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THE
Anatomy of the Brain
A TEXT-BOOK FOR MEDICAL
STUDENTS
HY
Richard H. Whitehead, M.D.
PUOFKSSOK or A.NATOMV IN TIIK UnIVKKSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA
Illustrated witft forty-one Engravings
PHILADELPHIA. NEW YOKK. CHICA(J()
THE F. A. DAVIS COMPANY, PUBLISHERS
1900
J J S J J
' J J *
J J J J J
COPYRIGHT, 1900,
BT
THE F. A. DAVIS COMPANY.
[Registered at Stationers' Hall. London, Eng. ]
Philadelphia, Pa., U. S. A. :
«
The Medical Bulletin Printing- House.
1916 Cherry Street.
k k k w * w v »■ w V «"
to*** 4. V fc b V V fc fc *■
PKEFACE.
In the preparation of this little book it has been the
author's aim to furnish medical students with a clear, accu-
rate, and concise account of the anatomy of the brain, to be
used as a guide in their study of that organ. From a work
of this character it has been thought best to omit minor de-
tails, and to exclude, so far as seemed possible, subjects which
are still matters of controversy.
.Recognizing the value of a uniform nomenclature, use
has been made of the Latin terms adopted and recommended
by the German Anatomical Society at its meeting in Basel,
to the extent that they have been inserted, parenthetically,
after the names commonly employed in this country.
University of North Carolina,
.April, 189P.
77 4 /o
MEDICAL CENTER
STANFORD, CALIF. *»
CONTENTS.
CHAPTEE I.
The Divisions of the Encephalon 1
CHAPTER II.
The Surface Anatomy of the Encephalon 6
CHAPTEE III.
The Internal Anatomy of the Encephalon 34
CHAPTEE IV.
The Conduct i ng-paths of the Encephalon 86
(v)
The Division's of the Encepiialu.w
As the division of the eneephalon, or brain, into its
several parts is based upon the embryologica! development of
that organ, it will be necessary to briefly consider the early
development of the central nervous system.
Fig. 1.— Transverse section "f first-day eliiek (after lluval).
Ep, 7 Epiblsat .V, r,. Neural cunal.
The cerebrospinal nervous system makes its first appear-
ance as two ridges of epiblast bordering a groove in the
median line (Figs. 1 and 2). As these ridges increase in
elevation, they soon meet over the back of the groove, which
Fig. 2. — Transverse section of first-day chick (after Dm
Reference letters as in Fig. 1.
thus becomes a canal: the neural canal. At this period the
embryonic nervous system may be represented as a cylinder
whose walls are formed by epithelial cells; in this stage il
is called the neural :ixis. While the great majority of the
cells become differentiated into neurones and their supporting
(i)
*'"
2 THE ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN.
tissue, — the neuroglia, — some remain as a lining to the canal,
forming the ependymal epithelium. The neural canal per-
sists throughout life under different names, and varies much
in size in different portions of the nervous system.
That part of the neural axis which is contained within
the embryonic cranium and which is to become the brain is
seen, at a very early stage, to be dilated into three sacs, or
vesicles, known from behind forward as the rhombencephalon,
mesencephalon, and prosencephalon. A little later the first
and third of these vesicles are differentiated into two each,
the rhombencephalon becoming divided into the myelenceph-
alon and metencephalon, while the prosencephalon gives rise
to the diencephalon and the telencephalon. Thus, there are
now five vesicles from behind forward: the myelencephalon,
the metencephalon, the mesencephalon, the diencephalon, and
the telencephalon (Fig. 3).
From these five vesicles are developed all the parts of
the encephalon which we are about to study. Moreover, since
the five primary divisions maintain their individuality more
or less distinctly in the fully developed brain, those parts of
it which a given vesicle produces are called collectively by
the same name as the parent-vesicle. In other words, the
vesicle bears the same name both in the undeveloped and in
the mature state.
The encephalon is divided into five parts, then, as fol-
lows (Figs. 3, 4, and 5): —
1. The myelencephalon, or the medulla oblongata.
2. The metencephalon, composed of the pons Varolii
and the cerebellum. The pons Varolii is developed from that
portion of the metencephalon which lies ventral to the neural
canal, the part which lies dorsal to the canal producing the
cerebellum. The most anterior portion of the metencephalon
may be individualized into a separate division under the name
of the isthmus of the rhombencephalon. The neural canal
in the region of the rhombencephalon becomes the fourth
ventricle.
3. The mesencephalon, consisting of the corpora quad-
rigemina dorsal to, and the peduncles of the cerebrum ven-
'*V.A.
THE DIVISIONS OF THE ENCEPHALON.
Fig. 3. — Sagittal section of brain of one-month human embryo (after
His). J. . Myelencephalon : 7.1, Ventral portion; 7.2, dorsal portion.
77. Metencephalon : 77.1, Pons Varolii; 77.2, cerebellum. 777. Isthmus
rhombencephali : 777.1, Ventral portion; 777.2, dorsal portion. 77. Mesen-
cephalon: 77.1, Pedunculi cerebri; 77.2, corpora quadrigemina. 7. Dien-
cephalon: 7.1, Pars mamillaris hypothalami; 7.2, thalamus; 7.3, meta-
thalamus; 7.4, epithalamus. 77. Telencephalon: 77.1, Pars optica hypo-
thalami; VI. 2, corpus striatum; 77.3, rhinencephalon ; 77.4, pallium.
4 THE ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN.
tral to, the neural canal, which here is called the aqueduct of
Sylvius.
4. The diencephalon. This is divided into the thala-
mencephalon dorsal to, and the hypothalamus ventral to, the
neural canal. The thalamencephalon is subdivided on each
side of the median line into the thalamus, the epithalamus
(or the pineal body and habenula), and the metathalamus (or
the geniculate bodies). The neural canal in this situation is
called the third ventricle. Ventral to it is the hypothalamus,
only the posterior part of which, however, belongs to the
diencephalon.
5. The telencephalon. This consists of the hemispheres
dorsal to the neural canal, while a small ventral portion forms
the anterior part of the hypothalamus. Here the neural canal
develops into the lateral ventricles. As the result of very rapid
growth, especially in its lateral portions, the telencephalon
soon outgrows its neighbors, and overlaps the diencephalon
and mesencephalon. To these three divisions — telencepha-
lon, diencephalon, and mesencephalon — collectively the term
cerebrum is commonly applied.
THE DIVISION* ol' nil; I.MI-rHAI.iiN
CHAPTER II.
The Surface Anatomy of the Excephalox.
the surface anatomy of the myelexcephalox.
The myelencephalon or the medulla oblongata extends
between the spinal cord behind and the pons Varolii in front.
It is somewhat conical in shape, with its base forward and
on a plane dorsal to the smaller extremity, which is contin-
uous with the spinal cord. It is about one and one-quarter
inches long, and its widest diameter measures nearly one inch.
It rests upon the posterior part of the concave surface of the
basilar process of the occiput. For purposes of description it
may be divided into a ventral surface, a dorsal surface, and
two lateral surfaces.
The ventral surface (Fig. 6) presents in the median line
a well-marked longitudinal groove, — the ventral median fis-
sure (fissura mediana anterior), — on each side of which is a
rounded band, the pyramid (pyramis). Kear the spinal cord
the fissure is almost obliterated by fibres which pass across from
one pyramid into the other; this is called the decussation of
the pyramids (decussatio pyramidum). Lateral to each pyra-
mid and separating the ventral from the lateral surface is the
ventro-lateral sulcus (sulcus lateralis anterior), from which
emerge the root-fibres of the twelfth cranial, or hypoglossal,
nerve (nervus hypoglossus).
The lateral surface (Fig. 6) in its posterior half is known
as the lateral tract (funiculus lateralis). Its anterior half is
occupied by an oval mass called the olive (oliva). Each
lateral is separated from the dorsal surface of the medulla
by the dorso-lateral sulcus (sulcus lateralis posterior), from
which many nerve-fibres escape to soon unite and form three
nerves ; • from before backward these are the ninth (nervus
glosso-pharyngeus), the tenth (nervus vagus), and the acces-
sory portion of the eleventh (nervus accessorius) cranial nerves.
It will be noticed that the posterior part of this sulcus is in-
(6)
THE BDBfACE AXAinilV OF Till. i-INC KT'lf AI.OX. 7
L.toam.. ^-S- i— ^~> .Subs.int
. DP. th
III-.. - -P-C-
,._c. 5 i
\ m
m
1 -' "JBI
MM
VI
'
^^^Lfin V.iT"
Fig. 6. — .Roman Uttffiermb refer to Cranial nerves. CM, First cervicni
spinal DBrve. 0, mum.. Corpus m:-iinilhiv. Op, n.. Optic nerve, hi/., In-
fnndibulaiti. Op. eft., Optic chiasm. Subs. int.. Substantia interpedmLGU-
laris. Op. [f\, Optta tract P. ''.. Peduncle of cerebrum. 0. p. 1.. Lateral
geniculate body. But. h.. Basilar auleus. M. p. <:.. Middle peduncle of cere-
bellum. /'., Flocculus. F. Ji., Horizontal fissure. 0„ Olive. 1. f, *., Ventro-
lateral ralcua, I'yr., Pyramid. V. m, f., Ventral lias Batun. (After
Van Gehucliten.)
8 THE ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN.
terrupted by the passing of a part of the lateral tract to the
dorsal surface of the medulla.
The ventral and lateral surfaces of the medulla are clearly
limited from the pons Varolii by a transverse groove. In this
groove appear the root-fibres of three cranial nerves: the
sixth (nervus abducens), opposite the pyramid; the seventh
(nervus facialis), opposite the dorso-lateral sulcus; and the
eighth (nervus acusticus), still farther lateral.
The dorsal surface (Fig. 7) may be divided into an ante-
rior and a posterior half. The latter resembles the spinal
cord; here we find in the median line the dorsal median
fissure (fissura mediana posterior), and on each side of it the
continuation of the dorsal funiculi of the cord, — the funiculus
of Goll (funiculus gracilis), next to the median fissure and
separated laterally from the funiculus of Burdach (funiculus
cuneatus) by the paramedian fissure. These two funiculi
terminate forward, the former in a small elevation called th.e
clava, the latter in a less distinct elevation extending farther
forward called the cuneate tubercle.
Owing to the termination of these dorsal funiculi and
to an increase in the transverse diameter of the neural canal
at this point, the anterior division of the dorsal surfa.ce pre-
sents a depression, which is bounded laterally by a white cord :
the corpus restif orme. The two corpora restif ormia diverge
to enter the cerebellum, leaving thus between them a tri-
angular depression, which is the floor of the neural canal,
and is called the calamus scriptorius. As it is also the poste-
rior (inferior) part of the floor (fossa rhomboidea) of the
fourth ventricle, which is the neural canal of the rhomben-
cephalon, it is called the pars inferior fossae rhomboideae.
The base of the triangular depression is forward, and nearly
corresponds to some fibres seen crossing the floor of the ven-
tricle on each side: the striae acusticae (striae medullares).
These emerge from the longitudinal median sulcus, which is
continuous, not with the dorsal median fissure of the medulla,
but with the floor of the central canal continued from the
cord into the medulla. Between this sulcus and the corpus
restiforme the dorsal surface on each side may be divided
into three triangles, as follows: Bordering the sulcus is a
!■: ANATOMY IIP THE EXCEl'H AI.O.S'.
Sui, ch.
&■ v%
■yfe*-
Cfi-.:-A
An. J
TA-
ALrin. \
CI. -A
r.p, -
D.lml,\
L.t,:.:
Nue. r.aud.
U.m f .
P.sul
Ki<;. 7. SKI. c''., ri.nrii'i.l -iik-ii-. STttft r.tn<!.. Nucleus caudatfla. Thai.,
Thai nn i iir.. 8t, m. .Sti in iin'iiullniia. /'. Ii.. Pineal body. '.'. <?.. Corpora
quadiigemin*, I'ni,-.. Pultinar, Fr., Frenulum, bat. ten-, Medial lemniscus.
.1. p. <•.. Anterior peduncle of cerebellum. ,1/. \i. <•.. MiiliH« |tdunele o[ cere-
bellum. *'(. O,, Acoustic -hin. V. i:, Corpus re sti fornic. (,'. lull., Cuneate
tubercle. F. (".'.. Funiculus of GolL D, m. f., Dorsal median fissure. /'. sill.,
Paramedian sulcus. L. tr.. Lateral tract. D. I. sill., Dorsolateral sulcus.
F. B., Funiculus of Bnrd&ch. ('!.. Clnvn. -I'- rin., Ala cloeraa, T. Ii.. Hypo-
glossal triangle. A. a., Acoustic area. C. /,, Cnlliculus facialis. 8. [int.,
Sulcus liniitans. /-.'. in., Fininenlia. medialis. V. I,. Anterior medullary
velum. IT. Trochlear nerve. C, •:. >••,, Medial geniculate body. 0. Q '■.
Lateral genkltlat* body. P. br., Posterior brechium of mesencephalon.
i \ ft- 1 Vi.u Qehucfiten.)
10 THE ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN.
small triangular area with its base forward; this is the land-
mark of the nucleus of the twelfth cranial or hypoglossal
nerve, and is called, therefore, the hypoglossal triangle (tri-
gonum nervi hypoglossi). The hypoglossal triangle is bounded
laterally by a faint sulcus, the sulcus limitans, which sep-
arates it from the second triangular area, which is somewhat
darker in color, and is known as the ala cinerea; this has its
apex forward, and is the landmark of the sensory nuclei of
the ninth and tenth cranial nerves. The third triangle is
found between the ala cinerea and the corpus restiforme; it
has its base forward at the striae acusticse, and is the posterior
portion of the acoustic area (area acustica), containing nuclei
of the eighth cranial, or acoustic, nerve.
THE SURFACE ANATOMY OF THE METENCEPHALON.
The metencephalon is composed of the pons Varolii and
the cerebellum.
The Pons Varolii. — This presents for study two sur-
faces: a ventral and a dorsal.
The ventral surface (Fig. 6) is situated between the cere-
bral peduncles in front, the medulla oblongata behind, and
the cerebellum laterally. It is constituted by a broad layer
of transverse fibres, which contracts on each side, and enters
the cerebellum as its middle peduncle (brachium pontis). In
the median line is an antero-posterior groove, — the basilar
sulcus (sulcus basilaris) for the basilar artery, — and on each
side of this a ridge thrown up by the passage of the fibres
which constitute the pyramid in the medulla. Laterally ap-
pear the root-fibres of the fifth cranial, or trigeminal, nerve
(nervus trigeminus), piercing this surface of the pons.
To examine the dorsal surface it is necessary to remove
the cerebellum. It is then seen that this surface consists of
an elevated cord on each side, with a depression between (Fig.
7). The cords are the anterior peduncles of the cerebellum
(brachia conjunctiva), which converge toward the mesenceph-
alon, where they disappear. Lateral to the peduncle a band
of fibres can be seen winding forward and dorsal ward to reach
the mesencephalon; this is the lateral lemniscus (lemniscus
THK SURFACE ANATOMY OF THE ESCETIIA!
Corral. ^^
Fig. s.- s,,i.. Splenium. TSaL, Thalamus. Bt, mod., Medullary stria.
sni. i,m,.. Bulcua bypotaalaroicua. Corp. coJ., < orptw ealloaum. Be?. ;"'-.
Septum pellDpidUtn, <!., litnii uf corpus oillnsmn. I'rif. (ur.. Column nf
If ii ni\. ' Vi. /if.. i'Iupi inid jijcxio uf IhUtiiI vi'iitritlc, /.. '., l.iHui ■■) miiiii M-.
Ant, com., Anterior tuimn i-.su rc>. "/>, >;. Optir rivi-". Inf. ;'.. B m ol
infunilibiihmi. 1/",'. int.. Mn-i iul<-riiH><liii. O/i. eft.. Opt if i-liiasm. r»d. ctu.,
Tuber cinerenra, tifap.. Hypophysis, fj/, Oculomotoi oerTe. ''. mat*., I of
pue nuunillare. /'■ ''.. Peduncle of cerebrum, I'.. Pons Varolii -1';. >"•'-.
Aqueduct "i" Sjlttaa. F. i , Anteriar medullary velum. If., Medulla, ob-
longata, ''■ r., PonrtJl w-iitri.-lf. /'. i-. 11., I'liMfHur vi'iuiiinnn pi'(.>r-e>=a. <'.,
CY'i'i-liHIimi. t . (-. p.. Atili'vior \ i 'vnii fun 1 1 jiinnw. /V.f. cm up,. Posterior imn-
mfctaure. /'. /•.. pineal body. C. p., Corpora fpuidrigetuina. (After Van
Geliucbten.)
12 THE ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN.
lateralis). The depression between the peduncles is triangular
in shape, and forms the anterior part of the floor of the fourth
ventricle. It is covered over by a thin, white lamina, stretch-
ing across from one peduncle to the other, continuous in front
with the mesencephalon, behind with the cerebellum; it is
known as the valve of Vieussens, or anterior medullary velum
(velum medullare anterius), and through it the fourth cranial
nerve (nervus trochlearis) escapes on each side. The depres-
sion has its base backward, coinciding with that of the calamus
scriptorius of the medulla, between which and the pons there
is no distinct boundary on the dorsal aspect. In the median
line is seen the forward continuation of the dorsal median
sulcus of the medulla, and laterally the forward prolongation
of the sulcus limitans. These two sulci inclose between them
a ridge, the medial eminence (eminentia medialis), which is
the landmark of the nucleus of the sixth cranial nerve. On
each side of the median sulcus at about its middle the floor
of the ventricle is thrown up into a small rounded eminence
by the root-fibres of the seventh cranial nerve, called the col-
liculus facialis. In front the sulcus limitans deepens some-
what to form the anterior fovea (fovea superior) ; behind, on
the medulla, at the apex of the ala cinerea, it, in like manner,
forms the posterior fovea (fovea inferior). Lateral to the
anterior fovea, at the line of junction of the floor with the
side of the ventricle, is a bluish spot, the locus cceruleus, which
is the landmark of the nucleus of the trigeminal nerve. In
the angle formed by the corpus restiforme behind and the
anterior peduncle in front, lateral to the sulcus limitans, is
the acoustic area (area acustica), which is situated partly on
the pons and partly on the medulla, and is bisected by striae
acusticse.
