Ancient Babylonia

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THE LIBRARY

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THE UNIVERSITY

OF CALIFORNIA

LOS ANGELES

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TL RALPH D. REED LIBRARY

DEPARTMENT OK GEOLOGY

UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA

LOS ANGELES, CALIF.

^ijt of Oil Companies of Soufhern Coli-
Fornia, Alumni and Faculty of Geology Depart-
ment and University Library.

1940

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The Cambridge Manuals of Science and
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ANCIENT BABYLONIA

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Silver Vase of Entemena

IVith the exception of the coat of arms at
the foot, the design on the title page is a
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PS7/
CONTENTS

CHAPTER I

PAQB
SOURCES FOR THE HISTORY OF BABYLONIA : OREEK^ HEBREW,
BABYLONIAN ROYAL INSCRIPTIONS, YEAR-NAMES, DATE-
LISTS, ERAS, KING-LISTS, CHRONICLES, PTOLEMy's CANON,
SYNCHRONISMS, BOUNDARY STONES, DATED PRIVATE
DOCUMENTS, OMEN TABLETS, HYMNS, MYTHS, AND
LEGENDS ...... 1

CHAPTER n

THE LAND AND PEOPLE THE EUPHRATES AND TIGRIS —

CANALS, BOUNDARIES PREHISTORIC FOLK AND CIVIL-
ISATION — SUMERIANS — SEMITES — CHIEF CITIES AND
THEIR EXCAVATIONS — CITY STATES . . .13

CHAPTER ni

EARLY RULERS AT KISH, OPIS, LAGASH, ERECH — FIRST

UNITED EMPIRE — LUGAtZAOGISI OF ERECH . . 29

CHAPTER IV

DYNASTY OF AKKAD — SECOND DYNASTY OP ERECH — CON-
QUEST BY OUTIUM . . . .38

644418

vi ANCIENT BABYLONIA

CHAPTER V

PAOI
BULER8 OP LAGA8H — DYNASTY OP UB — DYNASTY OP ISIN —
THE AHORITE SUPREMACY — RULERS OF THE SOUTH —
KINGS OP liARSA, UB, BTft . . • .47

CHAPTER VI

THE FIRST DYNASTY OP BABYU)N — THE KINGS OP THE

SEAIiAND — THE HITTITB INVASION . . .71

CHAPTER VII

on
THE KA8SITB DYNAffTY ,..••"*'

CHAPTER VIII

THE SECOND DYNASTY OP ISIN — THE FIFTH TO EIGHTH

DYNASTY ...••• 1""

CHAPTER IX

THE NINTH DYNASTY

CHAFFER X

THE NEO-BABYLONIAN EMPIRE

BiBUOGRAPBY •

Imdbz « •

116
126

. 133
. 134

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Silver Vase of Entemena

PLATE

I. Plaque of Ur-Nina .
II. Stele of Naram-Sin .

III. Statue of Gudea

IV. Votive Figure of Warad-Sin
V. Top of Hammurabi's Stele .

VI. Kudurru of Melishipak
VII. Tablet of Nabu-aplu-iddin .
VIII, Kudurru of Merodach Baladan III
Map of Babylonia .

Frontispiece

FAOINQ PAGE

32

42

48

68

76

100

110

116

at end of book

The frontispiece and No. I. are reproduced from Decouvertes
en C'haldee ; the remainder of the illustrations^ with the exception
of No. VIII., are from photographs by Messrs Mansell & Co.,
Nos. II. -V. being reproduced from the Encyclopedia Britannica
(11th Edition).

ANCIENT BABYLONIA

CHAPTER I

THE SOURCES OF HISTORY

The ancient authors, who founded the Science of
History, whose names remain household words
amongst us still, such as Herodotus or Xenophon,
have transmitted to modern times some far-off
echoes of the fame of Babylonia. Many scattered
references in classical writers serve to show the
impression that its wealth and power had made on
the Greek imagination. Aeschylus and Aristophanes,
Aristotle and others, will be recalled. After
Alexander the Great had included it in his con-
quests, a closer acquaintance with its still marvellous
remains and magnificent traditions enhanced its
interest for many writers less generally known :
Arrian, Ctesias, Pausanias may be named.

There have been preserved some attempts on the
part of Greek-writing scribes in Babylonia to trans-
scribe Babylonian texts into Greek characters ;

A 1

2 ANCIENT BABYLONIA

doubtless with a view to studying the ancient records
and rendering them available for Western peoples.
We know of at least one who carried out this
design. Berosus, a priest of Bel, in Babylon, wrote
a History of Babylonia, or Chaldaea, as it was then
called, in three books, for the Macedonian monarch,
Antiochus Soter, his patron, about 280 B.C. This
work is unfortunately lost, but numerous later
authors quoted extensively from it, such as
ApoUodorus and others. Eusebius, Josephus,
Clemens and others have preserved extracts of their
works. Doubtless, as cuneiform was still written
in his time, Berosus, having access to much original
Babylonian hterature, was in a position to know
many things about the history of his country, which
we have not yet recovered ; but the process of trans-
mission and the selection made by later writers
leave us in some doubt as to his statements and
more perplexity as to his meaning.

Before any authentic information was available,
many attempts were made to collect and harmonise
such references as had survived. They will be found
collected in Cory's Ancient Fragments.

Except as the traditional home of Abraham, " the
father of the faithful," Babylonia scarcely concerned
the earher writers of the Old Testament. Indeed,
until the Fall of Nineveh, it played small part in
the Jewish national history. The prophets have

ORIGINAL SOURCES 3

frequent references to it, and after the Fall of
Jerusalem the home of the exiles naturally became
of absorbing interest.

Since the decipherment of the Babylonian
column of the trilingual inscription of Darius the
Great on the rocks at Behistun, by Sir H. C.
Rawlinson, Hincks, and Oppert, the native sources
have become overwhelmingly more important than
any others. Of formal or professed history little
has been recovered, for before Berosus, no
Babylonian, so far as we know, set out to write
a history of Babylonia. Of materials for history,
Babylonia has already yielded to the excavator such
an amount as to be almost unmanageable. This
short sketch can only be regarded as an attempt
to summarise, without argument or discussion, the
results now generally admitted as probable.

The Babylonian monarchs were intensely proud
of the buildings which their piety led them to
dedicate to the worship of their gods. They in-
variably left foundation records ensconced in
niches, or coffers, built into cavities in the brick-
work, at the comers, or in the floors of temples or
their annexes. These records have proved invalu-
able for identifying the buildings and the ancient
sites on which they stood. Scarcely less valuable
are the bricks of which temples and palaces were
built. For they were usually stamped or inscribed

4 ANCIENT BABYLONIA

with the name of the builder, the name of the
temple or palace he had built or restored, and that
of the king or god for whom it was erected.

As much information is given by the inscriptions
on votive offerings, vases, mace-heads, blocks of
costly stone, copper or silver vessels and other
objects, often specified as the spoil brought from
some conquered land. Stelae, or monohths, often
sculptured with a figure of the king and his god,
may record no more, but sometimes bear longer
inscriptions. In such cases a king may name his
father Avho preceded him on the throne, occasionally
his grandfather, and even more remote ancestors.
He may speak of the lands he has conquered ; but
very rarely indeed draws up the annals of his reign,
as Assyrian monarchs did. The Babylonian ruler
apparently attached far more importance to his
religious works than to any mOitary achievements
he could claim for his glory.

It may be that this reticence was the result of a
long continued custom which served to commemorate
the most striking event of each year in a way even
more lasting than sculptured story. The Baby-
lonians called each year by a separate name, which
made a permanent record of its events, warlike or
domestic. When a successful war took place the
year was called after it. Of unsuccessful wars or
defeats no mention was made. The Babylonian

YEAR NAMES 6

preferred to forget them. No one could have fore-
seen a victory or the death of a foe, and it was the
thanksgiving which followed, when the spoils were
dedicated to the gods or some fresh building made
possible by them, which marked the ensuing year
as that of the victory.

The very life of the land depended on irrigation.
It was the supreme ambition of a good ruler to cut
a new canal or clean out and repair an old one.
To build afresh the city wall or its gate, to enclose a
fresh area, to build forts and palaces, often combined,
were marks of prosperity and security for its pre-
servation. Such works often served to name the
year.

The name to be adopted for each year had to be
conferred at its beginning, on the First of Nisan,
when each king of Babylon celebrated the Feast
of the New Year's Day, and taking the hands of his
god in the temple, thus became the adopted son of
the deity and himself divine. The name of the year
being settled, all documents were dated throughout
the twelve months following by the day of the month
in the year of that selected event. Thus the names
of the first four years of the reign of Hammurabi
were (1) the year in which Hammurabi became king ;

(2) the year in which Hammurabi, the king,
established the heart of the land in righteousness ;

(3) the year in which the throne of Nannar was

e ANCIENT BABYLONIA

made ; (4) the year in which the wall of Gagia was
built.

The name once fixed, notice of it was sent round
to the various cities or districts of the land. These
year-names in full were often long pompous sentences
which would have been inconvenient to use in
practice. They were usually much abbreviated.
When, for some reason, the proper year-name was
not yet known, people dated " the year after " the
last year-name.

The scribes kept records of these year-names, and
a long Ust of year-names has been preserved, which,
if perfect, would have given in correct chronological
order the year-names used under the First Dynasty
of Babylon from the beginning of the dynasty down
to the tenth year of the last king but one. This
would cover 258 years. Another such list gave the
year-names in chronological order from the twelfth
year of Dungi down to the end of his grandson's
reign ; in all fifty-four years.

Such lists may be called Date-fists. Such a list
of year-names recorded, when complete, some
event, usually domestic, rehgious or mihtary, for
each year, and consequently has been called a
chronicle.

It iB certain that the Babylonians befieved that
their ancient records, based on such chronological
systems, enabled them to state the number of

ERAS AND REGNAL YEARS 7

years which had elapsed since events long
passed.

The kings of Larsa, and doubtless others before
them, adopted an era. They called the years the
first, second, third, up to the thirtieth, " after the
capture of Isin," an event which had marked the
rise of their power.

In the third dynasty, a further improvement was
introduced. They then dated by the years of the
king's reign. If a king died in the twentieth year of
his reign, he was reckoned to have reigned twenty
years. The remainder of that year was called the
" beginning " of his successor's reign ; but the earliest
fuU year after that First of Nisan, which fell next
after his accession, was called his " first year." It
is usual to call the fraction of a year, which fell after
his accession, his " accession year," to distinguish
it from this " first " year.

Presuming, which is most probable, that the royal
scribes could obtain access to the necessary records,
a king could state, when he desired, how long before
his time an event had occurred to which he wished to
refer.

Many of the later kings were not disincUned to
give such chronological statements. Thus a boun-
dary stone, dated in the fourth year of Ellil-nadin-
aph, states that from the time of Gulkishar, whom we
otherwise know to have been the sixth king of the

8 ANCIENT BABYLONIA

Dynasty of the Sealand, to that of Nebuchadrezzar I.
696 years had elapsed. This dates Gulkishar about
1820 B.C. Again, Nabonidus states that he restored
a temple in Sippara, which had not been rebuilt
since Shagarakti-Shuriash, 800 years before. This
puts that monarch about 1350 B.C. Again, he glories
in having found the memorial of Naram-Sin, who
reigned 3200 years before him. Relying on this
dating, we must place Naram-Sin about 3750 B.C.
In another connection Nabonidus states that Ham-
murabi hved 700 years before Burnaburiash. This
would date Hammurabi about 2100 B.C., or perhaps
2150 B.C., according to which Burnaburiash we decide
to refer for the reckoning.

It is evident that all such dates are vague. The
numbers are only round figures, so far as we know.
Even if they be exact, we do not know from which
year of his own reign the king was reckoning, nor
to which year of the reign he quotes.

We further have a number of chronological lists
which give professedly exact chronology for certain
periods. A very early list from Nippur gives in
order the names of the kings of Ur and Isin, with the
lengths of each reign in years, even months and days.
The Chronicle of Kish gives Usts of early dynasties
for some centuries, with the names of their kings and
the length of each reign.

The Babylonian Kings' List A, if complete, would

CHRONOLOGY 9

have given the names of the kings of Babylonia from
the founder of the First Dynasty of Babylon down
to the last native king, with the length of each reign.

The famous Canon of Ptolemy begins with
Nabonassar's accession in 747 B.C., and gives the
names of the succeeding kings to Nabonidus, with
the length of each reign ; then the Achamenids to
Alexander the Great, followed by the Ptolemies ;
thus connecting with exact chronology. For
Assyria, the Eponym Canon records the officials
whose names dated each year, and by naming the
echpse of 763 B.C. fixes the reign of each Assyrian
king back to 911 B.C. So far as they overlap, the
last three sources agree exactly. Were the Kings'
List A complete, we thus could trust it implicitly from
the beginning. The chronology being thus more or
less fixed for long periods of either Assyrian or
Babylonian history, sometimes for both, except
where these lists happen to have gaps, we endeavour
to complete them by such synchronisms as we can
discover. Kings of the one country often refer to
the contemporary monarchs of the other. Naturally
such a reference cannot be exact to a year.

The so-called Synchronous History dealt with the
wars and subsequent rectifications of boundaries,
between the territories of Assyria and Babylonia,
from about 1400 b.c. to 800 B.C. Unfortunately it
is not completely preserved.

10 ANCIENT BABYLONIA

The Babylonian Chronicle gave the names, lengths
of reigns and some historical events of the con-
temporary kings of Assyria, Babylonia, and Elam,
from 744 B.C. to 668 B.C.

The so-called Dynastic Chronicle had originally
six columns, of which the first and second must have
dealt with the mythical dynasties before and after
the Flood, the third with the First Dynasty of
Babylon, the fourth with those of the Sealand, of
Bazu and Elam. All the rest is now lost. The
names of the kings, their genealogy, length of reign,
manner of death, and burial place were recorded.

Chronicle P gives some account of events from
1400 B.C. to 1250 B.C.

Chronicle K 1 deals with the reigns of Sargon of
Akkad and his son, Naram-Sin. It goes on to
Dungi, Ura-imitti, EUil-bani and Sumu-abu.

Chronicle K 2 begins with Ura-imitti and Ellil-
bani, goes on with Hammurabi and Rim-sin, Samsu-
iluna, Abeshu, Samsu-ditana, Kastihash and Agum,
giving selected events of these reigns.

Chronicle K 3 extended from the eleventh to the
seventh century B.C., with conspicuous events of
each reign.

A ReUgious Chronicle noted portents occurring in
different years of reigns in the eleventh century B.C.

It will be obvious that such materials do con-
stitute a rehable contribution to histoiy, which may

Oi\IEN TABLETS 11

safely be used to construct an outline to be filled up
as more material is unearthed by excavations. All
the above give synchronisms, and are all in the
British Museum.

The so-called boundary stones, or kudurru in-
scriptions, are records of varied kinds. They all
served to rehearse a title to estate, and in doing
this frequently traced it back to much earlier times,
mentioning rulers or even dates.

When the system of dating by regnal years has
come into use, we obtain minimum dates. A docu-
ment being dated in the thirtieth year of a certain
king, we know that he reigned at least thirty years,
and in the absence of more exact information this
hint may become valuable.

A valuable source of information is formed by the
great mass of Omen tablets. The Babylonian
thought that the gods not only directed human
affairs, but indicated coming events by astrological
signs, by the behaviour of birds and beasts, and, above
all, by certain appearances to be discerned on the
liver of a freshly slaughtered sheep offered in sacrifice
to the gods. They reduced such augury to a science.
Having observed a fancied connection of some omen
or portent with an important event, they recorded
both in such a way as might help to predict the
events on the recurrence of the omens. From such
Omen tablets we can often gather events of historical

12 ANCIENT BABYLONIA

value. We may be sure they took place, even when
we cannot make out what the Omens were which
were supposed to have foretold them.

In the hymns and lamentations, which formed a
large part of the national hterature, are frequently
found references to historic events. Even the
legends have obviously, in some cases, a historic
kernel of fact.

The chief cause of the many gaps still left in our
history of Babylonia is the sporadic nature of the
excavations. Some sites have been exhaustively
explored, but they are very few. Several cities
which were once the capitals of kingdoms, ruHng
over a large part of Babylonia, are still imtouched
by the spade ; and there, if anywhere, we must
expect to find monuments of their kings. The
evidence which we now possess of their power comes
from incidental references discovered elsewhere.
Almost every new discovery on the sites actually
being worked adds fresh proof of our existing know-
ledge. But many problems must remain unsolved
until other sites can be explored.

CHAPTER II

THE LAND AND ITS PEOPLES

Babylonia is, in an especial sense, the child of the
two streams. The Euphrates and the Tigris both
rise in the mountains of Armenia, and by the time
they reach Babylonian soil have traversed a long
journey. It is not easy to be sure of any natural
boundary to the north, but above Hit the nature
of the land is desert or rocky. There the solid ground
ends in a reef of hard rock ; below, all is alluvial
deposit, which now extends 550 miles down to the
Persian Gulf. This is, however, greatly in excess
of its ancient extent, for Eridu, once on the sea,
and still an important port in the time of Dungi, is
now 125 miles from the Gulf. The rivers drew
within 35 miles of each other, opposite the modern
Bagdad, and a httle above that the Euphrates
divided into two streams. The eastern branch
watered the district west of Bagdad. At this part
of its course, the Euphrates Ues above the level of
the Tigris, and a number of canals were anciently led
from its eastern bank to water the extremely fertile
land. The western branch, now the main stream,
follows the course of an old canal, once the River of

13

14 ANCIENT BABYLONIA

Sippara, while the lakes and streams to the west
probably mark its original course. The most im-
portant of these canals, now called the Shatt-en-Nil,
empties along the Shatt-el-K(ir into the Euphrates
again lower down. From the Tigris, which here
is higher than the Euphrates level, the old canal,
which once bore the name of the Tigris, now the
Shatt-el-Hai, carries down the waters of the Tigris
into the Euphrates. The Euphrates turns east
below a range of low hills on the edge of the Arabian
desert and joins the Tigris at Kurna to form the
Shatt-el-Arab.

Ancient Babylonia lay within these rivers, which
surrounded it on all sides. It formed an artificial
island. While in its days of military prowess it
ruled districts far outside, practically all its cities lay
between the streams. In later times the northern
portion was called Akkad, and the southern, Sumer.
The division between them was vague, and shifted
with changes in pohtical supremacy.

The whole area was anciently a network of canals.
Neglect to keep them clear led promptly to floods,
as the melting snows in high lands swelled the rivers
and washed away the soft earthen embankments.
As the land dried up under the fierce sun, the desert
sand drifted in and rendered the land a wilderness
where irrigation had produced a garden. Properly
managed, the district was amazingly fertile. The

ADJOINING LANDS 15

date-palm is indigenous, and furnished, beside
food, almost endless manufactured products.
^Vlleat was introduced early, and raised two or three
crops a year, yielding 200 or 300 fold. Stone was
very scarce, but excellent brick-making clay was
available everywhere.

To the west of the Euphrates lay the great plain
of Arabia, stretching away towards the Jordan
and the Red Sea. At best bare grassland, its
nomad pastoral inhabitants ever pressed down to
the lands along the river and even across into the
cultivated alluvial. On the east, across the Tigris,
range upon range of huge Umestone mountains rose
to a plateau, five or six thousand feet. In the
valleys, usually separated by difficult passes from
each other, groups of hardy mountaineers contested
with their neighbours for supremacy. From time
to time they amalgamated for raids into the plain
and occasionally established rule there. The in-
vaders of upper Mesopotamia often passed down
into Babylonia, and as Assyria grew into power in the
north it laid claim to sovereignty over the rich
southern lands.

Babylonia in historic times became a wealthy
industrial land, and by its conquests absorbed
multitudes of foreign slaves. Its merchants
travelled far to the east for the products of Elam
and Persia, even farther up the Euphrates to the

16 ANCIENT BABYLONIA

west, into Asia Minor, Palestine, and beyond to
Egypt. It was repeatedly invaded, and its con-
querors infused fresh energy from time to time, but
its ancient civilisation always absorbed the invaders,
and, despite all vicissitudes, persisted in its essential
features to the end.

The remains of prehistoric peoples in Babylonia
have been met with to a considerable extent, but
are usually passed over with scanty comment. Such
of them as have reached our museums are rendered
almost worthless by an entire lack of systematic
study and scientific records. Often we do not
even know from what stratum they came.

The generations who have left no documentary
evidence of their history may be " before history "
indeed, but they were far different from " pre-
historic " races, in the sense in which that term is
usually applied.

When history commences, the inhabitants of
Babylonia were already highly civilised. They
lived in towns, many of which had large populations
and occupied wide areas. They already possessed
great temples. The people had a complicated organ-
isation of many distinct classes or occupations, and
possessed much wealth, not only in sheep and cattle,
but in manufactured goods, in gold, silver and copper.

They possessed an elaborate and efficient system of
writing, extensively used and widel}'^ understood,

CUNEIFORM SCRIPT 1*7

consisting of a number of signs, obviously descended
from a form of picture-writing, but conventionalised
to an extent that usually precludes the recognition
of the original pictures. This writing was made by
the impression of a stylus, on blocks or cakes of fine
clay, while still quite soft. These so-called " tablets "
were usually sun-dried, but, in cases where preserva-
tion was specially desirable, they were baked hard.
The weU-baked tablet may be broken in pieces, but
is impervious to moisture and, when buried in the
sand, practically indestructible. The mark of the
stylus looks like a hollow nail, or wedge, and hence
the writing is called " cuneiform.'' The method
was adopted by, or was common to, many of the
neighbouring nations, being used freely in Elam,
Armenia, and Northern Mesopotamia as far west as
Cappadocia, Originally contrived to write the
language of Babylonia, it was modified and adapted
to express several other tongues with more or less
success. We have as yet no interpretable evidence
of a time before writing in Babylonia.

The art of engraving on metal and precious stones
was carried to an extraordinarily high pitch of
excellence at a very early date, while statuary and
architecture were in an advanced stage. Pottery
of excellent type and extraordinary variety was
already developed. Weaving and embroidery were
a staple of manufacture and export.

18 ANCIENT BABYLONIA

The Sumerians. — By common consent this name
has been given to a people who appear to have been
the inhabitants of most of the cities of Babylonia,
before the invasion of that land by the Semites.
They are thought to have been the inventors of the
cuneiform writing. Scholars differ very much as
to the relation of the Sumerian to other languages,
but generally agree to call it agglutinative.

Their monuments give the Sumerians a tolerably
distinct physiognomy. Their fashions of dress and
their characteristic customs have been much dis-
cussed, but do not appear to mark racial so much as
cultural distinctions.

In early times the population of the northern
part of Babylonia may have been Sumerian, and it
was then called Uri or Kiuri, while the southern
portion was called Kengi. Later the north, which
included Agade, Sippar, Kish, Opis, Kutha, Babylon
and Borsippa, was called Akkad, while the south,
which included Lagash, Shuruppak, Ur, Eridu,
Erech, Umma and Adab, was called Sumer.

The name Sumerian is derived from Sumer, on
the assumption that the people denoted by it
occupied that land where their chief monuments
were first discovered.

The Semites. — At what period the Semites first
invaded Babylonia, when and where they first
attained supremacy, are not yet matters of history.

THE SEMITES 19

We find Semites in the land and in possession of con-
siderable power almost as early as we can go back.

The characteristic Semitic features are very
marked on their monuments, but more decisive is
the definite Hkeness of their language to others of
the Semitic group. Apart from the modifications
due to their close contact with the Sumerians, the
Babylonian Semitic speech exhibits early forms of
what can be traced elsewhere in other branches of
the group.

They seem to have soon absorbed the Sumerian
civilisation, adding elements of their own. Under
their supremacy art and literature received a fresh
impulse and soon attained a high-water mark.

Apparently they came into Babylonia, not directly
from Arabia, but from the north-west. At any rate
they first attained supremacy in the north, and
Akkadian became the name of the Semitic speech.
They early established themselves in parts of Elam,
also in Lulubu and Gutium. Gradually they pene-
trated the south, and by the end of the Dynasty
of Isin, Semitic was clearly understood everywhere
in the land. Sumerian names fingered long in the
north, much longer in the south, but we have as yet
no instance of the use of the language for everyday
business later than the First Dynasty of Babylon.
Royal inscriptions were composed in Sumerian to the
last.

20 ANCIENT BABYLONIA

The Cities. — Babylon is the form which the
Greeks gave to the later native name, Bab-ilani,
" Gate of the gods " ; earUer, Bab-iU, " Gate of god."

It lay on the E. bank of the Euphrates, part of its site
being now marked by the ruins of Hillah, fifty miles S.
of Bagdad. Babil, which preserves its name, covers
the ruins of £-sagila, the temple of Marduk, the city
god, and is still 90 feet high. The Kasr contains the
ruins of Nebuchadrezzar's palace, along the E. side
of which ran the sacred procession street, decorated
with enamelled bricks representing the dragon and
the buU, down to the Ishtar gate at the S.E. comer.
The whole was enclosed within an irregular triangle
formed by two hnes of ramparts and the river, an
area of about eight square miles. The city crossed
the river to the west, where are remains of a palace
of Neriglissar. The city may have become con-
terminous in course of time with many adjoining
towns, and Herodotus ascribes to it a circuit of fifty-
five miles. The Deutsche Orientgesellschaft have been
exploring the site since 1902, and wiU doubtless
ultimately solve the many problems afforded by it.

From very early times the kings of Babylonia
wrought at the building of its temples, palaces,
fortifications, bridges and quays. Hammurabi first
raised it to be capital of aU Babylonia. Sennacherib
utterly ruined it, 689 B.C. Subsequent kings
gradually restored it, but most of its ascertained

CITIES OF AKKAD 21

remains were the work of Nebuchadrezzar. So far,
the site has not yielded much material for history.

BoRSiPPA. — The Greek form of Barsip, was a
large city and celebrated for its great temple of
JS-zida, the shrine of the city god Nabft. The ruins
of this temple and its tower are marked by the mound
of Birs-Nirarud, often identified with the tower
of Babel. It lay on the W. bank of the Euphrates,
but Nebuchadrezzar included it in his outer fortifica-
tions of Babylon. Attempts at excavation have
not yielded much. It was connected with Babylon
by a long causeway and a bridge.

KiSH was situated at the modern El Oheimer
where have been found bricks of the great temple of
Zamama, the city god. No systematic exploration
has been carried out, but native diggers have un-
earthed quantities of tablets.

Opis was not far away, on the W. bank of
the Tigris, but the site is not identified yet.
Nebuchadrezzar extended the wall of Babylon
thither, thus closing the passage between the
Euphrates and Tigris. Greek writers called it the
Median Wall.

