y
ANCIENT HISTORY,
OR
WITH A SURVEY OF THE ANCIENT MONUMENT'S
OF NORTH AMERICA,
ind a Tabular View of the Principal Languages and Primi
tive Nations of the whole Earth.
By C. S. RAFIJVES'QUE, A M, Ph. D,
Prof, in Trans. Univ. Sup't- of the Tians. Bot Garden Sec'y of the
Kent. Institute, and member of t;,e following Societies :
Imp. Nat. Cur. of Bonn Lit. & Phil Soc. of New York,
Imp. Econ. Soc. of Vienna, Lye. of Nat. Hist, of New York,
K. Inst. of Sciences of Naples, Ac, of Nat. Re, ot Philadelphia,
It. Ac, of Arts and Sciences, Antiq. Soc. of Tennessee,
Lin. Soc. of Paris, Med. Soc. of Cincinnati,
Amer. Antiq. Soc. Med. Soc. of Lexington,
Histor. Soc. ofNewYor,k, &c. & c &c -
(Numquam otiosus.J
FRANKFORT, IN KENTUCKY.
PRINTED FOR THE AUTHOR,
1824.
THESE PAGES
ARE DEDICATED TO
ALEXANDER DE HUMBOLDT,
IN TOKEN OF THE HIGH VALUE SET UPON
HIS RESEARCHES ON AMERICA.
The following pages have appeared as an introduction to
the second edition of the History of Kentucky by Hum
phrey Marshall Esq. Some copies have been printed in a
pamphlet form, to which the author now prefixes a Philolo-
logical and Ethnological Table, abridged from an elaborate
survey of about 500 languages and dialects of both Conti
nents; reduced to 50 mother languages, (besides 25 exam
ples of Dialects) with their principal roots for four impor
tant words. ' This will demonstrate those leading facts of
his history relating to the derivation of American nations
and languages. As a first and arduous attempt, it ought to
claim the indulgence of the philologists, if any inevitable
omissions or inaccuracies should be detected; but none will
be found of a nature to invalidate the general results. At 3.
future time the subject may be renewed, enlarged and ren
dered still more evident, in connection with a general histo
ry of the nations and monuments of America.
The individuals to whom this essay will be sent, will con
fer a favor on the author, if they are able to communicate to
him, some additional vocabularies of any language or dia
lect of North or South America; essential words and cardi
nal numbers are particularly wanted.
ERRATA.
Page 6, line 22, for Amygdalvid read Amygdaloid,
p 12, 1 24, Termurians F^rmurians.
13, 23, Orenoe Orenoc.
17, 27, Gadesieras Gadesians.
20, 21, Copatta Copatla.
23, 15, Karitist Caralit.
27, 29, Curas Cuzas.
34, 22, 7500 4500
36, 31, county country.
38, 15, Has Star.
20, Harmar Harmon.
39t 17, Vaelt Vater.
ETHNOLOGICAL AND PHILOLOGICAL TABLE
OF THE
Xatiims and Languages.
The words Heaven, Land, Water and Man have been selected to form
this table; which is the first attempt vermade to ascertain and comp re
the roots of all languages. This has been done by reducing those
words from dialects and analogous languages into their primitive, essen
tial and radical sounds. The sounds f universal speech are 64, or 12
vowels, 12 nasals, 15 Consonant*, 15 Sibilants and 10 Aspirations; the
orthography adapted to express them is phonological and invaria
ble The relative connection and affinities of the American nations and
languages with those of the eastern continent, will be perceived at a
glance by comparing these mots. The number following each Radical
Language indicates from how many dialects the root* ha\e been evolved;
but few radical Languages are omited, while the words of some impor
tant Dialects are added as examples. This singu ! marks the roots iden
tical with the American roots.
PRIM. NAT. & LAN. ROOTS ROOTS
OP OF OF
AMERICA. HEAVEN LAND,
ROOTS ROOTS
OF OF
WATER, MAN,
GOD, SKY, EARTH, WORLD, SEA, R1VEH, MALE, 8TA-
I. EASTERN BRANCH. PARADISE, q ROUND, SOIL. LAKE, RAIN. TION.PEOPIS
1 Atalan or Cutan
Poconchian - -
Cherokih -
5El,ca. ta,
. Taxat
Calangata
Co. cal.
Jlcal
Catun
Ha. ya.
Ha.
Ahiia , amah
Cu. uil. sea.
Cut I.
Scayuh.
2 Aruac or Antilan
7 YH. em.
Ay. ca.
A. na.
Co. gua?
3 Crf'-ibian 6
Ca. pu. ta.
En. an. no.
Tu.co.no. lo
. Li. uc. ir.
Tamanac ~
- Capu
Noni
Tuno
Oli? ukitt
4 Guarani 4
Pu. ta.
Ib.
luh. ucl. ma. Ap.
JB.raziltan -
Tup ana
Ibi. ibuy.
Ig uh.
Aba. tapoy.
5 Muiscas 1
ZHC?
At.
Ca.
6 Araucanian 2
Huen.
Tu. map.
Co.ro.le. ma
.En.
7 Peruvian 2
Ca.
An. ac.
Ma. uj . lo.
Ra. na. co.
II.
AsiATfC OR
WESTERN
BRANCH.
8 Mexican 3
Lu. il. eo.
La. an.
Al. at. ul.
E 7 .
9 Misurian orOman 9 Pa. no.
Mah. ca.
Nih. mi.
Nu. hua. ma.
Minitarih - -
1 1\ fi_:j 1 o
JLpah-hi.
/"> _ *_ -
Amah
Minih
Mat, zha.
10 Floridan 12
Chactah - Itolo?
11 PanisorApachian5 Sea. tu.
Co. hua. to. Ca. na. Cu.!iur,.lu.goNo.' cay. is.
J\ ani yacana Qcuh Ocah. JVok'nih.
Ar. ta. oc. Pa. ec. lsh.*u>.gap
32 Lenapiar 35 Scu. mua. Ac. in. ze Ih. tu. ni. si. In li. di.
Shaivanih - - Spimikih Jlkih J^ippih Linnih.
13 Menguy 20 To. ho. Go. hun. chi. (E >. nic. En. on. ni.
Tuscorora - - Toendioh Hxniyen Ohuen Entec. nihah.
14 Caralit 5 Ac. na. Na. can. Im. tal. En. in. ga.
EUROPEAN LANGUAGES AND NATIONS.
15 Pelasgjan 10 Eo 1 as. se. ur. Ar ! ay ! en ! ta ! Hu ! ru ! al ! An. Cu/
Cantabnan Ssent Lurre.Eri Uva Nar .
16 Celtic 54 E!! ne! eo! Ar! la! so. tal. Um.on aclri. Mo ir! ni:
Irish , - - Neam Talu Easc-loc.
Provential - Sid Ter<e. Sou, JHgce. mar Ome.
17 Gochic or Scythian 30 E!!eo.ca. Ard. Ian. od. Atlthi lo! Ma ! an.
Teutonic Himel Jlrd. land Vat, atta. Man.
18 Sarmntian 22 Bes ni. Sem. or. li. Ua! od.
Russian
19 Chudish 12
JVebesi Seiftli Voda
Ta! cl! me! Ma! 20, do. Ua! miu
Oc. mo.
Moco.
En! is!
( it. )
ASIATIC PRIMITIVE NATIONS AND LANGUAGES,
I. IRANIC OR WESTERN.
20 Ararnic 18 Ei! em!lao! se, Ar!d:', ma! Hu! mu, ya, Ish!ic,
21 Z r.il 8 As! she-Ar! en,ac!za,ma, Au, ep, ri, Er, aic, ur,
Persian - - Asmon Zemin Ara JVer
22 Caspian 6 Cha ir, Er, ac! Su, mu, mi! Ar; ma!
Armenian - Giikin Gercru Mna? Arm,
23 *b.-.-Mau 8 Z>>, il! Tuilec, lat!A<!ra, hu! En!
Cushasib - Zila? ' Tula Jltu Ocui, Lena?
24 Ca .c*sian 8 Zv-, chasten, Ac* ma! za, Uti! su, Is: en,
25 Paisvchun 4 Zu, pa! Ac la! ra, Um, hi! I;>,rnu, mi,
Jlt>itay - Leipauc Ishin J\di;
pa cu U Ish! ca! ur '
Muca? gur> \
Zingani - Amengi,ihuro. Su. Puba, Pani
li. TATARIAN OR NORTHERN.
27 Ogurian 4 Cu.mai'jul.as Ua! er, Ua! su,
28 Mogulian 6 Ten, gri, Ar! da, za, Su, uh!
29 Tocguzian 4 Ca! ne, ul, Na! en! ar! Mu, cu, in,
30 Ostiac 12 No, ga, ol, La! to,ac! ul. Hi! pi, ri,
Coriac - Kh* Igan, chervol, Nutolat Pihi
31 :\iruh 6 Ni, can! cu, Oc! tan, to, Pi! hua!
Curilian Cando Ciidari Peh, Peth.
32 TSipan or Japan 3 Tin, el! ca! Si, wo, to, Mi! hu! ne
Ap?
Er. Ca!
On! ni- in!
Ca! ga!
Gasi.
Nu! ^i
Aintth
To.
in!
Samojsd 20" Nu. in, ja, Ja, ma! ta, 1! bi, sa.'tuy, Ne! si.
III. CHINESE OR EASTERN.
34 Thibetan 2 Na! ke, hen, Sa, di, en! Ip! In!
35 Chinese 6 Tien, Io! Ti, di, chi! M'.! hau! na! Nan, In! ya,
36 Birman 14 Sa, an, Ca! gay, Yoe, ri, ti, Vo. lu, pa,
37 Avanese orMon 8 Can!mo.,-Op, la! en! to.ma! Na! pa! co. Na! chay.onl
POLYNESIAN NATIONS AND RADICAL LANGUAGES.
38 *)goloteh or Papuan 7 Ker, da, Ar! ta! p.,, io, Yo, si! na! Am,
39 Malay 22 Ra, ta! ni, 1 a!n!bu,en. Ay, hna! En/ an. UP.
J\ucahian Hani., tahua, ftennua Ehuay, tay. Enata
40 Tsgalan 12 La, il 5 ur,jo, N'..! op, guy, ' ! ! v... vr-/ l'\ga/
Liuchiu Mijoh? Sinna Ushi. midzi. Ikigah,
AFRICAN PRIMITIVE NATIONS & RADICAL LANGUAGES.
