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ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY
BARKER
Anatomical Terminology
WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE [BNAl
BY
LEWELLYS F. j^ARKER, M. D.
PROFESSOR OF MEDICINE, JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, BALTIMORE ; (FORMERLY PROFESSOR OF
ANATOMY, RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE, UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO).
Iimttb IDocabularies in Xatin anb Bngltsb
anb 1[llU6tration0
PHILADELPHIA:
BLAKISTON'S SON & CO
I0I2 Walnut Street.
1907
Copyright, 1907, by P. Blakiston's Son & Co.
WM. F. FELL COMPANY
ELECTROTYPERS AND PRINTERS
1220-24 8ANSOM STREET
PHILADELPHIA, PA.
?
m I
9 (j'l
CONTENTS
PAGE
Introduction, i
What the BNA is, 2
Why this Review of Anatomical Terminology was Undertaken, 2
The Scope of the Work and the Workers, 4
The Way the Work was Done, 5
The Principles Arrived at as the Work Proceeded, 6
The Adoption of the BNA in America and Great Britain, 8
The Future of Anatomical Terminology, 11
Anatomical Names, 14
Terms Indicating the Position and Direction of Parts of the Body, 14
General Terms, 14
Terms Relating to the Extremities, 14
General Anatomical Terms, 15
Parts of the Human Body, 17
Head, 17
Skull, 17
Face, 17
Eye, 17
Nose, 17
Mouth, 17
Neck, 17
Trunk, 17
Thorax, 17
Back, 17
Belly, 18
Pelvis, 18
Upper Extremities, 18
Lower Extremities, 18
Osteology, 19
Vertebral Column, or Spine, 19
Atlas, 19
Epistropheus (O. T. Axis), 20
Sacrum, 20
Coccyx, 20
Thorax, 20
Ribs, 20
Breast Bone, 20
Thoracic Cavity, 20
Bones of the Skull, 20
Basilar Bone, 20
Occipital Bone, 20
Sphenoid Bone, 21
Temporal Bone, 22
Parietal Bone, 23
Frontal Bone, 23
Ethmoid Bone, 23
Inferior Turbinated Bone, 24
Lacrimal Bone, 24
Nasal Bone, 24
Vomer, or Ploughshare, Bone, 24
Bones of the Face, 24
Maxilla (O. T. Superior Maxillary Bone), 24
Palate Bone, 24
iii
TJ^d^
iv Contents
Osteology (Coniimced) page
Ligaments of the Girdle of Lower Extremity (O. T. Pelvic Girdle), 34
Sacro-Iliac Joint, 35
Symphysis of Pubic Bones, 35
Hip Joint, 35
Knee Joint, 35
Tibiofibular Joint (O. T. Superior Tibiofibular Articulation), 35
Tibiofibular Syndesmosis (O. T. Inferior Tibiofibular Articulation), 35
Joints of the Foot, 35
Ankle Joint, 35
Intertarsal Joints, 36
Talocalcaneonavicular Joint, 36
Talocalcanean Joint, 36
Chopart's Transverse Articulation of the Tarsus, 36
Talonavicular Joint, 36
Calcaneocuboid Joint, 36
Cuneonavicular Joint, 36
Interosseous Ligaments of Tarsus, 36
Dorsal Ligaments of Tarsus, 36
Plantar Ligaments of Tarsus, 36
Tarsometatarsal Joints, 36
Intermetatarsal Joints, 36
Metatarsophalangeal Joints, 36
Joints of the Toes, 37
Myology or Musculature, 37
Muscles of the Back, 37
Muscles of the Head, 38
Muscles of the Hyoid Bone, 38
Muscles of the Neck, 38
Muscles of the Thorax, 39
Muscles of the Abdomen, 39
Coccygeal Muscles, 40
Muscles of the Upper Extremity, 40
Muscles of the Lower Extremity,. 41
BuRS^ AND Mucous Sheaths, 43
Splanchnology, 45
Digestive Apparatus, 45
Mouth Cavity, 45
Mucous Membrane of the Mouth, 45
Glands of the Mouth, 45
Teeth, 46
Tongue, 46
Fauces, 46
Muscles of the Palate and Fauces, 47
Pharynx, 47
Digestive Tube, 47
Oesophagus, 47
Stomach, 47
Small or Thin Intestine, 48
Large or Thick Intestine, 48
Rectum or Straight Gut, 49
Pancreas, 49
Liver, 49
Respiratory Apparatus, 50
Nasal Cavity, 50
External Nose, 51
Larynx, 51
Muscles of Larynx, 52
Cavity of Larynx, 52
Trachea and Bronchi, 52
I^ung, - 52
Thoracic Cavity, 53
Thyreoid Gland, 53
Carotid Skein (O. T. Intercarotid Gland), ^^
Contents v
Respiratory Apparatus (Contimied) page
Thymus, ^3
Urogenital Apparatus, 53
Uropoietic Organs, 53
Kidney, ^3
Renal Arteries, 54
Renal Veins, 54
Ureter, 54
Urinary Bladder, 54
Suprarenal Gland, ^4
Male Genital Organs, 5^
Testicle, 55
Seminal Vesicle • ^^
Spermatic Cord and Coats of the Testicle and Cord, 55
Prostate, 55
Bulbo-urethral Gland (O. T. Cowper's Gland), 56
Parts of External Genitals, 56
Penis, 56
Male Urethra, 56
Scrotum, ^6
Female Genital Organs, 56
Ovary, 56
Uterine Tube (O. T. Fallopian Tube), 56
Uterus, ^7
Vagina, 57
Epo-ophoron (O. T. Parovarium or Organ of Rosenmueller), 57
External Genital Parts, 57
Paro-ophoron, 57
Large Vestibular Gland of Bartholin, 57
Clitoris, 57
Female Urethra, 58
Perineum, „ ^8
Peritoneum, 58
Angiology, 60
Heart, 60
Right Atrium (O. T. right auricle), 61
Right Ventricle, 61
Left Atrium (O. T. Left Auricle), 61
Left Ventricle, 61
Arteries, 61
Pulmonary Artery, 61
Aorta, 61
Innominate Artery, 62
Common Carotid Artery, 62
External Carotid Artery, 62
Superior Thyreoid Artery, 62
Ascending Pharyngeal Artery, 62
Lingual Artery, ' 62
External Maxillary Artery (O. T. Facial Artery) , 62
Sternocleidomastoid Artery, 62
Occipital Artery 62
Posterior Auricular Artery, 62
Superficial Temporal Artery, 62
Internal Maxillary Artery, 62
Internal Carotid Artery, 63
Ophthalmic Artery, 63
Cerebral Arteries, 63
Subclavian Artery, 63
Vertebral Artery, 63
Basilar Artery, 63
Internal Mammary Artery, 63
Thyreocervical Trunk (O. T. Thyreoid Axis), 63
Inferior Thyreoid Artery, 63
Ascending Cervical Artery, 64
vi Contents
Angiology, Subclavian Artery (Contimied) page
Superficial Cervical Artery, 64
Transverse Artery of Scapula (O. T. Suprascapular), 64
Costocervical Trunk (O. T. Superior Intercostal), 64
Transverse Artery of Neck (O. T. Transversalis Coli), 64
Axillary Artery, 64
Highest Thoracic Artery (O. T. Superior Thoracic Artery), 64
Thoraco-Acromial Artery (O. T. Thoracic Axis), 64
Lateral Thoracic Artery (O. T. Long Thoracic), 64
Subscapular Artery, 64
Anterior Circumflex Artery of Humerus, 64
Posterior Circumflex Artery of Humerus, 64
Brachial Artery, 64
Deep Artery of Upper arm (O. T. Superior Profunda) , 64
Superior Ulna Collateral Artery (O. T. Inferior Profunda), 64
Inferior Ulna Collateral Artery (O. T. Anastomotica Magna), 64
Radial Artery, 64
Ulnar Artery, 65
Thoracic Aorta, 65
Intercofetal Arteries, 65
Abdominal Aorta, 65
Inferior Phrenic Artery, 65
Lumbar Arteries, 65
Middle Sacral Artery, 65
Coeliac Artery, 65
Superior Mesenteric Artery, 66
Inferior Mesenteric Artery, 66
Middle Suprarenal Artery (O. T. Middle Capsular Artery), 66
Renal Artery, 66
Internal Spermatic Artery, 66
Testicular Artery, 66
Ovarian Artery, 66
Common Iliac Artery, 66
Hypogastric Artery (O. T. Internal Iliac), 66
Iliolumbar Artery, 66
Lateral Sacral Artery, 66
Obturator Artery, 66
Superior Gluteal Artery, 66
Inferior Gluteal Artery, 66
Umbilical Artery, 66
Inferior Vesical Artery, 66
Deferential Artery, 66
Uterine Artery, 66
Middle Hemorrhoidal Artery, 66
Internal Pudendal Artery, 66
External Iliac Artery, 66
Inferior Epigastric Artery (O. T. Deep Epigastric), 66
Deep Circumflex Iliac Artery, 67
Femoral Artery, 67
Popliteal Artery, 67
Anterior Tibial Artery, 67
Posterior Tibial Artery, 67
Veins, 68
Pulmonary Veins, 68
Veins of the Heart, 68
Superior Vena Cava, 68
Right and Left Innominate Veins, , 68
Internal Jugular Vein, 68
Sinuses of the Dura Mater, 68
Cerebral Veins, 69
Superior Ophthalmic Vein, 69
Common Facial Vein, 69
Anterior Facial Vein, 69
Posterior Facial Vein, 69
Contents vii
AnGIOLOGY, Veins (Coniinued) page
External Jugular Vein, 69
Subclavian Vein, 70
Axillary Vein, 70
Azygos Vein (O. T. Vena Azygos Major), 70
Inferior Vena Cava, 70
Portal Vein, 70
Common Iliac Vein, 71
Hypogastric Vein (O. T. Internal Iliac Vein), 71
External Iliac Veins, 71
Lymphatic System, 71
Lymphatic Vessels, 71
Thoracic Duct, 72
Lymph Glands, 72
Lymphatic Plexuses, 72
Neurology, 73
Central Nervous System, 73
Spinal Cord, 73
Sections of the Spinal Cord, 73
Brain, 74
Medullary or After-Brain, j 74
Medulla Oblongata, 74
Sections of Medulla Oblongata, 74
Fourth Ventricle, 75
Hind-Brain, 75
Pons (" Bridge ") Varolii, 75
Sections of the Pons, 75
Cerebellum or Small Brain, 75
Sections of Cerebellum, 76
Isthmus of Rhombencephalon, 76
Sections of Isthmus, 76
Cerebrum (Large Brain), 76
Midbrain, 76
Inferior Surface, 76
Peduncle of Cerebrum (O. T. Crus Cerebri), 77
Sections of Cerebral Peduncle, 77
Quadrigeminal Bodies (O, T. Optic Lobes), 77
Sections of Quadrigeminal Bodies, 77
Forebrain, 77
Interbrain, 77
Hypothalamus (O. T. Subthalamic Region), 77
Sections of the Hypothalamus, 77
Thalamic Brain, 78
Thalamus (O. T. Optic Thalamus), 78
Metathalamus, 78
Epithalamus, 78
Sections of the Thalamic Brain, 78
End-Brain, 78
Hemisphere, 78
Brain Mantle, 78
Medial Surface of Hemisphere, 79
Fornix, 79
Transparent Septum, 80
Lateral Ventricle, 80
Olfactory Brain, 80
Sections of End-Brain, 80
Membranes of Brain, 81
Peripheral Nervous System, 81
Cerebral Nerves, 81
Olfactory Nerves, 81
Optic Nerve, 81
Oculomotor Nerve (O. T. Third Nerve), 81
Trochlear Nerve (O. T. Patheticus or Fourth Nerve), 81
Trigeminal Nerve (O. T. Fifth Nerve), 82
Vlll
Contents
Neurology, Peripheral Nervous System, Cerebral Nerves {Continued) page
Ophthalmic Nerve, 82
Maxillary Nerve (O. T. Superior Maxillary), 82
Mandibular Nerve (O. T. Inferior Maxillary), 82
Abducent Nerve (O. T. Sixth Nerve), 2>t,
Facial Nerve, 83
Acoustic (O. T. Auditory Nerve), 83
Glossopharyngeal Nerve, ^;^
Vagus Nerve (O. T. Pneumogastric Nerve), 84
Accessory Nerve (O. T. Spinal Accessory), 84
Hypoglossal Nerve, , 84
Spinal Nerves, 84
Cervical Nerves, 85
Brachial Plexus, 85
Median Nerve, 85
Ulnar Nerve, 85
Radial Nerve (O. T. Musculospiral), 86
Thoracic Nerves, 86
Lumbar, Sacral, and Coccygeal Nerves, 86
Lumbosacral Plexus, 86
Lumbar Plexus, 86
Iliohypogastric Nerve, 86
Ilio-inguinal Nerve, 86
Genitofemoral Nerve (O. T. Genitocrural Nerve), 86
Lateral Cutaneous Nerve of Thigh (O. T. External Cutaneous), 86
Obturator Nerve, 86
Femoral Nerve (O. T. Anterior Crural), 87
Sacral Plexus, 87
Sciatic Nerve (O. T. Great Sciatic), 87
Pudendal Plexus, 87
Coccygeal Nerve, 87
Sympathetic System of Nerves, 88
Cephalic and Cervical Portions of the Sympathetic System, 88
Thoracic Portion of the Sympathetic System, 88
Abdominal and Pelvic Portions of the Sympathetic System, 88
Sense Organs and Common Integument, 89
Organ of Vision, 89
Eye, 89
Optic Nerve, 89
Eyeball, 89
Fibrous Tunic of Eve, 89
Sclera (O. T. Sclerotic Coat), 89
Cornea, 89
. Vascular Coat of Eye, 89
Chorioid, 89
Ciliary Body, 90
Iris or Diaphragm of the Eye, 90
Layer of Pigment, 90
Retina, 90
Anterior Chamber of the Eye, 90
Posterior Chamber of the Eye, 90
Vitreous Body, 90
Crystalline Lens, 90
Ciliary Zonule (O. T. Zonule of Zinn), 91
Accessory Organs of the Eye, 91
Eye Muscles, Orbital Fasciae, 91
Eyebrow, 91
Eyelids, 91
Conjunctiva, 91
Lacrimal Apparatus, 91
Organ of Hearing, 92
Internal Ear, 92
Membraneous Labyrinth, 92
Osseous Labyrinth, 92
Contents ix
Sense Organs and Common Integument, Organ of Hearing {Continued) pack
Vestibule, 92
Cochlea, q2
Internal Acoustic Meatus, g^
Cavity of Tympanum, g^,
Membrane of the Tympanum (O. T. Drumhead), 93
Auditory Ossicles, q3
Joints of the Auditory Ossicles, 94
Ligaments of the Auditory Ossicles, 94
Muscles of the Auditory Ossicles, 94
Tympanic Mucous Coat, 94
Auditory or Eustachian Tube, 94
External Acoustic Meatus, 94
External Ear, 94
Organ of Smell, 95
Organ of Taste, 95
Common Integument, 95
Skin, 95
Epidermis or Scarf Skin, 95
Corium or Leather Skin, 95
Subcutaneous Tissue, 95
Terminal Corpuscles of the Nerves, 95
Hair, 95
Nails, 96
Glands of the Skin 96
Coil Glands, 96
Sebaceous Glands, 96
Breast, 96
Regions of the Human Body, 97
of the Head, 98
of the Face, 98
of the Neck, 98
of the Breast, 99
of the Abdomen, 99
of the Back, 99
of the Upper Extremity, 99
of the Lower Extremity, 100
Explanatory Notes to Certain Terms, loi
Colored Plates of Regions, 105-107
THE BASLE ANATOMICAL NOMEN-
CLATURE [BNA].
Introduction,
Now that the BNA is being followed in medical and scientific schools
throughout the world, and has been adopted as the language used in several of the
newer English and American anatomical text-books and atlases, it has occurred
to the publishers of Morris's Anatomy that a concise statement concerning the
origin and exact nature of this list of anatomical terms would be interesting
and helpful to anatomists, physiologists, biologists, pathologists, and cUnicians.
They have asked me to prepare this statement, and I do so gladly, in the hope
that it may bring the terminology to the attention of many who do not yet know
of it, and make clear, perhaps, certain misunderstandings that have existed in
the minds of some who have heard of it, but are not yet really familiar with
it. To know its origin, nature, and aims is, I feel sure, in the majority of
instances at least, to decide to use it. That the sooner a general decision to
adopt it is reached the better it will be for anatomical instruction and research,
and the easier it will be for teacher and taught, it is the aim of the following
paragraphs to show. They have not been difficult to write, for, aside from the
experience I have gained by personally using the BNA in anatomical labora-
tories during the past ten years, the material for the account lay ready at hand
in the articles of Krause* and Hisf and it has been necessary only to adapt
it to the needs of readers in America and Great Britain. The article by
Professor His has been followed especially closely, and parts of my account are
no other than a free translation of his lucid paragraphs. The actual list of
Latin names of the BNA is to be published at once by Messrs. P. Blakiston's
Son & Co. and Messrs. J. & A. Churchill. It will be accompanied by a list of
literal English equivalents which Dr. Benson A. Cohoe, Assistant Resident
Physician in the Johns Hopkins Hospital, has been kind enough to help me to
prepare. The English vocabulary is simply explanatory; in many instances it
would be unwise to use the English synonyms given, and in many more instances
anatomists would differ as to the most suitable English equivalent to be chosen.
Each anatomist is of course at liberty to use whatever English equivalent he
desires for the official Latin terms. Students are strongly advised, however,
to use the original Latin terms as English words. The Latin terms are the only
authorized ones.
* Krause, W. : Die anatomische Nomenclatur. Internat. Monatsschr. f . Anat. u. PhysioL,
1893. X, 3^3-
tHis, W.: "Die anatomische Nomenclatur. Nomina anatomica, Verzeichniss der von der
anatomischen Gesellschaft auf ihrer IX. Versammlung in Basel aufgenommenen Namen
Eingeleitet und im Einverstandniss mit dem Redactionsausschuss erlautert. Mit dreissig
Abbildungen in Text und zwei Tafeln": Leipzig, Veit & Co., 1895. (Reprinted from the
Arch. f. Anat. u. Physiol, anat. Abth. Leipzig, 1895, Supplement-Band.)
2 Anatomical Nomenclature
What the "BNA" is.
The expression BNA is a shorthand title for a list of some 4500 anatomical
terms {nomina anatomica) accepted at Basle in 1895 by the Anatomical Society
as the most suitable designations for the various parts of the human anatomy
which are visible to the naked eye. The terms are all in correct Latin and have
been selected by a group of the most distinguished anatomists in the world,
•working six years at their task, as the shortest and simplest available names for
the different structures; the majority of the terms were already in use in the
various text-books, but some of them were selected from anatomical monographs
not considered in the text-books, and a few of them are brand-new, introduced
into the hst, where an examination of the literature and of anatomical prep-
arations showed that none of the terms hitherto coined was satisfactory.
One name only is given to each structure, and the mass of synonyms which
encumbered the text-books can thus be swept away. If one of the larger text-
books of gross anatomy be examined, as many as 10,000 terms will be found
employed, the half of which are synonyms ; and if the anatomical terms used in
the various standard text-books be collected into one list, the total number
amounts to more than 30,000. It is no small achievement to have reduced the
necessary number of terms in gross anatomy, as it is known to-day, to less than
5000, — an achievement for which both students and teachers of the subject must
be thankful.
Even more important is the exclusion from the list of all obscure or ambig-
uous terms, each name employed having a definite and easily ascertainable
meaning. The construction of the list has led, too, to the establishment of cer-
tain general principles regarding the formation and use of anatomical terms,
and these principles promise to be of great service in simplifying terminology
and keeping it uniform- as anatomical science continues to develop.
Why this revision of anatomical terminology was imdertaken.
Previous to undertaking this revision of the names used in gross anatomy,
the burden of terms which had to be carried by text-book, teacher, and pupil
had been growing progressively heavier. Anatomical structures had been chris-
tened in a most haphazard way. From the beginning of the science each inves-
tigator gave names as he would to the parts he studied, and as one investigator
was often ignorant of the work done by others the same parts were frequently
differently dubbed. The authors of anatomical text-books, especially those who
read widely, gradually collected these terms, though each author selected and
jerected names from the lists used by his predecessors as he thought fit.
It has thus come about that we have inherited from previous centuries an
excess of anatomical terms, many single structures carrying double or even mul-
tiple designations. Examples come at once to mind: The pneumogastric
nerve is also the vagus nerve as well as the tenth cerebral nerve; the trapezius
muscle is known to some as the musculus cucullaris ; the laryngeal prominence
is also Adam's apple; the aqueduct of the cerebrum is also, in many books, the iter
e tertio ad quartum ventriculum; m. levator palati is synonymous with m. petro-
salpingostaphyHnus. These double and multiple terms were passed on from
lecture to lecture and from text-book to text-book, and as a result of this anarchy
in the creation and use of terms the weight became terribly grievous.
Teachers and pupils writhed under it. Anatomical research was, to some extent
at least, retarded by it. When the valvula coH was known also variously as
the valvula ileocecalis, the valvula Bauhini, the valvula Tulpii, and the valvula
Falloppii, a certain historical sense may have been aroused and opportunity
Why the Revision Was Undertaken 3
given, as His suggests, for the discussion of fossil questions of priority, but the
inconveniences of such ballast were sufficiently obvious.
As this naming went on by the authors of individual text-books or mono-
graphs, a great many terms were proposed which never became current; others
were gradually employed in a sense other than that originally intended; some
attained to general anatomical parlance. It was the success that a name met
with which justified its adoption in the science, although often, as examination
has shown, it was fashion which in her imperious way decided, sometimes sud-
denly replacing an entirely suitable anatomical term by another, no better.
The names arising, as it were, by chance and at totally different periods in the
various anatomical systems, it was scarcely possible that anatomical terminol-
ogy as a whole could manifest any general plan or have much uniformity of
character; it was necessarily chaotic and incoherent, — full of inequalities, con-
tradictions, and obscurities.
The distinguished German anatomist, J. Henle, when writing his well-
known treatise, felt keenly the faults of the inherited terminology and made a
great effort at improvement. In his text-book of anatomy he gave only one
name to each structure, banishing all synonyms to the footnotes; he waged war
against personal names, and replaced them by objective terms, urging that his-
torical injustice was frequently done by their retention. It is to Henle, also,
that we owe the introduction and consistent use of those excellent terms of
orientation, — the words sagittal, frontal, medial, lateral, etc. But even as great
an anatomist as Henle could not simpHfy anatomical terminology satisfac-
torily without the sympathetic cooperation of other anatomists. Each great
medical school had to a certain extent its own anatomical language, and the
physician who tried to read articles in which the terms of schools other than
that in which he had been brought up were used met with irritating difficulties.
A student going from one university to another often found that the anatomical
expressions acquired with great difficulty in the one had to be supplanted by
another set of terms, equally hard to learn, in the other.
This harmful and humiliating state of affairs stirred up in anatomists in
various countries a strong feeling for the necessity of remedy. Anatomical so-
cieties in America, in Germany, and in Great Britain interested themselves much
in the problem. In America it was Professor Burt G. Wilder, of Ithaca, who felt
most keenly the need of reform in terminology. He deserves great credit for his
efforts to stimulate other American anatomists to a realization of this need, as
well as for the time and labor he has given to attempt to improve and simplify
anatomical terms.* He writes me that the matter of terminology was definitely
brought before the American Association for the Advancement of Science as long
ago as 1880, and states that in connection with the revision of terminology in
America the names of Messrs. Gage, Gerrish, Gould, Huntington, Leidy, and the
Spitzkas, father and son, should be mentioned.
The movement for revision of terminology which originated in Germany
in the enlarged Anatomical Society at its first meeting in Leipsic, in 1887, is the
*C/. Wilder, B. G.: "The Fundamental Principles of Anatomical Nomenclature"
(Med. News, Phila., 1891, December 19) ; " Macroscopical Vocabulary of the Brain," presented
to the Association of American Anatomists at Boston, Mass., December 20, 1890; "American
Reports upon Anatomical Nomenclature," 1889-1890, with notes by B. G. Wilder, Cor-
nell University, February 5, 1892; "Anatomical Terminology," by B. G. Wilder and S. H.
Gage, in the first edition of Wood's Reference Handbook of the Medical Sciences; "Neural
Terms, International and National," 1896; "Some Misapprehensions as to the Simplification
of^ the Nomenclature of Anatomy," 1898. The Reports of the Committee of the Associ-
ation of American Anatomists may also be consulted.
4 Anatomical Nomenclature
one which resulted finally in the production of the BNA. The Society in that
year voted that its officers undertake at once a revision of anatomical terms,
with the hope of remedying the obvious evils existing. No sooner did these
officers begin their work, however, than unforeseen difficulties began to appear,
and these did not lessen in number or significance as the work progressed.
Anatomists may rejoice that the difficulties were not insuperable. How they
were overcome and what the results achieved were, I shall try to explain in the
paragraphs which succeed.
The Scope of the Work and the Workers.
It soon became clear that a permanent commission on terminology could
deal more effectively with the problem than the officers of the Society. Again,
an editor-in-chief, who should devote himself almost entirely to the work for a
number of years, must of necessity be appointed. These suggestions, emanating
from Professor His, were adopted by the Society in 1889. The Commission on
Nomenclature was at once appointed, with Professor von KoUiker as Chairman
and Professors O. Hertwig, His, KoUmann, Merkel, Schwalbe, Toldt, Waldeyer,
and V. Bardeleben as members, — a list of names as Hkely, surely, as any that
could have been chosen to insure success from the start.
This Commission began its work most happily by securing the services of
Professor W. Krause, of Berlin, as editor-in-chief. Krause's literary ability
made the choice especially suitable. During the six years' work which fol-
lowed his appointment he set an example, his collaborators tell us, of indefati-
gable diligence and inexhaustible patience. The necessary correspondence
of such an editor was almost interminable; letters often passed to and fro for weeks
in order to set a single term right or to get it into its proper place in the list.
The cost of the undertaking was a matter for early consideration. The
work, while largely a labor of love, entailed unavoidably certain expenses. The
original estimate of the Commission of 10,000 marks ($2500) was exceeded
only a little. It seems almost incredible that the work could have been accom-
plished with so small an outlay. A large proportion of the cost (some 8090
marks) was defrayed by the scientific academies of Munich, Berlin, Vienna,
Leipsic, and Hungary; the rest of the amount (3800 marks) was contributed by
the Anatomical Society itself.
The exact scope of the work had, of course, to be clearly before the minds
of the members of the Commission from the outset. It was decided, therefore,
to consider descriptive anatomy solely, and this only in as far as the structures are
visible to the naked eye or through a simple hand lens. No attempts were to
be made to settle the terminology in domains of lively contemporary investi-
gation, nor were the terms of microscopic anatomy to be included. The list
was to be constructed in one language — viz.: Latin; those who use the termi-
nology were left, therefore, to translate, at will, the terms more or less freely,
into their own tongues.
The question in how far the terminology should attempt to be international
in character was a delicate one for the Commission to determine. The Anatomi-
cal Society, while organized in Germany and meeting usually only in cities in
which the German language is spoken, has never been exclusively German in
membership or character. Indeed, the list of members includes names from
America, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, England, France, Hungary, Italy, Russia,
Sweden, and Switzerland. The majority of members are German, it is true;
in 1895 there were 145 German members to 129 members belonging to other
countries. A society with such a membership might, perhaps, without criticism,
The Way the Work Was Done 5
undertake the establishment of a terminology intended for international use.
It was decided, however, not to make the undertaking too wide at the beginning,
to try rather to form a list of terms which should, in the first place, be acceptable
to German-speaking anatomists and, later on, to attempt to gain the cooperation
of anatomists who speak other languages. Though the names of the Commis-
sion originally appointed are all those of German or Austrian anatomists, the
lists of anatomical terms considered were, from the beginning, taken from
French and English as well as from German books. In 1890 several anatomists
from Great Britain and other European countries were invited to join the Com-
mission, and, later, Professor Thane of London was included. It was partly
owing, doubtless, to the relatively undeveloped state of anatomy at the time in
American universities, partly to the fact that few, if any, of our anatomists
then attended the meetings of the Anatomical Society, that no one from this
country was invited to join the Commission, Were another revision to be made
by the Society to-day, American anatomists would undoubtedly be requested
to act. The terminology which the Commission prepared and which was ac-
cepted by the Society in Basle, in 1905, was, in origin and in execution, there-
fore, the affair of the Anatomical Society and is to be regarded as international
only in as far as that Society and its affiliations may be so regarded.
The Way the Work was done.
It is interesting to learn the methods followed by the Commission in the
accomplishment of its task. The plan adopted at the beginning was greatly
modified as the work proceeded. Myology, as it promised to be much the easiest,
was the first subject undertaken. The editor took as a basis the names used in
the latest large text-book of gross anatomy.* These terms were vnritten down
in a vertical column and the synonyms from a number of other much-used text-
books placed in parallel columns. The lists were manifolded and a copy sent
to each commissioner with the request that he mark the term of his choice, or
if he found none suitable to propose a new one for the structure concerned.
Each commissioner was to return his list with comments to Professor Krause.
When the first vote on myological terms was counted it was found that the
names of 85 per cent, of the structures had received a majority vote, — more than
40 per cent, receiving practically unanimous approval. This surprising result
was most encouraging. A second list was then made out indicating the accepted
names, the terms still not decided upon, and the list of new terms proposed, and
it, together with the comments made by the various commissioners, was again
distributed. After the second vote any terms left undetermined were discussed
and settled in personal sittings of the Commission. By June, 189 1, the myo-
logical terminology was complete with a list of some 300 terms.
As a result of its early experience the Commission found that a second and
third vote made by correspondence gave results but little better than the first
vote. Further, it was soon learned that the new terms proposed and the com-
ments made by the members, often as a result of hard work and special knowl-
edge, were insufficiently considered unless each new term and comment were
verbally discussed in personal meetings of the commissioners. On attempting
such verbal discussion, however, in 1892, it was found that progress was made
too slowly in the full Commission and it became necessary to parcel out the
work to special committees. Thus the list of terms in Angiology was assigned
to Professors Merkel, Thane, and Toldt; that in Regional Anatomy to Pro-
* Tills happened to be C. Gegenbaur's "Lehrbuch der Anatomie des Menschen."
6 Anatomical Nomenclature
fessors Merkel, Riidinger, and Toldt, while Professor Toldt was made a com-
mittee of one to consider the terminology of joints.
Another important step consisted in the appointment of a special editing
committee consisting of Professors His, Krause, and Waldeyer. To this com-
mittee was delegated the task of giving a uniform character to the terminology
as a whole, a matter of no little difhculty. Since the single systems had been
voted upon at long intervals, the different terms accepted had received variable
majorities. There was a considerable residue of terms still undetermined in the
parts already considered and the whole list contained inequalities and even
contradictions which had to be corrected. Indeed, this editing committee
found itself deeply immersed in the hardest kind of work for no less than three
years after it was appointed. The terminology of the nervous system and of
the viscera proved to be the most difficult of all. In these chapters the com-
pleted list is deeply indebted especially to Professor His and to the support and
advice he received from Professors von KoUiker, Toldt, and Waldeyer.
During the last three of the six years' work it was found that results were
most quickly and satisfactorily reached by adopting the following program:
First, the members of the Commission were asked to send in their special sugges-
tions and comments for the unfinished lists even before the first vote was taken,
so that they could be considered on the primary ballot. The editor-in-chief,
after this vote had been made, rearranged the lists and turned them over to the
editing committee, the members of which reconsidered each term separately
and decided doubtful questions. This committee often found it necessary to
refer to the bibhography and even to dissections to help it in its decisions. The
lists thus edited were returned to the Commission for final comments. These,
when received, were thoroughly studied by the editing committee, and in 1895
the definitive list was presented by the Commission to the Anatomical Society
as a whole at its meeting in Basle. The Society voted its adoption.
The Principles arrived at as the Work proceeded.
As the six years' work of the Commission proceeded certain principles of
terminology crystallized out and simplified the further revision. It was found,
however, that while these principles were of value as general rules, none of them
could be employed absolutely without exception. The more important decisions
arrived at were the following:
(i) Each part shall have only one name.
(2) Each term shall be in Latin and be philologically correct.
(3) Each term shall be as short and simple as possible.
(4) The terms shall be merely memory signs and need lay no claim to
description or to speculative interpretation.
(5) Related terms shall, as far as possible, be similar — e. g., Femur, Arteria
femoralis. Vena femoralis, Nervus femoralis.
(6) Adjectives, in general, shall be arranged as opposites — e. g., dexter
and sinister, major and minor, anterior and posterior, superficialis and profundus.
The Commission was occasionally forced to deviate from these rules. Thus,
the first one was violated with the mitral valve, which is named valvula bicus-
pidalis and valvula mitralis, neither term being omitted (a concession to clini-
cians). The third rule, while usually easily followed (few would care to retain
the terms crotaphitico-buccinatorius or petrosalpingostaphylinus) , could not
always be obeyed; for instance, it did not seem wise to abolish that popular
term, sternocleidomastoideus. The fifth rule was ignored in making the
arteria meningea media go through a foramen spinosum (instead of through a
Principles Arrived at as Work Proceeded 7
foramen meningeum medium), and other examples might be given. But only
when compromise appeared to be unavoidable did the Commission consent
to depart from the principles mentioned.
There was much difference of opinion regarding the retention of personal
names. Some desired to continue their use; others wished to abolish them al-
together. Much can be said on each side. The arguments pro and con have
been marshalled by His. On the one hand (i) historical injustice is frequently
done, the name borne by a part being not that of its real discoverer but of some
later worker; (2) the personal names employed may vary in different countries,
Lieberkiihn's glands in Germany being Galeati's in Italy, Vater's corpuscles in
the one country being those of Pacini in the other; (3) in the literature of the
specialties personal names are often used in great excess, names of no importance
figuring in the bibliography; and (4) no systematic plan seems to have been
followed in adopting personal names; thus, even from among the immortals,
the names of Eustachius and Malpighi have in more than one instance been
chosen for' anatomical structures, while the names of VesaKus and Harvey
do not appear at all. On the other hand it is argued that (i) the per-
sonal names are usually good mnemotechnic material, a student easily
retaining the names of Poupart's, Gimbernat's and CoUes's ligaments and
having the impulse to find out what each signifies; whereas, his interest
is much less for a ligamentum inguinale, a ligamentum lacunare, or a
ligamentum inguinale reflexum; (2) a certain feeling of piety should restrain
us from sacrificing, to a principle arbitrarily established, terms which for cen-
turies have been found good and useful; and (3) it is to the student's advantgae
in his first session in the medical school to become familiar with the names of
Falloppia, Eustachius, Malpighi, etc., for through them his historical sense may be
awakened; and it is, perhaps, matter of secondary importance whether or not the
names are always rightly used, this being a function of the history of anatomy
rather than of anatomical terminology. The Commission compromised by
giving each part an objective name and putting widely used personal names in
brackets. Though this makes the terms less simple, it has the advantage of
leaving to time the final decision. The personal names are all put in the genitive
case, following the precedent set by the Zoological Commission on terminology.
Thus Poupart's ligament becomes Lig. inguinale [Pouparti]. In time it will
be known whether it is to be called ultimately the inguinal ligament or by Pou-
part's name.
Another matter which the Commission had to decide concerned the anatom-
ical terms used in the medical specialties, — e. g., in neurology, ophthalmology,
otology, and laryngology. In recent years clinicians have been reworking the
anatomy of their special domains quite independently of the anatomical labora-
tories. An examination of the literature of the specialties reveals an anatom-
ical terminology and description which varies markedly from the language and
presentation of the ordinary anatomical text-books. The Commission soon
convinced itself that the creation of this special language was due to the insuffi-
ciency of the anatomies of the schools ; it was its duty, therefore, to accept the terms
introduced by the specialists or to supply better ones. While the average medi-
cal student cannot, in his course in anatomy, be expected to master completely
the anatomical terms of all the medical specialties, still, as far as his training
goes in that direction, he has the right to demand that it shall be correct and
modern. For completeness' sake, therefore, the Commission has included a full
list of the names of macroscopic structures in the special organs, being led to do
so by the repeated assurance of distinguished specialists that they were ready to
accept the nomenclature of the anatomists as soon as it covered their needs.
8 Anatomical Nomenclature
It is surprising to find how few really new terms were coined by the Com-
mission. Indeed, the first plan was so conservative that it expected to make no
new terms at all but only to choose the most suitable terms then in use in the
text-books. Fortunately this plan was not adhered to. The only terms avail-
able in the text-books for some structures wxre antiquated and unworthy of re-
tention; but, worse and oftener, among the terms used in the text-books are
some that are employed by one author in one sense and by another in another,
owing, in certain cases at least, to obscure or inexact views. The Commission
was therefore sometimes compelled to search the bibliography, to study dis-
sections, and even to make original investigations in connection with a given
term. For the sake of clarity and accuracy a certain number of new terms
had to be introduced, and in the explanatory notes which accompanied the
publication of the BNA Professor His has indicated the exact meaning of these
new terms. Now that the new anatomical text-books and atlases are being
written in the language of the BNA the student and physician will have no
difficulty in understanding the few terms which otherwise might have seemed
unfamiliar to him. The fact, however, remains that the list consists chiefly of
carefully selected old names; it gives quite a wrong impression, therefore, to
speak of the BNA as the "new terminology" or "new nomenclature."*
The adoption of the BNA in America and in Great Britain.
Having reviewed the history of the origin and construction of the BNA
let us now turn for a moment to the matter of its adoption in this and
in other English-speaking countries. It was thought by some, at first, that
there would be great difficulties in the way.
(i) Thus, though granting the desirabihty of an anatomical terminology
which shall be the same in all civihzed countries, some think that the time is not
yet ripe for it; the needs of the anatomists of different countries as regards
anatomical terms are, they argue, not yet fully identical. When it is remembered,
however, that the terms of the BNA deal only with well-established gross anatom-
ical structures and do not relate to microscopic parts or to parts concerning
which views are still unsettled, it is not difficult to conceive of international
cooperation in the use of them for the sake of uniformity. The work of all
anatomists, physiologists, biologists, pathologists and clinicians would be
made much easier thereby. The speed of progress in these days has compelled
every scientific medical man to read articles on his subject appearing in several
languages; unless he does so he falls hopelessly behind his colleagues. Even
medical students, in the schools with the higher requirements, are now asked to
read one or two modern languages other than their own before admission.
How obviously the reading of medical articles in the international bibliography
would be facilitated if all writers would make it a point to use the same ana-
tomical terms in texts and at the sides of illustrative plates and figures!
Certainly the vast majority of the terms of the BNA would be understandable
of all and agreeable to all. Even if a small residue of names might be found
objectionable and remain unused in each country, it would matter but Httle,
though most of us, surely, would be willing temporarily, for the sake of uni-
formity, to use a few terms not wholly to our liking.
(2) There are, it is said, a few anatomists in America and in England
who are prejudiced against the BNA because it was prepared by the German
Anatomical Society and is largely the result of the work of German anatomists.
* Through an oversight in proof-reading, I have myself fallen into this error in my
** Laboratory Manual."
The Adoption of the BNA 9
Aside from the facts referred to above — that the Anatomical Society had almost
as many non-German as German members and that the Commission on Ter-
minology contained English, Belgian and Italian anatomists as well as German,
Austrian and Swiss — it would not, it seems to me, have mattered much, or hin-
dered its acceptance by us, if the BNA had been wholly German in origin. If
anatomists of worthily world-wide fame like His, Toldt, Waldeyer, Krause,
and their colleagues are willing and able to give a large part of their time and
energies for six years to such a task, to secure the money to defray the expense
thereof, and then to present it freely to the rest of us, — if what they have done
is really excellent, — are we to be sulky and reject it simply because it was " made
in Germany"? I cannot believe that any one who reflects for a moment can be
other than extremely grateful for the very valuable gift these men have made us;
such a Chauvinistic attitude as I have described can surely not be assumed by more
than a minute minority. On the contrary, it is characteristic of the people of
this country that they seek out and adopt as their own the "best" wherever it
is to be found, even if it chance to be " made in Thibet" or in Timbuctoo.
(3) The fact that the list of terms is written entirely in the Latin language
has been the ground of objection on the part of a few. But this, I feel sure, is
due to a misunderstanding of the intention of the Commission. Its members had
no idea that, in actual use, the Latin form would always be employed ; it is matter
of indifference whether one says "biceps muscle" or "musculus biceps," "fem-
oral nerve" or "nervus femoralis," "temporal bone" or "os temporale," "yellow
spot" or " macula lutea." As a matter of fact, a student learning an anatomical
term for the first time will usually find that the Latin term goes as trippingly
on the tongue, often more so, than its English equivalent. There are marked
individual preferences, however, in this regard and I have known some teachers
and students who would fly from a Latinized form as though from Satan". Cer-
tainly in this country fewer teachers than in Germany use the Latin consistently,
though, as the feeling for precision and uniformity grows, it is possible that the
custom may increase, in which event all the Latin names would actually become
English words, as has already happened with conjunctiva, retina, plexus, fornix,
thalamus, ganglion, ependyma, cranium, abdomen, pelvis, perineum, and of the
like many more. The Commission at first had the idea of placing translations
for the various languages in parallel columns with the Latin names, but wisely,
I think, refrained therefrom, thus leaving everyone free to supply the equiv-
alent in his own tongue as he will. In the German dissecting-rooms, even, the
Latin forms are not strictly adhered to; one hears "Rlickenmark" rather than
"Medulla spinalis," "Kopfnicker" (not " Brustschliasselzitzenfortsatzmuskel ")
rather than "M. sternocleidomastoideus." It is in books, and more particu--
larly in atlases, that it is especially desirable that the BNA be used in its Latin
form. Where there is, too, any likelihood of international use of book or altas,
or of translation from one tongue into another, it would be helpful if this rule
were followed.
(4) It has been objected, further, that since English and American text-
books have been written without regard to the BNA, students and teachers
will only add the burden of a lot of additional names to their already overcrowded
memories, — that we shall have a "confusion worse confounded" than before.
It has been asserted, tooo, that students passing from anatomical laboratories in
which the BNA is employed into the clinics which are manned by professors
who learned their anatomy years ago will taken with them a tongue unintelligible
to their instructors and will find in use there a form of anatomical language un-
known to themselves.
lo Anatomical Nomenclature
There is a minimum of truth in these objections, but the difficulties to be
encountered are far less real than would at first sight appear. For, in the first
place, experience has taught that the use of the BNA along with the older
text-books is not an impracticable task. The older books contain a majority
of the BNA terms and a great many others besides, so that the use of the BNA
resolves itself, in these circumstances, largely into an emphasizing of the names
of choice and the omission of the unnecessary synonyms; the addition of the
few new terms required meets with no difficulty if the instructors be well versed
in them. Since Professor Mall called my attention to the BNA in 1895 and
recommended it to me I have used it more or less consistently and with satis-
faction ever since in my anatomical and clinical teaching in Baltimore and in
Chicago. Other American teachers who have done the same tell me that they
have found its employment easy and rewarding, and students, often unsolicited,
express marked approval of the BNA terms where they differ from those for-
merly in use. The BNA is now used regularly in several of the American
anatomical laboratories and, in large part though not exclusively, in others.
That the student's text-books and atlases should be written in the BNA
is, nevertheless, obviously desirable. In 1899, in writing a book on the nervous
system, I found it satisfactory to employ it (with minor exceptions), exclusively,
for the domains which it covered. Soon after, in the dissecting-room teaching in
Chicago, I was impressed with the idea that the student's task could be greatly
simplified if a guide to dissection were written in terms of the BNA, each term
being brought in at the moment the pupil meets with the structure named in
his practical work. To meet this need, I prepared and had published, with
the help of Drs. D. D. Lewis and D. G. Revell, in 1904, "A Laboratory Manual
of Human Anatomy." Meanwhile, three excellent anatomical atlases, — those
of Spalteholz, Sobotta and Toldt, — had appeared in Germany, each with the
BNA terms printed at the sides of the figures. In order to make the task of
students and teachers still lighter, and again encouraged by Professor Mall,
I undertook during the years 1 900-1 904 the translation into English of the text
of Professor Spalteholz's work, and since then its beautiful illustrations and
brief, precise, anatomical descriptions have been available to American and
English readers. The kind way in which these books have been received by
American anatomists and clinicians makes it evident that there exists in this
country a warm sympathy with the movement to render anatomical terminology
more simple, less cumbersome, and more precise.
In 1902, Dr. Hardesty used the BNA exclusively in his useful "Neurological
Technique," and in the small text of Dr. Whitehead (1900) and the monograph
of Dr. Sabin (1901), both on the brain, it had also been adopted. Indications,
indeed, now point to its general acceptance by American and British writers.
Besides Spalteholz's Atlas that of Sobotta and that of Toldt are now available
in English translation. The new edition of that popular text-book, Morris's
Anatomy, edited by Mr. Henry Morris, of London, and Professor McMur-
rich, of Ann Arbor, just now being published, is couched in the BNA terms
It would take too long to cite all the books and important articles in which these
names figure. A monograph recently published by Dr. Potter, of St. Louis,
entitled " Topographical Anatomy of the Viscera of the Thorax and Abdomen, "
should not, however, be omitted, as it is most valuable as a companion to any one
studying, for the first time, a series of cross-sections through the trunk of a
human being; the BNA names are used throughout in its plates and descrip-
tions. That biologists find the BNA satisfactory is indicated by its use in
Professor J. B. Johnston's book, "The Anatomy of the Nervous System of
The Future of Anatomical Terminology ii
Vertebrates." And, now that the newest edition of Gould's Medical Dictionary
is also to consider the BNA, there would seem to be no longer reason for
delay in general recognition and employment.
The assumption that students who have been taught the BNA and their
clinical teachers will be reciprocally embarrassed in one another's presence —
that a sort of anatomical Babel will prevail — gives scarcely due credit to either
student or clinician. For, on the one hand, the student is sure during this tran-
sition period to become acquainted quickly with the old synonyms of the few
new anatomical terms foreign to the ordinary clinical vocabulary; he can scarcely
escape, for instance, learning that clinicians almost invariably speak of the
"atria" of the heart as its "auricles," or of the "omental bursa" as the "lesser
peritoneum." And, on the other hand, we may be certain that the modern sci-
entific clinician, worthy of a clinical chair in a medical school, will not be un-
familiar with those more recent studies in the anatomy of his field which are of
suflGicient permanent importance to have been reflected in the BNA. The
internist who has not brought his anatomy of the lungs, the heart, the liver, the
spleen, the kidneys and the peritoneum at least up to the level of precision
indicated by the BNA list, handicaps himself in his work. So with the surgeon
with regard to the bones, the articulations, the blood-vessels and nerves, the
neck, the abdomen and the pelvis. There need be little fear, we may feel toler-
ably sure, of delinquency here. Should the nobler motives prove ineffective —
they will not — the fierceness of competition among clinicians, the rivalry for
prestige among the occupants of clinical chairs, would from now on, if it has not
always so done in the past, compel the teachers of the practical branches to
keep pace with progress in the fundamentals. We have seen above, as a mat-
ter of fact, how clinicians in the medical specialties have not only kept pace
with the anatomists but, in part, have outstripped them in the race. Investi-
gating the anatomy of their own special domains anew and independently, their
inquiries have expanded knowledge and necessitated an enrichment of anatomical
vocabulary. This process has begun in America. That it will go on and be-
come an engine of great power in furthering the development of our knowl-
edge of the human form in regions yet obscure, who can doubt?
The Future of Anatomical Terminology.
No matter how many revisions of terminology are made, and entirely
independently of those who make them, we can be sure that, in the long run, only
those names will survive which are wisely selected, which are precise in expression,
and which are organically connected with whatever great general plan our ana-
tomical nomenclature ultimately assumes. Anatomical terms, to live, must
satisfy the needs of, and be adopted by, a majority of anatomists and clinicians.
It would be folly to attempt to force the use of the BNA or any other list of
anatomical terms upon any man or group of men. A terminology must rely
upon its intrinsic merits, not upon the influence of authority. The better it satis-
fies the needs of teaching and investigation, the greater its chances of general
acceptance and permanence. Those of us who are convinced of the value of
the BNA should set an example by using it and may recommend its use to others.
More than this we ought not to do.
The fact should be emphasized that the BNA makes no attempt to limit
the language of research, but only to supply a list of simple terms, free from
ambiguity, for common use in the medical schools. Research must, of course,
retain absolute freedom of expression. Investigators, to make themselves
understood, are compelled to use temporarily many expressions consciously
12 Anatomical Nomenclature
wholly provisional in character. Only when time has brought a certain repose
to scientific activity in a given region do more permanent terms crystallize out.
It should be easy in a country like America, for anatomists to agree with their
colleagues in the rest of the world upon the adoption of a common set of terms
for school use. It is fair to assume that the tendency to cooperation, so charac-
teristic of the energies of this country, notably manifest in industrial combinations
no less than in the team-work of athletes, will not be found lacking among
anatomists.
Even when compromises have to be made, there is a certain special honor
and satisfaction to be derived from the sacrifices involved when they contribute
to the common weal. That some concessions must necessarily be made in using
the BNA cannot be denied; almost every cooperative measure demands some
self-denial among participants. This need not, however, be great. Where the
list does not supply in full the requirements of the individual teacher, there is
no reason why he should not extend it at will. On the other hand, where the
list contains terms in excess of the needs of a given instructor or school, it is an
easy matter to omit those which seem superfluous. It may seem a little hard
for one who has spoken of the ''M. complexus" all his fife to get used to call-
ing it the "M. semispinalis capitis," or for another who has been brought up
with an ''anterior crural" to abandon it for the "femoral" nerve. But when
the good reasons for the change are known and appreciated, good-will will carry
one far. It is only when a term is found to be incompatible with one's scien-
tific convictions that reasonable difficulty arises. The BNA has, however,
been constructed with such great care and has so sedulously avoided affixing
labels to structures still in dispute that we need have little fear on that score.
Even should there be a few terms, or even a few hundred, which we find hard
at this time to digest, the general acceptance of the other 4000 will be a great
gain, cutting the labors of students, as it will, in two.
