(navigation image)
Home American Libraries | Canadian Libraries | Universal Library | Community Texts | Project Gutenberg | Children's Library | Biodiversity Heritage Library | Additional Collections
Search: Advanced Search
Anonymous User (login or join us)
Upload
See other formats

Full text of "Anatomical terminology, with special reference to the " 

UC-NRLF 




B 4 OTt bMS 



MEID)1€AL ^SCHOOL 
LUBMAUSY 





Digitized by the Internet Archive 

in 2007 with funding from 

IVIicrosoft Corporation 



http://www.archive.org/details/anatomicalterminOObarkrich 



ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY 



BARKER 



Anatomical Terminology 

WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE [BNAl 



BY 



LEWELLYS F. j^ARKER, M. D. 



PROFESSOR OF MEDICINE, JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, BALTIMORE ; (FORMERLY PROFESSOR OF 
ANATOMY, RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE, UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO). 



Iimttb IDocabularies in Xatin anb Bngltsb 
anb 1[llU6tration0 



PHILADELPHIA: 

BLAKISTON'S SON & CO 
I0I2 Walnut Street. 
1907 



Copyright, 1907, by P. Blakiston's Son & Co. 



WM. F. FELL COMPANY 

ELECTROTYPERS AND PRINTERS 

1220-24 8ANSOM STREET 

PHILADELPHIA, PA. 



? 



m I 



9 (j'l 



CONTENTS 



PAGE 

Introduction, i 

What the BNA is, 2 

Why this Review of Anatomical Terminology was Undertaken, 2 

The Scope of the Work and the Workers, 4 

The Way the Work was Done, 5 

The Principles Arrived at as the Work Proceeded, 6 

The Adoption of the BNA in America and Great Britain, 8 

The Future of Anatomical Terminology, 11 

Anatomical Names, 14 

Terms Indicating the Position and Direction of Parts of the Body, 14 

General Terms, 14 

Terms Relating to the Extremities, 14 

General Anatomical Terms, 15 

Parts of the Human Body, 17 

Head, 17 

Skull, 17 

Face, 17 

Eye, 17 

Nose, 17 

Mouth, 17 

Neck, 17 

Trunk, 17 

Thorax, 17 

Back, 17 

Belly, 18 

Pelvis, 18 

Upper Extremities, 18 

Lower Extremities, 18 

Osteology, 19 

Vertebral Column, or Spine, 19 

Atlas, 19 

Epistropheus (O. T. Axis), 20 

Sacrum, 20 

Coccyx, 20 

Thorax, 20 

Ribs, 20 

Breast Bone, 20 

Thoracic Cavity, 20 

Bones of the Skull, 20 

Basilar Bone, 20 

Occipital Bone, 20 

Sphenoid Bone, 21 

Temporal Bone, 22 

Parietal Bone, 23 

Frontal Bone, 23 

Ethmoid Bone, 23 

Inferior Turbinated Bone, 24 

Lacrimal Bone, 24 

Nasal Bone, 24 

Vomer, or Ploughshare, Bone, 24 

Bones of the Face, 24 

Maxilla (O. T. Superior Maxillary Bone), 24 

Palate Bone, 24 

iii 



TJ^d^ 



iv Contents 

Osteology (Coniimced) page 

Ligaments of the Girdle of Lower Extremity (O. T. Pelvic Girdle), 34 

Sacro-Iliac Joint, 35 

Symphysis of Pubic Bones, 35 

Hip Joint, 35 

Knee Joint, 35 

Tibiofibular Joint (O. T. Superior Tibiofibular Articulation), 35 

Tibiofibular Syndesmosis (O. T. Inferior Tibiofibular Articulation), 35 

Joints of the Foot, 35 

Ankle Joint, 35 

Intertarsal Joints, 36 

Talocalcaneonavicular Joint, 36 

Talocalcanean Joint, 36 

Chopart's Transverse Articulation of the Tarsus, 36 

Talonavicular Joint, 36 

Calcaneocuboid Joint, 36 

Cuneonavicular Joint, 36 

Interosseous Ligaments of Tarsus, 36 

Dorsal Ligaments of Tarsus, 36 

Plantar Ligaments of Tarsus, 36 

Tarsometatarsal Joints, 36 

Intermetatarsal Joints, 36 

Metatarsophalangeal Joints, 36 

Joints of the Toes, 37 

Myology or Musculature, 37 

Muscles of the Back, 37 

Muscles of the Head, 38 

Muscles of the Hyoid Bone, 38 

Muscles of the Neck, 38 

Muscles of the Thorax, 39 

Muscles of the Abdomen, 39 

Coccygeal Muscles, 40 

Muscles of the Upper Extremity, 40 

Muscles of the Lower Extremity,. 41 

BuRS^ AND Mucous Sheaths, 43 

Splanchnology, 45 

Digestive Apparatus, 45 

Mouth Cavity, 45 

Mucous Membrane of the Mouth, 45 

Glands of the Mouth, 45 

Teeth, 46 

Tongue, 46 

Fauces, 46 

Muscles of the Palate and Fauces, 47 

Pharynx, 47 

Digestive Tube, 47 

Oesophagus, 47 

Stomach, 47 

Small or Thin Intestine, 48 

Large or Thick Intestine, 48 

Rectum or Straight Gut, 49 

Pancreas, 49 

Liver, 49 

Respiratory Apparatus, 50 

Nasal Cavity, 50 

External Nose, 51 

Larynx, 51 

Muscles of Larynx, 52 

Cavity of Larynx, 52 

Trachea and Bronchi, 52 

I^ung, - 52 

Thoracic Cavity, 53 

Thyreoid Gland, 53 

Carotid Skein (O. T. Intercarotid Gland), ^^ 



Contents v 

Respiratory Apparatus (Contimied) page 

Thymus, ^3 

Urogenital Apparatus, 53 

Uropoietic Organs, 53 

Kidney, ^3 

Renal Arteries, 54 

Renal Veins, 54 

Ureter, 54 

Urinary Bladder, 54 

Suprarenal Gland, ^4 

Male Genital Organs, 5^ 

Testicle, 55 

Seminal Vesicle • ^^ 

Spermatic Cord and Coats of the Testicle and Cord, 55 

Prostate, 55 

Bulbo-urethral Gland (O. T. Cowper's Gland), 56 

Parts of External Genitals, 56 

Penis, 56 

Male Urethra, 56 

Scrotum, ^6 

Female Genital Organs, 56 

Ovary, 56 

Uterine Tube (O. T. Fallopian Tube), 56 

Uterus, ^7 

Vagina, 57 

Epo-ophoron (O. T. Parovarium or Organ of Rosenmueller), 57 

External Genital Parts, 57 

Paro-ophoron, 57 

Large Vestibular Gland of Bartholin, 57 

Clitoris, 57 

Female Urethra, 58 

Perineum, „ ^8 

Peritoneum, 58 

Angiology, 60 

Heart, 60 

Right Atrium (O. T. right auricle), 61 

Right Ventricle, 61 

Left Atrium (O. T. Left Auricle), 61 

Left Ventricle, 61 

Arteries, 61 

Pulmonary Artery, 61 

Aorta, 61 

Innominate Artery, 62 

Common Carotid Artery, 62 

External Carotid Artery, 62 

Superior Thyreoid Artery, 62 

Ascending Pharyngeal Artery, 62 

Lingual Artery, ' 62 

External Maxillary Artery (O. T. Facial Artery) , 62 

Sternocleidomastoid Artery, 62 

Occipital Artery 62 

Posterior Auricular Artery, 62 

Superficial Temporal Artery, 62 

Internal Maxillary Artery, 62 

Internal Carotid Artery, 63 

Ophthalmic Artery, 63 

Cerebral Arteries, 63 

Subclavian Artery, 63 

Vertebral Artery, 63 

Basilar Artery, 63 

Internal Mammary Artery, 63 

Thyreocervical Trunk (O. T. Thyreoid Axis), 63 

Inferior Thyreoid Artery, 63 

Ascending Cervical Artery, 64 



vi Contents 

Angiology, Subclavian Artery (Contimied) page 

Superficial Cervical Artery, 64 

Transverse Artery of Scapula (O. T. Suprascapular), 64 

Costocervical Trunk (O. T. Superior Intercostal), 64 

Transverse Artery of Neck (O. T. Transversalis Coli), 64 

Axillary Artery, 64 

Highest Thoracic Artery (O. T. Superior Thoracic Artery), 64 

Thoraco-Acromial Artery (O. T. Thoracic Axis), 64 

Lateral Thoracic Artery (O. T. Long Thoracic), 64 

Subscapular Artery, 64 

Anterior Circumflex Artery of Humerus, 64 

Posterior Circumflex Artery of Humerus, 64 

Brachial Artery, 64 

Deep Artery of Upper arm (O. T. Superior Profunda) , 64 

Superior Ulna Collateral Artery (O. T. Inferior Profunda), 64 

Inferior Ulna Collateral Artery (O. T. Anastomotica Magna), 64 

Radial Artery, 64 

Ulnar Artery, 65 

Thoracic Aorta, 65 

Intercofetal Arteries, 65 

Abdominal Aorta, 65 

Inferior Phrenic Artery, 65 

Lumbar Arteries, 65 

Middle Sacral Artery, 65 

Coeliac Artery, 65 

Superior Mesenteric Artery, 66 

Inferior Mesenteric Artery, 66 

Middle Suprarenal Artery (O. T. Middle Capsular Artery), 66 

Renal Artery, 66 

Internal Spermatic Artery, 66 

Testicular Artery, 66 

Ovarian Artery, 66 

Common Iliac Artery, 66 

Hypogastric Artery (O. T. Internal Iliac), 66 

Iliolumbar Artery, 66 

Lateral Sacral Artery, 66 

Obturator Artery, 66 

Superior Gluteal Artery, 66 

Inferior Gluteal Artery, 66 

Umbilical Artery, 66 

Inferior Vesical Artery, 66 

Deferential Artery, 66 

Uterine Artery, 66 

Middle Hemorrhoidal Artery, 66 

Internal Pudendal Artery, 66 

External Iliac Artery, 66 

Inferior Epigastric Artery (O. T. Deep Epigastric), 66 

Deep Circumflex Iliac Artery, 67 

Femoral Artery, 67 

Popliteal Artery, 67 

Anterior Tibial Artery, 67 

Posterior Tibial Artery, 67 

Veins, 68 

Pulmonary Veins, 68 

Veins of the Heart, 68 

Superior Vena Cava, 68 

Right and Left Innominate Veins, , 68 

Internal Jugular Vein, 68 

Sinuses of the Dura Mater, 68 

Cerebral Veins, 69 

Superior Ophthalmic Vein, 69 

Common Facial Vein, 69 

Anterior Facial Vein, 69 

Posterior Facial Vein, 69 



Contents vii 

AnGIOLOGY, Veins (Coniinued) page 

External Jugular Vein, 69 

Subclavian Vein, 70 

Axillary Vein, 70 

Azygos Vein (O. T. Vena Azygos Major), 70 

Inferior Vena Cava, 70 

Portal Vein, 70 

Common Iliac Vein, 71 

Hypogastric Vein (O. T. Internal Iliac Vein), 71 

External Iliac Veins, 71 

Lymphatic System, 71 

Lymphatic Vessels, 71 

Thoracic Duct, 72 

Lymph Glands, 72 

Lymphatic Plexuses, 72 

Neurology, 73 

Central Nervous System, 73 

Spinal Cord, 73 

Sections of the Spinal Cord, 73 

Brain, 74 

Medullary or After-Brain, j 74 

Medulla Oblongata, 74 

Sections of Medulla Oblongata, 74 

Fourth Ventricle, 75 

Hind-Brain, 75 

Pons (" Bridge ") Varolii, 75 

Sections of the Pons, 75 

Cerebellum or Small Brain, 75 

Sections of Cerebellum, 76 

Isthmus of Rhombencephalon, 76 

Sections of Isthmus, 76 

Cerebrum (Large Brain), 76 

Midbrain, 76 

Inferior Surface, 76 

Peduncle of Cerebrum (O. T. Crus Cerebri), 77 

Sections of Cerebral Peduncle, 77 

Quadrigeminal Bodies (O, T. Optic Lobes), 77 

Sections of Quadrigeminal Bodies, 77 

Forebrain, 77 

Interbrain, 77 

Hypothalamus (O. T. Subthalamic Region), 77 

Sections of the Hypothalamus, 77 

Thalamic Brain, 78 

Thalamus (O. T. Optic Thalamus), 78 

Metathalamus, 78 

Epithalamus, 78 

Sections of the Thalamic Brain, 78 

End-Brain, 78 

Hemisphere, 78 

Brain Mantle, 78 

Medial Surface of Hemisphere, 79 

Fornix, 79 

Transparent Septum, 80 

Lateral Ventricle, 80 

Olfactory Brain, 80 

Sections of End-Brain, 80 

Membranes of Brain, 81 

Peripheral Nervous System, 81 

Cerebral Nerves, 81 

Olfactory Nerves, 81 

Optic Nerve, 81 

Oculomotor Nerve (O. T. Third Nerve), 81 

Trochlear Nerve (O. T. Patheticus or Fourth Nerve), 81 

Trigeminal Nerve (O. T. Fifth Nerve), 82 



Vlll 



Contents 



Neurology, Peripheral Nervous System, Cerebral Nerves {Continued) page 

Ophthalmic Nerve, 82 

Maxillary Nerve (O. T. Superior Maxillary), 82 

Mandibular Nerve (O. T. Inferior Maxillary), 82 

Abducent Nerve (O. T. Sixth Nerve), 2>t, 

Facial Nerve, 83 

Acoustic (O. T. Auditory Nerve), 83 

Glossopharyngeal Nerve, ^;^ 

Vagus Nerve (O. T. Pneumogastric Nerve), 84 

Accessory Nerve (O. T. Spinal Accessory), 84 

Hypoglossal Nerve, , 84 

Spinal Nerves, 84 

Cervical Nerves, 85 

Brachial Plexus, 85 

Median Nerve, 85 

Ulnar Nerve, 85 

Radial Nerve (O. T. Musculospiral), 86 

Thoracic Nerves, 86 

Lumbar, Sacral, and Coccygeal Nerves, 86 

Lumbosacral Plexus, 86 

Lumbar Plexus, 86 

Iliohypogastric Nerve, 86 

Ilio-inguinal Nerve, 86 

Genitofemoral Nerve (O. T. Genitocrural Nerve), 86 

Lateral Cutaneous Nerve of Thigh (O. T. External Cutaneous), 86 

Obturator Nerve, 86 

Femoral Nerve (O. T. Anterior Crural), 87 

Sacral Plexus, 87 

Sciatic Nerve (O. T. Great Sciatic), 87 

Pudendal Plexus, 87 

Coccygeal Nerve, 87 

Sympathetic System of Nerves, 88 

Cephalic and Cervical Portions of the Sympathetic System, 88 

Thoracic Portion of the Sympathetic System, 88 

Abdominal and Pelvic Portions of the Sympathetic System, 88 

Sense Organs and Common Integument, 89 

Organ of Vision, 89 

Eye, 89 

Optic Nerve, 89 

Eyeball, 89 

Fibrous Tunic of Eve, 89 

Sclera (O. T. Sclerotic Coat), 89 

Cornea, 89 

. Vascular Coat of Eye, 89 

Chorioid, 89 

Ciliary Body, 90 

Iris or Diaphragm of the Eye, 90 

Layer of Pigment, 90 

Retina, 90 

Anterior Chamber of the Eye, 90 

Posterior Chamber of the Eye, 90 

Vitreous Body, 90 

Crystalline Lens, 90 

Ciliary Zonule (O. T. Zonule of Zinn), 91 

Accessory Organs of the Eye, 91 

Eye Muscles, Orbital Fasciae, 91 

Eyebrow, 91 

Eyelids, 91 

Conjunctiva, 91 

Lacrimal Apparatus, 91 

Organ of Hearing, 92 

Internal Ear, 92 

Membraneous Labyrinth, 92 

Osseous Labyrinth, 92 



Contents ix 

Sense Organs and Common Integument, Organ of Hearing {Continued) pack 

Vestibule, 92 

Cochlea, q2 

Internal Acoustic Meatus, g^ 

Cavity of Tympanum, g^, 

Membrane of the Tympanum (O. T. Drumhead), 93 

Auditory Ossicles, q3 

Joints of the Auditory Ossicles, 94 

Ligaments of the Auditory Ossicles, 94 

Muscles of the Auditory Ossicles, 94 

Tympanic Mucous Coat, 94 

Auditory or Eustachian Tube, 94 

External Acoustic Meatus, 94 

External Ear, 94 

Organ of Smell, 95 

Organ of Taste, 95 

Common Integument, 95 

Skin, 95 

Epidermis or Scarf Skin, 95 

Corium or Leather Skin, 95 

Subcutaneous Tissue, 95 

Terminal Corpuscles of the Nerves, 95 

Hair, 95 

Nails, 96 

Glands of the Skin 96 

Coil Glands, 96 

Sebaceous Glands, 96 

Breast, 96 

Regions of the Human Body, 97 

of the Head, 98 

of the Face, 98 

of the Neck, 98 

of the Breast, 99 

of the Abdomen, 99 

of the Back, 99 

of the Upper Extremity, 99 

of the Lower Extremity, 100 

Explanatory Notes to Certain Terms, loi 

Colored Plates of Regions, 105-107 



THE BASLE ANATOMICAL NOMEN- 
CLATURE [BNA]. 



Introduction, 

Now that the BNA is being followed in medical and scientific schools 
throughout the world, and has been adopted as the language used in several of the 
newer English and American anatomical text-books and atlases, it has occurred 
to the publishers of Morris's Anatomy that a concise statement concerning the 
origin and exact nature of this list of anatomical terms would be interesting 
and helpful to anatomists, physiologists, biologists, pathologists, and cUnicians. 
They have asked me to prepare this statement, and I do so gladly, in the hope 
that it may bring the terminology to the attention of many who do not yet know 
of it, and make clear, perhaps, certain misunderstandings that have existed in 
the minds of some who have heard of it, but are not yet really familiar with 
it. To know its origin, nature, and aims is, I feel sure, in the majority of 
instances at least, to decide to use it. That the sooner a general decision to 
adopt it is reached the better it will be for anatomical instruction and research, 
and the easier it will be for teacher and taught, it is the aim of the following 
paragraphs to show. They have not been difficult to write, for, aside from the 
experience I have gained by personally using the BNA in anatomical labora- 
tories during the past ten years, the material for the account lay ready at hand 
in the articles of Krause* and Hisf and it has been necessary only to adapt 
it to the needs of readers in America and Great Britain. The article by 
Professor His has been followed especially closely, and parts of my account are 
no other than a free translation of his lucid paragraphs. The actual list of 
Latin names of the BNA is to be published at once by Messrs. P. Blakiston's 
Son & Co. and Messrs. J. & A. Churchill. It will be accompanied by a list of 
literal English equivalents which Dr. Benson A. Cohoe, Assistant Resident 
Physician in the Johns Hopkins Hospital, has been kind enough to help me to 
prepare. The English vocabulary is simply explanatory; in many instances it 
would be unwise to use the English synonyms given, and in many more instances 
anatomists would differ as to the most suitable English equivalent to be chosen. 
Each anatomist is of course at liberty to use whatever English equivalent he 
desires for the official Latin terms. Students are strongly advised, however, 
to use the original Latin terms as English words. The Latin terms are the only 
authorized ones. 

* Krause, W. : Die anatomische Nomenclatur. Internat. Monatsschr. f . Anat. u. PhysioL, 
1893. X, 3^3- 

tHis, W.: "Die anatomische Nomenclatur. Nomina anatomica, Verzeichniss der von der 
anatomischen Gesellschaft auf ihrer IX. Versammlung in Basel aufgenommenen Namen 
Eingeleitet und im Einverstandniss mit dem Redactionsausschuss erlautert. Mit dreissig 
Abbildungen in Text und zwei Tafeln": Leipzig, Veit & Co., 1895. (Reprinted from the 
Arch. f. Anat. u. Physiol, anat. Abth. Leipzig, 1895, Supplement-Band.) 



2 Anatomical Nomenclature 

What the "BNA" is. 

The expression BNA is a shorthand title for a list of some 4500 anatomical 
terms {nomina anatomica) accepted at Basle in 1895 by the Anatomical Society 
as the most suitable designations for the various parts of the human anatomy 
which are visible to the naked eye. The terms are all in correct Latin and have 
been selected by a group of the most distinguished anatomists in the world, 
•working six years at their task, as the shortest and simplest available names for 
the different structures; the majority of the terms were already in use in the 
various text-books, but some of them were selected from anatomical monographs 
not considered in the text-books, and a few of them are brand-new, introduced 
into the hst, where an examination of the literature and of anatomical prep- 
arations showed that none of the terms hitherto coined was satisfactory. 

One name only is given to each structure, and the mass of synonyms which 
encumbered the text-books can thus be swept away. If one of the larger text- 
books of gross anatomy be examined, as many as 10,000 terms will be found 
employed, the half of which are synonyms ; and if the anatomical terms used in 
the various standard text-books be collected into one list, the total number 
amounts to more than 30,000. It is no small achievement to have reduced the 
necessary number of terms in gross anatomy, as it is known to-day, to less than 
5000, — an achievement for which both students and teachers of the subject must 
be thankful. 

Even more important is the exclusion from the list of all obscure or ambig- 
uous terms, each name employed having a definite and easily ascertainable 
meaning. The construction of the list has led, too, to the establishment of cer- 
tain general principles regarding the formation and use of anatomical terms, 
and these principles promise to be of great service in simplifying terminology 
and keeping it uniform- as anatomical science continues to develop. 

Why this revision of anatomical terminology was imdertaken. 

Previous to undertaking this revision of the names used in gross anatomy, 
the burden of terms which had to be carried by text-book, teacher, and pupil 
had been growing progressively heavier. Anatomical structures had been chris- 
tened in a most haphazard way. From the beginning of the science each inves- 
tigator gave names as he would to the parts he studied, and as one investigator 
was often ignorant of the work done by others the same parts were frequently 
differently dubbed. The authors of anatomical text-books, especially those who 
read widely, gradually collected these terms, though each author selected and 
jerected names from the lists used by his predecessors as he thought fit. 

It has thus come about that we have inherited from previous centuries an 
excess of anatomical terms, many single structures carrying double or even mul- 
tiple designations. Examples come at once to mind: The pneumogastric 
nerve is also the vagus nerve as well as the tenth cerebral nerve; the trapezius 
muscle is known to some as the musculus cucullaris ; the laryngeal prominence 
is also Adam's apple; the aqueduct of the cerebrum is also, in many books, the iter 
e tertio ad quartum ventriculum; m. levator palati is synonymous with m. petro- 
salpingostaphyHnus. These double and multiple terms were passed on from 
lecture to lecture and from text-book to text-book, and as a result of this anarchy 
in the creation and use of terms the weight became terribly grievous. 
Teachers and pupils writhed under it. Anatomical research was, to some extent 
at least, retarded by it. When the valvula coH was known also variously as 
the valvula ileocecalis, the valvula Bauhini, the valvula Tulpii, and the valvula 
Falloppii, a certain historical sense may have been aroused and opportunity 



Why the Revision Was Undertaken 3 

given, as His suggests, for the discussion of fossil questions of priority, but the 
inconveniences of such ballast were sufficiently obvious. 

As this naming went on by the authors of individual text-books or mono- 
graphs, a great many terms were proposed which never became current; others 
were gradually employed in a sense other than that originally intended; some 
attained to general anatomical parlance. It was the success that a name met 
with which justified its adoption in the science, although often, as examination 
has shown, it was fashion which in her imperious way decided, sometimes sud- 
denly replacing an entirely suitable anatomical term by another, no better. 
The names arising, as it were, by chance and at totally different periods in the 
various anatomical systems, it was scarcely possible that anatomical terminol- 
ogy as a whole could manifest any general plan or have much uniformity of 
character; it was necessarily chaotic and incoherent, — full of inequalities, con- 
tradictions, and obscurities. 

The distinguished German anatomist, J. Henle, when writing his well- 
known treatise, felt keenly the faults of the inherited terminology and made a 
great effort at improvement. In his text-book of anatomy he gave only one 
name to each structure, banishing all synonyms to the footnotes; he waged war 
against personal names, and replaced them by objective terms, urging that his- 
torical injustice was frequently done by their retention. It is to Henle, also, 
that we owe the introduction and consistent use of those excellent terms of 
orientation, — the words sagittal, frontal, medial, lateral, etc. But even as great 
an anatomist as Henle could not simpHfy anatomical terminology satisfac- 
torily without the sympathetic cooperation of other anatomists. Each great 
medical school had to a certain extent its own anatomical language, and the 
physician who tried to read articles in which the terms of schools other than 
that in which he had been brought up were used met with irritating difficulties. 
A student going from one university to another often found that the anatomical 
expressions acquired with great difficulty in the one had to be supplanted by 
another set of terms, equally hard to learn, in the other. 

This harmful and humiliating state of affairs stirred up in anatomists in 
various countries a strong feeling for the necessity of remedy. Anatomical so- 
cieties in America, in Germany, and in Great Britain interested themselves much 
in the problem. In America it was Professor Burt G. Wilder, of Ithaca, who felt 
most keenly the need of reform in terminology. He deserves great credit for his 
efforts to stimulate other American anatomists to a realization of this need, as 
well as for the time and labor he has given to attempt to improve and simplify 
anatomical terms.* He writes me that the matter of terminology was definitely 
brought before the American Association for the Advancement of Science as long 
ago as 1880, and states that in connection with the revision of terminology in 
America the names of Messrs. Gage, Gerrish, Gould, Huntington, Leidy, and the 
Spitzkas, father and son, should be mentioned. 

The movement for revision of terminology which originated in Germany 
in the enlarged Anatomical Society at its first meeting in Leipsic, in 1887, is the 

*C/. Wilder, B. G.: "The Fundamental Principles of Anatomical Nomenclature" 
(Med. News, Phila., 1891, December 19) ; " Macroscopical Vocabulary of the Brain," presented 
to the Association of American Anatomists at Boston, Mass., December 20, 1890; "American 
Reports upon Anatomical Nomenclature," 1889-1890, with notes by B. G. Wilder, Cor- 
nell University, February 5, 1892; "Anatomical Terminology," by B. G. Wilder and S. H. 
Gage, in the first edition of Wood's Reference Handbook of the Medical Sciences; "Neural 
Terms, International and National," 1896; "Some Misapprehensions as to the Simplification 
of^ the Nomenclature of Anatomy," 1898. The Reports of the Committee of the Associ- 
ation of American Anatomists may also be consulted. 



4 Anatomical Nomenclature 

one which resulted finally in the production of the BNA. The Society in that 
year voted that its officers undertake at once a revision of anatomical terms, 
with the hope of remedying the obvious evils existing. No sooner did these 
officers begin their work, however, than unforeseen difficulties began to appear, 
and these did not lessen in number or significance as the work progressed. 
Anatomists may rejoice that the difficulties were not insuperable. How they 
were overcome and what the results achieved were, I shall try to explain in the 
paragraphs which succeed. 

The Scope of the Work and the Workers. 

It soon became clear that a permanent commission on terminology could 
deal more effectively with the problem than the officers of the Society. Again, 
an editor-in-chief, who should devote himself almost entirely to the work for a 
number of years, must of necessity be appointed. These suggestions, emanating 
from Professor His, were adopted by the Society in 1889. The Commission on 
Nomenclature was at once appointed, with Professor von KoUiker as Chairman 
and Professors O. Hertwig, His, KoUmann, Merkel, Schwalbe, Toldt, Waldeyer, 
and V. Bardeleben as members, — a list of names as Hkely, surely, as any that 
could have been chosen to insure success from the start. 

This Commission began its work most happily by securing the services of 
Professor W. Krause, of Berlin, as editor-in-chief. Krause's literary ability 
made the choice especially suitable. During the six years' work which fol- 
lowed his appointment he set an example, his collaborators tell us, of indefati- 
gable diligence and inexhaustible patience. The necessary correspondence 
of such an editor was almost interminable; letters often passed to and fro for weeks 
in order to set a single term right or to get it into its proper place in the list. 

The cost of the undertaking was a matter for early consideration. The 
work, while largely a labor of love, entailed unavoidably certain expenses. The 
original estimate of the Commission of 10,000 marks ($2500) was exceeded 
only a little. It seems almost incredible that the work could have been accom- 
plished with so small an outlay. A large proportion of the cost (some 8090 
marks) was defrayed by the scientific academies of Munich, Berlin, Vienna, 
Leipsic, and Hungary; the rest of the amount (3800 marks) was contributed by 
the Anatomical Society itself. 

The exact scope of the work had, of course, to be clearly before the minds 
of the members of the Commission from the outset. It was decided, therefore, 
to consider descriptive anatomy solely, and this only in as far as the structures are 
visible to the naked eye or through a simple hand lens. No attempts were to 
be made to settle the terminology in domains of lively contemporary investi- 
gation, nor were the terms of microscopic anatomy to be included. The list 
was to be constructed in one language — viz.: Latin; those who use the termi- 
nology were left, therefore, to translate, at will, the terms more or less freely, 
into their own tongues. 

The question in how far the terminology should attempt to be international 
in character was a delicate one for the Commission to determine. The Anatomi- 
cal Society, while organized in Germany and meeting usually only in cities in 
which the German language is spoken, has never been exclusively German in 
membership or character. Indeed, the list of members includes names from 
America, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, England, France, Hungary, Italy, Russia, 
Sweden, and Switzerland. The majority of members are German, it is true; 
in 1895 there were 145 German members to 129 members belonging to other 
countries. A society with such a membership might, perhaps, without criticism, 



The Way the Work Was Done 5 

undertake the establishment of a terminology intended for international use. 
It was decided, however, not to make the undertaking too wide at the beginning, 
to try rather to form a list of terms which should, in the first place, be acceptable 
to German-speaking anatomists and, later on, to attempt to gain the cooperation 
of anatomists who speak other languages. Though the names of the Commis- 
sion originally appointed are all those of German or Austrian anatomists, the 
lists of anatomical terms considered were, from the beginning, taken from 
French and English as well as from German books. In 1890 several anatomists 
from Great Britain and other European countries were invited to join the Com- 
mission, and, later, Professor Thane of London was included. It was partly 
owing, doubtless, to the relatively undeveloped state of anatomy at the time in 
American universities, partly to the fact that few, if any, of our anatomists 
then attended the meetings of the Anatomical Society, that no one from this 
country was invited to join the Commission, Were another revision to be made 
by the Society to-day, American anatomists would undoubtedly be requested 
to act. The terminology which the Commission prepared and which was ac- 
cepted by the Society in Basle, in 1905, was, in origin and in execution, there- 
fore, the affair of the Anatomical Society and is to be regarded as international 
only in as far as that Society and its affiliations may be so regarded. 

The Way the Work was done. 

It is interesting to learn the methods followed by the Commission in the 
accomplishment of its task. The plan adopted at the beginning was greatly 
modified as the work proceeded. Myology, as it promised to be much the easiest, 
was the first subject undertaken. The editor took as a basis the names used in 
the latest large text-book of gross anatomy.* These terms were vnritten down 
in a vertical column and the synonyms from a number of other much-used text- 
books placed in parallel columns. The lists were manifolded and a copy sent 
to each commissioner with the request that he mark the term of his choice, or 
if he found none suitable to propose a new one for the structure concerned. 
Each commissioner was to return his list with comments to Professor Krause. 

When the first vote on myological terms was counted it was found that the 
names of 85 per cent, of the structures had received a majority vote, — more than 
40 per cent, receiving practically unanimous approval. This surprising result 
was most encouraging. A second list was then made out indicating the accepted 
names, the terms still not decided upon, and the list of new terms proposed, and 
it, together with the comments made by the various commissioners, was again 
distributed. After the second vote any terms left undetermined were discussed 
and settled in personal sittings of the Commission. By June, 189 1, the myo- 
logical terminology was complete with a list of some 300 terms. 

As a result of its early experience the Commission found that a second and 
third vote made by correspondence gave results but little better than the first 
vote. Further, it was soon learned that the new terms proposed and the com- 
ments made by the members, often as a result of hard work and special knowl- 
edge, were insufficiently considered unless each new term and comment were 
verbally discussed in personal meetings of the commissioners. On attempting 
such verbal discussion, however, in 1892, it was found that progress was made 
too slowly in the full Commission and it became necessary to parcel out the 
work to special committees. Thus the list of terms in Angiology was assigned 
to Professors Merkel, Thane, and Toldt; that in Regional Anatomy to Pro- 

* Tills happened to be C. Gegenbaur's "Lehrbuch der Anatomie des Menschen." 



6 Anatomical Nomenclature 

fessors Merkel, Riidinger, and Toldt, while Professor Toldt was made a com- 
mittee of one to consider the terminology of joints. 

Another important step consisted in the appointment of a special editing 
committee consisting of Professors His, Krause, and Waldeyer. To this com- 
mittee was delegated the task of giving a uniform character to the terminology 
as a whole, a matter of no little difhculty. Since the single systems had been 
voted upon at long intervals, the different terms accepted had received variable 
majorities. There was a considerable residue of terms still undetermined in the 
parts already considered and the whole list contained inequalities and even 
contradictions which had to be corrected. Indeed, this editing committee 
found itself deeply immersed in the hardest kind of work for no less than three 
years after it was appointed. The terminology of the nervous system and of 
the viscera proved to be the most difficult of all. In these chapters the com- 
pleted list is deeply indebted especially to Professor His and to the support and 
advice he received from Professors von KoUiker, Toldt, and Waldeyer. 

During the last three of the six years' work it was found that results were 
most quickly and satisfactorily reached by adopting the following program: 
First, the members of the Commission were asked to send in their special sugges- 
tions and comments for the unfinished lists even before the first vote was taken, 
so that they could be considered on the primary ballot. The editor-in-chief, 
after this vote had been made, rearranged the lists and turned them over to the 
editing committee, the members of which reconsidered each term separately 
and decided doubtful questions. This committee often found it necessary to 
refer to the bibhography and even to dissections to help it in its decisions. The 
lists thus edited were returned to the Commission for final comments. These, 
when received, were thoroughly studied by the editing committee, and in 1895 
the definitive list was presented by the Commission to the Anatomical Society 
as a whole at its meeting in Basle. The Society voted its adoption. 

The Principles arrived at as the Work proceeded. 

As the six years' work of the Commission proceeded certain principles of 
terminology crystallized out and simplified the further revision. It was found, 
however, that while these principles were of value as general rules, none of them 
could be employed absolutely without exception. The more important decisions 
arrived at were the following: 

(i) Each part shall have only one name. 

(2) Each term shall be in Latin and be philologically correct. 

(3) Each term shall be as short and simple as possible. 

(4) The terms shall be merely memory signs and need lay no claim to 
description or to speculative interpretation. 

(5) Related terms shall, as far as possible, be similar — e. g., Femur, Arteria 
femoralis. Vena femoralis, Nervus femoralis. 

(6) Adjectives, in general, shall be arranged as opposites — e. g., dexter 
and sinister, major and minor, anterior and posterior, superficialis and profundus. 

The Commission was occasionally forced to deviate from these rules. Thus, 
the first one was violated with the mitral valve, which is named valvula bicus- 
pidalis and valvula mitralis, neither term being omitted (a concession to clini- 
cians). The third rule, while usually easily followed (few would care to retain 
the terms crotaphitico-buccinatorius or petrosalpingostaphylinus) , could not 
always be obeyed; for instance, it did not seem wise to abolish that popular 
term, sternocleidomastoideus. The fifth rule was ignored in making the 
arteria meningea media go through a foramen spinosum (instead of through a 



Principles Arrived at as Work Proceeded 7 

foramen meningeum medium), and other examples might be given. But only 
when compromise appeared to be unavoidable did the Commission consent 
to depart from the principles mentioned. 

There was much difference of opinion regarding the retention of personal 
names. Some desired to continue their use; others wished to abolish them al- 
together. Much can be said on each side. The arguments pro and con have 
been marshalled by His. On the one hand (i) historical injustice is frequently 
done, the name borne by a part being not that of its real discoverer but of some 
later worker; (2) the personal names employed may vary in different countries, 
Lieberkiihn's glands in Germany being Galeati's in Italy, Vater's corpuscles in 
the one country being those of Pacini in the other; (3) in the literature of the 
specialties personal names are often used in great excess, names of no importance 
figuring in the bibliography; and (4) no systematic plan seems to have been 
followed in adopting personal names; thus, even from among the immortals, 
the names of Eustachius and Malpighi have in more than one instance been 
chosen for' anatomical structures, while the names of VesaKus and Harvey 
do not appear at all. On the other hand it is argued that (i) the per- 
sonal names are usually good mnemotechnic material, a student easily 
retaining the names of Poupart's, Gimbernat's and CoUes's ligaments and 
having the impulse to find out what each signifies; whereas, his interest 
is much less for a ligamentum inguinale, a ligamentum lacunare, or a 
ligamentum inguinale reflexum; (2) a certain feeling of piety should restrain 
us from sacrificing, to a principle arbitrarily established, terms which for cen- 
turies have been found good and useful; and (3) it is to the student's advantgae 
in his first session in the medical school to become familiar with the names of 
Falloppia, Eustachius, Malpighi, etc., for through them his historical sense may be 
awakened; and it is, perhaps, matter of secondary importance whether or not the 
names are always rightly used, this being a function of the history of anatomy 
rather than of anatomical terminology. The Commission compromised by 
giving each part an objective name and putting widely used personal names in 
brackets. Though this makes the terms less simple, it has the advantage of 
leaving to time the final decision. The personal names are all put in the genitive 
case, following the precedent set by the Zoological Commission on terminology. 
Thus Poupart's ligament becomes Lig. inguinale [Pouparti]. In time it will 
be known whether it is to be called ultimately the inguinal ligament or by Pou- 
part's name. 

Another matter which the Commission had to decide concerned the anatom- 
ical terms used in the medical specialties, — e. g., in neurology, ophthalmology, 
otology, and laryngology. In recent years clinicians have been reworking the 
anatomy of their special domains quite independently of the anatomical labora- 
tories. An examination of the literature of the specialties reveals an anatom- 
ical terminology and description which varies markedly from the language and 
presentation of the ordinary anatomical text-books. The Commission soon 
convinced itself that the creation of this special language was due to the insuffi- 
ciency of the anatomies of the schools ; it was its duty, therefore, to accept the terms 
introduced by the specialists or to supply better ones. While the average medi- 
cal student cannot, in his course in anatomy, be expected to master completely 
the anatomical terms of all the medical specialties, still, as far as his training 
goes in that direction, he has the right to demand that it shall be correct and 
modern. For completeness' sake, therefore, the Commission has included a full 
list of the names of macroscopic structures in the special organs, being led to do 
so by the repeated assurance of distinguished specialists that they were ready to 
accept the nomenclature of the anatomists as soon as it covered their needs. 



8 Anatomical Nomenclature 

It is surprising to find how few really new terms were coined by the Com- 
mission. Indeed, the first plan was so conservative that it expected to make no 
new terms at all but only to choose the most suitable terms then in use in the 
text-books. Fortunately this plan was not adhered to. The only terms avail- 
able in the text-books for some structures wxre antiquated and unworthy of re- 
tention; but, worse and oftener, among the terms used in the text-books are 
some that are employed by one author in one sense and by another in another, 
owing, in certain cases at least, to obscure or inexact views. The Commission 
was therefore sometimes compelled to search the bibliography, to study dis- 
sections, and even to make original investigations in connection with a given 
term. For the sake of clarity and accuracy a certain number of new terms 
had to be introduced, and in the explanatory notes which accompanied the 
publication of the BNA Professor His has indicated the exact meaning of these 
new terms. Now that the new anatomical text-books and atlases are being 
written in the language of the BNA the student and physician will have no 
difficulty in understanding the few terms which otherwise might have seemed 
unfamiliar to him. The fact, however, remains that the list consists chiefly of 
carefully selected old names; it gives quite a wrong impression, therefore, to 
speak of the BNA as the "new terminology" or "new nomenclature."* 

The adoption of the BNA in America and in Great Britain. 

Having reviewed the history of the origin and construction of the BNA 
let us now turn for a moment to the matter of its adoption in this and 
in other English-speaking countries. It was thought by some, at first, that 
there would be great difficulties in the way. 

(i) Thus, though granting the desirabihty of an anatomical terminology 
which shall be the same in all civihzed countries, some think that the time is not 
yet ripe for it; the needs of the anatomists of different countries as regards 
anatomical terms are, they argue, not yet fully identical. When it is remembered, 
however, that the terms of the BNA deal only with well-established gross anatom- 
ical structures and do not relate to microscopic parts or to parts concerning 
which views are still unsettled, it is not difficult to conceive of international 
cooperation in the use of them for the sake of uniformity. The work of all 
anatomists, physiologists, biologists, pathologists and clinicians would be 
made much easier thereby. The speed of progress in these days has compelled 
every scientific medical man to read articles on his subject appearing in several 
languages; unless he does so he falls hopelessly behind his colleagues. Even 
medical students, in the schools with the higher requirements, are now asked to 
read one or two modern languages other than their own before admission. 
How obviously the reading of medical articles in the international bibliography 
would be facilitated if all writers would make it a point to use the same ana- 
tomical terms in texts and at the sides of illustrative plates and figures! 
Certainly the vast majority of the terms of the BNA would be understandable 
of all and agreeable to all. Even if a small residue of names might be found 
objectionable and remain unused in each country, it would matter but Httle, 
though most of us, surely, would be willing temporarily, for the sake of uni- 
formity, to use a few terms not wholly to our liking. 

(2) There are, it is said, a few anatomists in America and in England 
who are prejudiced against the BNA because it was prepared by the German 
Anatomical Society and is largely the result of the work of German anatomists. 

* Through an oversight in proof-reading, I have myself fallen into this error in my 
** Laboratory Manual." 



The Adoption of the BNA 9 

Aside from the facts referred to above — that the Anatomical Society had almost 
as many non-German as German members and that the Commission on Ter- 
minology contained English, Belgian and Italian anatomists as well as German, 
Austrian and Swiss — it would not, it seems to me, have mattered much, or hin- 
dered its acceptance by us, if the BNA had been wholly German in origin. If 
anatomists of worthily world-wide fame like His, Toldt, Waldeyer, Krause, 
and their colleagues are willing and able to give a large part of their time and 
energies for six years to such a task, to secure the money to defray the expense 
thereof, and then to present it freely to the rest of us, — if what they have done 
is really excellent, — are we to be sulky and reject it simply because it was " made 
in Germany"? I cannot believe that any one who reflects for a moment can be 
other than extremely grateful for the very valuable gift these men have made us; 
such a Chauvinistic attitude as I have described can surely not be assumed by more 
than a minute minority. On the contrary, it is characteristic of the people of 
this country that they seek out and adopt as their own the "best" wherever it 
is to be found, even if it chance to be " made in Thibet" or in Timbuctoo. 

(3) The fact that the list of terms is written entirely in the Latin language 
has been the ground of objection on the part of a few. But this, I feel sure, is 
due to a misunderstanding of the intention of the Commission. Its members had 
no idea that, in actual use, the Latin form would always be employed ; it is matter 
of indifference whether one says "biceps muscle" or "musculus biceps," "fem- 
oral nerve" or "nervus femoralis," "temporal bone" or "os temporale," "yellow 
spot" or " macula lutea." As a matter of fact, a student learning an anatomical 
term for the first time will usually find that the Latin term goes as trippingly 
on the tongue, often more so, than its English equivalent. There are marked 
individual preferences, however, in this regard and I have known some teachers 
and students who would fly from a Latinized form as though from Satan". Cer- 
tainly in this country fewer teachers than in Germany use the Latin consistently, 
though, as the feeling for precision and uniformity grows, it is possible that the 
custom may increase, in which event all the Latin names would actually become 
English words, as has already happened with conjunctiva, retina, plexus, fornix, 
thalamus, ganglion, ependyma, cranium, abdomen, pelvis, perineum, and of the 
like many more. The Commission at first had the idea of placing translations 
for the various languages in parallel columns with the Latin names, but wisely, 
I think, refrained therefrom, thus leaving everyone free to supply the equiv- 
alent in his own tongue as he will. In the German dissecting-rooms, even, the 
Latin forms are not strictly adhered to; one hears "Rlickenmark" rather than 
"Medulla spinalis," "Kopfnicker" (not " Brustschliasselzitzenfortsatzmuskel ") 
rather than "M. sternocleidomastoideus." It is in books, and more particu-- 
larly in atlases, that it is especially desirable that the BNA be used in its Latin 
form. Where there is, too, any likelihood of international use of book or altas, 
or of translation from one tongue into another, it would be helpful if this rule 
were followed. 

(4) It has been objected, further, that since English and American text- 
books have been written without regard to the BNA, students and teachers 
will only add the burden of a lot of additional names to their already overcrowded 
memories, — that we shall have a "confusion worse confounded" than before. 
It has been asserted, tooo, that students passing from anatomical laboratories in 
which the BNA is employed into the clinics which are manned by professors 
who learned their anatomy years ago will taken with them a tongue unintelligible 
to their instructors and will find in use there a form of anatomical language un- 
known to themselves. 



lo Anatomical Nomenclature 

There is a minimum of truth in these objections, but the difficulties to be 
encountered are far less real than would at first sight appear. For, in the first 
place, experience has taught that the use of the BNA along with the older 
text-books is not an impracticable task. The older books contain a majority 
of the BNA terms and a great many others besides, so that the use of the BNA 
resolves itself, in these circumstances, largely into an emphasizing of the names 
of choice and the omission of the unnecessary synonyms; the addition of the 
few new terms required meets with no difficulty if the instructors be well versed 
in them. Since Professor Mall called my attention to the BNA in 1895 and 
recommended it to me I have used it more or less consistently and with satis- 
faction ever since in my anatomical and clinical teaching in Baltimore and in 
Chicago. Other American teachers who have done the same tell me that they 
have found its employment easy and rewarding, and students, often unsolicited, 
express marked approval of the BNA terms where they differ from those for- 
merly in use. The BNA is now used regularly in several of the American 
anatomical laboratories and, in large part though not exclusively, in others. 

That the student's text-books and atlases should be written in the BNA 
is, nevertheless, obviously desirable. In 1899, in writing a book on the nervous 
system, I found it satisfactory to employ it (with minor exceptions), exclusively, 
for the domains which it covered. Soon after, in the dissecting-room teaching in 
Chicago, I was impressed with the idea that the student's task could be greatly 
simplified if a guide to dissection were written in terms of the BNA, each term 
being brought in at the moment the pupil meets with the structure named in 
his practical work. To meet this need, I prepared and had published, with 
the help of Drs. D. D. Lewis and D. G. Revell, in 1904, "A Laboratory Manual 
of Human Anatomy." Meanwhile, three excellent anatomical atlases, — those 
of Spalteholz, Sobotta and Toldt, — had appeared in Germany, each with the 
BNA terms printed at the sides of the figures. In order to make the task of 
students and teachers still lighter, and again encouraged by Professor Mall, 
I undertook during the years 1 900-1 904 the translation into English of the text 
of Professor Spalteholz's work, and since then its beautiful illustrations and 
brief, precise, anatomical descriptions have been available to American and 
English readers. The kind way in which these books have been received by 
American anatomists and clinicians makes it evident that there exists in this 
country a warm sympathy with the movement to render anatomical terminology 
more simple, less cumbersome, and more precise. 

In 1902, Dr. Hardesty used the BNA exclusively in his useful "Neurological 
Technique," and in the small text of Dr. Whitehead (1900) and the monograph 
of Dr. Sabin (1901), both on the brain, it had also been adopted. Indications, 
indeed, now point to its general acceptance by American and British writers. 
Besides Spalteholz's Atlas that of Sobotta and that of Toldt are now available 
in English translation. The new edition of that popular text-book, Morris's 
Anatomy, edited by Mr. Henry Morris, of London, and Professor McMur- 
rich, of Ann Arbor, just now being published, is couched in the BNA terms 
It would take too long to cite all the books and important articles in which these 
names figure. A monograph recently published by Dr. Potter, of St. Louis, 
entitled " Topographical Anatomy of the Viscera of the Thorax and Abdomen, " 
should not, however, be omitted, as it is most valuable as a companion to any one 
studying, for the first time, a series of cross-sections through the trunk of a 
human being; the BNA names are used throughout in its plates and descrip- 
tions. That biologists find the BNA satisfactory is indicated by its use in 
Professor J. B. Johnston's book, "The Anatomy of the Nervous System of 



The Future of Anatomical Terminology ii 

Vertebrates." And, now that the newest edition of Gould's Medical Dictionary 
is also to consider the BNA, there would seem to be no longer reason for 
delay in general recognition and employment. 

The assumption that students who have been taught the BNA and their 
clinical teachers will be reciprocally embarrassed in one another's presence — 
that a sort of anatomical Babel will prevail — gives scarcely due credit to either 
student or clinician. For, on the one hand, the student is sure during this tran- 
sition period to become acquainted quickly with the old synonyms of the few 
new anatomical terms foreign to the ordinary clinical vocabulary; he can scarcely 
escape, for instance, learning that clinicians almost invariably speak of the 
"atria" of the heart as its "auricles," or of the "omental bursa" as the "lesser 
peritoneum." And, on the other hand, we may be certain that the modern sci- 
entific clinician, worthy of a clinical chair in a medical school, will not be un- 
familiar with those more recent studies in the anatomy of his field which are of 
suflGicient permanent importance to have been reflected in the BNA. The 
internist who has not brought his anatomy of the lungs, the heart, the liver, the 
spleen, the kidneys and the peritoneum at least up to the level of precision 
indicated by the BNA list, handicaps himself in his work. So with the surgeon 
with regard to the bones, the articulations, the blood-vessels and nerves, the 
neck, the abdomen and the pelvis. There need be little fear, we may feel toler- 
ably sure, of delinquency here. Should the nobler motives prove ineffective — 
they will not — the fierceness of competition among clinicians, the rivalry for 
prestige among the occupants of clinical chairs, would from now on, if it has not 
always so done in the past, compel the teachers of the practical branches to 
keep pace with progress in the fundamentals. We have seen above, as a mat- 
ter of fact, how clinicians in the medical specialties have not only kept pace 
with the anatomists but, in part, have outstripped them in the race. Investi- 
gating the anatomy of their own special domains anew and independently, their 
inquiries have expanded knowledge and necessitated an enrichment of anatomical 
vocabulary. This process has begun in America. That it will go on and be- 
come an engine of great power in furthering the development of our knowl- 
edge of the human form in regions yet obscure, who can doubt? 

The Future of Anatomical Terminology. 

No matter how many revisions of terminology are made, and entirely 
independently of those who make them, we can be sure that, in the long run, only 
those names will survive which are wisely selected, which are precise in expression, 
and which are organically connected with whatever great general plan our ana- 
tomical nomenclature ultimately assumes. Anatomical terms, to live, must 
satisfy the needs of, and be adopted by, a majority of anatomists and clinicians. 
It would be folly to attempt to force the use of the BNA or any other list of 
anatomical terms upon any man or group of men. A terminology must rely 
upon its intrinsic merits, not upon the influence of authority. The better it satis- 
fies the needs of teaching and investigation, the greater its chances of general 
acceptance and permanence. Those of us who are convinced of the value of 
the BNA should set an example by using it and may recommend its use to others. 
More than this we ought not to do. 

The fact should be emphasized that the BNA makes no attempt to limit 
the language of research, but only to supply a list of simple terms, free from 
ambiguity, for common use in the medical schools. Research must, of course, 
retain absolute freedom of expression. Investigators, to make themselves 
understood, are compelled to use temporarily many expressions consciously 



12 Anatomical Nomenclature 

wholly provisional in character. Only when time has brought a certain repose 
to scientific activity in a given region do more permanent terms crystallize out. 

It should be easy in a country like America, for anatomists to agree with their 
colleagues in the rest of the world upon the adoption of a common set of terms 
for school use. It is fair to assume that the tendency to cooperation, so charac- 
teristic of the energies of this country, notably manifest in industrial combinations 
no less than in the team-work of athletes, will not be found lacking among 
anatomists. 

Even when compromises have to be made, there is a certain special honor 
and satisfaction to be derived from the sacrifices involved when they contribute 
to the common weal. That some concessions must necessarily be made in using 
the BNA cannot be denied; almost every cooperative measure demands some 
self-denial among participants. This need not, however, be great. Where the 
list does not supply in full the requirements of the individual teacher, there is 
no reason why he should not extend it at will. On the other hand, where the 
list contains terms in excess of the needs of a given instructor or school, it is an 
easy matter to omit those which seem superfluous. It may seem a little hard 
for one who has spoken of the ''M. complexus" all his fife to get used to call- 
ing it the "M. semispinalis capitis," or for another who has been brought up 
with an ''anterior crural" to abandon it for the "femoral" nerve. But when 
the good reasons for the change are known and appreciated, good-will will carry 
one far. It is only when a term is found to be incompatible with one's scien- 
tific convictions that reasonable difficulty arises. The BNA has, however, 
been constructed with such great care and has so sedulously avoided affixing 
labels to structures still in dispute that we need have little fear on that score. 
Even should there be a few terms, or even a few hundred, which we find hard 
at this time to digest, the general acceptance of the other 4000 will be a great 
gain, cutting the labors of students, as it will, in two. 

That conditions will arise, perhaps soon, when another revision will be 
desirable and demanded there can be no doubt. Investigation is ever extending; 
our criteria of values are constantly changing; scientific needs in terminology 
vary, in spite of us, with the years; at intervals revision becomes unavoidable. 
But with foundations so well laid as in the BNA, a subsequent review should 
be facilitated. The development of the BNA has taught us the necessity of 
observing certain rules in the coining of new anatomical terms. If these rules be 
good ones, the work of extension will be easy. It would not be difficult, for 
instance, to merge the names of this list into a nomenclature which considers, 
more satisfactorily than the BNA does, the needs to which a fusion of Human 
Anatomy with Comparative Anatomy gives rise. And I, for one, hope that such 
a "merger" may be promoted in our time. I trust too that, at another revision, 
the terms in Professor Wilder's lists which differ from those of the BNA may be 
carefully considered, and that his terms, where they are better than those of the 
present BNA, may be adopted. 

Of one thing I am convinced, — cooperation is, from now on, essential for 
the welfare of a satisfactory anatomical language. Simplicity, accuracy, and 
serial connection will be favored if anatomists agree to use terms, in common, 
for the structures studied in the schools. The teacher's work will be simplified 
and the pupil's task will be lightened; instruction will be unhampered, research 
will flourish and anatomical science will gain in dignity and in precision. 