I. BROWN NATIONS.
41 Egyptian 3 Fo. lao/ ta/ i;sy/ Ui.r.,on, Mu, hu/ tar, 1m, an,
Coptic Fa, ' Cahi lar mohu.iom Jm>
42 Atlantic orBerber 7 Ti. ta/ gi, Ay/ un,
Guanchian Tigi
43 Abyssinian 8 Ze, ja, ur
44 Danakil 3
45 C after 6
46 Hottentot 6
47 Nubian 4
48 Sudan 10
49 Galla 10
50 Cor go 12 D
Malemba
An, na/
Oya Aenum
Za,er, to,mid Mi/ n, hu/
Se, am. ur, Ar/ Eh, li, da,
La. um, Ma/ hut,
Ca/ gu, hu, Cu/ mu,
Am, si,
Ga, horn,
II. BLACK OR NEGRO NATIONS.
Ze, ul,
As, ra, al,
Ac, gua,
Lu/ zi,
Izulu,
Ur, ca, Ei\ ro/
Ar/ di,bo,su Io, li,
U*l>/ Co/
Guan, cor an j
iS'a/ hu/
Ca/ -na/ ut,
Ca/ huan/
An; cua/
Oc. ha,
An, ya,
Un/1?/ ga,di, Be, mi/ su, Ma/m/oc,ua,
J.a/po,to s z-r/ Ma/ bu, cu/ U-... ca/
, n'faio, Maza, m'bu> Munto,
This is the primitive Black or Negro Nation of Asi, fragments of which?
are found on that continent, and throughout Polynesia,
INTRODUCTION TO THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES OF THK
STATE OF KENTUCKY.
BY C. S. RAFINESQUE, A. M.~ PH. D.
PROFESSOR IN TRANSYLVANIA UNIVERSITT, MEMBER OP THE
INSTITUTE, AND 15 OTHER SCIENTIFIC OR LITERARfc SOCIEtlES
1^ THE UNITED STATES AND IN EUROPE.
MY enquiries during several years, concerning the antiquk
ties of the western states, have led me to extend my researche
over the whole circle of North American antiquities, and com
pelled me to enter the dedalus of ancient history.
The result of my researches may be given in a more ample
form at some future period, when rendered adequate to illus
trate the interesting primitive periods of human existence in
both hemispheres. I shall merely attempt at present to deli
neate the first rudiments of the ancient history, involving the
revolutions of nature 'and nations, in that central part of Noith
America, now known under the name of Kentucky, and sur
rounded by Virginia, Tennessee, the rivers Ohio and Missis*
sippi, extending upwards of 400 miles from east to west, and
from latitude 36 1-2 to 39 degrees north,
In order to ascertain the filiation, migrations and annals of
the American nations, all the sources have been consulted from
which plausible or certain information mjght be derived. The
evidences which they afford, stand in the following order:
1, Features, and complexions of nations; 2, their languages;
3, their monuments ; 4, their religions ; 5, their manners ; 6,
their histories ; and 7, their traditions,,
1. The white, tawny, coppery, brown and black; varieties of
mankind are connected by numerous links, and claim a com
mon origin; they have been early divided, variously separated,
and occasionally blended again, yet preserving a sufficient dis
tinction to guide us in tracing their successive settlements.
The white men became tawny by constant exposure, brown
in warm climates, coppery in cold regions, and black in the
sands of India and Africa. The Mongol features had origin
in the deserts of Northern Asia, and the negro features in those
of Southern Asia and central AJfriQa. There are Mongols with
4 EXORDIUM.
different complexions, white, pale,, tawny, yellow, olive, cop
pery, &c. ; and there are white, yellow, brown and black ne
groes. Real negroes have been found in all the parts of the
world, except Europe and North America, while in Africa
they are confined to the central and western parts of that
continent.
2. The primitive language of* mankind was gradually modi
fied and divided into dialects, which became languages after
producing other dialects: their mixture has produced all those
which have existed or still exist. The analogies of those dia
lects, in their roots and most important words, afford the best
mean to trace the relative parentage of nations.
3. 4. 5. Monuments of arts, traces of various religions and
similarity of manners, compared and elucidated by each other,
are of high importance in historical investigation.
6. 7. There is such a diversity in the ancient history, chro
nology and traditions of the several nations, that it is very diffi
cult to fix precisely the dates of many events ; but we may trace,
ivith a bold hand a general view of their migrations and set
tlements: although th.e revolutions of tl)e earliest empires are
involved in fables, we can draw even from those fables, some
correct inferences and true events.
It is almost impossible to make a plausible choice among the
various chronological tables, even of the many texts of the
Sepher or Hebrew Bible, and not easy to make them harmo
nize with the contradictory accounts of Berosus, Plato, Herodo
tus, Sanchoniato,. Mane tho, the Hindoux, Chinese, &c. I shall
not attempt it at present, as this would require too many dis
cussions, and I shall substitute thereto mere periods of time, or
epocjhs, which may be composed of indeterminate ages.
Part I Pro C\\o,
Oft, GEOLOGICAL ANNALS OF THE REVOLUTIONS OP NATURE IN
KENTUCKY.
1. EVERY complete history of a country ought to include an
account of the physical changes and revolutions, which it may
have undergone.
2. The documents for such a geological survey, are to be
found every wherc-tft-th'e bowels of the earth, its rocks and
strata, with the remains of organized bodies imbedded therein,
which are now considered as the medals of nature.
3. The soil of Kentucky shows, like many other countries,
that it has once been the bed of the sea. In James's Map, the
primitive ocean is supposed to have covered North America,
by having a former level of 6000 feet above the actual level.
Since the highest lands in Kentucky do not exceed 1800 feet
above the level of the actual ocean, they were once covered
with at least 4200 feet of water*
4. The study of the soil of Kentucky, proves evidently tlie-
successive and gradual retreat of the salt waters, without evin
cing any proofs of any very violent or sudden disruptions or
emersions of land, nor erujptions of the ocean, except some
casual accidents, easily ascribed to earthquakes, salses and
submarine volcanoes.
5. There are no remains of land or burning volcanoes hi
Kentucky, nor of any considerable fresh water lake. All the
strata are nearly horizontal, with valleys excavated by the
tides and streams during the soft state of the strata.
6. After these preliminary observations, I shall detail the
successive evolution of this soil and its productions, under six
distinct periods of time, which may be compared to the six
epochs or days of creation, and supposed to have lasted aa
indefinite nunibei; of ages*.
1st Period.- General Inundation.
"In the beginning, GOD created the heavens and the earth,*'-
"And the spirit of GOD was moving over the waters."
The briny ocean covers the whole land of Kentucky, and the
United States, rising above 4000 feet over the Cumberland or
Wasioto mountains, and 5000 feet over the limestone region
near Lexington. The Oregon and Mexican mountains alone
rise above the waters in North America.
Gradual decrease of the ocean, by the decomposition and
consolidation of the waters in the formations of rocks and deposi
tion of strata. The rate of this decrease can only be conjec
tured, and is rather immaterial. The ocean subsides to 3000
feet.
The parallel strata are formed in the following order, or near
ly: 1, limestone; 2, slate; 3, sandstone; 4, freestone; 5, grit; G,
pebble stone. They are not always superincumbent, nor co
existent: but are generally horizontal, except the four last
towards the Cumberland mountains, which having probably a
granitic nucleus, have compelled the incumbent strata to be
come obliqual or slightly inclined from 10 to 30 degrees.
By the operation of submarine volcanoes, the strata of coal,
^lay and amygdalvid are formed and intermixed at various in
termittent times with the above strata.
Several minerals, flint, quartz, calcedony, onyx, ovulites,
marls, barytes, iron, lead, pyrites, &c. are successively formed
and imbedded or alternated with the preeminent strata.
CREATION OF SEA ANIMALS, fishes^ shells, polyps, &c. ; the
exuvia of many pelagic animals become buried under or within
the strata, where they exist to this time: they belong principal
ly to the genera terebratula, gonvtrema, orthocera, encrinites, pen-
iremites, turbinotites^ astrea? millepera^ cydorites, mastrema, favo-
sites, &c,
2nd Period. Emersion of Mountains.
The Cumberland or Wasioto mountains emerge from the
sfca, which sinks to the level of 1500 feet above its actual level,
and form a peninsula attached to the Allegheny Island or moun
tain. The schistose formations proceed under water.
OF KENTUCKY. 7
The Black, Laurel, Pine, Log and Gelico mountains emerge
successively, after the Cumberland mountains, and an inland
sea remains between them, surrounded by sandy hills.
The heavy tides and rains furrow these new lands, and form
valleys through the soft sandy strata.
Grass and reeds grow, VEGETATION BEGINS. Springs appear.
Streams begin to flow, and gradually increase in length as the
land extends, but decrease in depth and bulk by the excava
tion of valleys.
3d Period. Emersion of Table Lands.
Further diminution of the sea, till its level is reduced to
11 00 feet above the actual level, and all the tablelands and
high lands of Kentucky become uncovered*
An inland sea remains over the Ohio limestone basin, cover
ing part of the states of Ohio and Indiana^ and extending from
the actual mouth of Scioto river to that of Salt river. It is
bounded W. and S. by Muldrow hill, or the ascent of the cen
tral table land of Kentucky, E. by the Knob hills of Kentucky
and Ohio, N. by the Silver hills of Indiana.
Another inland sea fills the actual Cumberland basin, boun
ded N. by the Green river knobs, S. by the Cumberland moun
tains, and open to the west.
The upper Cumberland 'sea is drained, the Cumberland
river flows, forms its tipper valley, the Falls, and empties into
the Gulf of Cumberland.
The Ohio flows above the Scioto, and falls into the large
Limestone sea ; a long and narrow straight is formed below the
Silver hills.
Green river forms its valley, &c. All those streams and
their branches excavate deep valleys. The Kentucky river
falls into the Limestone sea below Red river.
The knobs are formed like downs on the shores of the Lime
stone sea. Muldrow hill shaped like a wall by the currents
being principally composed of slate schist.
Sea animals still living in the Limestone sea, and their exu*
Mas imbedded in the last limestone schist,
AMCIEJfT Ji
CREATION of land animals, insects, reptiles, birds ana quad
rupeds on the dry land.
Vegetation increases, a thin soil is formed, trees'and shrubs
begin to grow, and form forests: they succeed the mosses, reeds,
grasses and maritime plants produced in the second period*
4th Period. Draining of the. Limestone Sea.
Level of the sea gradually reduced to 700 feet above the
actual level. The Limestone sea of Kentucky drained, but
fiill of marshes, and muddy swamps; licks, clay and marl
salses, &c.
The Ohio rrvtr and its branches, Kentucky, Licking, Salt,
Miami, &c. excavate their Valleys in the soft muddy lime
strata, which only became indurated after a long lapse of time.
The plains and glades of the Cumberland gulf are drained,
and the sea recedes west of them, to the alluvial gravel hills,
formed under water, between the actual Cumberland and Ten
nessee valleys.
The alluvions and bottoms begin to form in the valleys and
gulfs, by the attrition of the strata and soil conveyed and depo
sited by the streams.
