  of  an  experiment  made  by  Dr,  Anderfon  on  thi^ 
•root,  is  very  diffisrcnt  from  the  above,  as  he  *  fhould  fufpeft, 
that  if  his  feeds  were  of  the  genuine  fort,  it  will  not  be  foun4 
to  be  in  general  of  equal  value  to  the  farmer,  as  feveral  plants 
with  which  we  have  been  long  acquainted,  p.  150.'  An  expe- 
riment alio,  on  a  fmall  fcale,  by  Sir  Thomas  Beevorj  (Nor- 
wich) did  rK)tanfwer. 

In  Art.  37,  Sir  Thomas  particularly  recommends  the  turnip- 
rooted  cabbage,  as  enduring  the  winter  without  injury,  and  af- 

*  After  this,  a  part  of  the  roots  were  taken  up,  and  piled  up 
in  a  buiiding,  and  coverjed  with  ftraw  to  preferve  them  trom  the 
froft;  in  the  wiater  they  were  cut  into  pieces,  and  given  to 
jTiilch-cows,  and  the  butter  was  then  eileemed  equal  to  the  beft. 
when  produced  from  grafs.  Two  pigs  were  alfo  entirely  fatte4 
by  thepi,  which  weighed  260  lb.  each,  when  killed. 

L  1  3  fording 


^.5 

2 

o- 

1. 

s. 

d. 

0 

8 

0. 

0 

.8 

0 

4 

0 

0 

5 
9 

1 

0 
8 

2 

8 

0 

21 

IS 

g 

i 

2 

0 

r.i6 

13 

8 

4.86  AGRICULTURE. 

fording  an  excellent  fupply  of  food  for  cattle  in  the  fpring.  Some 
oifhis  neighbours  offered  him  ten  guineas  per  acre,  in  the  fpring  of 
1789,  for  a  quantity  which  had  flood  the  preceding  fevere  win- 
ter *.  The  average  produce  in  April,  1789,  was  upwards  of 
24!  tons  per  acre.  The  foil  was  a  dry,  found  one,  worth  i6s« 
per  acre.  The  Roota  Baga^  however,  exceeds  the  turnip- 
rooted  cabbage,  and  is  particularly  grateful  to  all  cattle.  His 
mowing  cabbages  were  cut  down  three  times,  and  grew  into  head 
again  fo  fpcedily,  that  he  doubts  npt  but  that  the  cuttings  might 
have  been  repeated,  had  he  had  leifure  to  have  attended ;  but 
they  did  not  vegetate  in  like  manner  during  the  winter. 

To  thefe  articles  of  provender  for  cattle  in  the  winter,  is  add- 
ed by  Dr.  Anderfon  an  account  of  the  benefits  he  derived  from 
applying  the  fprouts  of  furze  to  this  purpofe,  when  properly 
bruized  by  a  machine  which  he  has  invented,  'a  defcription  of 
which  is  given.  Dr.  A.  fowed  the  feeds  of  the  furze  along 
with  a  crop  of  barley,  in  the  fame  way  as  clover  is  fown  ;  he 
accounts  it  even  a  more  valuable  crop  than  clover,  as  it  affords 
a  green  fucculent  food  during  winter,  on  which  cattle  can  be 
fatted  as  well  as  on  cut  grafs  in  fummer,  (p.  141.;  The  com- 
mittee, however,  exprefs  their  doubts,  whether  the  cultivation 
of  young  furze  can  be  introduced  on  a  general  fcale  with  ad- 
vantage ;  as  they  conceive  that  the  foii  on  which  t!»e  beft  crops 
of  mowing  iiirze  are  procured,  may  be  more  advantageoufly 
cmployted  in  raifing  com,  with  intervening  crops  of  green  food, 
as  cabbages,  &c.  j  but  to  which,  local  fituations  and  peculiari- 
ties may  afford  exceptions.  The  do6tor  alfo  recommends  the 
planting  of  Scotch  firs,  the  branches  of  which  afford  a  good 
fubftitute  of  food  for  cattle j  in  times  of  fcarcity. 

The  articles  in  this  volume  are  very  prom ifcuoufly  arranged  ; 
in  the  above  analyfis  we  have,  therefore,  followed  the  nature  of 
the  fubjeS,  rather  than  the  order  in  which  they  are  inferted. 

Art.  6,  is  on  the  management  of  the  dairy ^  particularly  with 
)'efpe£f  to  the  making  and  curing  of  butter^  5b  pages.  This 
confifts  of  a  great  variety  of  obfervations  on  the  treatment  of 
cows,  nature  of  milk,  its  different  properties  in  differei^t  cows, 
and  various  degrees  of  goodnefs,  as  firfl  or  lafl  milked,  &c.  Of 
the  vefTels  proper  to  be  ufed  in  a  dairy.  Dr.  Anderfon  recommends 
wooden  ones;  as  copper,  tin,  lead,  or  earthen  ware  glazed,  are 
liable  to  be  corroded  by  the  acid  in  the  milk,  and  hence  impart 
their  pernicious  qualities  to.the  cream  and  butter ;  methods  of  pro- 
perly cleanfmg  thofe  veffels,  and  keeping  them  fit  for  ufe  are  alfo 
given;  together  with  the  befl  method  of  making  butter,  both  as  to 
quality  and  quantity;  To  cure  butter,  inftead  of  common  fait,  the 
do6tor  has  always  found  the  following  com pofiti on  far  preferable : 

*  In  the  fourth  volume,  Sir  Thomas  alfo  gave  an  acCoUnt  of 
Ihe  ufe  and-vjiiuc  of  this  veorctable.    Vide  Rev.  vol.  III.  p.  193'. 

•  Take 


TranfaSiions  of  the  Batb  Society  of  ^ricuhurey  Sec.      487 

*  Take  of  fugar  one  part,  of  nitre  one  part,and  of  the  beft  Spaniih 
great  fait,  (or  of  Dr.  Swediaur's*  beft  fait,  which  is  ftillbetter 
than  the  former,  being  cleaner)  two  parts,  beat  the  whole  into 
a  fine  powder,  mix  them  well  together,  and  put  them  by  for 
ufe.     Of  this  compofition,  one  ounce  £bould  be  put  to  every 
fixteen  ounces  of  butter  j  mix  it  thoroughly  with  the  butter  as 
foon  as  it  ba^  been  freed  from  the  milk,  and  put  it,  without  lofs 
of  time,  down  into  the  veffel  prepared  to  receive  it,  prefling  it 
fo  clofe  as  to  leave  no  air-holes,  or  any  kind  of  cavities  within 
it.'     Butter  thus  prepared  does  not  tafte  Well  till  it  has  ftood 
at  leaft  a  fortnight,  after  which  it  eats  with  a  rich  marrowy 
tafte  that  no  other  butter  ever  acquires,  and  if  the  air  be  pro- 
perly excluded,  and  other  precautions  ufed,  it  may  be  kept  for 
ieveral  years  in  this  climate  ;  and  endure  to  be  carried  to  the 
Eaft  or  Weft  Indies,  if  it  were  fo  packed  as  to  be  kept  from  being 
melted.  Befides  the  obfervations  on  the  above  fubjeds,  which  are 
well  worth  the  attention  of  the  dairy  farmer,  Dr.  A.  has  given  a 
plan  and  defcription  of  a  milk-houfe,  of  which  a^  plate  is  an- 
nexed 5  but  for  thefe  particulars  we  niuft  refer  our  readers  to 
the  worjc  itfelf. 

Article  11.    Hints  tending  to  point  out  the  mojl  practicable 
means  of  improving  the  quality  of  Britifl)  wool^  ( 2.8  p. )     To 
this  article  no  name  is  aiRxed.     The  author  commences  his 
hints  by  obferving,  that  •  our  anceftors  beftowed  fo  much  atten- 
tion to  improving  the  quality  of  BritiOi  wool,  and  fo  happily 
fucceeded  in  this  attempt,  as  to  rear  wool  in  this  ifiahd  of  a 
finer  quality  than  could  be  found  in  any  European  nation.'     In 
confequence,  however,  of  an  idea  prevailing,  that  this  pre- 
eminence was  a  neceftat:y  confequence  of  phyfical  Caufes,  owing . 
to  the  peculiarity  of  our  climate  and  delicacy  of  our  pafture^  ]^ 
fuch  meafures  have  been  adopted  as  have  turned  the  attention 
of  the  farmer  from  the  improvement  of  his  wool ;  hence  its 
quality  has  by  degrees  become  greatly  debafed,  and  from  being 
the  very  firft  in  Europe,  is  now  confefiedly  sillpwed  to  hold^  at 
beft  no  more  than  the  fecond  place,  Spanifti  wool  being  abfo- 
lutely  neceiTary  to  the  manufacture  of  fuperfine  cloth.     la  the 
J^em,  R.  Acad.  §f  Paris  for  1784,  it  is  ftated,  that  M.  D'Ail- 
benton,  by  engaging  government  to  import  rams  and  ewes 
from  Rou(U]on,    Flanders,    England,   Morocco,  Spain,  ajod 
Thibet,  Jiad  fo  improved  his  wool,  that-  fuperfine  cloths  were  - 


I 


*  *  Dr.  Swediaur  carries  on  a  manufa<^\ire  of  fait  at  Prtffton* 
»ans  near  Edinburgh,  after  the  Dutch  method ;  this  the  Dutch 
'ell  by  the  nam^  of  fi^f^t  upon  fak  ;  it  is  equally  ftrong  with  ehe. 
bfift  Spanifti  fait,  and  much  freer  from  imp  unties  of  every  fort,; 
and  the  dodior  felU  it  at  a  moderate  prici^.  Fiih^  butter,  beef, 
|>Qifk,  b^cotti  ham^,  tongues,  &;c.  could  be  as  w^U  curbed  bj  tjhii 
as  by  forpiara  fait,  and  at  a  much  fmallcr  expence?.      ' 

,    ,.  ,  ^    .    •     w      %\  ±  made 


4.88  AOR^CUtTUltB. 

made  of  it,  which  were  equal  in  beauty  to  thofe  made  of  the  beft 
Spanifli  wool.     From  this  fad  the  writer  infers,  that  if  we 
(continue  to  neglcft  the  improvement  of  our  wool,  and  the 
French   exert    themfelves  in  improving   theirs,  the  wool  of 
France  may  in  time  become  as  much  fuperior  to  that  of  Bri- 
tain, as  the  Britiflx   wool  in  former  times  exceeded  that  of 
France.     This,  however,  can  only  take  place   through   our 
pwn  negligence,  fince,  if  equal  pains  be  taken  in  this  country, 
we  cannot  fail  to  leave  the  French  an  infinite  diftance  behind, 
and,  as  this  writer  aflerts,  by  a  very  moderate  effort  we  cbulcl 
fucceed  in  bringing  Britiflj  wool  to  regain  its  former  fuperiority 
over  that  of  Spain.     The  reafons  offered  in  fupport  of  thi$ 
aflertion,  are  drawn  from  tl^e  nature  of  wool,  and  the  foil  and 
climate  of  this  ifland.     It  is  next  propofed,  that  a  focicty  (houM 
be  inftituted  under  the  name  of  ^  The  Society  for  improving  the 
^ality  of  Britijh  IVool^  to  confift  of  an  indefinite  number  of 
members,  each  of  whom  ihouid  contribute  one  guinea  tl  year 
during  plearure,-r-*  the  money,  updcr  the  diredViori  of  a  com- 
mittee to  be  chofen  annually  by  the  members,  to  be  applied—? 
for  the  improvement  of  Britifh  wool,  by  offering  premiums^ 
or  by  any  other  mode  that  fliall  be  judged  more  advifeable  for 
fele(fting  the  beft  and  fineft  wooled  (heep  that  could  be  foun^ 
in  thrs  ifland  ;~for  procuring  the  beft  breeds  from  foreign  parts 
that  could  be  difcovered,  and  for  rearing  each  of  thefe  diftindt 
breeds  apart^  and  increafing  the  number  of  each,  till  tjieir  re- 
fpettive  qualities  could  be  diftinilly  afcertained,  and  their  value 
accurately  appreciated.'     It  would  exceed  our  limits  to  entep 
into  any  difcuflion  of  the  feveral  meafures  propofed  for  fuch  4 
fociety  to  condu61:  themfelves  by,  with  regard  to  the  Jtcquiring 
pf  different  breeds  of  fheep  from   Spain  and  other  countries, 
and  tjie  m?ans  pf  preferving  them  upcontaminated  $  the  fubjeft- 
ccrtainly  deferves  the  peculiar  attention  of  the  public,  fince  no 
lefs  than  Ji^  hundred  thoufand  pounds  a  year  have  beeri  paid  by 
this  country  for  wool  imported  from  Spain  ;  great  pare,  if  not 
the  whole  of  which  might  be  favtd  to  the  nation,  if  the  im- 
provements fuggefted  by  this  writer  (whom  we  fuppofe  to  be 
(he  ingenious  and  indefatigable  Dr.  Anderfon)  could  be  carried 
into  effca.  • 

Articles  12  and  13.  On  the  Improvement  of  Meadow  Land\^ 
with  a  Jhori  Htftory  of  Somerfetfl)ire^  {^^^  pag  S.)  By  Mr. 
li^ocke.  in  thefe  articles,  Mr.  L.  gives  a  ftatement  of  the 
improvements  which  have  been  made  in  the  parifli  of  Burnham, 
and  its  neighbourhood,  by  levelling,  gutt^ping,  or  draining,  and 
manuring  the  low  and  marfliy  grounds  in  that  part  of  the  coun-. 
try.  Bv  thefe  means,  Ij^nd,  which  40  years  ago  was  let  from 
pne  to  five  {hillings  per  acre,  and  fold  "iat'the  rate  of  20s.  per 
acre,  has  been  ^6  much  improved  as  to  fell  for  40!,  or  to  let  for 
40s,  per  acre,  per  annan:^.     In  the  "year  f 759,  Mf;  L.  was 

f9licitcd 


^ranfaSflons  of  the  Bath  Society  of  Agriculture^  Sec.      4*89 

Elicited    to    purchafe    fixty-one   acres,    at  2Cot.     which  be 
would  now  he  glad  to  contra6t  for  at  20G0I. 

^  As  one  great  proof  of  the  advantages  arifing  from  this  mode 
pi  improving  eftates,  the  inhabitants  of  Burnhaip  are  at  prcfent 
owners  of  upwards  of  jl cool,  per  anpum  in  pther  pariflies,  although 
1  remember  when  no  man  in  the  parifli,  (my  gfuad father  exc^ipted) 
was  worth  loooL  There  were  then  but  live  jurors  and  free-^ 
holdei*s  in  it ;  whereas,  at  prefcnt,  we  havp  fiftcep  returned  ^q 
the  county  ieiTions  as  gentlemen,  thereby  qualifying  them  to 
ferve  on  the  grand  inqueil  of  Somerfetinire ;  and  are  lyorti^ 
from  2000I.  to  io,©ool.  a  man.  We  have,  excliifive  of  the 
above,  fourteen  other  farjners,  with  eftates  fufficici)t  to  qualify 
jhcm  as  jurors,  to  ferve  upon  nifi-prius  juries;  and  have,in  the 
whole,  thirtyriix  freeholdcKs,  befides  fix  widow  womea  farmers^ 
worth  loool.  each  iipon  an  average.' 

As  thefe  riches  have  been  acquired  by  the  improvement  of 
jtfce  country,  they  may  he  regarded  as  a  national  advan- 
tage ;  and  we  readily  gi\^'e  oiir  applaufe  to  thofe  who  have  fa 
patriotically  enriphed  themfelves.  The  information  contained 
in  Mr-.  Locke's  account  of  Somerfetfhire,  has  in  general  but 
Jittlc  connexion  with  agriculture;  and  his  notes  are  ftill  more 
of  a  mifcellaneous  nature.  However, 'as  they  tend  to  vary 
the  fubjedl3  and  give  fome  idea  of  the  inhabitants  of  chat  part 
of  the  country,  we  (hall  prefent  our  readers  with  an  extra<£t. 

*  The  manners  of  the  inhabitants  of  this  fiat  pountry  cannot 
fo  well  be  judged  of  by  a  llranger  a3  a  native  ;  they  are  civil  or 
fough  as  the  traveller  plcafes.  Take  an  example  founded  on 
fad.  Q^  *  Har|c  you,  fellow,  which  is  iny  road  to  Frog-hole  r' 
A.  *  What's  ciill  I  fellow  for  ?  I,  f,  1,  zed  nothing  to  thee.*, 
Q^  Well,  my  goo4  man,  I  would  not  have  you  be  offended,  for  £ 
4id  not  mean  tp  affront  you,  but  pray  do  tell  me  the  road  ?'  A. 
>  Whare  didfj:  thou  come  from,  than  ?'  Q^  *  Why,-  n^y  honeft 
friend,  can  it  make  any  difference  to  you,  from  whence  1  came  V 
A.  '  No,  fhour  and  Hiour,  but  then  it  can  be  no  odds  to  I  where 
thou'fl  go.'  And  fo  left  the  gentleman,  without  telling  him  the 
road  to  frog-hole,  making  a  merit  of  his  forbearairc^p  in  not  ftoning 
bim  for  a  bailiff,  an  exciseman,  or  a  fpy  ;  whereas,  if  the  ftranger 
Jiad  fi^tisfied  the  impertinent  curjpfity  of  Hodge  with  ruftic  good 
humour,  he  would  have  carried  him  through  the  waters  on  his 
^ack,  if  it  had  been  a  mil^3,  for  fixpence.'        ' 

*  The  labouring  people  amongft  us  are  exceedingly  ignorant  j 
as  a  proof,  the  mmifter  of  Fawlet,  xt  the  time  of  the  American 
\var,  chofe  for  his  text  thefe  words  :  *  Who  will  go  up  with  mc 
to  Ramoth  Gilead,  to  battle.  ■  After  a  fliort  paufe,  and  no  peribn 
anfwering,  one  of  our  fifhermen,  who  had  been  a  failor,  flood 
forward,  and  told  the  clergyman,  though  none  of  the  reil  would 
go  with  him,  yet  he  would  go.' 

Art*  14.  On  the  life  of  Plaifter  of  Paris  as  a  Manure. 
This  account  is  contained  in  a  letter  from  a  gentleman  in  Pen- 
fylyania  to  Jofeph  Kirkptrick,  Efq.  The  quantity  required, 
per  acre,  for  grafs,  is  deicribed  to  be  fix  bufhels,  and  its  dura- 
-  '  tion 


4^  AGltICUX.TVR^. 

tion  eftimated  from  feven  to  twelve  years  on  dry  land.  On 
arable  land,  it  is  dated,  that  nine  buihels  of  additional  corn^ 
per  acre,  were  produced  by  ufing  the  plaifter. 

Art.  17.  j4n^  Inquiry  concerning  the  Smut  in  ff^heat'y  of  its 
Caufe ;  of  the  Means  of  preventing  it ;  of  its  Remedy,  The 
lefult  of  fcveral  experiments  and  obfervations  here  Itatcd  is, 
•  that  the  fmut  is  not  owing  to  any  defedt  in  the  feed,  but  en- 
tirely to  feme  corrupt  and  vitiating  principle  of  the  atmbfphere, 
in  the  blovi^ing  feafon,  which  blights  and  deftroys  the  grain  in 
fome  ibape  or  another,  according  to  the  time  it  has  been  blow- 
ing, when  it  is  ftruck  with  the  blight.'  According  to  this  prin- 
ciple, the  writer  aflerts,  that  all  boafted  ftecps  prepared  for  pre- 
venting the  fmut,  are  chimerical,  and  void  of  all  icafonable 
foundation  whatever;  he,  however,  recommends  wafhing  the 
feed  in  fair  water  a  day  or  two  before  fowing,  in  order  to  fepa- 
» rate  the  light,  imperftd  corns,  chaff,  and  feeds  of  weeds.  We 
think  the  feed' would  be  ftill  more  pure,  if  it  was  waflied  in  brine 
of  fufiicient  ftrength  to  carry  a  new  laid  egg  ;  liming  afterwards 
dries  the  feed,  and  makes  it  difagreable  to  the  birds,  which  might 
pick  up  a  confiderable  quantity  if  it  fliould  not  be  immediately 
covered.  In  a  fubfequent  article,  (21)  Mr.  Wagftaffe  has 
given  fome  remarks  on  fpi.utty  wheat :  eight  or  nine  found 
grains  taken  from  fome  fmutty  ears  of  corn,  were  planted  fepa- 
ratcly  in  a  garden,  in  1783,  and  found  to  produce  a  different 
ftrain  of  wheat  from  the  ftock  whence  they  originated,  being 
clofef  fet,  and  more  numeroufly  produdive,  This  feed,  by 
being  kept  feparate,  has  encreaied  fo  much  as  to  be  fold  for 
feed  to  feveral  perfons,  who  have  declared,  that  it  has  yielded 
from  four  to  eight  bufcels  per  acre,  more  than  the  ordinary 
produce.  No  appearance  of  fmut  has  yet  b?eu  detected  from 
this  feed. 

Art.  18.  Of  River-weedsy  as  a  Manure.  Mr.  Wagftaffe 
found  thefe  very  ferviceable  to  the  land,  when  properly  fer- 
mented with  other  articles. 

Art.  19.  On  flaming  Trees  on  barren  Heights.  The  birch 
fycamore,  white  poplar,  and  afp,  fucceeded  beft,  particularly 
the  two  latter. 

Art.  20.  Hints  for  fowing  various  Kinds  of  Grain  from  cert  a\h 
Pbisnomena  of  Nature, 

*  When  the  floe-bufli  is  white  as  a  fliect, 
'Tis  time  tofowyour  barley,  dry  or  weet.   (wet.)' 
Mr.  W.'s  obfervations  reipcdting  the  time  of  fowmg  different 
kinds  of  grain,  when  rooks  begin  to  build,  wood-pigeons  to  coo, 
or  partridges  to  pair,  &c.  are  fimiiar  to  the  above  elegant  agri- 
qiriturai  li»es  of  anti.quity. 

•  Art,  22,  Improved'  Method.  ^  planting  Jjh  for  HurdleSy 
floopsu^  Latksy  Fencings  and  what  is  termed  Poft  and  Bitlei  for 
Collierieu  ,  -     \ 


TranfaSiions  of  the  Bafh  Society  of  Jgricfilture^  &c.     491. 

Thefe  plants  are  fet  at  3  J  feet  diftance  from  each,  other,  in 
marfhy  or  boggy  grounds,  in  rows,  with  ditches  made  bet\veen 
them  3 1  feet  wide,  to  drain  the  ground,  and  cover  the  plants. 
The  average  value  of  an  acre,  of  14  years  growth,  was  70I. 
the  boggy  part  of  which  was  before  of  no  value. 
.  Art.  23.  On  the  Advantage  of  Hoeing,  Mr.  Hazard  faysj 
that  by  a  proper  ufe  of  the  band  or  horfe  hoe,  the  farmer 
might  totally  extinguifh  both  winter  and  fummer  fallows,  and 
have  very  little  occafion  to  make  ufe  of  manure.  An  inftance 
of  a  field  being  cropt  for  twelve  years  fucceilively,  without 
manure,  is  given,  which  produced  every  year  uncommonly 
large  crops,  frequently  two  in  a  year,  as  peafe  firft,  and  then 
turnips  ;  wheat  and  fpinage,  &c. 

Art.  24.  Jn  Account  of  the  Guinea  and  Scotch  GraJfeSy  and 
the  Manner  of  cultivating  them  in  the  IVeJi- Indies.  -By  J. 
/  Spooner,  Efqj  Thefe  grafles  are  of  very  great  utility  in  the 
Weft-Indies,  being  extfemely  prpdu(9:ive,  and  of  eafy  cultiva- 
tion. The  Guinea  grafs  appears  capable  of  thriving  in  any 
fituation,  in  refpecl  to  climate  and  foil.  The  Scotch  is  chiefly 
produced  in  low  marfhy  lands. 

Art.  25.  Experiments  on  Drilling.  By  Sir  J.  Anftruther. 
One  buflbel  and  ^  gallon  of  white  wheat  drilled,  at  18  inches 
diftant  on  an  acre,  produced  27  bufhels  3  pecks — 3  bufliels  I  | 
gallon  per  acre,  broad  caft,  produced  30  buftiels,  2  pecks,  -J- 
gallon ;  the  broad  caft  was  therefore  fuperior,  in  the  nett  pro- 
duce, by  2  I  pecks.  Of  red  wheat,  i  bufhel  i  peck  drilled, 
■produced  27  bufliels  on  an  acre.  2  bufliels,  2  pecks,  |  gallon, 
ibwed,  broad  caft,  yielded  24  bufliels  2  pecks,  which  made  the 
drilled  wheat  fuperior,  in  the  nett  produce,  by  3  bufliels  3  pecks. 
Several  other  experiments  are  alfo  ftated. 

Art.  26.  On  the  Watering  and  Management  of  Flax.  By 
John  Gray,  Efq,  Thefe  refle£lions  were  publiflied  two  years 
ago,  in  the  Flora  Londinenfis^  by  Mr.  Curtis,  and  have  fmce 
appeared  in  fome  other  publications.  The  objeft  is,  to  re- 
commend the  experiment  of  preparing  flax  for  the  purppfe  ,of 
ikutching,  by  immerfing  it  in  boiling  water,  inftead  of  {baking 
it  for  weeks  in  cold  water,  to  feparate  the  bark  and  woody 
part.  The  experiment  is  ftated  to  have  been  tried  with  fuc- 
cefs  ;  and  Mr.  Gray  fuggefts,  that  it  may  probably  add  to  the 
ftrength  of  the  flax,  give  it  a  much  finer  colour,  and  render 
the  operation  of  bleaching  fafer,  and  lefs  tedious.  To  deter- 
mine this,  trials  are  wanting. 

Art.  30  and  31,  zv^  on  Bees.  Mr.  Keys  has  been  experi- 
menting on  bees  for  thirty  years  ;  but  Has  not  difcovfered  any 
method  of  preferving  the  prime  fwarms  from  being  loft,  excepf 
by  conftant  watching  from  feven  o'clock  to  four,  as  the  opinions 
^bout  figns  and  hours  of  fwarming,  \vhich  are  .gi^neirally  relied 
pn^  he  finds  to  be  erroneous.     Mr.  I^.  has  m^de  reiterated 

experii- 


fffL  A   G   R    1  C   U   L   T  V   R   «. 

experiments  to  prove  the  doflrines  advanced  in  Schirach's  ♦ 
tr^atife,  and  in  the  Memoirs  of  the  Bruxelles  Academy ;  but 
i«^ithout  one  fiyi^le  refult  confonant  to  or  in  favour  of  them. 

-Art.  32  is  on  cyder  wine,  made  from  the  juice  of  apples 
^aken  from  the  prefs^  and  boiled  until  the  cyder  was  reduced 
.to  half  its  original  quantity.     Mr.  Stevens  fent  a  femple  of 
fhis  wine  .to  the  Society,  who  di.ftributed  it  amongft  the  mem- 
bers fcr  them  to  make  experiments,  and  report  their  opinion. 
Jxi  Art.  33,  Dr.  A.  Fothergill,  of  Bath,  gives  the  refult  of 
fcveral  experiments  upon  this  wine^  from  which  it  appears  to 
have  been  fprnewhat  impregnated  with  copper,  by  being  boiled 
;iti  a  veffel  made  of  that  metal.     This  Ijeads  the  doftor  to  offer 
(everal  jemarks  on  cyder  and  perry,  the  great  ignorance  this 
cour^^ry  kbours  under  with  refpe<3:  to  the  heft  methods  of  pre- 
paring them,  and  the  high  degree  of  excellence  to  which  li- 
quors made  from  Englifli  fruit"  might  probably  be  carried,  hy 
a  proper  degree  of  attention  paid  to  their  improvement;  and  a 
/eries  of  new  experiments^  conducted  on  philofopbical  princi- 
ples.    In  Art.  34,  Dr.  F.  treats   on  the  Poijgn  of  Lead^  with 
Caut^ions  to  the  Head^  of  Families^  concerning  the  various  ttnftif' 
fe£ted  meam  by  %vbJ4:h  that  inftdious  enemy  may  find  adpiiffion  intik 
the  human  body.     *  Heavens  keep  lead  out  of  me,'  lays  Sir 
John  FalftaiFj  an4,  according  to  Dr,  Fotbergiirs  defcriptioii 
of  its  effe^Js,  vvheij  adniiniftered  in  ^  .diffiprent  method  fronn 
that  which  the  Jcnight  was  app.rehenfive  of,  we  havp  reafon  tQ 
join  in  the  exclatpation  :  for  the  extenfiye  ufp  of  this  article^ 
tfsr  applied  to  making  or  gj^;sjng  of  utenfijs,  in  all   of  which 
it  is  liable  to  be  corroded  by  acid,  expofes  us  cpnftantly  to 
imbibe   its'  dangerous  poifon.     Befides*  this,    the   recipes   'n\ 
bqpks  of  cookery,  necejfary  fir  all  families  /  as  the  editors  ob- 
serve, abound  with  directions  to  apply  litharge^  melted  lea d^  &Cr 
to  corriefl:  home-made  wines,  and  pther  articles.     After  men- 
tioning feyeral  inftances  of  the  fatal  effecls  of  the  ppifon  of 
Jcad,  With  cautioiis  to  be  taken,  to  prevent  its  being  mixcj 
with  food,  pr  ptherwife  inhaled,  Pr.  F>  briefly  ftietcbes  out 
the  principal  outlines  of  cure,     Jn  Art.  35,  the  doftpr  treats  of 
the  poifon  of  copper  in  the  fame  manner,  as  far  as  that  metsl  is 
made  ufe  of  in  the  formation  of  utenfils,  or  combined  with  pther 
metals,  to  produce  brafs,  bell  metal,  &c.  &c.     How  far  thefi^ 
poifons  are  *  operant'  to  the  extent  here  ftated,  we  ihall  not 

•  "     ■        ■ 

*  Schirach  affirms,  that  all  the  working  bees  ;are  females  in 
jdifguife;  that  every  one,  in  an  early  flate  of  its  exigence,  i^ 
capable  of  becoming  a  queen,  whence  fwarms  may  artificially  be 
obtained,  at  any  time,  throughout  the  fummer.  He  performe4 
the  operation  upon  one  and  the  fame  Jlock  every  four  days,  for 
4t  Icall  50  or  60  times,  all  which  produced  young  queens  froni 
mere  fragments  of  the  combs,  &c.  Mr.  Keys  has  tried  experi- 
ments by  his  rules  without  fuccpfs  for  eight  years, 

^t;em)^t 


Crauford'j  Enquiry  into  the/kuation  ofiht  E.  L  dom^.    \x^ 

attempt  to  determine.  ^The  dreadful  confequences  which  have- 
followed  from  utenfils  made  of  thefe  metals,  remaining  in  aA 
unclean  ftate,  or  from  liquor  being  kept  in  t  em  a  long  timc^ 
are  fufficiently  eilablifhed  to  make  us  cat  and  drink  with  fear 
and  trembling,  when  we  have  caufe  to  apprehend  that  proper 
care  has  not  been  taken  of  them,  left  death  Ihould  fae  in  the  potv 

The  other  articles  in  this  collection  confift  of  obfervationB 
on  ploughs,  by  Mr.  Adam  ^  on,  timber  trees,  &c.  an  account 
of  a  drill  roller,  by  Sir  Thomas  Beevor ;  Cook's  patent  drill 
machine  and  horfc  hoe  ;  utility  of  the  Leith  cart,  for  carryiiag 
hog(heads,  &c.  by  Dr.  Anderfon  ;  deicription  of  a  new  wafb- 
ing  machine,  by  Mr.  Murrell :  of  thefe,  engravings  are  given. 
Vegetation  of  old  grain;  the  feed  of  Indian  corn  vegetated ;  after 
being  kept  dry  34  years  fown  by  Mr.  Smith,  of  Clapham.  Rear- 
ing calves  without  milk,  by  means  of  linfeed,  boiled  in  fix  times 
its  quantity  of  water,  and  the  jelly  thence  obtained  mixed  with 
a  fmall  quantity  of  tea  of  the  beft  hay,  fteeped  in  boiling  water, 
Thefe  calves,  Mr.  Crook  fays,  are  much  better  than  his  neigh* 
hours,  that  were  reared  by  milk,  and  do  not  faU  off  fo  muck 
when  they  come  to  grafs. 

This  volume  is  concluded  with  a  report  concerning  the  pub- 
lic trial  of  ploughs  and  drills  *,  which  took  place  near  Devizes, 
on  the  2ift  and  22d  of  April,  1790 :  in  which  a  two  furrow 
plough,  with  four  horfes,  a  fingle  wheel  plough,  with  two 
horfes  and  a  driver,  the  Norfolk  wheel  plough,  with,  two  horfes 
without  a  driver,  obtained  the  premiums  y  and  aro  ceoom^ 
mended  as  having  performed  well  on  a  ftiiF  heavy  foiL «  ^        •;** 


Art.  II.     j1  Second  Enquiry  into  the  Jituation  of^  the  Eafi  htSm 

Company^  from  Papers  laid  Itfore  the  Houfe  ofComnfofisytnthi 

Year  1789,  and  a  Pofifcript  relative  to  the  htdian  Bfid^gti^ 

opened  by  Mr,  Dundas  on  the  30/^  (i^J^)   rf  Marchy  lygCTi 

with  ohfervations  on  the  Papers  pre'oioujly  prefented  byisthi  Eafi 

India    Company.      By  George    Crauford,    Efquira'      Svo* 

42  pages.    Price  is.  6d.     Debrett.    1790. 

In  our  third  volume,  p.  477,  we  gave  an  accbuht  of  this 

author's  firft  enquiry,  with  fuch  ohfervations  as  occurred  to  us 

on  its  perufal.     The  object  of  the  prefent  performance  i$,  to« 

defend    the   affertions   and   ftatements   he   there  made.      For 

Mr.  C.   acquaints  us  that  he  has  been  informed    *  that  the 

Court  of  Direftors  had  ordered  their  accomptant,  Mr.  Richard- 

foQ,  to  give  a  public  refutation  of  his  ftatements,  and  that 

this  gentleman  fcrupled  not  to  declare,  that  he  was  deceived  in 

his  data,  and  perfectly  erroneous  in  his  conclufioiis.' 

As  the  affairs  of  the  Eaft  India  Company  are  a  fubjeft  of 

great  importance  to  the  nation  at  large,  in  our  Review  above 

.— wi, ■  II     I  ji-i  iiii  i.^  H^ 

*  There  does  not  appear  to  have  been  any  drilfe. 


4$4-  EAST    INDIA   COMPAI^Y* 

referred  to,  we  entered  into  a  much  longer  dlfcuffion  of  the 
former  pamphlet  than  is  ufually  allowed  to  works  of  this  de- 
fer! ption,  and  pointed  out  feveral  objecftions  to  the  ftatements 
and  conclufions  then  brought  forward  ;  on  which  the  author 
now  afferts,  that — 

*  The  Indian  accounts,  which  were  prefented  to  the  Houfe  of 
Coir  mens  during  the  lall  Seffion  of  Parliament,  {\n  1789)  have 
corroborated  in  the  moll  ample  manner,  every  material  faft  which 
J  ftated,  either  as  certain,  or  probable ;  and  I  now  take  upon 
me  to  fay,  that  they  lead  to  the  further  proof  of  a  circumftance, 
which  I  only  hinted  at  laft  )  ear,  and  which  is  now  confirmed 
to  me,  beyond  every  poffible  doubt  j  I  mean,  that  notwithlland- 
ing  the  vaft  reforms  and  regulations  which  have  taken  place  in 
our  Indian  polTeflions ;  notwithftanding  the  boafted  furplus  in 
Bengal ;  and  laftly,  notwithftanding  the  futpofed  profitable  trade 
carried  on  with  Calcutta,  Madras,  Bombay,  and  China,  the 
magnitude  of  una^vcnved  expences  is  fuch  as  to  have  occafioned 
hitherto  an  annual  deficiency  on  all  the  Company*s  tranfadtionsv 
in  confequcnce  of  which  their  affairs  have  neceflarily  and  inevi- 
tably grown  woj-fe  and  worfe  every  year.^* 

To  perfons  unacquainted  with  the  variety  of  accounts  which 
are  kept  in  conducting  fuch  immenfe  tranfa&ons  as  thofe  of  the 
iaft  India  Company ;  and  the  complicated  ftate  in  which  they 
muft  neceflarily  appear,  from  being  brought  forward,  either 
fimply  as  merchants  refpefting  their  trade,  or  as  fovereigns 
of  a  great  empire  refpecSing  their  territorial  revenues,  or 
in.  the  complex  fituation  of  both  thefe  char  afters, — it  muft 
appear  extremely  difficult  to  conceive  how  opinions  fo  diame- 
trically oppofite,  as  are  every  day  aflerted  relative  to  the  Com- 
pany's affairs,  can  be  by  any  means  fupported.  Yet  fuch  have 
been  the  various  modes  in  which  thefe  accounts  have  been  or- 
dered by  the  Houfe  of  Commons,  and  the  different  periods  to 
which  they  have  been  made  up,  that  a  perfon  with  a  fmall  de- 
gree of  ingenuity  exerted  in  combining  thofe  of  one  period  with 
another,  m  denying  the  authenticity  of  fome,  and  pafling  over 
others  without  notice,  will  fodn  be  able  to  form  any  conclufions, 
and  that  with  fome  fhew  of .  plaufibility.  In  ftating  the 
affairs,  whether  of  a  company,  or  of  an  individual,  the  moft 
obvious  mode  of  obtaining  the  truth  would  be,  to  give  the 
amount  oF  debts  and  value  of  effefts  at  one  period,  compared 
with  the  fame  at  another,  or  to  prefent  a  regular  ftatemenc 
of  all  receipts  and  difburfements  annually  made,  diftinguifliing 
the  amount  of  current  expences,  and  of  debts  paid.  The 
latter  of  thefc  has  been  done  with  refpedlto  India,  in  ftating  the 
accounts  of  aftual  receipts  and  difburfements  of  the  preceding 

*  In  the  year  following,  the  author  allows  that  the  real  furplus 
■^ffiw  g85^»i37i«  and  thus  dircdtly  contradi<^s  this  aflertion  in  his 

20th  page* 
t    year^ 


Crauford*j  Enquiry  into  the Jiiuathn  cfihe  E,  I,  Cctnp*    495 

year,  compared  with  the  eftimates  as  laid  before  the  Houfe  of 
Commons ;  but  in  the  account  of  receipts  and  payments  in 
England,  no  fuch  diftindtion  has  been  made,  and  confequently 
perfons  who  have  not  been  in  the  habit  of  confidering  thole 
accounts,  may  very  eafily  miflead  themfclvcs,  efpecially  if 
they  have  any  favorite  prejudice  £0  maintain.  In  addition  to 
this  \t  is  to  be  obferved,  that  in  conducing  the  affairs  of  a 
great  empire,  ne\y  arrangements  are  frequently  made,  by  which 
the  expeuces  are  changed  from  under  one  head  to  another,  and 
if  this  be  not  attended  to,  in  ftating  the  receipts  and  charges  of 
different  years,  various  articles  which  did  not  exift  in  any  par- 
ticular year,  may  be  brought  forward,  and  a  very  diirerent 
refult  drawn  from  what  wa^  aSually  the  cafe.  This  appears 
in  an  eminent  degree  in  the  ftatemenc  which  Mr.  C.  has  drawn 
«p,  in  order  to  prove  that  the  Company's  affairs  have  grown 
worfe  and  worfe  every  year,  which  by  the  bye  he  has  only 
attempted  to  prove  for  one  particular  year,  as  he  allows  that  in 
the  year  following  they  were  improved  upwards  of  half  a  mil-  ' 
lion.  The  year  chofen  for  this  purpofe  is  the  year  1 787-8, 
in  which  a  conliderable  expence  was  incurred  in  India  in  pre- 
paring for  the  hoftilities  at  that  time  apprehended  from  l^ippoo 
Saib,  and  the  rupture  in  Europe  refpecSing  the  affairs  of 
Holland,  which  occafioned  an  armament  to  be  made  in  this 
country. 