That conditions will arise, perhaps soon, when another revision will be
desirable and demanded there can be no doubt. Investigation is ever extending;
our criteria of values are constantly changing; scientific needs in terminology
vary, in spite of us, with the years; at intervals revision becomes unavoidable.
But with foundations so well laid as in the BNA, a subsequent review should
be facilitated. The development of the BNA has taught us the necessity of
observing certain rules in the coining of new anatomical terms. If these rules be
good ones, the work of extension will be easy. It would not be difficult, for
instance, to merge the names of this list into a nomenclature which considers,
more satisfactorily than the BNA does, the needs to which a fusion of Human
Anatomy with Comparative Anatomy gives rise. And I, for one, hope that such
a "merger" may be promoted in our time. I trust too that, at another revision,
the terms in Professor Wilder's lists which differ from those of the BNA may be
carefully considered, and that his terms, where they are better than those of the
present BNA, may be adopted.
Of one thing I am convinced, — cooperation is, from now on, essential for
the welfare of a satisfactory anatomical language. Simplicity, accuracy, and
serial connection will be favored if anatomists agree to use terms, in common,
for the structures studied in the schools. The teacher's work will be simplified
and the pupil's task will be lightened; instruction will be unhampered, research
will flourish and anatomical science will gain in dignity and in precision.
Nomina anatomica'
Termini, situm ct dircctioncm partium corporis
indicantes
Termini generates
Verticalis
Anterior
Horizontalis
Medius
Medianus
Posterior
Sagittalis
Ventralis
Frontalis
Dorsalis
Transversalis
Internus
Medialis
Externus
Intermedius
Dexter
Lateralis
Sinister
Termini ad extre
Proximalis
Distalis
Radialis
Longitudinalis
Transversus
Cranialis
Rostralis
Caudalis
Superior
Inferior
Superficialis [sublimis]
Profundus
Ulnaris
Tibialis
Fibularis
^ In the lists the following explanations are necessary:
1. Oval brackets ( ) indicate variations (Varietates anatomicae).
2. Angular brackets [ ] contain explanatory additions, among which are included double
names and personal names.
3. Italics are used for ontogenetic expressions (e.g., M. decidua, A. umbilicalis, etc.)
14
Anatomical names'
Terms indicating the position and direction of
parts of the body
General terms
Vertical
Anterior
Longitudinal
Horizontal
Middle
Transverse
Median
Posterior
Cranial
Sagittal
Ventral
Rostral
Frontal
Dorsal
Caudal
Transversal
Inner
Superior
Medial
Outer
Inferior
Intermediate
Right
Superficial
Lateral
Left
Deep
Terms relating to the extremities
Proximal
Ulnar
Distal
Tibial
Radial
Fibular
* The letters O. T. following a name indicate that it belongs to the older terminology.
14
IS
Anatomical Nomenclature
Termini ^eneraies
Accessorius
Corona
Glandula
Acinus
Corpus
Glomerulus
Aditus
Corpusculum
Glomus
Ala
Crista
Hilus
Crus
Humor
Alveolus
Decussatio
Junctura
Ampulla
Dorsum
Impressio
Angulus
Ductulus
Incisura
Ansa
Ductus
Infundibulum
Antrum
Eminentia
Intestinum
Apertura
Endothelium
Isthmus
Apex
Epithelium
Labium
Appendix
Extremitas
Lacuna
Arcus
Facies
Lamina
Area
Fascia
Latus
Basis
Fasciculus
Ligamentum
Brachium
Fibra
Limbus
Canaliculus
Fibrocartilago
Limen
Canalis
Filum
Linea
Capsula
Fissura
Liquor
Caput
Flexura
Lobulus
Capitulum
Folium
Lobus
Cartilage
Folliculus
Macula
Caruncula
Foramen
Margo
Cauda
Formatio
Massa
Caverna
Fornix
Meatus
Cavum
Fossa
Medulla
Cellula
Fossula
Membrana
Circulus
Fovea
Membrum
Cisterna
Foveola
Mucus
Collum
Frenulum
Musculus
Columna
Fundus
Nervus
Commissura
Funiculus
Nodulus
Geniculum
Nucleus
Cornu
Genu
Organon
/
General Anatomical Terms
15
General Anatomical Terms
Accessory-
Berry
Entrance
Wing (contraction of
axilla)
Little hollow-
Flask
Angle
Handle or loop
Cave
Opening
Tip
Appendage
Arch
Space
Base
Arm
Small channel
Canal
Capsule
Head
Little head
Cartilage
Small piece of flesh
Tail
Cavern
Hole or cavity
Little chamber or cell
Circle
Cistern
Neck
Column or pillar
Connection or commis-
sure
Horn
Wreath, garland, or crown
Body
Little body or corpuscle
Crest
Leg or limb
Decussation or crossing
Back
Little duct
Duct
Eminence or protuberance
Endothelium
Epithelium
Extremity
Face or surface
Bandage or band
A little bundle or packet
Fibre or filament
Fibrocartilage
Thread
Fissure or cleft
Bending
Leaf
Little sac or bag
Hole, aperture, or opening
Formation
Arch or vault
Ditch or trench
Little fossa
Pit
Little pit
Cord or rein •
Bottom
Thin rope, cord, or string
Little knee or knot
Knee
Gland
Little skein
Skein
Hilus
Liquid or fluid
Joint
Impression
Incision or notch
Funnel
Intestine or inward
Isthmus
Lip
Gap, defect
Plate or layer
Broad; flank
Ligament
Border or fringe
Threshold, boundary
Line
Fluid or liquid
A little lobe
Lobe
Spot ,
Margin
Mass
Way or passage
Marrow
Membrane
Limb or member
Mucus
Muscle
Nerve
Nodule
Nucleus or kernel
Organ
i6
Anatomical Nomenclature
Orificium
Septum
Tunica
Os [oris]
Sinus
Tunica propria
Os [ossis]
Spatium
Umbo
Ostium
Spina
Uvula
Papilla
Stratum
Parenchyma
Stria
Vagina
Paries
Stroma
Vallecula
Perichondrium
Substantia
Vallum
Periosteum
Succus
Valvula
Plexus
Sulcus
Vas
Plica
Taenia
Velum
Polus
Tegmen
Processus
Tela
Vertex
Prominentia
Tela conjunctiva
Vesica
Punctum
Tela elastica
Vesicula
Radix
Torus
Ramulus
Vestibulum
Ramus
Trabecula
Raphe
Tractus
Villus
Recessus
Trigonum
Viscus [viscera]
Regio
Trochlea
Rete
Truncus
Vortex
Rima
Tuber
Zona
Rudimentum
Tuberculum
Septulum
Tubulus
General Anatomical Terms
i6
Orifice
Mouth
Bone
Entrance
Papilla or nipple
Parenchyma
Wall
Perichrondrium
Periosteum
Plexus
Fold
Pole
Process
Prominence or projection
Point or small puncture
Root
Little branch or twig
Branch
Raphe or seam
Recess
Region or territory
Net or network
Slit or fissure
Rudiment
Little septum
Partition
Sinus
Space
Spine or thorn
Layer or covering
Furrow, stripe, or ridge
Stroma, or bed
Substance
Juice
Sulcus or furrow
Ribbon; tape-worm
A cover
Web
Connecting web
Elastic web
Round swelling or protuber-
ance
Little beam
Tract
Trigone or triangle
Pulley
Trunk
Swelling or hump
Tubercle
Tubule or little tube
Coat or covering
Proper coat
Boss or prominence
Little cluster or
bunch
Sheath
Crevice
Wall or fortification
Valve
Vessel
Sail, covering or cur-
tain
Crown of head
Bladder
Vesicle or little blad-
der
Vestibule or ante-
chamber
Shaggy hair
Organ, internal
organ
Whirlpool
Girdle or zone
17
Anatomical Nomenclature
Partes corporis humani
Caput
Tr u n c u s
Collum
Caput
Cranium
Extremitates
Vertex
Tempora
Sinciput
Auris
Frons
Auricula
Occiput
Fades
O cuius
Os
Palpebra superior
Sulcus nasolabialis
Palpebra inferior
Philtrum
Rima palpebrarum
Labium superius
Bulbus oculi
Labium inferius
Supercilium
Rima oris
Sulcus infrapalpebralis
Cavum oris
Lingua
Nasus
Fauces
Dorsum nasi
Bucca [Mala]
Apex nasi
Sulcus mentolabialis
Ala nasi
Mentum
•
Collum
Cervix
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Prominentia laryngea
Truncus
Oesophagus
Thorax
Dorsum
Cavum thoracis
Columna vertebralis
Pectus
Canalis spinalis
Mamma
Papilla mammae
Parts of the Human Body
17
Parts of the human body
Head
Trunk
Neck
Head
Skull
Extremities
Crown of the head
Temples
Sinciput; bregma
Ear
Forehead
External ear, or pinna
Occiput
Face
Eye
Mouth
Upper eyelid
Nasolabial furrow
Lower eyelid
Infranasal depression
Lid-slit
Upper lip
Eyeball
Lower lip
Eyebrow
Mouth slit
Infrapalpebral furrow
Mouth cavity
Tongue
Nose
Throat
Back of the nose
Cheek
Tip of the nose
Mentolabial furrow
Wing of the nose
Neck
Chin
Neck (posterior part)
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Laryngeal prominence
(0.
Oesophagus
T. Adam's apple)
Trunk
Thorax
Back
Thoracic cavity
Vertebral column
Breast
Spinal canal
Mammary gland
Mammary nipple
i8
Anatomical Nomenclature
Abdomen
Cavum abdominis
Latus
Scrobiculus cordis
Lumbus
Umbilicus
Inguen
Pelvis
Cavum pelvis
Anus
Mons pubis
Crena ani
Coxa
Perineum
Nates [Clunes]
Extremitas superior
Axilla
Manus
Plica axillaris anterior
Carpus
Plica axillaris posterior
Metacarpus
Acromion
Dorsum manus
Brachium
Vola manus [Palma]
Facies anterior
Thenar
Facies posterior
Hypothenar
Facies lateralis
Digiti manus
Facies medialis
PoUex [Digitus I]
Sulcus bicipitalis lateralis
Index [ " II]
Sulcus bicipitalis medialis
Digitus medius [Digitus III]
Cubitus
Digitus annularis [ " IV]
Antibrachium
Digitus minimus [ " V]
Facies dorsalis
Facies dorsales
Facies volaris
Facies volares
Margo radialis
Margines radiales
Margo ulnaris
Margines ulnares
Extremitas inferior
Femur
Facies anterior
Facies posterior
Facies lateralis
Facies medialis
Sulcus glutaeus
Genu
Poples
Patella
Crus
Facies anterior
Facies posterior
Sura
Malleolus lateralis
Malleolus medialis
Pes
Tarsus
Metatarsus
Parts of the Human Body
i8
Belly
Abdominal cavity
Flank
" Heart fossa" ; pit
of stomach Loin
Navel
Groin
Pelvis
Pelvic cavity
Anus
Pubic eminence
Anal cleft
Hip
Perineum
Buttock
Uppe
T extremity
Axilla; prominence of shoulder
Hand
Anterior axillary fold
Wrist
Posterior axillary fold
Metacarpus
Acromion; tip of shoulder
Back of the hand
Arm
Palm of the hand
Anterior surface
Thenar or radial palm
Posterior surface
Hypothenar or ulnar palm
Lateral surface
Fingers
Medial surface
Thumb
Lateral bicipital groove
Index finger
Medial bicipital groove
Middle finger
Elbow
Ring finger
Forearm
Little finger
Dorsal surface
Dorsal surfaces
Volar surface
Volar surfaces
Radial margin
Radial margins
Ulnar margin
Ulnar margins
Lower extremities
Thigh
Anterior surface
Posterior surface
Lateral surface
Medial surface
Gluteal furrow
Knee
Posterior surface of knee
Knee-cap
Leg
Anterior surface
Posterior surface
Calf
I^ateral malleolus
Medial malleolus
Foot
Root of foot
Metatarsus
19
Anatomical Nomenclature
Dorsum pedis
Planta
Margo pedis lateralis
Margo pedis medialis
Calx
Digiti pedis
Hallux [Digitus I]
Digiti II-IV
Digitus minimus [Digitus V]
Facies dorsales
Facies plantares
Margines laterales
Margines mediales
Osteologia
Os longum
Os breve
Os planum
Os pneumaticum
Epiphysis
Diaphysis
Vertebrae cervicales
Vertebrae thoracales
Vertebrae lumbales
Vertebrae sacrales
Vertebrae coccygeae
Corpus vertebrae
Fovea costalis superior
Fovea costalis inferior
Synchondrosis epiphyseos Cavum meduUare
Apophysis
Facies articularis
Substantia compacta
Substantia corticalis
Substantia spongiosa
Medulla ossium
Medulla ossium flava
Medulla ossium rubra
Foramen nutricium
Canalis nutricius
Canalis vertebralis
Foramen vertebrale
Arcus vertebrae
Radix arcus vertebrae
Incisura vertebralis superior
Incisura vertebralis inferior
Foramen intervertebrale
Sulcus n. spinalis
Processus spinosus
Vertebra prominens
Processus transversus
Fovea costalis transversalis
Columna vertebralis
Tuberculum anterius [vertebrarum
cervicalium]
Tuberculum caroticum [vertebrae
cervicalis VI]
Foramen transversarium
Tuberculum posterius [vertebrarum
cervicalium]
Processus articulares superiores
Facies articulares superiores
Processus articulares inferiores
Facies articulares inferiores
Processus costarius
Processus accessorius [vertebrarum
lumbalium]
Processus mammillaris
Atlas
Massa lateralis
Arcus anterior
Tuberculum anterius
Foveae articulares superiores
Facies articulares inferiores
Fovea dentis
Osteology
19
Back of the foot
Sole
Lateral margin of the foot
Medial margin of the foot
Heel
Toes
Great toe
II-IV toes
Little toe
Dorsal surfaces
Plantar surfaces
Lateral margins
Medial margins
Osteology
Long bone
Short bone
Flat bone
Hollow bone
Epiphyseal synchondrosis
Apophysis ("excrescence")
Articular surface
Compact substance
Epiphysis (" accretion") Cortical substance
Shaft Spongy substance
Medullary cavity
Bone marrow
Yellow bone marrow
Red bone marrow
Nutrient foramen
Nutrient canal
Vertebral column or spine
Cervical vertebrae
Thoracic vertebrae
Lumbar vertebrae
Sacral vertebrae
Coccygeal vertebrae
Body of vertebrae
Superior costal pit (O. T. demifacet
for head of rib)
Inferior costal pit (O. T. demifacet for
head of rib)
Vertebral canal
Vertebral foramen
Vertebral arch
Root of vertebral arch (O. T. pedicle)
Superior vertebral notch
Inferior vertebral notch
Intervertebral foramen
Groove for spinal nerve
Spinous process
Prominent vertebra (seventh cervical)
Transverse process
Costal pit of transverse process (O. T.
facet for tubercle of rib)
Anterior tubercle [of cervical verte-
brae]
Carotid tubercle [of sixth cervical ver-
tebra]
Foramen of transverse process
Posterior tubercle [of cervical vertebrae]
Superior articular processes
Superior articular surfaces
Inferior articular processes
Inferior articular surfaces
Costal process
Accessory process of lumbar vertebrae
Mammillary process
Atlas
Lateral mass
Anterior arch
Anterior tubercle
Superior articular pits
Inferior articular surfaces
Pit of the tooth
20
Anatomical Nomenclature
Arcus posterior
Sulcus arteriae vertebralis
Tuberculum posterius
Epistropheus
Dens
Facies articularis anterior
Facies articularis posterior
Os sacrum
Facies dorsalis
Facies pelvina
Basis OSS. sacri
Processus articularis superior
Promontorium
Pars lateralis
Facies auricularis
Tuberositas sacralis
Foramina intervertebralia
Foramina sacralia anteriora
Lineae transversae
Foramina sacralia posteriora
Crista sacralis media
Cristae sacrales laterales
Cristae sacrales articulares
Cornua sacralia
Canalis sacralis
Hiatus sacralis
Apex OSS. sacri
Os coccygis
Cornua coccygea
Thorax
Costae
Costae verae
Costae spuriae
Os costale
Cartilago costalis
Capitulum costae
Facies articularis capituli costae
Crista capituli
Corpus costae
Tuberculum costae
Facies articularis tuberculi costae
Collum costae
Crista colli costae
Angulus costae
Tuberculum scaleni [Lisfranci]
Sulcus subclaviae
Tuberositas costae II
Sulcus costae
Sternum
Manubrium sterni
Angulus sterni
Synchondrosis sternalis
Corpus sterni
Planum sternale
Processus xiphoideus
Incisura clavicularis
Incisura jugularis
Incisurae costales
(Ossa suprasternalia)
Thorax
Cavum thoracis
Apertura thoracis superior
Apertura thoracis inferior
Arcus costarum
Spatia intercostalia
Angulus infrasternalis
Sulcus pulmonalis
Ossa cranii
Os basilare
Os occipitale
Foramen occipitale magnum
Pars basilaris
Sulcus petrosus inferior
Pars lateralis
Osteology
20
Posterior arch
Groove for vertebral, artery
Posterior tubercle
Epistropheus ("a turning") (0. T.
axis)
Tooth
Anterior articular surface
Posterior articular surface
Sacrum
Dorsal surface
Pelvic surface
Base of sacrum
Superior articular process
Promontory (O. T. sacrovertebral
angle)
Lateral part
Auricular surface
Sacral tuberosity
Intervertebral foramina
Anterior sacral foramina
Transverse lines
Posterior sacral foramina
Middle sacral crest
Lateral sacral crests
Articular sacral crests
Sacral horns
Sacral canal
Sacral hiatus
Apex of sacrum
Coccyx
Coccygeal horns
Thorax
Ribs
True ribs
False ribs
Rib bone
Rib cartilage
Head of the rib
Articular surface of the head of the rib
Crest of the head
Body of the rib
Tubercle of the rib
Articular surface of the tubercle of the
rib
Neck of the rib
Crest of neck of rib
Angle of rib
Scalene tubercle of Lisfranc
Subclavian groove
Tuberosity of the second rib
Costal groove
Breast Bone
Handle of sternum
Angle of sternum
Sternal synchondrosis
Body of sternum (O. T. gladiolus)
Sternal plain, or anterior surface
Xiphoid process (O. T. ensiform
process)
Clavicular notch
Jugular notch (O. T. presternal
notch)
Notches for the ribs
Suprasternal bones
Thorax
Thoracic cavity
Upper thoracic openmg
Lower thoracic opening
Arch of the ribs
Intercostal spaces
Infrasternal angle
Pulmonary sulcus
Bones of the skull
Basilar bone
Occipital bone
Large occipital foramen
Basilar part
Inferior petrosal groove
Lateral part
21
Anatomical Nomenclature
Squama occipitalis
Margo mastoideus
Margo lambdoideus
(Os interparietale)
Clivus
Tuberculum pharyngeum
Condylus occipitalis
Canalis condyloideus
Canalis hypoglossi
Tuberculum jugulare
Incisura jugularis
Processus jugularis
Fossa condyloidea
Processus intrajugularis
Planum occipitale
Planum nuchale
Protuberantia occipitalis externa
(Torus occipitalis)
Crista occipitalis externa
Linea nuchae suprema
Linea nuchae superior
Linea nuchae inferior
Eminentia cruciata
Protuberantia occipitalis interna
Sulcus sagittalis
Sulcus transversus
(Processus paramastoideus)
Os sphenoidale
Corpus
Sella turcica
Fossa hypophyseos
Dorsum sellae
Tuberculum sellae
Processus clinoideus medius
Processus clinoideus posterior
Sulcus caroticus
Lingula sphenoidalis
Crista sphenoidalis
Rostrum sphenoidale
Sinus sphenoidalis
Septum sinuum sphenoidalium
Apertura sinus sphenoidalis
Conchae sphenoidales
Clivus
Ala p ar V a
Sulcus chiasmatis
Foramen opticum
Processus clinoideus anterior
Fissura orbitalis superior
Al a m a gn a
Facies cerebralis
Facies temporalis
Facies sphenomaxillaris
Facies orbitalis
Margo zygomaticus
Margo frontalis
Angulus parietalis
Margo squamosus
Crista infratemporalis
Foramen rotundum
Foramen ovale
Foramen spinosum
Spina angularis
Processus pterygoideus
Lamina lateralis processus pterygoidei
Lamina medialis processus pterygoidei
Fissura pterygoidea
Fossa scaphoidea
Processus vaginalis
Hamulus pterygoideus
Sulcus hamuli pterygoidei
Fossa pterygoidea
Canalis pterygoideus [Vidii]
Osteology
21
Occipital squama ("scale")
Mastoid margin
Lambdoid margin
Interparietal bone
Clivus ("slope")
Pharyngeal tubercle
Occipital condyle
Condyloid canal (O. T. posterior con-
dyloid foramen)
Hypoglossal canal (O. T. anterior
condyloid foramen)
Jugular tubercle
Jugular notch
Jugular process
Condyloid fossa
Intra jugular process
Occipital plain
Nuchal plain
External occipital protuberance
Occipital torus ("swelling")
External occipital crest
Supreme nuchal line
Superior nuchal line
Inferior nuchal line
Cruciate eminence
Internal occipital protuberance
Sagittal sulcus (O. T. superior longi-
tudinal sulcus)
Transverse sulcus
Paramastoid process
Sphenoid bone
Body
Turkish saddle
Hypophyseal fossa (O. T. pituitary
fossa)
Back of sella
Tubercle of sella or pommel
Middle clinoid process
Posterior clinoid process
Carotid sulcus (O. T. cavernous
groove)
Sphenoidal tongue
Sphenoidal crest (O. T. ethmoidal
crest)
Sphenoidal rostrum
Sphenoidal sinus
Septum of sphenoidal sinuses
Opening of sphenoidal sinus
Sphenoidal conchae ("shell") (O. T.
sphenoidal turbinated bones)
Clivus (" slope")
Small wi ng
Sulcus of the chiasma (O. T. optic
groove)
Optic foramen
Anterior clinoid process
Superior orbital fissure
Large wing
Cerebral surface
Temporal surface
Sphenomaxillary surface
Orbital surface
Zygomatic margin
Frontal margin
Parietal angle
Squamosal margin
Infratemporal crest (O. T. pterygoid
ridge)
Round foramen
Oval foramen
Spinous foramen
Angular spine (O. T. spinous process)
Pterygoid process
Lateral layer of pterygoid process
Medial layer of pterygoid process
Pterygoid fissure
Scaphoid fossa
Vaginal process
Pterygoid hamulus ("hook") (O. T.
hamular process)
Sulcus of pterygoid hamulus
Pterygoid fossa
Pterygoid canal (O. T. Vidian canal)
22 Anatomical Nomenclature
Canalis pharyngeus Apertura externa aquaeductus vestibuli
Canalis basipharyngeus
Sulcus tubae auditivae
Sulcus pterygopalatinus
(Processus pterygospinosus [Civinini])
Os temporale
Pars mastoidea
Margo occipitalis
Processus mastoideus
Incisura mastoidea
Sulcus sigmoideus
Sulcus a. occipitalis
Foramen mastoideum
Pars petrosa [Pyramis]
Facies anterior pyramidis
Facies posterior pyramidis
Facies inferior pyramidis
Apex pyramidis
Angulus superior pyramidis
Angulus anterior pyramidis
Angulus posterior pyramidis
Sulcus petrosus superior
Tegmen tympani
Eminentia arcuata
Canalis facialis [Falloppii]
Hiatus canalis facialis
Geniculum canalis facialis
Sulcus n. petrosi superficialis majoris
Sulcus n. petrosi superficialis minoris
Impressio trigemini
Porus acusticus internus
Meatus acusticus internus
Fossa subarcuata
Aquaeductus vestibuli
Sulcus petrosus inferior
Incisura jugularis
Processus intra] ugularis
Fossa jugularis
Canaliculus mastoideus
Sulcus canaliculi mastoidei
Processus styloideus
Vagina processus styloidei
Foramen stylomastoideum
Fossula petrosa
Canaliculus tympanicus
Sulcus tympanicus
Apertura inferior canaliculi tympanic!
Apertura superior canaliculi tympanici
Canaliculus cochleae
Apertura externa canaliculi cochleae
Canalis caroticus
Canaliculi caroticotympanic!
Canalis musculotubarius
Seraicanalis m. tensoris tympan!
Semicanalis tubae auditivae
Septum canalis musculotubarii
Cavum tympani (v. Organon auditus)
Canaliculus chordae tympani
Fissura petrotympanica [Glaseri]
Fissura petrosquamosa
Pars tympanica
Annulus tympanicus
Meatus acusticus externus
(Spina supra meatum)
Fissura tympanomastoidea
Osteology
Pharyngeal canal (O. T. pterygo-
palatine canal)
Basipharyngeal canal
Sulcus of auditory tube
Pterygopalatine sulcus
Pterygospinous process
Temporal bone
Mastoid part
Occipital margin
Mastoid process
Mastoid notch (O. T. digastric fossa)
Sigmoid sulcus (O. T. fossa sig-
moidea)
Groove for the occipital artery
Mastoid foramen
Petrous part (pyramid)
Anterior surface of pyramid
Posterior surface of pyramid
Inferior surface of pyramid
Apex of pyramid
Superior angle of pyramid
Anterior angle of pyramid
Posterior angle of pyramid
Superior petrosal groove
Roof of tympanum
Arcuate eminence (O. T. eminence for
superior semicircular canal)
Facial canal (O. T. aqueduct of Fal-
lopius)
Hiatus of facial canal (O. T. hiatus
Fallopii)
Little knee of facial canal
Groove for the greater superficial
petrosal nerve
Groove for the lesser superficial
petrosal nerve
Trigeminal impression (O. T. depres-
sion for Gasserian ganglion)
Internal acoustic pore
Internal acoustic meatus
Subarcuate fossa
Aqueduct of vestibule
External opening of aqueduct of vesti-
bule
Inferior petrosal groove
Jugular notch
Intra jugular process
Jugular fossa
Mastoid canaliculus
Sulcus of mastoid canaliculus
Styloid process
Sheath of styloid process (O. T.
vaginal process)
Stylomastoid foramen
Petrosal fossula
Tympanic canaliculus
Tympanic sulcus
Inferior opening of tympanic canal-
iculus
Superior opening of tympanic canal-
iculus (O. T. opening for smaller
petrosal nerve)
Canaliculus of the cochlea
External opening of the canaliculus of
the cochlea
Carotid canal
Caroticotympanic canaliculus
Musculotubal canal
Semicanal of the tensor muscle of tym-
panum (O. T. canal for tensor
tympani muscle)
Semicanal of auditory tube (O. T.
canal for the Eustachian tube)
Septum of the musculotubal canal
Cavity of the tympanum (see Organ oj
Hearing)
Canaliculus of cord of tympanum
Petrotympanic fissure (O. T. Glaserian
fissure)
Petrosquamosal fissure
Tympanic part
Tympanic ring
External acoustic meatus
Spine above meatus
Tympanomastoid fissure
23
Anatomical Nomenclature
Spina tympanica major
Spina tympanica minor
Porus acusticus externus
Squama temporalis
Margo parietalis
Incisura parietalis
Margo sphenoidalis
Facies temporalis
Processus zygomaticus
Fossa mandibularis
Pars nasalis
Spina frontalis
Margo nasalis
Margo parietalis
Processus zygomaticus
Facies temporalis
Linea temporalis
Tuber frontale
Arcus superciliaris
Facies articularis
Tuberculum articulare
Facies cerebralis
Sulcus a. temporalis mediae
Os parietale
Facies cerebralis
Facies parietalis
Margo occipitalis
Margo squamosus
Margo frontalis
Margo sagittalis
Angulus frontalis
Angulus occipitalis
Angulus sphenoidalis
Angulus mastoideus
Foramen parietale
Tuber parietale
Linea temporalis inferior
Linea temporalis superior
Sulcus sagittalis
Sulcus transversus
Os frontale
Squama frontalis
Facies frontalis
Margo supraorbitalis
Pars orbitalis
Incisura ethmoidalis
Glabella
Foramen sive Incisura supraorbitalis
Incisura sive Foramen frontale
Facies orbitalis
(Spina trochlearis)
Fovea trochlearis
Foramen ethmoidale anterius
Foramen ethmoidale posterius
Fossa glandulae lacrimalis
Facies cerebralis
Crista frontalis
Sulcus sagittalis
Foramen caecum
Sinus frontalis
Septum sinuum frontalium
Os ethmoidale
Lamina cribrosa
Crista galli
Processus alaris
Lamina perpendicularis
Labyrinthus ethmoidalis
Cellulae ethmoidales
Infundibulum ethmoidale
Hiatus semilunaris
Bulla ethmoidalis
Lamina papyracea
Foramina ethmoidalia
(Concha nasalis suprema)
Osteology
23
Larger tympanic spine
Smaller tympanic spine
External acoustic pore
Temporal squama ("scale")
Parietal margin
Parietal notch
Sphenoidal margin
Temporal surface
Zygomatic process
Mandibular fossa (O. T. glenoid
cavity)
Articular surface
Articular tubercle
Cerebral surface
Groove for middle temporal artery
Parietal bone
Cerebral surface
Parietal surface
Occipital margin
Squamosal margin
Frontal margin
Sagittal margin
Frontal angle
Occipital angle
Sphenoidal angle
Mastoid angle
Parietal foramen
Parietal tuber (O. T. parietal emi-
nence)
Inferior temporal line (O. T. temporal
ridge)
Superior temporal line
Sagittal sulcus
Transverse sulcus (O. T. groove for
lateral sinus)
Frontal bone
Frontal squama ("scale")
Frontal surface
Supraorbital margin
Orbital part
Ethmoidal notch
3
Nasal part
Frontal spine (O. T. nasal spine)
Nasal margin
Parietal margin
Zygomatic process
Temporal surface
Temporal line
Frontal tuber (O. T. frontal emi-
nence)
Superciliary arch (O. T. superciliary
ridge)
Glabella ("smooth")
Supraorbital foramen or notch
Frontal notch or foramen
Orbital surface
Trochlear spine
Trochlear pit
Anterior ethmoidal foramen
Posterior ethmoidal foramen
Fossa of lacrimal gland
Cerebral surface (O. T. internal sur-
face)
Frontal crest
Sagittal sulcus
Blind foramen
Frontal sinus
Septum of frontal sinuses
Ethmoid bone
Cribriform plate
Cock's comb
Alar process
Perpendicular plate
Ethmoidal labyrinth (O. T, lateral
mass of ethmoid)
Ethmoidal cells
Ethmoidal funnel
Semilunar hiatus
Ethmoidal bulla ("bubble")
Papyrus or paper plate (O. T. os
planum)
Ethmoidal foramina
Supreme turbinated bone
24
Anatomical Nomenclature
Concha nasalis superior
Concha nasalis media
Processus uncinatus
Concha nasalis inferior
Processus lacrimalis
Processus maxillaris
Processus ethmoidahs
Os lacrimale
Crista lacrimahs posterior
Sulcus lacrimalis
Hamulus lacrimalis
Fossa sacci lacrimalis
Os nasale
Foramina nasalia
Sulcus ethmoidalis
Ala vomeris
Vomer
Ossa faciei
Maxilla
Corpus maxillae
Facies anterior
Facies nasalis
Facies orbitalis
Facies infratemporalis
Sinus maxillaris
(Fossa praenasalis)
Incisura nasalis
Tuber maxillare
Foramina alveolaria
Canales alveolares
Planum orbitale
Margo lacrimalis
Sulcus lacrimalis
Canalis nasolacrimalis
Crista conchalis
Processus frontalis
Crista lacrimalis anterior
Incisura lacrimalis
Crista ethmoidalis
Processus zygomaticus
Processus palatinus
Crista nasalis
Spina nasalis anterior
Os incisivum
Canalis incisivus
Sutura incisiva
Spinae palatinae
Sulci palatini
Processus alveolaris
Limbus alveolaris
Alveoli dentales
Septa interalveolaria
Juga alveolaria
Hiatus maxillaris
Foramen incisivum
Os palatinum
Pars p e r p e n d i c u 1 ar is
Margo infraorbitalis
Canalis infraorbitalis
Sulcus infraorbitalis
Foramen infraorbitale
Sutura infraorbitalis
Fossa canina
Facies nasalis
Facies maxillaris
Incisura sphenopalatina
Sulcus pterygopalatinus
Processus pyramidalis
Foramen palatinum majus
Osteology
24
Superior turbinated bone
Middle turbinated bone
Uncinate process (O. T. unciform
process)
Inferior turbinated bone
Lacrimal process
Maxillary process
Ethmoidal process
Lacrimal bone
Posterior lacrimal crest (O. T. lacri-
mal crest)
Lacrimal sulcus
Lacrimal hamulus (''booklet") (O. T.
hamular process)
Fossa of lacrimal sac
Nasal bone
Nasal foramina
Ethmoidal sulcus (O. T. groove for
nasal nerve)
Vomer, or ploughshare bone
Wing of vomer
Bones of the face
Maxilla, or upper jawbone (0. T.
superior maxillary bone)
Body of maxilla
Anterior surface (O. T. external or
facial surface)
Nasal surface
Orbital surface
Infratemporal surface (O. T. zygo-
matic surface)
Maxillary sinus (O. T. antrum of
Highmore)
Infraorbital margin
Infraorbital canal
Infraorbital groove
Infraorbital foramen
Infraorbital suture
Canine fossa
Prenasal fossa
Nasal notch
Maxillary tuber
Alveolar foramina
Alveolar canals (O. T. posterior dental
canals)
Orbital plain
Lacrimal margin
Lacrimal sulcus
Nasolacrimal canal (O. T. lacrimal
groove)
Turbinated crest
Frontal process (O. T. nasal process)
Anterior lacrimal crest
Lacrimal notch
Ethmoidal crest
Zygomatic process (O. T. malar proc-
ess)
Palatine process
Nasal crest
Anterior nasal spine
Incisive hone
Incisive canal
Incisive suture
Palatine spines
Palatine grooves
Alveolar process
Alveolar margin
Tooth cavities
Interalveolar septa
Alveolar yokes
Maxillary hiatus
Incisive foramen
Palate bone
Perpendicular part
vertical plate)
Nasal surface
Maxillary surface
Sphenopalatine notch
Pterygopalatine sulcus
Pyramidal process
Larger palatine foramen
(O. T.
25
Foramina palatina minora
Canales palatini
Crista conchalis
Crista ethmoidalis
Anatomical Nomenclature
Linea mylohyoidea
Sulcus mylohyoideus
Juga alveolaria
Ramus mandibulae
Processus orbitalis
Processus sphenoidalis
Pars horizontalis
Facies nasalis
Facies palatina
Spina nasalis posterior
Crista nasalis
Os zygomaticum
Facies malaris
Facies temporalis
Facies orbitalis
Processus temporalis
Processus frontosphenoidalis
(Processus marginalis)
Foramen zygomaticoorbital
Foramen zygomaticofaciale
Foramen zygomaticotemporale
Mandibula
Corpus mandibulae
Basis mandibulae
Protuberantia mentalis
Tuberculum mentale
Spina mentalis
Foramen mentale
Linea obliqua
Fossa digastrica
Angulus mandibulae
(Tuberositas masseterica)
(Tuberositas pterygoidea)
(Crista buccinatoria)
Incisura mandibulae
Processus condyloideus
Capitulum [proc. condyl.] mandibulae
CoUum [proc. condyloidei] mandibulae
Fovea pterygoidea proc. condyloidei
Processus coronoideus
Foramen mandibulare
Lingula mandibulae
Canalis mandibulae
Fovea sublingualis
(Fovea submaxillaris)
Pars alveolaris
Limbus alveolaris
Alveoli dentales
Septa interalveolaria
Os hyoideum
Corpus OSS. hyoidei
Cornu minus
Cornu ma jus
Cranium
Calvaria
Pericranium
Lamina externa
Diploe
Canales diploid [Brescheti]
Lamina interna
Facies [ossea]
Osteology
25
Smaller palatine foramen
Palatine canals
Turbinated crest (O. T. inferior tur-
binated crest)
Ethntoidal crest (O. T. superior turbi
nated crest)
Orbital process
Sphenoidal process
Horizontal part (O. T. hori-
zontal plate)
Nasal surface
Palatine surface
Posterior nasal spine
Nasal crest
Zygoma, or yoke bone (0. T. malar
bone)
Malar surface
Temporal surface
Orbital surface
Temporal process (O. T. zygomatic
process)
Frontosphenoidal process (O. T.
frontal process
Marginal process
Zygomatico-orbital foramen (O. T.
temporo-malar canal)
Zygomaticofacial foramen (O. T.
malar foramen)
Zygomaticotemporal foramen
Mandible, or lower jaw bone (0.
T. inferior maxillary bone)
Body of lower jaw bone
Base of lower jaw
Mental protuberance (O. T. mental
process)
Mental tubercle
Mental spine (O. T. genial tubercle)
Mental foramen
Oblique line (O. T. external oblique
line)
Digastric fossa
Mylohyoid line (O. T. internal oblique
line)
Mylohoid groove
Alveolar yokes
Ramus of lower Jaw (O. T. perpen-
dicular portion)
Angle of lower jaw
Masseteric tuberosity
Pterygoid tuberosity
Buccinator crest
Mandibular notch (O. T. sigmoid
notch)
Condyloid process
Head of condyloid process of lower jaw
Neck of condyloid process of lower jaw
Pterygoid pit of condyloid process
Coronoid process
Mandibular foramen (O. T. inferior
dental foramen)
Mandibular tongue
Mandibular canal (O. T. inferior
dental canal)
Sublingual pit (O. T. sublingual fossa)
Submaxillary pit (O. T. submaxillary
fossa)
Alveolar part
Alveolar margin
Tooth cavities
Interalveolar septa
Hyoid bone
Body of hyoid bone
Lesser horn
Greater horn
Skull
Skull cap
Periosteum of skull
Outer plate
Cancellous bone
Diploic canals or canals of Breschet
Inner table
Bony portion of face
26
Anatomical Nomenclature
Cranium cerebrale
Cranium viscerale
Vertex
Frons
Occiput
Basis cranii interna
Basis cranii externa
Fossa cranii anterior
Fossa cranii media
Fossa cranii posterior
Juga cerebralia
Impressiones digitatae
Sulci venosi
Sulci arteriosi
(Foveolae granulares [Pacchioni])
(Ossa suturarum)
Planum temporale
Fossa temporalis
Arcus zygomaticus
Fossa infratemporalis
Fossa pterygopalatina
Canalis pterygopalatinus
Foramen sphenopalatinum
Apertura piriformis
Cavum nasi
Septum nasi osseum
Meatus nasi communis
Meatus nasi superior
Meatus nasi medius
Meatus nasi inferior
Meatus nasopharyngeus
Choanae
Recessus sphenoethmoidalis
Foramen jugulare
Fissura sphenopetrosa
Fissura petrooccipitalis
Fissura sphenooccipitalis
Foramen lacerum
. Fibrocartilago basaiis
Palatum durum
(Torus palatinus)
Orbita
Aditus orbitae
Margo supraorbitalis
Margo infraorbitalis
Paries superior
Paries inferior
Paries lateralis
Paries medialis
Fissura orbitalis superior
Fissura orbitalis inferior
Suturae cranii
Sutura coronalis
Sutura sagittalis
Sutura lambdoidea
Sutura occipitomastoidea
Sutura sphenofrontalis
Sutura sphenoorbitalis
Sutura sphenoethmoidalis
Sutura sphenosquamosa
Sutura sphenoparietalis
Sutura squamosa
(Sutura frontalis)
Sutura parietomastoidea
(Sutura squamosomastoidea)
Sutura nasofrontalis
Sutura frontoethmoidalis
Sutura frontomaxillaris
Sutura frontolacrimalis
Sutura zygomaticofrontalis
Sutura zygomaticomaxillaris
Sutura ethmoideomaxillaris
Sutura sphenozygomatica
(Sutura sphenomaxillaris)
Sutura zygomaticotemporalis
Sutura internasalis
Sutura nasomaxillaris
Osteology
26
Cerebral cranium or calvaria
Visceral cranium or face
Vertex or crown of head
Forehead
Back of head
Internal base of skull
External base of skull
Anterior cranial fossa
Middle cranial fossa
Posterior cranial fossa
Cerebral projections ("yokes")
Digitate impressions
Grooves of the veins
Grooves of the arteries
Granular foveolae (O. T. Pacchionian
depressions)
Sutural bones (O. T. Wormian bones)
Temporal plain
Temporal fossa
Zygomatic arch
Infratemporal fossa
Pterygopalatine fossa (O. T. spheno-
maxillary fossa)
Pterygopalatine canal (O. T. posterior
palatine canal)
Sphenopalatine foramen
Piriform opening (O. T. anterior nares)
Nasal cavity
Bony nasal septum
Common meatus of nose
Superior meatus of nose
Middle meatus of nose
Inferior meatus of nose
Nasopharyngeal meatus
Choanae (" funnels") (O. T. posterior
nares)
Spheno-ethmoidal recess
Jugular foramen
Sphenopetrosal fissure
Petro-occipital fissure
Spheno-occipital fissure
Lacerated foramen (O. T. foramen
lacerum medium)
Basal fibrocartilage
Hard palate
Palatine torus or protuberance
Orbital cavity
Orbital opening
Supraorbital margin
Infraorbital margin
Superior wall
Inferior wall
Lateral wall
Medial wall
Superior orbital fissure (O. T. sphe-
noidal fissure or foramen lacerum
anterius)
Inferior orbital fissure (O. T. spheno-
maxillary fissure) •
Sutures of the skull
Coronal suture
Sagittal suture
Lambdoidal suture
Occipitomastoid suture
Sphenofrontal suture
Spheno-orbital suture
Spheno-ethmoidal suture
Sphenosquamosal suture
Sphenoparietal suture
Squamosal suture
Frontal suture
Parietomastoid suture
Squamosomastoid suture
Nasofrontal suture
Fronto-ethmoidal suture
Frontomaxillary suture
Frontolacrimal suture
Zygomaticofrontal suture
Zygomaticomaxillary suture
Ethmoideomaxillary suture
Sphenozygomatic suture
Sphenomaxillary suture
Zygomaticotemporal suture
Internasal suture
Nasomaxillary suture
27
Anatomical Nomenclature
Sutura lacrimomaxillaris
Tuberositas supraglenoidalis
Sutura lacrimoconchalis
Sutura intermaxillaris
Incisura scapulae
Sutura palatomaxillaris
Sutura palatoethmoidalis
Processus coracoideus
Sutura palatina mediana
Sutura palatina transversa
Clavicula
Synchondroses cranii
Synchondrosis sphenooccipitalis
Synchondrosis sphenopetrosa
Synchondrosis petrooccipitalis
Synchondrosis intraoccipitalis posterior
Synchondrosis intraoccipitalis anterior
Synchondrosis inters phenoidalis
F%nticidus frontalis [major]
Fonticulus occipitalis [minor]
Fonticulus mastoideus
Fonticulus sphenoidalis
Ossa extremitatis superioris
Cingulum extremitatis su-
perioris
Scapula
Facies costalis
Lineae musculares
Fossa subscapularis
Facies dorsalis
Spina scapulae
Fossa supraspinata
Fossa infraspinata
Acromion
Facies articularis acromii
Margo vertebralis
Margo axillaris
Margo superior
Angulus inferior
Angulus lateralis
Angulus medialis
Cavitas glenoidalis
Collum scapulae
Tuberositas infraglenoidalis
Extremitas sternalis
Facies articularis sternalis
Tuberositas costalis
Extremitas acromialis
Facies articularis acromialis
Tuberositas coracoidea
Skeleton extremitatis su
perioris liberae
Humerus
Caput humeri
Collum anatomicum
Collum chirurgicum
Tuberculum ma jus
Tuberculum minus
Sulcus intertubercularis
Crista tuberculi majoris
Crista tuberculi minoris
Corpus humeri
Facies anterior medialis
Facies anterior lateralis
Facies posterior
Margo medialis
Margo lateralis
Tuberositas deltoidea
Sulcus n. radialis
Osteology
27
Lacrimomaxillary suture
Lacrimoconchal suture
Intermaxillary suture
Palatomaxillary suture
Palato-ethmoidal suture
Median palatine suture
Transverse palatine suture
Synchondroses of the skull
Spheno-occipital synchondrosis
Sphenopetrosal synchondrosis
Petro-occipital synchondrosis
Posterior intraoccipital synchondrosis
Anterior intraoccipital synchondrosis
Inter sphenoidal synchondrosis
Larger jrontal jontanelle
Smaller occipital jontanelle
Mastoid jontanelle
Sphenoidal jontanelle
Bones of upper extremity
Shoulder girdle
Shoulder-blade
Costal surface
Muscular lines
Subscapular fossa
Dorsal surface
Spine of the scapula
Supraspinous fossa
Infraspinous fossa
Acromion, or acromial process
Articular surface of acromion
Vertebral margin
Axillary margin
Superior margin
Inferior angle
Lateral angle (O. T. anterior angle)
Medial angle (O. T. superior angle)
Glenoid cavity
Neck of the scapula
Infraglenoidal tuberosity
Supraglenoidal tuberosity (O. T. su-
praglenoid tubercle)
Scapular notch (O. T. suprascapular
notch)
Coracoid ("crow's beak") process
Collar bone or clavicle
Sternal extremity
Sternal articular surface
Costal tuberosity (O. T. impression
for rhomboid ligament)
Acromial extremity
Acromial articular surface
Coracoid tuberosity (O. T-. impression
for conoid ligament)
Skeleton of free upper
extremity
Humerus, or upper arm bone
Head of humerus
Anatomical neck
Surgical neck
Larger tubercle (O. T. greater tuber-
osity)
Smaller tubercle (O. T. lesser tuber-
osity)
Intertubercular sulcus (O. T. bicipital
groove)
Crest of larger tubercle (O. T. posterior
bicipital ridge)
Crest of smaller tubercle (O. T. an-
terior bicipital ridge)
Body of humerus, or shaft
Medial anterior surface (O. T. internal
surface)
Lateral anterior surface (O. T. external
surface)
Posterior surface
Medial margin (O. T. internal border)
Lateral margin (O. T. external border)
Deltoid tuberosity
Groove for radial nerve (O. T. muscu-
lospiral groove)
28
Anatomical Nomenclature
Sulcus n. ulnaris
Capitulum humeri
Trochlea humeri
Epicondylus medialis
Epicondylus lateralis
Fossa olecrani
Fossa coronoidea
Fossa radialis
(Processus supracondyloideus)
Radius
Corpus radii
Capitulum radii
Fovea capituli radii
CoUum radii
Circumferentia articularis
Tuberositas radii
Crista interossea
Facies dorsalis
Facies volaris
Facies lateralis
Margo dorsalis
Margo volaris
Processus styloideus
Incisura ulnaris
Facies articularis carpea
Ulna
Corpus ulnae
Olecranon
Processus coronoideus
Tuberositas ulnae
Incisura semilunaris
Incisura radialis
Crista interossea
Facies dorsalis
Facies volaris
Facies medialis
Margo dorsalis
Margo volaris
Crista m. supinatoris
Capitulum ulnae
Circumferentia articularis
Processus styloideus
Carpus
O S.S a c a r p i
(Os centrale)
Os naviculare manus
Tuberculum oss. navicularis
Os lunatum
Os triquetrum
Os pisiforme
Os multangulum ma jus
Tuberculum oss. multang. majoris
Os multangulum minus
Os capitatum
Os hamatum
Hamtilus oss. hamati
Eminentia carpi radialis
Eminentia carpi ulnaris
Sulcus carpi
Metacarpus
Ossa metacarpalia I — V
Basis
Corpus
Capitulum
Os metacarpale III
Processus styloideus
Phalanges digitorum manus
Phalanx prima
Phalanx secunda
Osteology
28
Groove for ulnar nerve
Capitulum or little head of humerus
(O. T. capitellum or radial head)
Trochlea ("pulley") of humerus
Medial epicondyle (O. T. internal con-
dyle)
Lateral epicondyle (O. T. external
condyle)
Olecranon fossa
Coronoid fossa
Radial fossa
Supracondyloid process
Radius ("spoke")
Body of radius, or shaft
Head of radius
Pit of head of radius
Neck of radius
Articular circumference
Tuberosity of radius (O. T. bicipital
tuberosity)
Interosseous crest (O. T. internal or
interosseous border)
Dorsal surface (O. T. posterior surface)
Volar surface (O. T. anterior surface)
Lateral surface (O. T. external surface)
Dorsal margin (O. T. posterior border)
Volar margin (O. T. anterior border)
Styloid process
Ulnar notch (O. T. sigmoid cavity)
Carpal articular surface
Ulna, or elbow bone
Body of ulna, or shaft
Olecranon, or point of the elbow
Coronoid process
Tuberosity of the ulna
Semilunar notch (O. T. greater sig-
moid cavity)
Radial notch (O. T. lesser sigmoid
cavity)
Interosseous crest (O. T. external or
interosseous border)
Dorsal surface (O. T. posterior sur-
face)
Volar surface (O. T. anterior surface)
Medial surface (O. T. internal surface)
Dorsal margin (O. T. posterior border)
Volar margin (O. T. anterior border)
Ridge of supinator muscle
Head of ulna
Articular circumference
Styloid process
Wrist
Bones of the wrist
Central bone
Navicular bone of the hand (O. T.