Animals and plants increase and spread ; the sea animals be
come gradually extinct, while, f.lio. land animals multiply their
individuals and species.
Some small lakes and ponds left over the land. The sinks
and caves of the limestone regions are formed. A soil is formed
by the decomposition of strata and the decay of vegetable
substances.
CREATION OF MANKIND in Eden, in the highlands of Asia.
Adam, or Admo, or Adimo, (first man ;) and Eve, or Evah, (life ;)
are the parents of the primitive or antedeluvian nation, called
the Adamites.
This fourth period of Kentuckian history, answers therefore
to the sixth day or period of the general creation. The first
and second periods of creation having produced the light, suns,
stars, planets, and the earth with her primitive crystallized
mountains, rising from 10 to 30,000 feet above the actual ocean,
besides the burning volcanoes, &c,
OF KENTUCKY. g
blh Period. NoaVs Flood.
Great flood of Noah, Nuh, Menu, or Nahu, in the eastern
continent, which may have reached America; but has not left
any evident traces of any such violent convulsion, (in Ken-
tacky at least ;) the organic and human remains buried in the
"soil, are all in gradual depositions.
In Kentucky the ocean, which still bathes its western cor
ner, subsides gradually to 300 feet above its actual level, and
abandons Kentucky forever; forming merely a gulf in the Mis
sissippi valley.
The great northern inland sea of North America, which
included all the great lakes, and extended from the Mississippi
to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, is gradually drained. The gre&t
lakes with their outlets and falls are formed.
South of Kentucky, the Gulf stream of Mexico deposits the
alluvial ground reaching from Louisiana to New York.
All the valleys of rivers and creeks in Kentucky, &c. receive
their present shape.
Stratas begin to consolidate. Tins ponds nnd marshes de
crease; but the salses or muddy volcanoes increase. Vegeta
tion overspreads the soil. Animals multiply. Earthquakes
are frequent ; some strata are deranged by them.
6th Period. Pelcg's Flood.
Great volcanic eruptions of the sea in Europe, America, &;c.
with awful earthquakes, convulsing the Atlantic ocean, West
Indies, Mediterranean, &c. ; destroying many countries and
men.
The ocean acquires its actual level, and the American con?
tinent its actual shape.
The strata become indurated, and the soil firm and solid.
Lakes disappear. Springs diminish^ and streams decrease in
bulk: rains are less heavy, &LC.
Huge animals ramble over the soil, such as the mammoths o>
mastodons, elephants, megalonyx, big bears, elks, buffaloes,
jaguars, &LC. ; they form licks. Some of them become extinct;
their bones ara found at Big-bone lick, Drennon's lick, the
Ohio vajleyj &c. in the mud or alluvions,,
Part II Clio,
OR, HISTORICAL ANNALS OF MANKIND 1 IN KENTUCKY'
CHAP. I. ADAMITES, &c.
RELIGION, philosophy, geology, history, and tradition, com
bine to teach and prove that mankind was created in Asia?
and that the second cradle of mankind after Noah's flood was
also in the lofty lands of Asia, where mountains and peaks
from 20 to 30 thousand feet high (over our actual ocean,) arise
among table lands elevated from 10 to 15,000 feet. The
loftiest table lands and mountains of America are much less
elevated, from 6 to 22 thousand feet at utmost? and they are
besides entirely volcanic, unfit therefore to have been the cra
dles of mankind. It. is an evident and positive fact therefore^
that America was populated from the eastern continent in the
first instance.
The first cradle of mankind was called Eden, of Ima, and
was in the highest land of Asia. The Adamites, or Antedelu-
vians, were spread over the eastern continent; but we have no
positive proofs that they came to America^ as very few, if any,
remains have been found that might be ascribed or traced to
that previous existence of mankind, I shall not venture there
fore to ofifer mere conjectures on that subject. All the Ameri
can nations Can be trfteed to the second human stock, and need
not therefore be' deemed descendants of the Adamites.
The second cradle of mankind has received many names,
Theba, Tibet, Meru, fran, Taurus, Ararat, &c.; all referring
to lofty mountains of Asia. Noah, the second parent, monarch
and legisfatof of mankind, was known to all the ancient nations
many consimilar names : He is the
Nuh of the Persians;
Menuh of the Hindoux<;
11
of the Scythians ;
Ni-nuh of the Assyrians;
U-ra-nuh of the Celts ;
Pe-non of the Chinese ;
Me-non of the Armenians ;
Ac-mon of the Atlantes ;
Me-nu of the Egyptians ;
Oa-ne$ of the Chaldeans ;
Jsfoch or Cox of the Mexicans;
Noch or Moch of the Chiapans, &c.
The three sons of Noah were also known by many ancient
nations under peculiar names.
The principal nations of the eastern continent which have
contributed to people North America and Kentucky, were
The Atalans and Cutans, who came easterly through the
Atlantic 'ocean;
The Iztacans and Oghuzians, who came westerly through
the Pacific ocean.
CHAP. II. THE ATALANS AND CUTANS.
THE history of those two nations, and of their settlements in
America, may be divided into five periods, as follows:
1. From the dispersion of mankind to the first discovery of
America, including several centuries.
2. From the discovery of America to the foundation of the
western empires, including some centuries,
3. From the foundation of these empires to the Pelegian
revolution of nature, including several centuries.
4. From the Pelegian revolution to the ^nvasion of the Izta^
can nations, including about twelvecenturies.
5. From the Iztacan invasion to the decline and fall of the
Atajan and Cutan nations in North America, including about
thirty centuries to the present time.
1st Period. ~ To the Discovery of America*
After the Noachian revolution of nature, mankind was spread
again over the earth, from Iran, Aran, Meru, Shinar or Cash*
mir, different names given to the highlands of Asia,
UNIVERSITY OF eALIPORNI A LIBRARY
The first colonies of the primitive nation, preferred to reside 5 .
on mountains: the mounts Shingar, Hirna, Liban, Ghaut*
Shensi, Laos, Altay, Caf, Arat, Cush, Ural, &c. in Asia; the
mounts- Carpath, Hemus, Arcad, Appenines, Alps, Pyrenees,
&c. in Europe, and the mounts Atlas, Samen, Tigreh, fe. in
Africa^ became the first abode of nations, who gradually spread
in the plains.
Several empires were successively established in Hindosian r
China, Turan, Persia, Egypt, Abyssinia, &c. which underwent
many revolutions, and sometimes attained universal dominion
or preponderance.
The nations which peopled the western shores of the eastern
continent, were the Gomerians in Europe and the Atlantcs in
Africa. The Atlantes formed a powerful empire in INort^
Africa, which gave lews to many nations,, such as the Lehabim
or Lybians, the Phuts, Naphthuhim or Numidians, the Wai:-
fcars, Barabars or Berbers^ the Darans r the Garamans, the
Gorans or Guanches, &c.
In Europe, the Gomerians divided into many nations ; those
that occupied the sea shores were 1st. the Peiasgiaus, scat
tered- from Greece- to Ireland, under the names of Tirasians in
Thracia, Arcadians in Greece, Lestrigons in Sicily, (Enotrians.
&c. in Italy, Tubalan$ in Spain, Cunetans or Heijetans in
France ; Termurians in Ireland, &c. ; 2nd. the Celts, or Pal-
lis, who became Hellens or Yavanas in Greece, Meshekians,
Ausonians and Ombrians in Italy r Sicules in Sicily, Gaels i^
France^ Hesperians and G^deiiaris in Spain, Direcotians in
Ireland, Cumrics in Scotland, Feans or Fcines in England, &c v ;
3d. the Sncas, who became Magas in England, Saxons and
Rasins in Germany,. Etruscans or Tuscans in Italy, Sicanians
in Sicily, &c. ;-r-4th, the Garbans, who became Cyclops in
Greece and Sicily, Ligurians in Italy, Cantabrians in Spain,
Bascans in France, &c.
'All those nations were intimately connected in languages
and manners. The Pelasgians were bold navigators, and ven
tured to navigate from Iceland to the Azores and Senegal*
The Azores* Madera^ Canary and Capverd islands were then
OF KENTUCKY.* 13
muted in one or more islands, called the Atlantic Islands, which
have given the name to the Atlantic ocean, and were first popu
lated by the Darans and Gorans or Western Atlantes. Iceland
was called Pushcara, and was not settled, owing to the severe
climate and awful volcanoes.
Numerous revolutions and invasions took place among thoss
nations, until at last the Atlantes of Africa, united them all by
conquest in one powerful empire, which extended over North
Africa, Spain, France, Italy, part of Greece, Asia, &c.; ancj
lasted maoy ages under several dynasties and emperors.
It was during the splendor of this empire, that America was
discovered, by some bold navigators who were led by the trade
winds, to the West Indies, in a few days from the Atlantic
islands. They called them Antila Islands, which meant ber
fore the land,' and America was called Atala or Great Atlantes.
Returning to. the Azore land, Ly a north east course, they
extolled the new country, and a great settlement was soon
formed in Ayati or Ayacuta (Hayti,) and the neighbouring
continent by the AUantes.
. 2nd Period. To the Foundation of Empires.
The Atalans, or American Atlantes spread themselves
through North and South America, in the most fertile spots ;
but the marshy plains of Orenoe, Maranon, Paraguay, and Mis
sissippi, as well as the volcanoes of Peru, Chili, Quito, Guati*
mala and Anahuac, prevented them from settling those parts
oft: ie continent. Many of the subjects of the Atlantic empire,
such as the Tubalans, Cantab rians, Cyclops and Cunetans, fok
low the Atalans in America, and becojne the Cutan nations.
It is very difficult to trace the American nations, who have
sprung from those early settlers, owing to the numerous revo
lutions and intermixtures which they have undergone: nor is
it my intention to give now a complete genealogy of the Atalan
and Cutan nations. I must confine myself to North America,
or even Kentucky.
The Allegheny mountains were called Localoca. Beyond
them the country was called Great White Land, (Mafeasweta-
Bhumi of Hind:) and it became the seat of a great empire^
i 4
or the Western Atlantic Empire. This included of courso
Kentucky, but extended from lake Ontario in the north, to
the Mississippi. The Atlantic shores called Locuta, or Lacha-
cuta, were not settled, owing to their arid soil, lately emerged
from the sea. This western empire may be called the Atalan
empire.
3d Period. To the Revolution of Peleg.
The country watered by the Ohio and its branches was the
centre of the Atalan empire, and its metropolis stood some
where on the Ohio. It was divided in several provinces, ancj
ruled by a powerful monarch of the Atlas family. The Atlan
tic monarchs of Africa, Europe, Atlantia ajid Atala, often con
tended for supremacy, and the Atalan emperors obtained it
once. Their dominion extended from Atala to Syria: they
were repulsed in Greece and Egypt. The African emperors
were acknowledged generally as lords paramount; but they
resided in Europe as often as in Africa, and had to contend
against the Titans, a branch of their family reigning in the Alps,
There were successively many Atlantic emperors and mo-
naflchs, bearing the names of Ian, Atlas, Acmon, Ouran, Ilan,
Silvan, Sanu or Satur, Japet or Yudish, Titan, Neptune or
Naphtur, Plut, Evenor, Oanes, Derceto, Tritan, Muth, Lucip ?