Nomina anatomica' 



Termini, situm ct dircctioncm partium corporis 

indicantes 



Termini generates 



Verticalis 


Anterior 


Horizontalis 


Medius 


Medianus 


Posterior 


Sagittalis 


Ventralis 


Frontalis 


Dorsalis 


Transversalis 


Internus 


Medialis 


Externus 


Intermedius 


Dexter 


Lateralis 


Sinister 




Termini ad extre 




Proximalis 




Distalis 




Radialis 



Longitudinalis 

Transversus 

Cranialis 

Rostralis 

Caudalis 

Superior 

Inferior 

Superficialis [sublimis] 

Profundus 



Ulnaris 
Tibialis 
Fibularis 



^ In the lists the following explanations are necessary: 

1. Oval brackets ( ) indicate variations (Varietates anatomicae). 

2. Angular brackets [ ] contain explanatory additions, among which are included double 

names and personal names. 

3. Italics are used for ontogenetic expressions (e.g., M. decidua, A. umbilicalis, etc.) 



14 



Anatomical names' 



Terms indicating the position and direction of 
parts of the body 







General terms 




Vertical 




Anterior 


Longitudinal 


Horizontal 




Middle 


Transverse 


Median 




Posterior 


Cranial 


Sagittal 




Ventral 


Rostral 


Frontal 




Dorsal 


Caudal 


Transversal 




Inner 


Superior 


Medial 




Outer 


Inferior 


Intermediate 




Right 


Superficial 


Lateral 




Left 


Deep 




Terms relating to the extremities 




Proximal 


Ulnar 




Distal 




Tibial 




Radial 




Fibular 



* The letters O. T. following a name indicate that it belongs to the older terminology. 



14 



IS 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Termini ^eneraies 



Accessorius 


Corona 


Glandula 


Acinus 


Corpus 


Glomerulus 


Aditus 


Corpusculum 


Glomus 


Ala 


Crista 


Hilus 




Crus 


Humor 


Alveolus 


Decussatio 


Junctura 


Ampulla 


Dorsum 


Impressio 


Angulus 


Ductulus 


Incisura 


Ansa 


Ductus 


Infundibulum 


Antrum 


Eminentia 


Intestinum 


Apertura 


Endothelium 


Isthmus 


Apex 


Epithelium 


Labium 


Appendix 


Extremitas 


Lacuna 


Arcus 


Facies 


Lamina 


Area 


Fascia 


Latus 


Basis 


Fasciculus 


Ligamentum 


Brachium 


Fibra 


Limbus 


Canaliculus 


Fibrocartilago 


Limen 


Canalis 


Filum 


Linea 


Capsula 


Fissura 


Liquor 


Caput 


Flexura 


Lobulus 


Capitulum 


Folium 


Lobus 


Cartilage 


Folliculus 


Macula 


Caruncula 


Foramen 


Margo 


Cauda 


Formatio 


Massa 


Caverna 


Fornix 


Meatus 


Cavum 


Fossa 


Medulla 


Cellula 


Fossula 


Membrana 


Circulus 


Fovea 


Membrum 


Cisterna 


Foveola 


Mucus 


Collum 


Frenulum 


Musculus 


Columna 


Fundus 


Nervus 


Commissura 


Funiculus 


Nodulus 




Geniculum 


Nucleus 


Cornu 


Genu 


Organon 



/ 



General Anatomical Terms 



15 



General Anatomical Terms 



Accessory- 
Berry 

Entrance 

Wing (contraction of 
axilla) 

Little hollow- 
Flask 

Angle 

Handle or loop 

Cave 

Opening 

Tip 

Appendage 

Arch 

Space 

Base 

Arm 

Small channel 

Canal 

Capsule 

Head 

Little head 

Cartilage 

Small piece of flesh 

Tail 

Cavern 

Hole or cavity 

Little chamber or cell 

Circle 

Cistern 

Neck 

Column or pillar 

Connection or commis- 
sure 

Horn 



Wreath, garland, or crown 

Body 

Little body or corpuscle 

Crest 

Leg or limb 

Decussation or crossing 

Back 

Little duct 

Duct 

Eminence or protuberance 

Endothelium 

Epithelium 

Extremity 

Face or surface 

Bandage or band 

A little bundle or packet 

Fibre or filament 

Fibrocartilage 

Thread 

Fissure or cleft 

Bending 

Leaf 

Little sac or bag 

Hole, aperture, or opening 

Formation 

Arch or vault 

Ditch or trench 

Little fossa 

Pit 

Little pit 

Cord or rein • 

Bottom 

Thin rope, cord, or string 

Little knee or knot 

Knee 



Gland 

Little skein 

Skein 

Hilus 

Liquid or fluid 

Joint 

Impression 

Incision or notch 

Funnel 

Intestine or inward 

Isthmus 

Lip 

Gap, defect 

Plate or layer 

Broad; flank 

Ligament 

Border or fringe 

Threshold, boundary 

Line 

Fluid or liquid 

A little lobe 

Lobe 

Spot , 

Margin 

Mass 

Way or passage 

Marrow 

Membrane 

Limb or member 

Mucus 

Muscle 

Nerve 

Nodule 

Nucleus or kernel 

Organ 



i6 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Orificium 


Septum 


Tunica 


Os [oris] 


Sinus 


Tunica propria 


Os [ossis] 


Spatium 


Umbo 


Ostium 


Spina 


Uvula 


Papilla 


Stratum 




Parenchyma 


Stria 


Vagina 


Paries 


Stroma 


Vallecula 


Perichondrium 


Substantia 


Vallum 


Periosteum 


Succus 


Valvula 


Plexus 


Sulcus 


Vas 


Plica 


Taenia 


Velum 


Polus 


Tegmen 




Processus 


Tela 


Vertex 


Prominentia 


Tela conjunctiva 


Vesica 


Punctum 


Tela elastica 


Vesicula 


Radix 


Torus 




Ramulus 




Vestibulum 


Ramus 


Trabecula 




Raphe 


Tractus 


Villus 


Recessus 


Trigonum 


Viscus [viscera] 


Regio 


Trochlea 




Rete 


Truncus 


Vortex 


Rima 


Tuber 


Zona 


Rudimentum 


Tuberculum 




Septulum 


Tubulus 





General Anatomical Terms 



i6 



Orifice 

Mouth 

Bone 

Entrance 

Papilla or nipple 

Parenchyma 

Wall 

Perichrondrium 

Periosteum 

Plexus 

Fold 

Pole 

Process 

Prominence or projection 

Point or small puncture 

Root 

Little branch or twig 

Branch 

Raphe or seam 

Recess 

Region or territory 

Net or network 

Slit or fissure 

Rudiment 

Little septum 



Partition 
Sinus 
Space 

Spine or thorn 
Layer or covering 
Furrow, stripe, or ridge 
Stroma, or bed 
Substance 
Juice 

Sulcus or furrow 
Ribbon; tape-worm 
A cover 
Web 

Connecting web 
Elastic web 

Round swelling or protuber- 
ance 
Little beam 
Tract 

Trigone or triangle 
Pulley 
Trunk 

Swelling or hump 
Tubercle 
Tubule or little tube 



Coat or covering 

Proper coat 

Boss or prominence 

Little cluster or 
bunch 

Sheath 

Crevice 

Wall or fortification 

Valve 

Vessel 

Sail, covering or cur- 
tain 

Crown of head 

Bladder 

Vesicle or little blad- 
der 

Vestibule or ante- 
chamber 

Shaggy hair 

Organ, internal 
organ 

Whirlpool 

Girdle or zone 



17 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Partes corporis humani 



Caput 




Tr u n c u s 


Collum 


Caput 

Cranium 


Extremitates 


Vertex 




Tempora 


Sinciput 




Auris 


Frons 




Auricula 


Occiput 


Fades 




O cuius 




Os 


Palpebra superior 




Sulcus nasolabialis 


Palpebra inferior 




Philtrum 


Rima palpebrarum 




Labium superius 


Bulbus oculi 




Labium inferius 


Supercilium 




Rima oris 


Sulcus infrapalpebralis 




Cavum oris 
Lingua 


Nasus 




Fauces 


Dorsum nasi 




Bucca [Mala] 


Apex nasi 




Sulcus mentolabialis 


Ala nasi 




Mentum 


• 


Collum 




Cervix 




Pharynx 


Larynx 




Trachea 


Prominentia laryngea 


Truncus 


Oesophagus 


Thorax 




Dorsum 


Cavum thoracis 




Columna vertebralis 


Pectus 




Canalis spinalis 


Mamma 






Papilla mammae 







Parts of the Human Body 



17 



Parts of the human body 



Head 




Trunk 


Neck 


Head 

Skull 


Extremities 


Crown of the head 




Temples 


Sinciput; bregma 




Ear 


Forehead 




External ear, or pinna 


Occiput 


Face 




Eye 




Mouth 


Upper eyelid 




Nasolabial furrow 


Lower eyelid 




Infranasal depression 


Lid-slit 




Upper lip 


Eyeball 




Lower lip 


Eyebrow 




Mouth slit 


Infrapalpebral furrow 




Mouth cavity 
Tongue 


Nose 




Throat 


Back of the nose 




Cheek 


Tip of the nose 




Mentolabial furrow 


Wing of the nose 


Neck 


Chin 


Neck (posterior part) 




Pharynx 


Larynx 




Trachea 


Laryngeal prominence 


(0. 


Oesophagus 


T. Adam's apple) 


Trunk 




Thorax 




Back 


Thoracic cavity 




Vertebral column 


Breast 




Spinal canal 


Mammary gland 






Mammary nipple 







i8 



Anatomical Nomenclature 





Abdomen 


Cavum abdominis 


Latus 


Scrobiculus cordis 


Lumbus 


Umbilicus 


Inguen 




Pelvis 


Cavum pelvis 


Anus 


Mons pubis 


Crena ani 


Coxa 


Perineum 


Nates [Clunes] 






Extremitas superior 


Axilla 


Manus 


Plica axillaris anterior 


Carpus 


Plica axillaris posterior 


Metacarpus 


Acromion 


Dorsum manus 


Brachium 


Vola manus [Palma] 


Facies anterior 


Thenar 


Facies posterior 


Hypothenar 


Facies lateralis 


Digiti manus 


Facies medialis 


PoUex [Digitus I] 


Sulcus bicipitalis lateralis 


Index [ " II] 


Sulcus bicipitalis medialis 


Digitus medius [Digitus III] 


Cubitus 


Digitus annularis [ " IV] 


Antibrachium 


Digitus minimus [ " V] 


Facies dorsalis 


Facies dorsales 


Facies volaris 


Facies volares 


Margo radialis 


Margines radiales 


Margo ulnaris 


Margines ulnares 



Extremitas inferior 



Femur 

Facies anterior 
Facies posterior 
Facies lateralis 
Facies medialis 

Sulcus glutaeus 

Genu 
Poples 
Patella 



Crus 

Facies anterior 

Facies posterior 

Sura 

Malleolus lateralis 

Malleolus medialis 
Pes 

Tarsus 

Metatarsus 



Parts of the Human Body 



i8 







Belly 


Abdominal cavity 




Flank 


" Heart fossa" ; pit 


of stomach Loin 


Navel 




Groin 
Pelvis 


Pelvic cavity 




Anus 


Pubic eminence 




Anal cleft 


Hip 




Perineum 


Buttock 








Uppe 


T extremity 


Axilla; prominence of shoulder 


Hand 


Anterior axillary fold 




Wrist 


Posterior axillary fold 




Metacarpus 


Acromion; tip of shoulder 




Back of the hand 


Arm 




Palm of the hand 


Anterior surface 




Thenar or radial palm 


Posterior surface 




Hypothenar or ulnar palm 


Lateral surface 




Fingers 


Medial surface 




Thumb 


Lateral bicipital groove 




Index finger 


Medial bicipital groove 




Middle finger 


Elbow 




Ring finger 


Forearm 




Little finger 


Dorsal surface 




Dorsal surfaces 


Volar surface 




Volar surfaces 


Radial margin 




Radial margins 


Ulnar margin 




Ulnar margins 



Lower extremities 



Thigh 

Anterior surface 

Posterior surface 

Lateral surface 

Medial surface 
Gluteal furrow 
Knee 

Posterior surface of knee 

Knee-cap 



Leg 

Anterior surface 

Posterior surface 

Calf 

I^ateral malleolus 

Medial malleolus 
Foot 

Root of foot 

Metatarsus 



19 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Dorsum pedis 

Planta 

Margo pedis lateralis 

Margo pedis medialis 

Calx 

Digiti pedis 

Hallux [Digitus I] 



Digiti II-IV 

Digitus minimus [Digitus V] 

Facies dorsales 

Facies plantares 

Margines laterales 

Margines mediales 



Osteologia 



Os longum 

Os breve 

Os planum 

Os pneumaticum 

Epiphysis 

Diaphysis 



Vertebrae cervicales 
Vertebrae thoracales 
Vertebrae lumbales 
Vertebrae sacrales 
Vertebrae coccygeae 
Corpus vertebrae 
Fovea costalis superior 

Fovea costalis inferior 



Synchondrosis epiphyseos Cavum meduUare 



Apophysis 
Facies articularis 
Substantia compacta 
Substantia corticalis 
Substantia spongiosa 



Medulla ossium 
Medulla ossium flava 
Medulla ossium rubra 
Foramen nutricium 
Canalis nutricius 



Canalis vertebralis 
Foramen vertebrale 
Arcus vertebrae 
Radix arcus vertebrae 
Incisura vertebralis superior 
Incisura vertebralis inferior 
Foramen intervertebrale 
Sulcus n. spinalis 
Processus spinosus 
Vertebra prominens 
Processus transversus 
Fovea costalis transversalis 



Columna vertebralis 

Tuberculum anterius [vertebrarum 

cervicalium] 
Tuberculum caroticum [vertebrae 

cervicalis VI] 
Foramen transversarium 
Tuberculum posterius [vertebrarum 

cervicalium] 
Processus articulares superiores 
Facies articulares superiores 
Processus articulares inferiores 
Facies articulares inferiores 
Processus costarius 
Processus accessorius [vertebrarum 

lumbalium] 
Processus mammillaris 



Atlas 

Massa lateralis 
Arcus anterior 
Tuberculum anterius 
Foveae articulares superiores 
Facies articulares inferiores 
Fovea dentis 



Osteology 



19 



Back of the foot 

Sole 

Lateral margin of the foot 

Medial margin of the foot 

Heel 

Toes 

Great toe 



II-IV toes 

Little toe 

Dorsal surfaces 
Plantar surfaces 
Lateral margins 
Medial margins 



Osteology 



Long bone 
Short bone 
Flat bone 
Hollow bone 



Epiphyseal synchondrosis 
Apophysis ("excrescence") 
Articular surface 
Compact substance 



Epiphysis (" accretion") Cortical substance 
Shaft Spongy substance 



Medullary cavity 
Bone marrow 
Yellow bone marrow 
Red bone marrow 
Nutrient foramen 
Nutrient canal 



Vertebral column or spine 



Cervical vertebrae 

Thoracic vertebrae 

Lumbar vertebrae 

Sacral vertebrae 

Coccygeal vertebrae 

Body of vertebrae 

Superior costal pit (O. T. demifacet 

for head of rib) 
Inferior costal pit (O. T. demifacet for 

head of rib) 
Vertebral canal 
Vertebral foramen 
Vertebral arch 

Root of vertebral arch (O. T. pedicle) 
Superior vertebral notch 
Inferior vertebral notch 
Intervertebral foramen 
Groove for spinal nerve 
Spinous process 

Prominent vertebra (seventh cervical) 
Transverse process 
Costal pit of transverse process (O. T. 

facet for tubercle of rib) 



Anterior tubercle [of cervical verte- 
brae] 

Carotid tubercle [of sixth cervical ver- 
tebra] 

Foramen of transverse process 

Posterior tubercle [of cervical vertebrae] 

Superior articular processes 

Superior articular surfaces 

Inferior articular processes 

Inferior articular surfaces 

Costal process 

Accessory process of lumbar vertebrae 

Mammillary process 

Atlas 

Lateral mass 
Anterior arch 
Anterior tubercle 
Superior articular pits 
Inferior articular surfaces 
Pit of the tooth 



20 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Arcus posterior 

Sulcus arteriae vertebralis 

Tuberculum posterius 

Epistropheus 

Dens 

Facies articularis anterior 
Facies articularis posterior 

Os sacrum 

Facies dorsalis 

Facies pelvina 

Basis OSS. sacri 

Processus articularis superior 

Promontorium 

Pars lateralis 
Facies auricularis 
Tuberositas sacralis 
Foramina intervertebralia 
Foramina sacralia anteriora 
Lineae transversae 
Foramina sacralia posteriora 
Crista sacralis media 
Cristae sacrales laterales 
Cristae sacrales articulares 
Cornua sacralia 
Canalis sacralis 
Hiatus sacralis 
Apex OSS. sacri 

Os coccygis 

Cornua coccygea 

Thorax 

Costae 

Costae verae 

Costae spuriae 

Os costale 

Cartilago costalis 

Capitulum costae 

Facies articularis capituli costae 

Crista capituli 



Corpus costae 

Tuberculum costae 

Facies articularis tuberculi costae 

Collum costae 

Crista colli costae 

Angulus costae 

Tuberculum scaleni [Lisfranci] 

Sulcus subclaviae 

Tuberositas costae II 

Sulcus costae 

Sternum 

Manubrium sterni 
Angulus sterni 
Synchondrosis sternalis 
Corpus sterni 
Planum sternale 
Processus xiphoideus 

Incisura clavicularis 
Incisura jugularis 

Incisurae costales 
(Ossa suprasternalia) 

Thorax 
Cavum thoracis 
Apertura thoracis superior 
Apertura thoracis inferior 
Arcus costarum 
Spatia intercostalia 
Angulus infrasternalis 
Sulcus pulmonalis 

Ossa cranii 

Os basilare 

Os occipitale 

Foramen occipitale magnum 
Pars basilaris 
Sulcus petrosus inferior 
Pars lateralis 



Osteology 



20 



Posterior arch 

Groove for vertebral, artery 

Posterior tubercle 

Epistropheus ("a turning") (0. T. 

axis) 
Tooth 

Anterior articular surface 
Posterior articular surface 

Sacrum 

Dorsal surface 
Pelvic surface 
Base of sacrum 
Superior articular process 
Promontory (O. T. sacrovertebral 

angle) 
Lateral part 
Auricular surface 
Sacral tuberosity 
Intervertebral foramina 
Anterior sacral foramina 
Transverse lines 
Posterior sacral foramina 
Middle sacral crest 
Lateral sacral crests 
Articular sacral crests 
Sacral horns 
Sacral canal 
Sacral hiatus 
Apex of sacrum 

Coccyx 

Coccygeal horns 

Thorax 
Ribs 

True ribs 

False ribs 

Rib bone 

Rib cartilage 

Head of the rib 

Articular surface of the head of the rib 

Crest of the head 



Body of the rib 

Tubercle of the rib 

Articular surface of the tubercle of the 

rib 
Neck of the rib 
Crest of neck of rib 
Angle of rib 

Scalene tubercle of Lisfranc 
Subclavian groove 
Tuberosity of the second rib 
Costal groove 

Breast Bone 

Handle of sternum 

Angle of sternum 

Sternal synchondrosis 

Body of sternum (O. T. gladiolus) 

Sternal plain, or anterior surface 

Xiphoid process (O. T. ensiform 

process) 
Clavicular notch 
Jugular notch (O. T. presternal 

notch) 
Notches for the ribs 
Suprasternal bones 

Thorax 
Thoracic cavity 
Upper thoracic openmg 
Lower thoracic opening 
Arch of the ribs 
Intercostal spaces 
Infrasternal angle 
Pulmonary sulcus 

Bones of the skull 

Basilar bone 

Occipital bone 

Large occipital foramen 
Basilar part 

Inferior petrosal groove 
Lateral part 



21 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Squama occipitalis 
Margo mastoideus 
Margo lambdoideus 
(Os interparietale) 
Clivus 

Tuberculum pharyngeum 
Condylus occipitalis 
Canalis condyloideus 

Canalis hypoglossi 

Tuberculum jugulare 
Incisura jugularis 
Processus jugularis 
Fossa condyloidea 
Processus intrajugularis 
Planum occipitale 
Planum nuchale 
Protuberantia occipitalis externa 
(Torus occipitalis) 
Crista occipitalis externa 
Linea nuchae suprema 
Linea nuchae superior 
Linea nuchae inferior 
Eminentia cruciata 
Protuberantia occipitalis interna 
Sulcus sagittalis 

Sulcus transversus 
(Processus paramastoideus) 

Os sphenoidale 

Corpus 
Sella turcica 
Fossa hypophyseos 

Dorsum sellae 
Tuberculum sellae 
Processus clinoideus medius 
Processus clinoideus posterior 
Sulcus caroticus 

Lingula sphenoidalis 



Crista sphenoidalis 

Rostrum sphenoidale 

Sinus sphenoidalis 

Septum sinuum sphenoidalium 

Apertura sinus sphenoidalis 

Conchae sphenoidales 

Clivus 

Ala p ar V a 
Sulcus chiasmatis 

Foramen opticum 
Processus clinoideus anterior 
Fissura orbitalis superior 

Al a m a gn a 
Facies cerebralis 
Facies temporalis 
Facies sphenomaxillaris 
Facies orbitalis 
Margo zygomaticus 
Margo frontalis 
Angulus parietalis 
Margo squamosus 
Crista infratemporalis 

Foramen rotundum 
Foramen ovale 
Foramen spinosum 
Spina angularis 

Processus pterygoideus 
Lamina lateralis processus pterygoidei 
Lamina medialis processus pterygoidei 
Fissura pterygoidea 
Fossa scaphoidea 
Processus vaginalis 
Hamulus pterygoideus 

Sulcus hamuli pterygoidei 

Fossa pterygoidea 

Canalis pterygoideus [Vidii] 



Osteology 



21 



Occipital squama ("scale") 

Mastoid margin 

Lambdoid margin 

Interparietal bone 

Clivus ("slope") 

Pharyngeal tubercle 

Occipital condyle 

Condyloid canal (O. T. posterior con- 
dyloid foramen) 

Hypoglossal canal (O. T. anterior 
condyloid foramen) 

Jugular tubercle 

Jugular notch 

Jugular process 

Condyloid fossa 

Intra jugular process 

Occipital plain 

Nuchal plain 

External occipital protuberance 

Occipital torus ("swelling") 

External occipital crest 

Supreme nuchal line 

Superior nuchal line 

Inferior nuchal line 

Cruciate eminence 

Internal occipital protuberance 

Sagittal sulcus (O. T. superior longi- 
tudinal sulcus) 

Transverse sulcus 

Paramastoid process 

Sphenoid bone 
Body 

Turkish saddle 

Hypophyseal fossa (O. T. pituitary 

fossa) 
Back of sella 

Tubercle of sella or pommel 
Middle clinoid process 
Posterior clinoid process 
Carotid sulcus (O. T. cavernous 

groove) 
Sphenoidal tongue 



Sphenoidal crest (O. T. ethmoidal 

crest) 
Sphenoidal rostrum 
Sphenoidal sinus 
Septum of sphenoidal sinuses 
Opening of sphenoidal sinus 
Sphenoidal conchae ("shell") (O. T. 

sphenoidal turbinated bones) 
Clivus (" slope") 

Small wi ng 

Sulcus of the chiasma (O. T. optic 

groove) 
Optic foramen 
Anterior clinoid process 
Superior orbital fissure 

Large wing 

Cerebral surface 

Temporal surface 

Sphenomaxillary surface 

Orbital surface 

Zygomatic margin 

Frontal margin 

Parietal angle 

Squamosal margin 

Infratemporal crest (O. T. pterygoid 

ridge) 
Round foramen 
Oval foramen 
Spinous foramen 
Angular spine (O. T. spinous process) 

Pterygoid process 

Lateral layer of pterygoid process 

Medial layer of pterygoid process 

Pterygoid fissure 

Scaphoid fossa 

Vaginal process 

Pterygoid hamulus ("hook") (O. T. 

hamular process) 
Sulcus of pterygoid hamulus 
Pterygoid fossa 
Pterygoid canal (O. T. Vidian canal) 



22 Anatomical Nomenclature 

Canalis pharyngeus Apertura externa aquaeductus vestibuli 



Canalis basipharyngeus 

Sulcus tubae auditivae 

Sulcus pterygopalatinus 

(Processus pterygospinosus [Civinini]) 

Os temporale 
Pars mastoidea 
Margo occipitalis 
Processus mastoideus 
Incisura mastoidea 
Sulcus sigmoideus 

Sulcus a. occipitalis 
Foramen mastoideum 
Pars petrosa [Pyramis] 
Facies anterior pyramidis 
Facies posterior pyramidis 
Facies inferior pyramidis 
Apex pyramidis 
Angulus superior pyramidis 
Angulus anterior pyramidis 
Angulus posterior pyramidis 
Sulcus petrosus superior 
Tegmen tympani 
Eminentia arcuata 

Canalis facialis [Falloppii] 

Hiatus canalis facialis 

Geniculum canalis facialis 

Sulcus n. petrosi superficialis majoris 

Sulcus n. petrosi superficialis minoris 

Impressio trigemini 

Porus acusticus internus 
Meatus acusticus internus 
Fossa subarcuata 
Aquaeductus vestibuli 



Sulcus petrosus inferior 
Incisura jugularis 
Processus intra] ugularis 
Fossa jugularis 
Canaliculus mastoideus 
Sulcus canaliculi mastoidei 
Processus styloideus 
Vagina processus styloidei 

Foramen stylomastoideum 

Fossula petrosa 

Canaliculus tympanicus 

Sulcus tympanicus 

Apertura inferior canaliculi tympanic! 

Apertura superior canaliculi tympanici 



Canaliculus cochleae 

Apertura externa canaliculi cochleae 

Canalis caroticus 
Canaliculi caroticotympanic! 
Canalis musculotubarius 
Seraicanalis m. tensoris tympan! 



Semicanalis tubae auditivae 

Septum canalis musculotubarii 
Cavum tympani (v. Organon auditus) 

Canaliculus chordae tympani 
Fissura petrotympanica [Glaseri] 

Fissura petrosquamosa 
Pars tympanica 
Annulus tympanicus 
Meatus acusticus externus 
(Spina supra meatum) 
Fissura tympanomastoidea 



Osteology 



Pharyngeal canal (O. T. pterygo- 
palatine canal) 
Basipharyngeal canal 
Sulcus of auditory tube 
Pterygopalatine sulcus 
Pterygospinous process 

Temporal bone 

Mastoid part 

Occipital margin 

Mastoid process 

Mastoid notch (O. T. digastric fossa) 

Sigmoid sulcus (O. T. fossa sig- 

moidea) 
Groove for the occipital artery 
Mastoid foramen 
Petrous part (pyramid) 
Anterior surface of pyramid 
Posterior surface of pyramid 
Inferior surface of pyramid 
Apex of pyramid 
Superior angle of pyramid 
Anterior angle of pyramid 
Posterior angle of pyramid 
Superior petrosal groove 
Roof of tympanum 
Arcuate eminence (O. T. eminence for 

superior semicircular canal) 
Facial canal (O. T. aqueduct of Fal- 

lopius) 
Hiatus of facial canal (O. T. hiatus 

Fallopii) 
Little knee of facial canal 
Groove for the greater superficial 

petrosal nerve 
Groove for the lesser superficial 

petrosal nerve 
Trigeminal impression (O. T. depres- 
sion for Gasserian ganglion) 
Internal acoustic pore 
Internal acoustic meatus 
Subarcuate fossa 
Aqueduct of vestibule 



External opening of aqueduct of vesti- 
bule 

Inferior petrosal groove 

Jugular notch 

Intra jugular process 

Jugular fossa 

Mastoid canaliculus 

Sulcus of mastoid canaliculus 

Styloid process 

Sheath of styloid process (O. T. 
vaginal process) 

Stylomastoid foramen 

Petrosal fossula 

Tympanic canaliculus 

Tympanic sulcus 

Inferior opening of tympanic canal- 
iculus 

Superior opening of tympanic canal- 
iculus (O. T. opening for smaller 
petrosal nerve) 

Canaliculus of the cochlea 

External opening of the canaliculus of 
the cochlea 

Carotid canal 

Caroticotympanic canaliculus 

Musculotubal canal 

Semicanal of the tensor muscle of tym- 
panum (O. T. canal for tensor 
tympani muscle) 

Semicanal of auditory tube (O. T. 
canal for the Eustachian tube) 

Septum of the musculotubal canal 

Cavity of the tympanum (see Organ oj 
Hearing) 

Canaliculus of cord of tympanum 

Petrotympanic fissure (O. T. Glaserian 
fissure) 

Petrosquamosal fissure 

Tympanic part 

Tympanic ring 

External acoustic meatus 

Spine above meatus 

Tympanomastoid fissure 



23 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Spina tympanica major 
Spina tympanica minor 
Porus acusticus externus 
Squama temporalis 
Margo parietalis 
Incisura parietalis 
Margo sphenoidalis 
Facies temporalis 
Processus zygomaticus 
Fossa mandibularis 



Pars nasalis 
Spina frontalis 
Margo nasalis 
Margo parietalis 
Processus zygomaticus 
Facies temporalis 
Linea temporalis 
Tuber frontale 

Arcus superciliaris 



Facies articularis 
Tuberculum articulare 
Facies cerebralis 
Sulcus a. temporalis mediae 

Os parietale 

Facies cerebralis 
Facies parietalis 
Margo occipitalis 
Margo squamosus 
Margo frontalis 
Margo sagittalis 
Angulus frontalis 
Angulus occipitalis 
Angulus sphenoidalis 
Angulus mastoideus 
Foramen parietale 
Tuber parietale 

Linea temporalis inferior 

Linea temporalis superior 
Sulcus sagittalis 
Sulcus transversus 



Os frontale 

Squama frontalis 
Facies frontalis 
Margo supraorbitalis 
Pars orbitalis 
Incisura ethmoidalis 



Glabella 

Foramen sive Incisura supraorbitalis 

Incisura sive Foramen frontale 

Facies orbitalis 

(Spina trochlearis) 

Fovea trochlearis 

Foramen ethmoidale anterius 

Foramen ethmoidale posterius 

Fossa glandulae lacrimalis 

Facies cerebralis 

Crista frontalis 

Sulcus sagittalis 

Foramen caecum 

Sinus frontalis 

Septum sinuum frontalium 

Os ethmoidale 

Lamina cribrosa 
Crista galli 
Processus alaris 
Lamina perpendicularis 
Labyrinthus ethmoidalis 

Cellulae ethmoidales 
Infundibulum ethmoidale 

Hiatus semilunaris 
Bulla ethmoidalis 
Lamina papyracea 

Foramina ethmoidalia 
(Concha nasalis suprema) 



Osteology 



23 



Larger tympanic spine 
Smaller tympanic spine 
External acoustic pore 
Temporal squama ("scale") 
Parietal margin 
Parietal notch 
Sphenoidal margin 
Temporal surface 
Zygomatic process 

Mandibular fossa (O. T. glenoid 
cavity) 
Articular surface 
Articular tubercle 
Cerebral surface 
Groove for middle temporal artery 

Parietal bone 

Cerebral surface 

Parietal surface 

Occipital margin 

Squamosal margin 

Frontal margin 

Sagittal margin 

Frontal angle 

Occipital angle 

Sphenoidal angle 

Mastoid angle 

Parietal foramen 

Parietal tuber (O. T. parietal emi- 
nence) 

Inferior temporal line (O. T. temporal 
ridge) 

Superior temporal line 

Sagittal sulcus 

Transverse sulcus (O. T. groove for 
lateral sinus) 

Frontal bone 

Frontal squama ("scale") 
Frontal surface 
Supraorbital margin 
Orbital part 
Ethmoidal notch 
3 



Nasal part 

Frontal spine (O. T. nasal spine) 

Nasal margin 

Parietal margin 

Zygomatic process 

Temporal surface 

Temporal line 

Frontal tuber (O. T. frontal emi- 
nence) 

Superciliary arch (O. T. superciliary 
ridge) 

Glabella ("smooth") 

Supraorbital foramen or notch 

Frontal notch or foramen 

Orbital surface 

Trochlear spine 

Trochlear pit 

Anterior ethmoidal foramen 

Posterior ethmoidal foramen 

Fossa of lacrimal gland 

Cerebral surface (O. T. internal sur- 
face) 

Frontal crest 

Sagittal sulcus 

Blind foramen 

Frontal sinus 

Septum of frontal sinuses 

Ethmoid bone 

Cribriform plate 

Cock's comb 

Alar process 

Perpendicular plate 

Ethmoidal labyrinth (O. T, lateral 

mass of ethmoid) 
Ethmoidal cells 
Ethmoidal funnel 

Semilunar hiatus 
Ethmoidal bulla ("bubble") 
Papyrus or paper plate (O. T. os 

planum) 
Ethmoidal foramina 
Supreme turbinated bone 



24 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Concha nasalis superior 
Concha nasalis media 
Processus uncinatus 



Concha nasalis inferior 

Processus lacrimalis 
Processus maxillaris 
Processus ethmoidahs 

Os lacrimale 

Crista lacrimahs posterior 

Sulcus lacrimalis 
Hamulus lacrimalis 

Fossa sacci lacrimalis 

Os nasale 

Foramina nasalia 
Sulcus ethmoidalis 



Ala vomeris 



Vomer 

Ossa faciei 

Maxilla 

Corpus maxillae 
Facies anterior 

Facies nasalis 
Facies orbitalis 
Facies infratemporalis 

Sinus maxillaris 



(Fossa praenasalis) 
Incisura nasalis 
Tuber maxillare 
Foramina alveolaria 
Canales alveolares 

Planum orbitale 
Margo lacrimalis 
Sulcus lacrimalis 
Canalis nasolacrimalis 

Crista conchalis 
Processus frontalis 
Crista lacrimalis anterior 
Incisura lacrimalis 
Crista ethmoidalis 
Processus zygomaticus 

Processus palatinus 
Crista nasalis 
Spina nasalis anterior 
Os incisivum 
Canalis incisivus 
Sutura incisiva 
Spinae palatinae 
Sulci palatini 
Processus alveolaris 
Limbus alveolaris 
Alveoli dentales 
Septa interalveolaria 
Juga alveolaria 
Hiatus maxillaris 
Foramen incisivum 

Os palatinum 

Pars p e r p e n d i c u 1 ar is 



Margo infraorbitalis 
Canalis infraorbitalis 
Sulcus infraorbitalis 
Foramen infraorbitale 
Sutura infraorbitalis 
Fossa canina 



Facies nasalis 
Facies maxillaris 
Incisura sphenopalatina 
Sulcus pterygopalatinus 
Processus pyramidalis 
Foramen palatinum majus 



Osteology 



24 



Superior turbinated bone 
Middle turbinated bone 
Uncinate process (O. T. unciform 
process) 

Inferior turbinated bone 

Lacrimal process 
Maxillary process 
Ethmoidal process 

Lacrimal bone 

Posterior lacrimal crest (O. T. lacri- 
mal crest) 

Lacrimal sulcus 

Lacrimal hamulus (''booklet") (O. T. 
hamular process) 

Fossa of lacrimal sac 

Nasal bone 

Nasal foramina 

Ethmoidal sulcus (O. T. groove for 
nasal nerve) 

Vomer, or ploughshare bone 

Wing of vomer 

Bones of the face 

Maxilla, or upper jawbone (0. T. 
superior maxillary bone) 

Body of maxilla 

Anterior surface (O. T. external or 
facial surface) 

Nasal surface 

Orbital surface 

Infratemporal surface (O. T. zygo- 
matic surface) 

Maxillary sinus (O. T. antrum of 
Highmore) 

Infraorbital margin 

Infraorbital canal 

Infraorbital groove 

Infraorbital foramen 

Infraorbital suture 

Canine fossa 



Prenasal fossa 

Nasal notch 

Maxillary tuber 

Alveolar foramina 

Alveolar canals (O. T. posterior dental 
canals) 

Orbital plain 

Lacrimal margin 

Lacrimal sulcus 

Nasolacrimal canal (O. T. lacrimal 
groove) 

Turbinated crest 

Frontal process (O. T. nasal process) 

Anterior lacrimal crest 

Lacrimal notch 

Ethmoidal crest 

Zygomatic process (O. T. malar proc- 
ess) 

Palatine process 

Nasal crest 

Anterior nasal spine 

Incisive hone 

Incisive canal 

Incisive suture 

Palatine spines 

Palatine grooves 

Alveolar process 

Alveolar margin 

Tooth cavities 

Interalveolar septa 

Alveolar yokes 

Maxillary hiatus 

Incisive foramen 



Palate bone 

Perpendicular part 

vertical plate) 
Nasal surface 
Maxillary surface 
Sphenopalatine notch 
Pterygopalatine sulcus 
Pyramidal process 
Larger palatine foramen 



(O. T. 



25 



Foramina palatina minora 
Canales palatini 
Crista conchalis 

Crista ethmoidalis 



Anatomical Nomenclature 

Linea mylohyoidea 



Sulcus mylohyoideus 
Juga alveolaria 
Ramus mandibulae 



Processus orbitalis 
Processus sphenoidalis 
Pars horizontalis 

Facies nasalis 
Facies palatina 
Spina nasalis posterior 
Crista nasalis 

Os zygomaticum 

Facies malaris 
Facies temporalis 
Facies orbitalis 
Processus temporalis 

Processus frontosphenoidalis 

(Processus marginalis) 
Foramen zygomaticoorbital 

Foramen zygomaticofaciale 

Foramen zygomaticotemporale 

Mandibula 

Corpus mandibulae 
Basis mandibulae 
Protuberantia mentalis 

Tuberculum mentale 
Spina mentalis 
Foramen mentale 
Linea obliqua 

Fossa digastrica 



Angulus mandibulae 
(Tuberositas masseterica) 
(Tuberositas pterygoidea) 
(Crista buccinatoria) 
Incisura mandibulae 

Processus condyloideus 

Capitulum [proc. condyl.] mandibulae 

CoUum [proc. condyloidei] mandibulae 

Fovea pterygoidea proc. condyloidei 

Processus coronoideus 

Foramen mandibulare 

Lingula mandibulae 
Canalis mandibulae 

Fovea sublingualis 
(Fovea submaxillaris) 

Pars alveolaris 
Limbus alveolaris 
Alveoli dentales 
Septa interalveolaria 

Os hyoideum 

Corpus OSS. hyoidei 
Cornu minus 
Cornu ma jus 

Cranium 

Calvaria 

Pericranium 

Lamina externa 

Diploe 

Canales diploid [Brescheti] 

Lamina interna 

Facies [ossea] 



Osteology 



25 



Smaller palatine foramen 

Palatine canals 

Turbinated crest (O. T. inferior tur- 
binated crest) 

Ethntoidal crest (O. T. superior turbi 
nated crest) 

Orbital process 

Sphenoidal process 

Horizontal part (O. T. hori- 
zontal plate) 

Nasal surface 

Palatine surface 

Posterior nasal spine 

Nasal crest 

Zygoma, or yoke bone (0. T. malar 
bone) 

Malar surface 

Temporal surface 

Orbital surface 

Temporal process (O. T. zygomatic 

process) 
Frontosphenoidal process (O. T. 

frontal process 
Marginal process 
Zygomatico-orbital foramen (O. T. 

temporo-malar canal) 
Zygomaticofacial foramen (O. T. 

malar foramen) 
Zygomaticotemporal foramen 

Mandible, or lower jaw bone (0. 

T. inferior maxillary bone) 
Body of lower jaw bone 

Base of lower jaw 
Mental protuberance (O. T. mental 

process) 
Mental tubercle 

Mental spine (O. T. genial tubercle) 
Mental foramen 
Oblique line (O. T. external oblique 

line) 
Digastric fossa 



Mylohyoid line (O. T. internal oblique 
line) 

Mylohoid groove 

Alveolar yokes 

Ramus of lower Jaw (O. T. perpen- 
dicular portion) 

Angle of lower jaw 

Masseteric tuberosity 

Pterygoid tuberosity 

Buccinator crest 

Mandibular notch (O. T. sigmoid 
notch) 

Condyloid process 

Head of condyloid process of lower jaw 

Neck of condyloid process of lower jaw 

Pterygoid pit of condyloid process 

Coronoid process 

Mandibular foramen (O. T. inferior 
dental foramen) 

Mandibular tongue 

Mandibular canal (O. T. inferior 
dental canal) 

Sublingual pit (O. T. sublingual fossa) 

Submaxillary pit (O. T. submaxillary 
fossa) 

Alveolar part 

Alveolar margin 

Tooth cavities 

Interalveolar septa 

Hyoid bone 

Body of hyoid bone 
Lesser horn 
Greater horn 

Skull 

Skull cap 

Periosteum of skull 

Outer plate 

Cancellous bone 

Diploic canals or canals of Breschet 

Inner table 

Bony portion of face 



26 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Cranium cerebrale 

Cranium viscerale 

Vertex 

Frons 

Occiput 

Basis cranii interna 

Basis cranii externa 

Fossa cranii anterior 

Fossa cranii media 

Fossa cranii posterior 

Juga cerebralia 

Impressiones digitatae 

Sulci venosi 

Sulci arteriosi 

(Foveolae granulares [Pacchioni]) 

(Ossa suturarum) 
Planum temporale 
Fossa temporalis 
Arcus zygomaticus 
Fossa infratemporalis 
Fossa pterygopalatina 

Canalis pterygopalatinus 

Foramen sphenopalatinum 
Apertura piriformis 
Cavum nasi 
Septum nasi osseum 
Meatus nasi communis 
Meatus nasi superior 
Meatus nasi medius 
Meatus nasi inferior 
Meatus nasopharyngeus 
Choanae 

Recessus sphenoethmoidalis 
Foramen jugulare 
Fissura sphenopetrosa 
Fissura petrooccipitalis 
Fissura sphenooccipitalis 
Foramen lacerum 



. Fibrocartilago basaiis 
Palatum durum 
(Torus palatinus) 
Orbita 

Aditus orbitae 
Margo supraorbitalis 
Margo infraorbitalis 
Paries superior 
Paries inferior 
Paries lateralis 
Paries medialis 
Fissura orbitalis superior 



Fissura orbitalis inferior 



Suturae cranii 

Sutura coronalis 
Sutura sagittalis 
Sutura lambdoidea 
Sutura occipitomastoidea 
Sutura sphenofrontalis 
Sutura sphenoorbitalis 
Sutura sphenoethmoidalis 
Sutura sphenosquamosa 
Sutura sphenoparietalis 
Sutura squamosa 
(Sutura frontalis) 
Sutura parietomastoidea 
(Sutura squamosomastoidea) 
Sutura nasofrontalis 
Sutura frontoethmoidalis 
Sutura frontomaxillaris 
Sutura frontolacrimalis 
Sutura zygomaticofrontalis 
Sutura zygomaticomaxillaris 
Sutura ethmoideomaxillaris 
Sutura sphenozygomatica 
(Sutura sphenomaxillaris) 
Sutura zygomaticotemporalis 
Sutura internasalis 
Sutura nasomaxillaris 



Osteology 



26 



Cerebral cranium or calvaria 

Visceral cranium or face 

Vertex or crown of head 

Forehead 

Back of head 

Internal base of skull 

External base of skull 

Anterior cranial fossa 

Middle cranial fossa 

Posterior cranial fossa 

Cerebral projections ("yokes") 

Digitate impressions 

Grooves of the veins 

Grooves of the arteries 

Granular foveolae (O. T. Pacchionian 
depressions) 

Sutural bones (O. T. Wormian bones) 

Temporal plain 

Temporal fossa 

Zygomatic arch 

Infratemporal fossa 

Pterygopalatine fossa (O. T. spheno- 
maxillary fossa) 

Pterygopalatine canal (O. T. posterior 
palatine canal) 

Sphenopalatine foramen 

Piriform opening (O. T. anterior nares) 

Nasal cavity 

Bony nasal septum 

Common meatus of nose 

Superior meatus of nose 

Middle meatus of nose 

Inferior meatus of nose 

Nasopharyngeal meatus 

Choanae (" funnels") (O. T. posterior 
nares) 

Spheno-ethmoidal recess 

Jugular foramen 

Sphenopetrosal fissure 

Petro-occipital fissure 

Spheno-occipital fissure 

Lacerated foramen (O. T. foramen 
lacerum medium) 



Basal fibrocartilage 

Hard palate 

Palatine torus or protuberance 

Orbital cavity 

Orbital opening 

Supraorbital margin 

Infraorbital margin 

Superior wall 

Inferior wall 

Lateral wall 

Medial wall 

Superior orbital fissure (O. T. sphe- 
noidal fissure or foramen lacerum 
anterius) 

Inferior orbital fissure (O. T. spheno- 
maxillary fissure) • 

Sutures of the skull 

Coronal suture 
Sagittal suture 
Lambdoidal suture 
Occipitomastoid suture 
Sphenofrontal suture 
Spheno-orbital suture 
Spheno-ethmoidal suture 
Sphenosquamosal suture 
Sphenoparietal suture 
Squamosal suture 
Frontal suture 
Parietomastoid suture 
Squamosomastoid suture 
Nasofrontal suture 
Fronto-ethmoidal suture 
Frontomaxillary suture 
Frontolacrimal suture 
Zygomaticofrontal suture 
Zygomaticomaxillary suture 
Ethmoideomaxillary suture 
Sphenozygomatic suture 
Sphenomaxillary suture 
Zygomaticotemporal suture 
Internasal suture 
Nasomaxillary suture 



27 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Sutura lacrimomaxillaris 


Tuberositas supraglenoidalis 


Sutura lacrimoconchalis 




Sutura intermaxillaris 


Incisura scapulae 


Sutura palatomaxillaris 




Sutura palatoethmoidalis 


Processus coracoideus 


Sutura palatina mediana 
Sutura palatina transversa 


Clavicula 



Synchondroses cranii 

Synchondrosis sphenooccipitalis 
Synchondrosis sphenopetrosa 
Synchondrosis petrooccipitalis 
Synchondrosis intraoccipitalis posterior 
Synchondrosis intraoccipitalis anterior 
Synchondrosis inters phenoidalis 
F%nticidus frontalis [major] 
Fonticulus occipitalis [minor] 
Fonticulus mastoideus 
Fonticulus sphenoidalis 

Ossa extremitatis superioris 

Cingulum extremitatis su- 
perioris 

Scapula 

Facies costalis 
Lineae musculares 
Fossa subscapularis 
Facies dorsalis 
Spina scapulae 
Fossa supraspinata 
Fossa infraspinata 
Acromion 

Facies articularis acromii 
Margo vertebralis 
Margo axillaris 
Margo superior 
Angulus inferior 
Angulus lateralis 
Angulus medialis 
Cavitas glenoidalis 
Collum scapulae 
Tuberositas infraglenoidalis 



Extremitas sternalis 
Facies articularis sternalis 
Tuberositas costalis 

Extremitas acromialis 
Facies articularis acromialis 
Tuberositas coracoidea 

Skeleton extremitatis su 
perioris liberae 

Humerus 

Caput humeri 
Collum anatomicum 
Collum chirurgicum 
Tuberculum ma jus 

Tuberculum minus 

Sulcus intertubercularis 

Crista tuberculi majoris 

Crista tuberculi minoris 

Corpus humeri 

Facies anterior medialis 

Facies anterior lateralis 

Facies posterior 
Margo medialis 
Margo lateralis 
Tuberositas deltoidea 
Sulcus n. radialis 



Osteology 



27 



Lacrimomaxillary suture 
Lacrimoconchal suture 
Intermaxillary suture 
Palatomaxillary suture 
Palato-ethmoidal suture 
Median palatine suture 
Transverse palatine suture 

Synchondroses of the skull 

Spheno-occipital synchondrosis 
Sphenopetrosal synchondrosis 
Petro-occipital synchondrosis 
Posterior intraoccipital synchondrosis 
Anterior intraoccipital synchondrosis 
Inter sphenoidal synchondrosis 
Larger jrontal jontanelle 
Smaller occipital jontanelle 
Mastoid jontanelle 
Sphenoidal jontanelle 

Bones of upper extremity 

Shoulder girdle 

Shoulder-blade 

Costal surface 

Muscular lines 

Subscapular fossa 

Dorsal surface 

Spine of the scapula 

Supraspinous fossa 

Infraspinous fossa 

Acromion, or acromial process 

Articular surface of acromion 

Vertebral margin 

Axillary margin 

Superior margin 

Inferior angle 

Lateral angle (O. T. anterior angle) 

Medial angle (O. T. superior angle) 

Glenoid cavity 

Neck of the scapula 

Infraglenoidal tuberosity 



Supraglenoidal tuberosity (O. T. su- 

praglenoid tubercle) 
Scapular notch (O. T. suprascapular 

notch) 
Coracoid ("crow's beak") process 

Collar bone or clavicle 

Sternal extremity 

Sternal articular surface 

Costal tuberosity (O. T. impression 

for rhomboid ligament) 
Acromial extremity 
Acromial articular surface 
Coracoid tuberosity (O. T-. impression 

for conoid ligament) 

Skeleton of free upper 
extremity 

Humerus, or upper arm bone 

Head of humerus 

Anatomical neck 

Surgical neck 

Larger tubercle (O. T. greater tuber- 
osity) 

Smaller tubercle (O. T. lesser tuber- 
osity) 

Intertubercular sulcus (O. T. bicipital 
groove) 

Crest of larger tubercle (O. T. posterior 
bicipital ridge) 

Crest of smaller tubercle (O. T. an- 
terior bicipital ridge) 

Body of humerus, or shaft 

Medial anterior surface (O. T. internal 
surface) 

Lateral anterior surface (O. T. external 
surface) 

Posterior surface 

Medial margin (O. T. internal border) 

Lateral margin (O. T. external border) 

Deltoid tuberosity 

Groove for radial nerve (O. T. muscu- 
lospiral groove) 



28 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Sulcus n. ulnaris 
Capitulum humeri 

Trochlea humeri 
Epicondylus medialis 

Epicondylus lateralis 

Fossa olecrani 

Fossa coronoidea 

Fossa radialis 

(Processus supracondyloideus) 

Radius 

Corpus radii 
Capitulum radii 
Fovea capituli radii 
CoUum radii 

Circumferentia articularis 
Tuberositas radii 

Crista interossea 

Facies dorsalis 
Facies volaris 
Facies lateralis 
Margo dorsalis 
Margo volaris 
Processus styloideus 
Incisura ulnaris 
Facies articularis carpea 

Ulna 

Corpus ulnae 
Olecranon 

Processus coronoideus 
Tuberositas ulnae 
Incisura semilunaris 

Incisura radialis 

Crista interossea 



Facies dorsalis 

Facies volaris 
Facies medialis 
Margo dorsalis 
Margo volaris 
Crista m. supinatoris 
Capitulum ulnae 

Circumferentia articularis 
Processus styloideus 

Carpus 

O S.S a c a r p i 

(Os centrale) 

Os naviculare manus 

Tuberculum oss. navicularis 
Os lunatum 
Os triquetrum 

Os pisiforme 

Os multangulum ma jus 

Tuberculum oss. multang. majoris 
Os multangulum minus 

Os capitatum 
Os hamatum 

Hamtilus oss. hamati 
Eminentia carpi radialis 
Eminentia carpi ulnaris 
Sulcus carpi 

Metacarpus 

Ossa metacarpalia I — V 

Basis 

Corpus 

Capitulum 
Os metacarpale III 

Processus styloideus 

Phalanges digitorum manus 

Phalanx prima 
Phalanx secunda 



Osteology 



28 



Groove for ulnar nerve 

Capitulum or little head of humerus 

(O. T. capitellum or radial head) 
Trochlea ("pulley") of humerus 
Medial epicondyle (O. T. internal con- 

dyle) 
Lateral epicondyle (O. T. external 

condyle) 
Olecranon fossa 
Coronoid fossa 
Radial fossa 
Supracondyloid process 

Radius ("spoke") 

Body of radius, or shaft 

Head of radius 

Pit of head of radius 

Neck of radius 

Articular circumference 

Tuberosity of radius (O. T. bicipital 

tuberosity) 
Interosseous crest (O. T. internal or 

interosseous border) 
Dorsal surface (O. T. posterior surface) 
Volar surface (O. T. anterior surface) 
Lateral surface (O. T. external surface) 
Dorsal margin (O. T. posterior border) 
Volar margin (O. T. anterior border) 
Styloid process 

Ulnar notch (O. T. sigmoid cavity) 
Carpal articular surface 

Ulna, or elbow bone 

Body of ulna, or shaft 

Olecranon, or point of the elbow 

Coronoid process 

Tuberosity of the ulna 

Semilunar notch (O. T. greater sig- 
moid cavity) 

Radial notch (O. T. lesser sigmoid 
cavity) 

Interosseous crest (O. T. external or 
interosseous border) 



Dorsal surface (O. T. posterior sur- 
face) 
Volar surface (O. T. anterior surface) 
Medial surface (O. T. internal surface) 
Dorsal margin (O. T. posterior border) 
Volar margin (O. T. anterior border) 
Ridge of supinator muscle 
Head of ulna 

Articular circumference 
Styloid process 

Wrist 

Bones of the wrist 

Central bone 

Navicular bone of the hand (O. T. 
scaphoid) 
Tubercle of navicular bone 

Lunate bone (O. T. semilunar) 

Three-cornered bone (O, T. cuneiform 
bone) 

Pisiform bone 

Large multangular bone (O. T. tra- 
pezium) 
Tubercle of large multangular bone 

Small multangular bone (O. T. trape- 
zoid) 

Capitate bone (O. T. os magnum) 

Hooked bone (O. T. unciform) 
Hook of OS hamatum 

Radial eminence of wrist 

Ulnar eminence of wrist 

Carpal sulcus 

Metacarpus 

Metacarpal bones I — ^V 

Base 

Body, or shaft 

Head 
Third metacarpal bone 

Styloid process 

Phalanges of the fingers 

First phalanx 
Second phalanx 



29 

Phalanx tertia 
Basis phalangis 
Corpus phalangis 
Trochlea phalangis 
Tuberositas unguicularis 
Ossa sesamoidea 



Ossa extremitatis inferioris 

Cingulum extremitatis in- 
ferioris 
Os coxae 
Foramen obturatum 
Acetabulum 
Fossa acetabuli 
Incisura acetabuli 
Facies lunata 
Sulci paraglenoidales 

Os ilium 

Corpus OSS. ilium 
Ala OSS. ilium 
Linea arcuata 
Crista iliaca 

Labium externum 

Linea intermedia 

Labium internum 
Spina iliaca anterior superior 
Spina iliaca anterior inferior 
Spina iliaca posterior superior 
Spina iliaca posterior inferior 
Linea glutaea anterior 