The Cerebellum. — On external examination the cere-
bellum appears laminated, consisting of plates of nervous
matter separated by narrow sulci. In shape it is rather oblong,
and is about four inches wide and two inches in its dorso-
ventral diameter. It occupies the inferior occipital fossae of
the skull. It may be divided into an anterior, a posterior, and
a ventral surface. The anterior surface (Fig. 8) is marked
in the median line by an elevated portion called the anterior
THE SURFACE ANATOMY OF THE ENCEPHALON.
floe.
Fig. 0. — T\ a.. Ventral extremity of anterior vermiform process. 7. 7.,
Anterior medullary velum. A. p. c, Anterior peduncle of cerebellum.
Nid. at:. Nidus avis. M'. p. ft, Middle peduncle of cerebellum. Bui. ft., Hori-
zontal sulcus. Floe, Flocculus. C. r., Corpus restiforme. P. »». v.. Posterior
medullary velum. Nod., Nodulus. (After Van Gehuehten.J
14 THE ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN.
(superior) vermiform process (vermis superior), terminating
ventrally at a notch, — the ventral incisure (incisura ante-
rior), — and dorsally at a deeper notch, — the dorsal incisure
(incisura posterior). On the posterior surface opposite to the
anterior vermiform process is a deep groove, the vallecula, in
the bottom of which is the posterior (inferior) vermiform
process (vermis inferior). It will be noticed that the two
vermiform processes are continuous dorsally and form one
lobe, which is termed the worm (vermis). The worm and the
notches form the landmarks for dividing the remainder of the
cerebellum into two hemispheres. The cerebellum has been
further subdivided into numerous lobes, but, as our knowledge
of the functions of the cerebellum is so imperfect, their
names, which are in many instances fanciful, may be here
omitted.
To examine the ventral surface, the cerebellum must be
removed from its connections by severing its various peduncles.
When this has been done (Fig. 9) we find in the median line
the ventral extremity of the anterior vermiform process in
front, and the ventral extremity of the posterior vermiform
process, called the nodulus, behind. The former rests upon a
thin sheet of white matter, which will be recognized as the ante-
rior medullary velum, over which the worm sends forward a
thin strip: the lingula. On each side the velum is attached to
the anterior peduncle, the cross sections of which are here seen.
Posterior to the anterior medullary velum is the transverse
fissure (fissura transversa), leading into a cleft, or cul-de-sac,
called the tent, or "bird's nest" (nidus avis). Lateral to this is
the section of the corpus restif orme, and lateral to it the larger
section of the middle peduncle. Still farther lateral is the
beginning of a fissure which can be traced around the circum-
ference of the cerebellum to a corresponding point on the op-
posite side: the horizontal fissure (fissura horizontalis). In the
commencement of this fissure is a quite distinct lobule: the
flocculus. From the flocculus a delicate layer of white matter
runs toward the median line, and crosses on the anterior aspect
of the nodulus to gain the flocculus of the opposite side ; this
is the posterior medullary velum (velum medullare posterius).
It is thus seen that the tent is a cleft in the white matter of
TBS BD23A0E 4SAT0KS ur IBS ENCeAaLON, 15
the cerebellum between the two medullary vela. It is pro-
longed on each side as far as rlie middle peduncle, which lateral
pro! inflations, as we shall hereafter see, are the lateral recesses
of flu- fourth ventricle, toward which cavity this surface of the
cerebellum looks.
THE ISTHMUS OF THE RHOMBKtfOGPHAXOIT,
The isthmus of the rhombencephalon (isthmus rhomben-
cephaK) is the name given to the most anterior part of the
rhombencephalon, uniting that vesicle to the mesencephalon,
in the embryo it exists as a separate vesicle, but in the de-
veloped brain it has no distinct boundaries. Its dorsal portion
consists of the anterior peduncles of the cerebellum and the
anterior medullary velum; these we have described as a part
of th.' pons Varolii, Its ventral portion is furnished by the
beginning of the cerebral peduncles, including the nuclei of
the fourth pair of cranial nerves; these we shall study in con-
nection with the mesencephalon.
■rill': FOTTBXH VEX
The fourth ventricle (vcntriculus quartus) is the neural
can*] in the rhombencephalon (Fig. 7). It may be considered
a- lia\ big a floor, a roof, and two sides. The floor (fossa fhom-
l"iidi-a ) is diamond-shaped, and is furnished by the triangular
depression on the dorsal surface of the pons in front, and by
the calamus scriptorius of the medulla behind. If we regard
the isthmus id' the rhombencephalon as a separate division,
there are three contributors to the floor: the isthmus furnish-
ing the anterior portion (pars superior); the pona forming the
middle portion (pars intermedia), — the part included between
lines embracing the middle peduncle? of the cerebellum;
while the medulla contributes the posterior portion (pars in-
ferior fossa? rhornboidcaO. The appearances in the flour of
the ventricle have been already described in the accounts of
the medulla and of Ha- pons.
The sides or lateral boundaries of this diamond-shaped
space air furnished in front by the anterior peduncles of the
cerebellum and behind by the corpora restiforniia.
16 THE ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN.
The roof of the ventricle in its anterior portion is the
anterior medullary velum; the posterior part of the roof
is furnished by a reflection of the pia mater known as the
tela chorioidea. To gain a correct conception of this part
of the roof it will be necessary to revert, for a moment,
to the development of the rhombencephalon. The epithe-
lial cells forming the dorsal wall of the embryonic rhomb-
encephalon produce the anterior medullary velum in front,
and the worm and posterior medullary velum of the cere-
bellum in the middle; but, along a line corresponding to the
free edge of the posterior medullary velum, this epithelium,
ceases to develop nervous tissue. In the mature brain, there-
fore, the dorsal wall of the rhombencephalon reaches, in its
primitive condition as a layer of epithelial cells, from the edge
of the posterior medullary velum in front to the medulla be-
hind (Fig. 4). This layer is consequently triangular, with its
base at the edge of the velum, its apex continuous with the
epithelium lining the dorsal wall of the central canal of the
medulla, and its sides attached to the medial surfaces of the
corpora restif ormia, where the production of nervous substance
is resumed. Now, the pia mater, adhering closely to the en-
cephalon at all points, enters the space between the cerebellum
and the medulla, and invaginates this epithelial membrane,
pushing it ahead as far as the lateral recesses. This fold of pia
mater is the tela chorioidea. The epithelium adheres to its
ventricular aspect, and is therefore called the lamina chorioidea
epithelialis. As a matter of fact, the epithelium is the true
roof of the ventricle; but, since it is adherent to the tela, and
is torn from its other attachments when the tela is removed,
the latter is commonly called the roof. On its ventricular sur-
face the tela presents a row of vascular tufts on each side of
the median line: the median chorioid plexus (plexus chori-
oideus ventriculi quarti). Near its anterior margin the plexuses
turn and run lateralward, and in this situation are called the
lateral chorioid plexuses. There is frequently an opening in
the tela known as the foramen of Magendie ; so that the cavity
of the fourth ventricle communicates with the space between
the pia mater and the arachnoid.
The ventricle has four angles : an anterior, where it is con-
THE StTBFACE ANATOMY OF THE ENC'KPIIALOX.
Fig. 10. — A. i\, Anterior horn of Literal ventricle. H. MM, entid.. Head
of caudate nucleus. f'»i- for H Column of fornix. F. U., Foramen of Monro,
,1. t. thai.. Anterior tubercle of thalamus, at, term., Stria lerminulU. A'uc.
mini., Nucleus i-uinlatii-. Vat. Ill, Third villi ti..k-. Trig, luih., Trigonum
habenuUe. Tttul., Thalamus. Sul, (.Jr., Chorioidnl sulcus. T, nun. aim!..
Tail of nucleus caudatus. Pnlr., 1'ulvinar. Teij., Tegmentum. V. V., An-
terior medullary velum. C. ■/., CorpWl quadrigemma. Hah., Habenula.
P. 6.. Pineal body. Med. si,, Medullary stria. -1/as. int., Massa intermedia.
Hep. jiel., Septal pellucidum. -1. p. <■■, Anterior peduncle of cerebellum.
(After Vnn Gehuchten.)
18 THE ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN.
tinuous with the aqueduct of Sylvius; a posterior, where it is
continuous with the canal of the medulla between the two
clavse; and two lateral. The latter are the angular intervals
between the diverging corpora restiformia and the anterior
peduncles of the cerebellum. As we have seen, these are the
lateral prolongations of the tent of the cerebellum, and each
is here called a lateral recess (recessus lateralis) of the ventricle.
THE SURFACE ANATOMY OF THE MESENCEPHALON.
The mesencephalon has four surfaces : a dorsal, a ventral,
and two lateral. The dorsal surface (Figs. 7 and 10), which,
in the complete encephalon, lies just ventral to the posterior
extremity of the corpus callosum and anterior to the ventral
incisure of the cerebellum, consists of two pairs of rounded
bodies known collectively as the corpora quadrigemina, each
body individually being called a colliculus. The two posterior
(inferior) colliculi (colliculi inferiores) are the smaller, and
are on a plane ventral as well as posterior to the anterior
(superior) colliculi (colliculi superiores). These four bodies
are separated from each other by a crucial sulcus; the longi-
tudinal arm of this groove terminates behind on the anterior
medullary velum, its edges here forming the frenulum veli.
Each colliculus has running forward and lateralward from it a
ridge connecting the mesencephalon with the diencephalon ;
the ridge from the anterior colliculus is called the anterior
(superior) arm (brachium quadrigeminum superius), and that
from the posterior colliculus is the posterior (inferior) arm
(brachium quadrigeminum inferius). The brachia are sepa-
rated by an interbrachial sulcus (sulcus interbrachialis).
The ventral surface (Fig. 6) presents two large rounded
cords emerging from the pons Varolii : the cerebral peduncles
(pedunculi cerebri). These diverge from each other to dis-
appear under the diencephalon after a course of about half
an inch. The triangular depression left between them is the
interpeduncular fossa (fossa interpeduncularis), in the bottom
of which is a thin lamella of nervous tissue containing many
foramina: the posterior perforated substance (substantia per-
forata posterior). The foramina are produced by blood-vessels,
THE SURFACE ANATOMY OF THE ENCEPHALON. 19
which pierce the lamella and are pulled out when the pia mater
is removed. Through the fossa the third pair of cranial nerves
makes its escape from the mesencephalon.
The lateral surface is marked by a longitudinal sulcus, —
the sulcus lateralis, — which indicates the separation of the
quadrigeminal from the peduncular portion of the mesen-
cephalon.
The cavity of the mesencephalon is the aqueduct of Syl-
vius (aquseductus cerebri), opening behind into the fourth, and
in front into the third ventricle.
THE SURFACE ANATOMY OF THE DIENCEPHALON.
The diencephalon is divided into the thalamencephalon
and the hypothalamus. The neural canal here is the third
ventricle.
The Thalamencephalon. — The thalamencephalon (Fig.
10) is subdivided on each side of the median line into the thala-
mus, the metathalamus, and the epithalamus.
The Thalamus. — This is an elongated oval mass of gray
matter having four surfaces: dorsal, ventral, lateral, and
medial; and two extremities: anterior and posterior.
The dorsal surface is marked by an obliquely lateral an-
teroposterior groove, the chorioid sulcus, in which lies, as we
shall see hereafter, the chorioid plexus of the lateral ventricle.
At its line of junction with the medial surface is a narrow
white band, — the stria medullaris, — which can be traced back-
ward to a small triangular swelling: the trigonum habenulse.
Laterally the dorsal surface is separated from another gray
mass, — the caudate nucleus of the corpus striatum of the telen-
cephalon, — by a groove which lodges a vein, — the vena ter-
minalis, — and a small bundle of fibres: the stria terminalis.
The medial surface (Fig. 8) forms the lateral wall of the
third ventricle. It is marked by an antero-posterior sulcus, —
the sulcus of Monro (sulcus hypothalamicus), — which indi-
cates the division of the thalamus from the hypothalamus.
The lateral surface of the thalamus is fused with the telen-
cephalon; the ventral surface with the hypothalamus and with
the mesencephalon behind. The anterior extremity of the
20 THE ANATOMY OP THE BRAIN.
thalamus is the smaller; it* most prominent portion is called
the anterior tubercle (tubereuhiin antenna).
The posterior extremily projects backward and lateral-
ward so as to overhang the neighboring pari of the mc
cephalon; this projecting portion i; caller] the pulvinar. On
lis ventral aspect the posterior extremity is continuous with
a white cord, — the optic tract (tractus opticus), — which <
i>c traced winding forward, first lateral and then ventral to the
cerebral peduncle, and then medialward into the postero-lateral
angle of a square white body, — the optic chiasm (ehiasma op
Fig. 11. — A. p. c. AnU'i'ior piiliiin-lc of the cerebellum. ('. u- '"■■ C
geniculutum mediale. C. g. L., Corpus geniculuiuiii laterale. IS. !•'.,
of the peduncle of the eerebrum. Op. 1r., Optic tract. Op. t:h.. Optic cliiiisi
1'viv., Pulvinar of llit> thalamus. (After Gegenbauer.)
ticum), — from the antero-lateral angle of which another white
cord — the optic, nerve — -proceeds forward and lateralward.
Tfi.fi MctiithaUnniis.- — The metathalamus (Fig. 11) con-
sists of the two geniculate bodies, lateral and medial (corpuj
geniculatum laterale; corpus geniculatum mediale). Thes
are two email oval bodies which lie ventral to the postenof
extremity of the thalamus. The corpus geniculatum laterale
is situated on the course of the optic tract, and is connected
with the anterior arm (brachium quadrigemiuum supcrius) of
THE SURFACE ANATOMY OF THE ENCEPHALON. 21
the mesencephalon; the corpus geniculatum mediale is found
at the lateral end of the interbrachial sulcus, and is connected
with the posterior arm (brachium quadrigeminum inferius).
The Epithalamus. — The epithalamus (Fig. 10) comprises
the pineal body (corpus pineale) and the region of the haben-
ula. The pineal body is a small flattened oval mass somewhat
reddish in color, and about one-quarter of an inch in diameter;
it rests in the median line on the anterior (superior) colliculi
of the mesencephalon. From its anterior aspect there runs on
each side a slender cord, the peduncle of the pineal body,
forward to the habenula. To the unaided eye the peduncle
of the pineal body and the habenula seem to be one and the
same structure, with the trigonum as a swelling on it; but, as
it is known that the peduncles connect the trigonum of one
side with that of the other side, thev are called the commissure
of the habenulse (commissura habenularum).
The Third Ventricle. — The third ventricle (ventriculus
tertius) is the neural canal in the diencephalon, which exists
here as a narrow space between the medial surfaces of the two
thalami, the latter constituting its lateral walls. Its anterior
boundarv is furnished bv the anterior pillars of the fornix and
bv the anterior commissure of the cerebrum. These struct-
ures are parts of the telencephalon, and will be described in
the appropriate place. The pillars of the fornix show here as
two white cords running toward the ventral surface of the
encephalon; they diverge in their course and allow the an-
terior commissure in front of them to come into view. The
posterior boundary is a transverse bundle of fibres: the pos-
terior commissure (commissura posterior). Passing between
the adjacent surfaces of the thalami about the middle of the
ventricle is a delicate erav laver, formerlv called the middle
commissure, but now known as the massa intermedia.
The roof of the ventricle is an epithelial structure. The
dorsal wall of the embryonic diencephalon between the striae
medullares remains undeveloped, and stretches between these
as a layer of epithelial cells. This epithelium, however, is ad-
herent to a fold of pia mater interposed between the dien-
cephalon and the telencephalon: the tela chorioidea of the
third ventricle hereafter to be described, which is often con-
22 THE ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN.
sidered the actual roof. The floor of the ventricle is formed
by the hypothalamus.
The Hypothalamus. — The hypothalamus (Figs. 6 and
8), when examined from before backward, presents the follow-
ing appearances: —
If, with the brain inverted, one lifts up the optic chiasm,
there is seen in the median line a sheet of nervous matter : the
terminal plate (lamina terminalis). Posterior and ventral to
this is the square mass of the optic chiasm, with the optic nerve
entering it on each side in front and the optic tract leaving it
on each side behind. Behind the chiasm is a dark swelling,
the tuber cinereum, from the ventral surface of which runs
a slender tube: the infundibulum. The latter terminates in
an oblong mass about one-half inch in diameter: the pituitary
body (hypophysis). The hypophysis rests in the sella Turcica
of the sphenoid bone; it consists of two portions, or lobes, the
anterior of which is the larger. Behind the tuber cinereum on
each side is a small, shining, rounded body: the mamillary
body (corpus mamillare).
If a sagittal section be made through the diencephalon
(Fig. 8), it will be noticed that the floor of the third ventricle
is considerably depressed in front, and that the bottom of this
depressed portion is thrown up into a transverse ridge by the
optic chiasm. In this way there are produced two small de-
pressions by the chiasm: one in front, — the optic recess (re-
cessus opticus), whose anterior wall is the lamina terminalis;
and the other behind,— the recess of the infundibulum (re-
cessus infundibuli), whose posterior wall is the tuber cine-
reum. The recess of the infundibulum leads into the infundib-
ulum, which, it is now seen, is hollow. Roughly speaking,
only that portion of the hypothalamus which lies behind the
infundibulum belongs to the diencephalon; it is called the
mamillary portion of the hypothalamus (pars mamillaris hypo-
thalami). The remainder of the hypothalamus is the ventral
part of the telencephalon, and is called the optic portion of
the hypothalamus (pars optica hypothalami). For the sake
of convenience they have been described together here.
THE SURFACE ANATOMY OF THE ENCEPHALON.
^Sfrw^
<5.?cmp.m.
Fig. 12.— Scheme of convolutions of lateral surface of cerebral hemisphere
(after Van Gehuehten). 8. }r. s., Superior frontal sulcus. S. prmc., Pre-
eentral sulcus. S. R., Central sulcus of Rolando. S. paste., Post-central sul-
cus. 8. interp.. Interparietal sulcus. 8. p.o.. Pa rieto- occipital fissure. Ram.
post. 8., Posterior ramus of fissure of Sylvius. 8. temp, m.. Middle temporal
sulcus. 8. temp, g., Superior temporal sulcus. F. 8., Fissure of Sylvius.