Rahu, &c. in both continents, who were often at war with the
monarchs of Egypt, Ethiopia, Scythia, Iran, and Bharata or
Hindostan.
An intercourse was kept up more or less regularly between
all the primitive nations and empires from the Ganges to the
Mississippi, Crishna or Hercules, and Ramachandra, two
heroes of India, visited Atala and the court of the western
monarchs, which is called one of the heavens on earth, by the
holy books of the east.
The Atalans were civilized like the Atlantes; lived in towns;
built houses of wood, clay and rough stones. They worshipped
the sun and moon as emblems of the Deity, and built them cir
cular temples. They knew geometry, architecture, astronomy ^
glyphic signs, or writing; the use of metals, agriculture 5
OF KENTUCKY. 15
They had public games, festivals, &c. Their food was flesh,
fish, fruits, roots and corn which they brought from the east.
At the time of their highest prosperity, a dreadful convuL
^ion of nature happened in the Atlantic ocean, and other parts
0f the wo'rld, which is recorded in the oldest annals of many
nations, the Hebrew, Hindoux, Chinese, Mexican, Greeks,
Egyptians, &c. It appears to have been occasioned by simul
taneous eruptions of volcanoes and earthquakes, which sunk,
destroyed of convulsed many islands and countries, and among
others the Atlantic land, of which the volcanic islands Azores^
Madera, Canary and Capvcrd are the remains.
In America, the Antilan lands were severed, the Carib
islands formed, the Atlantic shores inundated by awful tides,
and many countries sunk or altered. This cataclysm is the
division of the earth under Peleg, the flood of Ogyges or Ogug,
the Sanscrit convulsion of the White sea or Atlantic ocean.
The terror occasioned by this phenomenon interrupted the in
tercourse between Europe and America* The Eastern Atlan-
tes thought that the whole American continent had sunk, like
Ihe Atlantic and many Antilan islands; and the Atlantes of
Ihe interior of America becam6 insulated and separated from
the Atlantic empire*
4<A Period. To the Izlacan fnvasion.
The Atalans of North America became now divided in manf
states and nations, such as
The Apalans or Tlapalans j scattered from Florida to Virginia?
The Timalans from Texas to Guatimala.
The Po*cons or Locans from the Allegheny to Panama.
These? divided again into Golocas, Conoys, Nanticoes, Zolu-
cans, Lomashas, Popolo'cas, Wocons and Poconchians.
The Gorans from Missouri to Mexico.
The Talegans in Kentucky, Illinois, Ohio, Virginia, &c.
While the Cutans of North America became also indepefr
dent, and formed many nations, such as
The Ayacutans of Hayti, &c.
The Lachacutans of Cuba and Alachuans of Florida,
The Yucut^ns of Mexico, and Yucuyans of Bahama,
The Arohuans of many islands and South America.
The Tunicas of Louisiana, Tepenacas and Tononacas of"
Anahuac.
The Pamicans of Texas, and Tanulans of Tennessee.
The Catabans of Carolina and Florida.
The Cuzans, Cuzadans or Quezedans of Tennessee and
Alabama.
All those nations were often contending for supremacy ; ex
cept the Islanders, who became happy peaceful nations, whence
the West Indies were called the Fortunate Islands when dis
covered again*
It appears that the Talegans of the Ohio, and the Apalans
south of them, were two of the most powerful empires of that
period. The Apalans had many provinces or tribes, such as
the Apalachis, Apalehen,Tlapafi, Alatamaha, Ichiti, Opalusas<
&c. ; and were often at war with the Talegans.
These Talegans, which we found named TalegawCs or Ai-
leghanys afterwards, had dominion over a large extent of
country. Their several provinces were situated in the most
fertile regions, such as Kentucky, Ohio, the Kenhaway valley,
the Illinois, the banks of lake Erie and Ontario.
After some centuries, America was visited again by the na
tions of West Europe and Africa, but neither frequently nor in
numbers. A casual intercourse was restored between the two
continents. The Azores Were visited as well as Madera, but
not peopled owing to their active volcanoes ; but the Canary
or Hesperides islands were ; from thence the navigators went
to Cerne or St. Jago, and in 18 days to the Carib islands.
About this time the Carib, or Galibis, must have come to South
America ; they appear of Cantabrian origin. The great na
tion of Guarani which extended all over Guiana, Brazil and
Paraguay was of Daran origin and previous arrival.
When the Arcutans or Fermurians of Ireland, were expelled
by the Dannans, a tribe of Pallis or Gaels, (after many revolu
tions in the island,) they fled to Ayacuta, or Western Island of
jHayti, and became grobably the Arjohuac natloov
then all the inhabitants of America had come from the
east; bat now a great invasion took place from the west or
from Asia. Perhaps these Asiatic nations had crossed the
ocean before the Pelegan or Ogugan catastrophe. They are
traced to the north west coast of America, and gradually came
in contact with the Atalans and Cutans on the Missouri and in
Anahuac. I shall call them Iztacan, from their ancestor Iztac.
5th Period, Decline and Fall of the Atalans, $r.
The wars which happened in consequence of the Iztacan
invasions, had the effect to annihilate some nations, and scatter
many other, while several were subdued and incorporated with
their conquerors. Kentucky was conquered by the Ulrnecas,
the Huasiotos and Taensas, three Iztacan nations. After the
successive rule of these nations on the Ohio, the Siberian na
tions or Oguzian tribes began to appear and wage war on the
Iztacans and the Atalans^ which they drove away to the south*
The last remains of the former Atalans and Cutans , which can
be traced to have escaped these conflicts and were still existing
towards 1500, were the following: The Wocons in Carolina,
the Homoloas, Malicas, Apaktchians and others in Georgia and
Florida, the Conoys of Virginia, the Nanticoes of Maryland f
the Catabas of Carolina, the Cahuitas and Calusas of Alabama,
the Tunicas of Louisiana, the Gorans^ Coroas or Escoros of the
Missouri, Arkanzas, Carolina, California and Mexico; besides
many nations of Anahuac, &c.
Before the Christian era a casual intercourse was kept up
between the two continents. The Phenicians and Gadesiems
traded to America: this Continent was known to the maritime
nations of West Europe and North-west Africa* The Numi-
dians went there 2000 years ago, as well as the Celts; they
frequented Paria arid Hayti principally. The Etruscans, a
powerful nation of Italy j who settled there from the Rhetian
Alps about three thousand years ago^ went to America and
wanted to send colonies there, but were prevented by the
Carthagenians. This intercourse gradually declined, owing
to the numerous shipwrecks and warlike habits of the Caribs*
D
ANCIENT
Iztacans and Oguzians, till the knowledge of America becatn&
almost lost or clouded in fables and legends.
During the decline of the Atalans, some fled to Anahuac and
South America, where they founded new empires, or civilized
many nations, such as the Cholulans of Anahuac, and the Muy-
seas, Puruays, Collaos, Tiahuanacos and Cojas of South Ameri
ca, who ascribe their ancient civilization to white and bearded
strangers.
Thus the ancient arts and sciences of North America were
transferred to the South* In the greatest splendor of the
Atalans and Cutans, they had built above one thousand towns
on the waters of the Ohio, of which nearly two hundred were
in Kentucky, and the remains of above one hundred are seen
to this day. The population must have been as great as the
actual one, and Kentucky must have had half a million of in
habitants at least. The monuments of these early nations are
easily distinguished from the subsequent Iztacan monuments^
by a greater antiquity, their circular, elliptical and conical
shapes*
CHAP. III. HISTORY OF THE IZTACANS.
THE annals of the numerous nations who claim this origin.
may be divided into five periods of time.
1. From the Iztacan empire of Asia to the Iztacan settle*
ments in America and Kentucky, including many centuries.
2. From the invasion of Kentucky to the foundation of the
Natchez empire, including about ten centuries.
3. From the Natchez empire to the Oghuzian invasion, in
cluding about five centuries.
4. From the Oghuzian invasion to the expulsion of the
Natchez from Kentucky, including about five centuries.
5. From the Natchez expulsion to the present time, including
theChicasa and Cherokee dominions in Kentucky, about ten
centuries.
1st Period. To the Invasion of Kentucky.
Soon aftert he formation of the great Asiatic empires of Iran,
Ayodhia ? Yitwa, China, &c. another was founded near the
OF KENTUCKY. t&
Caspian sea, on the mountains of Caf or Caucasus and Vipula
r Bactria, which was successively called Aztula, (strong land)
Aztlan, Tula, Tollan, Turan, &LC. The first monarch of it
was Iztac-mixcoatl, (strong head snake :) He had six sons, who
became the heads of as many nations ; they were
Xelhua or Colhua, the father of the Colhuans, &x
Tenoch or Tenuch, ancestor of the Tenuchs, &c.
Olmecatl or Ulmecatl, ancestor of the Olmecans, &c
Xicalancatl or Xicalhan, of the Zicalans, &c.
Mixtecatl or Miztecatl, of the Tecas, &c.
Otomitl, ancester of the Otomis, &c.
From these have sprung all the Iztacan nations, scattered
all over North America and part of South America.
Many other empires having begun to rise in the vicinity of
Aztlan, such as those of Bali, Scythia, Thibet,, Oghuz, the
Iztacan were driven eastwards, north of China; but/ some
fragments of the nation are still found in the Caucasus, &>c
such as the Abians or Abassans, Alticezecs, Cushazibs, Chun*
sags, Modjors, &c.
The six Iztacan nations being still pressed upon by their
neighbours the Oghuzians, Moguls, &c. gradually retreated os
sent colonies to Japan, and the islands of the Pacific ocean;
.having discovered America at the peninsula of Alasca, during
their navigations, the bulk df the nation came over and spread
from Alasca to Anahuac, establishing many states in thawest
of America, such as Tula, Amaquemecan, Tehuajo, Nabajoa,
Teopantla, Huehue, and many others.
After crossing the mountains, they discovered and followed
the Missouri and. Arkanzas rivers, reaching thus the Mississippi
and Kentucky.
2nd Period.- To the Foundation of the Natchez*
The Olmecas or Hulmees were the first Iztacans who vei>
tured to come to Kentucky, where they did not make a perma
nent settlement. They came in contact with the Talegans^
and not being able to subdue them,, they left the country, in
vaded Tennessee, &c. The Winginas and Westoes of Caro
lina, as well as the Yamassees of Georgia, may be remains of
these Olmecas 5 but the bulk of the nation went to Anahuac,
with the Xicalans, having made ap^ alliance with them. The
Xiealan$ were another Iztacan ndtion who had come down the^
Arkanza^; meeting on the Mississippi with powerful Atalans,
such as the Gorans, Talagans, &c. they joined the Olmecas in
a confederacy against them.
