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Oopyrlght,  1910,  by  Thb  Fkahoisoan  Fathkrs. 


AU.   RIOHT8   BB8XBVKD. 


Kdition  Luiitbd  to  Two  Hundkicd  Oopdb, 
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No.  fC  


PREFACE. 


The  philosoph.v  of  a  people  is  exhibited  to  ([ood  advantafje  by 
a  aimbinec)  study  of  itH  lanj^imfcr  and  Hrchteulo^y,  as  the  one 
fr«<)uuutly  elucidates  the  other  The  present  work  ia  develop^nl 
alon^  thffiv  linen,  nnd  words  bfuntig  on  a  Rpecific  topic  have 
bwn  Kro»Ped  together,  while  the  information  which  has  been 
added  'is  freqiiootty  veritied  by  a  list  of  words  iu  use.  Works 
already  published  hare  not  been  consulted  to  a  very  f^reat  ext<ent, 
as  an  endeavor  wa»  nuule  to  obtain  oriffinal  infoniiatioD  from 
nativi'  informants.  Bui  as  these  were  iinich  at  varianee  it 
became  necessary'  lo  select  only  the  nioKt  reliable  and  consistent 
infuniiation.  which  is  here  presente<l  in  the  shiipe  of  brief  note's. 
The  illustrations,  too.  have  been  larjrely  obtained  from  native 
inforniaota,  or  drawiniirK  made  were  tjubniittt^d  to  them  for  cor- 
nuHinn^.  A  lar^  number  are  drawn  from  actual  apeciinens  on 
•xhibit  in  thi-  Mu»u>uin  of  the  Rrooklyn  Ini^tituti^  of  Art^  and 
Sciences,  HrcNiklyn,  N.  Y*.,  while  that  of  the  Navaho  Smilh.v  is  a 
reproduction  from  the  SavtiAo  jSihvratnilAji,  by  Dr  W  \Utthewa. 

We  also  owe  some  suKRestions  to  the  following  authorities 
who  have  been  cited  or  consulted: 

H  II  Bamriift,  HarpK  of  PaeiHc  Slater,  1889. 

A  F  Bandeukk,  Final  Report  on  the  Indians  of  the  Soutb- 
weat      t^mbridge,  IHttU. 

FaAT  Alonko  liRNAVtDEA,  Memorial,  IdSO,  in  I^nd  of  Sun> 
ine,  volume  XIII,  1U00. 

loiiK  G  HoL'HKic,  the  Apache  Medicine  Man.  Ninth  Annual 
Report  of  the  Bureau  of  American  Ethnnlofry,  WashiDirton, 
ISHT-IKSB. 

Stkwart  Culis,  Games  of  the  North  American  Indians. 
Twentj- fourth  Annual  Iteport  of  the  Bureau  of  American 
Ethnalogy,  Waahinirtoo,  Ift02. 

lYiNr  Kaklk  C>oi>i>akii,  Morphology  of  the  Hupa  I^niruatfe, 
Berkeley,  t'al..  Ifto.'i. 


8 


AN  KTHNOLOQU:  DJCTIOSARY. 


Edciab  \,  Hewktt,  Origin  of  thf  Nanif  Nuvnho.  AmerifAn 
Anthro]>olo^8t,   1»06. 

Wa8I«N()Ton  Matthkwh,  Nsvuho  SilvrrmnttKf.  Second  An- 
nual Report  of  tW  Bun*tiu  of  Klhnolotfy,  Wa^biuu-(on,  18b3. 
Navajo  Weavers.  Thin!  Annual  Kt-iwrt  of  the  Bureau  of  Eth- 
nolojr.v,  Wa-shin^on,  1884.  Navnjo  Names  for  Plants.  Amer- 
icaa  Naturalist,  volume  20,  rhiladelphia,  18H6.  The  MouaUin 
Chant.  Fifth  Annual  Kcport  of  the  Hureau  of  Ethnoloiry,  Wash- 
inffton,  18H7.  Navajo  GuiibliiiiE  Sonirs.  American  Andiropol- 
oirist,  volume  I,  IHHO.  The  fienlih'  Si-stem  of  the  Navajo 
Indians,  .lournal  of  American  Folk-lore,  v<ihime  A,  Boston, 
1H90.  Navajo  Dye  Stuffs,  Annual  Keport  of  the  SmithHonian 
Institute  for  1891,  WwhiQjrton.  1893.  The  Ha^iket  Drum. 
American  Authropolouist.  volume  T.  Wa«bintftou,  1894.  A 
Viifil  of  the  Gtids,  ii  Navajo  Ceremony.  .Ameriean  .\nIhroiKilo- 
sist,  volume  9,  Wa-shineton,  1H9B.  Navnjo  I^Kerids.  Boston 
■mi  New  York.  I8»7.  The  Night  Chant,  a  Nuvajo  (^n'mony. 
Meiiioin*  of  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History,  voluine 
ft.  New  York,  I90i. 

CnsMOA  MiNitKi.RFF,  Xavajo  lloiiseA.  Seventeenth  Annual 
Report  of  the  Bun.-au  of  Ethiioloiry.   Washington,   1898. 

Rev.  A  (i  MnRU-K,  O.  M.  I..  Notes  on  Western  l>enes. 
Toronto.    1894.      Dene  Roots.      Toronto.  189^,  and  othent. 

Gk(i  II  Pkffkr,  Native  Navajo  [>yeH.  Rciiniit  fruiii  the 
I^Bpoose,   New  York. 

Jamkh  H  Simphon,  Report  on  the  Navajo  Country.      18riU. 

Ai.KXANr>KH  M  STEPiirN.  the  Navajo,  .\nierlcan  .-Vnthnipolo- 
g'isX.  volume  H,  WiLshington,  189-').  The  Naviuo  SluK-tnaker. 
Proceetlings  of  the  L'nitei)  StAle,'«  National  Museum.  New  York. 
1888.  Uiipubli^thtnl  Manuscript  and  Vocabular>'.  by  favor  of 
Mr  StewaHCulin. 

.1amf.-<  STKVRNf»oN,  L^reuionial  of  Ila^ijelti  Dailjis,  etc.  Eighth 
Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Kthnoloif.v.   Wa»hington,  1891. 


Saini  Michai^ls,  Arizona, 
.l/>r«V.  /.*?/«. 


FRANriHTi^    Katiirwi. 


CONTENTS. 


Intbodcctory 23-34 

The  NEmeNavaho 23 

Orthography  and  FroDuociation  of  the  word  Navaho.      26 

OrigiD  aod  Stock  of  the  Navaho 26 

MisrratioD  of  the  Denes 28 

Site  aod  Area  of  the  Navaho  Country 30 

Physical  Features  of  the  Land 31-32 

Population 33-34 

ooshogony  and  natural  phenomena 35-117 

The   Univeese 36 

Eabth  and  Sky 35-36 

Sun    and    Moon 37-41 

Time 37-39 

Light,  Shade,  Miraife 40 

Eclipse,  Phases  of  the  Moon 41 

Stabs  and   Constellations 42-45 

Clouds 45 

Mist  or  Fog.   Wind  and  Storm,   Rain   am>  Rainbow..      46 

Snow    and    Ice 47-48 

Water 49-52 

Weather  and  Tempp:rature 53-54 

DlRECnON     AND    DiRKCTIONAL    ASMIONMKNT 55-57 

Thk    Calendar 58-59 

LlliHTNINU    AND    ThUNDER 60 

The   Land 61 

Mountain'  and  Valley,  Stone,  Canons,  Mintsrals .  .  .  .62-64 
Clay,   Fire,  Smoke,  Ashes,  Charcoal 65-67 

Coi»R 68-72 


10 


AH   BTHKOLOOtC  DJCTlVNARY. 


Measure,  Dt8TANCK,   Surface  and  Souu .....73-76 

Thk  Numeral  System 76-79 

Word?  Rkkerkino  to  the  A-vatomt 80-86 

WoRiw  Refkrrino  to  Disposmos  and  the  Faccltiec. 86-91 

WORDH    RF.FRKRlNn    TO    VARIOUS    AcTlO.VS 91-105 

S1CKNE88    AND    DlSKASB 106-111 

Speciftl  Disfftscs  and  Oetinral  Imliftj>o$ition 108-1 1 1 

Remedy 112.117 

Peraonr,  PijkrEs,  Akimals,    Plawt? 118-220 

Namk»4  op  Persons 118 

Perkunal    Nahkr 1 19-129 

Wtr  Names,  Patronyniics 119 

NBines  of  Boys,  Names  of  Girls  and  Women 120-131 

Names  uf  Mvo,  sujrjciwttid  b.v  physical  distinction 
or  defect,  by  occupattoD  and  trade,  by  iK)6»e.s- 

sion  aod  clan 121-124 

Names  of  Distini^uisbed  Chiefs  and  Warriors 125 

Names  of  Signers  to  Treaty 126 

Names  of  American  Residents 126 

Tribal  Nameu,  and  Early  Mexicans 127-129 

Namfj*   or  Places 180-138 

SuKsrested    by    Bulles.    Peaks.    Springs,    or   local 

peculiarities 130-134 

Names  of  Neighborinff  Piiebloe 135 

Names  of  Neiehborinj;  and  Sacred  Mountains  ....  136-137 

Nah£8   op   Animau) 138-178 

QUAURtfF.lK^ 139-1.')4 

The  liear,  Deer,  Kelinea,  Coyote 1:19-140 

The  Rabbit,  Squirrel,  RodeutK,  RadK^r,  etc 141-142 

Modern  Animals,  the  Po?,  Cow,  Sheep,  Goat 143 

Anatomy  of  Animals 143-145 

The  Horse 145-154 

The  Saddle,  the  Bridle,  the  Quirt,  the  Harness.  .  .148-151 

The  Wagon  and  \\ti  jwrtfl 151-153 

Horse  Diseases  aod  Horse  Racing .153-154 


RKpni.Eft 155-15tt 

Watkb  AinuAut,  Fish 156 

Names  or  Birds 1&7-I6a 

Names   of   Insectb 1  fi4- 1 70 

Saobcd  Namks  op  Ammau4 ». 171-178 

Olassitikd   Plant   List 179-203 

Navaho   Foom 204-220 

Corn  Foods,  Eeoulent  Tlorbs  and  Berries 206-211 

Meat  Bod  VcniiMiti 211-216 

Commerci&l  Articles,   Beverai^es 216-217 

Cookins  Utensils,  Sa^inK  Gracf 218-220 

AMD  Ikuustbieh 331  •34& 

riAviNo 222-2,^5 

I^ffvod  of  Wenvinjr 224 

Sorting,  Wuhinft.  CkrdioK,  Spianioif  Wool 224-227 

Oyeing  Wool 228-234 

The  Loom  and  its  parts 235-240 

WeavinK  Implements 240-243 

Kinds  of   Weave 243-24fi 

Use  of  Loom  aud  kinds 245-290 

Deeiffns  in  Modern  Blankets 2&0-25& 

Knittino..  .  , ., 256-256 

SnrKP    Raihino 257-2.')» 

Aubioitltubb 259-270 

Corv  and  its  parts.  Beans,  riimpkinir,  (rrain.  Hay 

and  Wheat 260-2*12 

Farms,  Irrijration,  I*nd  Tenure 263-266 

Plautiotf  and  Planting  Sticks.  Hoes.  OranarieH. .  .266-267 
Modern  Implements  and  Tools 267-270 

SlLVRKHMITilllWCl 271-2S5 

Tools  and  Implements 272-279 

Fabrics  in  Silver 277-284 

DesiffiiM  in  Silrenrare 286 

PoTTEBT  Makino 285-290 

HABKnar 291-297 


la 


AN   ETHyOLOGIC  DICTIONARY. 


Wk  KKKWUIIK 297-300 

BeAi>wouK,   DuiLtiNG  Bkaus 300-301 

Leather  and   Uawhidk  Work 302-316 

Tunning  und  Dyeing  Leather 302-304 

Sbocniakiitjf,  Stitches.  D&dcids  Shoes 305-309 

Leather  FabricA,  PlaUing 311-315 

Jmplkuemv  ov  Wab   and  thk  Chahk 316-326 

Spesr  and  Shiplil,   Bow  and  Arrow,  the  Quiver.  .  .316-321 
Game  Ti-ap6.  Bird  Snares,  BoooieranK.  Slinj^s.  .  .322-325 

The  Gun  and  itfi  parts 825-326 

Navahu    Houhek S27-346 

TheSittUtory 341-345 

Rkuoion 846-422 

Stsowib  of    Lrcknd 347-361 , 

The  I>ower  Wurtds,  Feople.s  of  the  Dark,  Ked  and 

Blur    Worlds 347-349 

Thi>  Bleventh  WuHd,  the  Eowr^Dce,  the  TweUtK 

World 349-3&2 

Creation  of  the  Visible  World.  Karth,  Sky.  Stars 

and  Vejretation 858 

Bearers  of  Sun  and  Moon 353 

Sex  of  Peoples 364 

The  Changing  Woman  (Eedzanadle) SSSi 

CreatioD  of  Man 850. 

Man-eaters  or  Monsters 857'85fti 

Slayers  of  Monsters 869' 

The  Woman  who  Becomes  a  Bear.   The  Flood 360 

Thk  Chastb,   List  or 361-365 

TiiK  War   Dancb 366*375 

Construction  and  Bearing  of  the  RattlestiRk 366-368 

The  Uirls'  iHwice 369-371 

The  Blackeoiue  of  the  Patient,  Addenda 871-375 

PuBi-K'  ExHiniTioys  and  DAsres S76-S79 

Choick  or  Chant  and  BxpENtnes 879-380 

CKRRMnMAL    HOCAN 880' 


H       The  Holt  Ones,  Meaning   of  Word   Huboh-b.  . . 

383          ^H 

. . . .           ^^1 

^^^^V          N'ltnhftr  nf 

398          ^^t 

.  .  .  .                    ^^1 

^H 

411           ^^1 

413          ^^M 

^^H         The  Bull-roarer 

414          ^H 

414          ^^M 

^^^B          Fire-drill,  Fokcrs,  Unravclinfrt  etc 

^^^K         Inconse,  Law  of  KuUs  and  Tipe,  Bow  and  Arrow 

418         ^^M 

H       SnrTOfT>iTT    ,         ,       , 

419           ^H 

H          Cmi.    Ec4)NOMT,    iNHTALLATinN    OP    CfnETH,    Sl^VRRY 

^H       KiKrtiiir,   NftWRfi   nr   Rrt.iiTfVf)'          ,  , 

1        Wak 

^^M 

^H 

.    444          ^H 

....           ^^1 

14 


STtiyOlOOlC  DiCnOVARY. 


Navaho  Costumk 4fi7 

Headgear iOOJ 

Modern  Costume 46S 

Bedding 467 

Navaho    Crahlks 4<S7-474 

The  CiiArtE    476 

Navaho  Game8 479-489 

Ommefi  of  Dice 479 

Stick  Dice 481 

Hoop  and  Pole 482 

Ball  Race 484 

Ball  Game  {Baseball) *..,. 

Hidden  Rail  (MocraaiD  Game) 48S 

Shiony 487 

Archery.  Cat's  Cradle 488 

Social  Customs 489-612 

Barter 489 

Coin 490 

BeiTfrinfTi  Borrowings 493 

Biigabuus,   Carvinf; 495 

Spitting 497 

FlagellatioD : 498 

Gapinir 600. 

Dreams 601 

Ijotrinva,  lAti^hiDg 502 

Uving  and  Stealing 603 

Prwtitution 504i 

EsalutatluD,  ScarificatioD dOftj 

Sniokiag 509J 

The  Taboo 607l 

Warning,    TransiwrlMtiun 609 

Weeping 610 

WhisUing  (WhisUes) 511 

IsuEX 61S 


LIST   OF   ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Paot- 

Illustratli^r  Ritual  Method  of  Turning 55 

Flre-drlU 65 

Native  Bridle 150 

Cactus  Picker 211 

Cooking  Pot 218 

Stirring  Sticks 219 

The  Loom  and  Ita  Parts, 221 

Woman's  Dress. 246 

Blue  Shirt 248 

Shirt  with  Red  Stripes 248 

Woman's  Sash 249 

Designs  In  Modem  Blankets  (figures  1^1) 251-254 

Figure  of  Com  Plant 260 

Planting  Sticks  (straight  and  notched) 265 

Hoes  of  Wood  and  Bone  (straight  and  curred) 266 

Naraho  Smithy 272 

Silver  Necklaces  (round  and  oval  beaded) 278 

Silver  Buttons  (varieties  of) 279 

Silver  Belt 280 

Silver  Conchas 281 

Silver  Bridle 381 

Silver  Bracelets  (three  kinds) 282 

Silver  Wristlet 282 

Silver  Rings 283 

Sliver  Earrings. 284 

Water  Bottle 286 

Earthen  Bowl 287 

Pot>drum 289 

Native  Basket 291 

Wicker  Bottle 297 

Waurbag 298 

Carrj^ng  Basket 299 

Bow-drlli 301 

The  Spear 316 

The  Shield 317 

Bow  and  Arrow 318 

Arrow  Plane  (Stone) 319 


AN  BTHNOLOQiC  DWTIOSARY. 