B. ant. asc. 8., Ascending anterior ramus of fissure of Sylvius, ft. a.
ft. 8., Horizontal anterior ramus of fissure of Sylvius. 8. fr. inf., Inferior
frontal sulcus.
24 THE ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN.
THE SURFACE ANATOMY OF THE TELENCEPHALON.
As a result of the rapid growth undergone by the lateral
portion of the telencephalon in early foetal life, that vesicle is
greatly elevated on each side of the median line; there is thus
formed a deep sulcus separating the lateral portions from one
another. This condition is maintained during subsequent de-
velopment; so that in the fully developed encephalon we find
two more or less symmetrical halves, — the hemispheres (hem-
isphaeria), — separated by a longitudinal fissure (fissura longi-
tudinalis cerebri). This fissure is complete in front and be-
hind, but for its middle two-fourths is interrupted ventrally
by a white body: the corpus callosum.
The Hemisphere. — Embryologically each hemisphere
may be divided into the pallium, or the superficial gray matter,
and the white matter directly connected therewith; the rhi-
nencephalon, . or the central olfactory apparatus; and the
corpus striatum; but for the purpose of this book it is more
convenient to first consider the hemispheres as a whole, giving
attention to its separate parts later.
The hemisphere is ovoid in shape. It has two surfaces, —
one lateral and one medial, — and two extremities, — the an-
terior, or frontal, pole (polus frontalis) ; and the posterior, or
occipital, pole (polus occipitalis).
The lateral surface (facies lateralis) is convex; it is folded
in such a way as to present numerous eminences called con-
volutions (gyri) separated by grooves called sulci. Certain
of the sulci are large and deep, and fairly constant, so that
they may be taken as boundaries by which to divide the hemi-
sphere on its lateral surface into portions called lobes (lobi).
Such sulci are commonly called fissures, but in the new nomen-
clature that term is applied only to such sulci as produce cor-
responding elevations in the cavity of the hemisphere. The
most prominent of the fissures is the fissure of Sylvius
(fissura cerebri lateralis), which may be located in the follow-
ing way: —
On the ventral aspect of the telencephalon lateral to the
optic chiasm there is found a lamina of nervous matter per-
forated by many foramina for blood-vessels : the anterior per-
'■;■ K 31 BP U I.
OF THE BNCEPHAiON.
25
■t'ui'idci.l substance. Just lateral to this substance the fissure of
Sylvius begins; whence ii prueoeds lateralward to pain the
lateral surface of the hemisphere, where it divides into three
branches (Kip. 12). The longest of these, the ramus posterior,
rims dorsal ward and backward, to beeonie gradually lost upon
the lateral surface; the other two are both short and both
anterior, 1 1 n ■ one n ing nearly vertically dorsalward and
called the ramus anterior ascendent, the other running nearly
horizontally forward and called the ramus anterior horizontal is.
A second fissure is the so-called fissure of Rolando (sulcus
centralis). It begins on the lateral surface near the longitudi-
nal fissure a i a poinl a little behind the junction of the anterior
with the posterior half of the hemisphere, and proceeds for-
ward and ventralward nearly to the posterior ramus of the
fissure i if Sylvius.
A third fissure is the parietooccipital (fissura parieto-
■ H-i'i pit mI is I. It begins on the medial surface of the hemisphere
behind the posterior extremity of the corpus callosum, and
passes dorsalward and slightly backward to reach the lateral
.-iiii'iirr. where if disappears after a forward and ventralward
Course of about half an inch. This latter part is frequently
called the lateral limb of the fissure, the part on the medial
surface being the medial limb.
By means of the fissures mentioned the lateral surface is
divided into five lubes. That portion which lies dorsal to the
fissure of Sylvius and anterior to the central sulcus of Rolando
is called the frontal lobe (lobus frontalis); that ventral to the
posterior ramus of the fissure of Sylvius the temporal lobe
(lobus temporalis); that bounded ventrally by the posterior
ramus of the fissure of Sylvius, in front by the central sulcus
of Rolando, and behind by the lateral limb of the parieto-oceip-
ital fissure the parietal lobe (lobus parietalis); while the por-
tion posterior to the lateral limb of the pari e to-occipital fissure
is the occipital lobe. The fifth division is the island of Eei!
(insula). This is found in the depths of the fissure of Sylvius
where that fissure is dividing into its rami. The island can
be broughl into view by drawing aside the Lieijrhboniji: <.wr-
convolutions, which collectively are called the oper-
culum, it will be observed that this division into lobes is far
26 THE ANATOMY OF THE BKAIN.
from complete, since, except in the case of the island of Reil,
each lobe is connected with its neighbors by convolutions pass-
ing between them, which for this reason are called gyri tran-
sitivi. This statement is especially true of the parietal and
occipital lobes, between which there is scarcely any well-
marked boundary.
Each lobe is divided into several convolutions by sulci as
follows: The frontal lobe is marked by a sulcus, often atyp-
ical, running parallel with and anterior to the central sulcus
of Rolando, — the ascending frontal, or precentral, sulcus (sul-
cus prsecentralis), — cutting off between itself and the sulcus
of Rolando a large convolution: the ascending frontal or an-
terior central convolution (gyrus centralis anterior). From
the precentral sulcus there proceed forward two other smaller
sulci, the dorsal, or superior (sulcus frontalis superior), and
the ventral, or inferior, frontal sulcus (sulcus frontalis in-
ferior), toward the frontal pole; these divide the remainder
of the frontal lobe into three convolutions: the dorsal, or
superior; the middle; and the ventral, or inferior, frontal con-
volutions (gyrus frontalis superior, medius, et inferior). The
ventral frontal convolution at its ventral margin is divided into
three parts by the indentations of the anterior rami of the fis-
sure of Sylvius: the posterior division, behind the ascending
ramus, is the pars opercularis; the middle, between the rami,
is the pars angularis; and the anterior division is the pars
orbitalis. In the course of development the anterior extremi-
ties of these three frontal convolutions are bent forward and
ventral ward, and then backward; so that they come to lie upon
the orbital plate of the frontal bone (Fig. 13), in which situa-
tion they are called orbital convolutions (gyri orbitales). The
dorsal frontal here becomes the medial orbital, the middle
frontal becomes the anterior orbital, and the' ventral frontal
becomes the posterior orbital convolution. The medial or-
bital convolution borders on the anterior extremity of the
longitudinal fissure, and contains an antero-posterior groove,
— the olfactory sulcus, — which lodges a white band, — the ol-
factory tract; the portion of the gyrus medial to this sulcus is
known as the straight convolution (gyrus rectus).
The parietal lobe contains a fairly-constant sulcus, the
THE SCBFACE AXATOJIY OF THE EXCEFHALOX.
SuUotf-
Fig. 13. — Scheme of convolutions of ventral aspect of cerebral hemisphere
(after Van Gehuchten). Sul. off., Olfaetory sulcus. Sid. temp, inf., Inferior
temporal sulcus. Fis. col.. Collateral fissure.
28 THE ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN.
interparietal (sulcus interparietalis), by means of which it is
divided into three convolutions. This sulcus begins near the
posterior ramus of the fissure of Sylvius, and first runs parallel
with the fissure of Rolando, and then turns backward to termi-
nate near or in the occipital lobe. As it makes its backward
turn it gives off an ascending branch, which is sometimes an
independent sulcus, — the postcentral (sulcus postcentralis), —
which continues the course of the parent-sulcus dorsalward.
The long convolution lying between this latter sulcus and the
interparietal behind, and the central sulcus of Rolando in front
is the ascending parietal, or posterior central, convolution
(gyrus centralis posterior). That portion of the lobe con-
tained between the posterior part of the interparietal sulcus
and the longitudinal fissure is the dorsal, or superior, parietal
lobule (lobulus parietalis superior). The remainder of the
lobe ventral and posterior to the interparietal sulcus is the
ventral, or inferior, parietal lobule (lobulus parietalis inferior) ;
its anterior portion bordering the posterior ramus of the fis-
sure of Sylvius is often termed the supramarginal convolu-
tion (gyrus supramarginalis) while the posterior part is called
the angular convolution (gyrus angularis).
The temporal lobe is divided into fiv*e convolutions as
follows: The portion adjacent to the posterior ramus of the
fissure of Sylvius is the dorsal, or superior, temporal con-
volution (gyrus temporalis superior). It is separated by an
antero-posterior sulcus, — the dorsal, or superior, temporal sul-
cus (sulcus temporalis superior), — from the middle temporal
convolution (gyrus temporalis medius). The latter convolu-
tion is separated by another antero-posterior sulcus, the middle
temporal sulcus (sulcus temporalis medius), from the ventral,
or inferior, temporal convolution (gyrus temporalis inferior).
The last two convolutions are especially badly defined. At
this point the lobe makes a ventral bend toward the median
line, so as to present upon the ventral aspect of the enceph-
alon. Here we find two convolutions (Figs. 13 and 14).
The first is large and spindle-shaped, the fusiform convolu-
tion (gyrus fusiformis), and is limited laterally by the ven-
tral, or inferior, temporal sulcus (sulcus temporalis inferior).
On its medial side it is bounded by a long fissure extending
THE StfBFACE ANATOMY OF THE ENCEPHALOK.
Sulmarj-
.St/UdltPdiy-
Fig. 14. — Scheme of convolutions on medial surface of cerebral hemisphere
(after Van Gehuchten). Fig. 8., Fissure of Sylvius. Sal. cat. marg., Calloso-
marginal sulcus. Sot. guhf., Subfrontal sulcus. Svl. C. C, Sulcus of corpus
eallosum. Sitl. marg,. Marginal sulcus. Bui. subp., Subparietal sulcus.
Fis. p.o.. Pa rieto- occipital Assure. Fig. ealc, Calcarine fissure. FU. den.,
Dentate fissure. Fis. ml. Collateral fissure.
30 THE ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN.
almost to the anterior extremity of the lobe, the collateral
fissure (fissura collaterals), medial to the posterior part of
which is the lingual convolution (gyrus lingualis).
The occipital lobe may be roughly divided into three
convolutions: dorsal, or superior; middle; and ventral, or
inferior. Some make only two divisions of this lobe, with
several small convolutions in each division; in this case the
dorsal division is composed of the gyri occipitales superiores,
and the ventral of the gyri occipitales laterales.
The island of Reil contains three convolutions surrounded
by a circular sulcus (sulcus circularis). This lobe, as we have
seen, is overhung by the neighboring convolutions, which
collectively constitute the operculum. As the operculum is
furnished by the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes, there
is a pars frontalis, a pars parietalis, and a pars temporalis
operculi.
The medial surface (facies medialis) of the hemisphere
(Fig. 14) is convoluted like the lateral surface, but its con-
volutions are, as a rule, larger and less complex in arrange-
ment. As limits for these convolutions we have, first, the
medial limb of the parieto-occipital fissure; beginning at the
ventral extremity of this fissure and running backward usu-
ally to the posterior extremity of the hemisphere is the cal-
carine fissure (fissura calcarina), included between which and
the parieto-occipital fissure is a wedge-shaped convolution, the
cuneus. Ventral to the calcarine fissure is the lingual con-
volution already described as a part of the temporal lobe.
This convolution is continuous in front with a narrow con-
volution limited ventrally by the collateral fissure, the hippo-
campal convolution (gyrus hippocampi), the anterior extrem-
ity of which is recurved so as to resemble a hook, and which,
therefore, is known as the uncus. The hippocampal convolu-
tion is limited dorsally by the dentate fissure (fissura hippo-
campi), which begins just ventral to the posterior extremity
of the corpus callosum, and curves forward and ventralward
nearly to the uncus. In the middle of the medial surface is
seen the sagittal section of the corpus callosum. It is sepa-
rated from the adjacent convolutions by a sulcus, — the sulcus
of the corpus callosum (sulcus corporis callosi), — which, be-
THE SURFACE ANATOMY OF THE ENCEPHALON.
Tr ir&>
Opt&Op.
Fig. 15.— 01. &., Olfactory bulb. 01. tr.. Olfactory tract. R., Rostrum of
corpus callosum. L. f., Longitudinal fissure. /'. a., Parolfactory area. Trig.,
Olfactory trigonum. M. at., Medial atria. Ant. com., Region of anterior com-
missure. L. t.. Lamina terminalis. Op. tit., Optic chiasm. Op. tr., Optic
tract. G. a., Gyrus subcallosus. A. p. a.. Anterior perforated substance.
L. at., Lateral stria. (After His.)
LANE MEDICAL LIBRA"
STANFORD UNW7.BSI1 .
MEDICAL CENTER
SWHEORD. <•"" °*
32 THE ANATOMY OF THE BEAIN.
ginning ventral to the anterior extremity of that body, arches
backward over its dorsal surface to terminate behind its poste-
rior extremity by opening into the dentate fissure. Begin-
ning in front of the anterior extremity of the corpus callosum
is the calloso-marginal sulcus (sulcus cinguli), which winds
dorsalward and backward to a point dorsal to the posterior
extremity of the corpus callosum; about the middle of its
course it sends off an ascending branch, — the subfrontal sul-
cus (sulcus subfrontalis), — and near its termination another
ascending branch: the marginal sulcus (sulcus marginalis).
The portion of the hemisphere cut off dorsal to the calloso-
marginal sulcus is often called the calloso-marginal convolu-
tion; it will be noticed that it is merely the medial surface
of the dorsal, or superior frontal, convolution. Between the
subfrontal sulcus in front and the marginal sulcus behind is
the paracentral lobule (lobulus paracentralis), which is the
combined medial surfaces of the anterior and posterior cen-
tral gyri. The calloso-marginal sulcus (sulcus cinguli) is
sometimes continued backward nearly to the parieto-occipital
fissure, and this part of it is called the subparietal sulcus (sul-
cus subparietalis). Between it, ventrally, the parieto-occipital
fissure behind, and the marginal sulcus in front, is a large
square convolution: the precuneus. Between the sulcus of
the corpus callosum ventrally and the calloso-marginal sulcus
dorsally is a long, narrow convolution: the convolution of
the corpus callosum. It will be seen that this is continuous
with the hippocampal convolution around the posterior ex-
tremity of the corpus callosum. These two convolutions to-
gether have been called the limbic lobe of Broca; in the
nomenclature now employed they constitute the gyrus forni-
catus, divided into two parts, — the gyrus cinguli, correspond-
ing to what was called the convolution of the corpus callosum,
and the gyrus hippocampi, — while their point of union around
the posterior extremity of the corpus callosum is the isthmus
gyri fornicati.
The Rhinencephalon. — The rhinencephalon (Fig. 15) is
developed as an offshoot from the anterior ventral portion of
the telencephalon. The medial orbital convolution, as we
have seen, contains an anteroposterior sulcus parallel to the
THE SURFACE ANATOMY OF THE EXCEPHALON. 33
anterior extremity of the longitudinal fissure: the olfactory
sulcus (sulcus olfactorius). In this lies a white band, the
olfactory tract (tractus olfactorius), which, when followed
forward, is seen to emerge from a small oval enlargement:
the olfactory bulb (bulbus olfactorius). Behind, at the edge
of the orbital convolution, the tract develops a small tri-
angular swelling: the olfactory triangle (trigonum olfac-
torium). From this triangle set out two small cords: the
olfactory roots, or striae. The medial root (stria olfactoria
medialis) runs backward toward the median line, to enter a
small gray area: the olfactory area of Broca (area parolfac-
toria). The lateral root (stria olfactoria lateralis) runs back-
ward and lateralward to enter the anterior extremitv of the
hippocampal convolution. In its course it crosses the ante-
rior perforated substance (substantia perforata anterior): a
thin, gray lamella containing numerous foramina for vessels.
Limiting this lamella medially and behind is a narrow white
cord running between the anterior extremity of the corpus
callosum and the hippocampal convolution; it has been called
the peduncle of the corpus callosum, but it is more in accord
with our present knowledge to regard it as a convolution,
called, from its position, the gyrus subcallosus. By its means
the two anterior extremities of the limbic lobe, or gyrus
fornicatus, are connected.
It is customary to divide the rhinencephalon into two
portions: an anterior (pars anterior) and a posterior (pars
posterior). The former contains the bulb, the tract, the tri-
angle, the medial stria, and the area parolf actoria ; the latter
the perforated substance, the lateral stria, and the gyrus
subcallosus.
The Ventral Portion of the Telencephalon. — The
divisions of the telencephalon which we have been studying
are all developed from that part of the embryonic vesicle
which lies dorsal to the neural cavity. The ventral portion
of the telencephalon produces the optic part of the hypo-
thalamus (pars optica hypothalami); this has already been
described in the account given of the diencephalon.
CHAPTER in.
The Internal Anatomy of the Encephalon.
the internal anatomy of the myelencephalon.
In tracing the continuity of structure between the me-
dulla oblongata and the spinal cord we shall find that a
gradual, but marked, rearrangement of both gray and white
matters occurs; moreover, we shall find structures in the
medulla which are lacking in the cord.
This rearrangement of matter begins even in the cord.
If a section through the first cervical segment of the cord
(Fig. 16) be examined, it will be noticed that the dorsal horn
of the gray matter has been bent ventro-laterally in such a
manner as to describe a curve, the concavity of which is
ventral. The neck of the horn is much thinned, while the
gelatinous substance of Rolando (substantia gelatinosa) is
enlarged, and is capped laterally by the cross-section of a
bundle of slender nerve-fibres. These fibres are derived from
the fifth cranial, or trigeminal, nerve. In the study of the
surface anatomy of the pons Varolii we have seen that this
nerve pierces the ventral surface of the pons; in its sub-
stance the sensory fibres of the nerve, after the manner of
sensory nerves in general, bifurcate into ascending and de-
scending branches; the latter run as far as the first segment
of the cord. They constitute the spinal tract of the trigem-
inal nerve (tractus spinalis nervi trigemini), the cross-section
of which appears very distinctly all through the posterior
portion of the pons and through the entire extent of the me-
dulla. It is accompanied by the gelatinous substance, which
is situated medial to it, and is the terminal nucleus of its
fibres (nucleus tractus spinalis nervi trigemini). In the cer-
vical region of the cord the gray matter exhibits the so-called
lateral horn, from which the fibres of the eleventh cranial,
or spinal accessorv, nerve arise. This nucleus is continued
(34)
THE INTERNAL ANATOMY OF THE ENCEPHALON.