scaphoid)
Tubercle of navicular bone
Lunate bone (O. T. semilunar)
Three-cornered bone (O, T. cuneiform
bone)
Pisiform bone
Large multangular bone (O. T. tra-
pezium)
Tubercle of large multangular bone
Small multangular bone (O. T. trape-
zoid)
Capitate bone (O. T. os magnum)
Hooked bone (O. T. unciform)
Hook of OS hamatum
Radial eminence of wrist
Ulnar eminence of wrist
Carpal sulcus
Metacarpus
Metacarpal bones I — ^V
Base
Body, or shaft
Head
Third metacarpal bone
Styloid process
Phalanges of the fingers
First phalanx
Second phalanx
29
Phalanx tertia
Basis phalangis
Corpus phalangis
Trochlea phalangis
Tuberositas unguicularis
Ossa sesamoidea
Ossa extremitatis inferioris
Cingulum extremitatis in-
ferioris
Os coxae
Foramen obturatum
Acetabulum
Fossa acetabuli
Incisura acetabuli
Facies lunata
Sulci paraglenoidales
Os ilium
Corpus OSS. ilium
Ala OSS. ilium
Linea arcuata
Crista iliaca
Labium externum
Linea intermedia
Labium internum
Spina iliaca anterior superior
Spina iliaca anterior inferior
Spina iliaca posterior superior
Spina iliaca posterior inferior
Linea glutaea anterior
Linea glutaea posterior
Linea glutaea inferior
Facies auricularis
Tuberositas iliaca
Fossa iliaca
Os ischii
Corpus OSS. ischii
Ramus superior oss. ischii
Anatomical Nomenclature
Ramus inferior oss. ischii
Tuber ischiadicum
Spina ischiadica
Incisura ischiadica major
Incisura ischiadica minor
Os pubis
Corpus oss. pubis
Pecten oss. pubis
Eminentia iliopectinea
Tuberculum pubicum
Crista obturatoria
Sulcus obturatorius
Tuberculum obturatorium anterius
(Tuberculum obturatorium posterius)
Ramus inferior oss. pubis
Ramus superior oss. pubis
Facies symphyseos
Pelvis
Symphysis ossium pubis
Arcus pubis
Angulus pubis
Pelvis major
Pelvis minor
Linea terminalis
Pars sacralis
Pars iliaca
Pars pubica
Apertura pelvis [minoris] superior
Apertura pelvis [minoris] inferior
Axis pelvis
Conjugata
Osteology
29
Third phalanx
Base of phalanx
Body of phalanx, or shaft
Pulley of phalanx
Ungual tuberosity
Sesamoid bones
Bones of the lower extremity
Pelvic girdle
Hip bone (0. T. os innominatum)
Obturator ("closed") foramen
Acetabulum ("cup")
Fossa of the acetabulum
Acetabular notch
Lunate surface
Paraglenoid grooves
Ilium, or flank bone
Body of ilium
Wing of ilium
Curved lines
Iliac crest
External lip
Intermediate line
Internal Hp
Superior anterior iliac spine
Inferior anterior iliac spine
Superior posterior iliac spine
Inferior posterior iliac spine
Anterior gluteal line (O. T. middle
curved line)
Posterior gluteal line (O. T. superior
curved line)
Inferior gluteal line (O. T. inferior
curved line)
Auricular surface
Iliac tuberosity
Iliac fossa
Ischium, or bone of the hip
Body of ischium
Superior ramus of ischium
Inferior ramus of ischium (O. T.
ascending ramus)
Sciatic tuber (O. T. tuberosity of the
ischium)
Sciatic spine (O. T. spine of the is-
chium)
Greater sciatic notch (O. T. great
sacro-sciatic notch)
Lesser sciatic notch (O. T. lesser
sacro-sciatic notch)
Pubic bone
Body of pubic bone
Pecten ("comb") of pubic bone
Iliopectineal eminence
Pubic tubercle (O. T. spine of os pubis)
Obturator crest
Obturator sulcus
Anterior obturator tubercle
Posterior obturator tubercle
Inferior ramus of pubic bone (O. T.
descending ramus)
Superior ramus of pubic bone (O. T.
ascending ramus)
Symphyseal surface (O. T. symphysis
pubis)
Pelvis ("basin")
Symphysis of pubic bones
Pubic arch
Angle of pubis
Large pelvis (O. T. false pelvis)
Small pelvis (O. T. true pelvis)
Terminal line
Sacral part
Iliac part
Pubic part
Upper opening of lesser pelvis (O. T.
pelvic inlet)
Lower opening of lesser pelvis (O. T.
pelvic outlet)
Axis of pelvis
Conjugate diameter
30
Anatomical Nomenclature
Diameter transversa
Diameter obliqua
Inclinatio pelvis
Skeleton extremitatis
f er ioris liberae
Femur
Caput femoris
Fovea capitis femoris
CoUum femoris
Corpus femoris
Trochanter major
Fossa trochanterica
Trochanter minor
(Trochanter tertius)
Linea intertrochanterica
Crista intertrochanterica
Linea aspera
Labium laterale
Labium mediale
Linea pectinea
Tuberositas glutaea
Fossa intercondyloidea
Linea intercondyloidea
Planum popliteum
Condylus medialis
Condylus lateralis
Facies patellaris
Epicondylus lateralis
Epicondylus medialis
Tibia
Facies articularis superior
Corpus tibiae
Condylus medialis
Condylus lateralis
Fossa intercondyloidea anterior
Fossa intercondyloidea posterior
in
Eminentia intercondyloidea
Tuberculum intercondyloideum me-
diale
Tuberculum intercondyloideum late-
rale
Margo infraglenoidalis
Tuberositas tibiae
Facies medialis
Facies posterior
Facies lateralis
Margo medialis
Crista anterior
Crista interossea
Linea poplitea
Malleolus medialis
Incisura fibularis
Sulcus malleolaris
Facies articularis inferior
Facies articularis malleolaris
Fibula
Corpus fibulae
Crista interossea
Crista anterior
Crista lateralis
Crista medialis
Facies medialis
Facies lateralis
Facies posterior
Capitulum fibulae
Facies articularis capituli
Apex capituli fibulae
Malleolus lateralis
Facies articularis malleoli
Patella
Basis patellae
Apex patellae
Facies articularis
Osteology
30
Transverse diameter
Oblique diameter
Pelvic incline
Skeleton of free lower
extremity
Thigh bone
Head of femur
Pit of the head of femur
Neck of femur
Body, or shaft, of femur
Great trochanter
Trochanteric fossa (O. T. digital fossa)
Lesser trochanter
Third trochanter
Intertrochanteric line (O. T. spiral line)
Intertrochanteric crest (O. T. inter-
trochanteric line)
Rough line
Lateral lip
Medial lip
Pectineal line
Gluteal tuberosity
Intercondyloid fossa
Intercondyloid line
Popliteal plain (O. T. popliteal space)
Medial condyle (O. T. inner condyle)
Lateral condyle (O. T. outer condyle)
Patellar surface
Lateral epicondyle (O. T. outer tube-
osity)
Medial epicondyle (O. T. inner tuber-
osity)
Shin bone
Superior articular surface
Body or shaft of tibia
Medial condyle (O. T. internal tuber-
osity)
Lateral condyle (O. T. external tuber-
osity)
Anterior intercondyloid fossa
Posterior intercondyloid fossa
Intercondyloid eminence (O. T. spinous
process)
Medial intercondyloid tubercle
Lateral intercondyloid tubercle
Infraglenoidal margin
Tuberosity of the tibia (O. T. tubercle)
Medial surface
Posterior surface
Lateral surface
Medial margin
Anterior crest
Interosseous crest
PopKteal Hne
Medial malleolus (O. T. internal mal-
leolus)
Fibular notch
Malleolar sulcus
Inferior articular surface
Malleolar articular surface
Calf bone
Body or shaft of fibula
Interosseous crest
Anterior crest
Lateral crest
Medial crest
Medial surface
Lateral surface
Posterior surface
Head of fibula
Articular surface of head
Apex of head of fibula
Lateral malleolus (O. T. e^xternal mal-
leolus)
Articular surface of malleolus
Knee-cap
Base of patella
Apex of patella
Articular surface
31
Anatomical Nomenclature
Tarsus
Ossa tarsi
Talus
Caput tali
Corpus tali
Collum tali
Trochlea tali
Facies superior
Facies malleolaris medialis
Facies malleolaris lateralis
Sulcus tali
Processus lateralis tali
Facies articularis calcanea posterior
Facies articularis calcanea media
Sulcus m. flexoris hallucis longi
Facies articularis navicularis
Facies articularis calcanea anterior
Processus posterior tali
(Os trigonum)
Calcaneus
Corpus calcanei '
Tuber calcanei
Processus medialis tuberis cal-
canei
Processus lateralis tuberis cal-
canei
Sustentaculum tali
Sulcus m. flexoris hallucis longi
Sulcus calcanei
Sinus tarsi
Facies articularis anterior
Facies articularis media
Facies articularis posterior
Sulcus m. peronaei
(Processus trochlearis)
Facies articularis cuboidea
Os naviculare pedis
Tuberositas oss. navicularis
Os cuneiforme primum
Os cuneiforme secundum
Os cuneiforme tertitun
Os cuboideum
Sulcus m. peronaei
Tuberositas oss. cuboidei
Metatarsus
Ossa metatarsalia I — V
Basis
Corpus
Capitulum
Tuberositas oss. metatarsalis I
Tuberositas oss. metatarsalis V
Phalanges digitorum pedis
Phalanx prima
Phalanx secunda
Phalanx tertia
Tuberositas unguicularis
Basis phalangis
Corpus phalangis
Trochlea phalangis
Ossa sesamoidea
Osteology
31
Root of the foot
Tarsalbones
Ankle bone (0. T. astragalus)
Head of ankle bone
Body of ankle bone
Neck of ankle bone
Trochlea (" pulley") of ankle bone
Superior surface
Medial malleolar surface
Lateral malleolar surface
Sulcus of ankle bone
Lateral process of ankle bone
Posterior calcanean articular surface
Middle calcanean articular surface
Groove for the long flexor muscle of
the great toe
Navicular articular surface
Anterior calcanean articular surface
Posterior process of ankle bone
Triangular bone
Heel bone (O. T. os calcis)
Body of heel bone
Calcanean tuber
Medial process of calcanean tuber
Lateral process of calcanean tuber
Support of ankle bone
Groove for the long flexor muscle of
great toe
Calcanean sulcus
Tarsal sinus
Anterior articular surface
Middle articular surface
Posterior articular surface
Groove for peroneal muscle
Trochlear process
Cuboid articular surface
Scaphoid bone of foot
Tuberosity of scaphoid bone
First Cuneiform, or Wedge Bone
Second Cuneiform, or Wedge Bone
Third Cuneiform, or Wedge Bone
Cuboid bone
Groove for peroneal muscle
Tuberosity of cuboid bone
Metatarsus, or "after-root" of foot
Metatarsal bones I — V
Base
Body
Head
Tuberosity of first metatarsal bone
Tuberosity of fifth metatarsal bone
Phalanges of toes
First phalanx
Second phalanx
Third phalanx
Ungual tuberosity
Base of phalanx
Body of phalanx
Trochlea ("pulley or block") of pha-
lanx
Sesamoid bones
32
Anatomical Nomenclature
Syndcsmolo^ia
Junctura ossium
Synarthrosis
Sutura
Sutura serrata
Sutura squamosa
Harmonia
Gomphosis
Synchondrosis
Symphysis
Diarthrosis
Articulatio
Articulatio simplex
Articulatio composita
Arthrodia
Articulatio sphaeroidea
Enarthrosis
Ginglymus
Articulatio cochlearis
Articulatio ellipsoidea
Articulatio trochoidea
Articulatio sellaris
Amphiarthrosis
Syndesmosis
Cartilago articularis
Cavum articulare
Discus articularis
Labrum glenoidale
Meniscus articularis
Capsula articularis
Stratum fibrosum
Stratum synoviale
Plica synovialis
Villi synoviales
Synovia
Ligamenta columnae vertebralis
et cranii
Fibrocartilagines intervertebrales
Annulus fibrosus
Nucleus pulposus
Ligg. flava
Capsulae articulares
Ligg. intertransversaria
Ligg. interspinaUa
Lig. supraspinal
Lig. nuchae
Lig. longitudinale anterius
Lig. longitudinale posterius
Symphysis sacrococcygea
Lig. sacrococcygeum posterius super-
ficiale
Lig. sacrococcygeum posterius pro-
fundum
Lig. sacrococcygeum anterius
Lig. sacrococcygeum laterale
Lig. pterygospinosum
Lig. stylohyoideum
Articulatio atlantoocci pi talis
Capsulae articulares
Membrana atlantooccipitalis anterior
Membrana atlantooccipitalis posterior
Articulatio atlantoepistrophica
Capsulae articulares
Syndesmology, or Joint Articulation
32
Syndesmology, or Joint Articulation
Joining of bones
Immovable articulation
Suture or seam
Serrated suture
Scaly suture
Apposition suture
Socket articulation
Cartilaginous articulation
Bony coalescence or junction
Movable articulation
Joint
Simple joint
Compound joint
Gliding joint
Spherical joint
Ball-and-socket joint
Hinge-joint
Spiral joint
Elliptical joint
Trochoid or pivot joint
Saddle joint
Mixed articulation
Ligamentous union
Articular cartilage
Joint cavity
Articular disk (O. T. interarticular
fibrocartilage)
Glenoid lip
Articular crescent
Joint-capsule
Fibrous layer
Synovial layer
Synovial fold
Synovial tufts
Joint-oil
Ligaments of the spine and
skull
Intervertebral fibrocartilages
Fibrous ring
Pulp-like nucleus
Yellow ligaments (O. T. ligg. sub-
flava)
Joint-capsules
Intertransverse ligaments
Interspinous ligaments
Supraspinous ligament
Ligament of the nape
Anterior longitudinal ligament (O. T.
anterior common ligament)
Posterior longitudinal ligament (O. T.
posterior common ligament)
Symphysis of sacrum and coccyx
Superficial posterior sacrococcygeal
ligament
Deep posterior sacrococcygeal liga-
ment
Anterior sacrococcygeal ligament
Lateral sacrococcygeal ligament
Pterygospinous ligament
Stylohyoid ligament
Joint between atlas and occipital
bone
Joint-capsules
Anterior atlanto-occipital membrane
Posterior atlanto-occipital membrane
Joint between atlas and epis=
tropheus or axis
Joint-capsules
33
Ligg. alaria
Lig. apicis dentis
Lig. transversum atlantis
Lig. cruciatum atlantis
Membrana tectoria
Articulationes costovertebrales
Articulationes capitulorum
Capsulae articulares
Lig. capituli costae radiatum
Lig. capituli costae interarticulare
Articulationes costotransversa-
riae
Capsulae articulares
Lig. tuberculi costae
Lig. colli costae
Lig. costotransversarium anterius
Lig. costotransversarium posterius
Lig. lumbocostale
Foramen costotransversarium
Articulationes sternocostales
Capsulae articulares
Lig. sternocostale interarticulare
Ligg. sternocostalia radiata
Membrana sterni
Ligg. costoxiphoidea
Ligg. intercostalia
Ligg. intercostalia externa
Ligg. intercostalia interna
Articulationes interchondrales
Anatomical Nomenclature
Articulatio mandibularis
Capsula articularis
Discus articularis
Lig. temporomandibulare
Lig. sphenomandibulare
Lig. stylomandibulare
Ligg. cinguli extremitatis su=
perioris
Lig. coracoacromiale
Lig. transversum scapulae superius
Lig. transversum scapulae inferius
Articulatio acromioclavicularis
Capsula articularis
Lig. acromioclaviculare
(Discus articularis)
Lig. coracoclaviculare
Lig. trapezoideum
Lig. conoideum
Articulatio sternoclavicularis
Capsula articularis
Discus articularis
Lig. sternoclaviculare
Lig. costoclaviculare
Lig. interclaviculare
Articulatio humeri
Capsula articularis
Labrum glenoidale
Lig. coracohumerale
Articulatio cubiti
Articulatio humeroulnaris
Articulatio humeroradialis
Syndesmology, or Joint Articulation
33
Alar ligaments (O. T. odontoid or
check ligaments)
Ligament of apex of tooth (O. T. sus-
pensory ligament)
Transverse ligament of atlas
Cruciform ligament of atlas
Tectorial ("roof") membrane (O. T.
posterior occipito-axial ligament)
Joints between ribs and vertebrae
Capitular joints, or articulations
between the heads of the ribs
and the vertebrae
Joint-capsules
Radiate ligament of head of rib (O. T.
anterior costovertebral or stellate
ligament)
Interarticular ligament of head of rib
Costotransverse joints
Joint-capsules
Ligament of tubercle of rib
Ligament of neck of rib
Anterior costotransverse ligament
Posterior costotransverse ligament
Lumbocostal ligament
Costotransverse foramen
Sternocostal joints
Joint-capsules
Interarticular sternocostal ligament (O.
T. interarticular chondrosternal liga-
ment)
Radiate sternocostal ligaments (O. T.
anterior and posterior chondrosternal
ligaments)
Membrane of sternum
Costoxiphoid ligaments (O. T. chon-
droxiphoid ligaments)
Intercostal ligaments
External intercostal ligaments
Internal intercostal ligaments
Interchondral joints
Jaw=joint
Joint-capsule (O. T. capsular liga-
ment)
Joint-disk (O. T. interarticular fibro-
cartilage)
Temporomandibular ligament (O. T.
external lateral ligament)
Sphenomandibular ligament (O. T. in-
ternal lateral ligament)
Stylomandibular ligament (O. T. stylo-
maxillary ligament)
Ligaments of the girdle of upper
extremity
Coraco-acromial ligament
Superior transverse ligament of scapula
Inferior transverse ligament of scapula
Acromioclavicular joint
Joint-capsule
Acromioclavicular ligament
Intercalated disk of fibrocartilage
Coracoclavicular ligament
Trapezoid ligament
Conoid ligament
Sternoclavicular joint
Joint-capsule
Articular disk
Sternoclavicular ligament
Costoclavicular Hgament (O. T. rhom-
boid ligament)
Interclavicular ligament
Shoulder=joint
Joint-capsule
Glenoid lip (O. T. glenoid ligament)
Coracohumeral ligament (O. T. acces-
sory ligament)
Elbow=joint
Humero-ulnar articulation
Humeroradial articulation
34 Anatomical
Articulatio radioulnaris proximalis
Capsula articularis
Lig. coUaterale ulnare
Lig. coUaterale radiale
Lig. annulare radii
Recessus sacciformis
Membrana interossea antibrachii
Chorda obliqua
Articulatio radioulnaris distalis
Capsula articularis
Discus articularis
Recessus sacciformis
Articulatio manus
Articulatio radiocarpea
Articulatio intercarpea
Capsula articularis
Lig. radiocarpeum dorsale
Lig. radiocarpeum volare
Lig. carpi radiatum
Lig. coUaterale carpi ulnare
Lig. coUaterale carpi radiale
Ligg. intercarpea dorsalia
Ligg. intercarpea volaria
Ligg. intercarpea interossea
Articulatio ossis pisiformis
Capsula articularis
Nomenclature
Lig. pisohamatum
Lig. pisometacarpeum
Canalis carpi
Articulationes carpometacarpeae
Capsulae articulares
Ligg. carpometacarpea dorsalia
Ligg. carpometacarpea volaria
Articulatio carpometacarpea pol=
licis
Capsula articularis
Articulationes intermetacarpeae
Capsulae articulares
Ligg. basium [oss. metacarp.] dorsalia
Lig. basium [oss. metacarp.] volaria
Lig. basium [oss. metacarp.] interossea
Spatia interossea metacarpi
Articulationes metacarpopha=
langeae
Capsulae articulares
Ligg. collateralia
Ligg. accessoria volaria
Ligg. capitulorum [oss. metacarpalium]
transversa
Articulationes digitorum manus
Capsulae articulares
Ligg. collateralia
Ligg. cinguli extremitatis infe«
rioris
Membrana obturatoria
Canalis obturatorius
Lig. iliolumbale
Syndesmology, or Joint Articulation
34
Proximal radio-ulnar articulation (O.
T. superior radio-ulnar)
Joint-capsule
Ulnar collateral ligament (O. T. in-
ternal lateral ligament)
Radial collateral ligament (O. T. ex-
ternal lateral ligament)
Annular ligament of radius (O. T.
orbicular)
Sacciform recess
Interosseous membrane of forearm
Oblique cord (O. T. oblique, or round
ligament)
Distal radio=ulnar articulation
(O. T. inferior radio=ulnar)
Joint-capsule
Articular disk (O. T. triangular fibro-
cartilage)^
Sacciform recess
Joint of the hand
Radiocarpal articulation (O. T. wrist-
joint)
Intercarpal articulation (O. T. carpal
joints)
Joint-capsule
Dorsal radiocarpal ligament (O. T.
posterior ligament)
Volar radiocarpal ligament (O. T. an-
terior ligament)
Radiate ligament of carpus
Ulnar collateral ligament of carpus
(O. T. internal lateral ligament)
Radial collateral ligament of carpus
(O. T. external lateral ligament)
Dorsal intercarpal ligaments
Volar intercarpal ligaments (O. T.
palmar intercarpal)
Interosseous intercarpal ligaments
Joint of the pisiform bone
Joint-capsule
Ligament between pisiform and hook-
shaped bone
Ligament between pisiform and meta-
carpal bones
Carpal canal
Carpometacarpal joints
Joint-capsules
Dorsal carpometacarpal ligaments
Volar carpometacarpal ligaments
Carpometacarpal joint of
thumb
Joint-capsule
the
Intermetacarpal joints
Joint-capsules
Dorsal ligaments of basal extremities
of metacarpal bones
Volar ligament of basal extremities of
metacarpal bones
Interosseous ligament of basal ex-
tremities of metacarpal bones
Interosseous space of metacarpus
Metacarpophalangeal joints
Joint-capsules
Collateral ligaments
Volar accessory ligaments (O. T.
palmar ligaments)
Transverse ligaments of the heads of
the metacarpal bones
Joints of the fingers
Joint-capsules
Collateral ligaments (O. T. lateral
ligaments)
Ligaments of the girdle of lower
extremity (O. T. pelvic girdle)
Obturator membrane
Obturator canal
Iliolumbar ligament
35
Anatomical Nomenclature
Lig. sacrotuberosum
Processus falciformis
Lig. sacrospinosum
Foramen ischiadicum majus
Foramen ischiadicum minus
Articulatio sacroiliaca
Ligg. sacroiliaca anteriora
Ligg. sacroiliaca interossea
Lig. sacroiliacum posterius breve
Lig. sacroiliacum posterius longum
Symphysis ossium pubis
Lig. pubicum superius
Lig. arcuatum pubis
Lamina fibrocartilaginea interpubica
Articulatio coxae
Capsula articularis
Labrum glenoidale
Lig. transversum acetabuli
Lig. teres femoris
Zona orbicularis
Lig. iliofemorale
Lig. ischiocapsulare
Lig. pubocapsulare
Articulatio genu
Capsula articularis
Meniscus lateralis
Meniscus medialis
Lig. transversum genu
Ligg. cruciata genu
Lig. cruciatum anterius
Lig. cruciatum posterius
Plica synovialis patellaris
Plicae alares
Lig. coUaterale fibulare
Lig. coUaterale tibiale
Lig. popliteum obliquum
Lig. popliteum arcuatum
Retinaculum lig. arcuati
Lig. patellae
Retinaculum patellae mediale
Retinaculum patellae laterale
Articulatio tibiofibularis
Capsula articularis *
Ligg. capituli fibulae
Membrana interossea cruris
Syndesmosis tibiofibularis
Lig. malleoli lateralis anterius
Lig. malleoli lateralis posterius
Articulationes pedis
Articulatio talocruralis
Capsula articularis
Lig. deltoideum
Lig. tibionaviculare
Lig. calcaneotibiale
Lig. talotibiale anterius
Lig. talotibiale posterius
Lig. talofibulare anterius
Syndesmology, or Joint Articulation
35
Sacrotuberous ligament (O. T. poste-
rior or great sacrosciatic ligament)
Falciform process (O. T. falciform
ligament)
Sacrospinous ligament (O. T. anterior
or small sacrosciatic ligament)
Greater sciatic foramen
Lesser sciatic foramen
Sacro=iliac joint
Anterior sacro-iliac ligaments
Interosseous sacro-iliac ligaments
Short posterior sacro-iliac ligament
Long posterior sacro-iliac ligament
Symphysis of pubic bones
Superior pubic ligament
Arcuate ligament of pubis
Interpubic fibrocartilaginous lamina
Hip= joint
Joint-capsule
Glenoid lip (O. T. cotyloid ligament)
Transverse ligament of acetabulum
Round ligament of the femur
Orbicular zone (O. T. zonular band or
ring ligament)
Iliofemoral ligament (O. T. Y-shaped
ligament of Bigelow)
Ischiocapsular ligament (O. T. ischio-
capsular band)
Pubocapsular ligament (Q. T. pubo-
capsular band, or pubofemoral liga-
ment)
Knee= joint
Joint-capsule
Lateral meniscus (O. T. external
semilunar fibrocartilage)
Medial meniscus (O. T. internal semi-
lunar fibrocartilage)
Transverse ligament of the knee
Crucial ligaments of the knee
Anterior crucial ligament
Posterior crucial ligament
Patellar synovial fold (O. T. ligamen-
tum mucosum)
Alar folds (O. T. Hgamentum alaria)
Fibular collateral ligament (O. T.
long external lateral ligament)
Tibial collateral ligament (O. T. in-
ternal lateral ligament)
Oblique popliteal ligament (O. T.
posterior ligament)
Arcuate popliteal ligament
Retaining band of arcuate ligament
Ligament of the patella
Medial retaining band of patella
Lateral retaining band of patella
Tibiofibular joint (O. T. superior
tibiofibular articulation)
Joint-capsule
Ligaments of the head of the fibula
(O. T. anterior and posterior supe-
rior tibiofibular ligaments)
Interosseous membrane of leg (O. T.
middle tibiofibular ligament)
Tibiofibular syndesmosis (O. T.
inferior tibiofibular articulation)
Anterior ligament of lateral malleolus
Posterior ligament of lateral malleolus
Joints of the foot
Ankle=joint
Joint-capsule
Deltoid ligament (O. T. internal lat-
eral ligament and anterior and
posterior tibiotarsal ligaments)
Tibionavicular ligament
Calcaneotibial ligament
Anterior talotibial ligament
Posterior talotibial ligament
Anterior talofibular ligament (O. T.
anterior fasciculus of external lateral
ligament)
36 Anatomical Nomenclature
Lig. talofibulare posterius Pars calcaneonavicularis
Lig. calcaneofibulare
Articulatiohes intertarseae
Articulatio
talocalcaneonavicu=
laris
Articulatio talocalcanea
Capsula articularis
I.ig. talocalcaneum laterale
Pars calcaneocuboidea
Lig. calcaneonaviculare dorsale
Ligg. navicularicuneiformia dorsalia
Ligg. tarsi plantaria
Lig. plantare longum
Ligg. tarsi profunda
Lig. calcaneocuboideum plantare
Lig. calcaneonaviculare plantare
Lig. talocalcaneum mediale
Lig. talocalcaneum anterius
Lig. talocalcaneum posterius
Articulatio tarsi transversa
[Clioparti]
Articulatio talonavicularis
Capsula articularis
Articulatio calcaneocuboidea
Capsula articularis
Articulatio cuneonavicularis
Ligg. tarsi interossea
Lig. talocalcaneum interosseum
Lig. cuneocuboideum interosseum
Ligg. intercuneiformia interossea
Ligg. tarsi dorsalia
Lig. talonaviculare [dorsale]
Lig. cuneocuboideum dorsale
Lig. cuboideonaviculare dorsale
Lig. bifurcatum
Fibrocartilago navicularis
Ligg. navicularicuneiformia plan-
taria
Lig. cuboideonaviculare plantare
Ligg. intercuneiformia plantaria
Lig. cuneocuboideum plantare
Articulationes tarsometatarseae
Capsulae articulares
Ligg. tarsometatarsea dorsalia
Ligg. tarsometatarsea plantaria
Ligg. cuneometatarsea interossea
Articulationes intermetatarseae
Capsulae articulares
Ligg. basiiim [oss. metatars.] interossea
Ligg. basium [oss. metatars.] dorsalia
Ligg. basium [oss. metatars.] plantaria
Spatia interossea metatarsi
Articulationes metatarsophalan=
geae
Capsulae articulares
Ligg. collateralia
Syndesmology, or Joint Articulation
36
Posterior talofibular ligament (O. T.
posterior fasciculus of external lat-
eral ligament)
Calcaneofibular ligament (O. T. mid-
dle fasciculus of external lateral
ligament)
Intertarsal joints
Talocalcaneonavicular joint
Talocalcanean joint
Joint-capsule
Lateral talocalcanean ligament (O. T.
external calcaneo-astragaloid liga-
ment)
Medial talocalcanean ligament (O. T.
internal calcaneo-astragaloid liga-
ment)
Anterior talocalcanean ligament
Posterior talocalcanean ligament
Chopart's transverse articulation
of the tarsus
Talonavicular joint
Joint-capsule
Calcaneocuboid joint
Jcint-capsule
Cuneonavicular joint
Interosseous ligaments of tarsus
Interosseous talocalcanean ligament
Interosseous cuneocuboid ligament
Interosseous intercuneiform ligaments
Dorsal ligaments of tarsus
Dorsal talonavicular ligament (O. T.
superior astragalonavicular liga-
ment)
Dorsal cuneocuboid ligament
Dorsal cuboideonavicular ligament
Bifurcate ligament
Calcaneonavicular part (O. T. su-
perior or external calcaneonavicu-
lar ligament)
Calcaneocuboidal part (O. T. in-
ternal calcaneocuboid ligament)
Dorsal calcaneonavicular ligament
Dorsal navicular cuneiform ligaments
Plantar ligaments of tarsus
Long plantar ligament (O. T. long
calcaneocuboid ligament)
Deep ligaments of tarsus
Plantar calcaneocuboid ligament
Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament
(O. T. inferior calcaneonavicular
ligament)
Navicular fibrocartilage
Plantar navicular cuneiform liga-
ments
Plantar cuboideonavicular ligament
Plantar intercuneiform ligaments
Plantar cuneocuboid ligament
Tarsometatarsal joints
Joint-capsules
Dorsal tarsometatarsal ligaments
Plantar tarsometatarsal ligaments
Interosseous cuneometatarsal liga-
ments
Intermetatarsal joints
Joint-capsules
Interosseous ligaments of the bases of
the metatarsal bones
Dorsal ligaments of the bases of the
metatarsal bones
Plantar ligaments of the bases of the
metatarsal bones
Interosseous spaces of metatarsus
Metatarsophalangeal joints
Joint-capsules
Collateral ligaments
37
Anatomical Nomenclature
Ligg. accessoria plantaria
Ligg. capitulorum [oss.
transversa
Articulationes digitorum pedis
metatars.] Capsulae articulares
Ligg. collateralia
Myologia
Musculus
Caput
Venter
Musculus
Musculus
Musculus
Musculus
Musculus
Musculus
Musculus
Musculus
Tendo
fusiformis
unipennatus
bipennatus
sphincter
orbicularis
articularis
skeleti
cutaneus
Aponeurosis
Perimysium
Fascia
Fascia superficialis
Inscriptio tendinea
Arcus tendineus
Ligamentum vaginale
Vagina fibrosa tendinis
Vagina mucosa tendinis
Trochlea muscularis
Bursa mucosa
Musculi dorsi
M. trapezius
(M. transversus nuchae)
M. latissimus dorsi
M. rhomboideus major
M. rhomboideus minor
M. levator scapulae
M. serratus posterior inferior
M. serratus posterior superior
M. splenius cervicis
M. splenius capitis
M. sacrospinalis
M. iliocostalis
M. iliocostalis lumborum
M. iliocostalis dorsi
M. iliocostalis cervicis
M. longissimus
M. longissimus dorsi
M. longissimus cervicis
M. longissimus capitis
M. spinalis
M. spinalis dorsi
M. spinalis cervicis
M. spinahs capitis
M. semispinalis
M. semispinalis dorsi
M. semispinalis cervicis
M. semispinalis capitis
Myology, or Musculature
37
Plantar accessory ligaments
Transverse ligaments of the heads of
the metatarsal bones
Joints of the toes
Joint-capsules
Collateral ligaments
Myology, or Musculature
Muscle
Head
Belly
Fusiform muscle
Unipennate muscle
Bipennate muscle
Sphincter muscle
Orbicular muscle
Joint muscle
Skeletal muscle
Skin muscle
Tendon
Tendinous expansion
Perimysium, or muscle sheath
Fascia ("band or swathe"), or fibrous
covering
Superficial fascia
Tendinous inscription
Tendinous arch
Sheath ligament
Fibrous sheath of tendon
Mucous sheath of tendon
Muscle pulley
Mucous bursa or sac
Muscles of the back
Trapezius muscle
Transverse muscle of nape
Broadest muscle of back
Greater rhomboid muscle
Lesser rhomboid muscle
Levator muscle of scapula (O. T.
levator anguli scapulae)
Inferior posterior serratus muscle
Superior posterior serratus muscle
Splenius ("bandage") muscle of neck
(O. T. splenius colli)
Splenius muscle of head
Sacrospinal muscle (O. T. erector
spinae)
Iliocostal muscle
Iliocostal muscle of loins (O. T.
sacrolumbalis)
Iliocostal muscle of back (O. T.
musculus accessorius)
Iliocostal muscle of neck (O. T. cer-
vicalis ascendens)
Longest muscle
Longest muscle of back
Longest muscle of neck (O. T. trans-
versalis cervicis)
Longest muscle of head (O. T,
trachelomastoid)
Spinal muscle
Spinal muscle of back
Spinal muscle of neck (O. T. spinaHs
colK)
Spinal muscle of head
Semispinal muscle
Semispinal muscle of back
Semispinal muscle of neck (O. T.
semispinalis colli)
Semispinal muscle of head (O. T.
complexus)
38
M. multifidus
Anatomical Nomenclature
M. auricularis posterior
Mm. rotatores
• M. rotatores longi
M. rotatores breves
M. interspinales
Mm. intertransversarii
Mm. intertransversarii laterales
Mm. intertransversarii mediales
Mm. intertransversarii anteriores
Mm. intertransversarii posteriores
M. rectus capitis posterior major
M. rectus capitis posterior minor
M. rectus capitis lateralis
M. obliquus capitis superior
M. obliquus capitis inferior
Fascia lumbodorsalis
Fascia nuchae
Musculi capitis
M. epicranius
M. frontalis
M. occipitalis
M. procerus
M. nasalis
Pars transversa
Pars alaris
M. depressor septi
M. orbicularis oculi
Pars palpebrals
Pars orbitalis
Pars lacrimalis [Homeri]
M. auricularis anterior
M. auricularis superior
M. orbicularis oris
M. triangularis
(M. transversus menti)
M. risorius
M. zygomaticus
M. quadratus labii superioris
Caput zygomaticum
Caput infraorbital
Caput angulare
M. quadratus labii inferioris
M. caninus
M. buccinator
Mm. incisivi labii superioris
Mm. incisivi labii inferioris
M. mentalis
M. masseter
M. temporalis
M. pterygoideus externus
M. pterygoideus internus
Galea aponeurotica
Fascia buccopharyngea
Fascia parotideomasseterica
Fascia temporalis
Musculi OSS. hyoidei
M. digastricus
Venter anterior
Venter posterior
M. stylohyoideus
M. mylohyoideus
M. geniohyoideus
Musculi colli
Platysma
Myology, or Musculature
38
Multifidus ("much divided") muscle
(O. T. multifidus spinae)
Rotator muscles
Long rotator muscles
Short rotator muscles
Interspinal muscles
Intertransverse muscles
Lateral intertransverse muscles
Medial intertransverse muscles
Anterior intertransverse muscles
Posterior intertransverse muscles
Larger posterior straight muscle of the
head
Lesser posterior straight muscle of the
head
Lateral straight muscle of the head
Superior oblique muscle of the head
Inferior oblique muscle of the head
Lumbodorsal fascia
Fascia of the nape
Muscles of the head
Epicranius muscle (O. T. occipito-
frontalis)
Frontal muscle
Occipital muscle
Procerus ("prolonged") muscle (O.
T. pyramidalis nasi)
Muscle of the nose
Transverse part
Alar part
Depressor muscle of the septum
Orbicular muscle of the eye (O. T.
orbicularis palpebrarum)
Palpebral part
Orbital part
Lacrimal part (O. T. tensor tarsi or
Horner's muscle)
Anterior auricular muscle (O. T.
attrahens auriculam)
Superior auricular muscle (O. T. atto-
lens auriculam)
Posterior auricular muscle (O. T.
retrahens auriculam)
Orbicular muscle of the mouth
Triangular muscle (O. T. depressor
anguli oris)
Transverse muscle of the chin
Muscle of laughing
Zygomatic muscle
Quadrate muscle of upper lip
Zygomatic head (O. T. zygomaticus
minor)
Infraorbital head (O. T. levator
labii superioris)
Angular head (O. T. levator labii
superioris alaeque nasi)
Quadrate muscle of lower lip (O. T.
depressor labii inferioris)
Canine muscle (O. T. levator anguli
oris)
Cheek muscle
Incisive muscles of upper lip
Incisive muscles of lower lip
Chin muscle
Masseter muscle
Temporal muscle
External pterygoid muscle
Internal pterygoid muscle
Aponeurotic helmet (O. T. epicranial
aponeurosis)
Buccopharyngeal fascia
Parotideomasseteric fascia
Temporal fascia
Muscles of the hyoid bone
Digastric muscle
Anterior belly
Posterior belly
Stylohyoid muscle
Mylohyoid muscle
Geniohyoid muscle
Muscles of the neck
Platysma, or flat muscle (O. T. pla-
tysma myoides)
39
Anatomical Nomenclature
M. sternocleidomastoideus
M. sternohyoideus
M. omohyoideus
Venter superior
Venter inferior
M. sternothyreoideus
M. thyreohyoideus
(M. levator glandulae thyreoideae)
M. longus colli
M. longus capitis
M. rectus capitis anterior
M. scalenus anterior
M. scalenus medius
M. scalenus posterior
(M. scalenus minimus)
Fascia colli
Fascia praevertebralis
Musculi Thoracis
(M. sternalis)
M. pectoralis major
Pars clavicularis
Pars sternocostalis
Pars abdominalis
M. pectoralis minor
M. subclavius
M. serratus anterior
Mm. levatores costarum
Mm. levatores costarum longi
Mm. levatores costarum breves
Mm. intercostales externi
Mm. intercostales interni
Mm. subcostales
M. transversus thoracis
Diaphragma
Pars lumbalis
Crus mediale
Crus intermedium
Crus laterale
Pars costalis
Pars sternalis
Hiatus aorticus
Hiatus oesophageus
Centrum tendineum
Foramen venae cavae
Arcus lumbocostalis medialis [Halleri]
Arcus lumbocostalis lateralis [Halleri]
Fascia pectoralis
Fascia coracoclavicularis
Musculi abdominis
M. rectus abdominis
Falx [aponeurotica] inguinalis
M. pyramidal is
M. obliquus externus abdominis
M. obliquus internus abdominis
M. cremaster
M. transversus abdominis
M. quadratus lumborum
A nnulus umhilicalis
Linea alba
Adminiculum lineae albae
Inscriptiones tendineae
Lig. suspensorium penis s. clitoridis
Lig. fundiforme penis
Vagina m. recti abdominis
Linea semicircularis [Douglasi]
Lig. inguinale [Pouparti]
Lig. lacunare [Gimbernati]
Lig. inguinale reflexum [CoUesi]
Annulus inguinalis subcutaneus
Crus superius
Crus inferius
Fibrae intercrurales
Myology, or Musculature
39
Sternocleidomastoid muscle
Sternohyoid muscle
Omohyoid muscle
Superior belly
Inferior belly
Sternothyreoid muscle
Thyreohyoid muscle
Elevating muscle of the thyreoid
gland
Long muscle of the neck
Long muscle of the head (O. T. rectus
capitis anticus major)
Anterior straight muscle of the head
(O. T. rectus capitis anticus minor)
Anterior scalene muscle
Middle scalene muscle
Posterior scalene muscle
Smallest scalene muscle
Cervical fascia
Prevertebral fascia
Muscles of the chest
Sternal muscle
Greater pectoral muscle
Clavicular part
Sternocostal part
Abdominal part
Smaller pectoral muscle
Subclavius muscle
Anterior serratus muscle (O. T. ser-
ratus magnus)
Elevators of the ribs
Long elevators of the ribs
Short elevators of the ribs
External intercostal muscles
Internal intercostal muscles
Subcostal muscles
Transverse muscle of thorax (O. T.
triangularis sterni)
Diaphragm
Lumbar part
Medial crus
Intermediate crus
5
Lateral crus
Costal part
Sternal part
Aortic opening
Oesophageal opening
Central tendon
Opening of the vena cava
Medial lumbocostal arch (O. T. liga-
mentum arcuatum internum)
Lateral lumbocostal arch (O. T. liga-
mentum arcuatum externum)
Pectoral fascia
Coracoclavicular fascia
Muscles of the abdomen
Straight muscle of the abdomen
Inguinal aponeurotic falx (O. T. con-
joined tendon)
Pyramidal muscle
External oblique muscle of abdomen
Internal oblique muscle of abdomen
Cremasteric muscle
Transverse muscle of abdomen
Quadrate muscle of the loins
Umbilical ring
White line
Stay of the white line
Tendinous inscriptions
Suspensory ligament of the penis or
clitoris
SKng-like ligament of penis
Sheath of the rectus muscle
Semicircular fold of Douglas
Inguinal ligament of Poupart
Lacunar ligament of Gimbernat
Reflex ligament of CoUes (O. T. tri-
angular fascia of the abdomen)
Subcutaneous inguinal ring (O. T. ex-
ternal abdominal ring)
Superior pillar
Inferior pillar
Intercrural fibres (O. T. intercolumnar
fibres)
40
Anatomical Nomenclature
Trigonum lumbale [Petiti]
Linea semilunaris [Spigelii]
Fascia transversalis
Canalis inguinalis
Annulus inguinalis abdominalis
Ligo interfoveolare [Hesselbachi]
Plica epigastrica
Fovea inguinalis lateralis
Fovea inguinalis medialis
Fovea supravesicalis
Musculi coccygei
M. coccygeus
M. sacrococcygeus anterior
M. sacrococcygeus posterior
Musculi extremitatis superioris
M. deltoideus
M. supraspinatus
M. infraspinatus
M. teres minor
M. teres major
M. subscapularis
M. biceps brachii
Caput longum
Vagina mucosa intertubercularis
Caput breve
Lacertus fibrosus
M. coracobrachialis
M. brachialis
M. triceps brachii
Caput longum
Caput laterale
Caput mediale
M. anconaeus
(M. epitrochleoanconaeus)
M. pronator teres .
Caput humerale
Caput ulnare
M. flexor carpi radialis
M. palmaris longus
M. flexor carpi ulnaris
Caput humerale
Caput ulnare
M. flexor digitorum sublimis
Caput humerale
Caput radiale
M. flexor digitorum profundus
M. flexor poUicis longus
M. pronator quadratus
M. brachioradialis
M. extensor carpi radialis longus
M. extensor carpi radialis brevis
M. extensor digitorum communis
Juncturae tendinum
M. extensor digiti quinti proprius
M. extensor carpi ulnaris
M. supinator
M. abductor pollicis longus
M. extensor pollicis brevis
M. extensor pollicis longus
M. extensor indicis proprius
M. palmaris brevis
M. abductor pollicis brevis
M. flexor pollicis brevis
M. opponens pollicis
M. adductor pollicis
M. abductor digiti quinti
M. flexor digiti quinti brevis
M. opponens digiti quinti
Mm. lumbricales
Myology, or Musculature
40
Lumbar triangle of Petit
Semilunar line of Spigelius
Transversal fascia (O. T. transverse
fascia)
Inguinal canal
Abdominal inguinal ring (O. T. in-
ternal abdominal ring)
Interfoveolar ligament (O. T. Hessel-
bach's ligament)
Epigastric fold
Lateral inguinal fovea
Medial inguinal fovea
Supravesical fovea
Coccygeal muscles
Coccygeal muscle
Anterior sacrococcygeal muscle
Posterior sacrococcygeal muscle
Muscles of the upper extremity
Deltoid muscle
Supraspinous muscle
Infraspinous muscle
Smaller round muscle
Larger round muscle
Subscapular muscle
Biceps muscle of upper arm
Long head
Intertubercular mucous sheath
Short head
Fibrous lacertus ("muscle") (O. T.
bicipital fascia)
Coracobrachial muscle
Brachial muscle (O. T. brachialis an-
ticus)
Triceps muscle of upper arm
Long head
Lateral head
Medial head
Elbow muscle
Epitrochlear elbow muscle
Round pronator muscle (O. T. pro-
nator radii teres)
Humeral head
Ulnar head (O. T. coronoid head)
Radial flexor muscle of wrist
Long palmar muscle
Ulnar flexor muscle of wrist
Humeral head
Ulnar head
Superficial flexor muscle of fingers
Humeral head
Radial head
Deep flexor muscles of fingers
Long flexor muscle of thumb
Quadrate pronator muscle
Brachioradial muscle (O. T. supinator
longus)
Long radial extensor muscle of carpus
Short radial extensor muscle of carpus
Common extensor muscle of fingers
Junctions of the tendons; aponeu-
rotic bridges
Proper extensor muscle of fifth finger
(O. T. extensor minimi digiti)
Ulnar extensor muscle of wrist
Supinator muscle (O. T. supinator
brevis)
Long abductor muscle of thumb (O. T.
extensor ossis metacarpi poUicis)
Short extensor muscle of thumb (O. T.
extensor primi internodii pollicis)
Long extensor muscle of thumb (O. T.
extensor secundi internodii pollicis)
Proper extensor muscle of index-finger
(O. T. extensor indicis)
Short palmar muscle
Short abductor muscle of thumb (O.
T. abductor pollicis)
Short flexor muscle of thumb
Opposing muscle of thumb
Adductor muscle of thumb
Abductor muscle of fifth finger
Short flexor muscle of fifth finger
Opposing muscle of fifth finger
Lumbrical muscles
41
Anatomical Nomenclature
Mm. interossei dorsales
Mm. interossei volares
Fascia axillaris
Fascia subscapularis
Fascia supraspinata
Fascia infraspinata
Fascia brachii
Septum intermusculare
mediale
Septum intermusculare
laterale
Piumeri]
[humeri]
M. gemellus superior
M. gemellus inferior
M. quadratus femoris
M. sartorius
M. quadriceps femoris
M. rectus femoris
M. vastus lateralis
M. vastus intermedius
M. vastus medialis
Sulcus bicipitalis medialis
Sulcus bicipitalis lateralis
Fascia antibrachii
Fascia dorsalis manus
Lig. carpi dorsale
Aponeurosis palmaris
Fasciculi transversi
M. articularis genu
M. pectineus
M. adductor longus
M. gracilis
M. adductor brevis
M. adductor magnus
M. adductor minimus
Lig. carpi transversum
Lig. carpi volare
Chiasma tendinum
Vinculum tendinum
Vaginae mucosae
Ligg. vaginalia digitorum manus
Ligg. annularia digitorum manus
Ligg. cruciata digitorum manus
Musculi extremitatis inferioris
M. iliopsoas
M. iliacus
M. psoas major
M. psoas minor
M. glutaeus maximus
M. glutaeus medius
M. glutaeus minimus
M. tensor fasciae latae
M. piriformis
M. obturator internus
M. obturator externus
M. biceps femoris
-Caput longum
Caput breve
M. semitendinosus
M. semimembranosus
M. tibialis anterior
M. extensor digitorum longus
M. peronaeus tertius
M. extensor hallucis longus
M. peronaeus longus
M. peronaeus brevis
M. triceps surae
M. gastrocnemius
Caput laterale
Caput mediale
M. soleus
Arcus tendineus m. solei
Tendo calcaneus [Achillis]
Myology, or Musculature
41
Dorsal interosseous muscles
Palmar interosseous muscles
Axillary fascia
Subscapular fascia
Supraspinous fascia
Infraspinous fascia
Brachial fascia
Medial intermuscular septum of arm
(O. T. internal intermuscular sep-
tum)
Lateral intermuscular septum of arm
(O. T. external intermuscular sep-
tum)
Medial bicipital furrow
Lateral bicipital furrow
Antibrachial fascia
Fascia of back of hand
Dorsal ligament of wrist (O. T. pos-
terior annular ligament)
Palmar aponeurosis
Transverse fibres (O. T. transverse
superficial ligament)
Transverse carpal ligament (O. T.
anterior annular ligament)
Palmar carpal ligament
Crossing of the tendons
Bands of union of the tendons
Mucous sheaths
Ligaments of the sheaths of the fingers
Annular ligaments of the fingers
Cruciate ligaments of the fingers
Muscles of the lower extremity
Iliopsoas muscle
Iliac muscle
Greater psoas muscle
Lesser psoas muscle
Greatest gluteal muscle
Middle gluteal muscle
Least gluteal muscle
Tensor muscle of broad fascia
Piriform muscle
Internal obturator muscle
Superior twin muscle
Inferior twin muscle
Quadrate muscle of thigh
Sartorius ("tailor") muscle
Quadriceps (" four-headed") muscle of
thigh
Straight muscle of thigh
Lateral great muscle (O. T. vastus
externus)
Intermediate great muscle (O. T.
crureus)
Medial great m^uscle (O. T. vastus
internus)
Articular muscle of knee (O. T. sub-
crureus)
Pectineus muscle
Long adductor muscle
Slender muscle
Short adductor muscle
Great adductor muscle
Smallest adductor muscle (O. T. upper
portion of adductor magnus)
External obturator muscle
Biceps ("two-headed") muscle of thigh
Long head
Short head
Semitendinosus muscle
Semimembranosus muscle
Anterior tibial muscle (O. T. tibialis
anticus)
Long extensor of digits
Third peroneal muscle
Long extensor of great toe
Long peroneal muscle
Short peroneal muscle
Triceps muscle of calf
Gastrocnemius muscle
Lateral head
Medial head
Soleus muscle
Tendinous arch of soleus muscle
Tendon of the heel (of Achilles) (O. T.
tendo Achillis)
42
Anatomical Nomenclature
M. plantaris
M. popliteus
M. tibialis posterior
M. flexor digitorum longus
M. flexor hallucis longus
M. extensor hallucis brevis
M. extensor digitorum brevis
M. abductor hallucis
M. flexor hallucis brevis
M. adductor hallucis
Caput obliquum
Caput transversum
M. abductor digiti quinti
M. flexor digiti quinti brevis
M. opponens' digiti quinti
M. flexor digitorum brevis
M. quadratus plantae
Mm. lumbricales
Mm. interossei dorsales
Mm. interossei plantares
Fascia lata
Tractus iliotibialis [Maissiati]
Septum intermusculare [femoris]
laterale
Fossa iliopectinea
Fascia pectinea
Canalis femoralis
Annulus femoralis
Septum femorale [Cloqueti]
Fossa ovalis
Margo falciformis
Cornu superius
Cornu infer ius
Fascia cribrosa
Fascia cruris
Septum intermusculare anterius
[fibulare]
Septum intermusculare posterius
[fibulare]
Lig. transversum cruris
Lig. laciniatum
Lig. cruciatum cruris
Septum intermusculare [femoris]
mediale
Canalis adductorius [Hunteri]
Hiatus tendineus [adductorius]
Fascia ihaca
Fascia iliopectinea
Lacuna musculorum
Lacuna vasorum
Trigonum femorale [Fossa Scarpae
major]
Retinaculum mm. peronaeorum sup.