Arrow  Plane  (Bone) 3I» 

Quiver 321 

Gaoie  Trap „ ^ 322 

Bird  Snare ^ 323 

l^>wrl«rl>om _ _ ;cr> 

Lttdder ..„ 327 

Yucca  Hoof  Mat. ^,.... , *..».„ 321 

Conical  Hogan i -...^ -. »» 330 

Walled  Log-liouae 333 

Shelter 334 

VsUvc  Broom _ 341 

Sudatory ,...„ „ 342 

Hom«d  Monater „ 357 

Wat«r  Home « - 358 

Wttwr  Ox 350 

Method  of  Making  IncltiionH  on  Rattlentlck 367 

Thft  Katllestlck 367 

Tlie  Torch 375 

Ctorral _ 376 

Medicine  Bsi; 3T7 

Ey«  Aiid  MouLl)  on  Mask 3S7 

S»rrltli-fal  Itanket. 397 

Pollen  Hajf 399 

Hoof  Uatllt „ 401 

Gourd  Rattle. „ 401 

Hide  RatUe .....»^ .,.».»»,.„ 401 

TortolM  Medicine  Cuik-.....L...t..u.<4.... 407 

Gourd  Medicine  Oup, , 407 

Medicine  SiKWiia. „ „ 407 

Crane  Bllta , 408 

Stone  KnlTe  of  Slayer  of  HoDStenc 411 

Bull-roarer 414 

Plra^rUI „ 415 

ilreptaoe  In  Fire  Ceremony 415 

Vuwa  Stiar._ „.;,..; 415 

Small   lloopa ;.,.,. 416 

Wide  HoopK « « 416 

ArroiAfi  for  Swallowing 4i» 

Yurra.  Blanket _ . 457 

Buckskin  Shirt 457 

Bm-kRkin  Pants ^ 4A8 

Buckskin  Belt „„._..„ 456 

Mountain  Lion  Cap  (figure  1) „„....  461 

Wildcat  Cip  (figure  2) „ 461 

Whftteh  Cap  (figure  3> ^..    461 

Smooch  Cap  (figure  4) „ 462 

Pronged  Cap  (figure  5) 462 

Cap  with  Oppottite  Peaks  (figure  8) „ 46S 


LIST  OF   ILLUSTRATIONS.  17 

Feathered  Cap  (figare  7) 462 

Hair  Broom 464 

Yucca  Mat 4tt7 

Face  Cover  Cradle 468 

Laced  Cradla 468 

The  Whole  Cradle 469 

The  Cradle  Proper 469 

Canopy   Bo«8. 410 

Woman  with  Cradle 471 

Baby  Swing 472 

Seven  Card   Dice. 479 

Seven  Card  Dice  Sets 460 

Bouncing  Stick  Game 482 

Hoop 482 

Pole,  Illustrating  Turkey  Feel  on  Pole 483 

Ball 485 

Shinny  Sticks  and  Ball 488 

Bugaboo  Owls 495 

Hopl  Doll  and  Prayerstick 496 

Carved  Duck  and  Prayerstick 496 


KEY  TO  THE  ALPHABET. 


THE   OON90NANT3. 

The  gn*»tpr  oiiniher  of  consonants  have  been  aiJaptwi  from 
tiir'  KiitcUsh  alpliahet.  tboueh  their  proQuiicmtiun  id  Namho  U 
moiv  market)  tban  in  Enfrli^h,  and  uacb  character  is  jriven  a 
uniform  lolue  throuKbout. 

b  aft  in  KnjcHsh  be4>n.  h  •«  in  Enjrltjih  hemp, 

d      "  "         lien.  j      "  "         judire, 

g     "  "        gig.  k     ■'  "        ken.        This 

character,  niiles-s  dickml.  is  aluio»t  tmiformly  followed  by  an 
aspiration;  hence,  it  \t*  written  kh.  The  aspiration  is  at  times 
ver>'  tfuttural.  which  is  indicated  by  kq. 

I  n»  in  lik«.  w  as  in  will. 

m  i»nH  n  as  in  man.  y       "     yield. 

8  as  in  sit,  city-  z       "     zone. 

p,  r,  o,  V.  qu,  do  nut  occur  br  in  Rtij^li^h.  and  f  occurs  onlji' 
in  fon*iKT)  words,  t  does  not  occur  as  a  binffle  character,  but 
in  i*itber  clicked  or  aMpirateil. 


'.'ON^ONANTS  PRfUMAH.  TO  MAVAHQ. 

Rome  ftuiindf*  of  the  N'avaho  tirf  expressed  by  digraphs,  h«DC«: 
ch  a»  in  church.  dl  as  in  ordinary  I  precHc^l  by  d. 

die     "     ailrp.  ds  is  the  Hiii'd  of  dz. 

Ifh,  for  whii-h  thpn^  is  no  approximate  equivalent  in  Enirlish. 
This  IM  a  jtuttural  g  to  which  the  rolling  >^uund  of  r  15  added. 

q  rrpriwntB  the  souad  of  i;b  in  Louifhiin,  I>oucbert>',  or 
<tvrfuan  rb  in  Uctien.  Ao  intermt:iliar>'  between  h  ami  q  hafi 
tveo  whltun  with  h  to  facilitate  n'ttdiotf.      Froquvotly  this  in<t- 


so 


AK  BTHSOLOGU-   UICTIOXAUY. 


tural  a-sini-ntioQ  is  added  to  tbe  harder  consonants;  hence,  in 
addiliun  to  kq,  tliere  %t»  mich  others  as  cbq,  tsq,  tq. 

kw  represents  the  Aoiind  of  Kntflish  qu  in  quick. 

qii,  however,  is  similar  to  thr  suund  heard  in  when. 

1  represents  a  stroiiK).V  o.spiratfd  1,  for  which  the  ICnslLsh  has 
no  equivalent.  The  Mjund  is  i>rixJuced  by  takiiiK  and  huldinte 
the  position  for  pronouncing;  an  ordinal?  I  am)  presRins*  the  air 
throngh  the  Hides  of  the  month.  ."Vt  times  this  is  preceded  by 
t;  hence, 

U  IN  a  combination  of  t  ami  1. 

tr  represents  a  sharp,  lateral,  exploding^  sound,  produced  by 
forcinc  tbe  aiipii-Bltuu  through  the  side  of  the  mouth,  closed  for 
the  pronunciation  of  h  coDibined  tl-  Tbe  expulsion  \s  rapid  and 
simultaneou.^  with  the  pronunciation  of  t  and  1.  Many  mistake 
t,  tt  and  tf  for  kl,  thl,  and  similar  iHlditiiw. 

ah  always  aR  in  shall. 

tq  ia  a  NtronKb'  aspirated  t.  or,  rather,  q  preceded  by  t. 

Is  as  in  rfernuiii  zankcn.  or  English  pretzel. 

wh  is  a  combination  of  ghw  and  oftea  Intercbantfes  with  sini- 
pl«  w  or  gh. 

zh  as  z  in  axure. 

OUCKBU  sorsDs. 

ch.  k,  t  and  tiH  are  frequently  clicked,  i.  e.,  pronounced  entirely 
separate  from  the  followinff  vowel;  hence,  a  special  character  is 
iiaed  in  representint;  thia  (K'culiarity — cH,  U,  If,  ts.  k.  in  addi- 
tion, is  very  pittural  am)  explosive. 

VOWKLK   AKD   DIACRITICAL  HARKS. 


The  rowels  have  the  coutiaental  sound.  Syllabic  qitantitcr  U 
indicated  by  lonj;  and  short  marks  placed  above  the  vowel,  thus: 
A,  fr,  A,  I,  0,  fl,  for  lonir  vowels,  and  A,  ffi.  ^^  I,  A.  (i,  for  the 
short  syllables: 


KEY   TO   TnS   ALPUAHBT. 


21 


i    M    ID 

ar. 

ft 

OS  in 

Art. 

«       " 

1)A(1. 

c 

•  t 

bftC. 

?         •* 

tlitb*. 

fi 

*i 

debt. 

I         " 

pTi|ue. 

I 

** 

pin. 

a    " 

nCU<. 

6 

•  * 

dOiiv. 

Q       " 

po«l. 

a 

•  i 

poll. 

Nasulity  and  H.vllabic  quantity  art!  also  iiKlicat^Kl  by  Jmtinctive 
tnark^  plawd  over  tho  vowrl^ — ft,  ft,  e,  i,  0,  Q,  for  lonn  na.<ial 
Naundft;  A,  *,  ^,  !,  6,  A,  for  tlw  short  nasal  sounds. 

Aa  na  ^ner&l  nilee  fur  tlie  acct*nt  ronld  be  laid  down,  the 
irn'ftlcr  strr«R  put  upon  certain  syllablcR  is  indicated  by  a  Rpocial 
mark  placL>d  over  the  vowel  or  diacritical  mark:  thiu*.  a.  f,  ^.  A. 
vie.      St^rondary  accents  and  |>itch  an-  not  indiratml. 

Ad  abrupt  ctoN*  of  the  vowel  Hound  is  indicate)  by  ',  placed 
aftftr  th«*  vowel,  while  the  hiatus  preceding  a  vowel  is  indicat«d 
by  '  prewdiiiK  it.  Tn  thisi  instance  the  vowel  is  sountltn]  tu  it^ 
full  value,  as.  for  insianci-,  a'ii,  where  the  two  have  a  distinct 
inceptiuD.  When  this  mark  precedes  n,  the  latter  fre<)iieqtly 
has  the  sound  of  dn,  as  id  dnieper. 

Tbi'  biatii-s  proper  (')  place<.l  after  a  vowel  iodicateM  a  fairly 
■iitttiral  exhalation,  which  al  times  is  equivalent  to  h,  and  even 
i|.      Kre(|uently  this  sound  haA  been  rendered  with  h. 

d  indicates  an  accented  a. 

Whrn^  consonants  or  vowels  are  doubled  or  trebled  the.v 
Mbould  invariably  be  sounded  a*>  often  as  they  appear.  In  com- 
pounded wurdx,  and  other  in»taiices,  a  duplication  of  conM>nanls 
bwD  oiiiitt«d  wheo  a  fairly  careful  pronunciation  juMiHed 
Ibr  omiKaion.  Moreover,  vowels  an*  often  interchanffed,  mi  thai 
inaiiy  wonla  occur  in  several  forins,  aome  iostanccs  iif  which 
have  been  note<l  in  bracketK. 

la  rvganl  tu  the  verb,  the  |mMt  and  future  tf)nK4>H  have  been 
■diled  ill  roo«t  in>^ta»ces,  and  arr  placed  in  bracket^  ininiediatel)' 
fulliiwiDjc  the  preacDt  tenso  of  which,  ordinarily,  the  form  of 
,tbe  first  person  hinffular  is  jpiven. 


An   Ethnologic  Dictionary 
of  tlie  Navaho  Language. 


INTRODUCTORY. 

Thk  Namk  Savaho. — "How  niul  when  the  name  Navabo 
uriKiiutiH),*'  sa.vh  Or  WaKhintfton  Miit1hrw>;,  in  Xaiytho  l-^end*, 
note  1.  pAtfu  211,  "  haj>  nut  been  discovered.  It  is  onl}' 
koown  that  this  tianie  uag  eiven  by  thv  SpaniardEi  while  they 
^till  clnittuiJ  the  Navahu  land.  The  nanio  bi  frenerall.v  sup|K>sed 
to  be  derivwi  from  'mn-aja.'  which  Dieans  a  clasp-knifo  or  razor. 
Mid  to  havo  been  applio*)  bt'CAiiso  liu*-  Navaho  warriors  carried 
jCre&t  stone  knives  in  former  clays.  It  has  boen  »uf^psted  that 
the  nank(<  cumrri  fnim  'naeajot''  a  jkioI  ur  small  lake.  The  Nav- 
aho call  thenuinlveK  dia6\  or  din^,  which  nieaus  simply,  iiiuni 
people.*" 

The  word  Navabn,  or,  orisinally,  NantjOy  is  first  meo- 
tion<»H  and  applied  to  this  trilte  of  Indians  by  Fray  Alonxo 
B<'niivi'lt-i,  O.  F.  M.,  in  hb-  Mnuttritii  to  t/ir  Kim/  of  S/Ntin, 
wntt*>n  in  HCin,  Artt-r  di-Kcribinc  tl»e  (tila  AiweheA,  Renavidefi 
myn  ttiat  m<»re  than  tirt.v  li-n<.'ue»  north  of  these  "one  eoeounters 
tbe  Pruviuce  of  the  Apacbejt  of  Nav^o.  Altliuuifh  they  ara 
ibr  Nirne  A|ui('h«'  nation  u>  thf  fort>i!ointf,  (hey  are  siitiject  aud 
-subordioate  to  another  Chief  ('nptain.  and  have  a  distinct  mode 
of  living.  Fur  those  of  l«ek  yonder  ilid  not  itsw  to  plant,  but 
aiMtmini'd  themM'lves  by  the  ehaNc;  and  to-da>'  we  luvr  broken 
Ian  I  for  Ihcin  and  Uuuht  them  to  plant,  Bui  Ihesi-  of  Navajo 
■n'  very  irreat  farmers,  for  tlmt  i^  what  Navajo  slenilies — ^ixiat 
planted  Ih-Uls." 


AN  STHNOLOGir  DU'TlOlfAHY. 


From  the  e3cpn><ision,  "tt*  Ap«che«  of  Nm\RJo,"  it  w  evident 
thut  the  word  Nn\Tiho  was  orij^iDally  not  ffivrn  to  the  [wople, 
but  was  the  iiaiiie  iif  the  prtiviiicc  or  t*'rri(or.v  in  which  tlipy 
lived,  ur,  in  other  words,  the  Indian.s  theiiisclves  were  called 
Apacbes,  and  their  coiiiilr.v  uhh  called  Navajn.  until  later  the 
name  Aiwche  was  dropped  and  the  name  of  the  territory  applied 
to  its  inhabitant'*.  JuM  B»  we  say  the  PennsylvanimiK,  ur  the 
Texaos,  iiistearl  of  the  Americans  of  Pennsylvania,  or  tl>e  Anier- 
icaus  of  Texa*. 

As  to  the  sij^nilicatiun  of  the  word  Xavajo.  Benavides  sa,i's  it 
means  "ifreat  plaiitetl  fields.*^  Not  ordy  Iti'imvides,  but  also 
Huch  entiiietit  authorities  as  Pr  Rrinton  and  Kandelier  tell  us 
that  the  Navabo,  »'b<.*n  tirxt  uiel  by  th*'  Spiniiai'd)^.  were  tillers 
of  the  •toil,  en^ct4-d  };ranaries  for  their  crop#i,  and  cultivated  their 
lields  by  irriifation.  Now,  the  Spanish  dictionary  has  the  woni 
"warff,"  meaninj;  a  flat  piece  of  land,  n  plain,  n  field.  From 
»ava  the  word  .Xnrojit  may  possibly  be  derived,  just  a.";  faumtajo 
is  from  ffiffuna,  or  yerhajn  from  yrha,  ur  hitiuoju  from  lutiu. 
The  old  Spanish  suffix,  ^^njo,"  like  the  modem  Siianish  suffix 
'*firA(«,"  seems  to  ffive  to  a  word,  not  only  nn  aufiinentative.  but 
also  a  dt*pr*«iative  ^^itcnitication:  thus,  ^fiffutm  mean^  pond  ur  lake, , 
and  lagtuntSo  pool  or  puddle:  //^Mrt  means  herb,  nnd  yfi-fmjn^ 
weed;  latin  nieanR  latin,  and  hiiintijo  bad.  nniframmBtical  latin. 
Aoroi-dintf  to  this,  since  7tam  means  Held,  iimttjit  wouM  mean  a 
taree,  more  or  less  worthless  field. 

Thi>  unly  diflicult.v  in  this  derivation  is  tlie  fact  that  llie  word 
mivtiji\  art  derived  alK've,  ha*  the  accent  on  the  second  lie^t  '*ylla* 
We;  lbu6,  dut^jo,  while  in  the  proper  name.  Xavaho  (or  Navajo>, 
the  Americanit  place  the  accent  on  the  first  syllable,  NAviiho.  and 
the  Me.itirAns  and  Indians  on  the  last  syllable.  N'avi'ijfi  and 
Nawi'hA.  Takiiitf  tin*  accented  syllable  as  a  bo-'-i-'  nf  mmparisuu 
and  deri\'ation,  the  fulluwtns  extract  of  a  short  article  on  tlie 
ffr!(ftn  of  ih«  yitttir  .Var^iAo,  by  Edjrar  L  llewett.  in  tlw 
AniericsD  AnthropoloKist.  January- March  number,  IfioA,  page 
Wi'A,  is  of  interest,  and  lias  much  in  it«  faror. 


lyrRoovcTORy: 


n 


"In  Chr>  SMond  ^'allt'.Vt  Mtxith  of  the  srrHt  ptioblo  iiud  cliff  vil- 
Itgn  nf  PoyBf  in  the  Pajarito  Fark.  New  Mexico,  m  a  small 
pueblo  min,  known  to  tlx'  Ti'wu  ln<]i»n.s  an  Nttvulitt,  this  lH>in];, 
afi  ittpy  claim,  the  ciritfiiml  tmiiie  uf  llu'  villaf;i>.  Tht>  ruined 
vjllaif*^  oF  this  pJHti'ttii  ari'  ull  'IVwn  of  Iho  ptc-Spanish  iH>i-io<l. 
TTiis  particular  pin*blo  wa^  wi-II  sltuatvd  for  ajsricultiux'.  thfte 
bointc  ctinsttlt'ralilr  acroaui'  *^f  tillable  land  near  by — far  more 
than  thiH  small  popiiUtion  could  liave  iilitiznl.  The  oM  trail 
across  Ihf  neck  uf  Lbe  mesa  to  the  north  is  worn  hip-diH-p  in  llw 
rock,  ahowinjf  cuostaut,  lon^f-coutinutnl  utw.  1  inft-r  that  these 
wtMv  the  Qel(Ui  of  not  onl.v  the  iieopic  of  Nuvabii,  but  aUu  of  the 
itiun*  iHtpolar  s>pUlemfiihi  bivvond  tho  i£n>ut  iiu'Ka  to  the-  north 
u-hcr»>  tillab|[>  land  is  wanliiitf.  The  Tewa  ImlianH  aasert  that 
the  naiiH'  "  Navahti'  rvfi^rrs  to  t/u-  hrgr  iifnt  of  i-uhi%-tit^ti  hnuU. 
Thia  su^g:(>stK  an  idi-nlity  with  Navajo,  which  Fray  Alonxo  lt4>n- 
Bvid(*8  apiilie<l  to  that  branch  of  the  A)mchti  nation.  Lhin  lirinK 
to  Ibe  WMsl  of  tin-  Kio  Oranilc,  beyond  IIh-  \vxy  ttoction  above 
turnlii'lK'd."      See  quotation  frt'iri  lt«Miavid<-s  atwive, 

"ThtMM*  (mctn  may  admit  of  two  interpretations — the  exprett- 
aion,  *  tb«  A|wcbes  uf  Navajo/  may  have  been  used  to  de8i\fuate 
an  intruaivo  band  that  had  invaded  Tewa  territory  anti  h*'Con»e 
intrenched  in  thiH  particular  valley.      On   the   other   hand,  the 

Na\alKi may  hB\e  ttceupied  such  an-as  of  cidiivatei)  lands, 

that  their  habitat,  wherever  it  was,  would  have  bcoa  known  to 
the  Tvw*  aa  Navaho.  *tbe  place  of  irreat  planted  lields.*  If 
the  firat  Interpretation  is  con-eet.  it  would  doubtless  bo  verified 
by  archtwluffiral  i-vi<hnce  at  the  ruin  of  N'avahu.  It  would  neem, 
at  any  rate,  that  the  Tewa  orijfin  of  the  trilial  desitf nation, 
Xmniko^  b  asHured.'^ 

Handelier.  in  his  Rtport  ott  iKr  StnUhu-rvty  tloea  not  mention 
Natahu  ms  the  name  of  a  ruin  or  village  visited  by  him.  But 
Im-  liB.1  M  lentftby  d««crtplion  of  Puye  and  olbt^r  ruiiut  of  that 
nȣioa.  The  Santa  Clara  Indians,  who  are  of  the  Tewa,  or 
Tehita  nation,  tint^id  to  him  that  the  caase  of  the  abandontm>nt 
of  the  puebloH  wen>  droiijiht  and  wan  a'ilh  nonuidic  tril>es.     The 


AX  ETIIKOhOQlO  DICTIOXARY. 