Linea glutaea posterior 

Linea glutaea inferior 

Facies auricularis 
Tuberositas iliaca 
Fossa iliaca 

Os ischii 

Corpus OSS. ischii 
Ramus superior oss. ischii 



Anatomical Nomenclature 

Ramus inferior oss. ischii 

Tuber ischiadicum 

Spina ischiadica 

Incisura ischiadica major 

Incisura ischiadica minor 



Os pubis 

Corpus oss. pubis 

Pecten oss. pubis 

Eminentia iliopectinea 

Tuberculum pubicum 

Crista obturatoria 

Sulcus obturatorius 

Tuberculum obturatorium anterius 

(Tuberculum obturatorium posterius) 

Ramus inferior oss. pubis 

Ramus superior oss. pubis 

Facies symphyseos 

Pelvis 

Symphysis ossium pubis 
Arcus pubis 
Angulus pubis 
Pelvis major 
Pelvis minor 
Linea terminalis 

Pars sacralis 

Pars iliaca 

Pars pubica 
Apertura pelvis [minoris] superior 

Apertura pelvis [minoris] inferior 

Axis pelvis 
Conjugata 



Osteology 



29 



Third phalanx 

Base of phalanx 

Body of phalanx, or shaft 

Pulley of phalanx 

Ungual tuberosity 

Sesamoid bones 

Bones of the lower extremity 

Pelvic girdle 

Hip bone (0. T. os innominatum) 

Obturator ("closed") foramen 
Acetabulum ("cup") 
Fossa of the acetabulum 
Acetabular notch 
Lunate surface 
Paraglenoid grooves 

Ilium, or flank bone 

Body of ilium 
Wing of ilium 
Curved lines 
Iliac crest 

External lip 

Intermediate line 

Internal Hp 
Superior anterior iliac spine 
Inferior anterior iliac spine 
Superior posterior iliac spine 
Inferior posterior iliac spine 
Anterior gluteal line (O. T. middle 

curved line) 
Posterior gluteal line (O. T. superior 

curved line) 
Inferior gluteal line (O. T. inferior 

curved line) 
Auricular surface 
Iliac tuberosity 
Iliac fossa 

Ischium, or bone of the hip 

Body of ischium 
Superior ramus of ischium 



Inferior ramus of ischium (O. T. 
ascending ramus) 

Sciatic tuber (O. T. tuberosity of the 
ischium) 

Sciatic spine (O. T. spine of the is- 
chium) 

Greater sciatic notch (O. T. great 
sacro-sciatic notch) 

Lesser sciatic notch (O. T. lesser 
sacro-sciatic notch) 

Pubic bone 

Body of pubic bone 

Pecten ("comb") of pubic bone 

Iliopectineal eminence 

Pubic tubercle (O. T. spine of os pubis) 

Obturator crest 

Obturator sulcus 

Anterior obturator tubercle 

Posterior obturator tubercle 

Inferior ramus of pubic bone (O. T. 

descending ramus) 
Superior ramus of pubic bone (O. T. 

ascending ramus) 
Symphyseal surface (O. T. symphysis 

pubis) 

Pelvis ("basin") 

Symphysis of pubic bones 

Pubic arch 

Angle of pubis 

Large pelvis (O. T. false pelvis) 

Small pelvis (O. T. true pelvis) 

Terminal line 

Sacral part 

Iliac part 

Pubic part 
Upper opening of lesser pelvis (O. T. 

pelvic inlet) 
Lower opening of lesser pelvis (O. T. 

pelvic outlet) 
Axis of pelvis 
Conjugate diameter 



30 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Diameter transversa 
Diameter obliqua 
Inclinatio pelvis 

Skeleton extremitatis 
f er ioris liberae 

Femur 

Caput femoris 
Fovea capitis femoris 
CoUum femoris 
Corpus femoris 
Trochanter major 
Fossa trochanterica 
Trochanter minor 
(Trochanter tertius) 
Linea intertrochanterica 
Crista intertrochanterica 

Linea aspera 

Labium laterale 

Labium mediale 
Linea pectinea 
Tuberositas glutaea 
Fossa intercondyloidea 
Linea intercondyloidea 
Planum popliteum 
Condylus medialis 
Condylus lateralis 
Facies patellaris 
Epicondylus lateralis 

Epicondylus medialis 

Tibia 

Facies articularis superior 
Corpus tibiae 
Condylus medialis 

Condylus lateralis 

Fossa intercondyloidea anterior 
Fossa intercondyloidea posterior 



in 



Eminentia intercondyloidea 

Tuberculum intercondyloideum me- 
diale 

Tuberculum intercondyloideum late- 
rale 

Margo infraglenoidalis 

Tuberositas tibiae 

Facies medialis 

Facies posterior 

Facies lateralis 

Margo medialis 

Crista anterior 

Crista interossea 

Linea poplitea 

Malleolus medialis 

Incisura fibularis 
Sulcus malleolaris 
Facies articularis inferior 
Facies articularis malleolaris 

Fibula 

Corpus fibulae 
Crista interossea 
Crista anterior 
Crista lateralis 
Crista medialis 
Facies medialis 
Facies lateralis 
Facies posterior 
Capitulum fibulae 
Facies articularis capituli 
Apex capituli fibulae 
Malleolus lateralis 

Facies articularis malleoli 

Patella 

Basis patellae 
Apex patellae 
Facies articularis 



Osteology 



30 



Transverse diameter 
Oblique diameter 
Pelvic incline 

Skeleton of free lower 
extremity 

Thigh bone 

Head of femur 

Pit of the head of femur 

Neck of femur 

Body, or shaft, of femur 

Great trochanter 

Trochanteric fossa (O. T. digital fossa) 

Lesser trochanter 

Third trochanter 

Intertrochanteric line (O. T. spiral line) 

Intertrochanteric crest (O. T. inter- 
trochanteric line) 

Rough line 

Lateral lip 
Medial lip 

Pectineal line 

Gluteal tuberosity 

Intercondyloid fossa 

Intercondyloid line 

Popliteal plain (O. T. popliteal space) 

Medial condyle (O. T. inner condyle) 

Lateral condyle (O. T. outer condyle) 

Patellar surface 

Lateral epicondyle (O. T. outer tube- 
osity) 

Medial epicondyle (O. T. inner tuber- 
osity) 

Shin bone 

Superior articular surface 

Body or shaft of tibia 

Medial condyle (O. T. internal tuber- 
osity) 

Lateral condyle (O. T. external tuber- 
osity) 

Anterior intercondyloid fossa 

Posterior intercondyloid fossa 



Intercondyloid eminence (O. T. spinous 

process) 
Medial intercondyloid tubercle 

Lateral intercondyloid tubercle 

Infraglenoidal margin 
Tuberosity of the tibia (O. T. tubercle) 
Medial surface 
Posterior surface 
Lateral surface 
Medial margin 
Anterior crest 
Interosseous crest 
PopKteal Hne 

Medial malleolus (O. T. internal mal- 
leolus) 
Fibular notch 
Malleolar sulcus 
Inferior articular surface 
Malleolar articular surface 

Calf bone 

Body or shaft of fibula 
Interosseous crest 
Anterior crest 
Lateral crest 
Medial crest 
Medial surface 
Lateral surface 
Posterior surface 
Head of fibula 
Articular surface of head 
Apex of head of fibula 
Lateral malleolus (O. T. e^xternal mal- 
leolus) 
Articular surface of malleolus 

Knee-cap 

Base of patella 
Apex of patella 
Articular surface 



31 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Tarsus 

Ossa tarsi 

Talus 

Caput tali 

Corpus tali 

Collum tali 

Trochlea tali 
Facies superior 
Facies malleolaris medialis 
Facies malleolaris lateralis 

Sulcus tali 

Processus lateralis tali 

Facies articularis calcanea posterior 

Facies articularis calcanea media 

Sulcus m. flexoris hallucis longi 

Facies articularis navicularis 
Facies articularis calcanea anterior 
Processus posterior tali 
(Os trigonum) 

Calcaneus 

Corpus calcanei ' 
Tuber calcanei 

Processus medialis tuberis cal- 
canei 
Processus lateralis tuberis cal- 
canei 
Sustentaculum tali 
Sulcus m. flexoris hallucis longi 

Sulcus calcanei 

Sinus tarsi 

Facies articularis anterior 



Facies articularis media 
Facies articularis posterior 
Sulcus m. peronaei 
(Processus trochlearis) 
Facies articularis cuboidea 

Os naviculare pedis 

Tuberositas oss. navicularis 

Os cuneiforme primum 

Os cuneiforme secundum 

Os cuneiforme tertitun 

Os cuboideum 

Sulcus m. peronaei 
Tuberositas oss. cuboidei 

Metatarsus 
Ossa metatarsalia I — V 

Basis 

Corpus 

Capitulum 
Tuberositas oss. metatarsalis I 
Tuberositas oss. metatarsalis V 

Phalanges digitorum pedis 

Phalanx prima 
Phalanx secunda 
Phalanx tertia 

Tuberositas unguicularis 
Basis phalangis 
Corpus phalangis 
Trochlea phalangis 

Ossa sesamoidea 



Osteology 



31 



Root of the foot 

Tarsalbones 

Ankle bone (0. T. astragalus) 

Head of ankle bone 
Body of ankle bone 
Neck of ankle bone 
Trochlea (" pulley") of ankle bone 

Superior surface 

Medial malleolar surface 

Lateral malleolar surface 
Sulcus of ankle bone 
Lateral process of ankle bone 
Posterior calcanean articular surface 
Middle calcanean articular surface 
Groove for the long flexor muscle of 

the great toe 
Navicular articular surface 
Anterior calcanean articular surface 
Posterior process of ankle bone 
Triangular bone 

Heel bone (O. T. os calcis) 

Body of heel bone 
Calcanean tuber 

Medial process of calcanean tuber 

Lateral process of calcanean tuber 

Support of ankle bone 

Groove for the long flexor muscle of 

great toe 
Calcanean sulcus 
Tarsal sinus 
Anterior articular surface 



Middle articular surface 
Posterior articular surface 
Groove for peroneal muscle 
Trochlear process 
Cuboid articular surface 

Scaphoid bone of foot 

Tuberosity of scaphoid bone 

First Cuneiform, or Wedge Bone 

Second Cuneiform, or Wedge Bone 

Third Cuneiform, or Wedge Bone 

Cuboid bone 

Groove for peroneal muscle 
Tuberosity of cuboid bone 

Metatarsus, or "after-root" of foot 

Metatarsal bones I — V 

Base 

Body 

Head 
Tuberosity of first metatarsal bone 
Tuberosity of fifth metatarsal bone 

Phalanges of toes 

First phalanx 

Second phalanx 

Third phalanx 
Ungual tuberosity 

Base of phalanx 

Body of phalanx 

Trochlea ("pulley or block") of pha- 
lanx 

Sesamoid bones 



32 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Syndcsmolo^ia 



Junctura ossium 
Synarthrosis 

Sutura 

Sutura serrata 
Sutura squamosa 
Harmonia 

Gomphosis 

Synchondrosis 

Symphysis 
Diarthrosis 

Articulatio 

Articulatio simplex 

Articulatio composita 

Arthrodia 

Articulatio sphaeroidea 

Enarthrosis 

Ginglymus 

Articulatio cochlearis 

Articulatio ellipsoidea 

Articulatio trochoidea 

Articulatio sellaris 

Amphiarthrosis 
Syndesmosis 
Cartilago articularis 
Cavum articulare 
Discus articularis 

Labrum glenoidale 
Meniscus articularis 
Capsula articularis 
Stratum fibrosum 
Stratum synoviale 
Plica synovialis 
Villi synoviales 
Synovia 



Ligamenta columnae vertebralis 
et cranii 

Fibrocartilagines intervertebrales 
Annulus fibrosus 
Nucleus pulposus 
Ligg. flava 

Capsulae articulares 

Ligg. intertransversaria 

Ligg. interspinaUa 

Lig. supraspinal 

Lig. nuchae 

Lig. longitudinale anterius 

Lig. longitudinale posterius 

Symphysis sacrococcygea 

Lig. sacrococcygeum posterius super- 

ficiale 
Lig. sacrococcygeum posterius pro- 

fundum 
Lig. sacrococcygeum anterius 
Lig. sacrococcygeum laterale 
Lig. pterygospinosum 
Lig. stylohyoideum 

Articulatio atlantoocci pi talis 

Capsulae articulares 

Membrana atlantooccipitalis anterior 

Membrana atlantooccipitalis posterior 

Articulatio atlantoepistrophica 

Capsulae articulares 



Syndesmology, or Joint Articulation 



32 



Syndesmology, or Joint Articulation 



Joining of bones 
Immovable articulation 

Suture or seam 
Serrated suture 
Scaly suture 
Apposition suture 

Socket articulation 

Cartilaginous articulation 

Bony coalescence or junction 
Movable articulation 

Joint 

Simple joint 

Compound joint 

Gliding joint 

Spherical joint 

Ball-and-socket joint 

Hinge-joint 

Spiral joint 

Elliptical joint 

Trochoid or pivot joint 

Saddle joint 

Mixed articulation 
Ligamentous union 
Articular cartilage 
Joint cavity 
Articular disk (O. T. interarticular 

fibrocartilage) 
Glenoid lip 
Articular crescent 
Joint-capsule 

Fibrous layer 

Synovial layer 
Synovial fold 
Synovial tufts 
Joint-oil 



Ligaments of the spine and 
skull 

Intervertebral fibrocartilages 

Fibrous ring 

Pulp-like nucleus 

Yellow ligaments (O. T. ligg. sub- 
flava) 

Joint-capsules 

Intertransverse ligaments 

Interspinous ligaments 

Supraspinous ligament 

Ligament of the nape 

Anterior longitudinal ligament (O. T. 
anterior common ligament) 

Posterior longitudinal ligament (O. T. 
posterior common ligament) 

Symphysis of sacrum and coccyx 

Superficial posterior sacrococcygeal 
ligament 

Deep posterior sacrococcygeal liga- 
ment 

Anterior sacrococcygeal ligament 

Lateral sacrococcygeal ligament 

Pterygospinous ligament 

Stylohyoid ligament 

Joint between atlas and occipital 
bone 

Joint-capsules 

Anterior atlanto-occipital membrane 

Posterior atlanto-occipital membrane 

Joint between atlas and epis= 
tropheus or axis 

Joint-capsules 



33 

Ligg. alaria 

Lig. apicis dentis 

Lig. transversum atlantis 
Lig. cruciatum atlantis 
Membrana tectoria 

Articulationes costovertebrales 
Articulationes capitulorum 

Capsulae articulares 

Lig. capituli costae radiatum 

Lig. capituli costae interarticulare 

Articulationes costotransversa- 
riae 

Capsulae articulares 

Lig. tuberculi costae 

Lig. colli costae 

Lig. costotransversarium anterius 

Lig. costotransversarium posterius 

Lig. lumbocostale 

Foramen costotransversarium 

Articulationes sternocostales 

Capsulae articulares 

Lig. sternocostale interarticulare 

Ligg. sternocostalia radiata 



Membrana sterni 
Ligg. costoxiphoidea 

Ligg. intercostalia 

Ligg. intercostalia externa 
Ligg. intercostalia interna 

Articulationes interchondrales 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Articulatio mandibularis 

Capsula articularis 

Discus articularis 
Lig. temporomandibulare 
Lig. sphenomandibulare 
Lig. stylomandibulare 

Ligg. cinguli extremitatis su= 
perioris 

Lig. coracoacromiale 

Lig. transversum scapulae superius 

Lig. transversum scapulae inferius 

Articulatio acromioclavicularis 

Capsula articularis 
Lig. acromioclaviculare 
(Discus articularis) 
Lig. coracoclaviculare 

Lig. trapezoideum 

Lig. conoideum 

Articulatio sternoclavicularis 

Capsula articularis 
Discus articularis 
Lig. sternoclaviculare 
Lig. costoclaviculare 

Lig. interclaviculare 

Articulatio humeri 

Capsula articularis 
Labrum glenoidale 
Lig. coracohumerale 

Articulatio cubiti 

Articulatio humeroulnaris 
Articulatio humeroradialis 



Syndesmology, or Joint Articulation 



33 



Alar ligaments (O. T. odontoid or 
check ligaments) 

Ligament of apex of tooth (O. T. sus- 
pensory ligament) 

Transverse ligament of atlas 

Cruciform ligament of atlas 

Tectorial ("roof") membrane (O. T. 
posterior occipito-axial ligament) 

Joints between ribs and vertebrae 

Capitular joints, or articulations 
between the heads of the ribs 
and the vertebrae 

Joint-capsules 

Radiate ligament of head of rib (O. T. 

anterior costovertebral or stellate 

ligament) 
Interarticular ligament of head of rib 

Costotransverse joints 

Joint-capsules 
Ligament of tubercle of rib 
Ligament of neck of rib 
Anterior costotransverse ligament 
Posterior costotransverse ligament 
Lumbocostal ligament 
Costotransverse foramen 

Sternocostal joints 

Joint-capsules 

Interarticular sternocostal ligament (O. 
T. interarticular chondrosternal liga- 
ment) 

Radiate sternocostal ligaments (O. T. 
anterior and posterior chondrosternal 
ligaments) 

Membrane of sternum 

Costoxiphoid ligaments (O. T. chon- 
droxiphoid ligaments) 

Intercostal ligaments 

External intercostal ligaments 
Internal intercostal ligaments 

Interchondral joints 



Jaw=joint 

Joint-capsule (O. T. capsular liga- 
ment) 

Joint-disk (O. T. interarticular fibro- 
cartilage) 

Temporomandibular ligament (O. T. 
external lateral ligament) 

Sphenomandibular ligament (O. T. in- 
ternal lateral ligament) 

Stylomandibular ligament (O. T. stylo- 
maxillary ligament) 

Ligaments of the girdle of upper 
extremity 

Coraco-acromial ligament 

Superior transverse ligament of scapula 

Inferior transverse ligament of scapula 

Acromioclavicular joint 

Joint-capsule 

Acromioclavicular ligament 
Intercalated disk of fibrocartilage 
Coracoclavicular ligament 

Trapezoid ligament 

Conoid ligament 

Sternoclavicular joint 

Joint-capsule 
Articular disk 
Sternoclavicular ligament 
Costoclavicular Hgament (O. T. rhom- 
boid ligament) 
Interclavicular ligament 

Shoulder=joint 

Joint-capsule 

Glenoid lip (O. T. glenoid ligament) 
Coracohumeral ligament (O. T. acces- 
sory ligament) 

Elbow=joint 

Humero-ulnar articulation 
Humeroradial articulation 



34 Anatomical 

Articulatio radioulnaris proximalis 

Capsula articularis 
Lig. coUaterale ulnare 

Lig. coUaterale radiale 

Lig. annulare radii 

Recessus sacciformis 
Membrana interossea antibrachii 
Chorda obliqua 

Articulatio radioulnaris distalis 

Capsula articularis 
Discus articularis 

Recessus sacciformis 

Articulatio manus 

Articulatio radiocarpea 

Articulatio intercarpea 

Capsula articularis 

Lig. radiocarpeum dorsale 

Lig. radiocarpeum volare 

Lig. carpi radiatum 

Lig. coUaterale carpi ulnare 

Lig. coUaterale carpi radiale 

Ligg. intercarpea dorsalia 
Ligg. intercarpea volaria 

Ligg. intercarpea interossea 

Articulatio ossis pisiformis 

Capsula articularis 



Nomenclature 
Lig. pisohamatum 

Lig. pisometacarpeum 

Canalis carpi 

Articulationes carpometacarpeae 

Capsulae articulares 

Ligg. carpometacarpea dorsalia 

Ligg. carpometacarpea volaria 

Articulatio carpometacarpea pol= 
licis 

Capsula articularis 

Articulationes intermetacarpeae 

Capsulae articulares 

Ligg. basium [oss. metacarp.] dorsalia 

Lig. basium [oss. metacarp.] volaria 

Lig. basium [oss. metacarp.] interossea 

Spatia interossea metacarpi 

Articulationes metacarpopha= 
langeae 

Capsulae articulares 
Ligg. collateralia 
Ligg. accessoria volaria 

Ligg. capitulorum [oss. metacarpalium] 
transversa 

Articulationes digitorum manus 

Capsulae articulares 
Ligg. collateralia 

Ligg. cinguli extremitatis infe« 
rioris 

Membrana obturatoria 
Canalis obturatorius 
Lig. iliolumbale 



Syndesmology, or Joint Articulation 



34 



Proximal radio-ulnar articulation (O. 
T. superior radio-ulnar) 

Joint-capsule 

Ulnar collateral ligament (O. T. in- 
ternal lateral ligament) 

Radial collateral ligament (O. T. ex- 
ternal lateral ligament) 

Annular ligament of radius (O. T. 
orbicular) 

Sacciform recess 

Interosseous membrane of forearm 

Oblique cord (O. T. oblique, or round 
ligament) 

Distal radio=ulnar articulation 
(O. T. inferior radio=ulnar) 

Joint-capsule 

Articular disk (O. T. triangular fibro- 

cartilage)^ 
Sacciform recess 

Joint of the hand 

Radiocarpal articulation (O. T. wrist- 
joint) 

Intercarpal articulation (O. T. carpal 
joints) 

Joint-capsule 

Dorsal radiocarpal ligament (O. T. 
posterior ligament) 

Volar radiocarpal ligament (O. T. an- 
terior ligament) 

Radiate ligament of carpus 

Ulnar collateral ligament of carpus 
(O. T. internal lateral ligament) 

Radial collateral ligament of carpus 
(O. T. external lateral ligament) 

Dorsal intercarpal ligaments 

Volar intercarpal ligaments (O. T. 
palmar intercarpal) 

Interosseous intercarpal ligaments 

Joint of the pisiform bone 

Joint-capsule 



Ligament between pisiform and hook- 
shaped bone 

Ligament between pisiform and meta- 
carpal bones 

Carpal canal 

Carpometacarpal joints 

Joint-capsules 

Dorsal carpometacarpal ligaments 

Volar carpometacarpal ligaments 



Carpometacarpal joint of 
thumb 

Joint-capsule 



the 



Intermetacarpal joints 

Joint-capsules 

Dorsal ligaments of basal extremities 
of metacarpal bones 

Volar ligament of basal extremities of 
metacarpal bones 

Interosseous ligament of basal ex- 
tremities of metacarpal bones 

Interosseous space of metacarpus 

Metacarpophalangeal joints 

Joint-capsules 

Collateral ligaments 

Volar accessory ligaments (O. T. 

palmar ligaments) 
Transverse ligaments of the heads of 

the metacarpal bones 

Joints of the fingers 

Joint-capsules 

Collateral ligaments (O. T. lateral 
ligaments) 

Ligaments of the girdle of lower 
extremity (O. T. pelvic girdle) 

Obturator membrane 
Obturator canal 
Iliolumbar ligament 



35 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Lig. sacrotuberosum 

Processus falciformis 

Lig. sacrospinosum 

Foramen ischiadicum majus 
Foramen ischiadicum minus 

Articulatio sacroiliaca 

Ligg. sacroiliaca anteriora 
Ligg. sacroiliaca interossea 
Lig. sacroiliacum posterius breve 
Lig. sacroiliacum posterius longum 

Symphysis ossium pubis 

Lig. pubicum superius 

Lig. arcuatum pubis 

Lamina fibrocartilaginea interpubica 

Articulatio coxae 

Capsula articularis 
Labrum glenoidale 
Lig. transversum acetabuli 
Lig. teres femoris 
Zona orbicularis 

Lig. iliofemorale 

Lig. ischiocapsulare 

Lig. pubocapsulare 



Articulatio genu 

Capsula articularis 
Meniscus lateralis 

Meniscus medialis 

Lig. transversum genu 
Ligg. cruciata genu 



Lig. cruciatum anterius 
Lig. cruciatum posterius 
Plica synovialis patellaris 

Plicae alares 

Lig. coUaterale fibulare 

Lig. coUaterale tibiale 

Lig. popliteum obliquum 

Lig. popliteum arcuatum 
Retinaculum lig. arcuati 
Lig. patellae 

Retinaculum patellae mediale 
Retinaculum patellae laterale 

Articulatio tibiofibularis 

Capsula articularis * 

Ligg. capituli fibulae 



Membrana interossea cruris 



Syndesmosis tibiofibularis 

Lig. malleoli lateralis anterius 
Lig. malleoli lateralis posterius 

Articulationes pedis 
Articulatio talocruralis 

Capsula articularis 
Lig. deltoideum 



Lig. tibionaviculare 
Lig. calcaneotibiale 
Lig. talotibiale anterius 
Lig. talotibiale posterius 
Lig. talofibulare anterius 



Syndesmology, or Joint Articulation 



35 



Sacrotuberous ligament (O. T. poste- 
rior or great sacrosciatic ligament) 

Falciform process (O. T. falciform 
ligament) 

Sacrospinous ligament (O. T. anterior 
or small sacrosciatic ligament) 

Greater sciatic foramen 

Lesser sciatic foramen 

Sacro=iliac joint 

Anterior sacro-iliac ligaments 
Interosseous sacro-iliac ligaments 
Short posterior sacro-iliac ligament 
Long posterior sacro-iliac ligament 

Symphysis of pubic bones 

Superior pubic ligament 
Arcuate ligament of pubis 
Interpubic fibrocartilaginous lamina 

Hip= joint 

Joint-capsule 

Glenoid lip (O. T. cotyloid ligament) 
Transverse ligament of acetabulum 
Round ligament of the femur 
Orbicular zone (O. T. zonular band or 

ring ligament) 
Iliofemoral ligament (O. T. Y-shaped 

ligament of Bigelow) 
Ischiocapsular ligament (O. T. ischio- 

capsular band) 
Pubocapsular ligament (Q. T. pubo- 
capsular band, or pubofemoral liga- 
ment) 

Knee= joint 

Joint-capsule 

Lateral meniscus (O. T. external 
semilunar fibrocartilage) 

Medial meniscus (O. T. internal semi- 
lunar fibrocartilage) 

Transverse ligament of the knee 

Crucial ligaments of the knee 



Anterior crucial ligament 
Posterior crucial ligament 
Patellar synovial fold (O. T. ligamen- 

tum mucosum) 
Alar folds (O. T. Hgamentum alaria) 
Fibular collateral ligament (O. T. 

long external lateral ligament) 
Tibial collateral ligament (O. T. in- 
ternal lateral ligament) 
Oblique popliteal ligament (O. T. 

posterior ligament) 
Arcuate popliteal ligament 
Retaining band of arcuate ligament 
Ligament of the patella 
Medial retaining band of patella 
Lateral retaining band of patella 

Tibiofibular joint (O. T. superior 
tibiofibular articulation) 

Joint-capsule 

Ligaments of the head of the fibula 
(O. T. anterior and posterior supe- 
rior tibiofibular ligaments) 

Interosseous membrane of leg (O. T. 
middle tibiofibular ligament) 

Tibiofibular syndesmosis (O. T. 
inferior tibiofibular articulation) 

Anterior ligament of lateral malleolus 
Posterior ligament of lateral malleolus 

Joints of the foot 
Ankle=joint 

Joint-capsule 

Deltoid ligament (O. T. internal lat- 
eral ligament and anterior and 
posterior tibiotarsal ligaments) 
Tibionavicular ligament 
Calcaneotibial ligament 
Anterior talotibial ligament 
Posterior talotibial ligament 

Anterior talofibular ligament (O. T. 
anterior fasciculus of external lateral 
ligament) 



36 Anatomical Nomenclature 

Lig. talofibulare posterius Pars calcaneonavicularis 



Lig. calcaneofibulare 



Articulatiohes intertarseae 



Articulatio 



talocalcaneonavicu= 
laris 



Articulatio talocalcanea 

Capsula articularis 

I.ig. talocalcaneum laterale 



Pars calcaneocuboidea 

Lig. calcaneonaviculare dorsale 
Ligg. navicularicuneiformia dorsalia 

Ligg. tarsi plantaria 

Lig. plantare longum 

Ligg. tarsi profunda 

Lig. calcaneocuboideum plantare 
Lig. calcaneonaviculare plantare 



Lig. talocalcaneum mediale 



Lig. talocalcaneum anterius 
Lig. talocalcaneum posterius 

Articulatio tarsi transversa 
[Clioparti] 

Articulatio talonavicularis 

Capsula articularis 

Articulatio calcaneocuboidea 

Capsula articularis 

Articulatio cuneonavicularis 

Ligg. tarsi interossea 

Lig. talocalcaneum interosseum 
Lig. cuneocuboideum interosseum 
Ligg. intercuneiformia interossea 

Ligg. tarsi dorsalia 

Lig. talonaviculare [dorsale] 



Lig. cuneocuboideum dorsale 
Lig. cuboideonaviculare dorsale 
Lig. bifurcatum 



Fibrocartilago navicularis 

Ligg. navicularicuneiformia plan- 
taria 

Lig. cuboideonaviculare plantare 
Ligg. intercuneiformia plantaria 
Lig. cuneocuboideum plantare 

Articulationes tarsometatarseae 

Capsulae articulares 
Ligg. tarsometatarsea dorsalia 
Ligg. tarsometatarsea plantaria 
Ligg. cuneometatarsea interossea 

Articulationes intermetatarseae 

Capsulae articulares 

Ligg. basiiim [oss. metatars.] interossea 

Ligg. basium [oss. metatars.] dorsalia 

Ligg. basium [oss. metatars.] plantaria 

Spatia interossea metatarsi 

Articulationes metatarsophalan= 
geae 

Capsulae articulares 
Ligg. collateralia 



Syndesmology, or Joint Articulation 



36 



Posterior talofibular ligament (O. T. 
posterior fasciculus of external lat- 
eral ligament) 

Calcaneofibular ligament (O. T. mid- 
dle fasciculus of external lateral 
ligament) 

Intertarsal joints 
Talocalcaneonavicular joint 

Talocalcanean joint 

Joint-capsule 

Lateral talocalcanean ligament (O. T. 
external calcaneo-astragaloid liga- 
ment) 

Medial talocalcanean ligament (O. T. 
internal calcaneo-astragaloid liga- 
ment) 

Anterior talocalcanean ligament 

Posterior talocalcanean ligament 

Chopart's transverse articulation 
of the tarsus 

Talonavicular joint 

Joint-capsule 

Calcaneocuboid joint 

Jcint-capsule 

Cuneonavicular joint 

Interosseous ligaments of tarsus 

Interosseous talocalcanean ligament 
Interosseous cuneocuboid ligament 
Interosseous intercuneiform ligaments 

Dorsal ligaments of tarsus 

Dorsal talonavicular ligament (O. T. 
superior astragalonavicular liga- 
ment) 

Dorsal cuneocuboid ligament 

Dorsal cuboideonavicular ligament 

Bifurcate ligament 



Calcaneonavicular part (O. T. su- 
perior or external calcaneonavicu- 
lar ligament) 
Calcaneocuboidal part (O. T. in- 
ternal calcaneocuboid ligament) 
Dorsal calcaneonavicular ligament 
Dorsal navicular cuneiform ligaments 

Plantar ligaments of tarsus 

Long plantar ligament (O. T. long 

calcaneocuboid ligament) 
Deep ligaments of tarsus 

Plantar calcaneocuboid ligament 
Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament 
(O. T. inferior calcaneonavicular 
ligament) 
Navicular fibrocartilage 
Plantar navicular cuneiform liga- 
ments 
Plantar cuboideonavicular ligament 
Plantar intercuneiform ligaments 
Plantar cuneocuboid ligament 

Tarsometatarsal joints 

Joint-capsules 

Dorsal tarsometatarsal ligaments 
Plantar tarsometatarsal ligaments 
Interosseous cuneometatarsal liga- 
ments 

Intermetatarsal joints 

Joint-capsules 

Interosseous ligaments of the bases of 

the metatarsal bones 
Dorsal ligaments of the bases of the 

metatarsal bones 
Plantar ligaments of the bases of the 

metatarsal bones 
Interosseous spaces of metatarsus 

Metatarsophalangeal joints 

Joint-capsules 
Collateral ligaments 



37 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Ligg. accessoria plantaria 
Ligg. capitulorum [oss. 
transversa 



Articulationes digitorum pedis 

metatars.] Capsulae articulares 
Ligg. collateralia 



Myologia 



Musculus 

Caput 
Venter 
Musculus 
Musculus 
Musculus 
Musculus 
Musculus 
Musculus 
Musculus 
Musculus 
Tendo 



fusiformis 

unipennatus 

bipennatus 

sphincter 

orbicularis 

articularis 

skeleti 

cutaneus 



Aponeurosis 
Perimysium 
Fascia 

Fascia superficialis 
Inscriptio tendinea 
Arcus tendineus 
Ligamentum vaginale 
Vagina fibrosa tendinis 
Vagina mucosa tendinis 
Trochlea muscularis 
Bursa mucosa 



Musculi dorsi 

M. trapezius 
(M. transversus nuchae) 
M. latissimus dorsi 
M. rhomboideus major 
M. rhomboideus minor 
M. levator scapulae 

M. serratus posterior inferior 
M. serratus posterior superior 
M. splenius cervicis 

M. splenius capitis 
M. sacrospinalis 

M. iliocostalis 

M. iliocostalis lumborum 

M. iliocostalis dorsi 



M. iliocostalis cervicis 

M. longissimus 

M. longissimus dorsi 
M. longissimus cervicis 

M. longissimus capitis 

M. spinalis 

M. spinalis dorsi 
M. spinalis cervicis 

M. spinahs capitis 
M. semispinalis 

M. semispinalis dorsi 
M. semispinalis cervicis 

M. semispinalis capitis 



Myology, or Musculature 



37 



Plantar accessory ligaments 
Transverse ligaments of the heads of 
the metatarsal bones 



Joints of the toes 

Joint-capsules 
Collateral ligaments 



Myology, or Musculature 



Muscle 

Head 

Belly 
Fusiform muscle 
Unipennate muscle 
Bipennate muscle 
Sphincter muscle 
Orbicular muscle 
Joint muscle 
Skeletal muscle 
Skin muscle 
Tendon 



Tendinous expansion 
Perimysium, or muscle sheath 
Fascia ("band or swathe"), or fibrous 
covering 
Superficial fascia 
Tendinous inscription 
Tendinous arch 
Sheath ligament 
Fibrous sheath of tendon 
Mucous sheath of tendon 
Muscle pulley 
Mucous bursa or sac 



Muscles of the back 

Trapezius muscle 

Transverse muscle of nape 

Broadest muscle of back 

Greater rhomboid muscle 

Lesser rhomboid muscle 

Levator muscle of scapula (O. T. 

levator anguli scapulae) 
Inferior posterior serratus muscle 
Superior posterior serratus muscle 
Splenius ("bandage") muscle of neck 

(O. T. splenius colli) 
Splenius muscle of head 
Sacrospinal muscle (O. T. erector 

spinae) 
Iliocostal muscle 

Iliocostal muscle of loins (O. T. 
sacrolumbalis) 

Iliocostal muscle of back (O. T. 
musculus accessorius) 



Iliocostal muscle of neck (O. T. cer- 

vicalis ascendens) 
Longest muscle 

Longest muscle of back 

Longest muscle of neck (O. T. trans- 

versalis cervicis) 
Longest muscle of head (O. T, 

trachelomastoid) 
Spinal muscle 

Spinal muscle of back 

Spinal muscle of neck (O. T. spinaHs 

colK) 
Spinal muscle of head 
Semispinal muscle 

Semispinal muscle of back 
Semispinal muscle of neck (O. T. 

semispinalis colli) 
Semispinal muscle of head (O. T. 

complexus) 



38 

M. multifidus 



Anatomical Nomenclature 

M. auricularis posterior 



Mm. rotatores 
• M. rotatores longi 
M. rotatores breves 

M. interspinales 

Mm. intertransversarii 

Mm. intertransversarii laterales 
Mm. intertransversarii mediales 
Mm. intertransversarii anteriores 
Mm. intertransversarii posteriores 

M. rectus capitis posterior major 

M. rectus capitis posterior minor 

M. rectus capitis lateralis 
M. obliquus capitis superior 
M. obliquus capitis inferior 
Fascia lumbodorsalis 
Fascia nuchae 

Musculi capitis 

M. epicranius 

M. frontalis 
M. occipitalis 
M. procerus 

M. nasalis 

Pars transversa 

Pars alaris 
M. depressor septi 
M. orbicularis oculi 

Pars palpebrals 

Pars orbitalis 

Pars lacrimalis [Homeri] 

M. auricularis anterior 

M. auricularis superior 



M. orbicularis oris 
M. triangularis 

(M. transversus menti) 
M. risorius 
M. zygomaticus 
M. quadratus labii superioris 
Caput zygomaticum 

Caput infraorbital 

Caput angulare 

M. quadratus labii inferioris 

M. caninus 

M. buccinator 

Mm. incisivi labii superioris 

Mm. incisivi labii inferioris 

M. mentalis 

M. masseter 

M. temporalis 

M. pterygoideus externus 

M. pterygoideus internus 

Galea aponeurotica 

Fascia buccopharyngea 
Fascia parotideomasseterica 
Fascia temporalis 

Musculi OSS. hyoidei 

M. digastricus 

Venter anterior 

Venter posterior 
M. stylohyoideus 
M. mylohyoideus 
M. geniohyoideus 



Musculi colli 



Platysma 



Myology, or Musculature 



38 



Multifidus ("much divided") muscle 
(O. T. multifidus spinae) 

Rotator muscles 

Long rotator muscles 
Short rotator muscles 

Interspinal muscles 

Intertransverse muscles 

Lateral intertransverse muscles 
Medial intertransverse muscles 
Anterior intertransverse muscles 
Posterior intertransverse muscles 

Larger posterior straight muscle of the 
head 

Lesser posterior straight muscle of the 
head 

Lateral straight muscle of the head 

Superior oblique muscle of the head 

Inferior oblique muscle of the head 

Lumbodorsal fascia 

Fascia of the nape 

Muscles of the head 

Epicranius muscle (O. T. occipito- 
frontalis) 

Frontal muscle 

Occipital muscle 

Procerus ("prolonged") muscle (O. 
T. pyramidalis nasi) 
Muscle of the nose 

Transverse part 

Alar part 
Depressor muscle of the septum 
Orbicular muscle of the eye (O. T. 
orbicularis palpebrarum) 

Palpebral part 

Orbital part 

Lacrimal part (O. T. tensor tarsi or 
Horner's muscle) 
Anterior auricular muscle (O. T. 

attrahens auriculam) 
Superior auricular muscle (O. T. atto- 

lens auriculam) 



Posterior auricular muscle (O. T. 

retrahens auriculam) 
Orbicular muscle of the mouth 
Triangular muscle (O. T. depressor 

anguli oris) 
Transverse muscle of the chin 
Muscle of laughing 
Zygomatic muscle 
Quadrate muscle of upper lip 

Zygomatic head (O. T. zygomaticus 
minor) 

Infraorbital head (O. T. levator 
labii superioris) 

Angular head (O. T. levator labii 
superioris alaeque nasi) 
Quadrate muscle of lower lip (O. T. 

depressor labii inferioris) 
Canine muscle (O. T. levator anguli 

oris) 
Cheek muscle 

Incisive muscles of upper lip 
Incisive muscles of lower lip 
Chin muscle 
Masseter muscle 
Temporal muscle 
External pterygoid muscle 
Internal pterygoid muscle 
Aponeurotic helmet (O. T. epicranial 

aponeurosis) 
Buccopharyngeal fascia 
Parotideomasseteric fascia 
Temporal fascia 

Muscles of the hyoid bone 

Digastric muscle 

Anterior belly 

Posterior belly 
Stylohyoid muscle 
Mylohyoid muscle 
Geniohyoid muscle 

Muscles of the neck 

Platysma, or flat muscle (O. T. pla- 
tysma myoides) 



39 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



M. sternocleidomastoideus 
M. sternohyoideus 
M. omohyoideus 

Venter superior 

Venter inferior 
M. sternothyreoideus 
M. thyreohyoideus 
(M. levator glandulae thyreoideae) 

M. longus colli 
M. longus capitis 

M. rectus capitis anterior 

M. scalenus anterior 
M. scalenus medius 
M. scalenus posterior 
(M. scalenus minimus) 
Fascia colli 
Fascia praevertebralis 

Musculi Thoracis 

(M. sternalis) 

M. pectoralis major 

Pars clavicularis 

Pars sternocostalis 

Pars abdominalis 
M. pectoralis minor 
M. subclavius 
M. serratus anterior 

Mm. levatores costarum 

Mm. levatores costarum longi 
Mm. levatores costarum breves 

Mm. intercostales externi 

Mm. intercostales interni 

Mm. subcostales 

M. transversus thoracis 

Diaphragma 
Pars lumbalis 
Crus mediale 
Crus intermedium 



Crus laterale 

Pars costalis 

Pars sternalis 
Hiatus aorticus 
Hiatus oesophageus 
Centrum tendineum 
Foramen venae cavae 
Arcus lumbocostalis medialis [Halleri] 

Arcus lumbocostalis lateralis [Halleri] 

Fascia pectoralis 
Fascia coracoclavicularis 

Musculi abdominis 

M. rectus abdominis 

Falx [aponeurotica] inguinalis 

M. pyramidal is 

M. obliquus externus abdominis 

M. obliquus internus abdominis 

M. cremaster 

M. transversus abdominis 

M. quadratus lumborum 

A nnulus umhilicalis 

Linea alba 

Adminiculum lineae albae 
Inscriptiones tendineae 
Lig. suspensorium penis s. clitoridis 

Lig. fundiforme penis 
Vagina m. recti abdominis 
Linea semicircularis [Douglasi] 
Lig. inguinale [Pouparti] 
Lig. lacunare [Gimbernati] 
Lig. inguinale reflexum [CoUesi] 

Annulus inguinalis subcutaneus 

Crus superius 
Crus inferius 
Fibrae intercrurales 



Myology, or Musculature 



39 



Sternocleidomastoid muscle 
Sternohyoid muscle 
Omohyoid muscle 

Superior belly 

Inferior belly 
Sternothyreoid muscle 
Thyreohyoid muscle 
Elevating muscle of the thyreoid 

gland 
Long muscle of the neck 
Long muscle of the head (O. T. rectus 

capitis anticus major) 
Anterior straight muscle of the head 

(O. T. rectus capitis anticus minor) 
Anterior scalene muscle 
Middle scalene muscle 
Posterior scalene muscle 
Smallest scalene muscle 
Cervical fascia 
Prevertebral fascia 

Muscles of the chest 

Sternal muscle 
Greater pectoral muscle 

Clavicular part 

Sternocostal part 

Abdominal part 
Smaller pectoral muscle 
Subclavius muscle 
Anterior serratus muscle (O. T. ser- 

ratus magnus) 
Elevators of the ribs 

Long elevators of the ribs 

Short elevators of the ribs 
External intercostal muscles 
Internal intercostal muscles 
Subcostal muscles 
Transverse muscle of thorax (O. T. 

triangularis sterni) 
Diaphragm 

Lumbar part 
Medial crus 
Intermediate crus 
5 



Lateral crus 

Costal part 

Sternal part 
Aortic opening 
Oesophageal opening 
Central tendon 
Opening of the vena cava 
Medial lumbocostal arch (O. T. liga- 

mentum arcuatum internum) 
Lateral lumbocostal arch (O. T. liga- 

mentum arcuatum externum) 
Pectoral fascia 
Coracoclavicular fascia 

Muscles of the abdomen 

Straight muscle of the abdomen 

Inguinal aponeurotic falx (O. T. con- 
joined tendon) 

Pyramidal muscle 

External oblique muscle of abdomen 

Internal oblique muscle of abdomen 

Cremasteric muscle 

Transverse muscle of abdomen 

Quadrate muscle of the loins 

Umbilical ring 

White line 

Stay of the white line 

Tendinous inscriptions 

Suspensory ligament of the penis or 
clitoris 

SKng-like ligament of penis 

Sheath of the rectus muscle 

Semicircular fold of Douglas 

Inguinal ligament of Poupart 

Lacunar ligament of Gimbernat 

Reflex ligament of CoUes (O. T. tri- 
angular fascia of the abdomen) 

Subcutaneous inguinal ring (O. T. ex- 
ternal abdominal ring) 
Superior pillar 
Inferior pillar 

Intercrural fibres (O. T. intercolumnar 
fibres) 



40 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Trigonum lumbale [Petiti] 
Linea semilunaris [Spigelii] 
Fascia transversalis 

Canalis inguinalis 

Annulus inguinalis abdominalis 

Ligo interfoveolare [Hesselbachi] 

Plica epigastrica 
Fovea inguinalis lateralis 
Fovea inguinalis medialis 
Fovea supravesicalis 

Musculi coccygei 

M. coccygeus 

M. sacrococcygeus anterior 

M. sacrococcygeus posterior 

Musculi extremitatis superioris 

M. deltoideus 
M. supraspinatus 
M. infraspinatus 
M. teres minor 
M. teres major 
M. subscapularis 
M. biceps brachii 

Caput longum 

Vagina mucosa intertubercularis 

Caput breve 

Lacertus fibrosus 

M. coracobrachialis 
M. brachialis 

M. triceps brachii 

Caput longum 

Caput laterale 

Caput mediale 
M. anconaeus 
(M. epitrochleoanconaeus) 
M. pronator teres . 



Caput humerale 

Caput ulnare 
M. flexor carpi radialis 
M. palmaris longus 
M. flexor carpi ulnaris 

Caput humerale 

Caput ulnare 
M. flexor digitorum sublimis 

Caput humerale 

Caput radiale 
M. flexor digitorum profundus 
M. flexor poUicis longus 
M. pronator quadratus 
M. brachioradialis 

M. extensor carpi radialis longus 
M. extensor carpi radialis brevis 
M. extensor digitorum communis 
Juncturae tendinum 

M. extensor digiti quinti proprius 

M. extensor carpi ulnaris 
M. supinator 

M. abductor pollicis longus 

M. extensor pollicis brevis 

M. extensor pollicis longus 

M. extensor indicis proprius 

M. palmaris brevis 

M. abductor pollicis brevis 

M. flexor pollicis brevis 

M. opponens pollicis 

M. adductor pollicis 

M. abductor digiti quinti 

M. flexor digiti quinti brevis 

M. opponens digiti quinti 

Mm. lumbricales 



Myology, or Musculature 



40 



Lumbar triangle of Petit 

Semilunar line of Spigelius 

Transversal fascia (O. T. transverse 
fascia) 

Inguinal canal 

Abdominal inguinal ring (O. T. in- 
ternal abdominal ring) 

Interfoveolar ligament (O. T. Hessel- 
bach's ligament) 

Epigastric fold 

Lateral inguinal fovea 

Medial inguinal fovea 

Supravesical fovea 

Coccygeal muscles 

Coccygeal muscle 

Anterior sacrococcygeal muscle 

Posterior sacrococcygeal muscle 

Muscles of the upper extremity 

Deltoid muscle 
Supraspinous muscle 
Infraspinous muscle 
Smaller round muscle 
Larger round muscle 
Subscapular muscle 
Biceps muscle of upper arm 

Long head 

Intertubercular mucous sheath 

Short head 

Fibrous lacertus ("muscle") (O. T. 
bicipital fascia) 
Coracobrachial muscle 
Brachial muscle (O. T. brachialis an- 

ticus) 
Triceps muscle of upper arm 

Long head 

Lateral head 

Medial head 
Elbow muscle 
Epitrochlear elbow muscle 
Round pronator muscle (O. T. pro- 
nator radii teres) 



Humeral head 

Ulnar head (O. T. coronoid head) 
Radial flexor muscle of wrist 
Long palmar muscle 
Ulnar flexor muscle of wrist 

Humeral head 

Ulnar head 
Superficial flexor muscle of fingers 

Humeral head 

Radial head 
Deep flexor muscles of fingers 
Long flexor muscle of thumb 
Quadrate pronator muscle 
Brachioradial muscle (O. T. supinator 

longus) 
Long radial extensor muscle of carpus 
Short radial extensor muscle of carpus 
Common extensor muscle of fingers 

Junctions of the tendons; aponeu- 
rotic bridges 
Proper extensor muscle of fifth finger 

(O. T. extensor minimi digiti) 
Ulnar extensor muscle of wrist 
Supinator muscle (O. T. supinator 

brevis) 
Long abductor muscle of thumb (O. T. 

extensor ossis metacarpi poUicis) 
Short extensor muscle of thumb (O. T. 

extensor primi internodii pollicis) 
Long extensor muscle of thumb (O. T. 

extensor secundi internodii pollicis) 
Proper extensor muscle of index-finger 

(O. T. extensor indicis) 
Short palmar muscle 
Short abductor muscle of thumb (O. 

T. abductor pollicis) 
Short flexor muscle of thumb 
Opposing muscle of thumb 
Adductor muscle of thumb 
Abductor muscle of fifth finger 
Short flexor muscle of fifth finger 
Opposing muscle of fifth finger 
Lumbrical muscles 



41 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Mm. interossei dorsales 
Mm. interossei volares 
Fascia axillaris 
Fascia subscapularis 
Fascia supraspinata 
Fascia infraspinata 
Fascia brachii 
Septum intermusculare 
mediale 

Septum intermusculare 
laterale 



Piumeri] 



[humeri] 



M. gemellus superior 
M. gemellus inferior 
M. quadratus femoris 
M. sartorius 
M. quadriceps femoris 

M. rectus femoris 
M. vastus lateralis 

M. vastus intermedius 

M. vastus medialis 



Sulcus bicipitalis medialis 
Sulcus bicipitalis lateralis 
Fascia antibrachii 
Fascia dorsalis manus 
Lig. carpi dorsale 

Aponeurosis palmaris 
Fasciculi transversi 



M. articularis genu 

M. pectineus 

M. adductor longus 

M. gracilis 

M. adductor brevis 

M. adductor magnus 

M. adductor minimus 



Lig. carpi transversum 

Lig. carpi volare 

Chiasma tendinum 

Vinculum tendinum 

Vaginae mucosae 

Ligg. vaginalia digitorum manus 

Ligg. annularia digitorum manus 

Ligg. cruciata digitorum manus 

Musculi extremitatis inferioris 

M. iliopsoas 

M. iliacus 

M. psoas major 

M. psoas minor 

M. glutaeus maximus 

M. glutaeus medius 

M. glutaeus minimus 

M. tensor fasciae latae 

M. piriformis 

M. obturator internus 



M. obturator externus 
M. biceps femoris 

-Caput longum 

Caput breve 
M. semitendinosus 
M. semimembranosus 
M. tibialis anterior 

M. extensor digitorum longus 

M. peronaeus tertius 

M. extensor hallucis longus 

M. peronaeus longus 

M. peronaeus brevis 

M. triceps surae 

M. gastrocnemius 
Caput laterale 
Caput mediale 

M. soleus 
Arcus tendineus m. solei 
Tendo calcaneus [Achillis] 



Myology, or Musculature 



41 



Dorsal interosseous muscles 

Palmar interosseous muscles 

Axillary fascia 

Subscapular fascia 

Supraspinous fascia 

Infraspinous fascia 

Brachial fascia 

Medial intermuscular septum of arm 
(O. T. internal intermuscular sep- 
tum) 

Lateral intermuscular septum of arm 
(O. T. external intermuscular sep- 
tum) 

Medial bicipital furrow 

Lateral bicipital furrow 

Antibrachial fascia 

Fascia of back of hand 

Dorsal ligament of wrist (O. T. pos- 
terior annular ligament) 

Palmar aponeurosis 

Transverse fibres (O. T. transverse 
superficial ligament) 

Transverse carpal ligament (O. T. 
anterior annular ligament) 

Palmar carpal ligament 

Crossing of the tendons 

Bands of union of the tendons 

Mucous sheaths 

Ligaments of the sheaths of the fingers 

Annular ligaments of the fingers 

Cruciate ligaments of the fingers 

Muscles of the lower extremity 

Iliopsoas muscle 
Iliac muscle 
Greater psoas muscle 
Lesser psoas muscle 
Greatest gluteal muscle 
Middle gluteal muscle 
Least gluteal muscle 
Tensor muscle of broad fascia 
Piriform muscle 
Internal obturator muscle 



Superior twin muscle 
Inferior twin muscle 
Quadrate muscle of thigh 
Sartorius ("tailor") muscle 
Quadriceps (" four-headed") muscle of 
thigh 

Straight muscle of thigh 

Lateral great muscle (O. T. vastus 
externus) 

Intermediate great muscle (O. T. 
crureus) 

Medial great m^uscle (O. T. vastus 
internus) 
Articular muscle of knee (O. T. sub- 

crureus) 
Pectineus muscle 
Long adductor muscle 
Slender muscle 
Short adductor muscle 
Great adductor muscle 
Smallest adductor muscle (O. T. upper 

portion of adductor magnus) 
External obturator muscle 
Biceps ("two-headed") muscle of thigh 

Long head 

Short head 
Semitendinosus muscle 
Semimembranosus muscle 
Anterior tibial muscle (O. T. tibialis 

anticus) 
Long extensor of digits 
Third peroneal muscle 
Long extensor of great toe 
Long peroneal muscle 
Short peroneal muscle 
Triceps muscle of calf 

Gastrocnemius muscle 
Lateral head 
Medial head 

Soleus muscle 
Tendinous arch of soleus muscle 
Tendon of the heel (of Achilles) (O. T. 

tendo Achillis) 



42 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



M. plantaris 
M. popliteus 
M. tibialis posterior 

M. flexor digitorum longus 
M. flexor hallucis longus 
M. extensor hallucis brevis 
M. extensor digitorum brevis 
M. abductor hallucis 
M. flexor hallucis brevis 
M. adductor hallucis 

Caput obliquum 

Caput transversum 
M. abductor digiti quinti 
M. flexor digiti quinti brevis 
M. opponens' digiti quinti 
M. flexor digitorum brevis 
M. quadratus plantae 
Mm. lumbricales 
Mm. interossei dorsales 
Mm. interossei plantares 
Fascia lata 

Tractus iliotibialis [Maissiati] 
Septum intermusculare [femoris] 

laterale 



Fossa iliopectinea 
Fascia pectinea 

Canalis femoralis 
Annulus femoralis 
Septum femorale [Cloqueti] 
Fossa ovalis 

Margo falciformis 
Cornu superius 
Cornu infer ius 
Fascia cribrosa 
Fascia cruris 

Septum intermusculare anterius 
[fibulare] 

Septum intermusculare posterius 
[fibulare] 

Lig. transversum cruris 



Lig. laciniatum 
Lig. cruciatum cruris 



Septum intermusculare [femoris] 
mediale 

Canalis adductorius [Hunteri] 

Hiatus tendineus [adductorius] 
Fascia ihaca 
Fascia iliopectinea 
Lacuna musculorum 
Lacuna vasorum 

Trigonum femorale [Fossa Scarpae 
major] 



Retinaculum mm. peronaeorum sup. 