Retinaculum mm. peronaeorum in-
ferius
Fascia dorsalis pedis
Aponeurosis plantaris
Fasciculi transversi aponeurosis
plantaris
Vaginae mucosae
Ligg. annularia
Ligg. vaginalia
Ligg. cruciata
Myology, or Musculature
42
Plantaris muscle
Popliteus muscle
Posterior tibial muscle (O. T. tibialis
posticus)
Long flexor of the digits
Long flexor of the great toe
Short extensor of the great toe
Short extensor of the digits
Abductor of the great toe
Short flexor of the great toe
Adductor of the great toe
Oblique head
Transverse head
Abductor of the fifth toe
Short flexor muscle of fifth toe
Opposing muscle of fifth toe
Short flexor muscle of the toes
Quadrate muscle of the sole
Lumbrical muscles
Dorsal interosseous muscles
Plantar interosseous muscles
Broad fascia
Iliotibial band
Lateral intermuscular septum of thigh
(O. T. external intermuscular sep-
tum)
Medial intermuscular septum of thigh
(O. T. internal intermuscular sep-
tum)
Adductor canal of Hunter (O. T. Hun-
ter's canal)
Tendinous adductor gap
Iliac fascia
Iliopectineal fascia
Muscle gap
Vessel gap
Femoral triangle (greater fossa of
Scarpa) (O. T. Scarpa's triangle)
Iliopectineal fossa
Pectineal fascia (O. T. pubic portion
of fascia lata)
Femoral canal (O. T. crural canal)
Femoral ring (O. T. crural ring)
Femoral septum of Cloquet
Oval fossa
Falciform margin
Superior horn
Inferior horn
Cribriform fascia
Fascia of the leg
Anterior (fibular) intermuscular sep-
tum (O. T. anterior peroneal sep-
tum)
Posterior (fibular) intermuscular sep-
tum (O. T. posterior peroneal sep-
tum)
Transverse ligament of the leg (O. T.
upper or broad part of anterior an-
nular ligament)
Fringed ligament (O. T. internal annu-
lar ligament)
Cruciate ligament of the leg (O. T.
lower part of anterior annular liga-
ment of leg)
Upper retaining band of peroneal
muscles
Lower retaining band of peroneal
muscles
Dorsal fascia of the foot
Plantar aponeurosis
Transverse bundles of plantar apo-
neurosis
Mucous sheaths
Annular ligaments
Sheath ligaments
Cruciate ligaments
43
Anatomical Nomenclature
Bursac ct Vaginae mucosae
Bursa mucosa subcutanea
Bursa mucosa submuscularis
Bursa mucosa subfascialis
Bursa mucosa subtendinea
Vagina mucosa tendinis
B. musculi trochlearis
B. m. tensoris veli palatini
B. subcutanea praementalis
B. subcutanea prominentiae laryngeae
B. m. sternohyoidei
B. m. thyreohyoidei
B. subcutanea sacralis
B. coccygea
B. subcutanea acromialis
B. subacromialis
B. subdeltoidea
B. m. coracobrachialis
B. m. infraspinati
B. m. subscapularis
B. m. teretis majoris
B. m. latissimi dorsi
B. subcutanea olecrani
B. intratendinea olecrani
B. subtendinea olecrani
B. subcutanea epicondyli [humeri]
lateralis
B. subcutanea epicondyli piumeri]
medialis
B. bicipitoradialis
B. cubitalis interossea
Vagina tendinum mm. abductoris
longi et extensoris brevis pollicis
Vagina tendinis m. extensoris digiti
minimi
Vagina tendinis m. extensoris carpi
ulnaris
B. m. extensoris carpi radialis brevis
Bursae subcutaneae metacarpophalan-
geae dorsales
Bursae subcutaneae digitorum dorsales
B. m. flexoris carpi ulnaris
B. m. flexoris carpi radialis
Vagina tendinum mm. flexorum com-
munium
Vag. tendinis m. flexoris pollicis longi
Bursae intermetacarpophalangeae
Vaginae tendinum digitales
B. trochanterica subcutanea
B. trochanterica m. glutaei maximi
B. troch. m. glutaei medii anterior
B. troch. m. glutaei medii posterior
Vagina tendinum mm. extensorum B. troch. m. glutaei minimi
carpi radialium
Vagina tendinis m. extensoris pollicis
longi
Vagina tendinum mm. extensoris digi-
torum communis et extensoris indicis
B. m. piriformis
B. m. obturatorii interni
Bursae glutaeofemorales
Myology, or Musculature
43
Bursac and mucous sheaths
Subcutaneous mucous bursa
Submuscular mucous bursa
Subfascial mucous bursa
Subtendinous mucous bursa
Mucous sheath of tendon
Bursa of the trochlear muscle
Bursa of tensor muscle of soft palate
Subcutaneous premental bursa
Subcutaneous bursa of the prominence
of the larynx
Bursa of the sternohyoid muscle
Bursa of the thyreohyoid muscle
Subcutaneous sacral bursa
Coccygeal bursa
Subcutaneous acromial bursa
Subacromial bursa
Subdeltoid bursa
Bursa of the coracobrachial muscle
Bursa of the infraspinatus muscle
Bursa of the subscapular muscle
Bursa of the greater round muscle
Bursa of the broadest muscle of back
Subcutaneous bursa of the olecranon
Intratendinous bursa of the olecranon
Subtendinous bursa of the olecranon
Subcutaneous bursa of the lateral epi-
condyle of humerus
Subcutaneous bursa of the medial epi-
condyle of humerus
Bicipitoradial bursa
Interosseous bursa of the elbow
Sheath of the tendons of the long ab-
ductor and short extensor muscles of
the thumb
Sheath of the tendons of the radial
extensor muscles of the wrist
Sheath of the tendon of the long ex-
tensor muscle of the thumb
Sheath of the tendons of the common
extensor muscle of the digits and
of the extensor muscle of the index
finger
Sheath of the tendon of the extensor
muscle of the little finger
Sheath of the tendon of the ulnar ex-
tensor muscle of the wrist
Bursa of the short radial extensor
muscle of the wrist
Dorsal subcutaneous metacarpopha-
langeal bursa
Dorsal subcutaneous bursae of the
digits
Bursa of the ulnar flexor muscle of the
wrist
Bursa of the radial flexor muscle of the
wrist
Sheath of the tendons of the common
flexor muscles
Sheath of the tendon of the long flexor
muscle of the thumb
Intermetacarpophalangeal bursae
Digital sheaths of the tendons
Subcutaneous trochanteric bursa
Trochanteric bursa of the great glu-
teal muscle
Anterior trochanteric bursa of the mid-
dle gluteal muscle
Posterior trochanteric bursa of the
middle gluteal muscle
Trochanteric bursa of the smallest glu-
teal muscle
Bursa of the piriform muscle
Bursa of the internal obturator muscle
Glutaeofemoral bursae
44 Anatomical
B. ischiadica m. glutaei maximi
B. m. recti femoris
B. iliopectinea
B. iliaca subtendinea
B. m. pectinei
B. m. bicipitis femoris superior
B. praepatellaris subcutanea
B. praepatellaris subfascialis
B. praepatellaris subtendinea
B. suprapatellaris
B. infrapatellaris subcutanea
B. infrapatellaris profunda
B. subcutanea tuberositatis tibiae
B. m. sartorii propria
B. anserina
B. m. bicipitis femoris inferior .
B. m. poplitei
B. bicipitogastrocnemialis
B. m. gastrocnemii lateralis
B. m. gastrocnemii medialis
B. m. semimembranosi
B. subcutanea malleoli lateralis
Nomenclature
Vag. tendinis m. tibialis anterioris
Vag. tendinis m. extensoris hallucis
longi
Vaginae tendinum m. extensoris digi-
torum pedis longi
Vaginae tendinum m. flexoris digi-
torum pedis longi
Vag. tendinis m. tibialis posterioris
Vag. tendinis m. flexoris hallucis longi
Vag. tendinum mm. peronaeorum
communis
Bursa sinus tarsi
B. subtendinea m. tibialis anterioris
B. subtendinea m. tibialis posterioris
B. subcutanea calcanea
B. tendinis calcanei [Achillis]
Vag. tendinis m. peronaei longi plan-
taris
Bursae intermetatarsophalangeae
Bursae mm. lumbricalium pedis
B. subcutanea malleoli medialis
Vaginae tendinum digitales pedis
Myology, or Musculature
44
Sciatic bursa of the greatest gluteal
muscle
Bursa of the straight thigh muscle
Iliopectineal bursa
Subtendinous iliac bursa
Bursa of the pectineus muscle
Superior bursa of the biceps muscle of
the thigh
Subcutaneous prepatellar bursa
Subfascial prepatellar bursa
Subtendinous prepatellar bursa
Suprapatellar bursa
Subcutaneous infrapatellar bursa
Deep infrapatellar bursa
Subcutaneous bursa of the tuberosity
of the tibia
Proper bursa of the sartorius muscle
Anserine bursa
Inferior bursa of the biceps muscle of
the thigh
Bursa of the popliteus muscle
Bicipitogastrocnemial bursa
Lateral bursa of the gastrocnemius
muscle
Medial bursa of the gastrocnemius
muscle
Bursa of the semimembranosus muscle
Subcutaneous bursa of the lateral mal-
leolus
Subcutaneous bursa of the medial
malleolus
Sheath of the tendon of the anterior
tibial muscle
Sheath of the tendon of the long exten-
sor muscle of the great toe
Sheaths of the tendons of the long
extensor muscle of the digits of the
foot
Sheaths of the tendons of the long
flexor muscle of the digits of the
foot
Sheath of the tendon of the posterior
tibial muscle
Sheath of the tendon of the long
flexor muscle of the great toe
Common sheath of the tendons of the
peroneal muscles
Bursa of the hollow of the ankle
Subtendinous bursa of the anterior
tibial muscle
Subtendinous bursa of the posterior
tibial muscle
Subcutaneous calcanean bursa
Bursa of the calcanean tendon of
Achilles
Sheath of the plantar tendon of the
long peroneal muscle
Intermetatarsophalangeal bursae
Bursae of the lumbrical muscles of
the foot
Digital sheaths of the tendons of the
foot
45
Anatomical Nomenclature
Splanchnologia
Tunica albuginea
Tunica fibrosa
Tunica adventitia
Tunica mucosa
Lamina propria mucosae
Lamina muscularis mucosae
Tela submucosa
Plica mucosa
Mucus
Tunica muscularis
Tunica serosa
Tela subserosa
Plica serosa
Ligamentum serosum
Serum
Epithelium
Endothelium
Organon parenchymatosum
Parenchyma
Stroma
Glandula
Lobus
Lobulus
Glandula mucosa
Musculus viscerum
Apparatus digestorius
Cavum oris
Bucca
Corpus adiposum buccae
Vestibulum oris
Cavum oris proprium
Rima oris
Labia oris
Labium superius
Labium inferius
Commissura labiorum
Angulus oris
Palatum
Palatum durum
Palatum moUe
Raphe palati
Tunica mucosa oris
Frenulum labii superioris
Frenulum labii inferioris
Gingiva
Caruncula sublingualis
Plica sublingualis
Plicae palatinae transversae
Papilla incisiva
Glandulae oris •
Gl. labiales
Gl. buccales
Gl. molares
Gl. palatinae
Gl. linguales
Gl. lingualis anterior [Blandini, Nuhni]
Gl. sublingualis
Ductus sublingualis major
Ductus sublinguals minores
Splanchnology
45
Splanchnology
Albugineous coat
Fibrous coat
Adventitious (external) coat
Mucous coat
Proper layer of the mucosa
Muscular layer of the mucosa
Submucous web
Mucous fold
Mucus
Muscular coat
Serous coat
Subserous web
Serous fold
Serous ligament
Serum
Epithelium
Endothelium
Parenchymatous organ
Parenchyma
Stroma
Gland
Lobe
Little lobe
Mucous gland
Muscle of the viscera
Digestive apparatus
Mouth cavity
Cheek
Fat body of cheek
Entrance to mouth
Mouth cavity proper
Mouth-slit
Lips of mouth
Upper lip
Lower lip
Junction of lips
Angle of mouth
Palate
Hard palate
Soft palate
Middle ridge of palate
Mucous membrane of mouth
Check-cord of upper lip
Check-cord of lower lip
Gum
Sublingual caruncle
Sublingual fold
Transverse palatine folds
Incisor papilla
Glands of mouth
Labial glands
Buccal glands
Molar glands
Palatine glands
Lingual glands
Anterior lingual gland (O. T. gland
of Nuhn)
Sublingual gland
Larger sublingual duct
Smaller sublingual ducts
46
Anatomical Nomenclature
Gl. submaxillaris
Ductus submaxillaris [Whartoni]
Gl. parotis
Processus retromandibularis
Gl. parotis accessoria
Ductus parotideus [Stenonis]
Saliva
Dentes
Corona dentis
Tubercula [coronae] dentis
Collum dentis
Radix [Radices] dentis
Apex radicis dentis
Facies masticatoria
Facies labialis [buccalis]
Facies lingualis
Facies contactus
Facies medialis) dentium incisivo-
Facies lateralis) rum et caninorum
Facies anterior "j dentium praemola
Facies posterior] rium et molarium
Cavum dentis
Pulpa dentis
Papilla dentis
Canalis radicis dentis
Foramen apicis dentis
Substantia eburnea
Substantia adamantina
Substantia ossea
Canaliculi dentales
Spatia interglobularia
Prismata adamantina
Cuticula dentis
Periosteum alveolare
Arcus dentalis superior
Arcus dentalis inferior
Dentes incisivi
Dentes canini
Dentes praemolares
Dentes molares
Dens serotinus
Dentes permanentes
Dentes decidui
Lingua
Dorsum linguae
Radix linguae
Corpus linguae
Facies inferior [linguae]
Plica fimbriata
Margo lateralis [linguae]
Apex linguae
Tunica mucosa linguae
Frenulum linguae
Papillae linguales
Papillae filiformes
Papillae conicae
Papillae fungiformes
Papillae lenticulares
Papillae vallatae
Papillae foliatae
Sulcus medianus linguae
Sulcus terminalis
Foramen caecum linguae (Morgagnii)
(Ductus lingualis)
Ductus thyreoglossus
Tonsilla lingualis
FoUiculi linguales
Septum linguae
Musculi linguae
M. genioglossus
M. hyoglossus
M. chondroglossus
M. styloglossus
M. longitudinalis superior
M. longitudinalis inferior
M. transversus linguae
M. verticalis linguae
Fauces
Isthmus faucium
Splanchnology
46
Submaxillary gland
Submaxillary duct (O. T. Wharton's
duct)
Parotid gland
Retromandibular process
Accessory parotid (O. T. socia paro-
tidis)
Parotid duct (O. T. Steno's duct)
Mixed mouth secretions
Teeth
Crown of tooth
Tubercles of crown of tooth
Neck of tooth
Root of tooth
Apex of root of tooth
Chewing-surface
Labial surface
Lingual surface
Contact surface
Medial surface ^ of incisor
Lateral surface 3 and canine teeth
Anterior surface ) of premolars
Posterior surface J and molars
Tooth cavity
Tooth pulp
Papilla of tooth
Root canal of tooth
Foramen of apex of tooth
Dentine
Enamel
Cement
Smaller dental canals
Granular layer
Enamel prisms
Cuticle of tooth
Alveolar periosteum
Superior dental arch
Inferior dental arch
Incisor teeth
Canine teeth
Premolar teeth (O. T. bicuspids)
Molar teeth
Late tooth (O. T. wisdom tooth)
Permanent teeth
Deciduous teeth
Tongue
Dorsum of tongue
Root of tongue
Body of tongue
Inferior surface
Fimbriated fold
Lateral margin
Tip of the tongue
Mucous membrane of tongue
Frenulum (check-rein) of tongue
Lingual papillae
Filiform papillae
Conical papillae
Fungiform papillae
Lenticular papillae
Vallate papillae (O. T. circumvallate
papillae)
Foliate papillae
Median sulcus of tongue
Terminal sulcus
Blind foramen of tongue
Lingual duct
Thyreoglossal duct
Lingual tonsil
Lingual folliculi
Septum of tongue
Muscles of tongue
Genioglossus muscle
Hyoglossus muscle
Chrondroglossus muscle
Styologlossus muscle
Superior longitudinal muscle (O. T.
superficial lingual)
Inferior longitudinal muscle (O. T.
inferior lingual)
Transverse muscle of tongue
Vertical muscle of tongue
Fauces, or throat
Isthmus of fauces
47
Anatomical Nomenclature
Velum palatinum
Uvula [palatina]
Arcus palatini
Arcus glossopalatinus
Arcus pharyngopalatinus
Plica salpingopalatina
Tonsilla palatina
Fossulae tonsillares
Sinus tonsillaris
Plica triangularis
Fossa supratonsillaris
Musculi palati et faucium
M. levator veli palatini
M. tensor veli palatini
M. uvulae
M. glossopalatinus
M. pharyngopalatinus
Pharynx
Cavum pharyngis
Fornix pharyngis
Pars nasalis
Pars oralis
Pars laryngea
Ostium pharyngeum tubae
Labium anterius
Labium posterius
Torus tubarius
Plica salpingopharyngea
Recessus pharyngeus [Rosenmuelleri]
(Bursa pharyngea)
Recessus piriformis
M. stylopharyngeus
Fascia pharyngobasilaris
Tunica mucosa
Gl. pharyngeae
Tonsilla pharyngea
Fossulae tonsillares
Tela submucosa
Tunica muscularis pharyngis
Raphe pharyngis
Raphe pterygomandibularis
M. constrictor pharyngis superior
M. pterygopharyrigeus
M. buccopharyngeus
M. mylopharyngeus
M. glossopharyngeus
M. salpingopharyngeus
M. constrictor pharyngis medius
M. chondropharyngeus
M. ceratopharyngeus
M. constrictor pharyngis inferior
M. thyreopharyngeus
M. cricopharyngeus
Tubus digestorius
Oesophagus
Pars cervicalis
Pars thoracahs
Pars abdominalis
Tunica adventitia
Tunica muscularis
M. bronchooesophageus
M. pleurooesophageus
Tela submucosa
Tunica mucosa
Lam. muscularis mucosae
Gl. oesophageae
Ventriculus
[G aster]
Paries anterior
Paries posterior
Curvatura ventriculi major
Curvatura ventriculi minor
Cardia
Fundus ventriculi
Splanchnology
47
Palatine curtain
Uvula
Palatine arches
Glossopalatine arch (O. T. anterior
pillar of fauces)
Pharyngopalatine arch (O. T. pos-
terior pillar of fauces)
Tubopalatine fold
Palatine tonsil
Tonsillar crypts
Tonsillar sinus
Triangular fold
Supratonsillar fossa
Muscles of palate and fauces
Levator muscle of palatine curtain (O.
T. levator palati)
Tensor muscle of palatine curtain (O.
T. tensor palati)
Muscle of uvula (O. T. azygos u\ailae)
Glossopalatine muscle (O. T. palato-
glossus)
Pharyngopalatine muscle (O. T. pal-
atopharyngeus)
Pharynx
Cavity of pharynx
Vault of pharynx
Nasal part (O. T. nasopharynx)
Oral part (O. T. oral pharynx)
Laryngeal part (O.T. laryngopharynx)
Pharyngeal opening of Eustachian tube
Anterior lip
Posterior lip
Tubal projection
Salpingopharyngeal fold
Pharyngeal recess of Rosenmueller (O
T. recessus infundibuliformis)
Pharyngeal bursa
Piriform recess (O. T. sinus piriformis)
Stylopharyngeus muscle
Pharyngobasilar fascia
Mucous membrane
Pharyngeal glands
Pharyngeal tonsil
Tonsillar crypts
Submucous web (O. T. pharyngeal
aponeurosis)
Muscular coat of pharynx
Raphe of pharynx
Pterygomandibular raphe
Superior constrictor muscle of pharynx
Pterygopharyngeal muscle
Buccopharyngeal muscle
Mylopharyngeal muscle
Glossopharyngeal muscle
Salpingopharyngeal muscle
Middle constrictor muscle of pharynx
Chrondropharyngeal muscle
Ceratopharyngeal muscle
Inferior constrictor muscle of pharynx
Thyreopharyngeal muscle
Cricopharyngeal muscle
Digestive tube
Oesophagus
Cervical part
Thoracic part
Abdominal part
Adventitious coat
Muscular coat
Broncho-oesophageal muscle
Pleuro- oesophageal muscle
Submucous layer
Mucous membrane
Muscular layer of mucosa
Oesophageal glands
Stomach
Anterior wall
Posterior wall
Greater curvature of stomach
Lesser curvature of stomach
Cardia
Fundus of stomach
48
Anatomical Nomenclature
Corpus ventriculi
Pylorus
Pars cardiaca
Pars pylorica
(Antrum cardiacum)
Antrum pyloricum
Tunica serosa
Tunica muscularis
Stratum longitudinale
Ligg. pylori
Stratum circulare
M. sphincter pylori
Fibrae obliquae
Valvula pylori
Tela submucosa
Tunica mucosa
Lam. muscularis mucosae
Areae gastricae
Plicae villosae
Foveolae gastricae
Glandulae gastricae [propriae]
Glandulae pyloricae
Noduli lymphatici gastrici
Succus gastricus
Intestinum tenue
Tunica serosa
Tunica muscularis
Stratum longitudinale
Stratum circulare
Tela submucosa
Tunica mucosa
Lam. muscularis mucosae
Plicae circulares [Kerkringi]
Villi intestinales
Gl. intestinales [Lieberkuehni]
Noduli lymphatici solitarii
Noduli lymphatici aggregati [Peyeri]
Chymus
Chylus
Succus entericus
Duodenum
Pars superior
Pars descendens
Pars inferior
Pars horizontal is [inferior]
Pars ascendens
Flexura duodeni superior
Flexura duodeni inferior
Flexura duodenojejunalis
M. suspensorius duodeni
Plica longitudinalis duodeni
Papilla duodeni [Santorini]
Gl. duodenales [Brunneri]
Intestinum tenue mesen
t e r i a le
Intestinum jejunum
Intestinum ileum
Intestinum crassum
Intestinum caecum
Valvula coli
Labium superius
Labium inferius
Frenula valvulae coli
Processus vermiformis
(Valvula processus vermiformis)
Noduli aggregati processus vermifor-
mis
Colon
Colon ascendens
Flexura coli dextra
Colon transversum
Flexura coli sinistra
Colon descendens
Colon sigmoideum
Plicae semilunares coli
Haustra coli
Tunica serosa
Appendices epiploicae
Splanchnology
48
Body of stomach
Pylorus
Cardiac part
Pyloric part
Cardiac antrum
Pyloric antrum
Serous coat
Muscular coat
Longitudinal layer
Pyloric ligaments
Circular layer
Sphincter muscle of pylorus
Oblique fibres
Pyloric valve
Submucous layer
Mucous membrane
Muscular layer of mucosa
Gastric areas
Folds of villi
Gastric pits
Gastric glands proper
Pyloric glands
Gastric lymph-nodules
Gastric juice
Small or thin intestine
Serous coat
Muscular coat
Longitudinal layer
Circular layer
Submucous coat
Mucous coat
Muscular layer of mucosa
Circular folds (O. T. valvulae con-
niventes)
Intestinal villi
Intestinal glands (O. T. crypts of
Lieberkuehn)
Solitary lymph-nodules
Aggregated lymph-nodules of Peyer
(O. T. Peyer's patches)
Chyme
Chyle
Intestinal juice
Duo denum
Superior part
Descending part
Inferior part
Horizontal part
Ascending part
Superior duodenal flexure
Inferior duodenal flexure
Duodenojejunal flexure
Suspensory muscle of duodenum (O.
T. muscle of Treitz)
Longitudinal fold of duodenum
Duodenal papilla
Duodenal glands of Brunner
Mesenterial small intestine
Empty intestine (O. T. jejunum)
Twisted intestine (O. T. ileum)
Large or thick intestine
B lind intestine
Valve of the colon (O. T. ileocaecal
valve)
Superior lip
Inferior lip
Frenula of valve of colon
Vermiform process, or ap-
pendix
Valve of the vermiform process
Aggregated nodules of the vermiform
process
Colon, or great gut
Ascending colon
Right colic flexure
Transverse colon
Left colic flexure
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
Semilunar folds of colon
Sacculations of colon
Serous coat
Epiploic (fatty) appendages
49
Anatomical Nomenclature
Tunica muscularis
Taeniae coli
Taenia mesocolica
Taenia omentalis
Taenia libera
Tela submucosa
Tunica mucosa
Lam. muscularis mucosae
Gl. intestinales [Lieberkuehni]
Noduli lymphatici solitarii
Intestinum rectxxm
Flexura sacralis
Flexura perinealis
Ampulla recti
Tunica muscularis
M. sphincter ani internus
M. rectococcygeus
Tela submucosa
Tunica mucosa
Lam. m. mucosae
Gl. intestinales [Lieberkuehni]
Noduli lymphatici
Plicae transversales recti
Pars analis recti
Columnae rectales [Morgagnii]
Sinus rectales
Annulus haemorrhoidalis
Pancreas
Caput pancreatis
Processus uncinatus [Pancreas Wins-
lowi]
Incisura pancreatis
Corpus pancreatis
Facies anterior
Facies posterior
Facies inferior
Margo superior
Margo anterior
Margo posterior
Tuber omentale
Cauda pancreatis
Ductus pancreaticus [Wirsungi]
Ductus pancreaticus accessorius
[Santorini]
(Pancreas accessorium)
Succus pancreaticus
Hepar
Facies superior
Facies posterior
Facies inferior
Margo anterior
Incisura umbilicalis
Fossae sagittales dextrae
Fossa vesicae felleae
Fossa venae cavae
Fossa sagittalis sinistra
Fossa venae umbilicalis
Fossa ductus venosi
Tunica serosa
Lig. teres hepatis
Lig. venosum [Arantii]
Porta hepatis
Lobus hepatis dexter
Lobus quadratus
Lobus caudatus [Spigelii]
Processus papillaris
Processus caudatus
Lobus hepatis sinister
(Appendix fibrosus hepatis)
Impressio cardiaca
Tuber omentale
Impressio oesophagea
Impressio gastrica
Impressio duodenalis
Impressio colica
Impressio renalis
Impressio suprarenalis
Lobuli hepatis
Capsula fibrosa [Glissoni]
Rami arteriosi interlobulares
Venae interlobulares
Venae centrales
Splanchnology
49
Muscular coat
Bands of the colon
Mesocolic band
Omental band
Free band
Submucous coat
Mucous coat
Muscular layer of mucosa
Intestinal glands of Lieberkuehn
Solitary lymph-nodules
Rectum, or straight gut
Sacral flexure
Perineal flexure
Ampulla of rectum
Muscular layer
Internal sphincter muscle of anus
Rectococcygeus muscle
Submucous coat
Mucous membrane
Muscular layer of mucosa
Intestinal glands of Lieberkuehn
Lymphatic nodules
Transverse folds of rectum (O. T.
valves of Houston)
Anal part of rectum
Rectal columns of Morgagni
Rectal sinuses
Hemorrhoidal ring
Pancreas
Head of pancreas
Uncinate process
Notch of pancreas
Body of pancreas
Anterior surface
Posterior surface
Inferior surface
Superior margin
Anterior margin
Posterior margin
Omental tuber
Tail of pancreas
Pancreatic duct of Wirsung
Accessory pancreatic duct of Santorini
Accessory pancreas
Pancreatic juice
Liver
Superior surface
Posterior surface
Inferior surface
Anterior margin
Umbilical notch
Right sagittal fossae
Fossa for gall-bladder
Fossa for vena cava
Left sagittal fossa
Fossa for umbilical vein
Fossa for venous duct
Serous coat
Round ligament of liver
Venous ligament of Arantius
Porta, or door of liver
Right lobe of liver
Quadrate lobe
Caudate lobe of Spigelius
Papillary process
Caudate process
Left lobe of liver
Fibrous appendix of liver
Cardiac impression
Omental tuber
Oesophageal impression
Gastric impression
Duodenal impression
Colic impression
Renal impression
Suprarenal impression
Lobules of liver
Fibrous capsule of Glisson
Interlobular arteries
Interlobular veins
Central veins
50
Anatomical Nomenclature
Ductus biliferi
Ductus interlobulares
Ductus hepaticus
Vasa aberrantia hepatis
Fel [Bilis]
Vesica fellea
Fundus vesicae felleae
Corpus vesicae felleae
Collum vesicae felleae
Ductus cysticus
Tunica serosa vesicae felleae
Tunica muscularis vesicae felleae
Tunica mucosa vesicae felleae
Plicae tun. mucosae v. felleae
Valvula spiralis [Heisteri]
Ductus choledochus
Gl. mucosae biliosae
Lien
Facies diaphragmatica
Facies renalis
Facies gastrica
Extremitas superior
Extremitas inferior
Margo posterior
Margo anterior
Hilus lienis
Tunica serosa
Tunica albuginea
Trabeculae lienis
Pulpa lienis
Rami lienales [arteriae lienalis]
Penicilli
Noduli lymphatici lienales [Malpighii]
(Lien accessorms)
Apparatus respiratorius
Cavum nasi
Nares
Choanae
Septum nasi
Septum cartilagineum
Septum membranaceum
Vestibulum nasi
Limen nasi
Sulcus olfactorius
(Concha nasalis suprema [Santorini])
Concha nasalis superior
Meatus nasi
Meatus nasi superior
Meatus nasi medius
Atrium meatus medii
Meatus nasi inferior
Meatus nasi communis
Meatus nasopharyngeus
Regio respiratoria
Regio olfactoria
Gl. olfactoriae
Sinus paranasales
Sinus maxillaris [Highmori]
Concha nasalis media
Concha nasalis inferior
Membrana mucosa nasi
Plexus cavernosi concharum
Agger nasi
Recessus sphenoethmoidalis
Sinus sphenoidalis
Sinus frontalis
Cellulae ethmoidales
Bulla ethmoidalis
Infundibulum ethmoidale
Hiatus semilunaris
Gl. nasales
Splanchnology
SO
Bile-ducts (O. T. bile canaliculi)
Interlobular ducts
Hepatic duct
Aberrant vessels of liver
Bile
Gall bladder
Fundus of gall bladder
Body of gall bladder
Neck of gall bladder
Cystic duct
Serous coat of gall bladder
Muscular coat of gall bladder
Mucous coat of gall bladder
Folds of mucous coat of gall bladder
Spiral valve of Heister
Common bile duct
Glands of biliary mucosa
Spleen
Diaphragmatic surface
Renal surface
Gastric surface
Superior extremity
Inferior extremity
Posterior margin
Anterior margin
Hilus of the spleen
Serous coat
Albugineous coat
Trabeculae ("cords") of spleen
Spleen pulp
Splenic rami of splenic artery
Arterial tufts
Splenic lymph-nodules (O. T. Mal-
pighian corpuscles)
Accessory spleen
Respiratory system
Nasal cavity
Anterior apertures
Posterior apertures
Nasal septum
Cartilaginous septum
Membranous septum
Vestibule of nose
Threshold of nose
Olfactory sulcus
Highest nasal concha (O. T. upper-
most turbinated bone)
Superior nasal concha (O. T. superior
turbinated bone)
Middle nasal concha (O. T. middle
turbinated bone)
Inferior nasal concha (O. T. inferior
turbinated bone)
Mucous membrane of nose
Cavernous layer of conchae
Agger ("elevation") of nose
Spheno-ethmoidal recess
Meatuses of the nose
Superior meatus
Middle meatus
" Entrance-hall" of middle meatus
Inferior meatus
Common meatus
Nasopharyngeal meatus
Respiratory region
Olfactory region
Olfactory glands
Sinuses near nose
Maxillary sinus (O. T. antrum of
Highmore)
Sphenoidal sinus
Frontal sinus
Ethmoidal cells
Ethmoidal bulla ("bubble")
Ethmoidal infundibulum (" funnel")
Semilunar opening
Nasal glands
51
Anatomical Nomenclature
Nasus externus
Basis nasi
Radix nasi
DoKsum nasi
Margo nasi
Apex nasi
Ala nasi
Septum mobile nasi
Cartilagines nasi
Cartilago septi nasi
Processus sphenoidalis septi car-
tilaginei
Cartilago nasi lateralis
Cartilago alaris major
Crus mediale
Crus laterale
Cartilagines alares minores
Cartilagines sesamoideae nasi
Organon vomeronasal [Jacobsoni]
Cartilago vomeronasalis [Jacobsoni]
(Ductus incisivus)
Larynx
Prominentia laryngea
Cartilagines laryngis
Cartilago thyreoidea
Lamina [dextra et sinistra]
Incisura thyreoidea superior
Incisura thyreoidea inferior
Tuberculum thyreoideum superius
Tuberculum thyreoideum inferius
(Linea obliqua)
Cornu superius
Cornu inferius
(Foramen thyreoideum)
Lig. hyothyreoideum laterale
Cartilago triticea
Lig. hyothyreoideum medium
Membrana hyothyreoidea
Cartilago cricoidea
Arcus [cartilaginis cricoideae]
Lamina [cartilaginis cricoideae]
Facies articularis arytaenoidea
Facies articularis thyreoidea
Articulatio cricothyreoidea
Capsula articularis cricothyreoidea
Ligg. ceratocricoidea lateralia
Lig. ceratocricoideum anterius
Ligg. ceratocricoidea posteriora
Lig. cricothyreoideum [medium]
Lig. cricotracheale
Cartilago arytaenoidea
Facies articularis
Basis [cartilaginis arytaenoideae]
Crista arcuata
CoUiculus
Fovea oblonga
Fovea triangularis
Apex [cartilaginis arytaenoideae]
Processus vocalis
Processus muscularis
Cartilago corniculata [Santorini]
Synchondrosis arycorniculata
Articulatio cricoarytaenoidea
Lig. cricopharyngeum
Lig. corniculopharyngeum
Lig. ventriculare
Lig. vocale
(Cartilago sesamoidea)
Capsula articularis cricoarytaenoidea
Lig. cricoarytaenoideum posterius
Epiglottis
Petiolus epiglottidis
Tuberculum epiglotticum
Cartilago epiglottica
Lig. thyreoepiglotticum
S PLANCHNOLOGY
51
External nose
Base of nose
Root of nose
Dorsum of nose
Margin of nose
Tip of nose
Wing of nose
Movable septum of nose
Nasal cartilages
Cartilage of nasal septum
Sphenoidal process of cartilaginous
septum
Lateral nasal cartilage
Greater alar cartilage
Medial crus
Lateral crus
Lesser alar cartilages
Sesamoid cartilages of nose
Vomeronasal organ of Jacobson
Vomeronasal cartilage of Jacobson
Incisor canaliculus
Larynx
Laryngeal prominence (O. T. Adam's
apple, or pomum Adami)
Laryngeal cartilages
Thyreoid cartilage
Right and left plates
Superior thyreoid notch
Inferior thyreoid notch
Superior thyreoid tubercle
Inferior thyreoid tubercle
Oblique line
Superior horn
Inferior horn
Thyreoid foramen
Lateral hyothyreoid ligament
Triticeous ("wheat-like") cartilage
Middle hyothyreoid ligament
Hyothyreoid membrane (O. T. thyro-
hyoid membrane)
Cricoid cartilage
Arch of cricoid cartilage
Lamina of cricoid cartilage
Arytaenoid articular surface
Thyreoid articular surface
Cricothyreoid articulation
Capsule of cricothyreoid joint
Lateral ceratocricoid ligaments
Anterior ceratocricoid ligaments
Posterior ceratocricoid ligaments
Middle cricothyreoid ligament (O. T.
middle portion of cricothyroid mem-
brane)
Cricotracheal ligament
Arytaenoid cartilage
Articular surface
Base of arytaenoid cartilage
Arched ridge
Nodule or hillock
Oblong depression
Triangular depression
Tip or apex of arytaenoid cartilage
Vocal process
Muscular process .
Corniculate cartilage (O. T. cartilage
of Santorini)
Arycorniculate synchondrosis
Cricoarytaenoid joint
Cricopharyngeal ligament
Corniculopharyngeal ligament (O. T.
Lig. jugale)
Ventricular ligament (O. T. superior
thyro-arytenoid ligament)
Vocal ligament (O. T. inferior thyro-
arytenoid ligament)
Sesamoid cartilage
Capsule of crico-arytaenoid joint
Posterior crico-arytaenoid ligament
Epiglottis
Stem of epiglottis
Epiglottic tubercle (O. T. cushion of
epiglottis)
Epiglottic cartilage
Thyreo-epiglottic ligament (O. T.
thyro-epiglottidean ligament)
52
Anatomical Nomenclature
Lig. hyoepiglotticum
Cartilage cuneiformis [Wrisbergi]
Tuberculum cuneiforme [Wrisbergi]
Tuberculum corniculatum [Santorini]
Musculi laryngis
M. aryepiglotticus
M. cricothyreoideus
Pars recta
Pars obliqua
M. cricoarytaenoideus posterior
(M. ceratocricoideus)
M. cricoarytaenoideus lateralis
M. ventricularis
M. vocalis
M. thyreoepiglotticus
M. thyreoarytaenoideus [externus]
M. arytaenoideus obliquus
M. arytaenoideus transversus
Cavum larjnigis
Vallecula epiglottica
Aditus laryngis
Vestibulum laryngis
Rima vestibuli
Labium vocale
Glottis
Rima glottidis
Pars intermembranacea
Pars intercartilaginea
Ventriculus laryngis [Morgagnii]
Appendix ventriculi laryngis
Tunica mucosa laryngis
Membrana elastica laryngis
Conus elasticus
Plica glossoepiglottica mediana
Plica glossoepiglottica lateralis
Plica aryepiglottica
Plica nervi laryngei
Plica ventricularis .
Plica vocalis
Macula flava
Aditus glottidis inferior
Aditus glottidis superior
Incisura interarytaenoidea
Gl. laryngeae
Gl. laryngeae anteriores
Gl. laryngeae mediae
Gl. laryngeae posteriores
Noduli lymphatic! laryngei
Trachea et bronchi
Cartilagines tracheales
Ligg. annularia [trachealia]
Paries membranacea
Gl. tracheales
Bifurcatio tracheae
Bronchus [dexter et sinister]
Rami bronchiales
Ramus bronchialis eparterialis
Rami bronchiales hyparteriales
Tunica muscularis
Tela submucosa
Tunica mucosa
Gl. tracheales
Gl. bronchiales
Pulmo
Basis pulmonis
Apex pulmonis
Sulcus subclavius
Splanchnology
52
Hyo-epiglottic ligament (O. T. hyo-
epiglottidean ligament)
Cuneiform cartilage
Cuneiform tubercle
Corniculate tubercle of Santorini
Muscles of larynx
Ary epiglottic muscle (O. T. aryteno-
epiglottidean muscle)
Cricothyreoid muscle
Straight part (O.T. anterior or
oblique part)
Oblique part (O. T. posterior or
horizontal part)
Posterior crico-arytaenoid muscle
Ceratocricoid muscle
Lateral crico-arytaenoid muscle
Ventricular muscle
Vocal muscle (O. T. internal thyro-
arytenoid muscle)
Thyreo-epiglottic muscle (O. T. thyro-
epiglottidean muscle)
Thyreo-arytaenoid muscle (external)
Oblique arytaenoid muscle
Transverse arytaenoid muscle
Cavity of larynx
Epiglottic vallecula
Laryngeal aperture
Vestibule of larynx
Slit of vestibule (O. T. false glottis)
Vocal lip
Glottis (O. T. glottis vera)'
Slit of glottis
Intermembranous part (O. T. glot-
tis vocalis)
Intercartilaginous part (O. T. glottis
respiratoria)
Ventricle of larynx (O. T. laryngeal
sinus)
Appendage of ventricle of larynx
(O. T. laryngeal pouch or sac")
Mucous coat of larynx
Elastic membrane of larynx
Elastic cone (O. T. cricothyroid
membrane)
Median glosso-epiglottic fold (O. T.
middle glosso-epiglottidean fold, or
fraenum of the epiglottis)
Lateral glosso-epiglottic fold (O. T.
lateral glosso-epiglottidean folds)
Ary-epiglottic fold
Fold of laryngeal nerve
Ventricular fold (O. T. false vocal
cord)
Vocal fold (O. T. true vocal cord)
Yellow spot
Inferior entrance to glottis
Superior entrance to glottis
Interarytaenoid notch
Laryngeal glands
Anterior laryngeal glands
Middle laryngeal glands
Posterior laryngeal glands
Lymph-nodules of larynx
Trachea and bronchi
Tracheal cartilages
Annular ligaments
Membranous wall
Tracheal glands
Bifurcation of trachea
Right and left bronchus
Bronchial rami
Eparterial bronchial ramus
Hyparterial bronchial ramus
Muscular coat
Submucous layer
Mucous coat
Tracheal glands
Bronchial glands
Lung
Base of lung
Apex of lung
Subclavian sulcus
53
Anatomical Nomenclature
Fades costalis
Facies mediastinalis
Facies diaphragmatica
Margo anterior
Margo inferior
Hilus pulmonis
Radix pulmonis
Incisura cardiaca
Lingula pulmonis
Lobus superior
Lobus medius
Lobus inferior
Incisura interlobaris
Lobuli pulmonum
Rami bronchiales
Bronchioli
Bronchioli respiratorii
Ductuli alveolares
Alveoli pulmonum
Lymphoglandulae bronchiales
Noduli lymphatic! bronchiales
Lymphoglandulae pulmonales
Cavum thoracis
Fascia endothoracica
Cavum pleurae
Pleura
Cupula pleurae
Pleura pulmonalis
Pleura parietalis
Pleura mediastinalis
Laminae mediastinales
Pleura pericardiaca
Pleura costalis
Pleura diaphragmatica
Sinus pleurae
Sinus phrenicocostalis
Sinus costomediastinalis
Lig. pulmonale
Plicae adiposae
Villi pleurales
Septum mediastinale
Cavum mediastinale anterius
Cavum mediastinale posterius
Ql. thyreoidea
Isthmus gl. thyreoideae
(Lobus pyramidalis)
Lobus [dexter et sinister]
Lobuli gl. thyreoideae
Stroma gl. thyreoideae
(Gl. thyreoideae accessoriae)
(Gl. thyreoidea accessoria supra-
hyoidea)
Glomus caroticum
Thymus
Lobus [dexter et sinister]
Tractus centralis
Lobuli thymi
Apparatus urogenitalis
Organa uropoetica
Ren
Margo lateralis
Margo medialis
Hilus renalis
Sinus renalis
Facies anterior
Facies posterior
Extremitas superior
Extremitas inferior
(Impressio muscularis)
(Impressio hepatica)
(Impressio gastrica)
Capsula adiposa
Tunica fibrosa
Tunica muscularis
Tubuli renales
Tubuli renales contorti
Splanchnology
53
Costal surface
Mediastinal surface
Diaphragmatic surface
Anterior margin
Inferior margin
Hilus of lung
Root of lung
Cardiac notch
Lingula, or little tongue, of lung
Upper lobe
Middle lobe
Inferior lobe
Interlobar incisure
Pulmonary lobules
Bronchial rami
Bronchioles
Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ductules
Pulmonary alveoli
Bronchial lymph glands
Bronchial lymph-nodules
Pulmonary lymph glands
Thoracic cavity
Endothoracic fascia
Pleural cavity
Pleura
Dome or cupola of pleura
Pulmonary pleura
Parietal pleura
Mediastinal pleura
Mediastinal layers
Pericardiac pleura
Costal pleura
Diaphragmatic pleura
Sinuses of the pleura
Phrenicocostal sinus
Costomediastinal sinus
Pulmonary ligament
Adipose folds
Pleural villi
Mediastinal septum
Anterior mediastinal cavity
Posterior mediastinal cavity
Thyreoid gland .
Isthmus of thyreoid
Pyramidal lobe
Right and left lobes
Lobules of gland
Stroma of gland
Accessory thyreoid glands
Suprahyoid accessory thyreoid gland
Carotid skein (O. T. intercarotid
gland)
Thymus
Right and left lobe
Central tract
Lobules of thymus
Urogenital system
Uropoietic organs
Kidney •
Lateral margin
Medial margin
Renal hilus
Renal sinus
Anterior surface
Posterior surface
Superior extremity
Inferior extremity
Muscular impression
Hepatic impression
Gastric impression
Adipose capsule
Fibrous coat
Muscular coat
Renal tubules
Convoluted renal tubules
54
Anatomical Nomenclature
Tubuli renales recti
Substantia corticalis
Substantia medullaris
Lobi renales
Pyramides renales [Malpighii]
Basis pyramidis
Papillae renales
Area cribrosa
Foramina papillaria
Columnae renales [Bertini]
Lobuli corticales
Pars radiata [Processus Ferreini]
Pars convoluta
Corpuscula renis [Malpighii]
Glomeruli
Capsula glomeruli
Pelvis renalis
Calyces renales
Calyces renales majores
Calyces renales minores
Gl. pelvis renalis
Arteriae renis
Aa. interlobares renis
Arteriae arciformes
Arteriae interlobulares
Vas afferens
Vas efferens
Rami capsulares
Arteriolae rectae
x\a. nutriciae pelvis renalis
Venae renis
Vv. interlobares
Venae arciformes
Venae interlobulares
Venulae rectae
Venae stellatae
Ureter
Pars abdominalis
Pars pelvina
Tunica adventitia
Tunica njuscularis
Stratum externum
Stratum medium
Stratum internum
Tunica mucosa
Gl. mucosae ureteris
Vesica urinaria
Vertex vesicae
Corpus vesicae
Fundus vesicae
Lig. umbilicale medium
Urachus
Tunica serosa
Tunica muscularis
Stratum externum
Stratum medium
Stratum internum
M. pubovesicalis
M. rectovesicalis
Tela submucosa
Tunica mucosa
Gl. vesicales
Noduli lymphatici vesicales
Trigonum vesicae [Lieutaudi]
Uvula vesicae
Plica ureterica
Orificium ureteris
Orificium urethrae internum
Annulus urethralis
Glandula suprarenalis
Substantia corticalis
Substantia mejdullaris
Hilus gl. suprarenalis
Facies anterior
Facies posterior
Basis gl. suprarenalis
Apex suprarenalis [gl. dextrae]
Margo superior
Margo medialis
Splanchnology
54
Straight renal tubules
Cortical substance
Medullary substance
Renal lobes (O. T. reniculi)
Renal pyramids
Base of pyramid
Renal papillae
Cribriform area
Papillary foramina
Renal columns
Cortical lobules
Radiate part (O. T. pyramid of
Ferrein)
Convoluted part (O. T. labyrinth)
Renal corpuscles (O. T. Malpighian
corpuscles)
Glomeruli
Capsule of glomerulus
Renal pelvis
Renal calyces
Greater renal calyces
Smaller renal calyces
Glands of renal pelvis
Renal arteries
Interlobar arteries of kidney
Arciform arteries or renal arches
Interlobular arteries
Afferent vessel
Efferent vessel
Capsular branches
Straight arterioles
Nutrient arteries of renal pelvis
Renal veins
Interlobar veins
Arciform veins
Interlobular veins
Straight venules
Stellate veins
Ureter
Abdominal part
Pelvic part
Adventitious coat
Muscular coat
External layer
Middle layer
Internal layer
Mucous coat
Mucous glands of ureter
Urinary bladder
Apex of bladder
Body of bladder
Fundus of bladder
Middle umbilical ligament
Urachus
Serous coat
Muscular coat
External layer
Middle layer
Internal layer
Pubovesical muscle
Rectovesical muscle
Submucous layer
Mucous coat
Vesical glands
Vesical lymph-nodules
Lieutaud's trigone of the bladder
Vesical uvula
Ureteral fold
Orifice of ureter
Internal orifice of ureter
Urethral ring
Suprarenal gland
Cortical substance
Medullary substance
Hilus of suprarenal gland
Anterior surface
Posterior surface
Base of suprarenal gland
Apex of right suprarenal
Superior margin
Medial margin
55
Anatomical Nomenclature
Vena centralis
(Gl. suprarenales accessoriae)
Organa genitalia
Organa genitalia virilia
Testis
Extremitas superior
Extremitas inferior
Facies lateralis
Facies medialis
Margo anterior
Margo posterior
Tunica albuginea
Mediastinum testis [Corpus Highmori]
Septula testis
Lobuli testis
Parenchyma testis
Tubuli seminiferi contort!
Tubuli seminiferi recti
Tunica propria
Rete testis [Halleri]
Ductuli efferentes testis
Sperma [Semen]
Epididymis
Caput epididymidis
Corpus epididymidis
Cauda epididymidis
Lobuli epididymidis
Ductus epididymidis
Ductuli aberrantes
(Ductulus aberrans superior)
Appendices testis
Appendix testis [Morgagnii]
(Appendix epididymis)
Paradidymis
Ductus deferens
Ampulla ductus deferentis
Diverticula ampullae
Tunica adventitia
Tunica muscularis
Stratum externum
Stratum medium
Stratum internum
Tunica mucosa
Ductus ejaculatorius
Vesicula seminalis
Corpus vesiculae seminalis
Tunica adventitia
Tunica muscularis
Tunica mucosa
Ductus excretorius
Funiculus spermaticus et
tiinicae testis et funiculi spermatid
(Rudimentum processus vaginalis)
Tunica vaginalis propria testis
Lamina parietalis
Lamina visceralis
Lig. epididymidis superius
Lig. epididymidis inferius
Sinus epididymidis
Tunica vaginalis communis [testis et
funiculi spermatici]
M. cremaster
Fascia cremasterica [Cooperi]
Descensus testis
Guhernaculum testis [Hunteri]
Prostata
Basis prostatae
Apex prostatae
Facies anterior
Facies posterior
Lobus [dexter et sinister]
Isthmus prostatae
(Lobus medius)
Corpus glandulare
Ductus prostatic!