Fig. 1G.— J), ft., Dorsal horn. A7, Spinal accessory nerve. F. r., Formatio
reticularis. V. ft., Ventral bom. V. r. f.. Ventral root-fibres. V., Spinal
tract of trigeminal nerve. Svto. gtl., Substantia gelatinosa. F. G., Funicu-
lus of Goll (funiculus gracilis). F. if., Funiculus of Burdach (funiculus
cuneatus). C. py. tr., Crossed pyramidal tract (fasciculus cerebro- spin alia
lateralis). D. c. tr.. Direct cerebellar tract (fasciculus eerebello-splnalis) .
Goto., Tract of Govvers (fasciculus anterolaterals siiperfieialis). L. g. &.,
Lateral ground-bundle ( fasciculus lateralis proprius) . V. g. b., Ventral
ground-bundle (fasciculus anterior proprius). D. py. tr., Direct pyramidal
tract (fasciculus eerebro-spinalis anterior).
36 THE ANATOMY OF THE BKAIN.
into the posterior part of the medulla, where it keeps the same
relative position.
Lateral to the gray matter in the cervical portion of the
cord appears the formatio reticularis: a net-work of trans-
verse and longitudinal fibres, which attains much fuller de-
velopment in the medulla.
An important factor in the rearrangement of the white
and gray matters is the decussation of the pyramids (Fig. 17).
The pyramids of the medulla are composed of fibres which
arise in certain convolutions of the telencephalon, and con-
vey impulses to the nuclei of origin of the motor peripheral
nerves. On arriving at the spinal end of the medulla the
great majority of these fibres cross the median line to the
lateral column of the opposite side of the cord, where they
form the crossed pyramidal tract (fasciculus cerebro-spinalis
lateralis); a few remain uncrossed, and descend in the ven-
tral column of the cord as the direct pyramidal tract (fascic-
ulus cerebro-spinalis anterior). The decussating fibres, cross-
ing from the pyramid of one side to the lateral column of the
other, pass through the base of the ventral horn, and sever it
from the central gray matter. If we follow these fibres in
the opposite direction, — i.e., from the cord to the medulla,
— it will be seen that in the medulla they occupy the region
corresponding to that which the ventro-lateral ground-bundle
occupies in the cord. The latter bundle continues its course
into the medulla, and there lies dorsal to the pyramid and
ventral to the central canal. The other tracts of white matter
maintain the same relative positions in the posterior part of
the medulla as in the cord.
Ventral to the funiculus of Goll (funiculus gracilis) is
a gray mass continuous with the dorsal horn; a similar, but
more rounded, mass is ventral to the funiculus of Burdach
(funiculus cuneatus). As we follow these objects through
the medulla (Fig. 18), the gray masses steadily increase in
size, the lateral one extending farther forward, until they
terminate in the enlargements which we have called the clava
and the cuneate tubercle. The funiculi of white matter dor-
sal to them, however, become gradually thinner, until at the
level of the clava and cuneate tubercle, respectively, they
THE INTERNAL ASATOJTY OK THE ENCETHALON. 37
P.O.
KB. */f V .
\^«
x -f-^^MjiSKKKv\
jJMp&^m
*i4mW$- ''ml
" >" ,
tSubsyel — jjk-JalStW-.'
J!gg&
[f
BgSfi-' ^sn^humf
^^^^^^ssP^S
Bl^.''.\". ■£><?*
2>.#
Fig. 17.- /•'. *;.. Funiculus of Gall. ST. f. <;.. Ni
icleut o) ilif timk'iiKis of
Gall. /■. !'.. Funiculus ol Burdaeh. -V. f. II.. \n
■li'ii* of the Funiculus ,.[■
Burdaeh, W Spinal accessor; nerve. Tr. aji, ».
v; r /.. Spinal tract oJ the
trigeminal nerve. Sitlm. yii., Snh.liintia gelul iim-a
C vtn., Ventral horn.
0. /'.. [)ei'!i"uliiui ni" tlit: iiynniiiits. I'H. !/('. 'jmih,
.. V.-hi i" lateral ground-
bundle. (After llenle.)
38 THE ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN.
cease altogether. The gray masses, then, are the terminal
nuclei of the funiculi of Goll and Burdach (nucleus funiculi
gracilis; nucleus funiculi cuneati).
Numerous fibres are seen sweeping across each half of
the section toward the median line in curves with the con-
cavities dorsal: the internal arcuate fibres (fibrae arcuatse in-
terna). They are in great part the axones of cells situated in
the nuclei of the funiculi of Goll and Burdach. On reach-
ing the median line, they cross to the opposite side and take
a longitudinal direction forward, occupying the same region
as the ventro-lateral ground-bundle from the cord, and with
the latter form the prominent tract of fibres known as the
medial lemniscus (lemniscus medialis). The crossing in the
median line of these arcuate fibres from both sides constitutes
the decussation of the lemnisci (decussatio lemniscorum),
while the median line in which they decussate is called the
raphe. Since many of the fibres of the lemniscus are derived
from the terminal nuclei of the funiculi of Goll and Bur-
dach of the opposite side, each lemniscus may be regarded as
the indirect continuation of these funiculi. Here, then, in
the posterior part of the medulla are two great decussations:
the ventral one of motor fibres, the dorsal one of sensory-
fibres. These fibres are the principal conducting-tracts be-
tween the cortex of the telencephalon and the peripheral
nerves, and we shall meet them in all the succeeding portions
of the encephalon.
Many of the internal arcuate fibres are axones from the
cells in the substantia gelatinosa, the terminal nucleus of the
spinal tract of the trigeminal nerve. Farther forward many
are likewise derived from the nuclei of other sensory cranial
nerves. These arcuate fibres from the nuclei of sensory nerves
also cross the raphe, but the course pursued by them thereafter
is not definitely settled, some holding the opinion that they
travel in the medial lemniscus, while others believe that they
form separate tracts in the dorsal part of the formatio retic-
ularis. Certainly some of them, at least, join the lemniscus
of the opposite side from that in w T hich they arise. In the
case of the nerve of hearing we shall see hereafter that the
fibres which arise in its terminal nuclei form a separate tract.
THE INTERNAL ANATOMY OF THE ENCEPHALON.
Int.arc.p
Kg. 18.— Nve. XII, Nucleus of hypoglossal nerve. Nuc. XI, Nucleus of
spinal accessory nerve. F. B., Funiculus of Burdaeh. Tr. sp. n. trig., Spinal
tract of trigeminal nerve. D. c. tr., Direct cerebellar tract. Gotc., Tract of
Gowers. XI, Spinal accessory nerve. Pyr., Pyramid. XII, Hypoglossal
nerve. Dec. lem., Decussation of lemniscus. Int. arc. fib., Internal arcuate
fibres. Subs, gel., Substantia gelatinosa. N. f. B., Nucleus of funiculus of
Burdach. X. f. Q., Nucleus of funiculus of Coll.
40 THE ANATOMY OF THE BHAIN.
Many of the arcuate fibres are derived from the pyra-
mids, crossing the median line to reach the nuclei of origin
of the motor nerves, and still others are fibres connecting the
sensory with the motor nuclei.
Finally we have to note the changes which occur in the
central canal. As the fourth ventricle is approached, the
diameter of the canal increases, until at the level of the
termination of the funiculus of Goll in its nucleus the canal
is covered only by the thinned, dorsal, gray commissure. At
last the dorsal wall becomes reduced to its epithelial lining,
which, as we have seen, is continuous with the epithelium
lining the ventral surface of the tela chorioidea of the fourth
ventricle, and the canal is now said to have "opened out" into
the ventricle.
Proceeding to the study of the anterior portion of the
medulla, we begin with a section through the posterior ex-
tremity of the calamus scriptorius (Fig. 19). The funiculus
of Goll and its nucleus have ceased to exist, but the funiculus
of Burdach, though much smaller than before, is still present.
The semilunar section of the trigeminal nerve lying lateral
to its nucleus is a prominent feature. It will be noted that
this tract does not here reach the periphery of the medulla,
but has lateral to it a bundle of oblique fibres; this bundle
is the direct cerebellar tract from the spinal cord (fasciculus
cerebello-spinalis), which, having ascended in the lateral tract
of the medulla, in this region makes a dorsal bend to enter
the corpus restif orme. The tract of Gowers (fasciculus antero-
lateralis superficialis) keeps the same position ventral to the
direct cerebellar tract.
Farther ventral is the section of the olive, which here
shows as three pieces: a dorsal, or dorsal accessory olivary
nucleus (nucleus olivaris accessorius dorsalis); a medial, or
medial accessory olivary nucleus (nucleus olivaris accessorius
median's); and a central portion, or inferior olivary nucleus
(nucleus olivaris inferior). The latter is by far the largest;
it is a convoluted lamina of gray matter with an opening, the
hilus, toward the raphe, through which pass numerous fibres
which connect it with the cerebellar hemisphere of the op-
posite side: the cerebello-olivary fibres.
THE IXTEBXAL ANATOMY OF THE EXCEPHALON.
MkaB
Ti: spn. trig-
Subs, gel-
:X 5
D-ctn
_ Mur.ami-
Gour.
•LSfintlem.
hjKC.Of
Fig. 19. — Sue. XII, Nucleus of hypoglossal nerv
ala. cinerea. Kite, f. B., Nucleus of funiculus of Bu
of Burdach. Tr. sol, Tractus solitarius. Tr. sp.
trigeminal nerve. Svbs. gel., Substantia, gelatin
D. C. tr., Direct cerebellar tract Sue. amb., Nucleui
\ Sue. a. ft, Nucleus of
rilach. F. B., Funiculus
n. trig.. Spinal tract of
3sa. X, Vagus nerve,
iguus. Gow., Tract
of Goivers. St. int. tern., Interolivary stratum of lemniscus. 0. 0. f.. Cere-
bello-olivary fibres. Pyr., Pyramid. X-. a. 0. >»., Medial accessory olivary
nucleus. XII, Hypoglossal nerve. N. o. inf., Inferior olivary nucleus.
X. a. o. <(., Dorsal accessory olivary nucleus.
42 THE ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN.
On each side of the ventral median sulcus is the pyra-
mid. Dorsal to the pyramid is the bundle of sensory fibres
which farther forward goes to form the medial lemniscus,
seen as a triangular tract between the olives and hence known
as the interolivary layer (stratum interolivare lemnisci); the
most dorsal of the fibres near the raphe in this situation are
continuous farther forward with the medial longitudinal
bundle (fasciculus longitudinalis medialis): a tract of fibres
which will become much more evident as we proceed. These
fibres correspond to those of the ventral ground-bundle of
the spinal cord. In the floor of the ventricle are the nuclei
of some of the cranial nerves. On each side of the median
line is a collection of large cells: the nucleus of origin of the
twelfth cranial or hypoglossal nerve. The root-fibres of the
nerve are conspicuous, running ventro-lateralward medial to
the olive to escape from the medulla through the ventro-
lateral sulcus. This nucleus consists of a long column of cells
extending from the level of the decussation of the pyramids
nearly to that of the striae acusticse. In the posterior part
of the medulla the nucleus lies ventro-lateral to the central
canal; in the anterior portion it corresponds to the trigonum
hypoglossi in the floor of the ventricle.
Lateral and somewhat dorsal to the nucleus of the twelfth
is the terminal nucleus of the sensory portion of the tenth
cranial, or pneumogastric or vagus, nerve (nucleus alse cine-
rese). Most of the sensory fibres of the nerve end in this
nucleus, but some descend after the manner of the spinal
tract of the trigeminal nerve, forming a part of a small bun-
dle dorsal and lateral to the nucleus of the ala cinereae: the
tractus solitarius. Around the latter is a column of gray
matter in which the fibres of the tract end: the nucleus of
the solitary tract (nucleus tractus solitarii). These two nuclei
are really common to both the tenth and the ninth (glosso-
pharyngeal) cranial nerves, the latter terminating in their
more anterior portions. The tractus solitarius consists, in the
main, of fibres derived from the glosso-pharyngeal nerve.
Moreover, both of these nerves are mixed nerves: i.e., they
contain both motor and sensory fibres. Now, the nucleus of
origin of the motor fibres is the nucleus ambiguus. The ven-
THE INTERNAL ANATOMY OP THE EKCEPHALON.
StintJe/tr.
Fig. 20. — Nitc. XII, Nueleus of hypoglossal nerve. Nve. a. c, Nucleus of
ala einerea. Tr. sol, Tractus solitarius. D. r. VIII, Descending root of
vestibular nerve. C. r., Corpus restiforme. Tr. sp. I"., Spinal tract of tri-
geminal nerve. Svbs. gel.. Substantia gelatinosa. IX, Glosso- pharyngeal
nerve. X, Vagus nerve. C. o. f., Cerebe I lo- olivary fibres. Gov)., Gowera's
tract. Nvc. amb.. Nucleus ambiguus. N. a. 0. d., Dorsal accessory olivary
nucleus. 2f. o. inf., Inferior olivary nucleus. XII, Hypoglossal nerve. Pyr.,
Pyramid. St. int. lem., Interolivnry stratum of the lemniscus.
44
THE ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN.
tral horn of the cord, after being cut off by the decussating
pyramid, does not disappear entirely, but continues forward
in the medulla, to furnish nuclei for several cranial nerves.
It thus furnishes that for the ninth and tenth cranial nerves,
— the nucleus ambiguus, — which is located about midway be-
tween the olive and the gelatinous substance and dorsal to a
line connecting them. Its axones take a dorso-lateral route,
and join the sensory fibres. It will be observed that the root-
fibres of these two nerves run through the spinal tract of the
trigeminal nerve and the gelatinous substance.
CtrtUUvyn.
Fig. 21. — D. ext. arc, Dorsal external arcuate fibres. D. c. tr., Direct
cerebellar tract. V. ext. arc, Ventral external arcuate fibres. (After
Edinger.)
The internal arcuate fibres are very numerous, sweeping
across the section from all the sensory nuclei. That portion
of the section through which they pass — between the floor of
the ventricle, the medial lemniscus, the inferior olive, and the
gelatinous substance — is the fully-developed formatio reticu-
laris of the medulla: a mixture of white and gray matter be-
lieved to be associational in function.
The next section (Fig. 20) passes through all three of
the triangular areas into which the calamus scriptorius is
divided, the trigonum hypoglossi containing the nucleus of
THE INTERNAL ANATOMY OF THE EXCEPHALON.
Fig. 22.— il. I. b., Media] longitudinal bundle. Suh». yel., Substantia
gelntinosa. Altil. lent., Medial lemniscus. 1'yr., l'yramid. X. o. inf.. In-
ferior olivary nucleus. X. a. o. d.. Dorsal accessory olivary nucleus. GOVS.,
Gowers's tract. TV. sp. n. trig., Spinal tract of trigeminal nerve. C. r.,
Corpus restiforme. If. n. e. d., Dorsal nucleus of cochlear nerve. D. r. Till,
Descending root of vestibular nerve. K. d. i: VIII, Nucleus of descending
root of vestibular nerve. Kt, «e., Acoustic strire.
46
UIATOMI Mi-
ni-: i
the hypoglossal nerve, the ala cinerea containing the terminal
niii'lri of the ninth and tenth crania] nerves, and the acoustics
ana. [n this situation the tatter contains the descending root
"I' (In.' vestibular nerve ami its accompanying nucleus inedi
to it. Lateral and ventral to this is seen the cross-section oC:
the corpus restiforme. It is composed of fibres from several .
sources: first, the direct cerehellar tract from the cord, which
is here seen entering it; second, the eerebello-olivary fibres;
and, third, the external arcuate fibres. The eerebello-olivary "
fibres conned ll erebellar hemisphere of one side with the
olive df lite opposite side. They run in the corpus restiforme,
appear among the most ventral of the internal arcuate fibres,
traverse the olive of tbe same side, cross the raphe, and enter
the olive of the opposite side. The external arcuate fibres
consist of two ."els ( Fig. 21 .): a dorsal, derived from the nueli i
of the funiculi of Goll and Burdach, and a ventral, which
emerge from the interolivary layer of the lemniscus to wind
around the lateral surface of the medulla and enter the corpus
restiforme.
In Fig. 22 the section passes through the acoustic stria?.
Lateral!; these fibres ore < iccted with a semilunar mass of
gray matter dorso-Iateral to the corpus restiforme: the acous-
tic tubercle, or dorsal nucleus of the cochlear nerve (nucleus
nervi cochlea? dorsalis). The acoustic nerve at the medulla
is composed of two parts: a postero-lateral, or cochlear, por-
tion (radix cochlearis); and an antero-medial, or vestibular,
portion (radix vestibularis). Now, the acoustic tubercle i
one of the terminal nuclei of the cochlear portion. Tbe axones
from the cells of this nucleus form the acoustic strife, which
arch in the floor of the ventricle first dorsalward and then
ventralward toward the median line; just ventral to the
median sulcus most of them cross the median line, and their
subsequent course will be described hereafter.
The nuclei of the twelfth, tenth, and ninth cranial nerves
have ceased to exist at this level of the medulla, while the
descending root of the vestibular nerve is larger in volume.
The medial longitudinal bundle here begins to show as
a distinct tract; it will be noticed that its fibres are larger
than those of the medial lemniscus.
8.— A. p. ft, Anterior peduncle of cerebellum. C. f. c, Fibres from
nerve to cerebellum. N. /(.. Nurleus of ilechterew. N. D., Nucleus
C. r., Corpus restiforme. V. Till, Root-fibres of vestibular nerve.
, Ventral nucleus of cochlear jene. ('. Till, Cochlear portion of
mi'. Till, .Acoustic nerve. C. trap., Trapezoid body. Tr. sp.
pinal tract of trigeminal nerve. -V, o. inf., Inferior olivary nucleus.
Pyr., Pyramid. Med, tern.. Medial lemniscus. A'nc. 17/, Nucleus of facial
., Medial longitudinal bundle. $ub*s. nil.. Suh-bintla gelatinosa.
i. l'.. Medial nuclcn- of vestibular nerve.
48 THE ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN.
THE INTERNAL ANATOMY OF THE METENCEPHALON.