SiPPAR was situated at the opposite end of the
Median Wall, on the Euphrates. Here have been
found the site of the famous temple of the Sun-god,
Shamash, called fibarra, known to have been rebuilt
by Nardm-Sin, and often restored by later kings. It

22 ANCIENT BABYLONIA

was partly explored by Rassam in 1881-2, and by
Scheil in 1892. Thousands of tablets were found
there, of immense value for history, especially that
of the First Dynasty. Deib, close by, also yielded
tablets to Budge in 1891. It probably extended
beyond the modem Abu Habba.

Akkad, the older Agade, probably lay near
Sippar, but is not yet identified. Kutha, the
centre of the worship of Nergal, may be some
distance N. of Kish, at Tell Ibrahim-el-Chalil, as
Nebuchadrezzar seems to have included it within
the Median Wall.

D0R-KuRiGALzu may have lain on the site of the
great mound of Aqarqflf , on the road from Bagdad
to Faluja, This has not been explored.

Nippur, the centre of the worship of EUil, the
Semitic Bel, in his temple of £-kur, " The mountain
house," was excavated^ for the Babylonian Expedi-
tion of the University of Pennsylvania in 1888-1895,
by Haynes, Hilprecht, Fisher, and others. Its
history was traced back with extraordinary com-
pleteness to the time of Sargon of Akkad. Owing
to its somewhat isolated position between N. and S.,
and its great hold on the respect of the people, it
was a repository for the votive offerings of kings
both of Sumer and Akkad. Hence it has jdelded
more material for history than any other site. It
lay at the junction of the Shatt-en-NU and Shatt-

CITIES OF SUMER 23

el-K&r, which formed " The Euphrates of Nippur."
Not far away Ues Drehem, once the cattle-market
of Nippur, whence great numbers of tablets found
by native diggers have been exported.

At the modem Bismaya, the Expedition of the
University of Chicago, under Banks, 1903-4, dis-
covered some of the earliest remains yet brought to
light, and proved that it was the ancient Adab.
The site Hes east of the Shatt-el-KAr.

Still farther S. lies the modern Jokha, the ruins
of the ancient Umma, between the Shatt-el-Hai
and the Shatt-el-Kar. No systematic excavation
has taken place yet, but native diggers have sent
thousands of tablets to Europe. It was examined
by the Germans in 1902-3.

On the other side of the Shatt-el-Hai, and much
farther S., the mounds of the modern Telloh have
been excavated since 1877 by the French, till
1900 by De Sarzec, since then by De Cros, with
splendid results. It is the site of the ancient
Shirpurla, or Lagash, one quarter of which was
called Girsu, giving the name of Ningirsu to the
city god. Owing to the thorough work done here,
we are able to reconstruct a history of the city's
fortunes as metropolis of a kingdom or under other
rule, from earliest times to the dynasty of
Larsa.

Near Telloh to the N.E., and about six miles

24 ANCIENT BABYLONIA

apart, are Surghul and El-Hibba, examined by
Koldewy in 1887. Both places afforded proof that
they were subject to the rulers of Lagash. StiU to
the south, by the Shatra marshes, TeU-Medina and
Tell-Sifr yielded interesting results to a cursory
examination by Loftus in 1854. Senkereh, on the
Shatt-el-Kar, was the ancient Lars a, also examined
by Loftus. Many tablets from native diggings have
found their way thence to Europe.

On the W. of the Shatt-el-Kar, at Warka, are the
ruins of the ancient Erech, with the temple £-anna
of the goddess Ninni. The mounds, covering an
area six miles in circumference, were examined by
Loftus in 1853. It is expected that the Deutsche
Orientgesellschaft wiU shortly excavate the site.

At Fara, excavations by Koldewey in 1902 and
by Andrae and Noldeke in 1903, revealed the site
of Shuruppak, called Shurippak in the Gilgamesh
Poem or Nimrod Epos, and there described as on the
Euphrates. It was the home of Utanapishtum, the
Babylonian Noah, or hero of the Deluge. A cursory
examination proved that a very early site had been
completely destroyed by fire. Later, native diggers
have sent many tablets to Europe.

Abu Hatab , somewhat farther N . , was also examined
by the Grermans in 1902-3, and proved to be the site
of KisuRRA. Many tablets of the Dynasty of Ur
have been found here.

THE CITY STATE 25

Two important cities lay W. of the Euphrates by
its lower course. Ur was at the modern Mugayyar,
where E. J. Taylor worked in 1854-5. It was the
Biblical Ur-Kasdim, or " Ur of the Chaldees,"
whence Hebrew tradition brought Abraham to
Haran and Palestine. Its enormous temple of Sin
or Nannar, the Moon-god, still excites the wonder of
travellers. It awaits excavation stiU.

Eridu is usually identified with the modern
Abu-Shahrain, situated on the edge of the Arabian
desert, cut off from the Euphrates by a low pebbly
sandstone ridge. Its ruins appear to rise abruptly
from the bed of an inland sea. It is founded on the
rock, and its buildings were of stone, not brick.
Its city god was £a, god of the deep, and tradition
made it the cradle of the race.

The Babylonian city, as we first know of it, or
rather as we may ideahse it from the general aspect
of it which we can reconstruct, was inhabited by a
collection of men more or less closely aUied by race,
associated for purposes of mutual protection and
convenience. It had its wall, within which were
dwellings and buildings for stores and for folding
the cattle and sheep. Outside it were meadows,
irrigated from canals, and fields used to grow com
and vegetables and to produce food for the animals.
An outer ring of lands was common pasture.

The city had its temple, that of the. local city

26 ANCIENT BABYLONIA

god. Very obscure is still the relation of the god
to the city. He rarely bears a name which has
any relation to the city name. He may have been
the god of that tribe, which once formed the nucleus
of the city folk. Anyway, there were usually
famiUes to whom belonged rights and duties in
connection with the temple, suggesting that they
were descendants of the founders of the temple and,
therefore, of the city.

The city, however, had long absorbed men of
other family, if not of other race, who brought
with them other gods. The reUgious problem, then
pre-eminently a matter of city pohtics, was to
cement these populations by conceding a satisfactory
place to new arrivals when they attained such power
as to demand recognition. The solution seems
usually to have been to construct a divine family.
The oldest of the gods, presumably the earliest city
god, became the father of the gods ; and the other
gods, in various ways formed the members of this
family. The theological systems thus worked out
were naturally different for each important city. A
god, once in a subordinate position, might become
in course of time far more important than other
more venerable gods.

Theoretically, the god was the owner of all the
city land, its helu, or " Lord." The inhabitants
were his tenants and owed him rent for the lands

THE CITY STATE 27

they occupied. The common lands were assigned
by common agreement, subject to the divine dues.
Exactly how private property in land came to exist
does not yet appear, but it would easily grow up
when the priest, who owed " the rent " for the land
he cultivated, paid it to himself as the agent of the
god who should receive it. At any rate, we early
find evidence of its existence ; it was only in
cultivated land ; pasture was common.

As the population grew by natural increase or
by the absorption of strangers, and their flocks
and herds became too great for the pastures, which
were themselves drawn upon to furnish fresh fields
reclaimed from the waste, the beasts were driven
farther afield. Then arose disputes as to grazing
rights with the neighbouring cities. Wars, which
seem to have been almost incessant and practically
became hereditary feuds, are early in evidence.

The aim of the successful combatant was to
preserve his own territory intact and to levy a
tribute on the conquered. Such conquests rarely
lasted long, but gradually success fell persistently
in one direction or another, and the kings of a city
which held this loose sort of supremacy over its
neighbours form what we may call a dynasty. It
is a dynasty of the city rather than of a i&mily,
for the successive kings may have borne no family
relation one to another.

28 ANCIENT BABYLONIA

In spite of its submission to another city, in having
to furnish a tribute in cattle, sheep, produce, corn,
or goods, a quota of men to assist its sovereign in
war or on pubUc works, and an obhgation not
to engage in war on its own account, the subject
city was autonomous. It not only kept its own
city god, but made its own internal laws, exacted
its own temple dues, import duties, etc.

The city governor, in whose time and through
whose own energy the city became supreme over
other cities, assumed the title of king. It is not
clear that even when he had conquered other cities
he always took this title. It does, however, seem
to be the rule. When subject to the supremacy
of another city, the city governor usually contented
himself with the title of patesi. That marked him
as the " steward " of his god, for whom he ad-
ministered the affairs of the city, and who was the
master to whom he was accountable. Even when
the god had triumphed through his servants over
other gods and so enabled his steward to be re-
garded as king over other cities, the king was still
patesi to his own god. Hence even kings, in their
inscriptions commemorating some act of rehgious
significance, often chose to style themselves patesi.
This title may not in such cases imply subjection
to an overlord.

CHAPTER III

EARLY RULERS IN BABYLONLA.

It seems probable that our earliest monuments
belong to the kingdoms of the North, where Kish,
Opis, Akkad, and possibly Kazallu, struggled for
supremacy. We may begin there. The lack of
systematic excavations at the sites of these Northern
cities prevents any attempt at consecutive history.
In fact, the chief witness to the existence of the
Northern powers comes from records left by their
invasions of the South.

It is generally agreed that the most ancient
historical record we possess is preserved on three
fragments of a vase of dark brown sandstone found
at Nippur, below the chambers of the great temple
of ElUl, on the S.E. side of the temple tower. This
situation and the extremely archaic nature of the
characters attest the highest antiquity. We learn
that Utug, a patesi of Kish, son of Bazuzu, had
dedicated the vase to Zamama to commemorate
the conquest of Khamazi,

A colossal macehead found at Lagash was dedi-
cated by Mesilim, king of Kish, to the city god
of Lagash when Lugal-shag-engur was its patesi.

30 ANCIENT BABYLONIA

fiannatum, a much later 'patesi of Lagash, refers
to a stele which Mesilim, king of Kish, set up to
mark the boundary between Lagash and Umma.

A vase of white stalagmite, found at Nippur,
close to the vase of Utug, was dedicated to the gods
of Nippur by Ur-Zage, king of Kish.

LuGAL-TARSi, an early king of Kish, is known
from a small lapis lazuU tablet now in the British
Museum, which records his building of a court of
the temple of Anu and Ninrii, probably at Erech,
over which he may have ruled.

It is impossible as yet to fix the order of these,
but they, like Zuzu, king of Opis, appear to have
preceded that Dynasty of Opis which the
Chronicle of Kish puts at the commencement of
its list. Here Unzi, 30 years ; Undalulu, 12 years ;
Ursag, 6 years ; Basha-Tsir, 20 years ; Ishu-il, 24
years ; and Gimil-Sin I., 7 years, form a dynasty of
eight kings whose reigns lasted 99 years, when the
supremacy in the North again passed to Kish. The
existing copy of the Chronicle of Kish places at
the head of what must be the Second Dynasty
OF Kish, the Queen Azag-Bau, and credits her with
a reign of 100 years. She was celebrated in tradi-
tion as having ruled Sumer, and hers is the only
female name ranked with the most noted rulers
of Babylonia. She had been a wine seller, and
founded the city of Kish according to some. Her

EARLY RULERS 31

son, Basha-Sin, succeeded her and reigned 25
years. His son, Ur-Zamama, reigned 6 years.
Then Zimudar reigned 30 years ; his son, Uziwatar,
6 years ; Elmuti, 11 years ; Igul-Shamash, 11 years ;
Nanizakh, 3 years ; in all eight rulers, to whom the
Chronicle gives 586 years. The explanation of
these abnormal figures is yet unknown. Then
Kish feU under the supremacy of Lugal-zaggisi,
king of Erech, to whom we shall return.

So far as these scanty indications go we see that
at a very early period the North, under its kings
of Kish, extended its rule over the South. Lack
of material still prevents our knowing whether the
South had not earlier ruled the North. We find
independent kings almost as early in the South,
where we have contemporary evidence of their
rule and contests with the North.

Lagash furnishes records which partly overlap
the story of Kish, to which it was for a time subject.
The patesi of Lagash, named Lugal-Shag-Engur
on MesiUm's mace, was a subject of that king of
Kish. Badu was, however, a king of Lagash,
who certainly preceded Ur-Nintl, and is named on
the Vulture Stele. Enkhi^g^, another king of
Lagash, known from an archaic Umestone tablet,
may be placed about this period. The ruUng
family who succeeded formed a dynasty at Lagash.

The first of them was Ur-NinI, son of Gunidu,

32 ANCIENT BABYLONIA

and grandson of Gursar. He rebuilt the wall
of Lagash, erected temples and other buildings,
dedicated statues to his gods and cut canals to
increase the prosperity of his land. Most interest-
ing are the plaques representing him in the capacity
of a labourer on the building of his god's temples,
accompanied by his family and court officials, or
engaged with them at ceremonial feasts. His
authority was acknowledged at Nippur and Eridu
as well as at Lagash.

Aktjrgai, succeeded his father, Ur-Nina, and
during his reign Lagash and Umma were at war.

Eannatum, the son of Akurgal, succeeded him.
His magnificent Vulture Stele commemorates his
victory over Umma, which had raided the fertile
plain of Gu-edin, in the territory of Lagash. After
a fierce battle, in which fiannatum claims to have
slain 3600 men, he stormed Umma. Lagash
suffered severely, but triumphed completely. Ush,
patesi of Umma, probably fell in the battle, for
Eannatum concluded peace with EnakaUi, a new
patesi. The plain of Gu-edin was ceded to Lagash,
and a deep fosse dug as a boundary between the
states. Eannatum set up a stele, with the text
of the new treaty inscribed upon it, and imposed
upon Umma a heavy tribute in grain. He was
also successful against Kish, whose king appears
upon the Vulture Stele as a captive. Elam was

PLATE I

2

DYNASTY OF UR-NINA 33

defeated and driven back to its own frontiers.
Zuzu, king of Opis, who had invaded the territory
of Lagash, was captured. Mari, a city on the
Euphrates, was defeated, Ur and Erech were con-
quered, Larsa was in his hands, Eridu owned his
rule as well as other little known but once im-
portant places. Thus Eannatum had raised
Lagash to be metropoUs of Babylonia. His reign
was also distinguished by domestic works. He did
much building at the temple of Ningirsu in Lagash
and at the temple of Ninni in Erech. He further
fortified Lagash, rebuilt parts of it, dug great
canals, made a huge reservoir, and sank wells.

Enannatum I. succeeded fiannatum, whom he
calls his beloved brother. Umma continued to
give trouble. Enakalli was followed by Ur-lumma,
his son. Each claimed the title of king. Ur-
lumma destroyed with fire the stele of Eannatum
and the shrines of the gods set up beside it, but
Enannatun\, claims to have defeated him decisively.
He built extensively at many temples in Lagash.

Entemena, son and successor of Enannatum I.,
had still to defend Lagash against Ur-lumma, the
king of Umma. He met and defeated him on the
banks of the boundary fosse, with a loss of sixty
men, followed him to Umma and slew him there.
Then he annexed Umma and set an official of his
own, one Hi, formerly patesi of Ninniesh, as ruler

0

34 ANCIENT BABYLONIA

there. Karkar had aided Ur-lumma, so Entemena
chastised it and added some of its lands to the
territory of Lagash. He erected a stela to record
his victories and serve as boundary mark between
Lagash and Umma. He left memorials at Nippur,
and ruled Eridu. He further enlarged fiannatum's
great reservoir, and extensively restored many
temples. His famous silver vase is the finest
specimen of Sumerian metal: work yet discovered.
It was dedicated for the preservation of lus life to
Ningirsu at Lagash while Dudu was priest there
He reigned twenty-nine years.

Enannattjm II., son and successor of Entemena,
is known from an inscription upon a door socket
in the great storehouse of Ningirsu at Lagash which
he restored. With him the family of Ur-Nina
seems to have come to an end.

Enetarzi succeeded Enannatum II. as patesi,
and reigned at least four years. He had been
chief priest of Ningirsu before he ascended the
throne. Lii-enna, a priest of the goddess Ninmar,
addressed a letter to him before his accession,
claiming to have defeated 600 Elamites who had
raided the district of Lagash.

Enlitarzi, who had been priest of Ningirsu in
Entemena's reign, succeeded, and reigned at least
seven years. He married Ltigunutur, whose steward
was called Shakh.

URUKAGINA'S REFORMS 35

Lfgalanda-nushuga, generally called Lugalanda,
was son of Enlitarzi, and married Barnamtarra.
He reigned at least nine years. Shakh continued
to be royal steward in his first year, and was suc-
ceeded by Eniggal.

Urukagina, who married Shagshag, reigned
one year as patesi, and at least six years as king of
Lagash. The royal steward was still Eniggal.
Urukagina was one of the most remarkable figures
in Sumerian history. He does not seem to have
been in any way related to the patesis who had
preceded him. He ascribed his elevation to power
directly to the god Ningirsu. He describes vividly
the exactions of former patesis, priests, and officials,
the oppression of the people by them, and specifies
the taxes on agriculture and the swarms of collec-
tors, spies, and predatory officials. Urukagina
aboUshed every abuse, deprived the officials of
their posts, reduced their fees, fixed fair charges,
and protected the poor and weak from oppression.
Restoring the conditions of earlier times he effected
a grand Reformation. He also was a great temple
builder and restorer, and improved the water supply
of the city. He retained ascendancy over Nippur
and Erech.

The reforms of Urukagina may have been im-
portant for the well-being of the people, but they
undoubtedly estranged the wealthy and powerful.

36 ANCIENT BABYLONIA

Where these were in power in distant parts of the
Empire — and Urukagina himself says there were
" tax collectors down to the Sea," implying that
his dominions extended far south — disaffection
doubtless led to rebeUion. Possibly also it was
not easy to replace the old officials, corrupt as
they were, with eflScient administrators. At any
rate, Lagash soon fell a prey to Umma.

How long after his accession the catastrophe
feU upon Urukagina is not yet clear. A very curious
tablet records that the men of Umma set fire to
shrine after shrine, carried away the silver and
precious stones, and shed blood in the palaces and
temples. The list of the places destroyed includes
all those on which the piety and wealth of the
patesis of Lagash had been lavished. There can
be little doubt that the whole city was sacked and
largely destroyed by fire.

It was LuGAL-ZAGGisi, patesi of Umma, who
simply had " wiped out " Lagash. Later patesis
restored the city and the temples with even greater
magnificence, but Lagash was never again the
metropohs of the South.

Dynasty of Erech. — From other sources we
know that Lugal-zaggisi was son of Ukush, patesi
of Umma. His conquests were not confined to
Lagash, but he became the founder of an empire.

The chronicle of Kish informs us that he also

KINGS OF ERECH 37

put an end to the dynasty founded there by
Azag-Bau ; "at Erech Lugal-zaggisi reigned 25
years/' Lugal-zaggisi, once patesi, then king of
Umma, was king of Erech and of Sumer, patesi of
EUil, ruled over Eridu, was lord of Larsa. He
boasts that he had conquered the lands from the
rising of the sun to the setting of the sun, from the
Lower Sea over the Euphrates and Tigris to the
Upper Sea. We may, therefore, suppose that he
had raided Syria, or at least received submission
and tribute thence. The Chronicle of Kish only
gives one king to this dynasty, and though the
kings named below had probably ruled at Erech,
it may weU be that their power in the north was
not supreme.

LuGAL-KiGUB-NiDUDU was king of Erech, Ur,
and Sumer. He dedicated a rough block of diorite
to EUil in Nippur, which Shargani-sharri after-
wards used as a door socket in the temple which
he built there.

LuGAL-KiSALSi was also king of Erech and Ur.
At a later period, Gudea, when rebuilding £-ninnu,
in Lagash, found a stele of this king and erected it
in the forecourt of the temple.

Enshagkushanna, king of Sumer, about this
time successfully raided Kish, and dedicated some
of his booty to Ellil in Nippur.

CHAPTER IV

THE DYNASTY OF AKKAD

The absence of inscriptions from the capital of the
empire ruled by this djoiasty, due to the fact that
its site has not yet been recognised or explored,
makes our information as to the early history of the
growth of power at this centre very scanty and
disconnected. We may, with good reason, ascribe
its rise to the energy imparted by the influx of a
warlike Semitic population, but its achievements
demand the assumption of much more than the
incursions of a horde of fanatic warriors. The
impression its power made upon the national
imagination was so striking that we must postulate
a long period of prosperity for the accumulation of
the necessary material resources. It cannot have
owed its sudden overwhelming supremacy to a
fortuitous combination of pohtical or economic
causes : it must have long awaited an opening before
it marched to empire ; but only as Emperors of
Babylonia do the scattered references from other
sites present us with the portrait of its mighty kings,
and that for the most part in long transmitted
tradition of much later times. Only of recent years

86

SARGON OF AKKAD 39

has contemporary evidence been available to check
what seemed almost fabulous, and to separate the
large element of historic truth from the myths
attached to early heroes of national glory. We
must await the work of the excavator for the dis-
cernment of the steps which led up to the rise of
this dynasty.

The Chronicle of Kish states that " At Akkad
Shabrukin, the gardener, warder of the temple
of Zamama, became king," after the reign of
Lugal-zaggisi of Erech. Unfortunately the figures
giving the length of his reign are broken away.
The names of the next four kings are lost, but are
plausibly restored as Manishtusu, Urumush, Naram-
Sin and Shargani-sharri, A remarkably fine monu-
ment found at Susa is engraved with sculptures
which represent a battle scene and a row of captives
brought into the presence of the king and his suite.
The king's name is SharrukIn. On the reverse,
vultures are represented feeding on the slain, and a
god clubbing the enemies entrammelled in his net.
This conquering king is very likely the founder of
the dynasty of Akkad.

Tradition has been busy with his name. As the
Assyrian king, Sharrukin II., 720-707 B.C., appears
in the Bible as Sargon, it has been usual to speak
of Sharrukin as " Sargon of Akkad." The Assyrian
scribes of the eighth century B.C. narrate a story of

40 ANCIENT BABYLONIA

his infancy. According to this legend he was the son
of a princess, a Vestal Virgin dedicated to Shamash.
He never knew his father, and his father's brother
ill-treated his mother, who gave birth to him in
secret and confided him to the mercy of the waters
in an ark pitched with pitch. He was rescued from
the river by Akki, the gardener, whose craft he
followed till the great goddess Ishtar made him her
favourite and raised him to the throne of Akkad.
His birthplace is said to have been Azupiranu.

In a collection of Omens we learn that he was
'' highly exalted and had no rival." He crossed
over the sea in the East, and in the eleventh year
subdued the whole of the Western lands, where he
set up images of himself. He crossed the sea of
the West in the third year and made conquests
there and at Dilmun, in the Persian Gulf. He
invaded Kazallu, whose king, Kashtubila, had
rebelled, devastated the land, and turned the city
into heaps of ruins. He made an expedition into
Subartu, north of Babylonia, and defeated its people
with great slaughter. In every case, he brought
back great spoil to Akkad, which he made to rival
Babylon. He also made a great city, like Akkad,
and gave it a name, which is unfortunately not
preserved, but was probably Dur-Sharrukin. Later,
all the lands revolted against him and besieged him
in Akkad. He, however, entirely subdued them,

MANISHTUSU 41

overthrew their mighty hosts, and completely re-
established his supremacy.

The later tradition makes Naram-Sin to be his
son. But it is usually supposed that Manishtusu
succeeded him. He married Ashlultum.

Manishtusu has long been known from an
inscription on a mace-head found at Sippara dedi-
cated to the goddess Nina. Another votive inscrip-
tion found at Nippur records his reverence for EUil.
But the great monument of his reign is his famous
obeUsk found at Susa, written in Semitic in sixty-
nine long columns. It forms a welcome contrast
to the story of wars, bloodshed and spoils. It
records the purchase by the king of large tracts of
land near Kish, Baz, DCir-Sin and Shittab. Each
estate is described as to size, value and position,
with the names of its owners and stewards. That
the king bought the land of his subjects speaks
highly for his respect for private ownership. Each
acre of land was paid for on a fixed scale of one
shekel of silver or cor of barley. Beside the price,
a present of money, cattle, garments or vessels, was
given to each owner bought out. A record was kept
of the owner's km who had rights of redemption
over the land. The estate had given emploj^nent
to 1564 labourers, under 87 overseers. The king
undertoolv to provide fresli occupation for the
displaced labourers. The men of Akkad were settled

42 ANCIENT BABYLONIA

on the estate, which was destined for Mesalim, the
king's son.

Two monoUths of this king found at Sippara and
a dupUcate found at Susa enable us to gather that
when the kings of thirty-two cities combined against
him he triumphed over them. That they are said
to be " this side the sea " may point to his rule
down to the Persian Gulf.

A number of statues of Manishtusu were dis-
covered at Susa, carried thither by Shutraknakhunte,
king of Elam, from Akkad and Ashnunnak.

An inscription on a singular cruciform object
preserved in the British Museum, of which a later
copy exists at Constantinople, was drawn up to
record the rebuilding and endowment of the cele-
brated Gagia or convent of the Shamash Vestals
at Sippara. It was the work of a son of Sharrukin,
who was moved to this pious deed by the favour
shown to him by Shamash when the lands left to
him by his father, Sharrukin, rebelled against him.
He conquered Anshan and Kurikhum in Elam,
captured their kings and brought them before
Shamash.

Urumush, or Rimush, is known from votive vases
found at Telloh, Sippara, and Nippur. One of the
last is stated to be part of the spoil from Elam,
which he invaded. Somewhere in that land he
conquered Abalgamash, king of Barakhsu, and

PLATE II

Stele of Naram-Sin

NARAM-SIN 43

captured his viceroy, Sidqa, between Awan and
Susa, on the river Kabnitum. He sacked the city
Asharri, and " uprooted the foundations " of
Barakhsu. In this reign occurs the earhest known
biUngual Sumerian and Semitic text, recording that
Urumush had dedicated a statue of himseK in lead
to EUil. This he states to have been the first
example of its kind. From a late collection of
Omens we learn that Urumush was put to death by
a palace sedition, but no cause is assigned.

When Nabonidus laid bare the foundation in-
scription of Naram-Sin in the temple of Shamash
at Sippara, he was inform.ed that Naram-Sin had
reigned 3200 years before his time.

The Chronicle expressly names Naram-Sin as son
of Sharrukin, and states that he marched against
Apirak, constructed mines against it, took and
captured its king, Rish-Adad, as well as its governor.
He invaded Magan and took its king, Mannudannu,
captive.