Retinaculum mm. peronaeorum in- 

ferius 
Fascia dorsalis pedis 
Aponeurosis plantaris 

Fasciculi transversi aponeurosis 
plantaris 
Vaginae mucosae 
Ligg. annularia 
Ligg. vaginalia 
Ligg. cruciata 



Myology, or Musculature 



42 



Plantaris muscle 

Popliteus muscle 

Posterior tibial muscle (O. T. tibialis 
posticus) 

Long flexor of the digits 

Long flexor of the great toe 

Short extensor of the great toe 

Short extensor of the digits 

Abductor of the great toe 

Short flexor of the great toe 

Adductor of the great toe 
Oblique head 
Transverse head 

Abductor of the fifth toe 

Short flexor muscle of fifth toe 

Opposing muscle of fifth toe 

Short flexor muscle of the toes 

Quadrate muscle of the sole 

Lumbrical muscles 

Dorsal interosseous muscles 

Plantar interosseous muscles 

Broad fascia 

Iliotibial band 

Lateral intermuscular septum of thigh 
(O. T. external intermuscular sep- 
tum) 

Medial intermuscular septum of thigh 
(O. T. internal intermuscular sep- 
tum) 

Adductor canal of Hunter (O. T. Hun- 
ter's canal) 

Tendinous adductor gap 

Iliac fascia 

Iliopectineal fascia 

Muscle gap 

Vessel gap 

Femoral triangle (greater fossa of 
Scarpa) (O. T. Scarpa's triangle) 



Iliopectineal fossa 

Pectineal fascia (O. T. pubic portion 
of fascia lata) 

Femoral canal (O. T. crural canal) 
Femoral ring (O. T. crural ring) 
Femoral septum of Cloquet 
Oval fossa 
Falciform margin 
Superior horn 
Inferior horn 
Cribriform fascia 

Fascia of the leg 

Anterior (fibular) intermuscular sep- 
tum (O. T. anterior peroneal sep- 
tum) 

Posterior (fibular) intermuscular sep- 
tum (O. T. posterior peroneal sep- 
tum) 

Transverse ligament of the leg (O. T. 
upper or broad part of anterior an- 
nular ligament) 

Fringed ligament (O. T. internal annu- 
lar ligament) 

Cruciate ligament of the leg (O. T. 
lower part of anterior annular liga- 
ment of leg) 

Upper retaining band of peroneal 
muscles 

Lower retaining band of peroneal 
muscles 

Dorsal fascia of the foot 

Plantar aponeurosis 

Transverse bundles of plantar apo- 
neurosis 

Mucous sheaths 

Annular ligaments 

Sheath ligaments 

Cruciate ligaments 



43 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Bursac ct Vaginae mucosae 



Bursa mucosa subcutanea 
Bursa mucosa submuscularis 
Bursa mucosa subfascialis 



Bursa mucosa subtendinea 
Vagina mucosa tendinis 



B. musculi trochlearis 

B. m. tensoris veli palatini 

B. subcutanea praementalis 

B. subcutanea prominentiae laryngeae 

B. m. sternohyoidei 

B. m. thyreohyoidei 

B. subcutanea sacralis 

B. coccygea 

B. subcutanea acromialis 

B. subacromialis 

B. subdeltoidea 

B. m. coracobrachialis 

B. m. infraspinati 

B. m. subscapularis 

B. m. teretis majoris 

B. m. latissimi dorsi 

B. subcutanea olecrani 

B. intratendinea olecrani 

B. subtendinea olecrani 

B. subcutanea epicondyli [humeri] 

lateralis 
B. subcutanea epicondyli piumeri] 

medialis 
B. bicipitoradialis 
B. cubitalis interossea 
Vagina tendinum mm. abductoris 

longi et extensoris brevis pollicis 



Vagina tendinis m. extensoris digiti 

minimi 
Vagina tendinis m. extensoris carpi 

ulnaris 
B. m. extensoris carpi radialis brevis 

Bursae subcutaneae metacarpophalan- 

geae dorsales 
Bursae subcutaneae digitorum dorsales 

B. m. flexoris carpi ulnaris 

B. m. flexoris carpi radialis 

Vagina tendinum mm. flexorum com- 

munium 
Vag. tendinis m. flexoris pollicis longi 

Bursae intermetacarpophalangeae 

Vaginae tendinum digitales 

B. trochanterica subcutanea 

B. trochanterica m. glutaei maximi 

B. troch. m. glutaei medii anterior 

B. troch. m. glutaei medii posterior 



Vagina tendinum mm. extensorum B. troch. m. glutaei minimi 
carpi radialium 

Vagina tendinis m. extensoris pollicis 
longi 

Vagina tendinum mm. extensoris digi- 
torum communis et extensoris indicis 



B. m. piriformis 

B. m. obturatorii interni 

Bursae glutaeofemorales 



Myology, or Musculature 



43 



Bursac and mucous sheaths 



Subcutaneous mucous bursa 
Submuscular mucous bursa 
Subfascial mucous bursa 



Subtendinous mucous bursa 
Mucous sheath of tendon 



Bursa of the trochlear muscle 
Bursa of tensor muscle of soft palate 
Subcutaneous premental bursa 
Subcutaneous bursa of the prominence 

of the larynx 
Bursa of the sternohyoid muscle 
Bursa of the thyreohyoid muscle 
Subcutaneous sacral bursa 
Coccygeal bursa 
Subcutaneous acromial bursa 
Subacromial bursa 
Subdeltoid bursa 

Bursa of the coracobrachial muscle 
Bursa of the infraspinatus muscle 
Bursa of the subscapular muscle 
Bursa of the greater round muscle 
Bursa of the broadest muscle of back 
Subcutaneous bursa of the olecranon 
Intratendinous bursa of the olecranon 
Subtendinous bursa of the olecranon 
Subcutaneous bursa of the lateral epi- 

condyle of humerus 
Subcutaneous bursa of the medial epi- 

condyle of humerus 
Bicipitoradial bursa 
Interosseous bursa of the elbow 
Sheath of the tendons of the long ab- 
ductor and short extensor muscles of 
the thumb 
Sheath of the tendons of the radial 

extensor muscles of the wrist 
Sheath of the tendon of the long ex- 
tensor muscle of the thumb 
Sheath of the tendons of the common 
extensor muscle of the digits and 



of the extensor muscle of the index 
finger 

Sheath of the tendon of the extensor 
muscle of the little finger 

Sheath of the tendon of the ulnar ex- 
tensor muscle of the wrist 

Bursa of the short radial extensor 
muscle of the wrist 

Dorsal subcutaneous metacarpopha- 
langeal bursa 

Dorsal subcutaneous bursae of the 
digits 

Bursa of the ulnar flexor muscle of the 
wrist 

Bursa of the radial flexor muscle of the 
wrist 

Sheath of the tendons of the common 
flexor muscles 

Sheath of the tendon of the long flexor 
muscle of the thumb 

Intermetacarpophalangeal bursae 

Digital sheaths of the tendons 

Subcutaneous trochanteric bursa 

Trochanteric bursa of the great glu- 
teal muscle 

Anterior trochanteric bursa of the mid- 
dle gluteal muscle 

Posterior trochanteric bursa of the 
middle gluteal muscle 

Trochanteric bursa of the smallest glu- 
teal muscle 

Bursa of the piriform muscle 

Bursa of the internal obturator muscle 

Glutaeofemoral bursae 



44 Anatomical 

B. ischiadica m. glutaei maximi 

B. m. recti femoris 

B. iliopectinea 

B. iliaca subtendinea 

B. m. pectinei 

B. m. bicipitis femoris superior 

B. praepatellaris subcutanea 

B. praepatellaris subfascialis 

B. praepatellaris subtendinea 

B. suprapatellaris 

B. infrapatellaris subcutanea 

B. infrapatellaris profunda 

B. subcutanea tuberositatis tibiae 

B. m. sartorii propria 

B. anserina 

B. m. bicipitis femoris inferior . 

B. m. poplitei 

B. bicipitogastrocnemialis 

B. m. gastrocnemii lateralis 

B. m. gastrocnemii medialis 

B. m. semimembranosi 

B. subcutanea malleoli lateralis 



Nomenclature 

Vag. tendinis m. tibialis anterioris 

Vag. tendinis m. extensoris hallucis 

longi 
Vaginae tendinum m. extensoris digi- 

torum pedis longi 

Vaginae tendinum m. flexoris digi- 
torum pedis longi 

Vag. tendinis m. tibialis posterioris 

Vag. tendinis m. flexoris hallucis longi 

Vag. tendinum mm. peronaeorum 

communis 
Bursa sinus tarsi 
B. subtendinea m. tibialis anterioris 

B. subtendinea m. tibialis posterioris 

B. subcutanea calcanea 

B. tendinis calcanei [Achillis] 

Vag. tendinis m. peronaei longi plan- 

taris 
Bursae intermetatarsophalangeae 
Bursae mm. lumbricalium pedis 



B. subcutanea malleoli medialis 



Vaginae tendinum digitales pedis 



Myology, or Musculature 



44 



Sciatic bursa of the greatest gluteal 

muscle 
Bursa of the straight thigh muscle 
Iliopectineal bursa 
Subtendinous iliac bursa 
Bursa of the pectineus muscle 
Superior bursa of the biceps muscle of 

the thigh 
Subcutaneous prepatellar bursa 
Subfascial prepatellar bursa 
Subtendinous prepatellar bursa 
Suprapatellar bursa 
Subcutaneous infrapatellar bursa 
Deep infrapatellar bursa 
Subcutaneous bursa of the tuberosity 

of the tibia 
Proper bursa of the sartorius muscle 
Anserine bursa 
Inferior bursa of the biceps muscle of 

the thigh 
Bursa of the popliteus muscle 
Bicipitogastrocnemial bursa 
Lateral bursa of the gastrocnemius 

muscle 
Medial bursa of the gastrocnemius 

muscle 
Bursa of the semimembranosus muscle 
Subcutaneous bursa of the lateral mal- 
leolus 
Subcutaneous bursa of the medial 

malleolus 



Sheath of the tendon of the anterior 

tibial muscle 
Sheath of the tendon of the long exten- 
sor muscle of the great toe 
Sheaths of the tendons of the long 

extensor muscle of the digits of the 

foot 
Sheaths of the tendons of the long 

flexor muscle of the digits of the 

foot 
Sheath of the tendon of the posterior 

tibial muscle 
Sheath of the tendon of the long 

flexor muscle of the great toe 
Common sheath of the tendons of the 

peroneal muscles 
Bursa of the hollow of the ankle 
Subtendinous bursa of the anterior 

tibial muscle 
Subtendinous bursa of the posterior 

tibial muscle 
Subcutaneous calcanean bursa 
Bursa of the calcanean tendon of 

Achilles 
Sheath of the plantar tendon of the 

long peroneal muscle 
Intermetatarsophalangeal bursae 
Bursae of the lumbrical muscles of 

the foot 
Digital sheaths of the tendons of the 

foot 



45 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Splanchnologia 



Tunica albuginea 
Tunica fibrosa 
Tunica adventitia 
Tunica mucosa 

Lamina propria mucosae 

Lamina muscularis mucosae 

Tela submucosa 

Plica mucosa 

Mucus 
Tunica muscularis 
Tunica serosa 

Tela subserosa 

Plica serosa 



Ligamentum serosum 

Serum 
Epithelium 
Endothelium 
Organon parenchymatosum 

Parenchyma 

Stroma 
Glandula 
Lobus 
Lobulus 

Glandula mucosa 
Musculus viscerum 



Apparatus digestorius 



Cavum oris 

Bucca 

Corpus adiposum buccae 

Vestibulum oris 

Cavum oris proprium 

Rima oris 

Labia oris 

Labium superius 

Labium inferius 
Commissura labiorum 
Angulus oris 
Palatum 

Palatum durum 

Palatum moUe 
Raphe palati 

Tunica mucosa oris 

Frenulum labii superioris 



Frenulum labii inferioris 

Gingiva 

Caruncula sublingualis 

Plica sublingualis 

Plicae palatinae transversae 

Papilla incisiva 

Glandulae oris • 
Gl. labiales 
Gl. buccales 
Gl. molares 
Gl. palatinae 
Gl. linguales 
Gl. lingualis anterior [Blandini, Nuhni] 

Gl. sublingualis 

Ductus sublingualis major 

Ductus sublinguals minores 



Splanchnology 



45 



Splanchnology 



Albugineous coat 
Fibrous coat 

Adventitious (external) coat 
Mucous coat 

Proper layer of the mucosa 

Muscular layer of the mucosa 

Submucous web 

Mucous fold 

Mucus 
Muscular coat 
Serous coat 

Subserous web 

Serous fold 



Serous ligament 

Serum 
Epithelium 
Endothelium 
Parenchymatous organ 

Parenchyma 

Stroma 
Gland 
Lobe 

Little lobe 
Mucous gland 
Muscle of the viscera 



Digestive apparatus 



Mouth cavity 

Cheek 

Fat body of cheek 

Entrance to mouth 

Mouth cavity proper 

Mouth-slit 

Lips of mouth 

Upper lip 

Lower lip 
Junction of lips 
Angle of mouth 
Palate 

Hard palate 

Soft palate 
Middle ridge of palate 

Mucous membrane of mouth 

Check-cord of upper lip 



Check-cord of lower lip 

Gum 

Sublingual caruncle 

Sublingual fold 

Transverse palatine folds 

Incisor papilla 

Glands of mouth 

Labial glands 

Buccal glands 

Molar glands 

Palatine glands 

Lingual glands 

Anterior lingual gland (O. T. gland 

of Nuhn) 
Sublingual gland 
Larger sublingual duct 
Smaller sublingual ducts 



46 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Gl. submaxillaris 

Ductus submaxillaris [Whartoni] 

Gl. parotis 

Processus retromandibularis 
Gl. parotis accessoria 

Ductus parotideus [Stenonis] 
Saliva 

Dentes 

Corona dentis 

Tubercula [coronae] dentis 

Collum dentis 

Radix [Radices] dentis 

Apex radicis dentis 

Facies masticatoria 

Facies labialis [buccalis] 

Facies lingualis 

Facies contactus 

Facies medialis) dentium incisivo- 
Facies lateralis) rum et caninorum 
Facies anterior "j dentium praemola 
Facies posterior] rium et molarium 

Cavum dentis 

Pulpa dentis 

Papilla dentis 

Canalis radicis dentis 

Foramen apicis dentis 

Substantia eburnea 

Substantia adamantina 

Substantia ossea 

Canaliculi dentales 

Spatia interglobularia 

Prismata adamantina 

Cuticula dentis 

Periosteum alveolare 

Arcus dentalis superior 

Arcus dentalis inferior 

Dentes incisivi 

Dentes canini 

Dentes praemolares 

Dentes molares 



Dens serotinus 
Dentes permanentes 
Dentes decidui 

Lingua 

Dorsum linguae 
Radix linguae 
Corpus linguae 
Facies inferior [linguae] 

Plica fimbriata 
Margo lateralis [linguae] 
Apex linguae 
Tunica mucosa linguae 
Frenulum linguae 
Papillae linguales 
Papillae filiformes 
Papillae conicae 
Papillae fungiformes 
Papillae lenticulares 
Papillae vallatae 

Papillae foliatae 

Sulcus medianus linguae 

Sulcus terminalis 

Foramen caecum linguae (Morgagnii) 

(Ductus lingualis) 

Ductus thyreoglossus 

Tonsilla lingualis 

FoUiculi linguales 
Septum linguae 
Musculi linguae 

M. genioglossus 

M. hyoglossus 

M. chondroglossus 

M. styloglossus 

M. longitudinalis superior 

M. longitudinalis inferior 

M. transversus linguae 
M. verticalis linguae 

Fauces 

Isthmus faucium 



Splanchnology 



46 



Submaxillary gland 

Submaxillary duct (O. T. Wharton's 

duct) 
Parotid gland 

Retromandibular process 
Accessory parotid (O. T. socia paro- 

tidis) 
Parotid duct (O. T. Steno's duct) 
Mixed mouth secretions 

Teeth 

Crown of tooth 

Tubercles of crown of tooth 

Neck of tooth 

Root of tooth 

Apex of root of tooth 

Chewing-surface 

Labial surface 

Lingual surface 

Contact surface 

Medial surface ^ of incisor 
Lateral surface 3 and canine teeth 
Anterior surface ) of premolars 
Posterior surface J and molars 

Tooth cavity 

Tooth pulp 

Papilla of tooth 

Root canal of tooth 

Foramen of apex of tooth 

Dentine 

Enamel 

Cement 

Smaller dental canals 

Granular layer 

Enamel prisms 

Cuticle of tooth 

Alveolar periosteum 

Superior dental arch 

Inferior dental arch 

Incisor teeth 

Canine teeth 

Premolar teeth (O. T. bicuspids) 

Molar teeth 



Late tooth (O. T. wisdom tooth) 
Permanent teeth 
Deciduous teeth 

Tongue 

Dorsum of tongue 
Root of tongue 
Body of tongue 
Inferior surface 

Fimbriated fold 
Lateral margin 
Tip of the tongue 
Mucous membrane of tongue 
Frenulum (check-rein) of tongue 
Lingual papillae 
Filiform papillae 
Conical papillae 
Fungiform papillae 
Lenticular papillae 
Vallate papillae (O. T. circumvallate 

papillae) 
Foliate papillae 
Median sulcus of tongue 
Terminal sulcus 
Blind foramen of tongue 
Lingual duct 
Thyreoglossal duct 
Lingual tonsil 

Lingual folliculi 
Septum of tongue 
Muscles of tongue 

Genioglossus muscle 

Hyoglossus muscle 

Chrondroglossus muscle 

Styologlossus muscle 

Superior longitudinal muscle (O. T. 
superficial lingual) 

Inferior longitudinal muscle (O. T. 
inferior lingual) 

Transverse muscle of tongue 

Vertical muscle of tongue 

Fauces, or throat 

Isthmus of fauces 



47 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Velum palatinum 
Uvula [palatina] 
Arcus palatini 

Arcus glossopalatinus 

Arcus pharyngopalatinus 

Plica salpingopalatina 
Tonsilla palatina 

Fossulae tonsillares 
Sinus tonsillaris 
Plica triangularis 
Fossa supratonsillaris 

Musculi palati et faucium 

M. levator veli palatini 

M. tensor veli palatini 

M. uvulae 

M. glossopalatinus 

M. pharyngopalatinus 



Pharynx 

Cavum pharyngis 

Fornix pharyngis 

Pars nasalis 

Pars oralis 

Pars laryngea 

Ostium pharyngeum tubae 

Labium anterius 

Labium posterius 

Torus tubarius 
Plica salpingopharyngea 
Recessus pharyngeus [Rosenmuelleri] 

(Bursa pharyngea) 
Recessus piriformis 
M. stylopharyngeus 
Fascia pharyngobasilaris 
Tunica mucosa 



Gl. pharyngeae 
Tonsilla pharyngea 
Fossulae tonsillares 
Tela submucosa 

Tunica muscularis pharyngis 

Raphe pharyngis 

Raphe pterygomandibularis 

M. constrictor pharyngis superior 

M. pterygopharyrigeus 

M. buccopharyngeus 

M. mylopharyngeus 

M. glossopharyngeus 
M. salpingopharyngeus 
M. constrictor pharyngis medius 

M. chondropharyngeus 

M. ceratopharyngeus 
M. constrictor pharyngis inferior 

M. thyreopharyngeus 

M. cricopharyngeus 

Tubus digestorius 

Oesophagus 

Pars cervicalis 
Pars thoracahs 
Pars abdominalis 
Tunica adventitia 
Tunica muscularis 
M. bronchooesophageus 
M. pleurooesophageus 
Tela submucosa 
Tunica mucosa 

Lam. muscularis mucosae 
Gl. oesophageae 

Ventriculus 

[G aster] 
Paries anterior 
Paries posterior 
Curvatura ventriculi major 
Curvatura ventriculi minor 
Cardia 
Fundus ventriculi 



Splanchnology 



47 



Palatine curtain 
Uvula 
Palatine arches 

Glossopalatine arch (O. T. anterior 
pillar of fauces) 

Pharyngopalatine arch (O. T. pos- 
terior pillar of fauces) 
Tubopalatine fold 
Palatine tonsil 

Tonsillar crypts 
Tonsillar sinus 
Triangular fold 
Supratonsillar fossa 

Muscles of palate and fauces 

Levator muscle of palatine curtain (O. 
T. levator palati) 

Tensor muscle of palatine curtain (O. 
T. tensor palati) 

Muscle of uvula (O. T. azygos u\ailae) 

Glossopalatine muscle (O. T. palato- 
glossus) 

Pharyngopalatine muscle (O. T. pal- 
atopharyngeus) 

Pharynx 

Cavity of pharynx 

Vault of pharynx 

Nasal part (O. T. nasopharynx) 

Oral part (O. T. oral pharynx) 

Laryngeal part (O.T. laryngopharynx) 

Pharyngeal opening of Eustachian tube 

Anterior lip 

Posterior lip 

Tubal projection 
Salpingopharyngeal fold 
Pharyngeal recess of Rosenmueller (O 

T. recessus infundibuliformis) 
Pharyngeal bursa 

Piriform recess (O. T. sinus piriformis) 
Stylopharyngeus muscle 
Pharyngobasilar fascia 
Mucous membrane 



Pharyngeal glands 

Pharyngeal tonsil 

Tonsillar crypts 
Submucous web (O. T. pharyngeal 

aponeurosis) 
Muscular coat of pharynx 
Raphe of pharynx 
Pterygomandibular raphe 
Superior constrictor muscle of pharynx 

Pterygopharyngeal muscle 

Buccopharyngeal muscle 

Mylopharyngeal muscle 

Glossopharyngeal muscle 
Salpingopharyngeal muscle 
Middle constrictor muscle of pharynx 

Chrondropharyngeal muscle 

Ceratopharyngeal muscle 
Inferior constrictor muscle of pharynx 

Thyreopharyngeal muscle 

Cricopharyngeal muscle 

Digestive tube 

Oesophagus 

Cervical part 
Thoracic part 
Abdominal part 
Adventitious coat 
Muscular coat 
Broncho-oesophageal muscle 
Pleuro- oesophageal muscle 
Submucous layer 
Mucous membrane 

Muscular layer of mucosa 
Oesophageal glands 

Stomach 

Anterior wall 

Posterior wall 

Greater curvature of stomach 

Lesser curvature of stomach 

Cardia 

Fundus of stomach 



48 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Corpus ventriculi 
Pylorus 
Pars cardiaca 
Pars pylorica 
(Antrum cardiacum) 
Antrum pyloricum 
Tunica serosa 
Tunica muscularis 

Stratum longitudinale 

Ligg. pylori 

Stratum circulare 

M. sphincter pylori 

Fibrae obliquae 
Valvula pylori 
Tela submucosa 
Tunica mucosa 

Lam. muscularis mucosae 
Areae gastricae 
Plicae villosae 
Foveolae gastricae 
Glandulae gastricae [propriae] 
Glandulae pyloricae 
Noduli lymphatici gastrici 
Succus gastricus 

Intestinum tenue 

Tunica serosa 
Tunica muscularis 

Stratum longitudinale 

Stratum circulare 
Tela submucosa 
Tunica mucosa 

Lam. muscularis mucosae 
Plicae circulares [Kerkringi] 

Villi intestinales 

Gl. intestinales [Lieberkuehni] 

Noduli lymphatici solitarii 

Noduli lymphatici aggregati [Peyeri] 

Chymus 
Chylus 



Succus entericus 
Duodenum 
Pars superior 
Pars descendens 
Pars inferior 

Pars horizontal is [inferior] 

Pars ascendens 
Flexura duodeni superior 
Flexura duodeni inferior 
Flexura duodenojejunalis 
M. suspensorius duodeni 

Plica longitudinalis duodeni 
Papilla duodeni [Santorini] 
Gl. duodenales [Brunneri] 
Intestinum tenue mesen 

t e r i a le 
Intestinum jejunum 
Intestinum ileum 

Intestinum crassum 

Intestinum caecum 
Valvula coli 



Labium superius 
Labium inferius 
Frenula valvulae coli 
Processus vermiformis 



(Valvula processus vermiformis) 
Noduli aggregati processus vermifor- 
mis 
Colon 
Colon ascendens 
Flexura coli dextra 
Colon transversum 
Flexura coli sinistra 
Colon descendens 
Colon sigmoideum 
Plicae semilunares coli 
Haustra coli 
Tunica serosa 
Appendices epiploicae 



Splanchnology 



48 



Body of stomach 
Pylorus 
Cardiac part 
Pyloric part 
Cardiac antrum 
Pyloric antrum 
Serous coat 
Muscular coat 

Longitudinal layer 

Pyloric ligaments 

Circular layer 

Sphincter muscle of pylorus 

Oblique fibres 
Pyloric valve 
Submucous layer 
Mucous membrane 

Muscular layer of mucosa 
Gastric areas 
Folds of villi 
Gastric pits 
Gastric glands proper 
Pyloric glands 
Gastric lymph-nodules 
Gastric juice 

Small or thin intestine 

Serous coat 
Muscular coat 

Longitudinal layer 

Circular layer 
Submucous coat 
Mucous coat 

Muscular layer of mucosa 
Circular folds (O. T. valvulae con- 

niventes) 
Intestinal villi 
Intestinal glands (O. T. crypts of 

Lieberkuehn) 
Solitary lymph-nodules 
Aggregated lymph-nodules of Peyer 

(O. T. Peyer's patches) 
Chyme 
Chyle 



Intestinal juice 
Duo denum 
Superior part 
Descending part 
Inferior part 

Horizontal part 

Ascending part 
Superior duodenal flexure 
Inferior duodenal flexure 
Duodenojejunal flexure 
Suspensory muscle of duodenum (O. 

T. muscle of Treitz) 
Longitudinal fold of duodenum 
Duodenal papilla 
Duodenal glands of Brunner 
Mesenterial small intestine 

Empty intestine (O. T. jejunum) 
Twisted intestine (O. T. ileum) 

Large or thick intestine 

B lind intestine 

Valve of the colon (O. T. ileocaecal 
valve) 
Superior lip 
Inferior lip 
Frenula of valve of colon 

Vermiform process, or ap- 
pendix 

Valve of the vermiform process 

Aggregated nodules of the vermiform 
process 

Colon, or great gut 

Ascending colon 

Right colic flexure 

Transverse colon 

Left colic flexure 

Descending colon 

Sigmoid colon 

Semilunar folds of colon 

Sacculations of colon 

Serous coat 

Epiploic (fatty) appendages 



49 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Tunica muscularis 
Taeniae coli 

Taenia mesocolica 

Taenia omentalis 

Taenia libera 
Tela submucosa 
Tunica mucosa 

Lam. muscularis mucosae 
Gl. intestinales [Lieberkuehni] 
Noduli lymphatici solitarii 

Intestinum rectxxm 

Flexura sacralis 
Flexura perinealis 
Ampulla recti 
Tunica muscularis 
M. sphincter ani internus 
M. rectococcygeus 
Tela submucosa 
Tunica mucosa 

Lam. m. mucosae 

Gl. intestinales [Lieberkuehni] 
Noduli lymphatici 
Plicae transversales recti 

Pars analis recti 
Columnae rectales [Morgagnii] 
Sinus rectales 
Annulus haemorrhoidalis 

Pancreas 

Caput pancreatis 

Processus uncinatus [Pancreas Wins- 

lowi] 
Incisura pancreatis 
Corpus pancreatis 

Facies anterior 

Facies posterior 

Facies inferior 

Margo superior 

Margo anterior 

Margo posterior 
Tuber omentale 



Cauda pancreatis 

Ductus pancreaticus [Wirsungi] 

Ductus pancreaticus accessorius 

[Santorini] 
(Pancreas accessorium) 
Succus pancreaticus 

Hepar 

Facies superior 
Facies posterior 
Facies inferior 
Margo anterior 
Incisura umbilicalis 
Fossae sagittales dextrae 

Fossa vesicae felleae 

Fossa venae cavae 
Fossa sagittalis sinistra 

Fossa venae umbilicalis 

Fossa ductus venosi 
Tunica serosa 
Lig. teres hepatis 
Lig. venosum [Arantii] 
Porta hepatis 
Lobus hepatis dexter 
Lobus quadratus 
Lobus caudatus [Spigelii] 

Processus papillaris 

Processus caudatus 
Lobus hepatis sinister 
(Appendix fibrosus hepatis) 
Impressio cardiaca 
Tuber omentale 
Impressio oesophagea 
Impressio gastrica 
Impressio duodenalis 
Impressio colica 
Impressio renalis 
Impressio suprarenalis 
Lobuli hepatis 
Capsula fibrosa [Glissoni] 
Rami arteriosi interlobulares 
Venae interlobulares 
Venae centrales 



Splanchnology 



49 



Muscular coat 
Bands of the colon 

Mesocolic band 

Omental band 

Free band 
Submucous coat 
Mucous coat 

Muscular layer of mucosa 
Intestinal glands of Lieberkuehn 
Solitary lymph-nodules 

Rectum, or straight gut 

Sacral flexure 

Perineal flexure 

Ampulla of rectum 

Muscular layer 

Internal sphincter muscle of anus 

Rectococcygeus muscle 

Submucous coat 

Mucous membrane 

Muscular layer of mucosa 
Intestinal glands of Lieberkuehn 

Lymphatic nodules 

Transverse folds of rectum (O. T. 
valves of Houston) 

Anal part of rectum 

Rectal columns of Morgagni 

Rectal sinuses 

Hemorrhoidal ring 

Pancreas 

Head of pancreas 
Uncinate process 

Notch of pancreas 
Body of pancreas 

Anterior surface 

Posterior surface 

Inferior surface 

Superior margin 

Anterior margin 

Posterior margin 
Omental tuber 



Tail of pancreas 
Pancreatic duct of Wirsung 
Accessory pancreatic duct of Santorini 

Accessory pancreas 
Pancreatic juice 

Liver 

Superior surface 
Posterior surface 
Inferior surface 
Anterior margin 
Umbilical notch 
Right sagittal fossae 

Fossa for gall-bladder 

Fossa for vena cava 
Left sagittal fossa 

Fossa for umbilical vein 

Fossa for venous duct 
Serous coat 

Round ligament of liver 
Venous ligament of Arantius 
Porta, or door of liver 
Right lobe of liver 
Quadrate lobe 
Caudate lobe of Spigelius 

Papillary process 

Caudate process 
Left lobe of liver 
Fibrous appendix of liver 
Cardiac impression 
Omental tuber 
Oesophageal impression 
Gastric impression 
Duodenal impression 
Colic impression 
Renal impression 
Suprarenal impression 
Lobules of liver 
Fibrous capsule of Glisson 
Interlobular arteries 
Interlobular veins 
Central veins 



50 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Ductus biliferi 

Ductus interlobulares 

Ductus hepaticus 

Vasa aberrantia hepatis 

Fel [Bilis] 

Vesica fellea 

Fundus vesicae felleae 

Corpus vesicae felleae 

Collum vesicae felleae 

Ductus cysticus 

Tunica serosa vesicae felleae 

Tunica muscularis vesicae felleae 

Tunica mucosa vesicae felleae 

Plicae tun. mucosae v. felleae 
Valvula spiralis [Heisteri] 
Ductus choledochus 
Gl. mucosae biliosae 



Lien 

Facies diaphragmatica 

Facies renalis 

Facies gastrica 

Extremitas superior 

Extremitas inferior 

Margo posterior 

Margo anterior 

Hilus lienis 

Tunica serosa 

Tunica albuginea 

Trabeculae lienis 

Pulpa lienis 

Rami lienales [arteriae lienalis] 

Penicilli 
Noduli lymphatici lienales [Malpighii] 

(Lien accessorms) 



Apparatus respiratorius 



Cavum nasi 

Nares 
Choanae 
Septum nasi 

Septum cartilagineum 

Septum membranaceum 
Vestibulum nasi 
Limen nasi 
Sulcus olfactorius 
(Concha nasalis suprema [Santorini]) 

Concha nasalis superior 



Meatus nasi 

Meatus nasi superior 
Meatus nasi medius 

Atrium meatus medii 
Meatus nasi inferior 
Meatus nasi communis 
Meatus nasopharyngeus 

Regio respiratoria 

Regio olfactoria 

Gl. olfactoriae 

Sinus paranasales 

Sinus maxillaris [Highmori] 



Concha nasalis media 

Concha nasalis inferior 

Membrana mucosa nasi 
Plexus cavernosi concharum 
Agger nasi 
Recessus sphenoethmoidalis 



Sinus sphenoidalis 

Sinus frontalis 
Cellulae ethmoidales 
Bulla ethmoidalis 
Infundibulum ethmoidale 

Hiatus semilunaris 
Gl. nasales 



Splanchnology 



SO 



Bile-ducts (O. T. bile canaliculi) 

Interlobular ducts 

Hepatic duct 

Aberrant vessels of liver 

Bile 

Gall bladder 

Fundus of gall bladder 

Body of gall bladder 

Neck of gall bladder 

Cystic duct 

Serous coat of gall bladder 

Muscular coat of gall bladder 

Mucous coat of gall bladder 

Folds of mucous coat of gall bladder 
Spiral valve of Heister 
Common bile duct 
Glands of biliary mucosa 



Spleen 

Diaphragmatic surface 

Renal surface 

Gastric surface 

Superior extremity 

Inferior extremity 

Posterior margin 

Anterior margin 

Hilus of the spleen 

Serous coat 

Albugineous coat 

Trabeculae ("cords") of spleen 

Spleen pulp 

Splenic rami of splenic artery 

Arterial tufts 
Splenic lymph-nodules (O. T. Mal- 

pighian corpuscles) 
Accessory spleen 



Respiratory system 



Nasal cavity 

Anterior apertures 

Posterior apertures 

Nasal septum 

Cartilaginous septum 
Membranous septum 

Vestibule of nose 

Threshold of nose 

Olfactory sulcus 

Highest nasal concha (O. T. upper- 
most turbinated bone) 

Superior nasal concha (O. T. superior 
turbinated bone) 

Middle nasal concha (O. T. middle 
turbinated bone) 

Inferior nasal concha (O. T. inferior 
turbinated bone) 

Mucous membrane of nose 

Cavernous layer of conchae 

Agger ("elevation") of nose 

Spheno-ethmoidal recess 



Meatuses of the nose 

Superior meatus 

Middle meatus 

" Entrance-hall" of middle meatus 

Inferior meatus 

Common meatus 

Nasopharyngeal meatus 
Respiratory region 
Olfactory region 
Olfactory glands 
Sinuses near nose 

Maxillary sinus (O. T. antrum of 
Highmore) 

Sphenoidal sinus 

Frontal sinus 
Ethmoidal cells 
Ethmoidal bulla ("bubble") 
Ethmoidal infundibulum (" funnel") 

Semilunar opening 
Nasal glands 



51 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Nasus externus 

Basis nasi 

Radix nasi 

DoKsum nasi 

Margo nasi 

Apex nasi 

Ala nasi 

Septum mobile nasi 

Cartilagines nasi 

Cartilago septi nasi 

Processus sphenoidalis septi car- 
tilaginei 
Cartilago nasi lateralis 
Cartilago alaris major 

Crus mediale 

Crus laterale 
Cartilagines alares minores 
Cartilagines sesamoideae nasi 
Organon vomeronasal [Jacobsoni] 
Cartilago vomeronasalis [Jacobsoni] 
(Ductus incisivus) 

Larynx 

Prominentia laryngea 

Cartilagines laryngis 

Cartilago thyreoidea 
Lamina [dextra et sinistra] 
Incisura thyreoidea superior 
Incisura thyreoidea inferior 
Tuberculum thyreoideum superius 
Tuberculum thyreoideum inferius 
(Linea obliqua) 
Cornu superius 
Cornu inferius 
(Foramen thyreoideum) 

Lig. hyothyreoideum laterale 

Cartilago triticea 

Lig. hyothyreoideum medium 

Membrana hyothyreoidea 

Cartilago cricoidea 

Arcus [cartilaginis cricoideae] 



Lamina [cartilaginis cricoideae] 
Facies articularis arytaenoidea 
Facies articularis thyreoidea 
Articulatio cricothyreoidea 
Capsula articularis cricothyreoidea 
Ligg. ceratocricoidea lateralia 
Lig. ceratocricoideum anterius 
Ligg. ceratocricoidea posteriora 
Lig. cricothyreoideum [medium] 



Lig. cricotracheale 
Cartilago arytaenoidea 

Facies articularis 

Basis [cartilaginis arytaenoideae] 

Crista arcuata 

CoUiculus 

Fovea oblonga 

Fovea triangularis 

Apex [cartilaginis arytaenoideae] 

Processus vocalis 

Processus muscularis 
Cartilago corniculata [Santorini] 

Synchondrosis arycorniculata 
Articulatio cricoarytaenoidea 
Lig. cricopharyngeum 
Lig. corniculopharyngeum 

Lig. ventriculare 

Lig. vocale 

(Cartilago sesamoidea) 
Capsula articularis cricoarytaenoidea 
Lig. cricoarytaenoideum posterius 
Epiglottis 

Petiolus epiglottidis 

Tuberculum epiglotticum 

Cartilago epiglottica 
Lig. thyreoepiglotticum 



S PLANCHNOLOGY 



51 



External nose 

Base of nose 

Root of nose 

Dorsum of nose 

Margin of nose 

Tip of nose 

Wing of nose 

Movable septum of nose 

Nasal cartilages 

Cartilage of nasal septum 

Sphenoidal process of cartilaginous 
septum 
Lateral nasal cartilage 
Greater alar cartilage 

Medial crus 

Lateral crus 
Lesser alar cartilages 
Sesamoid cartilages of nose 
Vomeronasal organ of Jacobson 
Vomeronasal cartilage of Jacobson 
Incisor canaliculus 

Larynx 

Laryngeal prominence (O. T. Adam's 

apple, or pomum Adami) 
Laryngeal cartilages 
Thyreoid cartilage 

Right and left plates 

Superior thyreoid notch 

Inferior thyreoid notch 

Superior thyreoid tubercle 

Inferior thyreoid tubercle 

Oblique line 

Superior horn 

Inferior horn 

Thyreoid foramen 
Lateral hyothyreoid ligament 
Triticeous ("wheat-like") cartilage 
Middle hyothyreoid ligament 
Hyothyreoid membrane (O. T. thyro- 
hyoid membrane) 
Cricoid cartilage 

Arch of cricoid cartilage 



Lamina of cricoid cartilage 

Arytaenoid articular surface 

Thyreoid articular surface 
Cricothyreoid articulation 
Capsule of cricothyreoid joint 
Lateral ceratocricoid ligaments 
Anterior ceratocricoid ligaments 
Posterior ceratocricoid ligaments 
Middle cricothyreoid ligament (O. T. 

middle portion of cricothyroid mem- 
brane) 
Cricotracheal ligament 
Arytaenoid cartilage 

Articular surface 

Base of arytaenoid cartilage 

Arched ridge 

Nodule or hillock 

Oblong depression 

Triangular depression 

Tip or apex of arytaenoid cartilage 

Vocal process 

Muscular process . 
Corniculate cartilage (O. T. cartilage 

of Santorini) 
Arycorniculate synchondrosis 
Cricoarytaenoid joint 
Cricopharyngeal ligament 
Corniculopharyngeal ligament (O. T. 

Lig. jugale) 
Ventricular ligament (O. T. superior 

thyro-arytenoid ligament) 
Vocal ligament (O. T. inferior thyro- 
arytenoid ligament) 

Sesamoid cartilage 
Capsule of crico-arytaenoid joint 
Posterior crico-arytaenoid ligament 
Epiglottis 

Stem of epiglottis 

Epiglottic tubercle (O. T. cushion of 
epiglottis) 

Epiglottic cartilage 
Thyreo-epiglottic ligament (O. T. 

thyro-epiglottidean ligament) 



52 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Lig. hyoepiglotticum 

Cartilage cuneiformis [Wrisbergi] 
Tuberculum cuneiforme [Wrisbergi] 
Tuberculum corniculatum [Santorini] 

Musculi laryngis 
M. aryepiglotticus 

M. cricothyreoideus 
Pars recta 

Pars obliqua 

M. cricoarytaenoideus posterior 

(M. ceratocricoideus) 

M. cricoarytaenoideus lateralis 

M. ventricularis 

M. vocalis 

M. thyreoepiglotticus 

M. thyreoarytaenoideus [externus] 
M. arytaenoideus obliquus 
M. arytaenoideus transversus 

Cavum larjnigis 

Vallecula epiglottica 
Aditus laryngis 
Vestibulum laryngis 
Rima vestibuli 
Labium vocale 
Glottis 
Rima glottidis 

Pars intermembranacea 

Pars intercartilaginea 
Ventriculus laryngis [Morgagnii] 

Appendix ventriculi laryngis 
Tunica mucosa laryngis 



Membrana elastica laryngis 
Conus elasticus 

Plica glossoepiglottica mediana 



Plica glossoepiglottica lateralis 

Plica aryepiglottica 
Plica nervi laryngei 
Plica ventricularis . 

Plica vocalis 

Macula flava 
Aditus glottidis inferior 
Aditus glottidis superior 
Incisura interarytaenoidea 
Gl. laryngeae 

Gl. laryngeae anteriores 

Gl. laryngeae mediae 

Gl. laryngeae posteriores 
Noduli lymphatic! laryngei 

Trachea et bronchi 

Cartilagines tracheales 
Ligg. annularia [trachealia] 
Paries membranacea 
Gl. tracheales 
Bifurcatio tracheae 
Bronchus [dexter et sinister] 
Rami bronchiales 

Ramus bronchialis eparterialis 

Rami bronchiales hyparteriales 
Tunica muscularis 
Tela submucosa 
Tunica mucosa 

Gl. tracheales 

Gl. bronchiales 

Pulmo 

Basis pulmonis 
Apex pulmonis 
Sulcus subclavius 



Splanchnology 



52 



Hyo-epiglottic ligament (O. T. hyo- 

epiglottidean ligament) 
Cuneiform cartilage 
Cuneiform tubercle 
Corniculate tubercle of Santorini 

Muscles of larynx 

Ary epiglottic muscle (O. T. aryteno- 
epiglottidean muscle) 

Cricothyreoid muscle 

Straight part (O.T. anterior or 

oblique part) 
Oblique part (O. T. posterior or 
horizontal part) 

Posterior crico-arytaenoid muscle 

Ceratocricoid muscle 

Lateral crico-arytaenoid muscle 

Ventricular muscle 

Vocal muscle (O. T. internal thyro- 
arytenoid muscle) 

Thyreo-epiglottic muscle (O. T. thyro- 
epiglottidean muscle) 

Thyreo-arytaenoid muscle (external) 

Oblique arytaenoid muscle 

Transverse arytaenoid muscle 

Cavity of larynx 

Epiglottic vallecula 
Laryngeal aperture 
Vestibule of larynx 
Slit of vestibule (O. T. false glottis) 
Vocal lip 

Glottis (O. T. glottis vera)' 
Slit of glottis 
Intermembranous part (O. T. glot- 
tis vocalis) 
Intercartilaginous part (O. T. glottis 
respiratoria) 
Ventricle of larynx (O. T. laryngeal 
sinus) 
Appendage of ventricle of larynx 
(O. T. laryngeal pouch or sac") 
Mucous coat of larynx 



Elastic membrane of larynx 

Elastic cone (O. T. cricothyroid 
membrane) 
Median glosso-epiglottic fold (O. T. 

middle glosso-epiglottidean fold, or 

fraenum of the epiglottis) 
Lateral glosso-epiglottic fold (O. T. 

lateral glosso-epiglottidean folds) 
Ary-epiglottic fold 
Fold of laryngeal nerve 
Ventricular fold (O. T. false vocal 

cord) 
Vocal fold (O. T. true vocal cord) 

Yellow spot 
Inferior entrance to glottis 
Superior entrance to glottis 
Interarytaenoid notch 
Laryngeal glands 

Anterior laryngeal glands 

Middle laryngeal glands 

Posterior laryngeal glands 
Lymph-nodules of larynx 

Trachea and bronchi 

Tracheal cartilages 
Annular ligaments 
Membranous wall 
Tracheal glands 
Bifurcation of trachea 
Right and left bronchus 
Bronchial rami 

Eparterial bronchial ramus 

Hyparterial bronchial ramus 
Muscular coat 
Submucous layer 
Mucous coat 

Tracheal glands 

Bronchial glands 

Lung 

Base of lung 
Apex of lung 
Subclavian sulcus 



53 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Fades costalis 

Facies mediastinalis 

Facies diaphragmatica 

Margo anterior 

Margo inferior 

Hilus pulmonis 

Radix pulmonis 

Incisura cardiaca 

Lingula pulmonis 

Lobus superior 

Lobus medius 

Lobus inferior 

Incisura interlobaris 

Lobuli pulmonum 

Rami bronchiales 

Bronchioli 

Bronchioli respiratorii 

Ductuli alveolares 

Alveoli pulmonum 

Lymphoglandulae bronchiales 

Noduli lymphatic! bronchiales 

Lymphoglandulae pulmonales 

Cavum thoracis 

Fascia endothoracica 
Cavum pleurae 
Pleura 

Cupula pleurae 

Pleura pulmonalis 

Pleura parietalis 



Pleura mediastinalis 
Laminae mediastinales 
Pleura pericardiaca 

Pleura costalis 

Pleura diaphragmatica 
Sinus pleurae 

Sinus phrenicocostalis 

Sinus costomediastinalis 
Lig. pulmonale 
Plicae adiposae 
Villi pleurales 
Septum mediastinale 

Cavum mediastinale anterius 

Cavum mediastinale posterius 

Ql. thyreoidea 

Isthmus gl. thyreoideae 
(Lobus pyramidalis) 
Lobus [dexter et sinister] 
Lobuli gl. thyreoideae 
Stroma gl. thyreoideae 
(Gl. thyreoideae accessoriae) 

(Gl. thyreoidea accessoria supra- 
hyoidea) 

Glomus caroticum 
Thymus 

Lobus [dexter et sinister] 
Tractus centralis 
Lobuli thymi 



Apparatus urogenitalis 



Organa uropoetica 

Ren 

Margo lateralis 
Margo medialis 

Hilus renalis 

Sinus renalis 
Facies anterior 
Facies posterior 
Extremitas superior 



Extremitas inferior 
(Impressio muscularis) 
(Impressio hepatica) 
(Impressio gastrica) 
Capsula adiposa 
Tunica fibrosa 
Tunica muscularis 
Tubuli renales 

Tubuli renales contorti 



Splanchnology 



53 



Costal surface 

Mediastinal surface 

Diaphragmatic surface 

Anterior margin 

Inferior margin 

Hilus of lung 

Root of lung 

Cardiac notch 

Lingula, or little tongue, of lung 

Upper lobe 

Middle lobe 

Inferior lobe 

Interlobar incisure 

Pulmonary lobules 

Bronchial rami 

Bronchioles 

Respiratory bronchioles 

Alveolar ductules 

Pulmonary alveoli 

Bronchial lymph glands 

Bronchial lymph-nodules 

Pulmonary lymph glands 

Thoracic cavity 

Endothoracic fascia 
Pleural cavity 
Pleura 

Dome or cupola of pleura 

Pulmonary pleura 

Parietal pleura 



Mediastinal pleura 
Mediastinal layers 
Pericardiac pleura 

Costal pleura 

Diaphragmatic pleura 
Sinuses of the pleura 

Phrenicocostal sinus 

Costomediastinal sinus 
Pulmonary ligament 
Adipose folds 
Pleural villi 
Mediastinal septum 

Anterior mediastinal cavity 

Posterior mediastinal cavity 

Thyreoid gland . 

Isthmus of thyreoid 
Pyramidal lobe 
Right and left lobes 
Lobules of gland 
Stroma of gland 
Accessory thyreoid glands 

Suprahyoid accessory thyreoid gland 

Carotid skein (O. T. intercarotid 
gland) 

Thymus 

Right and left lobe 
Central tract 
Lobules of thymus 



Urogenital system 



Uropoietic organs 

Kidney • 

Lateral margin 
Medial margin 

Renal hilus 

Renal sinus 
Anterior surface 
Posterior surface 
Superior extremity 



Inferior extremity 
Muscular impression 
Hepatic impression 
Gastric impression 
Adipose capsule 
Fibrous coat 
Muscular coat 
Renal tubules 

Convoluted renal tubules 



54 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Tubuli renales recti 
Substantia corticalis 
Substantia medullaris 
Lobi renales 

Pyramides renales [Malpighii] 
Basis pyramidis 
Papillae renales 
Area cribrosa 
Foramina papillaria 
Columnae renales [Bertini] 
Lobuli corticales 

Pars radiata [Processus Ferreini] 

Pars convoluta 
Corpuscula renis [Malpighii] 

Glomeruli 

Capsula glomeruli 
Pelvis renalis 
Calyces renales 

Calyces renales majores 

Calyces renales minores 
Gl. pelvis renalis 

Arteriae renis 

Aa. interlobares renis 
Arteriae arciformes 
Arteriae interlobulares 
Vas afferens 
Vas efferens 
Rami capsulares 
Arteriolae rectae 
x\a. nutriciae pelvis renalis 

Venae renis 
Vv. interlobares 
Venae arciformes 
Venae interlobulares 
Venulae rectae 
Venae stellatae 

Ureter 

Pars abdominalis 



Pars pelvina 
Tunica adventitia 
Tunica njuscularis 

Stratum externum 

Stratum medium 

Stratum internum 
Tunica mucosa 
Gl. mucosae ureteris 

Vesica urinaria 

Vertex vesicae 

Corpus vesicae 

Fundus vesicae 

Lig. umbilicale medium 

Urachus 

Tunica serosa 

Tunica muscularis 

Stratum externum 

Stratum medium 

Stratum internum 
M. pubovesicalis 
M. rectovesicalis 
Tela submucosa 
Tunica mucosa 
Gl. vesicales 

Noduli lymphatici vesicales 
Trigonum vesicae [Lieutaudi] 

Uvula vesicae 

Plica ureterica 

Orificium ureteris 
Orificium urethrae internum 
Annulus urethralis 

Glandula suprarenalis 

Substantia corticalis 
Substantia mejdullaris 
Hilus gl. suprarenalis 
Facies anterior 
Facies posterior 
Basis gl. suprarenalis 
Apex suprarenalis [gl. dextrae] 
Margo superior 
Margo medialis 



Splanchnology 



54 



Straight renal tubules 
Cortical substance 
Medullary substance 
Renal lobes (O. T. reniculi) 
Renal pyramids 
Base of pyramid 
Renal papillae 
Cribriform area 
Papillary foramina 
Renal columns 
Cortical lobules 

Radiate part (O. T. pyramid of 
Ferrein) 

Convoluted part (O. T. labyrinth) 
Renal corpuscles (O. T. Malpighian 

corpuscles) 
Glomeruli 

Capsule of glomerulus 
Renal pelvis 
Renal calyces 

Greater renal calyces 

Smaller renal calyces 
Glands of renal pelvis 

Renal arteries 

Interlobar arteries of kidney 

Arciform arteries or renal arches 
Interlobular arteries 

Afferent vessel 

Efferent vessel 
Capsular branches 
Straight arterioles 
Nutrient arteries of renal pelvis 

Renal veins 

Interlobar veins 
Arciform veins 
Interlobular veins 
Straight venules 
Stellate veins 



Ureter 



Abdominal part 



Pelvic part 
Adventitious coat 
Muscular coat 

External layer 

Middle layer 

Internal layer 
Mucous coat 
Mucous glands of ureter 

Urinary bladder 

Apex of bladder 

Body of bladder 

Fundus of bladder 

Middle umbilical ligament 

Urachus 

Serous coat 

Muscular coat 

External layer 

Middle layer 

Internal layer 
Pubovesical muscle 
Rectovesical muscle 
Submucous layer 
Mucous coat 
Vesical glands 
Vesical lymph-nodules 
Lieutaud's trigone of the bladder 

Vesical uvula 

Ureteral fold 

Orifice of ureter 
Internal orifice of ureter 
Urethral ring 

Suprarenal gland 

Cortical substance 
Medullary substance 
Hilus of suprarenal gland 
Anterior surface 
Posterior surface 
Base of suprarenal gland 
Apex of right suprarenal 
Superior margin 
Medial margin 



55 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Vena centralis 

(Gl. suprarenales accessoriae) 

Organa genitalia 

Organa genitalia virilia 

Testis 

Extremitas superior 

Extremitas inferior 

Facies lateralis 

Facies medialis 

Margo anterior 

Margo posterior 

Tunica albuginea 

Mediastinum testis [Corpus Highmori] 

Septula testis 

Lobuli testis 

Parenchyma testis 

Tubuli seminiferi contort! 

