An Army of the People: The Constitution of an Effective Force of Trained Citizens

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ftarbarl] College Uttraru

BRIGHT LEGACY.

■e half the Income from thii Legacy, which w.

□1 Walthsm, Massachusetts, is to be expended for
boc.hu for the College Library. The other half of the
Income it devoted to scholarships In Harvard Uni.
veraity for the benefit of descendants of
HENRY BRIGHT, JR.,
who died at Watertown, Massachusetts, in i6B6. In
the absence of such descendants, other persons are
eligible io the seholarahipa. The will requires that
this announcement shall be made in every book added

An Army of the

People

The Constitution of an Effective Force
of Trained Citizens

By

John McAuley Palmer

Major 24th Infantry, U. S. Army; Graduate, U. S.
Military Academy, West Point, 1892 ; Honor Gradu-
ate, Army School of the Line, 1909 ; Graduate,
Army Staff College, 1910 ; Member of the
General Staff Corps, 1911-1912

G. P. Putnam's Sons

New York and London

Gbe fmtcfterbocfter press

1916

u

s %^>y3. '&<*

FEB 211917^

'•'SkAR"'

Copyright, 1916

BY

JOHN McAULBY PALMER

.V

Ubc ftnfcftcrbocfter prcM, Hew Dork

Go

ANSON CONGER GOODYEAR

"We must depend in every time of national
peril, in the future as in the past, not upon a
standing army, nor yet upon a reserve army, but
upon a citizenry trained and accustomed to
arms. It will be right enough, right American
policy based upon our accustomed principles
and practices, to provide a system by which
every citizen who will volunteer for the training
may be made familiar with the use of modern
arms, the rudiments of drill and maneuver, and
the maintenance and sanitation of camps. We
should encourage such training and make it a
means of discipline which our young men will
learn to value."

(From the President's Message,
December 8th, 19 14.)

PREFACE

In this little book I have attempted to give
a detailed description of a National Military
System for the United States. I trust that
this Military System will be found to meet the
requirements of adequate military strength,
under forms that are in full harmony with
American political traditions and ideals.

In order to avoid a monotonous treatment
of the many details of military organization
in the form of a technical prospectus, I have
attempted to present a graphic picture of the
completed structure. For this purpose I
have adopted the fiction that Congress is to
pass The National Defense Act in the near
future, and that I am simply writing a popu-
lar history of the American Army of the People
as it stands complete a few years later.

The Author.

Port Mills, Corregidor, P. I.
February io, 1915 '.

vu

CONTENTS

CHAPTER PAGE

I. — Public Opinion and the Na-
tional Defense i

II. — The Swiss Military System . 6

III. — The American System . . 13

IV. — The Great Enrollment . . 20

V. — The Call for Officers . . 34

VI. — The War Department at Work 46

VII. — The Volunteer Army — Gen-
eral Orders No. 1 . . 57

VIII. — Among the Volunteers — Ex-
tracts from Lieutenant
Burr's Diary ... 62

IX. — Preparing for Camp — Lieuten-
ant Burr's Diary Continued . 74

X. — The Volunteers in Camp — Fur-
ther Extracts from Lieuten-
ant Burr's Diary . . 84

XI. — The Results of the First Sum-
mer — Some Secrets of Success 108

ix

x Contents

CHAPTER PAGE

XII. — The Winter's Work and the
New Enrollment — The Final
Organization . . .123

XIII. — The National Volunteer Army

To-day (192 i) . . . 137

XIV. — At Last — An American Mili-
tary Policy . . . 147

An Army of the People

I

An Army of the People

i.

PUBUC OPINION AND THE NATIONAL DEFENSE

The American National Defense Act received
the President's approval on the 16th day of
February, 1916. Considering the revolution-
ary character of this great piece of construc-
tive legislation, it is still astonishing that so
elaborate a system should occupy the atten-
tion of Congress for little more than five
weeks.

The advocates of an effective National
Military System expected a long period of
preliminary agitation with a gradual develop-
ment of public opinion. But when a few
courageous leaders frankly presented the

t

2 An Army of the People

issue of National Security to the common-
sense of the people, the response was over-
whelming and immediate. This condition
of the public mind materially simplified the
legislative problem. That our military insti-
tutions were antiquated, expensive and in-
adequate, was the general consensus of public
opinion. That the public intelligence de-
manded a sound, sufficient, and businesslike
solution of the problem of National Defense
was equally apparent. Under these circum-
stances it was only necessary for Congress
to crystallize the public will into the form of

law.

It thus happened that before the military
committees began to write the provisions of
the National Defense Bill, certain general
guiding principles had come to be universally
accepted. These may be stated briefly as
follows :

I. Our military system should be based
on the idea of meeting national require-
ments in a great war. In such a con-

National Defense Problem 3

tingency, raw levies organized after the
outbreak of war would be hopelessly
ineffective no matter how numerous they
might be. Improvised forces of volun-
teers such as were employed in the Civil
War are, therefore, excluded from con-
sideration.

2. A sufficient force should be trained
and organized in time of peace to assure
victory at the outbreak of war.

3. The exact strength of this force was
variously estimated, but the general
public sentiment was frequently ex-
pressed in the saying: "In a great war
we should be able to mobilize an army
of a million men."

4. To expand the existing professional
regular army into a force of such dimen-
sions was universally accepted to be both
impracticable and undesirable.

5. Public sentiment still adhered to a
national war army composed principally
of non-professional citizen soldiers, but
it was universally accepted that this

An Army of the People

army must be trained and organized in
time of peace.

6. It was generally conceded that the
peace training of the War Army should
be under a uniform national control;
that the Constitution makes the Federal
Government the national war-making
power, and that efficiency demands that
the war-making power must also be the
war-preparing power; that the prepara-
tion of a force for war includes training
it, disciplining it, and providing it with
competent officers of adequate training;
that as the Federal Government is spe-
cifically denied these essential powers
with reference to the Militia, it follows
that no body of citizen soldiers having
the constitutional status of militia can be
welded into an effective fighting team for
war purposes under modern conditions.

7. It was therefore the consensus of opin-
ion that our main reliance in war should
be a national force of citizen soldiers
organized and trained in peace under

National Defense Problem 5

the constitutional power "to raise and
support armies"; that the officers and
enlisted men of the organized militia
should be encouraged to transfer to the
new national force and should thereby
become its nucleus and leaven of train-
ing and efficiency. It was a notable
fact that this view was accepted by a
large number of the more intelligent
officers of the Organized Militia who,
through their experience, had come to
see the hopelessness of attempting to
combine the functions of a State con-
stabulary and a national war force under
the same organization.

II.

THE SWISS MILITARY SYSTEM

The solution of the problem of National
Defense was materially advanced by the
general acceptance of the idea of a great
national army of trained citizenry. But
there was still much difference of opinion
with reference to the details of organization.
Among the first concrete propositions to
attract the public mind was the suggestion
that we should organize a force like the
National Army of Switzerland.

Under the Swiss system all able-bodied
young men are required to undergo a short
but thorough course of military training.
In every canton, summer camps of military
instruction are established, and every young
Swiss is required to attend one of these camps
after he leaves school and before he enters

6

The Swiss Military System 7

business life. Here he is thoroughly trained
by expert military instructors furnished by
the Federal Government. At the conclusion
of the summer camp of instruction, the
trained recruits of the year are absorbed into
the National Field Army and attend ma-
neuvers with their fellow citizen-soldiers who
have already received their recruit training
in preceding summers. Thus each young
Swiss gives one full summer to recruit train-
ing, and after that he is mobilized with the
National Field Army for a short maneuver
period each year. After several years' ser-
vice with the Field Army, he passes to the
Reserve and his active military training is
concluded unless he qualifies for further
service as an officer or non-commissioned
officer. It thus appears that in Switzerland
a trained and completely organized army is
ready at any time to spring from the body
of the people, and yet in time of peace this
great war force is only embodied as an actual
military force for a short period of about two
weeks at the end of the summer. For two

8 An Army of the People

or three months before the annual mobiliza-
tion, the recruits of the year are receiving
their initial training. During the rest of the
year, all of the army is absorbed in the mass
of the people, and engaged in the pursuits
of peace, except a small corps of trained
officers and non-commissioned officers who
constitute the permanent staff required to
provide for the enrollment, training, supply,
and mobilization of the war force.

The benefits of such a system, both to the
nation and the individual, are apparent.
From the standpoint of economy, nothing
could be more satisfactory. Such an army
requires no barracks or quarters or perma-
nent military posts. When it assembles, it
assembles in the field, and knows no life
except the real soldier's life in the open air.
Practically all of the money expended upon
it goes for arms and ammunition and neces-
sary clothing and equipment. Practically no
money goes for unproductive supplies or
plant. Considering the entire force, it is a
charge upon the nation for only two weeks

The Swiss Military System 9

in the year. For the remaining fifty weeks,
it is practically non-existent as a financial
burden. And yet it is embodied long enough
to give a substantial return in military power.
Its recruits are thoroughly trained to march
and shoot and live in the open. Its mobili-
zation plans each year receive the practical
test of concentration for maneuvers. Its
fighting organizations actually exist and
function in peace, and are in the field long
enough each year to test the troop-leading
abilities of the higher commanders and their
staffs.

Such a military system is equally well
adapted to the requirements of industrial
life. It concentrates the training of the
individual citizen into a period where his
economic value is a minimum. It does not
divert the schoolboy from his studies, nor
the business man from his occupation, for
the recruit period of intensive military train-
ing comes in a summer vacation that natu-
rally marks the interval between school and
business life. And even the subsequent

io An Army of the People

summers on the active list, though they de-
mand a short maneuver period, are passed
before the citizen is absorbed in the cares and
responsibilities of industrial and family life.
Indeed while the system takes little or noth-
ing from the productive period of the citizen's
life, it adds enormously to his industrial and
civic value, for after his military training he
goes into business with better conceptions
f of discipline, organization, and civic respon-
sibility, and a stronger and more vigorous
physique.

In short, the Swiss system tends to pro-
duce the maximum number of trained soldiers
in war with the minimum number of profes-
sional soldiers in peace. For while the Swiss
Army comprises all of the young manhood
of the nation, the permanent peace estab-
lishment in Switzerland is limited to the
small corps of specially trained experts who
4 are necessary to maintain the machinery for
training, organization, and mobilization.

It was not surprising that popular interest
in the Swiss military system should soon

The Swiss Military System n

crystallize into proposals for a definite na-
tional policy. Early in the history of the
discussion an American adaptation of the
Swiss system was thus outlined in the edito-
rialcolumns of one of our greatest newspapers :

"Let us give all of our able-bodied young
men a short but thorough military training
like that given to the young men of the Swiss
Republic. For this purpose let us organize
a summer camp of military instruction in
every congressional district. Let us employ
the best officers and non-commissioned officers
of the regular army as instructors in these
schools and thus transmit the best traditions
of West Point and the army to the great war
host of citizen soldiers. Let us then organize
our trained youth into divisions and field
armies under uniform and definite National
control and let us count on this mighty force
as our main defense in war, our main insur-
ance of peace.

"This being the National War Army, we
may then safely restrict the regular army to

12 An Army of the People

those military functions which are exclu-
sively appropriate for professional soldiers.
The regular army will still be required to
garrison our outlying possessions and to de-
fend great naval bases like Panama and Pearl
Harbor from sudden attack. Sufficient re-
serves of regulars will also be required for
expeditionary forces in small wars, for tem-
porary occupations of foreign territory, and
for other sudden emergencies. And further,
as suggested above, the professional military
expert in the regular army will find a new,
and indeed his greatest, field of usefulness in
training and organizing the great war army
of citizen soldiers."

%

III.

THE AMERICAN SYSTEM

The economical and political advantages of
the Swiss military system are so great that it
is not surprising that the first concrete de-
mand for an American National Army should
take the form of a proposition to adopt the
Swiss model in toto. But practical men
hesitated before espousing the cause of uni-
versal military service. They conceded that
universal manhood service is the cheapest,
fairest, and most democratic method of dis-
tributing the burden of military preparation.
They were ready to admit that universal
military training would carry with it univer-
sal educational advantages for civic and in-
dustrial good in peace as well as for efficiency
in war. But they did not believe that

the American people were ready for conscrip-

13

14 An Army of the People

tion. And they were justified in their esti-
mate of the situation. For the discussion of
the Swiss military system bade fair to de-
generate into a fruitless discussion of compul-
sory service. The average man was prepared
to admit the need of a better military estab-
lishment, but when the Swiss model was
mentioned he thought only of the compulsory
service feature and rejected the whole idea
because he rejected conscription. It was
true that compulsory service might be good
for the people, but it was equally true that
the people did not want it. Under these
circumstances the agitation for the Swiss
model soon encountered serious difficulties.
Its many advantages were recognized, but
no practical politician could run the risk of
proposing what was virtually a draft act in
time of peace.

At this stage of the discussion, Senator
Straightedge made his remarkable speech
on our military policy, from which we quote
the following illuminating passages :

"Mr. President," said the Senator, "I do

The American System 15

not profess to be a military expert. But I
am a man of business and I believe that many
questions of military policy can be approached
to advantage from a common-sense business
standpoint. I believe that we need an army
or we do not need it. If we do not need it,
the existing force should be abolished and not
another cent expended upon it. If we do
need an army we should make it sufficient
in strength and effective in equipment and
training, and it should be conducted on sound
business principles. To continue to main-
tain it ineffectively organized and at a notori-
ously inadequate strength, to my mind, is
incomprehensibly absurd.

"I have been very much impressed by the
economical and democratic military system
developed by our sister republic in the Alps.
I find many things in her solution of the
military problem that seem worthy of study
by us. But of late, when the Swiss National
Army is mentioned, I find it condemned
because the phrase ' Swiss System ' has come
to be taken as a synonym for conscription.

16 An Army of the People

"Mr. President, I have recently taken
pains to make a study of the Swiss National
Army, and I find that conscription is not at
all its essential feature. Indeed I am con-
& vinced that it would be possible for us to

adopt all of the virtues of the Helvetian
National Army without adopting the prin-
ciple of conscription at all. The real char-
acteristic of the Swiss System lies in its
facilities for military training in summer
camps of instruction. The effect of the law
of compulsory service is simply to insure
the maximum number of students. If they
maintained their training system and did
not have conscription, they would still have
the material for a national army precisely
the same in kind. It would simply be
smaller. Now Switzerland, from her insecure
position amid the great warlike nations of
Europe, must have the greatest possible mili-
tary force. She must have the maximum
number of students in her summer military
schools and therefore, through the law of
compulsory service, she takes all of the able-

The American System 17

bodied young men in the country. In other
words, conscription is not a part of her system
of training or of organization, it is simply the
necessary means of securing the maximum
enrollment. If she should abolish conscrip-
tion, her military forces would still be the
same in kind. They would simply be smaller.
"Now suppose we had adopted the Swiss
System years ago, and that at the same
time we had adopted the principle of uni-
versal service. Our population is so much
greater than Switzerland's that we would
now have a first line of army of more
than five million men, or a war force, in-
cluding reserves, of more than eight million
men. We do not need such an enormous
force, therefore we do not need the device
which Switzerland employs in order to draw
an adequate military force from her meager
population. It is not necessary for us to
compel the attendance of every young man.
If we should train only one in every eight
under the Swiss system we would have a
first line army of nearly seven hundred thou-

1 8 An Army of the People

sand and a trained war establishment of more
than a million men. If we should adopt the
principle of universal service and at the same
time limit the strength of our military forces
to our reasonable needs, we would be in the
singular position of enrolling all of our young
men, only to discharge seven out of every
eight before commencing the season's train-
ing. In short, Mr. President, compulsory
military service is a necessary part of the
Swiss Military System as applied to Swiss
conditions, but it is not a necessary part of
that system as applied to conditions in the
United States.