From dated tablets found at Telloh we learn, that
Naram-Sin laid the foundations of the temple of
Ellil, in Nippur, and of the temple of Irnina, in the
city Ninni-esh. On his stele, found at Susa, he
records nine victories in one year. His inscriptions
record'the conquest of Armanu and the capture of
Satuni, king of the Lulubu. A stele of victory was
erected by him close to Diarbekr, at the upper

44 ANCIENT BABYLONIA

affluents of the Tigris. We know the name of a
son, Binganisharri, of a granddaughter, Lipush-Iau,
and of a brother, Ubil-Ishtar.

Apparently he was succeeded by Shargani-
SHARRi, whose father, Itti-Eilil, may have been
an elder brother of Naram-Sin. His existence was
first made known by the publication of a magnificent
cylinder-seal of Ibni-sharru, an official in his service.
Then a mace-head, which he dedicated to Shamash
at Sippara, was discovered. At Nippur were found
brick stamps and a door socket bearing his name, and
showing that he built at the great temple of EUil
there.

At Telloh, De Sarzec unearthed a number of
tablets dated by events in this reign. We leam of
a successful repulse of an attack by Elam and
Zakhara upon Opis and Sakli. He reached Mount
Basar , in Amurru . He laid the foundations of temples
for Anunitum and Amal in Babylon. He captured
Sharlak, king of Gutium. He made expeditions to
Ereoh and Naksu.

The same tablets bear eloquent witness to the
activity of commerce throughout the Empire. Not
only were consignments of gold and silver, herds of
oxen, flocks of small cattle, sent from Lagash to
Akkad, but grain and dates came to Lagash thence.
Lagash was in continual communication with Erech,
Umma, Ninni-esh, Adab, Nippur, Kish, and Ur.

CONQUEST BY GUTIUM 45

Goods from Magan and Melukhkha on the West,
and Elani on the East, slaves from Gutium and
Amurru, the perpetual coming and going of
messengers, or even patesis, from those cities,
evidence a strong government and rich imports.
• The Chronicle of Kish next names Aba-ilu,
followed by Ili-idinnam, Imi-ilu, Nanum-sharru, and
Ilu-lugar, who together reigned 3 years. Dudu
reigned 21 years, and his son, Shuqarkib, 12. The
dynasty of twelve kings ruled for 197 years.
Supremacy then once more shifted to the South.

The II. Dynasty of Erech furnished five kings :
Ur-nigin, 3 years ; Ur-ginar, 6 years ; Kudda, 6 years ;
Basha-ili, 5 years ; Ur-Shamash, 6 years; who reigned
26 years in all. As yet we have recovered none of
their monuments. The dynasty at Erech fell, and
the rule passed to " the army of Gutium."

Conquest by Gutium. — Among the lamentations,
which the conquest of Babylonia by the Greeks
caused the inhabitants of that land to transcribe
from ancient literature, doubtless as vividly ex-
pressing their own feeUngs at the time, is one
dated in 287 B.C. It refers to the woes undergone
by Babylonia at the hands of the Quti, or men of
Gutium. Many cities were reduced to direst misery,
described in finely poetic language. Among them
are Erech, Akkad, Larak, Kharshag-kalama, Kesh,
Dunnu, Nippur, Diir-ilu, and Mash.

46 ANCIENT BABYLONIA

A date in the time of Lugal-annatum, " the year
when SiUM, king of Gutium," did some great deed,
may provisionally be placed here.

Whether we ought to speak of a dynasty of
Gutium depends somewhat upon the length of time
during which this foreign country was able to hold
sway. As yet we only know of one ruler of this
dynasty.

A king of Gutium, also of unknown date, called
Laserab, has left a ceremonial mace-head, found at
Sippara, and inscribed in Semitic.

Another ruler, Enrida-pizir, claims to be " king of
Gutium, king of the four quarters." By its style
the inscription may belong to this period, and as it
was found at Nippur this king may have ruled there.

Of yet another king, by name Sarati-gubisin,
who reigned over Umma, we may conjecture that
he too was a king of Gutium, but even that is not
certain.

CHAPTER V

LATER RULERS OF LAGASH. DYNASTIES OF
UR AND ISIN

The monuments found at Lagash give us the names
of a number of rulers whose order and connection
are quite uncertain. In the time of Naram-Sin,
Ur-£ and Ur-Babbar were patesis of Lagash, Lugal-
ushum-gal was patesi under Shargani-sharri, and
Lugal-bur was a contemporary of the dynasty.

Palaeographical considerations decide us in placing
somewhat later a number of other patesis of Lagash,
such as Basha-Mama, Ugme, and Ur-Mama, known
from inscriptions or seals giving their names and
titles. Somewhat later, Ur-Bau, also patesi of
Lagash, has left a statue and inscriptions recording
the building of temples. He also constructed
extensive irrigation works for the district of Gu-edin.
This revival may mark the recovery from the sway
of Gutium.

Ur-Bau was perhaps succeeded by Ur-gar, for
whose life a daughter of Ur-Bau dedicated a female
statuette. Nammakhani, patesi of Lagash, married
Ningandu, who, with his own mother, Nin-kagina,
daughter of Ka-azag, dedicated votive offerings for

47

48 ANCIENT BABYLONIA

his life and theirs. Ka-azag was a patesi of Lagash.
Nammakhani built several temples. Galu-Bau,
Galu-Gula, and Ur-Ninsun also were patesis about
this time.

The greatest of aU the Lagash patesis, whose
power and magnificent works rival those of any
king, was Gudea. Under his rule it is clear that
Lagash enjoyed a considerable measure of autonomy.
His monuments are by far the most numerous and
splendid of those yet unearthed at Telloh. His
inscriptions, placed upon twelve statues of black
diorite, on clay cylinders — two of great length, on
bricks, nails, vases, mace-heads, a lion, various
statuettes, plaques and cylinder-seals, form a great
mass of materials for the history of his reign. They
are chiefly concerned with his great buildings. The
magnificence with which he adorned his city is
described in a free and vivid style, and fully corro-
borated by the extensive remains already excavated.
A celebrated statue represents him as an architect,
seated with the plan of fi-ninnft, the great temple of
Ningirsu, placed upon his knees. For his buildings
he laid under contribution a remarkably wide range
of countries. Cedar beams, fifty or sixty cubits
long, were brought from the Amanus range. From
Umanu, a mountain of Menna, and from BasaUu in
Amurru, he procured blocks of stone for his stelae.
From Tidanum, a mountain in Amurru, he had

PLATE III

Statue of Gudea

GUDEA 46

marble sent. His copper came from Kagalad, a
mountain in Kimash. From Melukha he obtained
wood, and gold dust from Khakhu. Asphalt came
from Madga, and fine stone from Barship on the
Euphrates was carried down in great boats.

The Ust gives a vivid picture of the commercial
connections of Lagash with Syria, Arabia, and
Elam. Gudea states that his god, Ningirsu, had
opened the ways for him from the Upper to the
Lower Sea, i.e. from the Mediterranean to the
Persian GuK.

Gudea was a son-in-law of Ur-Bau.

From dated tablets we learn that Gudea was
succeeded by his son, Ue-Ningirsu. He has left a
ceremonial mace-head dedicated to Ningirsu, which
states his father to have been Gudea, and himself
to have been potest of Lagash. He extensively
rebuilt the temple fi-ninnii and other buildings
in Lagash. He reigned at least three years.

Dynasty of Ur. — It is not clear what led Ur
to disentangle itself from the debris of fallen states
and gradually assume the supremacy over the
whole of the South, but the enfeeblement of the
older kingdoms by the invaders from Gutium and
the influx of Semitic folk may weU have assisted.
At any rate the Semites rose to high position in the
service of the Sumerian rulers.

Ur-Engur, first king of the dynasty, reigned

60 ANCIENT BABYLONIA

eighteen years. Starting as king of Ur, he soon
annexed Erech, Larsa, Lagash, and Nippur. At
Ur he rebuilt the temple of Nannar the Moon-god,
and repaired the city wall. At Erech he rebuilt
the temple of Ninni and installed his own son as
high priest. At Larsa he rebuilt the temple of the
Sun-god. At Nippur he rebuilt the great temple
of EUil. At Lagash he dug a canal in honour of
Nannar of Ur to serve as a boundary ditch. He
claims to have administered justice in accordance
with the laws of Shamash. So far his reign was
peacefully employed in gathering resources and
consoUdation. One note of aggression Ues in the
year-name, " in which Ur-Engur the king went
from the lower to the upper country." It may
point to a royal progress to receive the submission
of the North, or may hint at conquest.

DuNGi, son of Ur-Engur, succeeded him on the
throne. A late Babylonian Chronicle states that
Dungi sacked Babylon and carried off the treasures
of £-sagila. This event may have fallen before
his thirteenth year. The Date-hst will furnish the
skeleton of his annals. In the thirteenth year the
foundation of the temple of Ninib was laid, probably
in Nippur. In his sixteenth the procession Bark
of Ninlil, goddess of Nippur, was repaired. In his
seventeenth year Dungi installed Nannar in his
temple at Karzida, near Nippur. Next year a

DUNGI 61

royal palace seems to have been completed. So
far Dungi appears to have chiefly concerned him
self with Nippur. In his nineteenth year, Kadi,
the city god of Dur-ilu, was installed in his temple
there. Next year the city god of Kazallu was
similarly restored to his temple. In his twenty-
first year another royal residence was completed.
Next year Nannar of Nippur was installed in his
temple. In his twenty- third year the high priest
of Anna was designated by an oracle to be high
priest of Nannar in Nippur. Thus Dungi united
in his own person two of the highest priestly
dignities in the land. In his twenty-fourth year
the nuptial couch for NinUl, goddess of Nippur,
was constructed, and next year Dungi became
high priest of Ur, thus carrying on his pohcy of
centralisation. In his twenty-sixth a very re-
markable step was taken. Dungi 's daughter,
Niugmidashu, was exalted to be lady of Markhashi.
This district is thought to have lain in Elam, but
may be Mar'ash, in Northern Syria. She is
apparently sole ruler over her district. Next year
the city Ubara was restored. The date of the
twenty-eighth year records that the men of Ur
were enrolled as long-bow archers. In the twenty-
ninth year the god Ninib became patesi of Ellil.
Although Nippur had its patesis in the early part
of the reign, it was a stroke of genius to replace

52 ANCIENT BABYLONIA

the human pcUesi by the war-god Ninib. Next
year Ellil and Nmhl were again honoured.

So far we have watched Dungi's masterly pohcy
of consohdation and concUiation. Now, secure at
home, he set out on a career of conquest. In his
thirty-fourth year Gankhar, in Elam, was raided.
Next year Simurum was attacked and again the
year after. Kharshi was raided in his thirty-seventh
year. Then Dungi was made High Priest of Eridu.

In the Babylonian Chronicle K 1 we are told that
Dungi cared greatly for Eridu, which still lay on
the sea. His own inscriptions mention his build-
ing at the temple of Enki there.

Again Dungi turned his attention to Elam. In
his fortieth year the patesi of Anshan married the
king's daughter. Next year Gankhar was raided
again. The attack was repeated next year, and
Simurum was raided a third time. In the forty-
fourth year Anshan was raided. In the forty-
sixth year Nannar of Karzida was installed the
second time. Dungi next built the wall Bad-
mada. In the forty-ninth a temple of Dagan was
built, possibly at Drehem, the chief cattle-market
of Nippur.

After this period of recuperation Dungi raided
Shashru, in Elam, in the fifty-second year. Next
year the Crown Prince was the High Priest of
Nannar. In the fifty-fourth year Simurum and

DUNGI 63

Lulubum were raided for the ninth time. Next
year Urbillum was raided, and with it Simurum,
Lulubum, and Gankhar were again attacked. In
the fifty-sixth year Kimash, Khumurti and their
lands were ravaged. No new event is recorded
next year, but in the fifty-eighth year Kharshi,
Khumurti, and Kimash were raided.

From his own inscriptions we learn further that
he was a great builder. The temple of Nergal at
Kutha, the temple of Ninni at Erech, the temple
of Nannar at Ur, were rebuilt or enlarged by him.
The great wall of Erech, two ro3^al palaces at
Ur, the temple at Lagash, and temples of Nin^
and Nin-mar there were built. He introduced
standards of weight ; examples have been found
which state that they had been tested in the weigh-
house of Nannar at Ur, in his time.

Bur-Sin, Gimil-EUil, Nadi and Ursin are known
as his sons, and two daughters, Shat-Sin and Niug-
midashu.

Dungi was succeeded by his son, Bur-Sin I.,
who reigned nine years. In his second year he
raided Urbillum. In his third year he honoured
Nippur by making a great throne for Ellil. Next
year the exalted High Priest of Anna, Bur-Sin,
was invested High Priest of Nannar, and the year
following High Priest of the great Sanctuary of
Inuina. In his sixth year Shashru was raided,

54 ANCIENT BABYLONIA

in the seventh year Khukhnuri was raided. Next
year Bur-Sin was made High Priest of Eridii, and
the year following High Priest of Nannar of
Karzida.

From his own inscriptions we know that he added
to the great temple fikur in Nippur, built a store-
house there, added to the temple of Nannar at Ur,
improved that of Enki at Eridu, and rebuilt part
of the temple of Ninni at Erech, His reign over
Susa is attested by documents dated in his reign.
From Drehem we learn that in his fourth year he
had raided Shashru and Shurutkhu, and in his
seventh destroyed the cities Bibrabium and
Jabrum.

Gimil-Sin, Gimil-Ishtar, and Dungi-rama were
his sons.

GiMiL-SiN II., his son, succeeded Bflr-Sin, and
reigned nine years. In his second year the Bark
of the " Antelope of the Deep," a title of Enki of
Eridu, was made. Next year he raided Simanum,
in Elam. In his fourth year he built the B^d-
Martu, or " Wall of the West," called Muriq-Tidnim
or " Warden of the Tidnim." In his sixth year
a great stela was erected to the honour of EUil.
In the seventh year the land of ZabshaU was raided.
We also know that during this dynasty the daughter
of the king of Ur, called Tukin-khatti-migrisha,
married a patesi of Zabshali. Next year a great

KINGS OF UR 66

bark was built for Ellil and Ninlil. In the ninth
year he built a temple for the city god of Umma.
From his own inscriptions we further learn that he
built a temple for Nannar at Ur. Lugal-magurri,
patesi of Ur and commander of its fortress, built
a temple there for the worship of Gimil-Sin himself.
A brick of his was found at Susa.

Gimil-Sin was succeeded by his son, Ibi-Sin,
who reigned twenty-five years. An Omen tablet
states that he was carried captive to Anshan. We
may conclude that an Elamite invasion put an end
to the dynasty of Ur. It may have been the same
invasion as that in which Kudur-nankhundi, king
of Elam, carried off the image of the goddess Nana
from Erech, which Ashur-banipal restored after
his capture of Susa about 650 B.C. The Assyrian
king reckoned that it had been captive for 1635
years. This would place the fall of this Dynasty
of Ur 2285 B.C. From dated documents we know
that Ibi-Sin had raided Elam, attacking Simurum.

Ibi-Sln left a son, Nitamu, but the supremacy
passed to Isin after his father's death, and he never
reigned. We also know of Ur-Ninsun, Nabi-Sin,
and Nabi-EUil as king's sons, but not which king
was father of any one of them.

The thousands of commercial documents, temple
accounts, cyhnder-seals, and smaller inscriptions
from the ancient cities of Lagash, Umma, Nippur,

66 ANCIENT BABYLONIA

Drehein, and far off Susa, which have been edited
of late years, throw considerable hght upon the
extent of territory ruled by the kings of Ur at this
period. Most of the cities under their rule were
governed by patesis, and we have recovered the
names of many of these rulers. As the list
approaches completion we may obtain data for
marking the spread of Semitic influence. Far from
the population being predominently Sumerian
in the South, we witness the rise of Semites to the
highest offices, even in the very homes of Sumerian
culture and language.

A most striking example is Warad-Nannar,
who, as early as the fifty-seventh year of Dungi,
was sukkal-makh, or Grand Vizier and patesi of
Lagash. His own Semitic inscriptions state that
he also became priest of Enki at Eridu ; viceroy of
Uzargashana, Bashime, Timat-EUil, Urbillum, and
Nishar ; patesi of Sabum, Al-Gimil-Sin, Hannah
and Gankhar ; regent of the Sii folk and of Kardaka,
but still the humble servant of Gimil-Sin. At Lagash
he built largely at the temple of Girsu. His power
lasted into the third year of Ibi-Sin. His father,
Urdunpa6, and his grandfather, Lani, both Su-
merians, had been Grand Viziers before him, as he
was under four kings of the dynasty. He claimed
to have conquered Khamazi.

These documents further show the perpetual

DYNASTY OF ISIN 67

interchange of products and goods between the
cities of the Empire down to Dilmun in the Persian
Gulf and up to Mari, high on the Euphrates. The
so-called Cappadocian tablets, about which so many
speculations have been indulged, prove to be dated
in the reign of Ibi-Sin, king of Ur. The language
then written, and probably also spoken, in Cap-
padocia was Semitic Babylonian. The style of
writing persisted there till it was adopted by the
Hittites of the fifteenth century B.C., and used in
their correspondence with Assyria, Babylonia, and
Eg3rpt, We have then to conclude that the kings
of Ur not only fetched cedar and other products
from the Lebanon, but ruled far into Asia Minor
itself.

Dynasty of Isin. — Isin is frequently mentioned
as subject to the kings of Ur ; and it probably
suffered the same fate. The revival of power after
the Elamite invasion is marked by the rise of a new
dynasty, largely Semitic in its complexion. We
have seen reason to suspect that the ruling class in
Elam was now largely Semitic.

The dynastic list from Nippur gives the dynasty
of Isin as sixteen kings who reigned in all 225 years.
Their bond of union is that Isin continued to be
the capital for that period, but there were at least
two breaks in the succession.

The first king, Ishbi-Ubra, reigned thirty- two

68 ANCIENT BABYLONIA

years. An Omen text speaks of him as " a king
without rivals." His son, Gimil-ilishu, reigned
ten years. Idin-Dagan, his son, reigned twenty-
one years. A fragmentary inscription found at
Sippara suggests that his rule included the North.
A contemporary hymn shows that he built at
Nippur. Another hymn from Sippara is addressed
to him as a god. His son, Ishme-Dagan, succeeded,
and reigned twenty years. A brick found at Ur
gives his titles as King of Isin, Sumer and Akkad,
Lord of Erech, benefactor of Ur, Nippur and Eridu.
Numerous bricks found at Nippur attest his build-
ings there. Libit-Ishtar, his son, reigned eleven
years and bore the same titles as his father.

In the time of Libit-Ishtar, or on his death, Ur
appears to have thrown ofif the yoke of Isin and
combined with Larsa to form an independent
kingdom. A brother of his, Enannatum III.,
High Priest of Sin at Ur, for the preservation of
his life and that of Gungunu, king of Ur, rebuilt
the temple of Shamash at Larsa, doubtless de-
stroyed [in the Elamite invasion. Now Gungunu
himself rebuilt the great wall of Larsa, and claimed
to be king of Larsa, Sumer, and Akkad. At this
time Isin must have ceased to be capital of Baby-
lonia. The death of Gungunu is used to date a
tablet from Larsa. Itwas long believed that
Gungunu preceded Ur-Engur, and hence that ruler's

DYNASTY OF ISIN 59

dynasty was called the second dynasty of Ur.
Another early king of Ur, Sumu-ilu, may have
reigned about this time. Abba-dugga, son of
Urukagina II., dedicated a steatite dog to the
goddess of Isin for Sumu-ilu's life. The name of
Sumu-ilu suggests Amorite affinities.

The dynastic list, however, does not name either
Gungunu or Sumu-ilu, but passes directly to the
next king of Isin, without at all suggesting any
interval. Ur-Ninib, whom it names next, reigned
twenty-eight years. He does not seem to have
been related to the family which had governed Isin
for ninety-four years. He claims to be king of Isin,
Sumer and Akkad, Lord of Erech, benefactor of
Nippur, Ur and Eridu. He had then won back his
predecessors' kingdom. His son, Bur-Sin II,,
succeeded him, and reigned twenty-one years, with
the same titles as his father. He built the wall
of Isin. His son, Iter-bXsha succeeded, and
reigned five years. He seems to have died without
issue, for his brother, Urra-imitti, succeeded him,
and reigned seven years. A late Babylonian
Chronicle K 1 relates that, having no issue, he
nominated EUil-bani, his gardener, to succeed him.
After placing the crown on Ellil-bani's head, he
died an obscure death, whether by accident or
treachery is not clear. In the History of Agathias
the story is told of Beleous and Beletaras, supposed

60 ANCIENT BABYLONIA

to be Assyrian kings. Sm-iKiSHA disputed the
succession, and held the throne for six months. He
named one year as that in which he made an image
of gold and silver for Shamash. Ellil-bani, " the
gardener," succeeded after Sin-ikisha's suppression,
and reigned twenty-four years. An inscription
of his puts his benefits to Nippur in the first place,
which, as well as his name, suggests a connection
with that city. His titles imply rule over Isin,
Sumer and Akkad, Erech, Nippur and Ur. He
built a great wall at Isin, called after himself.

The next king, Zambia, reigned for three years,
but apparently was no connection of Ellil-bani's.
Two kings followed, whose names are not yet re-
covered with certainty, and reigned five and four
years respectively.

Sm-MAom reigned eleven years. He ruled over
Babylon, where he dedicated a votive offering.
He was king of Isin, Sumer and Akkad. Some
think that his omission of Ur was due to the fact
that it had again become independent under
Sumu-ilu.

Damki-ilishu I., his son, reigned twenty-three
years. Damki-ilishu built a wall of Isin, and his
rule was perhaps acknowledged in Sippara. He
also built the temple of Shamash in Babylon, and
ruled at Nippur. At any rate, in the beginning of
his reign, he still ruled both North and South Baby-

THE AMORITES 61

Ionia, and claimed to be king of Sumer and Akkad.
Simmash-shipak later claimed descent from him.

The capture of Isin by Sin-mubalHt in his seven-
teenth year is thought by some to have put an
end to this dynasty. Rim-Sin, king of Larsa, also
captured Isin, and his capture was so noteworthy
that an era was dated by it. Assuming that the
end of the Isin era of thirty years coincided with
the thirty-first year of Hammurabi, Isin may have
fallen as a dynasty about the beginning of his
reign. The question, however, is stiU most ob-
scure ; and the end of this dynasty may really have
preceded the rise of the First Dynasty of Babylon.

The Amorites, or AmurrCi people as they called
themselves, were a branch of the West Semites,
who had for a long time been setthng in Babylonia.
It is generally believed that they had already
possessed themselves of great parts of Syria and
Palestine, where Hebrew tradition records their
presence. It is by no means certain that those
who settled in Babylonia arrived there from the
West through Mesopotamia. They may have
been a branch who came into Babylonia while their
brethren settled in the West. At any rate Hebrew
tradition represents Abraham as migrating from
Babylonia to the West, doubtless under pressure
of the Elamite invasion of the South,

It was in the North that the Amorites succeeded

62 ANCIENT BABYLONIA

in gaining supremacy, and infused such energy as
to lead to the rise of the powerful empire of Babylon
over both Sumer and Akkad. It is clear that the
Amorites had made a great impression on the
South under the kings of Ur and Isin, if they did
not actually furnish several kings of the latter
dynasty. But in the North the Semite was
already predominant, and fusion was more imme-
diate and complete.

Before the rise to power of the First Dynasty of
Babylon, affairs in the North had been very un-
settled. Perhaps the triumphs of the South had
weakened the city states, and when the Elamite
invasion broke the power of Isin and placed the sons
of Kudur-Mabug on the throne of Larsa, the North
was no longer united by a strong over-lord. At
any rate we find independent kings at Kish and
Sippara contemporary with the first kings of Baby-
lon, Sumu-abu and Sumu-la-ilu. We cannot yet
disentangle the chronology, but starting with Kish
we note the rise of Amorites there.

AsHDUNi-EEiM, king of ELish, has left a small
clay cone, now in the Louvre, written in Semitic,
which narrates that when the four quarters of the
world revolted, he fought without success against
the enemies for eight years until his own army was
reduced to 300 men. Then Zamama, his lord, and
Ninni, his lady, came to his succour, and in forty

KINGS OF KISH 63

days he subdued the land of the foe. Then he
rebuilt the great wall of Kish. We may assume
that he had succeeded to a wide kingdom, but
except by style and script we cannot date him, nor
do we know who was his obstinate foe. Possibly
the Amorite invaders, possibly Rim-Anum ; and
he may be even earlier.

A Third Dynasty op Kish overlapped the First
Dynasty of Babylon. At present only a few kings
are known, and they only from contracts dated at
Kish in their reigns. When they use the same
year-names as Sumu-abu or Sumu-la-ilu we may
suppose them vassals of these kings of Babylon,
but when they use dates commemorating their
own deeds, they surely claimed independence.
They may be subject to the kings of Kazallu.

Khalium dug the canal Me-Ellil, and reigned at
least three years before Sumu-abu's third year.

SuMU-DiTANA built the walls of Ma and Karash,
and reigned at least three years. A later king,
Japium, records his death, so probably he was
deposed.

MananI used his own dates for seven years.
He came to the throne later than the third year
of Sumu-abu, and made a tambourine or drum
for the temple of Nannar of Ur, whose worship
seems to have been imported into Kish. He also
honoured Shamash, and set up a great bronze statue

64 ANCIENT BABYLONIA

of himself. Later he uses a dating which ascribes
the conquest of Kazallu to Sumu-abu. This
took place in that king's thirteenth year when
MananA, must have been an ally or vassal. As his
name occurs as co-regent with Japium that king
must have immediately succeeded him.

Japium set up a bronze statue of himself, dedi-
cated a crown for his god, dug a canal for Kish,
made a tambourine for Zamama, each in a separate
year, and chose his own dates for nine years at
least. He reigned stQl as a vassal in the fifth year
of Sumu-la-Uu, who captured Kish in his thirteenth
year. Alisadu appears to have ruled along with
him at the end of his reign, and so may be his im-
mediate successor. Manium was also one of the
kings of this dynasty, but it is not possible yet to
assign him a position. It was long ago pointed
out that several kings, reigning at Sippara, were
contemporaries of the kings of the First Dynasty
of Babylon.

BuNUTAKHTUNLLA bore the title of king and used
his own date formula at one time. Later he is
associated with Sumu-la-ilu as ally or vassal.

Immerum was also associated with Sumu-la-ilu.
Yet he used his own dates, from which we learn
that he honoured Shamash and dug the Ashukhu
canal. He has been identified with Nftr-Adad of
Larsa, but this can hardly be the case.

KINGS OF THE SOUTH 66

Ilu-ma-ila I. was a contemporary of both Sumu-
la-ilu and his son, Apil-Sin, He seems to have been
a mere puppet, and must not be confused with the
first king of the Sealand.