'  The  net  revenues  of  Bengal  are,  however,  ftated  to  have 
amounted  in  that  year  to  2,065,5811 ;  from  this  Mr.  C.  de- 
dufts  the  excefs  of  charges  at  the  other  fettiements  and  intereft 
on  debts,  amounting  to  1,288,181!.  which  would  leave 
777,4001.  but  this  fum,  by  allowing  for  commercial  charges,  and 
for  charges  which  did  not  exift,  and  by  abolifhing  the  cufloms 
Which  were  a£tu ally  coll eSed,  &c.  is  farther  reduced  to  370,1  O5K 
Now  in  order  to  annihilate  even  this  fmall  remainder  of  a  net 
Indian  farplus,  the  author  brings  forward  the  dividend  on  the 
new  capital  ftoclc^  which  could  not  take  place  till  the  prefenr 
year,  and  the  intereft  on  the  Company's  annuities  which  arc 
not  yet  fold,  and  oppofes  them  to  the  receipts  of  1787-8  ; 
thefe  amount  to  ii6,oool.  To  which  are  further  added  for- 
ftores,  &c.  fent  out  to  India  i6o,oool.  for  cuftoms  outward 
on  goods  and  ftores,  tranfporting  recruits,  &c.  150,0001. — 
the  firft  of  thefe  had  already  been  allowed  for  in  the  mi- 
litary charges  in  India,  and  the  latter,  except  to  a  fmall 
amount,  did  not  exift,  being  allowed  for  in  the  charges  of 
merchandize,  which  are  dedu6ted  from  the  profits  of  the 
trade.  By  making  thefe  and  feveral  other  deductions  from  the 
furplus  revenues  of  India,  in  the  year  1787-8,  and  the  profits 
on  the  trade  at  home,  Mr.  C.  makes  a  general  and  annual  balance 
^gainft  the  Company  of  78,167!.  And  '  this,  he  will  venture 
'  to  aJTert,  is  a  fair  refult  of  the  papers  laid  before  parliament 

ia 


49^  li  i  s  +  d  4  V. 

in  the  month  of  June   1780,  and  of  the  ftaten^erit  given  fey 
Mr.  Dundas  relative  to  the  Company's  irade.* 

It  would  far  exceed  our  limits  to  enter  into  a  difcuffion  of 
the  feveral  particulars  from  which  this  conclufion  is  drawn  j 
the  errors  we  have  above  noticed  amount  to  between  6  and  • 
700,000!.  to  which  would  be  to  be  added  the  profit  on  exports 
and  bullion  to  India  and  Chinq.,  which  is  wholly  omitted  in  Mh 
C.*s  ftatement. 

In  the  poftfcript,  a  ftatement  is  given  of  the  receipts  and 
charges  in  India  for  1788-9,  as  refulting  from  the  accounts 
laid  before  the  Houfe  of  Commons  in  the  prefent  felfions  ;  on 
thefe  the  author  obferves,  that—*  If  fiill  credit  is  to  be  given 
to  the  extrafts  of  receipt  and  expenditure,  in  the  fettlement? 
of  Fort  Wiiliam,  Fort  St.  George,  and  Bombay,  there  ap-i 
"pears  undoubtedly  a  balance  of  583,137!.  in  their  favour,  after 
deducing  all  expences  payable  in  Europe,  and  allowing 
397,000! .  profit  on  their  public  and  private  trade.'-— In  the 
iormer  part  of  the  work  535,000!.  was  ftated  as  the  profits 
on  their  trade,  and  no  reafon  is  affigned  why  it  iboifid  be 
taken  fo  much  lefs  in  1788-9.  As  this  ftatement  is  pro- 
fefiedly  drawn  up  for  a  particular  year,  and  intended  as  a  con- 
tradition  of  the  accounts  refpeding  that  year,  which  were 
ftated  in  the  Houfe  of  Commons,  it  was  very  inaccuratef 
to  take  arf  average  of  former  years,  and  include  expences 
which  did  not  exift  in  that  year;  and  others  which  never 
cxifted  againft  the  Company.  From  having  the  accounts 
prefented  to  parliament  before  us,  we  are  able  to  corred^  this 
ftatement,  and  find  that  the  profits  on  the  public  and  private 
trade  in  that  year  were  529,000!,  and  on  the  whole  the  net 
furplus  inftcad  of  583,137!.  was  above  a  million  ;  to  which 
upwards  of  8oo,oool.  would  be  to  be  added  for  extraordinary 
receipts,  for  increafe  of  the  value  of  the  aflets  in  India  and 
China,,  in  1788-9,  and  for  gain  on  the  amount  6f  debia?  tranf-. 
fcrred  in  the  year,  and  other  articles  of  profit.     ^   ,  ., 

The  appendix  contains  but  very  few  of  the  acco#i|«  pre- 
fented to  parliament,  although  a  great  many  are  referred  to  ; 
and  in  general  the  reader  is  left  to  rely  on  the.  afiS^rtions  of  the 
author,  for  the  correftnefs  of  his  ftatements.      _.\  .-a.  d* 


Art.  III.  tableau  hljlortque  et  politique  des  deux  dernieres 
Revolutions  de  Geneve.~An  hijiorical  and  political  Fietv  of  the 
two  late  Revolutions  of  Geneva.  By  M.  d'lvcrnois.  2  vols. 
?vo.     655  p.     Elmfley.     1789. 

In  1782,  M.  d'lvernois  publiftied  an  hiftorical  and  political 
View  of  the  Revolutions  of  Geneva,  in  the  eighteenth  century, 
dedicated  to  his  Moft  Chriftian  Majefty,  whofe  favour  and 
juftice  he  pathetically  entreated  in  behalf  of  the  Genevefe,  hi$ 

countrj-^ 


D'lvernojsV  Fiew  of  the  Revolutions  of  Geneva.      49.^ 

countrymen.  In  that  work,  which  was  publifhed  during  the 
liege  of  Geneva,  and  tranflated  into  different  languages,  par* 
ticularly  the  Englifh,  he  carried  down  the  hiftory  of  thcf  revo- 
lutions of  thatftate  to  the  year  1768:  and,  toward  the  con- 
clufion,  he  undertook  to  fimih  the  hiftory  that  he  had  begunj^ 
and,  in  part,  accomplifhed.  To  fulfil  this  engagement  is  the 
cbjeft  of  our  author,  in  the  two  volumes  before  us. 

The  prefent  grand  duke  of  Rufiia,  being  afked  what  he 
thought  of  the  difturbances  of  Gejieva,  replied,  *  that  they 
put  him  in  mind  of  a  ftorm  in  a  glafs  of  water :'  but,  in  this 
glafs  of  water,  we  plainly  difcern  all  thofe  winds,  tides,  and 
currents,  that  agitate  the  great  ocean.  The  fmall  republic  of 
Geneva  is  an  orrery,  which  rcprefents  the  movements  of  the 
greateft  ftates,  kingdoms,  and  empires.  *  The  narrower  the 
iphere,'  as  our  author  juftly  obferves,  *  the  more  eafy  it  is  td 
take  in,  at  one  glance  of  the  eye,  every  obje<5fc  that  moves 
widiin  it.  And  if  an  obferyer  is  ftruck  with  equal  admiration 
at  the  principle  of  life,  witli  its  evolutions*  in  the  worm  and 
in  the  elephant,  I  am  bold  to  affirm,  that  he  will  find,  in  the 
Jiiftory  of  Geneva,  though  in  miniature,  all  that  is  fitted  to 
excite  and  exercife  his  refleftion  :  the  intrigues  of  wealth,  the 
virtues  of  equality,  the  talents  of  ambition,  the  extravafktions 
of  the  fpirit  of  party,  and  the  greater  part  of  thofe  important 
queftions  that  are,  at  the  prefent  moment  under  difcuffion^ 
on  the  fubjeft  of  liberty.' 

,  The  prefent  work  is  divided  into  four  parts.  In  the  firft, 
the  author  enters  into  minute  details  concerning  the  conftitu- 
tion,  lav^^,  orders,  or  clafies  of  men,  and  parties  in  Geneva  ; 
and  enquires  very  fully  into  the  meanis  that  were  ufed  at  the 
court  of  Verfailles  to  intereft,  anew,  the  French  nation  in  the 
fortune  of  the  Gencvefe  ariftocracy,  and  at  Geneva,  in 
order  to  render  this  party  predominant.  The  count  de  Ver- 
\  gennes,  at  that  time  miniftcr  of  France,  entertained  and  pro- 
lefled  a  ftrong  averfion  to  democr«cv.''  He  was  ealily  induced 
to  favour  the  ariftocratical  party  at  Geneva ;  and  the  defeat  of 
the  French  fleet,  under  De  Graffe,  feemed  only  to  make  V  er- 
genne^  the  more  obftinate  in  executing  his  fchemes  againfl: 
its  liberties.  *  It  is  to  be  feared,'  faid  Vergennes,  *  that 
the  writings  of  the  Genevefe,  after  furnilhing  food  for  difcord 
at  home,  will  fpread  that  political  fanaticiim,  with  which  they 
are  aAuated  abroad,  and  that  from  curiofity  they  will  proceed 
to  imitation.'  Yet,  fuch  is  the  inconfiftency,  or  rather  fo 
cbmplicated  and  infcrutable  the  fccret  views  of  ftatefmen  and 
princes,  that  it  was  the  fame  count  de  Vergennes  that  fent 
a  French  army  to  affift  in  the  emancipation  of  the  Anglo- 
Americans. 

M.  d'lvernois,  in  the  fecoqd  part,  deduces  his  account  from 
tiSie  firft  interference  bfVergenhes  to  the  miffion  of  minifters,  for 

App.  vox.  vii.  Mm  the 


^  ,     '  .?  0  1.  I  T  t  C  *. 

the  purpofe  of  pacificationfrpm  the  cantons  of  Zurich  andBerne« 
In  the  third  part,  he  carries  on  his  hiftory  through  various 
intrigues,  and  fomc  commotions,  to  the  formation  of  a  league, 
between  the  courts  of  Berne,  Verfailles,  and  Turin,  to  reduce 
the  republicans  of  Geneva,  nov/ triumphant,  by  force  of  arms. 
Vhe  Gencvefe,  though  deferted  by  all  their  allies,  and  befiegcd 
by  all  their  neighbturs,  prepared  to  make  a  defpcrate  refiftance  ; 
but,  on  the  night  before  the  morning  fixed  for  an  attack  on 
tbertown)  they  accepted  a  capitulation  from  their  combme4 
^ne/nies  i  between  which  and  death  there  was  no  alternative. 
The  fituation  of  the  Genevefe,  at  this  tremendous  crifis,  a 
people  with  whom  fo  great  a  portion  of  the  Britifh  nation  are 
allied  by  religious  and  by  political  fentiments,  is  more  interefling 
tiian  that  of  the  inhabitanis  of  Troy,  Meffena,  or  Saguntum. 
}A.  D'lvernois,  who  was  an  aSor  in  the  fcene  he  defcribes, 
paints  it  in  lively  colours,  recalling  to  the  minds  of  his  readers 
many  important  reflections,  whether  by  the  links  of  funili|\idi^ 
^r  of  contraft.  -  He  does  amf  le  jufticc  to  the  virtue  and  in^ 
trepidity  of  his  countryman,  whom>  he  vy^ould  make  us  believe, 
abftained  from  a  defperate  refiflance,  chiefly  from  a  regard  ta 
the  fafety  of  thofe  within  the  city,  who,  in  the  firft  heat  of 
adion,  muft  fall  a  facrifice  to  the  fury  of  the  multitude,  and  to 
tliat  of  twenty-on?  hoftages,  in  the  hands  of  the  enemy.     In 

Sart  fourth,  he  brings  down  his  narrative  from  the  period  whe» 
le,  three  armies  [or  rather,  to  fpeak  modeftly,  detachments  J 
entered  Geneva,  to  the  end  of- 1788.  He  records,  among 
other  particulars,  the  goqd  behaviour  of  thofe  troops  at  Geneva^ 
the  offers  made  to  the  Gencvefe  by  the  parliament  of  Ire'land, 
and  the  circumftances  that  rendered  them  abortive.  He  de- 
(bribes  the  conAitutiqn  of  Geneva  as  it  was  in  1788,  and  givea 
hints  for  improving  it :  the  moft  material  of  which,  we  under- 
(land,  have  been  adopted. 


Art.  I\%     E^i  hijiorique  far  la  Legijlation  de  la  Perfe^  iffc. — i 

jln  hijiaricai  Ejjay  on  the  Legijlation  of  Perfia  :  to  whUh  is, 

prefixed^  a  complete  Trartflation  of  the  Garden  of  Rofcs  of  Sady. 

By  th(?.  Abbe  Gaudin,  Clerk- Counfellor  to, the  Sovereign 

,  Council  of  Corfica.     8vo.     455  p.     Paris.     1789. 

.^.  Gaudin  prefaces  Ijis  tranflation  of  the  Gaxden  of  Rofes 

*with  a  very  ingenious  difcourfe  on  the  ftyle  and  manner  oT 

pattern  compohtion^   which  be  trapes  to^  the  jiature  of  th^ 

government  in  the  eaft,  and  the  circumftances^  in  genera^  q£ 

civil  fociety. 

.  *•  lu  Rome  and  the  Grecian  rcywblica,  the  citizens,  brougjbfc 
near  to  one  another  hy  the  nature  of  the  government,  toiucjUej^ 
each  of;her,  if  the  cxprellion  may  he  allowed,,  in  all  Dbi.nts  9  and 
•ouilu;;;  cominuaicaoOB  neceflfarily  diffufed  around  a  g.reat  wafs 


Gaudin'j  EJfay  on  the  Ligijlation  of  Petfiai  499" 

of  light.     And  the  nature  of  fociety  produces  nearly  the  fame 
effecfts  in  Europe  at  the  prefent  moment.  '  ]•/. 

*  This  is  not  the  cafe  in  eaftern  nations  ;  where  families  liv^ 
5n  a  ftate  of  folitude  and  feparation  from  each  other;  and  the 
fertility  of  the  climate  exempts  the  inhabitants  from  the  necefTity" 
of  aflbciating  together,  for  the  puajofe  of  fubduing  the  incle- 
mency of  the  elements  and  the  feafons :  where  the  women,  un- 
der, the  yoke  of  a  rigorous  dependence,  are  fecluded,  and,  of 
courfe,  cannot  have  any  influence  on  fociety.  In  line,  the  pub- 
lic force,  that  is,  government,  having  to  govern  an  immehf4 
empire,  makes  it  its  chief  object  to  reffrain  the  people  by  fear  ^ 
and  tends  not  to  unite,  but  to  keep  them  afunder.  in  thefe  cir* 
cumflances  it  is  impoflible  that  the  underflandihg  fliould  have? 
full  fcope,  or  that  ideas  fliould  be  fo  much  multiplied  and  in- 
creafed  as  among  a  people  whofe  a<!^ive  powers  are  fet  in  con- 
fiant  motion,  by  an  endUfs  variety  of  relative  (ituations. 

*  But  the  fewer  the  ideas  of  any  people,  the  more  vigoroufly 
do  they  conceive,  ^nd  the  more  forcibly  exprefs  them.  The 
imagination,  active  in  proportion  to  the  narrow  limits  of  the  rea- 
foning  faculty,  is  employed  in  varying  and  adorning  them,  andf 
in  findino;  out  all  the  different  aiTociations  by  which  they  may  be 
cbnne(^ied  with  phyfical  objects.  Hence  that  variety  of  turn, 
and  that  profufion  of  imagery,  which  only  ferres,  in  reality,  to 
caft  a  veil  over  a  barrennefs  of"  ideas.  It  is  unjuft  to  corifider 
this  as  the  charadler  of  eaftern  compofitlon  excluiively,  lince  the 
fame  ftyle  of  compofitlon  is  to  be  found  in  all  latitudes,  and  is 
the  neceifary  refult  ot  the  political  lituation  that  has  be^ti  Juflj 
xiefcribed  :  nor  has  climate  any  other  participation  in  this  ene6t 
than  that  of  furnifhing  more  or  lefs  pleafing  metaphors.  Under* 
the  delicious  atmofphere  of  the  eaft,  it  is  pearls,  rofes,  and  per- 
fumes :  every  thing  that  can  intoxicate  fenfc,  and  exalt  tba 
foul  to  noblenefs  and  to  pleafure.  la  the  north  of  Scotland*, 
and  in  the  forefts  of  Canada,  it  is.  ice  and  hoar  froft ;  and,  abov© 
all,  the  renovation  of  nature  every  fpring,  that  form  ^he  grand 
beauties  of  northern  climates.* 

With  regard  to  the  Garden  of  Rofes,  by  Sady,  it  is  gene- 
rally known  to  the  learned,  that  it  confifts  of  detached  and 
unconne<Sled  piece?,  relative  to  the  hiftory  and  the  religion' of 
his  country,  and  often  to  his  private  life ;  and  replete  with 
found  moral  inftru£lions,  conveyed  in  a  lively  artd  agreeable 
manner,  The'tranflator  makes  feveral  remarks  on  the  writing^ 
cff -this  Dervife,  and  on  tS^e  Mahomcdan  religion,  in  the  tru5 
language  of  philofophical  criticifni.  In  the  fame  ftyle  h^  makes 
many  judicious  obfervations  on  the  hiftory  of  Periia. 

v-l — ^ -' : >'  ■    • ■  '  "  ■  « — •'  "    ^    '"■' 

*  '  I  am  aware,  that  the' authenticity  of  the  Erfe  );Jodms,  filch, 
as  thofe  publifhed  by  Mr.  Macpherfon,  is,  6n  very  .proba^jle 
grounds,  called  in  q.uelliori  :  birt  there  certainly  cxiftedfom^ 
jrotem*,  which- ferved,  in  thchands  of  that  dextrous  aclthOf^.  ^  * 
#[^ct;'aIi<}'t^8'italfufliaient•grauddf0^ray  afitotiq^/    ..  /  1.  . 

Mm*.  ^  Pcrfir 


500  p  o  L  r  T  1  C  5/ 

*  Perfia  is  one  of  the  moil  ancient  kingdoms  with  whkh  w^ 
arc  at  all  acquainted.  For  a  fpace  of  near  three  thoufand!  years', 
it  has  predominated  in  the  higher  Afia  withodt  ihterriiptioni: 
and  preferved  all  the  parts  of  its  empire,  Egypt  dnd  Alia  Minor, 
which  It  had  once  conquered,  alone  excepted.  The  moft  cele- 
brated natiofis  of  antiquity  were  conne<5le'd  \vit!i  fhat  country 
by  different  retatioiVs*  The  Greets,  th6  Rortftirts,  the  empire  of 
Conttantinople  :  all  thefe  Periiahas  feen  to  rife  and  to  fall.  She 
alone  has  wtthftood  fo  many  raTages  of  time :  for  although  ihe 
Jierfelf  has  experienced  various  revolutions,  (he  alone,  among 
the  nations,  has  always  preferred  the  fame  name^  limits,  man- 
ners, and  fpecies  of  government.  The  different  conquerors  of 
Perfia  were  all  of  them  obliged  to  ellabli/h  the  fame  order  that 
they  had  feen  deflroyed.  The  more  ftriking  (fays  our  author) 
that  this  effedt  appeared,  the  more  delirous  1  became  of  fcarching, 
and  Durfuing  the  caufe. 

*  1  conceived,'  continues  the  abbe,  *  that  an  inquiry  into  the 
nature  alid  refources  of  the  Perfian  conflitution,  would  not  be 
wholly  ufekfs,  at  a  time  when  we  are  on  the  point  of  regene- 
rating our  own.  God  forbid  that  I  ihould  look  for  a  model  of 
civil  polity  in  the  regions  of  defpotifm  !  But  the  extent  of;  the 
Perfian  empire,  its  long  duration,  pHCtpuIatioo,  riches,  and  luC^iJ^ 
ury,  bears,  undoubtedly,  fome  affinities  to  fuch  a  monarchy  aS  '" 
ours.  There  may,  nay,  there  maft  exifl,  fome  falutary  mftitu- 
tions,  that  have  watched  over  its  duration,  and  which  mufl  have 
been  refpeded  even  by  defpotifm.' 

Our  author,  in  his  refearches  into  the  Perfian  Gonftitution, 
(hews  equal  learning  and  ingenuity.  He  is  particularly  in- 
quifitive  into  fuch  Perfian  inftituttons  as  were  connedbed  with 
religion,  and  virtue  of  every  kind;  thefe  being  the  great 
nerves  of  empire. 

Art.  v.  Necejfai  de  Supprimer  et  d'eteindre  lis  Ordres  Rellgieux 

in  France^  i^c.^-^Therleceffity  of  fupprejpng  and  extlnguijhing 

Religious    Orders   in   France^    proved  from   the  pbibfophicaF 

Hiflory  of  Monachifm  :  ory  a  brief  Expo/iiion  of  what  appeari 

to  be  moftfmgular  and  cwrhus  in  the  InfUttttion^  Lawsy  Bflah^ 

UJhmenU  and  Lives  of  Monks  of  all  KeUgions  and  Countries  in 

the  World.     2  Vols.     8vo.     566  pages.   London.     1789. 

'  In  this  work,  which  i§  not  unworthy  of  the  title  of  a  philo- 

(ophical  biftory  of  monachifm,  the  author,  taking  a  view  of  the 

'naoft  celebrated  nations,  both  antient  and  qnodern,  (hews  how 

natura}  it  has  ever,  and  every  where  been,  to  feek  the  favour  of 

Ood^  or  the  gods,  by  felf-mortification.— 'He  traces  monachifm^ 

and  the  honours  paid  to  celibacy  in  particular,  in  the  facred 

writings,  from  the  earliefl  accounts  of  time  :  and  he  finds,,  oq 

^is  fubjed,   a  fiupriiing  number  of  co-incidencies  between 

the  Jews  and  the  Hindoos,  or  Aboriginal  inhabitants  of  Indta^ 

In  deducing  the  hifiory  of  moimchifia  fi;om  India  through 

Greece 


On  fupprejjing  Religious  Orders  in  France*  501 

(jreeqe,  to  Rome,  an4  the  Chriftiao  world,  he  has  occafion  to 
give  an  account  of  the  leading  opinions  and  pradices  of  that 
great  father  of  philofophy  Pythagoras^  ;»n4  other  celebrated 
philofophers,  particularly  riato,  and  of  the  relatioas  that  thefe 
opinions  bore  to  monachkWi.— ^Monachifm  was  never  eflab- 
liihed  in  Greece  or  Rome.  The  gay  and  voluptuous  manners 
of  Grecians  gave  a  tinfture  to  their  religion,  and  confequently, 
to  that  alfo  of  Rome.  And,  as  to  philofophy,  the  molt  cele- 
brated fefl:,  the  Pythagoreans,  ftrongly  recommended  to  their 
pupijs,  to  abftain  from  all  indulgence  in  love  till  tht  20th 
year  of  their  age,  and  after  that  period,  to  avoid  all  intercourfe 
with  concubines,  that  they  might  the  better  difcharge  their  duty 
to  their  wives.  They  pretended  that  Pythagoras  having  dil-. 
covered  and  peeped  through  a  hole  into  hell,  faw  thofe  hufbands^ 
who  by  the  alienation  of  their  perfons,  had  defrauded  their 
fpoufes  of  conjugal  ^apeflfes,  undergoing  y^xy  fevere  punilb- 
ments.  Though  there  were  not  any  monks  knowi)  to  the 
conftitution  of  antient  Rome,  the  vcftal  virgins  appear^  in 
feveral  particulars,  to  have  approached  to  the  condition  of 
nuns.^  It  is  to  monks,  he  ibew$,  that  we  are  indebted  for  the 
firft  difcpveries  in  aftrqnomy,  medicine,  and  other  fciencejs. 

The  pcrfeculipns  of  the  firft  Chriftians  were  extremely  con- 
ducive to  monachifm.  Mopachifm  was  fpread  all  over  the  eaft, 
among  the  chriftians,  and  afterwards  among  the  Turks,  ^nd 
<>ther  nations  embracing  the  Mahomedan  faith.  From  the  Gre^k 
empire,  monachifm, in  the  third  and  fourth  centuries,  pafled  weft- 
ward  into  Italy,  the  Mediterranean  ifles,  France,  and  other  parts  in 
the  Weft  of  Europe.  Our  author  gives  an  account  of  the  origin 
and  prqgrefs  of  the  different  orders  of  monks,  and  the  fia.te  and 
influence  of  monachifm  on  fociety,  at  different  periods,  in  the 
hiftory  of  modern  purope.  The  view  which  he  c>?hibits  of  the 
ftitc  of  Europe  in  the  twelfth  century,  is  particularly  intereftine; 
and  inftru6live. 

*  The  feudal  chiefs,  impoveriflied  by  fending  out  their  vafTals 
to  the  crufades,  fold  them,  on  their  return,  their  liberty,  in 
prder  to  re-cflablifh  by  the  purchafe-money,  their  impaired  for- 
tunes. The  Serf*,  or  prsedial  bondfinen,  haraiTed  by  fo  many 
petty  defpots,  purchafed  at  a  coniiderable  expcnce,  the  right  of 
uniting  and  defending  themfelves  againft  the  violence  of  other 
petty  and  neighboy^ring  tyrants,  who,  with  arms  in  their  hands, 
were  wont  to  come  and  carry  away  their  crops."  Emancipated 
from  the  chains  that  bound  theih  to  the  foil,  they  acquired  the 
right  of  repelling  force  by  force,  in  bodies,  under  the  name  of 
commons.  They  enjoyed  a  few  fmall  privileges,  fuck  as  chufing 
the  chiefs  under  whofe  ftandards  they  were  willing  to  arrange 
themfelves,  and  appointing  judges  in  their  difputcs  with  oni; 
another. — From  one  extremity  of  Europe  to  the  other,  the  un- 
Kappy  Serfs  laboured  to  obtain  the  fame  degree  of  freedom  ;  and, 
^n  orde^.  to,  obtain  it,  threw  themfelves  in  crowds  into  the  com- 

M  ro  3  ^lUnities, 


^Oft  .       f  O   t  I   T   I  C  9.  . 

Munitbs,  or  the  cloiftcrs.  The  unfortunate  praedbl  flax^es,  ox| 
ifheir  emancipation,  were  obliged,  all  at  once,  to  provide  fuby 
lifterice  for  thcmfelves  :  and  in  this  fituation,  we  find  a  very  na- 
tural caufe  of  the  rapid  increala  of  monachifm  in  the  eleventh  and 
twelfth  cer/turii^. 
.  *  The  falfe  predications,  too,  that  were  fo  prevalent  at  that 
tim^f,  and  fo  induftrioafly  countenanced  by  the  monks  concerning 
the  ^ppr(^ching^  end  of  the  world,  encreafcd  this  general  defer; 
tion  offoclety.  What  other  objefts  than  the  falvation  of  their 
fouls  would  appear  any  wife  interefting  on  the  eve  of  the  general 
qbnfummation  ?  AVhcn  death  was  about  to  fpread  his  univerfat . 
mantie,  and  nature  ready  fo  fink  back  again  into  an  eternal  chaps  ^ 
'^&c. -^c.  .•.-..•. 

Our  ingenious  and, learned  author  finds  many  points  of  rc- 
.femblance  between  monaftic  inftitutioiis,  and  thofe  of  military 
orders,  or  orders  of  chivalry.  He  alfo  compares  monaftic  in- 
ftitutions  and  obftrvances,  to  thofe  of  free-mafonry,  efpecially 
ar  it  is  pra<3:ire.d  in  Germany,  where  it  is  carried  to  J:hegrcateft 
pitch  of  cnthufiifm  and  perfection. 


^Ife*T.    VI.       Htftorical  and    Critical  Memoirs  of  the   General 

^    'Kevolu^ion  in  France^  in  the  Tear   1']%^  \  fram  the  ^opening 

•  fff  the  States  Generaly  on  the  2Sth  of-  Aprily  till  the  framing 

'  i^he  Confiiintion^   on  the  bth  &f  Augujl'  -folloiving.     By '  John 

-  Talbot  Dillon,  Efq;  B.  s.  R.  E.   Mc^er  of  the  Royal  Aca- 
•  demy  of  ScierKes   in  Dublin;    and  honorary  Member  of 

-  the  Lit?erary  and  Philofophical  Society  of  Manchefter.     De- 
•*  diRred  from  authentic  fafpers,  communicated  by  Hugoil'  dc 

BaffvilJe,  Member  of  fevcrar Academies,   and  of  the  Com- 
mittee of  the  Diftrift  Desfilles  St.  T'homas,     4tQ.     p.  519, 
'  pf.    ih  IS.  in  boards.'    Robinfons.   '  1790.' 

Therf/Is  but  Jittle  conne£lion  between  a  great  deal  of 
the  matter  introduced  into  this- volume,'  '^nd  tl^e  fubje£l 
to  jbe  illtiftrated ;  the  author  talks  much  of  himftlfj  writes 
too  much|  in  the  language  of  pa'flioni'  and  with  that  turgidity 
\vhich  is  commonly  confounded  with  the  fubli'me  and  pathetic  5 
I^flfes  haftily  and  abruptly  from  'one  topic  of  difcourfe  to 
inotherj  and,  while  he  profelTes  to  b^  penetrated  with'his^ferious, 
^nd  folemn  fubjeft,  introduces  in  di^erent  parts,  and  particu^ 
krly  towards  the  very  conclufion  of  the  wholes '  attemptst 
at  humour,  which,  were  they  more  fuccefsful,  *  would  yet 
be  ill  timed,— Add  to  all  .this,  that  the  ftyle  is  not  only 
florid'  to  a  degree  of  difguft  and'  ftdicule,  but-  in  many 
inftances  flovenly  or  carelefs,  and  in  others  ungrammatical. 
But  though  Mr.  Dillon,  as  a  writer,  is  deficient  in  tafte, 
jn  purity,  elegance,  and  propriety  of  compofition,  he  appears 
to  have  collefted  from  the  journals  of  his  contempora- 
ries, muqh  iTiat;ter  for  the  future  hiftoirivl^  which  might  have 
?      ;    .  5    .       .        /  .     v'       .   .  .vanifhe^ 


Dillon*^  Menwirs  of  the  Reuolu^on  in  France*         563 

iranifhed  in  the  fugitive  forms  of  fmall  and  fol'ttiry  records  of 
particular  ocicurrences,  but  which  may  keep  their  ground,  for 
a  coiifiderable  length  of  time,  by.  the  very  poiiderofity  of  the 
volume  into  which  they  aire  collected.  It  appears,  that  Mr. 
Dillon  trod  fo  verv.hard  on  the  heels  of  time,  that  his  Me- 
moirs were  comppfed  even  before  the  defl:ru<Stion  of  the  Baf- 
tile  :  v/hcnce  it  unavoidably  happens,  that  he  fometimes  fees 
I  Gbje£ls  only  by  halves  ;  and  that  he  is  obliged  to  correft  in  aa' 
appendi?c,  errors  eommitted  in  the  body  of  his  work. 
•  Mr.  Dillon  addrefles  his  Memoirs  to  the  friends  of  liberty 
in  all  pans  of  the  world. 

.  *  Kriends  of  liberty  and  freedom,  whej'cvcr  you  are,  whatever 
fpot  of  globe  you  inhabit!  Whether  enrobed  ill  Tyriah  purple,, 
decorated  with  the  fplendid  coronet,  or  tlofhed  \tith  the  Humble 
fleece ;  to  you,  whofc  generous  fouls  fpurn  at  dfefpotifm  and  ar^ 
^itrary  power,  I  glory  in  dedicating  this  faint  narrative  pf  a  fui'- 
prizing  revolution,  univerfally  acknowledged  to  be  one  of  thof<^ 
lignal  events  perfectly  unparalleled  in  the  annals  of  hiilory. 
.  '  Tc  behold  a  great  nation,  conlifting  of  twenty-four  millions' 
of  inhahitauts,  as  if  ftruck  by  the  imperceptible  magic  of  elec- 
tric fire,  at  once  throw  off  their  chains,  and  burft  into  a^Stion,  as 
philofophers  and  freemen,  muH  be  allowed  a  circurtiftance  which 
the  prefent  age  could  fcarcely  have  imagined;  and*  to  which  "fu- 
turfe  generations  will  look  up,  with  infinitd  adonilhment. 

•  lo  defcribe  with  that  energy  it  deferves,  fuch  a  fignal  event, 
is  nd  eafy  tafk  at  this  early  flage  of  a^ion,  wlien  pre-poileflidh  ii 
flrong,*  and  paffions  run  high. — Feeble  as  my  powers  may  be, 
animated,  neverthelefs,  with  the  ftrongell:  love  for  liKertyi  1  fhall 
ever  exult  in  repeating  thefe  iignals  of  freedom ;  and,  However 
unequal  to  the  attempt,  I  pufli  forward  with  every  deferehce"  to 
tandour,  while  I  pay  attention  to  hidoric  fa6ls ;  to  ftate  them 
with  veracity,  divelted  of  party  malevolence,  or  courtly  adula- 
tion, having  impartiality  in  view,  detached  from  every  intcreite'a 
motive  ;  endeavouring,  as  far  as  I  am  able,  to  fupport  the  dignity 
of  the  j^reat  fubjert  before  vat^fbe  rcjloration  of  civil  and  reli-^ 
gious  liherty^  and  the  rights  of  mankind.  Behold  then,  in  theC(i 
Memoirs,"ye  generous  triends  of  liberty,  the  ca^ufes  which  a  great 
and  mag*nanimous  people  have  affigned  for  this  violent  impulfe 
and  fudden  revenge  !  in  the  relating  of  which,  I  trull,  I  have  deli- 
neated the  event  with  a  becoming  warmth  of  exprefTiou,  ^  tQ 
the  caufe ;  with  a  difpafljonatc  reafonlng  as  to  the  effe^^.  The 
fubjec't  is  not  only  imp  rtant  to  the  kingdoms  .of  Great  Britain  an4 
Ireland,  as  admirers  of  freedom,  but  to  all  nations  under  the  fun, 
whether  fiiivering  under  the  freezing  pole,  or  faintly  languiftiing 
in  the  torrid  zone  ; — ot  joy,  where  the  rays  of  freedom  fpread 
their  gladdening  beams  ;  of  hope,  where  chilling  frofts,  or  ful- 
try  vapours  Intercept  them. 

*.  Should  a  variety  of  occupations  permit,  and  what  I  have  al- 
ready done  meet  with  approbation,    Jpropofe  to  continue  this  in- 
tereiking  narrative   on   the  fame    independant"  principles ;    mean^ 
tin[ic,  my  numerous  friends   who  have  favoured  me  with  their 
#ntourageraent  in  the  purfuit  of  tjiefe  labours,  will  be  pleaied 

M  IT    4  to 


504  .  POLITICS. 

to  receive  my  finccreft  thanks.— J  hope  his  Grace  the  Duke  of 
Dorfet,  his  iMajefty'sj  AmbaiTador  Extraordinary  ta  the  Moft 
Chrilt^an  ^King,  will  condefCend  to  accept  of  my  acknowledg- 
ments, for  having  generoufly  honoured  this  work  with  his  pa- 
tronage.— And  to  you,  my  fair  country-women,  who  poflefs  the 
nobleft  fentiments,  by  whofe  animation  we  atchieve  the  greateft 
deeds ;  lince,  without  your  participation,  even  liberty  itfelf  would 
be  a  phantom,—!  alfo  addrefs  thcfe  Memoirs.  Deign  likewife  t6 
per ufe  them.  Jo  pleafe  you,  the  warrior  faces  death  uncon- 
cerned, the  hiitorian  writes,  the  poet  fings ;  and  though  France' 
refufes  you  the  fceptre,  other  nations  have  thought  differently. 
Your  dominion  is  univcrfal,  and  the  whole  world  rcfounds  with 
your  praife. 

*  It  may  be  expe^ed  I  fliould  give  fome  account  of  the  ground 
work  from  whence  I  have  drawn  information  refpe£ling  thefe 
tranfu<Stions  :  I  am  therefore  free  to  acknowledge,  that  in  general 
they  are  compilation,' taken  from  the  moft  accurate  accounts  already 
pubiifhed  in  France,  carefully  revjfed  and  feledled ;  aflifted  by 
further  communications  from  Paris,  received  from  my  ingenious 
and  literary  friend  Monfieur  Hugon  de  Baffvillc,  to  whom  every 
merit  is  due,  for  the  various  elucidations  he  has  furniihed. 

*  Refpec^ing  the  proceedings  of  the  NationarAffembly,  I  have 
followed  the  fournal  des  Etats  Generaux,  of  M.   Le  Hodey  de 
Saultchevreuil ;  I  am  further  ready  to  allow,  the  principal  defigri 
of  this  performance  was  chiefly  intended  for  thofe  who  do  not 
underftimd  the  French  language,  and  wi filed  to  take  a  general 
•view  of  this  great  fcenc  from  its  firll  blufh,  at  the  opening  of  the 
States  General,  till  the  return  of  M.  Neckcr,  and  the  framing 
the  articles  of  the  conflitution,  on  the  4th  of  Auguil  1789,  which 
have  fincc  received  the  royal  iandion.     Thefe  tranfadions  1  have 
endeavoured,    to  the  befl  of  my  abilities,  under  the   difadvan- 
tages  and  precipitancy  of  a  weekly  publication,  to  model,  in  fuch 
form,  as  1  flattered  myfelf  might  be  acceptable  to  the  Englifh 
reader. — How  far  I  may  have  uicceeded  in  this  attempt,  muft  be 
left  to  the  candid  public  to  determine  ;  for  whofe  opinion  I  (hall 
ever  profefs  the  utmoft  deference  and  refpe6t.     Cohfcious  of  a 
pure  motive,  my  only  defire  is  to  inveftigate  truth,  devoid  of 
partial  rcprefentation,  for  which  reafon  I  Siall  alwa)  s  be  ready 
to  retraift  error  or  miftake,  and  thankfully  acknowledge  the  fa- 
vour, whenever  communicated. 

•  With  regard  to  the  National  AfTembly ;  with  the'  higheft 
rcfpe6t  for  the  wifdom  of  its  decrees,  and  itsilluflrious  members, 
I  flatter  myfelf  it  may  be  underflood,  I  never  had  the  moil  dif* 
tant  idea  of  offering  a  difrefpe£l:ful  fentiment  relating  to  either  ) 
and  that  whatever  has  been  added  in  the  innocent  moment  of 
good  humour  and  chearfulnefs,  may  be  confidered  merely  in  the 
nature  of  an  epifodical  digreffion.  For  any  thing  further  I  hope 
1  have  followed  the  fentiments  of  Quintilian  ;  Modefte  tametiy  et 
circumfpeHo  judicio  de  tantis  njiris  pronunciandum  efi^  ne  quad  fU* 
r  if  que  accedit^  damnenty  que  non  intelligunt  *. 


Quint.  Inftit.  x.  i. 


Ft 


DlUon^f  Memoirs  of  the  Revolution  in  France.         50J 

.*  If  now  befcoVes  me,  with  every  apology  for  tjie  many  defi- 
ciencies of  this  ^rformance,  to  revert  to  my  native  country, 
from  which  it  has  been  my  misfortune  td  be  many  years  fepa- 
rated ;  but  where  I  now,  with  the  bleffing  of  Providence,  am 
returned.— •For  thee,  fair  Britannia !  I  hope  I  fhall  ever  feel  the 
moll  patriotic  warmth  ;  although  divefted  of  that  narrow  prin-? 
'^iple  or  opinion,  that  ah  exteiinon  of  liberty  on  the  continent, 
will  be  detrimental  to  our  own,  and  therefore  not  to  be  wifhed 

*  Firmly  imprcfled  with  the  contrary  fentiment,  I  (land  for-» 
ward  the  avowed  advocate  for  a  general  extenfion  of  liberty,  a» 
^he  univerfal  right  of  human  nature!  I  am  proud  at  the  fame 
time,  to  extol  with  the  higheft  cnthufiafm  and  fondnefs,  as  well 
as  revere  our  own  moft  noble  and  venerable  conftitution ;  per- 
f«aded,  that  on  the  immutable  bafis  on  which  it  is  founded,  it 
will  ever  remain  the  fource  of  glory' and  happinefs ;  the  boaft  of 
freemen  ;  the  terror  of  defpots ;  and,  maugre  calumny  and  dc- 
tra^lion,  laft  unfullied,  for  ages, — and  till  time  fhall  be  no  more.* 

Such  is  the  account  which  Mr.  Dillon  gives  of  his  own  en- 
deavours, and  this  account  it  is  no  more  than  juftice  tolay  be- 
fore our  readers.     Of  the  fuccefs  with  which  they  have  beea 
•  accompanied,  we  have  already  ^ven  our  opinion.     We  fhall 
only  add,  with  regard  to  Mr.  Dillon,  that  he  has  very  pro- 
perly prefaced  his  compilations,  with  a  fenfible  difcourfe  on  the 
univerfal  abufe  of  power,  and  of  the  enormities  to  which  that 
vile  paffion  had  given  birth  in  France,  at  the  time  of  thfejatc 
revolution ;  and  that  he  does  not  appear  to  us  to  be  fo  much 
deficient  either  in  judgment,  or  candour,  as  in  juft  tafte  and 
compofition.     With  a  purer  and  more  manly  ftyle,  and  greater 
time  iot  informing  himfelf,  and  arranging  his  matter  for  the  in^ 
formation  of  others,  he  would  have  furniflied  a  more  accept- 
able work  to  the  public.     The  avidity  of  both  readers  and 
venders  of  books  that  promife  amufement,  equal  in  degree, 
though  different  in  kind,   confpires  too  often   with  the  im- 
patience of  authors,    to  pre-occupy  the   market  'with   un- 
ripe and  unpalatable  fruit,    which  is  attended  with  this  farther 
diladvantage,  that  the  number  of  cuftomers  is  thereby  leiTened 
to  bim,  "wha  keeps  back  the  produce  of  his  vineyard  until  the 
proper  feafon.      This  cuilom  of  anticipating  the  legitimate 
compofitions  of  real  artifts,  by  the  awkward  attempts  of  un- 
qualified perfons,  cannot  be  too  feverely  ftigmatized,  as  de- 
trimental to  the  intereft   of  the  republic  of  letters.     If  the 
queftion  comes  to  be,  not  how  an  event  or  obje<9:  is  related  or 
defcribed,  but  how  foon ;  if  expedition  is  to  be.  ftudied  rather 
than  excellence,  the  journals  of  common  lailors,  and  the  or- 
derly books  of  adjutants  and  ferjeants,  will  be  more  encouraged 
than  the  moft  claiEcal  compofitions,  or  the  difcoyeries  of  phi- 
lofophers,  h.  h. 