The Pons Varolii. — We shall begin the study of the
pons by examining a section through the transition-plane be-
tween the medulla and pons (Fig. 23). Here we find, as in
preceding sections, the pyramid, the olive, the internal arcuate
fibres and medial lemniscus, the medial longitudinal bundle,
and the spinal tract of the trigeminal nerve; but the pre-
dominant feature of the section is presented by the nuclei of
the eighth cranial or acoustic nerve. The acoustic tubercle
is no longer seen, but ventro-lateral to the corpus restiforme,
which is now entering the cerebellum, is the principal nucleus
of termination of the cochlear nerve, the ventral nucleus
(nucleus nervi cochleae ventralis), characterized by the large
number of nerve-fibres contained in it and by their "basket-
work-like" arrangement around groups of cells. The acoustic
nerve consists of two distinct bundles: the one arises from
the ganglion of Corti in the cochlea, and is therefore called
the cochlear nerve (nervus cochleae) ; while the other springs
from the ganglion of Scarpa in the vestibule, and is termed
the vestibular nerve (nervus vestibuli). As the acoustic nerve
approaches its termination, the cochlear nerve enters the ven-
tral nucleus, where it bifurcates, sending a part of its fibres
into the dorsal nucleus, the others ending in the ventral
nucleus. A series of sections shows that the dorsal nucleus
is continuous with the ventral nucleus, although it does not
extend as far forward as the latter. In the dorsal nucleus the
acoustic striae take their origin; the ventral nucleus sends its
axones, seen better in the next section, nearly transversely into
the pons, where they form the trapezoid body (corpus trape-
zoideum).
The fibres of the vestibular nerve enter the pons and run
toward the flood of the ventricle; near it, in the area acustica,
they reach their principal nucleus of termination, the medial
(nucleus nervi vestibuli medialis) : a large gray mass extend-
ing in the floor of the ventricle from its lateral wall almost
to the median line. Here the vestibular fibres divide into
their ascending and descending branches. Most of the former
terminate in the medial nucleus, but some turn laterally to
THE INTERNAL AXATOUY OF THE EXCEPHALON.
A.p-C
TmpV
Jism
Fig. 24.— J/, n. r., Medial nucleus of vestibular nerve. .Viie. TI, Nucleus
of abdnceoE nerve. if. Til, Genu of facia) nerve, if. I. b., Medial lo.igi-
tudinal bundle. /'. p. Til, Pars prima of facial nerve. 17, Root fibres of
Hbdncens nerve. 0. a., Anterior olive, iled, Um., Medial lemniscus. O. t. f.,
Beep transverse fibre* of pons. I'yr., Pyramidal tract. H. t. {., Superficial
transverse fibres of pons. 5*. p.. Nuclei pontis. Xuc. TIF, Nucleus of facial
nerve. C. trap., Trapezoid body. P. *. VII, Par? secunda of facial nerve.
Tr. ip. T\, Spinal tract of trigeminal nerve. ,1. p. ':, Anterior peduncle of
cerebellum.
50 THE ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN.
disappear in the superior nucleus of Bechterew and in the
cerebellum. The descending branches form the descending
root of the vestibular nerve, which we have seen extending as
far as the termination of the funiculus of Burdach accompanied
by its terminal nucleus, which lies medial to it and which is a
prolongation from the medial nucleus.
As the vestibular fibres approach the floor of the ven-
tricle they traverse a scattered collection of large cells medial
to the dorsum of the corpus restif orme known as the nucleus
of Deiters (nucleus nervi vestibuli lateralis); similarly the
cerebellar fibres of this nerve pass through another nucleus
dorso-lateral to that of Deiters: the nucleus of Bechterew
(nucleus nervi vestibuli superior).
Another new feature of this section is the nucleus of
origin of the seventh cranial, or facial, nerve. It may be
looked upon as a forward continuation of the nucleus ambiguus,
and occupies the same relative position as that nucleus.
The next section (Fig. 24) is entirely within the pons.
Sections of the pons are divided into two parts: dorsal (pars
dorsalis); and ventral, or basilar (pars basilaris).
In the ventral portion we find two sets of fibres: longi-
tudinal and transverse. The former are, in the main, the fibres
which in the medulla constitute the pyramids, and which may
be still called the pyramidal tracts; they are broken up into
several bundles (fasciculi longitudinales) in the pons by trans-
verse fibres.
The transverse fibres are divided into two sets according
to their relation to the longitudinal: those which run ventral
to the pyramidal tracts (fibrse transversa superficiales), and
those dorsal to the pyramidal tracts (fibrse transversa pro-
funda).
Interspersed among these transverse fibres are several
masses of gray matter: the nuclei of the pons (nuclei pontis).
Some of the transverse fibres pass entirely across the sec-
tion, being fibres which connect the two hemispheres of the
cerebellum; others come from the cerebellum and end in the
nuclei pontis; and still others run from the nuclei pontis to
the cerebellum.
The ventral portion of the pons maintains essentially the
«.* * r .-*- * - ... . .
c - to v to fc •• »■ to m
•> to
• to to
to to
* fc fc v
to to* wtJ ▼
•» to to to to 7_
*"• W to fc r *
to to
* to to to
THE IKTERNAL ANATOMY OP THE ENCEPHALON.
Fig. 25 — Scheme of tb* nix-lf-J aiui rtmt-B
52 THE ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN.
same appearance throughout the pons, and need not be de-
scribed again.
Turning now to the dorsal portion of the pons, it is seen
that the medial lemniscus occupies the same position as in
previous sections, but is somewhat flattened. The inferior
olivary nucleus has disappeared, and the medial lemniscus is
now clearly separated from the medial longitudinal bundle.
Lateral to the medial lemniscus is a folded sheet of gray mat-
ter: the anterior (superior) olive (nucleus olivaris superior).
Running transversely ventral to this are the fibres of the
trapezoid body, which, as we have seen, are, in the main, the
axones of cells of the ventral cochlear nucleus. Some of them
terminate in the anterior olive of the same side, while others
cross the median line to end in the anterior olive of the op-
posite side.
Dorsal and lateral to the olive is the nucleus of origin
of the facial nerve. In this section the root-fibres of this
nerve have been divided in three places, owing to the fact
that they pursue a very complex course in the substance of
the pons (Fig. 25). After their origin the fibres take a dorso-
medial direction until they reach the floor of the ventricle near
the median line (pars prima); then they run longitudinally
forward to make a lateral bend and curve dorsal to the nucleus
of the sixth cranial or abducens nerve (genu); and finally
assume a ventro-lateral direction to pass between their own
nucleus and the gelatinous substance (pars secunda), and make
their exit.
In the hollow of the genu of the facial is the nucleus of
origin of the sixth cranial, or abducens, nerve. Its root-fibres
run ventralward, with an inclination backward, to escape in
the transverse sulcus between the pons and the medulla.
Lateral to the pars secunda of the facial is the spinal tract
of the trigeminal nerve, with its terminal nucleus; and in the
extreme lateral area of the floor of the ventricle is still a por-
tion of the medial vestibular nucleus, with a few root-fibres
entering it.
Bordering the ventricle is the cross-section of the anterior
peduncle of the cerebellum (brachium conjunotivum).
The next section (Fig. 26) passes through the domain of
axatomy or thz ssctniALoy.
Tig. 26. -I. V.. Anterior niL-dulkir \ - vt-lum. .t. /i. <:.. \nliii.>i | nitu im li-
of cerebellum. I', m. n. r., Principal motor nucleus of tlu> trigeminal BttrVo.
.V. ,« r.. Sensory nut-leu? of trigeminal nerve. .1/. '".. Molur root lil> res ol
bi ge min al nerve. 8. r., Sensory root fibres of trigeminal nerve, ''. trap.,
Trapezoid body. 0. n., Anterior olive. Vyr„ Pyramidal tfmdt R. ' /-, Buf«r>
ficial transverse fibres of the pons. /». I. /. Deep traiurem BtnrM of tbe
jn.n-. .V ii.. Nuclei pontis. Mril. Ian., Mi-diiil Innm-iii-. If. '. h.. Ilnlml
longitudinal bundle. 1 f. '"., Arcuate lilire.- m" Mir n i-.niiinil u.im'.
54 THE ANATOMY OF THE BBAIX.
the nuclei of the trigeminal nerve. As that nerve appears at
the ventral surface of the pons it presents two divisions or
roots, the larger, or sensory, portion (portio major) being
posterior and lateral to the smaller, or motor, root (portio
minor). The terminal nucleus of the sensory portion is situ-
ated deep in the lateral area of the pons; here the fibres divide
into ascending and descending branches; the latter accom-
panied by their nucleus of termination we have seen in all
the preceding sections as the spinal tract of the trigeminal
nerve. Most of the ascending branches terminate in the large
nucleus seen in this section, which may be regarded as the
anterior extremity of the substantia gelatinosa, but some turn
laterally to enter the middle peduncle of the cerebellum.
The anterior, or motor, root of the trigeminal nerve has
two nuclei of origin, the principal one of which is seen in this
section (nucleus motorius princeps nervi trigemini) as a small
mass of large cells medial to the sensory nucleus. Between
these two nuclei a band of fibres runs toward the floor of the
ventricle, then turns medialward, and, passing just beneath
the floor of the ventricle, decussates with a similar tract from
the other side. These fibres are often called the arcuate fibres
of the trigeminal, but neither their origin nor their termina-
tion has been definitely determined.
Between the medial longitudinal bundle and the medial
lemniscus is quite a large collection of gray matter in the
raphe and on each side called the central nucleus of the pons
(shown in Fig. 27).
It will be noticed that the anterior olive is placed farther
lateral than in the preceding section.
The last section of the pons that we shall examine (Fig.
27) is through the extreme anterior part of the fourth ven-
tricle. In the anterior medullary velum covering the ven-
tricle is the decussation of the fourth cranial, or trochlear,
nerve. The trochlear nerve springs from a nucleus in the
floor of the aqueduct of Sylvius farther forward at the level
of the posterior (inferior) colliculi; it then runs in a dorsal
and posterior direction to gain the anterior medullary velum,
in which it entirely crosses to the opposite side.
Lateral to the ventricle is a small bundle of fibres semi-
THE INTERNAL ANATOMY OF THE I
Med.lt
Tig. 27.— IV, Trochlear nerve. Ag. «., Aijuwincl of Kjlviut*. />. r. V.,
Descending root of the trigeminal nerve. If. d. r. v., KucImih of diiinnJirijf
root of trigeminal nerve. A. p, e., Anterior pilunde of 111* cerrlMlluin.
hat. lent., Lateral lemniscus. A'uc. int. lem., Nucleus of IhWuI ImiiiiIm-ih,
Med. lem., Medial lemniscus. Ctti, nuc, OiitruJ nucli-im of jioim, /*«. err.,
Locus cteruleus. Pyr., Kegion of pyramidal tnn't. .V. //.. NurM |>onH«,
56 THE ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN.
lunar on cross-section; this is the descending root of the tri-
geminal nerve (radix descendens nervi trigemini). It arises
from cells in the neighborhood of the locus coeruleus, which
lies medial and ventral to it. These cells constitute the minor
motor nuclei of the trigeminal nerve (nuclei motorii minores
nervi trigemini). The descending root can be traced in the
lateral wall of the aqueduct of Sylvius as far forward as the
level of the anterior (superior) colliculi. Its fibres descend
to join those springing from the principal motor nucleus.
Ventral to the ventricle on each side of the median line
is the medial longitudinal bundle, prominent on section as a
triangular tract of large fibres.
The medial lemniscus is now so flattened that its trans-
verse diameter exceeds the vertical; moreover, it has retired
from the raphe, and joined nearly at right angles another
tract: the lateral lemniscus (lemniscus lateralis). At the
angle of junction is situated a small mass of gray matter: the
nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (nucleus lemnisci lateralis).
A series of sections through this region shows that the nucleus
of the lateral lemniscus is continuous with the anterior ex-
tremity of the anterior olive. Now, we have seen that the
fibres of the trapezoid body, derived in part from the ventral
nucleus of the cochlear nerve, terminate in the anterior olive
of both sides. From each olive and nucleus of the lateral
lemniscus arises another set of fibres, which together with
the striae acusticse, probably, of the other side compose the
lateral lemniscus. Consequently the lateral lemniscus is re-
garded as the path toward the cerebrum of impulses brought
to the pons by the cochlear nerve: i.e., as a part of the audi-
tory conduction-path.
In the ventral portion of the section it will be noticed
that the aggregate area of the longitudinal fibres is greater
than in the preceding sections of the pons; this is due to the
fact that many of the longitudinal fibres are distributed to
the motor nuclei of cranial nerves and to the nuclei pontis in
the anterior portion of the pons. Since the fibres distributed
to the nuclei pontis arise in the cortex of the telencephalon,
they are called cortico-pontile fibres.
THE INTERNAL AXATOJIY OF THE EXCEPHALOX. 57
Nucleusdentaiiis.
Rg. 28. — Longitudinal section oi the hemisphere of the cerebellum
(after Gray).
Tin, A\.i iniiv tu' Tin: j
THE INTERNAL ANATOMY OF THE CEREBELLUM.
An antero-posterior median section through the
of the cerebellum shows the characteristic arrangement of
its' white and gray matters (Fig. 8). The white matter is
internal, and consists of a central mass, or trunk, from whic
prolongations or limbs proceed in various directions, the who!
constituting the arbor vitse. The primary branches emit
smaller secondary brandies, which are invested by the sup*
ticial gray matter, or cortex (substantia corticalis). The de]
of the larger sulci separating the various lobules can now
appreciated. The white matter of the worm is continuous
each side with that of the hemisphere, aud in front with
anterior medullary velum, resting on the dorsum of which i:
a small lobule of the worm called the lingula.
In the hemispheres the arrangement of the two niatfr
(Fig. 2S) is quite similar to that in the vermis. The
of the arbor, however, is larger, and contains a folded lami
of gray matter — named, from its serrated appearance,
nucleus dentatus — situated just lateral to the worm. A mu>
smaller nucleus is found in the ventral extremity of the anl
rior vermiform process on each side of the middle line: the
nucleus fastigii. Lateral to the nucleus fastigii are located
two other nuclei: the nucleus globosus and the nucleus ei
bolJtVintiis
In addition to the fibres which connect the two hi
spheres and to those which connect different parts in the samt
division, the white matter of the cerebellum consists of fibres
which bring it into communication with other portions of the
central nervous system. Although much study has been d<
voted to the termination of the fibres which enter the
helium as well as to the destination of those which original
in its gray matter, our knowledge in both particulars is
from exact; so that at the present time only a provisioi
account can be given of the connections of the cercbelli
These connections are established mainly through its sevi
peduncles. We begin with the inferior peduncle, or eoi
restiformc. This, we have learned, contains three sets
fibres: the direct cerebellar tract from the cord; the
em-
emi-
same
THE INTERNAL ANATOMY OF THE ENCEPHALON. 59
bello-olivary fibres, running both ways between the inferior
olivary nucleus of one side and the hemisphere of the cere-
bellum of the other; and the external arcuate fibres, ventral
and dorsal. Thus, the cerebellum is connected by the direct
cerebellar tract with Clarke's cells (nucleus dorsalis) of the
cord, by the cerebello-olivary fibres with the olive of the op-
posite side of the medulla, and by the external arcuate fibres
with the terminal nuclei of the dorsal funiculi of the cord on
the same and on the opposite side. It has been generally
thought that the direct cerebellar tract terminates in the
nucleus fastigii of the worm; but recent investigations ren-
der it probable that this tract ends, in part at least, in the
cortex of the hemisphere, and that, indeed, all the fibres which
enter the cerebellum by way of the corpus restiforme may
reach the cortex.
The middle peduncle of the cerebellum (brachium pontis)
contains two sets of fibres: the ponto-cerebellar fibres, which
arise in the nuclei pontis and terminate chiefly in the hem-
isphere of the opposite side; and the cerebello-pontile fibres,
which run from the hemisphere to the pons, where some of
them terminate in the nuclei pontis and others go to an un-
known destination.
The anterior, or superior, peduncle (brachium conjunc-
tivum) is composed of fibres which arise, according to some
authorities, in the nucleus dentatus; according to others, partly
in the cortex of the hemisphere. They enter the mesenceph-
alon; where they decussate, and terminate in a gray mass there
found, called the red nucleus (nucleus ruber).
In addition to these the cerebellum has two other con-
necting tracts. In studying the sections of the pons and me-
dulla we saw that the vestibular nerve sends a fasciculus into
the cerebellum; the trigeminal, glossopharyngeal, and vagus
nerves possibly do the same thing. In the case of the vestib-
ular nerve the bundle has been traced to the nucleus fastigii
of the worm. Some fibres, then, of the sensory cranial nerves
run directly into the cerebellum.
The second is the tract of Gowers from the cord. Al-
though this tract is in reality very complex, a large proportion
of its fibres runs forward as far as the level of entrance of
60 THE ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN.
the sensory portion of the trigeminal nerve. The fibres then
turn dorsahvard, and, having reached the level of the ante-
rior medullary velum, run backward medial to the anterior
peduncle to end in the cortex of the worm.
Finally, the results of many investigators point to the
existence of fibres which, originating in the gray matter of
the cerebellum, establish connection with the cells of the
ventral horns of the cord. Unfortunately, our knowledge
concerning them is quite indefinite. It would seem that
one important connection is established by way of Deiters's
nucleus.
THE INTERNAL ANATOMY OF THE MESENCEPHALON.
We begin the study of the mesencephalon by examining
a transverse section through the posterior, or inferior, colliculi
(Fig. 29); the ventral portion of such a section, however,
passes through the anterior margin of the pons. The fourth
ventricle has now given place to the aqueduct of Sylvius
(aquseductus cerebri): a narrow canal whose walls contain a
considerable amount of gray matter. In this gray matter
ventro-lateral to the aqueduct lies the nucleus of origin of
the fourth cranial, or trochlear, nerve (nerviis trochlearis).
Its root-fibres curve dorsalward with an inclination toward the
median line, then take a posterior direction to enter the ante-
rior medullary velum, where they cross the median line and
appear as the nerve lateral to the peduncle of the cerebrum.
Lateral to the root-fibres of this nerve is still seen the
descending root of the trigeminal nerve, wdth its nuclei, and
ventral to the nucleus of the fourth nerve is the prominent
medial longitudinal bundle.