"Mr. President, the rational application
of the Swiss System to American conditions
is not a conscript army at all. It is simply
the logical development of our traditional
army of volunteers. Let us give our young
men a chance to volunteer for training in
peace. Let us provide adequate facilities
for such training in every part of the land.
Let us organize the young men so trained in
military units that can be speedily mobilized

The American System 19

in wax, and let us rely upon this great organ-
ized host of citizen soldiers to defend our
national interests. It is my conviction that
the youth of America will respond to this
call. They ask you only for the opportunity.
If they are not ready now, it is for lack of
that opportunity. I believe that enough
and more than enough will join the standard.
And until you have demonstrated that they
will not come there can be no practical argu-
ment for conscription."

This logical development of our traditional
national army of volunteers to meet the re-
quirements of modern war became the central
idea of the National Defense Act. The law
was approved by the President on February
1 6th, and on February 22d he issued his pro-
clamation extending the privileges of free
military instruction to all of the young men
in the United States.

IV.

THE GREAT ENROLLMENT

The President's proclamation received the
widest possible publicity through the press
of the country, but it was also published
formally, as prescribed in the statute itself,
by being posted in all of the post-offices in
the land.

The Proclamation contained the full text
of the Act of Congress with the Special Regu-
lations prescribed by the President govern-
ing applications for attendance at the camps
of military instruction to be established dur-
ing the coming summer. It was announced
that one or more such camps would be estab-
lished in each State, the number to depend
upon the total enrollment and the distribu-
tion of applicants in each State.

Applicants were advised that blank forms

20

The Great Enrollment 21

and descriptive lists could be obtained from
the Postmaster to be filled in and signed by
the applicant and returned to the Postmaster
not later than April 1st, for transmission
through the Post Office Department to the
proper military authorities. These blank
forms were accompanied by a prospectus or
circular giving full information as to the
objects of the proposed summer camp, its
courses of instruction in general terms, and
the proposed formation of the graduates of
the school into a field army of volunteers.
The prospectus described the duties and
characteristics of the several branches of the
military service and encouraged the applicant
to express a preference for that arm which
most attracted him, or for which he was espe- *
cially qualified by aptitude or training. It
also recited the provisions of the law which
embodied the general principle that all nec-
essary expenses for transportation, shelter, *
subsistence, clothing, and equipment incurred
in attendance at the summer schools, or in
connection with any of the duties imposed

22 An Army of the People

upon officers or enlisted men of the volunteer
forces, would be met by the United States.

As these circulars gave to the individual
applicant all of the information necessary for
him in making his decision, so the blank form
or descriptive list furnished him by the Post-
master enabled him to give the military
authorities all of the personal information
necessary to enable them to enroll, clothe,
and equip him in the summer camps, and sub-
sequently in the National Volunteer Army.
The blank form was filled in and signed by the
applicant and attested by two taxpayers of
his neighborhood who vouched for the general
accuracy of the applicant's entries and also
for certain general information relative to
his character and history. In the case of a
minor applicant the signature of the consent-
ing parent or guardian was also entered.
The entire document was concluded with an
affirmation of obligation to serve the United
States in the event of any war which might
occur within three years, after the conclusion
of the summer camps.

The Great Enrollment 23

A special form was prepared for applicants
for service in the cavalry, field artillery, and
other branches of the mounted service.
Under the terms of the National Defense Act,
special inducements were offered to young
horsemen who were able to provide themselves
with horses suitable for cavalry or artillery.
In the case of such volunteers, the Govern-
ment engaged itself to transport their private
mounts to and from thecamps and maneuvers,
to purchase them at a stipulated valuation
in the event of war, and to pay to the owner
a cash allowance in commutation of forage
for the full period of his service. In short,
the Government called for mounted volun-
teers, and in turn it undertook the "keep"
of their horses. This provision was in full
harmony with the general objects of the
statute. It proposed to create a great army
of volunteers and to train them in peace. It
therefore proposed to take its cavalry and
other mounted soldiers from the great mass
of young men who are already natural horse-
men and who know the horse and how to care

24 An Army of the People

for him. For this purpose the postmaster
distributed a special circular giving the
specifications for cavalry and artillery horses
and applicants for the mounted service were
required to give certain additional in-
formation on their application blanks. In
connection with the provisions of the law
relating to the mounted services, it may be
said that the Government protected itself
from unnecessary expense and inconvenience
in rail transportation by declining to accept
cavalry recruits in any community unless
there were a sufficient number in the local
group to justify the shipment of its horses
in car-load lots. In order to meet this re-
quirement, it was necessary for candidates
for the mounted service to organize them-
selves into groups of at least ten men resid-
ing within one day's march of a common
shipping point.

The widespread interest aroused by the
President's proclamation has scarcely ever
been equalled by any event in time of peace.
From the day of its publication in the post

The Great Enrollment 25

office it was the main topic of conversation
in every village in the land. The great
problem of national defense, from being a
vague and intangible thing, was brought home
to every family. Many young men were
ready to file their application papers with the
postmaster at once, but in most cases they
were checked by the cautious restraint of
cool-headed fathers and mothers. There
was a burst of enthusiasm at first and then
a period of that careful deliberation which is
characteristic of our people in facing great
public issues. In each community men
gathered together and listened to the veter-
ans who, more than fifty years ago, had
enrolled for a great war and who had gone
to the front untrained, unorganized, and
unled.

The speech of one of these old soldiers
found its way into the papers and has been
preserved as characteristic of the period of
the first enrollment.

"Boys," said he, "you have asked me to
talk to you about this new volunteer law and

26 An Army of the People

to advise you about enlisting. When I first
:d about it, I didn't like it. It wasn't
:e the kind of enlisting we did here in this
village fifty-five years ago. I was twenty
years old then, and I enlisted. We were not
enlisting for a war that hadn't come yet.
We were enlisting for the war. It was already
here. We raised a company here in the
county and less than a third of them ever
came back again. Some of them were killed
in action. Some of them died of wounds.
Most of them died of preventable camp dis-
eases. Many of those who died might have
gone on fighting to the end if our officers had
known their business. I know because I
was an officer myself. The day we enlisted,
we elected the best fellow in our company as
our captain. He wasn't fit to post a corporal's
guard, but how could we know it then ? One
man in our ranks became a famous soldier.
He came out of the war a brigadier-general
of volunteers. But he marched away from
here in the rear rank and I was surprised
when they made him a corporal.

The Great Enrollment 27

"I hope to God we'll never have a war
again, and that you will never see it. If I
thought keeping out of this new volunteer
army would keep you out of war, I'd say
don't enlist. But it won't keep you out if
war comes. When the call comes you'll
volunteer as we did nearly sixty years ago.
The only question is whether you are going
green and unprepared as we went, or whether
you will go with some knowledge of disci-
pline and a soldier's business. I'm not argu-
ing that these Government camps will make
you veterans in one summer. They can't
do that. The best instructors from the
regular army can't do that, but they can
turn you from raw recruits into pretty good,
self-reliant soldiers. We had to get that
training and be shot at at the same time. It
was a good thing the fellows on the other
side were as raw as we were. That was the
only thing that saved us.

"But if you ever go to a war it will not be
the kind of a war that we went to. You can
put it down that if Uncle Sam ever goes to

28 An Army of the People

war again, it will not be to fight raw volun-
teers, but trained soldiers.

"But I won't advise you. This is to be a
volunteer army and each man must decide
for himself. But I will say this, that three
of my grandsons are going and I am glad of
it, and if their granddaddy wasn't a little
beyond the age limit he'd go himself."

For a time there was the same hesitation
to enter the new volunteers that has inter-
fered with the development of the organized
militia. Many young men seemed to have
the idea that the new force, like the militia,
was to be a sort of constabulary to be called
out to support the police power of the several
States in periods of local disorder. This bade
fair for a time to discourage enlistment, until
it became apparent from the terms of the
law that the new force could not be used for
that purpose. The statute expressly pre-
scribed that the national volunteers could
not be mobilized except when war was im-
minent or in other grave emergency spe-
cifically proclaimed by Congress. Disorders

The Great Enrollment 29

within the borders of a State were to be met
by such police or constabulary forces as each
State might, in its wisdom, provide. And if
any State should call upon the Federal Gov-
ernment for the aid authorized by the Con-
stitution, this aid was to be furnished from the
paid regular army. In short, the National
Volunteers were to be trained to defend the
country in war and could be used only for
war. In time of peace its members would be
lost in the body of the people, but on the
threat of war, each man would have his
appointed place in the great organized war
host of the nation, which would spring into
being and begin to move toward the point
of danger within twenty-four hours of the
first alarm.

But how many would enroll? As the first
of April approached, that question attracted
widespread interest not only throughout
the country but especially in the War De-
partment, where plans were being made for
the first summer camps. Must the Govern-
ment provide for fifty thousand volunteer

30 An Army of the People

students or a million? This question was
the subject of much interesting speculation
as the following quotation from one of our
popular weeklies will show.

"In the year 191 5 over nine hundred
thousand American boys entered their nine-
teenth year. In the same year there were
about nine million American young men
between the ages of eighteen and thirty. It
is to this host of potential citizen soldiery
that the National Defense Act extends its
invitation. At the first passage of the law
we were skeptical as to its prospects. We
feared that not enough would come to assure
the success of the new American Volunteer
System. But as the enrollment progresses,
as occasional unofficial returns slip in from
various communities, a fear of another kind
arises. Will the Government be able to
provide facilities for the education and train-
ing of so vast a school? If one young man
in nine should respond, we would have one
million recruits to train.

' l But while the movement is widely popular

The Great Enrollment 31

and a successful enrollment seems assured, a
careful analysis of population statistics tends
to justify a much lower estimate. The sys-
tem makes its largest appeal to the boy who
is just out of school and who is not yet bur-
dened with the cares of business or family
life. Most men of twenty-nine or thirty
years, though they are eligible under the new
law and though many of them will want to
enroll, will be restrained by other obligations.
We shall therefore probably find that the
enrollment will be a maximum for young men
of the minimum age of nineteen and that it
will fall off for each succeeding year of age,
at first gradually and then rapidly. Some
older men will enroll but they will be men
whose natural military tastes have been con-
firmed by prior military service and who
therefore enter the volunteer army as the
logical candidates for positions as officers and
non-commissioned officers. And this is as it
should be, for it is the young unmarried man
in the first vigor of adventurous youth who
should first stand ready for national defense."

32 An Army of the People

It was not until the tenth of April that
all of the applications were received and
classified by the War Department. It was
then found that the full enrollment for the
first summer's encampments were as follows :

Volunteers for Infantry 204,337

Volunteers for Cavalry 27,163

Volunteers for Field Artillery 34,364

Volunteers for Engineers 7,136
Volunteers for Signal Corps

(including aeroplane service) 6,723

Volunteers for Hospital Corps 15,573
Volunteers for Service Corps

(including automobile and motor-
truck service) 1 1 ,427

Total 306,723

In addition to the above enrollment for
the National Volunteer Field Army, there
were 27,023 applicants for enrollment in the
summer camps for Coast Artillery. Candi-
dates were enrolled according to their pref-
erence as to arm of service, tut, in order to

The Great Enrollment 33

assure a proper balance, the Government
reserved the right to transfer volunteers
from one arm to the other as special aptitude
should be demonstrated in the camps of
instruction.

3

V.

THE CALL FOR OFFICERS

The enrollment described in the preceding
chapter was the general enrollment for service
as enlisted men in the new volunteer army.
But as the National Defense Act was based
on the idea of utilizing all of the potential
military resources of the nation, it was neces-
sary to make special arrangements to meet
the requirements of those citizens who were
already more or less prepared for service
as commissioned officers. Under the terms
of the Act, such specially prepared citizens
were invited to attend the summer camps
of instruction with a view to qualifying
for commissions in the National Volun-
teers. This great and important body of
potential officer material was widely scat-
tered throughout the country and in-

34

The Call for Officers 35

eluded the following important special
classes:

1. Former officers of the regular army or
volunteers, now in civil life after honor-
able discharge from the service.

2. Graduates of West Point in civil life.

3. Officers of the Organized Militia, sub-
ject to the consent of their proper State
authorities.

4. Former officers of the Organized Mili-
tia.

5. Graduates of accredited military schools
and of universities and colleges having
military departments officially recognized
by the War Department.

6. Persons who have successfully passed
the examinations for qualification for
commission in the volunteer service as
heretofore provided by law.

7. Honorably discharged non-commis-
sioned officers of the regular army, sub-
ject to proper educational tests.

8. Honorably discharged enlisted men

36 An Army of the People

of the regular army who during their
military service had passed the pre-
scribed examination for commission.

9. Electrical, mechanical, and mining en-
gineers specially qualified for commis-
sion in the volunteer coast artillery,
signal corps, 'and engineers.

10. Physicians and surgeons desiring
commissioned service in the volunteer
medical corps:

It was provided in the Act that accepted
applicants from the above described classes
should be received at the first summer camps
as student officers of volunteers, and that
they should be available for duty as assist-
ant instructors and drill masters of enlisted
personnel, under the supervision of the
regular army officers in charge of the camps.

It was also provided that the body of stu-
dent officers in each camp should be formed
into a school of application for practical
training in the field duties of commissioned
officers. This school of application was to

The Call for Officers 37

be divided into appropriate classes depending
upon the provisional military rank of the
students and their respective arms of the
service. It was announced as prescribed by
the National Defense Act that, at the conclu-
sion of the first summer's camps the enlisted
men completing the course would be organ-
ized into the formal military units of the
National Volunteer Army, and that the
officers for these units would be appointed
by the President according to their qualifica-
tions as determined in the summer camps
and the schools of application. It was also
provided that in appointments in any grade,
qualified officers of the same grade in the
organized militia or of former volunteer
organizations should, so far as practicable,
be appointed to the same grade in the new
volunteer service, provided that such ap-
pointee should reside in the territorial limits
actually occupied by the enlisted men of his
command, and provided that such appoint-
ment in the case of militia officers should be
accepted with the formal consent of the State

38 An Army of the People

authorities. It was also provided that after
the appointment and assignment of the offi-
cers entitled to higher rank by virtue of prior
commissioned service, the remaining officers
of the National Volunteer force should be
selected from the remainder of the student
officers and the most proficient enlisted re-
cruits according to their qualifications as
determined in the summer camps and schools
of application.