Nflvabo  still  s'fv^tk  of  a  retri^n,  which  they  c»Il  "din^tqft'* 
(din^  couatr>i,  and  which  thotr  fathers  occupied  before  they 
caniu  tn  their  pn?s<'ni  hahitAl.  This  region,  Bcrorvlinjf  to  th^-ir 
traditions,  corresponds  it)  the  niodern  Jcmez  Country',  and  the 
Tewa  Country.  So  the  nHino  Nnraho  may  poesilily  be  of  Tewa 
oritEiD,  and  brouebt  from  dinJ^UiA.  It  is  somewhat  remarkable 
that  both  derivations,  the  Spanish  as  well  a«  the  Tewa,  continn 
the  interpretation  of  Benavides. 

Ohthixjrapiit  and  Pbonusciatios  ofthe  Word  Navauo. — 
In  this  work  the  form  Navaho  is  used  instead  of  the  older  and 
more  corivct  form.  Navajo.  This,  for  the  following  reu-sons: 
U)  It  ba&  beeD  suifUf^itiHl  by  several  pruiiiioeot  ethuotuifist^  that 
this  form  be  udopte^l  for  this  work.  {i)  Navaho  ha«  been 
declared  by  the  Bureau  of  Ethnology  as  its  official  form;  it  is 
iiaed  in  till  its  ollirial  rep<irls  ami  huMeiins,  arid  has  been  copied 
by  all  who  ar<'  connected  with  the  Uureaii.  by  many  authors  and 
writei>  of  note.  au<l  by  others.  i'A)  Ijast  and  li«st,  the  form 
Navuho  approach)^  nearest  to  the  Elnglish  pronunciation,  and 
offers  the  least  difficulty  to  the  jreoHrnl  reader. 

In  the  English  pronunciation  of  the  word  Navah*>,  the  first  a 
is  fthort  and  sounded  a.><  a  in  "hat:"  the  sect>nd  a  is  indistinct; 
the  h  i;;  stronirly  aspirated:  the  linul  o  has  its  natural  sound,  and 
the  accent  is  on  the  first  syllable.  Thus,  in  reodins:  the  word 
Navaho  (or  Xavajo),  the  vowels,  ant)  the  v  and  h  (or  jl,  have 
alKMit  the  same  sound  as  in  the  sentence,  "have  a  bw."  The 
Mexicans  place  the  main  accent  on  the  Isf^t  svllable,  pronounce 
the  li  slightly  KMttural.  and  sound  the  a  as  in  "ma  and  pa.'* 
The  Navaho  theinnelves,  when  asin^  this  name,  pronounce  it 
thus,  Nii-ae-h6. 


OaioiK   Axn  Stock   of  the   Navaho.— For   %uy   one    wbo-! 
believes  in  the  unit.v  of  the  human  race,  and  the  divine  inspira- 
tion   of   the    Bible,    th^re   ran    hardly    be   any   doubt    that    thp 
Navaho  are   of   Asiaiie   ori;;in.      They    are   the   uio#«t  southem 


lyrRovvc'Txtuy. 


rr 


bnncfa  of  the  i^rcat  Dune  nation  uf  IndiariH,  now  commonly 
known  US  the  Athapaskaii  stock.  Ail  the  tribes  belonirinif 
to  this  stock  or  family  spL>ak  dialects  sufficiently  simitar  in 
phraseoloirj*,  construction,  rool-wonU,  un<l  niher  jrrftnimaiiciit 
pt'ciiliarities,    to    amply    justify    the    inference    that    ihcy    are 

lesc(*nded  from  one  cnmnion  parent  stuck.  ThoV  all  call  Ibi^ro- 
Nclves  by  a  name  unnnlni;  men  or  p«opli<.  wliicih^  more  ur  less 

limilar  in  nil  the  dialects.     Thus,   ire  bavc   duttMtiifne,   dine, 

(fi/n«,  tiintlje,  iidt,  titmrhf  tmt,  ctC. 

Of  the  extent  of  territory  orer  which  the  Athapa'^kan  stock 

apread,    Father   A   0   Moricc,   O-    M.   I.,  tmya:    "No  other 

■boriffinal  stock  in  North  America,  perhaps  not  even  excepting: 

,the   Algonqiiian.  covers  aq  threat   nn  t-xlt-iit  of  ti-rritiiry  as  the 

iDone.      The   British  Isles,  Kranco  and   Spain.  Italy,  and  two  or 

of  the  (uinor  European  Common  wealths,  taken  toi^ether, 

[would  hardiji'  represent  the  area  or  the  rejrion  occupied  by  that 

fbfffe  family.** 

The  hifltoriao,  Hul)ert  Howe  Bancroft.  In  his  Xfitfr,-  Rac^it 
of  tfu  Piicljic  .St<tt^ji,  tells  i»  "the  Tinneh  are  a  people  whose 
diffusion  is  only  e(]ualed  by  that  of  the  Aryan  or  Semitic  nations 
of  the  OM  World.  The  dialectH  of  the  Tinneh  lani; liaf^es  are  by 
no  meana  conKned  within  the  limits  of  the  Hyperborean  dirL^ion. 
84retcbin2  from  the  northern  interior  of  Alaska  down  into 
SoDora  and  Chihuabita,  we  have  here  a  Hng^uistic  line  of  morv 
than  4,000  miles  in  lenfrth,  extendinif  diaf^onally  over  42 
dcyraea  nf  latitude,  like  a  f;reat  tree,  whose  roots  compass  the 
deserta  of  Arizona  and  New  Mexico,  ami  whom*  hrnnchi's  touch 
[tin   bonlvrti    of    Hudson    lUy,   and   of   the   Arctic   and    Pacific 

Of  the  northern  Athapaskan  or  Dene  Tribes  in  Catuida  and 
Ataaka,  Fr  Morice  saj-a:   "West  of  the  R^jcky  Mountains  they 

are  to  be  found to  the  borders  of  the  Eskimo  tribe**,  whilr 

oa  the  cant  aide  of  the  same  nin^re  they  people  the  imtnensi* 
plaias  axid  forests  which  extend  from  the  Northern  Suskatchewan 
down  almost  to  the  delta  of  th<*  Mackeuxie   River.      From   west 


S8 


A\  BTHSOLOQIC  DWTJOKARY. 


to  i^ast  they  r<Mini,  undisptitcij  masters  of  the-  soil,  over  the 
almofit  entire  bri>a(ltb  of  the  American  continent,  though  m 
n&n-iiw  strip  of  scA^hum  country  scpanilcs  ttieir  unci'Mral  iloniain 
from  the  waters  of  the  Pacitic  and  those  of  the  Atlantic.  With 
thi8  unimportaiit  rt?8trictioa.  they  might  be  said  to  occupy  tlio 
immense  stretch  of  land  intervening  between  the  two  ooeftus.** 

South  of  the  Catuulian  bounder.v,  IWn^  tribes,  or  remnants  of 
them,  are  found  in  Oregon,  Northern  California,  Arizona,  New 
Mexico,  Texas,  and  down  into  Old  Mrxico,  the  Navaho  tdiu6), 
the  Apocbes  (nd€).  and  the  Lipaoes  (ipa-od^),  beiag  th«  mo»t 
soutbern.  Thus,  (here  is  a  complete  linguistic  line  from  the 
bank^i  of  lh(-  GIU  River  in  Southern  Arizona,  northward,  almost 
to  tbc  very  shores  of  Uohrinjr's  Straits,  and  from  the  sunny  ineBaa 
and  plat^nux  of  Arizona  »nd  New  Mexico,  up  to  the  snow-clad 
peahs  and  plains  of  the  Arctic  regions,  are  found  tribes  speaking 
ktudred  I)^n€  dialects,  which  certainly  points  to  an  Asiatic  ori- 
gin for  the  Navnho,  as  the  line  of  cognate  languages  and  dialects 
from  the  British  Isles  to  India  shows  thi-  Indo-European  or 
Aryan  stock,  and  the  Asiatic  origin  of  the  nations  of  Europe. 


MitiRATioN  OF  TiiE  Oenks. — Nooe  of  the  Dene  tribes  have 
an,v  clear  and  distinct  traditions  as  to  how  they  originally  came 
to  the  laud  which  they  at  present  inhabit  But  a  few  dim  and 
ragiie  myths  and  legends  hint  at  the  migration  of  their  fore- 
fathers in  times  out  of  mind. 

In  l>^<i3  Father  IVtitot,  O.  M.  I.,  was  told  the  following  by 
the  Yellow  Knives,  a  Uene  tribe  at  the  Great  Salt  I^ake,  con- 
cerning their  origin:  "In  the  beginning  there  existcil  nothing 
but  s  giant,  so  tall  that  his  hemi  swept  the  vault  of  huaven,  for 
which  reason  he  wa«  called  VaHif-flVtm.  He  lived  to  the  we^t, 
and  barred  our  entrance  to  this  desert  land.  A  cha^^e  n'a.s  made 
aft«r  him,  he  was  killed,  thrown  to  the  groimd,  ami  his  body 
fell  so  as  to  connect  both  lands.  His  bo<ly  being  [tetritled  Herved 
as  a  bridge  for  the  periodical  migrations  of  the  reindeer.  His 
head  iu  in  our  island,  while  his  feet  are  on  the  weKtern  lam)." 


tNTIiODrCTORY. 


89 


A  few  years  Inttr  Mjfr.  Tiiclu'.  Rt»ho[>  of  St.  Bnnifaoi',  foutid 
thi>  sKine  tnulilioa  sniong^  the  CbipuwyaiiK  of  Luke  AthsbascB. 
Tin-  Man*  Skins,  living  in  the  Arctic  Circle,  fall  thn  RiHiky 
-Mountains  Iho  domal  Hpini>  of  the  earth. 

Id  iy74  Father  Pelitot,  viMtiiiff  a  iium*  xonthorn  tribi^,  th© 
Thi-lnn-<>tlini  {f^fOpf^^^tth^Eti^'of-th'-ffHiff'*,  hpar<i  the  same 
tnulition  whr>n  ini|itirtnK  afti'r  the  etj^-molu;;}'  of  their  nami>.  the 
tioty  (litfvreiice  being  tlmt  thi?  htMul  of  the  fallen  giant  fttniuk 
near  tbt'ir  habitat,  while  bts   fent   restcil   far  awE>'  iu  the  nortb- 

W<<!Al. 

Scant  remnants  ur  traces  of  this  traditiun  are  found  anions 
th^  Kavaho  of  to-day.  In  ihoir  leff«nds  they  tell  of  yoi  tso,  a 
h\s,  ^tronjf  and  mijrhty  ffiant,  the  Krwit^st  a»tl  fiercest  of  nil  (he 
alien  k*'*I''^<  whose  father  is  Kaid  to  ha\'e  horn  a  stonr.  "About 
40  miles  to  the  northeast  of  the  top  of  Mt.  San  Mateo,"  sh>'s 
l>r  Matlhew^,  In  .VnrflAo  Leffendg,  note  138,  pajre  2:14,  "there 
in  a  dark,  hiffh,  volcttiiic  hill,  called  by  the  Mexicans,  K)  CaboKon, 
or  the  Great  Head.  Tbi.s  is  the  object  which,  according  to  tbe 
S'a«*aho  Klorj'- tell  era,  ww*  (he  Iw-ad  of  yei  tao.'-  Petrified  wood 
ta  Ktill  called  by  the  Karaho,  yei  bitrfin;  yei,  or  f;iant*K  bones, 
and  the  nunierou.s  lava  floa-s  of  New  Mexico  are  called  yei  bidit, 
or  ifiaittV  hlufNi. 

If  KiifGcient  allowance  in  made  for  the  often  trivially  vivid  and 
fanciful  imatfiuation  of  the  lodtan,  it  is  notditlicult  to  recognize 
in  this  an  emb<'lli«hed  tnulition  of  their  migration  from  Asia  to 
America,  either  over  the  frozen  Straichtfl,  or  along  the  Aleutian 
iMlandfi.  Besides  some  of  the  tribes,  at  the  Hare  .Skins,  Qiiar- 
reli'ts,  and  oilwrs,  liave  tnulttiouH  of  other  Dene  tribe.s  livinsr  on 
a  western  oootineiit.  The  Navaho,  too,  have  a  tradition, 
attlwunh  rather  %'a)rui',  of  Nome  people  who  belung  b.i  them,  and 
who  live  far  away.  Althouffh  some  place  their  home  in  the 
north,  other*  in  another  direction,  or  do  not  know  in  what  par- 
ticular direction  to  place  it,  jet  there  is  no  doubt  as  to  the 
tradition  itjwif.  ftince  they  ha\'e  a  nprcial  name  for  the««  people, 
i^alliaK  them  din^  nahotllAni.  i.  e.,  they  are  also  dtn^,  or  Vavaho. 


3n 


AX  ETIIXOlOaiC  DlCTloyARY. 


How  or  when  the   Narabo  I'ntered   thoir  present  country  is, 
and  Ufty  ewr  remain,  a  subject  of  6i)eculatioii.     Accurdinv  to 
some  autboriti(>£  tht>y  canie  in  the  thirteooth  ci>ntury.  while  others 
placi-  (heir  ulvetit   in  the   fourtvenlli  «ir  tUtL-enth  fi.-nliiry.      At 
any    rate,   the   Hi-si    Spanish   explorei's  and    missionaries   found 
thoni' — Loit  Apa<'hftt  df  Santjoo — -in  full  poasBssson  of  their  ter- 
ritory  in  northern   New   Mexico,   from    where  the   fathers   and] 
^ranctfathers  of  thr  present  t;eneratiuD  niove<l  faiiher  westwai'dj 
to  the  reuiou  which  they  now  actuall.v  occupy.      They   have   ot 
tra(}itiou&  about  the   people   wbo   inbabiteil   the   numerous  clil 
dwullinics  und   ruins  scattereil  throu^Uont  their  country,  which 
shows  that  the  ruins  were  alrewly  empty  and  forsaken  when  they 
arrived.      S«»iiie  nf  tlu-  elitf  dwellinjrs  have.  In  conseipienre,  bivn, 
tukcn  up  into  their  myths  as  the  abtnles  of  yei,  or  gods.      From 
this  it  woiih)  Krem  piniisible  lliut  the  Navuho  have  tlieir  homes 
in  the  St»ulhwi8t  about  five  hnndi-ed  years. 

The  home  of  the  Athapasknn^  was  far  to  the  north;  the  whole 
interior  of  Alaska  is  still  peoplwl  with  trib«'s  of  that  stock.  It 
is,  therefor,  likely  that  the  Navaho,  beintt  the  forema'st  of 
these  roumini;,  uiiKrutury  tribes,  traveled  by  slow  uiovemetita, 
and  puehei)  u\\  Houthwanl  by  ea^y  stages,  alont;  the  eastern  ran^e 
of  the  Kocky  Mountain  renion.  until  they  met  the  sedentary 
Pueblos  of  New  Mexiro,  in  their  lixed  homesteads  and  permanent 
villages,  where  their  further  proifress  was  arrested,  ami  where 
they  eventually  ttstahlished  thi'mselvca.  I^ater,  the  Apaehes  and 
Lipanes  separated  from  the  main  body  nn<l  went  still  further 
Htmth. 

For  the  manner  in  which  the  Navaho  tbem.selves  explain  their 
oriuiu,  uikI  their  comlnic  into  their  present  country,  »ee  article 
on  "The  Ixiwer  Worldn." 


SiTK  AM»  A«KA  OF  THK  Xavaho  LVuntrt. — -The  XavaHo 
uunotr),  or  reservation,  sJttuUed  partly  in  the  northeastern  cor- 
ner of  Arizona,  and  iwrtly  in  the  northwestern  corner  of  New 
Mexico,  is  at  present  the  lareest  Indian  reservation  in  the  Caited 


t?fTftODir'7VH  y. 