The formatio reticularis is traversed by numerous fibres
from the anterior peduncle of the cerebellum (brachium con-
junctivum), which decussate in the raphe (decussatio brachii
conjunctivi), and take a forward course to end in the red
nucleus, as we shall presently see. It will be noticed that the
ventral fibres of the peduncle are the first to decussate. These
ventral fibres are in reality not connected with the cerebellum,
but form a commissure between the superior vestibular nuclei
of the two sides.
62 THE ANATOMY OF THE BBAIK.
Ventral to tlie peduncle is the medial lemniscus, still con-
tinuous laterally with the lateral lemniscus. The latter tract
has here a deckled dorsal inclination, and terminates by abai
doning some of its fibres to the medial geniculate body throu;
the posterior brachium, and others to the central gray mattei
of the posterior coll iculus— the nucleus of the posterior (in-
ferior) colliculus (nucleus colliculi inferioris). Some of tin •
cells of this nucleus send their axones forward to the anterior
colliculus, while others enter the lateral lemniscus and pursue
a posterior direction in that tract.
The second section (Fig. 30) is through tho anterior
(superior) collicuH, and is entirely confined to the mesen-
cephalon.
We have seen that the mesencephalon may be divided
superficially into the corpora quadrigeminii and the peduncles
of the cerebrum. In sections each peduncle is divided into a
dorsal portion — the tegmentum — and a ventral portion: the
crusta, or base of the peduncle (basis pedunculi). The ground
for this division is the substantia nigra, a mass of heavily-pig-
mented cells, which appears, to the unaided eye, as a black
streak across the section of the peduncle. The tegmentum it
separated from the corpora quadrigemina by an arbitrary 1:
drawn through the aqueduct.
Taking up these parts separately, it will he seen that tin
fibres contained in the base of the peduncle are longitudinal
in direction; they are derived from the cortex of the telen-
cephalon, and we have seen most of them before as the pyram-
idal tract and the cortico-pontile fibres. In the tegmentum
dorsal to the substantia nigra is situated the reddish mass of
gray matter to wliich wc have referred as the red nucleus
(nucleus ruber), in which terminates the anterior peduncle o
the cerebellum after its decussation. Its medial margin is
marked by the section of a small bundle of fibres, — the fascic-
ulus rctroflexus, — which connects the trigomim habemda; c
the diencephalon with the ganglion interpeditnculare: a ma?
of gray matter found between the beginning of the peduncl
(not shown in the figure).
Lateral to the red nucleus and dorsal to the lateral c
tremity of the substantia nigra lies the lemniscus, its section
THE INTERNAL AXATOMT OF THE ENCEPHALON.
*^fc- MM
Nutnib.
Fas. ret
Fig. 30. — Ant. col.. Anterior eollioulus. St. g., Stratum griseum.
St. eon., Stratum zonale. Aq. 8., Aqueduct of Sylvius. Nvc. Ill, Nucleus
Of the oculomotor nerve, if. I. b., Medial longitudinal bundle. Sue. rub.,
Jted nucleus. Fas. ret., Fasciculus retroflexus. R. Ill, Root-fibrea of the
oculomotor nerve. Svbs. nig.. Substantia nigra. B. P., Base of peduncle.
hem.. Lemniscus. St. al. p.. Deep layer of white matter.
64 THE ANATOMY OF THE BKAIN*.
being somewhat comma-shaped, with its small extremity point-
ing dorsalward. In this situation the bundle gives off some
fibres to the anterior colliculus, but most of it is continued on
to the diencephalon.
Ventral to the aqueduct on each side of the median line
is the very striking nucleus of the third cranial, or oculomotor,
nerve (nervus oculomotorius) ; its root-fibres traverse the red
nucleus and the substantia nigra, to emerge at the medial bor-
der of the peduncle. It will be noticed that some of these
fibres arise from the nucleus of the opposite side: i.e., the
nerve undergoes a partial decussation. Immediately ventral
to the nucleus of the third nerve is the section of the medial
longitudinal bundle.
The anterior colliculus is covered by a thin sheet of white
matter, — the stratum zonale, — which consists, to a large ex-
tent, of fibres from the optic tract on their way to terminate
in the central gray matter of the colliculus (stratum griseum
colliculi superioris). Limiting this gray stratum medially is
another zone of white matter, — the deep white stratum
(stratum album profundum), — which is composed of fibres
that, arising from the cells of the gray stratum, curve around
the aqueduct to enter the tegmentum and decussate in the
raphe ventral to the medial longitudinal bundle. Many of
them are believed to enter the medial longitudinal bundle and
form a constituent part of it. The medial longitudinal bundle,
then, consists, in part, of the axones of cells contained in the
gray matter of the colliculi, in which, as we have seen, ter-
minate fibres from the optic tracts and from the lemnisci.
Now, the medial longitudinal bundle in. its course through
the mesencephalon and the pons can be seen giving off fibres
to the nuclei of the motor cranial nerves, especially those
which innervate the ocular muscles. It is,' therefore, not im-
probable that this bundle is, to a large extent, a connecting
tract between the corpora quadrigemina and the nuclei of
motor cranial nerves, thus permitting certain reflex acts due
to visual and acoustic impressions. Another source, however,
for the fibres of this bundle is found farther forward in the
mesencephalon in the shape of a small nucleus lateral to the
aqueduct, and known as the nucleus of the medial longitudinal
bundle (nucleus fasciculi longitudinalis medialis).
THE INTERS AL ANATOMY OF THE E SO EPH ALOIS' .
Ant.col ..
PostcU
Fig. SI.— for., Fornix, Hfp. pel., Seritmu |*-lhi.ii!imi. Vol. fOi .. Column
of fornix. B. nuel ("ml. Head ol attcleue e&udatlUL .Int. com., Anterior
commissure. T. nuel. CttUt., Tail of nucleus >■ I'm-. Wat. Int., Maesa inter-
media. Thul. Thalamus. St. term.. -Stria u-riniiiitli*. t'ulr., Pulvinar. Ant,
col., Anterior culliculus. Post. Pol., Posterior ooHfcultU. IT, Trochlear nerve.
Ant. cur.. Anterior cornu of lateral ventricle. .1. I. int. mi/).. Anterior iimli
of interim I capsule. Ext. cap.. External capsule. 1st., Island of KeiL .Vtirt.
lent,, Nucleus lentifortnis. CTflU*., Clauatrum. !'. I. Int. nip.. Posterior limb
• if t&ternaJ capsule. Hipp,, HippoaainplU. Post, cor.. Posterior cormi of
literal ventricle. (After Landois.)
66 THE ANATOMY OF THE BBAIN.
In addition to the fibres derived from the medial longi-
tudinal bundle numerous fibres enter the nuclei of the third
and fourth cranial nerves; some of them are possibly fibres
which have come down from the cortex of the telencephalon
in the pyramidal tracts, and thus make connection between
the cortex and the nuclei of these two nerves.
THE INTERNAL ANATOMY OF THE DIENOEPHALON.
The Thalamus. — The dorsal surface of the thalamus is
white, owing to the presence of a thin stratum of fibres
(stratum zonale) derived mostly from the optic tract.
The medial surface is gray, and continuous with the gray
matter lining the third ventricle and, through the massa in-
termedia, with the opposite thalamus.
The lateral surface of the thalamus is fused with the
telencephalon. To appreciate this it is necessary to examine
a horizontal section through the cerebrum (Fig. 31). Such
a section discloses, in addition to the thalamus, two gray
bodies, which, together, constitute the corpus striatum of the
telencephalon; the anterior is the caudate nucleus, and the
one lateral to the thalamus is the lentiform nucleus of the
corpus striatum. The thalamus and the corpus striatum are
often called the "basal ganglia" of the cerebrum. The lenti-
form nucleus is separated from the caudate nucleus and from
the thalamus by an elbow-shaped layer of white matter: the
internal capsule, consisting of two limbs, anterior and poste-
rior.
A vertical transverse section through the thalamus (Fig.
32) shows that it is composed of three nuclei more or less
indistinctly separated by thin lamellae of white matter; they
are distinguished as the lateral, medial, and anterior nuclei
of the thalamus (nucleus lateralis, n. medialis, et n. anterior
thalami). Some anatomists make another nucleus out of the
ventral part of the lateral nucleus, and speak of it as the
ventral nucleus. From the cells in this latter portion of the
thalamus arise numerous fibres, which, having passed through
the posterior limb of the internal capsule, finally terminate
in the cortex of the telencephalon; they represent, as we shall
see hereafter, the indirect continuation of the medial lemniscus.
! NAL ANATOMY OF THE EXCEPHALOX,
Mic/. G3ud._
Auti/,
.Vrtt.si:
yVeif? ■■■■■■■
_ laC.Cufi.
Col for
TfrmjiJo&t:
Fig. 32. — yuel. c«ml., Nucleus caudatus. .Vm-I. ant. Ilml., Anterior nv-
cleus of thalamus. Fuse. that, mam.. Fasciculus ttialamo-maniillarifl. Nucl.
'nt. thul.. I.!itci;il nucleus of thalamus. Meti. st.. Medullary stria, Nvel. fen.
., Ventral nucleus of thalamus. Xlivl. med. that.. Medial nucleus of tliala-
, Int. oat)., Intcmal capsule. H. f. cut. cap., Base of peduncle of cerebrum
■nleiing tlie internal capsule. Nvi'L sti6,, Nucleus hypothalamics. B. P.,
e of the peduncle of cerebrum. Cat. for., Column of fornix. Corp. mam.,
a mamillare. Tub. tin., Tuber cinereum. Op. ft'.. Optic chiasm. F. I.
up., Fasciculus longitudinntis superior. Inland R., Island of Rett, ClavB.,
Isustrum. Xlid. lent., Nucleus lentiformis. Ant. cum.. Anterior commissure.
Op. tr., Optic tract, Xnit, iniiyij., Nucleus nmygdalw. (After Edinger.|
68 THE ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN.
Another bundle of fibres, which runs through the ante-
rior limb of the internal capsule, connects the thalamus with
the cortex of the telencephalon; about these not much is
known, but it is held bv some that the thalamus is connected
with every region of the cortex.
The basal ganglia are connected with each other by fibres
which run ventral to these bodies.
»
The Hypothalamus. — Our knowledge of this region of
the diencephalon is so imperfect that a very brief account will
suffice here. The lamina terminalis and the tuber cinereum
are composed of gray matter. The infundibulum is a diver-
ticulum from the floor of the third ventricle to the hypophy-
sis. The latter body is peculiar in that its two lobes are
entirely different in structure; the posterior lobe contains
nervous substance, while the anterior, being derived from the
vault of the pharynx, consists of epithelial tubules.
The corpora mamillaria are gray internally (Fig. 32), and
the gray matter in each is divided into three nuclei (nuclei
corporis mamillaris). Each corpus receives the column of the
fornix, as will be described hereafter, and is connected with
the anterior nucleus of the thalamus by a bundle of fibres, the
fasciculus thalamo-mamillaris of Vicq d'Azyr.
Behind, the hypothalamus is fused with the peduncle of
the cerebrum, the plane of fusion being commonly called the
subthalamic region. A section through this (Fig. 33) shows,
lateral to the red nucleus, a gray body not seen hitherto: the
subthalamic nucleus (nucleus hypothalamicus). The white
matter dorsal to this nucleus consists largely of the fibres of
the medial lemniscus. This tract terminates to a large extent
in the ventral nucleus of the thalamus, from the cells of which
run axones that continue the course of the lemniscus to the
cortex of the telencephalon. Here we can also see the base
of the peduncle continuous with the internal capsule.
The Metathalamus. — The interior of the geniculate
bodies is formed by gray matter known as their nuclei (nuclei
corporis geniculati lateralis; n. c. g. medialis). The fibres of
the optic tract terminate largely in the gray matter of the
lateral geniculate body, but the tract also sends some fibres
into the pulvinar of the thalamus, the anterior colliculus, and
THE INTERNAL ANATOMY OF THE EXCEPHALOX.
Fig. 33— Corn. col.. Corpus enllosum. For., Fornix. Mnl. «t„ Medullary
stria. Xih'I- niiil. that., Medial nucleus of lliiiliiiiin-. .Vw/. m. I. !>., Nucleus
of medial longitudinal bundle. ft<'/l lliwl., lied nucleus of the tegmentum,
Sufi, nig,, Substantia nigra, H. P.. Rase of the cerebral pedunele, Viicl,
cniul.. Xucleus c;iii([iitus. Si'i-I. Int. Ihul., Lateral nucleus of thalamus. Int.
flip.. Internal capsule. Island. Island of Riel. Xiitf. mi, thai., Ventral
iiiiiliu- if thalamus. Med. (em.. Region of the medial lemniscus. JfWL
I'liji'illi.. .Niiilinis Itypolhalmnictis. up. tr.. (ijitii- Irnct. Ant. ram., Anterior
Tail mid. wind., Tail of nucleus caudatus. Hipp., Hippoeam-
r Edtoiger.)
70 THE ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN.
possibly into the medial geniculate body. The latter body
receives most of the lateral lemniscus. From the gray matter
of the lateral geniculate body, the pulvinar, and the anterior
colliculus spring fibres which run through the posterior limb
of the internal capsule, continuing the course of the optic
tract to the cortex and forming the so-called occipito-thalamic
radiation of Gratiolet; while those from the medial genicu-
late body continue the course of the lateral lemniscus to the
cortex, terminating in the superior temporal convolution.
THE INTERNAL ANATOMY OF THE TELENCEPHALON.
If a horizontal section be made through the hemispheres
just dors&l to the level of the corpus callosum (Fig. 34), there
is brought to light in each hemisphere the appearance known
as the centrum semiovale, or central mass of white matter,
dotted in the fresh specimen by sections of blood-vessels: the
puncta vasculosa. The centrum is bordered by a thin con-
voluted margin of gray matter: the cortex, or cortical sub-
stance (substantia corticalis). It can now be seen that each
convolution consists of a central mound of white matter cov-
ered by cortical substance. Moreover, the cortical substance
lines even the deepest sulci, in the bottom and on the sides
of which numerous small secondary convolutions are seen.
The two centra semiovalia are connected by the broad band
of white matter previously mentioned as the corpus callosum.
The Corpus Callosum. — This body should be studied
in sagittal (Fig. 38), as well as in horizontal, sections of the
encephalon. It consists of a central portion, or trunk (trun-
cus), and two extremities, anterior and posterior. The dorsal
surface of the trunk presents on each side of the median line
a slender longitudinal band, the nerve of Lancisi, or medial
longitudinal stria (stria longitudinalis medialis) ; and laterally
at the junction with the centrum a similar band, the lateral
longitudinal stria (stria longitudinalis lateralis). Between the
two striae stretches an exceedingly delicate gray lamella: the
fasciola cinerea.
The ventral surface of the trunk is concave, ancl forms
the roof for a cavity in each hemisphere: the lateral ventricle.
THE INTEBNAL ANATOMY OF THE ENCEPHALON.
71
.. -OiT/.l.
Ec.
Fig. 34. — G. f Genu of corpus callosum. Spl., Splenium of corpus callosum.
St. I. l. f Lateral longitudinal stria. St. I. m., Medial longitudinal stria. F. c,
Faeciola cinerea. C, Cortex. Cen. sent., Centrum semiovale. (After Kauber.)
■\
72 THE ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN.
The posterior extremity is thickened, and is called tb e
splenium.
The anterior extremity is the knee $$
corpus callosum makes a ventral bend, w^i aSa0 ^aint
backward under the name of rostrum. Th J * ' . ^n?\^ a
accompany it in this course, and under the " ** z% *■"**'■ ^^flitt^v
of the corpus callosum, or gyrus subcallosu -;rn.v* -"<*•* '"' ^^\° v
rior extremity of the hippocampal convolu -. -.* •» v^ J "
J&
io\
described. ^ .^ T «,.* pP^ ^,
The great bulk of the fibres of the cc ^-ycx^^ 4
transverse in direction: they radiate into the 1 a v^
in all directions, going to almost all parts of *<*****' * ^^-
belong to the class of commissural fibres: #f* a . ^^ <ia*\^
corresponding parts of the two hemispheres jfflM** 2 ^ .
The Lateral Ventricles. — The late: ~-<iA'tir*
triculus lateralis) of each hemisphere may be
ing an antero-posterior incision through th
on each side of the median line, and severiii ■£
of that body in front, behind, and laterally.
shallow cavity divided into a central porti(
and three prolongations, or horns (cornua).
The anterior horn (cornu anterius) h
and lateralward into the substance of the
The posterior horn (cornu posteriu
lateralward, and then medialward into tt
occipital lobe; it is marked by a ridge thi
carine fissure: the calcar avis.
The middle, or inferior, horn (con
posterior and ventral to the thalamus,
lateralward, ventralward, forward, and n
temporal lobe nearly to its anterior extreu
a ridge, produced by the dentate fissure, f
of the horn throughout its length, and cal
or the hippocampus. _^/UA
Returning to the central portion of tl W/Km ^^
is formed by the corpus callosum. Its la -
by the junction of the corpus callosum wi
of the hemisphere. In its floor are seen tl ^ujecr^
starting at the lateral wall and proceeding toward the media/2
THE INTERNAL ANATOMY OP THE ENCEPHALON.
Fig. 35. — Corp. cal., Corpus eallosum. Ant. vom., Anterior e
nf. Fr. cortv., Inferior frontal convolution. Ext. cap., External capsule.
«(. B., Island of Reil. Fis. syl.. Fissure of Sylvius. Olfac. area, Olfactory
rea. Clam., Claustrum. ft it., Caudate nucleus. Int. cap.. Internal capsule.
Fl. p., Globus pallidus. P., Putamen. (After Edinger.)
74 THE ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN.
line: A large gourd-shaped mass of gray matter, — the caudate
nucleus of the corpus striatum; then the stria terminalis and
vena terminalis; then the lateral half of the dorsal surface
of the thalamus; next a fringe of blood-vessels rolled in pia
mater; the chorioid plexus (plexus chorioideus) of the lateral
ventricle; and, finally, one-half of a triangular sheet of white
matter, the fornix, which has a half in each lateral ventricle.
We shall now study each of these objects separately.