The spirit of the law governing the appoint-
ment of National Volunteer officers was sim-
ply this : As in our past military history, the
highest military rank should be open to the
American Volunteer Officer, but no man
should be intrusted with the command of
American Volunteers unless he has prepared
himself for that responsibility in time of
peace. The law very properly recognized
the claims of officers who had already exer-
cised military command, and accepted them
as presumptively entitled to a similar rank
in the new force. But qualification to com-
mand a particular military unit is a question

The Call for Officers 39

of fact which can be determined as any other
question of fact. Whether an alleged major
of infantry is a major of infantry in fact, can
be determined with absolute precision. A
major of infantry in fact is an officer who
can command and lead a battalion of in-
fantry in the varied situations of the field ; a
man who is qualified to instruct, train, and
command the respect of all the officers and
men who compose a battalion of infantry.
Whether a man can handle a battalion of
infantry can therefore be determined just as
easily as whether he can ride a horse or run
a motor boat or an automobile, and in pre-
cisely the same way — that is, by letting him
try it in the presence of competent judges.
And so in the case of Major X. of the Kansas
Militia Infantry the law was just both to
the Major and to the higher military inter-
ests of the nation. It invited Major X. to
come and be tested as a Major of Infantry.
It did not propose to make this test offhand
and without time for practice and reason-
able preparation. It invited the Major to

40 An Army of the People

attend a summer military camp to be held on
the Port Riley Military Reservation. It
accepted him as a student officer with the
provisional rank of major given him by his
State. It gave him practice as an assistant
instructor in training the young Kansas
recruits assembled in the camp. It received
him into a field officer's school of application,
similar to the Field Officer's School provided
at Port Leavenworth for the training of field
officers of the regular army. It gave him prac-
tical exercises on map and ground through
which he was able to train his tactical judg-
ment and his capacity to make the decisions
and issue the field orders appropriate to his
rank. And at the end of the summer he was
given an opportunity to handle a battalion
of his arm at drill, on the march, in camp, and
in a series of typical combat situations. At
the end of this test the umpires knew, the
officers and men of the battalion knew, and
Major X. himself knew whether he was in
fact a major of infantry of sufficient skill,
training, and moral force to be intrusted with

The Call for Officers 41

the command of six hundred young Kansans
who were volunteering to risk their lives, if
need be, in defense of their country. If he
qualified in this test, it did not follow that
Major X. had mastered every element of the
military art. There was still a great field
for further endeavor before he could feel
himself fully qualified for the final test of
battle, but if he failed in this simple and ob-
vious peace test, it was conclusively shown
that he could not but fail in the more ex-
acting test of war. And so if he qualified
he was invited to enter the National Vol-
unteer Field Army as a major of infantry,
and if he failed he made way for some other
student officer who had been measured and
not found wanting. Thus the Govern-
ment recognized the Major's presumptive
claim to the command of a battalion of in-
fantry, but it balanced this claim against the
more imperative claim of the six hundred
young Americans in the battalion who had
a right to expect trained leadership in
war.

42 An Army of the People

The President's regulations, issued pur-
suant to provisions of the National Defense
Act, provided that, so far as practicable, each
tactical unit of the National Volunteers should
be officered by qualified officers residing
within the territorial limits actually contain-
ing the homes of the members of the force.
If, for example, one of the counties inhabited
by the members of an Illinois National Volun-
teer regiment should also be the home of a
colonel of the Illinois National Guard who
had qualified as a colonel of National Volun-
teers, then that colonel was the logical ap-
pointee as colonel of the regiment. But if
no qualified colonel resided in, or conveni-
ently near, the regimental district, the Presi-
dent was authorized by law to detail the
army officer acting as regimental inspector-
instructor on temporary duty as colonel,
until such time as the normal course of train-
ing of the regiment should develop a quali-
fied officer for that grade and responsibility.
The intent of the law was primarily to meet
the first requirement of military efficiency,

i->

The Call for Officers 43

that competent leaders must be provided
for all organized tactical units. But it
was the policy of the law, with certain ne-
cessary exceptions in time of peace, to open
the avenues of promotion freely to quali-
fied volunteer officers. The historical tra-
dition that the highest command must be
open to citizen soldiers of energy, ability,
and genius was carefully preserved. These
two necessary conditions were met by the
clauses permitting the appointment of
selected regular officers to command new-
ly organized units until, after a reasona-
ble period of training, competent leaders
should be developed within the organization
itself.

The enrollment of authorized student
officers for the first summer's camps and
school of application resulted as follows :

Former officers of the regular army or
volunteers 787

Graduates from West Point in civil
life 97

44 An Army of the People

Officers of the Organized Militia 3>427

Former officers of the Organized
Militia 3>423

Graduates of accredited military
schools 8,270

Persons qualified by law for volunteer
commissions 23

Honorably discharged non-commis-
sioned officers of the regular
army 943

Qualified enlisted candidates for com-
mission 37

Practical railroad men, candidates for
commission in the volunteer railway
corps 423

Physicians and surgeons, candidates
for commission in the volunteer
medical corps 2,243

Civil, electrical, and mining engineers,
candidates for commission in the
volunteer signal corps 423

Similar technical experts, candidates
for commission in the volunteer
coast artillery corps 847

The Call for Officers 45

Similar technical experts, candidates
for commission in the volunteer
engineers 627

Total 21,570

, 4

VI.

THE WAR DEPARTMENT AT WORK

The passage of the National Defense Act
placed an enormous responsibility upon the
War Department. In enacting the new law
Congress had already done its share. It
had created the legal powers necessary to
carry the new military policy into effect, and
had conferred these powers upon the execu-
tive branch of the Government. The success
of the National Volunteer System now de-
pended upon the success of the first summer's
encampments, and that must necessarily
depend upon the wisdom of the preparatory
measures adopted by the War Department.
The methods adopted for the first enroll-
ment of officers and enlisted men have already
been described. This enrollment alone in-
volved preliminary work of no small magni-

46

The War Department at Work 47

tude. It was necessary first to place the
fullest information in the hands of the young
men of the country and to receive back the
individual enrollment blanks and descriptive
lists in time to locate, organize, and equip the
instruction camps before the beginning of
summer.

THE CURRICULUM OF THE SUMMER SCHOOLS

While the enrollment was in progress, a board
of officers was detailed by the Secretary of
War to prepare standardized courses of in-
struction for the summer schools and to pre-
pare regulations for their government and
discipline. Fortunately it was recognized
that this was one of the most important
tasks ever assigned a body of American Army
Officers. It was not merely a military prob-
lem of far reaching importance. It was one
of the greatest educational enterprises ever
undertaken .

The Government had engaged to open a
school for more than three hundred thousand
young men on the first day of July. The

48 An Army of the People

success of this school and the future of the
American Volunteer System to a large extent
depended upon the wisdom of this board.
The problem was to prescribe the maximum
amount of practical military instruction that
is possible in a ninety-days course of training.
It must involve the drill of the several arms,
the practical arts of camping, marching, and
cooking in the field. It must involve in-
struction in personal hygiene and field sanita-
tion. It must involve practical training in
the care and use of the soldier's arms and
equipments. For the infantry and cavalry
it must include target practice and fire disci-
pline. For the infantry it must include further
practice in the control of collective rifle fire.
For the cavalry and field artillery it must
include the training and care of the horse as
well as the man, and for the field artillery it
must include target practice with field guns
of the modern quick-firing type. For all
arms it must include tactical and combat
exercises on varied ground, including recon-
naissance, security, and exercises in attack

The War Department at Work 49

and defense. All of these and much more
must be imparted to the troops within the
brief period of one summer, while special
courses in tactics, troop leading, and field ad-
ministration must be provided fortheofficers*
schools of application. In addition to these
courses for the combatant arms, similar
courses of instruction must also be provided
for the supply corps, the sanitary service,
and other non-combatants.

It was recognized that the limited time
available for instruction should be entirely
consumed in instruction, and that every
detail of organization and method should be
perfected and standardized before the recruits
were assembled. Definite schedules of work
must be provided for each arm of the service.
In order to cover the necessary field in the
limited time, there must be a progressive
program of strenuous and exacting work,
but through variety and the use of the most
practical methods it must be made interest-
ing to all young men possessing the true

soldier spirit. Nor were the requirements of

4

50 An Army of the People

amusement and recreation to be omitted in
this comprehensive educational program.
The volunteer recruit was to be given an
honest day's work each day. But after the
day's work he was to be given every facility
for athletics and open-air sports. This idea
was to receive special consideration in the
selection of camp sites in attractive regions
so that the nation's students could combine
their military duty with the benefits of a
summer's outing.

METHODS OF DISCIPLINE

It was apparent at once that the methods
of discipline appropriate for summer schools
for volunteers must be quite different from
those developed in the garrison life of the
regular army. There is a discipline of pro-
hibition and a discipline of strenuous occu-
pation. Where men are busy from morning
until night in useful and absorbing work, the
problem of discipline solves itself. Where
men must have many hours of idleness or

The War Department at Work 51

must find their employment in an oft repeated
routine of perfunctory drills, the psycho-
logical stimulus of progressive interest is
lacking both to officers and men. In the one
case discipline is inherent in the work and
grows with it, in the other case it does not
develop in the work but must be imposed
upon it. Officers of the regular army are
all familiar with the difference in the conduct
of men in the field and the conduct of the
same men in a monotonous garrison. When
the hike is on with something new and vital
to see and do, there is little business for the
court-martial. The proper discipline for
the national volunteers was therefore recog-
nized to be the natural discipline of active
strenuous field training. Given a body of
young men who volunteer to learn a useful
art, a corps of competent officers to lead them,
and a varied and absorbing course of instruc-
tion, no elaborate system of coercion or pun-
ishment is necessary. Discipline becomes
the necessary by-product of such a course.
It grows on the drill ground and on the

52 An Army of the People

march, in the striving for skill and in manly
pride in the daily test of endurance, and
above all in the true soldier's confidence in a
wise and capable leader.

Among a large number of volunteers some
misfits must be expected. In every camp
there would be some weaklings and milksops,
some dullards incapable of subordination,
some natural Ishmaelites who cannot keep
in step in any team. There would also be
some hopelessly vicious and perverted char-
acters. With these the camp authorities
would have no time to deal. Ninety days
is too short a time for developing either a
nursery or a reformatory. Prompt and
simple disciplinary measures must be pro-
vided, particularly to check first offenses, but,
as a general rule, "quitters" would simply
be allowed to quit and carry their record of
failure home with them. No young Ameri-
can who is worth the cost of training would
be willing to take a discharge like that.

Discharge without honor was thus accepted
as the sufficient basis of the system of punish-

%

The War Department at Work 53

ment. The corresponding principle of re-
ward lay in a just and sensible system of
promotion. For even the highest military
rank lay open to citizen soldiers of character
and ability. This was one of the underlying
principles of the National Defense Act,

THE SELECTION OF INSPECTOR-INSTRUCTORS
FROM THE REGULAR ARMY

While the curriculum board was dealing
with the courses of instruction and discipline,
another board of officers was engaged on the
equally important task of investigating the
qualifications of army officers for detail with
the new force of volunteers. In some respects
this task was of even greater practical im-
portance than the preparation of a sound
curriculum and system of discipline.

A goodfpolicy is of great importance, but
even the best policy must fail in the hands
of incompetent or unsympathetic agents.
It was therefore recognized that only officers
of the highest character, ability, and industry

54 An Army of the People

should be detailed for duty with the volun-
teers, and that details for any particular duty
with the volunteers should be restricted to
officers of recognized qualification and apti-
tude for that particular duty. It was appar-
ent that a corps of competent instructors
and staff officers could be found among
the officers of the army, but it was quite
obvious that all army officers were not adap-
ted for all of the numerous tasks to be per-
formed in the volunteer service.

The board of officers was therefore directed
to examine the efficiency records of all army
officers with special reference to their quali-
fications and aptitudes for volunteer service.
It was instructed, in the case of each officer,
to specify what duties, if any, he was qualified
to perform, and for each class of duties to
construct a list of officers certified to be eli-
gible and competent to perform those duties.
The labors of this board would thus result
in preparing eligibility lists to be used by the
President in the selection of the first corps
of officers and instructors for the new volun-

%

The War Department at Work 55

teer army. This task, though of great im-
portance, was not difficult when approached
by common-sense methods. For example,
it was known that the volunteers would re-
quire an inspector-instructor for each in-
fantry battalion. As a first step the board
found no difficulty in defining the qualifica-
tions necessary in such an officer. He must
be an expert in infantry drill and in modern
infantry tactics; he must be qualified to
instruct and lead each and all of the officers
and men comprising a war strength battalion
of infantry. He must possess the soldierly
character and moral qualities that would
enable him to lead through the power of
example. He must be qualified in every way
to command and lead a battalion of infantry
in peace or war. Having established a
measure of the task in this way, the board
of officers then prepared a list of officers certi-
fied by them to be qualified for the task. In
each list the names were arranged in the
order of army rank, with brief references to
their special qualifications in each case.

56 An Army of the People

Similar lists were prepared for inspector-
instructors of infantry regiments and brigades
and for corresponding details in the cavalry,
artillery, and all other branches of the service.

VII.

THE VOLUNTEER ARMY — GENERAL ORDERS

NO. I

On the tenth day of April, 1916, the first
year's enrollment was completed. It com-
prised the names of 333,746 recruits and
2 1 ,570 candidates for commission. By classi-
fication of the enrollment blanks these men
were easily grouped by arm of the service
and their geographical distribution was fully
revealed.

On May 1st the President, as Commander-
in-Chief, published General Orders No. 1, of
the National Volunteer Army. In this order,
as authorized in the National Defense Act,
he organized the new force into fifteen in-
fantry divisions, three cavalry divisions, and
a volunteer coast artillery corps of 216 com-
panies, provisionally organized for assign-

' 57

5* An Army of the People

ment of officers into six brigades of three
regiments each.

For each division of the field army he se-
lected a division commander and division
staff from specially qualified officers of the
regular army. He also detailed a regular
officer as inspector-instructor for each bat-
talion, squadron, regiment, and brigade of the
field army, and for each provisional battalion,
regiment, and brigade of the coast artillery.
Under the terms of the National Defense
Act the detail of this corps of army officers 1
to the volunteers created a corresponding
number of vacancies in the regular army.

The order also prescribed, as specified by
law, that inspector-instructors assigned to
volunteer organizations should command
such organizations during the first summer's
encampment and until competent volunteer
officers should qualify for command. After
the qualification and appointment of com-

* This detail comprised 801 inspector-instructors for
battalions and squadrons, 219 for regiments, and 75 for
brigades.

The Volunteer Army 59

manding officers from the volunteers, the
detailed inspector-instructors, under super-
vision of division commanders, were still to
be responsible for the peace administration
and inspection of their respective units, the
preservation and accountability of its prop-
erty and equipment, the perfection of mobi-
lization and concentration plans, and the
conduct of the winter correspondence schools
to be provided for the higher military training
of officers and non-commissioned officers.

This was in full harmony with the policy
of the Government to develop commanders
of volunteers from among the volunteers.
But it was recognized that there are certain
necessary functions of administration, prepa-
ration, and inspection that cannot be
performed with certainty by busy civilians
in time of peace. These duties were there-
fore assigned to the division commander,
assisted by his staff and the corps of inspector-
instructors assigned to his division. By
this arrangement precision of preparation,
mobilization, and concentration were assured,

60 An Army of the People

and the volunteer officer, being relieved from
the burden of routine peace administration
and property accountability was enabled to
devote all of his available time to preparation
for his more important duties as a troop
leader in war.

In addition to the corps of officers detailed
for duty with the volunteers, the order also
provided for the assignment of selected non-
commissioned officers to serve as assistants
for the inspector-instructors. The number
so assigned depended upon the arm of the
service and the requirements of each tactical
unit. In order to provide available non-
commissioned officers for this purpose, the
National Defense Act had authorized the
corresponding increase in the enlisted strength
of the army.