Tubuli seminiferi recti 

Tunica propria 
Rete testis [Halleri] 
Ductuli efferentes testis 
Sperma [Semen] 
Epididymis 
Caput epididymidis 
Corpus epididymidis 
Cauda epididymidis 
Lobuli epididymidis 
Ductus epididymidis 
Ductuli aberrantes 
(Ductulus aberrans superior) 
Appendices testis 

Appendix testis [Morgagnii] 

(Appendix epididymis) 
Paradidymis 

Ductus deferens 

Ampulla ductus deferentis 
Diverticula ampullae 
Tunica adventitia 



Tunica muscularis 

Stratum externum 

Stratum medium 

Stratum internum 
Tunica mucosa 
Ductus ejaculatorius 

Vesicula seminalis 

Corpus vesiculae seminalis 
Tunica adventitia 
Tunica muscularis 
Tunica mucosa 
Ductus excretorius 

Funiculus spermaticus et 
tiinicae testis et funiculi spermatid 

(Rudimentum processus vaginalis) 
Tunica vaginalis propria testis 

Lamina parietalis 

Lamina visceralis 
Lig. epididymidis superius 
Lig. epididymidis inferius 
Sinus epididymidis 
Tunica vaginalis communis [testis et 

funiculi spermatici] 
M. cremaster 

Fascia cremasterica [Cooperi] 
Descensus testis 
Guhernaculum testis [Hunteri] 

Prostata 

Basis prostatae 
Apex prostatae 
Facies anterior 
Facies posterior 
Lobus [dexter et sinister] 
Isthmus prostatae 
(Lobus medius) 
Corpus glandulare 
Ductus prostatic! 
Succus prostaticus 
M. prostaticus 



Splanchnology 



55 



Central vein 

Accessory suprarenal glands 

Genital organs 
Male genital organs 

Testicle 

Superior extremity 

Inferior extremity 

Lateral surface 

Medial surface 

Anterior margin 

Posterior margin 

Albugineous coat 

Mediastinum of testicle 

Septules of testicle 

Lobules of testicle 

Parenchyma 

Convoluted seminiferous tubules 

Straight seminiferous tubules 

Proper coat 
Network 
Efferent ductules 
Sperm or semen 
Epididymis 
Head of epididymis 
Body of epididymis 
Tail of epididymis 
Lobules of epididymis 
Ducts of epididymis 
Aberrant ductules 
Superior aberrant ductule 
Appendages of the testicle 

Morgagni's appendage of testicle (O. 
T. hydatid of Morgagni) 

Appendage of epididymis 
Paradidymis (O. T. organ of 

Giraldes) 
Deferent duct (O. T. vas def- 
, erens) 

Ampulla of deferent duct 
Diverticula of ampulla 

Adventitious coat 



Muscular coat 

External layer 

Middle layer 

Internal layer 
Mucous coat 
Ejaculatory duct 

Seminal vesicles 

Body of seminal vesicles 
Adventitious coat 
Muscular coat 
Mucous coat 
Excretory duct 

Spermatic cord and coats of the 
testicle and cord 

Rudiment of vaginal process 

Proper sheath of testicle 
Parietal layer 
Visceral layer 

Superior ligament of epididymis 

Inferior ligament of epididymis 

Sinus of epididymis 

Common sheath of testicle and sper- 
matic cord 

Cremasteric muscle 

Cremasteric fascia 

Descent of the testicle 

GuherncLculum {^'pilot^^) of testicle 

Prostate 

Base of prostate 
Apex of prostate 
Anterior surface 
Posterior surface 
Right and left lobe 
Isthmus of prostate 

Middle lobe 
Glandular body 
Prostatic ducts 
Prostatic fluid 
Prostatic muscle 



f6 Anatomical Nomenclature 

Glandula bulbourethralis [Cowperi] 



Corpus gl. bulbourethralis 
Ductus excretorius 

Partes genitales externae 

Penis 

Radix penis 
Corpus penis 
Crus penis 
Dorsum penis 
Facies urethralis 
Glans penis 
Corona glandis 
Septum glandis 
Collum glandis 
Praeputium 
Frenulum praeputii 
Raphe penis 

Corpus cavernosum penis 
Corpus cavernosum urethrae 
Bulbus urethrae 

Hemisphaeria bulbi urethrae 
Septum bulbi urethrae 
Tunica albuginea corporum caverno- 

sorum 
Septum penis 

Trabeculae corporum cavernosorum 
Cavernae corporum cavernosorum 
Arteriae heHcinae 
Venae cavernosae 
Lig. suspensorium penis 
Fascia penis 
Gl. praeputiales 
Smegma praeputii 

Urethra virilis 

Pars prostatica 
Crista urethralis 
Colliculus seminahs 
Utriculus prostaticus 
Pars membranacea 
Pars cavernosa 



Fossa navicularis urethrae [Morgagnii] 
(Valvula fossae navicularis) 
Orificium urethrae externum 
Lacunae urethrales [Morgagnii] 
GL urethrales [Littrei] 

Scrotum 

Raphe scroti 
Septum scroti 
Tunica dartos 

Organa genitalia muliebria 

Ovarium 

Hilus ovarii 
Facies medialis 
Facies lateraUs 
Margo Hber 
Margo mesovaricus 
Extremitas tubaria 
Extremitas uterina 
Stroma ovarii 
FoUicuH oophori primarii 
• Folliculi oophori vesiculosi [Graafi] 

Theca folliculi 

Tunica externa 

Tunica interna 
Liquor folliculi 
Stratum granulosum 
Cumulus oophorus 

Ovulum 
Corpus luteum 
Corpus albicans 
Lig. ovarii proprium 

Tuba uterina [Falloppii] 

Ostium abdominale tubae uterinae 
Infundibulum tubae uterinae 
Fimbriae tubae 

Fimbria ovarica 
Ampulla tubae uterinae 
Isthmus tubae uterinae 



Splanchnology 



S6 



Bulbo-urethral gland (O. T. Cow- 
per's gland) 

Body of gland 
Excretory duct 

Parts of external genitals 

Penis 

Root of penis 

Body of penis 

Crus of penis 

Dorsum of penis 

Urethral surface 

Glans ("acorn") of penis 

Corona of glans 

Septum of glans 

Neck of glans 
Prepuce 

Frenulum of prepuce 
Raphe of penis 
Cavernous body of penis 
Cavernous body of urethra 
Bulb of urethra 

Hemispheres of bulb of urethra 

Septum of bulb of urethra 
Albugineous coat of cavernous bodies 

Septum of penis 

Trabeculae of cavernous bodies 

Caverns of cavernous bodies 

Spiral arteries 

Cavernous veins 

Suspensory ligament of penis 

Fascia of penis 

Preputial glands 

Smegma of prepuce 

Male urethra 

Prostatic part 
Urethral crest 
Seminal hillock 
Prostatic utricle 
Membranous part 
C avernous part 



Navicular fossa of urethra 
Valve of navicular fossa 
External urethral orifice 
Urethral lacunae of Morgagni 
Urethral glands of Littre 

Scrotum 

Raphe of scrotum 
Septum of scrotum 
Dartos ("flayed") coat 

Female genital organs 

Ovary 

Hilus of ovary 

Medial surface 

Lateral surface 

Free margin 

Mesovarian margin 

Tubal extremity 

Uterine extremity 

Stroma of ovary 

Primary ovarian follicles 

Vesicular ovarian follicles (O. T. 

Graafian follicles) 
Theca of follicle 

External coat 

Internal coat 
Liquor of follicle 
Granular layer 

Ovarian mound (O. T. discus pro- 
ligerus) 

Ovule 
Corpus luteum: "yellow body" 
Corpus albicans: "white body" 
Proper ligament of ovary 

Uterine tube (0. T. Fallopian tube) 

Abdominal mouth of uterine tube 
Infundibulum of uterine tube 
Fimbriae of tube 

Ovarian fimb"ria 
Ampulla of uterine tube 
Isthmus of uterine tube 



57 

Pars uterina 
Ostium uterinum tubae 
Tunica serosa 
Tunica adventitia 
Tunica muscularis 

Stratum longitudinale 

Stratum circulare 
Tela submucosa 
Tunica mucosa 
Plicae tubariae 

Plicae ampullares 

Plicae isthmicae 

Uterus 

Corpus uteri 

Fundus uteri 

Margo lateralis 

Facies vesicalis 

Facies intestinalis 

Cavum uteri 

Orificium internum uteri 

Cervix [uteri] 

Portio supravaginalis [cervicis] 
Portio vaginalis [cervicis] 
Orificium externum uteri 

Labium anterius 

Labium posterius 
Canalis cervicis uteri 
Plicae palmatae 
Gl. cervicales [uteri] 
Parametrium 

Tunica serosa [Perimetrium] 
Tunica muscularis 
Tunica muscularis cervicis 
Tunica mucosa 

Gl. uterinae 
M. rectouterinus 
Lig. teres uteri 
(Processus vaginalis peritonaei) 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Vagina 



Fornix vaginae 

Paries anterior 

Paries posterior 

Hymen [femininus] 

Carunculae hymenales 

Tunica muscularis 

Tunica mucosa 

Noduli lymphatic! vaginales 

Rugae vaginales 

Columnae rugarum 

Columna rugarum posterior 
Columna rugarum anterior 
Carina urethralis [vaginae] 

Epoophoron 

Ductus epoophori longitudinalis [Gart- 
neri] 
Ductuli transversi 
Appendices vesiculosi [Morgagnii] 

Paroophoron 
Partes genitales externae 

Pudendum muliebre 

Labium majus pudendi 

Commissura labiorum anterior 

Commissura labiorum posterior 

Frenulum labiorum pudendi 

Rima pudendi 

Fossa navicularis [vestibuli vaginae] 

Labium minus pudendi 

Vestibulum vaginae 

Bulbus vestibuli 

Gl. sebaceae 

Gl. vestibulares minores 

Orificium vaginae 

GL vestibularis major [Bartholini] 
Clitoris 

Crus clitoridis 
Corpus clitoridis 



Splanchnology 



57 



TJteriite part 
Uterine mouth of tube 
Serous coat 
Adventitious coat 
Muscular coat 

Longitudinal layer 

Circular layer 
Submucous tela 
Mucous coat 
Tubal folds 

Ampullar folds 

Isthmian folds 

Uterus 

Eody of uterus 
Fundus of uterus 
Lateral margin 
Vesical surface 
Intestinal surface 
Cavity of uterus 

Internal orifice of uterus (O. T. in- 
ternal os) 
Neck of uterus 

Supravaginal portion of cervix 
Vaginal portion of cervix 
External orifice of uterus (O. T. 
external os) 
Anterior lip 
Posterior lip 
Canal of neck of uterus 
Palmate folds 
Cervical glands of uterus 
Parametrium 
Serous coat 
Muscular coat 
Muscular coat of neck 
Mucous coat 

Uterine glands 
Rectouterine muscle 
Round ligament of uterus' 
Vaginal process of peritoneum (O. T. 
canal of Nuck) 



Vagina ("sheath") 

Fornix of vagina 

Anterior wall 

Posterior wall 

Hymen 

Hymeneal caruncles 

Muscular coat 

Mucous coat 

Vaginal lymph-nodules 

Rugae ("wrinkles") of vaginal wall 

Columns of the rugae 

Posterior column 

Anterior column 

Urethral carina ("keel") of vagina 

Epo-ophoron (0. T. parovarium or 
organ of Rosenmueller) 

Longitudinal duct of epo-ophoron 
(O. T. Gartner's duct) 

Transverse ductules 
Vesicular appendages of Morgagni 

(O. T. hydatids of Morgagni) 

Paro-ophoron 
External genital parts 

Vulva ("wrapper") 

Greater lip of vulva 

Anterior labial commissure 

Posterior labial commissure 

Frenulum of pudendal labia 

Pudendal slit 

Navicular fossa of vestibule of vagina 

Lesser lip of vulva 

Vestibule of vagina 

Vestibular bulb 

Sebaceous glands 

Lesser vestibular glands 

Orifice of vagina 

Larger vestibular gland of Bartholin 
Clitoris 

Cms of clitoris 
Body of clitoris 



S8 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Glans clitoridis 
Frenulum clitoridis 
Praeputium clitoridis 
Smegma clitoridis 
Corpus cavernosum clitoridis 
Septum corporum cavernosorum 
Fascia clitoridis 
Lig. suspensorium clitoridis 

Urethra muliebris 

Orificium urethrae externum 
Corpus spongiosum urethrae 
Tunica muscularis 

Stratum circulare 

Stratum longitudinale 
Tunica submucosa 
Tunica mucosa 

Gl. urethrales 
Crista urethralis 
(Ductus paraurethrales) 
Termini ontogenetici 
Membranae deciduae 

Decidua vera 

Decidua capsularis 

Decidua basalts 
Placenta 

Placenta uterina 

Placenta joetalis 
Funiculus umbilicalis $ 

Corpus Wolffi 
Ductus Wolffi 
Ductus Muelleri 
Sinus urogenitalis 

Perineum 

Raphe perinei 
Musculi perinei 
Diaphragma pelvis 
M. levator ani 

Arcus tendineus m. levatoris ani 

M. coccygeus [vide p. 40] 
M. sphincter ani externus 



Lig. anococcygeum 
Fascia pelvis 

Fascia endopelvina 

Fascia diaphragmatis pelvis superior 

Arcus tendineus fasciae pelvis 
Lig. puboprostaticum [pubovesical] 
medium 

Lig. puboprostaticum [pubovesicale] 
laterale 

Fascia diaphragmatis pelvis inferior 
Diaphragma urogenitale 

M. transversus perinei profundus 

M. sphincter urethrae membranaceae 

Fascia diaphragmatis urogenitalis su- 
perior 

Fascia diaphragmatis urogenitalis in- 
ferior 

Lig. transversum pelvis 



Fascia prostatae 

Fascia obturatoria 

Fossa ischiorectahs 

M. transversus perinei superficialis 

M. ischiocavernosus 

M. bulbocavernosus 



Fascia superficialis perinei 

Peritonaeum 

Tunica serosa 
Tela subserosa 
Peritonaeum parietale 
Peritonaeum viscerale 



Splanchnology 



58 



Glans of clitoris 
Frenulum of clitoris 
Prepuce of clitoris 

Smegma of clitoris 
Cavernous body of clitoris 
Septum of cavernous bodies 
Fascia of clitoris 
Suspensory ligament of clitoris 

Female urethra 

External orifice of urethra 
Spongy body of urethra 
Muscular coat 

Circular layer 

Longitudinal layer 
Submucous coat 
Mucous coat 

Urethral glands 
Urethral crest 
Para-urethral ducts 
Ontogenetic terms 
Deciduous membranes 

True decidiia 

Capsular decidua 

Basal decidua 
Placenta ("c^z^e") 

Uterine placenta 

Foetal placenta 
Umbilical cord 
Wolffian body 
Wolffian duct 
Muellerian duct 
Urogenital sinus 

Perineum 

Perineal raphe 
Perineal muscles 
Pelvic diaphragm 
Levator muscle of anus 

Tendinous arch of levator ani mus- 
cle (O. T. white line of the pelvis) 
Coccygeus muscle 
External sphincter muscle of anus 



Anococcygeal ligament 
Pelvic fascia 

Endopelvic fascia 

Superior fascia of the pelvic dia- 
phragm 

Tendinous arch of pelvic fascia 

Middle puboprostatic or puboves- 
ical ligament (O. T. anterior true 
ligament of bladder) 

Lateral puboprostatic or puboves- 
ical ligament (O. T. lateral true 
ligament of bladder) 
Inferior fascia of the pelvic diaphragm 
Urogenital diaphragm (O. 

T. triangular hgament) 
Deep transverse muscle of perineum 
Sphincter muscle of the membranous 

urethra (O. T. compressor urethrae) 
Superior fascia of urogenital dia- 
phragm (O. T. deep layer of trian- 
gular ligament) 
Inferior fascia of urogenital diaphragm 

(O. T. superficial layer of triangular 

ligament) 
Transverse ligament of pelvis (O. T. 

median puboprostatic ligament of 

Krause) 
Prostatic fascia 
Obturator fascia 
Ischiorectal fossa 

Superficial transverse perineal muscle 
Ischiocavernous muscle (O. T. erector 

penis [vel clitoridis] muscle) 
Bulbocavernous muscle (O. T. ejac- 

ulator seminis or accelerator urinae; 

sphincter vaginae) 
Superficial perineal fascia 

Peritoneum 

Serous coat 
Subserous tela 
Parietal peritoneum 
Visceral peritoneum 



59 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Cavum peritonaei 
Mesenterium commune 
Mesenterium 

Radix mesenterii 

Lamina mesenterii propria 
Mesocolon 

Mesocolon transversum 

Mesocolon ascendens 

Mesocolon descendens 

Mesocolon sigmoideum 
Mesorectum 

Mesenteriolum processus vermiformis 
Mesogastrium 
Omentum minus 

Lig. hepatogastricum 

Lig. hepatoduodenale 

(Lig. hepatocolicum) 
Lig. gastrolienale 

Lig. gastrocolicum 
Omentum majus 
Bursa omentalis 

Vestibulum bursae omentalis 
Recessus superior omentalis 
Recessus inferior omentalis 
Recessus lienalis 
Plica gastropancreatica 
Foramen epiploicum [Winslowi] 

Lig. phrenicocolicum 

Lig. phrenicolienale 
Lig. falciforme hepatis 
Lig. coronarium hepatis 
Lig. triangulare dextrum 



Lig. triangulare sinistrum 

Lig. hepatorenale 

(Lig. duodenorenale) 

Recessus duodenojejunalis 

Plica duodenojejunalis 

(Plica duodenomesocolica) 

Recessus intersigmoideus 

Recessus ilioc|ecalis superior 

Recessus iliocaecalis inferior 

Plica iliocaecalis 

Fossa caecalis 

Recessus retrocaecalis 

Plica caecalis 

Recessus paracolici 

(Fossa iliacosubfascialis) 

(Recessus phrenicohepatici) 

Plica umbilicalis media 

Plica umbilicalis lateralis 

Plica epigastrica 

Plica pubovesicalis 

Plica vesicalis transversa 

Mesorchiiim 

Processus vaginalis peritonaei 

Lig. latum uteri 
Mesometrium 
Mesosalpinx 
Mesovarium 

Bursa ovarica 

Lig. suspensorium ovarii 

Plica rectouterina [Douglasi] 

Excavatio rectouterina [Cavum Dou- 
glasi] 

Excavatio vesicouterina 

Excavatio rectovesicalis 

Spatium retroperitonaeale 



Splanchnology 



59 



Peritoneal cavity 
Common mesentery 
Mesentery 

Root of the mesentery 

Proper layer of the mesentery 
Mesocolon 

Transverse mesocolon 

Ascending mesocolon 

Descending mesocolon 

Sigmoid mesocolon 
Mesorectum 
Meso-appendix 
Mesogastrium 
Lesser omentum 

Hepatogastric ligament 

Hepatoduodenal ligament 
Hepatocolic ligament 
Gastrolienal ligament (O. T. gas- 

trosplenic omentum) 
Gastrocolic ligament 
Greater omentum 

Omental bursa (O. T. lesser perito- 
neal sac) 

Vestibule of omental bursa 

Superior omental recess 

Inferior omental recess 

Splenic recess 

Gastropancreatic fold 

Epiploic foramen (O. T. foramen 
of Winslow) 
Phrenicocolic ligament (O. T. cos- 

tocolic ligament) 
Phrenicosplenic ligament 
Falciform ligament of liver 
Coronary ligament of liver 
Right triangular ligament 



Left triangular ligament 

Hepatorenal ligament 

Duodenorenal ligament 

Duodenojejunal recess 

Duodenojejunal fold 

Duodenomesocolic fold 

Intersigmoid recess 

Superior ileocaecal recess 

Inferior ileocaecal recess 

Ileocaecal fold 

Caecal fossa 

Retrocaecal recess 

Caecal fold 

Paracolic recess 

Iliaco-subfascial fossa 

Phrenicohepatic recess 

Middle umbilical fold 

Lateral umbilical fold 

Epigastric fold 

Pubovesical fold 

Transverse vesical fold 

Mesorchium 

Sheath process of peritoneum 

Broad ligament of uterus 
Mesometrium 
Mesosalpinx 
Mesovarium 

Ovarian bursa 

Suspensory ligament of ovary 

Recto-uterine fold 

Recto-uterine excavation, or cul-de- 
sac of Douglas 

Vesico-uterine excavation 

Rectovesical excavation 

Retroperitoneal space 



6o 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



An^iolo^ia 



Vas collaterale 

Vas anastomoticum 

Ramus communicans 

Plexus vasculosus 

Rete vasculosum 

Rete mirabile 

Arteria 

Arteriola 

Vena 

Vena cutanea 

Vena comitans 

Venula 

Plexus venosus 

Rete venosum 

Sinus [venosus] 



Emissarium 

Corpus cavernosum 

Vas capillare 

Vas lymphaticum 

Plexus lymphaticus 

Lymphoglandula 

Nodulus lymphaticus 

Cisterna 

Tunica externa [adventitia] 

Tunica media 

Tunica intima 

Vasa vasorum 

Vagina vasorum 

Sanguis 

Lympha 



Cor 



Basis cordis 

Facies sternocostalis 

Facies diaphragmatica 

Apex cordis 

Incisura [apicis] cordis 

Sulcus longitudinalis anterior 

Sulcus longitudinalis posterior 

Sulcus coronarius 

Pericardium 
Liquor pericardii 
Ligg. sternopericardiaca 
Sinus transversus pericardii 



Epicardium 

Myocardium 

Endocardium 

Ventriculus cordis 

Septum ventriculorum 

Septum musculare ventriculorum 
Septum membranaceum ventricu- 
lorum 

Atrium cordis 

Auricula cordis 

Septum atriorum 

Pars membranacea septi atriorum 

Ostium venosum 
Ostium arteriosum 



Angiology 



60 



Angiology 



Collateral vessel 

Anastomotic vessel 

Communicating branch 

Vascular plexus 

Vascular rete 

Rete mirabile ("wonderful network") 

Artery 

Arteriole 

Vein 

Cutaneous vein 

Accompanying vein 

Venule 

Venous plexus 

Venous rete 

Venous sinus 



Emissary (vessel) 
Cavernous body 
Capillary vessel 
Lymphatic vessel 
Lymphatic plexus 
Lymph gland 
Lymph nodule 
Cistern 
External coat 
Middle coat 
Inner coat 

Vessels of the vessels 
Sheath of the vessels 
Blood 
Lymph 



Heart 



Base of heart 

Sternocostal surface 

Diaphragmatic surface 

Apex of heart 

Notch at apex of heart 

Anterior longitudinal sulcus (O. T. 

anterior interventricular groove) 
Posterior longitudinal sulcus (O. T. 

posterior interventricular groove) 
Coronary sulcus (O. T. auriculoven- 

tricular groove) 
Pericardium 
Pericardial fluid 
Sternopericardiac ligaments 
Transverse sinus of pericardium 



Epicardium 

Myocardium 

Endocardium 

Ventricle of heart 

Septum of ventricles 

Muscular septum of ventricles 
Membranous septum of ventricles 

Forechamber (O. T. auricle) 
Auricle (O. T. auricular appendix) 
Septum of atria 

Membranous part of septum of 
atria 
Venous orifice 
Arterial orifice 



6i 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Trabeculae carneae 
Vortex cordis 
Mm. papillares 
Chordae tendineae 
Trigona fibrosa 
Annuli fibrosi 

Atrium dextrum 

Mm. pectinati 

Sulcus terminalis atrii dextri 

Crista terminalis 

Sinus venarum [cavarum] 

Limbus fossae ovalis [Vieussenii] 

Auricula dextra 

Tuberculum intervenosum [Loweri] 
Valvula venae cavae [inferioris, Eu- 

stachii] 
Fossa ovalis 
Valvula sinus coronarii [Thebesii] 

Foramina venarum minimarum [The- 
besii] 

Ventriculus dexter 

Valvula tricuspidalis 

Cuspis anterior 



Cuspis posterior 

Cuspis medialis 

Crista supraventricularis 

Conus arteriosus 

Valvulae semilunares a. puknpnalis 
Valvula semilunaris anterior 
Valvula semilunaris dextra 
Valvula semilunaris sinistra 

Noduli valvularum semilunarium 

Lunulae valvularum semilunarium 

Atrium sinistrum 

Auricula sinistra 

Valvula foraminis ovalis 

Ventriculus sinister 

Valvula bicuspidalis [mitralis] 

Cuspis anterior 
Cuspis posterior 

Valvulae semilunares aortae 
Valvula semilunaris posterior 
Valvula semilunaris dextra 
Valvula semilunaris sinistra 

Noduli valvularum semilunarium 
[Arantii] 

Lunulae valvularum semilunarium 



Arteriae 



A. pulmonalis 

Ramus dexter 
Ramus sinister 
Ductus arteriosus [BotaUi\ 
Ligamentum arteriosum 



Aorta 



Aorta ascendens 



Bulbus aortae 

Sinus aortae [Valsalvae] 

Arcus aortae 

Isthmus aortae 

Aorta descendens 

A. coronaria [cordis] dextra 

Ramus descendens posterior 
A. coronaria [cordis] sinistra 



Angiology 



6i 



Fleshy cords (O. T. columnae carnae) 

Vortex of heart 

Papillary muscles 

Tendinous cords 

Fibrous trigones 

Fibrous rings 

Right atrium 

Pectinate ("comb-like") muscles 

Terminal sulcus of the right atrium 

Terminal crest 

Venous sinus 

Edge of oval fossa (O. T. annulus 
ovalis) 

Right auricle (O. T. right auricular ap- 
pendix) 

Intervenous tubercle of Lower 

Valve of inferior vena cava (O. T. 
Eustachian valve) 

Oval fossa 

Valve of coronary sinus (O. T. coronary 
valve, or valve of Thebesius) 

Foramina of the smallest veins (O. T. 
foramina Thebesii) 

Right ventricle 

Tricuspid valve (O. T. right auriculo- 
ventricular valve) 
Anterior cusp (O. T. infundibular 
cusp) 



Posterior cusp (O. T. marginal 
cusp) 

Medial cusp (O. T. septal cusp) 
Supraventricular crest 
Arterial cone 
Semilunar valves of pulmonary artery 

Anterior semilunar valve 

Right semilunar valve 

Left semilunar valve 
Nodules of the semilunar valves 
Crescents of the semilunar valves 

Left atrium (0. T. left auricle) 

Left auricle (O. T. left auricular 

appendix) 
Valve of the foramen 

Left ventricle 

Bicuspid or mitral valve (O. T. left 
auriculoventricular valve) 

Anterior cusp 

Posterior cusp 
Semilunar valves of aorta 

Posterior semilunar valve 

Right semilunar valve 

Left semilunar valve 
Nodules of the semilunar valves (O. T. 

corpora Arantii) 
Crescents, or "sails" of semilunar 

valves 



Arteries 



Pulmonary artery 



Right ramus 
Left ramus 
Arterial duct 
Arterial ligament 



Aorta 



Ascending aorta 



Bulb of aorta 

Sinuses of aorta (O. T. sinus Val- 
salvae) 

Arch of aorta 

Isthmus of aorta 

Descending aorta 

Right coronary artery of heart 
Posterior descending ramus 

Left coronary artery of heart 



62 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Ramus circumflexus 
Ramus descendens anterior 

A. anonyma 

(A. thyreoidea ima) 

A. carotis communis 

A. carotis externa 
A. thyreoidea superior 

Ramus hyoideus 

Ramus sternocleidomastoideus 

A. laryngea superior 

Ramus cricothyreoideus 

Ramus anterior 

Ramus posterior 

Rami glandulares 

A. pharjmgea ascendens 
A. meningea posterior 
Rami pharyngei 
A. tympanica inferior 

A. lingualis 

Ramus hyoideus 
A. subHnguaKs 
Rami dorsales hnguae 
A. profunda Hnguae 



A. maxillaris externa 

A. palatina ascendens 
Ramus tonsillaris 
A. submentalis 
Rami glandulares 
A. labialis inferior 
A. labialis superior 
A. angularis 

A. stemocleidomastoidea 
A. occipitalis . 

Ramus mastoideus 
Ramus auricularis 



Rami musculares 

Ramus descendens 
(Ramus meningeus) 
Rami occipitales 

A. auricularis posterior 
A. stylomastoidea 

A. tympanica posterior 

Rami mastoidei 

Ramus stapedius 
Ramus auricularis 
Ramus occipitalis , 

A. temporalis superficialis 

Rami parotidei 

A. transversa faciei 

Rami auriculares anteriores 

A. zygomaticoorbitalis 

A. temporalis media 

Ramus frontalis 

Ramus parietalis 

A. maxillaris interna 
A. auricularis profunda 
A. tympanica anterior 
A. alveolaris inferior 

R. mylohyoideus 

A. mentalis 

A. meningea media 

(Ramus meningeus accessorius) 

Ramus petrosus superficialis 

A. tympanica superior 
A. masseterica 

A. temporalis profunda posterior 
A. temporalis profunda anterior 
Rami pterygoidei 
A. buccinatoria 
A. alveolaris superior posterior 

A. infraorbitalis 

Aa. alveol. superiores anteriores 



Angiology 



62 



Circumflex ramus 
Anterior descending ramus 

Innominate artery 

Lowest thyreoid artery 

Common carotid artery 
External carotid artery 

Superior thyreoid artery 

Hyoid ramus 

Sternocleidomastoid ramus 
Superior laryngeal artery 
Cricothyreoid ramus 
Anterior ramus 
Posterior ramus 
Glandular rami 

Ascending pharyngeal artery 

Posterior meningeal artery 
Pharyngeal rami 
Inferior tympanic artery 

Lingual artery 

Hyoid ramus 
Sublingual artery 
Dorsal rami of tongue 
Deep artery of tongue (O. T. ranine 
artery) 

External maxillary artery (O. T. 
facial artery) 
Ascending palatine artery 
Tonsillar rami 
Submental artery 
Glandular rami 
Inferior labial artery 
Superior labial artery 
Angular artery 

Stemocleido mastoid artery 
Occipital artery 

Mastoid ramus 
Auricular ramus 



Muscular rami 

Descending ramus 
Meningeal ramus 
Occipital rami 

Posterior auricular artery 

Stylomastoid artery 

Posterior tympanic artery 

Mastoid rami 

Stapedial ramus 
Auricular ramus 
Occipital ramus 

Superficial temporal artery 

Parotid rami 
Transverse artery of face 
Anterior auricular rami 
Zygomatico-orbital artery 
Middle temporal artery 
Frontal ramus 
Parietal ramus 

Internal maxillary artery 

Deep auricular artery 

Anterior tympanic artery 

Inferior alveolar artery (O. T. in- 
ferior dental) 

Mylohyoid ramus 

Mental artery 

Middle meningeal artery 

Accessory meningeal ramus (O. T. 
small meningeal) 
Superficial petrosal ramus 
Superior tympanic artery 

Masseteric artery 

Posterior deep temporal artery 

Anterior deep temporal artery 

Pterygoid rami 

Buccinator artery (O. T. buccal) 

Posterior superior alveolar artery (O. 
T. posterior dental) 

Infraorbital artery 

Anterior superior alveolar arteries 
(O. T. anterior superior dental) 



63 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



A. palatina descendens 
A. canalis pterygoidei [Vidii] 
A. palatina major 
Aa. palatinae minores 
A. sphenopalatina 
Aa. nasales posteriores laterales et 
septi 

A. carotis interna 

Ramus caroticotympanicus 



A. ophthalmica 

A. centralis retinae 

A. lacrimalis 

Aa. palpebrales laterales 

Rami musculares 

Aa. ciliares posteriores breves 

Aa. ciliares posteriores longae 

Aa. ciliares anteriores 

Aa. conjunctrvales anteriores 

Aa. conjunctivales posteriores 

Aa. episclerales 

A. supraorbitalis 

A. ethmoidalis posterior 

A. ethmoidalis anterior 

A. meningea anterior 

Aa. palpebrales mediales 

Arcus tarseus superior 

Arcus tarseus inferior 

A. frontalis 

A. dorsalis nasi 

Aa. cerebri 

A. communicans posterior 
A. chorioidea 

A. cerebri anterior 

A. communicans anterior 

A. cerebri media 



A. subclavia 

A. vertebralis 

Rami spinales 
A. spinalis posterior 
A. spinalis anterior 
Ramus meningeus 

A. cerebelli inferior posterior 

A. basilaris 

A. cerebelli inferior anterior 
A. auditiva interna 

Rami ad pontem 

A. cerebelli superior 
A. cerebri posterior 
Circulus arteriosus [Willisi] 

A. mammaria interna 

Aa. mediastinales anteriores 

Aa. thymicae 

Rami bronchiales 

A. pericardiacophrenica 

Rami sternales 
Rami perforantes 

Rami mammarii 

Rami musculares 

Rami cutanei 
(Ramus costalis lateralis) 
Rami intercostales 

A. musculophrenica 
A. epigastrica superior 

Truncus thyreocervicalis 

A. thyreoidea inferior 

A. laryngea inferior 
Rami pharyngei 
Rami oesophagei 



Angiology 



63 



Descending palatine artery 
Artery of pterygoid canal 
Greater palatine artery 
Lesser palatine arteries 
Sphenopalatine artery 
Posterior lateral arteries of the nose 
and of septum 

Internal carotid artery 

Caroticotympanic ramus (O. T. tym- 
panic branch) 

Ophthalmic artery 

Central artery of retina 

Lacrimal artery 

Lateral palpebral arteries 

Muscular rami ■ • 

Short posterior ciliary arteries 

Long posterior ciliary arteries 

Anterior ciliary arteries 

Anterior conjunctival arteries 

Posterior conjunctival arteries 

Episcleral arteries 

Supraorbital artery 

Posterior ethmoidal artery 

Anterior ethmoidal artery 

Anterior meningeal artery 

Middle palpebral arteries 

Superior tarsal arch 

Inferior tarsal arch 

Frontal artery 

Dorsal artery of nose 

Cerebral arteries 

Posterior communicating artery 
Chorioid artery (O. T. anterior cho- 
roidal) 
Anterior cerebral artery 
Anterior communicating artery 
Middle cerebral artery (O. T. arteria 
fossae Sylvii) 



Subclavian artery 

Vertebral artery 

Spinal rami 

Posterior spinal artery 

Anterior spinal artery 

Meningeal ramus (O. T. posterior 

meningeal branch) 
Posterior inferior cerebellar artery 

Basilar artery 

Anterior inferior cerebellar artery 

Internal auditory artery (O. T. audi- 
tory artery) 

Rami to pons (O. T. transverse arter- 
ies) 

Superior cerebellar arteries 

Posterior cerebral artery 

Arterial circle of Willis 

Internal mammary artery- 
Anterior mediastinal arteries 
Thymic arteries 
Bronchial rami 
Pericardiacophrenic artery (O. T. 

arteria comes nervi phrenici) 
Sternal rami 
Perforating rami 

Mammary rami 

Muscular rami 

Cutaneous rami 
Lateral costal ramus 
Intercostal rami (O. T. anterior inter- 

costals) 
Musculophrenic artery 
Superior epigastric artery 

Thyreocervical trunk (0. T. thy- 
roid axis) 

Inferior thyreoid artery 

Inferior laryngeal artery 
Pharyngeal rami 
Oesophageal rami 



64 

Rami tracheales 
Rami glandulares 



Anatomical Nomenclature 

A. circumflexa scapulae 



A. cervicalis ascendens 

Rami spinales 
Rami musculares 
Ramus profundus 

A. cervicalis superficialis 

A. transversa scapulae 

Ramus acromialis 

Truncus costocervicalis 

A. intercostalis suprema 

Rami dorsales 
Rami spinales 
A. cervicalis profunda 

A. transversa colli 

Ramus ascendens 
Ramus descendens 

A. axillaris 

Rami subscapulares 

A. thoracalis suprema 

A. thoracoacromialis 

Ramus acromialis 
Rete acromiale 
Ramus deltoideus 
Rami pectorales 

A. thoracalis lateralis 

Rami mammarii externi 

A. subscapularis 
A. thoracodorsalis 



A. circumflexa humeri anterior 
A. circumflexa humeri posterior 
A. brachialis 

A. profunda brachii 

Aa. nutritiae humeri 
R. deltoideus 
A. collateralis media 
A. collateralis radialis 

A. collateralis ulnaris superior 
A. collateralis ulnaris inferior 

A. radialis 

A. recurrens radialis 
Rami musculares 
Ramus carpeus volaris 

Ramus volaris superficialis 
Ramus carpeus dorsalis 

Rete carpi dorsale 

Aa. metacarpeae dorsales 

Aa. digitales dorsales 
A. princeps pollicis 

A. volaris indicis radialis 

Arcus volaris profundus 

Aa. metacarpeae volares 
Rami perforantes 



Angiology 



64 



Tracheal rami 
Glandular rami 

Ascending cervical artery- 
Spinal rami 
Muscular rami 
Deep ramus 

Superficial cervical artery 

Transverse artery of scapula (O. T. 
suprascapular) 

Acromial ramus 

Costocervical trunk (0. T. superior 
intercostal) 

Highest intercostal artery (O. T. 
superior intercostal proper) 

Dorsal rami 

Spinal rami 
Deep cervical artery 

Transverse artery of neck (O. T. 
transversalis colli) 

Ascending ramus 
Descending ramus 

Axillary artery 

Subscapular rami 

Highest thoracic artery (0. T. supe- 
rior thoracic artery) 

Thoraco-acromial artery (0. T. 
acromiothoracic or thoracic axis) 
Acromial ramus 
Acromial rete 
Deltoid ramus 
Pectoral rami 



Lateral thoracic artery (0. T. 
thoracic) 

External mammary rami 

Subscapular artery 

Thoracodorsal artery 



long 



Circumflex artery of scapula (O. T. 
dorsalis scapulae) 

Anterior circumflex artery of hu- 
merus 

Posterior circumflex artery of hu- 
merus 

Brachial artery 

Deep artery of upper arm (0. T. 
superior profunda) 

Nutrient arteries of the humerus 
Deltoid ramus 
Middle collateral artery 
Radial collateral artery (O. T. articu- 
lar branch of superior profunda) 

Superior ulnar collateral artery (O. 
T. inferior profunda) 

Inferior ulnar collateral artery (O. 
T. anastomotica magna) 

Radial artery 

Radial recurrent artery 

Muscular rami 

Volar carpal ramus (O. T. anterior 

radial carpal) 
Superficial volar ramus 
Dorsal carpal ramus (O. T. posterior 

radial carpal) 
Dorsal carpal rete (O. T. posterior 

carpal rete) 
Dorsal metacarpal arteries (O. T. 

dorsal interosseous arteries) 
Dorsal digital arteries 
Principal artery of thumb 

Radial volar artery of index-finger 
(O. T. arteria radiahs indicis) 
Deep volar arch (O. T. deep palmar 

arch) 
Volar metacarpal arteries 
Perforating rami 



65 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



A. ulnaris 

Aa. recurrentes ulnares 
Rete articulare cubiti 
A. interossea communis 
A. interossea dorsalis 

A. interossea recurrens 

A. interossea volaris 

A. mediana 
Rami musculares 
Ramus carpeus dorsalis 

Ramus carpeus volaris 

Ramus volaris profundus 
Arcus volaris superficialis 

.Aa. digitales volares communes 

Aa. digitales volares propriae 

Aorta thoracalis 

Rami viscerales 
Aa. bronchiales 
Aa. oesophageae 
Rami pericardiaci 

Rami parietales 
Rami mediastinals 
Aa. phrenicae superiores 

Aa. intercostales 

Rami posteriores 

Ramus spinalis 

Rami musculares 

Ramus cutaneus medialis 

Ramus cutaneus lateralis 
Rami anteriores 

Rami musculares 

Rami cutanei laterales [pectorales 
et abdominales] 



Ramus posterior 
Ramus anterior 
Rami mammarii laterales 
Rami cutanei anteriores [pecto- 
rales et abdominales] 
Rami mammarii mediales 

Aorta abdominalis 

Rami parietales 

A. phrenica inferior 

Rami suprarenales superiores 

Aa. lumbales 

Ramus dorsalis 
Ramus spinalis 

A. sacralis media 

A. lumbalis ima 
Glomus coccygeum 

Rami viscerales 

A. coeliaca 

A. gastrica sinistra 
Rami oesophagei 
A. hepatica 
A. gastrica dextra 
A. hepatica propria 

Ramus dexter 

A. cystica 

Ramus sinister 
A. gastroduodenalis 

A. pancreaticoduoden. superior 
Rami pancreatici 
Rami duodenales 

A. gastroepiploica dextra 
Rami epiploici 
A. 1 i e n a 1 i s 
Rami pancreatici 
A. gastroepiploica sinistra 
Aa. gastricae breves 
Rami lienales 



Angiology 



6s 



Ulnar artery 

Hecurrent ulnar arteries 
Articular rete of elbow 
Common interosseous artery 
Dorsal interosseous artery (O. T. 
posterior interosseous) 

Recurrent interosseous artery (O. T. 
posterior interosseous recurrent) 
Volar interosseous artery (O. T. 

anterior interosseous) 
Median artery 
Muscular rami 
Dorsal carpal ramus (O. T. posterior 

ulnar carpal) 
Volar carpal ramus (O. T. anterior 

ulnar carpal) 
Deep volar ramus 

Superficial volar arch (O. T. super- 
ficial palmar arch) 
Common volar digital arteries (O. T. 

palmar digital arteries) 
Volar digital arteries proper (O. T. 

collateral digital arteries) 

Thoracic aorta 

Visceral rami 
Bronchial arteries 
Oesophageal arteries 
Pericardial rami 

Parietal rami 
Mediastinal rami 
Superior phrenic arteries 

Intercostal arteries 

Posterior rami 

Spinal rami 

Muscular rami 

Medial cutaneous ramus 

Lateral cutaneous ramus 
Anterior rami 

Muscular rami 

Lateral cutaneous rami of breast 
and abdomen 



Posterior ramus 
Anterior ramus 
Lateral mammary rami 
Anterior cutaneous rami of breast 
and abdomen 
Medial mammary rami 

Abdominal aorta 

Parietal rami 

Inferior phrenic artery 

Superior suprarenal rami 

Lumbar arteries 

Dorsal ramus 
Spinal ramus 

Middle sacral artery 

Lowest lumbar artery 
Coccygeal skein 

Visceral rami 

Coeliac artery 

Left gastric artery 
Oesophageal rami 
Hepatic artery 
Right gastric artery 
Proper hepatic artery 

Right ramus 

Cystic artery 

Left ramus 
Gastroduodenal artery 

Superior pancreaticoduodenal artery 
Pancreatic rami 
Duodenal rami 

Right gastro-epiploic artery 
Epiploic rami 
Splenic artery 
Pancreatic rami 
Left gastro-epiploic artery 
Short gastric arteries 
Splenic rami 



66 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



A. mesenterica superior 

Aa. intestinales 

A. pancreaticoduodenalis inferior 
Aa, jejunales 
Aa. ileae 

A. ileocolica 

A. appendicularis 
A. colica dextra 
A. colica media 

A. mesenterica inferior 
A. colica sinistra 
Aa. sigmoideae 
A. haemorrhoidalis superior 

A. suprarenalis media 

A. renalis 
A. suprarenalis inferior 

A. spermatica interna 

A. testicularis 

A. ovarica 

A. iliaca communis 

A. hypogastrica 

Rami parietales 

A. iliolumbalis 

Ramus lumbalis 
Ramus spinalis 
Ramus iliacus 

A. sacralis lateralis 
Rami spinales 

A. obturatoria 

Ramus pubicus 

Ramus anterior ^ 

Ramus posterior 

A. acetabuli 



A. glutaea superior 

amus superior 
Ramus inferior 

A. glutaea inferior 
A. comitans n. ischiadici 

Rami viscerales 

A. umbilicalis 

Aa. vesicales superiores 
[Ligamentum umbilicale laterale] 

A. vesicalis inferior 
A. deferentialis 
A. uterina 
A. vaginalis 
Ramus ovarii 
Ramus tubarius 

A. haemorrhoidalis media 
A. pudenda interna 
A. haemorrhoidalis inferior 
A. perinei 

Aa. scrotales posteriores 
Aa. labiales posteriores 
A. penis 
A. urethralis 
A. bulbi urethrae 
A. bulbi vestibuli [vaginae] 
A. profunda penis 
A. dorsalis penis 
A. clitoridis 
A. profunda clitoridis 
A. dorsalis clitoridis 

A. iliaca externa 

A. epigastrica inferior 

Ramus pubicus 

Ramus obturatorius 
A. spermatica externa 



Angiology 



66 



Superior mesenteric artery- 
Intestinal arteries 

Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery 

Jejunal arteries 

Ileal arteries (O. T. rami intestini 

tenuis) 
Ileocolic artery 

Appendicular artery 
Right colic artery 
Middle colic artery 

Inferior mesenteric artery 

Left colic artery 
Sigmoid arteries 
Superior hemorrhoidal artery 

Middle suprarenal artery (0. T 
middle capsular artery) 

Renal artery- 
Inferior suprarenal artery 

Internal spermatic artery 

Testicular artery 

Ovarian artery 

Common iliac artery 

Hypogastric artery (O. T. inter= 
nal iliac) 

Parietal rami 

Iliolumbar artery 

Lumbar ramus 
Spinal ramus 
Iliac ramus 

Lateral sacral artery 
Spinal rami 

Obturator artery 

Pubic ramus 
Anterior ramus 
Posterior ramus 
Artery of acetabulum 



Superior gluteal artery 

Superior ramus 
Inferior ramus 

Inferior gluteal artery 

Companion artery of sciatic nerve 
Visceral rami 

Umbilical artery 
Superior vesical arteries 
[Lateral umbilical ligament] 

Inferior vesical artery 
Deferential artery 
Uterine artery 
Vaginal artery 
Ovarian ramus 
Tubal ramus 

Middle hemorrhoidal artery 

Internal pudendal artery 

Inferior hemorrhoidal artery 

Artery of perineum 

Posterior scrotal arteries 

Posterior labial arteries 

Artery of penis 

Urethral artery 

Artery of the bulb of urethra 

Artery of the vestibular bulb of vagina 

Deep artery of penis 

Dorsal artery of penis 

Artery of clitoris 

Deep artery of clitoris 

Dorsal artery of clitoris 

External iliac artery 

Inferior epigastric artery (0. T. deep 
epigastric) 

Pubic ramus 

Obturator ramus 
External spermatic artery (O. T. 

cremasteric) 



67 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



A. lig. teretis uteri 

A. circumflexa ilium profunda 
A. femoralis 

A. epigastrica superficialis 

A. circumflexa ilium superficialis 

Aa. pudendae externae 



Aa. scrotales anteriores 

Aa. labiales anteriores 

Rami inguinales 

A. profunda femoris 

A. circumflexa femoris medialis 

Ramus superficialis 
Ramus profundus 
Ramus acetabuli 
A. circumflexa femoris lateralis 

Ramus ascendens 

Ramus descendens 
A. perforans prima 
A. nutritia femoris superior 
A. perforans secunda 
A. perforans tertia 
A. nutritia femoris inferior 
Rami musculares 
A. genu suprema 
Rami musculares 
Ramus saphenus 
Rami articulares 

A. poplitea 

A. genu superior lateralis 

A. genu superior medialis 

A. genu media 

Aa. surales 

A. genu inferior lateralis 



A. genu inferior medialis 

Rete articulare genu 
Rete patellae 

A. tibialis anterior 

(A. recurrens tibialis posterior) 
A. recurrens tibialis anterior 
A. malleolaris anterior lateralis 

A. malleolaris anterior medialis 

Rete malleolare mediale 

Rete malleolare laterale 

A. dorsalis pedis 

A. tarsea lateralis 

Aa. tarseae mediales 

A. arcuata 

Rete dorsale pedis 

Aa. metatarseae dorsales 

Aa. digitales dorsales 

Ramus plantaris profundus 

A. tibialis posterior 

Ramus fibularis 
A. peronaea 
A. nutritia fibulae 
Ramus perforans 

Ramus communicans 

A. malleolaris posterior lateralis 

Rami calcanei laterales 

A. nutritia tibiae 

A. malleolaris posterior medialis 

Rami calcanei mediales 

Rete calcaneum 

A. plantaris medialis 

Ramus profundus 



Angiology 



67 



Artery of round ligament of uterus 

Deep circumflex iliac artery 
Femoral artery 

Superficial epigastric artery 
Superficial circumflex iliac artery 
External pudendal arteries (O. T. 

superficial and deep external pudic 

arteries) 
Anterior scrotal arteries 
Anterior labial arteries 
Inguinal rami 

Deep artery of thigh 
Medial circumflex artery of thigh 
(O. T. internal circumflex) 

Superficial ramus 

Deep ramus 

Ramus to acetabulum 
Lateral circumflex artery of thigh 
(O. T. external circumflex) 

Ascending ramus 

Descending ramus 
First perforating artery 
Superior nutrient artery of femur 
Second perforating artery 
Third perforating artery 
Inferior nutrient artery of femur 
Muscular rami 

Highest artery of knee 
Muscular rami 
Saphenous ramus 
Articular rami 

Popliteal artery 

Lateral superior artery of knee (O. T. 

superior external articular artery) 
Medial superior artery of knee (O. T. 

superior internal articular artery) 
Middle artery of knee (O. T. azygos 

articular artery) 
Sural arteries, or arteries of calf 
Lateral inferior artery of knee (O. T. 

inferior external articular artery) 



Medial inferior artery of knee (O. T. 

inferior internal articular artery) 
Arterial network about knee-joint 
Patellar network 

Anterior tibial artery 

Posterior recurrent tibial artery 
Anterior recurrent tibial artery 
Lateral anterior malleolar artery (O. T. 

external malleolar) 
Medial anterior malleolar artery (O. T. 

internal malleolar) 
Medial malleolar network 
Lateral malleolar network 
Dorsal artery of foot 
Lateral tarsal artery 
Medial tarsal arteries 
Arcuate artery 
Dorsal network of foot 
Dorsal metatarsal arteries 
Dorsal digital arteries 
Deep plantar ramus 

Posterior tibial artery 

Fibular ramus 

Peroneal artery 

Nutrient artery of fibula 

Perforating ramus (O. T. anterior 
peroneal) 

Communicating ramus 

Lateral posterior malleolar artery (O. 
T. posterior peroneal) 

Lateral calcanean rami (O. T. exter- 
nal calcanean) 

Nutrient artery of tibia 

Medial posterior malleolar artery (O. 
T. internal malleolar) 

Medial calcanean rami (O. T. internal 
calcanean) 

Network of heel 

Medial plantar artery (O. T. internal 
plantar) 
Deep ramus 



68 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Ramus superficialis 
A. plantaris lateralis 

Arcus plantaris 



Aa. metatarseae plantares 

Rami perforantes 
Aa. digitales plantares 



Venae 



Venae pulmonales 

Vv. pulmonales dextrae 
Vv. pulmonales sinistrae 

Vv. cordis 

Sinus coronarius 
V. cordis magna 

V. posterior ventriculi sinistri 

V. obliqua atrii sinistri [Marshalli] 

Lig. V. cavae sinistrae 

V. cordis media 
V. cordis parva 
Vv. cordis anteriores 
Vv. cordis minimae 



Vena cava superior 
Vv. anonymae dextra et sinistra 

Vv. thyreoideae inferiores 
V. thyreoidea ima 
Plexus thyreoideus impar 
V. laryngea inferior 
Vv. thymicae 
Vv. pericardiacae 
Vv. phrenicae superiores 
Vv. mediastinals anteriores 
Vv. bronchiales anteriores 
Vv. tracheales 
Vv. oesophageae 
V. vertebralis 



V. cervicalis profunda 
V. mammaria interna 
Vv. subcutaneae abdominis 
V. epigastrica superior 
V. intercostalis suprema 

V. jugularis interna 

Bulbus venae jugularis superior 

V. canaliculi cochleae 

Bulbus V. jugularis inferior 

Plexus pharyngeus 

Vv. pharyngeae 

Vv. meningeae 

Vv. canalis pterygoidei [Vidii] 

V. lingualis 

Vv. dorsales linguae 

V. sublingualis 

V. comitans n. hypoglossi 

(Vv. thyreoideae superiores) 

V. sternocleidomastoidea 

V. laryngea superior 

Sinus durae matris 

Sinus transversus 
Confiuens sinuum 

Vv. auditivae intemae 
Sinus occipitalis 
Plexus basilaris 
Sinus sagittalis superior 

Sinus sagittalis inferior 



Angiology 



68 



Superficial ramus 
Lateral plantar artery (O: T. external 

plantar) 
Plantar arch 



Plantar metatarsal arteries (O. T. 
digital branches) 

Perforating rami 

Plantar digital arteries (O. T. collat- 
eral digital branches) 



Veins 



Pulmonary veins 

Right pulmonary veins 
Left pulmonary veins 

Veins of heart 

Coronary sinus 

Large vein of heart (O. T. great 

cardiac vein) 
Posterior vein of left ventricle 
Oblique vein of left atrium (O. T. 

oblique vein of Marshall) 
Ligament of left vena cava (O. T. 

vestigial fold of Marshall) 
Middle vein of heart 
Small vein of heart 
Anterior veins of heart 
Smallest veins of heart (O. T. Vv. 