The Corpus Striatum. — To obtain a satisfactory concep-
tion of the corpus striatum and the neighboring parts of the
hemisphere it is necessary to examine a series of transverse
and horizontal sections of this region (Figs. 31, 32, 33, 35,
and 36), from which we learn the following facts: The corpus
striatum contains two distinct collections of gray matter, one
of which is seen in the floor of the ventricle, while the other
is imbedded in the white matter lateral to the ventricle. The
intraventricular portion is the caudate nucleus (nucleus cau-
datus); it begins with an enlarged anterior extremity,— the
head (caput), — and rapidly tapers backward to a long, narrow
column: the tail (cauda). The tail first arches backward, run- '
ning dorsal and then lateral to the thalamus; it then turns
forward ventral and lateral to the thalamus, and can be traced
in transverse sections along the roof of the inferior horn of
the ventricle to a thickened portion of the cortex in the ante-
rior extremity of the temporal lobe: the amygdaloid, or
almond-shaped, nucleus (nucleus amygdalae).
The extraventricular part of the corpus striatum is called
from its shape the lentiform nucleus (nucleus lentiformis).
It lies in a plane lateral and posterior to the caudate nucleus,
from which it is separated by a narrow sheet of white matter:
the anterior limb of the internal capsule. On its medial side
is the thalamus, which, however, extends farther backward
than the lentiform nucleus; from this it is separated by the
posterior limb of the internal capsule. In transverse sections
it is seen that the lentiform nucleus is composed of three
divisions separated from each other by thin planes of white
matter; the lateral and highest of these divisions is called the
putamen, while the other two constitute the globus pallidus.
Lateral to the nucleus lentiformis is a sheet of white matter
Olfac-arta-
Fig. a*.-
■*s-J
»:. «
..:«.;.- =uL-jk=.
. .v*:;
Cl. H- Ckr
jitXTIt
5"fi". *•?. r*-j
'- Az.v
.Twf. •*-*[- :
uk3»:
5?'.vt?t «< lit!
i-^.T.
tot«b_ /«
«s»-
IZ--RTL1
: '.wkjl w
>;:, *_-;
Asterier *e
-«
3*. 'r--
'. :-. •yjtKuxj
irxtv
lo^rtada*;
:.-.z,-Z
i *>*■.
M I*.". *«>.. r*ti-
-. :i -:
of B«fl- C-fl
■a. *
lLi-:«r-..
=_ ?*?.. pt--*=*=. r
76 THE ANATOMY OF THE BBAIN.
known as the external capsule, and bordering this laterally is
a thin layer of gray matter, the claustrum, which is continuous
ventrally with the amygdaloid nucleus; still farther lateral
we recognize the convolutions of the island of Reil.
The Internal Capsule. — The internal capsule (capsula
interna) is the plane of white matter situated between the
head of the caudate nucleus and the thalamus as the medial
boundary, and the lentiform nucleus as the lateral boundary.
It may be divided into two limbs, or portions: an anterior
(pars frontalis) and a posterior (pars occipitalis). The former
is contained between the head of the caudate nucleus and the
lentiform nucleus, the latter between the lentiform nucleus
and the thalamus. The two limbs meet at an obtuse angle,
opening laterally, their point of junction forming the knee
(genu) of the internal capsule. Through this narrow space
pass the fibres which connect the cortex of the hemisphere with
the lower-lying parts of the brain. The anterior limb consists
of fibres which connect the thalamus with the cortex; the
anterior two-thirds of the posterior limb contain fibres which
conduct impulses to the motor nuclei of the pons and of the
peripheral nerves, — i.e., motor fibres, — while through the
posterior one-third of this limb pass, fibres which convey im-
pulses from the peripheral nerves to the cortex: i.e., sensory
fibres.
The amygdaloid nucleus, previously mentioned, is a thick-
ened portion of the cortex of the temporal lobe: it receives
the stria terminalis, and is continuous with the claustrum and
with the tail of the caudate nucleus.
The Fornix and the Hippocampus. — The fornix is
formed by two cords which are triangular on cross-section,
with the bases facing each other, the thin edges looking
lateralward. These cords diverge behind, converge in front;
the diverging portions are connected with each other and with
the ventral surface of the corpus callosum by transverse fibres
known as the lyra (commissura hippocampi). Owing to these
fibres, the fornix appears triangular, with its apex forward and
its base backward. At the apex of the fornix, about midway
between the two extremities of the corpus callosum, the cords
separate, and, under the name of columns of the fornix (col-
THE INTERNAL ANATOMY OF THE ENCEPHALON.
77
fasc.-Dent —
Inf-cor
-Hipp
-Dentfiss.
Hipp-com!
Fig. 37. — Inf. cor., Inferior horn of lateral ventricle. Hipp., Hippocam-
s. Fasc. Dent., Dentate fascia. Dent, fiss., Dentate fissure. Hipp, con v.,
ippocampal convolution. Fimh., Fimbria. (After Edinger.)
1
t
78 THE ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN.
umnse fornicis), run toward the hypothalamus to terminate in
the corpora mamillaria. Anterior to them as they diverge can
be seen the transverse band called the anterior commissure
(commissura anterior cerebri). Between the column of the
fornix and the anterior tubercle of the thalamus on each side
is the opening of a Y-shaped canal connecting the third with
the lateral ventricles; it is called the foramen of Monro.
From the point where the fornix ceases to be adherent to the
ventral surface of the corpus callosum by means of the lyra
appears a new structure, — the septum pellucidum, — forming
the dividing wall between the lateral ventricles. On section
it is found to consist of two laminsB separated by a very nar-
row cavity: the cavum septi pellucidi.
Posteriorly, each cord of the fornix, under the name of
crus, enters the inferior horn of the ventricle, where it be-
comes continuous with the hippocampus, and takes the name
of fimbria; it is accompanied by the chorioid plexus from the
central portion of the ventricle.
To examine the hippocampus a horizontal section should
be made through the region of the inferior horn (Fig. 37).
It will be seen that the hippocampus is a ridge thrown up by
the dentate fissure on the medial surface of the hemisphere,
and that it is continuous with the hippocampal convolution
(Fig. 38). In other words, it is an infolded portion of the
cortex. Both gray and white matter are folded, but the white
ceases sooner than the gray, which, continuing, bends first
lateralward and then toward the median line, to terminate in
a free edge, which, because of its serrated appearance, is
known as the dentate fascia (fascia dentata). It is not in the
cavity of the lateral ventricle, but is continuous over the
posterior extremity of the corpus callosum with the fasciola
cinerea and the longitudinal stria, and through them with the
gyrus subcallosus. All these structures — fascia dentata, fas-
ciola cinerea, longitudinal striae, and gyrus subcallosus — may
be considered as a rudimentary, or "aborted," convolution, and
together represent the free edge of the cortex of the hem-
isphere.
Many of the axones of the cells of the hippocampus enter
the fimbria of the fornix, whence some of them cross the
80 THE ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN.
median line in the lyra to enter the fimbria of the opposite
side and end in the hippocampus. Others continue forward
in the fornix to the column, by which most of them are con-
ducted to the corpus mamillare; but some enter the septum
pellucidum and pass to the uncus of the hippocampal con-
volution, while still others probably turn backward in front of
the foramen of Monro, and run through the stria medullaris
of the thalamus to the trigonum habenulae.
The Chorioid Plexus, Velum Interpositum, and Trans-
verse Fissure. — To the unaided eye both the chorioid plexus
and the lateral half of the dorsal surface of the thalamus ap-
pear to lie in the floor of the lateral ventricle. As a matter
of fact, both are outside of that cavity, being covered dorsally
by a layer of epithelium passing between the free edge of the
fornix and the stria terminalis. Just as we saw in the study
of the fourth ventricle that the dorsal wall of the rhomben-
cephalon ceases to form nervous tissue along a line corre-
sponding to the free edge of the posterior medullary velum,
so here, along a line corresponding to the free edge of the
fornix all the way from the foramen of Monro to the termina-
tion of the fimbria in the inferior horn, the dorsal wall of the
telencephalon ceases to lay down nervous tissue, and stretches
in its primitive epithelial state over the chorioid plexus and
the thalamus to the stria terminalis, where, again, nervous
tissue — i.e., the diencephalon — is developed. As it passes
over the plexus and the lateral half of the dorsal surface of
the thalamus it becomes firmlv attached to these structures.
At the edge of the fornix and at the stria terminalis it is con-
tinuous with the general ependymal epithelium of the ven-
tricle.
If the fornix be cut across near its apex and turned back-
ward (Fig. 39), there is exposed the triangular flap of pia
mater called the velum interpositum (tela chorioidea ven-
triculi tertii). Its apex is forward just behind the apex of the
fornix, while its sides, which are elevated into the vascular
tufts which we have called the chorioid plexuses, project be-
yond the edge of the fornix, and invaginate the epithelium
both in the central portion and in the inferior horns of the
ventricle. It is composed of two layers. Bearing in mind
thi: rsiEENAi. \.\ATi.isn m Tin: i:m. i;rj l \i.<>\.
ftg. 3D. .St. fmtt., Stria terminals. 77i«(., Thalamus. Hipp., Hlppo-
fitii]|ni- I'ihiIi.. Fimbria, Ant. air., Anterior cornu of latere] ventricle. Nucl.
iiiuil., Nucleus caudatus. I'ul. fur.. Columns of the Fornix. I ''. int.. Velum
taterpoeitum. Ch. pi., Chorioid plexus. Vul. av., Calcar aria. Port. bof.,
Posterior cornu of lateral ventricle. (After Cray.)
82 THE ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN.
that the hemispheres in the embryo undergo great growth in
the posterior direction and that the pia mater closely invests
the surfaces of the encephalon, it will be understood that in
the course of development two layers of the pia, one covering
the dorsal wall of the telencephalon and the other that of the
diencephalon, would be early brought together, and caught,
as it were, between these two growing vesicles. The space
through w T hich the velum enters the cerebrum is the trans-
verse fissure of Bichat (fissura transversa cerebri). It may be
compared to a horseshoe in shape, the dentate fissures furnish-
ing the lateral arms of the shoe, while the cross-bar is the
space between the posterior extremity of the corpus callosum
dorsally and the pineal body and the mesencephalon ventrally.
It is not a fissure in the sense of a cleft opening into the
lateral ventricles, for, as we follow the space toward these
cavities, we find that its bottom is closed by the epithelium
before described as extending between the edge of the fornix
and the stria terminalis, and investing the chorioid plexuses
and the lateral half of the dorsal surface of the thalamus.
The ventral surface of the velum is adherent to the epi-
thelial roof of the third ventricle, which constitutes its lamina
epithelialis. Between this epithelium and the pia there runs,
in an antero-posterior direction, on each side of the median
line the chorioid plexus of the third ventricle.
The Anterior Commissure. — This band of fibres has
been referred to as running transversely in front of the col-
umns of the fornix. As it is chiefly concerned with the con-
nections of the rhinencephalon, it will be considered later.
The White Matter of the Pallium. — The pallium is
the name given to the gray cortex and the central white
matter. The latter may be divided into three classes of fibres
as follows: —
(A) Fibres of association, or those which connect two
parts of the same hemisphere. Of these there are two sets:
the long and the short. The latter are all those innumerable
fibres which connect neighboring points of the cortex (fibrae
propria). The long connect two or more lobes, and are ar-
ranged in four fairly distinct bundles (Fig. 40) : —
1. The superior longitudinal bundle (fasciculus longi-
K.VCErJIALOX,
Tib f»>p-
UnjMf-
Fig. 40. — Si-lic'iite of libri'S iif association of icicbial liPinisfilierc (after
Van Geliuclirenj. Fib. iini/i.. Fibril' propria.'. /'. I.inhi. sup., Fasciculus longi-
tudinal in superior. F. 1,01111. inf.. Fasciculus lonffitiiiJinfllis inferior. Ciny,,
(Sflgulum. /'. uiirif.. Fasciculus undnatus.
84 THE ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN.
tudinalis superior), which connects the frontal with the occip-
ital and temporal lobes.
2. The inferior longitudinal bundle (fasciculus longi-
-tudinalis inferior), connecting the occipital and temporal
lobes.
3. The cingulum, which arches in the gyrus cinguli from
the frontal to the temporal lobe.
4. The uncinate bundle (fasciculus uncinatus), uniting
the ventral frontal convolution with the uncus of the tem-
poral lobe.
(2?) Commissural fibres, or those which connect convo-
lutions in one hemisphere with corresponding convolutions in
the other, such as the corpus callosum and the lyra (com-
mfssura hippocampi).
(0) Projection-fibres, or those which connect the cortex
with lower-lying portions of the central nervous system.
These, as we have seen, pass through the internal capsule;
their radiation from the cortex to the capsule is called the
corona radiata. They are of such importance that a separate
chapter will be devoted to them.
The Rhinencephalox. — There are manv deficiencies in
our knowledge of the rhinencephalon, but the following state-
ments seem warranted at present. The principal constituents
of the olfactorv bulb are the numerous large cells around
whose dendrites the fibres of the olfactory nerves terminate.
These cells send their axones backward to form the olfactorv
tract; on arriving at the trigonum, they separate into two
roots, or striae. The medial root ends in the trigonum and
the gyrus subcallosus. The lateral root enters the uncus of
the hippocampal convolution, where most of its axones ter-
minate; but some after crossing in the anterior commissure
turn forward into the lateral stria and tract of the opposite
side, to end in the bulb. The anterior extremity of the hippo-
campal convolution is connected with the hippocampal con-
volution of the opposite side by the anterior commissure, and
with the hippocampus of the same side by fibres running in
the fornix, as already described. The hippocampus, in its
turn, is connected bv the column of the fornix with the cor-
pus mamillary by the stria niedullaris with the trigonum
THE INTERNAL ANATOMY OF THE ENCEPHALON. 85
liabenulse, and by the lyra with the hippocampus of the op-
posite side. In man the olfactory apparatus must be regarded
sis, to a large extent, rudimentary, but from analogy with cer-
tain of the lower animals in whom the apparatus receives full
development, there seems no doubt that the entire gyrus
iornicatus, the hippocampus, the fornix, the anterior com-
missure, the fascia dentata, and the fasciola cinerea are all
concerned with the sense of smell.
CHAPTER IV.
The Cox ducting-paths of the Excephalon.
The cortex of each hemisphere of the telencephalon is
in communication with the opposite half of the body by means
of fibres conducting impulses to and from it. These fibres
may be divided into two sets, according to the direction of
conduction: centrifugal, or motor, which conduct excitations
from the cortex to the various muscles of the body; and cen-
tripetal, or sensory, which convey excitations from the skin,
mucous membranes, bones, special sense-organs, etc., to the
cortex, where are produced in an unknown way what we call
sensations. Each half of the body is thus represented in or
projected upon the cortex of the opposite hemisphere; hence
the name of "projection-fibres" given to those fibres of the
telencephalon through which the communication is main-
tained. They are in many instances collected into distinct
bundles; so that we may speak of motor and sensory paths
or tracts, meaning thereby definite groups of fibres along
which motor or sensory impulses, as the case may be, habit-
ually travel. Moreover, these groups of fibres often arise from
or terminate in fairly-definite areas of the cortex, which areas
are usually called centres. Thus, that area from which spring
the fibres that conduct impulses to the muscles which produce
the movements of the hand may be called the motor "centre"
of the hand ; that which receives the fibres along which visual
impressions travel is the "centre" of sight.
The Principal Motor Path. — This path is formed by
two groups of neurones. The cell-bodies of the first group
are contained in the cortex, and their axones terminate in the
nuclei of the motor peripheral nerves on the opposite side of
the nervous axis, — in the mesencephalon, pons, medulla, and
spinal cord, — where they enter into conduction-relation with
the second group of neurones, whose medullated axones con-
stitute the motor peripheral nerves. We are directly con-
cerned in this place onlv with the first, or cortical, neurones.
(86)
THE OOKDDCTINU-I'ATIIS OF TIIK J
8?
Their cell-bodies are found in the cortex of the convolutions
wound the central sulcus of Kolando: the anterior centra
convolution and the* posterior extremities of the other frontal
convolutions, the posterior central convolution, and the pava
central lobule, which collectively are called the "motor area''
of the cortex. In a general way, we may say that the ventral
portion of this area is the motor centre for the head, the mid-
dle portion that for the upper extremity, and the dorsal per-
timi that for the tower extremity. The axonos of the cells in
this area converge toward the internal capsule, and pass
through the anterior two-tlurds of its posterior limb. In the
capsule the fibres destined to reach the nuclei of the facial and
hypoglossal nerves occupy the genu, and hence are called the
geniculate fasciculus. Posterior to them are the fibres for
the upper extremity, and behind these are those for the lower
extremity (Fig. 31). From the capsule the fibres of this path
enter tin base of the peduncle of the cerebrum; here the
geniculate fasciculus occupies the medial border of the pe-
duncle, while the other fibres of the path lie in the middle of
that structure. In the mesencephalon, it will be recalled, are
the nuclei of the third and fourth cranial nerves; they prob-
ably receive fibres from this path, but, neither the cortical
origin nor the course of such fibres is known.
From the peduncle the p.uli reaches the pons, where some
of its fibres cross the median line to terminate in the nuclei
of the motor nerves there found. Next, the path appears in
tin medulla as the pyramid, for which reason it is frequently
called the pyramidal tract throughout its extent In this re-
gion fibres are distributed to the motor nuclei of the ninth,
tenth, eleventh, and twelfth cranial nerves, chiefly of the
opposite side. At the spinal extremity of the medulla the
majority of the fibres cross to the lateral column of the op-
posite side of the spinal cord, in which they constitute the
crossed pyramidal tract (fasciculus eerebro-spinalis lateralis),
which traverses the whole length of the cord, abandoning
fibres to the ventral horn as it goes, thus making connection
with the spinal lower motor neurones. The small part of the
tract which does not cross in the medulla at the decussation
forms the direct pyramidal tract ffa-ciculii^ eerebro-spinalis
-«-''£ 'WttflCAL LIBKArf-r
STANFuRD UNIVERSITY
MEDICAL CENTER
88 THE ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN.
anterior) in the ventral column of the cord, whence its fibres,
in large part, cross successively in the ventral white com-
missure, to end in the ventral horn of the opposite side.