After publishing the organization of the vol-
unteer army, the territorial location of the sev-
eral divisions, and the assignment of the
necessary personnel from the regular army,
General Orders No. I concluded with the
general instructions of the Commander-in-

The Volunteer Army 61

Chief. These were based upon the principle
of decentralization. It was recognized that
the great policy of forming a national army
must necessarily break down under central-
ized control in the War Department. Each
division commander was therefore made the
responsible agent of the President and was
fully clothed by him with the necessary legal
powers. He was given the enrollment cards
of the officers and enlisted men of his com-
mand. He was provided with a corps of
competent assistants, he was allotted his
pro rata share of the funds appropriated by
Congress, and he was given the policy of the
Government as embodied in the regulations
for the training and discipline of American
volunteers. The further orders of the Presi-
dent maybe summed up in this brief phrase:
"General, there is your division, go and
organize it and train it."

VIII.

AMONG THE VOLUNTEERS — EXTRACTS FROM
LIEUTENANT BURR'S DIARY

A full description of the detailed organiza-
tion of the National Volunteer Army would
fill a volume. About eleven hundred instruc-
tor-inspectors were now busily engaged in
preparing for the summer camps. Each of
these officers had his peculiar problem, pecul-
iar to the requirements of his arm of the
service, and peculiar to the varying conditions
throughout the country. As an example of
the work done by these officers, we will quote
the following extracts from the diary of First
Lieutenant Milford Burr, 6th Cavalry, who
was detailed for duty as a Squadron Inspector-
Instructor in the Third Volunteer Cavalry
Division.

"May 2d. — Have just read the morning

62

Among the Volunteers 63

paper giving the organization of the new
Volunteer Army and see that I am detailed
as Squadron Inspector-Instructor with the
Third Volunteer Cavalry Division. It gives
me the Volunteer rank of Major of Cavalry
without increased pay.

"Have read the order again and find that
the Third Cavalry Division is scattered from
Texas to California. Some dispersion I
should say. Can we ever get them together?
I wonder where my squadron is.

11 May 3d. — Have just received telegraphic
orders to report to the Division Commander
at Fort Worth, Texas, without delay. Busy
packing up. Will take the San Antonio
express to-morrow morning.

"May 4th — En route. Have been reading
the new regulations for the volunteers and
find that I have my work cut out for me. I
suppose there are four hundred cowboys out
there in the desert somewhere waiting for me.

64 An Army of the People

I am to round them up and make four troops
of cavalry out of them in ninety days. I
concede that the squadron has a good major.
But where are the other officers? May be
General Blunt will tell me. I hope so.

"May 6th. — En route again. Got to Port
Worth at eight o'clock yesterday morning.
Reported to the Division Commander and
hit the road again at five in the afternoon.
I found that I had met General Blunt before.
He used to be one of my math, instructors at
West Point. He was a good instructor then
and he looks like a real general now. When
I reported, he shot off his orders right away:
' Glad to see you, Burr. You draw the First
Squadron, 32d Cavalry, Headquarters, Tuc-
son, Arizona. Here are the descriptive lists
of all your men. They are scattered along
the Southern Pacific from Deming to Tucson,
and along the El Paso and Southwestern
from Deming to Bisbee. You know the
country, don't you? Pact is, I know you

Among the Volunteers 65

do, because that's the reason you were given
that territory. The Division Adjutant will
give you your order and a copy of the regula-
tions governing the training of volunteer
cavalry. You'll find your work pretty well
doped out for you and your common sense will
do the rest. Two sergeants and three corpo-
rals from the 5th Cavalry will report to you
at Deming/

"I asked the General where the summer
camps would be. 'Don't know yet,' he
replied. 'We only got started here day
before yesterday. But you'll have orders
in plenty of time. You get the men ready
for camp and we'll do the rest. ' The General
picked up a pencil and glanced at a map that
lay on his desk. As I got up he said : ' Going ?
Well good-bye, Burr. I'll be down to see
you when you get your men rounded up. '

"At any rate I don't have to worry any
more because the Third Cavalry Division is
scattered from the Brazos to the Grand
Canyon. That is General Blunt's job and

mine is just the little slice of country south

5

*

66 An Army of the People

of the Gila. I'm glad that two sergeants and
three corporals are to report to me. That is
a little start toward having a squadron of
cavalry. We'll have to find the rest of them
out in the chapparal.

"May 7th. — En route. I have been look-
ing over the descriptive lists of my squadron
of mesquite dragoons. It's not so bad after
all. There are 414 recruits and they are
pretty well bunched in groups of fifteen or
more along the railroad. Many of them
live back in the country, but they are tied
together into railroad-station groups. There
are forty-seven recruits near one town alone
and only twenty-one groups altogether.
And then there's some trained material. I
was surprised at the statements of former
service. There are forty-four men with
honorable discharges from the army who
have settled down in the cattle country.
Ten of them were discharged as non-com-
missioned officers. There are thirty-six

Among the Volunteers 67

youngsters who have served in the militia.
Among the candidates for the officers' schools,
there are two veterans of the Spanish-Ameri-
can War and two have seen Philippine ser-
vice. There is a graduate from West Point
who resigned and went into the cattle busi-
ness, and here is a young mining engineer
who, after two years at West Point, graduated
from Cornell. There is one young lawyer
who graduated from the Virginia Military
Institute. Two cattlemen who graduated
from the University of Illinois state that
they had four years' military training at
college and one of them became a captain in
the university regiment. There are seven
other graduates of military schools. It
doesn't look like organizing this cavalry
squadron would be entirely a game of soli-
taire after all. Under the regulations, I find
that I am authorized to appoint provisional
officers and to assign them to troops. With
this power and after some personal knowledge
of these men I should be able to have a pro-
visional organization of the squadron before

%

68 An Army of the People

we go to the camp. When I first looked at
this proposition I thought I would have to
go out into the mesquite and yell for my
cavalry squadron, but already the outlines
of order begin to appear. Perhaps it is be-
cause men are naturally organizing animals
and are bound to organize rightly or wrongly
whenever we bring them together. If so,
it is only necessary to point out the right way.

"May 8th — Deming, New Mexico. — As
I got off the train yesterday I realized that I
was just entering my territory and decided
to make some inquiries about the volunteer
cavalry personnel in the neighborhood. But
I found the personnel waiting for me. Thirty-
three mounted men were lined up south of
the station to meet me. They were all well
mounted and their control of their spirited
horses, all more or less excited by the railroad
noises, was a pretty sight. As I walked
along the platform somebody recognized me,
for a tall cavalier in front of the center turned

Among the Volunteers 69

and roared a command, and I immediately
received one of the most unusual and signifi-
cant military salutes on record. At the
word of command each horseman drew a
yellow emblem from his hip pocket and stood
at 'Present/ with a copy of the 'Cavalry
Drill Regulations ' in front of his chin.

"As I returned the salute there was another
command which brought the yellow books
back to the hip pockets. Another command
and the little troop wheeled by fours and
moved in column down the street at a walk,
a moment later it broke into a trot for a
hundred yards or so, then wheeled about by
fours and returned, breaking from trot to
gallop as it passed the extemporized reviewing
stand. After going two hundred yards be-
yond me there was a shout and my cavalry
troop was gone. In a moment the street
was full of rollicking cowboys engaged in an
extemporized wild-west show. There were
all of the usual stunts, bucking ponies, vault-
ing horsemen, whirling lariats, and sombreros
picked from the ground. But while the scurry

70 An Army of the People

was at its height my tall troop commander
fired his pistol in the air and immediately his
horse men galloped toward him and re-formed
their line. Again he shouted his command
for a salute, and once more thirty-three
copies of the Cavalry Drill Regulations were
presented to the Inspector-Instructor of the
First Squadron, 32d U. S. Volunteer Cavalry.

"May 9th. — En route. When I first saw
the commanderof the Deming troop I thought
there was something familiar about him.
It turned out to be Jim Hurley, my room-
mate for two years at West Point. He was
one of the most popular men of my class and
undoubtedly the best horseman. He was
'found' in Analytical Geometry and Cal-
culus, and strange to say he has always
blamed old Blunt, our new Division Com-
mander, for his discomfiture After leaving
West Point he studied mining at Cornell,
and later became a prosperous mining engi-
neer and ore buyer with headquarters at

Among the Volunteers 7*

Deming. When the National Defense Act
was passed, he immediately became the prin-
cipal promoter of the volunteer movement
in Arizona and New Mexico. His business
interests carried him all over the region from
Yuma to Denver, and wherever he went he
talked to the local groups of young men and
developed the basis of military order by organ-
izing them, under the leadership of older men
of former military service. Hurley of course
enrolled for the Cavalry, and his principal
work lay in organizing the personnel that
was embodied later in the First Squadron of
the 32d Cavalry. But as a promoter he
worked in a wider field. He helped to pro-
mote the enrollment of the Second Squadron
of his regiment which lies grouped along
the Santa P6 line from Trinidad to Needles.
He and his ever increasing circle of assistants
developed the personnel of the I32d Volunteer
Infantry in the same territory. They also
got together three batteries of horse artillery,
one centered at El Paso, one at Tucson, and
one in the Phoenix region. He also encour-

72 An Army of the People

aged the enrollment of mountain ore freight-
ers as field army teamsters and thus laid
the foundation for the ammunition and sup-
ply columns of the First Volunteer Cavalry
Division. Wherever he went he found inter-
est, and his natural instinct for organization
molded interest in the direction of aptitude
and initial training. Under his guidance
miners and railroad men enrolled as sappers
and miners in the engineer service, and most
of the young doctors in the mining region
began collecting personnel for field hospitals
and ambulance companies. If there are
other men like Hurley in the rest of the
country, our volunteer army is sure to suc-
ceed. It seems that his celebration in my
honor at Deming was more or less spontane-
ous. When he heard of my assignment, he
wired Port Worth and found that I was
already well on the way. 'I had only time
to bring in the men from the neighborhood/
said he. 'If I had had time to call in the
boys from Cook's Peak and Silver City you'd
have seen all of Troop 'A' at the station.

Among the Volunteers 73

"I very frankly expressed to Hurley my
admiration for his work and predicted that
he would soon be in command of the squad-
ron, or, better, of the regiment. 'Time
enough for that,' he said. 'That isn't the
game that I am playing. The nation is
building up a great institution and I want to
help build it to last forever. I am working
as a citizen and not merely as a soldier. If
I thought of my own interest I'd buy ore
this summer and not bother with a summer
camp. This isn't merely a question of indi-
vidualism, it's a question of organization,
of standardizing. You're the Government's
standardizing agent down here. You have
one of the biggest jobs an American citizen
ever had to do. I am simply here to help,
not you, but the success of the job. You
are to use me where the job needs me most.
I'll serve wherever you put me, from troop
commander down to farrier sergeant. No,
I am not disinterested. I am playing a big
game and not a little one, and you'll see that
the stakes I play are worth having. 1

f »»

IX.

PREPARING FOR CAMP — LIEUTENANT BURR'S

DIARY CONTINUED

"Tucson, June ist. — Have just returned

from a visit to all of my stations. In some

cases all of the men of the local group rode

in from their outlying ranches and were there

at the railroad station to meet me. Generally,

however, the leader of the group would meet

me with the information I had previously

written for. In most cases I found him to be

an old soldier of the Army or the National

Guard. Sometimes he was a college man with

military-school experience. I always found

him to be inspired by Hurley's point of view.

Hurley's influence and imagination extended

over three States, while the local leader's

influence was generally restricted to the limits

of his own canyon or mountain prairie.

74

Preparing for Camp 75

"At Benson I met one Daniel Blane, a San
Pedro Valley farmer who rode in twenty-five
miles with his two sons and twelve other
boys of his neighborhood. He was an honor-
ably discharged first sergeant, about forty-
four years old. He had formerly served with
the cavalry at Fort Grant. ' Yes, ' said he, ' I'm
too old to come as a recruit, so I enrolled as
a student officer. The boys wanted to come,
and they wanted me to come with them, and
it didn't take much urging. I'll go through
the summer camp as a candidate for a com-
mission because I want the summer camp.
If I don't get the commission I'll go back
home just as happy. In the meantime I
remember enough of the cavalry business
to help break in recruits. I was going to
use these boys to help me dig a new irri-
gation ditch this summer, but we have de-
cided to put it off till fall. It won't hurt
the boys, and it won't hurt me, and it
won't hurt the ditch when we come to dig
it.'

76 An Army of the People

"Tucson, June ioth. — My office is open
and we are all busy. I have appointed my
five regular non-commissioned officers ' Mobi-
lization Sergeants' as provided in the new
law. After the summer's camp, one will go
to each troop center and one will remain with
me at squadron headquarters. For the
present I am keeping them with me. They
are all trained army clerks and I have them
busy with paper work. My requisitions for
clothing, ammunition, arms, accouterments,
horse equipments, tentage, kitchen and field
wagons are all in. When you realize that
the supply departments are receiving requi-
sitions from seven or eight hundred other
organizations more or less like mine, you see
there is a big job before them. But if they
can do it in war, they can do it in peace, and
everything indicates that every cup and
cartridge will be in the hands of the men
within three hours after they reach their
first camps. The organization of the first
squadron is so far advanced that I have de-
cided to issue the clothing and equipments

Preparing for Camp 77

before we take the train. The men are anx-
ious to leave home looking like soldiers.

"The work has been running smoothly be-
cause it was all standardized last winter in
Washington. Take requisitions, for example :
instead of having eight hundred battalion
inspector-instructors wasting gray matter
on the problem of equipment, each one of us
has his standard 'table of allowances and
model requisitions.' After a little study of
local requirements I can turn most of the
paper work over to my clerks. It is well too,
for I have been studying the courses of in-
struction for the Cavalry Summer Schools,
and I find that I must brush up everything
I ever knew in order to keep ahead of the
officers and men of the First Squadron. The
school work is also standardized and I am
making requisition now for books, manuals,
and maps.

"Tucson, June 15th. — I have completed
my squadron organization and tentative as-

78 An Army of the People

signment of provisional officers. My Squad-
ron Adjutant is Marshall, a young lawyer
here in Tucson, who graduated from the
Virginia Military Institute. My Squadron
Quartermaster, Williams, is also from Tucson.
He served in the Philippines as a youngster
and became a regimental quartermaster
sergeant. I have slated Hurley as Captain
of Troop 'A,' to be formed in the Deming
country. Davis, a ranchman and former
captain of the organized militia, is to have
his tryout as Captain of Troop 'B,' to be
formed at Lordsburg. Moseley, another
militia officer, is to be intrusted with the for-
mation of 'C Troop, from Bisbee and the
Sulphur Springs Valley. Finally my friend,
former first sergeant Daniel Blane, is to be
Captain of Troop 'D,' which lies scattered
from the San Pedro to Tucson. ... I have
also two extra captains and three extra lieu-
tenants from the organized militia, whom I
am attaching to troops for the Summer School
of Application and the autumn tryout.

Preparing for Camp 79

"My Battalion Sergeant-Ma jor is a well
educated youngster who served an enlist-
ment in the regular army, where he became
a regimental clerk. My first sergeants are all
old soldiers, and my sergeants have all had
some military training. In most cases I have
considered the recommendations of the local
leaders in selecting my corporals. They have
not had much training, but most of them are
fine intelligent youngsters, and of course all
of them are good horsemen and know the
horse.

"Tucson, June 16th. — The orders for the
summer camp have come. In order to give
the troops of the several arms a chance to
observe each other, several camps are to be
established within marching distance of each
other in northern New Mexico. The 44th
Infantry Brigade, with a battalion of the
29th Field Artillery, a field hospital, and
an ambulance company, is to come from the
Fifteenth Infantry Division. The Third

80 An Army of the People

Cavalry Division is to be represented by our
regiment of cavalry, the 2d Battalion of the
33d Field Artillery (Horse), a mounted engi-
neer company, and a field company and aero
detachment from the Signal Corps.