Naram-Sin II. ruled about this period, probably
independently, and built a shrine for his god ; but
it is stiU impossible to assign him a date.

Manabaltel also ruled some city in the North
about this time, but no more is known of him.

In the South we have an equally difficult task to
arrange the rulers before the First Dynasty ex-
tended its sway over that area.

RIm-Anum reigned at least eight years as a great
conqueror. In one year-name he commemorates
the capture of Erech and its people ; in another
that of Emutbalum : on a tablet, for long the
only record of his existence, he enumerates his
conquests as Emutbalum, Ashnunnak, Isin, and
Kazallu. The text, written in Sumerian, may be
only a year-name, but it would be a surprising
record of conquest for one year. Many tablets
dated in his reign are concerned with slaves, ob-
viously captives in war. Many of these were
Asiru, who bear West Semitic names and were under
a separate overseer. These people also appear in
inscriptions of Sin-muballit, and Pukhia, king of
Khurshitu, near the Aksu, a tributary of the Adhem,
was of their race. The Amurrfi also often occur

66 ANCIENT BABYLONIA

and had a separate overseer. The captives came
from Babylon, Isin, Sarabi, Siiri, Ashnunnak,
Gutium, Sippar, Kar-Shamash, Larsa, £l-abba,
Karab, Kisurra, and Kish. Some of the slaves he
retained, others were sent back to their homes.
We must regard him then as a great conqueror,
and there is not room for his operations after the
First Dynasty came into power. The records aU
come from Kish, where he certainly ruled, but which
of the cities above enumerated was his capital does
not appear.

A number of kings ruled at Larsa and Ur. We
have noticed Gungunum and Sumu-ilu.

The explorations of W. K. Loftus in 1853 at the
mounds of Warka, the ancient Erech, and at Senkereh,
the ancient Larsa, have been already noted. He
sent a few workmen across the Shatt-el-Kar to
explore the mounds of Tell-Sifr. They discovered
over a hundred well-preserved unbaked clay
tablets, now in the British Museum. Being still
in their clay envelopes these excited great interest
at the time. They were dated in the reigns of
Hammurabi, Samsu-iluna, Rim-Sin, Nfic-Adad
and Sin-idinnam. They were records of the business
of one family which grew from small beginnings to
be large estate owners. These kings must there-
fore be closely related in date. Some of them have
left monuments of their own. These so-called

THE WARKA TABLETS 67

Warka tablets have proved most valuable material
for history. They fix the following sequence of
kings : —

N^R-ADAD, on a votive cone, caUs himself king
of Larsa and shepherd of Ur. He built an annex
to the great temple of the Moon-god at Ur. He
further made a throne for Shamash at Larsa, and
reigned at least five years. His son gives him the
title king of Sumer and Akkad.

SiN-iDiNNAM, his son, succeeded as king of Larsa,
Sumer and Akkad. He claimed rule over Ur.
He dug out the Tigris canal, built D(ir-gurgurri,
a great fortress on it. He boasted of his victory
over aU his foes ; built temples at Larsa, Ur, Adab ;
and a great wall at Mashgan-shabri. He reigned
at least six years. No long interval can have
separated his reign from that of Rim-Sin.

Kudur-Mabug, son of Shimti-Shilkhak, who
both bear Elamite names, calls himself " overseer
of the Amurrd." It is clear that an Elamite in-
vasion had placed this ruler of Emutbalum, once
conquered by Rim-Anum, over the whole South.
He claims to have rebuilt at Ur the same annex
of the Moon-god temple which Nflr-Adad had
erected. This was done for his own life and for
that of Warad-Sin, his son, whom he calls king of
Larsa.

Warad-Sin himself adopts the old style of Nftr

68 ANCIENT BABYLONIA

Adad and Sin-idinnam, " king of Larsa, king of
Sumer and Akkad who cares for Ur." While his
father seems to have retired to his ancestral do-
mains, Warad-Sin built a great wall at Ur, temples
at Nippur, Ur, Larsa, Eridu, Girsu, Lagash,
Khallab and other cities, usually for his father's
Hfe as well as his own. He must have reigned at
least four years. He may be the Eri-aku of the
Kudurlakhamar Legends and the Biblical Arioch
of Grenesis xiv.

R!M-SrN was also son of Kudur-Mabug and
brother of Warad-Sin. In his early inscriptions
he speaks of his father as stiU aUve. He was then
prince of Nippur, protector of Ur, king of Larsa,
king of Sumer and Akkad, while his father was
ruler of Emutbalum. He soon was able to extend
his power. Sin-mubaUit, in his fourteenth year,
defeated the army of Ur, doubtless led by Rim-
Sin, and in his seventeenth year captured the city
of Isin. Here he probably left Damki-ilishu, the
last king of the Isin dynasty, as a vassal. Soon
after, perhaps at Sin-mubaUit's death, Rim-Sin was
able to capture Isin, and for a long while, thirty
years at least, the South of Babylonia continued to
date by anniversaries of its fall. His rule was
acknowledged at Larsa, Lagash, Nippur, Erech,
in this period. Hammurabi does not seem to have
crossed swords with Rim-Sin all this while, but in

PLATE IV

Votive Figure of Warad-Sin

REIGN OF RIM-Sm 69

his thirtieth year Hammurabi repelled an Elamite
attack. Whether Rim-Sin sided with the Elamites
or was Aveakened by them is not clear, but next
year Hammurabi signally defeated Rim-Sin, whom
he styles simply king of Emutbalum. Gradually the
whole of Rim-Sin's dominions fell into the hands
of Hammurabi. Samsu-iluna retained possession
of the South till his eighth year, but the invasion
of Babylonia by the Kassites next year evidently
gave Rim-Sin an opportunity of which he made
good use. In his tenth year Samsu-iluna defeated
Rim-Sin and his aUies, the Idamaraz, capturing
Emutbalum as well as Erech and Isin. According
to Chronicle K 1, Samsu-iluna put Rim-Sin to death
at this time. Many identify Rim-Sin with Arioch.
Beside his Isin era of thirty years Rim-Sin used
the old method of dating for at least eight years,
one or two of which fall after the eighth year of
Samsu-iluna, but six must fall before the reign of
Hammurabi. He can hardly then have reigned
less than fifty-nine j'-ears in all. These year-names
cannot be arranged chronologically with any
certainty. He dug out the Euphrates bed, doubt-
less near Nippur, to the South. He cleared the course
of the Tigris, or possibly the Shatt-el-Hai, down to
the sea coast. He brought into the temple of the
Sun-god at Larsa two bronze images representing
himself in the attitude of worship. He restored

70 ANCIENT BABYLONIA

the temple of Ea at Ur. He further dug a canal
at Nippur. These five events probably mark five
years before the conquest of Isin. The year when
he smote down with his mace the army of Erech,
the year when he captured Kisurra and destroyed
Dftr-ilu, and the year when he captured Nazarum
and destroyed the walls of Asida may belong to
the revival of his power in the South, but more
hkely to his earher campaigns. During his power
in the South he was an active restorer of temples
and city walls. He married Simti-Ninni, daughter
of Warad-Nannar.

We have passed in review the kingdoms which
were partly contemporary with the great First
DjTiasty of Babylon, to which we now turn as the
rival that finally conquered and absorbed them aU.
So doing it came in contact with the rising power
of the Sealand kings, whom we shall meet later.

Although these kings of the South had arrogated
to themselves the proud title of kings of Suraer and
Akkad, the latter was clearly an empty title, since
Rim-Anum's time, for there can have been little
power in their hands in the North.

CHAPTER VI

THE FIRST DYNASTY OF BABYLON

This name was early given, because the Babylonian
Lists of Kings began with this dynast}^ and it was
there described as "of Babylon." The lists of
year-names, as well as the Kings' Lists, attest the
presence at its head of one Sumu-abum, whom we
may regard as having founded the dynasty. While
the throne descended from father to son after him,
the later kings merely claim descent from his
successor, Sumu-la-ilu, and that king appears to
have been no relation of his.

If Sumu-abum was the victorious chief of an
invading swarm of Amorites we have as yet no
record of his conquest of Babylon. We know
nothing of the kings of Babylon who preceded him.
We have seen that men of his own race had formed
a kingdom at Kish, and with them he warred. It
seems that in a still obscure period the Amorites had
swarmed into Northern Babylonia, deposed the
local princes, sporadically founded new dynasties.
Among these, Sumu-abum, by his own talents or
by the larger number of Amorites under command,
forced Babylon into predominance over its neigh-

71

72 ANCIENT BABYLONIA

hours. How far the resources it akeady possessed
had fitted it for this position, we do not know.

It is practically certain that Babylon did not
become the metropolis of the empire by accident,
nor did the Amorite dynasty arise by magic, but
the history which explains its rise is as yet without
record, and we must take up the story where we can
read it in the inscriptions that have come down to
us.

We are almost entirely dependent ipon the date
list for our knowledge of Sumu-abum's reign. From
Chronicle K 1 we learn that Sumu-abum warred
with Ilu-shumma, king of Assyria.

In his third year he built the wall of the city
Kibalbarru, near Babylon. Next year the temple
of Ninisinna was built there. Next year a temple of
Nannar was built, probably in Babylon. In the eighth
year a great door of cedar was made for this temple.

In his ninth year the wall of Dilbat was built. In
his tenth and eleventh years the dedication of a
crown of gold for the god lau of Kish served as
year-name. Next year a garden for the gods was
constructed. So far the reign appears to have been
one of peaceful organisation and consoUdation.

In the thirteenth year, however, war broke out,
and Kazallu was raided. This event seems to have
been commemorated also at Kish under its local
king, but it is ascribed to Sumu-abum.

SUMU-LA-ILU 73

That Sumu-abum's contest with Assyria termin-
ated favourably is probable, and Sumu-la-ilu seems
to have remained in Assyrian tradition as Sulili,
whose kingdom was " very early." It is probable,
then, that Sumu-la-ilu was over-lord of Assyria,
though it is not named in his reign.

He commenced his reign with the excavation of
a canal called the Shamash-khegallu. In his third
year a certain Khalambft " was defeated." In his
fifth year the great wall of Babylon was built. The
seventh, eighth, and ninth years commemorated the
building of a temple of Adad. In his tenth year he
destroyed Dunnum, and his sway was acknowledged
at Lagash. In his twelfth year the canal, Nar-Sumu-
la-ilu, was dug out. The next five years are dated
after his capture of Kish. This was undoubtedly a
great event, for the older kings of Kish had been
over-lords of real empires.

In the eighteenth year lakhzcr-ilu abandoned
Kazallu. Next year the wall of the god lau, at
Kish, was destroyed. Kazallu was now at the mercy
of Sumu-la-ilu, and in his twentieth year he destroyed
its wall and slew its people. In the twenty-second
year a throne adorned with gold and silver was made
for the shrine of Marduk. Marduk's consort,
Zarpanit, was next presented with her image.
Then in the twenty-fifth year lakhzer-ilu of Kazallu
was slain. Next year the images of Ninni and Nana

74 ANCIENT BABYLONIA

were made. In the twenty-seventh year the wall
of Kutha and its temple tower, which had been
destroyed, were rebuilt. In his twenty-eighth year
Sumu-la-ilu entered Borsippa. The next year he
built the wall of Sippara. In the thirtieth year the
great temple of Zamama, at Kish, was rebuUt. These
were great advances to have made towards the
consoUdation of the empire.

Unfortunately the date lists furnish no further
certain information. Sumu-la-ilu reigned thirty-
six years.

Sumu-la-ilu was succeeded by his son, Zabium.
In the beginning of his reign he built the wall of
Kar-Shamash, on the Euphrates. In his eighth
year he built the great temple of fl-babbar for the
Sun-god at Sippara. Nabonidus records the finding
of his foundation-stone there.

Next year the temple of Ibi-Anum, at Kish, was
restored. Then fisagila was rebuilt. In his eleventh
year he made a golden image of himself for the
temple of the Sun at Sippara. Kazalhi was clearly
in his possession, for he rebuilt its wall in his twelfth
year. Next year he dug a canal called the Aabba-
khegal. His short reign of fourteen years seems to
have been without warlike operations, but he was
acknowledged king at Lagash in his eleventh
year.

Zabium was succeeded by his son, Apil-Sin. In

APIL-SIN AND SIN-MUBALLIT 75

his first year this king rebuilt the wall of Borsippa.
In his second year he built a new great wall for
Babylon. Next year a throne adorned with gold
and silver was constructed for the shrine of Shamash.
In his fourth year he dug out the canal called Nar-
Sumudari. In his fifth year Apil-Sin built the wall
of Dftr-miiti. Next year he renewed the great
temple of N^rgal at Kutha, A throne for Shamash
was next made, perhaps for Sippara. This was
followed by a throne adorned with gold and silver.
A temple to be the dwelUng of Ishtar of Babylon
and the temple, £-tur-kalamma, were built. In the
sixteenth year the great eastern gate of Babylon
was made, followed next year by a throne for the
shrine of Shamash of Babylon.

Apil-Sin was succeeded by his son, Sin-muballit,
who in his first year built the wall of Rubatum. It
seems probable that B61-dabi, the vassal king of
Assyria, and his wife, possibly a Babylonian princess,
visited Babylon this year. In the next year the
canal, Nar-Sin-muballit, was dug out. Next year an
altar of incense of gold and precious stones was made
for Shamash. In his fifth year a shrine was made.
The wall for the temple tower was next made. In
the eighth year a canal called the Aia-kh^g.41 was
dug. In the tenth year Sin-muballit built the wall
which bore his name. In the eleventh and twelfth
years Karkar and Marad were waUed. These

76 ANCIENT BABYLONIA

towns lay on the west of the Euphrates, south of
Borsippa. In the thirteenth year the canal called
the Tutu-kh6g<41 was dug.

Babylonia had been peacefully developing, and
now Sin-mubaUit set out on a career of conquest
which laid the foundations of an empire. In the
South, Rim-Sin had put garrisons in the chief towns
and made Larsa his capital. When, therefore, the
date hsts record for the fourteenth year of Sin-
mubaUit that the army of Ur was crushed, we must
suppose that Rim-Sin suffered a defeat. It was
followed by the building of the wall of Nanga, and
then by the dedication of a throne for the shrine of
Nergal as king of Kutha. In the seventeenth year
the city of Isin was taken.

In his eighteenth year Sin-mubaUit built the wall
of Bazu, on the west of the Tigris, not far from
Bagdad. Next year was marked by some dedication
to the gods Sham ash and Adad. It seems hkely
that the twentieth year was notable for a defeat of
the army of Larsa, but some authorities put this
without question as a variant of the defeat of the
army of Ur in the fourteenth year.

Sin-muballit was succeeded by his son, Hammurabi,
the most celebrated king of Babylon who ever lived.
He is usuallj' identified with Amraphel, king of Shinar,
named as the ally of Chedorlaomer in Genesis xiv.

In his second year " he estabhshed the heart of

PLATE V

Top of Hammurabi's Stele

(fiode of Laws)

HAMMURABI'S REIGN 77

his land in righteousness/' a phrase which has been
taken to mean that by his legal reforms he settled
the country in law and order. But his great Code
of Laws was not promulgated till much later. His
reign began peacefully. In his third year he made
a throne for the shrine of Nannar of Babylon. Next
year he built a waU for Gagia. Then he built two
great walls.

In the seventh year the walls of Erech and Isin
were taken. In his ninth year Hammurabi dug the
canal called after his own name, the Hammurabi-
khegal. In his tenth yearMalgQ, on the Euphrates,
was destroyed and its people and cattle carried ofiF.
In this year apparently Shamshi-Adad, son of
Bel-dabi, vassal king of Assyria, paid his respects in
Babylon. The next year we find that Rabikum and
Shalibi were conquered.

In his twelfth year Hammurabi made a throne
for Zarpanit, the consort of Marduk. In his four-
teenth year a throne for Ishtar of Babylon was
made, and then his image in seven exemplars was
set up. A throne for Nabu, the image of Ishtar
of Kibalbarru, a shrine for Ellil of Babylon,
another great wall, a throne for Adad, the wall
of Bazu, are events which mark the next six years.

In his twenty-second year a statue of Hammurabi
as " king of righteousness " was set up, apparently
in the temple of Marduk at Babylon. It was before

78 ANCIENT BABYLONIA

this statue that the stele containing his great Code
was placed.

In his twenty-third year Hammurabi laid the
foundation of a wall for Sippara, and after again
making a shrine for EUil, in his twenty-fifth finished
the great wall of Sippara. An altar of incense, the
temple for Adad, an image of Shala, the consoit of
Adad, mark the next three years. For the thirtieth
year we have the brief note " the year the army of
Elam," doubtless indicating their defeat.

In his thirty-first year Hammurabi met with his
" crowning mercy." As the fullest form of the date
sayB, " by the help of Anu and Bel who went before
his army his hand smote down the land of Emut-
balum and its king, Rim-Sin." Emutbalum was
the homeland of Rim - Sin, who does not here
appear as king of Larsa ; though he probably still
held that city, Hammurabi would not acknowledge
his title.

Next year the army of Ashnunnak was slain with
the sword. This probably means that Hammurabi
carried the war into the enemy's land and ravaged
the borders of Elam. By his thirty- third year
Hammurabi's rule was acknowledged at Nippur.

Then once more the great king turned his attention
to works of peace. A canal was dug to bring joy to
Ellil. This probably implies that Nippur had opened
its gates to him. Then he renewed the temple, !£-tur-

HAMA'IURABI'S REIGN 79

kalamma, for Anu, Ninni and Nana, which looks like
benefiting Erech. In his thirty-fifth year he rebuilt
the ruined walls of Mari and MalgO, on the Euphrates
in the North and on the King's Canal in the extreme
South. Next he rebuilt the temple of Zamama and
Ninni at Kish. In his thirty-seventh year he con-
quered the people of Turukku, and after a flood
which devastated Ashnunnak claims to have re-
duced by force of arms all the hostile lands of
Turukku, Kagmum, and Subartu. In his fortieth
year he restored the temple of Nergal at Kutha, and
next year built a great wall on the bank of the
Tigris and raised its head mountain-high, and called
its name Kar-Shamash. The same year the wall
of Rabikurn, on the Euphrates, was rebuilt. A
canal called Tishid-EUil was dug for the benefit
of Sippara, but at present its date is uncertain.
In the forty-third year a great mound was built
along the moat of Sippara, to the honour of
Shamash.

In the prologue to the Code, Hammurabi recalls
the benefits he conferred on his land, naming Nippur
and Diirilu, on the borders of Elam ; Eridu, Ur,
Sippara, Larsa, Erech, Isin, Kish, Kutha, Borsippa,
Dilbat, Lagash, Aleppo (?), Karkar, Mashganshabri,
Malgu, Mera and Tultul, Agade, Asshur, Nineveh,
besides the settlements on the Euphrates.

A few of his inscriptions have been preserved

80 ANCIENT BABYLONIA

which add httle to our knowledge. They record
his buildings at temples, etc., the digging of the
Nukhush-mshi canal, at the head of which he built
a fortress called Dftr-Sin-mubaUit, to perpetuate his
father's name.

Samsu-iltjna succeeded his father, Hammurabi,
and apparently had to face difficulties at once.
In his first year he made claim to rule over foreign
lands by force. In the next year " he established
the freedom of Sumer and Akkad." In his third
year he dug a canal called after him, and next year
another. Then he made a golden throne for the
shrine of Nannar. In his sixth year he made
pedestals in £-babbar before Shamash, and in
fisagila before Marduk, and placed upon them
golden statues representing himself in an attitude
of prayer. In his seventh year he dedicated to
Marduk in fisagila a censer and a gold and silver
mace. Next year he made a brazen stand, repre-
senting mountains and rivers carrying abundance
to the lands.

In his ninth year there occurred an incursion
of the Kassites. We may gather that they were
defeated, but next year Samsu-Uuna had to fight
the Idamaraz, an otherwise unknown people.
Doubtless they also were crushed, but it was clearly
a struggle in which Rim-Sin took a hand, for we
find that Emutbalum was also defeated, Isin and

SAMSU-ILUNA 81

Erech probably captured. How long these two
cities had been alienated is not easy to see, but
certainly Rim-Sin was acknowledged king in Larsa
in this year. Chronicle K 1 records the fall of Rim-
Sin's capital and his capture in his palace. Samsu-
iluna went on, in his eleventh year, to rebuild the
waUs of Ur and Erech, which had been destroyed.
Finally Samsu-iluna subdued aU the lands which
had revolted from him. Next he chastised and
subdued Kisurra and Sabum. In his fourteenth
year he appears as having subdued a pretender
whom the Akkadians had set up. In his fifteenth
year he rebuilt the wall of Isin, which had been
destroyed. Next year he restored the wall of
Sippara. In his seventeenth year he restored the
destroyed fortresses in Emutbalum, which he had
evidently now added to his dominions.

It was a great achievement to have thus won
back his father's empire. Henceforward Samsu-
iluna repaired damages. In his eighteenth year he
renewed fibabbar, the temple of Shamash in Sippara ;
next year dedicated two golden thrones for Marduk ;
made some further dedication next year ; ipade a
throne for Ningal in the great golden chamber
which sparkled like the stars of heaven ; next year
renovated the temple tower for Zamama's temple
at Kish, thus renewing the chief places of worship
in the land.

82 ANCIENT BABYLONIA

In his twenty-third year Samsu-iluna destroyed
the wall of Shakhnfi and the city of Zarkhanum.
Next year he built a wall for Kish, called " the
wall whose glory fills the lands," on the Euphrates
canal, and a wall called after himself on the Arakhtu
canal. Then his own image was erected repre-
senting him as smiting down his enemies with his
mace. In his twenty-sixth year the marvel selected
to be commemorated was his transport of a huge
monoHth of basalt from the land of AmurrO, per-
haps the Amanus range. The chief wonder was
its size, twenty-two cubits long. Next year a
great dedication for the New Year Festival took
place.

Then arose a severe struggle. Two foes whose
names, ladikhabu and Mftti-khurshana, suggest
that they were of the Amorite stock, were finaUy
crushed. In his thirty-first year Samsu-iluna set
up an image of himself grasping a mace of ghtter-
ing gold. Next year the canal at Sippara, in the
thirty-third year the restoration of the city Sag-
garatum, then a princely door for the temple
occupied his attention. Events not over clear at
Amal and Arkum, the army of Amurrft, a trouble
in Akkad, and finally, in his thirty-eighth year, the
dedication of a weapon for Ninib, the warrior god,
are recorded as marking the years of this highly
successful king.

ABESHU'S REIGN 83

In his building inscriptions he records the re-
storation of six fortresses which had been founded
by Sumu-la-ilu, " his fifth forefather." In absorb-
ing the domains of Rim-Sin he became neighbour
to Ilu-ma-ilu, king of the Sealand, first king of the
Uru-azagga dynasty. The details of the resulting
confhct are very obscure, but Chronicle K 1 records
a siege and a battle in which dead bodies were
washed away by the sea. Again Samsu-iluna
attacked Ilu-ma-ilu, but was beaten off, and left
the struggle to his son.

Ab^shu' succeeded his father. By a strange
fatality aU the date lists are so defective that we
cannot arrange the events of his reign in chrono-
logical order. We know from dated documents
many of these events, which were largely of a
pious nature, such as adorning or restoring temples,
digging canals, etc.

The Sealand was now fast rising into power, and
Ilu-ma-ilu was able to found a dynasty there.
Abeshu' ineffectually attempted to thwart his
ambition. The southern people lived amid in-
accessible swamps, and Abeshu' dammed up the
Tigris canal in order to penetrate the district, but
though he was able to defeat Ilu-ma-ilu, that
king escaped capture.

Abeshu' built a city, Lukhaia, on the Arakhtu canal,
but on the whole we are unable to record any very

84 ANCIENT BABYLONIA

noteworthy achievement. He reigned twenty-eight
years.

An obscure record points to a fresh invasion by
the Kassites. One of the images Abeshu' set up
was that of the deified Entemena. Abeshu' was
succeeded by his son, Ammiditana. The first
fifteen years of his reign were marked by peaceful
and pious works, temple adornments, images of
himself in attitudes of worship, thrones for the
shrines, while the wall of Kar-Shamash on the
Euphrates, a waU named after himself along the
Zilakum canal, are commemorated. Then in his
seventeenth year he put down a Sumerian rising
under Arakhab. The great cloister, Gagia, was
next restored. Again the works of piety and utihty
went on. The wall, Ishkun-Marduk, on the Zilakum
canal, may be noted. In his thirty-fourth year an
image of Samsu-iluna, his ancestor " the warrior
king," was set up in Kish, actually a century after his
accession. A waU called after himself along the canal
Me-EUil was built at Kish.

The name of his last year has given rise to much
speculation. It records that he destroyed a wall
at Bad-ki which the men of Damki-ilishu had built.
It has been thought that by Bad-ki, the city of Isin
is intended. Damki-ilishu was the name of the
third king of the dynasty of the Sealand and also
of the last king of Isin. This latter was, as we

AMMIZADUGA'S REIGN 85

know, a contemporary of Hammurabi, and cannot
be intended here, unless the reference be to a wall
formerly set up by that king.

Ammizaduga succeeded his father, Ammiditana.
The date Hsts give the events of his first sixteen
years in chronological order, and he appears to
have reigned twenty-two years in all. None of
the year-names so far known record any warhke
operations. Temple adornments, images of him-
self as worshipping his gods, a wall on the Eu-
phrates, the inevitable canal, mark a reign peaceful,
pious, and prosperous.

Ammizaduga was succeeded by his son, Samsu-
DiTANA. The existing date lists give us no in-
formation as to his reign, but the Babylonian List
of Kings A gives him a reign of thirty-one years,
and about thirty year-names are known. They are
mostly of the pious order, dedications of images of
himself or of the gods, or the construction of thrones
for shrines.

Chronicle K 1 states " that in his days the men
of the land of Khatti marched against the land of
Akkad." It does not say how the battle went, nor
in which year of his reign it feU.

It may well be that this Hittite invasion made
an end of the First Djniasty of Babylon. We know
that the capital of the Hittite kingdom was at
Boghaz-koi, whose old name was Khatti, and that

86 ANCIENT BABYLONIA

about this time the Hittites became lords of Meso-
potamia, conquering the kings of Mitanni, who
just previously had conquered Assyria. It may
weU be that the Kassites were a branch of these
Hittites. The Kassites are usually supposed to
have descended into Babylonia, and either con-
quered the land or gradually risen to power there,
from the mountain districts where later the
Assyrian conquerors found them in power. But
this district itself may have been conquered by
them at this time, and only formed their retreat in
later years after their expulsion from Babylonia.