Succus prostaticus
M. prostaticus
Splanchnology
55
Central vein
Accessory suprarenal glands
Genital organs
Male genital organs
Testicle
Superior extremity
Inferior extremity
Lateral surface
Medial surface
Anterior margin
Posterior margin
Albugineous coat
Mediastinum of testicle
Septules of testicle
Lobules of testicle
Parenchyma
Convoluted seminiferous tubules
Straight seminiferous tubules
Proper coat
Network
Efferent ductules
Sperm or semen
Epididymis
Head of epididymis
Body of epididymis
Tail of epididymis
Lobules of epididymis
Ducts of epididymis
Aberrant ductules
Superior aberrant ductule
Appendages of the testicle
Morgagni's appendage of testicle (O.
T. hydatid of Morgagni)
Appendage of epididymis
Paradidymis (O. T. organ of
Giraldes)
Deferent duct (O. T. vas def-
, erens)
Ampulla of deferent duct
Diverticula of ampulla
Adventitious coat
Muscular coat
External layer
Middle layer
Internal layer
Mucous coat
Ejaculatory duct
Seminal vesicles
Body of seminal vesicles
Adventitious coat
Muscular coat
Mucous coat
Excretory duct
Spermatic cord and coats of the
testicle and cord
Rudiment of vaginal process
Proper sheath of testicle
Parietal layer
Visceral layer
Superior ligament of epididymis
Inferior ligament of epididymis
Sinus of epididymis
Common sheath of testicle and sper-
matic cord
Cremasteric muscle
Cremasteric fascia
Descent of the testicle
GuherncLculum {^'pilot^^) of testicle
Prostate
Base of prostate
Apex of prostate
Anterior surface
Posterior surface
Right and left lobe
Isthmus of prostate
Middle lobe
Glandular body
Prostatic ducts
Prostatic fluid
Prostatic muscle
f6 Anatomical Nomenclature
Glandula bulbourethralis [Cowperi]
Corpus gl. bulbourethralis
Ductus excretorius
Partes genitales externae
Penis
Radix penis
Corpus penis
Crus penis
Dorsum penis
Facies urethralis
Glans penis
Corona glandis
Septum glandis
Collum glandis
Praeputium
Frenulum praeputii
Raphe penis
Corpus cavernosum penis
Corpus cavernosum urethrae
Bulbus urethrae
Hemisphaeria bulbi urethrae
Septum bulbi urethrae
Tunica albuginea corporum caverno-
sorum
Septum penis
Trabeculae corporum cavernosorum
Cavernae corporum cavernosorum
Arteriae heHcinae
Venae cavernosae
Lig. suspensorium penis
Fascia penis
Gl. praeputiales
Smegma praeputii
Urethra virilis
Pars prostatica
Crista urethralis
Colliculus seminahs
Utriculus prostaticus
Pars membranacea
Pars cavernosa
Fossa navicularis urethrae [Morgagnii]
(Valvula fossae navicularis)
Orificium urethrae externum
Lacunae urethrales [Morgagnii]
GL urethrales [Littrei]
Scrotum
Raphe scroti
Septum scroti
Tunica dartos
Organa genitalia muliebria
Ovarium
Hilus ovarii
Facies medialis
Facies lateraUs
Margo Hber
Margo mesovaricus
Extremitas tubaria
Extremitas uterina
Stroma ovarii
FoUicuH oophori primarii
• Folliculi oophori vesiculosi [Graafi]
Theca folliculi
Tunica externa
Tunica interna
Liquor folliculi
Stratum granulosum
Cumulus oophorus
Ovulum
Corpus luteum
Corpus albicans
Lig. ovarii proprium
Tuba uterina [Falloppii]
Ostium abdominale tubae uterinae
Infundibulum tubae uterinae
Fimbriae tubae
Fimbria ovarica
Ampulla tubae uterinae
Isthmus tubae uterinae
Splanchnology
S6
Bulbo-urethral gland (O. T. Cow-
per's gland)
Body of gland
Excretory duct
Parts of external genitals
Penis
Root of penis
Body of penis
Crus of penis
Dorsum of penis
Urethral surface
Glans ("acorn") of penis
Corona of glans
Septum of glans
Neck of glans
Prepuce
Frenulum of prepuce
Raphe of penis
Cavernous body of penis
Cavernous body of urethra
Bulb of urethra
Hemispheres of bulb of urethra
Septum of bulb of urethra
Albugineous coat of cavernous bodies
Septum of penis
Trabeculae of cavernous bodies
Caverns of cavernous bodies
Spiral arteries
Cavernous veins
Suspensory ligament of penis
Fascia of penis
Preputial glands
Smegma of prepuce
Male urethra
Prostatic part
Urethral crest
Seminal hillock
Prostatic utricle
Membranous part
C avernous part
Navicular fossa of urethra
Valve of navicular fossa
External urethral orifice
Urethral lacunae of Morgagni
Urethral glands of Littre
Scrotum
Raphe of scrotum
Septum of scrotum
Dartos ("flayed") coat
Female genital organs
Ovary
Hilus of ovary
Medial surface
Lateral surface
Free margin
Mesovarian margin
Tubal extremity
Uterine extremity
Stroma of ovary
Primary ovarian follicles
Vesicular ovarian follicles (O. T.
Graafian follicles)
Theca of follicle
External coat
Internal coat
Liquor of follicle
Granular layer
Ovarian mound (O. T. discus pro-
ligerus)
Ovule
Corpus luteum: "yellow body"
Corpus albicans: "white body"
Proper ligament of ovary
Uterine tube (0. T. Fallopian tube)
Abdominal mouth of uterine tube
Infundibulum of uterine tube
Fimbriae of tube
Ovarian fimb"ria
Ampulla of uterine tube
Isthmus of uterine tube
57
Pars uterina
Ostium uterinum tubae
Tunica serosa
Tunica adventitia
Tunica muscularis
Stratum longitudinale
Stratum circulare
Tela submucosa
Tunica mucosa
Plicae tubariae
Plicae ampullares
Plicae isthmicae
Uterus
Corpus uteri
Fundus uteri
Margo lateralis
Facies vesicalis
Facies intestinalis
Cavum uteri
Orificium internum uteri
Cervix [uteri]
Portio supravaginalis [cervicis]
Portio vaginalis [cervicis]
Orificium externum uteri
Labium anterius
Labium posterius
Canalis cervicis uteri
Plicae palmatae
Gl. cervicales [uteri]
Parametrium
Tunica serosa [Perimetrium]
Tunica muscularis
Tunica muscularis cervicis
Tunica mucosa
Gl. uterinae
M. rectouterinus
Lig. teres uteri
(Processus vaginalis peritonaei)
Anatomical Nomenclature
Vagina
Fornix vaginae
Paries anterior
Paries posterior
Hymen [femininus]
Carunculae hymenales
Tunica muscularis
Tunica mucosa
Noduli lymphatic! vaginales
Rugae vaginales
Columnae rugarum
Columna rugarum posterior
Columna rugarum anterior
Carina urethralis [vaginae]
Epoophoron
Ductus epoophori longitudinalis [Gart-
neri]
Ductuli transversi
Appendices vesiculosi [Morgagnii]
Paroophoron
Partes genitales externae
Pudendum muliebre
Labium majus pudendi
Commissura labiorum anterior
Commissura labiorum posterior
Frenulum labiorum pudendi
Rima pudendi
Fossa navicularis [vestibuli vaginae]
Labium minus pudendi
Vestibulum vaginae
Bulbus vestibuli
Gl. sebaceae
Gl. vestibulares minores
Orificium vaginae
GL vestibularis major [Bartholini]
Clitoris
Crus clitoridis
Corpus clitoridis
Splanchnology
57
TJteriite part
Uterine mouth of tube
Serous coat
Adventitious coat
Muscular coat
Longitudinal layer
Circular layer
Submucous tela
Mucous coat
Tubal folds
Ampullar folds
Isthmian folds
Uterus
Eody of uterus
Fundus of uterus
Lateral margin
Vesical surface
Intestinal surface
Cavity of uterus
Internal orifice of uterus (O. T. in-
ternal os)
Neck of uterus
Supravaginal portion of cervix
Vaginal portion of cervix
External orifice of uterus (O. T.
external os)
Anterior lip
Posterior lip
Canal of neck of uterus
Palmate folds
Cervical glands of uterus
Parametrium
Serous coat
Muscular coat
Muscular coat of neck
Mucous coat
Uterine glands
Rectouterine muscle
Round ligament of uterus'
Vaginal process of peritoneum (O. T.
canal of Nuck)
Vagina ("sheath")
Fornix of vagina
Anterior wall
Posterior wall
Hymen
Hymeneal caruncles
Muscular coat
Mucous coat
Vaginal lymph-nodules
Rugae ("wrinkles") of vaginal wall
Columns of the rugae
Posterior column
Anterior column
Urethral carina ("keel") of vagina
Epo-ophoron (0. T. parovarium or
organ of Rosenmueller)
Longitudinal duct of epo-ophoron
(O. T. Gartner's duct)
Transverse ductules
Vesicular appendages of Morgagni
(O. T. hydatids of Morgagni)
Paro-ophoron
External genital parts
Vulva ("wrapper")
Greater lip of vulva
Anterior labial commissure
Posterior labial commissure
Frenulum of pudendal labia
Pudendal slit
Navicular fossa of vestibule of vagina
Lesser lip of vulva
Vestibule of vagina
Vestibular bulb
Sebaceous glands
Lesser vestibular glands
Orifice of vagina
Larger vestibular gland of Bartholin
Clitoris
Cms of clitoris
Body of clitoris
S8
Anatomical Nomenclature
Glans clitoridis
Frenulum clitoridis
Praeputium clitoridis
Smegma clitoridis
Corpus cavernosum clitoridis
Septum corporum cavernosorum
Fascia clitoridis
Lig. suspensorium clitoridis
Urethra muliebris
Orificium urethrae externum
Corpus spongiosum urethrae
Tunica muscularis
Stratum circulare
Stratum longitudinale
Tunica submucosa
Tunica mucosa
Gl. urethrales
Crista urethralis
(Ductus paraurethrales)
Termini ontogenetici
Membranae deciduae
Decidua vera
Decidua capsularis
Decidua basalts
Placenta
Placenta uterina
Placenta joetalis
Funiculus umbilicalis $
Corpus Wolffi
Ductus Wolffi
Ductus Muelleri
Sinus urogenitalis
Perineum
Raphe perinei
Musculi perinei
Diaphragma pelvis
M. levator ani
Arcus tendineus m. levatoris ani
M. coccygeus [vide p. 40]
M. sphincter ani externus
Lig. anococcygeum
Fascia pelvis
Fascia endopelvina
Fascia diaphragmatis pelvis superior
Arcus tendineus fasciae pelvis
Lig. puboprostaticum [pubovesical]
medium
Lig. puboprostaticum [pubovesicale]
laterale
Fascia diaphragmatis pelvis inferior
Diaphragma urogenitale
M. transversus perinei profundus
M. sphincter urethrae membranaceae
Fascia diaphragmatis urogenitalis su-
perior
Fascia diaphragmatis urogenitalis in-
ferior
Lig. transversum pelvis
Fascia prostatae
Fascia obturatoria
Fossa ischiorectahs
M. transversus perinei superficialis
M. ischiocavernosus
M. bulbocavernosus
Fascia superficialis perinei
Peritonaeum
Tunica serosa
Tela subserosa
Peritonaeum parietale
Peritonaeum viscerale
Splanchnology
58
Glans of clitoris
Frenulum of clitoris
Prepuce of clitoris
Smegma of clitoris
Cavernous body of clitoris
Septum of cavernous bodies
Fascia of clitoris
Suspensory ligament of clitoris
Female urethra
External orifice of urethra
Spongy body of urethra
Muscular coat
Circular layer
Longitudinal layer
Submucous coat
Mucous coat
Urethral glands
Urethral crest
Para-urethral ducts
Ontogenetic terms
Deciduous membranes
True decidiia
Capsular decidua
Basal decidua
Placenta ("c^z^e")
Uterine placenta
Foetal placenta
Umbilical cord
Wolffian body
Wolffian duct
Muellerian duct
Urogenital sinus
Perineum
Perineal raphe
Perineal muscles
Pelvic diaphragm
Levator muscle of anus
Tendinous arch of levator ani mus-
cle (O. T. white line of the pelvis)
Coccygeus muscle
External sphincter muscle of anus
Anococcygeal ligament
Pelvic fascia
Endopelvic fascia
Superior fascia of the pelvic dia-
phragm
Tendinous arch of pelvic fascia
Middle puboprostatic or puboves-
ical ligament (O. T. anterior true
ligament of bladder)
Lateral puboprostatic or puboves-
ical ligament (O. T. lateral true
ligament of bladder)
Inferior fascia of the pelvic diaphragm
Urogenital diaphragm (O.
T. triangular hgament)
Deep transverse muscle of perineum
Sphincter muscle of the membranous
urethra (O. T. compressor urethrae)
Superior fascia of urogenital dia-
phragm (O. T. deep layer of trian-
gular ligament)
Inferior fascia of urogenital diaphragm
(O. T. superficial layer of triangular
ligament)
Transverse ligament of pelvis (O. T.
median puboprostatic ligament of
Krause)
Prostatic fascia
Obturator fascia
Ischiorectal fossa
Superficial transverse perineal muscle
Ischiocavernous muscle (O. T. erector
penis [vel clitoridis] muscle)
Bulbocavernous muscle (O. T. ejac-
ulator seminis or accelerator urinae;
sphincter vaginae)
Superficial perineal fascia
Peritoneum
Serous coat
Subserous tela
Parietal peritoneum
Visceral peritoneum
59
Anatomical Nomenclature
Cavum peritonaei
Mesenterium commune
Mesenterium
Radix mesenterii
Lamina mesenterii propria
Mesocolon
Mesocolon transversum
Mesocolon ascendens
Mesocolon descendens
Mesocolon sigmoideum
Mesorectum
Mesenteriolum processus vermiformis
Mesogastrium
Omentum minus
Lig. hepatogastricum
Lig. hepatoduodenale
(Lig. hepatocolicum)
Lig. gastrolienale
Lig. gastrocolicum
Omentum majus
Bursa omentalis
Vestibulum bursae omentalis
Recessus superior omentalis
Recessus inferior omentalis
Recessus lienalis
Plica gastropancreatica
Foramen epiploicum [Winslowi]
Lig. phrenicocolicum
Lig. phrenicolienale
Lig. falciforme hepatis
Lig. coronarium hepatis
Lig. triangulare dextrum
Lig. triangulare sinistrum
Lig. hepatorenale
(Lig. duodenorenale)
Recessus duodenojejunalis
Plica duodenojejunalis
(Plica duodenomesocolica)
Recessus intersigmoideus
Recessus ilioc|ecalis superior
Recessus iliocaecalis inferior
Plica iliocaecalis
Fossa caecalis
Recessus retrocaecalis
Plica caecalis
Recessus paracolici
(Fossa iliacosubfascialis)
(Recessus phrenicohepatici)
Plica umbilicalis media
Plica umbilicalis lateralis
Plica epigastrica
Plica pubovesicalis
Plica vesicalis transversa
Mesorchiiim
Processus vaginalis peritonaei
Lig. latum uteri
Mesometrium
Mesosalpinx
Mesovarium
Bursa ovarica
Lig. suspensorium ovarii
Plica rectouterina [Douglasi]
Excavatio rectouterina [Cavum Dou-
glasi]
Excavatio vesicouterina
Excavatio rectovesicalis
Spatium retroperitonaeale
Splanchnology
59
Peritoneal cavity
Common mesentery
Mesentery
Root of the mesentery
Proper layer of the mesentery
Mesocolon
Transverse mesocolon
Ascending mesocolon
Descending mesocolon
Sigmoid mesocolon
Mesorectum
Meso-appendix
Mesogastrium
Lesser omentum
Hepatogastric ligament
Hepatoduodenal ligament
Hepatocolic ligament
Gastrolienal ligament (O. T. gas-
trosplenic omentum)
Gastrocolic ligament
Greater omentum
Omental bursa (O. T. lesser perito-
neal sac)
Vestibule of omental bursa
Superior omental recess
Inferior omental recess
Splenic recess
Gastropancreatic fold
Epiploic foramen (O. T. foramen
of Winslow)
Phrenicocolic ligament (O. T. cos-
tocolic ligament)
Phrenicosplenic ligament
Falciform ligament of liver
Coronary ligament of liver
Right triangular ligament
Left triangular ligament
Hepatorenal ligament
Duodenorenal ligament
Duodenojejunal recess
Duodenojejunal fold
Duodenomesocolic fold
Intersigmoid recess
Superior ileocaecal recess
Inferior ileocaecal recess
Ileocaecal fold
Caecal fossa
Retrocaecal recess
Caecal fold
Paracolic recess
Iliaco-subfascial fossa
Phrenicohepatic recess
Middle umbilical fold
Lateral umbilical fold
Epigastric fold
Pubovesical fold
Transverse vesical fold
Mesorchium
Sheath process of peritoneum
Broad ligament of uterus
Mesometrium
Mesosalpinx
Mesovarium
Ovarian bursa
Suspensory ligament of ovary
Recto-uterine fold
Recto-uterine excavation, or cul-de-
sac of Douglas
Vesico-uterine excavation
Rectovesical excavation
Retroperitoneal space
6o
Anatomical Nomenclature
An^iolo^ia
Vas collaterale
Vas anastomoticum
Ramus communicans
Plexus vasculosus
Rete vasculosum
Rete mirabile
Arteria
Arteriola
Vena
Vena cutanea
Vena comitans
Venula
Plexus venosus
Rete venosum
Sinus [venosus]
Emissarium
Corpus cavernosum
Vas capillare
Vas lymphaticum
Plexus lymphaticus
Lymphoglandula
Nodulus lymphaticus
Cisterna
Tunica externa [adventitia]
Tunica media
Tunica intima
Vasa vasorum
Vagina vasorum
Sanguis
Lympha
Cor
Basis cordis
Facies sternocostalis
Facies diaphragmatica
Apex cordis
Incisura [apicis] cordis
Sulcus longitudinalis anterior
Sulcus longitudinalis posterior
Sulcus coronarius
Pericardium
Liquor pericardii
Ligg. sternopericardiaca
Sinus transversus pericardii
Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium
Ventriculus cordis
Septum ventriculorum
Septum musculare ventriculorum
Septum membranaceum ventricu-
lorum
Atrium cordis
Auricula cordis
Septum atriorum
Pars membranacea septi atriorum
Ostium venosum
Ostium arteriosum
Angiology
60
Angiology
Collateral vessel
Anastomotic vessel
Communicating branch
Vascular plexus
Vascular rete
Rete mirabile ("wonderful network")
Artery
Arteriole
Vein
Cutaneous vein
Accompanying vein
Venule
Venous plexus
Venous rete
Venous sinus
Emissary (vessel)
Cavernous body
Capillary vessel
Lymphatic vessel
Lymphatic plexus
Lymph gland
Lymph nodule
Cistern
External coat
Middle coat
Inner coat
Vessels of the vessels
Sheath of the vessels
Blood
Lymph
Heart
Base of heart
Sternocostal surface
Diaphragmatic surface
Apex of heart
Notch at apex of heart
Anterior longitudinal sulcus (O. T.
anterior interventricular groove)
Posterior longitudinal sulcus (O. T.
posterior interventricular groove)
Coronary sulcus (O. T. auriculoven-
tricular groove)
Pericardium
Pericardial fluid
Sternopericardiac ligaments
Transverse sinus of pericardium
Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium
Ventricle of heart
Septum of ventricles
Muscular septum of ventricles
Membranous septum of ventricles
Forechamber (O. T. auricle)
Auricle (O. T. auricular appendix)
Septum of atria
Membranous part of septum of
atria
Venous orifice
Arterial orifice
6i
Anatomical Nomenclature
Trabeculae carneae
Vortex cordis
Mm. papillares
Chordae tendineae
Trigona fibrosa
Annuli fibrosi
Atrium dextrum
Mm. pectinati
Sulcus terminalis atrii dextri
Crista terminalis
Sinus venarum [cavarum]
Limbus fossae ovalis [Vieussenii]
Auricula dextra
Tuberculum intervenosum [Loweri]
Valvula venae cavae [inferioris, Eu-
stachii]
Fossa ovalis
Valvula sinus coronarii [Thebesii]
Foramina venarum minimarum [The-
besii]
Ventriculus dexter
Valvula tricuspidalis
Cuspis anterior
Cuspis posterior
Cuspis medialis
Crista supraventricularis
Conus arteriosus
Valvulae semilunares a. puknpnalis
Valvula semilunaris anterior
Valvula semilunaris dextra
Valvula semilunaris sinistra
Noduli valvularum semilunarium
Lunulae valvularum semilunarium
Atrium sinistrum
Auricula sinistra
Valvula foraminis ovalis
Ventriculus sinister
Valvula bicuspidalis [mitralis]
Cuspis anterior
Cuspis posterior
Valvulae semilunares aortae
Valvula semilunaris posterior
Valvula semilunaris dextra
Valvula semilunaris sinistra
Noduli valvularum semilunarium
[Arantii]
Lunulae valvularum semilunarium
Arteriae
A. pulmonalis
Ramus dexter
Ramus sinister
Ductus arteriosus [BotaUi\
Ligamentum arteriosum
Aorta
Aorta ascendens
Bulbus aortae
Sinus aortae [Valsalvae]
Arcus aortae
Isthmus aortae
Aorta descendens
A. coronaria [cordis] dextra
Ramus descendens posterior
A. coronaria [cordis] sinistra
Angiology
6i
Fleshy cords (O. T. columnae carnae)
Vortex of heart
Papillary muscles
Tendinous cords
Fibrous trigones
Fibrous rings
Right atrium
Pectinate ("comb-like") muscles
Terminal sulcus of the right atrium
Terminal crest
Venous sinus
Edge of oval fossa (O. T. annulus
ovalis)
Right auricle (O. T. right auricular ap-
pendix)
Intervenous tubercle of Lower
Valve of inferior vena cava (O. T.
Eustachian valve)
Oval fossa
Valve of coronary sinus (O. T. coronary
valve, or valve of Thebesius)
Foramina of the smallest veins (O. T.
foramina Thebesii)
Right ventricle
Tricuspid valve (O. T. right auriculo-
ventricular valve)
Anterior cusp (O. T. infundibular
cusp)
Posterior cusp (O. T. marginal
cusp)
Medial cusp (O. T. septal cusp)
Supraventricular crest
Arterial cone
Semilunar valves of pulmonary artery
Anterior semilunar valve
Right semilunar valve
Left semilunar valve
Nodules of the semilunar valves
Crescents of the semilunar valves
Left atrium (0. T. left auricle)
Left auricle (O. T. left auricular
appendix)
Valve of the foramen
Left ventricle
Bicuspid or mitral valve (O. T. left
auriculoventricular valve)
Anterior cusp
Posterior cusp
Semilunar valves of aorta
Posterior semilunar valve
Right semilunar valve
Left semilunar valve
Nodules of the semilunar valves (O. T.
corpora Arantii)
Crescents, or "sails" of semilunar
valves
Arteries
Pulmonary artery
Right ramus
Left ramus
Arterial duct
Arterial ligament
Aorta
Ascending aorta
Bulb of aorta
Sinuses of aorta (O. T. sinus Val-
salvae)
Arch of aorta
Isthmus of aorta
Descending aorta
Right coronary artery of heart
Posterior descending ramus
Left coronary artery of heart
62
Anatomical Nomenclature
Ramus circumflexus
Ramus descendens anterior
A. anonyma
(A. thyreoidea ima)
A. carotis communis
A. carotis externa
A. thyreoidea superior
Ramus hyoideus
Ramus sternocleidomastoideus
A. laryngea superior
Ramus cricothyreoideus
Ramus anterior
Ramus posterior
Rami glandulares
A. pharjmgea ascendens
A. meningea posterior
Rami pharyngei
A. tympanica inferior
A. lingualis
Ramus hyoideus
A. subHnguaKs
Rami dorsales hnguae
A. profunda Hnguae
A. maxillaris externa
A. palatina ascendens
Ramus tonsillaris
A. submentalis
Rami glandulares
A. labialis inferior
A. labialis superior
A. angularis
A. stemocleidomastoidea
A. occipitalis .
Ramus mastoideus
Ramus auricularis
Rami musculares
Ramus descendens
(Ramus meningeus)
Rami occipitales
A. auricularis posterior
A. stylomastoidea
A. tympanica posterior
Rami mastoidei
Ramus stapedius
Ramus auricularis
Ramus occipitalis ,
A. temporalis superficialis
Rami parotidei
A. transversa faciei
Rami auriculares anteriores
A. zygomaticoorbitalis
A. temporalis media
Ramus frontalis
Ramus parietalis
A. maxillaris interna
A. auricularis profunda
A. tympanica anterior
A. alveolaris inferior
R. mylohyoideus
A. mentalis
A. meningea media
(Ramus meningeus accessorius)
Ramus petrosus superficialis
A. tympanica superior
A. masseterica
A. temporalis profunda posterior
A. temporalis profunda anterior
Rami pterygoidei
A. buccinatoria
A. alveolaris superior posterior
A. infraorbitalis
Aa. alveol. superiores anteriores
Angiology
62
Circumflex ramus
Anterior descending ramus
Innominate artery
Lowest thyreoid artery
Common carotid artery
External carotid artery
Superior thyreoid artery
Hyoid ramus
Sternocleidomastoid ramus
Superior laryngeal artery
Cricothyreoid ramus
Anterior ramus
Posterior ramus
Glandular rami
Ascending pharyngeal artery
Posterior meningeal artery
Pharyngeal rami
Inferior tympanic artery
Lingual artery
Hyoid ramus
Sublingual artery
Dorsal rami of tongue
Deep artery of tongue (O. T. ranine
artery)
External maxillary artery (O. T.
facial artery)
Ascending palatine artery
Tonsillar rami
Submental artery
Glandular rami
Inferior labial artery
Superior labial artery
Angular artery
Stemocleido mastoid artery
Occipital artery
Mastoid ramus
Auricular ramus
Muscular rami
Descending ramus
Meningeal ramus
Occipital rami
Posterior auricular artery
Stylomastoid artery
Posterior tympanic artery
Mastoid rami
Stapedial ramus
Auricular ramus
Occipital ramus
Superficial temporal artery
Parotid rami
Transverse artery of face
Anterior auricular rami
Zygomatico-orbital artery
Middle temporal artery
Frontal ramus
Parietal ramus
Internal maxillary artery
Deep auricular artery
Anterior tympanic artery
Inferior alveolar artery (O. T. in-
ferior dental)
Mylohyoid ramus
Mental artery
Middle meningeal artery
Accessory meningeal ramus (O. T.
small meningeal)
Superficial petrosal ramus
Superior tympanic artery
Masseteric artery
Posterior deep temporal artery
Anterior deep temporal artery
Pterygoid rami
Buccinator artery (O. T. buccal)
Posterior superior alveolar artery (O.
T. posterior dental)
Infraorbital artery
Anterior superior alveolar arteries
(O. T. anterior superior dental)
63
Anatomical Nomenclature
A. palatina descendens
A. canalis pterygoidei [Vidii]
A. palatina major
Aa. palatinae minores
A. sphenopalatina
Aa. nasales posteriores laterales et
septi
A. carotis interna
Ramus caroticotympanicus
A. ophthalmica
A. centralis retinae
A. lacrimalis
Aa. palpebrales laterales
Rami musculares
Aa. ciliares posteriores breves
Aa. ciliares posteriores longae
Aa. ciliares anteriores
Aa. conjunctrvales anteriores
Aa. conjunctivales posteriores
Aa. episclerales
A. supraorbitalis
A. ethmoidalis posterior
A. ethmoidalis anterior
A. meningea anterior
Aa. palpebrales mediales
Arcus tarseus superior
Arcus tarseus inferior
A. frontalis
A. dorsalis nasi
Aa. cerebri
A. communicans posterior
A. chorioidea
A. cerebri anterior
A. communicans anterior
A. cerebri media
A. subclavia
A. vertebralis
Rami spinales
A. spinalis posterior
A. spinalis anterior
Ramus meningeus
A. cerebelli inferior posterior
A. basilaris
A. cerebelli inferior anterior
A. auditiva interna
Rami ad pontem
A. cerebelli superior
A. cerebri posterior
Circulus arteriosus [Willisi]
A. mammaria interna
Aa. mediastinales anteriores
Aa. thymicae
Rami bronchiales
A. pericardiacophrenica
Rami sternales
Rami perforantes
Rami mammarii
Rami musculares
Rami cutanei
(Ramus costalis lateralis)
Rami intercostales
A. musculophrenica
A. epigastrica superior
Truncus thyreocervicalis
A. thyreoidea inferior
A. laryngea inferior
Rami pharyngei
Rami oesophagei
Angiology
63
Descending palatine artery
Artery of pterygoid canal
Greater palatine artery
Lesser palatine arteries
Sphenopalatine artery
Posterior lateral arteries of the nose
and of septum
Internal carotid artery
Caroticotympanic ramus (O. T. tym-
panic branch)
Ophthalmic artery
Central artery of retina
Lacrimal artery
Lateral palpebral arteries
Muscular rami ■ •
Short posterior ciliary arteries
Long posterior ciliary arteries
Anterior ciliary arteries
Anterior conjunctival arteries
Posterior conjunctival arteries
Episcleral arteries
Supraorbital artery
Posterior ethmoidal artery
Anterior ethmoidal artery
Anterior meningeal artery
Middle palpebral arteries
Superior tarsal arch
Inferior tarsal arch
Frontal artery
Dorsal artery of nose
Cerebral arteries
Posterior communicating artery
Chorioid artery (O. T. anterior cho-
roidal)
Anterior cerebral artery
Anterior communicating artery
Middle cerebral artery (O. T. arteria
fossae Sylvii)
Subclavian artery
Vertebral artery
Spinal rami
Posterior spinal artery
Anterior spinal artery
Meningeal ramus (O. T. posterior
meningeal branch)
Posterior inferior cerebellar artery
Basilar artery
Anterior inferior cerebellar artery
Internal auditory artery (O. T. audi-
tory artery)
Rami to pons (O. T. transverse arter-
ies)
Superior cerebellar arteries
Posterior cerebral artery
Arterial circle of Willis
Internal mammary artery-
Anterior mediastinal arteries
Thymic arteries
Bronchial rami
Pericardiacophrenic artery (O. T.
arteria comes nervi phrenici)
Sternal rami
Perforating rami
Mammary rami
Muscular rami
Cutaneous rami
Lateral costal ramus
Intercostal rami (O. T. anterior inter-
costals)
Musculophrenic artery
Superior epigastric artery
Thyreocervical trunk (0. T. thy-
roid axis)
Inferior thyreoid artery
Inferior laryngeal artery
Pharyngeal rami
Oesophageal rami
64
Rami tracheales
Rami glandulares
Anatomical Nomenclature
A. circumflexa scapulae
A. cervicalis ascendens
Rami spinales
Rami musculares
Ramus profundus
A. cervicalis superficialis
A. transversa scapulae
Ramus acromialis
Truncus costocervicalis
A. intercostalis suprema
Rami dorsales
Rami spinales
A. cervicalis profunda
A. transversa colli
Ramus ascendens
Ramus descendens
A. axillaris
Rami subscapulares
A. thoracalis suprema
A. thoracoacromialis
Ramus acromialis
Rete acromiale
Ramus deltoideus
Rami pectorales
A. thoracalis lateralis
Rami mammarii externi
A. subscapularis
A. thoracodorsalis
A. circumflexa humeri anterior
A. circumflexa humeri posterior
A. brachialis
A. profunda brachii
Aa. nutritiae humeri
R. deltoideus
A. collateralis media
A. collateralis radialis
A. collateralis ulnaris superior
A. collateralis ulnaris inferior
A. radialis
A. recurrens radialis
Rami musculares
Ramus carpeus volaris
Ramus volaris superficialis
Ramus carpeus dorsalis
Rete carpi dorsale
Aa. metacarpeae dorsales
Aa. digitales dorsales
A. princeps pollicis
A. volaris indicis radialis
Arcus volaris profundus
Aa. metacarpeae volares
Rami perforantes
Angiology
64
Tracheal rami
Glandular rami
Ascending cervical artery-
Spinal rami
Muscular rami
Deep ramus
Superficial cervical artery
Transverse artery of scapula (O. T.
suprascapular)
Acromial ramus
Costocervical trunk (0. T. superior
intercostal)
Highest intercostal artery (O. T.
superior intercostal proper)
Dorsal rami
Spinal rami
Deep cervical artery
Transverse artery of neck (O. T.
transversalis colli)
Ascending ramus
Descending ramus
Axillary artery
Subscapular rami
Highest thoracic artery (0. T. supe-
rior thoracic artery)
Thoraco-acromial artery (0. T.
acromiothoracic or thoracic axis)
Acromial ramus
Acromial rete
Deltoid ramus
Pectoral rami
Lateral thoracic artery (0. T.
thoracic)
External mammary rami
Subscapular artery
Thoracodorsal artery
long
Circumflex artery of scapula (O. T.
dorsalis scapulae)
Anterior circumflex artery of hu-
merus
Posterior circumflex artery of hu-
merus
Brachial artery
Deep artery of upper arm (0. T.
superior profunda)
Nutrient arteries of the humerus
Deltoid ramus
Middle collateral artery
Radial collateral artery (O. T. articu-
lar branch of superior profunda)
Superior ulnar collateral artery (O.
T. inferior profunda)
Inferior ulnar collateral artery (O.
T. anastomotica magna)
Radial artery
Radial recurrent artery
Muscular rami
Volar carpal ramus (O. T. anterior
radial carpal)
Superficial volar ramus
Dorsal carpal ramus (O. T. posterior
radial carpal)
Dorsal carpal rete (O. T. posterior
carpal rete)
Dorsal metacarpal arteries (O. T.
dorsal interosseous arteries)
Dorsal digital arteries
Principal artery of thumb
Radial volar artery of index-finger
(O. T. arteria radiahs indicis)
Deep volar arch (O. T. deep palmar
arch)
Volar metacarpal arteries
Perforating rami
65
Anatomical Nomenclature
A. ulnaris
Aa. recurrentes ulnares
Rete articulare cubiti
A. interossea communis
A. interossea dorsalis
A. interossea recurrens
A. interossea volaris
A. mediana
Rami musculares
Ramus carpeus dorsalis
Ramus carpeus volaris
Ramus volaris profundus
Arcus volaris superficialis
.Aa. digitales volares communes
Aa. digitales volares propriae
Aorta thoracalis
Rami viscerales
Aa. bronchiales
Aa. oesophageae
Rami pericardiaci
Rami parietales
Rami mediastinals
Aa. phrenicae superiores
Aa. intercostales
Rami posteriores
Ramus spinalis
Rami musculares
Ramus cutaneus medialis
Ramus cutaneus lateralis
Rami anteriores
Rami musculares
Rami cutanei laterales [pectorales
et abdominales]
Ramus posterior
Ramus anterior
Rami mammarii laterales
Rami cutanei anteriores [pecto-
rales et abdominales]
Rami mammarii mediales
Aorta abdominalis
Rami parietales
A. phrenica inferior
Rami suprarenales superiores
Aa. lumbales
Ramus dorsalis
Ramus spinalis
A. sacralis media
A. lumbalis ima
Glomus coccygeum
Rami viscerales
A. coeliaca
A. gastrica sinistra
Rami oesophagei
A. hepatica
A. gastrica dextra
A. hepatica propria
Ramus dexter
A. cystica
Ramus sinister
A. gastroduodenalis
A. pancreaticoduoden. superior
Rami pancreatici
Rami duodenales
A. gastroepiploica dextra
Rami epiploici
A. 1 i e n a 1 i s
Rami pancreatici
A. gastroepiploica sinistra
Aa. gastricae breves
Rami lienales
Angiology
6s
Ulnar artery
Hecurrent ulnar arteries
Articular rete of elbow
Common interosseous artery
Dorsal interosseous artery (O. T.
posterior interosseous)
Recurrent interosseous artery (O. T.
posterior interosseous recurrent)
Volar interosseous artery (O. T.
anterior interosseous)
Median artery
Muscular rami
Dorsal carpal ramus (O. T. posterior
ulnar carpal)
Volar carpal ramus (O. T. anterior
ulnar carpal)
Deep volar ramus
Superficial volar arch (O. T. super-
ficial palmar arch)
Common volar digital arteries (O. T.
palmar digital arteries)
Volar digital arteries proper (O. T.
collateral digital arteries)
Thoracic aorta
Visceral rami
Bronchial arteries
Oesophageal arteries
Pericardial rami
Parietal rami
Mediastinal rami
Superior phrenic arteries
Intercostal arteries
Posterior rami
Spinal rami
Muscular rami
Medial cutaneous ramus
Lateral cutaneous ramus
Anterior rami
Muscular rami
Lateral cutaneous rami of breast
and abdomen
Posterior ramus
Anterior ramus
Lateral mammary rami
Anterior cutaneous rami of breast
and abdomen
Medial mammary rami
Abdominal aorta
Parietal rami
Inferior phrenic artery
Superior suprarenal rami
Lumbar arteries
Dorsal ramus
Spinal ramus
Middle sacral artery
Lowest lumbar artery
Coccygeal skein
Visceral rami
Coeliac artery
Left gastric artery
Oesophageal rami
Hepatic artery
Right gastric artery
Proper hepatic artery
Right ramus
Cystic artery
Left ramus
Gastroduodenal artery
Superior pancreaticoduodenal artery
Pancreatic rami
Duodenal rami
Right gastro-epiploic artery
Epiploic rami
Splenic artery
Pancreatic rami
Left gastro-epiploic artery
Short gastric arteries
Splenic rami
66
Anatomical Nomenclature
A. mesenterica superior
Aa. intestinales
A. pancreaticoduodenalis inferior
Aa, jejunales
Aa. ileae
A. ileocolica
A. appendicularis
A. colica dextra
A. colica media
A. mesenterica inferior
A. colica sinistra
Aa. sigmoideae
A. haemorrhoidalis superior
A. suprarenalis media
A. renalis
A. suprarenalis inferior
A. spermatica interna
A. testicularis
A. ovarica
A. iliaca communis
A. hypogastrica
Rami parietales
A. iliolumbalis
Ramus lumbalis
Ramus spinalis
Ramus iliacus
A. sacralis lateralis
Rami spinales
A. obturatoria
Ramus pubicus
Ramus anterior ^
Ramus posterior
A. acetabuli
A. glutaea superior
amus superior
Ramus inferior
A. glutaea inferior
A. comitans n. ischiadici
Rami viscerales
A. umbilicalis
Aa. vesicales superiores
[Ligamentum umbilicale laterale]
A. vesicalis inferior
A. deferentialis
A. uterina
A. vaginalis
Ramus ovarii
Ramus tubarius
A. haemorrhoidalis media
A. pudenda interna
A. haemorrhoidalis inferior
A. perinei
Aa. scrotales posteriores
Aa. labiales posteriores
A. penis
A. urethralis
A. bulbi urethrae
A. bulbi vestibuli [vaginae]
A. profunda penis
A. dorsalis penis
A. clitoridis
A. profunda clitoridis
A. dorsalis clitoridis
A. iliaca externa
A. epigastrica inferior
Ramus pubicus
Ramus obturatorius
A. spermatica externa
Angiology
66
Superior mesenteric artery-
Intestinal arteries
Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery
Jejunal arteries
Ileal arteries (O. T. rami intestini
tenuis)
Ileocolic artery
Appendicular artery
Right colic artery
Middle colic artery
Inferior mesenteric artery
Left colic artery
Sigmoid arteries
Superior hemorrhoidal artery
Middle suprarenal artery (0. T
middle capsular artery)
Renal artery-
Inferior suprarenal artery
Internal spermatic artery
Testicular artery
Ovarian artery
Common iliac artery
Hypogastric artery (O. T. inter=
nal iliac)
Parietal rami
Iliolumbar artery
Lumbar ramus
Spinal ramus
Iliac ramus
Lateral sacral artery
Spinal rami
Obturator artery
Pubic ramus
Anterior ramus
Posterior ramus
Artery of acetabulum
Superior gluteal artery
Superior ramus
Inferior ramus
Inferior gluteal artery
Companion artery of sciatic nerve
Visceral rami
Umbilical artery
Superior vesical arteries
[Lateral umbilical ligament]
Inferior vesical artery
Deferential artery
Uterine artery
Vaginal artery
Ovarian ramus
Tubal ramus
Middle hemorrhoidal artery
Internal pudendal artery
Inferior hemorrhoidal artery
Artery of perineum
Posterior scrotal arteries
Posterior labial arteries
Artery of penis
Urethral artery
Artery of the bulb of urethra
Artery of the vestibular bulb of vagina
Deep artery of penis
Dorsal artery of penis
Artery of clitoris
Deep artery of clitoris
Dorsal artery of clitoris
External iliac artery
Inferior epigastric artery (0. T. deep
epigastric)
Pubic ramus
Obturator ramus
External spermatic artery (O. T.
cremasteric)
67
Anatomical Nomenclature
A. lig. teretis uteri
A. circumflexa ilium profunda
A. femoralis
A. epigastrica superficialis
A. circumflexa ilium superficialis
Aa. pudendae externae
Aa. scrotales anteriores
Aa. labiales anteriores
Rami inguinales
A. profunda femoris
A. circumflexa femoris medialis
Ramus superficialis
Ramus profundus
Ramus acetabuli
A. circumflexa femoris lateralis
Ramus ascendens
Ramus descendens
A. perforans prima
A. nutritia femoris superior
A. perforans secunda
A. perforans tertia
A. nutritia femoris inferior
Rami musculares
A. genu suprema
Rami musculares
Ramus saphenus
Rami articulares
A. poplitea
A. genu superior lateralis
A. genu superior medialis
A. genu media
Aa. surales
A. genu inferior lateralis
A. genu inferior medialis
Rete articulare genu
Rete patellae
A. tibialis anterior
(A. recurrens tibialis posterior)
A. recurrens tibialis anterior
A. malleolaris anterior lateralis
A. malleolaris anterior medialis
Rete malleolare mediale
Rete malleolare laterale
A. dorsalis pedis
A. tarsea lateralis
Aa. tarseae mediales
A. arcuata
Rete dorsale pedis
Aa. metatarseae dorsales
Aa. digitales dorsales
Ramus plantaris profundus
A. tibialis posterior
Ramus fibularis
A. peronaea
A. nutritia fibulae
Ramus perforans
Ramus communicans
A. malleolaris posterior lateralis
Rami calcanei laterales
A. nutritia tibiae
A. malleolaris posterior medialis
Rami calcanei mediales
Rete calcaneum
A. plantaris medialis
Ramus profundus
Angiology
67
Artery of round ligament of uterus
Deep circumflex iliac artery
Femoral artery
Superficial epigastric artery
Superficial circumflex iliac artery
External pudendal arteries (O. T.
superficial and deep external pudic
arteries)
Anterior scrotal arteries
Anterior labial arteries
Inguinal rami
Deep artery of thigh
Medial circumflex artery of thigh
(O. T. internal circumflex)
Superficial ramus
Deep ramus
Ramus to acetabulum
Lateral circumflex artery of thigh
(O. T. external circumflex)
Ascending ramus
Descending ramus
First perforating artery
Superior nutrient artery of femur
Second perforating artery
Third perforating artery
Inferior nutrient artery of femur
Muscular rami
Highest artery of knee
Muscular rami
Saphenous ramus
Articular rami
Popliteal artery
Lateral superior artery of knee (O. T.
superior external articular artery)
Medial superior artery of knee (O. T.
superior internal articular artery)
Middle artery of knee (O. T. azygos
articular artery)
Sural arteries, or arteries of calf
Lateral inferior artery of knee (O. T.
inferior external articular artery)
Medial inferior artery of knee (O. T.
inferior internal articular artery)
Arterial network about knee-joint
Patellar network
Anterior tibial artery
Posterior recurrent tibial artery
Anterior recurrent tibial artery
Lateral anterior malleolar artery (O. T.
external malleolar)
Medial anterior malleolar artery (O. T.
internal malleolar)
Medial malleolar network
Lateral malleolar network
Dorsal artery of foot
Lateral tarsal artery
Medial tarsal arteries
Arcuate artery
Dorsal network of foot
Dorsal metatarsal arteries
Dorsal digital arteries
Deep plantar ramus
Posterior tibial artery
Fibular ramus
Peroneal artery
Nutrient artery of fibula
Perforating ramus (O. T. anterior
peroneal)
Communicating ramus
Lateral posterior malleolar artery (O.
T. posterior peroneal)
Lateral calcanean rami (O. T. exter-
nal calcanean)
Nutrient artery of tibia
Medial posterior malleolar artery (O.
T. internal malleolar)
Medial calcanean rami (O. T. internal
calcanean)
Network of heel
Medial plantar artery (O. T. internal
plantar)
Deep ramus
68
Anatomical Nomenclature
Ramus superficialis
A. plantaris lateralis
Arcus plantaris
Aa. metatarseae plantares
Rami perforantes
Aa. digitales plantares
Venae
Venae pulmonales
Vv. pulmonales dextrae
Vv. pulmonales sinistrae
Vv. cordis
Sinus coronarius
V. cordis magna
V. posterior ventriculi sinistri
V. obliqua atrii sinistri [Marshalli]
Lig. V. cavae sinistrae
V. cordis media
V. cordis parva
Vv. cordis anteriores
Vv. cordis minimae
Vena cava superior
Vv. anonymae dextra et sinistra
Vv. thyreoideae inferiores
V. thyreoidea ima
Plexus thyreoideus impar
V. laryngea inferior
Vv. thymicae
Vv. pericardiacae
Vv. phrenicae superiores
Vv. mediastinals anteriores
Vv. bronchiales anteriores
Vv. tracheales
Vv. oesophageae
V. vertebralis
V. cervicalis profunda
V. mammaria interna
Vv. subcutaneae abdominis
V. epigastrica superior
V. intercostalis suprema
V. jugularis interna
Bulbus venae jugularis superior
V. canaliculi cochleae
Bulbus V. jugularis inferior
Plexus pharyngeus
Vv. pharyngeae
Vv. meningeae
Vv. canalis pterygoidei [Vidii]
V. lingualis
Vv. dorsales linguae
V. sublingualis
V. comitans n. hypoglossi
(Vv. thyreoideae superiores)
V. sternocleidomastoidea
V. laryngea superior
Sinus durae matris
Sinus transversus
Confiuens sinuum
Vv. auditivae intemae
Sinus occipitalis
Plexus basilaris
Sinus sagittalis superior
Sinus sagittalis inferior
Angiology
68
Superficial ramus
Lateral plantar artery (O: T. external
plantar)
Plantar arch
Plantar metatarsal arteries (O. T.
digital branches)
Perforating rami
Plantar digital arteries (O. T. collat-
eral digital branches)
Veins
Pulmonary veins
Right pulmonary veins
Left pulmonary veins
Veins of heart
Coronary sinus
Large vein of heart (O. T. great
cardiac vein)
Posterior vein of left ventricle
Oblique vein of left atrium (O. T.
oblique vein of Marshall)
Ligament of left vena cava (O. T.
vestigial fold of Marshall)
Middle vein of heart
Small vein of heart
Anterior veins of heart
Smallest veins of heart (O. T. Vv.