Thebesii) 

Superior vena cava 
Right and left innominate veins 

Inferior thyreoid veins 
Lowest thyreoid vein 
Unpaired thyreoid plexus 
Inferior laryngeal vein 
Thymic veins 
Pericardiac veins 
Superior phrenic veins 
Anterior mediastinal veins 
Anterior bronchial veins 
Tracheal veins 
Oesophageal veins 
Vertebral vein 



Deep cervical vein 
Internal mammary vein 
Subcutaneous veins of abdomen 
Superior epigastric vein 
Highest intercostal vein (O. T. 
superior intercostal vein) 



left 



Internal jugular vein 

Upper bulb of jugular vein 

Vein of canaliculus of cochlea 

Inferior bulb of jugular vein 

Pharyngeal plexus 

Pharyngeal veins 

Meningeal veins 

Veins of the pterygoid canal 

Lingual vein 

Dorsal" veins of tongue 

Sublingual vein 

Companion vein to hypoglossal nerve 

Superior thyreoid veins 

Sternocleidomastoid vein 

Superior laryngeal vein 

Sinuses of the dura mater 

Transverse sinus (O. T. lateral sinus) 
Confluence of the sinuses (O. T. 

torcular Herophili) 
Internal auditor]^ veins 
Occipital sinus 

Basilar plexus (O. T. basilar sinus) 
Superior sagittal sinus (O. T. superior 

longitudinal sinus) 
Inferior sagittal sinus (O. T. inferior 

longitudinal sinus) 



69 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Sinus rectus 

Sinus petrosus inferior 

Sinus petrosus superior 

Sinus cavernosus 

Sinus intercavernosus anterior 

Sinus intercavernosus posterior 

Sinus circularis 

Sinus sphenoparietalis 

Venae diploicae 

V. diploica frontalis 

V. diploica temporalis anterior 

V. diploica temporalis posterior 

V. diploica occipitalis 
Emissarium parietale 
Emissarium mastoideum 
Emissarium condyloideum 
Emissarium occipitale 
Rete canalis hypoglossi 
Rete foraminis ovalis 
Plexus venosus caroticus internus 

Venae cerebri 

Vv. cerebri superiores 
V. cerebri media 
Vv. cerebri inferiores 
Vv. cerebelli superiores 
Vv. cerebelli inferiores 
Vv. cerebri internae 

V. cerebri magna [Galeni] 

V. septi pellucidi 
V. terminalis 

V. basalis [Rosenthali] 

V. chorioidea 

V. ophthalmomeningea 

V. ophthalmica superior 

V. nasofrontalis 

V. ethmoidalis anterior 

V. ethmoidalis posterior 



V. lacrimalis 

Vv. musculares 

Vv. vorticosae 

Vv. ciliares posteriores 

Vv. ciliares anteriores 

V. centralis retinae 

Vv. episclerales 

Vv. palpebrales 

Vv. conjunctivales anteriores 

Vv. conjunctivales posteriores 

V. ophthalmica inferior 

V. facialis communis' 
V. facialis anterior 
V. angularis 
Vv. frontales 
V. supraorbitalis 
V. palpebrales superiores 
V. nasales externae 
V. palpebrales inferiores 
V. labialis superior 
V. labialis inferior 
Vv. massetericae 
Vv. parotideae anteriores 
V. palatina 
V. submentalis 

V. facialis posterior 
Vv. temporales superficiales 

Vv. auriculares anteriores 
Vv. parotideae posteriores 
Vv. articulares mandibulae 
Vv. tympanicae 
V. stylomastoidea 
V. transversa faciei 
V. temporalis media 
Plexus pterygoideus 
Vv. meningeae mediae 
Vv. temporales profundae 
V. thyreoidea superior 

V. jugularis externa 

V. occipitalis 



Angiology 



69 



Straight sinus 

Inferior petrosal sinus 

Superior petrosal sinus 

Cavernous sinus 

Anterior intercavernous sinus 

Posterior intercavernous sinus 

Circular sinus 

Sphenoparietal sinus (O. T. sinus alae 

parvae) 
Diploic veins 

Frontal diploic vein 

Anterior temporal diploic vein 

Posterior temporal diploic vein 

Occipital diploic vein 
Parietal emissary 
Mastoid emissary 
Condyloid emissary 
Occipital emissary 
Network of hypoglossal canal 
Network of oval foramen 
Venous plexus of internal carotid 

Cerebral veins 

Superior cerebral veins 

Middle cerebral vein 

Inferior cerebral veins 

Superior cerebellar veins 

Inferior cerebellar veins 

Internal cerebral veins (O. T. veins 
of Galen) 

Large vein of cerebrum (O. T. vena 
magna Galeni) 

Vein of septum pellucidum 

Terminal vein (O. T. vein of the cor- 
pus striatum) 

Basal vein (O. T. basilar vein) 

Chorioid vein 

Ophthalmomeningeal vein 

Superior ophthalmic vein 

Nasofrontal vein 
Anterior ethmoidal vein 
Posterior ethmoidal vein 



Lacrimal vein 
Muscular veins 
Vortex veins 
Posterior ciliary veins 
Anterior ciliary veins 
Central vein of retina 
Episcleral veins 
Palpebral veins 
Anterior conjunctival veins 
Posterior conjunctival veins 
Inferior ophthalmic vein 

Common facial vein 
Anterior facial vein 

Angular vein 
Frontal veins 
Supraorbital vein 
Superior palpebral veins 
External nasal veins 
Inferior palpebral veins 
Vein of upper lip 
Vein of lower lip 
Masseteric veins 
Anterior parotid veins 
Palatine vein 
Submental vein 

Posterior facial vein 

Superficial temporal veins 
Anterior auricular veins 
Posterior parotid veins 
Articular mandibular veins 
Tympanic veins 
Stylomastoid vein 
Transverse vein of face 
Middle temporal vein 
Pterygoid plexus 
Middle meningeal veins 
Deep temporal veins 
Superior thyreoid vein 

External jugular vein 

Occipital vein 



70 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



V. auricularis posterior 
V. jugularis anterior 
Arcus venosus juguli 
(V. mediana colli) 
V. transversa scapulae 

V. subclavia 

V. thoracoacromialis 

Vv. transversae colli 

V. axillaris 
V. thoracalis lateralis 

Vv. costoaxillares 

Vv. thoracoepigastricae 

Plexus venosus mamillae 

Vv. brachiales 

Vv. radiales 

Vv. ulnares 

V. cephalica 

V. cephalica accessoria 
V. basilica 
V. mediana cubiti 

(V. mediana antibrachii) 

(V. mediana basilica) 

(V. mediana cephalica) 
Rete venosum dorsale manus 
Vv. intercapitulares 
Arcus volaris venosus superficialis 
Arcus volaris venosus profundus 
Vv. digitales volares communes 
Vv. metacarpeae dorsales 
Vv. metacarpeae volares 
Vv. digitales volares propriae 
Arcus venosi digitales 

V. azygos 

V. hemiazygos 



V. hemiazygos accessoria 

Vv. intercostales 

Ramus dorsalis 

Ramus spinalis 
Vv. oesophageae 
Vv. bronchiales posteriores 
V. lumbalis ascendens 
Vv. basivertebrales 
Plexus venosi vertebrales extern! 

Plexus venosi vertebrales anteriores 

Plexus venosi vertebrales posteriores 
Plexus venosi vertebrales interni 

Retia venosa vertebrarum 
Sinus vertebrales longitudinales 
Vv. intervertebrals 
Vv. spinales externae anteriores 
Vv. spinales externae posteriores 
Vv. spinales internae 

V. cava inferior 

Radices parietales 
V. phrenica inferior 
Vv. lumbales 

Radices viscerales 
Vv. hepaticae 
Vv. renales 
Vv. suprarenales 
V. spermatica: 
V. testicularis 
V. ovarica 
Plexus pampiniformis 

Vena portae 

V. coronaria ventriculi 
V. mesenterica superior 

Vv. intestinales 

V. gastroepiploica dextra 

Vv. pancreaticae 

V. ileocolica 

Vv. colicae dextrae 

V. colica media 

Vv. pancreaticoduodenales 



Angiology 



70 



Posterior auricular vein 
Anterior jugular vein 
Venous jugular arch 
Median vein of neck 
Transverse vein of scapula (O. T. 
suprascapular vein) 

Subclavian vein 

Thoraco-acromial vein (O. T. acro- 
miothoracic, or thoracic axis) 

Transverse veins of neck (O. T. 
transversalis colli) 

Axillary vein 

Lateral thoracic vein (O. T. long 

thoracic) 
Costo-axillary veins 
Thoraco-epigastric veins 
Venous plexus of mammary gland 
Brachial veins 
Radial veins 
Ulnar veins 
Cephalic vein 

Accessory cephalic vein 
Basilic vein 
Median vein of elbow 

Median vein of forearm 

Median basilic vein 

Median cephalic vein 
Dorsal venous network of hand 
Intercapitular veins 
Superficial venous volar arch 
Deep venous volar arch 
Common volar digital veins 
Dorsal metacarpal veins 
Volar metacarpal veins 
Volar digital veins proper 
Venous arches of digits 

Azygos vein (O. T. vena azygos 
major) 

Hemiazygos vein (O. T. v. azygos 
minor inferior) 



Accessory hemiazygos vein (O. T. v. 

azygos minor superior) 
Intercostal veins 

Dorsal ramus 

Spinal ramus 
Oesophageal veins 
Posterior bronchial veins 
Ascending lumbar vein 
Basivertebral veins 
External vertebral venous plexuses 

Anterior vertebral venous plexuses 

Posterior vertebral venous plexuses 
Internal vertebral venous plexuses 

Venous networks of the vertebrae 
Longitudinal vertebral sinuses 
Intervertebral veins 
Anterior external spinal veins 
Posterior external spinal veins 
Internal spinal veins 

Inferior vena cava 

Parietal radicals 
Inferior phrenic vein 
Lumbar veins 

Visceral radicals 
Hepatic veins 
Renal veins 
Suprarenal veins 
Spermatic vein 
Testicular vpin 
Ovarian vein 
Pampiniform plexus 

Portal vein 

Coronary vein of stomach 
Superior mesenteric vein 

Intestinal veins 

Right gastro-epiploic vein 

Pancreatic veins 

Ileocolic vein 

Right colic veins 

Middle colic vein . 

Pancreaticoduodenal veins 



71 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Vv. duodenales 
V. mesenterica inferior 

V. colica sinistra 

Vv. sigmoideae 

V. haemorrhoidalis superior 
V. lienalis 

Vv. gastricae breves 

V. gastroepiploica sinistra 

V. cystica 
Vena umhilicalis 
Ductus venosus [Arantii] 
Vv. parumbilicales [Sappeyi] 

Vena iliaca communis 

V. sacralis media 

V. hypogastrica 

Vv. glutaeae superiores 

Vv. glutaeae inferiores 

Vv. obturatoriae 

Vv. sacrales laterales 

V. iliolumbalis 

Plexus sacralis anterior 

Plexus haemorrhoidalis 

Plexus vesicalis 

Plexus pudendalis 

V. dorsalis penis 

Vv. profundae penis 

V. dorsalis clitoridis 

Vv. profundae clitoridis 

Vv. uterinae 

Plexus uterovaginalis 

V. haemorrhoidalis media 

Vv. haemorrhoidales inferiores 

Vv. scrotales posteriores 



V. iliaca externa 

V. epigastrica inferior • 

V. circumflexa ilium profunda 

V. femoralis 

Vv. dorsales penis subcutaneae 

Vv. scrotales anteriores 

Vv. pudendae externae 

V. epigastrica superficialis 

V. saphena magna 

V. saphena accessoria 

V. circumflexa ilium superficialis 

Vv. circumflexae femoris mediales 

Vv. circumflexae femoris laterales 

Vv. comitantes 

Vv. profundae femoris 

Vv. perforantes 

V. saphena parva 

V. femoropoplitea 
Vv. peronaeae 
Vv. popliteae 
Vv. tibiales posteriores 
Vv. tibiales anteriores 
Rete venosum dorsale pedis 
Arcus venosus dorsalis pedis 
Vv. digitales communes pedis 
Vv. metatarseae dorsales pedis 
Vv. intercapitulares 
Rete venosum plantare 
Arcus venosus plantaris 
Vv. metatarseae plantares 
Vv. digitales pedis dorsales 
Vv. digitales plantares 



Systema lymphaticum 



Vasa lymphatica 

Vasa lymphatick superficialia 



Vasa lymphatica profunda 
Truncus jugularis 



Angiology 



71 



Duodenal veins 
Inferior mesenteric vein 

Left colic vein 

Sigmoid veins 

Superior hemorrhoidal vein 
Splenic vein 

Short gastric veins 

Left gastro-epiploic vein 

Cystic vein 
Umbilical vein 
Venous duct of Arantius 
Paraumbilical veins 

Common iliac vein 

Middle sacral vein 

Hypogastric vein (0. T. internal 
iliac vein) 

Superior gluteal veins' 
Inferior gluteal veins 
Obturator veins 
Lateral sacral veins 
IHolumbar vein 
Anterior sacral plexus 
Hemorrhoidal plexus 
Vesical plexus 
Pundendal plexus 
Dorsal vein of penis 
Deep veins of penis 
Dorsal veins of clitoris 
Deep veins of clitoris 
Uterine veins 
Uterovaginal plexus 
Middle hemorrhoidal vein 
Inferior hemorrhoidal veins 
Posterior scrotal veins 



External iliac veins 



Inferior epigastric vein (O. T. deep 

epigastric) 
Deep circumflex iliac vein 
Femoral vein 

Subcutaneous dorsal veins of penis 
Anterior scrotal veins 
External pundenal veins 
Superficial epigastric veins 
Large saphenous vein (O. T. internal 

saphenous) 
Accessory saphenous vein 
Superficial circumflex iliac vein 
Medial circumflex veins of thigh 
Lateral circumflex veins of thigh 
Accompanying veins 
Deep veins of thigh 
Perforating veins 

Small saphenous vein (O. T. external 
saphenous vein) 

Femoropopliteal vein 
Peroneal veins 
Popliteal veins 
Posterior tibial veins 
Anterior tibial veins 
Dorsal venous network of foot 
Dorsal venous arch of foot 
Common digital veins of foot 
Dorsal metatarsal veins of foot 
Intercapitular veins 
Plantar venous network 
Plantar venous arch 
Plantar metatarsal veins 
Dorsal digital veins of foot 
Plantar digital veins 



Lymphatic system 



Lymphatic vessels 

Superficial lymphatic vessel 



Deep lymphatic vessel 
Jugular trunk 



72 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Tnincus subclavius 

Truncus bronchomediastinalis dexter 

Ductus lymphaticus dexter 

Ductus thoracicus 

Trunci lumbales 
Truncus intestinalis 
Cisterna chyli 

Lymphoglandulae 

Vasa afferentia 

Vasa efferentia 

Substantia corticalis 

Substantia meduUaris 

Hilus 

Lymphoglandulae occipitales 

" auriculares posteriores 

'' auriculares anteriores 

" submaxillares 

" faciales pr'ofundae 

*' parotideae 

" cervicales superficiales 

" cervicales profundae superiores 

" cervicales profundae inferiores 

" linguales 

" axillares 

" subscapularee 

" pectorales 

" epigastricae 

" cubitales superficiales 

" cubitales profundae 

" tracheales 



Lymphoglandulae bronchiales 

" intercostales 

" mediastinales posteriores 

" mediastinales anteriores 

" sternales 

" iliacae 

" lumbales 

" coeliacae 

*' gastricae superiores 

" gastricae inferiores 

" hepaticae 

*' pancreaticolienales 

" mesentericae 

" mesocolicae 

" hypogastricae 

" sacrales 

" inguinales 

" subinguinales superficiales 

" subinguinales profundae 

" popliteae 
(Lymphoglandula tibialis anterior) 

Plexus lymphatici 

Plexus jugularis 
Plexus axillaris 
Plexus mammarius 
Plexus lumbalis 
Plexus aorticus 
Plexus sacralis medius 
Plexus hypogastricus 
Plexus coeUacus 
Plexus iliacus externus 
Plexus inguinalis 



Angiology 



72 



Subclavian trunk 

Right bronchomediastinal trunk 

Right lymphatic trunk 

Thoracic duct 

Lumbar trunks 
Intestinal trunk 

Chyle-cistern (O. T. receptaculum 
chyli) 

Lymph glands 

Afferent vessels 
Efferent vessels 
Cortical substance 
Medullary substance 
Hilus 

Occipital lymph glands 
Posterior auricular lymph glands 
Anterior auricular lymph glands 
Submaxillary lymph glands 
Deep facial lymph glands 
Parotid lymph glands 
Superficial cervical lymph glands 
Upper deep cervical lymph glands 
Lower deep cervical lymph glands 
Lingual lymph glands 
Axillary lymph glands 
Subscapular lymph glands 
Pectoral lymph glands 
Epigastric lymph glands 
Superficial lymph glands of elbow 
Deep lymph glands of elbow 
Tracheal lymph glands 



Bronchial lymph glands 
Intercostal lymph glands 
Posterior mediastinal lymph glands 
Anterior mediastinal lymph glands 
Sternal lymph glands 
Iliac lymph glands 
Lumbar lymph glands 
Coeliac lymph glands 
Superior gastric lymph glands 
Inferior gastric lymph glands 
Hepatic lymph glands 
Pancreaticolienal lymph glands 
Mesenteric lymph glands 
Mesocolic lymph glands 
Hypogastric lymph glands 
Sacral lymph glands 
Inguinal lymph glands 
Superficial subinguinal lymph glands 
Deep subinguinal lymph glands 
Popliteal lymph glands 
Anterior tibial lymph glands 

Lymphatic plexuses 

Jugular plexus 
Axillary plexus 
Mammary plexus 
Lumbar plexus 
Aortic plexus 
Middle sacral plexus 
Hypogastric plexus 
Coeliac plexus 
External iliac plexus 
Inguinal plexus 



73 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Ncurologia 



Nervus 
Ganglion 
Substantia alba 
Substantia grisea 

Substantia gelatinosa 
Taenia telarum 
Ependyma ventriculorum 
Sulcus limitans ventriculorum 
Nuclei nervorum cerebralium 



Nuclei originis 
Nuclei terminales . 

Ramus communicans 

Ramus anastomoticus 

Ramus muscularis 

Nervus cutaneus 

Nervus articularis 

Plexus nervorum spinalium 



Systema nervorum centrale 



Medulla spinalis 



Pars cervicalis 
Intumescentia cervicalis 
Pars thoracalis 
Pars lumbalis 
Intumescentia lumbalis 
Conus meduUaris 
Filum terminale 
Ventriculus terminalis 
Fissura mediana anterior 
Sulcus medianus posterior 
Sulcus lateralis anterior 
Sulcus lateralis posterior 
Sulcus intermedins posterior 



Sectiones meduUae spinalis 
Canalis centralis 
Substantia grisea centralis 
Commissura anterior alba 
Commissura anterior grisea 
Commissura posterior 
Columnae griseae: 
Columna anterior 
Columna lateralis 
Columna posterior 

Cervix columnae posterioris 
Apex columnae posterioris 
Substantia gelatinosa [Rolandi] 
Nucleus dorsalis [Stillingi, Clarkii] 



(Sulcus intermedins anterior) 
Funiculi medullae spinalis 

Funiculus anterior 

Funiculus lateralis 

Funiculus posterior 



Formatio reticularis 
Funiculus anterior 

Fasciculus cerebrospinalis anterior 
[pyramidalis anterior] 



Neurology 



73 



Neurology 



Nerve 
Ganglion 
White matter 
Gray matter 

Gelatinous substance 
Band of the telae ("web") 
Ependyma (" cover") of ventricles 
JLimiting sulcus of the ventricules 
Nuclei of the cerebral nerves 



Nuclei of origin 

End-nuclei 
Communicating ramus 
Anastomotic ramus 
Muscular ramus 
Cutaneous nerve 
Articular nerve 
Plexus of spinal nerves 



Central nervous system 



Spinal cord 

Cervical portion 

Cervical enlargement 

Thoracic portion (O. T. dorsal part) 

Lumbar portion 

Lumbar enlargement 

Medullary cone 

Terminal thread 

(Swelling due to) terminal ventricle 

Anterior median fissure 

Posterior median sulcus 

Anterior lateral sulcus 

Posterior lateral sulcus 

Posterior intermediate sulcus (O. T. 

paramedian furrow) 
Anterior intermediate sulcus 
Funiculi of spinal cord 

Anterior funiculus 

Lateral funiculus 

Posterior funiculus 



Transverse sections of the spinal cord 
Central canal 
Central gray matter 
Anterior white commissure 
Anterior gray commissure 
Posterior commissure 
Gray columns 

Anterior column (O. T. anterior horn) 
Lateral column (O. T. lateral horn) 
Posterior column (O. T. posterior 
horn) 
Neck of posterior column 
Apex of posterior column 
Gelatinous substance of Rolando 
Dorsal nucleus (O. T. Clark's col- 
umn) 
Reticular formation 
Anterior funiculus 

Anterior cerebrospinal or pyrami- 
dal fasciculus (O. T. direct pyr- 
amidal tract) 



74 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Fasciculus anterior proprius [Flech- 

sigi] 
Funiculus lateralis 

Fasciculus cerebrospinalis lateralis 

[pyramidalis lateralis] 

Fasciculus cerebellospinalis 



Fasciculus anterolateralis super- 

ficialis [Gowersi] 
Fasciculus lateralis proprius [Flech- 

sigi] 
Funiculus posterior 

Fasciculus gracilis [Golli] 

Fasciculus cuneatus [Burdachi] 



Encephalon 

Rhombencephalon 



Myelencephalon 

Medulla oblongata 
Fissura mediana posterior 
Fissura mediana anterior 
Foramen caecum 
Pyramis [medullae oblongatae] 
Decussatio pyramidum 
Sulcus lateralis anterior 
Sulcus lateralis posterior 
Oliva 
Corpus restiforme 

Funiculus lateralis 
Funiculus cuneatus 

Tuberculum cinereum 
Funiculus gracilis 

Clava 
Fibrae arcuatae externae 



Sectiones medullae oblongatae 

Raphe 

Stratum nucleare 
Nucleus n. hypoglossi 
Nucleus ambiguus 
Nucleus alae cinereae 



Tractus solitarius 

Nucleus tractus solitarii 
Tractus spinalis n. trigemini 

Nucleus tractus spinalis n. trigemini 

Nucleus funiculi gracilis 

Nucleus funiculi cuneati 

Nuclei laterales 

Nucleus olivaris inferior 

Hilus nuclei olivaris 

Nucleus olivaris accessorius medialis 

Nucleus olivaris accessorius dorsalis 

Nuclei arcuati 

Fibrae arcuatae internae 

Substantia reticularis grisea 

Substantia reticularis alba 

Fasciculus longitudinalis medialis 

Stratum interolivare lemnisci 
Decussatio lemniscorum 

Corpus restiforme 



Neurology 



74 



Proper anterior fasciculus (O. T. 
anterior ground bundle) 
Lateral funiculus 

Lateral cerebrospinal or pyramidal 
fasciculus (O. T. crossed pyrami- 
dal tract) 

Cerebellospinal fasciculus (O. T. 
direct cerebellar tract of Flechsig) 



Superficial anterolateral fasciculus 

(O. T. Gowers' tract) 
Proper lateral fasciculus (O. T. 

lateral ground bundle) 
Posterior funiculus 

Slender fasciculus (O. T. column 

or tract of Goll) 
Wedge-shaped fasciculus (O. T. 

column or tract of Burdach) 



Brain 

Lozenge-shaped brain 



Medullary or after-brain 

Oblong medulla 

Posterior median fissure 

Anterior median fissure 

Blind foramen 

Pyramid of medulla oblongata 

Decussation of pyramids 

Anterior lateral sulcus 

Posterior lateral sulcus 

Olive (O. T. olivary eminence) 

Restiform body (O. T. inferior cere- 
bellar peduncle) 

Lateral funiculus 

Cuneate funiculus (O. T. column of 
Burdach) 

Gray or ashen tubercle 

Slender funiculus (O. T. column of 
Goll) 
Club 

External arcuate fibres (O. T. super- 
ficial arcuate fibres 

Transverse sections of medulla 
oblongata 
Median raphe 
Nuclear layer 

Nucleus of hypoglossal nerve 
Ambiguous nucleus 
Nucleus of ala cinerea 



respiratory 



Solitary tract (O. ' 

bundle) 
Nucleus of solitary tract 
Spinal tract of trigeminal nerve (O. T. 

ascending root of trigeminal nerve) 
Nucleus of spinal tract of trigeminal 

nerve 
Nucleus of slender funiculus (O. T. 

nucleus of Goll's column) 
Nucleus of wedge-shaped funiculus 

(O. T. nucleus of Burdach's column) 
Lateral nuclei 
Inferior olivary nucleus 
Hilus of olivary nucleus 
Medial accessory olivary nucleus 
Dorsal accessory olivary nucleus 
Arcuate nuclei 
Internal arcuate fibres 
Gray reticular substance 
White reticular substance 
Medial longitudinal fasciculus (O. T. 

posterior longitudinal bundle) 
Interolivary layer of lemniscus 
Decussation of lemniscus or fillet (O. 

T. sensory decussation of medulla 

oblongata) 
Restiform body (O. T. inferior 

cerebellar peduncle) 



75 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Fasciculi corporis restiformis 
Fibrae cerebelloolivares 
Fasciculi pyramidales 
Fibrae arcuatae externae 

Ventriculus quartus 

Fossa rhomboidea 

Pars inferior fossae rhomboideae 

[Calamus scriptorius] 
Pars intermedia fossae rhomboideae 

Recessus lateralis fossae rhom- 
boideae 
Pars superior fossae rhomboideae 
Sulcus limitans [fossae rhomboideae] 

Fovea inferior 

Fovea superior 
Trigonum n. hypoglossi 
Striae medullares 
Eminentia medialis 

Colliculus facialis 
Ala cinerea 
Area acustica 

Locus caeruleus 
Tegmen ventriculi quarti 
Velum medullare posterius 
Taenia ventriculi quarti 



Obex 
Lamina chorioidea epithelialis 
(Apertura medialis ventriculi quarti 

[Foramen Magendii]) 
(Apertura lateralis ventriculi quarti) 
Fastigium 

Metencephalon 

Pons [Varolii] 
Sulcus basilaris 
Fasciculus obliquus [pontis] 
(Fila lateralia pontis) 
Brachium pontis 



Sectiones pontis 

Pars dorsalis pontis 

Raphe 

Nucleus n. abducentis 

Nuclei motorii n. trigemini 

Radix descendens [mesencephalica] 

n. trigemini 
Tractus spinalis n. trigemini 
Nucleus tractus spinalis n. trigemini 

Nucleus n. facialis 
Radix n. facialis 

Pars prima 

Genu [internum] 

Pars secunda 
Nuclei n. acustici 

Nuclei n. cochlearis 

Nuclei n. vestibularis 
Nucleus olivaris superior 
Nucleus lemnisci lateralis 
Fasciculus longitudinalis medialis 

Formatio reticularis 

Corpus trapezoideum 

Lemniscus 

Lemniscus medialis [sensitivus] 
Lemniscus lateralis [acusticus] 

Pars basilaris pontis 

Fibrae pontis profundae 

Fasciculi longitudinales [pyramidales] 

Nuclei pontis 

Fibrae pontis superficiales 

Cerebellum 

Gyri cerebelli 
Sulci cerebelli 
Vallecula cerebelli 
Incisura cerebelli anterior 

Incisura cerebelli posterior 



Neurology 



75 



Fasciculi of restiform body 
Cerebello-olivary fibres 
Pyramidal fasciculi 
External arcuate fibres 

Fourth ventricle 

Rhomboid fossa 

Inferior part of rhomboid fossa 

Writing pen 
Intermediate part of rhomboid fossa 

Lateral recess of rhomboid fossa 

Superior part of rhomboid fossa 
Limiting groove of rhomboid fossa 

Inferior pit 

Superior pit 
Trigone of hypoglossal nerve 
Medullary striae 
Medial eminence (O. T. eminentia 

teres) 
Facial hillock 

Ash-like wing (O. T. trigonum vagi) 
Acoustic area (O. T. trigonum 

acustici) 
Blue place 

Roof of fourth ventricle 
Posterior medullary velum 
Taenia of fourth ventricle: junction 
of epithelial part of roof with 
compact nerve substance 

Bar 
Epithelial chorioid layer 
Median aperture of fourth ventricle 

(foramen of Magendie) 
Lateral aperture of fourth ventricle 
Fastigium: "summit of roof" 

Hind-brain 

Pons ("bridge") Varolii 

Basilar groove 
Oblique bundle of pons 
Lateral fibres of pons 
Brachium ("arm") of pons 



Sections of the pons 

Dorsal part of pons 

Median raphe 

Nucleus of the abducent nerve (O. T. 

nucleus of sixth nerve) 
Motor nuclei of the trigeminal nerve 
Descending or mesencephalic root of 

trigeminal nerve 
Spinal tract of trigeminal nerve 
Nucleus of spinal tract of trigeminal 

nerve 
Nucleus of facial nerve 
Root of facial nerve 

First part 

Internal knee 

Second part 
Nuclei of acoustic nerve (O. T. 
auditory nucleus) 

Nuclei of cochlear nerve 

Nuclei of vestibular nerve 
Superior olivary nucleus 
Nucleus of lateral lemniscus 
Medial longitudinal fasciculus (O. T. 

posterior longitudinal bundle) 
Reticular formation 
Trapezoid body 
Fillet or lemniscus 

Medial (sensory) fillet 

Lateral (acoustic) fillet 
Basilar part of pons 
Deep fibres of pons 
Longitudinal pyramidal fasciculi 
Nuclei of pons 
Superficial fibres of pons 

Cerebellum, or small brain 

Convolutions of cerebellum 

Sulci of cerebellum 

Cerebellar vallecula 

Anterior notch of cerebellum (O. T. 

semilunar notch) 
Posterior notch of cerebellum (O. T. 

marsupial notch) 



76 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Sulcus horizontalis cerebelli 

Fissura transversa cerebelli 

Vermis 

Lingula cerebelli 

Vincula lingulae cerebelli 
Lobulus centralis 
Monticulus 

Culmen 

Declive 
Folium vermis 

Tuber vermis 

Pyramis [vermis] 

Uvula [vermis] 

Nodulus 

Hemisphaerium cerebelli 

Facies superior 

Ala lobuli centralis 
Lobulus quadrangularis 

Pars anterior 
Pars posterior 
Lobulus semilunaris superior 

Facies inferior 

Lobulus semilunaris inferior 

Lobulus gracilis 
Lobulus biventer 
Tonsilla cerebelli 
Flocculus 

(Flocculi secondarii) 
Pedunculus flocculi 
Nidus avis 



Sectiones cerebelli 

Corpus meduUare 
Laminae meduUares 
Arbor vitae 
Substantia corticalis 

[Lamina basalis] 

[Stratum cinereum]. 

[Stratum gangliosum] 

[Stratum granulosum] 
Nucleus dentatus 
Hilus nuclei dentati 
Nucleus fastigii 
Nucleus globosus 
Nucleus emboliformis 

Capsula nuclei dentati 

Isthmus rhombencephali 

Brachium conjunctivum [cerebelli] 



Lemniscus 

Lemniscus lateralis 

Lemniscus medialis 

Trigonum lemnisci 
Velum medullare anterius 

Frenulum veli medullaris anterioris 

Sectiones isthmi 
[vide Pedunculus cerebri] 
Ganglion interpedunculare 
Nucleus n. trochlearis 



Facies convexa cerebri 
Facies medialis cerebri 
Basis cerebri 



Cerebrum 



Mesencephalon 

[Facies inferior] 
Fossa interpeduncularis [Tarini] 



Neurology 



76 



Horizontal sulcus of cerebellum (O. T. 

great horizontal fissure) 
Transverse fissure of cerebellum 
Vermis ("worm") 
Lingua ("tongue") of cerebellum 

Vincula of the lingua 
Central lobule (O. T. lobus centralis) 
Monticulus ("little mountain") 

Culmen ("summit") 

Declive ("slope or descent") 
Folium of vermis ("leaflet of worm") 

(O. T. folium cacuminis) 
Tuber of vermis (O. T. tuber valvulus) 
Pyramid of vermis 
Uvula of vermis 
Nodule 

Hemisphere of cerebellum 
Superior surface 

Wing of central lobule 

Quadrangular lobule (O. T. quad- 
rate lobule) 

Anterior part 

Posterior part 

Superior semilunar lobule (O. T. 
posterior crescentic lobule) 
Inferior surface 

Inferior semilunar lobule (O. T. pos- 
tero-inferior lobule) 

Slender lobule 

Biventral lobule 

Tonsil of cerebellum 

Flocculus (" w^ool-tuf t-like body") 

Secondary flocculi 

Peduncle of flocculus 
Nidus avis (" bird's nest ") 



Sections of cerebellum 

Medullary body 
Medullary laminae 
Arbor vitae (" tree of life ") 
Cortical substance 

Basal lamina 

Gray layer 

Ganglion-cell layer 

Granular layer 
Dentate nucleus 
Hilus of dentate nucleus 
Nucleus of fastigium ("roof") 
Spherical nucleus 
Emboliform nucleus (O. T. cork or 

plug) 
Capsule of dentate nucleus 

Isthmus of rhombencephalon 

Brachium conjunctivum {" connecting 

arm") of cerebellum (O. T. superior 

cerebellar peduncle) 
Fillet or ribbon 

Lateral fillet 

Medial fillet (O. T. ribbon of Reil) 

Trigone of fillet 
Anterior meduHary velum (O. T. valve 

of Vieussens) 
Frenulum (" check-rein ") of anterior 

medullary velum) 

Sections of isthmus 

[See Cerebral peduncle] 
Interpeduncular ganglion 
Nucleus of trochlear nerve 



Cerebrum (large brain) 



Convex surface of cerebrum 
Medial surface of cerebrum 
Base of cerebrum 



Midbrain 

Inferior surface 
Interpeduncular fossa 



77 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Recessus anterior 
Recessus posterior 
Substantia perforata posterior 

Pedunculus cerebri 
Aquaeductus cerebri [Sylvii] 

Sulcus lateralis 
Sulcus n. oculomotorii 

Sectiones pedunculi cerebri 

Tegmentum 
Stratum griseum centrale 
Formatio reticularis 
Fasciculus longitudinalis medialis 

Radix descendens n. trigemini 
Nucleus radicis descendentis n. tri- 
gemini 
Nucleus n. oculomotorii 

Nuclei tegmenti 

Nucleus ruber 
Decussationes tegmentorum 

Decussatio brachii conjunctivi 

Lemniscus lateralis 
Lemniscus medialis 
Substantia nigra 
Basis pedunculi 

Corpora quadrigemina 

Lamina quadrigemina 
Colliculus superior 

Colliculus inferior 

Brachium quadrigeminum superius 
Brachium quadrigeminum inferius 
Sectiones corporum quadrigeminorum 

Stratum zonale 

Stratum griseum coUiculi superioris 



Nucleus coUiculi inferioris 
Stratum album profundum 

Prosencephalon 
Diencephalon 

Ventriculus tertius 
Aditus ad aquaeductum cerebri 

Commissura posterior [cerebri] 
Foramen interventriculare [Monroi] 
Sulcus hypothalamicus [Monroi] 
Massa intermedia 

Recessus opticus 
Recessus infundibuli 
Commissura anterior [cerebri] 
Recessus triangularis 

Hypothalamus 
Pars mamillaris hypothalami 

Corpus mamillare 

Pars optica hypothalami 

Tuber cinereum 

Infundibulum 

Hypophysis 

Lobus anterior 

Lobus posterior 
Tractus opticus 

Radix medialis 

Radix lateralis 
Chiasma opticum 
Lamina terminalis 

Sectiones hypothalami 

Nucleus hypothalamicus [Corpus 

Luysi] 
Pars grisea hypothalami 
Commissura superior [Meynerti] 
Commissura inferior [Guddeni] 
Nuclei corporis mamillaris 



Neurology 



77 



Anterior recess 
Posterior recess 
Posterior perforated substance 

Peduncle of cerebrum 

(O. T. crus cerebri) 

Aqueduct of cerebrum (O. T. iter e 

tertio ad quartum ventriculum) 
Lateral sulcus 
Sulcus of oculomotor nerve 

Sections of cerebral peduncle 

Tegmentum ("cover") 

Central gray layer 

Reticular formation 

Medial longitudinal fasciculus (O. T 
posterior longitudinal bundle) 

Descending root of trigeminal nerve 

Nucleus of descending root of trigemi- 
nal nerve 

Nucleus of oculomotor nerve (O. T. nu- 
cleus of III. nerve) 

Nuclei of tegmentum 
Red nucleus 

Decussations of tegmenta 

Decussation of brachium conjunc- 
tivum 

Lateral fillet 

Medial fillet 

Black substance 

Base of peduncle 

Quadrigeminal bodies (O. 

T. optic lobes) 
Quadrigeminal layer 
Superior hillock (O. T. anterior body 

or nates) 
Inferior hillock (O. T. posterior body 

or testis) 
Superior quadrigeminal braChium 
Inferior quadrigeminal brachium 

Sections of quadrigeminal bodies 
Zonal layer 
Gray layer of superior coUiculus 



Nucleus of inferior coUiculus 
Deep white layer 

Forebrain 
Interbrain 

Third ventricle 

Entrance to the aqueduct of the cere- 
brum 

Posterior commissure of the cerebrum 

Interventricular foramen of Monroe 

Hypothalamic sulcus of Monroe 

Intermediate mass (O. T. middle, or 
soft, or gray, commissure) 

Optic recess 

Recess of infundibulum 

Anterior commissure of cerebrum 

Triangular recess 

H)rpothalamus (0. T. subthalamic 
region) 

Mammillary part of hy- 
pothalamus 

Mammillary body 

Optic part of hypothala- 
mus 

Tuber cinereum (" ash-like tuber ") 

Infundibulum (" funnel ") 

Hypophysis (O. T. pituitary body) 
Anterior lobe 
Posterior lobe 

Optic tract 
Medial root 
Lateral root 

Optic chiasm 

Terminal lamina 

Sections of hypothalamus 

Hypothalamic nucleus, or Luy's body 

(O. T. subthalamic nucleus) 
Gray part of hypothalamus 
Superior commissure of Meynert 
Inferior commissure of v. Gudden 
Nuclei of mammillary body 



78 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Fasciculus thalamomamillaris [Vicq' 

d'Azyri] 
Fasciculi pedunculomamillares 

Pars tegmentalis 

Pars basilaris 
Ansa peduncularis 

Ansa lenticularis 

Pedunculus thalami inferior 

Thalamencephalon 

Thalamus 

Pulvinar 

Tuberculum anterius thalami 

Taenia thalami 

Stria meduUaris 

Lamina chorioidea epithelialis 
Metathalamus 
Corpus geniculatum mediale 

Corpus geniculatum laterale 

Epithalamus 
Corpus pineale 

Recessus pinealis 
Recessus suprapinealis 
Habenula 

Commissura habenularum 
Trigonum habenulae 

Sectiones thalamencephali 

Stratum zonale 
Nucleus anterior thalami 
Nucleus medialis thalami 
Nucleus lateralis thalami 
Laminae meduUares thalami 
Nucleus corporis geniculati medialis 
Nucleus corporis geniculati lateralis 
Nucleus habenulae 
Fasciculus retroflexus [Meynerti] 



Telencephalon 
Hemisphaerium 

Pallium 

Fissura longitudinalis cerebri 
Fissura transversa cerebri 
Gyri cerebri 

Gyri profundi 

Gyri transitivi 

Sulci cerebri 

Impressio petrosa 

Fossa cerebri lateralis [Sylvii] 

Fissura cerebri lateralis [Sylvii] 

Ramus posterior 

Ramus anterior ascendens 

Ramus anterior horizontalis 

Lobi cerebri 

Insula 

Gyri insulae 
Gyrus longus insulae 
Gyri breves insulae 
Sulcus circularis [Reili] 

Operculum 

Pars frontalis 

Pars parietalis 

Pars temporalis 
Sulcus centralis [Rolandi] 

Gyrus centralis anterior 
Gyrus centralis posterior 
Lobus frontalis 
Polus frontalis 
Sulcus praecentralis 
Gyrus frontalis superior 
Sulcus frontalis superior 
Gyrus frontalis medius 

Pars superior 

Pars inferior 
Sulcus frontalis inferior 



Neurology 



78 



Thalamomammillary fasciculus (O. 

T. bundle of Vicq d'Azyr) 
Pedunculomammillary fasciculi 

Tegmental part 

Basilar part 
Peduncular loop 

Lenticular loop 

Inferior peduncle of thalamus 

Thalamic brain 

Thalamus C b e d ") (O. T. op- 
tic thalamus) 

Pulvinar (''cushion") 

Anterior tubercle of thalamus 

Thalamic taenia 

Medullary stria (O. T. stria fornicis or 
stria pinealis) 

Epithelial chorioid layer 

Metathalamus 

Medial geniculate body (O. T. internal 
geniculate body) 

Lateral geniculate body (O. T. exter- 
nal geniculate body) 

Epithalamus 
Pineal body (O. T. conarium, or 

epiphysis cerebri) 
Pineal recess 
Suprapineal recess 
Habenula C'strap") (O. T. peduncle 

of the pineal body) 
Commissure of the habenula 
Trigone of the habenula ' 

Sections of the thalamic brain 
Zonal layer 

Anterior nucleus of thalamus 
Medial nucleus of thalamus 
Lateral nucleus of thalamus 
Medullary layers of thalamus 
Nucleus of medial geniculate body 
Nucleus of lateral geniculate body 
Nucleus of habenula 
Retroflex fasciculus 



End-brain 
Hemisphere 

Brain mantle 

Longitudinal fissure of cerebrum 
Transverse fissure of cerebrum 
Convolutions of cerebrum 

Deep convolutions 

Transitional convolutions (O. T. an- 
nectant gyri) 
Grooves of cerebrum 
Petrosal impression 
Lateral fossa of cerebrum 
Lateral fissure of cerebrum (O. T. 
fissure of Sylvius) 

Posterior ramus 

Ascending anterior ramus 

Horizontal anterior ramus 
Lobes of cerebrum 
Island (O. T. island of 

Reil, or central lobe) 
Convolutions of island 
Long convolution of island 
Short convolutions of island 
Circular sulcus of Reil (O. T. limiting 

sulcus of Reil) 
Operculum ("cover") 

Frontal part 

Parietal part 

Temporal part 
Central sulcus of Rolando (O. T. fis- 
sure of Rolando) 
Anterior central convolution 
Posterior central convolution 
Frontal lobe 
Frontal pole 
Precentral sulcus 
Superior frontal convolution 
Superior frontal sulcus 
Middle frontal convolution 

Superior part 

Inferior part 
Inferior frontal sulcus 



79 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Gyrus frontalis inferior 

Pars opercularis 

Pars triangularis 

Pars orbitalis 
Gyrus rectus 
Sulcus olfactorius 
Gyri orbitales 
Sulci orbitales 
Lobus temporalis 
Polus temporalis 
Sulci temporales transversi 
Gyri temporales transversi 
Gyrus temporalis superior 

Sulcus temporalis superior 

Gyrus temporalis medius 

Sulcus temporalis medius 

Gyrus temporalis inferior 

Sulcus temporalis inferior 

Fissura collateralis 
Gyrus fusiformis 

Gyrus lingualis 

Lobus occipitalis 

Polus occipitalis 

Sulcus occipitalis transversus 

Gyri occipitales superiores 

Sulci occipitales superiores 

Gyri occipitales laterales 

Sulci occipitales laterales 

Lobus parietalis 

Lobulus parietalis superior 

Sulcus interparietalis 

Lobulus parietalis inferior 
Gyrus supramarginalis 
Gyrus angularis 



Facies medialis hemisphaerii 

Sulcus corporis callosi 

Sulcus cinguli 

Pars subfrontalis 

Pars marginalis 
Sulcus subparietalis 
Fissura hippocampi 

Gyrus fornicatus 

Gyrus cinguli 

Isthmus gyri fornicati 
Gyrus hippocampi 

Uncus [gyri hippocampi] 
Substantia reticularis alba [Arnoldi] 
Lobulus paracentralis 
Praecuneus 

Fissura parietooccipitalis 
Fissura calcarina 
Cuneus 

Corpus callosum 

Splenium corporis callosi 

Truncus corporis callosi 
Genu corporis callosi 
Rostrum corporis callosi 

Lamina rostralis 
Striae transversae 
Stria longitudinalis medialis 
Stria longitudinalis lateralis 
Fasciola cinerea 



Fornix 



Cms fornicis 



Neurology 



79 



Inferior frontal convolution 
Opercular part 
Triangular part 
Orbital part 

Straight convolution 

Olfactory sulcus 

Orbital convolutions 

Orbital sulci 

Temporal lobe 

Temporal pole 

Transverse temporal sulci 

Transverse temporal convolutions 

Superior temporal convolution (O. T. 
first temporal gyrus) 

Superior temporal sulcus (O. T. paral- 
lel sulcus, or first temporal sulcus) 

Middle temporal convolutiqn (O. T. 
second temporal gyrus) 

Middle temporal sulcus (O. T. second 
temporal sulcus) 

Inferior temporal convolution (O. T. 
third temporal gyrus) 

Inferior temporal sulcus (O. T. oc- 
cipitotemporal sulcus) 

Collateral fissure 

Fusiform convolution (O. T. occipito- 
temporal convolution) 

Lingual convolution 

Occipital lobe 

Occipital pole 

Transverse occipital sulcus 

Superior occipital convolutions 

Superior occipital sulci 

Lateral occipital convolutions 

Lateral occipital sulci 

Parietal lobe 

Superior parietal lobule 

Interparietal sulcus (O. T. intraparietal 
sulcus of Turner) 

Inferior parietal lobule 

Supramarginal convolution 

Angular convolution 



Medial surface of hemisphere 

Sulcus of corpus callosum (O. T. cal- 

losal sulcus) 
Sulcus of cingulum (O. T. callosol- 
marginal fissure) 
Subfrontal part 
Marginal part 
Subparietal sulcus 
Fissure of hippocampus (O. T. dentate 

fissure, or fissura dentata) 
Fornicate convolution (O. T. limbic or 
falciform lobe) 
Convolution of cingulum (O. T. cal- 
losal convolution, or gyrus forni- 
catus) 
Isthmus of fornicate gyrus 
Convolution of hippocampus (O. T. 

hippocampal convolution) 
Hook of gyrus hippocampi 
White reticular substance of Arnold 
Paracentral lobule 
Precuneus 

Parieto-occipital fissure 
Calcarine fissure 
C uncus (" wedge ") 

Corpus callosum (great 
transverse commissure 
of cerebrum) 

Splenium (" bandage ") of corpus cal- 
losum 

Trunk of corpus callosum (O. T. body) 

Knee of corpus callosum 

Beak of corpus callosum 
Rostral lamina 

Transverse striae 

Medial longitudinal stria 

Lateral longitudinal stria 

Fasciola cinerea ('' ash-like little ban- 
dage ") 

Fornix 

Crus of fornix (O. T. posterior pillar 
of fornix) 



So 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Corpus fornicis 
Taenia fornicis 
Columna fornicis 

Pars libera columnae fornicis 
Pars tecta columnae fornicis 
Septum pellucidum 

Lamina septi pellucidi 

Cavum septi pellucidi 

Ventriculus lateralis 

Pars centralis 
Cornu anterius 
Cornu posterius 
Cornu inferius 
Corpus striatum 
Nucleus caudatus 

Caput nuclei caudati 

Cauda nuclei caudati 
Stria terminalis 

Lamina affixa 

Taenia chorioidea 

Lamina chorioidea epithelialis 

Calcar avis 

(Bulbus cornu posterioris) 
Eminentia collateralis 
Trigonum coUaterale 



Hippocampus 

Fimbria hippocampi 
Taenia fimbriae 
Digitationes hippocampi 

Fascia dentata hippocampi 

Commissura hippocampi 

Rhinencephalon 



Sulcus parolfactorius anterior 
Pars anterior [rhinenc6phali] 

Lobus olfactorius 

Bulbus olfactorius 

Tractus olfactorius 

Trigonum olfactorium 

Stria medialis 

Stria intermedia 
Area parolfactoria [Brocae] 
Sulcus parolfactorius posterior 
Pars posterior [rhinencaphali] 

Gyrus subcallosus [Pedunculus cor- 
poris callosi] 
Substantia perforata anterior 
Stria olfactoria lateralis 
Limen insulae 

Sectiones telencephali 
Substantia corticalis 
Centrum semiovale 
Decursus fibrarum cerebralium 

Fibrae arcuatae cerebri 
Cingulum 

Fasciculus longitudinalis superior 
Fasciculus longitudinalis inferior 
Fasciculus uncinatus 
Radiatio corporis callosi 

Pars frontalis 

Pars parietalis 

Pars temporalis 

Pars occipitalis . 

Tapetum 
Nucleus lentiformis 

Putamen 

Globus pallidus 
Claustrum 
Capsula externa 
Capsula interna 

Genu capsulae internae 



Neurology 



80 



Body of fornix 

Taenia (''ribbon") of fornix 
Column of fornix (O. T. anterior pil- 
lar of fornix) 
Free part of column of fornix 
Covered part of column of fornix 

Transparent septum 
Layer of septum pellucidum 
Cavity of septum pellucidum (O. T. 
fifth ventricle) 

Lateral ventricle 
Central part 
Anterior horn 
Posterior horn 

Inferior horn (O. T. descending horn) 
Striate body 
Caudate nucleus 

Head of caudate nucleus 

Tail of caudate nucleus 
Terminal stria (O. T. taenia semicir- 

cularis) 
Lamina affixa {" fastened layer ") 
Chorioid taenia 
Epithelial chorioid layer 
Calcar avis ('' cock's spur ") (O. T. 

hippocampus minor) 
Bulb of posterior horn 
Collateral eminence 

Collateral trigone (O. T. trigonum 
ventriculi) 
Hippocampus ('' sea-horse ") (O. T. 

hippocampus major, cornu Am- 

monis, or Ammon's horn) 
Fimbria (" fringe ") of hippocampus 
Taenia of fimbria 
Digitations of the hippocampus (O. T. 

pes hippocampi) 
Dentate fascia of hippocampus (O. T. 

gyrus dentatus) 
Commissure of the hippocampus (O. 

T. lyra, or lyre of David) 
Olfactory brain 



Anterior parolfactory sulcus 
Anterior part of rhinen- 

c e p h a 1 o n 
Olfactory lobe 
Olfactory bulb 
Olfactory tract 
Olfactory trigone 
Medial stria 
Intermediate stria 
Parolfactory area of Broca 
Posterior parolfactory sulcus 
Posterior part of rhinen- 

c e p h a 1 o n 
Subcallosal convolution (peduncle of 
corpus callosum) 
Anterior perforated substance 
Lateral olfactory stria 
Threshold of island 

Sections of endbrain 
Cortical substance 
Semioval centre 
Decursus (''running down") of cerebral 

fibres 
Arcuate fibres of cerebrum 
Cingulum (" girdle ") 
Superior longitudinal fasciculus 
Inferior longitudinal fasciculus 
Uncinate ("hooked") fasciculus 
Radiation of corpus callosum 
Frontal part (forceps minor) 
Parietal part 
Temporal part 
Occipital part (O. T. forceps 

major) 
Tapetum ("carpet," or "tapestry") 
Lentiform nucleus (O. T. lenticular nu- 
cleus) 
Putamen (" shell," or " paring ") 
Globus pallidus (" pale sphere ") 
Claustrum ("bulwark," or "barrier") 
External capsule 
Internal capsule 

Knee of internal capsule 



8i 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Pars frontalis capsulae internae 

Pars occipitalis capsulae internae 

Nucleus amygdalae 
Corona radiata 

Pars frontalis 

Pars parietalis 

Pars temporalis 

Pars occipitalis 
Radiatio corporis striati 
Radiatio occipitothalamica 

[Gratioleti] 
Commissura anterior [cerebri] 

Pars anterior 

Pars posterior 

Meninges 

Dura mater encephali 
Falx cerebri 
Tentorium cerebelli 

Falx cerebelli 

Diaphragma sellae 

Foramen diaphragmatis [sellae] 

Incisura tentorii 

Dura mater spinalis 

Filum durae matris spinalis 

Cavum epidurale 

Cavum subdurale 



Arachnoidea spinalis 
Arachnoidea encephali 
Cavum subarachnoideale 
Cisternae subarachnoidales 
Cisterna cerebellomedullaris 

Cisterna fossae lateralis cerebri 

[Sylvii] 
Cisterna chiasmatis 
Cisterna interpeduncularis 

Cisterna venae magnae cerebri 
-Granulationes arachnoidjeales [Pac- 

chioni] 
Pia mater spinalis 

Lig. denticulatum 

Septum cervicale intermedium 

Pia mater encephali 

Tela chorioidea ventriculi quarti 

Plexus chorioideus ventriculi quarti 
Tela chorioidea ventriculi tertii 



Plexus chorioideus ventriculi tertii 
Plexus chorioideus ventriculi lateralis 
Glomus chorioideum 
Acervulus 



Systema nervorum periphericum 

Nervi cerebrales 

Nn. olfactorii 
N. opticus 

N. oculomotorius 
Ramus superior 



Ramus inferior 

Radix brevis ganglii ciliaris 



N. trochlearis 
Decussatio nervorum trochlearium 



Neurology 



8£ 



Frontal part of internal capsule (O. 
T. anterior limb) 

Occipital part of internal capsule (O. 
T. posterior limb) 
Amygdaloid ("almond") nucleus 
Corona radiata (''radiate crown") 

Frontal part 

Parietal part 

Temporal part 

Occipital part 
Radiation of corpus striatum 
Occipitothalamic radiation (O. T. op- 
tic radiation) 
Anterior commissure of cerebrum 

Anterior part 

Posterior part 

Membranes 

Dura mater of brain 

Falx ("sickle") of cerebrum 

Tentorium of cerebellum (cerebellar 

tent) 
Falx of cerebellum (cerebellar sickle) 
Diaphragm of saddle 
Foramen of diaphragm of saddle 
Notch of tentorium 
Hard membrane of spine 
Thread of spinal dura mater 
Epidural cavity 
Subdural cavity 



Arachnoid ("spider-web") of spine 
Arachnoid (" spider-web") of brain 
Subarachnoid space 
Subarachnoid cisterns 

CerebellomeduUary cistern (O. T. 
cisterna magna) 

Cistern of the lateral fossa of the 
cerebrum 

Cistern of the chiasm 

Interpeduncular cistern (O. T. cis- 
terna basalis) 

Cistern of the great vein of cerebrum 
Arachnoideal granulations (O. T. Pac- 
chionian bodies) 
Pia mater of spine (soft membrane of 

cord) 
Denticulate ligament 
Intermediate cervical septum 
Pia mater of brain (soft membrane of 

brain) 
Chorioid tela of fourth ventricle (O. T. 

tela chorioidea inferior) 
Chorioid plexus of fourth ventricle 
Chorioid tela of third ventricle (O. T. 

velum interpositum, or tela chorioidea 

superior) 
Chorioid plexus of third ventricle 
Chorioid plexus of lateral ventricle 
Chorioid skein 
Brain sand 



System of peripheral nerves 



Cerebral nerves 

Olfactory nerves 

Optic nerve 

Oculomotor nerve (O. T. third 
nerve) 

Superior ramus 



Inferior ramus 

Short root of ciliary ganglion (O. T. 
motor root of lenticular ganglion) 

Trochlear nerve (O. T. patheticus 
or fourth nerve) 

Decussation of trochlear nerves 



82 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



N. trigeminus 

Portio major 

Ganglion semilunare [Gasseri] 

Portio minor 

N. ophthalmicus 

N. tentorii 

N. lacrimalis 

Ramus anastomoticus cum n. zygo 

matico 
N. frontalis 

N. supraorbitalis 

Ramus frontalis 

N. supratrochlearis 
N. nasociliaris 

Radix longa ganglii ciliaris 

Nn. ciliares longi 

N. ethmoidalis posterior 

N. ethmoidalis anterior 

Rami nasales anteriores 
Rami nasales interni 
Rami nasales laterales 
Rami nasales mediales 
Ramus nasalis externus 
N. infratrochlearis 

Ramus palpebralis superior 

R. palpebralis inferior 

G. c i 1 i a r e 
Nn. ciliares breves 

N. maxillaris 

N. meningeus [medius] 

N. zygomaticus 

Ramus zygomaticotemporalis 
Ramus zygomaticofacialis 
Nn. sphenopalatini 



Nn. alveolares superiores 

Rami alveolares superiores poste- 
riores 
N. infraorbitalis 

R. alveolaris superior medius 

Rami alveolares superiores ante- 
riores 
Plexus dentalis superior 
Rami dentales superiores 
Rami gingivales superiores 
Rami palpebrales inferiores 
Rami nasales externi 
Rami nasales interni 
Rami labiales superiores 
Ganglion s p h e n o p a 1 a t i - 
n u m 
Rami orbitales 
N. canalis pterygoidei [Vidii] 

N. petrosus superficialis major 
•N. petrosus profundus 

Rami nasales posteriores superiores 

laterales 
Rami nasales posteriores superiores 
mediales 

N. nasopalatinus [Scarpae] 
Rami nasales posteriores inferiores 

[laterales] 
Nn. palatini 

N. palatinus anterior 

N. palatinus medius 

N. palatinus posterior 

N. mandibularis 

N. spinosus 

N. masticatorius 

N. massetericus 

Nn. temporales profundi 

N. temporalis profundus posterior 



Neurology 



82 



Trigeminal nerve (O. T. fifth 
nerve) 

Larger (sensory) root 

Semilunar ganglion (O. T. Gasserian 

ganglion) 
Smaller (motor) root 

Ophthalmic nerve 

Nerve to the tentorium 

Lacrimal nerve 

Ramus anastomosing with zygomatic 

nerve 
Frontal nerve 

Supraorbital nerve 

Frontal ramus 

Supratrochlear nerve 
Nasociliary nerve (O. T. nasal nerve) 

Long root of the ciliary ganglion 

Long ciliary nerves 

Posterior ethmoidal nerve 

Anterior ethmoidal nerve 

Anterior nasal rami 
Internal nasal rami 
Lateral nasal rami 
Medial nasal rami 
External nasal ramus 
Infratrochlear nerve 

Superior palpebral ramus 

Inferior palpebral ramus 
Ciliary ganglion (O. T. len- 
ticular or ophthalmic 

ganglion 
Short ciliary nerves 

Maxillary nerve (0, T. superior 

maxillary) 
Middle meningeal nerve (O. T. recur- 
rent) 
Zygomatic nerve (O. T. orbital or 
temporomalar) 
Zygomaticotemporal ramus 
Zygomaticofacial ramus 
Sphenopalatine nerves 



Superior alveolar nerves 

Posterior superior alveolar rami (O. 
T. posterior superior dental) 
Infraorbital nerve 

Middle superior alveolar ramus (O. 