In any case, we may well suppose that the
Hittite invasion so weakened Babylonia that it
fell a prey to the Kassites after no very long
interval. Marduk was twenty-four years in the
Hittite land, as we are told by a later hymn.

The Second Dynasty. — As the Kings' List
placed a dynasty of kings, called that of Uru-
azagga, next after the First Dynasty of Babylon,
it has been usual to suppose that they immediately
succeeded. But of late years it has become evi-
dent that they really formed a dynasty of kings
who primarily ruled the Sealand, and it is doubtful
whether they ever ruled over North Babylonia
at all.

The list is : Ilu-ma-ilu, 60 years ; Kiannibi, 66
years ; Damki-ilishu II., 26 years ; Ishkibal, 16

THE SECOND DYNASTY 87

years ; Shushshi, 24 years ; Gulkishar, 55 years ;
Kirgal-daramash, 50 years ; Adara-kalama, 28
years ; Akur-ulanna, 26 years ; Melam-kurkurra,
8 years ; and Ea-gamil, 20 years. There are
eleven kings with a total duration of 368
years.

The average length of reign is unusual, and
would suggest only peaceful development and
prosperity. The synchronisms between Assyrian
rulers and the First Dynasty, compared with those
between later rulers and the Kassite kings, make
it very difficult to accept the view that 368 years
lay between the reigns of Samsu-ditana and the
first Kassite king. But the various attempts
made to reconcile the data leave such uncertainty
that we can only say the evidence is not sufficient
to prove either that this dynasty ruled in Baby-
lonia, or that, if so, its length of supremacy can be
ascertained.

There is a remarkable absence of monuments
of these kings, but a few notices of them have come
down to us which negative the conclusions drawn
by some historians that they were either fictitious
or insignificant.

Thus we know from the later Babylonian
Chronicles that Ilu-ma-ilu warred with Samsu-
iluna and Abeshu'. We have no hint as to the
fortunes of either state during the last three reigns

88 ANCIENT BABYLONIA

of the First Dynasty, some ninety years, which
would cover at least the first three years of the
Sealand kings. We shall note their end later.
Ammildnabi may be the real name of the second
king, as it appears on a dated document about this
period.

CHAPTER VII

THE KASSITE OB THIRD DYNASTY

The Kassites are frequently named in the Baby-
lonian contract tablets chiefly as workpeople,
harvesters, or builders, from the tenth year of
Hammurabi onwards, at Sippara, Dilbat, and
Kish. They are registered as in receipt of com
and drink, probably as rations during their working
period, and enter into leases of fields on the same
terms as the native Babylonians down to the reign
of Samsu-ditana. Presumably the Kassites were
defeated in the ninth year of Samsu-iluna.

It is usually considered that the horse was intro-
duced to the Babylonians by the Kassites, because
so few references to horses have been found in the
period of the First Dynasty.

The names borne by the Kassite kings and their
people, who formed a not very numerous aristo-
cracy in Babylonia, although they also appear in
humbler walks of life, are thought to have marked
affinities with those of Elamites. There exists a
small collection of Kassite words, probably com-
piled with a view to interpreting proper names,
and a few titles and terms occur scattered through

90 ANCIENT BABYLONIA

the business documents of the period. From these
scanty remains of their language it is impossible
definitely to classify them racially or linguistically.
They have been identified with the Kossaeans and
the Kissians of Greek writers. They are usually
called Kassites by modem scholars, with some
justification, as the Babylonians always named
them Kashshfi, or in the plural, Kashshi. Senna-
cherib gave this name to the people whom he con-
quered in the hills above Holwan, about the sources
of the Diyala. Earlier Assyrian monarchs record
their conquests of the Kashshft, to the east of
their ow» land, in the mountains.

Very few inscriptions are as yet recovered which
are of much direct service for history. The Syn-
chronous History, as far as it concerns this period,
gives our chief information as to their relations
with Assyria. The Kings' List A gave a full list of
the names of thirty-six kings, of which only the
first six names and the last eleven are preserved.
It states the total duration of the dynasty to have
been 676 years and nine months. The numerous
tablets discovered at Nippur belonging to the end
of this period have added several names to the list,
and the patient piecing together of small items of
information by various scholars has restored many
more. The most extensive discoveries of late
have been at Susa under De Morgan, chiefly

THE THIRD DYNASTY 91

of monuments carried thither by the Elamite
conquerors.

The Kassites gave the name of Karduniash to
the territory over which they ruled in the South
of Babylonia, as against Babylon and Akkad, and
they early included the Sealand in it. The As-
syrians regarded it as the name of the whole of
Babylonia ; but by the time of Sennacherib it
seems to have been confined to the Sealand.

Gandash, or Gaddash, the king placed first on
the ILings' List A, reigned sixteen years. A late
copy, made in 287 B.C., of an inscription of his
shows that he claimed to be king of the four quarters,
king of Sumer and Akkad, king of Babylon. He
rebuilt the temple of EUil, which had been destroj^ed
in the capture of Babylon. He calls Nippur his
city. Agum I. reigned twenty-two years, as did
Kashtiliash I., but we do not know the lengths of
reign of the next three kings, Ushshi, Abirattash,
and Tashshigurumash.

Agum II., or Agum Kakrime, probably came next.
An inscription of his, extending to 134 lines in eight
columns, is in Semitic Babylonian, and begins with
a genealogy. He names his father, Tashshiguru-
mash ; his grandfather, Abirattash, son of Kash-
tihash, the eldest (?) son of Agum the great, who,
further, was son of Gandash. The omission of
Ushshi is best explained by supposing him to be

92 ANCIENT BABYLONIA

brother of Kashtiliash I. The Kings' List is thus
confirmed fully. Agum II. styles himself king of
the Kassites and Akkadians, king of Babylon, who
settled with people the land of Ashnunnak, king
of Padan and Alman, king of Gutium and the
Saklati folk. He goes on to relate that Marduk
and his consort, Zarpanit, had been carried away
to the far-off land of Khani (Mitanni), and Agum,
after consulting Shamash the Sun-god by means
of augury, sent and brought them back to Babylon,
and restored them to fisagila, which he renovated
and furnished for their reception with great
splendour. Gold and aU manner of precious stones
and rare woods were lavished upon the adornment
of the images and their shrines. The dragon, the
goat, the fish-men, goat-fish, and other monsters,
over whom Marduk was fabled to have triumphed
at the Creation, were carved in precious stones.
He restored the priesthood and the cult, and en-
dowed it with house, field and garden free from
tax. He has become a thorough Babylonian, the
only touch of Kassite influence is that in the very
first sentence he caUs himself " Ulustiious seed of
Shuqamuna," the Kassite war-god.

BuRNABXJRiASH I. has been placed next, because
a late Babylonian Chronicle records that Eagamil's
expedition to Elam was followed by an invasion of
the Sealand by Ulamburiash, brother of KashtiUash

KASSITE KINGS 93

the Kassite. Further, a mace-head was found at
Babylon belonging to Ulamburiash, son of Burna-
buriash, the king who calls himself king of the Sea-
land. We can scarcely doubt that he was also
king of Babylon, and that his son succeeded him
as Kashtiliash II.

Agum III. — ^According to the same late Baby-
lonian Chronicle, one Agum, son of a Kashtiliash,
invaded the Sealand, captured Dtir-£a and
destroyed its temple. He would thus be the
nephew of Ulamburiash, whose conquest of the
Sealand he was called upon to repeat.

A king, Nazi-Ellil, is referred to as the ancestor
of one of the kings in the Nippur series, in a letter
addressed to that king. We may provisionally
place him at the head of the hst.

The earhest of the kings whose names and order
we can fix is Kara-indash I. He made a treaty
with Ashur-bel-nisheshu, king of Assyria, about their
boundary. He seems to have corresponded with
Thothmes III., king of Egypt. A short inscription
of his calls him king of Babylon, Sumer and Akkad,
as well as of Karduniash and the Kassites. He
rebuilt the temple £-anna at Erech.

It must remain doubtful whether Kurigalzu I.,
whose descendant Burnaburiash II. represents him
as in friendly correspondence with the Egyptian
kings, came before or after Kara-indash I. It is

94 ANCIENT BABYLONIA

not unlikely that to him we must ascribe the founda-
tion of Dur-Kurigalzu as a fortress to guard his
northern frontier. It soon became an important
city. His grandson, Marduk-aplu-iddin I., speaks
of him as " unrivalled king."

From the correspondence of the Kassite kings
with those of Egypt, we learn that one Kadaseeman-
Ellil was contemporary with Amenophis III.,
and addressed three letters to him, while Amenophis
kept copies of two letters which he had addressed
to Kadashman-Ellil.

Chronicle P relates that Kadashman-ICharbe,
son of Kara-khardash, (and) son of Muballitat-
sherAa, daughter of Ashur-uballit, king of Assyria,
carried out the subjugation of the predatory Sutft
from east to west. He also erected fortresses in
Amurrft and dug weUs. To secure their protection
he settled a large population round them. Later,
the Kassites rebelled against him, killed him, and
raised Shuzigash, a Kassite of humble origin, to
be king over them. Whereupon Ashur-uballit,
king of Assyria, marched into Karduniash to
avenge Kadashman-Kharbe, his daughter's son,
slew Shuzigash the Kassite, and set Kurigalzu, " a
child," son of Kadashman-Kharbe, on the throne
of his father.

The Synchronous History, after its entry about
Kara-indash I., states that Buzur-Ashur, king of

KASSITE KINGS 96

Assyria, aud Burnaburiash, king of Karduniash,
made a fresh boundary treaty confirming the
previous agreement. This statement may also
have stood in Chronicle P, but the traces before
the above account of Kadashman-Kharbe seem
to refer to a king of Karduniash who made a
boundary treaty with a king of Assyria, who is
not Buzur-Ashur, but could be either Ashur-bel-
nisheshu or Ashur-ubaUit. They appear to have
returned something (an image of a god ?) to its
place in Kharsagkalamma. One expects that here
were given the relations of Kara-khardash with
Ashur-uballit.

Now the Tell-el-Amama tablets show that a
Burnaburiash, king of Karduniash, corresponded
possibly with Amenophis III., certainly wrote
five letters to Amenophis IV., and also exchanged
presents with that king. This Burnaburiash,
therefore, came to the throne soon after Kadash-
man-Elhl. He mentions as his " father " or *' fore-
father," one Kurigalzu, who was in friendly rela-
tions with the " father " of Amenophis IV. We
have denoted him as Kurigalzu I. above.

Further, Ashur-ubalht, king of Assyria, wrote at
least one letter to Amenophis IV.

The Synchronous History inserts after Burna-
buriash a paragraph which has given rise to most
compHcated discussions. It states that ' in the time

96 ANCIENT BABYLONIA

of Ashur-uballit, king of Assyria, Kara-khardash king
of Karduniash the son of Muballitat-sherlia daughter
of Ashur-ubaUit the Kassites rebelled and slew him."
Here it seems to be obvious that the scribe has
omitted some Hnes. Then the scribe goes on cor-
rectly thus : — " They raised to the kingship over
them Nazibugash the son of a nobody. Ashur-
uballit went to Karduniash to avenge Kara-indash.''
Beside the misreading, Nazibugash for Shuzigash, the
scribe must have written Kara-indash for Kara-
khardash owing to his mistake of the latter for
Kadashman-Kharbe. Then he states that Ashur-
ubaUit estabUshed Kurigalzu, " the child," son of
Burnaburiash, on the throne of his father.

The next entry in the Synchronous History records
that Kurigalzu, " the child," king of Karduniash,
and Bel-nirari, king of Assyria, waged war and
fought at Sugagi. Bel-nirari captured his camp
and baggage. They then divided between them
the fields from Shubari to Karduniash, and made
a treaty. Chronicle P seems to have a very
similar entry at the end of a reign of one Kurigalzu,
but after a successful campaign against Elam, where
we read that " Against Adad-nirari king of Assyria
to the land ... in Sugaga, on the river Tsal-
tsallat ... he slew his soldiers his nobles. . . ."
Now we know that Kurigalzu III. made a success-
ful raid into Elam, but he was son of Burnaburiash

KASSITE KINGS 97

and was succeeded by Nazimarattash, who comes
in the next section on P. This fight at Sugagi
took place then in the time of Kurigalzu III. It
is separated by a whole column from the events
by which Kurigalzu II. came to the throne. Adad-
nirari was grandson of Bel-nirari.

In a legal decision of this period the plaintiff
claims to have held certain lands from the time of
Kurigalzu (II.), son of Kadashman-Kharbe, until
that of Nazimarattash, son of Kurigalzu (III.).
If these had been one and the same Kurigalzu, the
space of time would have been expressed as from
the time of Kurigalzu to that of his son, a quite
pointless mode of expression. An inscription of
Kurigalzu, son of Kadashman-Kharbe, set up by
one EUil-bani, priest of Ellil, caUs him " the un-
rivalled king."

BuRNABURiASH III. reigned at least twenty-five
years. In his inscriptions he caUs himseK king of
Babylon, of Sumer and Akkad.

Kurigalzu III., son of Burnaburiash III., reigned
at least twenty-three years. He has left many
votive offerings found at Nippur. He captured
from the palace of Susa in Elam an agate tablet
which had once been dedicated by a patesi in Baby-
lonia for the life of Dungi, king of Ur, to the goddess
Ninni. Kurigalzu now brought it back and dedi-
cated it to Nin-Ul of Nippur, " his mistress," for

98 ANCIENT BABYLONIA

his own life. Khurbatila, king of Elam, sent a
challenge to Kurigalzu, saying, " Come, I and thou
will fight together." Kurigalzu accepted the
challenge, set out to Elam and met Khurbatila,
whose troops deserted. Kurigalzu defeated and
captured the king of Elam with his own hand.
"So Kurigalzu received tribute from the kings of
all lands." Later he attacked Adad-nirari, king
of Assyria, and fought him at Sugaga, on the river
Tsaltsallat, slew his soldiers and captured his
nobles.

Nazimarattash, son of Kurigalzu III., reigned
twenty-four years. He fought with Adad-nirari I.
in Kar-Ishtar and Akarsallu. Adad-nirari I.
defeated him with great slaughter and captured
his camp, and standards. Then they made a
boundary treaty and divided the lands from Pilasqi,
on the Tigris, to the LuUume. He has left several
inscriptions at Nippur.

Kadashman-turgu reigned seventeen years : he
was son of Nazimarattash, and left several inscrip-
tions at Nippur.

Kadashman-Ellil II. reigned twelve years
according to the Kings' List. He was son of
Kadashman-turgu.

Kudur-Ellil reigned eight years at least. He
was son of Kadashman-Ellil II.

Shagarakti-shuriash reigned thirteen years

ASSYRIAN CONQUEST 99

According to Nabonidus he was son of Kudur-
Ellil, and built fi-ulmash 800 years before the time
of Nabonidus. He repaired, the temple of the
Sun-god in Sippara.

Kashtiliash III. reigned eight years. He was
son of Shagarakti-shuriash. Tukulti-Ninip I.
defeated Kashtiliash, took him prisoner to Assyria,
and led him in chains before Ashur, the national
god. He then destroyed the city wall of Babylon
and massacred its defenders. He carried away
the treasures of fisagila and Babylon and the great
god Marduk himself to Assyria. Among the
treasures was a seal of Shagarakti-shuriash, who
claimed the title shar kishshati upon it, this
Tukulti-Ninip had engraved with his own titles,
as shar kishshati, and deposited it in his temple.
Somewhat later it was stolen from Assyria and
given back to Akkad, where Sennacherib found it
among the treasures of Babylon, and records that
he had brought it back again after 600 years.

According to Chronicle P, Tukulti-Ninip I. set
viceroys over Karduniash, and ruled it for seven
years, the Kings' List A does not, however,
include him among the rulers of Babylonia. After
his death in an insurrection he was succeeded for
a short time by his son, Ashur-natsir-pal I. Then
came a period of great disturbance in Assyria, and
evidently its hold on Babylonia was relaxed.

100 ANCIENT BABYLONIA

The Kings' List A gives as the next king of Baby-
lonia one Ellil-nIdin-shum, with a reign of one
year and six months. Chronicle P relates of him
that he went out and attacked Kidin-Khutrudash,
king of Elam, who had laid his hands on Nippur
and massacred its people. He captured Dur-ih
and Kharsagkalama, and drove out the Elamites
from them.

The Kings' List A gives Kadashman-Kharbe II.
as the next king, with a reign of one year and six
months.

Then the Kings' List gives Adad-shum-iddina
a reign of six years. When Kidin-Khutrudash
invaded Babylonia a second time, Adad-shum-
iddina seems to have fought him at Isin. The
Tigris entirely flooded the district. This king
overthrew many people.

The end of this reign would account for the
sixteen years during which Chronicle P says that
the statue of Marduk remained in Assyria. It
went back to Babylon in the time of Tukulti-Ashur.
The next king in Babylonia was Adad-shum-utsur,
who reigned thirty years. Two letters were sent
to Assyrian kings by Adad-shum-utsur. One is
addressed to two kings, Ashur-nirari and Nabu-
dan, who seem to be reigning together, and refers to
unrest in Assyria and to a certain Adad-shum-
hshir. The other names neither Adad-shum-utsur,

PLATE VI

Kudurru of Melishipak

ASSYRIAN AFFAIRS 101

nor the king of Assyria to whom it was addressed.
But the king of Babylonia who writes it repels an
offer of friendship. He does not acknowledge the
fait accompli. He points out that a king of Assyria,
Ninib-tukulti-Ashur, obviously the Tukulti-Ashur
of Chronicle P, had fled to him to Babylon, leaving
his representative, Ashur-shum-Hshir, in power.
The rebels in Assyria rose against Ninib-tukulti-
Ashur in his absence, expelled his locum tenens, and
now demanded his surrender, which Adad-shum-
utsur refused. Whether he had fled, or merely
gone on a friendly mission to Babylonia, does not
appear ; but he probably took with him the statue
of Marduk and possibly the seal of Shagarakti-
shuriash, carried off with it by Tukulti-Ninip I.

The Synchronous History relates a war between
Adad-shum-utsur and EUil-kudur-utsur, king of
Assyria. Apparently the latter was killed in battle.
His son or general retired to Asshur, whither
Adad-shum-utsur pursued him, and besieged Asshur
but was unable to capture it.

The next king, Meli-shtpak, to whom the Kings'
List A gives a reign of fifteen years, bore a Kassite
name although son of Adad-shum-utsur. He was
king of Babylon and shar kishshati.

Marduk - APLU - IDDIN I., son of Meli-shipak,
reigned thirteen years. He, too, was king of Baby-
lon and shar kishshati, and calls himself descendant

102 ANCIENT BABYLONIA

of Kurigalzu I,, " the unrivalled king," king of
Sumer and Akkad.

Zamama-shum-iddin, to whom the Kings' List
assigns but one year, had to stand an invasion by
Ashur-dan, king of Assyria, who captured the cities
Zaban, Irria, and Akarsallu, carrying off a heavy
booty to Assyria. An Elamite king, father of one
Kudumankhundi, deposed him. This king must be
Shutruk-nankhundi. The Elamites at this time
made a terrific spoHation of Babylonia. Repeatedly
we have noted " found at Susa " of some Baby-
lonian monument. In such cases, we may take
for granted that this was the occasion on which it
was carried off.

Bel-shum-iddes" next reigned for three years.

Thus the Kassite Dynasty ended after a duration
of 576 years and nine months, according to the
Kings' List A.

Some scholars, relying upon an inscription naming
one Meh-shipak, son of Marduk-aplu-iddina, give a
Meli-shipak II. and Marduk-aplu-iddin II. as kings
of this djoiasty ; but their place, and even their
existence, are uncertain. To avoid confusion the
Merodach baladan of the bible is here called " the
third."

CHAPTER VIII
The Fourth Dynasty

The Kings' List A calls this the dynasty of Isin (II.)-
It may be that its early rulers were contemporary
with the last kings of the Third Dynasty. For,
when Shutruk-nankhundi had deposed Zamama-
shum-iddin, he probably set his son, Kudur-nank-
hundi, upon the throne of Babylon. The Kings'
List, however, credited Bel-shum-iddin with a
reign of two or three years. This can hardly be
the same as Ellil-nadin-akhi, who, as Nebuchad-
rezzar I. states, threw off the yoke of Elam. The
Kings' List may be supposed to have ignored the
Elamite usurpers, but gave the first king of this
dynasty a name beginning with Marduk, and ascribed
to him a reign of eighteen years. Possibly this un-
known king reigned at Isin only.

Ellil-nIdin-akhi may thus be the second king
of the dynasty who reigned six years.

Nebuchadrezzar I. succeeded. He was defeated
at Dur-Apil-Sin, but finally triumphed. He carried
the war into the enemy's country and subdued the
Kaesites and the LuUume. He conquered the
Amorite land.

108

104 ANCIENT BABYLONIA

From a kudurru inscription we learn that the
Elamites had annexed the district of Namar, famous
for its horse-breeding. Assisted by the local chief,
Ritti-Marduk, Nebuchadrezzar attacked the Elam-
ites who held Dur-ilu. He drove them out, and
pursuing them across the Tigris, brought them to
bay on the banks of the river Ulai, where he utterly
routed them, and then raided Elam, capturing great
spoil. In the battles, Ritti-Marduk had ridden at
the king's right hand, and on his return, Nebuchad-
rezzar reinvested him with his ancestral possession,
restored its special privileges, exempted it from
taxes and dues. We may note that troops from
Nippur and Babylon were stationed in Namar as
its garrison, and the monument bears the attestation
of high officials of Babylon, Halman, Akkad, and
Isin.

Shamua and Shamai, sons of the priest Nur-
lishir, as we learn from another kudurru, escaped
to Karduniash from Elam whither they had been
carried prisoners. Nebuchadrezzar returned with
them, plundered Elam, and took the hands of the
captive Marduk and the goddess Eria. Marduk
he brought back to Babylon, and restored Eria to
Khutstsi. He then endowed the two priests with
lands in Opis and Dur-Sargon.

When Nebuchadrezzar attacked the Assyrian
fortress of Zanqi, Ashur-rtsh-ishi, king of Assyria,

NEBUCHADREZZAR I. 105

compelled him to abandon the siege. When he
later sent an army against Assyria he was again
defeated, lost his general, Karashtu, and forty war
chariots. The men of Khatti invaded Babylonia in
his third year and took Babylon, but Nebuchadrezzar
collected his troops, and in thirteen days (from
Isin ?) drove them out, conquered Ammananu, and
cut off the heads of the inhabitants. This may have
been the occasion of his invasion of the West Land
when he seems to have reached the Mediterranean.

He was not only a warrior. He brought tablets
of the great work on augury, usually known as the
Illumination of Bel, from Babylon (to Isin ?), im-
ported scribes and made a tablet depicting " The
Lady of Heaven " with her decrees and the Motions
of the Stars. He was the son of Ninib-nadin-shum,
who, however, is not called a king. His reign lasted
at least sixteen years.

Ellil-nadin-apli succeeded Nebuchadrezzar I.,
and reigned at least four years.

Marduk-nadin-akhe succeeded EUil-nadin-apli,
and reigned at least ten years. He bore the title
shar kishshati as well as king of Babylon. On a
kudurru he granted an estate to Adad-zer-iqisha,
his servant, who had served him well in the conflict
with Assyria. The Synchronous History records
that he and Tiglath-pileser I. set their chariots in
array " for the second time " near Arzukhina. In

106 ANCIENT BABYLONIA

the second year they fought in Marriti above the
land of Akkad, and the Assyrian captured Dur-
Kurigalzu, Sippar of Shamash, Sippar Anunitum,
Babylon and Opis. Then the Assyrian plundered
Akar-sallu down to Lubdi and subdued the land of
Sukhi as far as Rapiki. Marduk-nadin-akhe had
evidently fought with Tiglath-pileser a " first "
time, and he probably then defeated the Assyrians.
He captured Adad and Shala, the gods of Ekallate,
and carried them to Babylonia, whence they were
brought back by Sennacherib.

Marduk-shapik-zerim probably succeeded
Marduk-nadin-akhe, as he entered into friendly
relations with Ashur-bel-kala, who was son of
Tiglath-pileser I. From Assyria, where he seems
to have gone on a friendly visit, he went to Sippar,
which rii&y have been restored to him to cement
the treaty.

He rebuilt and enlarged fi-zida, rebuilt the walls
of Babylon, and ruled over a prosperous and ex-
tensive empire. Towards the end of his reign, his
subjects in Karduniash rebelled and placed Adad-
aplu-iddina as king over them.

Adad-aplu-iddina succeeded. The Synchron-
ous History calls him son of fisagil-shaduni, son of
a nobody, and Chronicle K makes him son of Itti-
Marduk-baliltu, The Aramaeans plundered the cities
of Akkad up to Paddiri and Dur-ilu. The Sutii

SEALAND DYNASTY 107

raided Babylonia and carried off the plunder of
Sumer and Akkad. This king restored the temples
of Marduk and other gods. He rebuilt Nimit-
Marduk, the outer wall of Nippur. He reigned at
least ten years. Ashur-bel-kala, king of Assyria,
married his daughter and took her with her rich
dowry to Assyria, and the peoples of the two
countries were united in friendship. It should be
noted that Itti-Marduk-balatu was certainly a
king, who may well have been the real father of
this monarch, and a usurper. If so, he may have
directly succeeded Marduk-shapik-zerim. He calls
himself son of Marduk-kabti-akhi, and takes the
same titles as Kurigalzu and Hammurabi.

Marduk-akhe-erba is placed next by some
scholars, though others would place him at the
head of the dynasty.

The Kings' List A retains the beginning of three
more royal names. Marduk-bel . . . reigned one
year and a half ; Marduk-zer . . . reigned thirteen
years ; and Nab^-shum-libur reigned nine years.
His name occurs on a duck-shaped weight of thirty
minas, in the British Museum, which gives him the
title shar kishshati.

The Fifth Dynasty.— The Kings' List A assigns
to this dynasty, which it calls that of " The Sea-
land," three kings, with a total duration of twenty
years and three months.

108 ANCIENT BABYLONIA

The first king was Simbar-shipak, who reigned
eighteen years. He was a corvee master, son of
Erba-Sin. After a reign of seventeen years he
was slain with the sword, and buried in the palace
of Sargon. Nabu-aplu-iddin states that he re-
stored the great temple of Shamash in Sippara.
The Sutu had destroyed it, and Simbar-shipak
sought for the ancient representation of Shamash,
but was unable to find it. However, he surrounded
the old temple with a wall and restored its revenues.
He was succeeded by Ea-mukin-zer, who is called
a usurper by the Dynastic Chronicle, and stated to
have been " son " of Khashmar. He was buried
in the swamps of Bit-Khashmar, after a reign of
only a few months.