Thebesii)
Superior vena cava
Right and left innominate veins
Inferior thyreoid veins
Lowest thyreoid vein
Unpaired thyreoid plexus
Inferior laryngeal vein
Thymic veins
Pericardiac veins
Superior phrenic veins
Anterior mediastinal veins
Anterior bronchial veins
Tracheal veins
Oesophageal veins
Vertebral vein
Deep cervical vein
Internal mammary vein
Subcutaneous veins of abdomen
Superior epigastric vein
Highest intercostal vein (O. T.
superior intercostal vein)
left
Internal jugular vein
Upper bulb of jugular vein
Vein of canaliculus of cochlea
Inferior bulb of jugular vein
Pharyngeal plexus
Pharyngeal veins
Meningeal veins
Veins of the pterygoid canal
Lingual vein
Dorsal" veins of tongue
Sublingual vein
Companion vein to hypoglossal nerve
Superior thyreoid veins
Sternocleidomastoid vein
Superior laryngeal vein
Sinuses of the dura mater
Transverse sinus (O. T. lateral sinus)
Confluence of the sinuses (O. T.
torcular Herophili)
Internal auditor]^ veins
Occipital sinus
Basilar plexus (O. T. basilar sinus)
Superior sagittal sinus (O. T. superior
longitudinal sinus)
Inferior sagittal sinus (O. T. inferior
longitudinal sinus)
69
Anatomical Nomenclature
Sinus rectus
Sinus petrosus inferior
Sinus petrosus superior
Sinus cavernosus
Sinus intercavernosus anterior
Sinus intercavernosus posterior
Sinus circularis
Sinus sphenoparietalis
Venae diploicae
V. diploica frontalis
V. diploica temporalis anterior
V. diploica temporalis posterior
V. diploica occipitalis
Emissarium parietale
Emissarium mastoideum
Emissarium condyloideum
Emissarium occipitale
Rete canalis hypoglossi
Rete foraminis ovalis
Plexus venosus caroticus internus
Venae cerebri
Vv. cerebri superiores
V. cerebri media
Vv. cerebri inferiores
Vv. cerebelli superiores
Vv. cerebelli inferiores
Vv. cerebri internae
V. cerebri magna [Galeni]
V. septi pellucidi
V. terminalis
V. basalis [Rosenthali]
V. chorioidea
V. ophthalmomeningea
V. ophthalmica superior
V. nasofrontalis
V. ethmoidalis anterior
V. ethmoidalis posterior
V. lacrimalis
Vv. musculares
Vv. vorticosae
Vv. ciliares posteriores
Vv. ciliares anteriores
V. centralis retinae
Vv. episclerales
Vv. palpebrales
Vv. conjunctivales anteriores
Vv. conjunctivales posteriores
V. ophthalmica inferior
V. facialis communis'
V. facialis anterior
V. angularis
Vv. frontales
V. supraorbitalis
V. palpebrales superiores
V. nasales externae
V. palpebrales inferiores
V. labialis superior
V. labialis inferior
Vv. massetericae
Vv. parotideae anteriores
V. palatina
V. submentalis
V. facialis posterior
Vv. temporales superficiales
Vv. auriculares anteriores
Vv. parotideae posteriores
Vv. articulares mandibulae
Vv. tympanicae
V. stylomastoidea
V. transversa faciei
V. temporalis media
Plexus pterygoideus
Vv. meningeae mediae
Vv. temporales profundae
V. thyreoidea superior
V. jugularis externa
V. occipitalis
Angiology
69
Straight sinus
Inferior petrosal sinus
Superior petrosal sinus
Cavernous sinus
Anterior intercavernous sinus
Posterior intercavernous sinus
Circular sinus
Sphenoparietal sinus (O. T. sinus alae
parvae)
Diploic veins
Frontal diploic vein
Anterior temporal diploic vein
Posterior temporal diploic vein
Occipital diploic vein
Parietal emissary
Mastoid emissary
Condyloid emissary
Occipital emissary
Network of hypoglossal canal
Network of oval foramen
Venous plexus of internal carotid
Cerebral veins
Superior cerebral veins
Middle cerebral vein
Inferior cerebral veins
Superior cerebellar veins
Inferior cerebellar veins
Internal cerebral veins (O. T. veins
of Galen)
Large vein of cerebrum (O. T. vena
magna Galeni)
Vein of septum pellucidum
Terminal vein (O. T. vein of the cor-
pus striatum)
Basal vein (O. T. basilar vein)
Chorioid vein
Ophthalmomeningeal vein
Superior ophthalmic vein
Nasofrontal vein
Anterior ethmoidal vein
Posterior ethmoidal vein
Lacrimal vein
Muscular veins
Vortex veins
Posterior ciliary veins
Anterior ciliary veins
Central vein of retina
Episcleral veins
Palpebral veins
Anterior conjunctival veins
Posterior conjunctival veins
Inferior ophthalmic vein
Common facial vein
Anterior facial vein
Angular vein
Frontal veins
Supraorbital vein
Superior palpebral veins
External nasal veins
Inferior palpebral veins
Vein of upper lip
Vein of lower lip
Masseteric veins
Anterior parotid veins
Palatine vein
Submental vein
Posterior facial vein
Superficial temporal veins
Anterior auricular veins
Posterior parotid veins
Articular mandibular veins
Tympanic veins
Stylomastoid vein
Transverse vein of face
Middle temporal vein
Pterygoid plexus
Middle meningeal veins
Deep temporal veins
Superior thyreoid vein
External jugular vein
Occipital vein
70
Anatomical Nomenclature
V. auricularis posterior
V. jugularis anterior
Arcus venosus juguli
(V. mediana colli)
V. transversa scapulae
V. subclavia
V. thoracoacromialis
Vv. transversae colli
V. axillaris
V. thoracalis lateralis
Vv. costoaxillares
Vv. thoracoepigastricae
Plexus venosus mamillae
Vv. brachiales
Vv. radiales
Vv. ulnares
V. cephalica
V. cephalica accessoria
V. basilica
V. mediana cubiti
(V. mediana antibrachii)
(V. mediana basilica)
(V. mediana cephalica)
Rete venosum dorsale manus
Vv. intercapitulares
Arcus volaris venosus superficialis
Arcus volaris venosus profundus
Vv. digitales volares communes
Vv. metacarpeae dorsales
Vv. metacarpeae volares
Vv. digitales volares propriae
Arcus venosi digitales
V. azygos
V. hemiazygos
V. hemiazygos accessoria
Vv. intercostales
Ramus dorsalis
Ramus spinalis
Vv. oesophageae
Vv. bronchiales posteriores
V. lumbalis ascendens
Vv. basivertebrales
Plexus venosi vertebrales extern!
Plexus venosi vertebrales anteriores
Plexus venosi vertebrales posteriores
Plexus venosi vertebrales interni
Retia venosa vertebrarum
Sinus vertebrales longitudinales
Vv. intervertebrals
Vv. spinales externae anteriores
Vv. spinales externae posteriores
Vv. spinales internae
V. cava inferior
Radices parietales
V. phrenica inferior
Vv. lumbales
Radices viscerales
Vv. hepaticae
Vv. renales
Vv. suprarenales
V. spermatica:
V. testicularis
V. ovarica
Plexus pampiniformis
Vena portae
V. coronaria ventriculi
V. mesenterica superior
Vv. intestinales
V. gastroepiploica dextra
Vv. pancreaticae
V. ileocolica
Vv. colicae dextrae
V. colica media
Vv. pancreaticoduodenales
Angiology
70
Posterior auricular vein
Anterior jugular vein
Venous jugular arch
Median vein of neck
Transverse vein of scapula (O. T.
suprascapular vein)
Subclavian vein
Thoraco-acromial vein (O. T. acro-
miothoracic, or thoracic axis)
Transverse veins of neck (O. T.
transversalis colli)
Axillary vein
Lateral thoracic vein (O. T. long
thoracic)
Costo-axillary veins
Thoraco-epigastric veins
Venous plexus of mammary gland
Brachial veins
Radial veins
Ulnar veins
Cephalic vein
Accessory cephalic vein
Basilic vein
Median vein of elbow
Median vein of forearm
Median basilic vein
Median cephalic vein
Dorsal venous network of hand
Intercapitular veins
Superficial venous volar arch
Deep venous volar arch
Common volar digital veins
Dorsal metacarpal veins
Volar metacarpal veins
Volar digital veins proper
Venous arches of digits
Azygos vein (O. T. vena azygos
major)
Hemiazygos vein (O. T. v. azygos
minor inferior)
Accessory hemiazygos vein (O. T. v.
azygos minor superior)
Intercostal veins
Dorsal ramus
Spinal ramus
Oesophageal veins
Posterior bronchial veins
Ascending lumbar vein
Basivertebral veins
External vertebral venous plexuses
Anterior vertebral venous plexuses
Posterior vertebral venous plexuses
Internal vertebral venous plexuses
Venous networks of the vertebrae
Longitudinal vertebral sinuses
Intervertebral veins
Anterior external spinal veins
Posterior external spinal veins
Internal spinal veins
Inferior vena cava
Parietal radicals
Inferior phrenic vein
Lumbar veins
Visceral radicals
Hepatic veins
Renal veins
Suprarenal veins
Spermatic vein
Testicular vpin
Ovarian vein
Pampiniform plexus
Portal vein
Coronary vein of stomach
Superior mesenteric vein
Intestinal veins
Right gastro-epiploic vein
Pancreatic veins
Ileocolic vein
Right colic veins
Middle colic vein .
Pancreaticoduodenal veins
71
Anatomical Nomenclature
Vv. duodenales
V. mesenterica inferior
V. colica sinistra
Vv. sigmoideae
V. haemorrhoidalis superior
V. lienalis
Vv. gastricae breves
V. gastroepiploica sinistra
V. cystica
Vena umhilicalis
Ductus venosus [Arantii]
Vv. parumbilicales [Sappeyi]
Vena iliaca communis
V. sacralis media
V. hypogastrica
Vv. glutaeae superiores
Vv. glutaeae inferiores
Vv. obturatoriae
Vv. sacrales laterales
V. iliolumbalis
Plexus sacralis anterior
Plexus haemorrhoidalis
Plexus vesicalis
Plexus pudendalis
V. dorsalis penis
Vv. profundae penis
V. dorsalis clitoridis
Vv. profundae clitoridis
Vv. uterinae
Plexus uterovaginalis
V. haemorrhoidalis media
Vv. haemorrhoidales inferiores
Vv. scrotales posteriores
V. iliaca externa
V. epigastrica inferior •
V. circumflexa ilium profunda
V. femoralis
Vv. dorsales penis subcutaneae
Vv. scrotales anteriores
Vv. pudendae externae
V. epigastrica superficialis
V. saphena magna
V. saphena accessoria
V. circumflexa ilium superficialis
Vv. circumflexae femoris mediales
Vv. circumflexae femoris laterales
Vv. comitantes
Vv. profundae femoris
Vv. perforantes
V. saphena parva
V. femoropoplitea
Vv. peronaeae
Vv. popliteae
Vv. tibiales posteriores
Vv. tibiales anteriores
Rete venosum dorsale pedis
Arcus venosus dorsalis pedis
Vv. digitales communes pedis
Vv. metatarseae dorsales pedis
Vv. intercapitulares
Rete venosum plantare
Arcus venosus plantaris
Vv. metatarseae plantares
Vv. digitales pedis dorsales
Vv. digitales plantares
Systema lymphaticum
Vasa lymphatica
Vasa lymphatick superficialia
Vasa lymphatica profunda
Truncus jugularis
Angiology
71
Duodenal veins
Inferior mesenteric vein
Left colic vein
Sigmoid veins
Superior hemorrhoidal vein
Splenic vein
Short gastric veins
Left gastro-epiploic vein
Cystic vein
Umbilical vein
Venous duct of Arantius
Paraumbilical veins
Common iliac vein
Middle sacral vein
Hypogastric vein (0. T. internal
iliac vein)
Superior gluteal veins'
Inferior gluteal veins
Obturator veins
Lateral sacral veins
IHolumbar vein
Anterior sacral plexus
Hemorrhoidal plexus
Vesical plexus
Pundendal plexus
Dorsal vein of penis
Deep veins of penis
Dorsal veins of clitoris
Deep veins of clitoris
Uterine veins
Uterovaginal plexus
Middle hemorrhoidal vein
Inferior hemorrhoidal veins
Posterior scrotal veins
External iliac veins
Inferior epigastric vein (O. T. deep
epigastric)
Deep circumflex iliac vein
Femoral vein
Subcutaneous dorsal veins of penis
Anterior scrotal veins
External pundenal veins
Superficial epigastric veins
Large saphenous vein (O. T. internal
saphenous)
Accessory saphenous vein
Superficial circumflex iliac vein
Medial circumflex veins of thigh
Lateral circumflex veins of thigh
Accompanying veins
Deep veins of thigh
Perforating veins
Small saphenous vein (O. T. external
saphenous vein)
Femoropopliteal vein
Peroneal veins
Popliteal veins
Posterior tibial veins
Anterior tibial veins
Dorsal venous network of foot
Dorsal venous arch of foot
Common digital veins of foot
Dorsal metatarsal veins of foot
Intercapitular veins
Plantar venous network
Plantar venous arch
Plantar metatarsal veins
Dorsal digital veins of foot
Plantar digital veins
Lymphatic system
Lymphatic vessels
Superficial lymphatic vessel
Deep lymphatic vessel
Jugular trunk
72
Anatomical Nomenclature
Tnincus subclavius
Truncus bronchomediastinalis dexter
Ductus lymphaticus dexter
Ductus thoracicus
Trunci lumbales
Truncus intestinalis
Cisterna chyli
Lymphoglandulae
Vasa afferentia
Vasa efferentia
Substantia corticalis
Substantia meduUaris
Hilus
Lymphoglandulae occipitales
" auriculares posteriores
'' auriculares anteriores
" submaxillares
" faciales pr'ofundae
*' parotideae
" cervicales superficiales
" cervicales profundae superiores
" cervicales profundae inferiores
" linguales
" axillares
" subscapularee
" pectorales
" epigastricae
" cubitales superficiales
" cubitales profundae
" tracheales
Lymphoglandulae bronchiales
" intercostales
" mediastinales posteriores
" mediastinales anteriores
" sternales
" iliacae
" lumbales
" coeliacae
*' gastricae superiores
" gastricae inferiores
" hepaticae
*' pancreaticolienales
" mesentericae
" mesocolicae
" hypogastricae
" sacrales
" inguinales
" subinguinales superficiales
" subinguinales profundae
" popliteae
(Lymphoglandula tibialis anterior)
Plexus lymphatici
Plexus jugularis
Plexus axillaris
Plexus mammarius
Plexus lumbalis
Plexus aorticus
Plexus sacralis medius
Plexus hypogastricus
Plexus coeUacus
Plexus iliacus externus
Plexus inguinalis
Angiology
72
Subclavian trunk
Right bronchomediastinal trunk
Right lymphatic trunk
Thoracic duct
Lumbar trunks
Intestinal trunk
Chyle-cistern (O. T. receptaculum
chyli)
Lymph glands
Afferent vessels
Efferent vessels
Cortical substance
Medullary substance
Hilus
Occipital lymph glands
Posterior auricular lymph glands
Anterior auricular lymph glands
Submaxillary lymph glands
Deep facial lymph glands
Parotid lymph glands
Superficial cervical lymph glands
Upper deep cervical lymph glands
Lower deep cervical lymph glands
Lingual lymph glands
Axillary lymph glands
Subscapular lymph glands
Pectoral lymph glands
Epigastric lymph glands
Superficial lymph glands of elbow
Deep lymph glands of elbow
Tracheal lymph glands
Bronchial lymph glands
Intercostal lymph glands
Posterior mediastinal lymph glands
Anterior mediastinal lymph glands
Sternal lymph glands
Iliac lymph glands
Lumbar lymph glands
Coeliac lymph glands
Superior gastric lymph glands
Inferior gastric lymph glands
Hepatic lymph glands
Pancreaticolienal lymph glands
Mesenteric lymph glands
Mesocolic lymph glands
Hypogastric lymph glands
Sacral lymph glands
Inguinal lymph glands
Superficial subinguinal lymph glands
Deep subinguinal lymph glands
Popliteal lymph glands
Anterior tibial lymph glands
Lymphatic plexuses
Jugular plexus
Axillary plexus
Mammary plexus
Lumbar plexus
Aortic plexus
Middle sacral plexus
Hypogastric plexus
Coeliac plexus
External iliac plexus
Inguinal plexus
73
Anatomical Nomenclature
Ncurologia
Nervus
Ganglion
Substantia alba
Substantia grisea
Substantia gelatinosa
Taenia telarum
Ependyma ventriculorum
Sulcus limitans ventriculorum
Nuclei nervorum cerebralium
Nuclei originis
Nuclei terminales .
Ramus communicans
Ramus anastomoticus
Ramus muscularis
Nervus cutaneus
Nervus articularis
Plexus nervorum spinalium
Systema nervorum centrale
Medulla spinalis
Pars cervicalis
Intumescentia cervicalis
Pars thoracalis
Pars lumbalis
Intumescentia lumbalis
Conus meduUaris
Filum terminale
Ventriculus terminalis
Fissura mediana anterior
Sulcus medianus posterior
Sulcus lateralis anterior
Sulcus lateralis posterior
Sulcus intermedins posterior
Sectiones meduUae spinalis
Canalis centralis
Substantia grisea centralis
Commissura anterior alba
Commissura anterior grisea
Commissura posterior
Columnae griseae:
Columna anterior
Columna lateralis
Columna posterior
Cervix columnae posterioris
Apex columnae posterioris
Substantia gelatinosa [Rolandi]
Nucleus dorsalis [Stillingi, Clarkii]
(Sulcus intermedins anterior)
Funiculi medullae spinalis
Funiculus anterior
Funiculus lateralis
Funiculus posterior
Formatio reticularis
Funiculus anterior
Fasciculus cerebrospinalis anterior
[pyramidalis anterior]
Neurology
73
Neurology
Nerve
Ganglion
White matter
Gray matter
Gelatinous substance
Band of the telae ("web")
Ependyma (" cover") of ventricles
JLimiting sulcus of the ventricules
Nuclei of the cerebral nerves
Nuclei of origin
End-nuclei
Communicating ramus
Anastomotic ramus
Muscular ramus
Cutaneous nerve
Articular nerve
Plexus of spinal nerves
Central nervous system
Spinal cord
Cervical portion
Cervical enlargement
Thoracic portion (O. T. dorsal part)
Lumbar portion
Lumbar enlargement
Medullary cone
Terminal thread
(Swelling due to) terminal ventricle
Anterior median fissure
Posterior median sulcus
Anterior lateral sulcus
Posterior lateral sulcus
Posterior intermediate sulcus (O. T.
paramedian furrow)
Anterior intermediate sulcus
Funiculi of spinal cord
Anterior funiculus
Lateral funiculus
Posterior funiculus
Transverse sections of the spinal cord
Central canal
Central gray matter
Anterior white commissure
Anterior gray commissure
Posterior commissure
Gray columns
Anterior column (O. T. anterior horn)
Lateral column (O. T. lateral horn)
Posterior column (O. T. posterior
horn)
Neck of posterior column
Apex of posterior column
Gelatinous substance of Rolando
Dorsal nucleus (O. T. Clark's col-
umn)
Reticular formation
Anterior funiculus
Anterior cerebrospinal or pyrami-
dal fasciculus (O. T. direct pyr-
amidal tract)
74
Anatomical Nomenclature
Fasciculus anterior proprius [Flech-
sigi]
Funiculus lateralis
Fasciculus cerebrospinalis lateralis
[pyramidalis lateralis]
Fasciculus cerebellospinalis
Fasciculus anterolateralis super-
ficialis [Gowersi]
Fasciculus lateralis proprius [Flech-
sigi]
Funiculus posterior
Fasciculus gracilis [Golli]
Fasciculus cuneatus [Burdachi]
Encephalon
Rhombencephalon
Myelencephalon
Medulla oblongata
Fissura mediana posterior
Fissura mediana anterior
Foramen caecum
Pyramis [medullae oblongatae]
Decussatio pyramidum
Sulcus lateralis anterior
Sulcus lateralis posterior
Oliva
Corpus restiforme
Funiculus lateralis
Funiculus cuneatus
Tuberculum cinereum
Funiculus gracilis
Clava
Fibrae arcuatae externae
Sectiones medullae oblongatae
Raphe
Stratum nucleare
Nucleus n. hypoglossi
Nucleus ambiguus
Nucleus alae cinereae
Tractus solitarius
Nucleus tractus solitarii
Tractus spinalis n. trigemini
Nucleus tractus spinalis n. trigemini
Nucleus funiculi gracilis
Nucleus funiculi cuneati
Nuclei laterales
Nucleus olivaris inferior
Hilus nuclei olivaris
Nucleus olivaris accessorius medialis
Nucleus olivaris accessorius dorsalis
Nuclei arcuati
Fibrae arcuatae internae
Substantia reticularis grisea
Substantia reticularis alba
Fasciculus longitudinalis medialis
Stratum interolivare lemnisci
Decussatio lemniscorum
Corpus restiforme
Neurology
74
Proper anterior fasciculus (O. T.
anterior ground bundle)
Lateral funiculus
Lateral cerebrospinal or pyramidal
fasciculus (O. T. crossed pyrami-
dal tract)
Cerebellospinal fasciculus (O. T.
direct cerebellar tract of Flechsig)
Superficial anterolateral fasciculus
(O. T. Gowers' tract)
Proper lateral fasciculus (O. T.
lateral ground bundle)
Posterior funiculus
Slender fasciculus (O. T. column
or tract of Goll)
Wedge-shaped fasciculus (O. T.
column or tract of Burdach)
Brain
Lozenge-shaped brain
Medullary or after-brain
Oblong medulla
Posterior median fissure
Anterior median fissure
Blind foramen
Pyramid of medulla oblongata
Decussation of pyramids
Anterior lateral sulcus
Posterior lateral sulcus
Olive (O. T. olivary eminence)
Restiform body (O. T. inferior cere-
bellar peduncle)
Lateral funiculus
Cuneate funiculus (O. T. column of
Burdach)
Gray or ashen tubercle
Slender funiculus (O. T. column of
Goll)
Club
External arcuate fibres (O. T. super-
ficial arcuate fibres
Transverse sections of medulla
oblongata
Median raphe
Nuclear layer
Nucleus of hypoglossal nerve
Ambiguous nucleus
Nucleus of ala cinerea
respiratory
Solitary tract (O. '
bundle)
Nucleus of solitary tract
Spinal tract of trigeminal nerve (O. T.
ascending root of trigeminal nerve)
Nucleus of spinal tract of trigeminal
nerve
Nucleus of slender funiculus (O. T.
nucleus of Goll's column)
Nucleus of wedge-shaped funiculus
(O. T. nucleus of Burdach's column)
Lateral nuclei
Inferior olivary nucleus
Hilus of olivary nucleus
Medial accessory olivary nucleus
Dorsal accessory olivary nucleus
Arcuate nuclei
Internal arcuate fibres
Gray reticular substance
White reticular substance
Medial longitudinal fasciculus (O. T.
posterior longitudinal bundle)
Interolivary layer of lemniscus
Decussation of lemniscus or fillet (O.
T. sensory decussation of medulla
oblongata)
Restiform body (O. T. inferior
cerebellar peduncle)
75
Anatomical Nomenclature
Fasciculi corporis restiformis
Fibrae cerebelloolivares
Fasciculi pyramidales
Fibrae arcuatae externae
Ventriculus quartus
Fossa rhomboidea
Pars inferior fossae rhomboideae
[Calamus scriptorius]
Pars intermedia fossae rhomboideae
Recessus lateralis fossae rhom-
boideae
Pars superior fossae rhomboideae
Sulcus limitans [fossae rhomboideae]
Fovea inferior
Fovea superior
Trigonum n. hypoglossi
Striae medullares
Eminentia medialis
Colliculus facialis
Ala cinerea
Area acustica
Locus caeruleus
Tegmen ventriculi quarti
Velum medullare posterius
Taenia ventriculi quarti
Obex
Lamina chorioidea epithelialis
(Apertura medialis ventriculi quarti
[Foramen Magendii])
(Apertura lateralis ventriculi quarti)
Fastigium
Metencephalon
Pons [Varolii]
Sulcus basilaris
Fasciculus obliquus [pontis]
(Fila lateralia pontis)
Brachium pontis
Sectiones pontis
Pars dorsalis pontis
Raphe
Nucleus n. abducentis
Nuclei motorii n. trigemini
Radix descendens [mesencephalica]
n. trigemini
Tractus spinalis n. trigemini
Nucleus tractus spinalis n. trigemini
Nucleus n. facialis
Radix n. facialis
Pars prima
Genu [internum]
Pars secunda
Nuclei n. acustici
Nuclei n. cochlearis
Nuclei n. vestibularis
Nucleus olivaris superior
Nucleus lemnisci lateralis
Fasciculus longitudinalis medialis
Formatio reticularis
Corpus trapezoideum
Lemniscus
Lemniscus medialis [sensitivus]
Lemniscus lateralis [acusticus]
Pars basilaris pontis
Fibrae pontis profundae
Fasciculi longitudinales [pyramidales]
Nuclei pontis
Fibrae pontis superficiales
Cerebellum
Gyri cerebelli
Sulci cerebelli
Vallecula cerebelli
Incisura cerebelli anterior
Incisura cerebelli posterior
Neurology
75
Fasciculi of restiform body
Cerebello-olivary fibres
Pyramidal fasciculi
External arcuate fibres
Fourth ventricle
Rhomboid fossa
Inferior part of rhomboid fossa
Writing pen
Intermediate part of rhomboid fossa
Lateral recess of rhomboid fossa
Superior part of rhomboid fossa
Limiting groove of rhomboid fossa
Inferior pit
Superior pit
Trigone of hypoglossal nerve
Medullary striae
Medial eminence (O. T. eminentia
teres)
Facial hillock
Ash-like wing (O. T. trigonum vagi)
Acoustic area (O. T. trigonum
acustici)
Blue place
Roof of fourth ventricle
Posterior medullary velum
Taenia of fourth ventricle: junction
of epithelial part of roof with
compact nerve substance
Bar
Epithelial chorioid layer
Median aperture of fourth ventricle
(foramen of Magendie)
Lateral aperture of fourth ventricle
Fastigium: "summit of roof"
Hind-brain
Pons ("bridge") Varolii
Basilar groove
Oblique bundle of pons
Lateral fibres of pons
Brachium ("arm") of pons
Sections of the pons
Dorsal part of pons
Median raphe
Nucleus of the abducent nerve (O. T.
nucleus of sixth nerve)
Motor nuclei of the trigeminal nerve
Descending or mesencephalic root of
trigeminal nerve
Spinal tract of trigeminal nerve
Nucleus of spinal tract of trigeminal
nerve
Nucleus of facial nerve
Root of facial nerve
First part
Internal knee
Second part
Nuclei of acoustic nerve (O. T.
auditory nucleus)
Nuclei of cochlear nerve
Nuclei of vestibular nerve
Superior olivary nucleus
Nucleus of lateral lemniscus
Medial longitudinal fasciculus (O. T.
posterior longitudinal bundle)
Reticular formation
Trapezoid body
Fillet or lemniscus
Medial (sensory) fillet
Lateral (acoustic) fillet
Basilar part of pons
Deep fibres of pons
Longitudinal pyramidal fasciculi
Nuclei of pons
Superficial fibres of pons
Cerebellum, or small brain
Convolutions of cerebellum
Sulci of cerebellum
Cerebellar vallecula
Anterior notch of cerebellum (O. T.
semilunar notch)
Posterior notch of cerebellum (O. T.
marsupial notch)
76
Anatomical Nomenclature
Sulcus horizontalis cerebelli
Fissura transversa cerebelli
Vermis
Lingula cerebelli
Vincula lingulae cerebelli
Lobulus centralis
Monticulus
Culmen
Declive
Folium vermis
Tuber vermis
Pyramis [vermis]
Uvula [vermis]
Nodulus
Hemisphaerium cerebelli
Facies superior
Ala lobuli centralis
Lobulus quadrangularis
Pars anterior
Pars posterior
Lobulus semilunaris superior
Facies inferior
Lobulus semilunaris inferior
Lobulus gracilis
Lobulus biventer
Tonsilla cerebelli
Flocculus
(Flocculi secondarii)
Pedunculus flocculi
Nidus avis
Sectiones cerebelli
Corpus meduUare
Laminae meduUares
Arbor vitae
Substantia corticalis
[Lamina basalis]
[Stratum cinereum].
[Stratum gangliosum]
[Stratum granulosum]
Nucleus dentatus
Hilus nuclei dentati
Nucleus fastigii
Nucleus globosus
Nucleus emboliformis
Capsula nuclei dentati
Isthmus rhombencephali
Brachium conjunctivum [cerebelli]
Lemniscus
Lemniscus lateralis
Lemniscus medialis
Trigonum lemnisci
Velum medullare anterius
Frenulum veli medullaris anterioris
Sectiones isthmi
[vide Pedunculus cerebri]
Ganglion interpedunculare
Nucleus n. trochlearis
Facies convexa cerebri
Facies medialis cerebri
Basis cerebri
Cerebrum
Mesencephalon
[Facies inferior]
Fossa interpeduncularis [Tarini]
Neurology
76
Horizontal sulcus of cerebellum (O. T.
great horizontal fissure)
Transverse fissure of cerebellum
Vermis ("worm")
Lingua ("tongue") of cerebellum
Vincula of the lingua
Central lobule (O. T. lobus centralis)
Monticulus ("little mountain")
Culmen ("summit")
Declive ("slope or descent")
Folium of vermis ("leaflet of worm")
(O. T. folium cacuminis)
Tuber of vermis (O. T. tuber valvulus)
Pyramid of vermis
Uvula of vermis
Nodule
Hemisphere of cerebellum
Superior surface
Wing of central lobule
Quadrangular lobule (O. T. quad-
rate lobule)
Anterior part
Posterior part
Superior semilunar lobule (O. T.
posterior crescentic lobule)
Inferior surface
Inferior semilunar lobule (O. T. pos-
tero-inferior lobule)
Slender lobule
Biventral lobule
Tonsil of cerebellum
Flocculus (" w^ool-tuf t-like body")
Secondary flocculi
Peduncle of flocculus
Nidus avis (" bird's nest ")
Sections of cerebellum
Medullary body
Medullary laminae
Arbor vitae (" tree of life ")
Cortical substance
Basal lamina
Gray layer
Ganglion-cell layer
Granular layer
Dentate nucleus
Hilus of dentate nucleus
Nucleus of fastigium ("roof")
Spherical nucleus
Emboliform nucleus (O. T. cork or
plug)
Capsule of dentate nucleus
Isthmus of rhombencephalon
Brachium conjunctivum {" connecting
arm") of cerebellum (O. T. superior
cerebellar peduncle)
Fillet or ribbon
Lateral fillet
Medial fillet (O. T. ribbon of Reil)
Trigone of fillet
Anterior meduHary velum (O. T. valve
of Vieussens)
Frenulum (" check-rein ") of anterior
medullary velum)
Sections of isthmus
[See Cerebral peduncle]
Interpeduncular ganglion
Nucleus of trochlear nerve
Cerebrum (large brain)
Convex surface of cerebrum
Medial surface of cerebrum
Base of cerebrum
Midbrain
Inferior surface
Interpeduncular fossa
77
Anatomical Nomenclature
Recessus anterior
Recessus posterior
Substantia perforata posterior
Pedunculus cerebri
Aquaeductus cerebri [Sylvii]
Sulcus lateralis
Sulcus n. oculomotorii
Sectiones pedunculi cerebri
Tegmentum
Stratum griseum centrale
Formatio reticularis
Fasciculus longitudinalis medialis
Radix descendens n. trigemini
Nucleus radicis descendentis n. tri-
gemini
Nucleus n. oculomotorii
Nuclei tegmenti
Nucleus ruber
Decussationes tegmentorum
Decussatio brachii conjunctivi
Lemniscus lateralis
Lemniscus medialis
Substantia nigra
Basis pedunculi
Corpora quadrigemina
Lamina quadrigemina
Colliculus superior
Colliculus inferior
Brachium quadrigeminum superius
Brachium quadrigeminum inferius
Sectiones corporum quadrigeminorum
Stratum zonale
Stratum griseum coUiculi superioris
Nucleus coUiculi inferioris
Stratum album profundum
Prosencephalon
Diencephalon
Ventriculus tertius
Aditus ad aquaeductum cerebri
Commissura posterior [cerebri]
Foramen interventriculare [Monroi]
Sulcus hypothalamicus [Monroi]
Massa intermedia
Recessus opticus
Recessus infundibuli
Commissura anterior [cerebri]
Recessus triangularis
Hypothalamus
Pars mamillaris hypothalami
Corpus mamillare
Pars optica hypothalami
Tuber cinereum
Infundibulum
Hypophysis
Lobus anterior
Lobus posterior
Tractus opticus
Radix medialis
Radix lateralis
Chiasma opticum
Lamina terminalis
Sectiones hypothalami
Nucleus hypothalamicus [Corpus
Luysi]
Pars grisea hypothalami
Commissura superior [Meynerti]
Commissura inferior [Guddeni]
Nuclei corporis mamillaris
Neurology
77
Anterior recess
Posterior recess
Posterior perforated substance
Peduncle of cerebrum
(O. T. crus cerebri)
Aqueduct of cerebrum (O. T. iter e
tertio ad quartum ventriculum)
Lateral sulcus
Sulcus of oculomotor nerve
Sections of cerebral peduncle
Tegmentum ("cover")
Central gray layer
Reticular formation
Medial longitudinal fasciculus (O. T
posterior longitudinal bundle)
Descending root of trigeminal nerve
Nucleus of descending root of trigemi-
nal nerve
Nucleus of oculomotor nerve (O. T. nu-
cleus of III. nerve)
Nuclei of tegmentum
Red nucleus
Decussations of tegmenta
Decussation of brachium conjunc-
tivum
Lateral fillet
Medial fillet
Black substance
Base of peduncle
Quadrigeminal bodies (O.
T. optic lobes)
Quadrigeminal layer
Superior hillock (O. T. anterior body
or nates)
Inferior hillock (O. T. posterior body
or testis)
Superior quadrigeminal braChium
Inferior quadrigeminal brachium
Sections of quadrigeminal bodies
Zonal layer
Gray layer of superior coUiculus
Nucleus of inferior coUiculus
Deep white layer
Forebrain
Interbrain
Third ventricle
Entrance to the aqueduct of the cere-
brum
Posterior commissure of the cerebrum
Interventricular foramen of Monroe
Hypothalamic sulcus of Monroe
Intermediate mass (O. T. middle, or
soft, or gray, commissure)
Optic recess
Recess of infundibulum
Anterior commissure of cerebrum
Triangular recess
H)rpothalamus (0. T. subthalamic
region)
Mammillary part of hy-
pothalamus
Mammillary body
Optic part of hypothala-
mus
Tuber cinereum (" ash-like tuber ")
Infundibulum (" funnel ")
Hypophysis (O. T. pituitary body)
Anterior lobe
Posterior lobe
Optic tract
Medial root
Lateral root
Optic chiasm
Terminal lamina
Sections of hypothalamus
Hypothalamic nucleus, or Luy's body
(O. T. subthalamic nucleus)
Gray part of hypothalamus
Superior commissure of Meynert
Inferior commissure of v. Gudden
Nuclei of mammillary body
78
Anatomical Nomenclature
Fasciculus thalamomamillaris [Vicq'
d'Azyri]
Fasciculi pedunculomamillares
Pars tegmentalis
Pars basilaris
Ansa peduncularis
Ansa lenticularis
Pedunculus thalami inferior
Thalamencephalon
Thalamus
Pulvinar
Tuberculum anterius thalami
Taenia thalami
Stria meduUaris
Lamina chorioidea epithelialis
Metathalamus
Corpus geniculatum mediale
Corpus geniculatum laterale
Epithalamus
Corpus pineale
Recessus pinealis
Recessus suprapinealis
Habenula
Commissura habenularum
Trigonum habenulae
Sectiones thalamencephali
Stratum zonale
Nucleus anterior thalami
Nucleus medialis thalami
Nucleus lateralis thalami
Laminae meduUares thalami
Nucleus corporis geniculati medialis
Nucleus corporis geniculati lateralis
Nucleus habenulae
Fasciculus retroflexus [Meynerti]
Telencephalon
Hemisphaerium
Pallium
Fissura longitudinalis cerebri
Fissura transversa cerebri
Gyri cerebri
Gyri profundi
Gyri transitivi
Sulci cerebri
Impressio petrosa
Fossa cerebri lateralis [Sylvii]
Fissura cerebri lateralis [Sylvii]
Ramus posterior
Ramus anterior ascendens
Ramus anterior horizontalis
Lobi cerebri
Insula
Gyri insulae
Gyrus longus insulae
Gyri breves insulae
Sulcus circularis [Reili]
Operculum
Pars frontalis
Pars parietalis
Pars temporalis
Sulcus centralis [Rolandi]
Gyrus centralis anterior
Gyrus centralis posterior
Lobus frontalis
Polus frontalis
Sulcus praecentralis
Gyrus frontalis superior
Sulcus frontalis superior
Gyrus frontalis medius
Pars superior
Pars inferior
Sulcus frontalis inferior
Neurology
78
Thalamomammillary fasciculus (O.
T. bundle of Vicq d'Azyr)
Pedunculomammillary fasciculi
Tegmental part
Basilar part
Peduncular loop
Lenticular loop
Inferior peduncle of thalamus
Thalamic brain
Thalamus C b e d ") (O. T. op-
tic thalamus)
Pulvinar (''cushion")
Anterior tubercle of thalamus
Thalamic taenia
Medullary stria (O. T. stria fornicis or
stria pinealis)
Epithelial chorioid layer
Metathalamus
Medial geniculate body (O. T. internal
geniculate body)
Lateral geniculate body (O. T. exter-
nal geniculate body)
Epithalamus
Pineal body (O. T. conarium, or
epiphysis cerebri)
Pineal recess
Suprapineal recess
Habenula C'strap") (O. T. peduncle
of the pineal body)
Commissure of the habenula
Trigone of the habenula '
Sections of the thalamic brain
Zonal layer
Anterior nucleus of thalamus
Medial nucleus of thalamus
Lateral nucleus of thalamus
Medullary layers of thalamus
Nucleus of medial geniculate body
Nucleus of lateral geniculate body
Nucleus of habenula
Retroflex fasciculus
End-brain
Hemisphere
Brain mantle
Longitudinal fissure of cerebrum
Transverse fissure of cerebrum
Convolutions of cerebrum
Deep convolutions
Transitional convolutions (O. T. an-
nectant gyri)
Grooves of cerebrum
Petrosal impression
Lateral fossa of cerebrum
Lateral fissure of cerebrum (O. T.
fissure of Sylvius)
Posterior ramus
Ascending anterior ramus
Horizontal anterior ramus
Lobes of cerebrum
Island (O. T. island of
Reil, or central lobe)
Convolutions of island
Long convolution of island
Short convolutions of island
Circular sulcus of Reil (O. T. limiting
sulcus of Reil)
Operculum ("cover")
Frontal part
Parietal part
Temporal part
Central sulcus of Rolando (O. T. fis-
sure of Rolando)
Anterior central convolution
Posterior central convolution
Frontal lobe
Frontal pole
Precentral sulcus
Superior frontal convolution
Superior frontal sulcus
Middle frontal convolution
Superior part
Inferior part
Inferior frontal sulcus
79
Anatomical Nomenclature
Gyrus frontalis inferior
Pars opercularis
Pars triangularis
Pars orbitalis
Gyrus rectus
Sulcus olfactorius
Gyri orbitales
Sulci orbitales
Lobus temporalis
Polus temporalis
Sulci temporales transversi
Gyri temporales transversi
Gyrus temporalis superior
Sulcus temporalis superior
Gyrus temporalis medius
Sulcus temporalis medius
Gyrus temporalis inferior
Sulcus temporalis inferior
Fissura collateralis
Gyrus fusiformis
Gyrus lingualis
Lobus occipitalis
Polus occipitalis
Sulcus occipitalis transversus
Gyri occipitales superiores
Sulci occipitales superiores
Gyri occipitales laterales
Sulci occipitales laterales
Lobus parietalis
Lobulus parietalis superior
Sulcus interparietalis
Lobulus parietalis inferior
Gyrus supramarginalis
Gyrus angularis
Facies medialis hemisphaerii
Sulcus corporis callosi
Sulcus cinguli
Pars subfrontalis
Pars marginalis
Sulcus subparietalis
Fissura hippocampi
Gyrus fornicatus
Gyrus cinguli
Isthmus gyri fornicati
Gyrus hippocampi
Uncus [gyri hippocampi]
Substantia reticularis alba [Arnoldi]
Lobulus paracentralis
Praecuneus
Fissura parietooccipitalis
Fissura calcarina
Cuneus
Corpus callosum
Splenium corporis callosi
Truncus corporis callosi
Genu corporis callosi
Rostrum corporis callosi
Lamina rostralis
Striae transversae
Stria longitudinalis medialis
Stria longitudinalis lateralis
Fasciola cinerea
Fornix
Cms fornicis
Neurology
79
Inferior frontal convolution
Opercular part
Triangular part
Orbital part
Straight convolution
Olfactory sulcus
Orbital convolutions
Orbital sulci
Temporal lobe
Temporal pole
Transverse temporal sulci
Transverse temporal convolutions
Superior temporal convolution (O. T.
first temporal gyrus)
Superior temporal sulcus (O. T. paral-
lel sulcus, or first temporal sulcus)
Middle temporal convolutiqn (O. T.
second temporal gyrus)
Middle temporal sulcus (O. T. second
temporal sulcus)
Inferior temporal convolution (O. T.
third temporal gyrus)
Inferior temporal sulcus (O. T. oc-
cipitotemporal sulcus)
Collateral fissure
Fusiform convolution (O. T. occipito-
temporal convolution)
Lingual convolution
Occipital lobe
Occipital pole
Transverse occipital sulcus
Superior occipital convolutions
Superior occipital sulci
Lateral occipital convolutions
Lateral occipital sulci
Parietal lobe
Superior parietal lobule
Interparietal sulcus (O. T. intraparietal
sulcus of Turner)
Inferior parietal lobule
Supramarginal convolution
Angular convolution
Medial surface of hemisphere
Sulcus of corpus callosum (O. T. cal-
losal sulcus)
Sulcus of cingulum (O. T. callosol-
marginal fissure)
Subfrontal part
Marginal part
Subparietal sulcus
Fissure of hippocampus (O. T. dentate
fissure, or fissura dentata)
Fornicate convolution (O. T. limbic or
falciform lobe)
Convolution of cingulum (O. T. cal-
losal convolution, or gyrus forni-
catus)
Isthmus of fornicate gyrus
Convolution of hippocampus (O. T.
hippocampal convolution)
Hook of gyrus hippocampi
White reticular substance of Arnold
Paracentral lobule
Precuneus
Parieto-occipital fissure
Calcarine fissure
C uncus (" wedge ")
Corpus callosum (great
transverse commissure
of cerebrum)
Splenium (" bandage ") of corpus cal-
losum
Trunk of corpus callosum (O. T. body)
Knee of corpus callosum
Beak of corpus callosum
Rostral lamina
Transverse striae
Medial longitudinal stria
Lateral longitudinal stria
Fasciola cinerea ('' ash-like little ban-
dage ")
Fornix
Crus of fornix (O. T. posterior pillar
of fornix)
So
Anatomical Nomenclature
Corpus fornicis
Taenia fornicis
Columna fornicis
Pars libera columnae fornicis
Pars tecta columnae fornicis
Septum pellucidum
Lamina septi pellucidi
Cavum septi pellucidi
Ventriculus lateralis
Pars centralis
Cornu anterius
Cornu posterius
Cornu inferius
Corpus striatum
Nucleus caudatus
Caput nuclei caudati
Cauda nuclei caudati
Stria terminalis
Lamina affixa
Taenia chorioidea
Lamina chorioidea epithelialis
Calcar avis
(Bulbus cornu posterioris)
Eminentia collateralis
Trigonum coUaterale
Hippocampus
Fimbria hippocampi
Taenia fimbriae
Digitationes hippocampi
Fascia dentata hippocampi
Commissura hippocampi
Rhinencephalon
Sulcus parolfactorius anterior
Pars anterior [rhinenc6phali]
Lobus olfactorius
Bulbus olfactorius
Tractus olfactorius
Trigonum olfactorium
Stria medialis
Stria intermedia
Area parolfactoria [Brocae]
Sulcus parolfactorius posterior
Pars posterior [rhinencaphali]
Gyrus subcallosus [Pedunculus cor-
poris callosi]
Substantia perforata anterior
Stria olfactoria lateralis
Limen insulae
Sectiones telencephali
Substantia corticalis
Centrum semiovale
Decursus fibrarum cerebralium
Fibrae arcuatae cerebri
Cingulum
Fasciculus longitudinalis superior
Fasciculus longitudinalis inferior
Fasciculus uncinatus
Radiatio corporis callosi
Pars frontalis
Pars parietalis
Pars temporalis
Pars occipitalis .
Tapetum
Nucleus lentiformis
Putamen
Globus pallidus
Claustrum
Capsula externa
Capsula interna
Genu capsulae internae
Neurology
80
Body of fornix
Taenia (''ribbon") of fornix
Column of fornix (O. T. anterior pil-
lar of fornix)
Free part of column of fornix
Covered part of column of fornix
Transparent septum
Layer of septum pellucidum
Cavity of septum pellucidum (O. T.
fifth ventricle)
Lateral ventricle
Central part
Anterior horn
Posterior horn
Inferior horn (O. T. descending horn)
Striate body
Caudate nucleus
Head of caudate nucleus
Tail of caudate nucleus
Terminal stria (O. T. taenia semicir-
cularis)
Lamina affixa {" fastened layer ")
Chorioid taenia
Epithelial chorioid layer
Calcar avis ('' cock's spur ") (O. T.
hippocampus minor)
Bulb of posterior horn
Collateral eminence
Collateral trigone (O. T. trigonum
ventriculi)
Hippocampus ('' sea-horse ") (O. T.
hippocampus major, cornu Am-
monis, or Ammon's horn)
Fimbria (" fringe ") of hippocampus
Taenia of fimbria
Digitations of the hippocampus (O. T.
pes hippocampi)
Dentate fascia of hippocampus (O. T.
gyrus dentatus)
Commissure of the hippocampus (O.
T. lyra, or lyre of David)
Olfactory brain
Anterior parolfactory sulcus
Anterior part of rhinen-
c e p h a 1 o n
Olfactory lobe
Olfactory bulb
Olfactory tract
Olfactory trigone
Medial stria
Intermediate stria
Parolfactory area of Broca
Posterior parolfactory sulcus
Posterior part of rhinen-
c e p h a 1 o n
Subcallosal convolution (peduncle of
corpus callosum)
Anterior perforated substance
Lateral olfactory stria
Threshold of island
Sections of endbrain
Cortical substance
Semioval centre
Decursus (''running down") of cerebral
fibres
Arcuate fibres of cerebrum
Cingulum (" girdle ")
Superior longitudinal fasciculus
Inferior longitudinal fasciculus
Uncinate ("hooked") fasciculus
Radiation of corpus callosum
Frontal part (forceps minor)
Parietal part
Temporal part
Occipital part (O. T. forceps
major)
Tapetum ("carpet," or "tapestry")
Lentiform nucleus (O. T. lenticular nu-
cleus)
Putamen (" shell," or " paring ")
Globus pallidus (" pale sphere ")
Claustrum ("bulwark," or "barrier")
External capsule
Internal capsule
Knee of internal capsule
8i
Anatomical Nomenclature
Pars frontalis capsulae internae
Pars occipitalis capsulae internae
Nucleus amygdalae
Corona radiata
Pars frontalis
Pars parietalis
Pars temporalis
Pars occipitalis
Radiatio corporis striati
Radiatio occipitothalamica
[Gratioleti]
Commissura anterior [cerebri]
Pars anterior
Pars posterior
Meninges
Dura mater encephali
Falx cerebri
Tentorium cerebelli
Falx cerebelli
Diaphragma sellae
Foramen diaphragmatis [sellae]
Incisura tentorii
Dura mater spinalis
Filum durae matris spinalis
Cavum epidurale
Cavum subdurale
Arachnoidea spinalis
Arachnoidea encephali
Cavum subarachnoideale
Cisternae subarachnoidales
Cisterna cerebellomedullaris
Cisterna fossae lateralis cerebri
[Sylvii]
Cisterna chiasmatis
Cisterna interpeduncularis
Cisterna venae magnae cerebri
-Granulationes arachnoidjeales [Pac-
chioni]
Pia mater spinalis
Lig. denticulatum
Septum cervicale intermedium
Pia mater encephali
Tela chorioidea ventriculi quarti
Plexus chorioideus ventriculi quarti
Tela chorioidea ventriculi tertii
Plexus chorioideus ventriculi tertii
Plexus chorioideus ventriculi lateralis
Glomus chorioideum
Acervulus
Systema nervorum periphericum
Nervi cerebrales
Nn. olfactorii
N. opticus
N. oculomotorius
Ramus superior
Ramus inferior
Radix brevis ganglii ciliaris
N. trochlearis
Decussatio nervorum trochlearium
Neurology
8£
Frontal part of internal capsule (O.
T. anterior limb)
Occipital part of internal capsule (O.
T. posterior limb)
Amygdaloid ("almond") nucleus
Corona radiata (''radiate crown")
Frontal part
Parietal part
Temporal part
Occipital part
Radiation of corpus striatum
Occipitothalamic radiation (O. T. op-
tic radiation)
Anterior commissure of cerebrum
Anterior part
Posterior part
Membranes
Dura mater of brain
Falx ("sickle") of cerebrum
Tentorium of cerebellum (cerebellar
tent)
Falx of cerebellum (cerebellar sickle)
Diaphragm of saddle
Foramen of diaphragm of saddle
Notch of tentorium
Hard membrane of spine
Thread of spinal dura mater
Epidural cavity
Subdural cavity
Arachnoid ("spider-web") of spine
Arachnoid (" spider-web") of brain
Subarachnoid space
Subarachnoid cisterns
CerebellomeduUary cistern (O. T.
cisterna magna)
Cistern of the lateral fossa of the
cerebrum
Cistern of the chiasm
Interpeduncular cistern (O. T. cis-
terna basalis)
Cistern of the great vein of cerebrum
Arachnoideal granulations (O. T. Pac-
chionian bodies)
Pia mater of spine (soft membrane of
cord)
Denticulate ligament
Intermediate cervical septum
Pia mater of brain (soft membrane of
brain)
Chorioid tela of fourth ventricle (O. T.
tela chorioidea inferior)
Chorioid plexus of fourth ventricle
Chorioid tela of third ventricle (O. T.
velum interpositum, or tela chorioidea
superior)
Chorioid plexus of third ventricle
Chorioid plexus of lateral ventricle
Chorioid skein
Brain sand
System of peripheral nerves
Cerebral nerves
Olfactory nerves
Optic nerve
Oculomotor nerve (O. T. third
nerve)
Superior ramus
Inferior ramus
Short root of ciliary ganglion (O. T.
motor root of lenticular ganglion)
Trochlear nerve (O. T. patheticus
or fourth nerve)
Decussation of trochlear nerves
82
Anatomical Nomenclature
N. trigeminus
Portio major
Ganglion semilunare [Gasseri]
Portio minor
N. ophthalmicus
N. tentorii
N. lacrimalis
Ramus anastomoticus cum n. zygo
matico
N. frontalis
N. supraorbitalis
Ramus frontalis
N. supratrochlearis
N. nasociliaris
Radix longa ganglii ciliaris
Nn. ciliares longi
N. ethmoidalis posterior
N. ethmoidalis anterior
Rami nasales anteriores
Rami nasales interni
Rami nasales laterales
Rami nasales mediales
Ramus nasalis externus
N. infratrochlearis
Ramus palpebralis superior
R. palpebralis inferior
G. c i 1 i a r e
Nn. ciliares breves
N. maxillaris
N. meningeus [medius]
N. zygomaticus
Ramus zygomaticotemporalis
Ramus zygomaticofacialis
Nn. sphenopalatini
Nn. alveolares superiores
Rami alveolares superiores poste-
riores
N. infraorbitalis
R. alveolaris superior medius
Rami alveolares superiores ante-
riores
Plexus dentalis superior
Rami dentales superiores
Rami gingivales superiores
Rami palpebrales inferiores
Rami nasales externi
Rami nasales interni
Rami labiales superiores
Ganglion s p h e n o p a 1 a t i -
n u m
Rami orbitales
N. canalis pterygoidei [Vidii]
N. petrosus superficialis major
•N. petrosus profundus
Rami nasales posteriores superiores
laterales
Rami nasales posteriores superiores
mediales
N. nasopalatinus [Scarpae]
Rami nasales posteriores inferiores
[laterales]
Nn. palatini
N. palatinus anterior
N. palatinus medius
N. palatinus posterior
N. mandibularis
N. spinosus
N. masticatorius
N. massetericus
Nn. temporales profundi
N. temporalis profundus posterior
Neurology
82
Trigeminal nerve (O. T. fifth
nerve)
Larger (sensory) root
Semilunar ganglion (O. T. Gasserian
ganglion)
Smaller (motor) root
Ophthalmic nerve
Nerve to the tentorium
Lacrimal nerve
Ramus anastomosing with zygomatic
nerve
Frontal nerve
Supraorbital nerve
Frontal ramus
Supratrochlear nerve
Nasociliary nerve (O. T. nasal nerve)
Long root of the ciliary ganglion
Long ciliary nerves
Posterior ethmoidal nerve
Anterior ethmoidal nerve
Anterior nasal rami
Internal nasal rami
Lateral nasal rami
Medial nasal rami
External nasal ramus
Infratrochlear nerve
Superior palpebral ramus
Inferior palpebral ramus
Ciliary ganglion (O. T. len-
ticular or ophthalmic
ganglion
Short ciliary nerves
Maxillary nerve (0, T. superior
maxillary)
Middle meningeal nerve (O. T. recur-
rent)
Zygomatic nerve (O. T. orbital or
temporomalar)
Zygomaticotemporal ramus
Zygomaticofacial ramus
Sphenopalatine nerves
Superior alveolar nerves
Posterior superior alveolar rami (O.