After partly settling in Alabama, Tennessee, Georgia and
Florida; they were both compelled to go to Anahuac, which
they reached frQm the north-east, and where they became
powerful in time.
The Otomis were the most barbarous of the Iztacans, being
hunters rather than cultivators; they had spread gradually
from the Missouri to Anahuac, in the rear of the Xicallans,
under the names of Mazahuas or Mahas, Huashashas or
Ozages, Gapahas or Arkanzas, Otos or Huatoctas, Mino-.
was or Missouri or Ayowas, Dareotas or Nadowessis, Hua-
tanis or Mandans, &c. They began to make war on the.,
Talegans of Illinois, Ohio and Kentucky, and the Otos appear
to have become the Sciotos of Ohio, the Huasiptos of East
Kentucky, and the Utinas of Florida,
The Colhuans and Tenuchans came the last on the Arkan-.
zas, and settled the kingdoms of Tollan, Tula f Huehue, Co-
patta, &c. in that region. The Atalans and Iztacans were
successively at war or in peace ; but the Iztacans prevailed at
last in West Kentucky, when all the Iztacans east of the Mis
sissippi formed a confederary against the Atalans; this was
the beginning of the Natchez dominion.
During these struggles, many peaceful Atalans left the coun
try and went to Anahu,ac, Ayatj, Onohualco and South Ameri-
ca> where they became legislators and rulers.
3d Period. To the Oghuzian Invasion.
The Natchez empire, or confederacy, of Iztacan nations,,
extended from the Ohio to Florida, and from the Alleghenies
to the Mississippi; west of it were the kingdoms of Capaha,
Pacaha and Copatta, (perhaps only one,) also Iztacan. This
Confederacy consisted of five hundred towns, and many tribes*
such as the Natchez, Taensas, Chitimachas, Movila, Yasoos or
and many more. East of them were the Apalaohian
OF KENTUCKY. %\
Cataba confederacies, and north the Talegans who had
retreated on the north side of the Ohio.
The nations forming this empire or league, were civilized
and cultivators; they became polished by their intercourse
with the Atalans, and borrowed many customs from them.
They worshipped the sun and fire ; but did not build circular
temples, erecting instead pyramids and high altars, generally
of a square or angular form. Each tribe had a king, each town
a governor; but the Natchez kings who were called Suns, had
the supremacy over all. Agriculture and trade were well
attended to. Many contentions and revolutions happened;
but the Oghuzian invasion was the most fatal.
The Siberian nations,, which had spread over the north of
Asia at the dissolution of the Oghuzian empire, having come
to America across Behring Strait, sought milder climates by
travelling south,, and coming in contact with the civilized but
less warlike nations of anterior origin, began towage war over
them, and drive them gradually further south, towards Florida
and Anahuac.,
4th Period.-^-To the expulsion of the Natchez from Kentucky.
At the Oghuzian invasion, the Taencas, a Natchez tribe,
occupied West Kentucky, the Huasiotos were in East Ken
tucky, and some Talegans still held the banks of the Ohio, &c
The Cherokees or Zulocans, an Atalan nation dwelling west
of the Mississippi, being driven by the Oghuzians, came to
Kentucky and Tennessee, and settled at last after many wars
in the mountains of Carolina, where they became a nation of
hunting mountaineers, and gradually destroyed the Huasioto
nation of the Cumberland mountains.
The Shawanees, an Oghuzian tribe, came then in contact
with the Natchez and expelled them from Kentucky, which
they occupied for a long time.
The Talegans north of the Ohio, were partly destroyed or
driven south, through Kentucky, to join the Apalachian, or
down the Mississippi towards Louisiana and Mexico.
5th Period. To the 'present time.
The Natchez confederacy declined gradually, becoming di-
22 ANCIENT
vided into several independent nations, such as the Taensas,
Chitimachas, Alabamas, Coosas, Cahuitas or Cowetas, Win
ginas, &c. spread from Louisiana to Carolina, which however
did not wage w-ar together, but were often united against the
Cherokees, Catawbas and Oghuzian nations.
When the Toltecas of Mexico drove away the Xicallans, the
bulk of that nation came to the Mississippi, and settled on both
sides of it, above the Natchez; many nations have sprung from
that stock, all intimately connected in language and manners,
such as the Chicasas, Chactaws, Yazoos or Tapousas, Mus-
colgees, Cofachis, &c. spreading north and east of the Natchez,
they formed a bulwark between them and the northern inva
ders ; the Chicasas extended their conquests to the banks of the
Ohio in Kentucky.
The great Otomi nations, extending from the Missouri to
Anahuac, divided into numerous tribes, such as the Osages or
Wahashas, Missouris, Ottos, Mazahuas, or Omahuas, Capahas
or Arkansas, Mandans, &c.: the Osages, Missouris and Arkan-
zas, penetrate as far as West Kentucky, the banks of the
Wabash, &c.
A succession of wars and contentions take place between the
numerous nations of various stocks scattered in North America,
by which they are weakened and prevented from improving
their civilization, or uniting against the encroachments of the
Europeans.
The Spanish, French, and English, after tihe discovery of
America by Columbus, settle in North America, and in three
hundred years occupy all the land from Canada to Mexico,
except a few small spots, acquiring possession of it by various
means, conquests, cessions or purchases.
CHAP IV. HISTORY OF THE OGHUZIANS.
SOMETHING like a chronological order can be now introduced.
The records of the Mexicans, the traditions of many Oghuzian
nations, and the annals of the Europeans, afford sufficient ma
terials for a complete history ; but I must be very brief.
OF KENTUCKY. 23
1st Period. From the Invasion of North America by the Oghu-
zians, towards the first year of our Era, to the Defeat of the
Talegans, towards 500, including five hundred years.
Nearly two thousand years ago, great revolutions happened
in the north of Asia; the Oghuzian empire was severed, and a
swarm of barbarous nations emigrating from Tatary and Sibe
ria,- spread desolation from Europe to America. In Europe
they nearly destroyed the powerful Roman empire, and in
North America they subverted many civilized states.
Several of those Oghuzian nations, driven by necessity or
their foes to the north-east corner of Asia, came in sight of
America, and crossing Berhing Strait on the ice, at various
times, they reached North America. Two of them, the Lenap
and the Menguy, seeking milder climates, spread themselves
towards the south ; while another, the Karitit, which came
after them, spread on the sea shores from Alaska to Greenland,
and some others settled on the north-west coast of America.
The Lenaps after settling some time on the Oregon and
Multnomah rivers, crossed the Oregon mountains, and follow
ing the Missouri, fighting their way through the Ottomies, &c
they reaehed the Mississippi, nearly at the same time with
the Mengays, who had come north of the Missouri. They
found the powerful Talegans in possession of Illinois, Ohio,
Kentucky, who opposed their progress and cut off the first
party that ventured to cross the Mississippi. A long war en
sued, in which the two Oghuzian nations joined in a confedera
cy against the, Talegans, and succeeded after a long struggle
to drive them away to the south.
2nd Period. From the Defeat of the Talegans, towards 500, to
the Dispersion of the Lenaps, towards 800, including three
hundred years.
When the Lenaps had defeated the Talegans, they had to
tontend with the Natchez of West Kentucky, the Huasiotos of
East Kentucky, the Sciotos of Ohio, besides many remaining
branches of the Atalans, Cutans, &e. scattered in North' Ame
rica, which they vanquished, destroyed or drove away, occupy-
'ing all the country from the Missouri to the Allegheny moun
tains; while the Men guys settled north of them on the lakes,
The Lenaps were hunters, but lived in towns, and becamfc
partly civilized by the prisoners and slaves that they made.
They began to cultivate corn, beans, squashes, tobacco, &c.
Their hunters having ventured across the Allegheny moun
tains, discovered a fine country, not occupied by any nations j
in Maryland and Pennsylvania. Many were induced to remove
to that country, where they should be more distant from their
southern foes.
A settlement was made east of the mountains, and the great
Lenapian nation became thus divided into many distant tribes.
independent of each other; but connected by a similarity of
language, religion, manners, and acknowledged origin.
The principal of these tribes, which thus became indepen
dent nations, we re the Chinucs on the Oregon, the Anilcos and
Quiguason theMissouri^ the Utawas and Miamis north of the
Ohio, the Shawanees or Massawomees in Kentucky, the Mo
higans and Abnakis in New England^ the Sankikans in New
Jersey, the Unarms and Minsis in Pennsylvania, the Powhatans
in Virginia, the Nanticoes in Maryland, the Chipeways and
Clistenos on the upper Mississippi, &x%
A similar division took place in the Men guys, and the in
dependent nations sprung from them, were the Hurons or
Wyaiidots near lake Huron^ the Eries or Erigas on lake Erie
in Ohio, the Tuscororas in Kentucky, the Senekas, Mohawks,
Cayugas, Oneidas on the St. Lawrence, &c. That portion of
the nation which remained west of the Mississippi, became
mixt with some Otomian tribes, and formed the great Darcota
nation, since divided into many tribes, such as the Sioux, Assini-
boils, Tintons, Yanctons, &c.
3d Period. From the Dispersion of the Lenaps^ towards 800, to
the Shawanee Confederacy, towards 1 1 00 including three hun
dred years.
The Oghuzian nations had united for a long while against
their southern enemies ; but many Menguy tribes became jea
lous of the Lenaps when they saw them possessed of the best
lands and growing very powerful* Dissentions occurred be-
twee'n the various tribes east and west of the mountains. The
OF KENTUCKY. 25
Senekas and Mohawks begin to quarrel with the Mohigans and
Lenaps. They endeavour to excite wars between them and
the Cherokees. Several wars occur between the Lenaps and
many Menguys, in which the Wyandots and Erigas take no
part.
Meanwhile the Shawanees of Kentucky have many quarrels
and wars with their neighbours ; they drive away the Tuscaro-
ras to Carolina, and some Erigas towards Florida. They
wage war by turns with the Natchez, Tapoussas, Cherokees?
and Apalachians to the south, with the Catabas, Wocons and
Westos to the east, the Capahas, Ozages^ &c. to the west.
Not satisfied with the possession of Kentucky, they extend their
conquests and settlements as far as lake Ontario to the north,
in Carolina and Georgia to the south. The Cumberland river
became the centre of their settlements. They were hostile to
all their neighbours except those of Lenapian origin, and be
ing in contact with many more than any other branch, were
considered as the bulwark of that nation.