HI 


StAtiMi.  It  lies  betweoii  t.h<>  ^h  and  38  d^;rroe  of  latitnJe  Aad 
tbp  tU^  and  !  I  u  dftrree  of  Iinitfitmle.  The  oritfiiml  tn-aty  res- 
orvation  has  several  times  been  ealarffed  and  fxtciidod  by  the 
addition  nf  nrw  territory,  the  \atit  cxU^tmum  hnviit^  he(>ti  mnd« 
very  rfcently.  sii  that  the  fcservatioii  now  ctittttiirH  12,3*5M,723 
acres,  or  atHiut  lit. 313  s(|iiuru  tnileRf  or  ahutit  covers  the  area  of 
New  Hampshire,  V%<nuont  and  Kbudc  Islaod,  with  a  inartfiD. 
B«Bidi>8,  the  Xavaho  xtil)  cicciipy  off  the  reser^-ation  2.30+. ilOO 
arres,  or  nhtxit  3,tiiiO  sriuare  miles.  In  this  is  not  l.iehulwl  the 
acreajfo  of  the  Moqui  resi^rvation,  which  is  now  toUilly  siir- 
rounded  by  Xavabo  land,  and  upon  which  alrnont  3,0*M>  N'avalui 
are  lirintT- 


Phyhicai.  Kkatvbk*  or  thk  Land.— The  gi-ealer  part  of  the 
!faraho  country  \a  a  bare  and  barren  deport.  It  i«  traversed  by 
a  ranffe  of  mountains  from  nort:hwiu)t  to  .<»jiithen8t.  The  north- 
western em)  of  thi»  ranur  ■»  cuHed  the  Liikacliiikai  Mountains 
( lukavliUHai,  *rhitr  t'^.d  putrfus),  lht>  central  part  i.s  called  the 
Tuoicha  Range  <t4|untHa.  fnrge  tefitt-r),  and  the  ^oitthcaHtero  end 
the  Cliuskn  iian^e  (cBoshifai.  t/^Aitr  itprm-r).  The  higher  reg-ions 
of  this  raDtftt  are  covered  with  a  splendid  irrowih  of  white  pine 
ipintis  i>onii:TO*a).  At  a  lower  level  the  pifion  tpiuuM  f*{ulU) 
prpdorai nates,  and  still  lower  the  slopes  are  covered  with  forests 
of  red  oedttr  {Junip^rtis  Hrginian-iis)  and  juniper  {Junipmu 
occidmtali«).  Patches  of  scrub-oak  are  to  bo  found  anywhere 
DQ  the  motmtainr;.  while  in  the  cai^onft  cottonwoods,  box  I'tder, 
Kopen,  alder,  walnut,  pench,  and  a  few  other  species  of  trees, 
thrive, 

Rmtide  the  main  ranjce  of  nionntains,  then>  are  a  few  isolated 
l^roupB,  for  inntance,  the  Ctrrizos  (d/.il  n&OKiN.  itimiutoht  hut- 
roimd^l  hy  mnuntaiim)  in  the  norl.heast.  anil  the  dzi)  Ifjin  [WiirJi- 
J^rnntain-t)  in  the  wvnt.  The  muuntaina  an-  cut  up  and  reft  by 
deap-|Ecriz«d,  tortuously  wiodini;  caffons,  ihrotitch  which  the  rain, 
fallini;  on  the  mountains,  is  drained  out  into  the  valleyn.  There 
art  no  liv«  rivers  in  the  Navabo  country,  except  the  San  .luan 


BTHNOLOGi 


in  thf  northeast,  Hnil  thi'  Little  Colorado  in  the  southwf 
Ud  tbe  ri'WTvution  »  few  iincertaiD  cn^isks,  Kpnaifs,  and  flooiis 
fruiu  th«*  canon^s,  inttst  bf  deiMMiilMl  upon  for  iiTij^tiua.  In 
Bouie  localiti*?^  tlit-re  are  »iffns  of  abundant  undeiffrouDd  water. 
Tilt'  annual  raiiifHll  H\ei'a}ri*M  from  lO  to  14  inchi^  and  i»  UKuallj^ 
confined  to  two  short  sca(tons,  in  the  spring  and  in  the  fall.  Tbe 
trrpab'r  lurt  ui  this  fulls  beiwf^>n  th(^  lattBr  part  of  •luly  and  the 
foivjiart  of  September.  The  spring  rains  are  not  reliable,  and 
both  Rittsons  arc  soparatud  by  about  thriur  months  of  absoluU^ 
droujcbt. 

The  altitwle  avei-aift«  from  4,0U0  feet  in  the  lower  rejnous  to 
t^fUOO  aod  7,0UU  feet  in  the  higher  ]Nirt8,  while  the  mountain 
tops  are  9,0(ii»  and  10,000  feet.  Owing  to  this  high  altitiule 
the  nightfl  Hn>  cool  and  plt-aMint  all  .vear  round,  the  winti^rs  are 
lontf  and  cold,  and  the  se«.snn  for  maturioi;  crap.s  is  short.  The 
spring  is  tuttially  very  stonavi  with  high  NuulliweMteni  winds,  and 
tbe  suDinier  i»«  verj'  hot,  sitbuugh  it  i8  always  pleasant  tn  tbe 
shade,  and  tho  heat  cooU  olT  rapiilly  after  sunset. 

Large  deposits  of  bituiuinoiis  coal  are  found  tn  various  parts 
of  the  reservation,  while  other  parts  present  the  appearance  of 
having  once  upon  a  time  been  burnt  out.  Traces  of  volcanic 
activity  can  be  noticed  in  nuiny  plaCi-.H.  No  precious  metals  or 
other  minerals  of  value  have,  till  now,  been  discovered,  at  least. 
not  ID  paA'ing  (juantities,  although  considerable  prospecting  has 
been,  and  is  still  being  done  in  thU  territory. 

The  valleys  of  the  \avaho  country,  on  first  .light,  present  tbe 
appearance  of  broad,  rolling  wastes,  covered  in  .some  place-s  by 
•lagebrush,  cactiut,  yucca,  grcasewtHxl,  and  bunches  of  grass. 
The  valleys,  as  a  rule,  are  destitute  of  trees,  except  where  irri- 
gation in  practiced,  or  whore  a  !«uSicient  amount  of  underground 
water  is  near  enough  to  the  surface-  In  such  pUce^i  cotton- 
voods,  and  other  tree*,  thrive  well,  as  also  fruit  trees,  grains 
and  vegetabh-fl. 

Fur  further  rofrrenees  see  respective  articles — Flora,  Fauna, 
Agriculture,  etc. 


4 


jyritdiJiv'iVKv. 


S8 


PoptXATiOK. — Acconlinir  to  the  Irttost  Govoriinient  censiw, 
^lh<-  NamhoK  number  consiiK-mbly  more  thiin  27,injo.  These 
fi^jiircs  are  imdoiibtciM.v  loo  hj^h,  arnl  art'  thf  ri'-fiilt  «f  uvpruuinff 
ttntl  irtti'ssing'  ntthfr  tlian  of  an  nrtittil  itxlivuliutl  rmint  It 
woiUd,  too,  be  a  very  diOiciiU  tiLsk,  in  foct  tmxt  Ui  impossible, 
U>  lako  an  ucciirHU*  uiiint'rica]  census  uF  tliu  Navaho  tribe,  owini^ 
.Ut  iKHMiliar  MK:iutu}firul  aii<l  to)Miirru|ilii<:jil  cir(;tuiv»~Uincv.s.  In 
tho  tipit  place,  about  oiip-tbird  or  nioiv  of  the  tribe  live  scatttnxl 
abont  oiitflitlo  of  tbc  rcM'rx'ntioii  limits,  .soim>  boing  foiiml  tis  far 
ait  twpnt^  miles  bclovr  Zuili,  which  itself  Is  almost  tifly  miles 
fnmi  tho  vniiUiern  boundary  line  of  thi*  Navaho  resorvation. 

The  n^ervation  itsrif  is  very  t-xtensive,  an<J  the  physical  con- 
'ililiond  iVretif  an*  «urli  tliat  it  is  imputwible  for  tht-  Navitlios  Ut 
live  in  commimitieii  or  nllajjes.  Wherever  there  is  a  sprina",  or 
a  piece  of  lami  that  cjin  be  irri;;rutcd,  and  a  crop  of  corn,  M]iuuih 
melons,  even  (kUs  iiml  «-hf«i,  niised  on  It,  a  Naviiho  settles 
>wn.  Hi«  next  neiirhbur  may  live  within  sif;bt  or,  perlia|iRf 
one,  tive,  or  ten  iitileiii  awa^-.  Be>.ide>t  thtA,  he  may  have  anolliur 
litlmioe  at  the  place  where  his  herdfi  of  iiunies  and  sheep  are 
dnjE,  ami.  perhiipM,  still  a  thin!  home  ainon-j  (he  timb^'r, 
''irh^rv  lie  Hpenda  the  wintvr  with  his  family.  Thiw*.  the  (fi'^'ater 
part  of  tl»m  liave  two,  wmie  even  three  resiliences,  where  they 
stay  at  different  seasons  of  the  year.  From  this  it  will  easily  be 
in,  that  in  taking  up  a  ecnsiiR  of  th4>  Navahos,  some  will  bo 
overlooked  while  many  others  will  be  coimte<l  twice.  In  the 
woudcd  mountain  ntfioiiH  a  census  taker  may  i>as.-«  by  near  a 
half  dozen  boKans,  or  hnt«,  witlwut  knowing  it,  or  he  may  count 
whole  ftkmiliefl  twice,  since  a  given  place  in  this  strani^e  country 
iMipeaPi  f>ntirely  different  wImmi  approached  from  a  ditreront 
lirrclion,  to  one  who  is  not  well  aciiuaintitl.  This  also  sh(»w8 
iw  unreliable  it  in  Ut  make  un  inference  or  avenm^e  e«timatioa8 
from  tlic  count  of  tbc  inhabiuint^  of  one  reffion  to  tliosc  ol 
aiHither  regrion. 

AccordJnjr  to  the  census  taken  when  the  Xavabas  were  brought 
to  lluMr  country  from  Fort  Sumner,  in  1868,  their  nmuber 


34 


^.V   ETlfyOLOfiU'  DHIIUXAHY. 


n-iijs  rstimate<l  at  less  than  >-,uuy,  or  abotit  7,300.  Howoi 
it  is  a  well  known  fact  that  not  ull  the  Navahos  w.'re  captimil 
ilurinjjr  Kit  Oirson's  invasion  of  their  country  in  IH6;t,  tml  lliat 
lar^Ti'  niimbors  of  tht-ni  won'  still  ronniln);  at  larK**.  Aiiothi*r 
wnsus  wan  taken,  or  ratlu-r  attt'inpt^d.  In  1869,  fur  the  piiriiuaflf 
of  (listributini;  sheep  ami  i^oat^  airu>n<;  them,  which  showeil  their 
number  t**  bi'  lew  than  9,000.  Still  another  census  was  takfu 
up  in  lUut>,  which  i^ave  tlie  niiiiihcr  of  Navahos  living  on  the 
Fort  Defiance  agency^  and  on  what  Ih  now  the  Ship  Kock  and 
San  Jtian  agency,  anil  in  the  region  north  of  the  Mu(|ui  re»(>rvft^H 
tinn,  at  lO.tMHi.  Herein  are  not  inciiHle<l  those  living  on  the 
Moqtii  reservation,  about  2,000,  nor  tboM?  living  oubiidu  of  (lu* 
rcHervation  limits,  upwanis  of  4,000.  Thiut,  the  census  of 
1900  gave  the  number  of  Navahot  Wi  being  more  than  16,O00^H 
or  17,204.  This  ma.v,  iK'rhap.-*,  be  nearer  the  truth  than  the 
latest  Uuviirnnient  cenHUs,  and,  although  proluthly  the  most 
accurate  wnsiis  ever  taken,  \s  still  not  reliable.  There  is  no 
doubt  that  the  Xavaho»  have  steadily  increased  since  Itftitf,  and 
that  at  present  they  nunibtfr  from  16,000  to  1H,000  smds. 
To  say  that  the  Navaho8  niuuber  about  :tO,000,  more  or  leas,  is 
about  as  accurate  a-s  their  number  cau  be  given  at  present. 

For   their   M>cial    cimtonut,    religiou-t  beliefs  and    cercmonieaj 
industries,  etc.,  sec  the  respective  articles. 


Woi-ds   Ret'en-inp  to  the 
Cosmogony   and   Natural   Plienomena. 


THE   XJNrVKRSE. 

Nftvahu  coi^iuuUiKy  coni]iriHeK  twelve  worlds,  or  undpr  worlds. 
The  ^lobe  which  vrv  inhabit  ifl  sltjehtl^'  elliptical  in  shape,  with  & 
Battvnod  buw*  am)  is  wholly  stationary.  Moreover,  it  ift  en- 
tirvly  surroiittded  by  four  bodies  of  water  flowing  around  it,  and 
cniptJ'intf  into  the  west  through  an  opcninjr  in  the  skj'.  The 
eftrth  is  covered  with  the  sk^'  which,  in  shaikp  and  size,  is  similar 
to  that  of  the  earth,  find  rest«  on  pillara  placed  at  the  cardinal 
pfiintA  and  the  center  of  the  enrtb.  The  nky  is  divided  into  four 
nultn.  one  above  the  other,  each  uf  which  is  furnished  with 
'eomiiartinentR  for  the  various  peoples  inhabitinif  them.  The 
ratranoe  to  these  vaults  is  made  through  openinsa  provided  in 
the  cent«r  of  each  vault.  Beyond  them,  however,  is  space  aod 
an  unknown  region. 

TV  skj'  i«  considered  male,  the  earth  female,  and  both  are  in 
Ibtt  mlmtion  of  man  aitd  wife  to  each  other.  The  earth  ma^'  also 
be  cofisidered  the  mother  of  all  living,  insomuch  as  it  produces 
veifi-tabte  life,  am)  harbors  many  insects  and  aniuuls  in  addition 
to  b«intf  the  abode  of  man. 

Words  reperrino  to  the  earth  and  sky. 

dT,  the  world,  the  earth.  DPhodikiil,  the  dark  world;  n1*halch1, 
the  red  world;  nPhodutflsh,  the  blue  worltl — divisions  of  the 
lower  worlds. 


Ay  ETHyOLOOIC  DICTIONARY. 


orboiUtqil  nakhi  bedahiinnkhA,  in  tbe  second  \'au)t  or  shelf  of 
the  dark  world.  Siniilorly,  \f\^^o  and  dfgo  bmlahiinakhA,  Uw 
thirti  and  foitrth  vaulta. 

tifdoNakhfld,  the  earth  U  there,  referrinff  to  its  flat,  slijrhtly 
ova)  Rhapc.      nrhosdzftn  (nAhosdzAn),  the  earth. 

iiAhoU^',  tlit!  land  in  dJHtinctioh  to  watur. 

nrDlQer&,  or  nT'ndane-s'Aji,  the  borders  of  the  earth. 

bidfi,  the  rim  or  edire  of  the  world. 

nrtUUhba.  the  limits  of  the  earth  (at  waters  edire). 

nTVIaha/l&Kn,  to  the  end  of  the  earth  or  land. 

t<idntq^)  aqtbhtniyl,  the  broad  water  flows  around  and  meets. 

t<io  nt&helf,  the  water  flows  or  encircles  contiouoasli*. 

tqo  Kl.vfn  (.niyf),  the  water  flowK  quietly. 

tqo  ft«IAhilA\  the  water  falls,  waterfall. 

nratnf,  or  nahondzA  (nahasdzft)  ainf,  the  center  of  the  earth. 

nahosdzlln  qfdeii'nfl,  or  nahasdzA  naha'nft',  an  earthquake;  or 
BthasdKftn  nahaA'nft,  nahasdyfln  idesiJiVl,  the  earth  trembled; 
naha^lxfln  desd6,  the  earth  sounded  or  burst. 

nfqAojpii,  eiiierjrpnce  into  the  eleventh  world. 

hijinai,  niovini;  upwanls,  the  enturgenoe  into  the  present 
world,  the  place  of  cmerjfence. 

yA,  the  upper,  the  sk^'. 

yiditqi},  the  dark  upper,  the  firmament,  sky;  yilgai,  or  n&hojfai, 
the  white  upper,  the  evening  twilight,  the  white  of  dawn. 

yi  a$h,  or  y&'ash  hoKA.  in  the  heavens  beyond. 

y&'nn^r&i  horizon;  tqok&nhbfi,  water  line  which,  with  nl'U&shbA, 
forms  the  horizon  or  point  where  sk,v,  water  and  earth  meet  and 
are  visible  to  the  eye. 

yA'ahif,  the  center  of  the  ski',  the  zenith. 

nakhfgo,  tqS,  dTffo  y&ghahukfl,  the  second,  thin!  and  fourth 
opening  in  (or  vault  of)  the  sky. 

yfttq&f&'.  the  shelves  or  [wcketH  of  theee  skies. 


TtMB. 


ST 


SUN   AND    MOON. 

Both   the   sun  aod  the  moon  are  borne  across  the  skies  by 

Idivinitieii.      Tr&ils,   t^)rt>'-two  in  number,  have  been  created  for 

ItKrir  travels,  and  summer  and  winter  soUtice  occur  as  the  divin- 

UiL'»  complete  the  total  number  and  start  their  return   from  the 

northern-  or  southem-moHt  trail,  respectively. 

The  sun  and  the  moon  bearers  are  considered  masculine. 

johona'af  (jrhona'aO,  the  sunbearer  (bearer  of  the  da^*),  the  siin. 

shfi,  the  sun  (orb)t  sunlifEhL 

tfPliunA'af  (trAhunft'aO,  bearer  of  the  niKht,  the  moon. 

oIjC,  the  nioun. 

johonA'ai,  or  olj^  binMsti^^  encirclingr  moisture,  riuifs  around 
the  sun  or  moon. 

jrAbadfdIftd,  sun  or  moonlijrht  shininfr  throujrh  an  opening:. 

Adodl&l,  the  Hun  or  moon  pierces  the  clounds. 