"Tucson, June 26th. — All arrangements
have been made for the start. Uniforms are
to be issued just before the entrainment.
The stock cars are to be picked up as the
trains approach Deming, where we take on
the rest of the baggage and consolidate the
squadron train. Everything is scheduled
to arrive at Albuquerque the morning of July
1st. I find that most of my officers know
the Field Service Regulations chapter on
'Railroad Transportation' better than I do.
The arrangements and train schedules have
all been made up by Colonel Wilson, the
newly appointed Railroad Quartermaster of
the Fifteenth Infantry Division. He is a
Colonel in our new Volunteer Army. In civil
life he is a division traffic manager on the

Preparing for Camp 81

Southern Pacific. This illustrates one of
the underlying principles of the new Volun-
teer Army. Technical experts in civil life
are selected for corresponding military
specialties.

1 ' June 30th. — En route. While we were at
Deming, one of Captain Biane's dragoon
mountain boys met some old or new friends
and came rolling back to the platform more
like a jovial cowboy than a model volunteer
soldier. The Captain sent for the offender.
When he came up defiantly in the custody of
the First Sergeant, the Captain looked at
him a moment and said : ' Sergeant Sullivan,
you can take off Private Riggs's belts and
uniform and let him wear that new, blue
fatigue suit of his. Then you can rig up a
guard house in the baggage car for Private
Riggs's benefit and keep him there.' I noticed
the beginning of a gesture of resentment on
Riggs's part. He looked about the crowded
platform but did not discover a sympathetic

82 An Army of the People

public opinion. He knew Captain Blane
and he knew Sergeant Sullivan.

"The next morning as we were en route
between Rincon and Albuquerque I hap-
pened to be in the ' D ' Troop car when Cap-
tain Blane sent for Private Riggs. As nearly
as I can recall them the Captain's remarks
were as follows: 'Riggs, this trip of ours is
not a booze party. The Summer School
Regulations of the Volunteer Army are
against it and "D" Troop is going to stick
to the Regulations. I explained that regula-
tion to all of you boys before we left Benson.
I am not going to take a drink until we get
home, because I am going to obey the law
up to the limit. Now I want you to under-
stand that I am Captain of this troop. You
have just begun soldiering, so you may not
know what the word ' ' Captain ' ' means. But
you do know what the word "Boss" means,
and you can put it down that the two words
mean just the same thing. Now while I am
the Boss of this troop, no man stays on this
job who does not obey orders. If you don't

Preparing for Camp 83

like the job, you can ask for your time and
go home. What do you think about it ? '

" 'I don't want to go home,' said Riggs.
'If you will give me another chance, I'll
stick.' ,

" 'Sergeant Sullivan,' said the Captain,
'you can release Private Riggs from arrest. ' "

X.

THE VOLUNTEERS IN CAMP — FURTHER EX-
TRACTS FROM LIEUTENANT BURR'S

DIARY

"Camp Kit Carson, July ist. — We are in
camp after a strenuous day. We arrived at
the camp siding at eight o'clock this morning.
The horses were on their picket lines by ten
o'clock and by eleven the baggage was un-
loaded. At noon we marched into a per-
manent camp of conical tents prepared by
the regular cavalry detachment from El Paso.
The regulars came up to give us a welcome
and a good start in a model camp, but they
leave us this evening at six o'clock and from
now on we will be on our own resources. I
have just assembled the troop commanders
to give them the list of camp calls and some

necessary sanitary orders. The men are

84

The Volunteers in Camp 85

busy getting their tents in order. I can hear
Sergeant Sullivan now telling the men of his
troop how they used to do it in the old Third
Cavalry. I will inspect them after stables.
Reveille to-morrow morning at five o'clock.
The summer's course of instruction opens
at half past six with 'Military Calisthenics
and the School of the Soldier.' The first
week the men are to work only six hours a
day including stables. The Officers' School
begins to-morrow afternoon with the first
quiz on Cavalry Drill Regulations and a
lecture on camp sanitation.

"Camp Kit Carson, July 10th. — General
Blunt has been here to inspect the progress
of the cavalry recruits. After retreat last
night he assembled the inspector-instructors
and gave us his views of the summer's pro-
gress.

" ' Three months, ' said he, 'is a short time
for training a squadron of cavalry. But you
have the finest natural cavalry material in

86 An Army of the People

the world, and if you can teach these western
horsemen as fast as they can learn you will
do great things by autumn. The best practi-
cal rule for cavalry training that I know is
not found in the military text-books at
all. I got it from the Book of Common
Prayer.

" ' It is simply this : ' ' Do those things that
you ought to do, and leave undone the things
that you ought not to do. " If you neglect
that rule there will be no health in you,
spiritual, tactical, or any other kind.

" ' So teach these cowboys the plain cavalry
business and don't teach them cavalry fads.
Teach them to march and scout and fight.
I'll excuse you from polo games and horse-
show stunts until some other summer. You
will not have time to polish them up as Cos-
sacks or Uhlans or Household lancers and
curassiers, but you can go a long way toward
making the plain "made in America" brand
that Ashby developed under Stonewall Jack-
son ; the homespun, serviceable fighting horse-
men that rediscovered the Napoleonic cavalry

The Volunteers in Camp 87

rdle under Stuart and Forrest and Sheridan
and Wilson/

"Camp Kit Carson, July 20th. — As I sat
by the camp fire last night the Corporal of
the Guard was inspecting a sentinel within
earshot of my tent. The sentinel was ap-
patently not precise in some parts of his
guard catechism and the Corporal's criti-
cisms and corrections were delivered in such
a rich and forceful Irish brogue that I
moved toward them under the shadow of
my tent.

" 'I asked ye for all of your gineral orders
and not for a racy synopsis of them,' said
the Corporal. 'The night's young and I'm
not very busy so just repate them agin. '

"The sentinel repeated them again and
several times again until the Corporal's
passion for thoroughness was satisfied. As
the Corporal finally moved away and the
sentinel resumed his beat, I was able to rec-
ognize them. Private Burton, a good-look-

88 An Army of the People

ing youngster of nineteen, is the son of one
of the richest cattlemen in Arizona. Cor-
poral Casey's father is a range foreman on the
Burton ranch.

"I record this little scene because it is so
typical of the democracy of this camp. Bur-
ton scarcely knew Casey when they came
down here. But they rode boot to boot at
the first drills and I notice lately that they
always ride together when they go on pass.
If you should meet them on the prairie you
would not know the rich man from the poor
man There is a little yellow stripe on the
Corporal's arm that marks him as one who is
being tried as a leader of other men. He is
proud to wear it, and Burton respects it.
Otherwise they wear the same khaki uniform
and both have learned to mend it and keep it
neat and clean and to wear it like soldiers.
They sleep on the same blankets, eat the
same daily ration, and do the same daily
grist of work. They have precisely the same
financial status here, for Casey does not need
any money and Burton could not use it if he

The Volunteers in Camp 89

had it. They are both at the charge of their
even-handed Uncle Sam.

"Camp Kit Carson, July 31st.— July, 1916,
has been the most strenuous month of my
life. If anything it was busier than Plebe
Camp at West Point. We are well along
though in school of the troop. The men are
beginning to have the set-up of the soldier,
and each troop is well grounded in drill. Of
course it was only possible because the men
were horsemen to begin with and the officers
had enoughinitial training toact as instructors
from the start. Every morning we had drills
and practical training in the care of arms,
equipment, and clothing. Each morning's
work was scheduled in advance so that the
officers and non-commissioned officers could
prepare for their duties as instructors. In the
afternoons we had the officers' schools, with
gallery practice and other preliminary target
work for the men. There was plenty to do
apparently and yet there was energy enough

90 An Army of the People

left to organize a baseball league in the squad-
ron with a team in each troop and a rattling
game every evening after stables.

"It is a great college of the open air, and
I find my job as College President a very
busy one. But it is only a college after all.
For scattered around our camps are other
colleges of infantry, field artillery, and the
auxiliary services, all bound together in a
great summer university of National Service.

"But we have had some losses in personnel.
Some of the men have found soldiering too
hard, just as they will find everything too
hard that requires strenuous effort. They
have gone home. Many more wanted to
go home at first, but were ashamed to be
quitters in the eyes of old comrades. Now
they have got the pace and are glad they
stayed. Some of our student officers have
left us. It is a hard grind for anybody but a
true soldier, and no other should hold a com-
mission. Those who expected the glitter

The Volunteers in Camp 91

and fuss of a prolonged militia camp, half
parade and half spree, have learned that wear-
ing a uniform is not all of an officer's business.
I recognized some of this type when we
started, but their elimination has been
prompt and automatic. To test them as
officers, it is only necessary to give them an
officer's job and make them do it up to the
handle every day. Even the cleverest four-
flushers can't play that game long. In a
little while they tender their resignations on
account of the pressure of private business,
and their resignations are always accepted.
For every such vacancy I have a dozen
understudies who are ready to fill it.

"But these are not the only losses. Poor
old Timpkins of my old regiment has been
relieved from duty as the regular Inspector-
Instructor of the 2d Squadron. He is a good
garrison officer but he doesn't fit into this
Volunteer Educational scheme. There was
friction from the first in his squadron. He
could not see that discipline was only a means
to an end, and that where leading is sufficient

92 An Army of the People

and men are eager to follow, it isn't necessary
to browbeat and drive. General Blunt saw
the unsatisfactory situation in the 2d Squad-
ron at his first inspection and fortunately
had full power to correct it. He relieved
Timpkins at once and gave him an adminis-
trative job on the Quartermaster staff of the
Division. He is sure to make good there
for he is able and energetic, but he was a
square plug in a round hole when it came to
teaching volunteers.

"Most of the selections of regular officers
as volunteer instructors have been satis-
factory. But some army officers fail to get
into the game. The volunteers are eager
and willing but they are typical intelligent
young Americans and want 'to be shown/
This is no place for the pompous martinet who
thinks he can dogmatize because he is a profes-
sional soldier. In his good-bye conference,
General Blunt gave us some plain talk on
this subject. He said: 'You must get over
the narrow point of view of the old army.
Remember that military education is one

The Volunteers in Camp 93

thing and professional training is another.
Most of you young gentlemen have been
educated to death, but your professional
practice is just beginning. Graduation from
West Point no more qualifies you for high
command, than graduation from the Harvard
Law School would qualify you for the Su-
preme Bench. Each school is simply a fav-
ored gateway into a great profession. But
the gateway brings you only to the threshold.
And remember that there are humbler gate-
ways into both professions. Lincoln never
went to a law school at all. He borrowed
his Blackstone and conned it by a tallow dip.
Forrest misspelled the simplest words in his
tactical messages, but he is a professional
model for all of us as American cavalrymen.
So go about your duties here with humility.
Remember that Cromwell was a country gen-
tleman like some of your student officers, and
that he never thought of the profession of
arms until he was forty years old. And yet
he founded and led the most irresistible
cavalry the world has ever seen. Indeed we

94 An Army of the People

will miss the real spirit of the American Volun-
teer System if we imagine that we are sent
here to advance our personal military am-
bitions. We are founding a great National
Institution. There is latent military genius
among the young men of these camps. It is
for us to find it and prepare it and make it
available for the nation. '

"Camp in the Mountains, August 3d. — It
is certainly a relief to be up here in the hills
after last month's grind. The men took the
hardships of the practice march as a frolic.
They had their first bivouac in shelter tents
last night, and as a result of their formal drills
in tent pitching they went into camp like
veterans. The end of the second day's
march brought us to this valley among the
pines. I am authorized to stay here three
days and give the squadron an outing. After
performing their necessary camp and stable
duties, the men will be free to fish and swim
and to ride over the foothills. I am even

The Volunteers in Camp 95

granting hunting leaves and some of the
younger officers are taking their platoons on
long hikes toward the higher mountains.
The only condition is that they must march
like bodies of cavalry and bring back a
reconnaissance map and report of the trip.

"On the way up I limited the instruction
to the duties of the march. Officers and
non-commissioned officers had already been
grounded in that part of the Field Service
Regulations and I exacted the most rigid
march discipline. My men could ride, but
they had still to learn the practical art of
marching. On the way down we will make
three marches instead of two and, without
relaxing the march discipline, we will begin
our practice in advance cavalry reconnais-
sance.

' ' Camp Kit Carson, A ugust 23d. — My four
troops are on the target range finishing their
record practice. To most of the men this
is the most interesting part of the season.

96 An Army of the People

Shooting is good sport in itself and the ele-
ment of competition ^dds a double zest.
But in the target work I have encountered
the first serious opposition to my will as a
commander. I scheduled range practice for
eight hours a day and immediately found
active, organized dissent all along the line.
From Captain Hurley of Troop 'A' down to
Musician Raff erty of Troop ' D, ' officers and
men insist that shooting should begin with
the first clear light of dawn and last until the
targets disappear in the evening twilight.
It may have been weakness to change my
mind, but I yielded to the spirit of protest.
We literally shoot all day and snatch odd
moments for eating, grooming, and policing
camp. I am afraid that there is even a
gambling spirit growing. I have been un-
officially informed that every troop is betting
that it will beat every other troop, that every
platoon is betting that it will beat every
other platoon, and that every corporal is
betting that he will qualify more marksmen
than any other corporal. The baseball

The Volunteers in Camp 97

games scheduled for the rest of the month
have been cancelled.

"Camp Kit Carson, August 28th. — The
troops of my squadron are to have their field
firing tests next week, so I rode down to see
the infantry work this morning. In these
days when battle targets are generally in-
visible, individual marksmanship is only a
minor factor in the fire fight. The fire of
organized masses of men must be controlled
by their officers and delivered so as to sweep
areas of the opposing front. This imposes an
immense task on the infantry officer, prob-
ably the most important and the most diffi-
cult thing in the whole range of practical
military art. It involves fire discipline for
the squad, fire control for the platoons, and
fire direction and adjustment for the com-
panies and battalion. A perfect organiza-
tion is necessary and one so simple that it
will not break down in the moral stress of
the battle. We have the same problem in

98 An Army of the People

our cavalry for it will be our chief business
to dismount and fight on foot, but we have
other duties and cannot specialize in this
as the infantry must. On the field range
to-day, I saw the proficiency test of a com-
pany of the I32d Volunteer Infantry. The
company was aligned behind a low ridge.
The umpire peeping over the crest told the
captain that somewhere on the crest nearly
a mile away there was reported to be a hostile
trench hidden among the mesquite bushes.
I searched the ground with my field glasses
as the captain did. After a time I saw a
silhouette khaki target dimly outlining a
man lying down between the mesquite
bushes. Presently I saw another and then
another vaguely outlining a front of perhaps
a hundred yards. The other targets, if any,
were concealed in the brush. The captain's
problem was to determine the range and
divide that invisible target into sectors for
his platoons so that all of their fire should be
distributed over it. He must overcome the
psychological tendency for individual marks-

The Volunteers in Camp 99

men to concentrate their fire on one or two
conspicuous points. To gain fire superiority
he must deliver a sudden and effective burst
over that entire line and he must make his
arrangements so that neither he nor his men
should be exposed to view until all of their
rifles should crash out into action.