T. posterior superior dental)
Infraorbital nerve
Middle superior alveolar ramus (O.
T. middle superior dental)
Anterior superior alveolar rami (O.
T. anterior superior dental)
Superior dental plexus
Superior dental rami
Superior gingival rami
Inferior palpebral rami
External nasal rami
Internal nasal rami
Superior labial rami
Sphenopalatine ganglion
(O. T. Meckel's ganglion)
Orbital rami
Nerve of the pterygoid canal, or Vidian
nerve
Larger superficial petrosal nerve
Deep petrosal nerve (O. T. great deep
peti'osal branch of carotid plexus)
Lateral superior posterior nasal rami
Medial superior posterior nasal rami
Nasopalatine nerve of Scarpa
Lateral inferior posterior nasal rami
Palatine nerves
Anterior palatine nerve
Middle palatine nerve (O. T. exter-
nal palatine)
Posterior palatine nerve
Mandibular nerve (0. T. inferior
maxillary)
Spinosus nerve (O. T. recurrent nerve)
Masticator nerve
Masseteric nerve
Deep temporal nerves
Posterior deep temporal nerve
83
Anatomical Nomenclature
N. temporalis profundus anterior
N. buccinatorius
N. pterygoideus externus
N. pterygoideus internus
N. auriculotemporalis
N. meatus auditorii externi
R. membranae tympani
Rami parotidei
Rami anastomotici cum n. faciali
Nn. auriculares anteriores
Rami temporales superficiales
N. lingualis
Rami isthmi faucium
Rami anastomotici cum n. hypo-
glosso
N. sublingualis
Rami linguales
N. alveolaris inferior
Plexus dentalis inferior
Rami dentales inferiores
Rami gingivales inferiores
N. mylohyoideus
N. mentalis
Rami mentales
Rami labiales inferiores
Ganglion oticum
N. petrosus superficialis minor
N. tensoris veli palatini
N. tensoris tympani
Ramus anastomoticus cum n. spinoso
R. anastomoticus cum n. auriculo-
temporali
Ramus anastomoticus cum chorda
tympani
Gan glion submaxillare
Rami communicantes cum n. linguali
Rami submaxillares
N. abducens
N. facialis
Geniculum n. facialis
Ganglion geniculi
N. stapedius
Ramus anastomoticus cum plexu
tympanico
N. auricularis posterior
Ramus occipitalis
Ramus digastricus
Ramus stylohyoideus
Ramus anastomoticus cum n. glosso-
pharyngeo
Plexus parotideus
Rami temporales
Rami zygomatici
Rami buccales
Ramus marginalis mandibulae
Ramus colli
N. intermedins
Chorda tympani
N. acusticus
Radix vestibularis
Radix cochlearis
Fila anastomotica
N. V e s t i b u 1 i
Ganglion vestibulare
N. utricularis
N. ampullaris superior
N. ampullaris lateralis
N. ampullaris inferior
N. cochleae
Ganglion spirale
N. saccularis
N. glossopharyngeus
Ganglion superius
Neurology
83
Anterior deep temporal nerve
Buccinator nerve
External pterygoid nerve
Internal pterygoid nerve
Auriculotemporal nerve
Nerve of external auditory meatus
Ramus to tympanic membrane
Parotid rami
Anastomotic rami to the facial nerve
Anterior auricular nerves
Superficial temporal rami
Lingual nerve
Rami to the isthmus of the fauces
Anastomotic rami to the hypoglossal
nerve
Sublingual nerve
Lingual rami
Inferior alveolar nerve (O. T. inferior
dental)
Inferior dental plexus
Inferior dental rami
Inferior gingival rami
Mylohyoid nerve
Mental nerve
Rami to chin
Rami to lower lip
Otic ganglion (O. T. ganglion
of Arnold)
Lesser superficial petrosal nerve
Nerve of tensor muscle of palatine
curtain
Nerve of tensor muscle of tympanum
Anastomotic ramus with spinosus
nerve
Anastomotic ramus with auriculo-
temporal nerve
Anastomotic ramus with chorda tym-
pani
Submaxillary ganglion
Rami communicating with lingual
nerve
Submaxillary rami
Abducent nerve (O. T. sixth
nerve)
Facial nerve (O. T. seventh nerve)
Knee of the facial nerve
Ganglion of the knee (official nerve)
Nerve to the stapedius muscle
Ramus anastomosing with tympanic
plexus (O. T. tympanic branch)
Posterior auricular nerve
Occipital ramus
Digastric ramus
Stylohyoid ramus
Ramus anastomosing with glossopha-
ryngeal nerve
Parotid plexus
Temporal rami
Zygomatic rami
Buccal rami
Ramus of margin of jaw
Ramus to neck
Intermediate nerve (O. T.
pars intermedia of
Wrisberg, or sensory
part of facial nerve)
Cord of tympanum
Acoustic nerve (O. T. auditory
nerve)
Vestibular root
Cochlear root
Anastomotic fibres
Vestibular nerve
Vestibular ganglion
Utricular nerve
Superior ampullar nerve
Lateral ampullar nerve
Inferior ampullar nerve
Nerve of the cochlea
Spiral ganglion
Saccular nerve
Glossopharyngeal nerve
Upper ganglion (O. T. jugular gang-
lion)
84
Anatomical Nomenclature
Ganglion petrosum
N. tympanicus
Intumescentia tympanica
Plexus tympanicus [Jacobsoni]
N. caroticotympanicus superior
N. caroticotympanicus inferior
Ramus tubae
R. anastomoticus cum ramo auriculari
n. vagi
Rami pharyngei
Ramus stylopharyngeus
Rami tonsi Hares
Rami linguales
N. vagus
Ganglion jugulare
Ganglion nodosum
Ramus meningeus
Ramus auricularis
R. anastomoticus cum n. glossopha-
ryngeo
Rami pharyngei
Plexus pharyngeus
N. laryngeus superior
Ramus externus
Ramus internus
Ramus anastomoticus cum n. laryn-
geo inferiore
Rami cardiaci superiores
(N. depressor)
N. recurrens
Rami cardiaci inferiores
Rami tracheales
Rami oesophagei
N. laryngeus inferior
Ramus anterior
Ramus posterior
Rami bronchiales anteriores
Rami bronchiales posteriores
Plexus pulmonalis anterior
Plexus pulmonalis posterior
Rami oesophagei
Plexus oesophageus anterior
Plexus oesophageus posterior
Rami gastrici
Plexus gastricus anterior
Plexus gastricus posterior
Rami hepatici
Rami coeliaci
Rami lienales
Rami renales
N. accessorius
Ramus internus
Ramus externus
N. hypoglossus
Ramus descendens
Ansa hypoglossi
Ramus thyreohyoideus
Rami linguafes
N. spinales
Fila radicularia
Radix anterior
Radix posterior
Ganglion spinale
Ramus anterior
Ramus posterior
Ramus communicans
Ramus meningeus
Cauda equina
Ansae
Neurology
84
Petrous ganglion (O. T. ganglion of
Andersch)
Tympanic nerve (O. T. Jacobson's
nerve)
Tympanic swelling
Tympanic plexus
Superior caroticotympanic nerve
Inferior caroticotympanic nerve
Tubal ramus
Ramus anastomosing with the auricu-
lar branch of the vagus
Pharyngeal rami
Stylopharyngeal ramus
Tonsillar rami (O. T. tonsillitic
branches)
Lingual rami (O. T. terminal rami)
Vagus nerve (O. T. pneuniogas=
trie nerve)
Jugular ganglion (O. T. ganglion of
the root)
Knotty ganglion (O. T. ganglion of the
trunk)
Meningeal ramus (O. T. recurrent
branch)
Auricular ramus (O. T. Arnold's
nerve)
Ramus anastomosing with glosso-
pharyngeal nerve
Pharyngeal rami
Pharyngeal plexus
Superior laryngeal nerve
External ramus
Internal ramus
Ramus anastomosing with inferior
laryngeal nerve
Superior cardiac rami
Depressor nerve
Recurrent nerve (O. T. recurrent
laryngeal)
Inferior cardiac rami (O. T. cardiac
branches of recurrent laryngeal)
Tracheal rami
Oesophageal rami
Inferior laryngeal nerve
Anterior ramus
Posterior ramus
Anterior bronchial rami
Posterior bronchial rami
Anterior pulmonary plexus
Posterior pulmonary plexus
Oesophageal rami
Anterior oesophageal plexus (O. T.
plexus gulae)
Posterior oesophageal plexus (O. T.
plexus gulae)
Gastric rami
Anterior gastric plexus
Posterior gastric plexus
Hepatic rami
Coeliac rami
Splenic rami
Renal rami
Accessory nerve (O. T. spinal
accessory)
Internal ramus (O, T. accessory por-
tion)
External ramus (O. T. spinal portion)
Hypoglossal nerve
Descending ramus
Loop of the hypoglossus
Thyreohyoid ramus
Lingual rami
Spinal nerves
Radicular fibres
Anterior root
Posterior root
Spinal ganglion
Anterior ramus
Posterior ramus
Communicating ramus
Meningeal ramus
Cauda equina (" horse's tail ")
Loops
8s
Anatomical Nomenclature
Nn. cervicales
Rami posteriores
Ramus medialis
Ramus lateralis
N. suboccipitalis
N. occipitalis major
(N. occipitalis tertius)
Rami anteriores
Plexus cervicalis
N. occipitalis minor
N. auricularis magnus
Ramus posterior
Ramus anterior
N. cutaneus colli
Rami superiores
Rami inferiores
Nn. supraclaviculares
Nn. supraclaviculares anteriores
Nn. supraclaviculares medii
Nn. supraclaviculares posteriores
N. phrenicus
Ramus pericardiacus
Rami phrenicoabdominales
Plexus brachialis
Pars s u p r a c 1 a V i c u 1 a r i s
Nn. thoracales posteriores
N. dorsalis scapulae
N. thoracalis longus
Nn. thoracales anteriores
N. subclavius
N. suprascapularis
Nn. subscapulares
N. thoracodorsalis
N. axillaris
Rami musculares
N. cutaneus brachii lateralis
Pars i n f r a c 1 a V i c u la r is
Fasciculus lateralis
Fasciculus medialis
Fasciculus posterior
N. musculocutaneus
Rami musculares
N. cutaneus antibrachii lateralis
N. cutaneus brachii medialis
N. cutaneus antibrachii medialis
Ramus volaris
Ramus ulnaris
N. medianus
Rami musculares
N. interosseus [antibrachii] volaris
Ramus palmaris n. mediani
Ramus anastomoticus cum n. ulnari
Nn. digitales volares communes
Nn. digitales volares proprii
N. ulnaris
Ramus cutaneus palmaris
Ramus dorsalis manus
Neurology
8s
Cervical nerves
Posterior rami (O. T. posterior pri-
mary divisions)
Medial ramus
Lateral ramus
Suboccipital nerve (O. T. posterior
primary division of first cervical
nerve)
Larger occipital nerve (O. T. great
occipital, or medial branch of pos-
terior primary division of second cer-
vical nerve)
Third occipital nerve (O. T. third oc-
cipital, or medial branch of the pos-
terior primary division of the third
cervical nerve)
Anterior rami (O. T. anterior primary
divisions)
Cervical plexus
Lesser occipital nerve
Great auricular nerve
Posterior ramus
Anterior ramus
Cutaneous nerve of the front, of the
neck (O. T. superficial cervical)
Upper rami
Lower rami
Supraclavicular nerves
Anterior supraclavicular nerves (O.
T. suprasternal)
Middle supraclavicular nerves (O.
T. supraclavicular)
Posterior supraclavicular nerves (O
T. supra-acromial)
Phrenic nerve
Pericardiac ramus
Phrenicoabdominal rami
Brachial plexus
Supraclavicular part
Posterior thoracic nerves
Dorsal nerve of scapula (O. T. nerve
to the rhomboids)
Long thoracic nerve (O. T. external
respiratory nerve of Bell, or pos-
terior thoracic)
Anterior thoracic nerves
Subclavius nerve
Suprascapular nerve
Subscapular nerves
Thoracodorsal nerve (O. T. long sub-
scapular nerve)
Axillary nerve (O. T. circumflex)
Muscular rami
Lateral cutaneous nerve of arm
Infraclavicular part
Lateral fasciculus (O. T. outer cord)
Medial fasciculus (O. T. inner cord)
Posterior fasciculus (O. T. posterior
cord)
Musculocutaneous nerve
Muscular branches
Lateral cutaneous nerve of forearm
(O. T. terminal cutaneous branch)
Medial nerve of upper arm (O. T. les-
ser internal cutaneous, or nerve of
Wrisberg)
Medial nerve of forearm (O. T. inter-
nal cutaneous)
Volar ramus (O. T. anterior branch)
Ulnar ramus (O. T. posterior branch
Median nerve
Muscular rami
Volar interosseous nerve of forearm
(O.'T. anterior interosseous)
Palmar ramus of median nerve (O.T.
median palmar cutaneous)
Ramus anastomosing with ulnar nerve
Common volar digital nerves
Proper volar digital nerves (O. T. col-
lateral palmar digital nerves)
Ulnar nerve
Palmar cutaneous ramus
Dorsal ramus of hand (O. T. dorsal
cutaneous)
S6
Anatomical Nomenclature
Nn. digitales dorsales
Ramus volaris manus
Ramus superficialis
Nn. digitales volares communes
Nn. digitales volares proprii
Ramus profundus
Rami musculares
N. radialis
N. cutaneus brachii posterior
Rami musculares
N. cutaneus antibrachii dorsalis
Ramus profundus
N. interosseus [antibrachii] dorsalis
Ramus superficialis
Ramus anastomoticus ulnaris
Nn. lumbales, sacrales, coccygeus
Nn. lumbales
Rami posteriores
Ramus medialis
Ramus lateralis
Nn. clunium superiores
Rami anteriores
Nn. sacrales et coccygeus:
Rami posteriores
Ramus medialis
Ramus lateralis
Nn. clunium medii
.Plexus lumbosacralis
Plexus lumbalis
Rami musculares ,
N. iliohypogastricus
Rami musculares
Ramus cutaneus lateralis
Ramus cutaneus anterior
Nn. digitales dorsales
Nn. thoracales
Rami posteriores
Ramus cutaneus lateralis
Ramus cutaneus medialis
Rami anteriores [Nn. intercostales]
Rami musculares
Ramus cutaneus lateralis [pecto-
ralis et abdominalis]
Ramus posterior
Ramus anterior
Rami mammarii laterales
Nn. intercostobrachiales
Ramus cutaneus anterior [pecto-
ralis et abdominalis]
Rami mammarii mediales
N. ilioinguinalis
Rami musculares
Nn. scrotales anteriores
Nn. labiales anteriores
N. genitofemoralis
N. lumboinguinalis
N. spermaticus externus
N. cutaneus femoris lateralis
N. obturatorius
Ramus anterior
Ramus cutaneus
Ramus posterior
Neurology
86
Dorsal digital nerves
Volar ramus of hand
Superficial ramus
Common volar digital nerves
Proper volar digital nerves (O. T
collateral palmar digital)
Deep ramus
Muscular rami
Radial nerve (0. T. musculospiral)
Posterior cutaneous nerve of upper
arm (O. T. upper external cuta-
neous branch of musculospiral)
Muscular rami
Dorsal cutaneous nerve of forearm
(O. T. lower external cutaneous
branch of musculospiral)
Deep ramus
Dorsal interosseous nerve of forearm
(O. T. posterior interosseous)
Superficial ramus (O. T. radial branch
of musculospiral)
Ramus anastomosing with ulnar
nerve
Dorsal digital nerves
Thoracic nerves
Posterior rami
Lateral cutaneous ramus
Medial cutaneous ramus
Anterior rami [intercostal nerves]
Muscular rami
Lateral cutaneous ramus (of breast
and abdomen)
Posterior ramus
Anterior ramus
Lateral mammary rami
Intercostobrachial nerves (O. T. in-
tercosto-humeral nerves)
Anterior cutaneous ramus (of breast
and abdomen)
Medial mammary rami
Lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal
nerves
Lumbar nerves
Posterior rami
Medial ramus
Lateral ramus
Superior clunial nerves
Anterior rami
Sacral and coccygeal nerves
Posterior rami
Medial ramus
Lateral ramus
Middle clunial nerves
Ltunbosacral plexus
Lumbar plexus
Muscular rami
Iliohypogastric nerve
Muscular rami
Lateral cutaneous ramus (O. T. iliac
branch of hypogastric)
Anterior cutaneous ramus (O. T. hy-
pogastric branch)
Ilio-inguinal nerve
Muscular rami
Anterior scrotal nerves
Anterior labial nerves
Genitofemoral nerve (0. T. genito-
crural nerve)
Lumbo-inguinal nerve (O. T. crural
branch of genitocrural)
External spermatic nerve (O. T. geni-
tal branch of genitocrural)
Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh
(0. T. external cutaneous)
Obturator nerve
Anterior ramus
Cutaneous ramus
Posterior ramus
87
Anatomical Nomenclature
N. femoralis N. tibialis
Rami cutanei anteriores
Rami musculares
N. saphenus
Ramus infrapatellaris
Rami cutanei cruris mediales
Plexus sacralis
Truncus lumbosacralis
N. glutaeus superior
N. glutaeus inferior
N. cutaneus femoris posterior
Nn. clunium inferiores
Rami perineales
N. ischiadicus
Rami musculares
N. peronaeus communis
Rami musculares
N. cutaneus surae lateralis
Ramus anastomoticus peronaeus
N. peronaeus superficialis
Rami musculares
N. cutaneus dorsalis medialis
N. cutaneus dorsalis intermedins
Nn. digitales dorsales pedis
N. peronaeus profundus
Rami musculares
Nn. digitales dorsales hallucis late-
ralis et digiti secundi medialis
Rami musculares
N. interosseus cruris
N. cutaneus surae medialis
[N. suralis]
Rami calcanei laterales
N. cutaneus dorsalis lateralis
Rami calcanei mediales
N. plantaris medialis
Nn. digitales plantares communes
Nn. digitales plantares proprii
N. plantaris lateralis
Ramus superficialis
Nn. digitales plantares com-
munes
Nn. digitales plantares proprii
Ramus profundus
Plexus pudendus
Nn. haemorrhoidales medii
Nn. vesicales inferiores
Nn. vaginales
N. pudendus
Nn. haemorrhoidales inferiores
N. perinei
Nn. scrotales posteriores
Nn. labiales posteriores
N. dorsalis penis
N. dorsalis clitoridis
N. coccygeus
Plexus coccygeus
Nn. anococcygei
Neurology
87
Femoral nerve (0. T. anterior
crural)
Anterior cutaneous rami
Muscular rami
Saphenous nerve (O. T. long saphe-
nous)
Infrapatellar ramus (O. T. patellar
branch or long saphenous)
Medial cutaneous rami of leg .
Sacral plexus
Lumbosacral trunk (O. T. lumbosa-
cral cord)
Superior gluteal nerve
Inferior gluteal nerve
Posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh
Inferior nerves of buttock
Perineal rami
Sciatic nerve (0. T. great sciatic)
Muscular rami
Common peroneal nerve (O. T. exter-
nal popliteal)
Muscular rami
Lateral cutaneous nerve of calf
Peroneal anastomotic ramus (O. T.
nervus communicans fibularis)
Superficial peroneal nerve (O. T. mus-
culocutaneous)
Muscular rami
Medial dorsal cutaneous nerve
Intermediate dorsal cutaneous nerve
Dorsal digital nerves of foot
Deep peroneal nerve (O. T. anterior
tibial)
Muscular rami
Dorsal digital nerves to lateral sur-
face of hallux and to medial sur-
face of second digit
Tibial nerve (O. T. internal popliteal
nerve)
Muscular rami
Interosseous nerve of the leg
Medial cutaneous nerve of the calf
(O. T. nervus communicans tib-
ialis)
Nerve of the calf (O. T. short saphe-
nous nerve)
Lateral calcanean rami
Lateral dorsal cutaneous nerve
Medial calcanean rami
Medial plantar nerve (O. T. internal
.plantar)
Common digital plantar nerves
Proper digital plantar nerves
Lateral plantar nerve (O. T. external
plantar)
Superficial ramus
Common digital plantar nerves
Proper digital plantar nerves
Deep ramus
Pudendal plexus
Middle hemorrhoidal nerves
Inferior vesical nerves
Vaginal nerves
Pudendal nerve (O. T. pudic nerve)
Inferior hemorrhoidal nerves
Nerve of perineum
Posterior scrotal nerves
Posterior labial nerves
Dorsal nerve of penis
Dorsal nerve of clitoris
• Coccygeal nerve
Coccygeal plexus
Anococcygeal nerves
II
88
Anatomical Nomenclature
Systema nervorum sympathicum
Truncus sympathicus
Ganglia trunci sympathici
Plexus sympathici
Ganglia plexuum sympathicorum
Pars cephalica et cervicalis s.
sympathici
Ganglion cervicale superius
N. jugularis
N. caroticus internus
Plexus caroticus internus
Plexus cavernosus
Plexus arteriae cerebri anterioris
Plexus arteriae cerebri mediae
Plexus arteriae chorioideae
Plexus ophthalmicus
Radices sympathicae ganglii ciliaris
Nn. carotici externi
Plexus caroticus externus.
Plexus thyreoideus superior
Plexus lingualis
Plexus maxillaris externus
Radix sympathica ganglii submaxil-
laris
Plexus occipitalis
Plexus auricularis posterior
Plexus temporalis superficialis
Plexus maxillaris internus
Plexus meningeus
Plexus caroticus communis
Rami laryngopharyngei
Plexus pharyngeus ascendens
N. cardiacus superior
Ganglion cervicale medium
N. cardiacus medius
Ganglion cervicale inferius
Ansa subclavia [Vieussenii]
N. cardiacus inferior
Plexus subclavius
Plexus mammarius internus
Plexus thyreoideus inferior
Plexus vertebralis
Pars thoracalis s. sympathici
Ganglia thoracalia
N. splanchnicus major
Ganglion splanchnicum
N. splanchnicus minor
Ramus renalis
(N. splanchnicus imus)
Plexus aorticus thoracalis
Plexus cardiacus
Plexus coronarius cordis anterior
Ganglion cardiacum [Wrisbergi]
Plexus coronarius posterior
Rami pulmonales
Plexus pulmonalis
Pars abdominalis et pelvina s.
sympathici
Ganglia lumbalia
Ganglia sacralia
Plexus aorticus abdominalis
Plexus coeliacus
Ganglia coeliaca
Ganglion mesentericum superius
Plexus phrenicus
Ganglia phrenica
Plexus hepaticus
Plexus lienalis
Plexus gastricus superioT
Plexus gastricus inferior
Plexus suprarenalis
Plexus renalis
Plexus spermaticus
Plexus arteriae ovaricae
Plexus mesentericus superior
Plexus myentericus
Neurology
Sympathetic system of nerves
Sympathetic trunk
Ganglia of the sympathetic trunk
Sympathetic plexuses
Ganglia of the sympathetic plexuses
Cephalic and cervical portions of
the sympathetic system
Superior cervical ganglion
Jugular nerve
Internal carotid nerve
Internal carotid plexus
Cavernous plexus
Plexus of anterior cerebral artery
Plexus of middle cerebral artery
Plexus of chorioid artery
Ophthalmic plexus
Sympathetic roots of ciliary ganglion
External carotid nerves
External carotid plexus
Superior thyreoid plexus
Lingual plexus
External maxillary plexus
Sympathetic root of the submaxillary
ganglion
Occipital plexus
Posterior auricular plexus
Superficial temporal plexus
Internal maxillary plexus
Meningeal plexus
Common carotid plexus
Laryngopharyngeal rami
Ascending pharyngeal plexus
Superior cardiac nerve
Middle cervical ganglion
Middle cardiac nerve
Inferior cervical ganglion
Subclavian loop
Inferior cardiac nerve
Subclavian plexus
Internal mammary plexus
Inferior thyreoid plexus
Vertebral plexus
Thoracic portion of the sympa-
thetic system
Thoracic ganglia
Greater splanchnic nerve
Splanchnic ganglion
Lesser splanchnic nerve
Renal ramus
Lowermost splanchnic nerve (O. T.
smallest splanchnic)
Thoracic aortic plexus
Cardiac plexus
Anterior coronary plexus of heart
Cardiac ganglion of Wrisberg
Posterior coronary plexus
Pulmonary rami
Pulmonary plexus
Abdominal and pelvic portions of
the sympathetic system
Lumbar ganglia
Sacral ganglia
Abdominal aortic plexus
Coeliac plexus
Coeliac ganglia
Superior mesenteric ganglion
Phrenic plexus
Phrenic ganglia
Hepatic plexus
Splenic plexus
Superior gastric plexus
Inferior gastric plexus
Suprarenal plexus
Renal plexus
Spermatic plexus
Plexus of the ovarian artery
Superior mesenteric plexus
Myenteric plexus (O. T. plexus of
Auerbach)
89
Anatomical Nomenclature
Plexus submucosus
Plexus mesentericus inferior
Nn. haemorrhoidales superiores
Plexus haemorrhoidalis superior
Plexus iliacus
Plexus hypogastricus
Plexus haemorrhoidalis medius
Plexus prostaticus
Plexus deferentialis
Plexus uterovaginalis
Plexus vesicalis
Nn. vesicales superiores
Nn. vesicales inferiores
Plexus cavernosus penis
N. cavernosus penis major
Nn. cavernosi penis minores
Plexus cavernosus clitoridis
N. cavernosus clitoridis major
Nn. cavernosi clitoridis minores
Plexus femoralis
Plexus popliteus
Or^ana sensuum ct Integumentum commune
Organon visus
Oculus
N. opticus
Vaginae n. optici
Spatia intervaginalia
Bulbus oculi
Polus anterior
Polus posterior
Aequator
Meridian!
Axis oculi externa
Axis oculi interna
Axis optica
[Linea visus]
Vesicula ophthalmica
Caliculus ophthalmicus
Tunica fibrosa oculi
Sclera
Sulcus sclerae
Rima cornealis
Sinus venosus sclerae [Canalis
Schlemmi, Lauthi]
Lamina fusca
Lamina cribrosa sclerae
(Raphe sclerae)
(Funiculus sclerae)
Cornea
Annulus conjunctivae
Vertex corneae
Limbus corneae
Facies anterior
Facies posterior
Epithelium corneae
Lamina elastica anterior [Bowmani]
Substantia propria
Lamina elastica posterior [Demoursi,
Descemeti]
Endothelium camerae anterioris
Tunica vasculosa oculi
Chorioidea
Lamina suprachorioidea
Spatium perichorioideale
Lamina vasculosa
Lamina choriocapillaris
Lamina basahs
(Raphe chorioideae)
Sense Organs and Common Integument
89
Plexus of submucosa (O. T. plexus
of Meissner)
Inferior mesenteric plexus
Superior hemorrhoidal nerves
Superior hemorrhoidal plexus
Iliac plexus
Hypogastric plexus
Middle hemorrhoidal plexus
Prostatic plexus
Deferential plexus
Uterovaginal plexus
Vesical plexus
Superior vesical nerves
Inferior vesical nerves
Cavernous plexus of penis
Larger cavernous nerve of penis
Lesser cavernous nerves of penis
Cavernous plexus of clitoris
Larger cavernous nerve of clitoris
Lesser cavernous nerves of clitoris
Femoral plexus
Popliteal plexus
Sense organs and common integument
Organ of vision
Eye
Optic nerve
Sheaths of the optic nerve
Intervaginal spaces
Eyeball
Anterior pole
Posterior pole
Equator
Meridian
External axis of eye
Internal axis of eye
Optic axis
Line of vision
Ophthalmic vesicle
Ophthalmic cup
Fibrous tunic of eye
Sclera (0. T. sclerotic coat)
Sulcus of the sclera
Cleft for the cornea
Venous sinus of the sclera, or canal of
Schlemm
Brown layer
Perforated layer of the sclera
Ridge of the sclera
Funiculus of the sclera
Cornea
Ring of conjunctiva
Vertex of cornea
Border of cornea
Anterior surface
Posterior surface
Epithelium of cornea
Anterior elastic layer (O. T. Bow-
man's membrane)
Proper substance
Posterior elastic layer (O. T. Desce-
met's membrane)
Endothelium of anterior chamber
Vascular coat of eye
Chorioid
Suprachorioid layer
Perichorioideal space
Vascular layer
Choriocapillary layer (O. T. tunica
Ruyschiana)
Basal layer
Raphe of chorioid
90
Anatomical Nomenclature
Corpus ciliare
Corona ciliaris
Processus ciliares
Plicae ciliares
Orbiculus ciliaris
M. ciliaris
Fibrae meridionales [Brueckei]
Fibrae circulares [Muelleri]
Plexus gangliosus ciliaris
Iris
Margo pupillaris
Margo ciliaris
Facies anterior
Facies posterior
Annulus iridis major
Annulus iridis minor
Plicae iridis
Pupilla
M. sphincter pupillae
Stroma iridis
M. dilatator pupillae
Lig. pectinatum iridis
Spatia anguli iridis [Fontanae]
Circulus arteriosus major
Circulus arteriosus minor
Memhrana pupillaris
Stratum pigmenti
Stratum pigmenti retinae
Stratum pigmenti corporis ciliaris
Stratum pigmenti iridis
Retina
Pars optica retinae
Ora serrata
Pars ciliaris retinae
Papilla n. optici
Excavatio papillae n. optici
Macula lutea
Fovea centralis
Vasa sanguinea retinae
Circulus vasculosus n. optici [Halleri]
Arteriola [Venula] temporalis retinae
superior
Arteriola [Venula] temporalis retinae
inferior
Arteriola [Venula] nasalis retinae
superior
Arteriola [Venula] nasalis retinae
inferior
Arteriola [Venula] macularis su-
perior
Arteriola [Venula] macularis in-
ferior
Arteriola [Venula] retinae medialis
Camera oculi anterior
Angulus iridis
Camera oculi posterior
Corpus vitreum
A. hyaloidea
Canalis hyaloideus
Fossa hyaloidea
Membrana hyaloidea
Stroma vitreum
Humor vitreus
Lens crystallina
Substantia lentis
Substantia corticalis
Nucleus lentis
Fibrae lentis
Epithelium lentis
Capsula lentis
Polus anterior lentis
Polus posterior lentis
Facies anterior lentis
Facies posterior lentis
Axis lentis
Aequator lentis
Radii lentis
Sense Organs and Common Integument
90
Ciliary body
Ciliary wreath
Ciliary processes
Ciliary folds
Ciliary disk
Ciliary muscle
Meridional fibres
Circular fibres
Ciliary ganglionic plexus
Iris, or diaphragm of the eye
Pupillary margin
Ciliary margin
Anterior surface
Posterior surface
Greater ring of iris
Lesser ring of iris
Folds of iris
Pupil
Sphincter muscle of pupil
Stroma of iris
Dilator muscle of pupil
Pectinate ("comb-like") ligament of
iris (O. T. pillars of the iris)
Spaces of the angle of the iris (O. T.
spaces of Fontana)
Greater arterial circle
Lesser arterial circle
Pupillary membrane
Layer of pigment
Pigment layer of the retina
Pigment layer of ciliary body
Pigment layer of iris
Retina
Optic part of retina
Serrated edge
Ciliary part of retina
Papilla of optic nerve
Ej^cavation of papilla of optic nerve
Yellow spot
Central fovea
Blood vessels of the retina
Vascular circle of the optic nerve
Superior arteriole (venule) of temporal
retina
Inferior arteriole (venule) of temporal
retina
Superior arteriole (venule) of nasal ret-
ina
Inferior arteriole (venule) of nasal ret-
ina
Superior macular arteriole (venule)
Inferior macular arteriole (venule)
Medial arteriole (venule) of retina
Anterior chamber of the eye
Angle of the iris (O. T. iridocorneal
angle)
Posterior chamber of the eye
Vitreous body
Hyaloid artery
Hyaloid canal (O. T. canal of Stilling)
Hyaloid fossa (O. T. fossa patellaris)
Hyaloid membrane
Vitreous stroma
Vitreous humor
Crystalline lens
Substance of the lens
Cortical substance
Nucleus of the lens
Fibres of the lens
Epithelium of the lens
Capsule of the lens
Anterior pole of lens
Posterior pole of lens
Anterior surface of lens
Posterior surface of lens
Axis of the lens
Equator of the lens
Radii of the lens
91
Zonula ciliaris [Zinni]
Fibrae zonulares
Spatia zonularia
Anatomical Nomenclature
Tarsus superior
Tarsus inferior
Organa oculi accessoria
Musculi oculi, Fasciae orbitales
M. orbitalis
M. rectus superior
M. rectus inferior
M. rectus medialis
M. rectus lateralis
Lacertus musculi recti lateralis
Annulus tendineus communis [Zinni]
M. obliquus superior
Trochlea
M. obliquus inferior
M. levator palpebrae superioris
Periorbita
Septum orbitale
Fasciae musculares
Fascia bulbi [Tenoni]
Spatium interfasciale [Tenoni]
Corpus adiposum orbitae
Supercilium
Palpebrae
Palpebra superior
Palpebra inferior
Facies anterior palpebrarum
Facies posterior palpebrarum
Rima palpebrarum
Commissura palpebrarum lateralis
Commissura palpebrarum medialis
Angulus oculi lateralis
Angulus oculi medialis
Limbi palpebrales anteriores
Limbi palpebrales posteriores
Lig. palpebrale mediale
Raphe palpebralis lateralis
Glandulae tarsales [Meibomi]
Sebum palpebrale
M. tarsalis superior
M. tarsalis inferior
Conjunctiva
Plica semilunaris conjunctivae
Caruncula lacrimalis
Tunica conjunctiva bulbi
Tunica conjunctiva palpebrarum
Fornix conjunctivae superior
Fornix conjunctivae inferior
Gl. mucosae [Krausei]
Noduli lymphatici conjunctivales
(Pinguecula)
Apparatus lacrimalis
Glandula lacrimalis superior
Glandula lacrimalis inferior
(Gl. lacrimales accessoriae)
DuctuK excretorii [gl. lacrimalis]
Rivus lacrimalis
Lacus lacrimalis
Puncta lacrimalia
Ductus lacrimales
Papillae lacrimales
Ampulla ductus lacrimalis
Saccus lacrimalis
Fornix sacci lacrimalis
Ductus nasolacrimalis
Plica lacrimahs [Hasneri]
Lacrimae
Sense Organs and Common Integument
91
Ciliary zonule (0. T. zonule of
Zinn)
Zonular fibres
Zonular spaces (O. T. canal of Petit)
Accessory organs of eye
Eye muscles, orbital fasciae
Orbital muscle
Superior straight muscle
Inferior straight muscle
Medial straight muscle (O. T. internal
rectus)
Lateral straight muscle (O. T. external
rectus)
Lacertus of lateral straight muscle
Common tendinous ring of Zinn
Superior oblique muscle
Pulley
Inferior oblique muscle
Levator muscle of superior lid
Periorbit
Orbital septum (O. T. palpebral liga-
ments)
Muscular fasciae
Fascia of ball (O. T. capsule of Tenon)
Interfascial space
Fat body of orbit
Eyebrow
Eyelids
Upper eyelid
Lower eyelid
Anterior surface of eyelids
Posterior surface of eyelids
Palpebral fissure
Lateral palpebral commissure (O. T.
external canthus)
Medial palpebral commissure (O. T.
internal canthus)
Lateral angle of the eye
Medial angle of the eye
Anterior palpebral margins
Posterior palpebral margins
Superior tarsus (O. T. superior tarsal
plate)
Inferior tarsus (O. T. inferior tarsal
plate)
Medial palpebral ligament (O. T, in-
ternal tarsal ligament)
Lateral palpebral raphe (O. T. exter-
nal tarsal ligament)
Tarsal glands (O. T. Meibomian
glands)
Palpebral sebum
Superior tarsal muscle
Inferior tarsal muscle (O. T. tensor
tarsi)
Conjunctiva or connecting
membrane
Semilunar fold of conjunctiva
Lacrimal caruncle
Conjunctival coat of eyeball
Conjunctival coat of eyelids
Superior fornix of conjunctiva
Inferior fornix of conjunctiva
Mucous glands of Krause
Conjunctival lymphatic nodules
Conjunctival fat
Lacrimal apparatus
Superior lacrimal gland
Inferior lacrimal gland
Accessory lacrimal glands
Excretory ductules of lacrimal gland
Lacrimal stream
Lacrimal lake
Lacrimal (punctate) openings
Lacrimal ducts
Lacrimal papillae
Ampulla of lacrimal duct
Lacrimal sac
Fornix, or summit of lacrimal sac
Nasolacrimal duct
Lacrimal fold of Hasner
Tears
92
Anatomical Nomenclature
Organon auditus
Auris interna
Labyrinthus membranaceus
Ductus endolymphaticus
Saccus endolymphaticus
Ductus utriculosaccularis
Utriculus
Ductus semicirculares
Ductus semicircularis superior
Ductus semicircularis posterior
Ductus semicircularis lateralis
Ampullae membranaceae
Sulcus ampullaris
Crista ampullaris
Ampulla membranacea superior
Ampulla membranacea posterior
Ampulla membranacea lateralis
Sacculus
Ductus reuniens [Henseni]
Maculae acusticae
Macula acustica utriculi
Macula acustica sacculi
Otoconia
Endolympha
Perilympha
Spatium perilymphaticum
Ductus perilymphatic!
Ductus cochlearis
Caecum cupulare
Caecum vestibulare
Lamina basilaris
Membrana vestibularis [Reissneri]
Lig. spirale cochleae
Prominentia spiralis
Stria vascularis
Sulcus spiralis
Labium tympanicum
Foramina nervosa
Labium vestibulare
Ganglion spirale cochleae
Organon spirale [Cortii]
Vasa auris internae
A. auditiva interna
Rami vestibulares
Ramus cochleae
Glomeruli arteriosi cochleae
Vv. auditivae internae
V. spiralis modioli
Vas prominens
Vv. vestibulares
V. aquaeductus vestibuli
V. canaliculi cochleae
Labyrinthus osseus
Vestibulum
Recessus sphaericus
Recessus ellipticus
Crista vestibuli
Pyramis vestibuli
Recessus cochlearis
Maculae cribrosae
Macula cribrosa superior
Macula cribrosa media
Macula cribrosa inferior
Canales semicirculares ossei
Canalis semicircularis superior
Canalis semicircularis posterior
Canalis semicircularis lateralis
Ampullae osseae
Ampulla ossea superior
Ampulla ossea posterior
Ampulla ossea lateralis
Crura ampullaria
Crus commune
Crus simplex
Cochlea
Cupula
Basis cochleae
Sense Organs and Common Integument
92
Organ of hearing
Internal ear
Membranous labyrinth
Endolymphatic duct
Endolymphatic sac
Utriculosaccular duct
Utricle
Semicircular ducts
Superior semicircular duct
Posterior semicircular duct
Lateral semicircular duct (O. T. ex-
ternal)
Membranous ampullae
AmpuUary sulcus
AmpuUary crest
Superior membranous ampulla
Posterior membranous ampulla
Lateral membranous ampulla
Saccule
Uniting duct (O. T. canalis reuniens)
Acoustic spots
Acoustic spot of utricle
Acoustic spot of saccule
Ear-stones
Endolymph
Perilymph
Perilymphatic space
Perilymphatic ducts
Cochlear duct (O. T. mem-
branous cochlea, or scala
media)
Cupular blind sac
Vestibular blind sac
Basilar layer
Vestibular membrane of Reissner
Spiral ligament of cochlea
Spiral prominence
Vascular stripe
Spiral sulcus
Tympanic lip
Openings for nerves
Vestibular lip
Spiral ganglion of cochlea
Spiral organ of Corti
Vessels of internal ear
Internal auditory artery
Vestibular rami
Cochlear ramus
Arterial glomeruli of cochlea
Internal auditory veins
Spiral vein of modiolus
Prominent vessel
Vestibular veins
Vein of aqueduct of vestibule
Vein of canaliculus of cochlea
Osseous labyrinth
Vestibule
Spherical recess (O. T. fovea hemi-
sphaerica)
ElHptical recess (O. T. fovea hemiel-
liptica)
Crest of vestibule «
Pyramid of vestibule
Cochlear recess
Perforated spots
Superior perforated spot
Middle perforated spot
Inferior perforated spot
Osseous semicircular canals
Superior semicircular canal
Posterior semicircular canal
Lateral semicircular canal (O. T. ex-
ternal)
Osseous ampullae
Superior osseous ampulla
Posterior osseous ampulla
Lateral osseous ampulla
AmpuUary limbs
Common limb
Simple limb
Cochlea (" snail shell ")
Cupola
Base of cochlea
93
Anatomical Nomenclature
Canalis spiralis cochleae
Modiolus
Basis modioli
Lamina modioli
Lamina spiralis ossea
Hamulus laminae spiralis
Scala vestibuli
Scala tympani
Helicotrema
Lamina spiralis secundaria
Canalis spiralis modioli
Canales longitudinales modioli
Meatus acusticus intemus
Porus acusticus internus
Fundus meatus acustici interni
Crista transversa
Area n. facialis
Area cochleae '
Tractus spiralis foraminosus
Area vestibularis superior
Area vestibularis inferior
Foramen singulare
Cavum tympani
Paries tegmentalis
Recessus epitympanicus
Pars cupularis
Paries jugularis
Prominentia styloidea
Paries labyrinthica
Fenestra vestibuli
Fossula fenestrae vestibuli
Promontorium
Sulcus promontorii
Subiculum promontorii
Sinus tympani
Fenestra cochleae
Fossula fenestrae cochleae
Crista fenestrae cochleae
Processus cochleariformis
Paries mastoidea
Antrum tympanicum
Prominentia canalis semicircularis
lateralis
Prominentia canalis facialis
Eminentia pyramidalis
Fossa incudis
Sinus posterior
Apertura tympanica canaliculi
chordae
Cellulae mastoideae
Cellulae tympanicae
Paries carotica
Paries membranacea
Membrana tympani
Pars flaccida
Pars tensa
Limbus membranae tympani
Plica malleolaris anterior
Plica malleolaris posterior
Prominentia malleolaris
Stria malleolaris
Umbo membranae tympani
Stratum cutaneum
Annulus fibrocartilagineus
Stratum radiatum
Stratum circulare
Stratum mucosum
Ossicula auditus
Stapes
Capitulum stapedis
Crus anterius
Crus posterius
Sense Organs and Common Integument
93
Spiral canal of cochlea
Modiolus (" screw ")
Base of modiolus
Shelf of modiolus
Osseous spiral shelf
Hooklet of spiral shelf
"Staircase" of vestibule
"Staircase" of tympanum
Helicotrema (" pore of the helix ")
Secondary spiral shelf
Spiral canal of modiolus
Longitudinal canals of modiolus
Internal acoustic meatus
Internal acoustic opening
Bottom of internal acoustic meatus
Transverse crest
Area of facial nerve
Area of cochlea
Foraminous spiral tract
Superior vestibular area
Inferior vestibular area
Isolated foramen
Cavity of tympanum
Tegmental wall
Epitympanic recess
Cupular portion
Jugular wall (O. T. floor)
Styloid prominence
Labyrinthic wall (O. T. in-
ner wall)
Fenestra ("window") of vestibule
(O. T. fenestra ovalis)
Little fossa of fenestra of vestibule
Promontory
Sulcus of promontory
Subiculum (" support ") of promon-
tory
Sinus of tympanum
Fenestra of cochlea (O. T. fenestra
rotunda)
Little fossa of fenestra of cochlea
Crest of fenestra of cochlea
Cochleariform process
Mastoid wall (O. T. pos-
terior wall)
Tympanic antrum (O. T. mastoidal
antrum)
Prominence of lateral semicircular
canal
Prominence of facial canal
Pyramidal eminence
Fossa of incus
Posterior sinus
Tympanic aperture of canaliculus of
chorda
Mastoid cells
Tympanic cells
Carotid wall (O. T. ante-
rior wa 1 1 )
Membranous wall (O. T.
outer wall)
Membrane of the tympanum (0. T.
drumhead)
Flaccid part
Tense part
Border of membrane of tympanum
Anterior malleolar fold
Posterior malleolar fold
Malleolar prominence
Malleolar stripe
Umbo ("prominent part") of tympanic
membrane
Cutaneous layer
Fibrocartilaginous ring
Radiate layer
Circular layer
Mucous layer
Auditory ossicles
Stirrup
Head of stirrup
Anterior limb
Posterior limb
94
Anatomical Nomenclature
Basis stapedis
Incus
Corpus incudis
Cms longum
Processus lenticularis
Crus breve
Malleus
Manubrium mallei
Capitulum mallei
Collum mallei
Processus lateralis
Processus anterior [Folii]
Articulationes ossiculorum auditus
Articulatio incudomalleolaris
Articulatio incudostapedia
Syndesmosis tympanostapedia
Ligg. ossiculorum auditus
Lig. mallei anterius
Lig. mallei superius
Lig. mallei laterale
Lig. incudis superius
Lig. incudis posterius
Membrana obturatoria (stapedis)
Lig. annulare baseos stapedis
[M. fixator baseos stapedis]
Musculi ossiculorum auditus
M. tensor tympani
M. stapedius
Tunica mucosa tympanica
(Gl. tympanicae)
Plica malleolaris posterior
Plica malleolaris anterior
Recessus membranae tympani anterior
Recessus tympani membranae superior
Recessus membranae tympani posterior
Plica incudis
Plica stapedis
Membrana tympani secundaria
Tuba auditiva [Eustachii]
Ostium tympanicum tubae auditivae
Pars ossea tubae auditivae
Isthmus tubae auditivae
Cellulae pneumaticae tubariae
Pars cartilaginae tubae auditivae
Cartilago tubae auditivae
Lamina [cartilaginis] medialis
Lamina [cartilaginis] lateralis
Lamina membranacea
Tunica mucosa
Gl. mucosae
Noduli lymphatici tubarii
Ostium pharyngeum tubae auditivae
Meatus acusticus externus
Poms acusticus externus
Incisura tympanica [Rivini]
Meatus acusticus externus cartilagi-
neus
Cartilago meatus acustici*
Incisurae cartilaginis meatus acus-
tici externi [Santorini]
Lamina tragi
Auriculae
Lobulus auriculae
Cartilago auriculae
Helix
Crus helicis
Spina helicis
Cauda helicis
Anthelix
Fossa triangularis [auriculae]
Crura anthelicis
Scapha
Concha auriculae
Cymba conchae
Cavum conchae
Antitragus
Sense Organs and Common Integument
94
Base of stirrup (O. T. foot-piece)
Anvil
Body of anvil
Long limb
Lenticular process
Short limb
Hammer
Handle of hammer
Head of hammer
Neck of hammer
Lateral process (O. T. processus
brevis)
Anterior process (O. T. processus
gracilis)
Joints of the auditory ossicles
Joint between anvil and hammer
Joint between anvil and stirrup
Junction of stirrup and tympanum
Ligaments of the auditory ossicles
Anterior ligament of hammer
Superior ligament of hammer
Lateral ligament of hammer (O. T.
external ligament)
Superior ligament of anvil
Posterior ligament of anvil
Obturator membrane of stirrup
Annular ligament of base of stirrup
Fixing muscle of the base of stirrup
Muscles of the auditory ossicles
Tensor muscle of the tympanum
Stapedius muscle
Tympanic mucous coat
Tympanic glands
Posterior maleolar fold
Anterior malleolar fold
Anterior recess of tympanic membrane
Superior recess of tympanic membrane
Posterior recess of tympanic membrane
Fold of anvil
Fold of stirrup
Secondary tympanic membrane
Auditory or Eustachian tube
Tympanic opening of auditory tube
Bony part of auditory tube
Isthmus of auditory tube
Tubal air cells
Cartilaginous part of auditory tube
Cartilage of auditory tube
Medial layer of cartilage
Lateral layer of cartilage
Membranous layer
Mucous membrane
Mucous glands
Tubal lymphatic nodules
Pharyngeal opening of auditory tube
External acoustic meatus
External acoustic opening
Tympanic incisure
Cartilaginous external acoustic meatus
Cartilage of acoustic meatus
Notches in cartilage of external
acoustic meatus
Layer of tragus
External ear, or auricle (O. T.
pinna)
Lobule of auricle
Cartilage of auricle
Coil
Limb of coil
Spine of coil
Tail of coil
Anthelix
Triangular fossa of auricle
Limbs of anthelix
Scapha ("skiff")
Concha ("shell") of auricle
Cymba (" boat ") of auricle
■ Cavity of concha
Antitragus
95
Anatomical Nomenclature
Tragus
Incisura anterior [auris]
Incisura intertragica
(Tuberculum auriculae [Darwini])
(Apex auriculae [Darwini])
Sulcus auriculae posterior
(Tuberculum supratragicum)
Isthmus cartilaginis auris
Incisura terminalis auris
Fissura antitragohelicina
Sulcus anthelicis transversus
Sulcus cruris helicis
Fossa anthelicis
Eminentia conchae
Eminentia scaphae
Eminentia fossae triangularis
Ligg. auricularia [Valsalvae]
Lig. auriculare anterius
Lig. auriculare superius
Lig. auriculare posterius
M. helicis major
M. helicis minor
M. tragicus
(M. pyramidalis auriculae [Jungi])
M. antitragicus
M. transversus auriculae
M. obliquus auriculae
(M. incisurae heHcis [Santorini])
Organon olfactus
Organon gustus
Calyculi gustatorii
Integumentum commune
Cutis
Sulci cutis
Cristas cutis
Retinacula cutis
Toruh tactiles
Foveola coccygea
Lig. caudale
Epidermis
Stratum corneum
Stratum germinativum [Malpighii]
Corium
Tunica propria
Corpus papillare
Papillae
Tela subcutanea
Panniculus adiposus
Corpuscula nervorum terminalia
Corpuscula bulboidea [Krausii]
Corpuscula lamellosa [Vateri, Pacini]
Corpuscula tactus [Meissneri]
Corpuscula nervorum genitalia
Corpuscula nervorum articularia
Pill
Lanugo
Capilli
Supercilia
Cilia
Barba
Tragi
Vibrissae
Hirci
Pubes
Folliculus pili
Fundus folliculi pili
Collum follicuh pili
Papilla pili
Scapus pili
Radix pili
Bulbus pili
Mm. arrectores pilorum
Flumina pilorum
Vortices pilorum
(Vortex coccygeus)
Sense Organs and Common Integument
95
Tragus ("goat")
Anterior notch of ear
Intertragic notch
Darwinian tubercle of auricle
Tip of ear
Posterior sulcus of auricle
Supratragic tubercle
Cartilaginous isthmus of ear
Terminal notch of ear
Antitragohelicine fissure
Transverse groove of anthelix
Groove of crus of helix
Fossa of anthelix
Eminence of concha
Eminence of scapha
Eminence of triangular fossa
Auricular ligaments of Valsalva
Anterior auricular ligament
Superior auricular ligament
Posterior auricular ligament
Larger muscle of helix
Smaller muscle of helix
Muscle of tragus
Pyramidal muscle of ear
Muscle of antitragus
Transverse muscle of auricle
Oblique muscle of auricle
Muscle of notch of helix
Organ of smell
Organ of taste
Taste buds
Common integument
Skin
Grooves of skin
Ridges of skin
Retaining bands or folds of skin
Tactile elevations
Coccygeal depression
Caudal ligament
Epidermis, or scarf skin
Horny layer
Germinative, or Malpighian layer
Corium, or leather skin
Proper tunic
Papillary body
Papillae
Subcutaneous tissue
Adipose panniculus ("garment") (O.