Art* 


506  M   S  P   A   L   9, 

A*T.  VII.  Troffteme  Litire  de  MA'  JHi  B^rthelimy^  a  M M^ 
ies  Aiitmrs  du  Journal  its  Scavans^  fur  queiques  Midnilles  Sa-- 
m^tritaines.-^^A  third  Letter  of  ihe  Aohk  Barthelemy^  addreffcd  iff 
the  Authors  ef  the  Journal  des  Scavans^  on  feme  Samaritan  Me^ 
dah.     410.     Paris.     1790. 

In  a  former  number  we  mentioned,  that  the  learned  author 
bad  lately  read  a  diircrtation  upon  this  fubjc^t  in  The  Academy 
ef  Infcriptions^  at  jParis.  Of  that  difiertation  this  letter  fur- 
fiiflies  a  fuinmary.  Prefixed  to  it  is  a  plate  containing  ftve  me- 
d^h:  two  of  Simon*,  twp  oi  AHii^onus\  and  one,  never  before 
publifted,  of  Jonathan.  1  he  laft,  elpecially,  hath  fuggefted 
difficulties  to  the  learned  Abbe,  by  which  he  appears,  td  be  con- 
fidcr ably  perplexed.  Whether  thefe  diffictilties  can  be  removed 
remains  to  be  (hown :  wc  would  recommend  them  to  the 
notice  of  Mr.  Henley,  in  particular,  who,  we  uoderftand^ 
is  profeiTedly  engaged  in  a  work  on  thefe  cpins.  What  the- 
learned  Abb^  has  remarked  on  the  medals  of  Jonathan  is  as 
foflows ; 

*'  Of  thele  having  occafion  to  fpcatc  in  the  memoir  prefcnted  to 
the  Academy  of  Infcriptions  in  the  year  1740,  1  prqcored  an  en* 
graving  from* one  in  unall  brafs,  on  which  1  had  read  Jonathan^ 
High  Priefl:  I  cited  a  fimilar  medalin  the  cabinet  of  M.  Car/ 
«f  Marfeilles,  which  had  on  one  fide  the  traces  of  the  words 
BAsiAEfiS  AEhaNPOT,  as  well  as  others  rcprrfennng,  on  one 
ide,  ^u  anchor  with  the  fame  Greek  legend  clearly  expreffed,  and 
OQ  the  other  a  kind  of  wheel  with  Samaritan  letters  diftributed  be- 
tween the  fpokes,  but  fo  fmall  that  the  Tau  and  Nun  terminating 
the  name  of  Jonathan^  could  alone  be  diilinguijlicd.  Thefe  roe-, 
dais  I  attributed  to  Jonathan,  the  brother  of  Simon  Maccabeus, 
fuppofing  them  to  indicate  the  alliance  which  fubfiilcd  between 
Jonathan  with  Alexander  the  iirft,  king  of  Syria.  Abbe  Bayer, 
who  hadiuft  finifhed  the  printing  of  his  work  on  the  Samaritan 
medals,  entertained  doubts  concerning  the  reading  of  thefe,  and 
wrote  to  me  for  explanations,  but  though  my  anfWer  arrived 
too  late,  hV  condefcendcd  to  infer t  it  at  the  end  of  his  book*  1 
was  attacked. by  him  with  an  uncommon  (hare  of  erudition,  and  a 
politenefs  ilill  lefs  frequent.  Hisobjedions  fell  on  two  points : 
Firft,  Infiead  oi  Jgnatham.,  ought  not  the  name-on  rhffc  coins  10  be 
read  Johannes,  of  whom  we  have  coins  precifely  fimiiar  in  metal, 
model  and  types  ?  I  anfwered.,  that  the  four  medals  of  the  king's 
cabinet  certainly  prefented  thefe  four  letters  Jod,  Nun,  Tau,  Nun, 
which  can  form  no  other  name  than  that  of  Jonathan  : — Second, 
Jf  this  reading  be  adopted,  fays  Abbe  Bayer  agpin,  thefe  medals 
could  not  have  been  iftricken  by  Jonathan  the  brother  of  Simon 
Maccabeus,  but  by  fome  Afmonsean  prince,  pofterior  to  Simon,  ^ 
aind  who  to  the  name  of  Jonathan  had  joined  that  of  Alexander. 
The  reafops  of  Abb6  Bayer  are  very  ftrong,  and  to  me  they  ap- 
|)ear  the  moreib,  ii nee.  1. have  reRe£led  on  the  medals  of  Antigo^ 
nu>  named  alfo  Mattathias ;  and  particularly  as  i  have  lately  ^fo«> 
cored  for  the  Royal  c«^binet  a  mc(^  of  Jonathan,  much  better 

prefervc^ 


Natural  Hijiory  §f  Eaji  T<irtary.  ,     507 

prejferyed  than  thofe  befere  known :  it  is  engraved  under  No.  j. 
and  on  its  face  exhibits  round  an  anchor  the  two  words  BASIAiliSr- 
AAEHANAPOT  ;  whilft  on  its  reverfe  I  perceive,  between  the  radit 
cf  a  fort  of  wheel,  the  words  ^Von  jru^n»,  that  is  Jonathan  Rex.    . 

*  If  lam  nor  miftaken  in  the  reading  1  propofe,  this  medal  mu£ 
throw  great  light  upon  the  fuhjeft  ;  by  comparing  it  with  that 
ivhich  I  publifhed  in  the  year  1749,  it  becomes  evident  that  upon 
the  one  the  name  is  compoied  of  fix  letters,  and  on  the  other  of 
^o  more  than  four  ;  but  as  on  both  medals  the  name  of  Jonathaa. 
IS  found  aflociated  with  that  of  Alex'ander,  ic  evidently  follows 
jboth  are  referable  to  the  fame  prince.  I  formerly  ihoaght  thi« 
prince  could  be  no  other  than  Jonathan,  the  brother  of  Simoa 
Maccabeus,  becaufe  he  was  the  only  one  of  his  dynaAy  certainljp 
fo  called.  The  new  medal  I  now  produce^  plainly  points  out  my 
iniftake.  Never  did  Jonathan  take  the  name  of  king  which  is  ejc- 
prefled  on  the  medal.  The  firft  who  aflumed  it  was,  according  to 
Jofephtrs,  Judas  Ariftobulus,  who  reigned  but  one  year,  and  ac-f 
cording  to  Strabo,  Alexander  Jannasus,  who  reigned  27,  and  al^ 
cended  the  throne  about  the  year  105  before  Chrill. 

.  *  In  the  mean  time  however  we  have  no  other  refonrce  but  con- 
jediure.  Abbe  Bayer  propofed  to  attribute  the  medals  of  Jonathaa 
to  one  of  the  t*o  Afmonean  princes,  who  bore  the  name  of  Alex* 
ander,  and  which  are  Alexander  Jannxus,  and  another  Alexander 
brother  of  Antigonus.  It  is  neceflUry  to  wait  for  new  difoovcrici 
before  we  finally  decide,'  p,  ^ 

Art.  .VIII.  The  Natural  Hijiory  of  Eaft  Tartary^  traced 
through  the  thres  Kingdoms  of  Nature^  Publijhed  at  Peterf* 
hurgh  by  the  Academy  of  Sciences  y  and  rendered  into  Englifi 
from  the  French  Tran/lation.  By  William  RadclifFe,  A.  B,. 
of  Oriel  College,  Oxford,  8vo.  p.  199.  pr.  3s.  6d.  fewed. 
Richardfon,    1789. 

To  this  work  is  prefixed  the  following  (hort  hiftorical  zc^ 
count  of  Eaft  Tartary. 

*  The  peninfula  of  Tauride  was  well  know«  at  the  time  of  the 
expedition  of  the  Argonauts.  It  was  then  pattly  inhabited  by  tho 
Cimnaerians,  of  whom  thofe  who  dwelt  in  the  mountains '  called 
therafelves  Taun\  and  at  length  gave  their  name  to  the  whole 
peninfula.  Tzc  fouth  and  weft  lliores  were  poiTeifed  by  fomc  Gre- 
cian colonies,  who  founded  Cherfon.  The  eaft  fliores,  as  far  as 
the  ^oYiy  were  under  the  power  of  the  Grecian  fovereign  of  Fo/^ 
'for,  now  Kerfjch.  The  interior  was  inhabited  by  the  Scythians^ 
/whofe  frentrent  invafions  obliged  the  Grecian  colonifts  to  implore 
the  proteaion  of  Mithridates  :  who,  expelling  the  invaders,  go- 
verned the  kingdom  of  Vofpor,  which  then  contained  the  fouth 
part  of  the  peninfula,  and  the  oppofite  continent,  as  far  as  Cau- 
tafus  ;  while  the  weft  divifion  was  poflclfed  by  the  Cherfoneans* 
In  the  time  of  Diocleftan^  the  Sarmatians  conquered  the  whole 
touptry.  To  thefe  fucceeded  the  Alani  and*  Goth4 ;  and,  af 
length,  the  Grecian  emperors:  who  were,  however,  unable  to 

i  f      ,  ,  protcoj 


508  KAT01tAL     HIST  OR  y. 

Pfotcft  tlie  pcninfula  from  the  intrufions  of  the  Hungarian  pofy 
fecks  and  Tartar?* 

•  About  the  end  of  the  12th  ^entury^  the  Genoefc  cftabliihctf 
tjicmfclvcs  upon  the  fliores  of  Cherfopefus  Taurica.  In  the  1 3tk 
century,  the  Tartars  gave  the  name  of  Crimea  (a  fortrefs)  to  the 
fourn  of  Soigate ;  but  th^  Gcuoefe  kept  pplTeffloQ  of  all  {he  portj 
?nd  maritime  fortrefles. 

••  In  1774,  the  Tartars  of  the  Crimea,  being  ^flifijjd  by  Ruflia, 
declared  thcmfelyes  independent ;  jind  in  1783,  the  whole  penin-^ 
fula  was  united  to  the  empire  of  RufGa  undef  ;hc  name  of  'Cher-, 
Jbmefus^Yaurica* 

The  work  itfelf  18  dividec!  into  thrpe  parts.  The  firft  treat- 
ing  of  the  fituation  of  Eaft  Tartary,  the  nature  and  proper-* 
ties  of  the  foil  and  waters,  and  of  all  tlie  fubjedts  of  the  rnine^ 
ral  kingdoni.  This  part  contains  ^9  p^ges.  Part  the  fecond 
(from  p.  70  to  167)  treats  of  the  vegetable  kingdom :  find, 
p^rt  the  third  (from  p.  168  to  the  end)  of  the  animals. 

This  country  is  fituated  between  45*^  and  47°  N,  lat.  and 
between  50^  and  55^  E.  long.— It  extends  N:  as  far  as  the 
govcmnaent  of  Catherinoflaw  ;  is  furrounded  on  the  E.  by  the 
fea  of  Azow»  and  by  the  river  of  Cuban  ;  on  the.S.  W.  and 
N.  W.  by  the  Black  Sea.  It  may  be  diftributed  into  the  level 
Country,  the  mountains,  the  peninfula  of  Kertfch,  and  tlje  ifl^ 
of  Taman.     Thefe  arp  treated  feparately. 

I.  The  level  country  comprifes  the  vaft  plains  between  thp 
Black  Sea,  and  the  feas  of  Azow  and  Sivache  (or  putrid) 
which,  ftretching  tovi'ards  the  N.  Tpwead  from  the  Dnieper  as 
fer  as  Perccop^  and  beyond  the  neighbouring  rivers  of  Salghir 
and  the  W.  Boulghanak.  The  foil  is  a  yellow  argillaceous 
carcb,  becoming  grcyifli  on  the  furface,  by  the  admixture  of 
mould  from  decayed  vegetables,  and  in  fome  parts  abounding 
with  felt- 

The  fertility  depends  upon  its  humidity,  and  the  quantity 
of  the  black  fat  mould.  It  produces,  in  moft  places,  a  fufi- 
ci^it  quantity  of  p^ure  ;  and  is  fit  for  other  forts  of  cultiva* 
tion.  There  are  no  woods  j  but  fruit-trees  growalmoft  with* 
out  care. — ^The  river  water  is  muddy  and  ilT-tafted,  owing  to 
the  flimynefs  of  the  bottom,  and  the  flownefs  of  their  courfe 
through  a  flat  country.     Well  water  is  infipid,  or  brackifh. 

The  (alt  lakes  are  of  various  extent,  and  generally  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  the  fea ;  to* which  the  author  thinks  they 
were  once  joined,  and  indeed  that  the  whole  of  the  level  waS| 
formerly  covered  by  the  fea :  of  this  there  can  be  little  doubt* 

From  fome  of  thefe  lakes  fcarcely  any  fait  can  be  extraded  : 
du^e  of  Perecop  are  the  moft  abundant,  and  great  quantities 
are  annually  drawn  from  thence.  The  felt  forms  -from  the 
end  of  June  to  Auguft,  in^folid  lumps  of  two  fingers  breidtli 
itt  thicfciief^  compofed  of  fmtdl  chryftals,  mofrly  of' no  dctrf-^ 
msm»  figure.    Under  thefe  liimps,  at  the  hoUom  of  the^  kke^ 

iafiUatcc^ 


infulated  chryftals  are  fometimes  found  of  remarkable  Hzc  and 
tranfparency,  regularly  cubical.  The  lumps  of  fait  are  raHbd 
from  the  bottom  of  the  lake  by  wooden  fliovels,  and  being 
ihaken  and  cleanfed  in  the  water,  are  conveyed  to  die  ihore  on 
Carriages  drawn  by  oxen. 

2.  The  mountainous  country  is  bordered  on  the  N.  hy  the 
rivers  Salghir  and  Boulghanak  5  ftretching  on  one  fide,  toward* 
the  E.  as  far  as  Caffa,  and  on  the  other  towards  the  W.'as  far 
as  the  mouth  of  the  Alma.  Thefe  mountains  are  diipofed  in 
three  great  chains  or  ridges,  all  running  from  E.  to  W*  and 
the  fide  facing  the  S.  fteeper  than  that  towards  the  N.  Their 
prihcipal  fabiiance  is  calcareous  ftone  of  different  folidity  ;  the 
ilrata,  with  very  little  variation,  in  a  diredion  tending  towards 
the  S. — Some  of  them  however  have  been  formed  at  different 
times  from  thefe^iment  of  the  fea  \  fome  have  been  produced 
by  fire ;  and  others  bear  evident  marks  of  the  violent  efforts 
cf  fub terraneous  fire  ading  in  oppofition  to  the  power  of -the 
waters. 

By  the  author's  account,  there  are  many  delightful  fituations^ 
and  very  fruitful  vallies  in  this  mountainous  tra£t.  The  middle 
range  is  covered  with  wood.  Some  of  the  rivers  take  a  N-  E,, 
or  N.  W^  diredlion,  while  others  run  to  the  S.  Thefe  form 
many  fine  cafcades,  as  is  ufual  in  mountainous  countries.  One 
of  them  leaps  above  1000  feet  at  once,  entirely  clear  of  the 
rock.     But  moft  of  thefe  fivers  are  nearly  dry  in  fummen 

The  mountains  of  the  front  range  are  irregular^  and  moIUj 
compofed  of  a  foft  calcareous  ftone,  full  of  petrifatSlions ;  and 
covered  in  many  places  with  coppices.  In  the  fides  of  thefe 
mountains  are  frequently  found  abundance  of  caverns,  the  refi- 
dence  of  the  ancient  inhabitants  of  the  country  ;  fome  of  them 
appear  to  have  been  places  of  burial  >  and  the  walls  of  fome 
are  covered  with  nitrous  efijorefcences. 

A  fort  di  jmc5lU  or  fuller's  earth  is  dug  here  in  confiderable 
quantities.  It  is  ufed  much  by  the  Tartarian  and  Turkiih 
women  in  their  baths :  it  is  alfo  uied  in  fulling  clothes*  Tbe 
Tartars  call  it  iC//. 

There  are  evid^t  traces  of  volcanic  eruptions  in  fome  parts 
cf  thefe  mountains  '^  lava  of  feveral  forts,  pumice  jftones^  and 
jred  martial  earth  having  l^en  fouj;id  there. 

On  the  fummit  of  one  of  the  mountains  is  an  iaimenfe  ca- 
vity, in  whidb  ice  remains  through  the  whole  year* 

The  msiiitime  mountains-begin  at  Boulaclava,  and  forming 
z,  chain  feldom  interrupted^  run  in  parallels  to  the  banks  ^ 
&e  Black  Sea  near  Caffa.  Through  gU  this  extent  are  frc-. 
quent  traces  of  efforts  made  by  fu^erraneows  fires.  Petrifac- 
tioti$  are  not  found  in  any  part  of  them.  On  the  N.  fide  thej 
are  covered  with  wood*  The  ftone  is  compaSl,  cf  a  deep  grejr 
colour,  and  belongs  to  the  Pi^rra  PuanUsi  for  in  triluratioa 

;•     _  3  it 


%lO  KATUHAt    HISTORY. 

it  gives  a  find!  like  that  of  rotten  eggs.  In  the  hollows,  ani 
on  the  banks  of  the  rivulets,  are  found  large  ftrita  cfjcbtft. 

On  the  tops  of  all  thefe  mountains  are  vaft  plains,  afford- 
ing excellent  pafture,  where  the  cattle  are  kept  in  fummcr, 
fefe  from  the  gnats  and  other  infedts. 

The  famous  vineprds  of  Soudak,  which  are  efteemed  the 
beft  of  all  Eaft  Tartar^,  lie  Between  thefe  mountains,  and  oc- 
cupy a  valley  of  ten  verfts  ki  length. 

3.  The  peninfula  of  Kcrtfch,  is  in  length  about  twenty 
Terfts,  jmd  from  twenty  to  fifty  in  breadth  ;  at  its  entrance  are 
fmooth  and  level  plains,  afterwards  gentle  Tiills,  and  in  the 
ceighbourhood  of  Kertfch  fmall  mountains.  The  fhores  of  the 
Black  Sea,  and  of  the  fea  of  Azow,  by  which  it  is  furrounded, 
are  very  fteep  and  high,  being  formed  for  the  moft  part  of  ar- 
gillaceous hills.  In  the  defcents  between  thefe>  Cilt  lakes  are 
often  met  with.  Through  all  thefe  parts  are  only  a  few  ri- 
irul^ts,  the  water  of  which  is  loft  in  fummer  ;  and  the  watei* 
of  wells  is  often  brackilh  ;  but  the  mountains  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  Kertfch  and  Jenical6  abound  with  excellent  fprings. 

The  foil,  except  the  fait  marfhes,  is  fertile  >  and  the  circl« 
rf  Kertfch  is  held  to  produce  corn'  in  greate/  abuiidance  than 
any  other  part  of  this  country.  Grafi'eSy  &c.  grow"  in  great 
plenty  ;  and  vines,  with  fruit  trees  of  the  better  forts,  might  be 
raifea.     The  peninfula  is  entirely  deftitute  of  wood. 

The  mountains,  at  the  diftance  of  fix  verfts  from  Kertfch, 
form  different  chain?,  between  which  are  maily  fpacious  val- 
lies.     In  thefe  are  tiunul:^  or  barrov/s  of  various  dimenfions. 

Towards  the  N.  at  the  difence  of  one  verft  from  Jenicale, 
Sire  fait  fprings  at  the  top  of  the  mountains,  bringing  up  per 
tr oleum  from  their  bottoms. 

4.  The  Ifle  of  Taman  lies  along  the  ftrait  of  Jenicale,  by 
which  it  is  partly  furrounded,  i.nd  partly  by  the  arms  of  the 
river  Cuban.  Its  length  is  about  fixt}',  and  its  greatcft  breadth 
is  forty  verfts.  Its  fituation  is  elevated,  the  banks  being  almoft 
every  where  fteep.  It  has  large  falt-pils,  and  one  large  (alt 
lake  :  though  fymptoms  of  falinc  particles  appear  in  other 
places,  yet  cultivation  fuccecds,  efpecially  in  the  floping  val- 
lies  between  the  hills.  Thefe  is  no  deficicxncy  of  pafturel 
Neither  trees  norflirubs  grow  fpontaneoiifly  .;  biit  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  Taman  are  vaft  orchards. 

This  ifland  has  no  running  water,  but  it  has  many  fpringsl 
It  has  pits  ejetfling  a  faltflime,  arid  fait  fpriiigs  yielding  petro- 
leum. Springs  of  pure  naptha  are  faid  to  be  found  towards  tlie 
fource  of  the  S.  arm  of  the  river  Cuban.  ;  Througlir'the  whole 
ifland  there  is  titi  trace  of  calcafeous  fl:one.     "    "V 

Of  rJiE  CLIMATE,  ANfD  THE  AIR.— The  excellence  of  tbe 
climate  is  proved  by  the  luxuriance  of  vegetabres.  "Befides'  the* 
trees  and  wild  plants,  which' fecm'  alrholt  peculiat  to TxAitherrf 

COUttr** 


N(^mal  HiJioTj  of  Eaji  tartary^  511 

countries,  the  moft  delicate  fruits,  and  thofe  which,  even  in 
moderate  climntes,  require  the  niceft  care  to  flielter  them  from 
the  cold,  flourifb  almoft  fpontaneoufly  here. 

Through  three  quarters  of  the  year  the  weather  151  warm, 
and  nature  repofes  only  four  months.  Spring,  begins  in  March* 
The  heat  from  the  middle  of  June  to  the  middle  or  end  of 
Auguft  is  very  great  j  but  it  is  tempered  by  winds,  which 
blow  during  all  this  period,  from  ten  in  the  morning  to  ilic  ae 
pight.  In  September  and  0(3ober  the  heat  is  moderate,  and 
the  weather  pleafant ;  this  fine  feafon  continues,  fometimes  to 
the  middle  of  November.  In  December  comes  frofl:  ajiti  fno\?, 
but  the  weather  is  variable,  and  the  frofts  feldom  laft  above 
two  or  three  days.  Eyen  in  January  v/arm  and  pleafant  dajs 
are  not  uncominon. 

Th§  moft  frequent  winds  are  N.  and  N.  E.  Cold  an4  fnow 
follow  thefe  in  winter,  and  cloudy  weather  in  autumji  an4 
ipring ;  but  in  fummer  they  refreih  and  purify  the  air*  •  Ttee? 
jS*^  E.  blows  fometimes  impetuoufly  in  autumn  :  the  ai4-  is  thea 
reinarkably  warm,  and  cloudy,  but  the  weather  is  dry. 

In  the  plains  which  reach  from  the  Dnieper  to  the  moua** 
tains,  the  heat  and  cold  are  more  violent,  and  rains  lefs  fre-» 
quent  in  Aimmer  than  in  other  places.  In  the  mountains  the 
climate  of  the  N.  fide  differs  remarkably  from  that  of  the  S, 
the  latter  being  flieltered  by,  a  high  chain  of  mountains. 

The  air  of  Eaft  Tartary  is  cfteeraed  very  wholcfome.  The 
whole  couijxtry  is  fuiEciently  elevated  above  the  level  of  the  feai 
and  the  vapours  are  diffipated  hy  continual  winds.  The  dif- 
tri^  of  Sivache  alone  is  fubje£t  to  putrid  vapours.  The  mouA^t 
tainous  country,  on  account  of  its  expofed  fituation,  and  the 
excellence  of  its  water,  is  held  to  be  the  moft  Ciiubrious  :  fhc 
diftricfts  of  Koflow  and  Kertfch  are  next  in  efteem. 

The  maladies  of  this  country  are  common  and  malignant 
fevers,  which  appear  towards  the  end  of  fummer  :  dyfenteri<?« 
prevail  alfo.  in  this  feafon.  The  plague  is  x>ften  brought  front 
Turkey*  But  the  leprofy  or  elepharitiafis,  known  in  'the  S«^ 
part  of  the  government  of  Aftracan,  by  the  name  of  the  Ma-? 
lady  of  the  Crimea,  is  here  kn,own.only  by  name. 

Part  ii.  Of  the  vegetable  kingdom. — ^The  plants 
of  Eaft  Tartary  are  in  general  fuch  as  are  moft  common  in  the 
fouth  of  Europe  ;  but  in  the  fouthern  parts  of  the  ippuntaias 
are  found  thofe  of  Afia,  generally  the  Tame  as  on  the  oppofite. 
.fliore,  in  Natolia,  defcribed  by  Tpurnefort  j  and  on  the  tops 
of  the  higheft  mountains  are  the  Alpine  plants.  The  aut^^ 
treats  the  vegetables  under  the  head-^,  ift.  Of  g;arden  and  fiel^ 
plants.  2dly,  Foreft  trees  and  flirubs.  3ily,  Wild  flowers 
and  herbs. 

.  The  gardens  are  iltirays  on  the  bsmks  of  riyers  or  rivuletsi 
Tb^y  are  of  g?e?t  ext?nt>  containing  paftufes  aod  n^eadows, 

with 


512  NATURAL     HISTORY. 

with  fruit  trees  planted  promifcuoufly ;  and  therefore  are  ra« 
ther  orchards  than  gardens. 

Very  little  care  is  beftowed  upon  them :  they  are  never 
weeded,  nor  afe  the  trees  engrafted.  The  vines  fpread  upon 
the  ground  among  the  weeds,  or  entwine  the  trees  at  random, 
and  yet  the  grapes  grow  to  a  confiderable  fize.  The  utmoft 
effort  of  a  Tartarian  gardener  is  to  fupply  his  garden  with  wa- 
ter,—The  fruit  trees  are  arranged  according  to  the  order  in 
which  the  fruits  ripen.  Thefe  are,  hard  cherries^  red  or  yel- 
low ;  common  cherries^  fmall,  four,  and  red  ;  apricots.^  plumbs  of 
feveral  forts  ;  pears  and  apples^  mulberries^  filberdsj  walnuts^ 
grapes  I  fifteen  forts  are  diftingui(hed ;  the  wine  made  from 
them  is  well  tafted,  very  wholefome,  and  may  be  reckoned 
among  the  beft  table  wines.  Much  improvement  might  how- 
ever be  made  by  attention,  and  planting  the  vines  in  the  up- 
lands.— Peaches^  almonds  ;  fmall,  thick-melled,  and  not  valued." 
Shtincesyforb^apple^  Cornelian  cherry^  pomegranates^  olives^  Indian 
date^plumb  {D'lofyyvosLotws^)  Carcafe^  the  fruit  of  the  celtis  orient 
talis  i  medlar^  red goofeberry ,  [Currant,  if  it  be  ribes  rubrum."}    - 

Ornamental  Trees. — Italian  poplar^  the  wood  harder  and 
more  folid  than  that  of  the  common  fort,  with  an  even  grain. 
Common  poplar^  white  poplar^  elm,  ajh,  Babylonian  [or  weeping] 
willovj,  turpentine-tree  or  wild  pijiacia  (piftacia  terebinthus,) 
yielding  a  very  degant  balfam.     Laurel  {bay.] 

Garden  Flowers. — Lilac  ;  white^  red^  and  yellow  rofes  ; 
white  jafmine,  baftl^  tagetes  patula^  or  French  marigold^  called 
by  the  tranflator  Indian  pink  j  garden  marigold^  p^afeolus  coc* 
rineusy  amaranth,  (a.  caudatus  j)  con'volvulus  purpereusy  fun^ 
flowery  dianthuS'Carthufianorumy  haljam^  marvel  of  PerUy  white 
lilljy  Phytolacca  decandra.  The  variety  of  garden  flowers  there- 
fore is  not  great. 

Roots  and  Pot-herbs.— Cbww^w  white  cabbage ;  the  heart 
fometimes  weighing  twenty  pounds  ;  carrots,  red  and  white 
heety  and  a  particular  fort  very  large,  and  round  like  a  turnep ; 
radijhesy  onions  of  great  fize,  garlicky  beansy  kidney  beansy  Spa» 
nijh  peasy  Jhlanum  melongena  ;  violet  red,  and  much  efteemed 
by  the  Afiatics.  Love-applesy  capftcum  or  Indian  peppery  heli^ 
anthus  tuberofuSy  commonly  called  Jerufalem  artichokcy  but  by 
the  tranflator  earth  appUy  we  fuppofe  from  the  French,  Pommc 
de  Terre.  MaizcyhoUus  faccharatusytob<xccOy  ftaxy  hempy  cu-^ 
cumberSy  pumpions  of  feveral  forts,  melonsy  water-melons. 

Their  corn  is  rycy  wheaty  fown  in  fpring  ;  the  grain  large, 
and  the  flour  white  and  good.  Barleyy  oatSy  and  millety  the  com* 
mon  increafe  of  which  is   1 50  to  i .  \ 

Forest  Trees  ano  Shiil-vbs. — Oaky  ^uercus .  cerrisy  beech^ 
hornbeaniy  maple  (acer  campeftris ;)  limey  afpeny  sijhy  common 
and  flowering  ;  alder y  pine  (p.  pinea ;)  favi)fiy  jtmifer  of  con- 
fiderable fize  5  yewy  rhdwnus  puUuruSy  Cbri/rf  tbom^  called  by 

the 


iJatUtal  Hi/iory  of  Eqft  T^rtatyl  .        jt% 

the,  tranflator  buckthorn  j  cornel  (caur>us  {znguinez\)  JpindU 
tree  (Euortyfnirs  Europaeus ;)  Hazely  the  Tartars,  feldom  ga- 
ther the  fruit;  fumack^  (rhus  cotinus,)  the  Tartars  dye  leather 
yellow  with  the  leaves  i  bladk  ^lum^  this,  by  the  defcriptioni 
is  the  buckthor^n  ;  rhumnuz  frangula^  Hack  berfy-bedring  alder ^ 
calfcd  by  the  tranllator  buc'kthorn  \  hgnus  cajiusi  coluiea  drbo^ 
refcensy  weH  known  in  our  flirubberies  under  its  Latin  nan^e, 
biit  not  bladder-nut  tree^  as  the  tranflator  calls  it ;  iamartjk^ 
Willows  of  fevetal- forts^  (falix  pentandra,  he)ix,  caprea;) 
futnhchy  (rhiis  coriaria  ;)  elder ^  water-elder^  (viburnum  opulus,) 
called  by  the  tranflator,  wayfaring-tree  j  viburnum  tdntanay 
wdyfaring-tree^  tranflated  gelder-rofe ;  privet^  ^hite-ihprnj 
tut  la  apple  or  crab^  wUd  pear^  pyrus  falicifolia  of  Pallas,*  ntefpi-^ 
Iks  6rfent'alis  of  Totirnefort ;  wild  plum  (prunus  fyfveftris  ;)  • 
priinus  aviuniy  blackthorn^  (pr,  fpinofa;)  mountain  ^  (forbus' 
ailcup^ia;)  barberry y  me/pi lus  cotoneajler^  wild  vine^  bramble^ 
ttAld  or  dog-rojiy  rofajpinojtjjimay  fpiraa  crendta^  cytifus  nigricans^ 
i'^y^  thijekoey  jkfiee  holly ^  (rufcus  aculeatus  ;)  yellow  jd/mine^ 
(T,  fcuiic^ns  ;j  nitraria fcoberiy  caper-tree^  (eapparis  fpinbfa;)' 
€i/lra^'alits  trdgdcantha,  which  yields  the  gunri  adragant  or 
fraga'caiith."    •   -^    '      ' 

Wild  Plants. — Thefe  are  diftributed  into,  ift,  Such  as  are 
difttnguiflfied  for  their  beauty.  2dly,  Herbs  dfpafture^  3d]y, 
Medicinal  plants;  4-^Iy5  Thofe  fit  for  domeflic  pUrpofes.  fthly,' 
Thofe  which  peculiarly  deferve  the  attention  of  botanifts. 

The  fporitarieouis  plants  of  Ealt  Tartary  are  fo  numerous, 
Aat  it  does  notfall  within  our  limits  to  recite  them.  We  Ihall 
therefore  only  mention  fomc  of  the  more  remarkable,  as  in! 
.thi§  firft  diViflon  ;•  talipSy  iris  girmanicay  or?iithogaiums  of  fe- 
v«ral  forts, '  p^^ny'y  yellow  a/phodely  fraxinella^  garden  larkfpur; 
feveral  forts  of  diantlyuSy  hollyhock^  ^eranthemum  annuum^  mea-^ 
dow  faffroriy  and  officinal  faffron^  all  Well  known  in  oilr  gar- 
dens. 

*'2.  T^he  herbs  of  pafture  are,  befides  graflxjs,  properly  fp 
Caflied,  feterd' forts  of  trefoil^  lotut  cornicuiaiusy  medicago  fal» 
caiay  Jdinfoiny  eor'onilla  varia^  lathyrus  licer  and  praien/isy  vicia 
$r decay  aJlragalUs  juhfusy  ^.nd-  glycyphyllus* 

3.  Of  medicinal  plants- near  lo'o  fpecies  are  ptit  down  i 
but  many  of  them  will  fcarcely  now  be  idiUJtted  into  an,  Eug^ 
lift  materia  meSca. 

•4.  Vegetables  fit  fclr  domeftic' ufcs  arcy  dyer* 5  weedy  (rejed^ 

luteola  )  madder,  ruhla  peregrlha^  galium  rubioi^e/  ah<l-  Jylva-^ 

ticuniy  glajjworty  (falicornia  herbacea;)  feveral  fpccies/ of  y^/-? 

Joldy  hopSy  afpic&aguSy  purfiainy  JhawberrteFy  which  .tl^  Tartar^ 

do  not  eat,  muJJjr 007ns.  -  ■      '. 

'  Pa^t  ifr.  Of  ths  Ai^iMAt^KtNol)OA«.^*-WiM  quadrupeds, 

ftbrfesy  hnielffpesy  ftagSy  fallow  deef^\fmne^  iJ^olfy  fosfy  badger^ 

harey  marteny  polecaty  jerboa^    (mus  jaqujus,)-  earJ^fs  marmot^ 

:  Apiprf  ;\^ot.  VH* '        ,  Nft  {rsx^tf 


5^4  NATURAL    MISTOHY. 

(ipus  citillus,)  fcetid  Jhrew^  (forax  araneus,)  beity  porpoife  2xA 
feal, — ^It  is  remarkable  that  there  are  no  bean* 

Domeftic  quadrupeds.     Dromedary^  horfe^  ntukj  afs^  huffahy 
kine^  goats^  Jf>eep^  dogy  cat. 

'  Birds,  Alp'tne  vulture^  [acred  vulture^  fv.  alpinus  and  pe- 
rcnopterus  ;)  falca  fulvus^  aruginofus^  milvus  and  tinnunculusj 
ftrix  bubo  and  hlatea^  lanius^  excubhor  and  collurio^  rpok^  raverij 
royjion' croWy  jackdaw^  /«/7^/>;V,  r^/Ar,  (coraciasgarrula ;)  orioUy 
(oriolus  galbula  >)  .c^c^^0,  ptcus  mart'tus  znd  varius  y  bee^eater^ 
hoopoe  J  jay,  fivany  Jheidrakej  goofey  anjer  pulchricolHsy  ducky  golden- 

J^d  ducky  (anas  claitgula ; )  anas  cracca  and  rutilay  mergus  aL 
ellusy   pelicaHy .  Jbagy   gullsy  fea  fwalloWy   ardta   virgOy    igneoy 
cinereay  jpoon-billy  fcplopax  arquatOy   caltdrh  and  gallinagOy    or 
friipey  woodcock,    oyjier-fatchery    long-legged  plovevy    (charadrius 
himantopus  \)  great  andfmall  bujfardy  lapwtngy  partriHgey  ^uaily 
pigeony  rtng'dovty  turtle^dovCy    white-winged   and  ere/led  larky 
jftarlingy  fieldfare^  blackbirdy  rofe-coloured  ouzely  chaffinchy  gold^ 
finchy  li/kin^' yeUow-hammery  nightirigaley  white  wagtaily ,  whin- 
.  chaty  wheat-eary  lej/er  reedfparrowy  great  titmoufcy  marttriy  fani 
martiHy  fwifty  fparrowy  churn  owly  king^^-Ji/hery  and  fome  birds 
of  pai&ge.    . 

River  Fifli.  Ifinglqfs  fijhy  (acipenfer  hufo  ;)  Jiurgeohy  acU 
fenferjlellatusy  carpy  Jalmon  trouty  barbely  gudgeony  ruddy  chuby 
roachy  minnow. 

•  Sea  Fi(h. .  Mullety  mackrety  red  gurnardy  father  lajhery  go^ 
lius  niger^  and  paganellus ;  foUy  fprdty  anchovy,  fire-Jlaire^  fea-- 
horfcy  (fynguatnus  pelagius  ;)  J^^zrws  annularis  and  erythrinus, 
iabrus  turdusy  btennius  pholisy  the  bulcardy  atherina  hepfetusf 
fea  carp. 

Teftaceous  Fifh.  Crayfijhyicrahy  cancer  fquilla,  oyflery  rnufcle^ 
locklcy  cardium  fcrratuniy  oftrea  glabray  razor  fiJhy  large  varies 
gated  and  fmall  rough  fnaiL 

Amphibious  Animals  and  Reptiles.  Frejh  water  tortoife^ 
(teftuido  lutariaj)  commony  greerty  znd  tree  frog  yfcaly,  green^ 
ind  fmall  variegated  lizardy  common  fnake,  a^. 

Of  Insects. — No  detailed  account  is  attempted. — Bees  are 
kept  in  great  abundance;  the  hives  are  made  by  ^weaving" 
twigs  of  trees,  and  covering  them  with  clay  on  the  outfide  j 
they  are  in  the  lB>ip&  of  a  cylinder,  and  either  reft  oh  \\ip 
ground,  ,or  are  fufpended  on  trees.  The  art  of  bleachiiig  thic 
Wax  is  not  yet  known  among  the  Tartars. 

Orily  two  noxious  infects  are  known  in  this  country ;  the 
tarantuia  and  fcolopendra  moffitans.  ,  Gnats  ajfe  very  rare* 
Bugs  and  moths  arc  not  feeri  in  the  houfes. 

*  Reviewing  all  that  has  been  faid  p£  this  country,  it  appears 
to  be  an  acquifition  of  very  great  advantage  to  the  empire  of 
Ruflia.  It  produces,  in  the  three  kingdoms  of  nature,  not  only 
the.  ncceiTarics,  but  the  luxuries  of  life ;  induftry  and'  encou- 
r*gement  may  bring  thcfc  lo  perfcaioa  j  the  farmert  the  plan^ 
*'  ■  ICP- 


J 


ei*,  ami  the  merchant,  may  obtain  from  endeavour,  attd  almo/l: 
Vom  the  fpontaheous  prodUdiohs  ofthfe  earth,  the  moft  eflferitial 
advaittagesj  aRd  moft  luxurioits  gfatiftcationsi* 
•  Wecannot  avoid  lamentingj  as  we  frequeittly  have  occa* 
^fionin  boofe'of  this  kind^  the  want  of'a  map.  There  is-  alfp 
neither  table  of  contents  norindexi  W&  have  obferved^^rl?«- 
iieuruM  for  Jize^  m\d  raijns  for  grapes  i  p&'irKtpU  for  priwipal^ 
and  foitie  otbor  miftbkes,  which  perhaps  may  be  errors  of/  the 
prefs*  The  Latin  names  of  plaiUs,  &c.  are  very  iiKprr e£Hy 
printed  j.  as  tytvptificum  for  fyccpierficum  j  cufrMa,  for  tufiuiai 
iucemia  for  lufcJrna^  &c*  AH:  which  will  doubtlefs  be.  cor^S" 
reiSted^  if  a  fecond  dditioii  o£  the  work  fhould  be  Oailed  for  by 
the  pablki. 