"The captain, peering over the crest with
his field glasses, summoned his lieutenants
and platoon sergeants. They, as they crawled
to a place beside him, directed their field
glasses toward the indicated line and after
finding it each received a part of the whole
target as the special target of his platoon.
Each platoon leader then in the same way
led his squad leaders to the crest and each
squad leader received the slice of the target
for his seven men. It was to be surprise fire
and there was time for this deliberation. In
the meantime the five best trained estimators
in the company were each estimating the
range to be averaged by the captain as the
initial range for the company team. Then
and not till then did the company advance.

ioo An Army of the People

At the signal each private soldier crawled
noiselessly to his position on the crest as
marked by the line of corporals and soon
each man had his objective and his sight
setting inspected. As his squad was inspected
and found ready each corporal signalled his
platoon chief, and each platoon chief likewise
signalled his readiness to the captain.

1 ' Not till all were ready, did the captain give
the signal, and then at a blast from his whistle
the whole line flashed forth in a rapid burst
of fire that spattered the sandy neighborhood
of the vague target from flank to flank. The
distribution seemed perfect but too many
spurts of dust fell short of the target. So
with a shrill whistle to attract attention and
one finger pointed up, the captain signalled
a hundred-yard increase of range first to one
platoon and then to the other. The message
was quickly flashed from platoon leader to
the expectant corporals, and in an instant
the center line of the puffs of dust crawled
closer toward the target. This is one of the
simplest exercises in modern field firing, but

The Volunteers in Camp 101

it illustrates the difficulties of the modern
infantry problem. For perfection in this
work the summer camps are all too short,
but fortunately it is the peculiar work of
officers and non-commissioned officers and
therefore we can do much to develop it in
the winter correspondence schools.

"Camp Kit Carson, September 4th. — As we
came in from a tactical march this morning,
we passed over Brown Mesa and I halted the
squadron where we could overlook the camps
of the other troops down in the valley. It
was a splendid picture. On the plain be-
neath us we could see the 44th Infantry
Brigade marching in review. Of course
nothing in the Volunteer Army can touch my
squadron, but as I saw those solid lines of
men moving along like some mighty machine,
I realized that the 'dough boys' have been
working too. Behind a low hill to the left
I saw the guns of the light artillery battalion
booming away at target practice, while on

102 An Army of the People

the right we could see the long column of the
horse artillery moving at a trot along the
winding road by the river. At the far river
bend the engineers were just finishing a pon-
toon bridge, and the ambulance company and
the field hospital stood halted at the bridge
head, apparently waiting to cross. From the
foothills beyond the valley heliograph signals
were flashing, and on the mesa beside us a
field wireless station was clattering a message
to some partner buried in the hills. To cap it
all, just as we resumed the march the two vol-
unteer biplanes of the Third Cavalry Division
came roaring over us, to startle our horses
and break our march column for an instant.

"Camp Kit Carson, September 8th — We
have finished our course in the School of the
Regiment and are preparing for the man-
euvers which will terminate this summer's
camps. The maneuver this year is to be the
march of our force of all arms, under the com-
mand of Brigadier-General Gideon Buckles,

The Volunteers in Camp 103

U. S. Volunteers, the Inspector-Instructor of
the 44th Infantry Brigade. The War Depart-
ment has very wisely limited us this year to
the three weeks' tactical march of a force of
all arms with one-sided maneuvers in de-
ployments for attack and defense and practi-
cal outpost and advance guard problems.
We have made fine progress this summer,
better than anybody expected, but each arm
has been working up its own specialty and
we are not developed far enough yet for com-
bined maneuvers. We are therefore to have
two weeks of the drill of a reinforced brigade
on varied ground and under a progressive
tactical situation in which the enemy will be
imaginary. It will test our skill in marching
and camping, and lay the foundations for
three weeks of tactical maneuvers next
year. During the winter the officers' cor-
respondence schools will include tactical
problems under the applicatory system, with
the view of preparing all officers for regular
two-sided maneuvers.

104 An Army of the People

"September 29th. — En route, The great
march is over and we are entrained for the
homeward journey. The field tests for pro-
visional officers were made by the inspector-
instructors under General Buckles during the
march. Captain Hurley and Captain Blane
both qualified as volunteer Majors of Cavalry
so I presume that my immediate command of
the First Squadron will soon terminate. I
would like to feel that I could lead these men
if we should be suddenly called in the field,
but under the Volunteer Army Regulations
there is plenty of work for me to do. I must
still supervise the Government's scheme of
military education within the squadron and
I will be busy all winter with the correspond-
ence schools for officers and non-commis-
sioned officers. I must check up the arms
and equipments of the squadron and restore
them to perfect condition for a sudden call
to arms. I must perfect the mobilization
plans of my squadron and devise means of
communication with every man so that we
can form for the front on twenty-four hours'

The Volunteers in Camp 105

notice. I must prepare for the mobilization
of horses as well as men and am responsible
for the proper disbursement of the annual
forage allowance. I must prepare car sched-
ules and arrange with the railway people for
any sudden concentration by rail. Next
spring the new year's enrollment for recruits
will be under my charge, and in addition I
must keep up my general professional studies
in order to prepare for next summer's camps
and the first great maneuver season next
autumn. We have done well this year for
beginners. Next year we mean to do still
better.

"September 30th. — En route, Before I left
Deming this morning I congratulated Hurley
on his pending promotion. 'Not yet,' he
said; 'I am on the records as eligible, but I
have declined the nomination. So has Blane.
Maybe I'll change my mind some day and
decide to be a major or perhaps even a briga-
dier-general. But I have decided to go to

106 An Army of the People

your school as a captain this winter anyway.
If we have a war this year we're going under
you. After we pump you dry, perhaps
Blane or I will take your job. 1 No, this
isn't generosity to you nor disinterestedness
either. It's simply a square deal to the Gov-
ernment, to the American Volunteer System,
and the men of the squadron. In the mean-
time I'm going to take off my uniform and
get right down to the ore-buying business.'

"Tucson, October 2d. — A week ago to-day
I was marching at the head of a war strength

1 The Volunteer Army Register for 192 1 carries James
Hurley as a Colonel of Cavalry, Major Daniel Blane com-
mands the First Squadron of Colonel Hurley's Regiment.

Captain Milford Burr of the regular army is borne on
the Volunteer Army Eligibility Lists as follows: "Squad-
ron Inspector-Instructor, July I, 1916. Assigned as
Regimental Inspector-Instructor, Jan. 1, 191 7. Qualified
as Brigade Inspector-Instructor of Cavalry, Sept. 15, 191 7.
Qualified for the General Staff with Troops, Sept. 15,
19 1 8. Especially recommended as General Staff Officer
with Cavalry Divisions or higher commands."

Captain Burr completed his tour of duty with the Volun-
teer Army, June 30, 1920. He is now serving a tour of
foreign service with the Panama Canal Zone Division of
the regular army. — Editor.

The Volunteers in Camp 107

cavalry squadron fully armed and in the
military service of the United States. To-
day as I sit in my office comparing property
returns with my mobilization sergeants, I
realize that only we six remain on that
squadron's active list. Officers and men
are back at work on their ranches and farms.
"As I look from my window toward the
railroad siding I see Captain Daniel Blane
and his two sons in overalls and straw hats
unloading a carload of contractors' plows
and scrapers. Corporal Samuel Riggs,
booted and spurred and covered with a wide
Mexican sombrero, has just dismounted from
his pinto cow pony and is lending the captain
a hand."

XI.

THE RESULTS OF THE FIRST SUMMER — SOME

SECRETS OF SUCCESS

Lieutenant Burr's diary has given us a
picture of the first year's work of the new
cavalry volunteers in a remote region of the
continent. But a similar work was going
on for every arm and in every part of the
country. Lieutenant Burr was but one of
eleven hundred inspector-instructors who,
under the supervision of the Division Com-
manders, formed the first faculty of the
National Military Schools. On September
30, 191 6, this great National University cele-
brated its first "Commencement Day." On
that day a completely organized volunteer
field army of over three hundred thousand
men was arrayed under arms beneath the

national colors. On the same day a volun-

108

Results of the First Summer 109

teer coast artillery corps of some twenty-
seven thousand men stood at the guns of our
seacoast forts and completed its first year's
target practice. On October 1st this mighty
force had disappeared. The citizen soldier
had returned to industrial and business life.
Nothing remained of the organized volunteer
army save a small corps of professional mili-
tary experts who were necessary to maintain
its system of training and organization, and
to keep it ready for mobilization.

THE EDUCATIONAL IDEAL

The success of the first year's work was
the natural result of adherence to certain
fundamental principles of organization. In
the first place the War Department clearly
recognized the mission of the summer schools
and the volunteer army to be primarily
educational. It was to be a great school of
public service for the whole people. Having
accepted the supremacy of the educational
mission, all details of administration were
subordinated to it and all methods of instruc-

no An Army of the People

tion and discipline were standardized for the
whole force and for each arm of the service
before the summer work began.

Having established the curriculum for
the summer's university, the War Depart-
ment then selected its instructors from the
regular army on the basis of positive educa-
tional qualification to instruct in one or
more of these standardized courses. No
army officer was eligible unless his record
showed affirmatively his qualification to
teach American volunteers both by precept
and example. And no officer was assigned
to teach in any one of the standardized courses
unless he was specially qualified for that
particular course. Other things being equal,
qualified officers were assigned on the basis
of army seniority, but seniority was not per-
mitted to justify the assignment of any officer
to any task for which he was not specially
qualified. This rule worked an apparent
hardship at first, for in many cases army
efficiency records are negative in character,
and the routine of a garrison army furnishes

Results of the First Summer 1 1 1

little basis for determining real professional
efficiency. For this reason some most com-
petent officers complained that they were
unjustly excluded from certain of the more
important eligibility lists. To these the
War Department replied: "It will be the
policy of the Government to give you an
opportunity to qualify for any task in the
training service of the volunteer army.
Establish your qualification and you will be
assigned accordingly." One officer who was
assigned as a Battalion Inspector-Instructor
of Infantry considered himself slighted be-
cause he was not intrusted with the instruc-
tion of an infantry regiment as were several
of his brother officers of junior grade. But
being a man of good sense and real professional
ability, he accepted his school of the battalion
and conducted it with such conspicuous
success that on the first readjustment he was
intrusted with an infantry brigade.

There was a tendency at first among cer-
tain ambitious army officers to seek desirable
volunteer assignments through political in-

ii2 An Army of the People

trigue. In this they were apparently justi-
fied by many precedents in our past history.
But conditions had changed. A great and
earnest public sentiment had espoused the
cause of the new volunteer army, and the
President's sensible efforts in behalf of
efficiency were supported by an alert and
sympathetic public opinion.

DECENTRALIZATION — THE DIVISION COMMANDER

The successful administration and super-
vision of the widely scattered volunteer or-
ganization were assured by the system of
decentralization authorized by the National
Defense Act. In selecting the ablest officers
of the regular army as division commanders
of volunteers and in making these the respon-
sible legatees of his military authority, the
constitutional Commander-in-Chief estab-
lished the new volunteer army on the basis
of assured success.

The national military doctrine and the
national war plans, as prepared in the
General Staff and approved by the Secretary

Results of the First Summer 113

of Wax and the President, thus passed di-
rectly to the division commander and from
him through the inspector-instructors to
every officer and man in the force. The
division commander was at once the com-
mander, the supervising instructor, the in-
spector, and the administrative head of the
team of all arms assigned to his control. He
was responsible to the President for its peace
training and its immediate preparedness for
war. As the whole system of administration,
training, and mobilization rested upon these
officers, their appointment in time of peace
was restricted by law to selection from the
professional soldiers of the regular army.

The sound military basis for this restric-
tion lies in the peculiar function of the divi-
sion as the fundamental army unit in which
the several arms are combined as a co-ordi-
nated fighting team. The division is a little
army complete in itself in which the infantry
is trained to use the support of cavalry, artil-
lery, engineers, and other auxiliaries, and in
which the special arms are trained to support

8

1 14 An Army of the People

the efforts of the great primary arm. A
single division is therefore a little army and
a large army is simply an aggregation of di-
visions. A leader or instructor of a division
must therefore be more than a one-arm expert,
he must be familiar with the interplay of all
the components of the modern fighting team.

On the other hand, companies, troops, and
batteries; battalions, squadrons, regiments,
and brigades, are homogeneous units, and
therefore the duties of captains, majors,
colonels, and brigadier-generals of the same
arm differ only in magnitude and not in kind.
The citizen soldier who can become a good
captain has only to keep on growing in order
to become a good colonel or brigadier-general.
But while a busy volunteer officer from civil
life might expect to become a good regimental
or brigade commander, it was quite another
thing to expect him to become an expert in
the combined tactics of all arms.

It was therefore the policy of the Govern-
ment under the National Defense Act to
select the commanders of divisions and higher

Results of the First Summer 115

military units from the best professional
talent in the regular army. This was the
guiding rule for the educational and adminis-
trative system in time of peace and during
the first strategic deployment for war. In
time of peace, therefore, the citizen soldier
could not rise above the grade of brigadier-
general, but in actual war every avenue to
promotion lay open before him and he was
free to rise as high as his military genius and
success might carry him. Thus in the Ameri-
can Volunteer Army as in the old Republican
Army of France, every recruit was encouraged
to feel that he carried a Field Marshal's
baton in his knapsack.

THE CLASSIFICATION OF RECRUITS — APTITUDE

AND TRAINING

Another fundamental principle of scien-
tific organization was applied in the assign-
ment of recruits and student officers to the
several arms of the service. Branches of
the volunteer service having special technical
duties were recruited from those men who

n6 An Army of the People

perform corresponding technical duties in
civil life.

We have seen how the cavalry and other
branches of the mounted service were re-
cruited from men who are already practical
horsemen. To make a cavalryman out of
a practical horseman it is only necessary to
teach him the military applications of an
art he already knows. It is true that modern
military science makes all other sciences
auxiliary to it and that the service of the
modern army requires a great variety of
technical experts to back the efforts of the
plain fighting man. But under a scientific
system of organization, the technical expert
is the easiest recruit to find and the quickest
to train for war. It is true that he requires
an elaborate training, but he has already
received the bulk of that training in civil life.

The man who runs an electric motor in a
modern machine shop can soon learn to oper-
ate the most elaborate ammunition hoist.
The machinist who can operate and repair a
power crane in the locomotive works will

■\

Results of the First Summer 117

soon master the mechanism of a disappearing
gun. The trained expert who can use loga-
rithms and work a slide rule will find no mys-
tery in the precise readings of a coast artillery
plotting board. The engineer who directs
the electric current in a city lighting plant
will find nothing startling in the fortress
power room or the mining casemate. For
every task in the harbor forts of New York
Harbor, there are scores of skilled artisans
in the neighboring city who are already ninety
per cent, trained to man it in war. These
potential fortress soldiers are already living,
working, and sleeping within two or three
hours of their logical war positions. And so
throughout the military service. The sur-
geon in civil life practices the same profession
as the army surgeon under slightly different
conditions. The trained hospital corps that
treats the wounded in a railroad wreck or an
industrial accident is all but ready for the
wounded on the battlefield. The doctor who
makes the sanitary survey of a modern city
can soon prepare himself for the sanitary

n8 An Army of the People

service of a modern camp. The drug clerk
in the corner drug store is compounding
the same pills as the hospital sergeant is
compounding in the dispensary tent. The
chauffeur of the auto-ambulance in the city
is almost ready for the military evacuation
service. Every young man who drives an
automobile for pleasure or business in civil
life, can do the same thing for the auto-
machine gun, the ammunition column, or the
reconnaissance officer of the General Staff.
And the young man who rides his aeroplane
for sport needs little more than a formal en-
rollment to place him in the aero-corps in war.
The country is full of technical experts
for every branch of the military service. To
utilize them in war it is only necessary to
show each one his place in the organization of
the volunteer army, and to coach him more or
less in the military applications of his chosen
art. Indeed, as a general rule with few ex-
ceptions, the more we require of scientific
technique in the modern soldier, the less we
require of purely tactical training.