In order to resist their numerous enemies, they formed a
general confederacy extending from the Lakes to Florida, which
soon became formidable twen to their former allies, under the
name of Massawomees or Wassawamees. The branches of
this great alliance were known by the names of Sakis and Ki-
capoos in the west, Uchees and Chowans in the east, Satanas
in the north, Savanas in the south, &c*
4th Period. From the Shawanee Confederacy, towards 1100, to the
Utawa Supremacy, towards 1400, including three hundred
years.
The Utawas were a branch of the Lenaps, settled north of
the Lakes, and holding supremacy over the Northern Lenaps ;
being driven south of the lakes, by their wars with the Men-
guys, they assumed a superiority over the Miamis of Ohio,
whom they defeated in battle ; but they had more difficulty in
their contentions with the powerful Shawanees. A long war
was the result; the Utawas conquered part of central Ken*
tucky, and compelled at last the Shawanees to acknowledge
E
28 +WCIEMT ANNALS
them as superiors and entitled to hold the great council fire in
the west, as the Lenaps did in the east.
During this struggle many revolutions had occurred around
Kentucky. The Conoys had become powerful in the Ken-
haway valley, and the Illinois on the Wabash. The Shawa
nees enter into an alliance with them. The Chicasaws begin
to grow powerful in the south-west, and wage war with the
Shawanees, &c.
The supremacy of the Utawas was acknowledged gradually
l>y all the Lenapians west of the mountains, and the chief of
that tribe was considered as the greatest chief. They settled
in many parts of lake Huron and Michigan, on the Mississippi,
and left Kentucky to the Shawanees*
-5th Period. From the Utawa Supremacy, towards 1400, to the.
Invasion of Soto, towards 1540, including about. 140 years.
Towards the discovery of America by Columbus in 1492, the
situation of the nations residing in Kentucky or the immediate
neighbourhood was nearly as follows:
The Massawomees or Shawanees had possession of the
greatest part of Kentucky, the Cumberland valley in Tennes
see, nearly all the banks of the Ohio, and they had settlements
or colonies in Illinois, Georgia, Carolina, Gennessee, &c. They
had nearly one hundred towns, many of which very populous*
The Chicasaws claimed by conquest the west of Tennessee
and Kentucky, and resided southerly of the Ohio.
West of the Mississippi near Kentucky, the most powerful
nations were the Capahas, Ozages, Anileos, Quiguas, &c. ; the
two last of Lenapian origin, and extending east as far as the
Wabash.
In Ohio were the Miamis, Erigas, Tongorias, &c.
In Virginia, the Conoys, Moriacans, Powhatans, &c.
In Tennessee, the Cherokees, Chugees or Ichias, &c.
On the St. Lawrence, five tribes of Menguys the Senekas,
Mohawks, Oneidas, Cayugas and Onondagos, had united into
a league, which soon became formidable (under the name of
Iroquese or Five Nations,) to all the Oghuzian nations*
OF KENTUCKY. 21
On the Atlantic shores the Lenapian tribes had divided into
numerous nations, often at war with each other for supremacy
or dominion.
Several other nations, besides the Atalans, Cutans, Iztacan?,.
and Oghuzians, had reached various parts of America, before
the modern Europeans, such as the Mayans or Malays, tho
Scandinavians, the Chinese, the Ainus, of Eastern Asia, the
Nigritians or African negroes! &c.; but as they did not settle
in or near Kentucky, they do not fall under my present scope*
CHAP. V. HISTORY OF KENTUCKY, &c.
From the Spanish Discovery or Invasion under Soto, towards 1543,
till the Settlement of Kentucky by. the Virginians in 1773 in
cluding about two hundred and thirty years.
1st Period.-* -Introduction.
1492. Discovery of America by Christopher Columbus..
1496. Discovery of North America by Sebastian Cabot.
1512. Discovery of Florida, by J. Ponce De Leon.
1520. Discovery of Georgia by Mirvelo, who calls it Cicoria*
1525. Invasion of Georgia by D'Aillon and Mirvelp,. who are
defeated by the Shawanees and other nations*
1 528. Second invasion and defeat of the Spaniards in Florida.
1536. Third invasion of the Spaniards in Florida. Alvar
Nunez discovers the Mississippi, and reaches Culiacan on. the
Pacific ocean across the continent*
2nd Period. ^-Sixteenth Century*
1539. Fern. Soto, governor of Cuba, invades North America
with an army of 1050 men and three hundred horses: he lands
in Florida, defeats many nations, and winters in Apalachia.
1540. Soto visits the Cofas, Cherokees, Shawanees, Curas>
&c. ; discovers Tennessee, wins a great battle at Mobile, and<
winters at the Chicasas.
1541. Battle with the Chicasas; Soto crosses the Chuca->
gua or Mississippi, visits Capahaand Tula, discovers Arkanzas,
and winters in Utiangue.
1542. Soto wanders west of the Mississippi, discovers the
Missouri, and diesatGuachoya,(the WashashasorOzages) near
the Anilcos or Ilicos, (Illinois.) lie is succeeded by
who vainly attempts to reach Mexico by land, goes no further
than the Aches or Panis, and returns to the Missouri near the
Ozages, winters at Minoya or Minowas.
1543. The Spaniards reduced to 350 men, and threatened
by the king of the Quiguas (or Wiwas,) with a powerful attack,
embark in 21 boats, and going night and day, reach the mouth
of the Mississippi in twenty days, after losing many men in
battle with the Quiguas, who pursued them for ten days. -
Only 300 Spaniards reached Panuco and Mexico. Discovery
of Illinois and KENTUCKY in descending the Mississippi.
1545. T<he Muscogees settle east of the Mississippi, and be
come afterward the head of the southern confederacy.
1550. The Menguys begin to wage war with all their neigh
bours ; they destroy the Satanas, a branch of the Massawomees <>,
and settle in their country south of lake Ontario.
1560* The Massawomees of Kentucky are at war with the
southern nations, and many eastern nations; but at peace with
the nations nor,th of the Ohio ; they form a settlement on the
Susquehannah.
1562 to '68. Settlements and wars of the French and Span
iards in Carolina and Georgia, in which many nations take a
part.
1584 to '89.,, First settlements of the English in North Caro
lina; wars with the Winginans, &c. Three unsuccessful cota
nies. Kentucky was included in the charter of the colony.
1590. Wahun-Sanacoc, king of the Powhatans in Virginia,
conquers many tribes, and becomes formidable to all his.
neighbours, even the Massawomees and Erigas of Kentucky.
He adopts Opechan, a wise Shawanee,for his brother, and makes
him king of Pamunkey.
1595. The Erigas, a powerful nation ofMenguy origin, is
now scattered from lake Erie to Florida in various tribes,
called Erieronons, Tongorias, Rechehecrians^Grigras, &c, and
is at war with the Menguys of Gennessee.
OF KENTUCKY. ., $&
3d Period. Seventeenth Century.
1607. Permanent settlement of the English in Virginia, the
colony including Kentucky in its charter. The French settle
in Canada.
1608. First interview of the English with the Shawanees or
Wassawoomees of Kentucky. Sir J. Smith meets one of their
war party in the Chesapeak, going to attack the Susquehan-
noes and Tocwoys. The Nantaquaes or Nanticoes of Mary
land went to trade with them heyond the mountains,.
1618. Death of Wahuji Sanacoe, king of the Powhatans ; he
is succeeded by Opechan, the Shawanee king of Pamunkey^
who takes the title of Mango-Peomen, and becomes the foe of
the settlers.
1640. The Menguys succeed to destroy the Erigas of Ohio:
the remains of that nation fly to Ea^st Kentucky, &c.
1642. End of the wars between the English and Powhatans,
which had lasted twenty years; Opechan is taken, and dies, 95
years old: he is succeeded by his son Totopotomoi, who makes
peace.
1 654. Col. Wood explores Kentucky as far as the Mississippi,
1656. The Rechehecrians or Grigras cross the Allegheny,
and invade Virginia, being molested by the Menguys; Captain
Hill and King Totopotomoi who attack them, are defeated ;
the king is killed. They soon after leave the country, and
are admitted by the Natchez into their confederacy,
1660. The Menguys rendered powerful by fire arms, lay
waste all the country on the Ohio, and make war on the Ton-
gorias, Shawanees, Miamis, Illinois, Chicasaws, Natchez, &c. ;
often coming down the Ohio in war parties. They destroy the
Conoys or Kenhaways.
1667. Captain Batt visits the Allegheny mountains, from
Virginia.
1670. Captain Bolt visits Kentucky from Virginia. Is he
the same as the above?
1672. Father Marquette descends the Mississippi from Illi
nois, and discovers the Missouri, Ohio, Wabash, &c. He
ftnds 40 towns of Shawanees on the Ohio and its lower branches.
30 ANCIENT
1680. Father Hennepiu descends the Mississippi to its
mouth from Illinois, and visits Kentucky, &c. The Tennessee
is called Cherokee river.
1683. Captain Tonti descends the Mississippi to its mouth>
for the first time, with Lasalle. Kentucky visited again.
1685. Second voyage of Tonti down the Mississippi.
1688. Third voyage of Tonti down the same.
1 700. At the end of this century, the Shawanees of Ken
tucky were defeated and humbled by the Menguys. Those of
Georgia were compelled to enter the Muscolgee confederacy.
The Tongorias of East Kentucky were united with the Chero-
kees; and the Illinois, Miamis, Kicapus, &c, often crossed
Kentucky, to goto war against the Chicasas.
4th Period. Eighteenth Century.
1710. Col. Spettswooct, governor of Virginia, crosses the
Allegheny mountains ancfexplores the country near Kentucky.
1712. The great Apalachian nation destroyed, partly by the
Carolinians in 1702 and the Alabampus in 1705; the remains
blend with the Muscolgee confederacy.
1720. The French traders begin to descend the Ohio.
1722. Treaty at Albany between the Virginians and Men-
guys or Iroquese; the land west of the Allegheny ridge is
acknowledged as belonging to the Iroquese, who claim it by
conquest over the Erigas, Conoys, Tongorias, &c.
1731. The Natchez are destroyed by the French; the re^.
mains of that great nation take refuge with the Chicasas; a
war follows in consequence with the French, which lasts many
years.
1739. Mr. Longueil descends the Ohio, from Canada, and
discovers Big-bone lick in Kentucky. Many Canadians fol-.
low that road.
1745. The Shawanees of Kentucky had retreated on the
banks of the Ohio, Miami and Muskingum, to avoid their
southern enemies, being now at peace with the Menguys, and
allied with them against the Cherokees, Catawbas, Muscolgees,
Chicasaws, &c. Kentucky remained the hunting ground of
the northern and southern nations where they met at war.
OF KENTUCKY. 3i
1750* Dr. Thomas Walker, of Virginia, crosses the Alleghe
ny and Wasioto mountains, which he calls Cumberland. He
discovers Cumberland Gap, the Shawanee river, which he calls
Cumberland river, Kentucky river, which he calls Louisa, &c.