Art.  iXfc  Spetulmn  Linnaianwrt^  ofy  LinndtiA  j&o^f^gy^ 
containing  a  complete  Illujlration  of  tht  Zoological  Part^of  ihi 
Syjlema  Naturte  of  LihnaUS :  with  Figures  elegantly  en*^  ^ 
graved  and  a^rcur'aiily  coloured^  representing  the  rhoji  remar^^ 
Me  Species  of  each  Genus.  fPlth  Deferiptions  at  larger  Hy 
George  Shaw,  m.  i>,  f*  r,  s*  The  Figures  by  Jameli 
Sowerijy;     410*     N*^  i.     pr.  6Sfc     White  and  Son^     1790* 

,AFTJtR  all  that  has  b,een  done  by  Linnafcus^  and  others,  to 
illuftrate  natural  .obiecSs  by  verbal  charaders  and  defcriptioos^ 
It  muft  be  confefled,,  that  a  well  drawn  figure,  efpccially  if 
it  be  in  colours,  gives  more  fatisfaftory  information  than  all 
that  language  can  poffibly  convey.  We  are  glad  therefore  to 
Jee.  this  plan  of  ifluftrating  Linnjeus's  Zoology,  by  coloured 
plates  going  forward  j  efpecially  as  it  is  undertaken  by  a  gen* 
tleman  of  Dn  ShaW's  claflical  taftV,  and  an  artifl:  of  Mr.  Saw- 
^rby's  acknowledged  talentSk  From  the  elegant  fpedimen  piib- 
liflied  on  the  firft  of  September,  it  Ihould  f€em  as  if  it  would 
be  a  very  fplendid  wdrk  in  every  refped  j  the  drawing,  en- 
graving, colouring,  paper  aad  print,  being  all  the  beft  in  their 
ieveral  kinds»  The  characters- and  defcriptions  are  given  both 
in  Latin  and  Englifli.  The  firft  number  exhibits,  five  apes  and 
monkeys,  drawn  from  the  life,  in  four  plates,  i*  Simia  Inuus^ 
the  Barhary  Ape.  2.  S.  Maimonjy  or  ribbed-nofeg^BabooH.  3* 
S.  HafHadf^yaSy  or  grey  Babohn^  4.  S\  MthiopSy 'or  white  eye-" 
lid  Monkey,     5.  5»  Qapucina^  Or  Gapucin  Monkey^ 

The  authors  db  not  pledge  themfelves  to  publifh  their  fu-» 
ture  numbers  at  any  ftated  period;  but  we  underftand,  that 
their  intention  is,  if  poiEble,  to  give'  a  number  every  thr^e 
'  months. 

In  order  to  render  this  work  what  it  profeflcs  to  be,^|^ 
complete  illujlration  of  the  %oological  part  of  the  Syfiana  Natiin^ 
tf  Linnau^y  the  authors  will  probably,  al  i'ome  futuire  time^  give 
general  plates  Qf  the  Clascal  and  generic  char;l<^s»      tti.  %• 


5l6  POETRY* 

Art.  X.  Atmcreonth  et  Sappbus  Carmlna  Gran  nncenfuti 
HBt'tfqui  illujiravit  perpetuis  &  optimis  Interpretibus^  quitus  et 
fuas  adjecit.  Fredericus  Gottlob  Born,  Philof.  Doctor  et 
Pr6fej9br  PubU  in  Untverfit.  Litter.  Lipfica.  Lipfiacw 
1789.  Small  8vo.  280  pftges.  Price  3s.  6d.  fewed.  Im^ 
ported  by  Faulder. 

As  the  remains  of  none  anftongft  the  Grecian  poets  have  of 
late  been  more  frequently  edited,  than  thofe  of  Anacreon  an4 
Sappho  i  fo  to  no  editor  are  they  more  indebted  than  the  prefent. 
In  giving  the  texty  profeiTor  Born  has  followed,  though  not  im-^ 
pKcitly,  the  laft  edition  of  Brunclc  ;  for,  where  a  better  reading 
prefented  it&lf  in  other  editions,  he  thought  hi mfelf  authorized 
to  adopt  it.— The  nota  are  judicioufly  feleded  from  Stephens, 
Orfini,  Barnes,  Baxter,  Pauw,  Dorvillc,  Fifcbcr,  Schneider,. 
Z^un|,  Degen,  and  other  learned  criticks,  and  intcrfperfe'd 
with  various  obfervations  of  his  own.— -His  introduSiion  corififts 
of  a  diflertatlon,  in  which  he  treats  on  the  life,  religion, 
morals,  writings,  editors,  and  tranflators  of  Anacreon ;  and  on 
the  life  of  Sappho. 

Refpeding  the  morals  of  Anacreon,  it  is  the  prbfeflbr's  objcft 
to  defend  him  againft  the  charges  of  inebriety  and  unnatural 
luft,  and  we,  with  pleafure,  add,  that  his  exculpation  reaches 
to  the  extent  of  the  charge.  But,  though  others  have  fet  up 
for  Sappho  a  fimilar  defence,  he  does  not  avail  himfelf  of  it. 

It  may  be  remarked,  in  general,  that  the  method  of  inter- 
pretation adopted  by  the  profeffor  is,  firft  tb  explain  the  ab- 
folute  fenfe  of  particular  expreffions,  and  thence  their  relative 
import.  As  a  fpecimen  of  his  i:omments  at  large,  we  will 
fubjoLn  that  on  Ode  22* 

ri^  cc»  6x;y  ofuf  •zo-ap&xdfl^ 
Kccrayii/yiov  totovro  ; 

•  V.  I.  iffQif^  TTff  cxiir,  Prsepofitio  «r«pa,  fi  propinquitatcm  de- 
notat  rei  ina,m|Taatac^  iuagitur  cuitt  a(?cufatiuo,  vt.  h.  1. ;  fi  rci 
animatae,  cum  datiuo  cafu.  Sic  enim  Thom.  Magifler:  «rapa, 
^rstr>afff*6n9r»in?iaT,  im  jmv  ifA^vxfiv   ^QrUn'  ffvrrMrcirur  ©Tor  wap«  tJ 

fcacc  re^uia  npn  fempcr  feruatur,  vti  ad  v.  J.  oflendemus. 
<  Biefiv;^!.  vid.  fupra  ad  Odar.  IX.  8. 

*  V.  2.  xoAor  TO  hv^pof,  fubaudi  sn.  x<»>wr  ^sy^|p«y  eft  arior  fatuld 
StvM^ofa,     Vir^iL  Eclpg.  1,  i 

*  Tityrcy  tu  patula  recubans/«3  tegmine  fagi. 

4         "        *  id* 


BotfCs  AnofreQn  and  Sapphoy  &c,  ^7 

I*.  EclQg.  V,  3. 

*  Cur  noH^  Motfe  {J?ont  quoniam  conuentmus  amho^ 
Tu  calamoj  tnjtare  leues^  ego  dicere  <verfus) 
Hie  corylis  mixtas  inter  Confedimus  njlmos  ? 
Scnfus  eft :  Hic^  Bathyllc^  in  ifmhra  confide :  praeclara  arhor  eft^ 
Siuc,  praeclaram  arhorem  !  M^liorem  fenfum  haec  vulgaris  Icclio 
tfficity  quam  qua?,  ex  Salmaiii  coniedura,  a  Brunckio  recepta  eft  : 
^ira^x  rnt  orxioiit  BaOvAXov  nMaa  K»>ja9  to  ^it}fO¥*  h.  e*   ad  *vmhram 
fiathylli  ftatuatn  arhorem, 

*  V.  3.  a^a^of,  eft  tener* 

*  y/L\tyi.  vicL  fupraad  Odar.  III.  21.  Hie,  vt  Latinorum  coma^ 
iicitur  de  arf>orura  ioliig  ct  froadibus,  cf,  Harlcf.  in  notis  ad  an- 
thol.  gr.  poet.  pag.  17.  fq. 

*  V.  4.  >a^aKo?  eft  mollis^  Scd  ponitur  fubindc  pro  dva?^;^  vt 
h.  l.ctodar.  XXIIf,  15.  cf.  Sophocl.  Antig,  783.  0^  h  (jLet^axxTf 
vrocpnaTq  jitanhi  iyw;^«r/«K,  q«i  (Icil.  Cupido)  teneris  /«  genis  pueila 
excubas. 

■*  %\ctJ^'ifffL«i  Ct  xXalb?  eft  ramus^  pr-opric  tener  et  flexilis. 

*  V.  5,  woL^ai  y  uvru)  Brunckius  emendat  irapa  ^  «vtw,  quisi 
hie  ad  rem  inanimatam  refcratur.  cf,  fupra  ad  v.  i.  Nequc 
tamen  eft  necefte*  Nam  difcrimen  iftud  grammaticorum  ab  oo^ 
timo  qubque  fcriptore  nonnumquain  negligitur.  Sic*  'mufd  dc 
rt  anim^ta  jungit  cam  accufatiuo  cafu  Homerus  Iliad.  1.  461. 
yiot  ^s  wa}  tttnrof  i^ov  wtfAWtXopM  p^pcrir,  h.e.  ittuenes  propter  tumfedc': 
iaut^  *v€ru  tenentes  manibus. 

*  fpdt^H.  Quamquam  hoc  verbum  feretn  malam  partem  vfur- 
patur^  tamea  etiam  fubinde  fenfu  bono  inuenitur  pro  allicerfy 
inuitare^  prouocare^  vti.  h.  Lit.  Sophocl.  Antig  961;  ivi^p  ri  m^ 
.^i'AmtK^vi  t'  fipi^i^t  Mov(r»u  (quo  in  loco  verbum  tpt^i^»  iiniftre  per 
lacejfere^  follicitare^  interpretatus  eft  in  indice  is,  qui  nuper  So- 
phoclis  Antigonen  feparatim  edidit  Gottingae,  hoc  titulo :  So- 
jphoclis  Antigone  ex  recenfione  Brunckii  cum  eiusdem  et  Came- 
rarii  notia  fclcctis.  Curauit|invfum  fcholarum  ct  indice  graeco- 
iatino  inftruxit  A.  C.  M.  Gottingae  1788.  8vo.)  cf.  Theocrit. 
Idyll.  V,  no.  Hoincr.  Jliad.  XXIV,  560.  OdyiT.  XIX,  517. 
Hoc  loco  ip«0»^i»»  f  erti  poteft  garrire^  fufurro  ohleBan,  vid.  ca- 
^ub.  ad  Athen.  VIII,  4.  et  Schneider  jj^merkungen  pag«  124.  fqq. 

*  y.  6.  flrijyi,  fons^  proprie,  vt  h.  1.,  dc  ortu  fluuiorum,  de- 
inde  etiam  dc  primordiis  aliarum  rerum  dicitur.  ^f.  Triller  ad 
"Thom.  Mag. 

'  «^yi  fiovaa  explicat  vim  vcrbi  «(>iO»^i»»'  nos  inuitatfons  alliciendo 
ipfa  fua  fuauitate  ac  lenitate, 

*  «r«6«,  lat.  Suada^  eft  proprie  dea  eloquentiae  et  perfuaiionis. 
Sed  hoc  loco  dodle  ct  elcgantur  aqua  fontis  dicitur  fi-itdf^,  quo 
vim  ci  poeta  tribuit  perfuadendi  et  cohortandi,  vt  acccdas  et  ma^^ 
ncas.  cf.  Odar.  XXVIII,  24. 

*  V.  8.  Kc^Tctyuy^^vj  Jiuer/oriumt  cf.  Aelian.  yar.  hift.  Ill,  i. 
ybi  etiam  cleganterhoc  verbum  dc  loco,  dicitur^  quern' arbor  vm- 
brofa  capit  et  fon^  garrulus. 

*  Quod  vero  poeta  nequc  in  hac  defcfip.tione  amoenitatis  locJ 
^d  demulccndas  amantium  animos  compoliti,  nequc  in  caetcrift 
mentioncm  faciat  Zephyri,  a  recentjoribus  poetis  in  eiufmodi 
l^^cql^s  tarn  fre/c|^enter  celebrati,  altius  in  cauftks  inquirit  Wahlius, 

Nn  3  (vid. 


5^8  F  O   A   T   H  Vr 

(vid.  lAcdir  dcr  iJebe  tvon  Safpbo  und  Anatreon^  mns  i.  Gthch» 
^urch  iiahi.Fr,  GuntherlFahL  Erfurt  1^83.  8vo.  pag.'iyi.  fq.> . 
et  redle  ([uidcin,  Zq^hyrura^  ait,  in  oris' jonix  non  ca  lenitat« 
ac  duleedine  f.ure,  neqiu-  Laindem  recreandi  vim  ac  dcmulcendi 
hnberc,  qiiam  in  rci^Icji.ibus  occidentis  copiTat  faiioninni  habere, 
liqiudem  ibi  inipctqofus  et  acer  dc  nioritibiis'Tlireiciis  vcniat. 
Pratcrca  de  amorc  Zcphyri  et  Florae  fabula  inucnta  eft  a  poetii 
fcquioris  Ktatis,  quj  in  regionibus  ocfidentis  degebant,  Jnde 
cius  rci  neque  Homero  ^icaue  Anacrconti  vHa  ciTc  notitia  pot^rat. 
f:f .     }Food  iiber  das  Ori^/m)  gfttit  </fi  Jlom^r^  pag/  89.  fqq. 

*  Caterum  de  hoc  Odario  vid.  Ramler  in  Ethleit^  in  dlefchoi 
men  WiJJenfchy  nach  dan  franz.  dfs  flerrn  Batteux^    1\  i[\^  pag.  43.* 

In  idppdt  to  the  obiiervation  pn  •or^p»,  as  governing  an  ac- 
cufative  or  djitivc,  there  is,  ive  apprehend^  a  -miftake  ;  for  thp 
diftinction  hjcre  noticed  does  not  originate  from  animation  and 
inanimation^  but  from  inotion  and  re/i^  To  confirm  tUis  ob-; 
fcrvation,  the  mftanpes  in  the  fiift  .^d  fiftl^veife^  iivay  be 
^Ited, 


Art.   :;r.     jf  Compllzurntary  Ep'iflle  to  Ja?iies  *$rucej  EJquire^ 

the  /ibyijfmian  Traveller:    By   Peier  Pindar,  Efqulre.    .410 

"'39  P^gej.     Pjice  2S.  6d.     Kearfley.     1790. 

To  this  poetical  addrcfs,  an  '  Epiftle  Dedicatory  Mir  pcofe, 

IS' prefixed,  in  which  the  author,  ttiling  hinifelf  ^  a  poor  foq 

tof  Apollo,'  aflis  Mr.  Bruce's  permiiEon  to  make  him  a^itbffer- 

ing  of  ^  a  fort  pf  widow's  mite/'  for  the  pkafure  rcceived-'from 

his  five  quartos.     Having  thus  done,  and  cxpreffed  his  fenfe 

of  the  dangers  of  attejnpting  the.  foaming  fea  of  dedication, 

he  adverts  to  that  of  Mr.    Bruqe,  which   he  ^onfidersas  the 

inoft  perfe£V  model  of  human  panegyric,  and  f hough  in  itfelJF 

marvellous,  not  to  be  ftifpe^ed  pf  adulation.     Hence,   after 

.afking,r— ^  Pray,  Sir,'  hpw  much  might  his  Majefty  give  yot^ 

for  it?'— lie  glapces  off  to  Mr.  Bofwdl*  between  whom  and 

Mr;  Bruce  he  draws  a  humorous  contrail  and  paraUei.     Ibe 

dedication  is  then  dpfed,  with  fome  quelHons  touching  Mr, 

'Bfuce's  invali/abje  drawings.  ^ 

The  cop:)plimentaryepiftle  begins,  with  ftating  at  large  the 
pleafure  with  which  the  mind  is'mlcd  by  th^  love  of  them^rvelr 
ipus,  an^^hee^^traordlnary  efforts  to  which  it  excites,  'Of  the 
\^\itXy  amongft  others,  the  following  inftances  are  grveh,  p»  2^ 

f  What  to  the 'I'ft^  deep  Sir  Toset^  gave 
As  of  the  world  the  fport  of  wind  and  wave  ? 
What  bad^  the  knight  amid  thofe  fceites  rcmotCi 
Sleep  with  queen  Oborca  in  the  boat  ? 
What  unconfounded  leap  to  Npwton's  chair  ? 
What^  but  to  make  a  world  with  wonder  flare  .^ 

'What  bids  a pn  Wiipbledon^  Plackbeath>    .       ' 

3p  pft  rejoice  the  regiiiients  of  death  j 


Peter  Pin^arV  Ej>i/l/e  to  Mr.  Brtue.  JI9 

'Wi»Ie.  Britain's  mightier  bulwark  fliorl^tcii  lies. 
And' vainly  groaning  for  its  Caefar  fighs  ? 
What  witn  the  vulgar  pigs  of  Afcot  taken. 
Devour  on  Afoot-heath  his  annual  bacon  ? 
Whiit  bade  that  great  ^reat  man,  a  goodly  iight,   ^ 
WiCtch  his*  wife's  di'mond  petticoat  all  night ; 
And  what  that  wife  of  great,  great,  great  renown, 
"Vyaihlier  own  caps,  and  ilurn  a  thread-bare  gown  ? 
What  bade  the  charming  Lady  Mary  fly 
;Marchesx's  fqueeze  for  Pacchierotti*s  figh  ? 
What  tJIaster  Ed'gecumbe  deal  in  rhiming^ware  ? 
,  What,  but  to  put  all  Cawfand  in  a  flare  ?  ' 
Sweet  child  ot  verfe,  whowi^th  importance  big, 
Plcas'd  its  own  felf,  and  eternized  a  pig  ; 
Whilil  mad  an  .equal  weight  pfpraifc  tp  fhare 
Old,  Mount  plays  pjunfrheriello  to  a  hair. 
W^at  makes  a  girl  the  lliops  for  novels  rove  ? 
The  fweet  impoiTibvlaties.Qf  love  ; 
,  Quixotic  deeds  to  catch  the.flying  feir  ; 
To  pant  at  dangers,  arii  at  marvels  flare. 
What.prompteth  Chloe,  conft.idus  of  the  chaVms 
Th^t  croud  the  fouls  of  fwains  witb  wild  alarms, 
T.o  give  the  fwelfling  tplom's  milk  white  Ikin  ^ 
A.yetl  of  gauze  fo  marvjeloully'thin? 
What  bu;  a  kii;4  intention  of  the  fair 
To  treat  the  eyes  of  iliep  herds  with  a  flare  ?*_, 
The  examples  thus  citei;!,  I?eing  terminated  with  that  of  Mr. 
Bruce,  the  poet  goes  on  foAate  the  magnaAimlty  bf  his  hero, 
who  manfuUy  deiies  all  oppQfMJoJi  frotp  c/iticks,  aaid  to  lament 
the  injuffice  he  ha|h  fiiftained  frorfi  the  abridgdient  juft  pub- 
ii(hed  of  his  travels.     Taking  occafion  to  ^poflrophize  Mr, 
Bruce  under  the  appellative  of  *,  Huge  ^hale  of  marvei- 
huDtcrs,'.  he  afks  him,  whether  it  were  not  to  the  intervention 
of  fome  angelic  guide,  th^t,  he  owed  his'  fudden   tranlitious 
from  one  fcene  of  woqders  to  another  ?  and  immediately  ailigns, 
as  the  ground  for  this  fuggeftiqn,  the  combinations  ot  marvels 
with  which  the  AbyfUoian  travels  abound;  at  the  fame  time 
confeiling  his.  envy  at  .the  refle^^ion,  th^t  t|ie  incidents  which 
occurred.toJiimfelf  ina.W,eft  Judia  voyage,_fhouid'Have  been 
fo  familiar  and  trite.     This  cqntr^fl  is  pne.perpetual  corriifca* 
tion  of  that  nieteoric  mi  cajiftic  wit,  which  is.  fo  frequently 
feen  to  bicker  through  Peter's  prpc(ii(SiQiis.'  '  In  the  faiiie  ftyle 
he  goes  onto  intimate  that,  nQtwithfiapding.^llthc  wonders 
related,  Mr.  £ruce  has  more  behind  ;  at  tome  of  which  juft 
briefly  hinting,  be  pathetically  laments  the  lofs  which  would 
befal  Britain,  Europe,  and  Abyflinia,  fliould  this  '  eldelt  fon 
of  Travel'  reyifit  Africa  no  more.     Hertte,  in  fpite  of  envy, 
and  the  fncer  of  Joh^json,  (the  edge  of  which  he  moft  dextc* 
roufly  blunt^s  j  having  extplSed  the  narrative  powers  and  de- 
fer jptive  ft^Je..oJf  bis  hero,  he  j)ro(;eeds  to  recomniend  a  fecond 
Nn  4  journey^ 


S%0  y  O  E   T  H   Y. 

journey,  and  pdnts  out  certain  topicks  of  inquiry  befitting  his 
•talents  of  rcfparch  and  rccijal.     Anticipating  Mr.  Bruce's  fuc- 
cefsful  return,  and  the  applaufe  at  court  that  awaits  .him*,  the 
jpcadcr  U  prefcnted  with  a  vifion  of  the  Nile  arifing  in  royal 
jpomp,  and  furrouhded  by  his  attendants,  to  welcome  the  tra- 
yclleri  whom  the"  king  del ighfeth  to  honour,  and  to  eternize: 
whofe  memory  a  maufbleum  {^maufeleumy)  (hall  fwell,  exhibiting 
his  ^aft  atchievemcnts. 
^'       *    '      *  Here  in  fair  fculpturc,  the  recording  ftojies 
Shall  give  the'e  glorious,  cracking  lions  bones  ; 
There,  which  the  fqueamifh  fouls  of  Britain  ihocks^ 
Rich  Aeaks  devourinc;  from  the  living  ox  ; 
Jiere  flaring  on  thee  from  the  realm  of  water. 
Full  many  a  ylrtuofo  alligator  ;    ' 
fhere  Bruce  informing  queens  in  naked  pride, 
The  feel  and  colour  of  a  Scotchman's  hide ; 
Here  of  the  vencaloory  a  tree. 
Branching  from  Solomon's  wife  trunk  to  thee  ; 
There,  with  a  \alour  nought  could  dare  withftand, 
Bruce  fighting  an  hyaena  hand  to  hand  ; 
Which  dread  nVaena  (what  a  beafl  uncouth !)' 
Fought  with  a  pound  of  candles  in  his  mouth  ; 
'^        Here  temples  burfling  glorious  on  the  view. 
Which  Hi3t*RY  tho*  a  goffip,  never  knew  : 
There  columns  flafting  from  the  earth  and  flood} 
Tuft  like  thdrazor-iifh,  from  farid  and  mud  ; 
iiere  a' wife  monarch  with  voracious  looks, 
Receivifag  all  thy  drawings  and  thy  books'; 
Whitft  fame  behind  him  all  fo  folemn  fings 
The  lib'ral  fpirit  of  the  beft  of  kings/ 

From  this  defciiption,  the  poet,  adverting  to  a  report  that 
bis'  Majefty  at  firft  refufed  to  accept  Mr.  Bruce's  book,  proceeds 
to  cxeftiplify  the  obftacles  which,  in  ordinary,  befct  the  afcent 
to  the  abode  6f  Fame;  thefe,  however,  he  reprefent^  his  hero 
as — reiblvedto  raviflx  the  goddefs— having  all  fu r mounted  : 
after^  therefore,  foliciting  fome  crupabs  of  favour  for  other 
travellers,' from  the  table- of  thiis  *  immortal  fair,*  whbfe  door^^ 

"    "       •" '  '" "'     "   '  ■      '  ' '  * 

*  *  I  fee  thee  fafe  return'd  from  marvel's  mine, 
Whofe  gems  in  ev'ry  rock  fo  precious  iliine  ; 
Proud  of  the  piroduA  of  a  world  unknown, 
Unloading  all  thy  treafure  at  the  throne  ; 
While  courtiers  cry  aloud  with  one  accord, 
«  Moft  mary 'Itjus  is  the  reign  of  Qeorge  the  Third  5*  . 
How  like  the  butchers  boys  we  fometimes  meet. 
Stuck*  round  with  bladders,  in  a  London  ftreet ; 
In  full  blown  ipajefly  who  move,  and  drop 
.  X  The  bloatied  burthen  in  an  oilman's' flibp ; 

■$\^hUft  country  buinkihs  gazing 'at  the  dobr,' 
Cry  'they'  * '  ne^cr  i^eed  %o  vine  a  zi^hl  h'enfor^i,^  '  *     •      - 
^-    •••*-/•    .        ■      ■    i    '    -      •  •       .        •       '.  hM 


Eeechman'i  Sermons.  521 

had  been  fo  gigantically  forced^  he  urges  Mr*  Bruce  to  enter 
on  his  fccond  expedition,  i^ith  this  concluding  injunSion, 
*  And  mind,  'tis  hift'ry*6  province  tpyfty^^r/js^  ;— 
That  tales  are  fweetcft,  that  found  molt  like  lies»* 

Tor  the  Ode  to  James  Bruce^  £/quire^.vie  will  refer  to  the 
pamphlet,  for  the  /ake  of  annexing  that  to  the  Glow -Worm, 
^  whichy  we  doubt  not,  oiu*  readers  will  thank  u$«  P.  37. 

*,.Ol>E  to  THE  GtOW-WORTkf.  '  ^ 

^  Bright  fttanger,  welcome;  to  my  iield,    • 
Here  feed  in  fafety,  here  thy  radiance  yield  5 

To  me;  O  nightly  be  thy  ^lendor  giv'n  :     . 
P  could  a  wifh  of  mine  the  flcics  command,  ♦  * 

How  would  1  gem  thy  leaf  with  lib*rathand^  i 

With  every  fweeteft  dew  of  heay'n! 

Say,  doft  thou  kindly  light  the  fairy  train, 
Amidll  their  gambols  on  the  Hilly  plain, 

Hanging  thy  lamp  upon  the  nioiften*d  blade  ? 
What  lamp  fo  fit,  io  pure  as  thine, 
Amidfl  the  gentle  elfin  liand  to  flnpe? 

And  chac?  the  horrors  of  the  midnight  fhade  J 
Oh  !  may  no  feat  her 'd  foe  difturb  thy  bow*r, 
And  with  barbarian  beak  thy  life  devour ; 

Oh  !  may  no  ruthlefs  torrent  of  the  Iky, 
Overwhelming  force  thee  from  thy  dewy  feat  5 
J>Jor  tempefls  tear  thee  from  th)^  green  retreat. 

And  bid  thee  midft  the  humming  myriads  die. 
jQueen  of  the  infed  world,  what  leaves  delight  ? 

Of  fcfch  thefe  willing  hands  a  bow'rfhall  form, 
'To  guard  thee  from  the  rXifliing  rains  of  night, 
:  Aid  hide  thee  frgm  the  wild  wing  of  the  florm. 

Sweet  child  of  Ilillnefs,  'midft  the  awful  calm 
^  Of  paufing  nature  thou  art  pleas'd  to  dwell  ;  • 

Jn  happy  filence  to  enjoy  thy  balmf, 

And  Ihed  through  life  a  1  uftre  round  thy  celU 

How  different  man,  the  imp  of  noife  and  ftrife. 
Who  courts  the  llorm  that  tears  and  darkens  lif^  j 
Bleft  when  the  paifions  wild  the  foul  invade  ;  ' 
How  nobler  far  to  bid  thofe  whirlwinds  ceafe  ; 
•  ^otafte  like  thee,  the  luxury  of  peace, 
'  And  fliine  in  folitud^  and  Ihade. !— * 


^Hl*.  XXlh  Sermons^  by  William  Leechmart\  D.  D.  late  Pn/i-* 
dpal  of  tie  College  of  Glafgow.  To  which  is  prefixed,  Jo'me 
Account  of  the  Author* s  Life,  and  of  his  te£iures.  By  Jan^es 
Wodrow,  p,  D.  Minifter  at  Stevenfton.  In  T^fo  Vols. 
?yOv.  ?95Pv   ?ri?e  i3^s..inboards.     CadelU  ,  17189^  .\ 

These 


gfi^  T  H   £   O  t  O  G  .4?^ 

Tj^wwt.arc  fonac  of  J;\ie.few;f^rmons  ,whi^b,:w«r.t^.^fe>  wJM 
be  rpd  by  almgift  leyery  defcription  pf ,  Cl?r^i?ris  ^)vijt;h  pi€^^ 
(lire  and  adv^jtage.  Tk^y  ^re  not  fd.  higi[jiy  pj^JjiJQiod  as  fomc 
that  we.  <;pHld,  tti^jaUQA  i  hur. there  is  f\>[mhkfih  ?gfe»  fimpHcity 
ajid  cleat;nefs  in  the  language,  fo  jnuch^good .  f^nfe  aiid.^a* 
'•tional. piety  in  the  conipofition,  that  they  mufl:  be  generally 
'  intereftiug  and  ufeful.  * 

If  Jwe' were  to  objea  to  any  thing,  it  would  be  to  the  length 
of  fome,  gnd  to  the  caii>m9fi^pUcerff^crt^ents  with  which 
they  abound.  fThe,|Ubje£ts  ^^lipare  too  i^uct^  jdijated,  and 
wear  rather  a  dil!iHttatiou8^  or  CQfitroveriial  form  j  yfkich  is  not 
well  adapted  .for  cpmmon.  congrpgations  :  but  th?n  the  reader 
muft  remember,  iduitmoft  of  them  are  codlegefecmons.  The 
tritenefs  of  feme  of  the  r^ihs^rks  may  be  'oftenfiveto  the  fafti- 
dious  critic,  but  fbould  not  be  objefted  to  by  the  pra^kal 
minifter,  bccaufe  there  ace  ^.very  many  to  whpm :  the  moft 
common  truths  are  pot  ftale,  and  who  want  to  be  reminded  of 
the  m6ft  obvib»s  duties.  To  fuch,  Dr.  Leech  man  often 
fpeaks  with  peculiar  efficacy  5^  for  his  language  is  intelligible 
to  all,  a;id  his  f^ntiroents  Apparently  come  frocn  the  hearts 

The  principal  fubjedsiJiiFcufled' in  thefe  voiumes  are,  !•  The 
duties  of  a  Chriftiin'miptfepr,  ii\  two  fern\aps.  2.  Prayer,  in 
three  fermons.*  3.  The  wiVdoni_  pf  God  in  the  gbfpel  reve- 
lation, and  tjie  ^xcell.ency  of^chrijlianity,  ift  four  fermons. 
5.  Public  woribipV ia  two  Teriripns.  Thefe  clofe.Vol.  !•  The 
fecond^  contains,  .1.  The  C9pfliit  and ,  triumph  of  the  good 
Chrifl^Jin,  *a  jfmgle  (Jifcourfe.  2..  ReligioMSjgratlti^de,  in  three 
fermojis.  3*  -  jefus  Chrift  fulj  pf .  ^ace  ana  .trpth^  m  two  fer-» 
mon^.  4/-  Cautions  to  young  Redans  ife|p^<S;ipg«  licentious 
fX^^ixxxQ  ym^iQLVf^s.  and  books,^  jn  tjirec>  feifmons.  There  are 
alfo  three,  other  .^ifcourfes^.^artii^^lariy  ^^dr.eJPi€d.to>the  young, 
on  the  following  fubjeft$  ;  felf^d,enial  i.  cji>  the  gpv'ernment  of 
the  paffioiis,  and  on  th^,ipQft,,Vi;Qj^thy  p)wi,pf  life-  ;  5-  Super-r 
ftition-r«Tbe  pxteroal  .obferx^c-es  of  r.eligiftxi--rMen  account-, 
able  for  .their  ;religiQus  ;priQpjples--7The  jo^glcja^^^ 
blam^aljijie  .and  .d^£erousi^,Sdf'4eni^^  and 

cure  of  falfe  (h^e — ^i.ftpgUjcro;iQn$5,^|id>  6._Humilit^^  ia 
three  difcpuffes.  . 

Dr.  Leechmw.w^s  -one  of  thofe>&w  writers,  whofe  pages 
readily  fupply  proper  fpecimens  ^f  his  ftyle  aftd  manner  :  we 
flialt  therefore  fubjoin  apaffage  from  Vol.  i.  p,  151,  premifing, 
that  if  the  reader  is  -plei^-wrth  it,  he  wijl-not-be-difappointed 
iji^eriifing^the.w;hole.  S{>eaiyng  of^thc^„4!*.ti«s  of  j^.taiuifterj^ 
'  the  author  obferves, 

*  It,, may  be  of  fingolar  ufe  to  ijepifcfent  the  various'  a£ts 
of  retigipn  in  thofe  ;^^iable  ^nd  inviting  lights  Which  hiay  (Ouch 
the  heart.  Thus^  how  pleafant  a  fd?ne;ipaft  it  be  .'to  behold  a 
peribn  of  undotibted  worth  and  virtue  withdraw rvfr(>in  the  noife 

♦n4 


i 


ftfid  karry  of  worldly  affairs ;  all  a]one,  filent^  and  iblemn  ;  Kftin^ 
np'his  eyes  lo itearen,  and- fixing  bis  thoughts  on  God  his-maker^ 
devoutly  acknowledging i. him  with  the.  warmeil .gratitude  as  the 
author  of  bis  beings  che.preierv^r  of  his  life*  the  fbuntakix>f  his 

Erefenc  enjoyments,  and  nhe  grainl  foundation  of  his  futu.rje. 
^p^s  ft  praying  him  to  6>rgive  ^s  fins^  to  teach  him  his  will,  and 
to  guide  him  forward  in  the  paths  of  uprightnefs ;  refigning  him- 
'elfwitliottt  refervc.  to-  the  diipofal.  of.  }iis  providence,  and,  fettUog 
lis  mind  in  perfeft  peace  by  trufting  firmly  in  him  ?  Ag^in,  lee 
lis  fuppofe  a  family  living  in  peace,  harmony,  and  the  uniform 
pra^ice  of  all  virtoe,  regiriariy  imtting  their  hearts  and  voices  in 
ly.mns.of  praife  to  t^od  with  every  Mmorning's  iight ;  and.whea 
(he  {hadows:4»f  the.  evenipg.  are  ftretch^d  .o|i't,  recalling  their 
ihoBgHt*  frpm  tbe  worid  by: a  fong  c£  pr^jufiii  to  «•  Him  who  mdces 
the  outgoings  of  the  evenings  and'tnp  mornings  to  rejoice :  and 
then  laying  thenjfelvcs  down  to  flcep  in  peace,  becaufe  their  God 
fuftains  ithenii**  Let  lis  lil^ewife  fuppofe  larger  and  more  nume- 
rous focieties  meeting  together  in  religious  ^Hemblies,  to  pay  their 
joint  homage  and  adoration  to  <he  great  Parent  of  all;  to  celebrate 
his  muveriVii  and  never^failing  goodnefs  in  joyful  (bngs  of  praife  i 
^d  to-  offer  up  itheir  united  and  forvent  prayers,  xhat  hema^ 
|>erpet|ialjy  difpofe  them  to  walk  oprightly*  thathe  may  '*  .be. to 
Xh^m  a  f«n  «nd  ihield,  may  give  them.^ace  and  glory,  aqd  .wi$lw 
)iold  no  good  thing  fron)  them," 

vis  there  any  tiling  unlovely  or  forbidding,  any  thing  un» 
Ifvorthy  ofhums^n  nature^  in  fuch  exercifes  of  devotion  ^  Should 
wc  have  re^fon  to  be  afliamed  if  we  were  found  employed  in 
them?  Let  us  fuppofe  we  knew  a  country  in  which  private  and 
public  9fts  of  pure  religion  were_  in  reputation,  and  regularly 
j)erfbrmcd  with  folemnity,  finccrity,  and  ttnaffTo^ted  ardour ;  fhould 
we  not  love  that  country,  and  almoft  wiih  we  were  fo  hs^ppy  as  to 
)ivein  fuch  a  joyful  and  devout.fociety  ? 

*  Let  us  farther  fuppofe,  that  thefe  devout  .worlhippers  :di£bo* 
.yered  all  the  genuine  marks  and  fymptoms pf  inward  devption  in 
their  coqri Penances,  and  outward  deportment.  Coi^jd  we  ju^fy 
exprefs  a  conteiiipt  of  them  by  calliog.fhem.fplemn  grimaces  and 
bypocritic^l  airs?  Has  not  true  devotion  its  jult  and  iiaturkl 
features  and  figiis  in  the  human  countenance,  as  well  as  the  fbcial 
,^nd  friendly  affeftions  ?  However  fome  people,  who  pretend  to 
•underllanding  and  talle,  may  ridicule  all  the  appearances  and 
inarks  of  devotion  on  the  outward  man  ;  yet  it  niuft  be  acknow- 
ledged»  even  by  thoie  who  coofider  things  in  no  higher  view 
than  that  of  talle,  tl>at  to  be  able  to  x>bferve  the  native  and  juft 
features  of  real,  devotipn,  and  to  reprefent  them  in  poetry^  ilatn« 
^y,  or  painting,  has  always  been  efteemed  one  of  the  nobleft 
effort^  of  a  great  and  worthy  genius.  Thefe  things  are  fufficient 
jBvidences  that  it  is  the  voice  of  mankind,  that  devout  afte^tions 
fire  no-wife  diihOnourable  to  human  nature.' 

TThe  life,  by  Dr.  Wodrow,  occupies  j02  pages,  and  is  ably 
^ritten.  It  appears  from  it,  that  Dr.  L.  really  was  what  his 
Wfi?i"gs  fcem  to  reprefent  him,  humble,  pious,  charitable  and 

kindi 


5^4  THE0LOG7. 

mnd  ^  of  unwearied  benevolence,  and  indebted  chiefly  to  hib 
own  merit  for  his  advancement  in  life.  From  Dr.  Wodrow's^ 
account,  his  lefhires  muft  have  been  valuable,  particular!]^ 
thofe  oa  the  competition  of  a  fermon.  Thefe  memoirs  will 
af&Drd  a  pleafing  gratification  to  his  friends  ;  but  we  Aiid  non 
Aing  in  them  that  is  likely  to  be  very  Iriterefting  to  the 
public. 

Some  of  thefe  fermons  were  publifhed  In  the  author's  life-r 
time,  and  went  through  feveral  editions.  T. 


Akt.  xnr.  An  Expofition  of  tin  JSTgw  Tijtaniin^\  by  WiHiani 
Gilpin*  M.A.         [Concludidfr-omfogej^flM).^ 

Having  fet  before  our  readers,  in  a  former  number,  the 
main'  objeft  of  this  publication,  and  the  particulars  of  the  dif* 
cuflions  introdudory  to  it,  we  now  proceed  to  the  body  of  the 
work. 

Each  gofpel,  and  the  Afts  of  the  Apoftles,  h^ve  fcvcrally  a 
PTQface  prehxed,  in  which  a  &immary  account  is  givea.  of  their 
'  Tefpe&ive  writers,  with  brief,  but  pertinent  remarks,  con- 
cerning both  them  and  their  writings.  To  the%  diftind 
tabtes  of  contents  are  annexed,  which  are  followed  by  tiarra- 
tives  compreffed  or  dilated  according  to  the  nature  of  the  fub- 
ieft,  and,  where  neceflary,  illuftrated  further  by  cntfcal  notes* 

la  our  judgment,  no  plan  of  expofition  could  have  been 
letter  conceived,  nor^  on  the  whole,  perhaps,  executed"  with 
more  general  fucceis.  We  exprcfs  ourfelvcs  thus,  reftridliyely, 
becaufe  in  fome  particulars,  without  impeaching  in  the  leaft 
.Mr,  Gilpin's  integrity,  we  confider  him  as  warped  )^  ella- 
|)lifbed  opinions*  ;  and  this  we  were  the  more  furprifed  at> 
when  adverting  to  his  liberality  refpeding  intpiration. 

To  the  Epijiles  prefaces  are  likewife  prefixed,  with  furtim»- 
fies  of  their  contents  incorporated  in  them. 