Results of the First Summer 119

But the infantry soldier cannot be bor-
rowed half made from the industrial arts and
trades. This plain, slow-moving fighting
man, upon whom the decision of all wars
must rest, is the product of military training
and of military training only. His rifle and
his bayonet he carries in his hands as he
struggles forward on the ground. Modern
science provides no magical mode of loco-
motion and no artifice of security for him.
He marches as he marched in the days of
Hannibal, and he wins the modern battle
with the final clash of naked steel as he did
in the days of Julius Caesar. Advance he
must if there is to be victory for us, and he
must advance and endure grievous losses
with nothing to aid him but confidence in
his officers and the habit of discipline and
training. He is not burdened with technical
devices for delivering indirect fire from behind
the hill, nor does he enjoy the moral comfort
of such a method. He must fight his battle
out in the open where the shrapnel is burst-
ing, and he must win the decisive fire fight by

120 An Army of the People

shooting at what he sees and against an enemy
who generally sees him. This truth was in
Napoleon's mind when he pronounced the
dictum that "in war the moral is to the
material as three to one." This he found to
be true at Marengo and Austerlitz. It was
still true at Chancellorsville and Vicksburg.
It is truer than ever to-day in the prolonged
and exhausting nervous strain of the mod-
ern battle. The success of the volunteer
army as an organic whole was largely due
to a recognition of these fundamental prin-
ciples. All branches of the service were
organized and trained and advanced to
substantially the same standard of effici-
ency. But the training of each special or
technical branch rested upon an initial basis
of aptitude or industrial training which its
recruits brought with them from civil life.
It is remarkable that, until the passage of
the National Defense Act, this first prin-
ciple of correct organization had always
been completely ignored in our military
legislation.

Results of the First Summer 121

VACANCIES IN THE REGULAR ARMY

We have seen that the organization of the
volunteer army required the detail of a large
number of inspector-instructors to the volun-
teer service. These officers passed to the
detached service list of the regular army and
when the resulting vacancies were filled by
the promotion of existing officers there re-
mained many vacancies in the grade of
second lieutenant. Under ordinary circum-
stances the selection of proper candidates to
fill these vacancies would be a serious prob-
lem. But through the provision of the sum-
mer camps and the schools of application
for student officers, the new volunteer army
was soon prepared to return to the regular
army as many officers as it had borrowed.
After promoting the West Point class and
the usual number of qualified enlisted men
from the regular army, the remaining vacan-
cies were filled by the "civil appointment"
of educated young men who had qualified
for commission in the summer camps. All

122 An Army of the People

of these appointees took the usual educational
tests required by law, and all were indorsed
by their regimental and battalion inspector-
instructors and division commanders as
specially qualified in character, aptitude, and
training for a place in the National Officer
Corps. In short, the summer school of ap-
plication furnished a continuous test of effi-
ciency and character extending over a period
of three months, and was therefore the best
examination for appointment from civil life
that we have ever had in our military history.

XII.

THE WINTER'S WORK AND THE NEW ENROLL-
MENT — THE FINAL ORGANIZATION

After the conclusion of the summer camps
the great body of recruits returned to their
places in civil life. No further military duties
were to be expected of them until next year's
autumn maneuvers. Until that time they
were exempt from all military obligation or
duty unless as impending war should call
them to the colors. But effective arrange-
ments were made to continue the military
training of those members of the force who
had accepted appointments as officers and
non-commissioned officers. Correspondence
schools for officers were organized in each
division with the regular inspector-instruc-
tors acting as instructors under the coordi-
nating control of the division commander.

123

124 An Army of the People

The general outline of the work in these
schools was standardized in the War Depart-
ment and based upon the so-called applica-
tory method.

This practical method of military training
appears to have been invented by Frederick
the Great, and as finally perfected under
von Moltke, has become the basis of tactical
training in all modern armies. It is not an
academic or theoretical method, but it is
something like the modern practical "case
method* ' of studying and teaching law. In
the applicatory method the student is given
a "military situation" and is required to
solve it upon the map or the ground. In the
"situation" he is given an assumed body of
troops which he is supposed to command;
the mission of his command is given or im-
plied, and he is also given certain information
with reference to the enemy. In short he is
given precisely the same intellectual problem
that is presented to a commander under war
conditions in the field. The student's solu-
tion of the problem is not to be presented in

The Final Organization 125

the form of a general essay on military art.
He is simply required to write down his de-
cision, to state his plan of action, and to write
down the order which he would issue to his
troops. In short it is a method of practicing
the profession of arms in time of peace. It
aims at cultivating tactical judgment and
not merely tactical knowledge. The com-
mand of troops in war is for practical men
and not for pedants. It thus appears that
the applicatory method is more than an
educational system, it is also a means of
discovering and developing tactical capacity.
In the hands of a competent instructor it
becomes a tactical measuring rod and is an
instrument of precision by means of which
pretenders to the art of commanding troops
can be detected in time of peace. Nor is
the applicatory method only adapted for
the use of higher commanders. In the hands
of a competent instructor it can be employed
to train or test a corporal in the conduct of a
small patrol or a lieutenant-general in com-
mand of a field army. As this wonderful

126 An Army of the People

educational method is peculiarly appropriate
for correspondence schools, it was rightly
made the basis of the winter schools for
volunteer officers.

Each brigade was organized as a winter
correspondence college of military art for the
instruction of the volunteer officers commis-
sioned in the brigade. In each of these
brigade colleges the brigade inspector-
instructor acted as College President and
supervised a faculty consisting of the regular
army officers attached to regiments and
battalions. Similar schools were founded
for volunteer officers of the auxiliary arms
and supply corps. And finally the division
commander, as president of the military
university, coordinated the educational work
of the whole division and thus laid the foun-
dation for practical training in the combined
tactics of the three arms.

But, while most of the winter school work
was conducted by the correspondence method,
there were frequent opportunities for personal
contact between instructors and student

The Final Organization 127

officers. The duties of the inspector-instruc-
tors in connection with mobilization and
concentration plans required some official
travel within their respective districts. When
they visited any community for these pur-
poses, the volunteer officers of the region were
assembled for conferences, lectures, war
games, and terrain exercises. Measures were
thus provided for transmitting the nation's
standardized military doctrine to every mem-
ber of the officer corps. But this was not
sufficient. The winter's training must also
extend to non-commissioned officers and
selected privates who were encouraged to
volunteer as candidates for promotion. For
this purpose non-commissioned officers'
schools were established in each company
and were conducted by the company offi-
cers under the supervision of the battalion
•inspector-instructor. The scope of these
schools was also standardized and the courses
were so arranged that as the company
officer mastered any subject in his own
schools, he transmitted the elements of

128 An Army of the People

the same subject to his non-commissioned
subordinates.

It will be seen from the above outline that
the work of officers and non-commissioned
officers was not restricted to the summer,
and that spare moments each winter were
devoted to systematic and progressive prepa-
ration for the approaching maneuver season.
This program made considerable but not
unreasonable demands upon their time. For
ambitious officers the work was a pleasure.
For officers of the other kind it unerringly
pointed to elimination. But this was not a
detriment to the service, for thousands of
eager and ambitious young Americans were
striving for promotion to the Officer Corps
of the National Volunteer Army.

THE SKIMP RESOLUTION

The success of the first year's work estab-
lished the new national army on a solid
basis of popularity and it soon became appar-
ent that there would be another great enroll-
ment in 1917. Early in 1917 a movement

The Final Organization 129

under Senator Skimp was organized with the
view of limiting the further growth of the
force. As its enlisted strength was now about
320,000 men he proposed that its maximum
legal strength be placed at 420,000 men. In
the course of a debate on this subject, the
following remarks were made by Senator
Straightedge:

"Mr. President, to place any limit on the
strength of the Volunteer Army is to under-
mine the whole system. We have made it a
part of the free school system of America.
When you founded our modern scientific
volunteer system, you rejected the principle
of conscription and announced that here-
after America would intrust her defense to
her army of trained volunteers. Shall we
now apply the principle of conscription to
the other end and say to our young men,
'We won't compel any of you to come to our
national school, but we have decided to
compel some of you to keep out? It is
against our traditional policy to draft you

into the military service, but we have de-
9

130 An Army of the People

cided that we will have to draft you out of
it.

"Mr. President, the Senator proposes to
limit the force to 420,000 men. If we adopt
his views we will be able to train only one
hundred thousand recruits in the summer
camps this year. But suppose three hundred
thousand young men should volunteer. I
am assured at the War Department that this
is the probable number. In that event,
under the terms of this resolution, we will
have to reject more than two-thirds of them.
We will have to disappoint more than two
hundred thousand young Americans who ask
you to complete their civic education by
training them to serve you in war. I am
informed, Mr. President, that the proposed
restriction is on the ground of economy.
But where is the economy ? We have already
demonstrated that the volunteer army is the
most economical element of our whole na-
tional system. In time of peace it costs less
to maintain a war-strength division in the
volunteer army than it does to maintain a

%

The Final Organization 131

single wax-strength regiment in the regular
establishment. We can maintain twenty
men in the volunteer coast artillery for the
cost of one man in the regular corps."

Senator Skimp's resolution found no favor-
able echo in national public opinion and it
never reached a vote in Congress.

THE ENROLLMENT OF I9I7

The second year's enrollment was much
simpler than that of the first year. In the
enrollment of 191 6, it was necessary, as we
have seen, to reach prospective candidates
through the Post Office Department and
much unavoidable confusion and error re-
sulted. In the second year the inspector-
instructors and the mobilization sergeants
formed an organized recruiting service and
the resulting descriptive lists and enlistment
papers were prepared with accuracy and
precision. The enrollment resulted in 314,-
266 recruits for the field army and 24,277
recruits for the volunteer coast artillery corps.

As a large number of National Guard

13^ An Army of the People

officers had failed to apply for permission
to attend the special officers' schools in 1916,
and as many of them now desired to qualify
for commission in the volunteer service, it
was decided to continue the officers' schools
of application for one more year. But the
rule was established that thereafter promo-
tion within the national volunteers would
be from the bottom, and that no original
commissions for advanced rank would be
issued. It was thus to be the future policy
that ambitious citizens who aspired to com-
mand volunteers must come in at the bottom
as young men, take the regular recruit course,
and then work up according to seniority and
demonstrated capacity. It was the spirit
both of the law and of the President's regu-
lations that no man should be promoted to
any grade until he had affirmatively demon-
strated his capacity to perform the duties of
that grade, but that in any group of candi-
dates so qualified the senior should first be
entitled to promotion.

In 1917, 3423 officers of the National

The Final Organization 133

Guard enrolled for the summer schools, and
acted as recruit instructors under the regular
inspector-instructors. After that year the
assistant drillmasters for the recruit camps
were drawn from the volunteer army itself.
A sufficient corps for this purpose was formed
from those young officers and non-commis-
sioned officers who volunteered to serve
through an additional summer camp in order
to prepare themselves for promotion.

FINAL ORGANIZATION

The enrollment statistics of 19 16 and 19 17
when taken together gave some indication
as to the probable normal enrollment in the
future. In 1916, out of a total enrollment of
333,376 recruits, 198,273 were nineteen years
old, or of the minimum age authorized by law.
The remainder were older men of various
ages within the maximum authorized age of
thirty. In 191 7 out of a total enrollment of
338,503 there were 201,873 recruits of the
minimum age, that is young men who were
too young to enroll in 191 6. In other words,

134 An Army of the People

the enrollments of these two years indicated
an annual enrollment of about two hundred
thousand young men just arriving at the
age of military service. This estimate was
confirmed by other and more detailed analysis
of the statistics and by investigations made
by the inspector-instructors in the various
parts of the country.

This investigation had an important bear-
ing on the future organization of the entire
force, for the first two enrollments had al-
ready absorbed most of the older men who
were free to enlist and in a few years practic-
ally all of the recruits enlisted would probably
be young men of minimum age. Assuming
this to be true, it was now possible to estimate
the probable maximum number of men with
the colors under normal conditions. This
estimate is shown as follows :

Recruits in summer camps of in-
struction 200,000

Second-year men available for ma-
neuvers 200,000

The Final Organization 135

Third-year men vailable for ma-
neuvers 200,000

Re-enlisted men serving as non-com-
missioned officers, technical experts,
and other re-enlisted aspirants for
promotion 120,000

Total strength of volunteer army 720,000

Taking 720,000 as the normal strength of
the volunteer army for the next ten years,
the ultimate organization was fixed as
follows :

Fifteen army corps (enlisted strength
per corps 41,000) 615,000

Six cavalry divisions (enlisted

strength per division 8000) 48,000

Coast Artillery Corps 57,ooo

Total for volunteer army 720,000

Now as the enrollment for the field army
was already 620,939 or nearly 94 per cent, of
normal, as the enrollment of the coast artil-
lery was already 51,351 or 90 per cent, of

136 An Army of the People

normal, and as the shortage in both services
would certainly be filled before the 1916 re-
cruits should pass to the reserve, it was wisely
decided to give the volunteer army its final
organization and to test it in the maneuvers
of 1 91 7. As a result of this decision each of
the fifteen divisions organized in 191 6 was
expanded into an army corps of two divisions,
and the three cavalry divisions were formed
into six divisions of six regiments each. It
was expected that these organizations would
reach full strength by 19 19, and that after
that year there would be a gradually increas-
ing surplus corresponding to the normal
increase in population. The War Depart-
ment proposed to utilize this growing surplus
in the formation of special auxiliaries assign-
able to field armies upon mobilization.

XIII.

THE NATIONAL VOLUNTEER ARMY TO-DAY

(I92I)

The recent maneuvers of 1921 concluded
the sixth year of the National Volunteer
Army. These maneuvers are of special
interest, because in addition to providing
the usual field practice for troops and higher
commanders, they involved a comprehensive
test of the concentration plans developed by
Major-General Shunt, 1 Chief of the U. S.
Volunteer Railway Transportation Service.
On September 15, 1921, the troops were
operating as follows :

1 . In New England, the I Army Corps, the
1st Cavalry Division, and the New England

1 General Shunt is well known in civil life as the general
manager of the Pennsylvania System, and as president of
the National Traffic Managers' Association. — Editor.

137

138 An Army of the People

Coast Artillery Corps were maneuvering in
the coast defenses of Boston.

2. A field army, consisting of the II., III.,
IV. Army Corps and the 2d Cavalry Division,
supported the harbor defenses of New York
against an attack by a large detachment of
the regular army expeditionary force, which
landed on Long Island under the convoy of
the Atlantic battle fleet.

3. The two divisions of the V. Army
Corps operated against each other in the
Shenandoah Valley under the observation of
the corps commander who acted as chief
umpire.

4. The VI. Army Corps was engaged in
similar divisional maneuvers in the vicinity
of Kenesaw Mountain and Marietta in
northern Georgia.