T. middle superior dental) 
Anterior superior alveolar rami (O. 
T. anterior superior dental) 
Superior dental plexus 
Superior dental rami 
Superior gingival rami 
Inferior palpebral rami 
External nasal rami 
Internal nasal rami 
Superior labial rami 
Sphenopalatine ganglion 

(O. T. Meckel's ganglion) 
Orbital rami 

Nerve of the pterygoid canal, or Vidian 
nerve 
Larger superficial petrosal nerve 
Deep petrosal nerve (O. T. great deep 

peti'osal branch of carotid plexus) 
Lateral superior posterior nasal rami 

Medial superior posterior nasal rami 

Nasopalatine nerve of Scarpa 
Lateral inferior posterior nasal rami 

Palatine nerves 

Anterior palatine nerve 
Middle palatine nerve (O. T. exter- 
nal palatine) 
Posterior palatine nerve 

Mandibular nerve (0. T. inferior 
maxillary) 

Spinosus nerve (O. T. recurrent nerve) 
Masticator nerve 

Masseteric nerve 

Deep temporal nerves 

Posterior deep temporal nerve 



83 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



N. temporalis profundus anterior 

N. buccinatorius 

N. pterygoideus externus 

N. pterygoideus internus 
N. auriculotemporalis 

N. meatus auditorii externi 
R. membranae tympani 

Rami parotidei 

Rami anastomotici cum n. faciali 

Nn. auriculares anteriores 

Rami temporales superficiales 
N. lingualis 

Rami isthmi faucium 

Rami anastomotici cum n. hypo- 
glosso 

N. sublingualis 

Rami linguales 
N. alveolaris inferior 

Plexus dentalis inferior 
Rami dentales inferiores 
Rami gingivales inferiores 

N. mylohyoideus 

N. mentalis 
Rami mentales 
Rami labiales inferiores 

Ganglion oticum 

N. petrosus superficialis minor 
N. tensoris veli palatini 

N. tensoris tympani 

Ramus anastomoticus cum n. spinoso 

R. anastomoticus cum n. auriculo- 

temporali 
Ramus anastomoticus cum chorda 

tympani 

Gan glion submaxillare 
Rami communicantes cum n. linguali 

Rami submaxillares 



N. abducens 

N. facialis 

Geniculum n. facialis 

Ganglion geniculi 

N. stapedius 

Ramus anastomoticus cum plexu 

tympanico 
N. auricularis posterior 

Ramus occipitalis 
Ramus digastricus 

Ramus stylohyoideus 
Ramus anastomoticus cum n. glosso- 

pharyngeo 
Plexus parotideus 
Rami temporales 
Rami zygomatici 
Rami buccales 

Ramus marginalis mandibulae 
Ramus colli 
N. intermedins 



Chorda tympani 

N. acusticus 

Radix vestibularis 
Radix cochlearis 
Fila anastomotica 
N. V e s t i b u 1 i 

Ganglion vestibulare 

N. utricularis 

N. ampullaris superior 

N. ampullaris lateralis 

N. ampullaris inferior 
N. cochleae 

Ganglion spirale 

N. saccularis 

N. glossopharyngeus 
Ganglion superius 



Neurology 



83 



Anterior deep temporal nerve 
Buccinator nerve 
External pterygoid nerve 
Internal pterygoid nerve 
Auriculotemporal nerve 

Nerve of external auditory meatus 

Ramus to tympanic membrane 
Parotid rami 

Anastomotic rami to the facial nerve 
Anterior auricular nerves 
Superficial temporal rami 
Lingual nerve 

Rami to the isthmus of the fauces 
Anastomotic rami to the hypoglossal 

nerve 
Sublingual nerve 
Lingual rami 
Inferior alveolar nerve (O. T. inferior 

dental) 
Inferior dental plexus 

Inferior dental rami 

Inferior gingival rami 
Mylohyoid nerve 
Mental nerve 

Rami to chin 

Rami to lower lip 

Otic ganglion (O. T. ganglion 
of Arnold) 
Lesser superficial petrosal nerve 
Nerve of tensor muscle of palatine 

curtain 
Nerve of tensor muscle of tympanum 
Anastomotic ramus with spinosus 

nerve 
Anastomotic ramus with auriculo- 
temporal nerve 
Anastomotic ramus with chorda tym- 
pani 

Submaxillary ganglion 

Rami communicating with lingual 

nerve 
Submaxillary rami 



Abducent nerve (O. T. sixth 

nerve) 
Facial nerve (O. T. seventh nerve) 

Knee of the facial nerve 

Ganglion of the knee (official nerve) 

Nerve to the stapedius muscle 

Ramus anastomosing with tympanic 
plexus (O. T. tympanic branch) 

Posterior auricular nerve 
Occipital ramus 

Digastric ramus 
Stylohyoid ramus 

Ramus anastomosing with glossopha- 
ryngeal nerve 

Parotid plexus 

Temporal rami 

Zygomatic rami 

Buccal rami 

Ramus of margin of jaw 

Ramus to neck 

Intermediate nerve (O. T. 
pars intermedia of 
Wrisberg, or sensory 
part of facial nerve) 
Cord of tympanum 

Acoustic nerve (O. T. auditory 
nerve) 

Vestibular root 
Cochlear root 
Anastomotic fibres 
Vestibular nerve 

Vestibular ganglion 

Utricular nerve 

Superior ampullar nerve 

Lateral ampullar nerve 

Inferior ampullar nerve 
Nerve of the cochlea 

Spiral ganglion 

Saccular nerve 

Glossopharyngeal nerve 

Upper ganglion (O. T. jugular gang- 
lion) 



84 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Ganglion petrosum 

N. tympanicus 

Intumescentia tympanica 
Plexus tympanicus [Jacobsoni] 

N. caroticotympanicus superior 

N. caroticotympanicus inferior 

Ramus tubae 
R. anastomoticus cum ramo auriculari 

n. vagi 
Rami pharyngei 
Ramus stylopharyngeus 
Rami tonsi Hares 



Rami linguales 

N. vagus 
Ganglion jugulare 

Ganglion nodosum 

Ramus meningeus 

Ramus auricularis 

R. anastomoticus cum n. glossopha- 

ryngeo 
Rami pharyngei 
Plexus pharyngeus 
N. laryngeus superior 

Ramus externus 

Ramus internus 

Ramus anastomoticus cum n. laryn- 
geo inferiore 
Rami cardiaci superiores 
(N. depressor) 
N. recurrens 

Rami cardiaci inferiores 

Rami tracheales 



Rami oesophagei 
N. laryngeus inferior 
Ramus anterior 
Ramus posterior 
Rami bronchiales anteriores 
Rami bronchiales posteriores 
Plexus pulmonalis anterior 
Plexus pulmonalis posterior 
Rami oesophagei 
Plexus oesophageus anterior 

Plexus oesophageus posterior 

Rami gastrici 

Plexus gastricus anterior 

Plexus gastricus posterior 

Rami hepatici 

Rami coeliaci 

Rami lienales 

Rami renales 

N. accessorius 
Ramus internus 

Ramus externus 

N. hypoglossus 
Ramus descendens 
Ansa hypoglossi 
Ramus thyreohyoideus 
Rami linguafes 

N. spinales 

Fila radicularia 
Radix anterior 
Radix posterior 
Ganglion spinale 
Ramus anterior 
Ramus posterior 
Ramus communicans 
Ramus meningeus 
Cauda equina 
Ansae 



Neurology 



84 



Petrous ganglion (O. T. ganglion of 
Andersch) 

Tympanic nerve (O. T. Jacobson's 
nerve) 

Tympanic swelling 

Tympanic plexus 

Superior caroticotympanic nerve 
Inferior caroticotympanic nerve 
Tubal ramus 

Ramus anastomosing with the auricu- 
lar branch of the vagus 

Pharyngeal rami 

Stylopharyngeal ramus 

Tonsillar rami (O. T. tonsillitic 
branches) 

Lingual rami (O. T. terminal rami) 

Vagus nerve (O. T. pneuniogas= 
trie nerve) 

Jugular ganglion (O. T. ganglion of 

the root) 
Knotty ganglion (O. T. ganglion of the 

trunk) 
Meningeal ramus (O. T. recurrent 

branch) 
Auricular ramus (O. T. Arnold's 

nerve) 
Ramus anastomosing with glosso- 
pharyngeal nerve 
Pharyngeal rami 
Pharyngeal plexus 
Superior laryngeal nerve 

External ramus 

Internal ramus 

Ramus anastomosing with inferior 
laryngeal nerve 
Superior cardiac rami 
Depressor nerve 

Recurrent nerve (O. T. recurrent 
laryngeal) 

Inferior cardiac rami (O. T. cardiac 
branches of recurrent laryngeal) 

Tracheal rami 



Oesophageal rami 

Inferior laryngeal nerve 
Anterior ramus 
Posterior ramus 
Anterior bronchial rami 
Posterior bronchial rami 
Anterior pulmonary plexus 
Posterior pulmonary plexus 
Oesophageal rami 
Anterior oesophageal plexus (O. T. 

plexus gulae) 
Posterior oesophageal plexus (O. T. 

plexus gulae) 
Gastric rami 
Anterior gastric plexus 
Posterior gastric plexus 
Hepatic rami 
Coeliac rami 

Splenic rami 

Renal rami 

Accessory nerve (O. T. spinal 
accessory) 

Internal ramus (O, T. accessory por- 
tion) 
External ramus (O. T. spinal portion) 

Hypoglossal nerve 

Descending ramus 
Loop of the hypoglossus 
Thyreohyoid ramus 
Lingual rami 

Spinal nerves 

Radicular fibres 

Anterior root 

Posterior root 

Spinal ganglion 

Anterior ramus 

Posterior ramus 

Communicating ramus 

Meningeal ramus 

Cauda equina (" horse's tail ") 

Loops 



8s 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Nn. cervicales 

Rami posteriores 

Ramus medialis 
Ramus lateralis 
N. suboccipitalis 

N. occipitalis major 



(N. occipitalis tertius) 



Rami anteriores 

Plexus cervicalis 
N. occipitalis minor 
N. auricularis magnus 

Ramus posterior 

Ramus anterior 
N. cutaneus colli 

Rami superiores 

Rami inferiores 

Nn. supraclaviculares 

Nn. supraclaviculares anteriores 

Nn. supraclaviculares medii 

Nn. supraclaviculares posteriores 

N. phrenicus 

Ramus pericardiacus 
Rami phrenicoabdominales 

Plexus brachialis 

Pars s u p r a c 1 a V i c u 1 a r i s 
Nn. thoracales posteriores 
N. dorsalis scapulae 



N. thoracalis longus 



Nn. thoracales anteriores 

N. subclavius 

N. suprascapularis 

Nn. subscapulares 

N. thoracodorsalis 

N. axillaris 

Rami musculares 

N. cutaneus brachii lateralis 
Pars i n f r a c 1 a V i c u la r is 

Fasciculus lateralis 

Fasciculus medialis 

Fasciculus posterior 

N. musculocutaneus 
Rami musculares 
N. cutaneus antibrachii lateralis 

N. cutaneus brachii medialis 



N. cutaneus antibrachii medialis 

Ramus volaris 
Ramus ulnaris 

N. medianus 

Rami musculares 

N. interosseus [antibrachii] volaris 

Ramus palmaris n. mediani 

Ramus anastomoticus cum n. ulnari 
Nn. digitales volares communes 
Nn. digitales volares proprii 

N. ulnaris 
Ramus cutaneus palmaris 
Ramus dorsalis manus 



Neurology 



8s 



Cervical nerves 

Posterior rami (O. T. posterior pri- 
mary divisions) 
Medial ramus 
Lateral ramus 

Suboccipital nerve (O. T. posterior 
primary division of first cervical 
nerve) 

Larger occipital nerve (O. T. great 
occipital, or medial branch of pos- 
terior primary division of second cer- 
vical nerve) 

Third occipital nerve (O. T. third oc- 
cipital, or medial branch of the pos- 
terior primary division of the third 
cervical nerve) 

Anterior rami (O. T. anterior primary 
divisions) 

Cervical plexus 

Lesser occipital nerve 

Great auricular nerve 
Posterior ramus 
Anterior ramus 

Cutaneous nerve of the front, of the 
neck (O. T. superficial cervical) 
Upper rami 
Lower rami 

Supraclavicular nerves 

Anterior supraclavicular nerves (O. 

T. suprasternal) 
Middle supraclavicular nerves (O. 

T. supraclavicular) 
Posterior supraclavicular nerves (O 
T. supra-acromial) 

Phrenic nerve 

Pericardiac ramus 
Phrenicoabdominal rami 

Brachial plexus 

Supraclavicular part 
Posterior thoracic nerves 

Dorsal nerve of scapula (O. T. nerve 
to the rhomboids) 



Long thoracic nerve (O. T. external 
respiratory nerve of Bell, or pos- 
terior thoracic) 

Anterior thoracic nerves 

Subclavius nerve 

Suprascapular nerve 

Subscapular nerves 

Thoracodorsal nerve (O. T. long sub- 
scapular nerve) 

Axillary nerve (O. T. circumflex) 
Muscular rami 
Lateral cutaneous nerve of arm 

Infraclavicular part 

Lateral fasciculus (O. T. outer cord) 
Medial fasciculus (O. T. inner cord) 
Posterior fasciculus (O. T. posterior 
cord) 

Musculocutaneous nerve 
Muscular branches 
Lateral cutaneous nerve of forearm 
(O. T. terminal cutaneous branch) 

Medial nerve of upper arm (O. T. les- 
ser internal cutaneous, or nerve of 
Wrisberg) 

Medial nerve of forearm (O. T. inter- 
nal cutaneous) 
Volar ramus (O. T. anterior branch) 
Ulnar ramus (O. T. posterior branch 

Median nerve 

Muscular rami 

Volar interosseous nerve of forearm 

(O.'T. anterior interosseous) 
Palmar ramus of median nerve (O.T. 

median palmar cutaneous) 
Ramus anastomosing with ulnar nerve 
Common volar digital nerves 
Proper volar digital nerves (O. T. col- 
lateral palmar digital nerves) 

Ulnar nerve 

Palmar cutaneous ramus 
Dorsal ramus of hand (O. T. dorsal 
cutaneous) 



S6 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Nn. digitales dorsales 
Ramus volaris manus 
Ramus superficialis 
Nn. digitales volares communes 
Nn. digitales volares proprii 

Ramus profundus 
Rami musculares 

N. radialis 

N. cutaneus brachii posterior 



Rami musculares 

N. cutaneus antibrachii dorsalis 



Ramus profundus 

N. interosseus [antibrachii] dorsalis 



Ramus superficialis 



Ramus anastomoticus ulnaris 



Nn. lumbales, sacrales, coccygeus 

Nn. lumbales 
Rami posteriores 
Ramus medialis 
Ramus lateralis 

Nn. clunium superiores 
Rami anteriores 
Nn. sacrales et coccygeus: 
Rami posteriores 
Ramus medialis 
Ramus lateralis 
Nn. clunium medii 

.Plexus lumbosacralis 
Plexus lumbalis 

Rami musculares , 

N. iliohypogastricus 

Rami musculares 
Ramus cutaneus lateralis 

Ramus cutaneus anterior 



Nn. digitales dorsales 

Nn. thoracales 

Rami posteriores 

Ramus cutaneus lateralis 
Ramus cutaneus medialis 
Rami anteriores [Nn. intercostales] 
Rami musculares 

Ramus cutaneus lateralis [pecto- 
ralis et abdominalis] 
Ramus posterior 
Ramus anterior 
Rami mammarii laterales 
Nn. intercostobrachiales 

Ramus cutaneus anterior [pecto- 
ralis et abdominalis] 
Rami mammarii mediales 



N. ilioinguinalis 

Rami musculares 

Nn. scrotales anteriores 

Nn. labiales anteriores 

N. genitofemoralis 

N. lumboinguinalis 

N. spermaticus externus 

N. cutaneus femoris lateralis 

N. obturatorius 

Ramus anterior 

Ramus cutaneus 
Ramus posterior 



Neurology 



86 



Dorsal digital nerves 
Volar ramus of hand 

Superficial ramus 

Common volar digital nerves 

Proper volar digital nerves (O. T 
collateral palmar digital) 
Deep ramus 

Muscular rami 

Radial nerve (0. T. musculospiral) 

Posterior cutaneous nerve of upper 
arm (O. T. upper external cuta- 
neous branch of musculospiral) 

Muscular rami 

Dorsal cutaneous nerve of forearm 
(O. T. lower external cutaneous 
branch of musculospiral) 

Deep ramus 

Dorsal interosseous nerve of forearm 
(O. T. posterior interosseous) 

Superficial ramus (O. T. radial branch 
of musculospiral) 
Ramus anastomosing with ulnar 

nerve 
Dorsal digital nerves 

Thoracic nerves 

Posterior rami 

Lateral cutaneous ramus 
Medial cutaneous ramus 
Anterior rami [intercostal nerves] 
Muscular rami 

Lateral cutaneous ramus (of breast 
and abdomen) 
Posterior ramus 
Anterior ramus 
Lateral mammary rami 
Intercostobrachial nerves (O. T. in- 
tercosto-humeral nerves) 
Anterior cutaneous ramus (of breast 
and abdomen) 
Medial mammary rami 



Lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal 
nerves 

Lumbar nerves 
Posterior rami 
Medial ramus 
Lateral ramus 

Superior clunial nerves 
Anterior rami 

Sacral and coccygeal nerves 
Posterior rami 
Medial ramus 
Lateral ramus 

Middle clunial nerves 

Ltunbosacral plexus 
Lumbar plexus 

Muscular rami 

Iliohypogastric nerve 

Muscular rami 

Lateral cutaneous ramus (O. T. iliac 
branch of hypogastric) 

Anterior cutaneous ramus (O. T. hy- 
pogastric branch) 

Ilio-inguinal nerve 

Muscular rami 
Anterior scrotal nerves 
Anterior labial nerves 

Genitofemoral nerve (0. T. genito- 
crural nerve) 

Lumbo-inguinal nerve (O. T. crural 
branch of genitocrural) 

External spermatic nerve (O. T. geni- 
tal branch of genitocrural) 

Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh 
(0. T. external cutaneous) 

Obturator nerve 

Anterior ramus 

Cutaneous ramus 
Posterior ramus 



87 



Anatomical Nomenclature 
N. femoralis N. tibialis 



Rami cutanei anteriores 
Rami musculares 
N. saphenus 

Ramus infrapatellaris 

Rami cutanei cruris mediales 

Plexus sacralis 

Truncus lumbosacralis 

N. glutaeus superior 

N. glutaeus inferior 

N. cutaneus femoris posterior 

Nn. clunium inferiores 

Rami perineales 

N. ischiadicus 

Rami musculares 

N. peronaeus communis 

Rami musculares 

N. cutaneus surae lateralis 

Ramus anastomoticus peronaeus 

N. peronaeus superficialis 

Rami musculares 
N. cutaneus dorsalis medialis 
N. cutaneus dorsalis intermedins 
Nn. digitales dorsales pedis 
N. peronaeus profundus 

Rami musculares 

Nn. digitales dorsales hallucis late- 
ralis et digiti secundi medialis 



Rami musculares 

N. interosseus cruris 

N. cutaneus surae medialis 



[N. suralis] 

Rami calcanei laterales 
N. cutaneus dorsalis lateralis 
Rami calcanei mediales 
N. plantaris medialis 

Nn. digitales plantares communes 
Nn. digitales plantares proprii 
N. plantaris lateralis 

Ramus superficialis 

Nn. digitales plantares com- 
munes 

Nn. digitales plantares proprii 
Ramus profundus 

Plexus pudendus 

Nn. haemorrhoidales medii 
Nn. vesicales inferiores 
Nn. vaginales 
N. pudendus 

Nn. haemorrhoidales inferiores 

N. perinei 

Nn. scrotales posteriores 

Nn. labiales posteriores 

N. dorsalis penis 

N. dorsalis clitoridis 

N. coccygeus 
Plexus coccygeus 
Nn. anococcygei 



Neurology 



87 



Femoral nerve (0. T. anterior 
crural) 

Anterior cutaneous rami 
Muscular rami 

Saphenous nerve (O. T. long saphe- 
nous) 
Infrapatellar ramus (O. T. patellar 

branch or long saphenous) 
Medial cutaneous rami of leg . 

Sacral plexus 

Lumbosacral trunk (O. T. lumbosa- 
cral cord) 

Superior gluteal nerve 

Inferior gluteal nerve 

Posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh 
Inferior nerves of buttock 
Perineal rami 

Sciatic nerve (0. T. great sciatic) 

Muscular rami 

Common peroneal nerve (O. T. exter- 
nal popliteal) 
Muscular rami 

Lateral cutaneous nerve of calf 
Peroneal anastomotic ramus (O. T. 
nervus communicans fibularis) 
Superficial peroneal nerve (O. T. mus- 
culocutaneous) 
Muscular rami 

Medial dorsal cutaneous nerve 
Intermediate dorsal cutaneous nerve 
Dorsal digital nerves of foot 
Deep peroneal nerve (O. T. anterior 
tibial) 
Muscular rami 

Dorsal digital nerves to lateral sur- 
face of hallux and to medial sur- 
face of second digit 



Tibial nerve (O. T. internal popliteal 
nerve) 
Muscular rami 
Interosseous nerve of the leg 

Medial cutaneous nerve of the calf 
(O. T. nervus communicans tib- 
ialis) 
Nerve of the calf (O. T. short saphe- 
nous nerve) 

Lateral calcanean rami 
Lateral dorsal cutaneous nerve 
Medial calcanean rami 
Medial plantar nerve (O. T. internal 
.plantar) 
Common digital plantar nerves 
Proper digital plantar nerves 
Lateral plantar nerve (O. T. external 
plantar) 
Superficial ramus 

Common digital plantar nerves 

Proper digital plantar nerves 
Deep ramus 

Pudendal plexus 

Middle hemorrhoidal nerves 

Inferior vesical nerves 

Vaginal nerves 

Pudendal nerve (O. T. pudic nerve) 

Inferior hemorrhoidal nerves 

Nerve of perineum 

Posterior scrotal nerves 

Posterior labial nerves 

Dorsal nerve of penis 

Dorsal nerve of clitoris 

• Coccygeal nerve 

Coccygeal plexus 
Anococcygeal nerves 



II 



88 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Systema nervorum sympathicum 



Truncus sympathicus 
Ganglia trunci sympathici 
Plexus sympathici 
Ganglia plexuum sympathicorum 

Pars cephalica et cervicalis s. 
sympathici 

Ganglion cervicale superius 

N. jugularis 

N. caroticus internus 

Plexus caroticus internus 

Plexus cavernosus 

Plexus arteriae cerebri anterioris 

Plexus arteriae cerebri mediae 

Plexus arteriae chorioideae 

Plexus ophthalmicus 

Radices sympathicae ganglii ciliaris 

Nn. carotici externi 

Plexus caroticus externus. 

Plexus thyreoideus superior 

Plexus lingualis 

Plexus maxillaris externus 

Radix sympathica ganglii submaxil- 

laris 
Plexus occipitalis 
Plexus auricularis posterior 
Plexus temporalis superficialis 
Plexus maxillaris internus 
Plexus meningeus 
Plexus caroticus communis 
Rami laryngopharyngei 
Plexus pharyngeus ascendens 
N. cardiacus superior 
Ganglion cervicale medium 
N. cardiacus medius 
Ganglion cervicale inferius 
Ansa subclavia [Vieussenii] 
N. cardiacus inferior 
Plexus subclavius 
Plexus mammarius internus 



Plexus thyreoideus inferior 
Plexus vertebralis 

Pars thoracalis s. sympathici 

Ganglia thoracalia 
N. splanchnicus major 
Ganglion splanchnicum 
N. splanchnicus minor 

Ramus renalis 
(N. splanchnicus imus) 

Plexus aorticus thoracalis 

Plexus cardiacus 

Plexus coronarius cordis anterior 

Ganglion cardiacum [Wrisbergi] 

Plexus coronarius posterior 

Rami pulmonales 

Plexus pulmonalis 

Pars abdominalis et pelvina s. 
sympathici 

Ganglia lumbalia 

Ganglia sacralia 

Plexus aorticus abdominalis 

Plexus coeliacus 

Ganglia coeliaca 

Ganglion mesentericum superius 

Plexus phrenicus 

Ganglia phrenica 
Plexus hepaticus 
Plexus lienalis 
Plexus gastricus superioT 
Plexus gastricus inferior 
Plexus suprarenalis 
Plexus renalis 
Plexus spermaticus 
Plexus arteriae ovaricae 
Plexus mesentericus superior 
Plexus myentericus 



Neurology 



Sympathetic system of nerves 



Sympathetic trunk 

Ganglia of the sympathetic trunk 

Sympathetic plexuses 

Ganglia of the sympathetic plexuses 

Cephalic and cervical portions of 
the sympathetic system 

Superior cervical ganglion 

Jugular nerve 

Internal carotid nerve 

Internal carotid plexus 

Cavernous plexus 

Plexus of anterior cerebral artery 

Plexus of middle cerebral artery 

Plexus of chorioid artery 

Ophthalmic plexus 

Sympathetic roots of ciliary ganglion 

External carotid nerves 

External carotid plexus 

Superior thyreoid plexus 

Lingual plexus 

External maxillary plexus 

Sympathetic root of the submaxillary 

ganglion 
Occipital plexus 
Posterior auricular plexus 
Superficial temporal plexus 
Internal maxillary plexus 
Meningeal plexus 
Common carotid plexus 
Laryngopharyngeal rami 
Ascending pharyngeal plexus 
Superior cardiac nerve 
Middle cervical ganglion 
Middle cardiac nerve 
Inferior cervical ganglion 
Subclavian loop 
Inferior cardiac nerve 
Subclavian plexus 
Internal mammary plexus 



Inferior thyreoid plexus 
Vertebral plexus 

Thoracic portion of the sympa- 
thetic system 

Thoracic ganglia 
Greater splanchnic nerve 
Splanchnic ganglion 
Lesser splanchnic nerve 

Renal ramus 
Lowermost splanchnic nerve (O. T. 

smallest splanchnic) 
Thoracic aortic plexus 
Cardiac plexus 

Anterior coronary plexus of heart 
Cardiac ganglion of Wrisberg 
Posterior coronary plexus 
Pulmonary rami 
Pulmonary plexus 

Abdominal and pelvic portions of 
the sympathetic system 

Lumbar ganglia 

Sacral ganglia 

Abdominal aortic plexus 

Coeliac plexus 

Coeliac ganglia 

Superior mesenteric ganglion 

Phrenic plexus 

Phrenic ganglia 
Hepatic plexus 
Splenic plexus 
Superior gastric plexus 
Inferior gastric plexus 
Suprarenal plexus 
Renal plexus 
Spermatic plexus 
Plexus of the ovarian artery 
Superior mesenteric plexus 
Myenteric plexus (O. T. plexus of 

Auerbach) 



89 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Plexus submucosus 

Plexus mesentericus inferior 

Nn. haemorrhoidales superiores 

Plexus haemorrhoidalis superior 

Plexus iliacus 

Plexus hypogastricus 

Plexus haemorrhoidalis medius 

Plexus prostaticus 

Plexus deferentialis 

Plexus uterovaginalis 



Plexus vesicalis 

Nn. vesicales superiores 

Nn. vesicales inferiores 

Plexus cavernosus penis 
N. cavernosus penis major 
Nn. cavernosi penis minores 

Plexus cavernosus clitoridis 
N. cavernosus clitoridis major 
Nn. cavernosi clitoridis minores 

Plexus femoralis 

Plexus popliteus 



Or^ana sensuum ct Integumentum commune 



Organon visus 

Oculus 

N. opticus 

Vaginae n. optici 
Spatia intervaginalia 

Bulbus oculi 

Polus anterior 

Polus posterior 

Aequator 

Meridian! 

Axis oculi externa 

Axis oculi interna 

Axis optica 

[Linea visus] 

Vesicula ophthalmica 

Caliculus ophthalmicus 

Tunica fibrosa oculi 

Sclera 

Sulcus sclerae 

Rima cornealis 

Sinus venosus sclerae [Canalis 

Schlemmi, Lauthi] 
Lamina fusca 



Lamina cribrosa sclerae 
(Raphe sclerae) 
(Funiculus sclerae) 

Cornea 

Annulus conjunctivae 

Vertex corneae 

Limbus corneae 

Facies anterior 

Facies posterior 

Epithelium corneae 

Lamina elastica anterior [Bowmani] 

Substantia propria 

Lamina elastica posterior [Demoursi, 

Descemeti] 
Endothelium camerae anterioris 

Tunica vasculosa oculi 

Chorioidea 

Lamina suprachorioidea 
Spatium perichorioideale 
Lamina vasculosa 
Lamina choriocapillaris 

Lamina basahs 
(Raphe chorioideae) 



Sense Organs and Common Integument 



89 



Plexus of submucosa (O. T. plexus 

of Meissner) 
Inferior mesenteric plexus 
Superior hemorrhoidal nerves 
Superior hemorrhoidal plexus 
Iliac plexus 
Hypogastric plexus 
Middle hemorrhoidal plexus 
Prostatic plexus 
Deferential plexus 
Uterovaginal plexus 



Vesical plexus 

Superior vesical nerves 

Inferior vesical nerves 

Cavernous plexus of penis 

Larger cavernous nerve of penis 
Lesser cavernous nerves of penis 

Cavernous plexus of clitoris 

Larger cavernous nerve of clitoris 
Lesser cavernous nerves of clitoris 

Femoral plexus 

Popliteal plexus 



Sense organs and common integument 



Organ of vision 

Eye 

Optic nerve 

Sheaths of the optic nerve 
Intervaginal spaces 

Eyeball 

Anterior pole 
Posterior pole 
Equator 
Meridian 

External axis of eye 
Internal axis of eye 
Optic axis 
Line of vision 
Ophthalmic vesicle 
Ophthalmic cup 

Fibrous tunic of eye 
Sclera (0. T. sclerotic coat) 

Sulcus of the sclera 
Cleft for the cornea 
Venous sinus of the sclera, or canal of 

Schlemm 
Brown layer 



Perforated layer of the sclera 
Ridge of the sclera 
Funiculus of the sclera 

Cornea 

Ring of conjunctiva 

Vertex of cornea 

Border of cornea 

Anterior surface 

Posterior surface 

Epithelium of cornea 

Anterior elastic layer (O. T. Bow- 
man's membrane) 

Proper substance 

Posterior elastic layer (O. T. Desce- 
met's membrane) 

Endothelium of anterior chamber 

Vascular coat of eye 
Chorioid 

Suprachorioid layer 

Perichorioideal space 

Vascular layer 

Choriocapillary layer (O. T. tunica 

Ruyschiana) 
Basal layer 
Raphe of chorioid 



90 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Corpus ciliare 

Corona ciliaris 
Processus ciliares 
Plicae ciliares 
Orbiculus ciliaris 
M. ciliaris 

Fibrae meridionales [Brueckei] 
Fibrae circulares [Muelleri] 
Plexus gangliosus ciliaris 

Iris 

Margo pupillaris 
Margo ciliaris 
Facies anterior 
Facies posterior 
Annulus iridis major 
Annulus iridis minor 
Plicae iridis 
Pupilla 

M. sphincter pupillae 
Stroma iridis 
M. dilatator pupillae 
Lig. pectinatum iridis 

Spatia anguli iridis [Fontanae] 

Circulus arteriosus major 
Circulus arteriosus minor 
Memhrana pupillaris 

Stratum pigmenti 

Stratum pigmenti retinae 
Stratum pigmenti corporis ciliaris 
Stratum pigmenti iridis 

Retina 

Pars optica retinae 

Ora serrata 
Pars ciliaris retinae 
Papilla n. optici 
Excavatio papillae n. optici 
Macula lutea 
Fovea centralis 



Vasa sanguinea retinae 

Circulus vasculosus n. optici [Halleri] 

Arteriola [Venula] temporalis retinae 
superior 

Arteriola [Venula] temporalis retinae 
inferior 

Arteriola [Venula] nasalis retinae 
superior 

Arteriola [Venula] nasalis retinae 
inferior 

Arteriola [Venula] macularis su- 
perior 

Arteriola [Venula] macularis in- 
ferior 

Arteriola [Venula] retinae medialis 

Camera oculi anterior 

Angulus iridis 

Camera oculi posterior 

Corpus vitreum 

A. hyaloidea 
Canalis hyaloideus 
Fossa hyaloidea 
Membrana hyaloidea 

Stroma vitreum 

Humor vitreus 

Lens crystallina 

Substantia lentis 

Substantia corticalis 

Nucleus lentis 
Fibrae lentis 
Epithelium lentis 
Capsula lentis 
Polus anterior lentis 
Polus posterior lentis 
Facies anterior lentis 
Facies posterior lentis 
Axis lentis 
Aequator lentis 
Radii lentis 



Sense Organs and Common Integument 



90 



Ciliary body 

Ciliary wreath 
Ciliary processes 
Ciliary folds 
Ciliary disk 
Ciliary muscle 
Meridional fibres 
Circular fibres 
Ciliary ganglionic plexus 

Iris, or diaphragm of the eye 

Pupillary margin 

Ciliary margin 

Anterior surface 

Posterior surface 

Greater ring of iris 

Lesser ring of iris 

Folds of iris 

Pupil 

Sphincter muscle of pupil 

Stroma of iris 

Dilator muscle of pupil 

Pectinate ("comb-like") ligament of 

iris (O. T. pillars of the iris) 
Spaces of the angle of the iris (O. T. 

spaces of Fontana) 
Greater arterial circle 
Lesser arterial circle 
Pupillary membrane 

Layer of pigment 

Pigment layer of the retina 
Pigment layer of ciliary body 
Pigment layer of iris 

Retina 

Optic part of retina 

Serrated edge 
Ciliary part of retina 
Papilla of optic nerve 
Ej^cavation of papilla of optic nerve 
Yellow spot 
Central fovea 



Blood vessels of the retina 

Vascular circle of the optic nerve 

Superior arteriole (venule) of temporal 
retina 

Inferior arteriole (venule) of temporal 
retina 

Superior arteriole (venule) of nasal ret- 
ina 

Inferior arteriole (venule) of nasal ret- 
ina 

Superior macular arteriole (venule) 

Inferior macular arteriole (venule) 

Medial arteriole (venule) of retina 

Anterior chamber of the eye 

Angle of the iris (O. T. iridocorneal 
angle) 

Posterior chamber of the eye 
Vitreous body 

Hyaloid artery 

Hyaloid canal (O. T. canal of Stilling) 
Hyaloid fossa (O. T. fossa patellaris) 
Hyaloid membrane 

Vitreous stroma 

Vitreous humor 

Crystalline lens 

Substance of the lens 

Cortical substance 

Nucleus of the lens 
Fibres of the lens 
Epithelium of the lens 
Capsule of the lens 
Anterior pole of lens 
Posterior pole of lens 
Anterior surface of lens 
Posterior surface of lens 
Axis of the lens 
Equator of the lens 
Radii of the lens 



91 



Zonula ciliaris [Zinni] 

Fibrae zonulares 
Spatia zonularia 



Anatomical Nomenclature 

Tarsus superior 

Tarsus inferior 



Organa oculi accessoria 

Musculi oculi, Fasciae orbitales 

M. orbitalis 
M. rectus superior 
M. rectus inferior 
M. rectus medialis 

M. rectus lateralis 

Lacertus musculi recti lateralis 
Annulus tendineus communis [Zinni] 
M. obliquus superior 

Trochlea 
M. obliquus inferior 
M. levator palpebrae superioris 
Periorbita 
Septum orbitale 

Fasciae musculares 
Fascia bulbi [Tenoni] 
Spatium interfasciale [Tenoni] 
Corpus adiposum orbitae 

Supercilium 

Palpebrae 

Palpebra superior 

Palpebra inferior 

Facies anterior palpebrarum 

Facies posterior palpebrarum 

Rima palpebrarum 

Commissura palpebrarum lateralis 

Commissura palpebrarum medialis 

Angulus oculi lateralis 
Angulus oculi medialis 
Limbi palpebrales anteriores 
Limbi palpebrales posteriores 



Lig. palpebrale mediale 

Raphe palpebralis lateralis 

Glandulae tarsales [Meibomi] 

Sebum palpebrale 
M. tarsalis superior 
M. tarsalis inferior 



Conjunctiva 

Plica semilunaris conjunctivae 
Caruncula lacrimalis 
Tunica conjunctiva bulbi 
Tunica conjunctiva palpebrarum 
Fornix conjunctivae superior 
Fornix conjunctivae inferior 
Gl. mucosae [Krausei] 
Noduli lymphatici conjunctivales 
(Pinguecula) 

Apparatus lacrimalis 

Glandula lacrimalis superior 
Glandula lacrimalis inferior 
(Gl. lacrimales accessoriae) 

DuctuK excretorii [gl. lacrimalis] 
Rivus lacrimalis 
Lacus lacrimalis 
Puncta lacrimalia 
Ductus lacrimales 
Papillae lacrimales 
Ampulla ductus lacrimalis 
Saccus lacrimalis 
Fornix sacci lacrimalis 
Ductus nasolacrimalis 
Plica lacrimahs [Hasneri] 
Lacrimae 



Sense Organs and Common Integument 



91 



Ciliary zonule (0. T. zonule of 
Zinn) 

Zonular fibres 

Zonular spaces (O. T. canal of Petit) 

Accessory organs of eye 
Eye muscles, orbital fasciae 

Orbital muscle 

Superior straight muscle 

Inferior straight muscle 

Medial straight muscle (O. T. internal 
rectus) 

Lateral straight muscle (O. T. external 
rectus) 

Lacertus of lateral straight muscle 

Common tendinous ring of Zinn 

Superior oblique muscle 
Pulley 

Inferior oblique muscle 

Levator muscle of superior lid 

Periorbit 

Orbital septum (O. T. palpebral liga- 
ments) 

Muscular fasciae 

Fascia of ball (O. T. capsule of Tenon) 

Interfascial space 

Fat body of orbit 

Eyebrow 

Eyelids 
Upper eyelid 
Lower eyelid 

Anterior surface of eyelids 
Posterior surface of eyelids 
Palpebral fissure 
Lateral palpebral commissure (O. T. 

external canthus) 
Medial palpebral commissure (O. T. 

internal canthus) 
Lateral angle of the eye 
Medial angle of the eye 
Anterior palpebral margins 
Posterior palpebral margins 



Superior tarsus (O. T. superior tarsal 
plate) 

Inferior tarsus (O. T. inferior tarsal 
plate) 

Medial palpebral ligament (O. T, in- 
ternal tarsal ligament) 

Lateral palpebral raphe (O. T. exter- 
nal tarsal ligament) 

Tarsal glands (O. T. Meibomian 
glands) 
Palpebral sebum 

Superior tarsal muscle 

Inferior tarsal muscle (O. T. tensor 
tarsi) 

Conjunctiva or connecting 
membrane 

Semilunar fold of conjunctiva 
Lacrimal caruncle 
Conjunctival coat of eyeball 
Conjunctival coat of eyelids 
Superior fornix of conjunctiva 
Inferior fornix of conjunctiva 
Mucous glands of Krause 
Conjunctival lymphatic nodules 
Conjunctival fat 

Lacrimal apparatus 

Superior lacrimal gland 
Inferior lacrimal gland 
Accessory lacrimal glands 

Excretory ductules of lacrimal gland 
Lacrimal stream 
Lacrimal lake 

Lacrimal (punctate) openings 
Lacrimal ducts 
Lacrimal papillae 
Ampulla of lacrimal duct 
Lacrimal sac 

Fornix, or summit of lacrimal sac 
Nasolacrimal duct 
Lacrimal fold of Hasner 
Tears 



92 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Organon auditus 

Auris interna 

Labyrinthus membranaceus 

Ductus endolymphaticus 

Saccus endolymphaticus 

Ductus utriculosaccularis 

Utriculus 

Ductus semicirculares 

Ductus semicircularis superior 
Ductus semicircularis posterior 
Ductus semicircularis lateralis 

Ampullae membranaceae 
Sulcus ampullaris 
Crista ampullaris 
Ampulla membranacea superior 
Ampulla membranacea posterior 
Ampulla membranacea lateralis 

Sacculus 

Ductus reuniens [Henseni] 

Maculae acusticae 

Macula acustica utriculi 
Macula acustica sacculi 

Otoconia 

Endolympha 

Perilympha 

Spatium perilymphaticum 

Ductus perilymphatic! 

Ductus cochlearis 



Caecum cupulare 
Caecum vestibulare 
Lamina basilaris 

Membrana vestibularis [Reissneri] 
Lig. spirale cochleae 
Prominentia spiralis 
Stria vascularis 
Sulcus spiralis 
Labium tympanicum 
Foramina nervosa 
Labium vestibulare 



Ganglion spirale cochleae 
Organon spirale [Cortii] 
Vasa auris internae 
A. auditiva interna 

Rami vestibulares 

Ramus cochleae 

Glomeruli arteriosi cochleae 
Vv. auditivae internae 

V. spiralis modioli 
Vas prominens 

Vv. vestibulares 

V. aquaeductus vestibuli 

V. canaliculi cochleae 

Labyrinthus osseus 
Vestibulum 

Recessus sphaericus 

Recessus ellipticus 

Crista vestibuli 

Pyramis vestibuli 

Recessus cochlearis 

Maculae cribrosae 

Macula cribrosa superior 
Macula cribrosa media 
Macula cribrosa inferior 

Canales semicirculares ossei 
Canalis semicircularis superior 
Canalis semicircularis posterior 
Canalis semicircularis lateralis 

Ampullae osseae 

Ampulla ossea superior 
Ampulla ossea posterior 
Ampulla ossea lateralis 

Crura ampullaria 

Crus commune 

Crus simplex 



Cochlea 



Cupula 
Basis cochleae 



Sense Organs and Common Integument 



92 



Organ of hearing 

Internal ear 

Membranous labyrinth 

Endolymphatic duct 

Endolymphatic sac 

Utriculosaccular duct 

Utricle 

Semicircular ducts 

Superior semicircular duct 
Posterior semicircular duct 
Lateral semicircular duct (O. T. ex- 
ternal) 

Membranous ampullae 
AmpuUary sulcus 
AmpuUary crest 
Superior membranous ampulla 
Posterior membranous ampulla 
Lateral membranous ampulla 

Saccule 

Uniting duct (O. T. canalis reuniens) 

Acoustic spots 

Acoustic spot of utricle 
Acoustic spot of saccule 

Ear-stones 

Endolymph 

Perilymph 

Perilymphatic space 

Perilymphatic ducts 

Cochlear duct (O. T. mem- 
branous cochlea, or scala 
media) 

Cupular blind sac 

Vestibular blind sac 

Basilar layer 

Vestibular membrane of Reissner 

Spiral ligament of cochlea 

Spiral prominence 

Vascular stripe 

Spiral sulcus 

Tympanic lip 

Openings for nerves 

Vestibular lip 



Spiral ganglion of cochlea 
Spiral organ of Corti 
Vessels of internal ear 
Internal auditory artery 

Vestibular rami 

Cochlear ramus 

Arterial glomeruli of cochlea 
Internal auditory veins 

Spiral vein of modiolus 
Prominent vessel 

Vestibular veins 

Vein of aqueduct of vestibule 

Vein of canaliculus of cochlea 

Osseous labyrinth 
Vestibule 

Spherical recess (O. T. fovea hemi- 

sphaerica) 
ElHptical recess (O. T. fovea hemiel- 

liptica) 
Crest of vestibule « 

Pyramid of vestibule 
Cochlear recess 
Perforated spots 

Superior perforated spot 

Middle perforated spot 

Inferior perforated spot 
Osseous semicircular canals 

Superior semicircular canal 

Posterior semicircular canal 

Lateral semicircular canal (O. T. ex- 
ternal) 
Osseous ampullae 

Superior osseous ampulla 

Posterior osseous ampulla 

Lateral osseous ampulla 
AmpuUary limbs 
Common limb 
Simple limb 

Cochlea (" snail shell ") 
Cupola 
Base of cochlea 



93 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Canalis spiralis cochleae 

Modiolus 

Basis modioli 

Lamina modioli 

Lamina spiralis ossea 

Hamulus laminae spiralis 

Scala vestibuli 

Scala tympani 

Helicotrema 

Lamina spiralis secundaria 

Canalis spiralis modioli 

Canales longitudinales modioli 

Meatus acusticus intemus 

Porus acusticus internus 
Fundus meatus acustici interni 

Crista transversa 

Area n. facialis 

Area cochleae ' 

Tractus spiralis foraminosus 

Area vestibularis superior 

Area vestibularis inferior 

Foramen singulare 

Cavum tympani 

Paries tegmentalis 
Recessus epitympanicus 
Pars cupularis 

Paries jugularis 
Prominentia styloidea 

Paries labyrinthica 

Fenestra vestibuli 

Fossula fenestrae vestibuli 
Promontorium 
Sulcus promontorii 
Subiculum promontorii 

Sinus tympani 
Fenestra cochleae 

Fossula fenestrae cochleae 



Crista fenestrae cochleae 
Processus cochleariformis 
Paries mastoidea 

Antrum tympanicum 

Prominentia canalis semicircularis 
lateralis 

Prominentia canalis facialis 

Eminentia pyramidalis 

Fossa incudis 

Sinus posterior 

Apertura tympanica canaliculi 
chordae 
Cellulae mastoideae 
Cellulae tympanicae 
Paries carotica 

Paries membranacea 



Membrana tympani 

Pars flaccida 

Pars tensa 

Limbus membranae tympani 

Plica malleolaris anterior 

Plica malleolaris posterior 

Prominentia malleolaris 

Stria malleolaris 

Umbo membranae tympani 

Stratum cutaneum 
Annulus fibrocartilagineus 
Stratum radiatum 
Stratum circulare 
Stratum mucosum 

Ossicula auditus 

Stapes 

Capitulum stapedis 
Crus anterius 
Crus posterius 



Sense Organs and Common Integument 



93 



Spiral canal of cochlea 
Modiolus (" screw ") 
Base of modiolus 
Shelf of modiolus 
Osseous spiral shelf 
Hooklet of spiral shelf 
"Staircase" of vestibule 
"Staircase" of tympanum 
Helicotrema (" pore of the helix ") 
Secondary spiral shelf 
Spiral canal of modiolus 
Longitudinal canals of modiolus 

Internal acoustic meatus 

Internal acoustic opening 

Bottom of internal acoustic meatus 

Transverse crest 

Area of facial nerve 

Area of cochlea 

Foraminous spiral tract 

Superior vestibular area 

Inferior vestibular area 

Isolated foramen 

Cavity of tympanum 

Tegmental wall 
Epitympanic recess 
Cupular portion 
Jugular wall (O. T. floor) 

Styloid prominence 
Labyrinthic wall (O. T. in- 
ner wall) 
Fenestra ("window") of vestibule 

(O. T. fenestra ovalis) 
Little fossa of fenestra of vestibule 
Promontory 
Sulcus of promontory 
Subiculum (" support ") of promon- 
tory 
Sinus of tympanum 
Fenestra of cochlea (O. T. fenestra 

rotunda) 
Little fossa of fenestra of cochlea 



Crest of fenestra of cochlea 

Cochleariform process 
Mastoid wall (O. T. pos- 
terior wall) 

Tympanic antrum (O. T. mastoidal 
antrum) 

Prominence of lateral semicircular 
canal 

Prominence of facial canal 

Pyramidal eminence 

Fossa of incus 

Posterior sinus 

Tympanic aperture of canaliculus of 
chorda 
Mastoid cells 
Tympanic cells 

Carotid wall (O. T. ante- 
rior wa 1 1 ) 
Membranous wall (O. T. 

outer wall) 

Membrane of the tympanum (0. T. 
drumhead) 

Flaccid part 

Tense part 

Border of membrane of tympanum 

Anterior malleolar fold 

Posterior malleolar fold 

Malleolar prominence 

Malleolar stripe 

Umbo ("prominent part") of tympanic 

membrane 
Cutaneous layer 
Fibrocartilaginous ring 
Radiate layer 
Circular layer 
Mucous layer 

Auditory ossicles 

Stirrup 
Head of stirrup 
Anterior limb 
Posterior limb 



94 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Basis stapedis 
Incus 
Corpus incudis 
Cms longum 

Processus lenticularis 
Crus breve 
Malleus 
Manubrium mallei 
Capitulum mallei 
Collum mallei 
Processus lateralis 

Processus anterior [Folii] 

Articulationes ossiculorum auditus 

Articulatio incudomalleolaris 
Articulatio incudostapedia 
Syndesmosis tympanostapedia 

Ligg. ossiculorum auditus 

Lig. mallei anterius 
Lig. mallei superius 
Lig. mallei laterale 

Lig. incudis superius 
Lig. incudis posterius 
Membrana obturatoria (stapedis) 
Lig. annulare baseos stapedis 
[M. fixator baseos stapedis] 

Musculi ossiculorum auditus 

M. tensor tympani 
M. stapedius 

Tunica mucosa tympanica 

(Gl. tympanicae) 

Plica malleolaris posterior 

Plica malleolaris anterior 

Recessus membranae tympani anterior 

Recessus tympani membranae superior 

Recessus membranae tympani posterior 

Plica incudis 



Plica stapedis 

Membrana tympani secundaria 

Tuba auditiva [Eustachii] 

Ostium tympanicum tubae auditivae 
Pars ossea tubae auditivae 

Isthmus tubae auditivae 

Cellulae pneumaticae tubariae 
Pars cartilaginae tubae auditivae 

Cartilago tubae auditivae 

Lamina [cartilaginis] medialis 

Lamina [cartilaginis] lateralis 
Lamina membranacea 
Tunica mucosa 

Gl. mucosae 

Noduli lymphatici tubarii 
Ostium pharyngeum tubae auditivae 

Meatus acusticus externus 

Poms acusticus externus 

Incisura tympanica [Rivini] 

Meatus acusticus externus cartilagi- 

neus 
Cartilago meatus acustici* 

Incisurae cartilaginis meatus acus- 
tici externi [Santorini] 

Lamina tragi 

Auriculae 

Lobulus auriculae 

Cartilago auriculae 

Helix 

Crus helicis 

Spina helicis 

Cauda helicis 

Anthelix 

Fossa triangularis [auriculae] 

Crura anthelicis 

Scapha 

Concha auriculae 

Cymba conchae 

Cavum conchae 

Antitragus 



Sense Organs and Common Integument 



94 



Base of stirrup (O. T. foot-piece) 
Anvil 
Body of anvil 
Long limb 

Lenticular process 
Short limb 
Hammer 
Handle of hammer 
Head of hammer 
Neck of hammer 
Lateral process (O. T. processus 

brevis) 
Anterior process (O. T. processus 

gracilis) 

Joints of the auditory ossicles 

Joint between anvil and hammer 
Joint between anvil and stirrup 
Junction of stirrup and tympanum 

Ligaments of the auditory ossicles 

Anterior ligament of hammer 
Superior ligament of hammer 
Lateral ligament of hammer (O. T. 

external ligament) 
Superior ligament of anvil 
Posterior ligament of anvil 
Obturator membrane of stirrup 
Annular ligament of base of stirrup 
Fixing muscle of the base of stirrup 

Muscles of the auditory ossicles 

Tensor muscle of the tympanum 
Stapedius muscle 

Tympanic mucous coat 

Tympanic glands 

Posterior maleolar fold 

Anterior malleolar fold 

Anterior recess of tympanic membrane 

Superior recess of tympanic membrane 

Posterior recess of tympanic membrane 

Fold of anvil 



Fold of stirrup 

Secondary tympanic membrane 

Auditory or Eustachian tube 

Tympanic opening of auditory tube 
Bony part of auditory tube 

Isthmus of auditory tube 

Tubal air cells 
Cartilaginous part of auditory tube 

Cartilage of auditory tube 
Medial layer of cartilage 

Lateral layer of cartilage 
Membranous layer 
Mucous membrane 

Mucous glands 

Tubal lymphatic nodules 
Pharyngeal opening of auditory tube 

External acoustic meatus 

External acoustic opening 

Tympanic incisure 

Cartilaginous external acoustic meatus 

Cartilage of acoustic meatus 

Notches in cartilage of external 

acoustic meatus 
Layer of tragus 

External ear, or auricle (O. T. 
pinna) 

Lobule of auricle 
Cartilage of auricle 
Coil 

Limb of coil 
Spine of coil 
Tail of coil 
Anthelix 

Triangular fossa of auricle 
Limbs of anthelix 
Scapha ("skiff") 
Concha ("shell") of auricle 
Cymba (" boat ") of auricle 
■ Cavity of concha 
Antitragus 



95 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Tragus 

Incisura anterior [auris] 
Incisura intertragica 
(Tuberculum auriculae [Darwini]) 
(Apex auriculae [Darwini]) 
Sulcus auriculae posterior 
(Tuberculum supratragicum) 
Isthmus cartilaginis auris 
Incisura terminalis auris 
Fissura antitragohelicina 
Sulcus anthelicis transversus 
Sulcus cruris helicis 
Fossa anthelicis 
Eminentia conchae 
Eminentia scaphae 
Eminentia fossae triangularis 
Ligg. auricularia [Valsalvae] 

Lig. auriculare anterius 

Lig. auriculare superius 

Lig. auriculare posterius 
M. helicis major 
M. helicis minor 
M. tragicus 

(M. pyramidalis auriculae [Jungi]) 
M. antitragicus 
M. transversus auriculae 
M. obliquus auriculae 
(M. incisurae heHcis [Santorini]) 

Organon olfactus 

Organon gustus 

Calyculi gustatorii 

Integumentum commune 

Cutis 

Sulci cutis 
Cristas cutis 
Retinacula cutis 
Toruh tactiles 
Foveola coccygea 
Lig. caudale 



Epidermis 

Stratum corneum 

Stratum germinativum [Malpighii] 

Corium 

Tunica propria 
Corpus papillare 
Papillae 

Tela subcutanea 

Panniculus adiposus 

Corpuscula nervorum terminalia 

Corpuscula bulboidea [Krausii] 
Corpuscula lamellosa [Vateri, Pacini] 

Corpuscula tactus [Meissneri] 
Corpuscula nervorum genitalia 
Corpuscula nervorum articularia 

Pill 

Lanugo 

Capilli 

Supercilia 

Cilia 

Barba 

Tragi 

Vibrissae 

Hirci 

Pubes 

Folliculus pili 

Fundus folliculi pili 

Collum follicuh pili 
Papilla pili 
Scapus pili 
Radix pili 
Bulbus pili 

Mm. arrectores pilorum 
Flumina pilorum 
Vortices pilorum 
(Vortex coccygeus) 



Sense Organs and Common Integument 



95 



Tragus ("goat") 

Anterior notch of ear 

Intertragic notch 

Darwinian tubercle of auricle 

Tip of ear 

Posterior sulcus of auricle 

Supratragic tubercle 

Cartilaginous isthmus of ear 

Terminal notch of ear 

Antitragohelicine fissure 

Transverse groove of anthelix 

Groove of crus of helix 

Fossa of anthelix 

Eminence of concha 

Eminence of scapha 

Eminence of triangular fossa 

Auricular ligaments of Valsalva 
Anterior auricular ligament 
Superior auricular ligament 
Posterior auricular ligament 

Larger muscle of helix 

Smaller muscle of helix 

Muscle of tragus 

Pyramidal muscle of ear 

Muscle of antitragus 

Transverse muscle of auricle 

Oblique muscle of auricle 

Muscle of notch of helix 

Organ of smell 

Organ of taste 

Taste buds 

Common integument 

Skin 

Grooves of skin 

Ridges of skin 

Retaining bands or folds of skin 

Tactile elevations 

Coccygeal depression 

Caudal ligament 



Epidermis, or scarf skin 

Horny layer 

Germinative, or Malpighian layer 

Corium, or leather skin 

Proper tunic 
Papillary body 
Papillae 

Subcutaneous tissue 

Adipose panniculus ("garment") (O. 
T. subcutaneous areolar tissue) 

Terminal corpuscles of the nerves 

Bulb-like corpuscles of Krause 
Lamellated corpuscles of Vater or 

Pacini 
Touch corpuscle of Meissner 
Genital corpuscles of the nerves 
Articular corpuscles of the nerves 

Hairs 

Woolly hair 

Hairs of the head 

Hairs of the eyebrows 

Eyelashes 

Hairs of the beard 

Hairs of the ear 

Hairs of the nose 

Axillary hairs 

Pubic hairs 

Hair follicle 

Fundus of hair follicle 

Neck of hair follicle 
Papilla of hair 
Shaft of hair 
Root of hair 
Bulb oi hair 

Arrector muscles of the hairs 
Hair streams 
Hair whirlpools 
Coccygeal whirlpool 



96 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Ungues 

Matrix unguis 

Cristae matricis unguis 
Sulcus matricis unguis 

Vallum unguis 

Corpus unguis 

Radix unguis 

Lunula 

Margo occultus 

Margo liber 

Margo lateralis 

Stratum corneum unguis 

Stratum germinativum unguis 

Qlandulae cutis 
Gl. glomiformes 

Gl. sudoriferae 

Corpus gl. sudoriferae 

Ductus sudoriferus 

Poms sudoriferus 

Sudor 
Gl. ciliares [Molli] 



Gl. circumanales 
Gl. ceruminosae 
Cerumen 

Glandulae sebaceae 

Sebum cutaneum 

Mamma 

Papilla mammae 
Corpus mammae 
Lobi mammae 

Lobuli mammae 
Ductus lactiferi 

Sinus lactiferi 
Lac femininum 
Colostrum 
Areola mammae 

Gl. sebaceae 

Gl. areolares [Montgomerii] 
Mamma virilis 
(Mammae accessoriae [muliebres et 

viriles]) 



Sense Organs and Common Integument 



96 



Nails 

Bed of the nail 

Crest of ungual matrix 
Sulcus of ungual matrix 

Wall of nail 

Body of nail 

Root of nail 

Lunule 

Hidden margin 

Free margin 

Lateral margin 

Horny layer of nail 

Germinative layer of nail 

Glands of the skin 

Coil glands 

Sweat glands 

Body of sweat gland 

Sweat duct 

Sweat pore 

Sweat 
Glands of the eyelashes of Moll 



Circumanal glands 
Wax glands 
Wax 

Sebaceous glands 

Cutaneous sebum 

Breast 

Nipple of the breast 
Body of the breast 
Lobes of the breast 

Lobules of breast 
Lactiferous duct 

Lactiferous sinus 
Female milk 
Colostrum 
Areola of breast 

Sebaceous glands 

Areolar glands of Montgomery 
Male breast 
Accessory breasts, female and male 



97 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Regiones corporis humani 

auctoribus Merkel, Rudinger, Toldt. 