UKIdldlftd,  it  (Rim  or  moon)  illumines  an  object. 

shAtrilMffo.  sunwise,  as  the  sun  Koes. 

shidAji,  from  the  sun,  or  from  north  to  west,  to  south,  to  east, 
to  north. 

ahAndfn,  sunliffht. 

ah&bitrAI,  johonA'af  bitTAl,  stmno's.  sunbeams. 

ahahttrft'jnchl,  sun  halo,  or  basic  sun-red. 

ahft'sedA*.  the  sun  in  hot,  (a  hot  object). 

bihitfhl^i,  overcome  by  beat.      Simstroke  does  not  occur. 

sbAji  B^14,  a^tqf.  s^xl,  I  sit,  lie  or  stand  in  the  sun,  I  am 
sunnioff  myaelf. 

shsji  nihOsts&d,  I  bask  in  the  sun. 

fawUehl,  the  sun  bums  spots,  or  shAbidllchf,  sunburnt. 

aUUiIirhd,  all  da.v  (from  sunrise  to  sunset). 

sbAoI^hi,  the  shortest  daj',  winter  and  summer  solstioe. 

TIME. 

Time  is  told  by  pointing  out  the  paoition  of  the  sun  in  the  sky. 
The  da^*  beifins  with  the  dawn,  and  its  principal  parts  are  sun- 


AS  ETHNOLOGIC  DICTIOyARY. 


rifte,  midday  and  Kuntwt,  whilf  tin-  int«nne<tiBry  parbi  of  the  day, 
too,  are  expressed  by  positions  of  tbe  snu.  The  day  closes  with 
sunset,  or  rnther,  with  the  approach  of  darkness,  which  also 
inaugurates  the  ni^rht.  For  tht-  latt*T,  hovvover,  no  apiwreiit 
attf^nipt  is  niailr  at  a  division  of  time  beyoml  n  nic^ro  jtuoss  at 
midniifht,  and  the  mention  of  the  approach  of  dawn.  The  rise 
and  declint!  of  the  moon  does  not  servi-  a-s  an  indication  of  the  time 
of  Ditfht,  but  reference  is  at  times  made  to  tbe  position  of 
some  constellations,  such  as  the  rise  and  >>cttinK  of  the  morning 
and  evening;  stars,  the  position  of  the  Pleiades  (dlly^bpl.  etc. 
Tbe  time  at  nitrht  is  occasionally  of  importance  as,  for  instance, 
in  indicatinff  the  time  for  reciting  the  son^  at  dawn  for  the 
cIdhc  of  a  ceremony,  and  the  like. 

The  complete  time  circle  is  herewith  ffiven. 

hnyflkha  (nt'a.'),  it  is  dawn. 

nan<^'nlkh£,  or  nnneinlkhfi  (nt'tf),  or  nAndzii^ai  (ntfce),  it  is 
daylight. 

iltso  h^'Td  {ne»),  it  \»  full  daylivht. 

qa't'A,  siuirist^ 

slidhinA,  or  qinA*  ^h&hidonal,  or  t'i^lo  shAhinAda,  shortly  after 
sunrine  faboiit  Ave  tinm'nt  above  the  horizon). 

dAhAtU'n,  tbe  sun  is  well  up;  nikh^kUii,  or  houiddi  (honid4)>, 
it  is  f^>ttintr  warm  (sa.v  between  R  and  It)  a.  m.) 

Kiid  fttui&^'&,  close  to  noon  Mahout  11a.  m. ) 

alnfnd'ti,  midday,  noon. 

ynjUifi'.'ii.  afternoon;  yaileyA,  or  dozh/ljro  yiideyS,  or  doxh^o 
yaAdez'A,  it  is  declininj;,  in  the  late  aftf^moon. 

qfdTdewBr,  toward  snnnet,  in  tbe  eveninj;. 

qflcHr,  or  tillfKrh^itso,  ne«r  sunset,  towaitls  evening. 

budfnesKAz,  it  is  ooolintf  off;  MaiMx,  or  sb&doqin&da,  toward 
sunset  (about  five  finirers  above  the  horizon). 

sh&doqinA'da,  just  before  sunset  (two  linvers  above  horizon). 

bakh&^t  as'6,  or  hakhAfri  1'A\  shortly  before  sun«et,  when  sun 
touches  horixun. 


TIMS. 


S» 


iTfi  bilFAlia,  shortly  after  .simset. 

nihoji,  (tnrknoKs  rdvi-rs  tliv  I'Mrth,  iir  riHiotJIsh,  tli  ■  earth  is 
bliick  iblur),  qilijf.  after  diisk;  duzhfitC"  ilf]'''!.  it  is  (iretty  dnrk; 
Ictuib6l(iel,  it  16  ilark  hII  uruiint),  giiiU;  iJark. 

ir^^tni,  Dcnr  midniKht  (ubout  lip.  m.) 

tr^yflnl,  niiiliiiirht. 

yikhaft'^ji,  k'anin<:r  towards  dam-n  {probably  the  milk^-  way  is 
itutLtit);  ur  aJ^i.sii  qAyA,  tbi'  inorTiin^  star  is  riru^'n;  or  K&luiitkhii) 
all  thm<  i>x|)iVHHi<>iiK  meaninj;,  just  befuro  dnwn. 

huyilkliA,  duwD.  etc.,  ut  supra. 

Othor  oxpr(M<ii»n!i  an*  also  v\sxn\,  auch  as  thi>  fttltowin;* 

B^ttAo  qa^tru,  wh^n  tbo  mornin?  star  risps;  hay  IVhftiro,  at 
dawn:  *htl  »iB>t'»ti.  at  vuiirist*;  s|»A  4iiiiftV"i  aftiT  «unrisi\  r-tc. 

b^'U.  hiV'liro,  at  da.vli^t:  alkidi  h^^Vid,  it  was  davtiTbl.  or 
dmwn,  ftoine  tiim-  n^o. 

abfnnKo,  iir  t^hlmli^o,  in  thi*  tnornin  r;  labfndA  (fAAbfn  ll\  this 
(rory)  momin'r;  ahilnft'ildn,  this  (past)  noon:  yaildi^z'JiJil,  this 
^(paitt)  nfl«'riioon;  yaflih'z'ft'io,  this  icomiriif)  afternoon;  ifvo 
If7.'&,  a  tittle  after  noi>n;  diji,  tf>-day;  jidil.  to-d;i^'  Uhin  \mt\i 
(li^);  jiffo,  during  the  dnv,  at  duytiiue;  fa  jl,  daytime. 

tA  tU„  at  niirtit:  tf^Ko,  nt  nitrht. 

s/)(Ao  ivA,  the  I'Vi'niii"  stir  li.is  disjppivirwl;  slirt  i>ft,  atiiiins«-t. 

qaihh  iiat.  or  qi;  u/A^  or  qa!  htdzhl.shf  What  time  ik  \ti 
Whcn«  M  the  sun!     qalsh  yotklial,  what  time  of  the  night  ia  it? 

Clucks  and  tiinepieceri  are  not  in  iim>,  tbni)«;h  n>cently  aonu; 
cxprrftfiion-*  luiVe  bivn  adajMinl  to  inilimte  the  lime  of  ihe  ck>ck. 

btwb  dlatAd',  the  clock  struck;  diikwfdi  diMbJA',  what  hour  did 
It  Atrikfll  <lukwf 'o  oikhfl,  how  nianv  tloi's  it  pointil  ushdIA 
dahal^hln,  live  black  dotM  Uive  mlnitt<-a^:  a^hM^la  dahalzhfn, 
llftiTH  lidniiteM;   neznH  dl  AlV^n  dobA'u  iiinf,  half-iniHl  U n,  ulc. 


liV  IHCTlOflASy. 


LKtHT. 

Thi"  Nax-fthrt  AAsiKD  the  varioiw  iJKhtA  to  the  capdinal  points, 
which  uri'  oft->n  (K'^iffnatoti  in  thix  manner. 

Th4in(fli  opi'iiin^  for  wimlowft  are  not  provided  in  the  hiiffin,! 
K  fairly  Kootl  lij^hl  enters  by  way  of  the  smok<*-hoIp.      At  niiirhtl 
tho  lisrhtof  the  lire  onlinnnly  sultiees  fur  illnininuliir:  the  interioi 
of  the  bo<;an,  as  very  little  work  Is  done  by  the  li'-'ht  of  a  candl»l 
or  lamp.      In  houftos  of  modern  construelion,  candU'!^  and  lamp 
lire  Winp  ffenemlly  introduced. 

At  piihlic  exhibitions,  fires  are  kept  burning  for  ilhimination. 

beftdfndin,  the  light  (by  which  objecta  arc  visiblv\ 

adfudln.  the  liiflit. 

shA,  or  Kha\  the  light,  particularly  of  the  sun. 

hayolkhal,  Hrst  li^ht  at  early  dawn,  twilijrht.  which  is 
ctill.-il  h.Wld. 

nah(HlietrL>ih.  azure,  the  deep  sky-blue  a*  dawn  or  sunset. 

D^hot^^oi,  thi*  yellow  lijrht  at  suntwt. 

cluihalq^K  ilai'knnss.  dark  lifiht  of  the  north. 
chahuhi^l.  it  is  dark,  or  chuhal()el  b^ldlHtad!,  it's  cbrk.  strike  a 
tijrht! 

dishtHUi,  idfhid'  dldeshtm).  I  strike,  or  make,  a  liicht. 

PHADi:. 

In  Rumrarr  shade  U  obtained  umler  rudely  constructed  shelters. 
(Compare  suiiinier  hoiimts*.  Pamsols  and  unibrellas,  which  are 
pni*chaRc<l  at  the  Mjores,  arc  iised  in  riding;  and  drivinir.  Xo 
special  iinpurtimo*  seeuLs  lo  be  atlachi-il  to  utie^H  owa  .'^hadow. 

chahiVrt,  the  sluulf,  a  sht-lt^'r,  an  unibrella. 
bichAhd'tS,  or  bichAhAAh'A.  his  or  her  shadow. 

MIRAUE. 

The  fotlowlnfir  an>  pr(!sumnbl,v  iH|uivalen1  t«>nnR  for  niint^. 

hAdahune.&aiff),  or  bi}  h&dAbuneyA,  increasinijc  or  ffrowint: 
with  it,  in  nefvreoci'  to  the  optical  illusion  witnessed  occasionally* 


MlHAfim. 


in  the  Josort,  by  which  tr»es,  moimtaiiui,  Inkes,  and  the  like^ 
sufm  swipC'iKlexl  in  tho  dJRtAiiCP,  hut  vanish  on  appronoh. 

MdAhtino-xtnTn,  x\w  iintlulRtions  of  the  tropical  heat,  iho  (^rap- 
oraiini;  htrnt  of  initlsumnuT. 

h^Ahtiniy^*,  the  niirag'o  projiLT.  This  ir  [wrsotiified^  nnil 
iLccor\liii£l.v  ctilor  in  uwi^nRd  to  it;  hence.  hA(lAhiiniy6'  faunkl, 
whit«  niiraiif;  hndAhuniyl^*  dotFfKh.  bhte  iDiinji*';  hA<.lAhuni.v^* 
liUo,  yellow  niirftgo;  hftdfthuniyi*'  cli^rlt^,  dark  mrrftse.  TIwso 
ftrr*  a.'wijrni'd  to  tin-  MJiith,  th>-  correspond tn^;  coionxl  htldithiinRs- 
lq!nv  heiiig  assifrni'ii  to  the  north. 

hftflnhnniy^'  al»o  (loiHi};niit<«  a  stnno  »imilar  to  n£iiti>  which  tn 
unccl  wri'nioniiill.v  with  other  pix'cious  stout*.  Formerly  this 
Htooe  WttK  a  diEitinffuisbiiiif  feature  uf  the  chiefs  and  was  attuchi'il 
Ui  ihi:  hair  cord. 

ECLIPSES. 

An  pcliiiw  w  catmed  by  tlie  d^ath  of  the  orb,  which  is  revived 
by  th«  iniriKirtiU  bcnrcrs  of  the  sun  and  ruoun. 

During  an  oclijMe  of  the  moon  tho  family  ii^awakeneil  to  await 
its  n'oovfry.  i>tniilarly,  a  joiiitiey  is  int«>iTUpted  and  work 
cn-oiws  dnrini;  an  ecli|tM>  of  llu*  sun.  Sonjfs  referrinff  to  the 
huzliAji,  or  rilo  of  bli?Asinir,  arc  chanted  by  anyone  knowing 
|1k>rl,  otherwise  the  po-ssinjr  of  an  ecliptH^  is  awaitMl  in  silenoo. 
It  is  not  considered  aiiHpicioti»  to  have  a  ceremony*  in  pro^re«s 
(htrini;  an  eclips;*  of  tlve  stin  or  moon,  and  a  ceremony  is  often 
deferred  on  thi-^  acco\int.  The  ri^int;  ixuaeratiou,  however, 
Xmy*  little  or  no  attentimi  to  this  custom. 

johAnA'af  dAJUt^A,  the  sun  ia  dead,  ec-lipae  of  the  sun. 
oljiS  daAxtaA,  tbn  nicMni  i.s  di^,  iidtimo  of  the  moon. 
iobonA'ai.  or  oljtl  hun&d»4.  the  Mm,  moon,  recovored,  the  uclipae 
i«  DO  Kmifer  vi->4ibU-. 

PllABKS  OF  THE   MOOX. 

di'nrit^ltn,  or  drtl»l/|A',  crescent,  new  moon. 
tthil  IxH^Iii^l  (lutlf  dark),  half  moi>n,  timt  quarter. 


43 


AX  KTUSOLOGIC  DICTIOK.KHW 


haolbfiii,  full  moon;  jf  hnnfbaK,  full  moon  api>oaring  in  day- 
lifrht;  tfe  hanfbas,  full  moon  after  niKht. 

chaha]()l^l  nAilxa.  itiirkiiL*ss  n^turris,  Inst  (|unrter. 

(I&.'ul.  the  inuon  is  visible  after  dawn. 

ol}(^  becdfmlln,  iiuionlivht. 

olj^  behdl'lD  i\V  Qthalin).  britfht  (like  clavt  mwuliifht. 

oIjS  tlohoT-hd  becdliiditla,  or  bohor!<!a,  bcho^Ma,  (he  mooalisrht 
is  not  vpry  ffCKKl. 

STARS   AND  CONSTELLATIOXS. 

The  cn^ation  of  the  stnrs  is  ntlribiited  to  hiishuB^zhlni,  (he  Fin-- 
irtKl.  who  also  (ItKtributiHl  ihu  variui\«  constt'llations,  triviu-T  uach 
it$  ]>ecu]ittr  name.  As  in  other  instanccK,  .*»(>  also  on  this  occi- 
aion  the  coyott  contrived  to  partictpat^*  in  the  work  of  cr -ation 
by  robbinf?  the  Piregod  of  his  pouch  in  which  lie  carried  thi' 
niftterisl  for  the  stars.  And  after  he  bad  placed  his  own  star 
conspiciioiisly  in  the  svmthern  skies  he  scatten-d  tl»e  reirin:i:itK 
of  the  punch  ovei-  the  entire  heaven?;,  which  accoiuil*  for  a 
multitude  of  stars  bvnrinir  no  special  name.  In  consequence, 
too,  the  entire  creation  of  tbe  stars  \r  attributed  by  Aonie  to  the 
coyote. 

Though  there  are  comparatively  few  constellations  the  names 
of  which  are  generally  known,  it  \n  none  the  leK<«  well  eatftblishe<l 
tliat  astrology  ir  extensively  practical  among  the  Navnho.  Thi« 
fact  that  the  class  of  singei-s  pursucing  destf,  **]cK>king,''  or 
astrolotry.  are  much  in  demand  previouM  to  the  conducting  of 
MU*  important  ceremony,  would  seem  to  indicate  as  much. 
Hence  it  is  reawmable  to  assume  that  a  much  wider  knowleil"je 
of  the  various  constetlations  exista  than  is  here  itidicatcil.  This 
knowledge,  however,  ia  in  possession  of  some  few  individuals 
who  are  loath  to  discIos«>  it,  owing  to  the  circumstance  that  astro- 
logical pursuits,  which  rniuire  the  secret  and  solitude  of  night, 
■re  opprobriously  classiJied  with  witchcraft. 

The  older  shanians  were  wont  to  initiate  their  pupils  gratlnally 
into  the  intricacies  of  astronuiii.v  by  pointing  out  the  new  constel- 
lations to  them  as  they  appeared  on  the  honKon.      And  as  an 


STAtttt  AS'V  CONHTBLLATIONS. 


ftppivntic«><ihip  iisnally  required  several  years,  sufficient  time  was 
bad  to  make  the  initiation  a  thoraiigb  one.  This  extended  tAfo 
to  Alellar  infliience  on  rliniatir  chants,  or  the  destinies  of  man, 
with  the  correspondlnir  remedies,  and  the  like  infonnation. 
Certain  portions,  however,  of  thi^i  knowledsi-  were  enveloped  in 
itome  m>'iiter.v,  which  was  lifted  only  after  the  niost  ri^id  test  of 
liilelit^v.  Thiw,  for  instance,  wordft  like  sA'fi  oaihitf,  "in  old 
■Ve  walkinjr,"  and   hitte  haf:h6.  "on  the  trail  of  hewwty^  {Mat- 

^ih*nr»),  are  Naiil  to  Hi^nify  some  important,  though  welt  known 
tetlaliini,  n  chanve  in  which  would  prove  (liHBfitrous  to  the 

[•xistence  of  the  universe.  Hence  this  invocation,  which  is 
■Uftcbed  to  a  larire  number  of  pni.vers  and  Honir^,  would  mem  to 
be  a  petition  for  the  pre^vervation  and  prolon^ration  of  age  and 
life,  while  "the  trail  of  beauty^  (va  the  skiea)  indicates  the 
proper  key  to  their  interpretation. 