The Secondary Motor Path. — There exists an anatom-
ical basis for a second motor path from the cortex of the tel-
encephalon to the motor nuclei of the peripheral nerves,
though it cannot be traced with the same distinctness as the
preceding, nor is much known concerniig its function. It is
formed by at least four groups of neurones, three of which are
in the encephalon. The cells of the cortical neurones lie in the
same area as those of the principal path, and also in the cor-
tex of the temporal lobe. They send their axones through the
anterior two-thirds of the posterior limb of the internal cap-
sule, whence they enter the base of the peduncle of the cere-
brum. Here those which arise in the "motor area" occupy
the same position with the principal motor path, while those
which arise in the temporal lobe lie in the lateral part of the
peduncle (Fig. 41). All these fibres terminate in the nuclei
pontis; whence the name of cortico-pontile given to them*.
The cells of the nuclei pontis, which are the second group of
neurones, send their axones across the median line to enter the
cerebellar hemisphere and terminate around Purkinje's cells
in the cortex. These Purkinje cells constitute the third group
of neurones, but the course pursued by their axones is unde-
cided; there is good reason for believing that they reach the
ventral horn of the spinal cord, either directly or indirectly
through the olive.
The Principal Sensory Path. — The portions of each
half of the spinal cord believed to conduct the various centrip-
etal impressions from the skin, muscles, and viscera are the
funiculi of Goll and Burdach, and the ventro-lateral ground-
bundle. The latter of these is formed by fibres which spring
from cells in the gray matter of the opposite side of the cord,
while the two funiculi first mentioned contain the central
axones of the ganglia on the dorsal roots of the spinal nerves
of the same side. It will be recalled that the ventro-lateral
ground-bundle on reaching the medulla lies dorsal to the
pyramid, and that the two dorsal funiculi of the cord ter-
minate in their respective nuclei, the cells of which send axones
THE CONDUCTING-P
' THE ENCETHALON.
Fig. 41. — /, Region of temporo-pontile fibres. II, Region of pyramjdfl]
tracts. Ill, Region of geniculate fasciculus. S. »., Substantia nigra. (After
Dejerine.)
yO THE AS ATOM Y OF THE BRAIN.
across the median lino as internal arenate fibres, to enter first
the interolivary layer and later the medial lemniscus. This
medial lemniscus is the principal sensory path in the enceph-
alon. We have traced it through the medulla, where it lies
medial to the olive and lateral to the raphe; thence into the
pons, where it becomes flattened and lies dorsal to the deep
transverse fibres; and thence into the tegmentum of the mes-
encephalon, where it fuses laterally with the lateral lemniscus.
In its course through the rhombencephalon it is joined by
fibres derived from the terminal nuclei of the sensory nerves
there found; these, as we have seen, constitute many of the
internal arcuate fibres, and join the lemniscus of the opposite
side from that in which (hey arise. The axones from the nuclei
of the cochlear nerve, however, have a separate path. From
the mesencephalon the medial lemniscus enters the dienceph-
alon, where the majority, at least, of its fibres end in the ventral
nucleus of the thalamus. Here are the cells of the last group
of neurones, whose axones pass through the posterior third
of the posterior limb of the internal capsule to terminate in
the cortex of the telencephalon over an area — the aornasathetic
area — which practically coincides with that which we have
termed the motor area. It will be noticed that this path, like
the principal motor path, is crossed. It is formed by three
superimposed groups of neurones aa follows: (1) the periph-
eral, whose peripheral axones form the peripheral sensory
nerves and whose central axones build up the dorsal funiculi
of the cord; (2) the spinal and rhombeneephalie, whose axones
form, respectively, the ventrolateral ground-bundle of the
cord and the internal arcuate fibres and medial lemniscus; and
(3) the thalamocortical, whose axones complete the connection
with the cortex.
The Secondary Sensoky Path. — As in the case of motor
impulses, so, for the sensory, there exists the anatomical basis
of a complex secondary path. The two cerebellar tracts from
the cord — the direct cerebellar tract and the main mass of
Oowers'9 tract — terminate in the cerebellum; moreover, some
of the sensory cranial nerves, notably the trigeminal and the
vesliluilnr portion of the acoustic, send some fibres into the
cerebellum, as do also the terminal nuclei of the dorsal fu-
THE C0XDUCTIXG-PATHS OF THE EXCEPHALOX. 91
niculi of the cord. Thus there are numerous fibres conduct-
ing centripetal ly as regards the cerebellum. From the latter
fibres run in the anterior peduncle to the red nucleus of the
mesencephalon on the opposite side; the red nucleus sends
fibres into the thalamus of the same side, and from the thal-
amus, as we have seen, many fibres proceed to the cortex. So
that it seems quite possible that certain sensory impressions
may reach the cortex by this roundabout path.
The Acoustic Path. — The path traveled by auditory
impressions is composed of four groups of neurones. The cen-
tral axones of the peripheral neurones form the cochlear portion
of the acoustic nerve, which terminates in the two gray masses
known as the dorsal and ventral nuclei of the cochlear nerve.
These two nuclei contain the cells of the second group of neu-
rones. Those of the ventral nucleus send their axones into the
pons, to form the trapezoid body. The fibres of this body
undergo a partial decussation, some of them terminating in
the anterior olive of the same side, while others cross the
raphe to reach the anterior olive of the opposite side. This
olive furnishes the third group of neurones ; their axones run
forward, and, aided, perhaps, by the acoustic striae from the
dorsal nucleus of the opposite side, form the lateral lemniscus,
which ends in the medial geniculate body and in the posterior
colliculus. In these two bodies the fourth group of neurones
is found; their axones enter the posterior third of the poste-
rior limb of the internal capsule, and terminate in the dorsal
(superior) convolution of the temporal lobe. It should be
borne in mind that the acoustic path is only partially crossed,
since the trapezoid body only partially decussates; in other
words, each dorsal temporal convolution is in communication
with both ears.
The Optic Path. — In this path there are three sets of
neurones. The cells of the first set are contained in the retina ;
they are the bipolar cells of this membrane. The cell-bodies
of the second set are also found in the retina; they are the
so-called ganglion-cells of the retina; their axones run back-
ward and medialward as the optic nerve to enter the chiasm.
In the chiasm the optic nerve partially decussates. The usual
statement is that the nerve undergoes a semidecussation, in
92 THE ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN.
process of which the fibres from the temporal half of the
retina emerge from the chiasm as the lateral half of the optic
tract of the same side, while the fibres of the medial half of
the tract are derived from the medial half of the opposite
retina. However, anatomical investigation has thus far not
been able to establish anything much more definite than that
a partial decussation occurs in the chiasm. The optic tract,
formed thus by fibres from both retinae, runs backward and
lateralward, winding first ventral and then lateral to the cere-
bral peduncle, to gain the diencephalon, where its fibres ter-
minate in the lateral geniculate body, the pulvinar of the
thalamus, and the anterior colliculus of the mesencephalon.
In the gray matter of these structures are the cell-bodies of
the third group of optic neurones. Their axones, having en-
tered the posterior third of the posterior limb of the internal
capsule, turn backward, run through the occipito-thalamic
radiation, and terminate in the cortex of the cuneus, espe-
cially in the vicinity of the calcarine fissure.
It seems established that the optic tract and nerve also
contain fibres which conduct centrifugally: i.e., fibres which
run from the lateral geniculate body, anterior colliculus, and
thalamus to the retinae.
The Olfactory Path. — This path is constituted of two
sets of neurones. The axones of the peripheral set, the olfac-
tory nerves, terminate in the bulb, where the cells of the
second, or central, set are situated. The axones of these are
directed backward as the olfactory tract, which divides into
the two olfactory roots, or striae. The medial stria ends in
the olfactory trigonum, the gyrus subcallosus, and the ad-
jacent portion of the gyrus fornicatus; the lateral stria ter-
minates in the hippocampal convolution, especially in the
neighborhood of its uncus. Hence these areas of the cortex
may be considered olfactory centres. From them proceed
paths which throw the lower motor neurones under the in-
fluence of the sense of smell, thus accounting for olfactory
reflexes.
IKDEX.
Ala cinerea, 10, 4C.
Aqueduct of Sylvius, 4, 19, 60.
Area, parolfactoria, 33.
the acoustic, 10, 12, 46.
Axis, the neural, 1.
Basis pedunculi, 62.
Body, the pituitary, 22.
Brachium quadrigeminum inferius, 18.
superius, 18.
Bulb, the olfactory, 33.
Calamus scriptorius, 8.
Calcar avis, 72.
Canal, the central, of medulla, 40.
the neural, 1.
Capsule, the external, 76.
the internal, 66, 74, 76.
Centrum semiovale, 70.
Cerebellum, 2.
connections of, 58, 59.
internal anatomy of, 58.
surface anatomy of, 12.
Cerebrum, 4, 24.
Chiasm, the optic, 20, 22.
Cingulum, 24.
Claustrum, 76.
Clava, 8.
Colliculus, facialis, 12.
inferior, 18.
internal anatomy of, 64.
superior, 18.
Columns of fornix, 78.
Commissure, anterior, of cerebrum. 78,
82.
of the habenuUe, 21.
of the hippocampus, 76.
posterior, of the cerebrum, 21.
Convolution or convolutions, angular,
28.
ascending frontal (precentral), 26.
ascending parietal (postcentral),
26.
calloso-marginal, 32.
fusiform, 28.
hippocampal, 30. 32.
inferior frontal, 26.
inferior temporal, 28.
middle frontal. 26.
middle temporal. 28.
Convolution or convolutions, occipital,
30.
of corpus callosum, 30.
orbital, 26.
straight, 26.
superior frontal, 26.
superior temporal, 28.
supramarginal, 28.
Corpora quadrigemina, 2, 18, 62.
Corpus callosum, 24, 70, 72.
geniculatum laterale, 20, 70.
mediale, 20, 70.
mamillare, 22, 68.
pineale, 21.
restiforme, 8, 18, 46.
striatum, 24, 66, 74.
trapezoideum, 48, 52.
Crura of fornix, 78.
Cuneus, 30.
Decussation of anterior peduncles of
cerebellum, 60.
of lemnisci, 38.
of optic nerves, 91.
of pyramids, 6, 36.
Diencephalon, 2.
internal anatomy of, 66.
surface anatomy of, 19.
Eininentia medial is, 12.
Encephalon, the divisions of, 1, 2.
Ependymal epithelium, 2.
Epithalamus, 4.
surface anatomy of, 21.
Fascia dentata, 78.
Fasciculi longitudinales of pons Va-
rolii, 50.
Fasciculus, inferior longitudinal. 84.
medial longitudinal, 42, 46, 56, 64.
retroflexus, 62.
superior longitudinal, 82.
thalamo-mamillaris, 68.
uncinatus, 84.
Fasciola cinerea, 70, 78.
Fibres, association of telencephalon.
84.
cerebello-olivary, 40, 46.
commissural of telencephalon, 84.
cortico-pontile, 56.
external arcuate, 46.
(93)
94
INDEX.
Fibres, internal arcuate. 38, 40, 44.
projection of telencephalon. 84.
transverse of pons Varolii, 50.
Fissure, ealcarine. .30.
collateral, 30.
dentate, 30, 72.
dorsal median, 8.
horizontal, 14.
longitudinal, of cerebrum, 24.
of Sylvius, 24.
paramedian, 8.
parieto-occipital, 25, 30.
transverse of Biehat, 82.
transverse of cerebellum, 14.
ventral median, 6.
Flocculus, 14.
Foramen, of Magendie, 16.
of Monro, 76.
Formatio reticularis, 36.
Fornix, 76.
Fossa interpeduncularis, 18.
rhomboidea. 8, 15.
Fovea inferior, 18.
superior, 18.
Frenulum, 18.
Funiculus of Burdaeh, 8.
of Goll, 18.
Ganglion interpeduncular?, 62.
Globus pallidus, 74.
Gvri transit ivi. 26.
Gyrus, fornicatus. 32.
subcallosus. 33. 72.
Habenula, 21.
Hemispheres of telencephalon, 24.
lateral surface of, 24.
medial surface of. 30.
Hippocampus, 72, 78.
Hypophysis, 22.
Hypothalamus, 4, 14.
internal anatomy of, 68.
surface anatomy of. 22.
Incisure, dorsal, of cerebellum. 14.
ventral, of cerebellum, 14.
Tnfundibulum, 22, 68.
Island of Reil, 25. 30, 76.
Lamina, chorioidea epithelialis. 16.
terminalis, 22, 68.
Lemniscus, the lateral, TO, 56, 62.
the medial, 38, 52, 56.
Lingula, 14.
Lobe, frontal, 24, 26.
limbic, of Broca, 32.
occipital, 24, 30.
parietal. 24. 28.
temporal, 24, 28.
Lobes of cerebellum. 14.
Lobule, inferior parietal, 28.
paracentral, 32.
superior parietal, 28.
Locus coeruleus, 12.
Lyra, 76, 80.
Mesencephalon, 2.
internal anatomy, 60.
surface anatomv, 18.
Metencephalon, 2.
internal anatomv, 48.
surface anatomv, 10.
Myelencephalon, 2.
internal anatomy, 34.
surface anatomv, 6.
•
Xerve, abducens, 8.
acoustic, 8, 46.
cochlear, 48.
facial, 8.
glossopharyngeal, 6.
hypoglossal, 6.
oculomotor. 64.
optic, 20, 91.
| spinal accessory, 6, 34.
trigeminal, 10, 54.
j trochlear, 60.
' vagus, 6.
1 vestibular, 48.
; Xidus avis, 14.
' Xodulus, 14.
Nucleus or nuclei, ambiguus, 42.
amygdaloid, 74, 76.
caudatus. 66, 74.
I central, of pons Varolii, 54.
I dentatus, 58.
dorsal of cochlear nerve, 46.
emboliformis, 58.
fastigii, 58.
globosus, 58.
hypothalamicus. 68.
lentiformis, 66, 74.
of abducens nerve, 52.
of Bechterew, 50.
of Deiters. 50.
of facial nerve. 50. 52.
of funiculus of Burdaeh, 38.
of funiculus of Goll. 38.
of glossopharyngeal nerve, 42.
of hypoglossal nerve. 42.
of lateral lemniscus, 56.
of oculomotor nerve, 64.
of olive, 40.
of spinal accessory nerve, 34.
of thalamus. 66.
of tractus solitarius, 42.
of trigeminal nerve, 54.
INDEX.
95
Nucleus or neuclei, of trochlear nerve,
54, 60.
of vagus nerve, 42.
of vestibular nerve, 48.
pontis, 50.
red, 59, CO, 62.
superior olivary, 52.
ventral of cochlear nerve, 48.
Olive, 6.
Operculum, 25, 30.
Pallium, 24, 82.
Path, conducting, 85, 86.
acoustic, 91.
olfactorv, 92.
optic, 91.
principal motor, 86.
principal sensory, 88.
secondary motor, 88.
secondary sensory, 90.
Peduncle, anterior, of cerebellum (bra-
chium conjunctivum), 10,
18, 52.
middle, of cerebellum (brachium
pontis), 10.
of cerebrum, 2, 18.
Plexus, chorioid, of fourth ventricle, 16.
of lateral ventricle, 78. 80.
of third ventricle, 82.
Pons Varolii, 2.
internal anatomy of, 48.
surface anatomy of, 10.
Process, inferior vermiform. 14.
superior vermiform, 14.
Prosencephalon, 2.
Pulvinar, 19.
Putamen, 74.
Pyramid, of medulla oblongata, 6.
Radiation, occipito-thalamic. 70.
Raphe, 38.
Recess, lateral, 15.
of infundibulum, 22.
optic, 18.
Rhinencephalon, 24.
internal anatomy of, 85, 86.
surface anatomy of, 32.
Rhombencephalon, 2.
isthmus of, 2, 15.
Root, descending of trigeminal nerve,
56.
descending of vestibular nerve, 46,
50.
Root-fibres, of abducens nerve, 52.
of acoustic nerve, 46.
of cochlear nerve, 46.
of facial nerve, 52.
Root-fibres, of oculomotor nerve, 64.
of trigeminal nerve, 54.
of trochlear nerve, 60.
of vestibular nerve. 46.
Septum pellucidum, 78.
Stratum interolivare lemnisci, 42.
Stria or striae, acoustic, 8, 46.
lateral longitudinal, 70.
medial longitudinal, 70.
medullaris, 19.
olfactorv, 33.
terminalis, 19.
Sulcus, basilaris, 10.
calloso-marginal, 32.
central, of Rolando, 25.
chorioid, 19.
circularis, 30.
dorso-lateral, 6.
inferior frontal, 26.
inferior temporal, 28.
interbrachialis, 18.
interparietal, 28.
lateralis, 19.
limitans, 10, 12.
marginal, 32.
median longitudinal, 8, 12.
middle temporal, 28.
of corpus callosum, 30.
of Monro, 19.
olfactory, 26, 33.
post-central, 26.
precentral, 26.
subfrontal, 32.
subparietal, 32.
superior frontal, 26.
superior temporal, 28.
ventro-lateral. 6.
Substantia, corticalis, 70.
gelatinosa, 34.
nigra, 62.
perforata anterior, 24, 33.
perforata posterior, 18.
Tegmentum, 62.
Tela chorioidea, of third ventricle, 21,
80.
of fourth ventricle, 16.
Telencephalon, 2.
internal anatomy of, 70.
surface anatomy of, 24.
Tent, 14.
Thalamencephalon, 4.
Thalamus, internal anatomy of, 66.
surface anatomy of, 19.
Tract, crossed pyramidal, 36.
direct cerebellar. 40.
96
INDEX.
Tract, direct pyramidal, 36.
lateral, 6.
of Gowers, 40, 59.
olfactory, 33.
optic, 19, 20, 22, 68.
solitary, 42, 44.
spinal, of trigeminal nerve, 34
Trigonum, habenulae, 19, 21.
hypoglossal, 10, 46.
olfactory, 33.
Tuber cinereum, 22, 68.
Tubercle, anterior, of thalamus, 20.
cuneate, 8.
Vallecula, 14.
Valve of Vieussens, 12.
Velum, anterior medullary, 12, 14, 18,
54.
interpositum, 80.
posterior medullary, 14.
Vena terminalis, 19.
Ventricle, fourth, 3, 15, 16.
third, 4, 21.
lateral, 4, 72.
, Worm, 14.
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