Linea mediana anterior 
Linea mediana posterior 
Linea sternalis 
Linea parasternalis 



Linea mamillaris 
Linea axillaris 
Linea scapularis 



it palpebraHs stqter^ 
• " irtferwr 







Regions of the Human Body 97 



Regions of the human body 

After the authors Merkel, Riidinger, Toldt., 

Anterior median line Mammillary line 

Posterior median line Axillary line 

Sternal line Scapular line 
Parasternal line 



98 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Regiones capitis 
Regio frontalis 
Regio supraorbitalis 
Regio parietalis 
Regio occipitalis 
Regio temporalis 
Regio auricularis 
Regio mastoidea 
Regiones faciei 
Regio nasalis 



Regio parotideomasseterica 

Fossa retromandibularis 
Regiones colli 
Regio colli anterior 

Regio submentalis 

Regio hyoidea 

Regio subhyoidea 

Regio laryngea 

Regio thyreoidea 

Regio suprasternalis 




Regio oralis 


Fossa jugularis 


Regio labialis superior 


Regio submaxillaris 


Regio labialis inferior 


Fossa carotica 


Regio mentalis 


Regio sternocleidomastoidea 


Regio orbitalis 


Fossa supraclavicularis minor 


Regio palpebralis superior 


Regio colli lateralis 


Regio palpebralis inferior 


Fossa supraclavicularis major 


Regio infraorbitalis 


Trigonum omoclaviculaire 


Regio buccalis 


Regio colli posterior 


Regio zygomatica 


Regio nuchae 



Regions of the Human Body 



98 



Regions of the head 
Region of the forehead 
Supraorbital region 
Parietal region 
Region of the occiput 
Region of the temple 
Region of the ear 
Region of the mastoid 
Regions of the face 
Region of the nose 



Parotideomasseteric region 

Retromandibular fossa 
Regions of the neck 
Anterior region of neck 
Region under the chin 
Region of the hyoid 
Region below hyoid 
Region of the larynx 
Region of the thyreoid 
Region above sternum 



Region of the mouth 
Region of the upper lip 
Region of the lower lip 
Region of the chin 
Region of the eye 
Region of upper eyelid 
Region of lower eyelid 
Infraorbital region 
Region of the cheek 
Region of the zygoma 



Jugular fossa 

Region below lower jaw 

Carotid fossa 
Region of the sternocleidomastoid 

Lesser supraclavicular fossa 
Regfon of the side of the neck 

Larger supraclavicular fossa 

Omoclavicular triangle 
Region of the back of the neck 

Region of the nape 



99 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Fovea nuchae 
Regiones pectoris 
Regio pectoris anterior 
Regio sternalis 
Regio clavicularis 
Regio infraclavicularis 

Trigonum deltoideopectorale 
Regio mammalis 
Regio inframammalis 
Regio pectoris lateralis 
Regio axillaris 
Fossa axillaris 



Regio mediana dorsi 
Regio interscapularis 
Regio scapularis 
Regio suprascapularis 
Regio infrascapularis 
Regio lumbalis 
Regio coxae 
Regio sacralis 
Regio glutaea 
Regio perinealis 

Regio analis 

Regio urogenitalis 




Regio costalis lateralis 
Regiones abdominis 
Regio epigastrica 
Regio hypochondriaca 
Regio mesogastrica 

Regio umbilicalis 

Regio abdominalis lateralis 
Regio hypogastrica 

Regio pubica 

Regio inguinalis 
Regiones dorsi 



Regio pudendalis 

Regiones extremitatis su 

p e r i o r i s 
Regio acromialis 
Regio deltoidea 
Regio brachii lateralis 
Regio brachii medialis 
Regio brachii anterior 
Regio brachii posterior 
Regio cubiti anterior 

Fossa cubitalis 



Regions of the Human Body 



99 



Nuchal depression 

Regions of the breast 

Anterior region of breast 

Region of the sternum 

Region of the clavicle 

Region below clavicle 

Deltoideopectoral triangle 
Region of the mammary gland 
Region below mammary gland 
Lateral region of the breast 
Region of the axilla 
Axillary pit 



Median region of the back 
Interscapular region 
Region of the scapula 
Region above scapula 
Region below scapula 
Lumbar region 
Region of the hip 
Region of the sacrum 
Region of the buttocks 
Region of the perineum 

Anal region 

Urogenital region 



Lateral region of ribs 
Regions of abdomen 
Epigastric region 
Hypochondriac region 
Mesogastric region 

Region of umbilicus 

Lateral region of abdomen 
Hypogastric region 

Region of the pubes 

Region of the groin 
Regions of the back 



Pundendal region 

Regions of upper extrem- 

ity 
Region of the acromion 
Region of the deltoid 
Lateral region of upper arm 
Medial region of upper arm 
Anterior region of upper arm 
Posterior region of upper arm 
Anterior region of elbow 

Fossa of elbow 



lOO 



Anatomical Nomenclature 



Regio cubiti posterior 
, Regio olecrani 
Regio cubiti lateralis 
Regio cubiti medialis 
Regio antibrachii volaris 
Regio antibrachii dorsalis 
Regio antibrachii radialis 
Regio antibrachii ulnaris 
Regio dorsalis manus 
Regio volaris manus 
Regiones digitales [manus] 

Regiones dorsales digitorum 

Regiones unguiculares 

Regiones volares digitorum 
Regiones e x t r e m i t a t i s i n 

f e r i o r i s 
Regio femoris anterior 

Fossa subinguinalis 
Regio femoris lateralis 

Regio trochanterica 
Regio femoris posterior 



Regio femoris medialis 
Regio genu anterior 

Regio patellaris 
Regio genu posterior 

Fossa poplitea 
Regio cruris anterior 
Regio cruris posterior 

Regio suralis 
Regio cruris lateralis 
Regio cruris medialis 
Regio malleolaris lateralis 
Regio malleolaris medialis 

Regio retromalleolaris lateralis 

Regio retromalleolaris medialis 
Regio calcanea 
Regio dorsalis pedis 
Regio plantaris pedis 
Regiones digitales pedis 
Regiones dorsales digitorum pedis 
Regiones unguiculares 
Regiones plantares digitorum pedis 



Regions of the Human Body 



ICX) 



Posterior region of elbow 

Region of olecranon 
Lateral region of elbow 
Medial region of elbow 
Volar region of forearm 
Dorsal region of forearm 
Radial region of forearm . 
Ulnar region of forearm 
Dorsal region of the hand 
Volar region of the hand 
Regions of the digits of the hand 

Dorsal regions of digits 

Regions of the nails 

Volar regions of digits 
Regions of lower extrem- 
ity 
Anterior region of the thigh 

Fossa below the groin 
Lateral region of thigh 

Region of the trochanter 
Posterior region of thigh 



Medial region of thigh 
Anterior region of the knee 

Region of the patella 
Posterior region of knee 

Popliteal fossa 
Anterior region of the leg 
Posterior region of leg 

Region of the calf 
Lateral region of leg 
Medial region of leg 
Region of lateral malleolus 
Region of medial malleolus 

Lateral retromalleolar region 

Medial retromalleolar region 
Region of the heel 
Region of the dorsum of foot 
Region of the sole of the foot 
Regions of the digits of the foot 
Dorsal regions of the digits of the foot 
Regions of the nails 
Plantar regions of the digits of the foot 



loi Explanatory Notes to Certain or the Terms 



Explanatory Notes to Certain of the Terms. 

While there can be no doubt as to the exact meaning of the majority of the 
names in the list, there are some names included which hitherto have been used 
with different meanings in different text-books, and here and there a new term, 
not to be found in any of the text-books, is included. 

To indicate the exact meaning of these. Professor His, with the approval of 
the editing committee, wrote a series of brief explanatory notes. Thus, for 
example, the designations regarding the position and direction of parts of the 
body are explained, transversalis meaning across the axis of the body, transversus 
across the axis of the organ concerned. The word intermedins is used for the 
position midway between media lis and lateralis in order to avoid the juxta- 
position of words sounding so much alike as medius and medialis; between 
anterior and posterior or between externus and internus the adjective medius is 
retained. The notes contain a long discussion on the nomenclature of " glands" 
and "lymphglands." In connection with general terms it is noted that discus 
means " disc," while meniscus means " crescent." In the osteological notes 
the terms glabella, infundihulum ethmoidale, and sidci paraglenoidales are, 
among others, clearly defined. Comments on the Pars lacrimalis m. orbicidaris 
or Horner's muscle, the M. quadratus lahii superioris (the old " Mm. levator labii 
superioris proprius, levator labii superioris alaeque nasi and zygomaticus minor" 
combined), the Raphe pterygomandibularis, the Fasciculi transver si of the palmar 
aponeurosis, the Scalenus minimus, the Ligamentum fundi} or me penis, the Falx 
inguinalis (the old "conjoined" tendon or Henle's ligament), and the Ligamen- 
Pum inter foveolare (Hesselbach's ligament) are made in connection with myology. 

Some rather important notes accompany the splanchnological terms. Cer- 
tain new terms have been adopted in the tonsillar region, partly on embryological 
grounds. The Recessus pharyngeus of Rosenmueller is exactly defined, as 
is also the Bursa pharyngeus (p. 128). In connection with the Pars analis 
recti attention is called to the excellent description given by the French anato- 
mists, Sappey and Testut. A number of the names for parts of the nose and 
larynx have been drawn from the special literature. The less familiar of these 
in the nose — Limen nasi, atrium meatus medii, agger nasi. Sulcus oljactorius, 
Recessus sphenoethmoidalis, meatus nasopharyngeus, Meatus nasi communis. 
Processus sphenoidalis septi cartilaginei — are explained. In the larynx marked 
precision has been arrived at and a great advance in nomenclature has been 
made. The old terms Glottis vera and Glottis spuria have been done away 



Anatomical Nomenclature 102 

with; the terms adopted throughout are exceedingly satisfactory. The names 
for the genitourinary organs are nearly all easily understood; the terms Annidus 
urethralis vesicce, Crista urethralis, Corpus glandulare prostatce, Isthmus prostatcdj 
Colliculus seminalis (the old Caput gallinaginis) are especially dealt with. 

As might have been expected, there are numerous notes upon the pelvic 
floor and the pelvic fascia. After the notes were written the Commission changed 
Trigonum urogenitale to Diaphragma urogenitale. The floor of the pelvic 
cavity is formed by the M. levator ani and the M. coccygeus, and to this mus- 
cular funnel the name Diaphragma pelvis , suggested by H. Meyer, is given; 
the fascia above it is called the Pars diaphragmatica fasciae pelvis, that below 
it the Fascia inferior diaphragmatis pelvis. The two parts of the Fascia pelvis 
are designated Pars diaphragmatica and Pars endopelvina, instead of, as of 
yore, Pars parietalis and Pars visceralis, the reason being that the latter terms 
are used only for serous membranes. The distinction between the Arcus 
tendineus musculi levatoris ani (the tendinous arch helping to give origin to 
the M. levator ani interwoven with the obturator fascia, whose two extremities 
reach to the upper margin of the pelvis) and the Arcus tendineus fasciae pelvis 
is sharply drawn; the latter crosses the former and the two are easily separable 
from one another. 

The Diaphragma urogenitale, the triangular mass of tissue stretching across 
between the pubic rami leaving a space at its upper end (beneath the Lig. arcua- 
tum) open for the passage of the Vena dorsalis penis (s. clitoridis), is described 
as having a framework made up of two powerful fascial layers, the Fascia dia- 
phragmatis urogenitalis superior (the old "deep layer of the triangular liga- 
ment"), and the Fascia diaphragmatis urogenitalis inferior (the old "superficial 
layer of the triangular ligament"). These two fasciae are fused at their upper 
and lower margins, enclosing a flat slit-like space. The union of the upper 
margins gives rise to the Lig. transversum pelvis. The compartment between 
the two layers (middle perineal compartment) is traversed by the membranous 
urethra with its M. sphincter urethrae membranacece. In the compartment lie 
the M. transversus profundus, Cowper's glands, and numerous venous plexuses. 
The term "Fascia perinei propria" has been dropped; it was used in so many 
different ways that students were confused by it. 

The revision of the names for the peritonaeum seems satisfactory. By 
Membrana mesenterii propria is meant the layer of connective tissue remaining 
after removal of the two peritoneal layers; it carries the blood and lymph-vessels, 
lymph glands, and fat. The division of the Bursa omentalis (lesser peritoneal 
cavity) into a Vestibulum, Recessus superior, Recessus inferior, and Recessus 
lienalis, is important. The Plica gastropancreatica is explained. 

The old name of suspensory ligament of the liver has been changed to Lig. 
falci forme hepatis for obvious reasons. 

On the following terms of gynaecological anatomy comments are made: 
Lig. suspensorium ovarii, Bursa ovarica, and Parametrium. 



I03 



Explanatory Notes to Certain of the Terms 



The angiological notes are meagre, it being assumed that the names are 
in general wholly intelligible; a few names of parts of the heart are commented 
on and the question of the veins about the navel is thoroughly ventilated. 

The neurological notes are in accord with the well-known nomenclature 
based on the embryological studies of His, and those- familiar with his work 
will find but little new in them. 

These notes are not more fully incorporated into this volume for two reasons : 
(i) They are easily accessible to those who desire to refer to them in the Arch, 
f. Anat. u. Entwicklungs geschichte (1895), and (2) they would have incon- 
veniently enlarged the size and increased the price of the present publication. 



Regiones digitales 
.,--- Tolaxes 



RAontaQis 



H.nasalis-"" 
R. oralis-' 






R.cubiti anterior 

/ R.cubdtimedialis 



^V^ 



■Ribrachii 
anteTior 



;R.iatoiie^ 



R. 

^coDi 
a-te- 
iar, 



R.ofbitaQis 
— R. laerrtalis 

R.acroinialis 



/ R.olecreiid 
R.cub.post. 



Hegio ingiiinalis- 
J-.trochanterica.. 



R.digitorum 
pedis dorsaJis 1 




R.parietalis 



IL temporalis- 



Reg. 
occipitalis 



Reg. 
nuchae 



R. temp oralis 

...R.mastoidea 

L R. aiiricularis 

...Fovea nuchae 



R. digitales 
dorsales " 



Il.acroxnialis 

R,. 
fdeltoidej 



Reg. 
suprasca- 
"larl 



-R. 

scapulaxis 



H.cubiti 
lateralis 




• inteT- 
sdapuLai is 



R.ixifca- 





(4 


^y^ 


g 




?3 




s 


Imabalia 


^ 



Reg. 
sxrprascai 



R.acroinialis 



R.deltoidea 



.bracim 



R. 

scapxdaris 






^' 



R.olecrani 



R.infra-i Vm 
scapxdarl 



R.^Sk^/ 

1 



R. trochanterica 



3l.digitsQ.es 
vol 



igita 
alarc 



Tessa retromalledlaris lateralis 
R, . retromalleolacis lateralis . 




Fossa retromalleclciris 
lateralis 

R.malleolaris 
lateralis 



A 

LIST OF BOOKS 



ON 



Anatomy, Physiology, 
Histology, Biology, 
Embryology, Zoology 



Published by 

P. Blakiston's Son S, Co. 

Philadelphia^ 



Illustrated Circulars sent to 
any Address upon Application 



Arranged -upon an Embryolo^ical Basis 

Jvist Ready 

StoKr^s Histology 

SixtK American, from tKe XwelftH German Edition. 
Revised and Arranged by FRBDEIRIC T. LEWIS 

Assistant Professor of Emtryology at the Harvard Medical School. 
With 450 Illustrations, 45 in Colors. Octavo; ix + 434 pages. Cloth, $3.00 net. 

THE need of a text-book of histology arranged upon an embryological basis 
has long been felt, and the opportunity to accomplish this arrangement 
was promptly embraced when Professor Stohr's generous permission was 
given to adapt a new edition of his book to American needs. As a leading 
Professor of Histology says, " the book is now in its arrangement and treatment 
something adequate as a statement of the present knowledge of the subject. 
The illustrations illustrate; the text instructs.^' 

The Basle Anatomical Nomenclature (BNA) is used throughout. 




Vib '/f/////K^pv v.V 

C.6 

D E F 

Fig. 159 (Reduced). — Embryonic Hearts. 

A and B, from Rabbits 9 days after coitus, C, from a human embryo of 7, (?) weeks; D and 
E, from a 12 mm. pig (D sectioned on the left of the median septum, and E on the right of 
it); *F, from a 13.6 mm. human embryo, sectiojied like E. 

Synopsis of Contents. — Microscopic Anatomy. Cytology: The Cell; 
Form and Size of Cells; Vital Phenomena; Formation and Reproduction of 
Cells; Cytomorphosis. General Histology: Histogenesis; Epithelia; Mes- 
enchymal, Muscle, Nerve, and Vascular Tissues; Blood Forming and Blood 
Destroying Organs; Entodermal Tract; Urinary and Male and Female Genital 
Organs; Skin; Supra-renal Glands; Brain and Sense Organs. The Prepara- 
tion AND Examination of Microscopical Specimens: Fresh Tissues; Isola- 
tion; Sectioning; Fixation; Decalcification; Imbedding; Staining and Mount- 
ing; General Stains; Special Stains; the Microscope; Drawings; Reconstruction. 



An Americanized Fourth Edition Rewritten and Revised 



NEARLY READY 




Morris' Human Anatomy 

A Complete, Systematic Treatise by American and English Authors 

EDITED BY 

HENRY MORRIS and J. PLAYFAIR McMURRICH 

F.R.C.S. A.M., Ph.D. 

Consulting Surgeon to, and formerly Lecturer Professor of Anatomy y University of Michi' 

on Surgery and Anatomy at Middlesex gan; Member Association of American 

Hospital, London, and Examiner in Anat- Anatomists; Member of Advisory Board, 

omy, University of Durham, etc. Wistar Institute of Anatomy, etc. 

For the first time in the history of this famous work, American anatomists have been 
asked to contribute original articles and to rewrite and revise sections, the object in 
this being the desire to incorporate the very important results of recent investigations 
in the anatomical laboratories of the United States. The book has become internat- 
ional in scope, and with its widening 
of view, of even greater usefulness 
rediiced'^ .^^^t^^ " *^^ ^^ ^^^ English-speaking students. 

one-half in size. -'^^^^^H^^' ' ^fe, \ Among the American contributors 

.' will be noted J. Playfair McMur- 

rich, R. J. Terry, Irving Hardesty, 

G. Cari Huber, Abram T. Kerr, 

Charles R. Bardeen and Florence 

R. Sabin. Henry Morris, R. Marcus 

Gunn and W. H. A. Jacobson head 

the English contributors. 

THE Ventricles Unrolled. {After MacCallum.) ^j^^ ^^^ ^^ ^^^^ completely 

{Note:~Itis not possible in this space to give a . ^ ^ additional feature 

thoroughly representative tllustration. That shown ts ' _ cvva-^tx^xio-x^ x^auui^ 

one of a series depicting — according to Professor Mac- of merit will be found in its COn- 

CaUum, of Johns Hopkins University — the fact that formity with the new Anatom- 

the heart may be considered as three flat bands.) .^^^ Nomenclature (BNA).* 

Very especial attention, in this new edition, has been paid to the illustra- 
tions, with the result that the teaching value of the book has been very materially 
increased. 

Containing about 1024 Illustrations, of which many are in Colors. One 
Handsome Octavo Volume. Cloth, $6.00. Sheep or Half Morocco, 
$7.00, net. Or in Five Parts, as follows, each part sold separately. 
PART I. Morphogenesis. Osteology. Articulation. Index. 
PART II. Muscles. Organs of Circulation. Index. 
PART III. Nervous System. • Organs of Special Sense. Index. 
PART IV. Organsof Digestion; of Voice and Respiration. Urinary and Reproductive 

Organs. Ductless Glands. Skin and Mammary Glands. Index. 
PART V. Surgical and Topographical Anatomy. Index. 



E. n t om o 1 o g'y 

WitH Special Reference to Its Biological and Eco- 
nomic Aspects 

By Justus Watson Folsom, Sc. D. (Harv,) 

Instructor in Entomology at the University of Illinois. 
Five Plates, i Colored, and 300 other Illustrations. 8vo; 485 pages. Cloth, $3.00 net. 

" * Entomology,' by Dr. Justus W. Folsom, is an advance over all other 
American works of its kind. It should be in the hands of every entomologist 
or entomological student, and in every public library. A most careful 
work, containing much information that only an expert has heretofore 
known where to find."— MR. F. M. WEBSTER, in charge of the Cereal and 
Forage Crops Insect Investigations, Department of Agriculture at Washington. 

A comprehensive and concise account of insects, written to meet the growing 
demand for a biological treatment of entomology. The aim has been to introduce 
much material that, hitherto, has not appeared in the text -books; and though 
adapted for students and teachers of entomology and zoology (being the only book 
that fills the actual teaching requirements) it will also be valuable to the profess- 
ional and amateur entomologists and to the general reader, especially on account 
of its consideration of economic subjects. The book contains, in small compass, 
authenticated facts that have had to be sought in many foreign languages. The 
new illustrations, which are many, have been prepared by the author; the others 
have been copied, by permission from various authoritative sources. 

Synopsis of Contents: Classification. — Anatomy and Physiology. — De- 
velopment. — Adaptations of Aquatic Insects. — Color and Coloration. — Adap- 
tive Coloration. — Origin of Adaptations and of Species. — Insects in Relation 
to Plants; to other Animals. — Interrelations of Insects. — Insect Behavior. — 
Distribution. — Insects in Relation to Man. — Literature. — Index. 

"This is an eminently satisfactory work on insects, both from the 
standpoint of the school and of the general reader. It is the first 
adequate treatment of this subject as adapted to the science of 
entomology, and at the same time to agriculture, horticulture and 
forestry. It teaches every fact about insects that it is desirable to 
know from the point of view of popular science, and literally all 
that need be known from the economic. This is an admirable real- 
ization of the dream of the schoolmaster and of the general reader 
for a book at once comprehensive, concise and attractive." — Journal 
of Education, Boston. 
"Of high, practical importance" (Outlook), "it is a complete and concise account 
of insect life, planned to meet the growing interest in biology " (School). " The book 
is a noteworthy one " (Psyche), " and is a very valuable addition to the general work 
on the subject. It covers much ground not touched by the other books on insects" 
(Entomological News). "It is a book to lean upon and draw upon" (School Bulletin). 
" Will be most useful to the general student" (Science). 



Embryology 



The Development of the 
Human Body 

By J. Playfair McMurrich. A. M., Ph. D. 

Professor of Anatomy in the University 
of Michigan. 

Second Edition, Revised, Enlarged. 

With 272 Illustrations. 
i2mo; 539 pages. Cloth, $3.00 net. 

A CONCISE statement of the develop- 
ment of the human body and a foun- 
dation for the proper understanding 
of the facts of anatomy. The comparative 
anatomy and development of the lower ani- 
mals, too, is constantly referred to, a diflFerent 
style type being used for these references. 

The assimilation of the enormous mass of 
facts which constitute what is usually known 
as descriptive anatomy has always been a 
difficult task for the student. Part of the 
difficulty has been due to a lack of informa- 
tion regarding the causes which have de- 
termined the structure and relations of the 
parts of the body, for without some knowl- 
edge of the '' why" things are so, the facts of 
anatomy stand as so many isolated items, 
while with such knowledge they become 
bound together to a continuous whole and 
their study assumes the dignity of a science. 
The great key to the significance of the 
structure and relations of organs is their de- 
velopment, recognizing by that term the his- 
torical as well as the individual development^ 
Synopsis of Contents: Part I. — Gen- 
eral Development : The Spermatozoon and 
Spermatogenesis; the Ovum and Its Matura- 
tion and Fertilization; the Segmentation of the 
Ovum and the Formation of the Germ Layers; 
The Development of the External Form of the 
Human Embryo; The Medullary Groove, 
Notochord, and Mesodermic Somites; The 
Yolk-stalk, Belly-stalk, and the Fetal Mem- 
branes. Part II. — Organogeny: The De- 
velopment of the Integumentary System; Con- 
nective Tissues and Skeleton; Muscular Sys- 
tem; Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems; 
Digestive Tract and Glands; Pericardium 
and Pleuro-peritoneum, the Diaphragm and 
the Spleen; Organs of Respiration; Urino- 
genital System and the Suprarenal Bodies; 
Nervous System; Organs of Special Sense; 
Post-Natal Development; Index. 

" Right up to date."— Lflwce/, London. 



A Laboratory Text-Book 
of Embryology 

By Charles S. Minot, S. D., LL. D. 

Professor of Histology and Human Em- 
bryology, Harvard University 
Medical School. 

With 218 Illustrations, mainly original. 
Quarto; 380 pages. Cloth, $4.50 net. 

This work is intended primarily for the use 
of students taking a practical laboratory 
course in Embryology. The author's experi- 
ence has led him to believe that the study of 
carefully selected sections of embryos, accom- 
panied by directions and explanations of the 
significant structures in each section, offers 
many advantages. This conviction has de- 
termined the arrangement of the book. At- 
tention is given chiefly to such points as serve 
to explain adult anatomical relations, to illus- 
trate general biological principles, and to 
afford insight into pathological processes. 

Synopsis of Contents : General Concep- 
tions. — The Early Development of Mam- 
mals. — The Human Embryo. — Study of Pig 
Embryos. — Study of Young Chick Embryos. 
— Study of the Blastodermic Vesicle and the 
Segmentation of the Ovum. — Study of the 
Uterus and the Foetal Appendages in Man. — 
Methods. — Index. 

" This new laboratory text-book of 
Embryology is worthy of particular 
attention. It is a practical guide of 
a novel and original type, which is to 
be recommended as a valuable aid in 
laboratory teaching of a difficult na- 
ture. It is a valuable addition to the 
list of available text-books of Embry- 
ology. In fact, the book stands by 
itself and is an original departure in 
a very desirable direction, introduc- 
ing the student to the subject by a 
practical method which promises ex- 
cellent results. After a year's experi- 
ence with it, we feel much confidence 
in its success." — Bulletin of the Johns 
Hopkins Hospital. 



First Course In 



Zoology 



A NEW TEXT-BOOK FOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS, 
NORMAL SCHOOLS, AND COLLEGES 

By T. W. Galloway, PK. D. 

Professor of Biology, James Millikin Universityy Decatury Illinois. 
With 240 Illustrations. Octavo; 460 pages. Cloth, $2.50 net. 

THE AUTHOR has endeavored in this book to present a balanced course 
in Zoology which will be suitable to beginning classes in the last years of 
the High School or the first year of College. It provides specifically 
for class-room work, reference work in the library, laboratory work, and 
field work. It includes a brief treatment of the fundamental principles of the 
science in the first part of the book; the second part, which contains a discus- 
sion of the great branches of the animal kingdom, is treated as a concrete illus- 
tration of these general principles. 

Among many other distinctive excellences are seven features which give 
the work especial merit: (i) It follows no fads; (2) Because of the wealth of 
practical exercises suggested, it provides more work than any one class can 
cover in the time allotted ; (3) Much collateral work in the library, field and 
laboratory is outlined ; (4) The practical work is placed upon the broader 
problems of physiology, of the relations of animals to the environment, and of 
the adaptations of organic form to needs, rather than upon dissection and 
minute anatomy; (5) The practical (i. e. the laboratory, field and library) work 
is interspersed through the text in such a way as to illustrate and enforce the 
more abstract definitions ; (6) Especial emphasis is put upon the illustrations; 
(7) There are numerous analytical reviews and summaries. 

Synopsis of Contents: — Introduction. — Protoplasm: Its Morphology and 
Physiology. — ^The Animal Cell: Its Morphology and Physiology. — From the 
Simple Cell to the Complex Animal. — Cellular Differentiation. — Tissues. — Gen- 
eral Animal Functions and Their Appropriate Organs. — Promorphology. — In- 
dividual Differentiation and Adaptation. — A General Preview of the Animal 
Kingdom. — Protozoa. — Porifera. — Coelenterata. — Unsegmented " Worms." — 
Echinodermata. — Annulata: Segmented " Worms." — Mollusca. — Arthropoda. — 
Chordata: Proto-vertebrata. — Chordata : Vertebrata. — Pisces. — Amphibia. — Rep- 
tilia. — Aves. — Mammalia. — General Summary. — A Review Outline. — Appen- 
dix. — Suggestions to Teachers. — Index. 

" Galloway's * First Course in Zoology ' is one of the authoritative 
text-books. The teacher may refer to it with confidence, and cannot 
fail to do so with profit." — School Bulletin. 



TKe Nervous System of 

Vertebrates 

By J. B. Johnston, F»ti. D. 

Professor of Zoology in West Virginia University. 

With 1 80 Illustrations, the majority from original drawings. 
Octavo; xx+370 pages. Cloth, $3.00 net. 

THE attempt has been made in this book to give an account of the nervous 
system as a v^^hole, to trace its phylogenetic history and to show the fac- 
tors which have determined the course of evolution. The functional point 
of view, which is the chief characteristic of the present book, brings the treat- 
ment of the nervous system into close relation with the work of recent years on 
the behavior of animals. The study of behavior aims to give an account of the 
actions of animals in relation to the environment. The study of the nervous 
system aims to describe the mechanism by which actions are directed and 
adapted to the conditions of life. A text-book of comparative neurology at the 
present time must meet the needs of workers of all grades, students, investi- 
gators and instructors. Its descriptions should be intelligible to students who 
have had one year of work in zoology or medicine, including the anatomy and 
embryology of some vertebrate. On the other hand, there should be included 
all facts which are important for the functional and phylogenetic mode of treat- 
ment. Every effort has been made to bring out clearly the functional significance 
and relationships of the structures described, and to interest and train the 
student in the interpretation of structure in terms of function, adaptation and 
evolution. The (BNA) terms, which are now the most generally familiar, have 
been employed so far as possible. Much material has been collected which is 
published here for the first time. 

Tavo prominent instr-uctors sayt 

" It is an exceedingly useful piece of work,— well done." " Profes- 
sor Johnston's text-book makes a valuable addition to our researches 
and represents the newer developments of neurological science in a way 
which, so far as I know, no other book has even attempted." 

Synopsis of Contents : — Study of the Nervous System. — General Morphol- 
ogy of the Nervous System. — Development of the Nervous System. — Nerve Ele- 
ments and their Functions. — The Functional Divisions of the Nervous System. — 
Somatic Afferent Division; General Cutaneous Subdivision; Special Cutaneous 
Subdivision ; Visual Apparatus. — ^Visceral Afferent Division. — Olfactory Appar- 
atus. — Somatic Motor Division. — ^Visceral Efferent Division. — Sympathetic 
System. — Centers of Correlation. — Cerebellum. — Centers of Correlation; Mesen- 
cephalon and Diencephalon. — Evolution of the Cerebral Hemisphere. — Neopal- 
lium. Bibliography and Laboratory Work Suggestions at end of each Chapter. 



Surgical Anatomy 

A Treatise on Human Anatomy in its Application 
to the Practice of Medicine and Surgery 

By John B. Deaver, M.D. 

Surgeon-in- Chief to the German Hospital ^ Philadelphia^ etc.y etc. 



" The reader is not only taken by easy and natural stages from the 
more superficial to the deeper regions, but the various important 
regional landmarks are also indicated by schematic tracing. . . In 
summing up the general excellences of this remarkable work, we can 
accord our unqualified praise for the accurate, exhaustive, and system- 
atic manner in which the author has carried out his plan, and we can 
commend it as a model of its kind, which must be possessed to be 
appreciated." — Medical Record, New York. 

Three Royal Octavo Volumes, of 2157 pages, containing 499 Full -page 
Plates engraved from original drawings made by special artists from dissec- 
tions prepared for the purpose in the dissection -rooms of the University of 
Pennsylvania. Sold by Subscription, in Complete Sets Only. Leather or 
Half-Morocco, Marbled Edges, ;^3o. 00; Half-Russia, Gilt, Marbled Edges, 
;^33.oo net. 

Synopsis of Contents : (^Number of Illustrations in Parentheses. ) 
Vol. I. — Upper Extremity (95); Back of Neck, Shoulder, and Trunk (24); 
Cranium, Scalp, Face (32). 632 pages; 151 Plates. Vol. II. — Neck (47); 
Mouth (3); Pharynx (6); Larynx (10); Nose (9); Orbit (8); Eye (14); 
Ear (12); Brain. (32); Joints of Head and Neck (4); Male Perineum (17); 
Female Perineum (8). 709 pages; 170 Plates. Vol. III. — Abdomen (74); 
Pelvis (16); Chest (32); Lower Extremity (56). 816 pages; 178 Plates. 

" In order to show its thoroughness, it is only necessary to mention 
that no less than twelve full-page plates are reproduced in order to 
accurately portray the surgical anatomy of the hand, and it is doubt- 
ful whether any better description exists in any work in the English 
language." — Journal oj the American Medical Association. 

"The illustrations are lavishly supplied and are both helpful and 
informing. ... No better text-book of surgical anatomy is in 
existence, and we can confidently predict that Dr. Deaver has satisfied 
the needs of the profession for at least a generation." — The British Medical 
Journal, London. 

8 



THE LOOSE LEAF SYSTEM 
OF LABORATORY NOTES 

FOR GUIDANCE IN THE DISSECTION AND 
"ELEMENTARY STUDY OF ANIMAL TYPES 

Prepared by 
THEO. H. SCHEFFER, A.M. 

Assistant Professor of Zoology^ Kansas State Agricultural College. 

Octavo ; vi + 112 pages. Strong Adjustable Cloth Covers, Cloth, $1.00 net. 

Excerpts From the Preface: 

Instructors in biology very generally direct the laboratory work by means of 
written or printed guides placed in the hands of the student. These are sometimes 
hastily prepared for the occasion, or, if more elaborated, the sheets furnished the 
student at various times are not uniform in size and will not fit in with any system of 
notes which he may be keeping. 

The Loose Leap guides are the results of several years' experience in directing 
zoological work in high school and college laboratories. The sheets outlining the 
work on each type of animal are separate, so that they may be incorporated with the 
student's drawings and notes on that particular type. The recorded information on 
the subject is thus collected together, not only simpUfying at the time the work of 
studying the specimen, taking notes, and indexing the drawings, but making future 
reference to the records an easy matter. Then, too, the laboratory guides being thus 
bound in with the student's notes, do not become scattered or lost. 

The twenty-one types of animal life herein treated give the student a brief general 
survey of the field from Protozoan to Vertebrate. Similar treatment is accorded each 
type. It will be noted that the zoological position of each animal is given {Parker and 
Haswell's classification), that its habitat receives attention, and that there are hints 
on collecting the material for class study. Details of structure that are very obscure 
are either omitted, or, if essential, attention is called to them without demonstration. 

Synopsis of Contents: PROTOZOA. Amozba; Paramcecium; Vorticella. POR- 
IFERA. Marine Sponge. COELENTERATA. Fresh-Water Hydra; Hydroid; 
Hydroid Medusa. PLATYHELMINTHES. Flat-Worm. ECHINODER- 
MATA. Starfish. ANNULATA. Earthworm. ARTHROPODA. Water-flea; 
Lobster or Crayfish; Centiped; Grasshopper; Spider. MOLLUSC A. Fresh-water 
Mtissel; Snail; Squid. CHORDATA. Catfish; Frog or Toad; English Sparrow. 

"The book will prove useful in high school and elementary college 
courses."— r/ie Nation. 

"It is a most capital idea."{School Bulletin), "and is a most excellent sys- 
tem of keeping notes." — Country Life in America. 

g^°"Scheffer's "Loose Leaf System" is not bound in the usual manner. Each 
leaf is separate and the whole tied into strong adjustable cloth covers, so that leaves 
may be removed or notes and drawings may be inserted at any place. 

9 



Blakiston*s Manikins 

A Series of Twelve Manikins of the Head, Nose, Throat, 
Eye. Ear. Lungs. Heart. Stomach. Kidney. Liver. Foot, 
and Hand, with Descriptions of each. •y* ^ ^ ^ 

One Volume. Octavo. Cloth, ^1.50 net. 

The manikin of the HEAD shows 88 different structures; that of 
the ORAL CAVITY, with the PHARYNX, LARYNX, and TEETH, shows 
61; the EYE, 44; the FOOT, 68; the HAND, 55; the LIVER, 47; the 
KIDNEY, 20; the STOMACH, 23; the NOSE, 32; the EAR, 24; the 
LUNGS, 18; and the HEART, 33 —A TOTAL OF 513 STRUCTURES. 

The work is issued in book form, octavo in size, and embraces twelve 
manikins, some containing as many as ten flaps, lithographed in colors on 
heavy serviceable cardboard, the whole arranged to fold flat and compact 
when the volume is closed. Each manikin is cut to the exact shape of the 
organ illustrated, and the various flaps are intended to fold one upon the 
other in the order shown in nature, the deeper details becoming visible only 
when all the outer layers have been in their proper turn exposed. Every flap 
is printed on two sides, each side representing a different anatomical feature. 



A Manual and Atlas of DlsSectiOtl 

By Simon Menno Yutzy, M.D. 

Instructor in Osteology and Demonstrator of Anatomy in the University 

of Michigan. 

With an Introduction by J. Playfair McMurrich, A.M., Ph.D. 

Professor of Anatomy, University of Michigan ; author of 
^'A Manual of Human Embryology.^ ^ 

This work is a topographical index, providing the reader with a list of 
the structures to be found during dissection, together with concise directions 
for procedure. 

With 314 Illustrations, many in Colors. Large Octavo; 256 pages. 
Cloth, $2.50 net. 

"The author's experience as a teacher has effected an arrange- 
ment Ukely to be very useful to the student." — New York Medical Journal. 

10 



Mammalian Anatomy 



W^itK Special Reference to tKe Cat 

By Alvin Davison, PH. D. 

Professor of Biology in Lafayette College. 




With over loo Illustrations made by 
W. H. Reese, A. M., from the 
author's dissections. i2nio; 250 
pages. Cloth, $1.50 tiet. 



T 



'HIS work is intended to acquaint 
the student with the general 
structure of the cat, and at the 
same time introduce him to some of 
the most important morphologic fea- 
tures of the Mammalian. All eminent 
zoologists agree on the desirability of 
beginning zoological work by studying 
one of the higher animals. Again, 
since the majority of college students 
have not time for the acquisition of a 
fruitful knowledge of both vertebrates 
and invertebrates, the study of the 
former is a matter of vital importance, 
as it enables the student to become 
familiar with the anatomy and physi- 
ology of his own body. It also has 
the advantage of throwing light on the 
significant problem of organic evolu- 
tion, such as is not to be derived from 
the study of invertebrate forms. Pro- 
fessor Davison's work has a distinct 
place in biological study. 

Synopsis of Contents : — The Bio- 
logical Sciences — Classification of the 
Animal Kingdom — Preparation and 
Preservation of Material — General 
Structure of a Vertebrate — The Skel- 
eton — The Joints — The Muscles — Or- 
gans of Digestion — The Vascular 
System — Respiratory System — Excre- 
tory and Reproductive Systems — 
Nervous System — Index. 

" It is designed to fill the gap between the more detailed works and those 
which are merely laboratory guides, and to afford the student who cannot 
pursue a lengthy course of zoological study, a general idea of the structure 
of a mammal and of the principles of mammalian anatomy. The book 
furnishes an excellent idea of the structure of the cat, free from a superfluity 
of detail. Throughout the book are frequent remarks of a comparative 
nature, and at the close of each chapter is a list of questions or suggestions, 
for the most part of a general nature, which will serve as excellent topics for 
comment by the teacher or for collateral investigation under his direction by 
the student. An introductory chapter is devoted to an account of useful 
methods by which the dissection may be facilitated, and the text is illustrated 
by numerous figures and diagrams." — Science. 



Ventral Aspect of the Brain. 



A Text-Book of 



Anatomy for Nurses 



Just Ready 



By Elizabeth R. Bundy, M.D. 

Member of the Medical Staff of the Woman^ s Hospital of Philadelphia, etc., etc.; 

late Adjunct Professor of Anatomy, and Demonstrator of Anatomy in 

the Woman^ s Medical College of Pennsylvania ; formerly 

Superintendent of Connecticut Training School 

for Nurses, New Haven. 



' I 'HE pupil-nurse in a training school has little time at command for the 
study of text-books, and conciseness, clearness and accuracy are essential 
requisites of any work written for her use. In this ** Anatomy for 
Nurses' ' these requisites are observed, and nurses — pupil or graduate — will find 
in it a satisfactory aid to the acquirement of that knowledge of the human 
body which is necessary to the full understanding of their important duties. 

Dr. Bundy, by reason of her positions, training and experience, is 
particularly well qualified to write such a book. It does not unnecessarily 
burden the mind of the student by endeavoring to reach into the domains of 
the physician, nor does it concern itself with useless abstract or theoretical 
matters. On the contrary, it fills a void for a work that is simple, terse, 
didactic, — one that, confining itself strictly to its own chosen field, is yet 
complete in all details of moment therein. 



With a Glossary and 191 Illustrations, 34 of which are Colored. 
i2mo; viii + 252 pages. Cloth, ^1.75 net, postage prepaid. 



Miscellaneous Books 

Holden. 

Holden's Anatomy 

A Manual of the Dissections of the Human Body 
By John Langton* F.R.C.S. 

Surgeon to, and Lecturer on Anatomy at, St. Bartholomew' s Hospital . 

Seventh Edition. Carefully Revised by A, He^VSOn, M.D. 

Demonstrator of Anatomy, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, etc. 

320 Illustrations. Two small compact volumes. i2mo. 

Vol. I. Scalp, Face, Orbit, Neck, Throat, Thorax, Upper Extremity. 

435 pages. 153 Illustrations. Oil Cloth, ^1.50 net. 
Vol. II. Abdomen, Perineum, Lower Extremity, Brain, Eye, Ear, Mammary 

Gland, Scrotum, Testes. 445 pages. 167 Illustrations. 
Oil Cloth, ^1.50 net. 

"The last edition of this standard work comes in two volumes instead 
of one as formerly. A few alterations have been made in the text, but 
the general character of the book is still maintained throughout, which 
is saying all of good that can be said of an anatomical classic." — Medical 
Record, New York. 



Human Osteology 

Comprising a Description of the Bones, with Colored 

Delineations of the Attachments of the Muscles. 

The General and Microscopical Structure 

of Bone and Its Development 

Eighth Edition. Carefully Revised. 

Edited by Charles Stewart, F.R.S. 
a.nd R. W. Reid, M.D.. F.R.C.S. 

With Colored Lithographic Plates and Numerous Illustrations. Cloth, ^5.25 net. 



L/andmarkS-Medical and Surglcal 

Fourth Edition. 8vo. Cloth, $ ."j^ net 

13 



Miscellaneous Books (Continued) 

Gordinier. 

The Gross and Minute Ane^tomy of the 
Central Nervous System 

With a Chapter on the Embryology of the 

Central Nervous System 

By H. C. Gordinier. A.M., M.D. 

Professor of Physiology and of the Anatomy of the Nervous System in the 
Albany Medical College; Member American Neurological Association. 
With 48 Full -page Plates and 213 other Illustrations, a number of which 
are printed in Colors and many of which are original. Large 8vo. Cloth, 
$6.00 j Sheep or Half-Morocco, $7.00, net, 

"It represents much painstaking research and bears also the stamp 
of original investigation. It is unusually well written, and the illustra- 
tions, many of which are original, are well chosen. It is destined to take 
its place among the standard books of its class. "~iY. Y . Medical Journal. 

Broomell. 

Anatomy and Histology of the Mouth 

and Teeth 
By Dr. I. N. Broomell 

Professor of Dental Anatomy, Denial Histology, and Prosthetic Technics in the 
Pennsylvania College of Dental Surgery. 

Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged by 72 pages. 337 Handsome 
Illustrations, the majority of which are original. Large Octavo. Cloth, 
^^4.50; Leather or Half- Morocco, $5.50, net. 

"A most excellent manual and one of the most up-to-date text- 
books upon the subject of the anatomy of the mouth which has appeared 
in recent years." — The American Journal of Medical Sciences. 

Box and £ccles. 

Clinical Applied Ana.tomy 

or, the Anatomy of Medicine and Surgery 
By Charles R.. Box. M.D.. F.R.C.S. 

Lecturer on Applied Anatomy, St. Thomas' s Hospital, 

atnd W. McAdam Eccles. F.R.C.S. 

Demonstrator of Operative Surgery, St. Bartholomew' s Hospital. 
With 45 Plates, 12 Colored; 6 figures. 8vo ; 471 pages. Cloth, ^4.00 net. 

"This excellent work is one of the most practical and applicable 
to the needs of the medical practitioner or senior student which has yet 
appeared on the subject of applied anatomy. The plan pursued by the 
authors in this book has been to treat the subject entirely from a clinical 
point of view rather than that of the anatomist, with the result of making 
the work delightfully readable. Any author who can accomplish this 
with an anatomical subject, and without detracting from the technical 
value of his work, deserves and is bound to receive great credit." — 
Medical Record, New York. 

14 



Miscellaneous Books (Continued) 

To^es Dental Anatomy 

A Manual of Dental Anatomy, Human and Comparative 
By C. S. Tomes, D.D.S. 

263 Illustrations. Sixth Edition, Revised. i2mo. Cloth, ^4.00 net. 

" This standard work on Dental Anatomy has been brought thor- 
oughly up to date and is a distinct advance on any of the previous editions. 
At first written with a view of providing the dental student with the 
requisite knowledge for his qualifying examination it has since become a 
text-book for the student of biology in general. This fact, combined 
with the rapidly increasing literature on the subject, has, as the author 
points out, greatly enhanced the difficulty of bringing the book up to 
date. It is, however, needless to say that the work of editing has been 
carried out in an admirable way." — Lancet^ London. 

Ballou. 

E^quine Anatomy and Physiology 

By Wm. R. Ballou. M.D. 

Late Pj'ofessor of Equine Anatomy^ New York College of Veterinary Surgeons. 

With 29 Graphic Illustrations. i2mo. Blakiston' s ? Quiz- Compend? Series. 
Cloth, $1.00; Interleaved for the Addition of Notes, $1.25, net. 

"One of Blakiston*s series of Quiz-Compends. These Compends 
are based on popular text-books and the lectures of prominent professors, 
and are kept constantly revised, so that they represent the present state 
of the subjects upon which they treat. The one now before us supplies 
for students of veterinary anatomy and physiology a work which will 
answer their needs not only as a text-book, but also for work in the 
dissecting room." — Science. 

Compend of Anaton\y 

Including Visceral Anatonny 
By Sam\jel O. L. Potter. M.A., M.D., M.R.C.P. 

{Liondon) 

Formerly Professor of the Principles and Practice of Medicine^ Cooper Medical 
College, San Francisco ; Major and Brigade Surgeon, U. S. Vol. 

Seventh Edition, Revised and greatly enlarged. With numerous Tables, 

1 6 Plates and 138 other Illustrations. Blakiston' s ? Quiz- Competid ? Series. 

Cloth, ^i.oo ; Interleaved for Taking Notes, $1.25, net. 

" Through the opportunity afforded a revision by the frequent editions 
of this manual, the author has given a concise and accurate work of 
anatomy. It makes an excellent text-book, permitting the teacher to 
enlarge upon the information given as the exigencies of the class-room 
demand." — Bulletin of the American Academy of Medicine. 

15 



A Text-Book of 

Human Physiology 

By A. P. Brubaker, M.D. 

Professor of Physiology and Hygiene at Jefferson Medical College ; Professor of 
Physiology, Pen7isylvania College of Dental Surgery, Philadelphia, 

Second Edition. Revised and Enlarged. With Colored Plates and 356 
other Illustrations. Octavo; 715 pages. 

Cloth, ^3.00; Leather or Half-Morocco, ^4.00, net, 

"An admirable exposition of the facts of physiology brought down 
to the latest date. . . . The author *s style is lucid, concise, and 
pleasing. The work is one which may be warmly commended in every 
respect." — New York Medical Journal. 

Landois' 

Huinan Physiology 

Including Histology and Microscopical Anatomy, 
with Special Reference to the Require- 
ments of Practical Medicine 

By Dr. L. Landois 

Professor of Physiology and Director of the Physiological Institute in the 

University of Greifswald. 

Tenth Edition. Revised and Enlarged. 

Edited a^nd Translated by A. P. Brubaker, M.D. 

Professor of Physiology at Jeffersoft Medical College, Philadelphia, etc., 

and Augustus A. Eshner, M.D. 

Professor of Clinical Medicine, Philadelphia Polyclinic, etc. 

With 394 Illustrations. Octavo; 1027 pages. 

Cloth, ^7.00 ; Leather or Half-Morocco, ^8.00, net. 

" There is no other work of its kind in the English language which 
deals with the normal physiological processes so as to show where the 
physiological merges into the pathological, and how the facts of pathology 
are to be explained by, and how they are in reality of the same essence as, 
those of physiology. . . . The book will be useful to practitioners 
of medicine and to clinicians, while students reading for the higher ex- 
aminations will find it a trustworthy guide to the fundamental facts of 
physiology and histology, and an encyclopaedia of reference as well as an 
exposition of the latest discoveries and theories of physiology." — The Lan- 
cet, London. 

" The author, editor, translator and publisher have unitedly produced 
a most valuable and attractive book which can in every way be depended 
upon as authoritative." — American Medicine. 

16 



DATE DUE SLIP 

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA MEDICAL SCHOOL LIBRARY 



THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE 
STAMPED BELOW 







"^^JUU 



QM81 Barl 



325 



riatomical 



190T 



rxn 



er, L.F. 



8503 
terminology 



reference 

A) With 



special 

the (3 N 



vocabularies 



in Latin 



ar 



d English. 



library of the 
University of California Medical School and Hospitals