What  nifl}'  be  considered  an  instance  of  stellar  influence  upon 
climatic  chanK*''>  is  told  of  I'nl,  thunder,  a  constellation  appearinK 
in    thf    Routhem   mkies,   and  a  companion    of   the   constellation 

hsbiiih,  the  bear.  When  i'nl  beetles,  the  feather  or  tip  of  thunder, 
*ppm«chefl  and  toiichefl  the  snout  (bichf)  of  the  bear,  it  is  a 
n^liable  indication  of  the  return  of  thtmdor  in  ftpnng,  with  the 
rcDuwai  of  life  in  vegetation  and  the  animal  kingdom. 

Aa  a  rule  each  largvr  constellation  is  equipped  with  aatellites, 

llanrer  atan,  which  form  an  integral  )>art  of  a  given  group. 
Thua,  at^e^t^si  bi^tiA<),  the  feather  or  tip  of  Orion;  shftsh 
be^tMs,  the  feather  of  the  bear.  They  are  also  provided  with 
bokh/^,  Hre  or  flint  of  the  star,  which  ignites  it,  and  in  other 
in-HtanceH  with  biiehl,  body,  bicJif,  noAC,  bijl,  ears,  or  bitA^,  tail, 
to  dintingaiah  and  trace  the  figure.  Some  of  these  are  men- 
tioned in  the  following. 

haatqln  aalfcaf,  feet  ajar,  a  large,  irregular  square  In  Comt«; 

[bMtqtn  aaRal  beetttda,  his  feather;   bizhi,   his  bod>';  btgfah,   his 
F;  bokbtf,  his  tire. 

afafeh  («A^,  the  bear;  shftsh  bichf,  hifi  snout;  bijA,  his  oar; 
bokhd,  hia  fire;  boet^,  hia  feather. 


44 


ilooic  m^fo^] 


teJ. 

J 


shAsh  Hchl,  the  red  bear,  between  bear  and  thunder  consteJ* 
Istions. 

fnP.  the  thunder:  I'nl  bokhll,  his  Hre;  beet^^,  his  fifsther. 

tHstR^,  btir  snakr,  at  base  of  boar  and  thund<>r  conRtellatio 

at»46tso,  the  biif  tail.  Others  render  it  the  bijf  Hr»t  one, 
appearing  in  the  northern  flkieti  after  ndizfd,  the  beffinnini;  of 
the  month;  the  foreiiart  of  Scorpion.  The  Ic^nd  a.<u«i^ni«  it  to 
the  sotithern  sky. 

n&hokhOs  bakh&'i,  the  revfrfring  male,  Ursa  major,  the  Big 
Dipper. 

nAbokb6s  bA'&di,  the  female  revolTinv,  Caiwiopoea. 

0gM\M&n\,  tailfeather,  or  the  slender  first  one  (0;  the  belt  an 
sword  of  Orion.  etsAsi,  the  feather,  wa.s  the  name  jriven  by 
haflhcH^zhtni,  the  FiregiMl,  which  coyot«  (atA^  haAhkhd,  the  Firnt 
Anjfry),  changed  to  ataeet4fi«i  iats^i  ettiAsi,  of  the  First  feather), 
with  reference  to  himself;  hence,  the  coyote ^s  feather. 

«5  hAtiH'I,  the  pinchinir  stars,  center  double  stari  in  lowei 
branch  oi  Ilyadcs.  These  arc  also  called  baalchfni,  children  o; 
dily^he  and  ataeet^i,  Pleiades  and  Orion. 

^hat'^i,  rabbit  track,  clatter  of  stars  under  Canis  major. 

sfl'  bokh^i'i,  larfife  Htars  scattered  over  the  heavens. 
&Kaisd&hi,  the  milk.v  way,  which  is  sometimes  rendered  yikhaf 
BcdAbi,  which  aHaitu  the  dawn,  owing  to  its  approach  to  the  east 
toward  morniaff. 

»A'  dondiiddi,  no-month  star,  railed  altw  mfi'i  bix4\  the  coyote*B 
star,  or  Canopiis. 

dTly^he,  Pleiades. 

ha.vo)khAJ  bC^tilAs,  or  sdtso  biSfi'  neiikUUgi,  dawnfeatber,  or 
the  big  star  followed  by  dawn;  n&hodKtflsh  beettJAa,  the  feather 
of  the  southern  blue;  nAhots6i  beet^,  feather  of  the  evening 
twilight,  evening  star;  chah&lqfi  beotfiM,  or  sAtao  chahaiq 
beeb^,  feather  uf  darkness,  or  the  big  star  darkness  feather. 

bltsAlJthi  (t) 

sA*  blhi,  the  deer  star:  debfi  tsdtqA,  mountain  sheep. 

dait&ni,  the  porcupine,  Dolphin. 


,f 


1 


CLOVDS. 

>i^h,  the  caDe  of  the  bi^  llrst  one,  probably  chief 
Bter  ia  (be  ffnmp  of  Scorpion. 

■tsMtidsi  bokbA,  the  fire  ot  Orion;  beet^t,  its  heftdfeather; 
faitN#,  iln  tat). 

oAhokbAtt  bokhA,  thu  north  star. 

ndhokhdM  bifflsh,  the  cane  of  the  north  8tar. 

sd\  a  star;  b6'  y4she,  small  stars;  s^tao,  any  star  of  the  tirst 
niasrnitutle;  sd*  Uni,  muny  Htars. 

do  bSndizldi,  or  dondlzldi,  no-month  stars,  which  do  not  change 
Uieir  position  every  month.     Of  these  there  are  fieveral. 

flA*  bllldi,  star  with  funoke,  a  comet;  sA*  bllfdi  fi&.vft,  a  comet 
apiirant. 

ad'  aaltilfd,  or  AdabAltiJld  <&dftltild>,  falling  fttars,  meteor. 

aA*  hldilyU,  or  TiaifhAli*  running  stars,  sbootinif  star. 

h6'  hald^*,  xYw  stars  apjiear. 

a0t8D  qft>'i,  or  qanAdA',  the  murninfr  or  evening  star  Is  risen. 


Narabo  mytboloEj'  also  pt^rsonifies  various  natural  phenomena, 
the  clouds,  windji,  foK  or  niiitt,  rain,  thiuHlcr  ami  li^htninj;. 
The  abode  of  these  divinities  is  in  the  four  skies  above  whence 
thry  visit  the  earth  inflicting  disaster  upon  its  inhabitants.  They 
are  usually  distinRuiKhed  by  color,  sex  beinic  attributed  only  to 
the  rain.  In  this  manner  they  are  also  invoked  in  prayer  and 
Ewog,  and  sacrtHces  and  pra^'enttick-s  made  for  each  individual 
deity. 

KAs,  a  cloud;  Sas  dilqfl,  the  dark  cloud;  ttds  dotflsh,  the  blue 
eJoiid;  RA«  lit^o.  the  yellow  cloud;   kAs  higai,  the  white  cloud. 
ItOfi  qfll^',  it  begins  to  cloud,  fleecy  clouds. 
KAs  di'ndaiOl,  the  clouds  are  few  and  scaltcrod. 
RAa  dilkhA\  it  is  cloudj'.  smooth  clouds. 
RAs  aqfdAhaxn&\  the  clouds  are  collected,  cloudy. 
RAm  tqA'AS  the  clouds  are  moving. 
RAn  ishchfn  (yiabchfn),  the  shape  of  a  cloud,  a  design. 


4« 


bthWoI 


lie  DICTIOHARV. 


MIST   OR   FOa. 

Ahj,  the  mist  or  fog;  a*  diiqt),  thn  dark  mist;  fl*  dotTfith,  the 
hliii>  mist;  A'  iitso,  the  yellow  mist;  a'  lagvtt,  the  white, mist. 

ftbi  bechatiol(|(!t,  a  heavy  fofr. 

&hi  di'dlkld,  the  ton  ■>•  disappearinji. 

datqA,  the  dew,  dewdrope. 

«h6',  the  frost;  fei(nRi  shATgrai.  a  heavy  frost  (whiteninfif 
everythinff). 

sil,  t'ttpor  bovflrinif  over  the  ground  after  rain,  steam. 

WIND  AND  STORM. 


sh,  the 

J 

iteninjf 

J 


tilcUr  dinAT,  the  wind  people;  dlcHl*  (nflcKr,  lUtfin,  the  wind; 
dlchP  iaizni,  the  white  wind;  ulcHr  htt^o.  the  yellow  wind;  illcHr 
dutrisli.  the  bliK  wind;  dJchl'  dilqil,  the  dark  wind;  dlctil'  likhfzh, 
the  j^|x>tt«<l  winds;  AlchV  ntti\,  the  left  winds;  nlcKr  shfidi'ji 
nflla<.'hAM.  the  winds  which  turn  on  the  side  from  the  sun;  dtcBl' 
sluthiK^jiru  n&la^MiiUt,  the  wjntls  which  turn  sunwise;  lllclir  notl6zi, 
the  slriiH.'d  winds. 

nt,\fil,  tlu-  wind,  Htroui;  wind;  ticlil,  a  breeze;  d^Al,  it  is  blow< 
inir;  utvOl  <|>'i>'&<  'he  wind  ts  up.  it  is  blowin'^;  n&dzt.vdldfRi.  small 
whirlwind;  n^yi.vold1sitso,  whirlwind. 

qa'u'ribtedl,  a  ■^toriTi  or  wind  which  drives  up  a  ntin. 

iMh  faisAl,  a  sandstorm  {blowing  sand  in  every  diro-ction). 

t&h  nii-IOz,  a  whirllnj;  blizzard,  sandsturm. 

h'^sh  bit  qA,vOU  sandstorm,  wind  which  stirs  the  sand. 

I'-sh  bc'iHti^,  ridnd  with  ni^ht,  or  lr>sh  b.-cliatiolq^l,  sand  witi 
darkness*,  sandstorm  darkeninc  the  sky. 

yAftriAlzhAd,  the  storm  is  passed,  it  clearetl  np. 

stWUlicHP,  I  take  son>e  frefth  air;  yAicBr,  let  some  fresh  air  in! 

RAIN    AND    RAINBOW. 

The  ninbow  is  frequently  represented  in  colored  sand   paint- 
inffs    and    cen>monial    paraiilu^rnalia,   and    on    the   shield.      Tl^f 
"trails*'  of  the  divinities  are  itsualU*  represented  as  made  of 
various  kimls  of  rainbow. 


UAIX  ANIJ   ti.\U\i'. 

nhsA  (niltsA*).  thf  rain. 

nihtLA'hakhA*,  tho  h4.>-rftiu,  rain  accompunird  hy  thiimlor  ftnd 
litrhtnini;:  nltitA^jA'fU),  tlw  Khe-rnin,  h  litflit.  niild  rain. 

ntt8A*trol,  raliiruj';  iiltsAnajIu.  the  dark  stn'iikod  min  vand 
clouds).  Tb«f6i'  uri'  now  n^pirspntetl  by  horHoliair  in  the  dvcom- 
tjun  uf  thf>  maskfi. 

nattfllid.  the  rainbow;  natnllld  iiirAdi,  the  ^hort  rainlMw;  nat^t- 
lld  i.vl>hi.  A  turv<H)  rnitibow. 

n&haHqln,  it  rftin^t;  luihAHqA,  it  raincul;  nahodnhMll,  it  will 
rain;   nA'dliebAl.  b  stcjuly.  tine  rain;   du  d1lt([t,  u  Keneral  ruin. 

nikhMiuilltMf,  it  H|irinkl<'it;  Rhikhfd<^st8&%  raindrops. 

SNOW    AND    ICE. 

In  carliiT  tiii.vs  rhildn-n  wen-  ImthtHl  in  the  snow  to  hartlen 
tU^m  to  ibi'  w«ather  and  i-xposure.  a  caxtoiu  which  is  now  disap- 
pcnrinff.  Snow  is  melted  over  the  fire  and  ased  fov  cookine 
purpoAC!!.  Snow  shoos  arc  not  in  vojfuc  at  present,  though  over- 
«hot's,  or  covi^rs  made  of  btirlHp  aiul  shfPiKkin,  a^  aI>*o  foreian 
ov«rfihooji,  are  now  ofti'ii  (le*«i;fiiate<l  as  snow  shoKt.  In  the  early 
dmya,  however,  a  roughly  shap(*<l  shoo  of  wood  was  attactunl  to 
the  foot  fur  walking  upon  deep  rmow.  A  piece  of  pine  or  Cot- 
tonwood, and  even  dried  l)ark,  was  sliuhtly  iwinted  at  both  ends 
aoil  Mcnre^l  to  the  fo«it  by  moans  of  cords.  As  some  dilHcnlty 
waa  experienced  in  re^aininK  onc'H  balance  in  case  of  a  fall,  a 
knife  waK  indisiM'iisihle,  ao  that,  in  case  of  an  ucciilent,  the  cords 
mi^ht  be  flevern)  and  readjiisi^H],  In  consequence,  the  loss  of 
a  knife  in  diH'ji  snow  was  IfKikrd  ii|K)n  an  fatal,  and  accounts  for 
the  wij»h  exprvatteil  by  par<>i)t>i  in  earlier  days  ''that  tbuir  child- 
ren iu«.v  not  lo«c  their  knife."  At  present  litcl«  or  no  iise  la 
had  for  ibrAo  wooden  or  anon-  shoes. 

5*iR,  zAfi,  Know;  nchfl,  yidzis.  it  .nnow.^;  t^lishchtl  (n^fe).  it 
noowii  ajpun;  chil  bcchaboig^t.  or  chil  t}eetK,  heavy  anow  storm 
which  dartcens  the  sky;  chll  hAnftl,  snow  storm  hlowinjr  the  snow 
hi  ever:y  tlirutrtion;   chll  nlidnz,  a  bli7Kard;  chll  hilr|AyOl,  driftint; 


AX  ETUSULOaiC  DIOTIONAHY. 


rllv.     V 


snowstorm,  penetrating  overy  crevice;  yls&l,  a  snowflun-y* 

yaxftso,  a  biif  kdow;  yfts  labAl,  Wight  siiuh-  which  disapimiirK 
nfter  Kiinfihine;  y&»  ditJ^,  wet  saow;  yJU  yfhsai,  (]ry  snow;  yAs 
diclilzhi,  roiiKli  (top-frozen)  snuw;  yibkh^  ntkhSs,  snuwcrust. 
crisp,  shriekinst  snow;  yAskluiiiKtrilS,  a  firm  finowcnisi;  alfikhjj 
a  Klippory  snowcrui^t;  yibA\  a  8naw  only  in  npnts. 

yfts  bini'Akhe,  footprints  in  the  snov. 

yjU  bIn&'tiU|1n,  tmcks  or  a  (lath  in  tho  snow. 

n&*oHdli(i,  thf  snow  melts;   tail  nJl'Asdltd,  it  mella  rapidly. 

yasfkhc,  Know  shoes;  tslkhd,  or  t^Inkhi^,  the  wooden  Bhoi\  ur 
yftKfeo  kh^t  the  snow  shoe;  alAkhfi  sikbd,  tbey  (the  shoiw)  sup- 
port one  on  the  snow;  do  bit'ikUfi,  or  biijfluin&khJL,  one  did  not 
brrak  throiijfli  with  thorn;  tsfn  dunzMigi,  any  kind  of  wood; 
akhAsht'osh,  bark;   sa^ni  biitt&.sht*o«h,  dried  bark. 

tqln,  the  ice. 

tqfn  dilqtl,  the  dark  ice;  tqln  dotlYsh,  the  bine  ice. 

U|Iii  Htiio,  the  yellow  ic*;  tqln  la;;ai,  the  white  ice. 

bilii  attqAs'al.  variegntiHl  ioe,  culled  uImo  Uiln  likblzh,  thu  s 
ted  ice,  ail  of  which  aiv  puitily  legendary. 

ttiln  dcilkhtf',  Ujln  deiltq^)',  suiouth.  slippery  ice. 

tqln  bijj^  qaday&,  ice  whasc  heart  bulges  out,  bulging  ice. 

tqln  aqididlfld,  rent  ice. 

tqin  aqiditq&l,  cracked  ice,  the  ice  is  cracked. 

U|dist(|In  (yisttitu),  frozen  water;   tqln  dd'neetM,  icicles. 

nlAi  (nMAi).  hail. 

shinitqfn,  I  am  freezing;  slstriln,  I  am  frozen;  shideshtcifal, 
I  will  freeze;  binitqfn,  it  ia  freezinflr;  yistqfn,  frozen;  dotqln), 
it  will  freeze;  nitqfn  (hantqln,  hodotqfnl).  it  is  frozen  (the  ground, 
animals,  trees;  etc);  yiahbifn  (deshtqfnl),  I  freeze  an  object, 
in^itance.  lice. 

nahal.W  (naholyf,  tifl)iodol>T),  it  thaws. 

nalyf  (nfilyf,  nado^'l').  I  tbaw  »ut. 

nadesUvr  (nadisKvl',  nMidesh,W),  I  thaw  out  at  the  6re. 

nashyf  (na'ilql,  udosliql)/!  thaw  it  out  (a  blanket  or  cloth( 


WATER. 
WATER. 


49 


Water  is  u^ed  for  drinkini;  ftnd  cooking  purposes.  Clear 
water  taknn  from  a  runoioff  Rtream,  or  from  a  pool  of  rain  watfirf 
U  alwa>*H  preferred.  Snow,  too,  is  often  melted  to  obtain  gttod 
drinking  water.  Alonff  rirer  and  airoyo  beds  the  underground 
Ktream  is  allowed  to  collect  in  xmall  holes  diig  for  tKis  purpose 
in  midsummer.  When  conditions  are  otherwise  fcvorable  to 
advanta^eouH  location,  water  ia  drawn  from  pools  and  water 
bolea,  which  ordinarily  would  not  be  coiisidorMl.  Ci»t«rnfl  and 
weUs  for  collecting  water  are  not  made,  and  the  botran  is  jfen- 
erally  built  some  distsDce  from  the  water  suppl>'  to  Insure  its 

pttritr. 