Kashshu-nadin-akhi is given a reign of three
years by the Kings' List A. The Dynastic Chronicle
calls him son of Sippa. He was buried in the
palace of Sargon. Nabu-aplu-iddin says that in
the want and disturbances of this reign, the offer-
ings and observances of the temple of Shamash
again fell into desuetude.

The Sixth Dynasty. — According to the Kings'
List A, this dynasty of Bazu consisted of three
kings, with a total duration of twenty years and
six months.

fi-ULMASH-SHAKiN-SHUM reigned seventeen years.
He was buried in the palace of Etir-Marduk. Nabu-

SEVENTH AND EIGHTH DYNASTIES 109

aplu-iddin says that fikur-shum-ubshabshi, the
priest of Shamash at Sippara, petitioned this king
for a grant and was allowed rations from the super-
intendent of fisagila. This king further granted
him an estate in the New-city.

From a table of portents it appears that a great
storm occurred in the seventh year, and, in the
eleventh year, such a deluge that the waters came
within the wall of the Lower Mound (in Babylon ?).

NiNip-KUDURRi-UTSUE reigned three years.

Shilanum-shuqamuna reigned three months.

The Seventh Dynasty. — ^Ae-aplu-utsur, the
Elamite, reigned six years, and was buried in the
palace of Sargon.

The Eighth Dynasty. — The Kings' List A
begins with a reign of perhaps thirty-six years,
followed by one of eight months and perhaps twelve
days, but gives no names. Later, it preserves four
names, and gives a total duration of perhaps fifty-
two years to the Dynasty of E-ki.

Nab^-mukin-apli is generally taken to be the
first king of the Dynasty, as a kvdurru, dated in
his twenty-fourth year, seems to reckon from the
second year of Ninib-kudurri-utsur to the fifth
year of this king as seven (?) years. This would
exclude the reign of the Elamite. Hence some
would place a Ninib-kudurri-utsur as third, and
Nabu-mukin-apU as fourth in this dynasty.

110 ANCIENT BABYLONIA

A number of portents have been recorded for
the various years of this reign. In Nisan of his
seventh year the Aramaeans were at war, and the
king could not go up to Babylon, nor was it possible
for Nabu to go thither from Borsippa. Next year,
at the same time, the Aramaeans having captured
the Ferry Gate of Kar-bel-matati, the king could
not cross over and so could not go to Babylon.
So Nabu stayed in Borsippa, and B§1 did not go
out. The same thing occurred in the nineteenth,
twentieth, and nine succeeding years. A great
storm occurred in the twenty-sixth year. He
reigned at least twenty-eight years.

After one or two kings, at present unknown, we
have traces ending in . . . akhi-iddina, which may
be part of the name of a Babylonian king, not yet
identified.

Shamash-mudammiq is next named by Chronicle
K, in conjunction with Adad-nirari III., king of
Assyria, From the Synchronous History we learn
that he set his battle array at the foot of Mount
lalman, and there Adad-nirari defeated him and
captured his horses and chariots. Then Nabu-
shum-ishkun I. killed Shamash-mudammiq and
came to the throne.

Nab^-shum-ishkun I. had to fight for his crown
with Adad-nirari III., who carried the war into
Babylonia, defeated Nabu-shum-ishkun, captured

PLATE VII

^ 1 f

1i

WAR WITH ASSYRIA 111

the cities of Baribala and Khudadu, and carried off
a great spoil to Assyria. The Babylonian monarch
retired to the fastnesses of his land. Later he
exchanged matrimonial aUiances with Adad-nirari
and made peace with him. The Synchronous
History adds that Assyria and Karduniash then lived
in amity, and settled their boundary from Tilbari,
on the Zaban, to Til-sha-batani and Til-sha-
zabdani.

Nabu-shum-ishkun was also contemporary with
Tukulti-Ninip II., king of Assyria.

Nabu-aplu-iddin was son of Nabu-shum-ukin.
He has left a stone tablet recording his restoration
of the temple and cult of Shamash at Sippara.
His notices of earher kings we have quoted above.
He confirmed, restored, and augmented the endow-
ments conferred by earUer kings, made a statue
of rich gold and bright lapis-lazuli to represent his
god, and set it up in a magnificent shrine ; ordered
the daily offerings, endowed special festivals with
rich robes for the god, and installed Nabu-nadin-
shum as priest. The deed was dated in his thirty-
first year. The Synchronous History relates that
he made close aUiance with Shalmaneser II., king
of Assyria. In 879 B.C. he actively supported the
Sukhi on the south bank of the Euphrates against
Ashur-natsirpal IV., king of Assyria, sending his
own brother, Zabdanu, to resist him. The Assyrian,

112 ANCIENT BABYLONIA

however, gained the victory and captured Zab-
danu with 3000 of his troops.

Nabu-aplu-iddin appears to have left the throne
of Babylonia to his son, Marduk-zakib-shum,
whose brother, Marduk-bel-usate, king of the
eastern provinces, contested his title and pressed
him hard. Marduk-zakir-shum appealed to Shal-
maneser III. and was at once supported. Shalmaneser
defeated Marduk-bel-usate, 852 B.C., and in 851 B.C.
slew him in battle. Marduk-zakir-shum became
a vassal king. Shalmaneser visited the shrines at
Babylon, Borsippa and Kutha, and made rich
offerings to the gods. He then subjugated the
southern kingdom of Chaldaea. This reign lasted
at least eleven years.

Marduk-balatsu-ikbi, the son of Marduk-zakir-
shum, foUowed. He fought with Shamshi-Adad VII.
and was defeated with great slaughter at Dur-
Papsukhal. The Babylonians brought a great
army of Chaldseans, Aramaeans, as well as Elam-
ites, and men from Namri. Again, in 813 B.C.,
Shamshi-Adad invaded Chaldaea and once more
attacked Babylon, but it is not clear who was then
on the throne in Babylonia.

An interregnum foUowed, according to Chronicle
K. Probably it only lasted two years.

Then Erba-Marduk, son of Marduk-zakir-shum,
came to the throne, and in the second year took the

WAR WITH ASSYRIA 113

hands of Bel and so became legitimate king. In
the disturbance and confusion the Aramaeans had
seized upon the fields of the inhabitants of Babylon
and Borsippa. Now Erba-Marduk smote them
with the sword, took the fields and gardens from
them, and restored them to their owners. He set
up the throne of Bel in fisagila and £-zida in the
same year. Later, he went to Babylon himself.
When Merodach baladan III. came to the throne
long after, he claimed to be a descendant of Erba-
Marduk.

Bau-akhi-iddin came to the throne next. Adad-
nirari IV. made expeditions into Babylonia in 812 B.C.,
his accession year. In 803 b.c. he went to Chaldsea,
and in both 796 B.C. and 795 b.c. to Babylonia.
It is difiicult to say in which of these expeditions
occurred the events recorded by the Synchronous
History, which does not name the Assyrian king
who shut up Bau-akhi-iddin in his city, captured
him, and carried him, with his palace treasures, to
Assyria. Dur-ilu, Lakhiru, Gananati, Dur-Pap-
sukal, Bit-riduti, Me-Turnat, the great cities of
Karduniash, with their fortresses, their gods and
spoils, were taken. The king went to Kutha, Baby-
Ion, and Borsippa, and there offered in token of his
supremacy. Then he went down to Chaldaea and
received the tribute of the kings there. Then once
more the boundaries were settled by treaty. After

H

114 ANCIENT BABYLONIA

this thorough conquest Adad-nirari relented and
restored the captives to their homes, laid taxes
upon them, and the peoples of Assyria and Kar-
duniash were at peace together.

Adad-nirari IV. married Sammu-ramat, un-
doubtedly a Babylonian princess and identical in
name with the fabled Semiramis, queen of Baby-
lon. She evidently played a role in the empire
quite unique, and her monument at Asshur stood
with those of the kings.

There is some probabihty that, after an interval
which we cannot yet fill, NABifr-MUKiN-z:feEi came
to the throne, and reigned at least four years.

Nab^-shum-ishkum II. was probably the king
of whose name traces are to be seen on the Kings'
List A after a long break. He reigned thirteen
years.

With Nabu-natsir, the Nabonassar of the
Greeks, we emerge into the clear light of history.
With him begins the Ptolemaic Canon, which gives
us the hst of the later kings of Babylonia in un-
broken order. The Babylonian Chronicle B also
now begins, the Kings' List is available still, while
the monuments and inscriptions are fuller and more
numerous than ever. He reigned fourteen years.

In Assyria, Tiglath-pileser IV. came to the throne
in the third year of Nabonassar, and at once marched
into Akkad, plundered the cities Rabikum and

ASSYRIAN RULE 115

Khamranu, and carried off the gods of Shapazza.
Shortly after Borsippa rebelled, and Nabonassar
attempted to recapture it, apparently without
success.

Tiglath-pileser professed as his object the subju-
gation of the Aramaean tribes, which had settled in
Babylonia and now held Sippar and Diir-kurigalzu.
He claimed to be king of the four quarters of the
world, as well as king of Sumer and Akkad. Baby-
lon welcomed him, and by offering in the chief
cities of Babylonia he asserted his protectorate
over Babylonia. He went no farther south than
Nippur, and left the Chaldseans to themselves,
but he destroyed their advanced post at Bit-Shilani,
and impaled its king, Nabu-ushabshi, before the
gate of his destroyed capital, Sarrabanu. He also
subdued the Rashani and Bit-Amukkani.

Nabu-nadin-zeri, his son, whose name appears
in the Babylonian Chronicle as Nadinu and in the
Ptolemaic Canon as Nadios, was killed in an in-
surrection after two years' reign.

The promoter of the rebellion, Nab^^-shum-ukin
II., took the throne, but only ruled for two months.
The Babylonian Chronicle calls him Shum-ukin ;
the Kings' List gives him only one month and twelve
days.

CHAPTER IX

The Ninth Dynasty

The members of this so-called dynasty reaUy form
a collection of disconnected rulers, usurpers, or
conquerors. The Kings' List A describes Ukin-zer
as of the Dynasty of Shashi ; Pulu and Elulai as of
Tinu ; Marduk-aplu-iddina, Sargon and Sennacherib
as Khabigal, which may mean " great robbers."
They were certainly not all of the same family.

The Kings' List A places first Ukin-z£b, of the
Dynasty of Shashi, with a reign of three years.
The Babylonian Chronicle B records that in his
third year Tiglath-pileser IV. came down and plun-
dered Bit-Amukani and captured Ukin-zer.

The Kings' List A next gives to Tiglath-pileser IV.,
the king of Assyria, a reign of two years under the
name of P^u, the Biblical Pul, the Poros of the
Ptolemaic Canon, which regards him as real ruler
along with Ukin-zer (Chinzeros) for five years.
The Babylonian Chronicle gives Tiglath-pileser two
years, before he died in the month of Tebet.

Shalmaneser V., king of Assyria, succeeded,
under the name of Ululai, and reigned as legitimate
king for five years.

116

PLATE Vni

Kudurru of Merodach Baladan III

MERODACH BALADAN 117

We do not know exactly what led to the change
of dynasty in Assyria, but when Sargon ascended
the throne in Tebet, 722 B.C., Merodach Baladan
III., the Chaldsean king of Bit lakin in the Sealand,
who had once paid tribute to Tiglath-pileser in
729 B.C., seized the throne of Babylon. He alHed
himself with Khumbanigash, king of Elam, and
when Sargon moved south with a hastily organised
army to make good his claim to Shalmaneser's
Empire, the aUies made a stout resistance. Sargon
laid waste Babylonia and brought his enemy to
bay at Dur-ilu. Both sides claimed the victory,
but Sargon was obliged to leave Merodach Baladan
in possession of Babylon. There he reigned un-
disturbed for twelve years, while Sargon held
Dur-ilu and the cities of Akkad.

Merodach Baladan III., 721-710 B.C. His rule
was by no means a happy time for Babylonia.
The Chaldsean and Aramaean troops had to be
rewarded with grants of land and property, made
at the expense of native owners. Merodach Baladan
ruled as a foreign tyrant, and when Sargon was
once more free to try conclusions with him he made
no attempt to hold the capital, but fled south, carry-
ing with him the chief men of Babylon, Borsippa,
Sippar and Nippur as hostages. Sargon moved
down the east with his resistless army of veterans,
trained in many a fierce war with Armenia and

118 ANCIENT BABYLONIA

the west, screened off the Elamites and Aramaeans,
subdued the Gambulu, Ru'a, Khindani, latburu and
Puqudu, making them into a new province, with
Diir-Nabu as capital. He then moved into Baby-
lonia and subdued the Aramaean Bit Dakkuri.
Babylonia welcomed the deUverer with joy. The
priests and nobles made a procession to Ddr-
Ladinnu to escort him in triumph into Babylon,
where he offered royal sacrifices. He restored
order in Borsippa, expelling the intruders, took
the hands of Bel on New Year's Day, 709 B.C.,
becoming legitimate king of Babylon. Then he
turned his attention to Merodach Baladan, who
made an ineffectual stand at latburu, was defeated,
and retreated to Iqbi-Bel, where he was again
defeated, and took refuge in his ancestral capital
of Bit lakin, which he fortified against Sargon.
He broke down all the bridges and flooded the
country, but Sargon found a way to penetrate his
defences and laid siege to his capital. Merodach
Baladan now took refuge in Elam, The army of
Puqudu and Sutu, coming to his assistance, were
overpowered, and Bit lakin was stormed, sacked
and razed to the ground. Sargon rescued the
Babylonian hostages and restored to them their
possessions. From Chronicle K we learn that
Merodach Baladan 's father was Nabu-shum-(ukin? ),
and he claimed descent from Erba-Marduk. His

SARGON 119

embassy to Hezekiah of Judali may have been
intended to stir up trouble behind Sargon's back,
but may more probably have been part of his later
intrigues against Sennacherib.

Sargon was now king of Babylonia, 710-704 B.C.
He entered upon a series of restorations of temples,
city walls, cults of the gods, etc., in Ur, Erech,
Eridu and Larsa. Bit lakin was stripped of its
people, who were deported to Commagene, while
the people of that district were settled in their
place. Then Bit lakin was made an Assyrian
province and annexed to Gambuli. Uperi, king
of far-ofiE Dilmun, accordingly thought it wise to
send presents.

There was a tradition among the Greeks that
Sargon made his son, a brother of Sennacherib,*
king of Babylon. Sennacherib himself seems to
have been in command on the borders of Armenia
when Sargon met a violent death. The Babylonian
Chronicle assigns 704 and 703 B.C. to Sennacherib.
He did not, however, take the hands of Marduk,
and the Ptolemaic Canon, following local opinion,
calls these years "kingless." Sennacherib did not
at once interfere in Babylonia. According to the
Kings' List A, the son of a slave reigned one month,
being raised to the throne by a rebellion in which
Sennacherib's brother may have fallen. Merodach
Baladan again seized the throne, and reigned nine

120 ANCIENT BABYLONIA

months according to the Kings' List A, six months
according to the Babylonian Chronicle. Senna-
cherib moved across the Tigris, met Merodach
Baladan at Kish and utterly routed him. Senna-
cherib entered Babylon without serious opposition,
and sacked Merodach Baladan's palace. He then
laid Chaldaea waste, boasting that he had destroyed
eighty-nine cities and 820 villages. Merodach
Baladan took refuge in Guzuman. Sennacherib
sent a vast booty and 208,000 captives to Assyria,
leaving behind him Bel-ibni as a vassal king.

Bel-ibni was a native Babylonian prince, brought
up at the Assyrian Couri;, and Sennacherib doubtless
thought he would be at once acceptable to the
Babylonian people and faithful to Assyria. The
experiment answered weU for a time, but personal
ambition, or the intrigues of the restless nobles,
prompted rebellion. In his third year he laid claim
to the imperial title of shar kiahshati, and allied
himself with the Chaldaeans. Sennacherib carried
him off to Assyria after a nominal reign of three
years, 700 B.C. His Chaldaean ally, Mushezib-
Marduk, deserted him and took refuge in inaccessible
marshes. Merodach Baladan, who had assisted,
was attacked, but fled to the West Coast of Elam,
embarking his gods and people on ships. There
he soon died, while his land of Bit lakin was utterly
ravaged.

ASSYRIAN RULE 121

AsHUR-NADiN-SHUM, Crown Prince of Assyria,
was set on the throne, and reigned six years. Senna-
cherib now set to work to break the power of the
Sealand. He built a fleet and floated it down to
the mouth of the rivers, crossed to the Chaldaean
settlements in Elam, and there ravaged them, while
he himself halted with his army on the mainland.
He thus violated Elamite territory, and the king
of Elam marched into Babylonia, plundered Sippar,
and carried Ashur-nadin-shum captive to Elam,
where he seems to have died. The Elamites and
their aUies now placed a Chaldsean, Nergal-ushezib,
on the throne, and, supported by his allies, he moved
south to attack the Assyrian army in the rear, 693 B.C.
Sennacherib retreated to Erech and awaited Nergal-
ushezib, who had taken Nippur. A desperate
battle took place, the alHes were defeated, and
Nergal-ushezib carried captive to Assyria.

Mushezib-Marduk was next raised to the throne,
692 B.C. He was a Chaldaean whom Sennacherib
had formerly defeated. Sennacherib took the
opportunity afforded by a rebellion in Elam to
invade the country in the hope of rescuing his son,
but the Elamites retreated to the mountains, and
he was beaten back by the cold, 692 b.c. He
then attacked Mushezib-Marduk, who opened the
treasuries of Esagil to bribe the king of Elam to
help him, and a great alhance of Elamites, Chal-

122 ANCIENT BABYLONIA

daeans, Aramaeans and Babylonians, among them
men from Parsua (Persia), EUipi, Puqudu, Gambuli,
with Samunu, son of Merodach Baladan, barred
Sennacherib's return at Khalule, on the east of the
Tigris, 691 B.C. He had never been in such peril
before. A terrific battle ensued, and Sennacherib
claimed the victory. At any rate he got through to
Assyria, but left Mushezib-Marduk alone for the time.

In 689 B.C. Sennacherib had recovered and came
again. Elam held aloof. Babylon was taken, and
Mushezib-Marduk sent in chains to Assyria. Sen-
nacherib then set to work to obUterate Babylon.
The whole city was sacked, fortifications and walls,
temples and palaces, as weU as private houses, were
levelled with the ground, the people massacred or
deported, and the waters of the Arakhtu canal
turned over the site. Mushezib-Marduk's reign
had lasted one year and six months at most.

Sennacherib himself may now be said to have
reigned seven years over Babylon. But as he had
carried away Marduk to Assyria, he could not take
the hands of Bel, and so could not be legitimate
king. The Babylonian Chronicle and Ptolemaic
Canon call these eight years " kingless." Berosus
seems to have given a rule of eight years here to
Axerdis, possiblj^ intending Esarhaddon by that
name. Babylonia was made an Assyrian province
under a viceroy.

ESARHADDON 123

Doubtless the scattered population soon began
to drift back to Babylon, and there is reason to
think that Esaehaddon ruled there as " Vice-
regent of Bel " before his father's death, and began
to restore the city. He was probably there when
Sennacherib was murdered, 20th Tebet, 681 B.C.,
and marched thence to wrest Assyria from his
brother, Ashur-shar-etir, the BibHcal Sharezer.
After he ascended the throne of Assyria, 680 B.C.,
Babylon remained under his rule. But as the
statue of Marduk remained captive in Assyria, he
could not be real king, and only retained the title
of Viceroy. During his frequent absences warring
in the west, his mother, Naqia, was regent, and the
Elamites saw an opening to raid Babylonia and
capture Sippar. In the south, Nabu-zeru-kenish-
lishir, a son of Merodach Baladan, possessed himself
of the Sealand and captured Ur. The Assyrian
generals drove back both invasions. Nabu-zeru-
kenish-lishir was defeated and fied to Elam, where
he was slain. His brother, Na'id-Marduk sur-
rendered to Esarhaddon, who made him vassal
king of the Sealand. Esarhaddon drove out the
Chaldseans, who had again settled in Babylonia,
subdued the GambuU, and set up their king, Bel-
ikisha, in Shapi-Bel as a frontier post against Elam ;
deposed Shamash-erba, the king of Bit Dakkuri,
and set up Nabu-usalhm, son of that Balasu whom

124 ANCIENT BABYLONIA

Tiglath-pileser- had fought. The Elamite king
made peace and returned the gods he had carried
oflF. Esarhaddon greatly favoured Babylon, and
rebuilt large portions of it. All over Babylonia he
restored city walls, temples, cults and canals.
Under him Babylon would soon have recovered.
He died 668 B.C.

Esarhaddon left Assyria to his son, Ashur-banipal,
and Babylon to his son, Shamash-shum-ukin. After
partaking in the coronation of his brother, Shamash-
shum-ukin brought back the statue of Marduk to
Babylon, Aiaru, 668 B.C., and on the New Year's
Day of 667 B.C. took the hands of Bel and became
legitimate king of Babylon and Amnanu. Ashur-
banipal retained the rule of all the south and con-
tinued to offer royal sacrifices in Babylon, Borsippa,
Sippar and Kutha, as overlord. The southern
cities were under Assyrian governors. At first
Shamash-shum-ukin turned his mind to works of
peace, fortifications and restorations. His brother
gave him ample Assyrian troops as guards against
Elam. But as he felt himself grow stronger he
began to make a bid for independence. He drew
into a conspiracy against his brother, Ummanigash,
king of Elam, Arabians, Aramaeans, Chaldaeans,
Egypt, Ethiopia and Gutium. When the affair
seemed ripe he sent a challenge to Ashur-banipal
forbidding him any longer to offer sacrifices in

SHAMASH-SHUM-UKIN 125

Babylonian cities. He then seized Ur and Erech.
Ashur-banipal moved with great dehberation, but
after a decisive victory at Bab-Sami, in Arakhsamna,
650 B.C., he laid siege to Borsippa, Babylon, Kutha
and Sippara, and leaving his armies to blockade
them, rapidly reduced the South. Babylon stood
a siege from Arakhsamna, 650 B.C., to Aiaru 648 B.C.
Soon after it was stormed, after suffering the last
extremities of famine and pestilence. It was then
sacked as ruthlessly as by Sennacherib, and every-
thing given over to fire and massacre. Shamash-
shum-ukin burnt himself to death in his palace.

Borsippa held out a Httle longer, Sippar and Kutha
had fallen earlier. They were treated better, and
Babylon was handed over to them to settle in.
Shamash-shum-ukin had reigned twenty years.

Ashur-banipal henceforth ruled Babylonia him-
self. Kandalanu, the Kineladanus of Ptolemy,
whom Berosus calls brother of Sammuges, was
either a throne name of Ashiir-banipal's or of his
nominee. He reigned twenty years.

When Ashur-banipal died, 628 B.C., Babylon
itself fell into the hands of Nabopolassar, who
founded the New Babylonian Empire. Ashur-
etil-ilani and Sin-shar-ishkun, the sons of Ashur-
banipal, and kings of Assyria, retained possession
of the cities of Akkad and the South, such as Nippur,
Ur and Erech, for some time.

CHAPTER X

The Tenth Dynasty, or Neo-Babylonian
Empire

Nabopolassar reigned from 625 to 604 B.C. His
rule was very limited at first. For four years we
have no proof that his rule was acknowledged
beyond Babylon and Borsippa. Erech, Nippur
and even Sippara remained under Assyrian rule for
much longer.

He allied himself with the king of the Medes,
who devastated Mesopotamia and ultimately cap-
tured Nineveh which fell towards the end of his reign,
about 606 b.c. He boasts that he had chased
from Akkad the Assyrians " who from days of old
had ruled over all peoples and worn out the nations
with their heavy yoke." He further claims to have
" laid the foundation " of his land and rule.
_ His many inscriptions are chiefly concerned
with his buildings. He was a great restorer. He
rebuilt the great temple of Marduk at Babylon,
while he had not yet assumed the title of king of
Babylon, though already claiming to be king of
Sumer and Akkad. When he dug a canal at Sippara,
where he also built a temple of BeUt, he claims to be

126

NEBUCHADREZZAR THE GREAT 127

king of Babylon. He fortified Babylon, with its
inner wall called Imgur-Marduk.

On the fall of Nineveh, Pharaoh Necho II., king
of Egypt, in 609 B.C., made an attempt to revive
Egyptian supremacy. The Egyptians had already
reached the Euphrates, when Nabopolassar's army,
under his son, Nebuchadrezzar, met and defeated
them at Carchemish, 605 B.C. A Babylonian
settlement of the West was in progress when Nabo-
polassar died, and Nebuchadrezzar hastened back
across the desert from Pelusium, on the borders of
Egypt, to claim the throne of Babylon.

Nebuchadrezzar II. reigned from 604 B.C. to
561 B.C. His own inscriptions, hke his father's,
deal almost solely with buildings. He fortified
Babylon with an outer waU, Nimitti-Bel, and with
moats ; he made the great city gates of cedar, covered
with strips of decorated bronze. Outside this he
ultimately constructed fortifications so extended
that no army could have surrounded it. Within,
he built a citadel palace, and made magnificent
streets. He cleaned out the Arakhtu canal, which
ran through Babylon, and fined it with quays. The
Babylon with its hanging gardens, once the wonder
of the world, was practically his creation, and is the
immense city whose ruins the Germans are now
exploring.

Nebuchadrezzar prided himself on the restoration

128 ANCIENT BABYLONIA

of the ancient temples of his land. At Sippara,
Larsa, Ur, Dilbat, Baz, Erech, Borsippa, Kutha,
Marad, and many another less celebrated place, he
lavished his wealth upon his gods and their dwell-
ings. Nor did he care less for the weU-being of his
people. He cleared out the old canals and dug a
new one north of Sippara.

Nebuchadrezzar was undoubtedly a great warrior,
and fully maintained the prestige won by the armies
of Assyria in the West, but only a tiny fragment
of his annals has survived. They record that in
his thirty-seventh year he warred in Egypt against
Amasis, and a reference to Phut and laman probably
indicates his victory over the Egyptian aUies and
Greek mercenaries. Josephus preserves a tradi-
tion that he made Egypt a Babylonian province.
From the same source we learn of his siege of Tyre,
585 to 573 B.C. Tyre finally made terms under
Ethobaal, but was never captured.

From the Bibhcal records we learn a full account
of his relations with Judaea, some details of which
still elude our grasp, but the questions involved
belong rather to the treatment of the Old Testa-
ment than to a history of Babylonia. Traces of his
wars in the West, which were by no means confined
to Judah, are to be found in a much mutilated
inscription on the rocks at Wady Brissa, a valley
north of the Lebanon mountains, and west of the

LATER BABYLONIAN KINGS 129

upper part of the Orontes, and in an inscription
and image set up at the Nahr-el-kelb.