It  being  difficult  to  cite  within  our  ordinary  limits,  fuch 
paffages  as  might  affird  adequate  fpecimens  of  the  viroi:fc,  we 
will  prefent  pur  readers  with  one,  which,  perhaps,  may  be 
better  feparated  from  its  context  than  any  other ;  and  probably 
-^fill  as  well  ferve  for  the  purpofe.  p.  lo — 1&. 
^  Matth.  Chap.  v. 

*  Having  laid  a  fufficient  foundation  for  their  faith  by  his  !•  2« 
miracles,  he  thought  it  right  to  open  next  the  great  truths 

of  his  religion.  And  that  hfe  might  be  heard  with  more 
cafe^  he  «fc  ended  a  rifing  ground,  and  delivered  his  fir  ft  d\(^^ 
courfe  to  the  people  in  the  following  manner. 

*  Confirmations,  we  think,  of  this  obfervation,  occur  in  mo.ft 
'  of  thofe  palTnges  which  .are  commonly  cited  in  favour  of  the  Tri-* 

iuty  I  and  which  we  think  arc  too  otttn'bai  crudely  explained.* 

■'  t   Ifc 


GilpinV  Exp9j!tm  if  the  NenJO  Teftament.  525 

He  began  by  pronouncing  a  blelling  on  fcveral  charaftcrs, 
£fpofitions,  and  iituacions  in  life,  which  are  in  general  treated 
^ith  the  grcatcfl  neglett, 

Blefledy  faid  he,  are  the  humble  and  lowly-rainded,  who      3. 
neither  value  themfelves  on  their  attainments,  nor  on  the 
advantages  of  the  world.     The fe  alone  are  trulydifpofed  to       ' 
embrace  my  religion* 

filefled  arc  th«y,  who  having  difengaged  themfelves  from     4, 
tlic  indulgencies,  and  vanities  of  life,  pafs  through  it  in  that 
ferioiis  manner,  that  becomes   a  ftate  of  trial.     Their  lelf- 
denial  here  fliall  be  their  comfort  hereafter. 

Blefled  arc  the  meek,  the  gentle,  and  inoffcnfivc.    Their     5, 
happinefs  in  this  world,  is  an  carneil  of  that  blclfing,  which 
ihall  attend  them  in  the  next,  •       -" 

Bleffed  arc  they,  who  have  formed  fuch  a  habit  of  piety     6, 
in  their  minds,  that  it  ac^s  fpontancoully,  like  their  appe- 
.tates«     This  is  the  grcateil  height  of  religious  attainment, 

BlelTed  is  the  humane  and  merciful  man.  His  mercy  to  j. 
others,  will,  in  time  of  need,  call  down  mercy  on  himfelf. 

BleCed  are  they,  whofe  hearts  and  aftbvftions  are  cleanfcd     «• 
f^om  impurity.    Such  heavenly  minds  alone  have  intercourfc 
with  God. 

Blefled  arc  they,  who  are  not  fatisfied  with  a  mere  inoffen-     9. 
five  behaviour  in  themfelves  ;    but  endeavour  to  promote 
peace  among  others.     Thefe  are  the  true  children  of  the. 
..gofpel. 

Blefled  arc  they  who  are  ill-treated,  reviled,  and  perfecu-  10, 
ted,  for  the  fakQ  of  religion.  Thus  of  old  the  prophets  11, 
were  pcrfecuted ;  in  whofe  reward,  as  well  as  fufferings,  iz.- 
they  ihall  partake. 

You,  who  arc  intended  to  be  the  preachers  of  my  religion,    1 2, 

like 

NOTES. 

1.  It  is  cxidtni  the  feopk  in  general  {who  are  called  here  his 
Jifcipki)  were  his  audience ;  both  from  the  28th  verfe  of  the  7th 
chapter;  and  from  the  account  which  St.  Luke  gives  us,  ch* 
vii.  I, — Tho*  fome  parts  of  this  difcourfe  feem  particularly  ad- 
dreflcd  to  his  immediate  followers  ;  the  gxeat  intention  of  it  (ecV9% 
to  have  been,  to  fettle  ttie  ppinioos  of  the  people  with  regard  to  the 
natnrc  of  tfat  Mdfiah's  kingdom.  Our  Saviour  fliews  it  to  be  very 
difl^rcfnt  from  what,  it  is  probable,  they  had  conceived. — Dr. 
Lardner  is  of  opinion  (See  his  Credit).  Part  IF,  ch.  36.)  that  this 
difcourfe  was  delivered  at  various  times ;  and  that  we  are  to  look 
in  St.  Luke  for  the  occalions  of  the  fevcnil  parts  of  it.  Other 
interpreters  think  there  is  little  ground  for  this  opinion,  as  Luko 
is  generally  eileemed  more  immethodical,  than  any  of  the  ether 
cvangelifts — as  he  wrote  from  i\)hat  had  been  delivered  unto  him 
from  eye'^vitnejfes-^s.s  Matthew  was  himfelf  an  apoftle — ^^and  laftly 
as  there  may  be  traced  a  very  evident  connection  through  all  the 
parts  of  this  difcourfe. 
•  13.  The  figure  here  is  exceedingly  bold,  Ear  {j^u^uv^n  roxXut; :  if 
,theyi//  h  infatuatid, — The  ancients  ufed  rock,-  or  foffil  faJt, 

which 


5^*  *   H    E   O  L  O   G   Vt 

like  fait,  flialf  purify  a  corrupt  wdrld.     But  yaa  mutt  firft    il^ 
be  pure  yourfelvcs.     You  are  «ke  a  city  built  on  a  hill»    ic. 
which  is  confpicuous  to  all*    You  are  the  light  of  the  worlj.    id 
Let  that  lifht  fhinc  for  the  benefit  of  others. 
'  Do  not  however  imagine,  that  my  inflitutiohs  are  intend^    tp 
.  ed  to  overturn  the  law,  and  the  prophets,  which  you  har^ 
thus  far  been  taught  to  reverence.     By  ngmeaiis.     It  is'  it\ 
my  bufincfs,  and  intention  to  fulfil  every  tittle  of  the  mbrij 
and  ceremonial  law:  and  he  who  hilth  obferved  both  the    lo* 
moll  religiouily  ;  is  the  befl  qualified  to  receive  the  gofpei: 
So  far  indeed  am  1  from  dcftroying  the  law  j  that  I  mean   201 
to  exalt,  and  perfcd  it.     He  therefore  who  (Iiall  take  his 
iheafure  of  perfection  from  the  bare  letter  of  it,  as  tauo'ht 
by  the  Scribes  and  Pharifces ;  or  from  their  glofles  upon.   21^ 

it, 

NOTES. 

which  was  much  more  fubjea  to'impunties,  than  the  falf  we  ufe* 
Mr.  Maundrel  very  well  illuftrates  this  paflage  by  tiie  account 
he  gives  us  of  the  <valley  of  Mt^  near  Aleppo.  *'  Ther<5  is  a 
fniall  precipice,  fays  he,  occanoned  by  the  Continual  takiiig  away 
of  the  fait.  In  this  you  may  difcorer  the  veins  of  it  lyfng*.  -  I 
broke  off  a  piece,  which  having  been  expofed  to  the  flin;  rain^ 
and  air,  had  entirely  loft  its  favour ;  though  it  had  the  fparks, 
and  particles  of  fait.     The  inner  parts  retamed  their  favour. 

14.  Sir  Ifaac  Ne^vton,  and  others^  hav«  fuppofed,  that  oui» 
bleffed  Saviour,  on  this,  and  other  occafions,  alluded  to  objects 
before  him :  and  Mr.  Maundrel  (peaks  of  a  town,  cfalled  Safhet^ 
imagined  tdbe  the  ancient ^r//>«//W;,  \rhich  was  eafily  ffecn  from 
what  is  called  the  mount  of  tht  Beatitudes.  "-         ': 

16.  It  is  probable,  that  in  this  paflage,  the  do^rineoftht  apof- 
ties  is  meant  by  the  fait ;  and  their  example^  by  the  city  an  a-hiU^ 
and  the  candle  on  a  candle-ftck.  i-         ." 

18.  KE^ai«,  which^  is  tFanflat?ed  fi^fky  fignifies  the  ornamental 
part  of  a  letter,  which  was  ufed,  when  Hebrew  was  elegantly 
written. 

20.  As  far  as  we  can  judge  from  this,  and  the  following  paf- 
iages,  the  Pharifees  had  greatly  corrupted  the  fpirit  of  the  law  ; 
and  taught,  at  lead  by  their  example,  that  its  precepts  exteiiiled 
only  to  outward  a<ftions— that  a  regard  for  the  ceremonial  part 
would  excufe  the  moral— and  that  fdme  important  privileges, 
were  connected  with  a  defcent  from  Abraham.  All  thefe  notions 
our  Saviour  refutes. 

The  hypocritical  pretences  of  the  Pharifees  had  however 
gained  fo  much  credit  with  the  people,  that  it  was  proverbial 
among  the  Jews,  That  If  t-ivo  men  only  JJjould  enter  the  kingdom  of 
heaven^  one  of  them  i\3ould  he  a  Scriie^  and  the  other  a  Fharifce. 
.  Great  therefore  muil  be  the  furprifc  of  our  Saviour's  hearers, 
when  they  found  thefe  very  pedons  marked  out,  of  all  others) 
as  the  leall  qualified  to  enter  the  kingdom  of  heaven. 

21.  The  climax  here  is  this :  If  you  are  angry  with  your  bro- 
ther without  a  caufe,  it  is  wrong,  Jf  you  call  him  raca^  (a  vain 
light  feltr^^)  it  is  worfe.     ^f  you  call  him  a  v:icked  man  (which 

fiot 


Gilpin'^  Expojkion  af  fhe'Nkv  TeJlamenU  ^f 

it,,fliatl  in  no  dcd^rep'  be  c^Mlified  fbr  rtif  Mh^dorA.    The  Ja« 
lixth  corrimandmeiif,'for  ini!ance,  hath  b^en  c6mn1o«ily  li- 
mited" by  the  jewifli  doctors  t6  murder:  but  my  inllituti<»i 
iiH)pores  every  m'ah  to  incur  ^i/ilt,  %vh6  e veh  ib '  his  thou'g-hts 
is  at  criinity  with  his  neio^hbdur.     Be  affiled  therefoi'e' thftt   2jy 
no  rejigious  fcryices,  accompanied  with  a  malifcioufe  heatt,    24^ 
can  be  acceptable  to'God.    As  it  ii  aft  eafi^r  m^tttr  to  liliakte'  2C^ 
up  a  qliarrel  at  iirfl:,'than  when  it^  is  ciltried  to  extremity ;    26. 
fb  tha  dreadful' cohrequcrtccs,  that' foHbwr'th«  breach' of  this^ 
tphimandment,  arc  beft  prevented  by  rt>6tiiig  out  at  <hic^^ 
tvery  malicious  tenBencv. 

Again,  the  jjeiJ^ifli  dotlbrs  confine  t^^^  fbi^ntti  cottlHiiltid-    2^. 
nicnt  to  the  crim^  of  a'dultcry'.      BUt  vtiy  inftitittro^fe,  g^   2%. 
farther.     They  firt  a  ^Viai'd  upon*  thfe^  hetirt.     The  iHijilire   29. 
thought,  wlien  cheriflied,  bfecoihes  gUilt :  ahJj  creiry  iniptt-   ^. 
rity,  however  natural  and  conftitutional  it  may  be  fuppofed,    3  r« 
ihuft  lie  rooted  6tiV.     TKli^'  alfo,  i^  thfe  vMxXtr  of  div6rce,    32. 
g):eat  liberty  hiath  iiecA  titk^n  under  the  laW:  but  rtiy  inr 
^  ftitution  fbrbid*8  divoixe  oft  any  ac<ioiiHt,  t^ctipt  adultery: 
*  it  calls' him  an  adiilterer,  whb  puts  away  his  wife,  and  mar- 
ries another ;  and  her  aii  adultrefs,  whb  marries,  after  fhe 
ill  thus  ^ut  away. 

Again,  the  jewiBi  doftor,  ^offirt'g  on  t!ie  third  cortihiJi&d-  33V 
^ent.  enjoins  yop  reli^oufly  to  perform  whatever  you  haVe 
bound  yourfelf  to  by  aii  oath.  But  my  iifftituVioh  t?ot?aUy  34 
forbids  the  ufe  of  oath's  in  coiftmoh  coftverfA1ri6h,  ei'thi^r  3^, 
by  the  creator— or  by  the  creature  5  ^llowi*ftg  ottl^  a'  bare  3%- 
aiHrmation  or  denial.  3y, 

':  Again, 
ir  o  T  E  ^. 

fool  in  the  Tewilh  language  fignifies)  it  Is  worft  of  all*  Sonie  In*; 
terpr^ters  nippofe,  that  ^^ty  fool^  has  crept  into  the  teit,  ia» 
ilead  of  mordh* 

22.  Pbild  (4e  Sacrif.  S44.)  obferves*  that  when  a  matt  had 
ihjured  his  neighbour,  and  acknowledged  the  injury^  hfc  u^aa 
firft  to  mate  reftitution,  arid  then  to  pteferit  his  facrificc.^— To 
this  pradiic&  our  SavioUr  fecms  to  allude  when  he  fays,  L'ea^  tiy 
gift  hefore  the  altar ^  and  go  thy  'pjb^  ''firft  ^^  hconciled  to  thy  hh^ 
tJjer;  dnd  then  come^  and  ^ffer  thy  gift. -^Tht,  expreifion  heUfirt 
alludes  to  the  n^alle^  of  Hinnon^  where  the  Ifraelites  formerijr 
Kad  offered  their  children  to  Moluc  ;  and  in  oiir  Saviour's  time, 
burnt  the  bones  of  facrifices,  and  other  rubbilb,  from  the  city. 
As  there  was  almoit  a  confiant  fire  there,  they  thought  it  illuf- 
trative  of  hell. 

29.  The  word  cxot'^aMy  properly  fignifies  ^flumhling  htock.  Ou^ 
Saviour  therefore  confiders  every  thing,  that  ohftruHs  religicn^ 
3L$  Something  laid  in  its  nvay. 

32.  See  Mat.  xix.  9.         Mark  x-  ir.         Luke  xvi.  18. 

37.  Bowyer  conjectures,  that  this  plfTagc  fliould  be  pQintal 
thus;  O  hoy^  viJkUif  vM ;  »«» :  a;  e.  Is  your  Ipeech  affirmative  ? 
Lit  it  be  affifmutive,     U  it  tieg^ive  ?  L^t  it  be  negative. 

«.  TW». 


j(3t8  r  H  z  o  h  0  o  r* 

.  AgsiiOy  the  law  of  retaliation  demands  an  eye  for  an  e^^  jS^ 
mnd  a  tooth  for  a  tooth.  My  inflitutions  forbid  this  rieouf ;  39, 
and  on  every  occalion  prelcribe  a  kind,  and  gentle  beha-  40, 
-tiour— a  wiliingnefs  to  give— and  a  willinjhefs  to  forgive— a  41, 
readinefs  to  part  with  fomething  even  of  your  juft  right,  for  42. 
the  fake  of  peace. 

Among  the  glofTcs  on  the  law,   you  have  heard  it  faid   45* 
Jiou    Jhalt    love     thy    neighbour^     and    hate     thine    enemy. 
My  directions  are  different.     Your  enemy,'  whoever  he  be,    44, 
is  the  creature  of  that  God,  who  regards  all  mankind^ with    45^ 
an  equal  eye  of  tendernefs  and  mercy.     The  Pharifee  con-   46, 
Sders  the  kindnefs  of  others  to  him,  as  the  meafure  of  his    47^- 
kindnefs  to  them.     Do  you  imitate  the  boundlefs  mercies  of   48. 
^hat  gracious  father,  'moo  maketh  his  fun  to  Jhine  on  the  evil^ 
and  on .  the  good,  and  fendeth  rain   on  the  juft,   and  on  the 
tinjuji.  .  . 

*  Chap.  vi.  Devote  yourfelf  and  all  your  anions  to  God.      i^ 
Sandlify  every  duty  by  referring  it  to  him.     If  ypu  give      2, 
alms 'through  a  motive  of  vanity;    the  praife  of  men  is      3, 
your  .reward.     But  if  you  feek  for  the  approbation  of  God ;      4.  • 
give  them  fecretly,  and  with  a  view  only  to  pleafe  him. 

Thus  again,  if  you  imitate  the  vain  glorioufnefs  of  a  ;. 
hypocrite  in  your  prayers;  you  lliall  receive  onty  a  hy-  6,- 
pocrite's  reward,  the  praife  of  men.  But  the  fincerity  of  7, 
your  fecret  prayers  (hall  meet  the  acceptance  of  God.— To  8. 
the  uprightnefs  of  your  heart  attend,  more  than  to  the  length 
of  your  petitions.  God  knows  your  wants  :  but  he  expe(5b 
you  to  give  him  a  teft  of  your  fincerity. 

In  your  prayers  begin  with  an  acknowledgment  of  praife  ' "  9; 
to  your  heavenly  father.     Let  the  whole  race  of  mankind    lo. 
be  the  next  object  of  your  petitions — pray,  that  the  kingdom 
of  righteoufnefs  may  overfpread  the  world— and  that  men 
may  live  in  obedience  to  its  laws  on  earth,  as  the  bleffed        > . 
angels  do  in  heaven.     With  regard  to  your  temporal  wants,    i  r* 
pray  only  for  the  neceiTaries  of  lif;c,  or  at  leali-^ith  entire 
lubmiiBon  to  the  will  of  God. — With  regard  to  your  fpi-    12. 
TTtfral  wants,  -pray  for  the  fuigiveiicfs  of  yoar  ^s  ;  hut  be 
well  afTured,  that  you  pray  in  the  fpirit  of  forgiyenefs  to    13. 
others.     Intreat  God  ^to  ailifl  you  in  paiCng  through  the 
dangers,  and  temptations  of  this  world  ;  and  conclude  your 
petitions  with  exprefiing  your  truft  in  his  power,  and  good- 

nefs 

NOTES. 

43,  The  latter  part  of  this  glofs,  nou  Jhalt  hate  thine  entmy^ 
is  not  found  in  'the  Jewifli  law ;  but  was  founded  on  thofe  pe- 
culiar feverities,  which  God  for  particular  reafons  ordered  againd 
the  Canaanttes,  &c. 

6.  Thy  Father,  ivhich  is  in  fecref,  Thefc  vvords  with  thfe 
omilfion  of  the  particle  tw,  which  is  omitted  in  fome  MSS.  will 
be.  Pray  in  fecret  to  thy  father, 

7.  Perfeverance  in  prayer  is  often  recommended  ;  fo  that  theijc 
j^tfietitiffnsr  a^d  much  Jfeaiing,  muA  be  fomething  different. 


I 


6ilpin*J  lExpoJitton  of  the  New  Tejiament.  52^ 

hefs  to  grant  all  you  aik.— But  I  repeat  to  you,  that  you 
are  by  no  means  to  exped  forgivenefs  at  God's  hands,  unlefs    14, 
you  forgive  others,  by  rooting  entirely  out  of  your  hearts    i  j, 
dll  malicious  and  revengeful  thouo^hts. 

The  fame  devotion  to  God,  which  ought  to  govern  youi*    16, 
alms,  and  your  pcayers,  ought  to  govern  alfo  your  religious    17, 
aufterities.    Whatever  of  this  kind  you  pradife  on  a  worldly  .  iS.r 
motive,    meets  only  a  worldly  reward.     It  is  dc'voting  the 
4i^ion  to  GoJ^  which  fandtifies  it  in  his  fig^ht. 

Thus    fpiritualizing    your    minds,     conlider    not    your    19, 
worldly  goods  as  your  treafures.     They  are  liable  to  many    20. 
accidents.     But  coniider  the  enjoyments  of  a  blefled  futu- 
rity alone  in  this  light;  which  are  the  only  treafures  not    21  • 
fubjedt  to  change.     And  of  this  be  aflured,  that  wherever 
your  trcafure  is,  your  heart  and  it  will  always  be  together. 

It  is   the   worldly  mind,    which  milleads    you.      When    22, 
your  fight  is  clear,  your  motions  are  properly  dire6led  :  but    23. 
when  it  is  impaired,  you  are  bewildered.     Juft  fo  the  mind. 
Cleanfc  it.  from  the  love  of  earthly  things;  and  it  will  of 
.courfe  be  dire(5Ved  to  heavenly. 

Befides  the  earthly  mind  is  utterly  inconjijlent  with  reli-    24* 
gion.     It  is  impoflible  to  devote  yoilrfelf,  at  the  fame  time, 
to  God  and  the  world. 

Be    not   therefore  foUcitous  even    about   necejfary   things.    25. 
That  God^  who  created  you,  will  continue  to  preferve  you.    26. 
That  hand  which  feedeth  the  fowls  of  the  air,  will  reach 
its  prote<?tion  to  you.      Without  this  prote6lion  even   the    27. 
moft  anxious  of  your  endeavours   would  lignify  nothing.    28, 
Confider  who  cloaths  the  flowers  of  the  field  in  all  that    29, 
fplendor,  which  no  art  can  rival.    Will  he^  think  you,  who    30, 
arrays  the  lily,  negled  you  ?  Be  not  then  folicitous  about    31, 
the  thine;s  or  this  life.     Leave  the  folicitudes  of  the  world    32, 
to  its  children.     Let  it  be  your  care  to  pradife  the  rules  of   33, 
religion ;    and  your  heavenly  father,    who  knoweth   your    34, 
wants,    will   properly  fupply  them.      Let   not   the   future 
therefore  diftrefs  you  :  leave  to-morrow  toitfelf;  and  trouble 
not  to-day  with  evils,  which  belong  not  to  it. 

Chap.  vii.  But  however  pure  you  may  fuppofe  your-  i. 
ffelves,  I  forbid  all  rafli  cenfures  of  others.  The  mali-  3^ 
cious  detrading  temper  has  little  to  expett  from  the  favour 

of 

NOTES. 

27.  W<mct  here  fignifies  more  properly  /?§/,  thviVi  Jiature  ;  and 
9n)%v5  is  taken  for  a  Jhort  duration.  To  add  a  cuhit  to  a  man*s  Jia* 
turcy  is  a  great  thing  ;   which  the  fenfe  rejc^^s.     See  Wetftein. 

30.  Into  the  oven.  In  the  eaftern  countries,  fewel  is  often  fo 
fcarce,  that  they  burn  dried  grafs.  Their  great  want  of  fireing  was 
to  fupply  their  ovens  > 

34#  No  cxpofition  can.dojuftice  to  the  original  in  the  coa- 
eluding  verfes  of  this  chapter ;  but  for  the  fake  of  uniformity, 
I  am  obliged  to  modernize  then?.. 

App.  VoL.VII.  Oo  6.  Sec 


of  God.  Look  tAthtr  at  home  ;  and  try,  whcthcf  yoif  caflot-  ff 
not  find  greater  faults  in  your  own  hearts,  than  in  thofe  of  4^ 
your  neighbours »  Corred  yourfehes  therefore,  before  you  5. 
prefume  to  cenfure  othirs.  And  eren  in  cafes^  where  it  may  6^ 
be  proper  to  cenfur^ ;  be  prudently  refcnred.  lodifcreet 
counfei  injures  both  the  advice,  and  the  advifer* 

But  in  this,  aad  in  erery  thing  elfe,  fiavc  recourfe  to  7^ 
prayer,  and  the  affiftance  ot  God,  He  who  prays  earncft-  S. 
ly,  may  depend  upon  being  heard.  With  what  attention  9, 
doies  the  earthly  father  commonly  Uden  to  the  recfueft  of  his  le, 
chtld?  And  can  you  fuppofe,  that  your  heavenly  father  11. 
wiH  be  lefs  attentive  ? 

Learn  alfo,  from  God's  kinducfs  to  yocr,  to  be  at  att  times    \^ 
kind  to  vour  neighbour :  and  make  it  a  rule  in  all  eafesy  to 
do  to  others^  i\:hate*vcr  hok  might  reafonahfy  exfeSl  them  to  do 
to  you.    In  obfcTving  this  rule  you  fulrfil  the  iaw« 

Thus  the^ath,  which  I  have  marked  out  lor  you,  is  nar-  i  j^ 
rower  than  that,  in  which  the  world  commonly  walks.  14. 
But  confider  the  great  point  to  which  it  leads  ;  and  be  not  i^» 
difcouraged  from  purfuin^  it.  Liften  not  to  thofe  falfe  teach- 
ers, whofe  dodrines  produce  not  a  holy  life.  As  the  fruit  i6f 
diftingoifhes  the  tree  ;  lb  does  a  holy  life,  the  teacher.  A  1 7t 
^ood  teacher  will  as  certainly  Ihew  his  doctrine  by  his  holy  18, 
Ufe  y  as  a  good  tree  will  produce  good  fruit :  and  tkat  teach*  19^ 
cr,  who  does  not  flicw  himfelf  rn  this  way,  is  of  no  more  ^o. 
Worth,  than  a  tree  which  bears  bad  fruit.  It  is  not  profef-  21^ 
fing  the  gofpcl,  nor  difpla^ing  your jg^iftSy  and  endowments,  22, 
that  will  Bfiake  you  my  difcipks.  Be  your  profefiioiis,  or  zy* 
your  gifts^  what  they  noay,  if  they  are  unaccompanied  with 
good  works,  they  belong  not  to  my  inflitutionr* 

He  therefore,  who  having  heard  the  gofpcl,  conforms  his    X6^. 
pradtice  to  it,  refembles  that  prudent  man,  who  builds  his    25* 
houfe  upon  a  rock.     The  raiiw,  and  ftorms,  and  floods  may 
beat  againft  it :  but  ic  is  founded  in  fecurity ;  and  refifts    26^ 
their  force..    While  he,  who  leaves  a  good  life-  out  of  his    27* 
religiox^  forgets  the  foundation,  and  raifes  his  houferon  the 
fand.    Tlie  itorms  and  floods  arife :  it  is  ilUfoundedy  and  s» 
inftently  beatcm'  down- 
Thus  JcfiM   concluded  hrs   divine  difcourfe;     And   his    z%m 
hearers  were  flruck  with  adiwiration  ;  for  they  etfily  iaw,    29.^ 
that  his  preacliin|^  had  a  different  tendency,,  and  came  ac- 
companied with  higher  autlibrky  than  that  of  the  Scribes. 

.NOTES. 

6.  See  Mat.  yu  14,  z6.       Mark  vr.  ir»       I«uke  ix»  {•  and  r;» 

It.         Afts  xiii.  51. 

1 9.  Bowyer  conjediures  this  verfe  to-  be  an  imerpolation.  It 
is  properly  introduced  Mat.  iiiv  10.  Sut  here  it  certainly  inter** 
rupts  the  argument,,  and  the  fenfe.  It  introduces  the  puuijbn 
ment^  when  the  argument  proceeds  only  on  the  invtftigaHo^ir^ 

This  book  recommends  itfclf  to  readers  of  almoft  everj 
44afs  ',  but  particularly,  yowi'g  divims^  a. 


An  Enquiry  tntb  the  Prindpks  9f  Taxation.  531 

Art.  XIV.  An  Enquiry  into  the  Principles  of  Taxation^  chiefi^ 
applicable  to  Articles  of  immediate  Confumption*  4to.  3 1 1  p. 
Price  I2S.     Dcbrett.     1790. 

•  Taxes  dn  articles  of  immediate  confumption/  the  author  ob- 
fervcs,  *  appear  to  be  the  eafieft  and  moft  produdive  Tources  of 
revenue^  There  is  nothing  to  hinder  the  rate  of  fuch  duties  to 
be  perfeftly  certain  ;  they  are  always  paid  by  the  confumer,  at  the 
time  moft  convenient  for  himfelf }  they  are  voluntary;  and  being 
blended  with  the  price  of  the  goods,  the  generality  of  contributors 
foon  forget  that  they  are  taxed  at  all.  Experience,  however* 
ieems  to  have  demonilrated  that  thefe  taxes  arc  not  free  from  very 
ferious  inconveniences.  They  take  and  keep  a  great  deal  more 
money  oat  of  the  pockets  of  the  public  than  goes  into  the  £xcfae« 
quer ;  this  they  do  not  only  in  the  great  expence  which  is  necef« 
fary  for  collefling  them,  but  in  the  immenfe  fums  that  are  waited 
by  the  fmuggler  in  carrying  on  the  contraband  trade^  and  by 
government  in  fruitlefs  attempts  to  pat  a  ftop  td  it.  But  thik  ii 
not  all;  fuch  taxes*  from  their  vtty  nature,  feent  ,to  require  fl 
ieverity  of  law,  and  a  ftridnefs  of  admin Iftration^  which  is  incon« 
fiilent  with  the  liberties  of  a  free  people/ 

The  obje£):  of  the  prefent  performance  is  to  examine  wlie* 
ther  the  evils  abovementioned  are  attached  tO  the  nature  of 
fuch  taxes,  or  fpring  from  the  improper  manner  in  v^hich  they 
have  been  condudied  and  applied.  In  order  to  which,  the 
author  propofes,  ^  in  the  firft  place,  to  take  a  view  of  the 
manner  in  which  our  financiers  have  extraded  a  revenue  from 
articles  of  confumption*  In  doing  this,  it  will  be  nece£&i;y  t6 
give  a  fliort  hiftorical  account  of  feme  of  the  duties,  with  the 
attempts  which  have  been  made  to  fecure  them  ;  and  to  |k>int 
out  the  moft  important  errors  into  which  the  legiflature  have 
fallen,  and  which  have  proved  injurious  to  the  revenue,  by 
efFe£):ually  obftruding  its  improvement.  This  will  form  the 
fubjecl  of  the  firfl  hooJt,  which  will  coiitain  a  ptetty  full  aC^ 
count  of  what  I  have  taken  the  liberty  to  call  the  over-tM 
fyjlem: 

*  But  beiides  thefe  pradical  opinions  which  prevent  the  encreafe 
of  revenue,  there  are  fpecalative  principles,  which  often  unite 
with  them,  to  check  any  plan  of  general  rcformiitiop.  Thefe  it 
is  necefiary  CO  Hate  and  examine,  in  doing  this,  I  (hall  have  oc« 
caiion,  £rft,  to  enquire  into  the  manner  in  which  a  ftate  or  com« 
monwealth  fhould  encreafe  its  revenue  with  the  growing  wealth  of 
the  people.  Secondly,  to  afcertain  the  circumftances  which  (Kca^ 
lion  the  great  expence  of  collecting  duties  on  articles  of  immedii 
ate  confumption  :  and,  thirdly,  to  confider  the  queftioii  on  whoiti 
taxes  on  fuch  articles  ultimately  fell  ?  Thefe  particalars  fonn  the 
fubjefts  of  the  fecond  hook.* 

•  Nobody  fuppofes  that  revenue  lat^s  and  fifcal  regiilations  hame 
an  unlimited  po<<^er'  to  fecirre  &mf^.  It  feems  to  be  a  matter  rf 
the  higheft  importance,  therefore^  to  afcertain  the  extent  and  limi* 
tation  of  that  power.    This  fabjea^  fo  £ur  as  I  afta  ilc^di^ted^ 

Qq  %  hu 


53*  r  I  N  A  k  c  r. 

has  never  been  treated  of;  nor  do  I  know  of  any  attempts  thit 
have  been  m^de.  to  afcertajn  principles,  by  which  the  power  of* 
lifcal  regulations  may  be  eftiraated.  This  is  the  fubjeft  of  the 
thin/  hook.  In  it  I  endeavour  to  maric  the  circumllances  which  fit 
or  unfit  commodities  to  be  fubjcfts  of  taxation  ;  to  point  out  the 
general  circumllances  on  which  the  power  of  fifcal  reftrAints  de- 
pend ;  and  to  exhibit  a  ipecimen  of  the  manner  of  fuiring  the 
rate  of  a  duty,  on  any  article,  to  the  power  of  fifcal  regulations, 
fo  that  fmuggling  (hall  be  prevented,  and  the  nomerous  evils  of 
the  fyll.m,  hitherto  purfaed,  may  be  avoided.' 

Sych  is  the  general  plan  of  this  performance,  an  analyfis  of 
ivhich,  it  will  immediately  appear  from  the  variety  of  particu- 
lars difoufled,  could  not  be  comprifed  in  an  article  of  admif- 
fible  length.  Indeed,  the  table  of  contents^  as  divided  into 
books,  enquiries,  chapters,  and  feftions,  fills  12  pages.  The 
reports  of  the  Revenue  Committee  of  1783,  form  the  principal 
bafis  of  the  obfervations  from  which  the  author  attempts  to 
Jnveftigate  a  fyflrem  of  taxation  on  articles  of  conAimption,  not 
liable-  to  thCinconvenienccs  of  the  prefeni  mode.  The  en- 
quiry is  elaborate,  and  affords  confiderable  inforniatioii ;  but 
the  numerous  ditifions  and  fubdivifions  have  extended  the  work 
t0  an  enormous  fize ;  and  which,  for  the  matter  it  contains^ 
ought  to -have  been  comprehended  in  a  lefs  fpace. 

From  exatnining  the  reports  of  the  Revenue  Committee^ 
and  other  produftions'  relative  to  the  fubjedt,  it  clearly  appears, 
that  on  a  multitude  of  articles,  duties  fo  very  high. have  been 
laid,  that  no  wifdom  in  regulation,  or  feverity  of  law,  can 
prevent' their  being  fmuggled  ;  and  thatin  a  greater  proportion 
;as  the  duties  arehigher,  according  to  the  value  of  the  article. 
It  hertce  follows j  that  the'  high  rate  of  thefe  taxes  may  defeat 
itfelf ;  and,  inftead  of  encreafmg  the  revenue,  actually  produce 
^  diminution  from  the.  greater  part  of  the  confumption  being 
fupplicd  by  the  fmuggler.  Thus  it  is  eftimated  that  upwards 
Df  •  five  million  gaHons  of  foreign  fpirits  are  annually  confumed 
in  this  country ;  of  which,  on  an  average  of  four  years  to 
'1782,  ohly  Soo^oco  pay  duty,  and  4,t2'00,oco  are  finuggled  *; 
a  duty,  therefore,  of  onc-fixth  of  its  prefent  amount,  if  it  were 
low  enough  to  prevent  fmuggling,  would  produce  as  large  re- 
venue on  thct  whole  confumption  as  is  now  raifed.  Several 
-examples  of  this  kind,  and  of  the  means  which  have  been  triei 
to -fecure  the  revenue  under  fuch  high  duties,  conftitute  the 
firfl  book  of  this  performance :  from  vChich  it  is  concluded, 

*  that  in  laying  on  a  tax,  every  confideration  fhould  give  way 
^{^rthis  iingle  queftion.  What  rate  of  duty  is  the  commodity 
Capable  of  bearing  ?  The  anfwer  to  this,  when  truly  given, 
points  out  the  limits  of  the  power  which  taxation  can  give  to 

'■!#■■         HI'      ■     ■  )   ■  ■  ^  I  ■  ■      i. 

•  *  fn  the  committee's  report,  it  is  flated  that  13  millions  were 
fmtfgglcd  in  three  years,  or  4,333,533!.  per  aimnm. 

i  mankind^ 


An  Enquiry  into  the  Principles  af  Taxation*  533. 

mankind,  in  regulating  connfnerce,  jeftraining  the  ufe  of  any 
article,  or  in  rendering  it,  with  eafe  and  fafety,  fubfervient  to 
the  purpofes  of  revenue.'  .      ' 

If,  as  according  to  the  average  above  mentioned,  8oo,000 
gallons  of  foreign  fpirits  pay  the  legal  duties  annually,  that 
quantity,  at  7s.  3d.  per  gallon,  would  produce  290,0001.  Sup- 
pofing  that  duty  .to  be  deereafed  to  2s.  6d.  per  gallon,  arid  that 
the  fmuggler,  with  fo  low  a  duty,  muft  relinquifli  the  contra- 
band trade,  5,100,000  would  then  pay.  duty,  and  producp 
637,500!.  making  a  difference  in  the  grofs  revenue  of  347,5ooL 
From  hence  it  feems  probable,  that  by  a  reduction  of  duties, 
an  increafe  of  revenue  might  be  obtained  :  which  leads  to  the 
fubjeft  of  the  fecond  book,  to  confider  in- what  manner  a  ftate 
(hould  increafe  its  revenue  with  the  growing  wealth  of  the  peo* 
pie;  and  what  circumftances  are  to  be  taken  into  con fidera-^ 
tion,  in  order  to  determine  the  rate  of  duty  which  each  com- 
modity will  bear,  without  opening  a  fource  ef  profit  to  the' 
fmuggter  fufficient  to  induce  [?ini  to  brave  the  revenue  lavvs. 
In  confidering  the  queftion  on  whom  taxes  do  ultimately  fall, 
many  fpeculative  opinions  are  advanced,  which  leave  the  fub- 
je£t  iti  the  fame  ftate  of  uncertainty  as  it  was  previous  to*dif- 
cuflioa.  Several  opinions,  ftaied  by  the  late  Dr.  Smith,  in  his« 
Wealth  of  Nations,  are  alfo  controverted  in  this  part ;  but  the^ 
objedions  chiefly  arife  from  different  meanings  annexed  to  the 
fame  words,  as  is  generally  the  Ci^e  in  fpeculative  and  meta- 
phyfical  difquifitions.  .  -  »     • 

It  having  be€n  already  proved,  that  in  revenue  arithmetic,- 
two  and  two  make  but  one,  or  that  by  increafing  the  duty, 
the  receipt  to  government  is  diminifhed,  it  therefore  remains  to- 
confider  what  is  the  extent  of  fifcal  regulations,  and  to  afcer-' 
tain  that  rate  of  duty  which  Ihall  produce  the  greateft  Amount 
of  revenue  on  any  article.  A  rough  outline  of.  the  manner' 
in  which  this  grand  object  might  be  obtained,,  conftitutes  the 
fubjedt  of  the  third  book :  but  for  the  detail  of  particulars  of 
the  meafures  to  be  adopted  with  refped  to  fpeclfic  articles,  it  is 
recommended  that  an  officer  be  appointed  to  furvey  the  ftatc  of. 
the  taxes,  on  confumeahle  commodities,  throughout  the  king- 
dom, and  to  form  a  fifcal  hiftoryof  th«  country,  '  which' 
ought  to  terminate,  in  a  coUeftion  of  fa6ls  fo  arran/ed,  as  to 
be  immediately  fubfidiary  to  the  bufinefs  of  taxing,  and  as* 
would  enable  an  intelligent  financier  to  perceive  readily  the  rate- 
of  duty  which  each  commodity  in  the  country  is  capable  of 
bearing,  and  fo  to  modify  taxes,  as  gradually  to  reform  revenue: 
officers  and  revenue  laws.'  i 

Two  fpecimens  of  th€  conclufion  of  fucb  an  biftory  are 
given,  in  order  to  point  out  a  method  of  determining  the  pro-' 
per  me  of  duties  on  articles  under  certam  fuppofitions  ^  ^nd 
this  leads  to  treat  of  reformLng  the  rates  of  duties,  v . .  i 

O  o  3  *  From 


534  r  I  K  A  N  c  s. 

<  From  die  whole  of  what  has  been  faid/  the  author  obfef  vet^ 
*  it  is  obvious,  that  one  great  obje£t,  in  taxing  confumeable  com- 
snodities,  fliould  be  to  keep  the  rate  of  duties  To  low  as  to  prevent 
the  contraband  trade ;  and  when  fmuggling  has  unhappily  taken 
place,  to  reduce  the  rate  of  duties  fo  as  to  put  a  ilop  to  it.  £x^ 
jcriencc  has  fufficienily  taught,  that  fmuggling  (one  of  the  greatcft 
evils  that  can  pervade  a  people)  is  not  tq  oc  put  a  flop  to  by  fevere 
laws,  or  ftrift  regulations.  High  duties  is  the  fpring  of  the  evil, 
and  while  the  fpring  continues,  the  dreams  will  flow.  But  few 
cfieftual  attempts  have  been  made  to  reduce  duties,  for  fear  of 
lofiog  revenue  ;  of  increaiing  the  expence  of  coUcdling,  or  of  lay- 
ing  taxes  on  improper  or  unpopular  fubje^s.  Thefe  obje6lion» 
have  been  examined,  and  it  is  hoped  in  part  removed. 

'  In  reforming  our  taxes,  however,  I  would  by  no  means  dii^ 
regard  thefe  objedions  altogether.  We  muii  not  only  be  fute« 
that  principles  are  true  in  theoifelves,  but  the  prejudices  of  men^ 
with  regard  to  them,  ought  to  be  removed,  before  they  (hould  be- 
come the  eftabiiihed  rules  of  our  conduct,  lu  the  mean  time,  a 
reduction  of  duties  adequate  to  the  prevention  of  fmuggling, 
ou^ht  to  be  carrying  on  in  a  manner  as  confident  with  prevailing 
opinions  as  poffible.' 