T. subcutaneous areolar tissue)
Terminal corpuscles of the nerves
Bulb-like corpuscles of Krause
Lamellated corpuscles of Vater or
Pacini
Touch corpuscle of Meissner
Genital corpuscles of the nerves
Articular corpuscles of the nerves
Hairs
Woolly hair
Hairs of the head
Hairs of the eyebrows
Eyelashes
Hairs of the beard
Hairs of the ear
Hairs of the nose
Axillary hairs
Pubic hairs
Hair follicle
Fundus of hair follicle
Neck of hair follicle
Papilla of hair
Shaft of hair
Root of hair
Bulb oi hair
Arrector muscles of the hairs
Hair streams
Hair whirlpools
Coccygeal whirlpool
96
Anatomical Nomenclature
Ungues
Matrix unguis
Cristae matricis unguis
Sulcus matricis unguis
Vallum unguis
Corpus unguis
Radix unguis
Lunula
Margo occultus
Margo liber
Margo lateralis
Stratum corneum unguis
Stratum germinativum unguis
Qlandulae cutis
Gl. glomiformes
Gl. sudoriferae
Corpus gl. sudoriferae
Ductus sudoriferus
Poms sudoriferus
Sudor
Gl. ciliares [Molli]
Gl. circumanales
Gl. ceruminosae
Cerumen
Glandulae sebaceae
Sebum cutaneum
Mamma
Papilla mammae
Corpus mammae
Lobi mammae
Lobuli mammae
Ductus lactiferi
Sinus lactiferi
Lac femininum
Colostrum
Areola mammae
Gl. sebaceae
Gl. areolares [Montgomerii]
Mamma virilis
(Mammae accessoriae [muliebres et
viriles])
Sense Organs and Common Integument
96
Nails
Bed of the nail
Crest of ungual matrix
Sulcus of ungual matrix
Wall of nail
Body of nail
Root of nail
Lunule
Hidden margin
Free margin
Lateral margin
Horny layer of nail
Germinative layer of nail
Glands of the skin
Coil glands
Sweat glands
Body of sweat gland
Sweat duct
Sweat pore
Sweat
Glands of the eyelashes of Moll
Circumanal glands
Wax glands
Wax
Sebaceous glands
Cutaneous sebum
Breast
Nipple of the breast
Body of the breast
Lobes of the breast
Lobules of breast
Lactiferous duct
Lactiferous sinus
Female milk
Colostrum
Areola of breast
Sebaceous glands
Areolar glands of Montgomery
Male breast
Accessory breasts, female and male
97
Anatomical Nomenclature
Regiones corporis humani
auctoribus Merkel, Rudinger, Toldt.
Linea mediana anterior
Linea mediana posterior
Linea sternalis
Linea parasternalis
Linea mamillaris
Linea axillaris
Linea scapularis
it palpebraHs stqter^
• " irtferwr
Regions of the Human Body 97
Regions of the human body
After the authors Merkel, Riidinger, Toldt.,
Anterior median line Mammillary line
Posterior median line Axillary line
Sternal line Scapular line
Parasternal line
98
Anatomical Nomenclature
Regiones capitis
Regio frontalis
Regio supraorbitalis
Regio parietalis
Regio occipitalis
Regio temporalis
Regio auricularis
Regio mastoidea
Regiones faciei
Regio nasalis
Regio parotideomasseterica
Fossa retromandibularis
Regiones colli
Regio colli anterior
Regio submentalis
Regio hyoidea
Regio subhyoidea
Regio laryngea
Regio thyreoidea
Regio suprasternalis
Regio oralis
Fossa jugularis
Regio labialis superior
Regio submaxillaris
Regio labialis inferior
Fossa carotica
Regio mentalis
Regio sternocleidomastoidea
Regio orbitalis
Fossa supraclavicularis minor
Regio palpebralis superior
Regio colli lateralis
Regio palpebralis inferior
Fossa supraclavicularis major
Regio infraorbitalis
Trigonum omoclaviculaire
Regio buccalis
Regio colli posterior
Regio zygomatica
Regio nuchae
Regions of the Human Body
98
Regions of the head
Region of the forehead
Supraorbital region
Parietal region
Region of the occiput
Region of the temple
Region of the ear
Region of the mastoid
Regions of the face
Region of the nose
Parotideomasseteric region
Retromandibular fossa
Regions of the neck
Anterior region of neck
Region under the chin
Region of the hyoid
Region below hyoid
Region of the larynx
Region of the thyreoid
Region above sternum
Region of the mouth
Region of the upper lip
Region of the lower lip
Region of the chin
Region of the eye
Region of upper eyelid
Region of lower eyelid
Infraorbital region
Region of the cheek
Region of the zygoma
Jugular fossa
Region below lower jaw
Carotid fossa
Region of the sternocleidomastoid
Lesser supraclavicular fossa
Regfon of the side of the neck
Larger supraclavicular fossa
Omoclavicular triangle
Region of the back of the neck
Region of the nape
99
Anatomical Nomenclature
Fovea nuchae
Regiones pectoris
Regio pectoris anterior
Regio sternalis
Regio clavicularis
Regio infraclavicularis
Trigonum deltoideopectorale
Regio mammalis
Regio inframammalis
Regio pectoris lateralis
Regio axillaris
Fossa axillaris
Regio mediana dorsi
Regio interscapularis
Regio scapularis
Regio suprascapularis
Regio infrascapularis
Regio lumbalis
Regio coxae
Regio sacralis
Regio glutaea
Regio perinealis
Regio analis
Regio urogenitalis
Regio costalis lateralis
Regiones abdominis
Regio epigastrica
Regio hypochondriaca
Regio mesogastrica
Regio umbilicalis
Regio abdominalis lateralis
Regio hypogastrica
Regio pubica
Regio inguinalis
Regiones dorsi
Regio pudendalis
Regiones extremitatis su
p e r i o r i s
Regio acromialis
Regio deltoidea
Regio brachii lateralis
Regio brachii medialis
Regio brachii anterior
Regio brachii posterior
Regio cubiti anterior
Fossa cubitalis
Regions of the Human Body
99
Nuchal depression
Regions of the breast
Anterior region of breast
Region of the sternum
Region of the clavicle
Region below clavicle
Deltoideopectoral triangle
Region of the mammary gland
Region below mammary gland
Lateral region of the breast
Region of the axilla
Axillary pit
Median region of the back
Interscapular region
Region of the scapula
Region above scapula
Region below scapula
Lumbar region
Region of the hip
Region of the sacrum
Region of the buttocks
Region of the perineum
Anal region
Urogenital region
Lateral region of ribs
Regions of abdomen
Epigastric region
Hypochondriac region
Mesogastric region
Region of umbilicus
Lateral region of abdomen
Hypogastric region
Region of the pubes
Region of the groin
Regions of the back
Pundendal region
Regions of upper extrem-
ity
Region of the acromion
Region of the deltoid
Lateral region of upper arm
Medial region of upper arm
Anterior region of upper arm
Posterior region of upper arm
Anterior region of elbow
Fossa of elbow
lOO
Anatomical Nomenclature
Regio cubiti posterior
, Regio olecrani
Regio cubiti lateralis
Regio cubiti medialis
Regio antibrachii volaris
Regio antibrachii dorsalis
Regio antibrachii radialis
Regio antibrachii ulnaris
Regio dorsalis manus
Regio volaris manus
Regiones digitales [manus]
Regiones dorsales digitorum
Regiones unguiculares
Regiones volares digitorum
Regiones e x t r e m i t a t i s i n
f e r i o r i s
Regio femoris anterior
Fossa subinguinalis
Regio femoris lateralis
Regio trochanterica
Regio femoris posterior
Regio femoris medialis
Regio genu anterior
Regio patellaris
Regio genu posterior
Fossa poplitea
Regio cruris anterior
Regio cruris posterior
Regio suralis
Regio cruris lateralis
Regio cruris medialis
Regio malleolaris lateralis
Regio malleolaris medialis
Regio retromalleolaris lateralis
Regio retromalleolaris medialis
Regio calcanea
Regio dorsalis pedis
Regio plantaris pedis
Regiones digitales pedis
Regiones dorsales digitorum pedis
Regiones unguiculares
Regiones plantares digitorum pedis
Regions of the Human Body
ICX)
Posterior region of elbow
Region of olecranon
Lateral region of elbow
Medial region of elbow
Volar region of forearm
Dorsal region of forearm
Radial region of forearm .
Ulnar region of forearm
Dorsal region of the hand
Volar region of the hand
Regions of the digits of the hand
Dorsal regions of digits
Regions of the nails
Volar regions of digits
Regions of lower extrem-
ity
Anterior region of the thigh
Fossa below the groin
Lateral region of thigh
Region of the trochanter
Posterior region of thigh
Medial region of thigh
Anterior region of the knee
Region of the patella
Posterior region of knee
Popliteal fossa
Anterior region of the leg
Posterior region of leg
Region of the calf
Lateral region of leg
Medial region of leg
Region of lateral malleolus
Region of medial malleolus
Lateral retromalleolar region
Medial retromalleolar region
Region of the heel
Region of the dorsum of foot
Region of the sole of the foot
Regions of the digits of the foot
Dorsal regions of the digits of the foot
Regions of the nails
Plantar regions of the digits of the foot
loi Explanatory Notes to Certain or the Terms
Explanatory Notes to Certain of the Terms.
While there can be no doubt as to the exact meaning of the majority of the
names in the list, there are some names included which hitherto have been used
with different meanings in different text-books, and here and there a new term,
not to be found in any of the text-books, is included.
To indicate the exact meaning of these. Professor His, with the approval of
the editing committee, wrote a series of brief explanatory notes. Thus, for
example, the designations regarding the position and direction of parts of the
body are explained, transversalis meaning across the axis of the body, transversus
across the axis of the organ concerned. The word intermedins is used for the
position midway between media lis and lateralis in order to avoid the juxta-
position of words sounding so much alike as medius and medialis; between
anterior and posterior or between externus and internus the adjective medius is
retained. The notes contain a long discussion on the nomenclature of " glands"
and "lymphglands." In connection with general terms it is noted that discus
means " disc," while meniscus means " crescent." In the osteological notes
the terms glabella, infundihulum ethmoidale, and sidci paraglenoidales are,
among others, clearly defined. Comments on the Pars lacrimalis m. orbicidaris
or Horner's muscle, the M. quadratus lahii superioris (the old " Mm. levator labii
superioris proprius, levator labii superioris alaeque nasi and zygomaticus minor"
combined), the Raphe pterygomandibularis, the Fasciculi transver si of the palmar
aponeurosis, the Scalenus minimus, the Ligamentum fundi} or me penis, the Falx
inguinalis (the old "conjoined" tendon or Henle's ligament), and the Ligamen-
Pum inter foveolare (Hesselbach's ligament) are made in connection with myology.
Some rather important notes accompany the splanchnological terms. Cer-
tain new terms have been adopted in the tonsillar region, partly on embryological
grounds. The Recessus pharyngeus of Rosenmueller is exactly defined, as
is also the Bursa pharyngeus (p. 128). In connection with the Pars analis
recti attention is called to the excellent description given by the French anato-
mists, Sappey and Testut. A number of the names for parts of the nose and
larynx have been drawn from the special literature. The less familiar of these
in the nose — Limen nasi, atrium meatus medii, agger nasi. Sulcus oljactorius,
Recessus sphenoethmoidalis, meatus nasopharyngeus, Meatus nasi communis.
Processus sphenoidalis septi cartilaginei — are explained. In the larynx marked
precision has been arrived at and a great advance in nomenclature has been
made. The old terms Glottis vera and Glottis spuria have been done away
Anatomical Nomenclature 102
with; the terms adopted throughout are exceedingly satisfactory. The names
for the genitourinary organs are nearly all easily understood; the terms Annidus
urethralis vesicce, Crista urethralis, Corpus glandulare prostatce, Isthmus prostatcdj
Colliculus seminalis (the old Caput gallinaginis) are especially dealt with.
As might have been expected, there are numerous notes upon the pelvic
floor and the pelvic fascia. After the notes were written the Commission changed
Trigonum urogenitale to Diaphragma urogenitale. The floor of the pelvic
cavity is formed by the M. levator ani and the M. coccygeus, and to this mus-
cular funnel the name Diaphragma pelvis , suggested by H. Meyer, is given;
the fascia above it is called the Pars diaphragmatica fasciae pelvis, that below
it the Fascia inferior diaphragmatis pelvis. The two parts of the Fascia pelvis
are designated Pars diaphragmatica and Pars endopelvina, instead of, as of
yore, Pars parietalis and Pars visceralis, the reason being that the latter terms
are used only for serous membranes. The distinction between the Arcus
tendineus musculi levatoris ani (the tendinous arch helping to give origin to
the M. levator ani interwoven with the obturator fascia, whose two extremities
reach to the upper margin of the pelvis) and the Arcus tendineus fasciae pelvis
is sharply drawn; the latter crosses the former and the two are easily separable
from one another.
The Diaphragma urogenitale, the triangular mass of tissue stretching across
between the pubic rami leaving a space at its upper end (beneath the Lig. arcua-
tum) open for the passage of the Vena dorsalis penis (s. clitoridis), is described
as having a framework made up of two powerful fascial layers, the Fascia dia-
phragmatis urogenitalis superior (the old "deep layer of the triangular liga-
ment"), and the Fascia diaphragmatis urogenitalis inferior (the old "superficial
layer of the triangular ligament"). These two fasciae are fused at their upper
and lower margins, enclosing a flat slit-like space. The union of the upper
margins gives rise to the Lig. transversum pelvis. The compartment between
the two layers (middle perineal compartment) is traversed by the membranous
urethra with its M. sphincter urethrae membranacece. In the compartment lie
the M. transversus profundus, Cowper's glands, and numerous venous plexuses.
The term "Fascia perinei propria" has been dropped; it was used in so many
different ways that students were confused by it.
The revision of the names for the peritonaeum seems satisfactory. By
Membrana mesenterii propria is meant the layer of connective tissue remaining
after removal of the two peritoneal layers; it carries the blood and lymph-vessels,
lymph glands, and fat. The division of the Bursa omentalis (lesser peritoneal
cavity) into a Vestibulum, Recessus superior, Recessus inferior, and Recessus
lienalis, is important. The Plica gastropancreatica is explained.
The old name of suspensory ligament of the liver has been changed to Lig.
falci forme hepatis for obvious reasons.
On the following terms of gynaecological anatomy comments are made:
Lig. suspensorium ovarii, Bursa ovarica, and Parametrium.
I03
Explanatory Notes to Certain of the Terms
The angiological notes are meagre, it being assumed that the names are
in general wholly intelligible; a few names of parts of the heart are commented
on and the question of the veins about the navel is thoroughly ventilated.
The neurological notes are in accord with the well-known nomenclature
based on the embryological studies of His, and those- familiar with his work
will find but little new in them.
These notes are not more fully incorporated into this volume for two reasons :
(i) They are easily accessible to those who desire to refer to them in the Arch,
f. Anat. u. Entwicklungs geschichte (1895), and (2) they would have incon-
veniently enlarged the size and increased the price of the present publication.
Regiones digitales
.,--- Tolaxes
RAontaQis
H.nasalis-""
R. oralis-'
R.cubiti anterior
/ R.cubdtimedialis
^V^
■Ribrachii
anteTior
;R.iatoiie^
R.
^coDi
a-te-
iar,
R.ofbitaQis
— R. laerrtalis
R.acroinialis
/ R.olecreiid
R.cub.post.
Hegio ingiiinalis-
J-.trochanterica..
R.digitorum
pedis dorsaJis 1
R.parietalis
IL temporalis-
Reg.
occipitalis
Reg.
nuchae
R. temp oralis
...R.mastoidea
L R. aiiricularis
...Fovea nuchae
R. digitales
dorsales "
Il.acroxnialis
R,.
fdeltoidej
Reg.
suprasca-
"larl
-R.
scapulaxis
H.cubiti
lateralis
• inteT-
sdapuLai is
R.ixifca-
(4
^y^
g
?3
s
Imabalia
^
Reg.
sxrprascai
R.acroinialis
R.deltoidea
.bracim
R.
scapxdaris
^'
R.olecrani
R.infra-i Vm
scapxdarl
R.^Sk^/
1
R. trochanterica
3l.digitsQ.es
vol
igita
alarc
Tessa retromalledlaris lateralis
R, . retromalleolacis lateralis .
Fossa retromalleclciris
lateralis
R.malleolaris
lateralis
A
LIST OF BOOKS
ON
Anatomy, Physiology,
Histology, Biology,
Embryology, Zoology
Published by
P. Blakiston's Son S, Co.
Philadelphia^
Illustrated Circulars sent to
any Address upon Application
Arranged -upon an Embryolo^ical Basis
Jvist Ready
StoKr^s Histology
SixtK American, from tKe XwelftH German Edition.
Revised and Arranged by FRBDEIRIC T. LEWIS
Assistant Professor of Emtryology at the Harvard Medical School.
With 450 Illustrations, 45 in Colors. Octavo; ix + 434 pages. Cloth, $3.00 net.
THE need of a text-book of histology arranged upon an embryological basis
has long been felt, and the opportunity to accomplish this arrangement
was promptly embraced when Professor Stohr's generous permission was
given to adapt a new edition of his book to American needs. As a leading
Professor of Histology says, " the book is now in its arrangement and treatment
something adequate as a statement of the present knowledge of the subject.
The illustrations illustrate; the text instructs.^'
The Basle Anatomical Nomenclature (BNA) is used throughout.
Vib '/f/////K^pv v.V
C.6
D E F
Fig. 159 (Reduced). — Embryonic Hearts.
A and B, from Rabbits 9 days after coitus, C, from a human embryo of 7, (?) weeks; D and
E, from a 12 mm. pig (D sectioned on the left of the median septum, and E on the right of
it); *F, from a 13.6 mm. human embryo, sectiojied like E.
Synopsis of Contents. — Microscopic Anatomy. Cytology: The Cell;
Form and Size of Cells; Vital Phenomena; Formation and Reproduction of
Cells; Cytomorphosis. General Histology: Histogenesis; Epithelia; Mes-
enchymal, Muscle, Nerve, and Vascular Tissues; Blood Forming and Blood
Destroying Organs; Entodermal Tract; Urinary and Male and Female Genital
Organs; Skin; Supra-renal Glands; Brain and Sense Organs. The Prepara-
tion AND Examination of Microscopical Specimens: Fresh Tissues; Isola-
tion; Sectioning; Fixation; Decalcification; Imbedding; Staining and Mount-
ing; General Stains; Special Stains; the Microscope; Drawings; Reconstruction.
An Americanized Fourth Edition Rewritten and Revised
NEARLY READY
Morris' Human Anatomy
A Complete, Systematic Treatise by American and English Authors
EDITED BY
HENRY MORRIS and J. PLAYFAIR McMURRICH
F.R.C.S. A.M., Ph.D.
Consulting Surgeon to, and formerly Lecturer Professor of Anatomy y University of Michi'
on Surgery and Anatomy at Middlesex gan; Member Association of American
Hospital, London, and Examiner in Anat- Anatomists; Member of Advisory Board,
omy, University of Durham, etc. Wistar Institute of Anatomy, etc.
For the first time in the history of this famous work, American anatomists have been
asked to contribute original articles and to rewrite and revise sections, the object in
this being the desire to incorporate the very important results of recent investigations
in the anatomical laboratories of the United States. The book has become internat-
ional in scope, and with its widening
of view, of even greater usefulness
rediiced'^ .^^^t^^ " *^^ ^^ ^^^ English-speaking students.
one-half in size. -'^^^^^H^^' ' ^fe, \ Among the American contributors
.' will be noted J. Playfair McMur-
rich, R. J. Terry, Irving Hardesty,
G. Cari Huber, Abram T. Kerr,
Charles R. Bardeen and Florence
R. Sabin. Henry Morris, R. Marcus
Gunn and W. H. A. Jacobson head
the English contributors.
THE Ventricles Unrolled. {After MacCallum.) ^j^^ ^^^ ^^ ^^^^ completely
{Note:~Itis not possible in this space to give a . ^ ^ additional feature
thoroughly representative tllustration. That shown ts ' _ cvva-^tx^xio-x^ x^auui^
one of a series depicting — according to Professor Mac- of merit will be found in its COn-
CaUum, of Johns Hopkins University — the fact that formity with the new Anatom-
the heart may be considered as three flat bands.) .^^^ Nomenclature (BNA).*
Very especial attention, in this new edition, has been paid to the illustra-
tions, with the result that the teaching value of the book has been very materially
increased.
Containing about 1024 Illustrations, of which many are in Colors. One
Handsome Octavo Volume. Cloth, $6.00. Sheep or Half Morocco,
$7.00, net. Or in Five Parts, as follows, each part sold separately.
PART I. Morphogenesis. Osteology. Articulation. Index.
PART II. Muscles. Organs of Circulation. Index.
PART III. Nervous System. • Organs of Special Sense. Index.
PART IV. Organsof Digestion; of Voice and Respiration. Urinary and Reproductive
Organs. Ductless Glands. Skin and Mammary Glands. Index.
PART V. Surgical and Topographical Anatomy. Index.
E. n t om o 1 o g'y
WitH Special Reference to Its Biological and Eco-
nomic Aspects
By Justus Watson Folsom, Sc. D. (Harv,)
Instructor in Entomology at the University of Illinois.
Five Plates, i Colored, and 300 other Illustrations. 8vo; 485 pages. Cloth, $3.00 net.
" * Entomology,' by Dr. Justus W. Folsom, is an advance over all other
American works of its kind. It should be in the hands of every entomologist
or entomological student, and in every public library. A most careful
work, containing much information that only an expert has heretofore
known where to find."— MR. F. M. WEBSTER, in charge of the Cereal and
Forage Crops Insect Investigations, Department of Agriculture at Washington.
A comprehensive and concise account of insects, written to meet the growing
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authenticated facts that have had to be sought in many foreign languages. The
new illustrations, which are many, have been prepared by the author; the others
have been copied, by permission from various authoritative sources.
Synopsis of Contents: Classification. — Anatomy and Physiology. — De-
velopment.— Adaptations of Aquatic Insects. — Color and Coloration. — Adap-
tive Coloration. — Origin of Adaptations and of Species. — Insects in Relation
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" Will be most useful to the general student" (Science).
Embryology
The Development of the
Human Body
By J. Playfair McMurrich. A. M., Ph. D.
Professor of Anatomy in the University
of Michigan.
Second Edition, Revised, Enlarged.
With 272 Illustrations.
i2mo; 539 pages. Cloth, $3.00 net.
A CONCISE statement of the develop-
ment of the human body and a foun-
dation for the proper understanding
of the facts of anatomy. The comparative
anatomy and development of the lower ani-
mals, too, is constantly referred to, a diflFerent
style type being used for these references.
The assimilation of the enormous mass of
facts which constitute what is usually known
as descriptive anatomy has always been a
difficult task for the student. Part of the
difficulty has been due to a lack of informa-
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parts of the body, for without some knowl-
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anatomy stand as so many isolated items,
while with such knowledge they become
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their study assumes the dignity of a science.
The great key to the significance of the
structure and relations of organs is their de-
velopment, recognizing by that term the his-
torical as well as the individual development^
Synopsis of Contents: Part I. — Gen-
eral Development : The Spermatozoon and
Spermatogenesis; the Ovum and Its Matura-
tion and Fertilization; the Segmentation of the
Ovum and the Formation of the Germ Layers;
The Development of the External Form of the
Human Embryo; The Medullary Groove,
Notochord, and Mesodermic Somites; The
Yolk-stalk, Belly-stalk, and the Fetal Mem-
branes. Part II. — Organogeny: The De-
velopment of the Integumentary System; Con-
nective Tissues and Skeleton; Muscular Sys-
tem; Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems;
Digestive Tract and Glands; Pericardium
and Pleuro-peritoneum, the Diaphragm and
the Spleen; Organs of Respiration; Urino-
genital System and the Suprarenal Bodies;
Nervous System; Organs of Special Sense;
Post-Natal Development; Index.
" Right up to date."— Lflwce/, London.
A Laboratory Text-Book
of Embryology
By Charles S. Minot, S. D., LL. D.
Professor of Histology and Human Em-
bryology, Harvard University
Medical School.
With 218 Illustrations, mainly original.
Quarto; 380 pages. Cloth, $4.50 net.
This work is intended primarily for the use
of students taking a practical laboratory
course in Embryology. The author's experi-
ence has led him to believe that the study of
carefully selected sections of embryos, accom-
panied by directions and explanations of the
significant structures in each section, offers
many advantages. This conviction has de-
termined the arrangement of the book. At-
tention is given chiefly to such points as serve
to explain adult anatomical relations, to illus-
trate general biological principles, and to
afford insight into pathological processes.
Synopsis of Contents : General Concep-
tions.— The Early Development of Mam-
mals.— The Human Embryo. — Study of Pig
Embryos. — Study of Young Chick Embryos.
— Study of the Blastodermic Vesicle and the
Segmentation of the Ovum. — Study of the
Uterus and the Foetal Appendages in Man. —
Methods. — Index.
" This new laboratory text-book of
Embryology is worthy of particular
attention. It is a practical guide of
a novel and original type, which is to
be recommended as a valuable aid in
laboratory teaching of a difficult na-
ture. It is a valuable addition to the
list of available text-books of Embry-
ology. In fact, the book stands by
itself and is an original departure in
a very desirable direction, introduc-
ing the student to the subject by a
practical method which promises ex-
cellent results. After a year's experi-
ence with it, we feel much confidence
in its success." — Bulletin of the Johns
Hopkins Hospital.
First Course In
Zoology
A NEW TEXT-BOOK FOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS,
NORMAL SCHOOLS, AND COLLEGES
By T. W. Galloway, PK. D.
Professor of Biology, James Millikin Universityy Decatury Illinois.
With 240 Illustrations. Octavo; 460 pages. Cloth, $2.50 net.
THE AUTHOR has endeavored in this book to present a balanced course
in Zoology which will be suitable to beginning classes in the last years of
the High School or the first year of College. It provides specifically
for class-room work, reference work in the library, laboratory work, and
field work. It includes a brief treatment of the fundamental principles of the
science in the first part of the book; the second part, which contains a discus-
sion of the great branches of the animal kingdom, is treated as a concrete illus-
tration of these general principles.
Among many other distinctive excellences are seven features which give
the work especial merit: (i) It follows no fads; (2) Because of the wealth of
practical exercises suggested, it provides more work than any one class can
cover in the time allotted ; (3) Much collateral work in the library, field and
laboratory is outlined ; (4) The practical work is placed upon the broader
problems of physiology, of the relations of animals to the environment, and of
the adaptations of organic form to needs, rather than upon dissection and
minute anatomy; (5) The practical (i. e. the laboratory, field and library) work
is interspersed through the text in such a way as to illustrate and enforce the
more abstract definitions ; (6) Especial emphasis is put upon the illustrations;
(7) There are numerous analytical reviews and summaries.
Synopsis of Contents: — Introduction. — Protoplasm: Its Morphology and
Physiology. — ^The Animal Cell: Its Morphology and Physiology. — From the
Simple Cell to the Complex Animal. — Cellular Differentiation. — Tissues. — Gen-
eral Animal Functions and Their Appropriate Organs. — Promorphology. — In-
dividual Differentiation and Adaptation. — A General Preview of the Animal
Kingdom. — Protozoa. — Porifera. — Coelenterata. — Unsegmented " Worms." —
Echinodermata. — Annulata: Segmented " Worms." — Mollusca. — Arthropoda. —
Chordata: Proto-vertebrata. — Chordata : Vertebrata. — Pisces. — Amphibia. — Rep-
tilia. — Aves. — Mammalia. — General Summary. — A Review Outline. — Appen-
dix.— Suggestions to Teachers. — Index.
" Galloway's * First Course in Zoology ' is one of the authoritative
text-books. The teacher may refer to it with confidence, and cannot
fail to do so with profit." — School Bulletin.
TKe Nervous System of
Vertebrates
By J. B. Johnston, F»ti. D.
Professor of Zoology in West Virginia University.
With 1 80 Illustrations, the majority from original drawings.
Octavo; xx+370 pages. Cloth, $3.00 net.
THE attempt has been made in this book to give an account of the nervous
system as a v^^hole, to trace its phylogenetic history and to show the fac-
tors which have determined the course of evolution. The functional point
of view, which is the chief characteristic of the present book, brings the treat-
ment of the nervous system into close relation with the work of recent years on
the behavior of animals. The study of behavior aims to give an account of the
actions of animals in relation to the environment. The study of the nervous
system aims to describe the mechanism by which actions are directed and
adapted to the conditions of life. A text-book of comparative neurology at the
present time must meet the needs of workers of all grades, students, investi-
gators and instructors. Its descriptions should be intelligible to students who
have had one year of work in zoology or medicine, including the anatomy and
embryology of some vertebrate. On the other hand, there should be included
all facts which are important for the functional and phylogenetic mode of treat-
ment. Every effort has been made to bring out clearly the functional significance
and relationships of the structures described, and to interest and train the
student in the interpretation of structure in terms of function, adaptation and
evolution. The (BNA) terms, which are now the most generally familiar, have
been employed so far as possible. Much material has been collected which is
published here for the first time.
Tavo prominent instr-uctors sayt
" It is an exceedingly useful piece of work,— well done." " Profes-
sor Johnston's text-book makes a valuable addition to our researches
and represents the newer developments of neurological science in a way
which, so far as I know, no other book has even attempted."
Synopsis of Contents : — Study of the Nervous System. — General Morphol-
ogy of the Nervous System. — Development of the Nervous System. — Nerve Ele-
ments and their Functions. — The Functional Divisions of the Nervous System. —
Somatic Afferent Division; General Cutaneous Subdivision; Special Cutaneous
Subdivision ; Visual Apparatus. — ^Visceral Afferent Division. — Olfactory Appar-
atus.— Somatic Motor Division. — ^Visceral Efferent Division. — Sympathetic
System. — Centers of Correlation. — Cerebellum. — Centers of Correlation; Mesen-
cephalon and Diencephalon. — Evolution of the Cerebral Hemisphere. — Neopal-
lium. Bibliography and Laboratory Work Suggestions at end of each Chapter.
Surgical Anatomy
A Treatise on Human Anatomy in its Application
to the Practice of Medicine and Surgery
By John B. Deaver, M.D.
Surgeon-in- Chief to the German Hospital ^ Philadelphia^ etc.y etc.
" The reader is not only taken by easy and natural stages from the
more superficial to the deeper regions, but the various important
regional landmarks are also indicated by schematic tracing. . . In
summing up the general excellences of this remarkable work, we can
accord our unqualified praise for the accurate, exhaustive, and system-
atic manner in which the author has carried out his plan, and we can
commend it as a model of its kind, which must be possessed to be
appreciated." — Medical Record, New York.
Three Royal Octavo Volumes, of 2157 pages, containing 499 Full -page
Plates engraved from original drawings made by special artists from dissec-
tions prepared for the purpose in the dissection -rooms of the University of
Pennsylvania. Sold by Subscription, in Complete Sets Only. Leather or
Half-Morocco, Marbled Edges, ;^3o. 00; Half-Russia, Gilt, Marbled Edges,
;^33.oo net.
Synopsis of Contents : (^Number of Illustrations in Parentheses. )
Vol. I. — Upper Extremity (95); Back of Neck, Shoulder, and Trunk (24);
Cranium, Scalp, Face (32). 632 pages; 151 Plates. Vol. II. — Neck (47);
Mouth (3); Pharynx (6); Larynx (10); Nose (9); Orbit (8); Eye (14);
Ear (12); Brain. (32); Joints of Head and Neck (4); Male Perineum (17);
Female Perineum (8). 709 pages; 170 Plates. Vol. III. — Abdomen (74);
Pelvis (16); Chest (32); Lower Extremity (56). 816 pages; 178 Plates.
" In order to show its thoroughness, it is only necessary to mention
that no less than twelve full-page plates are reproduced in order to
accurately portray the surgical anatomy of the hand, and it is doubt-
ful whether any better description exists in any work in the English
language." — Journal oj the American Medical Association.
"The illustrations are lavishly supplied and are both helpful and
informing. ... No better text-book of surgical anatomy is in
existence, and we can confidently predict that Dr. Deaver has satisfied
the needs of the profession for at least a generation." — The British Medical
Journal, London.
8
THE LOOSE LEAF SYSTEM
OF LABORATORY NOTES
FOR GUIDANCE IN THE DISSECTION AND
"ELEMENTARY STUDY OF ANIMAL TYPES
Prepared by
THEO. H. SCHEFFER, A.M.
Assistant Professor of Zoology^ Kansas State Agricultural College.
Octavo ; vi + 112 pages. Strong Adjustable Cloth Covers, Cloth, $1.00 net.
Excerpts From the Preface:
Instructors in biology very generally direct the laboratory work by means of
written or printed guides placed in the hands of the student. These are sometimes
hastily prepared for the occasion, or, if more elaborated, the sheets furnished the
student at various times are not uniform in size and will not fit in with any system of
notes which he may be keeping.
The Loose Leap guides are the results of several years' experience in directing
zoological work in high school and college laboratories. The sheets outlining the
work on each type of animal are separate, so that they may be incorporated with the
student's drawings and notes on that particular type. The recorded information on
the subject is thus collected together, not only simpUfying at the time the work of
studying the specimen, taking notes, and indexing the drawings, but making future
reference to the records an easy matter. Then, too, the laboratory guides being thus
bound in with the student's notes, do not become scattered or lost.
The twenty-one types of animal life herein treated give the student a brief general
survey of the field from Protozoan to Vertebrate. Similar treatment is accorded each
type. It will be noted that the zoological position of each animal is given {Parker and
Haswell's classification), that its habitat receives attention, and that there are hints
on collecting the material for class study. Details of structure that are very obscure
are either omitted, or, if essential, attention is called to them without demonstration.
Synopsis of Contents: PROTOZOA. Amozba; Paramcecium; Vorticella. POR-
IFERA. Marine Sponge. COELENTERATA. Fresh-Water Hydra; Hydroid;
Hydroid Medusa. PLATYHELMINTHES. Flat-Worm. ECHINODER-
MATA. Starfish. ANNULATA. Earthworm. ARTHROPODA. Water-flea;
Lobster or Crayfish; Centiped; Grasshopper; Spider. MOLLUSC A. Fresh-water
Mtissel; Snail; Squid. CHORDATA. Catfish; Frog or Toad; English Sparrow.
"The book will prove useful in high school and elementary college
courses."— r/ie Nation.
"It is a most capital idea."{School Bulletin), "and is a most excellent sys-
tem of keeping notes." — Country Life in America.
g^°"Scheffer's "Loose Leaf System" is not bound in the usual manner. Each
leaf is separate and the whole tied into strong adjustable cloth covers, so that leaves
may be removed or notes and drawings may be inserted at any place.
9
Blakiston*s Manikins
A Series of Twelve Manikins of the Head, Nose, Throat,
Eye. Ear. Lungs. Heart. Stomach. Kidney. Liver. Foot,
and Hand, with Descriptions of each. •y* ^ ^ ^
One Volume. Octavo. Cloth, ^1.50 net.
The manikin of the HEAD shows 88 different structures; that of
the ORAL CAVITY, with the PHARYNX, LARYNX, and TEETH, shows
61; the EYE, 44; the FOOT, 68; the HAND, 55; the LIVER, 47; the
KIDNEY, 20; the STOMACH, 23; the NOSE, 32; the EAR, 24; the
LUNGS, 18; and the HEART, 33 —A TOTAL OF 513 STRUCTURES.
The work is issued in book form, octavo in size, and embraces twelve
manikins, some containing as many as ten flaps, lithographed in colors on
heavy serviceable cardboard, the whole arranged to fold flat and compact
when the volume is closed. Each manikin is cut to the exact shape of the
organ illustrated, and the various flaps are intended to fold one upon the
other in the order shown in nature, the deeper details becoming visible only
when all the outer layers have been in their proper turn exposed. Every flap
is printed on two sides, each side representing a different anatomical feature.
A Manual and Atlas of DlsSectiOtl
By Simon Menno Yutzy, M.D.
Instructor in Osteology and Demonstrator of Anatomy in the University
of Michigan.
With an Introduction by J. Playfair McMurrich, A.M., Ph.D.
Professor of Anatomy, University of Michigan ; author of
^'A Manual of Human Embryology.^ ^
This work is a topographical index, providing the reader with a list of
the structures to be found during dissection, together with concise directions
for procedure.
With 314 Illustrations, many in Colors. Large Octavo; 256 pages.
Cloth, $2.50 net.
"The author's experience as a teacher has effected an arrange-
ment Ukely to be very useful to the student." — New York Medical Journal.
10
Mammalian Anatomy
W^itK Special Reference to tKe Cat
By Alvin Davison, PH. D.
Professor of Biology in Lafayette College.
With over loo Illustrations made by
W. H. Reese, A. M., from the
author's dissections. i2nio; 250
pages. Cloth, $1.50 tiet.
T
'HIS work is intended to acquaint
the student with the general
structure of the cat, and at the
same time introduce him to some of
the most important morphologic fea-
tures of the Mammalian. All eminent
zoologists agree on the desirability of
beginning zoological work by studying
one of the higher animals. Again,
since the majority of college students
have not time for the acquisition of a
fruitful knowledge of both vertebrates
and invertebrates, the study of the
former is a matter of vital importance,
as it enables the student to become
familiar with the anatomy and physi-
ology of his own body. It also has
the advantage of throwing light on the
significant problem of organic evolu-
tion, such as is not to be derived from
the study of invertebrate forms. Pro-
fessor Davison's work has a distinct
place in biological study.
Synopsis of Contents : — The Bio-
logical Sciences — Classification of the
Animal Kingdom — Preparation and
Preservation of Material — General
Structure of a Vertebrate — The Skel-
eton— The Joints — The Muscles — Or-
gans of Digestion — The Vascular
System — Respiratory System — Excre-
tory and Reproductive Systems —
Nervous System — Index.
" It is designed to fill the gap between the more detailed works and those
which are merely laboratory guides, and to afford the student who cannot
pursue a lengthy course of zoological study, a general idea of the structure
of a mammal and of the principles of mammalian anatomy. The book
furnishes an excellent idea of the structure of the cat, free from a superfluity
of detail. Throughout the book are frequent remarks of a comparative
nature, and at the close of each chapter is a list of questions or suggestions,
for the most part of a general nature, which will serve as excellent topics for
comment by the teacher or for collateral investigation under his direction by
the student. An introductory chapter is devoted to an account of useful
methods by which the dissection may be facilitated, and the text is illustrated
by numerous figures and diagrams." — Science.
Ventral Aspect of the Brain.
A Text-Book of
Anatomy for Nurses
Just Ready
By Elizabeth R. Bundy, M.D.
Member of the Medical Staff of the Woman^ s Hospital of Philadelphia, etc., etc.;
late Adjunct Professor of Anatomy, and Demonstrator of Anatomy in
the Woman^ s Medical College of Pennsylvania ; formerly
Superintendent of Connecticut Training School
for Nurses, New Haven.
' I 'HE pupil-nurse in a training school has little time at command for the
study of text-books, and conciseness, clearness and accuracy are essential
requisites of any work written for her use. In this ** Anatomy for
Nurses' ' these requisites are observed, and nurses — pupil or graduate — will find
in it a satisfactory aid to the acquirement of that knowledge of the human
body which is necessary to the full understanding of their important duties.
Dr. Bundy, by reason of her positions, training and experience, is
particularly well qualified to write such a book. It does not unnecessarily
burden the mind of the student by endeavoring to reach into the domains of
the physician, nor does it concern itself with useless abstract or theoretical
matters. On the contrary, it fills a void for a work that is simple, terse,
didactic, — one that, confining itself strictly to its own chosen field, is yet
complete in all details of moment therein.
With a Glossary and 191 Illustrations, 34 of which are Colored.
i2mo; viii + 252 pages. Cloth, ^1.75 net, postage prepaid.
Miscellaneous Books
Holden.
Holden's Anatomy
A Manual of the Dissections of the Human Body
By John Langton* F.R.C.S.
Surgeon to, and Lecturer on Anatomy at, St. Bartholomew' s Hospital .
Seventh Edition. Carefully Revised by A, He^VSOn, M.D.
Demonstrator of Anatomy, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, etc.
320 Illustrations. Two small compact volumes. i2mo.
Vol. I. Scalp, Face, Orbit, Neck, Throat, Thorax, Upper Extremity.
435 pages. 153 Illustrations. Oil Cloth, ^1.50 net.
Vol. II. Abdomen, Perineum, Lower Extremity, Brain, Eye, Ear, Mammary
Gland, Scrotum, Testes. 445 pages. 167 Illustrations.
Oil Cloth, ^1.50 net.
"The last edition of this standard work comes in two volumes instead
of one as formerly. A few alterations have been made in the text, but
the general character of the book is still maintained throughout, which
is saying all of good that can be said of an anatomical classic." — Medical
Record, New York.
Human Osteology
Comprising a Description of the Bones, with Colored
Delineations of the Attachments of the Muscles.
The General and Microscopical Structure
of Bone and Its Development
Eighth Edition. Carefully Revised.
Edited by Charles Stewart, F.R.S.
a.nd R. W. Reid, M.D.. F.R.C.S.
With Colored Lithographic Plates and Numerous Illustrations. Cloth, ^5.25 net.
L/andmarkS-Medical and Surglcal
Fourth Edition. 8vo. Cloth, $ ."j^ net
13
Miscellaneous Books (Continued)
Gordinier.
The Gross and Minute Ane^tomy of the
Central Nervous System
With a Chapter on the Embryology of the
Central Nervous System
By H. C. Gordinier. A.M., M.D.
Professor of Physiology and of the Anatomy of the Nervous System in the
Albany Medical College; Member American Neurological Association.
With 48 Full -page Plates and 213 other Illustrations, a number of which
are printed in Colors and many of which are original. Large 8vo. Cloth,
$6.00 j Sheep or Half-Morocco, $7.00, net,
"It represents much painstaking research and bears also the stamp
of original investigation. It is unusually well written, and the illustra-
tions, many of which are original, are well chosen. It is destined to take
its place among the standard books of its class. "~iY. Y . Medical Journal.
Broomell.
Anatomy and Histology of the Mouth
and Teeth
By Dr. I. N. Broomell
Professor of Dental Anatomy, Denial Histology, and Prosthetic Technics in the
Pennsylvania College of Dental Surgery.
Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged by 72 pages. 337 Handsome
Illustrations, the majority of which are original. Large Octavo. Cloth,
^^4.50; Leather or Half- Morocco, $5.50, net.
"A most excellent manual and one of the most up-to-date text-
books upon the subject of the anatomy of the mouth which has appeared
in recent years." — The American Journal of Medical Sciences.
Box and £ccles.
Clinical Applied Ana.tomy
or, the Anatomy of Medicine and Surgery
By Charles R.. Box. M.D.. F.R.C.S.
Lecturer on Applied Anatomy, St. Thomas' s Hospital,
atnd W. McAdam Eccles. F.R.C.S.
Demonstrator of Operative Surgery, St. Bartholomew' s Hospital.
With 45 Plates, 12 Colored; 6 figures. 8vo ; 471 pages. Cloth, ^4.00 net.
"This excellent work is one of the most practical and applicable
to the needs of the medical practitioner or senior student which has yet
appeared on the subject of applied anatomy. The plan pursued by the
authors in this book has been to treat the subject entirely from a clinical
point of view rather than that of the anatomist, with the result of making
the work delightfully readable. Any author who can accomplish this
with an anatomical subject, and without detracting from the technical
value of his work, deserves and is bound to receive great credit." —
Medical Record, New York.
14
Miscellaneous Books (Continued)
To^es Dental Anatomy
A Manual of Dental Anatomy, Human and Comparative
By C. S. Tomes, D.D.S.
263 Illustrations. Sixth Edition, Revised. i2mo. Cloth, ^4.00 net.
" This standard work on Dental Anatomy has been brought thor-
oughly up to date and is a distinct advance on any of the previous editions.
At first written with a view of providing the dental student with the
requisite knowledge for his qualifying examination it has since become a
text-book for the student of biology in general. This fact, combined
with the rapidly increasing literature on the subject, has, as the author
points out, greatly enhanced the difficulty of bringing the book up to
date. It is, however, needless to say that the work of editing has been
carried out in an admirable way." — Lancet^ London.
Ballou.
E^quine Anatomy and Physiology
By Wm. R. Ballou. M.D.
Late Pj'ofessor of Equine Anatomy^ New York College of Veterinary Surgeons.
With 29 Graphic Illustrations. i2mo. Blakiston' s ? Quiz- Compend? Series.
Cloth, $1.00; Interleaved for the Addition of Notes, $1.25, net.
"One of Blakiston*s series of Quiz-Compends. These Compends
are based on popular text-books and the lectures of prominent professors,
and are kept constantly revised, so that they represent the present state
of the subjects upon which they treat. The one now before us supplies
for students of veterinary anatomy and physiology a work which will
answer their needs not only as a text-book, but also for work in the
dissecting room." — Science.
Compend of Anaton\y
Including Visceral Anatonny
By Sam\jel O. L. Potter. M.A., M.D., M.R.C.P.
{Liondon)
Formerly Professor of the Principles and Practice of Medicine^ Cooper Medical
College, San Francisco ; Major and Brigade Surgeon, U. S. Vol.
Seventh Edition, Revised and greatly enlarged. With numerous Tables,
1 6 Plates and 138 other Illustrations. Blakiston' s ? Quiz- Competid ? Series.
Cloth, ^i.oo ; Interleaved for Taking Notes, $1.25, net.
" Through the opportunity afforded a revision by the frequent editions
of this manual, the author has given a concise and accurate work of
anatomy. It makes an excellent text-book, permitting the teacher to
enlarge upon the information given as the exigencies of the class-room
demand." — Bulletin of the American Academy of Medicine.
15
A Text-Book of
Human Physiology
By A. P. Brubaker, M.D.
Professor of Physiology and Hygiene at Jefferson Medical College ; Professor of
Physiology, Pen7isylvania College of Dental Surgery, Philadelphia,
Second Edition. Revised and Enlarged. With Colored Plates and 356
other Illustrations. Octavo; 715 pages.
Cloth, ^3.00; Leather or Half-Morocco, ^4.00, net,
"An admirable exposition of the facts of physiology brought down
to the latest date. . . . The author *s style is lucid, concise, and
pleasing. The work is one which may be warmly commended in every
respect." — New York Medical Journal.
Landois'
Huinan Physiology
Including Histology and Microscopical Anatomy,
with Special Reference to the Require-
ments of Practical Medicine
By Dr. L. Landois
Professor of Physiology and Director of the Physiological Institute in the
University of Greifswald.
Tenth Edition. Revised and Enlarged.
Edited a^nd Translated by A. P. Brubaker, M.D.
Professor of Physiology at Jeffersoft Medical College, Philadelphia, etc.,
and Augustus A. Eshner, M.D.
Professor of Clinical Medicine, Philadelphia Polyclinic, etc.
With 394 Illustrations. Octavo; 1027 pages.
Cloth, ^7.00 ; Leather or Half-Morocco, ^8.00, net.
" There is no other work of its kind in the English language which
deals with the normal physiological processes so as to show where the
physiological merges into the pathological, and how the facts of pathology
are to be explained by, and how they are in reality of the same essence as,
those of physiology. . . . The book will be useful to practitioners
of medicine and to clinicians, while students reading for the higher ex-
aminations will find it a trustworthy guide to the fundamental facts of
physiology and histology, and an encyclopaedia of reference as well as an
exposition of the latest discoveries and theories of physiology." — The Lan-
cet, London.
" The author, editor, translator and publisher have unitedly produced
a most valuable and attractive book which can in every way be depended
upon as authoritative." — American Medicine.
16
DATE DUE SLIP
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA MEDICAL SCHOOL LIBRARY
THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE
STAMPED BELOW
"^^JUU
QM81 Barl
325
riatomical
190T
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er, L.F.
8503
terminology
reference
A) With
special
the (3 N
vocabularies
in Latin
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d English.
library of the
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