Amel-Marduk, 561-560 B.C., the Bibhcal Evil-
Merodach, son of Nebuchadrezzar, only reigned
two years and a few months. According to the
Biblical accounts he had compassion on Jehoiachin,
the captive Jewish king, taking him out of prison
and making him an honoured, though compulsory,
guest.

According to the story quoted from Berosus, he
had rendered himself so hateful by his debaucheries
and extravagance that he was assassinated.

Neriglissar, Nergal-shar-utsur, probably the
Nergal-shar-ezer who was Rabmag at the siege of
Jerusalem, brother-in-law of Amel-Marduk, was
son of Bel-shum-ishkun, and had married a daughter
of Nebuchadrezzar. His own inscriptions deal
almost entirely with temple buildings at Babylon
and Borsippa, where he built himself a palace,
559-556 B.C.

Labashi-Marduk, his son, the Labarosoarchod
of Berosus, is said by him to have been lawless and
impious, and was deposed by the priestly party, who
set Nabonidus on the throne, 556 B.C. He reigned
only nine months, and was but a child,

Nabonidus, Nabu-na'id, son of Nabii-balatsu-
iqbi, 556-540 B.C., a native Babylonian, was its last
independent king. He was, above all, a restorer of

130 ANCIENT BABYLONIA

temples. It was his great delight to search for the
foundation records of the original founders, and he
prided himself on retaining, to a finger-breadth, the
former dimensions of their buildings. To him more
than to anyone else we are indebted for references
to eariy history, which^ enable us to reconstruct
chronology.

His Ust of restorations is very long. Everj^-
where calling himself the preserver of fisagila in
Babylon and £-zida at Borsippa, his greatest achieve-
ment was the rebuilding of the temple of Shamash
at Sippara on a scale of magnificence previously
unrivalled. For its roof alone five thousand beams
of cedar were employed. In the city of Sippar of
Anunitum her temple, £-ulmash, was restored.

From an inscription drawn up to commemorate
his restoration of the temple of Sin at Haran, we
learn that in his sixth year one Cyrus, son of Cam-
byses, king of Anshan, a petty vassal of Astyages,
king of the Medes, " with his small army " conquered
that powerful monarch. This led to the with-
drawal of the Manda from Haran, where Naboni-
dus had long wished to restore the temple. It
had been destroyed by the Manda, probably in
concert with the Babylonians, as the statues of
its gods had been preserved in Babylon. Ashur-
banipal had rebuilt the temple on the foundations
laid by Shalmaneser, 869-826 B.C. Nabonidus

NABONIDUS AND CYRUS 131

again rebuilt it with greater splendour than ever.
He enumerates with pride the countries which
owned his sway, Babylonia, all Mesopotamia and
the Western lands down to Gaza, on the borders of
Egypt. Governors, princes, and kings united to
contribute to the grand work.

Cyrus soon made himself master of the Median
Empire, and a coalition was formed against him
by Croesus, king of Lydia, Amasis, king of Egypt,
and Nabonidus, king of Babylonia. On the fall of
Croesus in 546 B.C., C^rus turned his attention to
Nabonidus, who had estranged the powerful priest-
hood of Marduk at Babylon by his devotion to the
worship of Sin at Haran and Ur, and of Shamash at
Sippara and Larsa. A Chronicle deahng with the
events of this reign once had entries for each year.
It was drawn up by a priest of fisagila, and reflects
the dissatisfaction there by its perpetually recurring
notice, " the king was in Tema so Bel went not
forth." As the king was not present on the New
Year's festival to take the hands of Marduk, that
god could not make his procession. On the part
of Nabonidus this was equivalent to abdicating his
claim to be legitimate king in the metropolis of
the Empire. Where Tema was and what hold it
had upon Nabonidus we do not know. He seems
to have left affairs of state and the command of
the army to his beloved son, Belshazzar, for whom

132 ANCIENT BABYLONIA

he perpetually records his prayer for safety and
preservation from sin against the gods.

The end soon came, for the defence was entrusted
to Belshazzar, who lay with his army in Akkad, but
was signally defeated at Opis, and, on the 14th of
Tammuz, Sippara fell without fighting. On the
16th, Grobryas entered Babylon without resistance,
and Cyrus followed on the 3rd of Marchesvan
539-8 B.C. He was received openly by all classes
as a Uberator. Nabonidus was exiled to Carmania.

A monument found near Haran contains an
autobiography of the father of Nabonidus, who was
possibly installed there as priest of Sin towards the
end of Ashur-banipal's reign. He mentions that
king, his son Ashur-etil-ilani, Nabopolassar, Nebu-
chadrezzar, and Nergalsharutsur, for whom he
regularly prayed, and reckons 104 years of life
from the days of Ashur-banipal to the sixth year
of Nabonidus. In this year took place the death
of the mother of Nabonidus at Dur-kurasu, near
Sippara, on the 5th of Nisan.

NOTE ON THE DYNASTY OF GUTIUM (p. 46).

A newly found inscription shows that the men of Gutium
were finally expelled from Babylonia by Utu-khegal^ who cap-
tured their king, Tirigam, and founded a dynasty at Erech^ which
must have preceded that of Ur.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

GoODSPEED, G. S. A Histm-y of the Babylonians and
Assyrians. London : Smith, Elder & Co. 1903.

King, L. W. A Histm-y of Sumer and Akkad. London :
Chatto & Windus. 1910.

Thureau-Dangin, F. Die sumerischen und akkadischen
Konigsinschriften. Leipzig: Hinrichs. 1907.

HiNKE, W. J. A New Boundary Stone of Nebuchadrezzar I.
Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania. 1907.

Langdon, S. Die neubabylonischen Konigsinschriften.
Leipzig: Hinrichs. 1912.

SCHNABEL, P. Studien zur babylonischen-assyrischen Chrono-
logie. Berlin : W. Peiser. 1908.

Hogg, H. W. The Isin Dynasty. Manchester: Journal
Manchester Oriental Society. 1912.

Numerous articles in the Orientalistische Litteratur-
Zeitung, Revue d'Assyriologie, Zeitschrift fur Assyriologie,
Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archaeology, and other
periodicals deal at length with the subjects summarised
in this book, and give references to original sources.

188

INDEX

Aabba-kh^gal, canal, 74
Aba-Uu, 6 king Akkad, 46
Abalgamash, king, Barakbsu, 42
Abba-dugga, 59
Ablshu', 8 king dyn. 1, 10, 83, 84,

87
Abirattash, 5 king dyn. 3, 91
Abraham, 2, 25, 61
Abfi-Habba, site of Sippara, 22
Abfi-Hatab, site of Kisura, 24
Abu-Shahrain, site of Eridu, 25
Accession year, 7
Achsemenids, 9
Adab, now Bismaia, city, 18, 23,

44.67
Adad, storm-god, 68, 76, 77, 78

of fikallate, 106

temple of, 73

Adad-aplu-iddin, 7 king dyn. 4,

106
Adad-nirari I., king of Assyria,

96, 97, 98
ni., king of Assyria, 110,

111
IV., king of Assyria, 113,

114
Adad-shum-iddin, 31 king dyn. 3,

100
Adad-shum-Hshir, king (?) of

Assyria, 100, 101
Adad-8hum.ut6ur,32kincdvn. 3.

100,101
Adad-zSr-iqisha, 105
Adara-kalama, 8 king dyn. 2. 87
Adhem, river, 65
184

Ae-aplu-utsur, king dyn. 7, 109
Aescnylus, Greek poet, 1
Agade, city = Akkad, 18, 22, 79
Agarqnf, 22

Agathias, Greek author, 59
Agum I., 2 king dyn. 3, 10, 91 ;

the Great, 91

n., 7 king dyn. 3, 91, 92

-^— III., 10 king dyn. 3, 93
Aiaru, 2nd Babylonian month,

124, 125
Aia-khegal, canal, 75
Akarsallu, city, 98, 102, 106
Akkad, city, 22, 29, 39, 40, 41, 42,

44, 45, 104
land, 14, 18, 22, 40, 58, 59,

60, 61, 62, 67, 68, 70, 80, 82, 85,

91, 93, 97, 99, 102, 106, 107,

114, 125, 126, 132

dynasty of, 38-45

Akkadian language, 19
Akkadians, people, 81, 92 :
Akki, the gardener, 40
Aksu river, 65

Akurgal, 2 king Ur-nin& dyn., 32
Akur-ulanna, 9 king dyn. 2, 87
Al-Gimil-Sin, city, 56
Aleppo, city, 79
Alexander the Great, 1, 9
Alisadu, king, Kish 3, 64
Alman, land, 92
Amal, god, 44

, city, 82

Amanufl range, 48, 82
Amasls, king, Egypt, 128, 131

INDEX

136

Am&l-Marduk, 3 king dyn. 10, 129
Amenophis III., king, Egypt,
94, 95

IV., king, Egypt, 95

Ammananu, land, 105

Ammiditana, 9 king dyiL 1, 84

Ammikinabi, 88

Ammizaduga, 10 king dyn. 1, 85

Amnanu, land, 124

Amorites, people, cf. Amurru,

59, 61, 62, 63, 71, 72, 82, 103
Amraphel, king of Shinar, 76
Amurru, land, 44, 45, 48, 94

people, 61, 65, 67, 82

Ancient Fragments, Cory's, 2
Andrae, German explorer, 24
Anna, high priest of, 51, 53
Annals, 4

Anshan, land, 42, 52, 55, 130
Antiochus Soter, Greek king, 2
Anu, god, 30, 79
Anunitum. goddess, 44, 106, 130
Apil-Sin, 4 king dyn. 1, 65, 74, 75
Apirak, land, 43
Apollodorus, Greek author, 2
Arabia, land, 15, 19, 49
Arabians, people, 124
Arabian desert, 14, 25
Arakhab, pretender, 84
Arakhsarana, 8th Babylonian

month, 125
Arakhtu canal, 82, 83, 122, 127
Aramaeans, people, 106, 110, 112,

113, 115, 117, 118, 122, 124
Arioch, king of Ellasar, 68, 69
Aristophanes, Greek poet, 1
Aristotle, Greek author, 1
Arkum, land, 82
Armanu, land, 43
Armenia, land, 13, 17, 117, 119
Arrian, Greek author, 1
Arzukhina, city, 105

Asharri, city, 43
Ashduni-erim, king of Kish, 62
Ashlultum, queen of Sargon of

Akkad, 41
Ashnunnak, land, 42, 65, 66, 78,

79, 92
Ashukhu canal, 64
Ashur, god of Assyria, 99
Ashurbanipal, king of Ass3Tia,

65, 124, 125. 130, 132
Ashur-bel-kala, king of Assyria,

106, 107
Ashur-bel-nishSshu, king of As*

Syria, 93, 95
Ashur-dan III,, king of Assyria,

102
Ashur- nadin-shum, 11 king dyn.

9, 121
Ashur- natsir- pal L, king of

AssjTia, 99

IV., king of Assyria, 111

Ashur-etil-ilani, king of Assyria,

125, 132
Ashur-nirari III., king of Assyria,

100
Ashur-rfish-ishi I., king of As-

s3Tia, 104
Ashur-shar-etir, king of Assyria,

123
Ashur-shum-lishir, king of As-
syria, 100, 101
Ashur-uballit, king of Assjrria,

94, 95, 96
Asia Minor, land, 16, 57
Asida, city, 70
Asiru, people, 65
Asshur. city, 79. 101, 114

land, see Assyria

Assyria, land, 9, 10, 15, 57. 72,

73, 75. 77 86, 90, 93-96. 98-

102, 104-107, 110. Ill, 113,

114, 116, 117, 120-125, 128

136

ANCIENT BABYLONIA

Assyrians, people, 4, 9, 39, 55, 60,
73, 86, 87, 90, 91, 100, 101, 104,
106, 111, 113, 119-123, 124,
126

Astyages, king of Medes, 130

Augury, 11

Awan, city, 43

Axerdes, king, 122

Azag-Bau, queen, Kish 2, 30, 37

Azupiranu, city, 40

Babel, tower of, 21

Babil, ruin, 20

Bab-ilani, 20

Bab-ili, 20

Bab-Samt, city, 125

Babylon, city. 2, 5, 6, 18, 20, 21,

40, 44, 60, 60, 62, 66, 71-73,

75-77, 91-93, 97, 99-101, 103-

106, 109, 110, 112 115, 117-

127, 129-132

dynasties of, see Dynasty

Babylonia, land, 1-3, 9, 10, 12-

20, 30, 38, 40, 45, 57, 58, 60-63,

68, 69. 71, 72, 76, 86, 87, 91, 97,

99-102, 105-107, 110, 112, 114,

120, 121, 129, 130
Babylonian people, 3, 4, 6, 11,

75, 88, 90, 92, 110-112, 114,

120, 122, 129, 130
chronicle, 10, 115, 116, 119,

120, 122
chronicles, 6, 50, 52, 59, 87,

92. 93, 110, 112, 114, 116, 118,

131
literature, texts, etc., 1-3, 8,

19, 22, 24, 71, 85, 89
Badki =Dflrum, city, 84
B&d-Mada, wall, 62
B4d-Martu, wall, 54
Badu, king, Lagash, 31
Bagdad, city, 13, 20, 22. 76

Balasu, 123
Banbala, city. 111
Banks, explorer, 23
Barakhsu, land, 42, 43
Barnamtarra, wife of Lugalanda,

35
Barship, city, 49
Barsip, city, 21
Basallu, mt., 48
Basar, mt., 44
Bisha-ili, 4 king Erech 2, 45
Biisha-Mama, -patesi, Lagash, 47
BJisha-Sin, 2 king Kish 2, 31
Biaha-Tsir, 4 king Opis, 30
Bashime, land,
Bau-akh-iddin, 11 king dyn. 8,

113
Baz, land, 41, 128
Bazu, city, 76, 77

dyn. of, 10, 108

Bazuzu, ruler of Kish, 29

Behistun, rocks, 3

Bfel, god of Babylon =Marduk, 2,

78,110,113, 118,122,124,131

Nippur =EUil, 22

B61-dabi, king, Assjma, 75, 77

Beleous, 69

Beletaras, 69

BSl-ibni, 10 king dvn. 9, 120

Bfilit, goddess, 126'

Bel-ikisha, 123

B61-nirari, king, Assyria, 96, 97

Belshazzar, king of Babylon, 131,

132
Bfil-shum-iddin, 36 king dyn. 3,

102, 103
BSl-shum-ishkun, 129
Berosus, Greek author, 2, 3, 122,

125, 129
Biblical names, 25, 123, 128-130
Bibrabium, city, 54
Bingani-sharri, 44

INDEX

137

Birs Nimrud, ruin, 21
Bismaya, site of Adab, 23
Bit Amukkani, land, 115, 116
Bit Dakkuri, land, 118, 123
Bit lakin, land, 117-120
Bit Khashmar, city, 108
Bit Riduti, city, 113
Bit Shilani, city, 115
Boehaz Koi, city, 85
Borsippa, city, 18, 21, 74-76, 79,

110, li2, 113, 115, 117, 118,

124-126, 128, 129, 130
Boundary stones, 11
Bricks, 3, 20, 21, 58
British Museum, 11, 30, 42, 66,

107
Budge, explorer, 22
Bunutakhtunila, king, Sippara,

64 ^ „

Bumaburiash I., 8 king dyn. 3,

92 93

'iL, 16 king dyn- 3, 93-96

III., 21 king dyn. 3, 97

Bur-Sin I., 3 king Ur, 53, 54

II., 7 king Isin, 59

Buzur- Ashur, king, Assyria, 94, 95

Cambyses, 130

Canals, 5, 13, 14, 32, 67, 73, 74,

75, 77, 79, 85, 128
Canon Eponym, 9
Ptolemaic, 9, 114-116, 119,

122
Cappadocia, 17, 57
Cappadocian tablets, 57
Carchemish, city, 127
Carmania, land, 132
Chaldsea, land, 2, 112, 113, 120
Chaldffians, people, 112, 113, 115,

117, 120, 121, 123, 124
Chedorlaomer, king, Elam, 76
Chicago University, 23

Chinzeros, 116

Chronicle, Babylonian. 10, 114

Kl, 10, 44, 69, 72, 81, 83,

85, 118

K2, 10, 106, 110

K3, 10

p, 10, 94, 95,97, 99, 100, 101

Kish, 8, 30, 36, 37, 39, 45

Dynastic, 10

Sargon and Naram-Sin, 40

■ year names, 6

Religious, 10

Chronological notices, 8

Chronology, 8, 9

Cities, 20 ft., 25, 26-28

City-gods, 26

City-walls, 5

Clemens, author, 2

Code of Laws, 77-79

Commagene, land, 119

Constantinople, city, 42

Cory, author, 2

Croesus, king, Lydia, 131

Ctesias, Greek author, 1

Cuneiform writing, 2, 17

Cylinder-seal, 44

Cyrus, king, Anshan, 130-132

Dagan, god, 52

Damki-iBshu I., 16 king Isin, 60,

68, 84

II., 3 king dyn. 2, 84, 86

Darius, the Great, 3

Date-lists, 6, 50

De Cros, explorer, 23

Deir, ruin, 22

Deluge, 24

De Morgan, explorer, 90

De Sarzec, explorer, ** , „.

Deutsche Orientgesellschaft, 20,

24
Diarbekr, town, 43

138

ANCIENT BABYLONIA

Dilbat, city, 72, 79, 89, 128
Dilmun, island, 40, 57, 119
Diyala, river, 90
Drehem. town, 23, 52, 66, 56
Dudu, 11 king Akkad, 45

priest of Ningirsu, 34

Dungi, 2 king Ur, 6, 10, 13, 50-

53, 56, 97
Dungi-rama, 54
Dunnu, city, 46, 73
Dur-Apil-Sin, city, 103
Dur-fia, city, 93
Dur-ilu, city, 45, 51, 70, 79, 100,

104, 106, 113, 117
Dfir-gurgurri, city, 67
Dur-kurasu, city, 132
DGr-kurigalzu, city, 22, 94, 106,

115
Diir-Ladinnu, city, 118
Dfir-mfiti, city, 75
Dfir-Nabfl, city, 118
Dur-Papsukal, city, 119
Diir-Shamikin, city, 40, 104
Dflr-Sin, city, 41
Dflr-Sin-muballit, city, 80
Dynasty of Akkad, 38-46

Erech I., 36, 37

Erech II., 46

Iain, 19, 57-61

lain n., 103-107

Kish L, 29, 30

Kish n., 30, 31

Kish III., 63

Lagash I., 31, 32

Lagash II.,

Larea, 23

Opifl, 30

Ur I., 24, 49-57

Ur n., 58, 59

Ur-Nlnfi, 31-34

DynastiM of Babylon — First, 71-

86

Dynasties of Babylon — Second,
86-88

Third, 89-102

Fourth, 103-107

Fifth, 107, 108

Sixth, 108, 109

Seventh, 109

Eighth, 109-115

Ninth, 116-126

Tenth, 127-132

Dynastic Chronicle, A, 108

S, 10

Nippur, 5, 69

fia, god, 25, 70

fi-abba, land, 66

fia-gamil, 11 king dyn. 2, 87, 92

fia-mukin-zfir, 2 king dyn. 5, 108

fi-anna, temple in Erech, 24, 93

fi-Annatum, patesi Lagash, 30,

32, 33, 34
E-Babbar, temple in Lagash,

Larsa,

Sippara, 21, 74, 81

Babylon, 80

Eclinse 9

Egypt, land, 16, 57, 94, 124, 127,

128, 131
Egyptians, people, 127, 128
Ekallate, city, 106
Eki, dynasty of, 109
ftkur, temple, 22, 54
fikur-shura-ushabshi, 109
Elam, land, 10, 15, 17, 19, 32, 42,

44, 45, 49, 51, 62, 64, 56, 78,

79, 92, 96-98, 100, 103, 104,

118, 120, 121-124
Elamite people, 34, 66, 57, 58,

61, 62, 67, 69, 89, 91, 100,

102, 103, 104. 109, 112, 117,

118, 121, 124
El Hibba, ruin, 24

INDEX

139

Ellaaar, city, 68

Eim, god, 22, 29, 37, 41, 43, 44,

50-55, 77, 78, 97
Eim-bani, 11 kingof l8m,10,59,60

priest of EUU, 97

Ellil-kudur-utsur, king of As-
syria, 101
Ellil-nadin-akhi, 2 king dyn. 4,

103
Ellil-nadin-apli, 4 king dyn. 4,

3, 105
Ellil-nadin-shum, 29 king dyn.

3, 100
Elmuti, 6 king Kish 2, 31
El Oheimor, ruin, 21
Elulai =Slialmaneser V.. 116
Emutbalum, land, 65, 67-69, 78,

80,81
Enakalli, paiesi, Umma, 32, 33
Enannatum I., patesi, Lagash,

32,33

II., patesi, Lagash, 34

III., priest at Ur, 58

Enetarzi, paiesi, Lagash, 34

Eniggal, 35

fi-nianfi, temple in Lagash, 37,

48,119
En-kh^gal, king, Lagash, 31
Enki, god, 52, 54, 56
Enlitarzi, paiesi, Lagash, 34, 35
Enridapizir, king, Gutium, 46
Enshagkushanna, king, Sumer, 37
Entemena, patesi, Lagash, 33, 34,

84
Erba-Marduk, 10 king dyn. 8,

112, 113, 118
Erba-Sin, 108

Erech, city, 18, 24, 30, 31, 33,
35-37, 39, 44, 46, 50, 53-56, 68,
59, 66, 66, 68-70, 77, 79-81, 93,
119, 121, 124-126, 128
Eria, goddess, 104

Eriaku, 68

Eridu, city, 13, 18, 25, 32-34, 37,

62, 54, 56, 58, 69, 68, 79, 119
fisagila, temple, 20, 50, 74, 80,

92, 99, 109, 113, 121, 130, 131
fisagilshaduni, 106
Esarhaddon, king, Assyria, dyn.

9, 122-124
Ethiopia, land, 124
Ethobaal, king. Tyre, 128
Etir-Marduk, 108
fiturkalamma, temple, 75, 78
fiulmash, temple, 99, 130
;feulmash-8hakin-8hum, 1 king

dyn. 6, 108
Euphrates, river, 13-15, 20, 21,

24, 25, 33, 37, 49, 57, 69, 74,

76, 79, 82, 84, 85, 111, 127

canal, 23, 82

Europe, 23, 24
Eusebius, author, 2
Evilmerodach, see AraSl-Marduk
6-zida, temple, 21, 106, 113, 130

Fall of Jerusalem, 3
Fall of Nineveh, 2
Faluja, 22
Fara, ruins, 24

First Dynasty of Babylon, 6, 8,
10, 19, 22, 61-66, 70, 71. 86-89
Fisher, explorer, 22
Flood, 10, 24
Foundation records, 3
French explorers, 23

Gaddash, see Gandash
Gagia, 6, 42, 77, 84
Galu-Bau, patesi, Lagash, 48
Galu-Gula, patesi, Lagash, 48
Gambulu, people, 118, 119, 122,

123
Gananati, city, 113

140

ANCIENT BABYLONIA

Gandash, 1 king dyn. 3, 91

Gankhar, land, 52, 53, 561

Gaza, city, 131

Genealogy, 4

Genesis adv., 8, 76

German explorers, 23, 24, 127

Gilgamesh, hero, 24

Gimil-Ellil, 53

Gimil-ilishu, 2 king Isin 1, 58

Gimil-Ishtar, 54

Gimil-Sin I., 6 king Opis, 30

IL, 4 king Ur 1, 54-56

Girsu, city, 23, 56, 68

Gobryas, 132

Greek writers, 1, 20, 21, 45, 90,

114, 119

people, 128

Gudea, patesi, Lagash, 37 ,48, 49

Gu-edin, plain, 32, 47

Gulkiflhar, 6 king dvn. 2, 7, 8, 87

Gnngnnu, king, Ur'3, 58, 59, 66

Gonidu, 31

Gorsar, 32

Gutium, land, 19, 44, 47, 49, 66,

92, 124
Guzuman, land, 120

Halman, city, 104
Hammurabi, 6 king dyn. 1, 5, 8,

10, 20, 61, 66, 68, 69, 76-80, 84,

85, 89, 107
Hammurabi-khdgdl, oanal, 77
Hannab, city, 56
Haran, city, 25, 130, 131
Haynes, explorer, 22
Hebrew tradition, 25, 61
Herodotus, Greek author, 1, 20
Hezekiah, 119
Hillah, ruins, 20
Hflprecht, explorer, 22
Hincks, decipherer, 3
Hit, city, 3

Hittites, people, 57, 86, 86
Holwan, city, 90

ladikhabu, 82

lakhzSr-Uu, king, Kazallu, 73

lalman, mt., 110

laman, land, 128 ^

latburu, people, 118

lau, god, 72, 73

Ibi-Anum, 74

Ibi-Sin, 5 king Ur 1, 55-57

Ibni-sharru, 44

Idamaraz, people, 69, 80

Idin-Dagan, 3 king Isin 1, 58

r' 1-Shamash, 7 Wng Kish 2, 31
. patesi, Umma, 33
lU-idinnam, 7 king Akkawi, 45
Ilu-lugar, 10 king, Akkad, 45
Du-ma-ilu I., king, Sippara. 66

IL, 1 king dyn. 2, 82, 86, 87

Ilu-shumma, king, Assyria, 72,73
Im^ir-Marduk, 127
Imi-ilu, 8 king Akkad, 45
Immerum, king, Sippara, 64
Innina, goddess, 53
Iqbi-Bfil, city, 118
Imina, goddass, 43
Irria, city, 102
Irrigation, 5

Ishbi-Urra, 1 king Isin 1, 67
Ishkibal, 4 king dyn. 2, 86
Ishkun-Marduk, city, 84
Ishme-Dagan, 4 king Isin 1, 58
Ishtar, goddess, 20, 40, 75, 77
Ishu-ilu, 5 king Opis, 30
Isin, city, 8, 55, 57-62, 65-70, 76-
81, 84, 100, 103-105

dyn. 1, 19,57

dyn. 2, 103

era, 7, 61

Iter-bAsha, 8 king isin 1, 59
Itti-Ellil, 44

INDEX

141

Ittl-Marduk-balatu, 106, 107

Jabrum, city, 54

Japium, king, Kish 3, 63, 64

Jenoiachin, 129

Jenisalem, city, 3, 129

Jews, people, 2

Jokha, ruin, 23

Jordan, river, 15

Josephus, Jewish author, 2, 128

Judah, land, 110, 128

Judaea, land, 128

Ka-Azag, patesi, Lagash, 47, 48
Kabnitum, river, 43
Kadashman-Ellil I., 14 king dyn.