1751. Several Indian traders descends the Ohio.
1 752. Lewis Evans publishes his map of Kentucky, &c. from
the account of those traders.
1754. James McBride descends the Ohio as far as the mouth
of the Kentucky.
1760. Second visit of Dr. Walker to Kentucky, as far as
Dick river.
1764. The Shawanees remove to Ohio from Pennsylvania,
and to the Wabash from Green river.^
1767 to 1774. Kentucky i& visited by traders and hunters
from Virginia and North Carolina, and begins to be settled,
after extinguishing the claims of the Cherokees and Iroquese ;
but the Shawanees' best claim having never been attended to,
this was the cause of the war which they waged with their
allies, against the Virginian settlers for more than twenty
years. Ever since 1756 an alliance of all the Oghuzian tribes
north of the Ohio having been formed against the Iroquese,
Cherokees and Chicasas. the Virginians were considered as
new intruders, who had bought the land from their foes.
CONCLUSION.
ALL the details which might have explained, and the notes
which would have proved, my statements, have been unavoida
bly omitted, in order to confine myself within the short pre
scribed limits. I am merely allowed to add the enumeration
of the principal monuments of antiquity, and a mere list of the
authors in which all the facts are to be found which I have
asserted, except those derived from my personal examination
<*f the geology, antiquities and languages of North America.
A philological and ethnological view of nearly four hundred
American and eastern nations or languages, with their com
parative names for land and water, was also found by far too long
for insertion, although this is now considered as the base o
historical researches.
1.
ENUMERATION
t)f the Sites of Ancient Towns and Monuments of Kentucky, $c*
THE following Catalogue contains the first general account ever pub
lished of the ancient monuments hitherto discovered In this State, the grea
test part of which have been discovered, surveyed, drawn, and described -
by myself in my large manuscript work on the antiquities of Kentucky,
which has nearly 100 maps and views. As a further illustration of the sub
ject, I add a short account of the monuments of the surrounding States, so
intimately connected with ours. They are all very ancient, except these
marked L. which appear to be less ancient (from 100 to 1000 years) and to
belong- to the Lenapian nations.
Total JVb.
of
Sites J\fons.
COUNTIES, &c.
r Adair, on the Cumberland river
Bath> on the waters of Licking river
Boone, on the Ohio, a town near Burlington, &c.
Bourbon, a circus of 1450 feet on Licking River, a town, poly*
gon of 4675 feet on Stoner's creek L. &c.
Bracken, great battle ground, &c. near Augusta, iron rings and
a copper medal with unknown letters, &c.
Caldwell, at>tone fort onTradewaterr'ver
Calloway, a mound 15 feet high on Blood river
Campbell, near Covii.gton and at Big-bone lick
Christian, near Hopkinsville, &c L,
Clarke, near Winchester, Boonesborough, &c.
Clay, near Manchester, &c.
Fayevte, on North Klkhorn, a beautiful circus, a dronlus, &c. oh
South Elkhorn, near Lexington, a polygon town, L. several
squares, moulds, graves, &.c. 9 East Indian Shells found in
the ground, &c.
Gallatm, at the mouth of the Kentucky river
Garrard, principally mounds and small circus on Paint Creek 9
Sugar Creek, &c.
Greenup, fine remains opposite the mouth of the Scioti
Harlan, on the Cumberland river, near its source
Hart, mounds near Green river &c. mummies in caves
Harrison, a circus near Cynthiana, many mounds, round, ellipti
cal or ditched, 16, 20, 25 and 30 feet high
Hickman, a fine Teocalh on the Mississippi below the Ironbanks?
450 feet long 10 high, only 30 wide
Jefferson, on tbe Ohio near Louisville
Jessamine, mounds, graves, embankments,
Knox, On the Cumberland riyer, and
on the Ohio
1. 3
1
3
4
8
5
46
4
1
1
1
1
2
4
5
12
5
18
6
6
15
36
1
1
3
12
1
3
2
5
2
7
5
16
1
1
4
1
4
10
3
7
1
1
APPENDIX.
Total JVc.
'/
<Site$ Mons.
COUNTIES, &C.
2 1 In Lincoln, on Dick's river, and near Wilmington
3 14 Livingiston, an octogone of 2fJ52 feet on Hurricane creek, &c.
m.'Uth of the Cumberland
10 42 Logan, towns and mounds on Muddy riyer, Sec. a silver medal
fuuud in a mound
3 7 "' Madison, near the Kentucky, Etc. mounds, &c.
2 j 2 : Mason, near Washington, a small teocalli -
3 j 35 .; M'Crachan, on the Ohio, a fine square teocalli of 1200 feet and
14 high, on the Mississipi, 5 rows of mounds, Stc
6 12 Mercer, a fort on Dick'a river, several remains on Salt river, &c.
10 48 Montgomery, squares, hexagons, polygons, &c on Somerset
and Buck creek, many high, round, elliptical or ditched
mounds. A fine circus or circular temple, &c.
1 1 Pendleton, at the fork of Licking river
1 1 P.eny, a long dromus near Hazard
2 7 Fulaski, stone mounds on Pitman and Buck creeks
1 1 s Rockcastle, a stone grave 200 feet long, 5 wide* 3 high, near
Mountvernon
5 12 > Scott, a ditched town near Georgetown, on the South Elkhorn.,
a square on Dry-run, &c.
2 Shelby, near Shelby ville, and south of it
24 Tngg, a walied town, 7500 feet in circumfeience, at Canton, on
the Cumberland, inclosing several large mounds and a square
Teocalli 150 feet long, 90 wide, 22 high. Many mounds on
Cumberland, Little river, Cadiz, &c.
16 Warren, a ditched town, irregular octogone of 1385 feet on
Bigbarren river, near Bowling-green, inclosing 5 houses, and
, 2 teocallis. Mounds, &c.
66 Whitley, a town on the Cumberland, above Williamsburgh, with
20 houses, a id a teocalli 360 feet long, 150 wide, 12 high.
Remains of towns with houses on the waters of Laurel river
and Watts creek
12 Woodf;>rd, a fine octogon teocalli of 1200 feet, and 8 high. A
town of 270u feet ori South Elkhorn> a square on Clear
creek, &c.
The total number of ancient sites known to me in Kentucky, a-
.148 505 mounts therefore to 148, and the ancient remains or monuments
are 505, Those already known to me in- the remainder of North
Ami rica, are the following .
14 . 54 In Alabama, many towns, forts mounds, Sic. An elliptical teo
calli of 800 feet, and 15 high, on Cedar creek. A teocalli of
1120 feet, and 75 high, on the Etowee. A circus of 25 acres
in Jones' valley, with a square teocaltt in the centre, of 720
feet and 30 bighj &c.
10 ' 45 Arkaozus, towns, mounds, &c. several mounds and teocallii, as
high as 40 feet, below the town of Arkanzas. Remains of a
town built of sunburnt bricks, on the St. Francis river, &c.
3 7 Canada, mounds and forts between lake Huron and Erie
2 : 3 Connecticut, inscribed rocks at Seaticook and Tiverton. L.
12 ' 32 Florida, many embankments, excavations, mounds, &c. not
very ancient ,L. Many high mounds, avenues and artificial
ponds or tanks, near lake George, &c.
30 Georgia, many large square teocallis, some with 3 stories; and
ftyenues leading tQ square excayations on the Uakmulge, &c=
I. AfTENDIX*
Total jVb
of
Sites Mons.
COUNTIES, &G
12 .170
1.2
12
106!
16
60
61
ro
36 125
Four square teocallis and 4 square excavations near Apali-
chicola. Two oval teocallis on Sooquee creek, one is 100 feet
high, the other 40. A stone fort on a high hill, &c
'j Illinois, many conical mounds in the American bottom, on the
Mississipi ; a squared teocalli of 1200 feet, 100 high, and
with 2 s'oping stages on the Gahokia ; a square teocalli of
600 feet and 20 high, near St. Louis. A stone fort on Saline
river- Mounds near the mouth of the Ohio, &c.
Indiana, towns and. mounds on the Wabash, White river and
the Ohio, near the falls, &c.
I^ousiana, many mounds on the Mississipi, at Baton Rouge, Sec.
Four square te&callis of 240 feet and 22 high, equal, forming
a square, joiaed by a wall and ditch, with an avenue leading
to a conical teocalli 115 feet high, (spiral road on it) on Bayou
Cataoulou. Five mounds of shells near lake Cataonlou is 80
feet high. A high mound on Red river, built in 1728 by the
Natchez. Many in Tensa, &?c.
Maine, a conical teocalli of 600 feet, 50 high; with a paved
summit, on the river Kennebeck
Massachussets, the sculptured rocks of Dighton, and the inscrib
ed stone of Rutland, of which many opini'.ns have been form
ed, supposed Atlantic, Phoenician, Coptic or Lenapian !
Mexico, many towns, teocallis, stone buildings, &c. in Anahuac.
Micliuacan, Yucatan, Guatemala, &c,
Michigan, towns, forts and mounds on river Huron, lake St,
Clair,- near Detroit, &c.
Mississipi, several square r octogon and round teocallis on the
Mississipi, Yazoo, &c. \greatteocalli at Sultzertown with
mounds on it, 90 feet high. A teocalli 150 feet long, 100
broad, 35 high near Natchez. A teocalli of 2650 feet square,
20 feet high, on Big-black river, with a wall and ditch 2400 feet
long, joining the highlands, &c
Missouri, many mounds, forts, graves, &c. at the mouth of Osage 9
Missouri, Merrimack, Chepousa, &c. 27 mounds and a pris
matic teocalli at St Louis. A square teocalli of 800 feet and
14 high, below the mouth of Ohio. A conical teocalli of 1200
feet, 40 high, with a ditch on the lake Chepousa, &c. i
Multnomah Country, on the Pacific ocean Several towns and
mounds on the Columbia or Multnomah river
Nadowessie or Sioux Country, or Upper Mississipi. Many forts,
excavations and mounds on the river St Peter, Menomonie,
Gaspard, Wapisinekan, 8tc. A poligon below lake Pepin
A small square teocalli on Racine river, lat. 44
New-Mexico. Ruins of towns built of clay 6r stones, in Sonora
on the Kio-gila and in Cibola, lat 36, &c.
New-York. All in the western part of the state ; the most east
erly site is. on the river Chenango. Many ancient towns, forts
and mounts, on the rivers Seneka, Genessee, Black. &c. near
Auburn, Pompey, Buffuloa. Gaondago, Cauandaigua, &?c.
some of which appear modernt>r built by the Menguy na
tion : an inscription with unknown letters wns found HI Ohon-
dago. A circus at Unadilia / two parallel rows of towns or
fcris extending 50 miles, on the ancient shores of lake
APPENDIX-*
Total Ao-
'/
Sites Mons.