In  order  to  accompliflx  this  objed;,  three  ways  are  propofed ; 
either  to  abolifb  duties  altogether,  on  articles  whereby  fmug* 
gling  certainly  prevails,  if  we  could  find  other  commodities  on 
which  new  duties,  adequate  to  the  wants  of  the  ftate,  and  not 
liable  to  objefiion,  might  be  impofed  -,  but  as  this  is  not  eafily 
to  be  attained  under  our  prefent  circumftances,  the  next  me-» 
thod  is  to  fplit  a  duty  on  a  commodity,  fo  as  to  unftring  the 
Jfimuius  to  fmuggle,  while  we  preferve  the  fame,  or,  perhaps, 
acquire  a  greater  amount  from  the  (ame  fubjeci  than  we  had 
before.  If,  in  preparing  an  article  for  confumption,  it  paiTes 
through  different  hands,  a  tax  divided  amongft  them  would 
hold  out  le(s  temptation  for  each  to  fmuggle  than  if  it  was  laid 
on  one  only.  This  method  of  dividing  duties  is  illuflrated  in 
the  cafe  of  malt  and  ale.  The  very  reverfe  of  this  propofttion 
has,  however,  been  recommended,  by  refpe6bble  writers,  by 
Dr.  Smith  and  Sir  John  Sinclair,  who  recommend  the  wholq 
of  the  duties  to  be  laid  on  the  malt ;  and  the  addition  to  tho 
revenue,  by  this  alteration,  is  calculated  at  2QO,oool.  per  ann« 
Our  prefent  author  has  no  objeSion  to  take  the  dirties  frooi 
ale,  but  he  would  lay  them  any  where  almoft  rather  than  ori 
malt,  an  article  already  over-taxed.  The  third  method  is, 
to  compenfate  the  redu£lion  of  duties  on  confumable  com- 
modities, by  laying  an  equivalent  for  them  on  a  fulled  of  a 
different  defcription.  This  was  done  in  lowering  the  duties 
on  tea,  and  impofmg  an  additional  tax  on  windows*  But  (his 
commutation  of  the  tea  tax,  the  author  thinks,  though  highly 
popular  at  the  time,  and,  on  the  whole,  beneficial  to  the  coun^ 
try,  was  certainly  not  ma4e  in  the  moft  favoun^le  ctrcum-« 

fiances^ 


4n  Enquiry  i»t^  tbi  Prindptes  ofTaxBtUn^  535 

ftances.  As  it  did  not  transfer  part  of  a  tax  from  one  article 
of  immediate  confumption  to  another,  ^ut  to  one  which  m^kes 
it  liable  to  all  the  di&dvantages  of  a  tax  on  ^xed  propertjr }  and 
the  experiment  was  made  where  a  monopoly  interfered,  which 
might  prevent  that  competition  among  oraders^  wiach  reduces 
the  price  of  articles  to  their  loweft  faleable  rate  from  taking 
place  ;  and  hence  the  public  might  lofe  the  propofed  advantage 
from  the  redudion  of  the  price  of  tea*  ^  This  experiment, 
however,  imperfectly  as  it  was  made,  has  beea  advantageous, 
and  has  demonftrated  the  expediency  of  lowering  ^che  xates  of 
duties.  It  has  Ihewn  alfo,  what  inatiequate  eflima^  are  made 
of  fmug^ing,  and  how  much  the  nation  would  probably  be 
benefited,  if  it  was  (were)  put  a  ftop  to  ia  every  article/ 

To  what  has  alreadv  been  advanced,  we  fhidl  ^dd  an  Qxixzdt 
lirom  the  fe£Hon  on  reforming  the  revenue  laws. 

'  Hitherto*  the  revexae  laws  of  this  country  have  been  highly 
unpopular,  which  has  proceeded  chiefly  from  their  extreme  £ve« 
rity.  The  people  of  England,  it  has  been  (aid,  will  be  ^li^  oh^vh 
governors,  aad  the  executors  of  their  own  laws ;  it  may  be  fap. 
pofed,  thereibre»  that  when  laws  are  not  popular  10  £  wl'and,  they 
will  not  be  pan^naUy  executed. 

'  But  the  Englifh  are  a  fenfiUe,  generous  people;  ao4  if  |i  little 
pains  is  taken  to  infirudl  them,  and  to  ihew  them,  that  taxes  are 
not  only  necefl*ar]^  evils,  bjit  a  juft  recompence^  for  the  bleflings 
of  government;  if  government  fatisfy  them»  that  ta|ce&  are  laid 
on,  and  levied  in  the  mildeft  manner  polfible;  that  he  who  de* 
frauds  the  revenue,  injures  his  fellow  citizen,  while  he  cdinniits 
an  ad  of  public  injuftice ;  if  revenue  laws  (haU  be  inade  confonan^ 
to  the  fpirit  of  the  conftitution,  and  the  general  ientimeacs  of  the 
people,  there  is  little  doubt,  I  apprehend,  that  in  England,  the 
im  uggler  would  ibon  be  hooted  and  defpifed  %  and,  inliead  of 
flourifhing  in  evtty  village,  and  in  every  corner,  would  hie  ac  rarely 
^et  with  as  the  highwayman  or  murderer* 

'  This  pi&ure,  however  Utopeaa  it  may  appear,  is  vi  fa^  re* 
aiiced,  in  fome  nations  in  Europe,  where  the  raie«  o^*  duties  are 
▼ery  low  j  andiaftances  are  given  of  much  greater  public  virtue 
in  the  citizens,  than  I  would  be  fuppofed  here  eve^  to  hint  at* 
The  canton  of  Underwold,  in  Switzerland,  is  frequently  ravaged 
hy  ftorms  and  inundations,  and  is  thereby  expofed  to  extraordinary 
expence«.  Upon  fuch  occa£ons  the '  pieople  affemble,  and  every 
one  is  faid  to  declare,  with  the  greateft  franknefs,  what  hit  is 
worth,  in  order  to  be  taxed  accordingly*  At  Zurich,  the  Uw  or* 
4ers,  that  in  cafes  of  neceffity,  every  one  ihould  be  taxed,  in  pro- 
portion to  his  revenue,  the  amount  of  which  he  is  obliged  u>  de- 
clare upon  oath.  They  have  no  fufpicion,  it  is  faid,  that  any  of 
Cheir  fellow  citizens  will  deceive  diem.  At  Baill,  the  principal 
ffyeoue  of  the  iUte  arifes  from  a  fmall  puftom  upon  jjoods  ex. 

P  o  ^  ported. 


53^  r  X  N  A  N  c  ». 

ported.  All  th«  citizens  mike  oath,  that  they  will  pay,  evepy' 
three  mottfhs  all  the  taxes  impofed  by  law.  All  merchants,  an4 
even  al)  innkeepers,  are  trufted,  wiih  keeping  themfelves  the  ac- 
count of  the  goods  which  thty  (Al^  either  within  or  without  the 
territory.  At  the  end  of  every  three  monihs,  they  fend  this  ac- 
count to  the  treafurer,  with  the  amount  of  the  tax,  computed  a| 
the  botium'of  it.  It  i.  not  fufpe^ed  that  the  revenue  fuiFers  by 
this  fortidence,  (See  Smith,  Book  y,  ch.  2.  Memoircs  copcernani 
les  Droits.    Tome  i,  p.  74.) 

•  It  is  true,  inxleed,  that  a  great  revolution  behoved  to  take 
place,  in  the  fentiments  of  the  people,  before  the  happy  events, 
which  I  hi  c  now  hinted,  could  take  place  in  this  country.  But 
this  revolution,  great  as  it  may  appear,  would  certainly  take  place, 
in  confcquence  of  a  change  ia  the  fyf^em  of  taxation.  A  fyttem  of- 
moderate  taxation,  iike  every  thing  elfc,  would  fofter  and  prOf 
mote  itfelf.  Under  its  milder  regulations  and  laws,  the  unreafon-. 
ablencfs  of  fmug^ling  would  appear.  The  people  would  fooi^ 
have  lefs  prejudice.  They  would  venerate  the  revenue  code  ;  an4 
this  would  enable  and  infpirit  the  minifter  to  go  on  in  reforma- 
tion.' 

Looking  upon  this  performance  as  a  firft  attempt  to  treat  of 
taxation  as  a  branch  of  fcience,  it  certainly  poffefies  merit  jj 
and,  what  not  a  little  raifes  it  in  our  eftimation,  although  ano-i 
nymous,  it  is  entirely  free  from  the  virulence  of  party  anlmac}-. 
verfioiis.  'The  ftyle,  and  manner  of  dividing  the  fubjedts,  hoWi 
^vcr,  might  be  very  much  improv^clf  A.  Pa 


1  N  }&  6  X, 


1 


K 


D 


E 


X, 


^^  Books  reviewed  have  the  firft  word  printed  in  Capitals,  Noticct 
of  new  Books,  an^  Articles  of  Intelligence,  in  Italics ; .  the  Lan- 
guages in  which  Books  are  written,  if  not  in  Englifli  wholly,  i^ 
pointed  out  by.  A,  Arabic,  M,  JEthiopic,  C.  Chinefe,  Cu.  Curdifiank^ 
D.  Dutch,  Dan.  Danjke,  E.  Englijh,  F.  French,  G.  Qermati,  Gr. 
Greeks  H.  Hebrew,  L  Italian,  lct\,\Icelaudic^  L.-  Latin,  Lap.  Lap- 
landic,  N.  Norij;egia7i ,  P.  Fortugucfe,  S.  Spanijh',  Sam.  Samaritan^ 
Sc.  Sicla^'onian,  Sw.  S^edijh,  ^yx,  Syriac,  W;  /^^^,  following  the 
Title  :  either  of  thefe  placed  after  the  Number  of  the  Page  denotes, 
that  the  Reader  will  not  there  meet  with  Information  on  the  Sub* 
,  led,  but  be  referred  to  fome  Bpok,  in  fuch  Language,  in  Nyhi^h  he 
Xnsy  obtain  it^ 


A. 

ABDOMEN,  on  difeafts  of  the 
232  F. 
Abyllinia,  account  of         134,212,382 

^     ■  a  miflion  to  260  E. 

I  '  .  '. — -  Ponce t's  travels  to 

ib-E. 
«  hiftory  of         I34£>  144,250 

%  ■     .  ifgends  of  145 

<  religious  books  of  ib. 


%\     ..     '  r  fettlement  of,  afcribed  to  Cu/h 

134 
Academy,  Royal  Irifh,  Tranfadtions 

of,  vol.  ii.  398 

jitmdemy  of  Sciences,  Belles  Lettres,  and 

Arts,  at  Padua  346 

^1  Royal,  of  Infcriptlons  and  Belles 

Lettres,  at  Paris  345 

r.  Sciences,  at  Berlin  i©6 

>'  Paris     345 

I"  ..  ■  Stockholm, 

Memoirs  of»  vol.  x.  Sw.  106 

r  '"    '  ,  Sec.  at  Lyons     105 

Acid  of  ants,  refembles  vegetable  acid 

108 
n  benjamin,  remarks  on  109 

— —  birch,  obfervations  on       228  F. 
s  borax,  obfervations  on        ib.  F. 

—  pholphoricy  contained  in  manganefe 

107 
■■I  J..  on  preparing    109  G. 

^cids,  obfervations  on  '    54>  109 

■  ■         of  metals  108 

f   '  "  on  the  dulcification  of         1090. 
A6liv'ity  natural  to  man  «  '^9 

Acu/ilaus,  fragments  of  237  L. 

Adams  (G.)  on  Vi(ion  2^ 

Addifoii,  letters  from  100  £. 

Address  to  the  Biihop  of  St.  David's 

80 

Administratiok,  Retrofpe£t  of  the 

Conduct  of  194 

Adkiamo;  or,  the  Firft  of  June        39' 

^fchylus^  reoMirks  00  a  paifage  of  407 


/Ether,  on  the  origin  of  109  0# 

Affinity,  chemical,  influence  of  tempera- 
cure  on  106  Sw* 
Afflidlion,  remarks  on  5 
Africa,  Proceedings  of  the  Aflbciatioi^ 
for  the  pifcovery  of  the  interior  Part^ 
of                                                      264. 
Africa,  peopling  of  the  fouth  of     1 34  E, 
Agency,  obfervations  on   2^0  G ;  328  E. 
Agriculture,  obfervations  on  228  F,  345 
'■'     i'          fuccefsful    improvements  in, 
in  England                                       481 
Air  phofphoric,  on  the  detonation  of  469 
Alexandria,  latitude  of                         16 

■  ■'  cf'  .'  ■  longitude  of  17 
Alison  on  Tafte  26,- 
Alkali,  mineral,  phofphorated,  remarks 

on  IC9  G« 

■       vitriQlated,  phofphorefcence  of 

47t 

■  volatile,  on  the  ufc  of,  in  the  ve-- 
nereal  difeafe  417 

■      '   ■  ,  ufefut  in  fome  mortifi- 
cations 59 
AUtwiio's  (0»)  Appendix  to  thcPiedmon- 
tefe  Flora,  L                                    235 
Aloe,  property  of  the  thread  obtained 
from                                              237 
Altaean  mountains,  mineralogy  of    1 19 
Aly  Bey^  anecdotes  of  6 
Amalgamation,  theory  of            351  G. 
America,  Review  of  the  Laws  of  178 
Amphitheatres,  EiTay  on*  I.                476 
Amacrkok»  New  Edition  of,  Gr.  L. 

516 

Anacreon,  comments  on  ode  22  of     ib. 

.  on  the  life,  writings,  &c.  9f 

ib.L. 

Anafarca,  cafes  of  '  ^33  I'* 

Anatomy,  Treatife  of,  L  350 

Ancient  tabula hofpicalis explained  476L* 

Ancients,  on  the  arts  of  the         13,  18 

I"  I      ■■   coins  and  cutting  inftru- 

ments  e/  469 

AjtcunU 


i    J^    D    E    X. 


Anctents,  on  tlie  mythology  df  477 
■  ■    ■  poifons  ^  107 

fc  '■■■■  '     weightty  meafuresy  and 

monies  of  47  ^ 

Anecdotrt  8,  ig^So, 1 16,202,240  L,  245 
y\agels,  thoughts  on  J07  G, 

JIm iM A L  Magnciifm,  Plain  an4  rationat 

Account  of  330 

Amaht  Natural  Hiftoryofy  G.  ii« 
Mnah  of  the  Wprld,  F.  477 

AnTHOLOGiAi  or  a  CollefiioB  of  Flow- 

ws  373 

^ntlnfeoay,  mode  of  preparing  t  tincture 

of  108  G. 

Anilnopolia.  ruins  of,  daCioiUd  %  £• 
A»t'»ochuft  Magnus,  daU  of  the  cam- 
paign of  236 
jhtvn  (C.  G*)  on  the  OrigiBy  Manners, 

Ac*  of  the  Slaves,  G.  478 

AKTnAiovEs  (Count  p*)  on  Divorcei 

F.  130 

Aktiim,    Letters  oq   the   Northern 

Coaft  of  374 

Apatit,  remarks  on  the  347  Q« 

AptoAincs,  not  volcanic  472 

AroLOG  Y  for  the  Liturgy  of  the  Church 

of  England  78 

^of ly  for  Fafting,  Ft  349 

Apolties^  on  die  infpiration  of  (h*  325E. 
Arable  land,  advantages  9$  484 

Atchtte£^uFe,  Egyptian  9 

jfrmmann  ( JO  ^  the  Venereal  Diieafc, 

L*  108 

Arnica,  obfervationa  on  350  G. 

Aukanged  Catalogue  of  Puhticaliont 
.  on  the  Teft  Aa  ^  203 

^r  of  Mining,  G,  '  351 

Arts,  on  the  ftAte  oi^  aanngft  iIm  and* 

CAtS  13,  18 

-<^p—  remadcs  on  37 

Afcough  (Dr.)  letter  from  X76  E* 

Atk,  improted  mode  of  pUntangy  for  cer« 

^n  purpofcs  490 

AsinT'c  Refearchet  209 

AiBociatioA,  nature  of  17  £. 

Affyna*  empire  of,. not  defrayed  hy  At- 

Wus  477 

Mm%iAiiSft^pa»t  on  the  «<e  of ,  in  the 

venereal  difeafe  I1O8,  416 

.^pf79m^^/£phemeris£Ki79i,  L.  473 

■  ■  '  ■  -8 — r '"  »79f>  G.   ih. 

r^^ Obfcrvations,  1778*819  L*  ih* 

Atmofpherff,  okfervatioos  oa  the  402 
Attokneys,   On   the  QualiJlcs^ions, 

4;c  of  182 

Aurora  hqicttltc,  iaflammable  air  ^e«n^ 

.  ed  hy  cledikricity  402 

11    *  '  > ■ —  feen  in  ftiU  A^ihbe  406 

A0  T  H  E  K  T I  c  Copy  of  the  Memorial  to 

the  Rk«  Hon.  W.  W.  QrenvUte  328 
«■'"■    ■  '    ■  Statement  of  Fi^s  Khidve  to 

Jiootk4  Souxid  327 


Jhttun  (Bi&.  of)  on  W^gha  and  Mei- 
fures,  F.  35^ 

B. 

Ma€h'%  (CP.BO   New  Songi  for  tl» 
Voice  and  Harpfichord,  G.  47^ 

Badcock  (Mr.)  particulars  relative  to 

205,  3x5  £• 

ftadcnweiler^  defcription  of  a  RuniMf 
hach  at  113  U 

Ballycaftle,  defcriptjon  of  375  E« 

Baltic  lea,  chart  of  a  part  of      356  Sw. 

Bampton  le^ures,  what  part  of,  written 
by  Mr.  Badcock,  and  Dr.  Parr      205 

Aur^*s  (F.  L.)  Extract  ixom  the  Jour- 
nal of  the  Ho^ital  at  Copenha^n,  L« 

BarSJSi  (C.  G.)  Dates  of  pkllofophieal 

Opinions,  G.  475 

Bark,  Peruvian,  ohfervations  on         277 

■  on  the  ufe  of,  in  mortifications    59 

Barome^r,  on  the  variations  of  the  491 

Bain^I'I'  (Ab.de)  on  Divorce,  F.    x%^ 

B^u^tefs  (J.  H.)  Lettera  on  Calabria  and 

Sicily,  G.  ^      "3 

B  A I TH  2  L  s  M  t's  ( Ahbc)  Thlrd^  Letter 

on  fome  Samaritan  Medals,  F*      506 

Bafaltess  on  the  produAioo  of 

.      ^  35a  G,  379,  38a. 
variottes  of  378  E.. 

Bofaltic  mountain  nearEdinburg,accouot 
of  ib.  G. 

^  fock  in  the  ifle  of  MuU  de- 

fcribed  35*  C, 

Baftiile,  gpround  plan  And  view  of  1 12  G« 
Bathing,  .obfervations  on  389 

Msums  on  the  Difeafes  of  marihy  coun« 
tries,  F.  231 

BavarUi  war  of  the  fucceiSon  to  32 1  F» 
Beauty,  oblervations  on  27,  a8 

Bees,  remokson  491 

Begarmee,  aceount  of  268 

B2 1 L  B  Y*«  (Bi&op  of  London)  Vii&tation 
^   Chwfe  44a 

"  (S.)  Sermon  00  religious  To- 

leration AI 

Belladonna,  virtuea  of  468 

Bokj/Ua  (B«)  on  the  Apocrypha*  L« 

172  note^ 
Benevolence,  remarks  on  442  £• 

Berck'9  (C.  R.)  MedaHic  Hiftories  of 
Kings  and  Queens  of  Sweden,  Sw. 

iin 
ButltntEV's  (G.  M«)  Literary  Rciicg 

100 
Berkeley  (hifli-)  Lettera  from 
Bprquin'%  Children's  Friend,  F* 
Friend  of  Youth,  F. 


100  £• 

th. 
Natural 

239 
•  ufefolSciencea^ 
F.  ib. 

Bm'mt^^  Lettira  oa  BpigromS}  L    1 16 


BerM'tei  (Ah.)  Journal  of 
Hiftory,  F. 


INDEX. 


BaUe>  ecp«liency  of  a  &cw  tranllatioii  of 

78  fc- 
BitXHiLL^f  (A.)  Grammatical  Wreath 

46r 
Biquadratic  e<|uationt,remirksoB  io6Sw« 
Birds  from  Guinea  defcribed  347  G. 
Blackweil,  criticifmtt  on  175  £• 

Blair  (Rob.)  letter  from  176  £. 

Bleeding,  obfervations  on  zyZ 

BLtOH*s  Narrative  of  the  Mutiny  on 

Board  the  Bounty  a  1 5 

Blifter^,  ohfervacions  on  234 

MUtmenbacb  {]•  F.)   on  the  Formative 

P^openfity,  G.  109 

Mide^t  (/•£•)  AftiDttomical  Ephemeris 

for  179ft,  G*  473 

Bog,  mbvlag  of  a  39S 

Boh'emia,  letters  from  the  qneen  of 

100  £• 
SonJt  (N.)  on  the  Bark  of  the  Geoffrsea 

of  Surinam,  L.  234 

Book  of  Common  Prayer  reformed     7  5 
^9h%  ancicntf  Catalogues  of,  L. 

478,  479 
Booth*!  (B.)  Syftem  of  Book-keeping 

307 
Borax,  on  the  compolition  of  %%%  F. 
M^rdt  (de  U)  on  the  pretended  Difcovery 

of  a  Continent,  F.  355 

BoaM*s  (F»  G.)  Anacreon  and  Sappho, 

Gr.  L.  516 

Bomvw,  accottot  of  267 

BoswiLL  (Ja.)  Epiftleto  303 

Botanical    Arrangement   of  BritiA 

Plants,~Tol.  iii.  p.  i.  68 

Botany,  introduction  to  68  E. 

Bounty,  account  of  the  mutiny  on  board 

21S 
fiourgoanne's  (Chev.  de)  Travels  through 

Spain,  G*  114 

BowLKs  (W.  L.)  Grave  of  Howard  188 
Box-wood  ferviceabje  in  venereal  difeafe 

416 
frabm*t  (J.  N.)  Infea  Calendar,  G. 

47* 
Bimin,  on  concuifioat  of  the 

161  £,  350  G. 
Braun't  Ancient  Books  in  the  Library  at 

Attglburg,  L  479 

Breaft,  on  difeafes  of  the  232  F. 

■  ■■         I      inflammation  and  fupporation 
.      of,  in  females     '  350  G). 

prieJUk'B  (S.)  Mineralogical    Obferva* 
'    tions,  I.  47* 

BazwsTza's  (J.)  Sermons  for  Prifons 

Britain,  dangers  to  the  conftitution  of 

82  £. 

9    ■'■     lift  of  die  boroughs  and  voters  in 

iq7E. 

■  II    11     OIL  tS>e  condv^  of  the  mlnifieis  of 

194,  195E, 


Bridfli  provinces,  laws  of  the        178  C« 
BRt7(  k's  Travels  to  difcover  the  Source 

of  the  Nile  7,134,250,382 

Smnfwkf  Dcfcription  of  the  City  ofi^  G» 

III 
BugatVt  (C.)  Daniel,  L.  Syr.  230 

Bugs,  obfervations  on  106 

Burdock  root  inefficacious  In  venereal 

difeafe  416  G, 

Burja's  (A.)  Principles  of  Statics^  G. 

lit 
Burke  <£dm/  chara^er  of  84  £,  86 
Butter,  beil  mode  of  curing  486 

Buti-erjiies,   Supplement  to  the  Hiftory 

of,  G.  47  s 

C^faris^B  (A.  de)  Aftronomicil  Ephemeris 

for  1791,  L.  47 S 

Calabria,  accuunt  of  113  G» 

CaUfiditlH  on  the  eledrical  Condo£^or  at 

the  Quirinal  Palace,  U  35* 

C  A  L I D  A  s 's  Sacon tala  361 

Calves  reared  without  milk  493 

Cambyfes,  expedition  of,  into  Africa 

14* 
Camel,  account  of  the  13S 

Campe'B  (J-H.)   Letters  on  the  Fre  ch 

Revolution,  G.  iix 

Camphor  not  difcoverable  in  oils  of  par- 

lley  and<  fennel  109 

C, 

Cancer  In  the  os  uteri,  cafe  of      350  G« 

"  remedy  for  235 

CanoftrtnVB  (A.)  Hiftory  of    a  double 

ruptured  Uterus,  L.  3S^ 

Caslisls*s  (Bifh-  of)  Sermon  on  the 

30th  of  January  91 

Cafhna,  account  of  267 

Cat,  wild,  hiftory  of  287 

Catalogue  of  books  and  pamphlets  pub- 

Miihed  during  the  firft  fix  months  of 

1790  33* 

— —  the  Commercial  Ubrary  at 
Hamburgh    G.  360 

Cataract,  obfervations  on  the 

]6i  E,  233  L,  405 
Catharinenbourgh,  profits  of  the  gold 
mines  of  119 

Ctff/(rau's  View  of  Sweden,  F*  117 

Cattle,  on  food  for  481,  484 

Cawn  (Muftapha)  particulars  of  the  exe- 
cution of  3>9B« 
Celibacy,  obfervations  on             3  59  G« 
Centre  of  gra-ity  of  the  human  body 

153  note. 
Cetaceous  animals,  comparative  ofteology 
of  227  P, 

Chancres,  obfervations  on  413 

Chapman,  criticifms  on  175  £•' 

Charaftcr,  marks  of  35,  37 

national,  remarks  on    '   3  59 

Characters  191 

ChvU^b^c  inftitution  in  France        239 

Charity 


INDEX. 


Charfty  recommended 

w  rtmr.rks  on 

Charlemagne,  account  of 
Cti  AXLES  Altman 
Charles  11.  letters  frpm 


83  E. 

8, 165E. 

271 

461 

100  E. 


Charleswohth's  Practical  Sermons, 

Vol.  II.  293 

Chart  of  AUndi  &c.  Sw.  336 

« Pa  t  of  the  Weftern  Coaft  of 


Iceland,  Dan. 
Cheek,  peculiar  difeafe  of  the 
Chefinas  of  PtDlemy,  the  Dwlna 
Cheyt  Sing:  a  Poem 
fbildren^i  Friend,  F. 
Children,  on  the  diet  of 

.  difeafei  of 


ib. 

474 
302 
1 20 

349>  405 
405,  417 
China,  on  the  ?a4bliihmcnt  of  the  Jews 
in  346 

Chrifti  happinefs  of  being  with     165  E. 
y  on  juiUftcation  by  44  E. 

^  the  atonement  of  ib.  £* 

f,      ■!  .         J     fitqacion  of  thp  grave  of 

III 
»  1  fupremacy  of  75 

m^ •  ftate  of  the  world  at  the  coming 

of  4^6 

Cbriftian  Morality,  S^ltem  of,  G.     466 
Chr.ftian  minifter,  duties  of  522 

^     ■ miiacles,   on  the  JewlHi  gnd 

Heathen  rejcftion  of  168  E. 

n'  morality,  remaiks  on        230 

P.I.         —  op  dif^race  of  the  name  of 
jt)5E. 
Chrifti anity  an  antidote  to  fin       107  G. 
»i     I.      .    .    evldpnces  of  the  truth  of 
294  E,  423  E,  433 

.  cxce''ency  of  522  E. 

■  moial  ulfcsof  29oE,C.443 

w  neglect  of,  blameable  apd 

dangerous  5^*  ^• 

Church  of  England,  articles  and  liturgy 

o^,  defended  7^  E. 

— ■! — —  liturgy 

of,  plan  for  a  refoim  of  ^o 

. -^ —  liturgy 

of,  ftri^uves  on     •,  9  E,  80  E,  201  E» 
^..  I      ■       ■  ■  on  the  principles  of 

20]  £,  440  E. 


— ftate  of,    in   Germany,    under 

Charlemagne  272 

Churches,  Lutheran  and  reformed,  pro- 

jedl  for  uniting,  L.  240 

— — feven,  on  the  cpiftles  to  the  74 

Chur ton's  (Ralph)  Sermon  on  Obedi- 
ence 82 
Cicuta,  on  the  virtues  of  388,  389,416 
Cider  wine,  obfervations  on  491 
Cities,  on  promoting  the  healthinefs  of 
227  Y, 
Civet,  mode  of  obtaining  268 
Clark  (Dr.)  letters  from  173  E. 
Clergy,  00  the  celibacy  of  the      359  G» 


Clergy,  on  the  eondu^  of  the  44^ 

— — —  property  of  the     359  G, 
Clkkmont  Tonnerc*s  (Count)  Speech 

1  87 

Clifpohd's  (Lord  dc)  Letter  to   the 

TIeftors  of  Downpatrick  97 

C/!/.i(4r/Obfetvation8  on  rare  and  danger-r 

ous  Difeafes,  F.  23% 

Cliquot  de  klervache  oa  the  Commerce 

of  France,  F.  /  357 

Glutton's  (J.)  Farewell  Sermon    169 
Coal-mines,  ancient,  curious  difcovery 

of  '    376 

^— rr-*-  obfervations  on         405  E. 
CoETLOGON  (C.E.De)  on  the  Harmony 

between  Religion  and  Policy  441 

m  '.  I  National 

Eftablifliment  440 

■■  I  Nfitional 

Gratitude  .     44  > 

Coft'ee,  nutritious  property  of  259 

Collection  of  Odes,  Songs*  andEpi.* 

grams  aj^inft  the  Whigs  306 

m  I  of  Teftimonics  in  Favour 

of  religious  Liberty  88 

Collefllon  of  paintings  to  be  fold        360 
■T- ■    phy^co  -  medico  -  ele^rical 

Experiments,  L,  ,'i^4 

Colours,  how  the  mind  affe^ed  by      28 
u  the  blind  may  receive  pleafur^ 

from  ideas  aftbciated  with  ib. 

iTammcrce,  obfervations  on  329  £9  330! 

£,358 

»-  of  Mafuah  390  E% 

Commercial  Tables  31Q 

Commutation  a£t,  remarks  on  the      96 
CoMPLEAT  Traoefman  33© 

Complimentary  Epiftle  to  J*  Bruse 

Conduct  of  the  Parliameat  of  1784 

confidered  313 

Cones,  on  the  cap«icitiea  of  357 

Congreve,  letters  from  100  E. 

Considerations  on  the  approaching 

DiOblution  of  Parliament  312 

■ — ^_.  Expediencj 

of  Reviling  the  Liturgy  79 

Conrtablis,  Duty  of  18} 

Conftipation,   cafe  of,  froiq  contraded 

re^um  468  L« 

.  I  cure  of  233 

Contlnenty  on  the  pretended  Difcovery  ofy 

by  fome  Engliihmen,  F.  355 

Continuation  of  an  authentic  State- 


'I 


ment  32S 

Controverfy,  obfervations  on  201 

Convents  fet  at  Liberty,  F.  23S 

Convuifions  cured  by  valerian  107 

— — —  utility  of  cold  in  %^J 

Copp?r  medals  and  cutting  inftrument* 

of  the  ancients,  analyiis  of  46^ 

■  ■  pn  xhe  poifon  of  492  £• 

Capper^ 


t   N    O  £   K. 


Copper>  ^rocefs  of  fmehing,  at  Tyrol 
3^1  G. 

Coppet  (de)  eulogy  of  228  F. 

Coriandrum  a  po'tibnous  plant  107 

Corn,  changing  the  foil  Qt',  unnecefTary 

345 
II        old,   alikioft  as  good  for  fowing  as 

new  ib.  493 

Correfpondents,   letters  from,    and  an- 

fwers  to  104 

Corfica,  account  of  1 17  F. 

Cotton  (Dr.)  letter  from  177  E- 

CoiyRTENAY^8(J.)l-ettertoDr*Prieft- 

ley  95 

CouTEUR*s  (J.  Le)  Letters  from  India 

396 
Cows,  on  winter  food  for  481,484 

Coxi^s  (W.)  Letter  to  Dr.  Price         94 
Cravpokp*s  (G.)  Second  Enquiry  into 
the  Situation  of  the  Eaft  India  Com- 
ply 493 
Creed,  Athanafian,  defence  of       78  E. 
Crxws  (Lord)  Biihop  of  Durham,  Life 
of                                           •        276 
Critical  Period  197 
Croifadcl,  benefits  of  the                   357 
Croufae,  criticifms  on                   1 7  5  ^« 
Cubic  equations,  remarks  on      106  Sw. 
CuLLEM  on  the  Materia  Medica    46, 

276 
Cursory  Reflexions   on   public   Men 
and  public  Meafures  on  the  Conti- 
nent 195 
Cyri/Io'B  (D.)    Neapolitan  Entomology, 
L.                                                 235 
D. 
Dairies,  on  the  management  of   486  E. 
Danger  of  the  political   Balance  of 
Europe                                            446 
Daniel,  from  the  Septuagint,  L.  Syr.  230 
Dante,  (ketch  of  the  life  and  writings 
of                                               224  H. 
Daphne  lagetto,  anti venereal            416 
DatbWs  (J.  A.)  Verfion  of  the  Book  of 
Job,  &c.  L.  466 
DeacOk's  (D.)  Poems  301 
Deaf  and  .Dumb,  on  teaching  the,  F.  480 
Deane  (Silas)  vindicated  from  the  charge 
of  atheifm  325 
Death,  obfervaticns  on                       445 
Debate  in  the  Houie  of  Commons,  on 
the  Repeal  of  the  Corporation  and 
Teft  Aas  90 
■  on 
.     Tuefday  the  2d  of  March                ib. 
Debauchery  inimical  to  liberty           130 
JDecremps^a  Parifian  in  London,  F»     117 
Dendera,  defcription  of  the  ruins  of      8 
Den  man's  (T^  IntroduXion  to  Mid« 
wifery                                                147 
Deamarkj  interefts  of                  446  E. 


Depofitoryy  or  feleX  Letters  on  ytAoui 

Subjeds,  F.  I  id 

Defcription  of  theCoaft  of  Iceland,  Dan* 

. . Plo-Clementine  Mu- 

feum,  I.  ^60 

Delpotifm,  obfervations  on  35S 

Devil,  on  the  fentencc  pafled  on  the  73 
Devotion,  value  of  290  E.  G. 

Dialogue  on  the  Revenue  Laws  315 
D'i£iionary  of  Natural   Philofophy,  G- 

480 
Didlonary  of  fea  terms  33'  E. 

Distber  von  Ifenburg,  Hiftory  of,  G.  1 14 
Dillon's   (J.   T.)    Memoirs  of    the 

French  Revolution  502 

DiNAftBAS^  a  Tale  iSg 

Difcontent,  remarks  on  165  £« 

Discoui^sE  concerning  the  refurre^ioa 

Bodies  S3 

Difeafes  at  Paris  from  November  1789 

to  January  1790  231,  349,  467 

■■  infectious,  grow  milder  by  time 

410 
I    of  Africa  387 

■  various,  obfervations  on  232  F* 
Diflocations,  remarks  on  161  E* 
Dissenters' Plea  326 
Diflenters,  general  principles  of  '  325  E, 
— — — —  hiftory  of                        ib.  E, 

■  fcheme  for  a  comprehenfioa 
of,«iifith  the  church  *  173 

Dissertation  on  the  Engl'. ih  Verb  64 
Divorce  (Of)  F.  121 

Divorce,  books  on  the  fubjeA  of  126  F. 

— in  what  cafes  proper  laj,  131 

"  obfervations  on  121,  129,  130 

DoDORincE's  (Dr.  P.)  Letters  17* 

Doderleite^  (J.  C.)  Sketch  oi  Chriftiam 
Morality,  G*  230 

Dog,  fhepherd's,  hiftory  of  286 

■  »      water,  fagacity  of,  in  chafing  fal- 
mon  376  E« 

Dogs,  on  the  diftemper  of  6» 

Donaldson  (J.)   on  increafing  the  na- 
tional Wealth  315 
Dore's  (J  )   Sermon    to    the   Sunday 
School  bociety                                 444 
Dork  ford's  (J.  jTranflation  of  Putter"* 

political  Hiftory  of  Germany 
Drama,  Hindu,  account  of 
Drill  hufbandry,  advantages  of 
I  exoeriments  on. 


269 
3^< 
4S1 
491 

a34 

383 
4x5 


Drink,  obfervations  on 
Dropfy,  obfervations  on 
Drums,  African,  defcribcd 
Dulcamara,  ant. venereal 
Dltpont  on  the  p  litical  Situations  of 
France,  Great  BritaTn,  and  Spain  457 
Dutrtne  la  Couture  on  the  Sugar-Cane^ 
•  F.  474 

DlJTY 


INDEX. 


D«T  T  of  a  liember  of  Parlitment  3 1  x 
.1  of  Conftables  1S3 

Dyfury»  obfenradons  on  41 3 

£• 

£akle*8  (Jame:)    £4itio]|   of  Pott'* 

Works  160 

Xanb>  antiquity  of  Cbe  379 

.  »  new  fpecies  of  469 

■  1  on  the  ftru&ure  of  the  3  So 
■■             temperature  of  the  furface  of 

tfae^  in  Ireland  405 

■i"         wii'dom  of  the  firuAure  of  the 

379  E- 
Eaflern  nations*  on  the  manners  and  go- 
vernment of  499 
£docationy  advantages  of  358 

■  female,  pra£tlcal         120  G. 

■  '  obfervations  on  303, 46* 
.  public,  ftri^ures  on  78  E. 
JEdwards  (!•)  on  Rejeftionof  the  Chrif- 

tian  Miracles  168 

Mglanthu't  (F*  d*)  PhUJntus  of  Moliere, 

F.  115 

Egypt,  architecture  of  9 

■  hlftory  of  the  kings  of  477  F« 
£lsctions»  County,  Law  of  179 
m  ■   ■                    Statutes  relative  to     ib, 

■  -  Treatife  on  the  Law  of 

j8o 
Ele^lrlcltyy  medical*  remarks  on  234 
m    "  on  condu^kors  of       35 '  i» 

Elements  of  Logic,  I.  ,  720 

£lephantiaiis  dcfcribed  387 

■'  remedies  tried  In  388 

Emetics,  remarks  on,  in  fevers         468 
England,  Medallic  Hiftory  of       131 
£ngland,  comparative  fiate  of,  in  1784 
and  1790  313 

!>■  new  fcheme  of  taxation  for  196 

>■  on  the  difpute  of  with  Spain 

I  J  government  of       31* 

"'  income  of  the  clergy 

in  93, 325.E. 