The  ciuttom  of  wa^ihing  one's  fwlf  in  the  morning  is  of  very 
recent  introductjun,  and  by  no  meanK  a  tfenera)  one.  Lice  and 
[vennin,  however,  have  ever  been  a  Rource  of  irritation,  which 
ittates  a  relief  found  in  the  yucca  bath,  with  which  the  hair 
acoiin?d  from  time  to  time.  Ceremonial  baths  and  waters  are 
»rrc*l  to  elsewhere. 
CWnoeing  is  not  in  vojfue.  Along  the  rivers  of  the  counlo* 
flat  boats  are  used  to  ferry  the  stream  at  high  water  tide.  These 
are  drawn  up  streani  and  th4>n  atlowe^l  to  drift  with  the  cur- 
rent and  Kteered  diagonally  acn^tt-v  it.  On  the  return  the  fuune 
procMD  is  repeated.  Fording  is  done  in  a  sintihir  manner  by 
arlectiog  a  shallow  npot  in  the  riverbed  and  taking  a  course  up, 
or  againtt.  the  stream.  In  high  water  the  rider  often  removes 
the  bridle  and  drives  his  animal  into  the  stream.  He  then 
lunges  after  it,  and  by  holding  to  the  tail  of  the  horee  is  drawn 
in  safet,>-.  The  Navaho  in  (general  are  inexperienced 
and  U8uall.v  steer  clear  uf  water. 
Though  the  Naraho  ordinarily  is  very  particular  with  regard 
to  his  personal  drinking  supply,  and  despises  alkaline,  filthy 
and  fttagnanl  water,  his  stock  until  recently  was  ill  provided  for. 
When  poRsible,  sheep  and  gooiti  are  now  kept  from  bodiea  of 
water  used  for  watering  horses  and  cattle,  and  time  and  labor  i» 
aljm  expended  upon  throwing  up  earthwork  and  dams  in  localities 
suitable  for  reservoirs  for  watering  stock. 


AN  STUSOLOGIC  liUmoSARY. 


tqfl,  irate'r,  a  river,  b(i'i«iii. 

tqA  nir.  rtinninir  water,  n  .sprint:;  tqA  qAlI,  natcr  flows  out,  a 
spring;  U\^  nllqtili,  or  U]/S  nh^n,  cli'iir,  crystal  water. 

tqrt  nU  (iil(n)  dltiifl*,  tho  nmh  of  wat<'r  Is  h(?artl. 

tqftnTI  It8a%  the  dripping  of  water  (waternlrups)  is  beard. 

tqA  Ri.vfn  <8i,ti).  a  pool,  lake  of  water. 

tiidntqel  ItqO  ntqel).  the  ocean. 

(qahdtqt^l.  the  water  widens  out,  the  mouth  of  a  stream. 

tq(^  n&ne.<4dlzi,  thi'  waters  are  tatiffled,  spread  over  tlw  whole 
area;  U.\6  bish^lifln.  the  Iwck  uf  water*  a  wave. 

tqA  bishf  hA  dAiil^hfish,  the  waves  KplaRh  and  foam. 

tqO  blsh;:IUl  niidadidft',  tin*  wavii.s  bffak. 

diVn&ul&eluiMh,  it  bubbles  (boiliuff  water). 

<Ul*njtns]uiitsh  (dii'tuinf'lqruih,  dfl'nd{ne!ihq&.sh),  I  boil  water, 
make;  it  bubble. 

t^iAlawhuKh  qa2n»^',  I'll  stir  .soap;  t4|4lawhnsh  qan.sll''  (hantlsil, 
qwlfnes^l),  I  rai.se  foam,  stir  a  lather. 

qAbiMlIbli)  (quhoitt^bid,  qahutlTdibll),  it  (a  sprins  or  water  bole) 
18  cIok^hI;  tqo  bid&ilestriiu  a  dam  or  water  bank. 

tqd  bid&din»btnii  <bidml^Kriii.  bidiVtidet^htm).  I  dam  the  water. 

dtdia'thtriii  (dAdiiiHrin,  diUlIdeshtrfl),  or  dAndlnshtlln  (d&ndi- 
nfHnn.  dAndideshtni),  1  <la[ii  the  water,  put  in  a  dam. 

dad^frli^h,  the  dam  is  broken;  tq6kiishj$,  a  crate  extending^ 
QWT  the  water  for  watering  stock. 

DKAW'INO    AND  <;ARKY1N«    WATKR   OR   LigiUDS. 

tqd  qahaj^ht^  (qaK&li'>\  qahideshtA),   I  draw  water  with  a  rope. 

tqO  haKkkli&  (lAklifi,  ludeshklml),  I  draw  or  dip  water  <w)th  a 
vessel);  tqd  .vishkhi  (tqd  nikhi,  tqd  deshkbi}),  I  carry  water,  or 
mor(>  fn^qtiently,  tqA  nashkhai  (nnikhd,  tqd  ndoahkhiUK  I  carry 
wat^^'r  a^ain. 

qAdishhfri  (qad^lbln,  q&dldeshbll),  I  till  a  vessel. 

ya'iahkliA  i^u'lkha,  ya'tde^hkhal).  I  eiiiptj'  iL 

yash'&  (>'&'A,  yeidesh'al),  I  spill  or  pour  water  on  somethiDff. 

khd  tq6bit  yash'i.  I  cxtineuiah  a  lire  by  water,  or  khfk  tq6bil 


WA  TER. 

BibicsbqKzb  (Daii^lqi^Kh,  nadim^RhqilNht,  I  flood  fl  Are  with  wat4>r. 

jrassM  (y^izid,  yeid^Il\  I  pour  it  out,  or  turn  a  rrsscl  over 
on  its  side. 

nw&e  (iiBs6f&«,  iidesJbiK  I  sprinkle  water  (or  aand)  with  sprinkler. 

DRINKINQ  AND   WATERING   STOCK. 

■shdlfi  <C8hdlft,  adpRhdIf}),  I  drink  water, 

nl^aftzld  (nadzid,  ti^lesii),  1  give  yuu  a  drink,  1  pour  ont  for 
you;  shJi'DXid,  pour  out  for  me.  (five  me  a  drink! 

tqa.vis]AH  (tria.vll(>t.  tq£d(>j))6ft),  I  wat4-r  a  horse,  lead  him  to 
water;  Iqaxish'^ah  (tqa.vf?Kh,  tqtlde.sh'Tsh),  I  water  a  couple  of 
botvca  or  more. 

tqi'n«^hkhSd  (iqanl^khSd,  tqddfneKhkbAt>,  I  drive  a  few  horseH 
lo  water,  or  I  heni  iheui  to  water. 

tqa'tmAd  (tqaolyod,  tqsdfnesOl),  I  herd  many  to  water. 

WASHING    AND    BATHINd. 

tqitftfirii>  (t^j^ffift,  t4:iiidi.>Rin»).  I  wa«h  or  bathe  it,  1  wash 
myself;  tf^iniKfrifi  (t^a'nRedls,  t^a'ndesiflM^  I  wash  yoiu 

tfiadiftiplK  It'iulf^M^Ift,  ttjadrdesKls),  I  wash  or  liathe. 

shinf  ii)an£s};is  (t^anus^^Is,  Uiandldes^Is).  I  wanh  my  face; 
letftt  tqanisgls,  dii^hofl;   a>  tqanasels,  I  wash  clothes. 

tqah^ffla  {t'labos^ifls.  tq^hodesj^rn),  I  .scnih  it. 

U\6stfW  beU|AdiHht*d4l  (heUifUl1t'6d,  bet<|&dldeshtf&l),  I  retiiovc 
it  with  hot  water,  such  tin  hair  from  a  hide,  etc. 

DIPPING    AND  THROWINC*    INTO    WATER. 

tqO  benash'i  (beH&'A,  bSdt-sh'^t),  I  dip  a  hat  into  water, 
tuo  beniflhjl ( heflli^ j&\  t<|A  iK-dcshjI).  I  sprinkle  jfrain  with  water. 
tqo  btinaAhl6  (bcs^l&,  bedesht^lK   I   PUt  a   rope   or   piece    of 
leather  lato  water.  I  soak  it. 

tqo  benaahtql  (bea^tqA.   bpdesht^ilf),   I  dip  a  stick  or  shovel 
[fnlo  the  water. 

tqo  benactada  (besAltfiAa,  tq6  MdeslaAs),  I  soak  a  blanket. 


ftS 


moLOGJC  DicTioyAsr. 


tq6hil  nnsh'A  (bit  nnA'i,   bit  ndeBh'al),  I   water  plants,  or  fill 
m  person  with  water 

tqi}'tsh'a  (tqa.^-l'a,  tqedesh'£l),  I  soak  my  waifon,  or  I  throw 
my  hal  into  the  «-at«r. 

tqayishjn  (tqaytja'.  tq^rnhj!),   I  throw  ^rain  into  the  water. 

tqayi»hM  (tqayfU,  tqa^loshli^lX  I  put  leather  or  rope  in  water. 

tqayistsAs  (tqnylhsOs,  tq£de'«tsOs ),  I  throw  a  blanket  or  hide 
into  the  water. 

tqayishtqf  (iqayftqil,  tqadeahtqfl),  I  throw  a  stick  into  the  water. 

tqayishnil  (tqa>'tnll,   tqaUeshutl),  I  throw  several  objects  in 
the  water. 

tqftyishii&n,  or  tJt&<|isbq&n  (tqayflq&n,  t(|a.videshq(U),   I  throw 
aDythtQff  into  tlw  water. 

tqa.vishtllzh  (tqa^vltJIzh,    tqade»htHzh),   1   fall   into  the  water. 

tqa,vishg>*^  (tflO'yfKA,  tif&deHheO),  I  drop  into  the  water. 

(qahrAyisLsAs  (tqahrAylh.s<\s,  t^iahlidcsUAa).  1  drop  a  blanket 
into  the  water.  ^M 

tq&hr&fiishqAn  (tqaftrAqUfTAa,  tqiHrAhideshqfl]),   I  throw  any- 
thing into  the  water. 

tq&hr&.viltJJid  (Uialtr^vJJItiild.  tqahr&doltdU).  it  drops  into  the 
water,  att,  for  instance,  a  Atone. 


n^ 


I™ 


Other  terms  are  used  ceremonially: 

tqahrayishofl  (yfnil,  tqahrAdeshnll),  I  drop  severat  thiD(r»  in 
water  or  tqaltFfiyi.shnf^'  (yllnfi',  deshnll).  I  throw  or  drop  them, 
into  water,  or  tqBhrfi.vishd^}  (ylld^l,  tqaHTAdcAhdlt),  or  tqahM^- 
ishtf^*  (ytt^£\  deah^^l),  I  drop  an  animal  iuto  water. 

FLOATING    AND   WADING. 

nash'^  (ni.s^'@l,  ddesh'Ol).  I  ride  in  a  boat 

yish'Al  (1^1,  Adesh'dt).  I  drowa.  i 

diah'^  (d^'el,  de«h'A)>,  I  ride  ft  bo«L.}»    -ttd*     >r   tt 

nAAsh'^t,  or  nash'^t  ( tiaAJ^t'el,  nAde«h'Al ),  I  row  or  ride  In  a  boat. 

nailHhkh^  i  na^^lkha,  nAdeshkh6t>,  I  swim. 


WBATJTER  A2a>   TSMPERATURE. 


Uiny'miA   ( tiiAiis^yA,  tqatlettli^),  I  go  into  the  wat«r,  I  ford  a 

ttjiyrnasM  (t<iivrrm.<vft,  tfii.vrndeab(U),  I  wade  in  the  water. 
t«^'nA'>>«^  (b^^'nA'ntvft.  Is^'ni'deshaJ),  I  ford,  cross  a  stream. 

MODERN. 

nlyAl  tiiAqaL.vilA*,  the  wind  draws  the  water,  a  windmill. 

WKATMER  AXI)   TEMPERATUnE. 

Air  and  atmos)>here  are  not  dt-^itintruUhed  from,  bnt  deinvirnated 
by,  Uic  wind.  The  condition  of  the  weather  is  ordinarily  indi- 
CBled  by  the  deKcripiion  of  a  storm,  or  by  Himple  (jitalification, 
as  oold  or  warm,  pleaAont  or  diKa^nH'able  wi-ather.  The 
temperature  of  water  is  described  iu  a  similar  manner. 

tSlcItr,  the  air^  atnioRphprc:;  dclir  a  bnt^e. 

dusddi,  it  is  warm;  de«li&z.  it  is  cold;  ntntltfo  de^KuK,  it  is 
chilly:  nestl^o  deiwltJi,  it  is  quite  warm;  (ne«^o,  hidden). 

nab^hqA,  it  ceased  raininir.  it  has  rained. 

dotMbadxidiffilf^o  nty'Al,  a  terriffic  wind  or  tuind  storm;  simi- 
larly, dobah^dridi^n^^go  himhtrith,  or  do-iwhodob^zhda  haRhtUsh, 
■  rrry  heavy  road,  a  miiddy  roul. 

y6A(|6lzhAd,  it  ban  cleartil  off,  clear  weather. 

dllMis  (dea&ftz,  d611U8),  it  h  oold. 

iSKlQi  ( desdiii,  dotdo* ),  it  is  warm. 

shlQfdlf  (sisdil,  8hid(nodl6l),  I  am  cold. 

bunesjcaf  or  honlxal  (n^t&),  it  (the  Rim)  is  hot,  warm. 

cKdhonagA  (cHohiinn&gai,  cBohodfuofffi,*),  it  ia  warm. 

cfi^idA'  <cfifiUd&i,  cHfdoldO'),  the  8un  is  hot. 

nt}'AllMi,  a  windstorm,  it  is  windy. 

tq6bit  Dchll,  or  t(46bil  detzhcbll,  rain  and  snow,  a  wet  snow. 

yiflhdIA  (n^iiK),  I  am  chilled. 

qAyA)  (qAy6l,  q&doyA}),  the  wind  is  up;  dlyAt  (d^yAl,  doylU), 
it  U  blowing;  dIcUf*  ^deKhcHt',  docHt*).  there  is  a  breeze;  or  TyAl, 
ilyAl,  doyAl),  there  i«  a  wind,  and  ic&V  (lcHl\  ^docBD,  there  is 


Ay  BTffyOLOfflC  DICTIoyABTT 


a  light  brvoze;   ntyfll  inVi),  it  blows. 

ifiah  h6tM|Jis  (nf^),  the  ilast  is  stirred  (by  a  liurcl);  or  l^ah 
d&*ojfil  (nt'ie),  a  voluinc  of  diist  risiai;:  or  iPsh  d4*oir6'  (nt*«).  the 
air  is  thick  with  Just,  a  rain  uf  dust;  or  I^hIi  y^llzht'*  (nt^^),  a 
drizzliiiir,  "frinjfod"  dust;  lesdzAsf',  or  loslyosf*  {}^sh  wIzIkI', 
k^s  AkHorD,  dust  Ic^ft  in  thnir  track,  or  )psh  ojA}  (i'fjAl,  tdojol)^ 
a  rolliai;  line  of  dust;  lesh  ogd'  (i'tjfd',  idogA'),  a  gradually 
falliiitf  lin<^  of  da^t. 

tU'kds.  or  t'&'B»k^,  it  is  cloudy;  KAs  di'ojOl,  a  lia«  of  scat- 
t*>red  clouds;  ku8dA'KntB(>!i,  a  Un«  of  tlei^y  clouds,  orK6sd&*ogA^ 
(nt^e),  a  fatlinij;  or  drcx>|>in£  cloud;  MOa  dasAkhiid,  hanginj:  cloud; 
RAs  bcchahnlqt^l,  or  botM,  dark,  hea\'y  clouds. 

&hi  d&'ojA)  <nt?i&),  scatteriHl  iiiiHt,  it  in  foggy.  Similarly',  &hi 
di'sflt^.s  (nt*£),  strung  out  over  a  valley;  ihi  d&'ogA',  fBlling 
mist,  drizzling;  ihi  dahikliat,  enveloping  fog;  Ahi  becbahahi^l. 
or  betl^,  dense  fog. 

nhiA'  d&'ojAl  (nfi&),  it  i»  raining  in  spoti,  or  tUtsA*  dfi'ogA 
(nfie),  rain  is  falling  (along  a  distant  line);  n)ts6'  beiFd,  or 
bechahalq^l,  a  hea\7'  rain  clouding  the  atmosphere. 

nhtA''  ojM  (i'ljAl,  idojAl),  and  nHflA*  og6*  (ifgd\  idogd'),  rain 
along  the  entire  horizon. 

Similarly,  yAs  d&'ojfll  and  dA'ogd'  (n€&>,  snow  drifted  bA'  the 
wind,  drift  snow,  and  yas  oj61  and  og6*,  etc.*  snow  drifting  in 
all  directions. 

chll  di'gA'  and  d&*ojAl  (nt'i^),  snow  in  falling,  it  is  snon'ing 
here  and  there;   chll  ojfli  and  ogft',  it  snows  everywhere. 

chTldn'ji,  facing  tlw  snowstorm;  binaahda'ji,  or  nly6lda*ii, 
facing  the  wind  (Of.  also  snow,  wind  and  storm). 

had6*,  the  heat;  haK&z.  the  cold  (weather). 

honesd^',  it  is  (intolerably)  hot. 

(nJcHT)  yfthAffi',  the  wcnther  is  fine. 

nAhuntr&\  the  wtwther  is  bad. 

yiad&'  qiiyfi\  it  is  cIoihi  inside.     (Cf.  freeb  air,  under  stona). 

nah&shd,  it  is  damp. 

baagAn,  it  is  dry,  there  is  a  drouth. 


DlRSCTIOy. 


9» 


tqA  8*dd*,  wiMin«  hot  wtitor;  tqfi  sAkAz,  cold  water;  U\6  sizfli, 
ir  tqo  tthiflsit^o  s^dA',  liik«wann  water  (Cf.  ice). 

DIHECTION  AND  DIRECTIONAL.  ASSIGNMENT. 

The  Navaho  ri'coRnia^  the  followintf  directions; 

Emu  (|h'&*. 