COUNTIES, &C,
72
15
15
44
8 IN
50
28
32
74
Many towns soijth of lake Ontario, beyond the mountain ridge
or most ancient land very ancient; &c.
North Carolina, some mounds near Saraw, towns on Holston ri
ver. On Enoe river 2 inscriptions were found in ploughing,
on octftgon stone pillar and a circular piece of brass ! with
unknown letters ! Ii Rowan County, 2 iron-stone walls un
der ground, supposed basaltic by many, but erroneously.
Ohio, this si ate contains numerous fine monuments like Ken
tucky, but only a part have been described, although more
than of any other s f nt^ ; another portion has been surveyed
by myself, many are yet hardly knov n
At Cincinnatij a large town, circus, mounds, &c.
On Paint Creek, 3 towns with stone walls, mounds, teocallis, 8tcv
At the mouth ot'Scioto, a town, dromus, mounds, c^c.
At uircleville, a fine circus and mound
Near Chillicothe, five towns, with temples, avenues, See
In Belmont county, a mound of 16 feet, where iron and silver
has been found
ji Lake Erie, many towns in Ashtabula cty- with mounds, &c.
On the Little Miami, many towns, stone forts, temples, 8tc. a
copper coin was found with Persian letters !
At Marietta, a town, mounds, &.c. a silver cup found there
Near Newark, 2 towns, with avenvies, pits, mounds, etc.
fn Perry county, a town with a stone mound
Mouth of Big Miami, a stone fort, a town with round pits,
mound and ditch, elleptical teocalli 550 feet, 25 high.
Mouth of Maunve, a town and fort
On Twin creek, two elliptical teocallis
Many other monuments rear Granville, Franklinton, Worthing-
ton, New Athens, Gallipohs, etc.
n Panis, county of Upper Missouri, mam fortified towns on the
Missouri, at the mouth of Osage, Chayenne, Laplate ; also on
rive:s Kauzas, Lapla>e,Yellowst'Mie, Jaques, etc. Two squares
of 1200 fee' on Peiit-ark creek. A large pit 200 feet long,
130 wide, 30 deep, near the Panis, etc.
Pennsylvania, mosUy in the western parts ; mounds and forts
near Pittsburgh. N,ear Meadvnle 7 circles, mounds, etc. Se
veral towns and forts on the Monongahela, also carved rocks.
On the Allegheny, some towns, etc. A town on a hill near the
Tyoga river with a circus, etc.
South Carolina, near Cambden, in the Wateree, many monu
ments^ a teocalli 20 feet high, a wall or parapet three miles
long ! 'wrongly supposed to be built by Soto, who never was
there,
Tennessee ; this state was anciently united to Kentucky and its
monuments are very important for our history
On the south fork of Forcarieer river, several towns, teocallis,
moumis / tr.e fines' pvramid of the United States is there, it
is 150 feet high, 1300 feet at the base, 120 at the top, per
fectly .square. It was discovered only in 1822.
On Duck river, a stone fort
Near Cia, ksville, on t'te Cumberland, a town, many teocallis ; an$
near Palmvra^ on Ditto, another town^ busts found there..
3.?
Total JVb.
of
Sites Mons.
COUNTIES, &C.
Near Nashville, on ditto, several towns, teocallis, statues, etc.-
On the Canj fork oi Tennesee, a circus where the triune vessel
was found
Near Puiaski, a subterranean brick wall
Near Carthage, a fort, graves
On Big Harpeth river, several mounds, one is 40 feet high, a
sun and moon paii ted > ellow in a perpendicular clift of 70 feet
On French, broad, paintings and letters on a vertical cliff, 100
feet above the water !
In Warren county, a town with mummies, etc.
Near BrasstownJ on Tennessee, the enchanted mountain with.
carved tracts of men and Leasts
In Texas, at the head of river Sabine, an elleptical teocalli 6 fe^t
high, a mound on the river Trinity, etc.
1 Vermont, sculptured rocks at Bellows falls on Connecticut
172 Virginia, principally on the Ohio, Kenhaway and Holston
Near Abington, a circus and mound
On Clinch river, a late town, with a ditch round it, L.
On the Ohio, painted rocks near the mouth of King's creek,
with figures and letters ! mounds near them. Towns near
Belleville, Letart's falls, Parkersburgh, Park's bottom, Gal-
lipolis, etc-
On the Kenhawany, 105 circular temples, towns, mounds, ect/
one mound is 40 feet hiiprh and 420 round
At Big Grave creek, many mounds, the largest is a conical py
ramid surrounded by a ditch, 70 feet high, base 540 feet
round, top 180 feet
At little Grave creek, many mounds, the largest is like that of
Big Grave, but 75 feet high
At Burning Springs, sculptured hierogliphlcs on rocks. Many
mounds, etc. on the Guyandot, Elk river, Shenandqah, Mop
nongahela, Fluvanna, Rivanna, etc. L.
The actual number of ancient seats of population or sites already ascer
tained bv me, in Nor<h America, amount therefore to 541, of which 393
out of Ktntuclty, and 148 in Kentucky, while the ancient monuments found
in thflfe sites amount already to 1830, of which 505 in Kentucky and 1325
out of it.
If by my researches during 4 years, I have been able thus to increase
the knowledge of the number of ancient sites and monuments in the single
State of Kentucky, from '25 sites to 148, a-^d from 100 monuments to 505:
it is very probable that when equal industry will be exercised in the other
States, that number will be more than doubled; since I entertain no doubt
that 1000 sites and 4000 monuments exist still in the United States, exclu
sive of Mexico, bes'des the small burrows, and those that have been de$-.
troyed,
II.
CATALOGUE
Of the Authors and Works co)isulted.
Adair, Hist, of Creeks, etc.
Adelung, Mithridates,
Adelung, Fr. Catal. of Languages,
Arrian History.
Af cbeologia Americana, Vol. 1.
Asiatic researches, 12 Vol.
At water Antiq. of Ohio
Azara/ travels in Paraguay
Barrow, travels in China, etc.
Barton, Indian languages, etc.
Bartram, travels in Florida
Beck, Missouri ect.
Boone, adventures in Kentucky
Bossu, travels in Louisiana
Boudinot, Has. in the West
Breckenridge, Louisiana and memoir
Bruce, Abyssinia, etc.
Buffon, Natural History, etc.
Cabot, Discovery of North America
Campbell, Western Antiquities, etc.
Carli, Aaierican Letters
1 Cartier, travels in Canada
Carver, travels in North America
Charlevoix, do. History of Canada,
St. Domingo, Paraguy
Clav'igero, History of Mexico
Clifford, Letters on N. A. Antiq.
Colden, History of the Five Nations
Colebrooke, Dissertations on India
Columbus, travels
Condamine, travels in South America
Cook, travels
Cornelius, Memoirs
Castiglione, Viaggi in America
Cramer, Ohio Navigator
Cutnming,, travels in the U. S.
Cuvier geological works, &c.
Dana Western Gazetteer
Darby, Louisiana Guide, &c.
Debrizhofer, Abipones
Delisle, Monde primitif, c.
Delametherie. Geology
Depons, C&?aecas
Uictionnaire historique
P-- D'Histoire Naturelle
Diodorus, history
Douglas, History of North America
Duponceau, on Amef . Lang. &c.
Duprats, History of Louisiana
Drake, Cincinnati
Dwight, travels
Edwards, West Indies
Edinburgh Review
Egede, Greenland
Ellis travels
Filson, Kentucky
Forster, travels and observations
Gage, travels in Mexico
Garcilago de la Vega, conquest of
Florida, his. of Peru, &c.
Gebelin, Monde primitif
Gilleland, Ohio Pilot
Grosier, Histoire de la Chine.
Gumila, Orenoko
Harmar, We st Caledonia
Haywood, Tennessee
Heckenvvelder, hist, of Lenapians&c.
Hearne, travels to North Sea
Hennepin, travels in North America
Henry. ditto.
Herodotus, History
Hudson, travels
Humboldt, travels, researches, &c.
Hutchins, North American Map, &c.
Imlay, Letters on Kentucky
James, Say and Long 1 , travels
Jefferson, Notes in Virginia
Jewett, Nootka
Jones, dissertations on Asia
Lavaye, travels in North America
Labillardiere, Voyages
Lahontan, travels in N. America
Lavoisne, historical Atlas
Leod, Levvche'v Islands
Lewis and Clarke, travels^
Leyden, languages of India
Loskiel, Missions of N. America
Mackenzie, travels in N America
Madison, Memoir on Am Antiq.
Massachusetts, Historical collections
II. APPENDIX.
39
Marsden Sumatra and Malays
Meares, travels
Mellish travels and Maps
Mitchill, Dssiertations, c.
Naigeon, voy. de P>thagore
New York Hist. Collections
North American Review
Nuttall, travels to Arkanzas
Oldmixon, North America
Officer, travels of an
Olivet, new translation of Sepher.
Originc des Loix, des Sciences et
des Arts
Pages, travels round thjL world
Pallas, travels in Russisrec.
Parry, travels
Pennant, Artie Zoology
Pernetty, Falkland I.
Peron, travels
Perouse, travels
Pickering, Indian languages
Pike, travels in Nortti America
Pinkerton, Scythians, fossils, c.
Plinius, Natural History
Pownal's Map s &c.
Proud; History of Pennsylvania
Ptolemy, Ancient Geography
Quarterly Review
Rafinesque, Manuscripts of Tellus,
Ancient history of North America,
Antiquity of North America, Ge
neral view of the American Ian-
, guages, c.
Raleigh, travels
Ramsay, History of Carolina
Reland, American languages
Robin, travels in Louisiana
Rogers, North America
Rollin. Ancient History
Romans' Florida
Sanford, History of the U, States
Shermerhorn state of Indians in 1812
Schoolcraft, travels
Sibley, travels
Smith, Narrative
Smith, History of New York
Southey, Hrstory of Brazil
Sullivan, History of Maine
Thomas, travels
Tonti and Laralle, travels
Traditions (in Ms.) of the Shaw
nees, Ottawas, &c.
Ulloa, travels and researches
Universal History
Valancey, Antiq. of Ireland
Vanegas, History of Californe ,
Vancouver, Travels
Vaetl, on Languages
Verazanz, travels
Vespucius, travels
Volney, various works
Wilford, researches y;
Winslow, comments
Winthrop, History
Winterbotham, America
Zuniga, conquest of Peru*
SUPPLEMENT.
Annales philosophiques Araericaines
Tiozman, History of Maryland
Burk, History of Virginia
Cumberland, Origines Gentium
Franklin, polar travels
Holmes, American Annals
Jameson, Hermes Scythicu*
Langsdorf, travels
Lawson, Carolina
Long, travels
Maurice, History of Hindoslan
Philadelphia, philosophical
tions,
E7*
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