■  laws  of  180  £. 
"■  "       ■     national  debt  of  1 96  £• 


3»3 


—  ftate  of  the  forefts  of 

■  ■  trade  of        314,  357 

'■  remarks  on       121,  315,  323 

»m  ihip-timber  growing  fcarce  in 

317 

»■ ftate  of  the  revenue  of      314 

»     ■  tour  through  114  C 

£]|ocb^  account  of  the  book  of  146 

£v4^uiKY  into  the  Principles  of  Taxa- 
tion 531 
^nimvhgy,  Neapolitan,  Firft  Specimen 
of»  L.                                            a.35 
BfAtfians,  Tranflation  of  Ac  Epiftle  t(), 
vti'ik  Remarksj  G.                       y^^o 


SrisTLB  to  Jamts  BoTvirelly  ^fq.  ^f 
Epistola  Macaronics  ad  Fratrem  91 
Equilibration,  principles  of  iii  Gj 

Eratofthenesifome  remarks  on  15,473  F« 
£rmeoonviUe»    gardens    of,    defcribei" 
118  F. 
Error  detrimental  to  Ibcial  happinefs  35ft 
£fper's  (E.  J.  C.)  Defcription  of  Zoo- 
phytes, G.  no 
Essays  and  Reflexions  on  varioos  Snb- 
jeas,  No.  I.  II.                             32S 
EJ'ays  on  the  Imiution  of  foreign  Works, 
G.  115 
Etbiopic  Alphabet,  &c.  /£•              476 
Etna,  Brydone^s  account  of,  not  faitb^ 
ful  114 
—  defcrtption  of                      j  14  G» 
Europe,  on  the  balance  of           446  £• 
■    '  ftate  of,  in  the  middle  of  the 
pre£ent  century                          310  F* 

■  '  twelfth  centu- 

Evaporation^  remarks  on  470 

Eve,  on  the  temptation  of  70 

Evil,  advantages  of  475  G* 

<  ■  ■  on  the  origin  of  423  E^  475  G« 
Examination  of  the  Life  and  Cha- 

ra£ter  of  Nath.  Lord  Crewe  276 

Exam'mathns,  Thoughts  on,  G.  119^ 
ExcEBPTiONS    from  Virgil^    Horace, 

&c*  L.  461 

Exchange, tables  of  306  E,  310  £,  3x1  E. 
Excisx,  Tables  of  the  Duties  of  460 
Experiments  and  Obfeivationt    on 

the  Horley-Green  Spaw  %%% 

Exposition  of  the  new  Teftament  426^ 

5»4 
ExtraSis  from  the  Journal  of  the  Hofpi- 

tal  at  Copenhagen,  L.  234 

Extra^fcs,  on  the  preparation  of  108  G. 
Eye,  on  inflammarion  of  the  glandular 

parts  of  468  L* 

■  the  ftru^urc  of  the  289,  405 
^  ■  ■  ■  »  \x(t  of  glaffes  for  28S 
««— —  various  difeafes  of  the  233 
Eyk'i  (J.  van)  Leifure  Houny  D.      70 

F. 
Fabhreni  on  the  Culture  of  Tobacco,  I« 

III 
Faille  (Mr.  de  la)  account  of  347  G* 
Faith,  obfervations  on  229,  425 

ftriking  ioftaiKe  of  19 

^alftaff,  on  the  dramatic  charader  of 

406  £b 

Familiak  Lettevs  to  the  Inhabitants 

of  6irmin|;ham,  Part  L  8^ 

*  InfaaUtanta 

of  Blrmjiigham,  Part  11.— IV.      200 
lahabitanta 


of  Birmingham,  Part  V. 
Fandango,  mufic  of  the 
FaJFtn^,  Apology  for,  F« 


3*4 
XI4G* 

349 

fSMALft 


1   N    D   E    X. 


f  tMAit  Cliara^ersTh  manied  Life  187 
Fences)  wooden»  remarks  on  106  Sw. 
Fermentation^  resrtarks  on  10^ 

Fever,  frcnsyy  rcinArks  on  a7S 

*'    '       hedlic,  remarks  on  414 

■■    ■     ■   intirisittenty    obfervatioti»   on 
231,  234,  277 
■I    '   '    nerroBS)  epidemic  468 

w '  ■        putrid,  obfervations  on      234, 

278,  281 
'■  pecuitr  fyi^tom  in  467 

■■  ■■  remittent,  obieivatfons on  467  L* 
Feszan}  account  of  165 

Figure,  on  the  effefts  and  beauty  of    28 
Pksvkss  of  unpubli&edPlantSy^Faf.  11« 
L.  418 

Figures,    on   the  ttUtion  b«twixt  the 
magnitudes  and  lorfaces  of  357 

■^"  ■       redtilinear>  on  the  menfuration 
of  357  F. 

Firaz-fliah,  inicriptlos on  the  ftaffof  112 
fifcUeh's  (J.  H.)  colkaion  of  paint- 
ings, Sec.  to  be  foM  360 
Fi&ing,  mjinner  cfff  on  the  nortlwrn 
coaft  of  Ireland  376  £• 
Fiftula  in  ano,  remarks  on  161  £• 
■■  ■  iachrymaiis,obfervationaon  ib»£« 
Flax,  on  the  managenie&t  <^  491 
Flooding,  cure  of  a  350  G* 
/^^tf,  Piedaoontefe,  Appendix  to  the, 

^'  *35 

Fluids,  deftic,  rrmarks  on  470 

■■  fpouting,  on  the  veloeity  of  404 

Food,  animal,  eaten  raw  142,  212 

■  '        oWervations  on  53,  142,  349 

■  ■  peculiar  kind  of  259 
Formative  Propeftflty,  RcHttrks  on  the, 

G.  IC9 

Fort,  ancient  Irifir,  defcribed  409  £. 
Foffil,  chatoyant,  of  the  Hartz^  analyfis 

of  351 

-^—  head  and  boms  delbribed  227  F. 
Foffils,  catalogue  and  anajfyfis  of  352  G« 
Fra€^vres,  remarks  on  tSi  £. 

F  R  A  N  c  E ,  Ode  on  the  diihmt  Viev>  of  1 88 
"  Phrlofof^ical  Rcfledlions  on 

the  Revolution  in  95 

■*  '  ■  -  Polttical  Situation  of,  F.  320 
France,  duties  oi»  goodaP  imported  into 

Fngland  from  310  £• 

I     ■        meafttres  tak^n  is,    rcfpefling 

proteftants  88  £. 

■  '  I  "  '  on  the  alliances  of  320 
Ml ■  ■            I       ■  conftitution  of     197  F. 

»  family  compaA         322 

— ^ iftilitia  of  236  F. 

»        ■      ■  mines  of  345 

i^i  retolntion  In  85  E,  95  E, 

XI2  C,  195,  $02  £. 
■>   ■  ftaie  of  medicrnfe  in  349 


F,  350  ^^ 


« the  roads  of  4^4F. 


France,  on  the  trade  of  313,  357^  3  58  iV 

■"■■'■  political  (ituation  q(        457  £• 

■     '       popuUiiun  of  »3^ 

■^  rank  of,  in  Earopc  311 

"■  tablet  0f  the  weights^  m«af»rcv 

coins,  aiid  monies  of,  reduced  to  £ng- 

Hfli  310  E« 

Francis's  (Anne)  Poema  299 

Frederic  II.  chara^er  of  32 x 

FaSE  Examination  ol  Dr.  Prke*s  an4 

Dr.  Prie(Mey's  SeriMns  202. 

Frimd  of  Youth,  F.  12* 

Friendlhlp,  obfer^atians  on  16  c  E,  36  jf 

Furtc  fprouts  good  food  for  cattle     4S6 


Csfatiant,  Tranflation  of  tliie  Bpiftleto* 
with  Remarks,  G*  229 

GalUf  accoont  of  the  25^ 

Giiilettrs  (J.  G.  A.)  Hiiloty  of  Ger- 
many, G.  11^ 
Gall-ftone,  analyfis  of  vbi-^ 
Gaming,  obfervations  on                   439 
GANGaci«xs,0 biervationt  oa  59 
Gardiner  (coU)  letters  from          176  B. 
GAavET   (T»)  Oft  the  Hoiley-Greeir 
Spaw                                             28ft 
G e(hric  j oice^  evperlments  on   228  £•  K/ 
■                medical  ufe  of              233 
Gavdik  (Abbe)  6r  the  Legiflation  of 
Perfia,  F.                                       49S 
Gedirke  (F.)  on  Examinations,  G.    119 
GihUr'z  U*  S.  T.)  Phyfical  Diaionary, 
G.                                                 480 
Gems,  hardnefs  of,  not  owing  to  fiKceoor 
earth                                              347 
'        OS  the  artificial  compofition  oH 
228  F. 
GsNtK  A,L  Hiftory  of  Quadrupeda   284  , 
Central  View  of  the  Trade  of  France, 

F.  35» 
Gmefisf  remarks  on  the  firft  chap,  of  7oD« 

fecond  — ^  34!t 

■■      ■  third 7% 

Geneva,  View  of  the  Two  late  Revoi 

lutions  of,  F.  496 

Genius,  obfervations  on  34 

Geofrdta  of  Surinaai>  On  the  Btrk  of 

the,  L.  •    234 

G  EOG  a  A  p  H  T  and  Hiftory  46^1 

Gerhtrt*s  (M.)  Hi^ry  of  Schwaffewald^ 

L.  113 

Gtrmsn  Empire,  Tyro  nwft  inlportairt- 

fundamental' Laws  of,  G»  ib-« 

— —  Mufical  Almanac  for  17891  C% 

■■  Surgcon'aPocket-Bookfor  ^789^ 

G.  S5« 
German   empire,    ciipitulari»i    of   the 

113G. 

GxitMANT,  Politrcal  Hiffory  of       261^ 

Gnmanjff  Hiftory  of, -O*  if  f 

GerRMny, 


1   N   »   «   X. 


fidrtnany  conduct  of  the  htt  emperor  off 
confidered  >95^* 

■  '  ftate  of  the  church  in,  un- 
der Charlemagne  ays 

*  under  the  Romans 

ayaE.G. 
"  Views  of,  inimical  to  France 

Cerms,  preformed,  do  not  exifl  109 

Giant's  Caafeway,  remarks  on  the  379 
Gibbon,  remarks  on  .  436 

Gibraltar  offered  to  Spain  321 

Gilpin's  (W.)  Expofition  of  the  New 

Teftamcnt  426, 52^ 

GiR TANNER    (C)   On    thc    Vcncrcal 

Difeafc,  G.  410 

Glaods,  on  inHammations  of  46S  L. 
Glow-worm,  rematks  on  the  227  F. 
Goat,  wild,  of  the  Alps,  dcfcribed  ib.  F. 
God  and  man,  relation  between  107  G. 
•— date  of  the  notion  of  475  G. 

—  on  gratitude  to  522  E. 

^  the  attributes  of  107  G, 

■  '     knowledge  of  thc  laws  of 

230  G. 

■'  proofs  of  the  exigence  and  attri- 
butes of  379  E. 

Godfrey  (Sir  Edm.)  account  of  thc  death 
of  132 

■  medals  on  the*— -  ib. 
Gold,  experiments  on  refining      353  G. 


Golgotha)  on  the  fituation  of 
Gonorrhea,  cure  of 
■  firll  appearance  of 

>       obfervations  on 
•  fupprelled 


III 
412 
410 
411 

413 
113 

igo 


Ccnxague's  (princefs  de)  letter^  F. 
Good- breeding,  obfervations  on 
Cojeitn  on  thc  Geography  of  the  Greeks, 

F-  473 

Got  Ts's  (J.)  Tables  for  the  Duties  of 

Excifc  460 

GouGH  (J.)  on  the  refurreflioa Bodie. 

8j 

Co«r«tfy s  View  of  the  Trade  of  France, 

F.  358 

Gout,  electricity  ufeful  in  234L. 

■  '       gom  guaiacum  reccmmended  in 

.'  .  ^34 

■■         nightihade  ferviceable  in  469 

Government,  obfervations  on 

195,198,329,358,500 

Grater'%  (F«D.)  Ancient  Poems  of  th^ 

North,  G.      .  115 

Grain,  aid,  vegetation  of  493 

■  '■■  proper  time  of  fowing  490  E. 
Grammar,  obfervations  on  44^ 
Grammatical  Wreath  461 
Grant  (James)  on  Zemindary  Te- 
nures 192 

GrafTes,  obfervations  on  491 

Gaa^x  of  Howard  18S 


Gray's  (R.)  Key  to  the  0I«!  TeflamCnt 

and  Apocrypha  *  169 

Greatnefs,  remarks  on  449 

Gretks,  Analyiis  of  the  Geography  of 

the,  F.  47  J 

Greenwich  Hofpital,  Hiftorical  Ac-*- 

count  of  20 

Greenwich  Hofpital,  new  chapel  of,  de^ 

fcribed  ib« 

Grethy*s  Memoirs,  F.  ^% 

Grey  (Dr.  U?ch.)  letters  from  I76  £• 
Grief,  youthftil  39 

Grlmrns  (C.)  Prologue  to  the  Tragedy 

of  Tereus,  1m  360 

GroJfer%  (H.)  Phyiico-medico-ele£lrical 

Experiments,  L*  234 

Ground*  and  Reafons  of  the  Truth  of 

Chridianity  '  294 

Guaiacum,  remarks  on  416 

Guardian,  Journal  of  the  Proceedings 

of  the  214 

Guinea,  birds  from,  defcribed  347  G# 
Gunpowder,  obfervations  on  404  £• 
Guftavtts  Adolphus,  hiftoryof 

112  Sw.   113  SW5» 
Gwender,  the  capital  of  Abyflinia,  ac« 

count  Qi  2IZ 

Gwilym's  (D.  ab)  Poems,  W.  295 
Gwilym  (D.  ab)  account  of  ib* 

H. 
Hxmorrhosa,  general,  cafe  of       468  L. 
Haemorrhoidal  excrefcences,  cure  of  163 
Halifax  (earl  of)  letters  from         177  £♦ 
Hamilton's  (J..E.)   Attempt  to  ejc» 

plain  the  Terms  Democracy,  Arifto- 

cracy,  &c.  195 
— —  Letter  to  thc  PcopU  of 

England  X96 
■  Second  do.  ib» 
(W.)  Letters  on  the  County 

of  Antrim  374 

Hanno's  Periplus^  paflTage  in^  elucidated 

382 
Happiness:  a  Poem  302 

Happlnefs,  reaiarks  on 

166,  190,293,  358,  42J 
Fare,  mountain,  remarks  on  227  F* 
H  ARMONY  between  Religion  and  Policy 

44£ 
Harpficbcrd,  Inftru£lions  for  the.  G.  479 
liarisi  Mountains,  obfervations  on  the,  G* 

no 
HaJfeVz  (J.)  Tour  of  the  lile  of  Wight 

393 

Head ,  on  diCeafes  of  the  232  F. 

I  wounds  and  contufions  of  the 

161  E,  350  G« 

Head-ach,  periodical,  cured  by  ele£bricity 

234  Lt* 

Health,  directions  to  travellers  for  pre- 

fervmg  3^7  f>  3^9 

'     value  of  *90  E.G* 

Hea^ 


INDEX. 


Hetrt,  obfervations  on  470 

Hem  9  (J*  G*)  Sermons  on  the  Epiftles> 

G.  4«7 

Helm  (J.  G.)li/eof  ib.  G. 

He'mr'ub  (J.  H.)  on  the  fecond Chapter  of 

Genc/is,  L.  ^48 

Henry  IV.  NcwHiftoryof,  F.  275 
i/f/^yrs(J.F-W.)   Natural  Hiftory  of 

Animals,  vol.  X.  G.  110 

Hercbtnbaiyn\  J[  J .  C )  Siege  of  Belgrade, 

G.  479 

HtrmbfaJt''i  Vhytico-zhcvaipA  EfTays, 

vol.  ii.    O.  108 

Hernia  adnata,  remarks  on  46B  L. 

'■  humoralis,  oblcrvations  on    4.13 

J?^rr«j//«-i(B.F.)  Effays  on  Ruffia,  G. 

119 

■  ■  I  I     I  (C.  G-. ;  Improved  meteoro- 

logical Inftrvrment^  G.  472 

fierfchel,  planer,  qbfervations  of  473  f^. 
He  y  wood's  (S.)  Law  of  County  Elec- 
trons 1 79 
flieroglyphics,  remarks  on          10,  139 
Kildefley  (Bifli.)  letter  from          177  JC 
J^indoos,  account  of  the  lite  ature  of  the 
210,  361 
'■■  ■'-  '  "  —  - •*  mythology  of,  allegorical    362 
■m                   ordinal  trial  nf                       213 
'                  religion,  manners,  and  cuftoms 
of                                              3:96  E. 
Historic  Tales  ico 
Historical.  Account  <xf   Grcenivich 
Hofpital  xo 
fliflorhdl  Almanac  for  179c,  G.        Jiz. 

■  Memoirs  of  the  Regiment  of 
Sudcrmaoia,  Sw.  113 

STiJiory  of  Kohmztr  Hnr.Sf  G.      .115 

■  the  poor  Baron  of  Milden- 
buni;,  G,  120 

*     ■  windejino;  Life,  and  fud- 

den  Death,  of  a  Canon  now  living,  F. 

J 18 

Hiftory,  remarks  on  j 

Hoadly  (P/ilh.)  vindicstion  of         '84  E. 

HoBsoN  s  (J.)  K.emaiks  oji  Dr.  Cxort's 
Sermon  to 

"Hoeing,  advantages  of  491 

Hoffmann  (G.  F.)  on  the  Management  of 
pregnant  Women,  G.  233 

Holland,  tour  throo^h  114  G. 

ffcmsTi  Coiltfdt/on  of  Engravings  for,  F. 
.480 

Homer's  lilad,  new  Edition  of,  Gr.  24 

Homer's  Iliad,  critical  remarks  on     246 

■  \        I   various  ancient  criticifms 
on  24  L* 

HoMEx's  (p.  B.)  Aiitholog'ia  373 

Honour,  value  of  290  E.  G. 

Hoole's  (S.)  Poem«  183 

HoR.<E  Pauiinae  419 

Harle)  -  Green  Spaw,  account  of        282 
Horns,  fofiil^  defcribcd  a^jJF. 

Wpp.  Vol.  Vl|^ 


Horses,  Treatife  on  the  Strangles  anft 
Fevers  of  j  63 

Horfes,  on  the  puUe  of  1 64 

Hofpital  of  Copenhagen,  account  of  234 
■  propofal  for  a  new  kind  of    349 

llouera  (J.)  Pidureique   Tour  through 
Sicily,  &c.  F.  237 

Houfes  of  corredion>  cvH  tendency  of 

ri  5  G. 
Hu^ners  (J.)  Supplement  to  the  Hiftory 
of  Butte rHics,  G.  47a 

Hubn's  (O.)  Medical  and  chirurgical  Qb- 
fervations, L.  233 
Humility.,  ohfervations  on  423,  522  £• 
Hungary,  litetaiy  hiftory  of  478  G« 
'  .  topography  of  lb.  G. 
Hunt  (Dr.)  letters  from  177  E- 
Hufba'nd,  unfortunate,  ftory  of  "  127 
Hi^andr^j  implements  ofjilefcribed 

493  E. 

Hydrocele,  cure  of  j6» 

Hydrophobia,  jdeadly  nightflitde  remedy 

for  461J 

H^pocrify,  «marks  on  425 

I. 

ScelarJ,  Chart  of  the  Wcftern  Cosft  of, 

Dan.  35$ 

■'  '  Defcription  of  the  Coaft  of,  Dan* 

ib. 

Imitation,  advantages  of  1  j  5 

'    ■'    '  not  incompatihle  wkh  geniua 

"  \h. 

Impartial    Thoughts    on  Enrolling 

Deeds,  &c.  *  181 

iNciDENt  s"  of  youthful  Life  221' 

India  Budget,  Mr.  Dundas'a,  Obfei-va- 

tioM  on  194 

India,  agriculture  of  396 

ancient  trade  of  '34^. 

. »  '     OQ  the  revenues  of         1'94  E,  3 13 

"    '    '        zemindary  tenures  of     193 

•*— .  review  of  the  Britifh  government  in 

V7 
'  India-company,  remarks  on"  the  ftate  of 

3'3»494 
lodiga,  obfervations  on  474  F. 

Induftry,  obfervations  on  359 

Informers,  remarks  on  '3*5  E. 

Injeftions,  obfervations  on  163 

JfifeSi  Calendar,  G.        ^  472 

Infe^ls,  •urious,  defcribed  135 

■   ■'■■  ■  -■  new  varieties  of  472 

17 1» 


Inlpjration,  diyine,  remarks  on 

325  E,  428  E. 
Inftin^l:,  obfervations  on  154 

Ittftitute  of  Boloj^na  346 

hijlitutes  of  Religion,  G,  107 

Injiru&iom  for  young  female  Servants,G. 

240 

Jnjirument  for  meafunng  Wind,  Rain,  and 

Dryncfs,  G,  471 

F  p  InT£' 


INDEX, 


^ 


t:»TriiisTiNO  Trill  gf  Renwick  WU. 

Hams  4^4 

Invocations  ad4reflcd  to  the  Dekjr» 

Sec.  33* 

Irdandi  aceouat  of  an  Anglo-Saxon  co- 
lony  in  409 

■  early  civilixed  376 
*— -«*  ecclefiaftical  cooftitution  of 

201  H. 
I  blftory  of  the  drama  of    409  £. 

>  .     »      manner  of  Afliing  oa  the  cuad  of 

376  ?. 

■  '  on  the  parity  of  the  ancient  re- 
ligion of  376 

■  '  fpeciracn  of  ancient  poetry  of 

409  E. 

■  '  ■       various  antiquities  of         ib«  £• 
Iron^wurlcs  of  Stcyermark,  account  of 

33zG. 
Jfaiah)  illufti-ation  of  a  pafTage  in  '136 
Jfchury,  obfervat  ona  on  4^3 

Jfie  (K.  dc  r.)  0/1  the  Weights,  Meafurcs, 

and  Monies  of  the  Ancients,  F.  476 
Italy,  on  the  literature  of  224  £. 

Itch,  obfervations  on  the  234 

ivFRNojs'a  (d')  View  of  the  Two  late 

Kevolutions  of  Geneva,  F.  496 

J- 
Jack  and  Martin  316 

Jacouh's    (N,  J.)     Sele^     American 
Hants,  L.  235 

JadcLt  on  Improving  the  Teaching  of 
Medicine,  F.      •  350 

Tames  II,  letters  from  iqo  E, 

James's  Powder,  Thoughts  and  Obfer- 
vations on  60 
Jargon  of  Ceylon,  analysis  of             469 
Jennings  (Dr.)  letters  from          I76  E. 
JENYNS  (S.)  Works  of                     4K9 
Jenyps  (fir  Rog.)  charaftec  of          ^    ib. 
,'              (JJoaine)  life  of                         ih, 
Jewish   and  Heathen  Rcjedliou  of  the 
Chriflian  Miracles                           16S 
Jews,   coincidence   of    macners  of  the 
Hindoos  with                               500  F* 

■  explanation  of  prophecies  relating 
to  the  iinal  redoracion  of  7  5  £• 

»  on  the  crime  and  punifliment  of  the 

165  E. 
»■      ■             cftablifhmemt  of,  in  China 

346 
•— -«  ftate  of,  in  England        ,       89  £. 
■  on  Chrift's  coming   426  E. 

John  of  Gaunt  191 

J  ON  ips's  (Sir  W.)  Sacontala  361 

Jot  tin's  (J.)  Tradts  241 

Jortin  (J.)  life  of  241  E. 

JouRVAL  of  the  Proceedings   of  the 
Guardian  .  214 

Judas,  chara£^erof  165  E. 

udgement,  Uft>  0^  ^e  rf  vel^tion  of  the 

166  E. 


Julia,  a  Novel 


K. 


9T 


Kanmerer  (E.)  on  the  Painting!  of 
Wouvcrmann,  G.  116 

Kiate's(W.)  Free  Examination  of  Dr. 
Price's  andDr.Prieftley's  Sermons  202 

Ki  Y  to  the  Old  Tefti^mcnt  and  Apocry- 
pha 169 

Kinder^ater  on  the  Advantages  0/  Ad  • 
verfity,  G.  475 

Kle'm  (J.  D.)  on  the  Lives  and  Writing* 
of  Preachers  of  the  Gofpcl  in  Hun- 
gary, G.  .478 

KJugeVs  (G.  S.)  Defcription  of  a  violent 

.    Thunder- ftorra,  G.  471 

Kmgge"%  (A,  B.)  Poor  Baron  of  Mildeo- 
burg,  G.  120 

Knowledge,  remarks  on  328  E* 

K'6bier''s  (A.W.)  Miner's  Journal,  G. 

Koflanxer  Haos,  Hiftory  of,  G.         1 J  5 

JCrauje's  (F.  A.  W,)  Tranflition  of  the 

Epiftle  to  the  Ephefians,  G .  230 


Galatians,  G. 


229 


Kufnctz,  journey  through  the  mountain^ 

of  119G. 

!»• 
Labours,  difficult,  cafes  of  35©  Qi 

Lake,  form'ation  of  a  398 

Lands,  improvements  of  48S 

-i — onenroHingconveyancesof  i8i,iSi 
Landfcape  painting,  remarks 01^  395 
Lt^nguage,  on  the  accent  of  35 

Lardner  (Dr.)  letters  from  176  £. 

.  remarks  on  433 

Lajus  (G.  S.  O.)  on  the  Har»  Moiin- 

tains,  G.  iiq 

Latin  poetry,  modern,  remarks  on  241 
Latitude,  tables  for  determining  iii  P. 
Lauber\  (J.)  Introduction  to  Chriftian 

Morality,  G.  466 

Laura,  or  original  Letters  463 

Lavater*$  (J.  C.)    Anfwcrs  to  important 

Queflioci;,  G.  240 

— Two  Teachers  of  the 


People,  G. 
Law,  principles  of 
Laws,  penal,  obfervations  on 
Lead,  on  refining  the  fcoriz  of 
■  the  extradt  and  water  of 
poifonous  nature  of 


229 
318  E. 
186  £« 
352  G. 
350  0. 

491 

523  E. 


Lx£CHMAN*s  (W.)  Sermons 
Lcechman  (Dr.W.)  life  of 
Legends  of  Abyflinia 
Legislation  of  Dhrorcc,  F. 
Letbttitz(OX*)  Letters  to  J.  A.  Schmidt, 

L.      «  240 

Leightpn  (archb.)  character  of  the  vyrit- 

ingsof  '75  £• 

Leiand,  criticifmson  ib«  £• 

lj£f  T£4  froqi  theRt»Hon. hi*  Petre  90, 


r 


INDEX. 


LsTTf-R  toDr.  Pricftlcy  314 

'  to  the  Bi(hop  of  Cheftcr  84 

*  ' '     ■'      '  ■  *■   Heritors  of  Scotland    97 

Rev>  J.  Martin  90 

XsTTERB  from    Sir  Gporge  Brydgesi 

now  Lord  Rodney  459 

■■  of  Ofte  of  the  Commons  of 

Grett  Britain  319 

'  on  Divorce,  F.  izg 

•  '  to  and  from  Dr.  Doddridge 

172 
*■■  Archdeacoa  Travis       434 

Letters  on  Epigrams,  1.  116 

Letters,  origin  of  1 78  B. 

LhuUier  (S)  on  the  Menf oration  of  fee. 

ti I i near  Figures,  F.  356 

Liberty  not  aiuiihiiated  by  the    cTirir- 

tian  religion  81 

*■  obfervations  dn  130' 

— —  religious,  fee  Teft-aft. 
Liiraryt    Commcrcral,    at    Hamburg, 

Catalogue  of,  G.  360 

Lif<f,  moft  worthy  ptan  of  522  E. 

•—  value  of  290  E.  G. 

Light,  obfervatiom  on  471 

—  ■■'  '■  theory  of  3  54 
Lightning,  origin  of  472  G. 
Lime,  obfervations  on  22  S  F. 
Liquefa^ion,  remarks  on  470 
LiTEKARy  ixeiics  100 
Lives  and  Writings  of  Preachers  of  the 

Gofpel  in  Hungary,  G.  47^ 

—  of  Men  of  Letters  of  Eaft  Frief- 
Jand,  G.  ih. 

Lofft's  (C.)  Vindication  of  the  Hif- 
tory  of  the  Corporation  and  Teft  Ads 
203 
LcgtCj  Elementsf  of,  I.  120 

London,  advice  to  Frenchmen  in  117F. 
'  and  Paris  compared  ib.  F» 


Longitude,  corrediions  of  the  lunar  me- 
thod of  finding  2I4£. 
■  tables  for  det^mining  11 1  P. 
Louisa  :  A  Nox?el  192 
Lowman,  criticifms  on  '75  E. 
L^yss  (de)  Hift.  of  Natural  Philofophy, 
vol.  iii.  F.  X09 
Luxury,  benefits  of  359 
Lyttleton  (lord)  letter  from               177 

M. 
Madam*s  (S.)  Letter  to  Dr.  Prieftley 

324 
■'■    '  Sermon  on  the  Claims  of  the 

Diilenters  86 

!Maddox  (biih.)*letterff  from  177F. 

Magiftrates,  on  the  duty  of  3 15  E» 

Magnetic  needle^  on  the  variations  of 

351  G, 

■ '  remarks  on  404 

Magnetifm,  an'maJ,  remarks  on    330  £• 

^  of  feme  capes  ia  (he  north  of 

Ireland  37?  £• 


Malabar,   military  ttanfaSionj  on  the 

coaft  of,  during  the  late  war      396  E. 

Malta  the  Ogygia  of  the  ancients      23S 

Man  naturally  a^ive  189 

■*—  on  the  dignity  of  290  E.  G. 

'  ' '  duties  of  230  0» 

"■     '  end  of  107  G. 

'  moral  nature  of       230  O. 

Manganefe  contains  calx  of  iron  faturated 

with  pliofphotic  acid  w'o/ 

-= —  does   not    afford    calcar^ua 

earth  .  106 

'  advantageous    for   procuring 

pure  air  loS 

Mangel  Wurzel,  profitafblenefs  of      485    , 
Manin'i  on  mivii  vot.  ii*  L  347 

Manners,  obfervations  on  130 

Manures,  obfervations  on     489,490,491 
Many  Hcrmaia,  G.  II9 

Mjp  of  Hanneballegaards,  &c.  Dan.  350 
Maps  of  mountainous  countries,  on  con- 
ftrufting  228  F. 

Marble  mountains,  defcription  of        17 
Marrxagx,  Trial  for  a  Breach  of  Pro- 
mife  of  2 14 

Marriage,  mode  of,  in  fbme   parts  of 
Africa  ^      258 

'  Mofaid  reftridions  of,  inappli- 

cable to  Chriftians  230  G«  • 

■    ■     obfervations  on  121,  130 

■  plan  for  the  promotion  of  239 

Marfiies,  infiammabie  air  of,  what   23 :& 
'  on  draining  *3S  ^ • 

Marfliy  countries,  on  the  difeafes  of 

232  F.  278 
Martyn's  (C)  Confideration^  on  At- 
torneys 18  a; 
Mary  Queen  of  Scots  Sonnet  to  Earl 
Bothwel),  £.  F.                            304. 
Mafonry  compared  with  monachifm 

502  F» 

Mafuafa,  account  of  the  Naybe  of     383 
Materia  Medica,  Treatile  on 

\  46,  a7^- 

Matter,  how  the  mind  is  affe^ed  by  27 
Matthew,  chap.  v.  expoficion  of  524 
note*  on  525 


chap.  vi.  expofition  of,    and 


chap.  viL« 


528- 
5*9 


May-bug,  mode  of  deftroving  tKe  larva 

of  '  22»- 

Mzars's  (J.)  Memorial  on  the  Aifair 

of  Nootka  Sound  328- 

Meafures,     on    eflablifhing    z    general 

fiandard  of  359,  459 

M2DALLTC  Hiitory  of  England        131  -. 
MedaH'n  Hiftories  of  Kings  and  Queens 

of  Sweden,  Sw.  112 

Medals,  ancient,  found  in  Itelaiid  409  H. 

~— -  Englifh,  defcribed  132 

1      -Samaritan,  remarks  on  3'4'6f  506 

F  p  a  iiUdicufp 


I    N    I>   E    X. 


Jifcdiche^  Oft  Improving  the  Teaching 
of,  ¥,  350 

■■  ■  '  State  of,  in  France,  F.  349 
Medicine,  hints  for  improving  349,  350 
— —  hiftory  of  J49  £. 

■  ■  on  the  teaching  of  350  F. 
•— — —  progrefs  of  148 
jyieUicines,  a^o&  of,  upon  the  body 

47  E>  49 

■  means  of  learning  the  virtues 

of-  .      47  E. 

MEMBERS  and  Electors  useful  Compa- 
nioa  197 

Memoirs  of  the  Phyfical  Society  of  Ber- 
lin, vol.  ix.  G.  347 
*  >■  Lau- 
fanne,  vol.  ii.  F,^                            127 

p  Royal  Academy  of  Sci- 

ences at  Stockholm,  voL.  x.  Sw.     jc& 

Memphis,  fituation  of  S 

Mcntz,  univerficy  of,  founded  by  Diether 
.  von  Ifcnburg  114 

Merchant,  inftrudlons  for  keeping  the 
accounts  of  307  E. 

Metals,  diftin€lion  of,  into  perie£k  and 
impcrfefl:,  inaccurate  351 

— —  on  the  acids  of  108 

on  the  calcinability  of  351 

■  on  the  temper  given  to,  by  the 
.  ancients  13,  469 

Meteorological  in&rument,  improved 

47*  C- 
Method,  advantages  of  129 

Metroijgyt    or   Tables  of  the   Weights 
and  Meafures  of  the  Anrients,  F.  476 
Mczereon,  virtues  of  416 

M!cbadh\{]S>.)  Tranflarion  of  the  New 
Teftaraent,  G,.  347 

Mkkelatti'%  Inftltutes  ef  Oratory,  I. 

480 
Middleton,  criticifms  on  ^  175  E, 
MiDwjfEav,  Introduftion  to  147 

Miles  (Dr.)  letters  from  '75  ^► 

Milk,  human,  on  the  efteds  of  digertion 
^  on    .      ^  405 

■*■       fubftitute  for  49 y 

Miller  (Sir  T.  R.)  on  the  Equaliza- 
tion of  Weights  and  Meafures        458 
Milljere  (dela)  on  Bridges  and  Highways, 

^'  474 

Mi]ton,.icmarks  on    .  243  E. 

Mil  WAY  on  the  Truth  of  CBriftianity 

*94 
Mind,,  how  affedlcd  by  matter  27 

'  ■  qualities  of,  aJUed  to  form-  28 
Mineralogical Diftionary,  Sw.  no 

'  —  Obfervations^  I»  472 

Mineralogy,  importance  of  228  F. 

'  '  of  Mexico  35*  G. 

—         '»  Oriolo,  Tolfa^  and  l^a- 

tcra  472  I. 

'■"        '"   '.'     Taurica  35*  G. 


Mineralogy  of  the  N(»th  of  Jreran* 

378  IT. 
— — —  fyftem  of  3^-2  G^ 

Minerals  J  cabinets  of,  to  be  fold  1 10 

Minerals,  account  of     no  Sw.  352  G* 
'  new  difcovered  347 

on    the  pbofphorefcence  of^ 

when  rubbed  ^  227  F, 

'  fcarcc,  iJ)ecimens.of 

lur      ^    r       \    rs         351 G,  35*0. 
Miner  9  Journal,  G-  3  c% 

Mines,  aquedufts  for,  defcribed    351  C 


of 


cinnabar,  in  Bohemia,  account 
ib.G. 
—  experiments  on  machines-  of 

ib.  G^ 

gold,  ancient,  at  Steinheide 

ib.  €?• 
'  of  Sicbenburg,  ib.  G. 

— —  horfe  engines  nKM&advant^eous 
than  thofe  worked  by  men  for  3.52.  G. 

—  '■    "■  methods  of  working 

iioSw,  351  Gy  352  G. 
'  oBlervatawjs  on  35 »  G. 

of  native  n^tal  in  the  «apillaryi 

form,  remarks  00  228  F» 

'     '  of  Saltlburg-  352  G.. 

—  on  the   defeds   of  inftpuments. 
ufedin  2z8  F« 

"  expence  of  finking  fliafti. 

in  •  352  G. 

Mining,  andent  ftate  of;  in  Carinthia 

351  G. 
Minorca,  account  of  the  taking  of 

112  F.. 

MiscxLiANEous   Poems  t    by   Anne 

Francis  200 

• — -  Propofals  for  inoreafmg- 

our  national  Wealth  315, 

Miffion,  Ethiopic,  account  of        z6o£.. 
Modefty,  eulogy  of  39, 

Mohammedanifm,  remarks  ojr      499  F» 
Molybdana,  experiments  oa        106  Sw^ 
Monachil'm,  on  the  propagation  and  fup- 
pr eihon  of  238  F» 

■  remarks  on-  50a 

Monogamy   not  enjoined   ia  the  New 
Teftament  3^30  G. 

Monfoons,  account  of  141  E- 

Mor.taux  (N.  C.  de)   on  rare  and  dan- 
gerous Djfeafcs,.  F.  231. 
Moon,  arguments  for  the  exiffence  of  an, 
atmofphere  to                                   40S 

• influence  of,  on  vegetation  227  F^ 

^  method  of  calculating  the  paral- 
laxes of  209. 
"    '          on.  the  luminoufr  fpots  ia 

Moral  and  philofophlcal  cftimates  of 

the  State  and  Faculties  of  Man      289 

Morality,  obfervations  on-     240  G,  44^ 

•—• —  obft^cles  to  230  G* 

Morality 


^ 


1    ^    D    ^    X. 


Morality,  on  improving  230  G. 

Morgan,  criticifms  on  175  £. 

Morning  (A.)  and  hit  family)  hiftory  of 

376  E. 
Mortification,  contagious,  hlftory  of  a 

233  G. 

■  from  fpafm,  remedy  for  59 
MoiTei,  obfervations  on  227 
M^ufi}er*%  (dc)  Convents  fet  at  Liberty, 

F.  238 

Muller\  (C.)  Philofophy  of  Politics,  G. 

35» 
Mule,  natural  hlftory  of  the  285 

Munch  (H.)  on  Belladonna,  G.        468 
Munttr  (M.  F.)  on  the  Sahidic  Verfion 
of  the  New  Teftament,  L.  231 

Murrhine  veflels,  what  476 

Mufeuttti  Fio-Clementine,  Defcription 
.    of,  1.  360 

Mufic,  Ancient  inftraments  of  11 

■  '         catalogue  of  wiriters  and  com- 
ppfers  of  1x6  G. 

'     ■■  church,  remarks  on  34 

■  '  '     '  miirks  of  a  man  fenfible  to      37 

j>bfervation9  on  33,1166. 

— —  of  Mafuah  390 

■  ■  on  fafliion  in  35 
*         ■         performing  at  fight  34 

■  remarks  on  new  German  1 16  G. 
Mufk,  utility  of  in  mortification  59 
Myrrh  frequently  contains  a  poifonous 

refln  loS 

Mythology  of  the  ancients,  obfervations 
on  477 

"  '  Hindus,  remarks  on 

362 

N. 

NatinonVi  Anatomy,  vol.  ii»  !•  350 

Nap L Eton's  (J.)  Sermon  at  the  Meet* 

ing  of  the  Three  Choirs  82 

Narrative  of  the  Mutiny  on  Board 

the  Bounty  215 

National  Gratitude  for  providential 

441 
466 
359 

359 
no 


Goodnefs 
National  drefs,  impolitic 
Nations,  oa  the  characters  of 
— — —  flrengtb  of 

■  wealth  of 
Natural  Hiflory  of  Animals,  G. 
— ■■—  Philofophy,  Hiftory  of,  F.     109 
Nature  confidered   under    its    different 

Points  of  View,  F,  239 

Nature,  on  the  beauties  of  29 

Nautical  Ephemeris  for  1 789,  P.      1 1 1 

"  I 790*  P-        ih. 

Neal  (Mr.)  letters  from  177  E. 

Necessity  of  Supprefling    Religious 

Orders  in  France,  F.  500 

Negro  equalled  by  few  Europeans  462 
Nervous  difeafes,  efficacy  o(  valerian  in 

107 

■  ■■fi,»i,  „■      Kinatka  on  »34> 


Nervous  fyflem,  account  of  4^ 

New  Cofmetic,    or  the  Triumph    of 
Beauty  306 

— —  Hiflory  of  Henry  IV,  F.  275 

^(fw  Correfpondence,  F.  ng 

New  Georgia,  the  land  of  the  Arfacides- 

355 
■"       Hollands  ihortefl  pafTage  from,  to 

China  356  £. 

Nightihade,  deadly,  virtues  of  468 

Nile,  Travels  to  difcover  the  Source  of 

i>  i34>  *So>  38* 
Nimphomania,  cure  of  233 

Nootka  Sound,  remarks  on  the  aflFair  of 

.  3»7>3*« 

Norberg,  errors  oi,  pomted  out     2  3 1  L. 
Northern  Flowers,  G .  115 

Novelty,  remarks  on  27  K. 

O. 
Gates  (Titus)  account  of  133 

Obedience,  remarks  on  82  £. 

"     *—  ftriking  inftance  of  266 

Observations  on  Divorce,  F.      ijo 
—   ■       '  '    ■    Mr.  Dundas*s  India 

Budget  194 

— — — — —    prophetic    Time*. 

and  Similitudes  74 

— '  '■  ■  "^  the  Origin  and  Ef- 

fefts  of  the  Tefl-Aft  93 


-. fuggetted  by  the  Perufai 

of  Mr.  LofIVs  Hiftory  of  the  Corpo« 
ration  and  Teft  A£ts  ib. 

Ocellus,   authenticity  of,    defended 

.      ,  475  G. 

Ochres  of  Berry  defcri  bed  3  5 1  G . 

Ode  for  the  New  Year,  1790  305 

—  on  the  diftant  View  di  France  188 
Ode  to  the  glow-worm  521 

Oefophagus,  fpafm  of,   cu^d    by  cata- 

plafms  of  hemlock  and  henbane  232  F. 
Oils,  vegetable,  remarks  on  109 

Oliver,  (Dr.)  letters  from  176  E, 

Ophir  now  Sofala  141  £. 