3 94 95

'- XL, 25 king dyn. 3, 98

Kadashman-Kharbe I., king

dyn. 3, 94, 97

II.. king dyn. 3, 100

in., 30 king dyn. 3, 100

Kadashman-Turgu, 24 king dyn.

3,98
Kadi, god, 51
Kagalad, mt., 49
Kagmum, land, 79
Kandalanu, 125
Karab, city, 66
Kara-indash I., 12 king dyn. 3,

93, 94, 96
Karakhardash, 94, 95, 96
Karash, city, 63
Karashtu, 105
Kar-B61-matati, city, 110
Kardaka, city, 56
Karduniash, land, 91, 93-96, 99,

104, 106, 111, 113, 114
Kar-Ishtar, city, 98
Karkar, city, 34, 75, 79
Kar-Shamash, city, 66, 74, 79, 84
Karzida, city, 50, 52, 54

Kashshi, see Kassites, 90
Kashshu, see Kassites, 90
Kashshu-nadin-akhi, 3 king dyn.

5, 108
Kashtiliash I., 3 king dyn. 3, 10,

91,92

II., 9 king dyn. 3, 92, 93

III., 28 king dyn. 3, 99

Kashtubila, king, Kazallu, 40

Kasr, 20

Kassites, people, 69, 80, 84, 86,

87, 89, 91-96, 102, 103
Kazallu, land, 29, 40, 51, 63-65,

72-74
Kengi, land, 18
Kesh, city, 45
Khabigal, 116
Khakhu, land, 49
Khalambu, 73
Khalium, king Kish, 3, 63
KhaUab, city, 68
Khalule, city, 122
Khamazi, land, 29, 56
Khamranu, city, 115
Khani, land, 92

Kharsagkalama, city, 45, 95, 100
Kharshi, land, 52, 53
Khashmar, city, 108
Khatti, land, 85, 105
Khindanu, people, 118
Khudadu, city. 111
IChukhnuri, land, 54
Khumbanigash, king, Elam, 117
Khuraurti, land, 53
Khurbatila, king, Elam, 98
Khurshitu, land, 65
Khutstsi, city, 104
Kiannibi, 2 king dyn. 2, 86
Kibal-barru, city, 72, 77
Kidin-khutrudash, king, Elam,

100
Kimash, land, 49, 53

142

ANCIENT BABYLONIA

KineladanuB, 125

King's List A, 8, 9, 71, 86, 86,

90-92, 99, 100-102, 107-109,

114-116, 119, 120

B, 71

Kirgal-daramosb, 7 king dvn. 2,

87
Kish, city, 18, 21, 22, 29-32, 37,

41, 44, 62-64, 66, 71-74, 79,

81-84, 89, 120

dyn. 1, 29, 30

2, 30, 31

3,63

Kissians, people, 90
Kisurra, city, 24, 66, 79, 81
Kiuri, land, 18
Koldewey, explorer, 24
Kossseans, people, 90
Kudda, 3 king Erech 2, 45
Kudur-Ellil, 26 king dyn. 3, 98,

99
Kudur-Lakbamar, 68
Kudur-Mabug, 62, 67, 68
Kudur-Nankhundi, king, Elam,

65, 102, 103
KudurruB, 11, 104, 105, 109
Kurigalzu I., 13 king dyn. 3, 93,

96, 102, 107

II., 20 king dyn. 3, 96, 97

III., 22 king dyn. 3, 96-98

Kurikbum, city, 42

Kurna, city, 14

Kutba, city, 18, 22, 53, 74-76, 79,

112, 113, 124, 126, 128

Labaroso-archod, see Labashl-

Marduk
Labashi-Marduk, 5 king dyn. 10,

129
Lagash, city, 18, 23, 24, 29-37,

44, 47-60, 53, 66, 66, 68, 73, 74,

76,79

Lakbini, city, 113

LAni,56

Larak, city, 45

Larea, city, 7, 24, 33, 37, 50, 58,

61, 62, 64, 66-69, 76, 78, 79, 81,

119, 128, 131
Larisab, king, Gutium, 46
Lebanon, mta., 57, 128
Libit-Isbtar, 5 king Isin I., 58
Lipusb-Iau, 44
Loftus, explorer, 24, 66
Louvre Museum, 62
Lower Sea = Persian Gulf, 37, 49
Lubdi, city, 106
Lu-enna, 34

Lugal-anda, potest, Lagash, 36
Lugal-anda-nushuga, 36
Lugal-annatum, potest, Umma,

46
Lugal-bur, potest, Lagash, 47
Lugal-kigub-nidudu, king, Eroch,

37
Lugal-kisalsi, king, Erech, 37
Lugal-m&gurri, potest, Ur, 66
Lugal-shag-engur, potest, Lagash,

29,31
Lugal-tarsi, king, Kish 1, 30
Lugal-ushumgal, potest, Lagash,

47
Lugal-zaggisi, king, Erech 1, 31,

36, 37, 39
Lii-gunutur, 34
Lukhaia, city, 83
Lullume, people, 98, 103
Lulubu, land, 19, 43, 53
Lydla, land, 131

Ma, city, 63

Maceheads, 4, 29, 44. 40, 93

M<idga, city, 49

M<\gan, land, 43, 45

MalgO, city, 77, 79

INDEX

143

Mauabaltel, king, 65
Manana, king, Kish 3, 63, 64
Manda, people. 131
Mamshtusu, 2 king, Akkad, 39,

41,42
Manium I., king, Magan, 43

II., king, Kish 3, 64

Mannudannu, king, Magan,

43
Marad, city, 75, 128
Mar'ash, city, 51
Marchesvan, 8th month, 132
Marduk, god, 20, 73, 77, 80, 81,

86, 92, 99, 100, 101, 104, 107,

119, 122-124, 126, 131
Marduk-akhe-erba, 8 king dyn.

4, 107
Marduk-aplu-iddin I., 15 king

dyn. 4, 94, 101

II., add. note

III., king dyn. 9, 116 =

Merodach Baladan
Marduk-balatsu-iqbi, 9 king dyn.

8, 112
Marduk- bfil-usate, 112
Marduk-kabti-akhi, 107
Marduk-nadin-akhe, 5 king dyn.

4, 105, 106
Marduk-shapik-zferim, 6 king

dyn. 4, 106, 107
Marduk-zakir-shum, 8 king dyn.

8, 112
Mari, city, 33, 57, 79
Markharshi, city, 51
Marriti, city, 106
Mash, land, 45
Mashgan-shabri, city, 67, 79
Medes, people, 126, 130, 131
Media, land, 131
Median Wall, 21, 22
Mediterranean Sea, 49, 105
MS-EUa, canal, 63, 84

Melam-kurkurra, 10 king dyn. 2,

87
Meli-shipak I., 33 king dyn. 3,

101
Melukhkha, land, 45, 49
Menna, land, 48
Mera, city, 79
Merodach Baladan III., 4 king

dyn. 9, 113
7 king dyn. 9, 117-120, 122,

123
Mesalim, 42

Mesilim, king, Kish, 29-31
Mesopotamia, land, 15, 61, 86,

126, 131
M&-Turnat, city, 113
Minimum dates, 11
Mitanni, land, 86, 92
Muballitat-Sheriia, 94, 96
Muqayyar, ruin, 25
Murik Tidnim, 54
Mushezib-Marduk, king, Chal-

djBa, 120-122
Muti-khurshana, 82

Nabi-Ellil, 55

Nabi-Sin, 55

Nabonassar, 14 king dyn. 9, 114,

115
Nabonidus, 6 king dyn. 10, 8, 9,

43, 74, 99, 129-132
Nabopolassar, 1 king dyn. 10,

125-127, 132
Nabii, god, 21, 77, 110
Nabu-aplu-iddin, 8 king dyn. 8,

108, 111, 112
NabG-balatsu-iqbi, 129
Nabil-dan, king, Assyria, 100
NabQ-mukin-apli, 1 king dyn. 8,

109
Xabd-mukln-zdri, 12 king dyn.

8, 114

144

ANCIENT BABYLONIA

Nabii-nadin-shum, 111
Nabii-na'id, 129
Nabii-natsir = Nabonassar, 114
Nab^-shum-ishkun L, 6 king

dyn. 8, 110, 111

II., 13 king dyn. 8, 114

Nabu-shum-libur, 11 king dyn.

4, 107
Nabii-shum-iikin I., Ill

IL, 16 king dyn. 8, 115, 116

Nabfl-usallim, 123
Nabu-ushabshi,king, Bit-Shilani,

115
Nabvi-zer-k§ni3h-li3hir, 123
Nadi, 53
Nadinu, 115
Nadios, 115
Nahr-el-Kelb, 129
Na'id-Marduk, 123
Naksn, city, 44
Namar, 104
Nanunakhani, patesi, Lagasb, 47,

48
Namri, land, 112
Nan&, goddess, 55, 73, 79
Nanga, city, 76
Nanusakh, 8 king Kish 2, 31
Nannar, god, 6, 25, 50-55, 63, 72,

77,80
Nanum-shami, 9 king, Akkad, 45
Naqia, 123
Naram-Sin I., 4 king, Akkad, 8,

10, 21, 39, 41, 43, 44, 47

II., king, Kish 3, 65

Nar-Sin-muballit, 75
Nar-Sumudari, 76
Nar-Sumu-la-ilu, 75
Nazarum, city, 70
Nazibugash, 96
Nazi-EUU, 11 king dvn. 3, 93
Nazi-MarattMb, 23 king dyn. 3,

99,98

Nebuchadrezzar I., 3 king dyn.
4, 8, 103, 104, 105

II., 2 king dyn. 10, 20-22,

127, 129, 132

Necho II. , king, Egypt, 127

Nergal, god, 22, 53, 74, 76, 79

Nergal-shar-ezer, 129

Nergal-shar-utsur, 129, 132

Nergal-ushdzib, 121

Neriglissar, 4 king djm. 10, 20,
129

New Year's Feast, 6, 82

Nimit-Marduk, Wall. 107

Nimitti-Bel, WaU, 127

Nimrod, 24

Nina, goddess, 41, 53

Nineveh, city, 2, 79, 126, 127

Ningal, goddess, 81

Ningandu, 47

Ningirsu, god, 23, 33-35, 48, 49

Nmib, god, 50-52, 82

Ninib-kudurri-utsur, 2 king dyn.
4, 109

Ninib-nadin-shum, 106

Ninib-tukulti-Asshur, king, As-
syria, 101

Nimsinna, goddess, 72

Ninkagina, 47

Ninlil, goddess, 50-53, 55, 97

Nin-mar, goddess, 34, 53

Ninni, goddess, 24, 30, 33, 60,
63, 64, 62, 73, 78, 79, 97

Ninni-esh, city, 33, 43, 44

Nippur, city, 8. 22, 23, 29, 30,
32, 34, 35, 37, 41-46, 50-55,
58-60, 68-70, 72, 78, 79, 90,
91, 93, 97, 98, 100, 104, 107,
115, 117, 121, 125, 126

Nisan, 1st month, 6, 7, 110, 132

Nishar, land, 56

Nitamu, 55

Niugmidashu, 51, 63

INDEX

145

Noah, 24

Noldeke, explorer, 24
Nukhush-nishi, canal, 80
Nur-Adad, king, Larsa, 64, 66,

67
Nar-lishlr, 104

Old Testament, 2
Omens, 11
Omen-texts, 43, 55, 58

Naram-Sin, 40

Sargon, 40

Opis, city, 18, 21, 29, 30, 33, 44,

104, 106, 132

dyn. 30

Oppert, decipherer and explorer,

3
Orontes, river, 129

Padan, land, 92
Paddiri, city, 106
Palaces, 4, 5, 108, 109
Palestine, land, 16, 25, 61
Parsfia, land, 122
Pausanias, Greek author, 1
Pelusium, city, 127
Pennsylvania University, 22
Persia, land, 15, 122
Persian Gulf, 13, 40, 42, 49, 67
Pharaoh, 127
Phut, land, 128
Pilasqi, land, 98
Poros, 116

Prehistoric period, 16
Ptolemaic Canon, 114-116, 119,

122
Ptolemies, 9
Ptolemy, 9, 125
Pukhia, king, Khurshitu, 65
Pul =Tiglath-pileser IV., 116
Pulu ^Tiglath-pileser IV., 116
Puqudu, people, 118, 122

Quti, people, 45

Rabikum, city, 77, 79, 114

Rabmag, 129

Rapiku, city, 106

Rashani, people, 115

Rassam, explorer, 22

Rawlinson, decipherer and ex-
plorer, 3

Red Sea, 15

Regnal Years, 7, 11

Rim-Anum, king, 63, 65, 67, 70

Rim-Sin, king, Larsa, 10, 61, 66-
69, 76, 78, 80-82

Rimush, see Urumush

Rish-Adad, king. Apirak, 43

Ritti-Marduk, 104

Ru'a, people, 118

Rubatum, city, 75

Sabum, city, 56, 81
Saggaratum, city, 82
Sakiati, people, 92
Sakli, people, 44
Sammuges, 125
Sammuramat, 114
Samsu-ditana, 11 king dyn. 1, 10,

85, 87, 89
Samsu-iluna, 7 king dyn. 1, 10,

66, 69, 80-84, 87, 89
Samunu, 122
Sarabi, city, 65

Sarati-gubisin, king, Gutium, 46
Sargon of Akkad, 10, 22, 39

Assyria, 39, 116, 118

palace of, 108, 109

Sarrabnnu, city, 115
Satuni, king, Lulubi, 43
Scheil, author, 22, 64
Sealand, district, 91-93, 117, 121,

123
dyn. 1., 8, 10, 70, 84, 86

K

146

ANCIENT BABYLONIA

Sealand, dyn. 2., 107

kings, 66, 83, 88, 93

Semiramls, 114

Semites, people, 18, 19, 49, 56,

57, 61, 62
Semitic, 19, 38, 41, 42, 46, 49,

56, 62, 65, 91
Senkereh, ruin, 24, 66
Sennacherib, 20, 90, 91, 99, 106.

116, 119-123, 125
Shagarakti-shuriasb, 27 king

dyn. 3, 8, 98-101
Shagshag, 35
Shakb, 34, 35
ShakhnS, city, 82
Shala, goddess, 78, 106
Shalibi, city, 77
Shalmaneser II., king, Assyria,

111

HI., king, Assyria, 130

v., king, Assyria, 116, 117

Sbamai, 104

Shamash, sungod, 21, 40, 42-44,

50, 58, 60, 63, 64, 67, 75, 76,

79-81, 92, 106-109, 111, 130,

131
Shamasb-erba, 123
Shamash-kb^al, canal, 73
Shamasb-mudammiq, 5 king

dyn. 8, 110
Shamash-sbum-ukin, 16 king

dyn. 10, 124, 125
Sbamsbi-Adad, king, Assyria, 77

VII., king, Assyria, 112

SbamOa, 104
Sbapazza, land, 115
Sbapi-B^l, city, 123
Sbarezer, 123
Sbargani-sbarri, 5 king, Akkad,

37, 39, 44, 47
Sharidkbum, city, 105
Shar kishsbati, 99, 107, 120

Shariak, king, Gutium, 44
Sbarrukin L, 1 king Akkad, 39,

42-44

EL, king, Assyria, 39

Shasbi, dyn. 116
Sbasbru, land, 52-54
Sbatra, marshes, 24
Shat-Sin, 53
Shatt-el-Arab, river, 14
Shatt-el-Hai, river, 14, 23, 69
Shatt-el-Kar, river, 14, 22, 24,

66
Shatt-en-Nil, river, 14, 22
Shilanum-sbuqamum, 3 king

dyn. 6, 109
Shimti-sbilkhak, king, 67
Shinar, land, 76
Shirpurla=Laga8b, 23
Shittab, city, 41
Shubari, land, 96
Shum-ukin, 115
Shuqamuna, god, 92
Sbuqarkib, 12 king Akkad, 45
Sburippak, city, 24
Shnruppak, city, 18, 24
Sburutkbu, city, 54
Shushshi, 5 king dyn. 2, 87
Shutruk-nanhkundi, king, Elam,

42, 102, 103
Shuzigash, c/. Nazibryasb, 94, 96
Simanum, land, 54
Simbar-shipak, 1 king dyn. 5, 108
Slmmasb-snipak, 1 king dyn. 5,

61, 108
Simti-Ninni, 70
Simnrum, land, 52, 53, 55
Sin, moongod, 25, 58, 130, 132
Sin-idinnam, king, Larsa, 66-68
Sin-ikisba, 10 king Isin I., 60
Sin-mftgir, 15 king Isin I., 60
Sin-mnballit, 5 king dyn. 1, 61,

65, 68, 75, 76

INDEX

147

Sln-ahar-ishkum, king, Assyria,

125
Sippa, dyn., 108
Sippara, city, 8, 14, 18, 21, 22,

41-44, 46, 58, 60, 62, 64. 66, 74,

75, 78, 79, 81, 82, 89, 99, 106-

109, 111, 116, 117, 121, 123-

126, 128, 130-132
Sium, king, Gutium, 46
Stele, 4
Su, people, 56
Subartu, land, 40, 79
Sugagi, city, 96, 97
Sukhi, people, 106, 111
Sulili = Sumu-la-ilu, 73
Sumer, land, 14, 18, 22, 30, 37,

58-62, 67, 68, 70, 80, 91, 93, 97,

102, 107, 115, 126
Sumerians, people, 18, 19, 34, 35,

49, 55, 65, 84

language, 18, 19, 42

Sumu-abu, 1 king dyn. 1, 10, 62-

64, 71-73
Sumu-ditana, king, Kish 3, 63
Sumu-ilu, king, Ur, 59, 60, 66
Sumu-la-ilu, 2 king dyn. 1, 62-65,

71, 73, 74, 82
Surghul, ruin, 23
Suri, land, 66
Susa, city, 39, 41-43, 54-56, 90,

97, 102
Sutu, people, 94, 106, 108, 118
Synchronous History, 9, 90, 94-

96, 101, 105, 106, 110, 111, 113
Syria, land, 37, 49, 51, 61

Taking the hands of BSl, 5
Tammuz, 3rd month, 132
Tashshigurumash, 6 king dyn. 3,

91
Taylor, explorer, 25
Tebet, month, 116, 117, 122

Tell-el-Amama tablets, 95

Tell Ibrahim =Kutha, 22

Tell Medina, ruin, 24

TeUoh, ruin, 23, 43-44, 48

TeU-Sifr, 24, 66

Tema, city, 131

Temples, 4, 5

Thothmea in., king, Egypt, 93

Tidanum, mt., 48

Tiglath-pileser I., king, Assyria,

105, 106
IL, king, Assyria, 114-117,

124
Tigris, river, 13-15, 21, 37, 44,

67, 69, 76, 79, 83, 98, 100, 104,

120, 122
Tilbari, 111
Til-shabtani, city. 111
Til-sha-7.abdani, city. 111
Timat-Ellil, land, 56
Tinu, dyn., 116
Tishid-Bel, canal, 79
Tsaltsallat, river, 96, 98
Tukin-khatti-migr.'sha, 54
Tukulti-Ashur, 100, 101
Tukulti-Ninib I., king, Assyria,

99, 101

II., king, AssjTria, 111

Tultul, city, 79
Turukku, land, 79
Tutu-khdgal, canal, 76
Tyre, city, 128

Ubara, city, 51
Ubil-Ishtar, 44
Ugme, potest, Lagash, 47
Ukin-z6r, 1 king dyn. 9, 116
Ukush, jxiiesi, Umma, 36
Ulai, river, 104
Ulamburiash, 92-93
Ululai, 3 king dyn. 9, 116
Umanu, mt., 48

148

ANCIENT BABYLONIA

Umma, city, 18, 23, 30, 32-34, 36,

37, 44, 46, 65
Ummanigash, king, Elam, 124
Undalulu, 2 king Opis, 30
Unzi, 1 king Opis, 30
Uperi, king, Dilmun, 119
Upper Sea = Mediterranean, 37,49
Ur, city, 18, 25, 33, 37, 44, 49-60,

62, 63, 66, 67, 70, 119, 123-125,
' 128, 131
kings, 8, 61, 66-68, 76, 79,

81,97

dyn., 24

Urra-imiti, 9 king Isin 1, 10, 59
Ur-Babbar, patesi, Lagash, 47
Ur-Baga, 9 king, Isin, 10
Ur-Bau, patesi, Lagash, 47, 49
Urbillura, land, 53, 56
Urdunpae, 56
Ur-£, patesi, Lagash, 47
Ur-Engur, 1 king Ur 1, 49, 50,

68
Ur-Gar, patesi, Lagash, 47
Ur-ginar, 2 king Erech 2, 45
Uri, land, 18
Ur-Kasdim, city, 25
Urlumma, patesi, Umma, 33, 34
Ur-Mama, patesi, Lagash, 47
Ur-nigin, 1 king Erech, 2, 45
Ur-Nina, king, Lagash, 31. 32, 34
Ur-Ningirsu, patesi. Lagtish, 49
Ur-Ninib, 6 king Isin 1, 69
Ur-Ninsun, patesi, Lagash, 8

king's son, 65

Ur-8ag, 3 king Opw, 30
Ur-Shamash, 6 Erech 2, 45
Ur-Sin, 63

Uru-Azagga, dyn., 83, 86
Urukagina, patesi, Lagash, 36,

36,69

Urumush, 3 king Akkad, 39, 42, 43
Urzage, king, Kish 1, 30
Ur-Zamama, 3 king Kish 2, 31
Ush, patesi, Umma, 32
Ushshi, 4 king dyn. 3, 91
Utanapishtim, hero, 24
Utug, patesi, Kish, 29, 30
Uziwatar, 6 king Kish 2, 31
Uzargashana, land, 66

Vases, 4, 29, 30
Votive offerings, 4
Vulture Stele, 31, 32

Wady Brissa, 128
Warad-Nannar I., paten, Lagash,

56
IL,'£ather-in-law, Rim-Sin,

70
Warad-Sin, king, Larsa, 67, 68
Warka, ruin, 24, 66, 67

Xenophon, Greek author, 1

Year-names, 4, 6, 65, 69

Zaban, city, 102

river, ill

Zabdanu, 111, 112

Zabshali, land, 64

Zabium, 4 king dyn. 1, 74

Zakhara, land, 44

Zamama, god, 21, 29, 39, 62, 64,

74, 79, 81
Zamama-shum-iddin, 36 king

dyn. 3, 102, 103
Zambia, 12 king Isin 1, 60
Zanqj, fortress, 104
Zarkhanum, city, 82
Zarnanit, goddess, 73, 77, 92
Zilakum, canal, 84
Zimudar, 4 king Kish 2. 31
Zuzu, king, Opis, 30, 33

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THE

CAMBRIDGE MANUALS

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68 Enghsh Monasteries. By A. H. Thompson. M.A., F.S.A.
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59 Ancient Stained and Painted Glass. By F. S. Eden.
80 A Grammar of English Heraldry. By W. H. St J. Hope.
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70 Copartnership in Industry. By C. R. Fay, M.A.

6 Cash and Credit. By D. A. Barker.

67 The Theory of Money. By D. A. Barker.

86 Economics and Syndicalism. By Prof. A. W. Kirkaldy.

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33 The Ballad in Literature. By T. F. Henderson.

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41 Methodism. By Rev. H. B. Workman. D.Lit.

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38 Life in the Medieval University. By R. S. Rait. MA.

LAW

13 The Administration of Justice in Criminsd Matters (in
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1 The Coming of Evolution. By Prof. J. W. Judd. C.B., F.R.S.

2 Heredity in the Light of Recent Research. By L. Don-

caster, ScD.
25 Primitive Animals. By Geoffrey Smith, M.A.

73 The Life-story of Insects. By Prof. G. H. Carpenter.

48 The Individual in the Animal Kingdom. By J. S. Huxley,
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27 Life in the Sea. By James Johnstone, B.Sc.
75 Pearls. By Prof. W. J. Dakin.

28 The Migration of Birds. By T. A. Coward.
36 Spiders. By C. Warburton, M.A.

61 Bees and Wasps. By O. H. Latter, M.A.
46 House Flies. By C. G. Hew^itt, D.Sc.

32 Earthworms and their Allies. By F. E. Beddard, F.R.S.

74 The Flea. By H. Russell.

64 The Wanderings of Animals. By H. F. Gadow, F.R.S.

ANTHROPOLOGY

20 The Wanderings of Peoples. By Dr A. C. Haddon, F.R.S.

29 Prehistoric Man. By Dr W. L. H. Duckworth.

GEOLOGY

35 Rocks and their Origins. By Prof. Grenville A. J. Cole.

44 The Work of Rain and Rivers. By T. G. Bonney, Sc.D.

7 The Natural History of Coal. By Dr E. A. Newell Arber.

30 The Natural History of Clay. By Alfred B. Searle.

34 The Origin of Earthquakes. By C. Davison, Sc.D., F.G.S.

62 Submerged Forests. By Clement Reid, F.R.S.
72 The Fertility of the Soil. By E. J. Russell, D.Sc

BOTANY

5 Plant-Animals: a Study in Symbiosis. By Prof. F. W.

Keeble.
10 Plant-Life on Land. By Prof. F. O. Bower, Sc.D.. F.R.S.
19 Links with the Past in the Plant- World. By Prof. A. C,

Seward, F.R.S.

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52 The Earth. By Prof. J. H. Poynting. F.R.S.

53 The Atmosphere. By A. J. Berry. M.A.

81 The Sun. By Prof. R. A. Sampson. D.Sc. F.R.S.
65 Beyond the Atom. By John Cox. M.A.

55 The Physical Basis of Music. By A. Wood. M.A

71 Natural Sources of Energy. By Prof. A. H. Gibson. D.Sc.

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14 An Introduction to Experimental Psychology. By Dr C. S.

Myers.
45 The Psychology of Insanity. By Bernard Hart. M.D.
77 The Beautiful. By Vernon Lee.

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31 The Modem Locomotive. ByC. Edgar Allen. A.M.I. Mech.E.

56 The Modem Warship. By EL L. Attwood.

17 Aerial Locomotion. By E^ H. Harper. M.A.. and Allan

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18 Electricity in Locomotion. By A. G. Whyte. B.Sc.

63 Wireless Telegraphy. By Prof. C. L. Fortescue. M.A.

58 The Story of a Loaf of Bread. By Prof. T. B. Wood. MA,

47 Brewing. By A. Chaston Chapman. F.I.C

82 Coal-Mining. By T. C. CantriU.

83 Leather. By Prof. H. R. Procter.

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