5. A field army, consisting of the VIII.
and IX. Army Corps and the 2d Cavalry
Division based on South Bend, Indiana,
defended the crossings of the Kalamazoo
River against a superior force invading from
the direction of Port Huron. The invading

National Volunteer Army ( 1 92 1 ) 139

army was represented by the VII., X. and
XI. Army Corps, and the 3d Cavalry Division.

6. One division of the XII. Army Corps
based on Grand Forks, North Dakota, de-
fended the Red River Valley against the
remainder of the corps and the 4th Cavalry
Division which represented an enemy invad-
ing from the direction of Winnipeg.

7. The XIII. Army Corps, concentrated
in the vicinity of Dallas, Texas, had divisional
maneuvers similar to those described for the
V. and VI. Army Corps in Virginia and
northern Georgia.

8. As the XIV. Army Corps and the 5th
Cavalry Division were widely dispersed over
the Northwestern, Mountain and Pacific
States it was impracticable to concentrate
them for maneuvers in 1921. Brigade and
regimental maneuvers were held, however,
under the supervision of the division com-
manders and a considerable detachment of
all arms was concentrated in the coast de-
fenses of Puget Sound.

9. As the XV. Army Corps and the 6th

140 An Army of the People

Cavalry Division also are widely dispersed
throughout the Southwest, their autumn
maneuvers were similar to those described
for the Northwestern troops. In this case,
however, the volunteer troops available for
coast defense maneuvers were concentrated
near San Francisco Bay where, reinforced by
a part of the regular army garrison they de-
fended the rear of the seacoast forts against
a raiding party of regulars and sailors which
landed north of Monterey under cover of the
Pacific battle fleet.

At the annual inspections with which the
maneuvers terminated, the enlisted strength
of the Volunteer Field Army stood at 704,091,
or 41,091 enlisted men in excess of the normal
predicted strength of 663,000. On the same
day the men of the volunteer coast artillery
corps were inspected at their posts in our
continental seacoast fortifications. Their
enlisted strength was found to be 59,337,
or 2,337 in excess of its normal predicted
strength. These trained volunteers, all of
whom resided near their war stations, were

National Volunteer Army ( 1 92 1 ) 141

sufficient with the regular coast artillery
garrisons to form the full war-strength man-
ning details of the national harbor defenses.
The total enlisted strength of the first line
of the Volunteer Army was thus seen to be
763,428 on September 30, 1921. But this
does not represent the total trained volunteer
personnel available for war. The men with
the colors simply represent the undergradu-
ates of the American University of National
Defense. On September 30, 1 92 1 , the alumni
or graduates of prior years numbered 721,086
exclusive of reserve officers. The total num-
ber of trained national citizenry is thus seen
to be merely a million and a half.

While the enlisted men of the volunteer
reserves are not required to attend the annual
maneuvers, definite plans have been made
for their employment in war. Upon the
mobilization of the first line army, the re-
serves are to be assembled at depots near
their homes. Under the plans for 1921,
three hundred thousand will immediately be
available to replace losses at the front, three

142 An Army of the People

hundred thousand will immediately be formed
into fifteen reserve divisions, and the force
of trained reserve officers and non-commis-
sioned officers will also be prepared to under-
take the immediate training of a million war
recruits. All of these arrangements are
definitely organized and are to be supervised
by those regular inspector-instructors who
are not called to the front with the first-line
army. While the enlisted reservists are not
required to attend maneuvers, every reserve
officer or non-commissioned officer is in-
spected each year and assigned to a specific
task in the annual mobilization plan.

MILITARY TRAINING IN THE SCHOOLS

Another duty performed by the officer
corps of the citizenry army is the conduct of
elementary military training in the public
schools. There are officers and non-com-
missioned officers of the national force resid-
ing in every school district, and in each school
district one or more of them instruct their
schoolboy neighbors in the mechanism of

National Volunteer Army ( 1 92 1 ) 143

drill and the practical art of rifle shooting.
Indeed in many cases the schoolmaster is
himself an officer in the national force.

Thus as time goes on the education of the
citizen soldier is well begun before he is for-
mally enrolled in the National Volunteer
Army. In some States military drill in the
public schools has been made compulsory, but
this provision has been found unnecessary
as public sentiment has established the con-
viction that education for self-respecting
citizenship must include some preparation
for national defense. Some young men evade
this duty as they evade other civic obliga-
tions, but their attitude must become more
and more apologetic in the face of a growing
presumption that they are probably some-
thing less than able-bodied men.

THE MILITARY RAILWAY SERVICE

An interesting comment on the maneuvers
of 1 92 1 is contained in the following extract
from General Shunt's report of the Volunteer
Railway Service: " After several years of

144 An Army of the People

practical experience we have gradually de-
veloped a scientific system for the movement
of large bodies of troops by rail. In a coun-
try so vast as ours, the precision of these
arrangements is of vast importance in any
scheme of national defense. Our progress
since 191 6 is remarkable, and our success is
due largely to the sensible arrangement
through which practical railroad operators
have been entrusted with organizing the
military railway service. On the whole the
operations of the service during the recent
maneuvers have been satisfactory. We
have found some defects and have already
provided corrective measures. No doubt we
will have something to improve every year.

"But the maneuvers have demonstrated
that we have a highly organized military
transportation service. I am now con-
vinced that we can deploy three hundred
thousand fully equipped troops at the various
concentration points on the Atlantic seaboard
within twenty-four hours after mobilization
is completed, or within sixty hours after the

National Volunteer Army (1921) 145

first mobilization notice. We can increase
this force by one hundred thousand men
every twenty-four hours thereafter until it
reaches a total of six hundred thousand men,
and by the end of the seventh day we can
also deliver fifteen reserve divisions, three
hundred thousand strong. We can deploy
upon our northern or southern frontier in
about the same time. On account of the
wide area of sparsely settled country in the
mountain and plain regions a full strategic
concentration on the Pacific coast will take
from three to four days longer than on the
Atlantic seaboard."

In referring to the success of the joint army
and navy maneuvers of 192 1, a prominent
foreign naval authority has recently made
the following interesting comment: "A suc-
cessful invasion of the United States, even
if the American navy should lose command
of the sea, must now be regarded as beyond
the bounds of possibility. While the short-
service American volunteers are not so

highly trained as the regular soldiers of con-
10

146 An Army of the People

tinental Europe or Japan, still they are
formed and organized and capable of im-
mediate combined action. Even the most
powerful foreign army cannot exert its com-
bined force in America at one time. Trans-
oceanic invasion must come in successive
waves, and each wave of invasion will be
smothered by sheer weight of superior num-
bers before the next wave can come. Clause-
witz has pointed out that even the best
troops under a Frederick the Great or a
Napoleon cannot overcome odds much more
than two to one."

XIV.

AT LAST — AN AMERICAN MILITARY POLICY

The successful organization of the American
Volunteer Army has resulted in a solution of
the whole problem of national defense. Even
so late as 1915, there was no definite military
policy and the several components of the def-
ense system were uncoordinated and appar-
ently indeterminate both in dimension and in
form. This was found to be the natural result
of attempting to build parts of the superstruc-
ture of a house before determining its plan
and foundations. But with the formation
of the National Volunteer Army this found-
ation was found to be established not only in
substantial strength, but in the durable forms
prescribed by national political tradition.
But a correct military organization has

turned out to be something more than was

147

148 An Army of the People

expected. Provision for the national de-
fense was one of the specific objects of the
national union as pronounced in the pre-
amble to the Constitution of the United
States. But for more than a century and a
quarter the place for this stone had remained
unfilled with resulting instability in the whole
structure of our national polity. We have
learned at last that sound military organiza-
tion is simply a part of sound political organi-
zation, and that to neglect it is to neglect one
of the principal objects for which govern-
ments are formed. With the successful orga-
nization Of THE ARMY OF THE PEOPLE the

foundations of our Government are now com-
plete, and American diplomacy and American
finance are erected upon a stable foundation.
Our statesmen may now deal with instru-
ments of precision. We have passed from
the age of astrology to the age of astronomy.

THE REGULAR ARMY

The reorganization of the regular army
was not completed until the spring of 1918.

An American Military Policy 149

With the final settlement of the principle
that the national volunteers form our logical
and sufficient defense against invasion, it
was universally accepted that the regular
army should be restricted to these special
functions which cannot be performed by a
citizen soldiery and which therefore must be
met by an organized body of professional
soldiers. This restriction of the regular
army to certain specific and limited duties
did not diminish its real importance in our
national system. It simply defined the
professional soldiers' proper mission in our
national life and furnished the basis for a
practical and definite organization.

So long as legislative proposals for the
regular army were vague and chaotic ; so long
as its proper limits and aspirations were un-
measured or unknown; and so long as some
of its advocates urged the necessity of a vast
but undefined expansion in defiance of
cherished political traditions, the problem
of scientific military legislation was almost
hopeless. But when the success of the great

150 An Army of the People

volunteer army removed the last pretext
for a large standing force, jealousy of the
regular army as a political institution dis-
appeared and Congress proceeded to ascer-
tain its legitimate needs and to provide them
by appropriate legislation. As a basis for
legislative action, Congress was guided by
the following general principles which were
universally endorsed by public opinion :

1. The most important function of the
regular army is to provide and develop the
corps of highly trained professional experts
who maintain the peace administration and
training of the volunteer army and keep it
prepared and equipped for prompt and order-
ly deployment in war. In providing for the
detail of inspector-instructors and mobiliza-
tion sergeants from the regular army, Con-
gress had already recognized this principle
in the National Defense Act of 191 6.

2. The garrisons of all of our over-seas
possessions must be composed of regular
soldiers. As the naval situation may not
permit the reinforcement of these garrisons

An American Military Policy 151

at the outbreak of war, they must be main-
tained at war strength in time of peace.

3. The Panama Canal Zone must be ab-
solutely impregnably held not only by the
forts at its terminals but by a regular mobile
garrison of unquestioned capacity to defeat
all land attacks.

4. All naval bases covering the approaches
to the Panama Canal or necessary for the
war operations of our fleet, must be impreg-
nably held by regular garrisons at full war
strength.

5. Our coast fortresses at home must be
manned by a sufficient nucleus of professional
coast artillerists to form the basis for the
training, organization, and mobilization of
the Volunteer Coast Artillery Corps.

6. There must also be a mobile reserve of
regulars stationed in the United States and
constantly ready to act as an expeditionary
force. This force must be prepared to serve
a peace warrant in disturbed regions within
our sphere of influence, or to execute a
temporary receivership under the Monroe

152 An Army of the People

Doctrine without disturbing the calm of our
internal affairs and without diverting the
national war volunteers from their indus-
trial occupations. At the outbreak of war
this regular expeditionary force must be
ready for immediate cooperation with the
navy in sudden strategic enterprises, such
as the establishment of advanced bases for
our fleet, or the reduction and capture of
hostile bases which may be used against
us.

The Regular Army Act of 1918 was drawn
with the view of providing the limited forces
necessary for the performance of the above
described functions. As these functions
were specific and definite and as the personnel
and armament necessary for each function
could be calculated and verified with scientific
precision, the legislative task was simple.
The new law involved some moderate in-
creases in the regular military establishment,
but its main effect was a readjustment of
the components of the old army, which had
grown by gradual and ill-digested increments

An American Military Policy 153

and without the guidance of any accepted
scheme of military policy.

But the success of the volunteer army not
only determined the final form of the regular
establishment. It gave it new ideals and a
new opportunity for usefulness. The pro-
fessional soldier no longer stands for some-
thing foreign to our political ideals. Through
his work as a teacher and trained adminis-
trator, the volunteer army claims him as a
part of itself. The army officer has thus
found new opportunities for usefulness as a
citizen as well as a soldier. He is no longer
tempted to seek his best hope of promotion
through the caprices of service legislation.
His chief aim is to establish a high profes-
sional reputation, for in that way only can
he obtain the coveted honor of service with
the American volunteers.

THE NATIONAL GUARD — A RETROSPECT

A large number of officers and enlisted
men of the Organized Militia transferred to
the National Volunteer Army in the first

154 An Army of the People

enrollment of 191 6. During the winter of
1916-1917, the final opposition to the volun-
teer army disappeared and most States re-
vised their militia laws to meet the new
condition. Under these new laws the Federal
Government was finally recognized as the
national war-preparing power as well as the
national war-making power. The States were
therefore able to reduce their military estab-
lishments to meet their purely local require-
ments, and were released from any implied
obligation to maintain expensive military
contingents for national purposes. In some
States a small and highly trained State con-
stabulary replaced the old organized units.
In others the old organized militia was recon-
structed to meet the requirements of purely
local defense. These arrangements were
regarded as purely State affairs in which
the Federal Government had no legitimate
concern.

The National Guard, as organized under
the so-called Dick Law, thus disappeared,
but its trained personnel, released from the

An American Military Policy 155

discouragements and embarrassments of semi-
constabulary service, passed into the new
volunteer army and became the main source
of its first contingent of officers and non-
commissioned officers. As we look back on
the national militia policy from 1900 to 191 5,
we are astonished that anything so absurd
could ever have been taken seriously. Under
the Dick Law, the States were induced to
maintain more troops than they needed, with
the prospect of losing all of them at the very
time when they might be needed most; the
Federal Government was expected to base
its defense plans on forty-eight State contin-
gents that it could not control, train, or dis-
cipline ; and the young men of America who
desired to volunteer for military training
found no opportunity except in a force which
was principally a State constabulary, fre-
quently dominated by petty politics and
intrigue.

But the patriotic young men of the Na-
tional Guard are the real founders of the
American army of trained citizenry. All

156 An Army of the People

honor to them that they maintained the
tradition of that great national ideal in
spite of the burdens, disappointments, and
neglects that characterized their service in
the nondescript Dick Law army.

All parties are now agreed that Congress
builded wisely when it erected the National
Military System on the unrestricted "consti-
tutional power" to raise and support armies.
The abandonment of the constitutional
militia as a part of the national war host
was best for the nation, best for the States,
and best for the patriotic personnel of the
National Guard.

THE NAVY

The adoption of a definite organization and
policy for our land forces has resulted in a
corresponding settlement of our naval policy.
No longer concerned for the security of our
coasts, and assured of the inviolability of its
military bases, the navy is able at last to
concentrate all of its ability and all of its
energy on preparation for its true war mis-

An American Military Policy 157

sion — that is, the protection of our foreign
commerce and the strategic control of our
sea communications. Organization has be-
come definite because aims have become
definite, and the sole aim of the navy and of
the people for the navy is the maintenance of
a fleet, not for the defense of localities but
for freedom of action at sea. In this inven-
tive age the tenure of sea power has become
too uncertain and precarious to form the
chief reliance of national defense, and so the
navy has found its true military mission as
the strategic advance guard of The Army of
the People.

AT LAST

During the debates on the National De-
fense Bill of 1 91 6, Senator Straightedge
concluded one of his speeches as follows :

"I am a man of peace and I do not want
war. I am a man of business and I do not
want to spend money on warlike prepara-
tions. But as I look about me over an
armed world, what do I find? I find that

158 An Army of the People

ours is the only nation on earth that can
make herself impregnable without an exces-
sive financial burden. Is it sound states-
manship, is it good business, to neglect the
cultivation of this God-given heritage?"

Only six years have passed and already the
question has been answered. Our military
policy is settled. An unassailable America
stands at the gateway between the two
oceans and repeats her old message of civili-
zation and peace.

THE END

o

• «*wv«

-,#»'.*..*"*-•••

w«-

r

»^.

muni

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