— —  Sumatra  210 

Ophim,  obfervations  on  278,  281 

■  on  the  ufe  of,  in  the  venereal 

difeafe  108,  233,  412,  416 

Oratory  Inftitutrs  of,  I.  480 

Ordeal  trial  of  the  Hindoos  213 

Ores,  on  the  preparation  of         252  G. 
Organized  bodies,  on  the  formation  of 

X09 
Ormond  (duke  oO  letters  from  joo  £• 
Ofnaburg,  treaty  of  113  G« 

Oflifrage,  obfervations  on  350  G» 

Oweh's  (E  )  Sermon  on  the  Claims  of 

the  DifTenters  94 

P. 
Painting,  on  compofition  in         116  0« 
Paint'mgSi  8cz>  Collection  off  to  be  fold 

360 

Paiky's  (W.)  Hor«  Pauliwt         4*9 

P  p  3  P«//«** 


INDEX. 


Paltutt{C.  it)  on  DrVinlog  Marihes,  F. 

»35 
Palmek's  (S.)  Sermon  to  the  Poor  83 
Palfyy-obfervations  on  234 

■  ■  o(  the  lower  Umb»,  remarks  on 

161  E. 
pangolin  of  Bahar  defcribed  2x2 

Pa  rents,  duties  of  *  166  B» 

Paps  and  Londoa  compared  11^  F. 

■  defcriptioo  of  the  fifh- women  of 

iiaO. 
Farifan  in .  London  ,  F,  117 

Pailiamenty  on  cledtions  of  members  of 
97,  179  E,  180  E,  197,  312 
■  the  law  of  179  E,  180  E. 
Participles,  EngUih,  reraarlcs  on  65 
Pailions,  on  the  government  of  the  522  £. 
I^aul,  on  the  geuuinenefs  of  the  epi files 

oi  430 

P£Aacx*s  (S.)  Sermon  on  the  Corpora- 
tion and  Teft  AOs  %% 
PscKAftD'&(F.)  Sermon  on  the  Neglect 

of  known  Duty  %2. 

Pelvis,  9n  the  feparatloa  of  the  bones 

of  151 

-— -  resMrks  on  the  152 

Pendulun^  excellent  kijid  of  237 

■I  three  new  kind»^  o^    de- 

icribed  398 

People ,^aceent  ef^  a  mark  of  charader  3  5 
Permia,  province  of,  defciibed  1 1 9 

PcRsiA,  On  the  I^e^iAation  of,  F.  498 
Perlia,  on  the  duration  of  the  govern** 

ment  of  500 

Peter  I.  character  of  456- 

I  lil.  account  of  45* 

Petrarch)  (ketoii  of  the  life' and  writings 

of  224  E. 

Metre's  ^¥ord)  Letter  to  the  Bifhop  of 

Sr.  Davfd^s  90 

ITeyssonnel's  (De)  Political Skaation 

of  Fraoce,  F.  320 

Pherecydes,  commentary  on.        257  L. 

■  fragments  of  ib.  L. 
l^bitiurus  of  Moliere,  F.  115 
Ph  iLosor  H I  c  AL  RefisAions  oa  the  late 

Revolution  in  France  95 

JtbUoJophkal  Bibliothecai  G.  47  5 

JBbUoJopiy,  of  Politics,  G .  3  5  S 

— — — ,  Speculative,  G^  475 

Philo-Thxodosiits  84 

Phufphorefcence  of  minerals,   remarks 

on  227  F. 

— ,— — _  vitrioUted  kaii-  471 
Phofphoric  falls,  ufes.  of,  in  tiic  arts 
328  F. 
l^hyfical  Diaionary,  G»  45^0 

Phyficians,  advice  to  53 

£byfico'chemicalY.Sji}Syyo\L,  II  O.  108 
PicKisouKN  (Jof.)  on  the  En^jlifliVcrb 

64 
Piety  Counded  in  sature  -  z66 


Pindar's  (P.)  Complimentarjr  £p4it£r 
to  J.  Bruce,  Efq.  51S 

■  Rowland  for  an  Oliver 

184. 

Plagnr,  deadly  night/hade  ufeful  in    46^ 

Plain  and  rational  Account  of  Animal 

Magnetifm  339 

PUifter  of  Paris,  utility  of,  as  a  manure 

489 

Plan  for  promoting  the  Obferrance  of 

the  Sabbath  Day  221 

FidntSf  American,  (cit€t^  Hiftory  of,  L. 

Plants,  botanical  remark*  on  old  rootsr 
of  227  F, 

■  •  djre^lions  for  preferring  fpeci- 

mens  of  68  E« 

'  '  ■  new,  deforibed  »o6  Sw.  227,^ 
267,  418  L- 
—  remarks  on  fome  347  G. 

Plato,  on  the  dodrinesof  501  F» 

Plealurs,  feniiual,  obferrations  on  29c, 
293,  522  E. 
—————  %irihial,  value  of  290  E.  G. 
l*Ujftn^  (J.  F.)  on  Golgotha^  and  the 

Grave  of  Chrift,  G.  1 1 1 

Plezippus,  OS   the  afpiring  Plebeia» 

46i 
Plioy,  remarks  on  a  paflage  in  477 

Ploughs,  obfervationa  on  493 

Plow9En(F.)  on  Enrolling  Deeds,  &c» 

]8> 
Poems  :  by  D.  Deaco»  301 

Poems,  ancient  nocthern*  115  G. 

Pot  TiCAL  Epiftle  to  John  Walcot  186 
Poetical  extra^s  39-46,  92,  100,  l84-8«. 
29^-306,373,518-21 
'  French  23S 

■  Latin  24a 
PoE  Ts,  Specimens  of  the  early  Englifh  42 
Poetry,  diiadvaacages  of  early  cultivating 

30J 
Polfonsy .  am  mal ,  are  acidfr  411 

— —  of  the  ancient*  107 

Poland,    remarks    on  die  pardtion    o£ 
321  F» 
Pole  (card-)  remarks  on  Philllps*s  Dfe  of 
045  E. 
Political  Obfervatlona  on  xht  TelV- 
Aa  3,5 

Pol  i  tics ,  uncertai  nfey  of  >  9  5  £  • 

Polygamy,  difcufTion  of  20  E. 

■'  *  permitted  in  the  frft  ages  ©f 

ChriAianity      .  230  Gs 

Polypus,  obfervations.on  the  161  E. 

Fommeliei  (Chev.  de)  o»  the  Population 
of  Franae,  F.  236 

Fmue^s  Prints  for  Homer,  F.  480 

Poncet's  (C.)  travels'  to  Abyffinia,  ac- 
count of  260  £* 
Poor,  oblervaiions  on  the               328  B^ 
•»«-*  on  ijn9roviag  the  wamk  of  the  22  » 


INDEX. 


Fope,  criticlrmi  on  1 7  5  S* 

m        remarks  on  248 

*»—  (the)  authority  of)  in  GermaRy  271 
Fopulatioxii  obfervations  on         228  F, 

m  obftacles  to  358  G.. 

PoRsov*s  (R.)  Letters  to  Archdeacon 
Travis  434 

^ortujruefe  Di£^ionary,  P»  120 

Portuguefe,  campaign  of,  in  Ahyflinia 

aSx 

Potatoes  excellent  food  for  cattle      481 

,  on  the  culture  of     482,  4S4 

Pott's  (J.  H.)  Sermon  for  the  Benefit 

of  the  Humane  Society  443 

■  (P.)  Chirurgical  Works        100 

Pott  (Perc.)  life  of,  ih. 

poT  Tta's  (JO  Law  of  £lc£lions      180 

Poverty    incompatible    with    happinefs 

559  G. 

Power,  foveseign,  remarks  on      3  58  G. 

PjkACTicAi.  Obifirvatlons  upon  Thorn 

Wounds,  &c.  60 

..  Sermons,  Vol.  IL        293 

Prafus,  remarks  00  the  ^7  G. 

Prayer,  remarks  on  165  E.  522  E. 

Pregnant  women,  on  difeafes  of        233 

I  the  management  of 

233  G. 

Prices  of  things,  remarks  on  |x8 

Pxj£8rtKY*8  Familiar  Letters  to  the 

Inhabitants  of  Birmingham,  P.  I.    87 

■ P.ll.— IV.200 

P.V.         3M 

I  Sermon  on  the  Death  of 

44S 
359 
479  L. 
224 
z86 


Mr.  Robinfon 
*  Primogeniture,  on  the  right  of 

Printers,  early,  alphabet!  of 

Printing,  benefits  oi 

Prison,  a  Poem 

Prifonsy  obferyations  on        1^6  £,  438 

^rvuate  and  hiftorical  Conefpofldence  of 
Maribal  Richelieu,  F.  ii» 

Prizes  adjudged  105,  225,  345.-6,465-6 

■        —  fubje^  announced  for     105-6, 
225-6,  345-6.  465-6 

PtocEEDiNPS  of  the  Aiiqciation  for 
promoting  the  Difcovcry  of  the  inte- 
rior Parts  of  Africa  264 

prologues,  remarks  on  407 

prophecies,  remarks  on  171,  429 

FropcJit'iM  rcfpe^iijig  Weights  and  Mea- 
fures  made  to  ike  National  AfTembiy, 
F.  359 

PaossER  (T.)  on  th«  Strangles  and  Fe- 
vers of  Horfes  163 

Ptolemy,  remarks  on  473  F. 

Public  Documents  declaratory  of  the 
Principles  of  the  Diflenters  87 

Putter's  (J.  S.)  Political  HiAory  of 
Gfjrsnaoy  269 


PvRKis's  (W  }  Review  of  Engllih  Uti« 

rature  44* 

'■'   ■■■  '■  Seriiion  on  the  2910 

of  May  8x 

PvRVES   (James)  oa  prophetic  Tknw 

and  Similitudes,  Part  I.  74 

Pye,  (Dr.)  letter  from,  on  the  death  ol" 

his  daughter  176  E« 

Pyramid,  falfe,  account  of  the         8  E. 

■  '  ■        ■  oblique,  has  the  grettcft  fur- 
face  355 

Pyrites,  artificial,  attempts   at  making 
228  F. 
Pythagoras^  opinions  and    pradlices  of 
501  Fw 
Pytheas,  geographical  accounts  of,  bor- 
rowed 473  ^^ 

.Qv  A  D  K  u  F  E  D s,  General  Hi  ftory  of  s^4 

Qjiadrupeds,  on  diftinguiihing  by  exterior 

characters  227  F. 

Quickfilver,  mild  muriated,  on  preparing 

joS 

■   mode  of  obtaining  from  the 

ore  351 

■  ■    OB  the  medical  propertiet 
of  389,414,415 

R. 

Radcliffe's  (W.)  Natural  Hiftory  of 

Eaft  Tartary  507 

Raghery,  account  of  the  ifland  of  375  E. 
Rational  Di^ionary  of  fever  al  Wordi» 

F.  197 

Reafon,  on  the  ufe  of,  in  religion  22^ 
Reasons  for  feeking  a  Repeal  of  the 

Corporation  and  Teft  Ada  89 

Red  fea,  etymology  of  17 

Repemption,  a  Poem  4^ 

Reformation,  remarks  on  the  441  E. 
Refra^ion,  new  table  of  1 1 1  P» 

^egulat'.ons  of  the  Society  of  Maternal 

Charley,  F.  239 

JZr./'s  (J.  C.)  Selea  clinical  Obfer\'a- 

tions,  L.  d^% 

Rdifierii  Inftitutes  of  107  G^ 

Religion,  advantages  of  35S 

'     influence  of  natural  hiftory  o» 

V9 

■  men  accountable   for    their 
principles  of  522  £• 

— *—  obfervations  on  240  6» 

'  on  articles  of  245:  £• 

— — •  deje^on  on  account  of 
»77.K. 
n  external  obfervance  of 

522  E, 
■  reafon  in  matters  of      22^ 


~— —  proofs  in  favour  of       379  £• 

■  ■     ■      revealed,   amongft  the  Jcw% 

iuftoric  certainty  of  347  |« 

Ppr4  ReU* 


1    N    D    fe    3i. 


KdSgiotty   revealed,   mettphyfical    cer- 
tainty of  347  I. 

KeKgious    eftabliftmentSt    ar;gamehta 
againft  201  £• 

■  I  ■  obfervations 

on  440  £,  441  £• 

•  fubfcriptioiiy  remarks  on  245 


K  IFOR  T  of  the  Commilfioners  appointed 

to  enquire    into    the    Sute  of  the 

Woods,  &c.  316 

^efin»  elafiicy  of  Derbyfliire,  defcribed 

35a  G. 

Kefurreftiouy  obfervations  on  the 

83  £y  165  £• 

■I  on  the  bodies  to  be  raifed 

at  84 

Kevelation,  wifdom  of  God  in     512  £. 

Kx  V s  N  u  E  Lawss  Dialogue  on  315 

Revenue,  obfervations  on  531 

Kbvibw  of  the  Laws  of  the  United 

States  of  America  178 

RxTOLVTiOM,  French,  Memoirs  of  502 

Revolution)  remarks-on  the  441  £• 

Rheumatifm,  deadly  nightfliade  recom- 

mended  in  469 

■  ■■  ■  elearicity  ufefvl  in  234 
JLibbentrofi  (C.  P.)  Defcription  of  the 

City  of  Brunfwicky  G.  in 

Jiiebt}ieu*$  (Marih.)  Private  and  hiftori- 
cal  Correfpondence,  F.  X12 

Richelieu  (Marih.)  life  of  X12  F, 

Ridicule,  remarks  on  408 

JRiflMflif^s  (S.)  Mineralogical  Dictionary, 
Sw.  no 

Robber,  reclaimed,  hiftory  of  X15  G. 
Robinfon,  (R*)  account  of  444 

JRocbe's  (Mad.  de  la)  Tour  through  Hol- 
land and  £ngland|  G.  1 14 
RoDNSY^s  (Lord)  Letrers  relative  to  the 
Capture  of  St.  £uftatius                459 
Rome,  fonndation  of                     347  !• 
Roota  baga  excellent  food  for  cattle  486 
jRh/enmuiiers   (J.  G.)  Additions  to  the 
Scholia  on  the  New  Teltament,  L.  229 
m»  ■                                  Sermons  on  the 
Gofpels,  G.                                     466 
Rofes,  procefs  for  making  atter  of    209 
MotFs  (J.  R.)  Two  moft  important  fun- 
damental Laws  of  the  Empire,  G.  113 
Roule^s  (du)  embafly  to  Abyffinia    260 
Rouifeau,  anecdotes  of                 113  G. 

■  ■ '  defcription  of  the  tomb  of  1 18 
■■  on  the  mufical  ikiU  of  33 
Rowland  for  an  Oliver  184 

'  RowLXv's  (W.)  Truth  vindicated  284 
Rozier*s  Journal,  extracts  from  469-71 
Ruby,  analyfisof  the  347 

Rundle  (bifh.)  letters  from  100  £. 

Ruptures,  obfervations  on  /x6i  £. 

JtMjJia,  £ffsiyi  on,  G,  119 

Ruffia,  alliance  of  with  France  320 

H       .■!    !»■■■  Ptuffia     321  F. 


Ruilia,  dangers  to  be  dpprebenddd  /roiit 
456  E. 

■"■  '  Isfte  war  of,  with  the  Turks 
321  P. 

■  ■  —  obfervations  on  456 
RrMXR  (J.)  on  Scrofula                 284 

S. 

Sabbath,  on  the  obfervance  o£  221 

Sabella,  Indian,  account  of  347  G. 

Sacontala;  or  the  Fatal  Ring  361 
Sady,  on  the  writings  of  499  F. 

— -  the  Bed  of  Rofes  of  ib.  F. 

Saint  £uftatius.  Letters  relative  to  the 
Capture  of  459 

■  Jamcs's-Street  304 
■'"       Mark's  Day  43 

St.  Domingo,  prefent  (late  of  474  F. 
Sale,  curious  mode  of  19 

Salivation,  remarks  on  415 

Salt  of  benjamin,  what  109 

■  hartihorn,  ufeful  in  fome  morti* 
fications  59 

—  rock,  theory  of  218  F« 

— —  fuperior  kind  of,  made  in  Britain 
487  note 
Salt-lakes  of  Perecop  50S 

Salt-fprings,  on  the  management  of 
228  F. 
"     '  theory  of  ib.  F. 

Samaritan  medals,  remarks  on  346,  506 
Saffho,  new  Edition  of,  Gr«  L.  516 
Sappho,  life  of  ib.  L. 

Sarfaparilla,  obfervations  on  416 

Saturn,  oblatcnefs  of  353 

Saxum  metalliferum  not  a  kind  of  por- 
phyry 353  G. 
Scarcity,  advantages  of  a  year  of       119 
Sceptical  Dialogues  on  the  Advantages  of 
Adverfity,  G.  475 
Scbroeter  (J.  H.)    on    fome   liiminoua 
Spots  in  the  Moon«  G.  354 
Schulsi^s  (F.)  Defcription  of  the  Fi£h- 
Women  of  Paris,  G,  112 
'  — '■  Hiftory  of  the  Revolu- 
tion in  France,  G.  ib. 
Scbuixe  (J.  £.  F.)  on  the  Poifons  of  the 
Ancients,  L.                                  107 
Schwartxiiffaidf  Hiftory  of,  L.           113 
Schweigbaa/er  (J.)  on  Suidac,  L.     23$ 
Sciatica,  cafe  of                            ^33  L* 
Science,  on  the  vici/Btudes  of  13 
Scott's  (Maj.)  Speech                    327 
Scriptural  Views  of  the  National 
EAabliihment                                 440 
Scriptures,  on  the  difficulties  met  with 
in                                                   427 
'                                 prophecies  of    429 
Sea,  on  the  depofics  made  by,  on  the 
coaft  of  HoHa'nd                        228  F. 
Seaman's  Manual                           331 
Seeker  (atchb*}  letters  from        176  £• 
Second 


I    N    0    E    X^ 


"^ 


Slc9NPlBnqiiiry  into  the  Situation  of 
the  Halt  India  Company  49 ;j 

Sedu^ion,  female,  remarks  on  329 

SeemtlUrs  (S.)    Catalogue    of   ancient 
Books  at  ingolftadr,  L.      .  478 

Sdeil  clinkal  Obfervatioas,  l^  46^ 

Self-concealment,  remarks  on  165  E. 
Sclf-denialy  obfervatlons  oa  522  £. 

Semi'metah  new  difcovercd  347  E.  G. 
Seneca,  remarks  oi>  24S  E. 

Seni'ation,.  obicyvacions'on  *     49 

SenfibJlicy,  remarks  on  292 

Serious  Addrefs  CO  Mr. Madan  93 
Sermons     8i-3>  165-9,  289-93,  438- 

46,  521 
Sermons  00  the  Epiffles,  G.  467 

»   '  Gof|>c»s,  G.  466 

i9fn;/in/5,Female,Inltru6tions-for„  G«  240 
Shakefpealr,  remarks  on  406^ 

Shame,  falfe,  oblervations  on  522  £• 
Shangaila,  account  of  the  nation  of  382 
Shawns  (G.).  Unnaean  Zoology  5I5 
Sheba,  accoant  of  the  queen  of  143 

Shepherd's  (R.)  Sermon  on  the  30tb- 
of  January  81 

Sherlock,  criticifmc  on  .     175  £• 

— —  letters  from       177  E,  245  E. 
Short  Account  of  the  Method  ©f  treat- 
ing. Scrofula,  &C-  284 

■  '  Examination    of  the   principal 

Reafons   for  the  Repeal  oi  the  Tefl 

and  Corporation  Ads  89 

*—  Retrofpea  of  the  Condua  of 

Adminiftratibn  194 

■  '  Review  of  the  Britiib  Govern- 

ment in  India  317 

Shortland  (iieut.)  vindication  of  355. 
Siberia,  account  of  the  peft  of  119 

Sicard  on  Teaching  the  Usaf  and  Dumb, 
F.  480 

Sicily,  accuBnt  0$  114  G,  237  F» 

>■  obfcrvations  on  237 

Siehenkies  (J-  F.)  on  an  ancient  TabuU 
hofpi  talis  >  L.  476- 

Siege  of  Belgrade,  G-  479 

Sight,  cautions,  for  preferving  a88 

■■  ^defeaivc,  obfcrvations  on  400 
—  oa  the  ufe  of  gtafl'es  for  288 

SUva's  (A.  de  M.)  Fortuguefc  Diaioa- 
ary,  P.  120 

Silver,  proeeis  of  fmcltingy    at   Tyrol 
351  G. 
Simplicity,  obfervatioits  on  190 

Sin,  an  ohftaclc  to  ihe  end  of  man  IC7  G. 
'         original,  doarin^  of,  unfcriptoral 
230  G. 
&KETCH  of  the  Lives  and  Writings  of 
Dante  and  Fetrarch  224 

Slavetj  Orit^in,  Manners,  Cuftoms,  Opi- 
nions, ai.d  Science  of  the;  G.        478 
Slave- traide  defended  230  G« 


Slave  trade  incompatible  with  cl^riftfanf-' 
ity  U  E- 

■  remarks  on  the     95^  137^ 
268,357 

S/d/'s   (J.)  Agronomical  Obfervations^ 

Vol.  IV.  U  ♦  475 

Small-pox,  firft  a^peavanre  of,  in  Aby£- 

linia  147  E.r 

»  ■  ■    obfcrvations  on^    2-^2  F,  260 

SmettJftg-wtorks  srt  Friburg,dttCcribtd  35^ 
'  ort^  fwpply  ing-  the  place  oF 

bellows  in>  by'  the  vapour  oi  wateif 

352  G« 

Smith  Q.)  on  the  Refolutions  of  the 

•  Archdeaconry  of  Chefter  85 

O  E.}  U»puWiflied  Plants, 

Faf,  11.  L.  41 S   . 

Smuggling,  obfcrvations  on  53« 

Society,  Afiatie,  Tranlciai^im  of  209 
* Bath  Agricultuial,    Tranf- 

adlions  of,  Vo4.  V,  48T 

■  for  the  Difcovery  of  the  ince- 
riot  Fartfi  of  Africa,  Proceedings  oT 

264 

Society,   Academical  and   Patriotic,    of' 

Valence  in  Dauphiny  465 

— —  Eleaoral  German  Literavy,  a« 

Manheim  ib. 

of  Artg  and  Sciences  at  Utrecht 

ib» 
—  of  Maternal  Charity,  Regula- 
tions of,  F.  239. 
— — •  Fhyfical,   of  Berlin^,  Meoiuirs 
of.  Vol.  IX.  G*.  347 

- LauCannC)  — — 

of,  Vol.  IL  F.  227 

■  Royal,  of  Medicine,  at  Paris  225 

Society,  civil,  obfervations^  on  35S 

Sociniau  writers,  remarks  oi\  243 

Soldier^  national,  duties  and  cbaraaer  of 

166  £. 

Some  Striaures  on  <<  Reasons  for  feek* 

ing  a  Repeal  of  the  Co]poration  and 

Teft  Afts'*  89 

Sonurfet  (duch.  of)  letters  from  177  E» 

Somcrletfihire,  manners  of  489 

SoKNET  fuppofed  to  have  been  writtexk 

by  Mary  Qj*eei»  of  Scot**,  E,  F.     304 

Soul,  date  of  the  notion  of  475  G. 

■  -■-  on  the  immortality  of  the        444' 
Sound,  on  the  eftcas  of  28,  31 
Southern  hemifphere.  moil  of  the  difco- 

veries  in,  made  by  the  French       355 

Spain,  on  the  diipute  ot,  with  England 

3*7  E,  318  E,  457 

■  fcpar»te  peace  with  England  re- 
•  fufed  by  322 

— — •  ft  ate  of  fcience  in  114 

Spar,   adamantine,    two  kinds   of,    de-^ 

fcribed  351  G. 

Spafmi  obfervajuon&  on  59 

Spafm* 


INDEX. 


Spafini  of  the  cefophagus  cured  by  cata- 

pUfms  of  hemlock  and  henbane  iizi\ 

Sf£cim£I4S  of  tbe  early  Engliik  Peers 

Specolvm  Linnafcanum  515 

SrE.£CH  of  Major  Scott  327 

Speacery  remarks  on  241  £. 

Spine»  mechanical  modes  of  correding 

diftortioos  of  the  zzZ  F. 

1  on  the  curvature  of  the       161  £• 

Splrlty  date  of  tlie  xK>tlon  of  475  G. 
Stagy  montlrous  horn  cf,  defcribed  227?. 
Stars*  additions  to  Flamftead's  catalogue 

^  473  G. 

Influence  of,  on  vegetation  227  F« 

*'    ■    method  of  finding  the  right  afcen- 

fion  of  106  Sw. 

■  on  obferving,  in  the  day  401 
Sute,  future,  opinions  of  l^avages  con- 
cerning 257 

■  —  thoughts  on  107  G,  167 

Swicsy  Principles  o(y  G.  1 1 1 

Steel^on  the  fabrication  of  3  52  G^  3  53  G. 
Steele^  letters  from  100  £. 

&te'ideU  (R.)  on  Cancers,  G.  233 

Scimu^nts,  obfervations  on  280 

Stone^  copious*  of  Grand  St.  Bernard 

'  ■  I  of  Goumoens,  account  of       ib. 

Atones,  ancients  ufed  water  in  cutting  18 
Stormt  violent,  account  of  471  G. 

Strabo,  remarks  on  473  F* 

$tra€k  ^C.)  od  remittent  Fever,  L«  467 
Serahlflein>  account  of  three  kinds  of 
352  G. 
StzangurV}  hemorrhoidal,  cure  of  2  34 
^/«r»'s{F .  W. )  Fragments  of  Pherccydes, 

Z!%i  Acu01aus»  Or*  L.  237 

Style,  obfervations  on  129 

iudermamay  Memoirs  of  thel^egimeot 

of,  Sw»  113 

Sugar  Butrittouft  54 

'    '  oa  making  474 

Suicide,  ftriftures  on  41,  446  £• 

Suidas,  emendations»of  236 

Sumatra,  account  of  the  gold-duft  and 

mines  of  210  £. 

— —  the  ancient  Ophir  210 

Sun,  eclipfe  of  40 5 

'  method  of  finding  the  right  afcen« 

fion  of  106  Sw. 


— >  ■  ■  on  the  fpots  and  fafciaS  of  353 

•— —  theory  of  the  3  54 

Suaday    fchools,    benefits    of      44a  £j 

444  K- 

Saper{lition,  obfervations  on  522  £• 
Supper,  Lord's,  remarks  on  th^  73, 84  £• 
Sv^^^ri  of  Vauclul'e,  F.  117 

Surgeons  Pocket- Book  for  1789,  G.  350 
Surgery,  tate  dlfcoveries  and  improve*, 
mcnts  in  *  3S<^G. 

Swain's  (JoC)  Redemption  4.3 

a 


Swearing  in  converfation,  remarks  ofi 

i-j6ti 
Sweden  (King  of)  on  the  poiiticai  Ba* 
lance  cf  Europe  446 

SKveden,  General  View  of,  F-  117 

'  Medallic  Hifiorics  of  Kings  and 

.  Queens  of  iia 

Sweden,   account  of  the  revolution   in 
321  £,446  £• 
'    ■  conftitution  of  446  £• 

hiftory  of  1 12  Sw.  113  Sw» 


•  on  the  chara£^er  of 
>  mines  of 


•  prefent  ftate  of 


446  £* 
no 
446  £4 
zoo  £• 

ib.£4 


Swift,  letters  from 

life  of 

Swttxerlandy    Traveller*!    Coni|MinioA 

through,  G.  237 

Syene,  latitude  of      -  16 

■  longitude  of  17 

Sykes,  criticifm  on  175  £• 

Symphyiis  pubis,  on  abfcefifes  at  the  1 54 

Synonimes,  French  4^5  F* 

■    German  ib.  G-. 

T.  '    . 

Ta  b  l  e  s  for  all  the  Duties  of  £xcife  460 ' 

'  of  £xchange  to    and    from 

France  311 

Tabula  hofpitalis,  ancient^  Explanation 

of,  L.  476 

Tagaera,  remarks  on  the  city  of    21 1  £* 

T  A  p  L  J  N  on  Thorn  Wounds,  &c.        60 

Tartary,  £ail,  account  of  507 

I  animils  of   ,  513 

■  climate  and  air  of    510 

vegetables  of  •  5 '  i 


Taste*  on  the  Nature  and  Principlea- 

of  26 

Tafte  of  a  nation  Improved  by  imitating. 

foreign  works  115G. 

Taxatiosi,  £nquiry  into  the  Principles 

of  531- 

Taylor,  criticifms  on  i75£* 

Teeth,  on  the  difeafe  confequent  to  tranf« 

planting  417 

Temperacure>  infiaence  of,  on  chemical 

affinity  106  Sw. 

Tcntyra,  defcription  of  the  ruins  of      S- 
Tereus,  on  the  newiy  difcovered  tragedy 

of  360 

Te(l-a£(,  catalogue  of  publications  on 

the  203  £4 

— —  remarks  on   the 

86—96,  200—3,  *45E>  3*5^^7  ■ 
Testamemt,  Ntw,  Expofttiou. of, 

426, 524 
Ttflamentf  New^    Additions  to  Rofen- 

miilier's^choHa  00,  L.  229 
on  the  Sahidic  Vcrfion 

of,  L.  .231 

■     '  Tranflatioa  of,  G»   .34.7 

^— — *—  Old,  New  YcifioA  of,  L.  465 

Tcftamenty 


INDEX. 


Tcft^msntjKew, commentary  on  348  G. 
n       ■  I  remarks  on  paflagea  in, 

174  E,  244, 348  G,  4a3*43«.  437>  5*5 
•  various  readings  of    23. 


I    OWi  on  the  hiftorigal  books  of 

170E»  348 

.1  prophetical  books 

of  27i,4Z9£. 

I     remarks  on  paffagcs  in 

136,  174  £,  244,  466  L. 

Samaritan    chronology 


of,  preferable  to  the  Septutgint     477 
■  various  readings  of  230  («, 

Vbeatre  dc  la  Nation  1 1.5 

1 Italien  479 

Thebes,  fepul(thre«  of,  defcribed  10 

^hiery  on   the  State  of  Medicine    in 

France,  F.  349 

^biefs  (J.  O.)  on  the  Wife  Men  and 

their  Star,  G.  34S 

Thomases  (A.)  Tables  of  Exchange  to 

and  from  France  3 1 1 

Thorax,  pn  the  paracentefisof  the  350  G. 
Thou g  h  t s  and  Obferyatlons  on  Jameses 

Powder  60 

^hree  Weddings,  F,  116 

Thulc,  where  474 

Thunder,  origin  of  472  G. 

Tibcfti,  account  of  266 

Tilldge,  obfervations  on  481 

Tiliotlon,  remarks  on  243 

Timaeus,authcnticityof,defeiided  475  G. 
Time,  fiderai,  tables  for  the  conveiiion 

of,  into  folar  47  3  G. 

Times,  follies  of  the  1 18  F. 

Tinea,  remedy  for  468 

Titmoufeybooptobfervations  on  the  2Z7F. 
*TohaccOi  on  the  Culture  of,  I.  1 1 1 

Toleration,  fee  Te{^  Aft. 
Tongue,  renrxarkably  large  107  Sw. 

TouLMiN*s  CJ.)  Sermon  on  the  Death 

of  Mr.  Robinibn  444 

Jov  R  of  the  Ifle  of  Wi^ht  393 

Tradefn^en,  advice  to  33'  ^* 

Tra4e-wind$,  account  of  141  E. 

TRANSACTIONS  of  the  Afiatic  Society 

20*9 
■    '    ■  '  — ■  Bath  Agricul- 

tural Society,  yol.  V.  481 

r~— ~  ■  »  ■  Royal  Irifli  A- 

cademy,  vol,  ii.  398 

Tranfit  inftrument,  ii^provemcnts  in  399 
Translation  of  a  Speech  by  Count 

Clern)ont  Tonnei«  87 

traveller's  Companion  through  Sw'its- 

eriand,  G.  237 

Travelling,  curious  mode  of  216 

»    ■'.'   '■■       obfervations  on  375 

e  '■  rules  for  p refer ving  health  in 

387  £,389 
I'reati^i  on  tl^e  Venereal  Pifeafe,  G. 

^10 


Trees,  beft  for  barren  height*  499 

— —  timber,  obfervations  on         493  E. 
Tr  I  a  L  for  a  Breach  of  Promife  of  Mar- 
nags  214 
Trimmer  (Mrs.)  on  the  Obfervancc  of 
the  Sabbath  Day                            21  f 
Triton,  new  fpecies  of  10^ 
Troward  (R.)  on  the  Laws  of  Elec- 
tions                                              179 
Troy,  Greek  not  the  language  of     407   " 
-'-■■■■  on  the  taking  of                    347  U 
Trumpets,  metal,  ancient,  found  in  Ire- 
land                                           409  E. 
Truth  vindicated                              284 
Truth  conducive  to  focial  happinefs 

358  G. 

■  hiftoric,  remarks  on  142,  430 
—  what  .  29s 
— —  why  n>athcmatical  cleareft  199 
'Turk's  (D.  G.)  Inftrudions  for  theHarp- 

fichord,  G.  47^ 

Turks,  on  the  late  wars  of  the  446  £• 
Turnip-rooted  cabbage,  u^lity  of  485 
Turnips,  on  feeding  cows  with  481 

T.urnor^s  (L.)  Sermon  on  Suicide  446 
Two  Teachers  of  the  People,  G.        2zS 
Tycbfen's  Appendix  to  Bourgoanne^s  Tra- 
veis,  G.  114 

U. 
Uhleaborg,  on  the  "climate  of    106  Sw- 
Ulcers,  remedy  for  23 j 

Uncertainty^  a  Comedy,  F,  479 

Unitarianifm,  defence  of  325  £• 

Unity  of  compofition,  necefllty  of  %y 
Urethra,  on  contra^ions  of  the  413 
Urine,  inftrument  for  remedying  incon- 
tinence of,  in  females  233^* 
Urticiition  ufeful  in  pa'fy  234  L. 
Uterus,  double,  cafe  of  3,51 
'  hiltory  of  a  cancer  of  3  50  G« 
— — —  OB  retroverfion  of  the  155 

■  -  ■■    ■  ruptured,  cafe  of  35^ 

Valerian,  efficacy  of,  in  nervous  difeafes 

107 
Varius,  difcovery  of  a  loft  tragedy  of  36Q 
Vegetables,  obfervations  on  55 

Vegetation,  influence  of  the  moon  an4 
ftars  on  227  F, 

'    "  of  old  grain  493 

— - — —  what  kind  of  water  moft  be- 
neficial to  22S  F* 
Venereal  buboes,  obfervations  on  .    414 
— — —  difeafe,  brought  from  the  Weft 
Indies  by  the  Spaniards      108  L,  410 
■                             concealed,on  medicinef 
for  detecting  41 6 
— — —  —  ob  ft  rvation  s  on      410 
.  ■             of  children  417 
"— —  ■"                  «Qn  the  cure  of       415 
>                             on    various    remedies 
f9f                           108,  233,  4 » 6,  468 
Veneic^ 


^ 


INDEX. 


Venereal  dlfeafr,  origin  of  411 

I  preventatives  of    414 

fc  remarks  on    fomc   of 

Mr.  Hunter's  opinions  ccfncerning  412 

• Dphthalmy,  cure  of  233 

Verb,  Engiiihy  remarks  on  65 

■          Latin,  obfervations  4>li  6^,  67 

Vefuvius,  account  of  101 

Vice  incompatible  with  happine^      166 
>    ■■  ■  oh  patronifing  424 

ViLLoj son's  Homer,  Gr.  24 

ViNctKT's  (W.)  Sermon  at  the  Anni- 
verfary  Meeting  of  the  Sons  of  the 
Clergy  ■  44* 

Vindication  of  the  DoArincs  and  Li- 
turgy of  the  Church  of  England        77 
■  '■-    ■"   '  ■■ -—  Hiftory  of  the  Cor- 
poration and  Teft  At\i  20^ 
Viola  tricoiir,  virtues  of  468 
Virtue  atone  the  road  to  happincfs    166, 

*93 
"    ■    —  obfcrvations  on    166  E,  230  G^ 

358 
288 
104  note. 
116 
249 


Vi?ioN,  EiTay  on 
Volcanoes,  theory  of 
Vultajre,  anccd&tcs  of 
—  rimarkj  on 


175E. 


Wake,  criticifms  ^n 

'W/4KjF,FitLD's  (Gilb.)  Addrefs  to  the 

Eifhop  of  St.  David's  So 

"Wales,  on  the  conduct  of  the  prince  of 
312  E., 
JVall,  or  Gardens  of  Ermenonvjlle,  F. 

118 
Walk«b'3(G.)  DiHentcr's  Pica  326 
.   ■  „„-.^    Sermons  on    various 

SubjeiJ-s  165 

Walnut.:,  outer  green  /hells  of,  antive- 

iierca!  416 

Warbui ton  (Eifli.)  letters  of  '      175 

Waihing  machine  dcfcribed  403  E. 

\Vjici,   anciently  employed  in   cutting 

ilones  i  S 

— —  in  vapour,  on  fupplylng  the  place 

of  bellows  by  352  G« 

— —  not  foiuble  in  air  4',".o 

— ~  obfewationa  on  3S9 

— —  on  the  evaporation  f>f  '  470 

■  '     '    what  kind  of,  moft  bcneificia}  to 

vegetation  228  F. 

Waters,  mineral,  of  Batlcy  in  York/hir.e 

283 
*■■  ,'  ■  Brlittelen,  analyfis 

of  228  F. 

■  Horley  Green    283 

■  ■  Rcdmire  nearBing- 
Icy  ib. 

j^*         >     ■    ■     ■  '■  on  the  anaJyfis  of 

228  F,  2S3 
*  of  Leyden,  remarks  on     222  F, 

Weultl:,  T:^iuc  pf  290  E.  G. 


Weather,  ftate  of,  at  Paris,  from  Ko- 
vember  to  January         231,  ^4.8, 467 

"Weights  and  meaAires,  on  ciftablilhing  a 
ftandard  of  ^  359>4Si9 

Welfare,  public  and  privatej  relation  be- 
twixt 358 

Wclfli  language,  remarks  on  29  5 

—  poetry,  obfcrvations  oa       ib*  296 

Weft  (Gilb.)  letters  from  •  177  E. 

Weft-Indies,  Britifh,  laws  of         178  E. 

■  ■  Ftench,  on  the  plantations 

in  474  F. 

'  'modes  of  cultivating  grafs 

in  491  E. 

Wetterfledt^s  (E.  von)  Chart  of  Aland, 

Sw.  356 

Wheat,  on  the  caufes  and  prevention  of 

thefroutin  228  F,  4Q£> 

■  fi^ed,  on  the  management  of  490 
Wheel  carriages,  obfervations on  403 
White  (C.)  on  Gangrenes  59 
White'^  (JO  John  of  Gaunt           191 

■  (Jo*-)  Statement  of  literary 
ObligHtions  *  204   . 

Wiburg,  geography  of  the  province  of 

119  G, 
Wight,  Tour  of  the  Ifle  of  303 

WiTtliAMs's  (C:iptONarratiwe  319 
, (MUs  H«  M.)  Jylia        9.7 

■  ■  (Rcuwick)  InDerefting  TH^i 

464 

Wine  made  from  the  fu^ar  cane  474  F« 
Winter  of  1788-c,,  remarks  on      347  G, 
350  G. 
Wit  prejudicial  to  fehtiment  36 

Wither  IN  g's  Britiih  Piants,  vol.  iii» 
p.  I.  68 

Wiv^,  advice  to  370 

Wolftam,  remarks  on  347  G. 

Woman,  perfetl,  portrait  of  120  G. 

Women,  on  the  education  of  I2o  G)445 
Wool,  on  the  improvem£nt  of  487 

Wor:"fis,  rerncdy  ijr  234 

Woi'fli'p,  public,  obfervations  on  522  E- 
IVowverjuannf  Remarks  on  the  Paintings 
.    of,  p.  116 

"Wright's  (W.)  COmpleat  Tradefman 

33P 
Y. 
Young's  (R.)  Effays  and  Reflexions, 
No.  I,  H.  3^3 

youth,  jcau Jons  to  522  !;«   ^ 


Zemmdary  tenures,  obfervatjons  on  193 
Zimb  of  Abyflinia  dcfcribed  1 3;? 

Z'yllner  (J.  F.)  on  fpeculativePhilofophy, 

G.  47  5 

ZoUikofer\  Sermons  on  the  Dignity  0/ 

Man  ^  2^9 

Zoology  of  Linnsens  illuftrated  515 
Ztc^kytes,  Djefcriptioa  of,  Q.  1 1^ 


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