South,  shadu'i'. 

West.  9'»V. 

North,  nihukhAn. 

Middle,  nJnt:  ,va  atn1];i,  thu  wnU^r  of  th^  sky,  tht-  zcuith. 

nl  aliif,  Hw  center  of  the  earth. 
Upper,  d^ffo  or  w6dA'. 

Tx)wer,  or  down,  y&iio  or  3'd.v&di;  bin&'shi  or  ayAi  des'iliiLci, 

are  probably  ^Mimvaletits  for  the  nadir. 

The  order  here   nwntioned   i«   followed    in   most  ccrojnonial 

fiinHtons,  the.  preference  biMng  (fiven  to  the  east.     Thiis,  the 

hnula  of  (wufi  paintings  always  point  euAlward,  and  the  patient 

I  is  Rented  upon  them  Facing  tlie  »amr  direction.      Niinierons  other 

iiiKtanceK  rnjoin  the  same  onler  uf  wHinenee,  as  in  enterinjf  and 

^Irttvinir   the   cenMnonial   botnin,    in   prepariui;   the   wreaths   for 

nnravplllnir.  in  marking  and  tracinir  lines  with  pollen,  or  a^lmin- 

[isti^rinfr  the  latter,  all  of  which  is  begun  at  the  east  end,  thence 

to  the  iwuth,  to  west  and   north,   coinpletinfc  the  circle  at  the 

point   in   the   east.      This  course    is    called 

»<hibiK^go,  HunM'ise,  or  with  the  sun,  while, 

wheji   reversed,  or  beginning  at  a  point  in 

the  north,  thence  to  the  west,  south,   east 

and  north  at^iin,  the  order  is  called  shndA'- 

ji,  towanis  or  facintf  the  sun. 

Frequently,  too,  direction  is  Indicated  by  color.     Thus,  the 

dawn  is  aAsljriied   to,   and    indicates,  the  east,   the  skyblue  the 

south,  the  erentng  twilight  tin*  west,  and  darkness  the  north. 

Henoo,  tbe  s.vnibo)ic  color  of  tlie  east  i»  white,  (hat  of  the  south 

blue,  of  the  west  yellow,  of  the  north  dark  or  black.      In  consc- 


&6 


AK  BTHKOLOniC  DWTIOICARY, 


quence  und  paintings,  for  instance,  of  the  aacrcd  mountains  are 
doooratnci  In  thew  colors,  »l»najlni  (Pelailo  PeakK  wbile,  tsA- 
tlzfl  (Mi.  Taylor),  blue,  dAAKoslld  (San  Francisco  Mountains), 
yellow,  debintsa  (San  Juan  Mountains),  black.  Sacriticlal  stones, 
too,  are  assitfned  acoordinff  to  the  color  of  the  direction:  white 
shell  O'o^^i),  to  the  eai4,  tuniuoise  (dotffzhi).  to  the  south,  aba- 
lone  <dich(h),  to  the  went,  cannelcoal  <b&.4h7.hlni),  to  the  north, 
red-while  stone  (iselchfi),  to  the  center. 

The  letfendn  inake  early  mention  of  directional  aiiKiifnnient. 
Thux,  previous  to  tbe  creation  of  the  sun  and  moon,  the  liffht 
arose  in  cohminx  of  white  in  the  east  and  of  yellow  in  the  west, 
for  the  day,  while  Kimilar  columns  of  blue  iu  the  south  and  black 
in  the  north,  indicated  the  return  of  niffht.  The  direction  was 
indicated  by  the  course  of  these  columns  of  light,  and  the  turn 
from  rii;ht  to  left,  and  vice  versa,  which  now  indicate-s  the  course 
with  and  from  the  sun  respectively,  originally  indicated  the  turn 
with  or  afpiinst  the  lijfbt  <Kliilbik<^ifo,  shad&'ji). 

In  accordance  with  the  general  ritual  preference  for  the  east, 
which  is  also  manifested  in  the  prutot^iie  of  the  hogan,  tlH>  exit^ 
or  doorwa.v,  of  the  Navaho  hogan  is  alwa.vs  placed  in  the  cast, 
which  is  even  observed  in  some  modem  structures.  Possibly, 
too,  this  is  done  to  facilitate  the  observance  of  the  numerous 
rubrics  with  reference  to  direction.  Similarly^  the  oi)ening  of 
the  corral  for  public  exhibitions  is  placed  on  the  east  side,  while 
that  of  the  sudatory  is  optional,  some  preferring  the  west  to  the 
east  side,  though  usually  the  heated  stones  are  placed  on  the 
north  interior  of  the  hut. 

Intermediary'  (wints  of  the  compass  are  ordinarily  not  speci- 
fii-^l,  but  arc  indicated  in  general  ternut,  such  as  eastward  for 
southeast.  And  so  on.  The  direction  to  or  from  a  point  is  gen- 
erally indicated  by  adverbial  particles  attached  to  the  name  of  a 
place,  as  mft'lt'i^dfi,  from  Houck^s  Tank,  yOtqAgo,  to  Santa  F^ 
Ayakhlnji.  towards  Moqui,  etc.  Indefinite  expressions,  as,  I  am 
going  north,  coming  from  the  south,  are  not  gencrall.v  used. 


DiaSCTlOV, 


»9 


Words  roforring  to  direction. 

qitji,  eastward;  BhkdA'Aji,  southward;  16'fi'lji,  weMWftrd; 
nAbukhosji,  nortbirard;  or  to  the  east,  io  the  east,  to  an  easterly 
direction,  et«. 

nItHfji,  before,  ahead  of  me. 

shikhMft,  behind  me;   nikh^^bdft,  behind. 

shftJKK  aside  of  mc;  balklflgt,  aside  of  him;  y^Kls,  aside  of  it. 

shinlgi,  around  me;  shikldA,  above  me;  sbiyAdA,  below  or 
'under  me;  site'Aji,  awa.v  from  me. 

dA'ji,  agiunst,  hu;iDg,  as  chlldA'ji,  faciag  the  snow.  Against 
may  be  expressed  in  other  ways:  btstqAl,  it  (a  stone)  struck 
agunst  the  wall;  blnistnd,  I  brace,  place  againnt  It. 

biR^-iri.  or  btkfi,  after,  behind  it. 

bfghA'gi,  alongside  of.  as  ylghi'gi  yilaghO),  he  runs  along  it 
(for  instance,  a  fence). 

atqA\  between,  amid,  as  din6  bitqA*.  among  the  people. 

biyr,  within,  inside,  among,  as  din£  bi^-P,  among  a  crowd. 

gdnfi',  in  here,  inside;  tTAdi,  or  tfflgi,  in  the  open,  outaide^ 

tf6go,  towards  the  open. 

bij'tdi,  the  interior;  bakliAi,  the  exterior  or  uppermost. 

ahinAt  (olf^),  in  m.v  presence,  I  attend. 

qonAodi,  or  wunlnji,  beyond. 

blnddi,  in  the  rear  of  it. 

UtafinAgha  (biz^naghadi),  around  its  point. 

bitdji,  at  its  bane,  near  it 

nfzAil,  far  away. 

da  aq&ni,  or  da  wi&nji,  it  is  near  by. 

t^iyfdi,  t'a.vfdiji,  clone,  near  by. 

kw4^«,  or  da  kw^*g,  here;  da  khod6,  or  kbod£,  right  here,  here. 

i^  over  there;   Adi  l&n,  there. 

q&ji,  qajfshA*,  or  qiUii,  i|Adt8hft\  where,  whitUerl 

qAdft,  from  which  direction  t 

qidA  nrt,  or  q&dfi  lAntt.  whence  do  you  cornel 

qflgoU  or  qag6shA\  or  qigosh  diniyi,  whither  are  you  going! 


BS 


AN  BTHIfOLOOIC  DICTIOXA  RY. 


khujf,  hpre,  this  waj". 

>'u8bd<6,  or  khushctft,  this  nxVi  towai'dii  m«. 

nU'ji,  or  nU'di,  yonder;  olMi,  or  nle^-IB,  3-oDder,  some  distance, 

bilfi'dt,  on  the  other  side  of  it:  yrtwodi,  beyond  it. 

twjfhddt,  on  top  of  it;   baxh&j^o,  up  above. 

d^KO,  upwards;  y^o^  downwanl,  below. 

THE  CALENDAR. 

The  year  is  primarily  dividtnl  into  two  seasons,  winter  and 
fiiinimer.  The  interniRdiary  Rpaj«ons,  sprinj;  and  autumn,  are 
referred  to  in  oonvcrsatjon. 

n^ai,  the  year,  literally  another  winter,  since  the  year  be^in»j 
with  winter. 

qal,  winter,  or  qaitfOf  in  winter. 

shf,  Mittimer.  or  sbltro.  in  Kuminer, 

da,  or  dfiifo,  in  spriojr:  aakhjld,  aakhad^ro,  in  autumn. 

n&qaiilA,  or  na^iaiyi^dfi,  lost  year,  but  qaidfl,  last  winter;  »hlda, 
last  tfummer;  qaiji,  winter-,  shfji,  summer-  (denoting  assignment, 
such  as  winter-  and  •summer- chants  or  animals). 

dftji,  towards  spring- 

naaq&,  it  is  wint«r  a^n;  naashi,  Buinmer  is  here  a^ain;  or, 
an&niq&go,  when  winter  returns:  anfintshl^o,  when  simimer 
returns:  da  nahizll.  sprinfc  returutxl  a;ritin. 

The  year  is  divided  into  twelve  months,  a  division  attributed 
to  the  coyote,  who  qucatioucd  the  wisdom  of  assigning  twelve 
months  each  to  the  earth  and  skj'.  Upon  this  suKffe«tioQ  the 
Creators  then  assisned  six  months  to  the  sky  for  winter,  and  six 
to  the  earth  for  summer.  The  coyote,  moreover,  ordained  thatj 
contentions  should  arise  over  the  exact  period  of  the  ^Tfit  month, 
which  they  called: 

ghSji,  *'back  to  back/'  namely,  when  the  white  of  winter  and 
yellow  of  summer  meet,  turning:  their  backs  to  each  other,  the 
one  to  proceed,  the  other  to  retrace  its  steps.  The  month  of 
October,  with  which  the  winter  months  and  the  year  be^rin. 


TBS  CALENDAR. 


5d 


ohiii't^i,  or  nlcHrtddsi,  the  lifrht  orsleiulor  wiiiil,  November. 

■MrtsA  (Dlclil*te6),  mucb  ur  big  wind,  December. 

yAs  lSl^f^8,  probabl.v  nu'liinjf  roow,  Jauiiar>'. 

•ta4  bi)-&zb.  **«atilet8,"  Februar)'- 

w6ihcttld,  MAreb,  the  meaniutf  of  which  is  obscure. 

The  following  are  the  siimmcr  months  (ah^i): 

dAcHll,  short  corn,  April. 

(l&lfio,  Utl  ciirUf  Mnj.'.  Various  versions  art-  given  of  the 
memaing  and  pronunciatioo  of  the  last  two  words.  Some  render 
tlcHll  and  efttso,  Un>'  and  tall  leaves  (bieft),  others  t'&'cUll  and 
t^'teo,  Miiall  and  large  featherx  (bi^A*,  feather)  of  eajeles. 

y&'tsh}lshcHIIi,  "I  insert  the  ftmall  grain'^,*^  this  month  being 
doaitrnaieil  b.v  some  vm  tlie  month  for  planting,  June. 

na!eshjA.stso,   **the  big  NUgar  canc,^  July. 

MnTntllt^AHi,  tiglit  ripening,  August. 

bfnlntffttso,  the  great  ripe,  or  harvest,  September. 

Tbe  month  begin>i  with  every  new  moon,  and  frequent  differ- 
eaoM  of  opinion  an  to  the  proper  monfh  prevail.  Tbe  calendar 
U  Mt  aright  as  the  Reason  pn>grejt.ses,  ctimparisontt  often  being 
nade  with  the  American  mode  of  reckoning.  No  Rpecitic  num- 
ber of  da.vft  is  assigned  to  the  year  or  month,  and  tht?  da,vs  of  the 
w«ek  are  not  designated  by  a  special  name.  A  nian''ii  age  is 
reckoned  according  to  the  winters  he  has  lived  (nAqai,  an  aUdi- 
tional  winb-r),  the  number  being  ulded.  In  tracing  their  age 
tonm  erent  is  mentioned  and  the  number  of  years  before  or 
thereafter  is  ^ven.  Thus,  two  or  moiv  years  before  or  after 
the  return  of  the  Navahos  from  Fort  Sumner,  etc.  Few  resort 
Ut  placing  a  mark  each  year  on  some  secluded  rock,  though  this, 
too.  is  done. 

In  modem  times  the  Sunday  lias  been  recogntztMl  as  a  fixed 
date  and  calculation**  are  made  accordingly,  so  and  so  nuny  Sun- 
days hence,  two  days  from  and  after  Simday,  etc. 

dl'oriUifhi,  new  moon. 


«0 


Afr  BTHyOJXyotC  JtlCTIOyAKT. 


o&tiidizldi,  the  iiioQtfa  (is  tilled  or  over).  The  preceding  word 
ioatVtinites,  the  latter  completes  the  month. 

damlfiro  (Sp.),  Suoda^"  damigo  biskhA,  Sunday*^  tomorrow, 
Monday;  nakhUkhftgo  damfgo,  in  two  days  S\mday  (Fridaj-); 
damfifo  nabi!tkh6nied&,  laAtTii»Hla,v;  nakhlskb&^o  damigo  (damou) 
y&d&i  last  Fridaj,';  ts£bi  iskhAgo,  in  eight  da^-s;  tqft  iskhAgo 
damlgo,  Sunday  occurs  in  three  daA*s. 

DuAqal^o,  in  a  year  (from  now);  aaqaidA,  la«t  year  {at  this 
time);  nakhi  nariaidfl,  two  years  ago;  dfsdin  na<]at,vf&dfi,  forty 
yean  ago;  tq^In  shf  shln&qai,  I  am  thirty  ycani  old,  etc 

iskhAgo,  tomorrow;  nakhiskhflgo,  two  days  bence. 

nakhlflkhAndfi,  two  da.vH  ago;   iskhAndfi,  ypAterday. 

There  are  no  such  expressions  as  next  or  last  week,  the  num< 
ber  of  days  alwa>'s  being  mentioned.  Thutigh  the  months  are 
designated  by  special  names,  one  does  not  use  such  expressiona 
as  laKt  April  or  next  March,  etc. 

nihidlgii,  it  is  whitened  (blooming). 

iSdahotso,  it  is  yellow  (autumn). 

nihidifaltn,  it  (the  fruit)  has  wood,  it  is  ripe. 

khOhot^fi,  last  summer  ur  winter  at  this  time. 

kbuti&hodzai,  next  summer  or  winter  at  this  time. 

oats^ehldA,  or  nftdstsi  shIdB,  two  summers  ago. 

osts^aids,  or  nftdsts^  qaidfl  (niAstsAqaida),  two  winters  ago. 

tfokhAnaghindiji,  just  a  while,  for  some  time. 

UGHTNINO   AND  THtlNDER. 

lagbtning  and  thunder  are  often  referred  to  promiscuously. 

itsfnltflsh,  the  lightning,  zigzag  lightning. 
hfttAlMagh&l  (at^laghftl),  sheet  lightning, 
bijilglsh,  flash  lightning  (in  summer). 
b6'6(i'nr,  struck  by  lightning, 
tdn  b6'd8*ni*,  plants  growing  in  the  vicinity  of  a  tree,  or  aoy- 
thixig  struck  by  lightning. 
fnP,  the  thunder. 


THS  LAND. 

tnr  diKill,  th«  dark  thunder;  rriC  JotFlsh.  the  blue  thuoder; 
for  Htso,  the  yellov  thundnr;  VnV  iAgai,  the  white  thundor; 
Tnr  nndftxi,  the  stniied  tluimler;  TnV  ntfii,  the  left  thunder; 
FnT  Hkhfzhi,  the  spotted  thunder. 

aarnr  (aa&'nr,  aJldo'nfl),  it  thunders. 

■**iM<*,  a  pe&l  of  thunder. 

qA'Off'nl'  qftisqf,  or  tnV  qQisql,  he  wbb  killed  by  liffhtninfr. 

tSjiltrfsh  q&dahftchi,  the  liffhtninf;  tlashes  at  niffht. 

atAfnItrish  AndahatqA*,  the  lightning  HtrikeR  or  descends  into 
the  groiuid. 

tAin  biUbdolf^II,  the  Hfchtning  struck  a  tree. 

bidolcbl).  the  lightDtDg  strikes  Honiewhere. 

AdolcHll,  or  kndflcfiU,  a  rolling  thunder. 

THE   LAKD. 

niboR^\  the  land. 

iEsh,  the  ground,  dust,  dirt. 

l^^h  nidadfgd',  or  qa.v&,  a  cloud  of  dust  raised  by  the  wind. 

Mhogy^,  a  pit,  cellar;  q&hogyed,  q  dugout,  posthole. 

fl'tn,  a  burrow;  nitiodlttM*,  a  bog. 

haahtrfnh,  miul;  haRhtTfRh  hAdlj^,  the  mud  clings. 

hasbttfsh  dlt^fdigi,  sticky  mud. 

Wnah^  Oenciibt^.  ledfneah^ah.  I  prostrate  myself.  I  lie  prooe 
on  the  ground. 

tCyishl,  1  put  (money)  into  the  ground,  bury  it;  l6yiiihi&,  I 
bury  com;  l^^'i&teOa,  I  bur>'  a  blanket;  lS3'iKh'6sfa,  I  bur>'  two 
hont«4;  i^jrish)^.  I  bur>'  leather;  l^ytshtq^,  I  bury  an  aaimal  or 
snon;   l^yiahnO,   several    objects;    Ifiyishtqf,   a  gun  or  stick; 

rM6fi,  I  bury  a  borae. 

MOUNTAIN   AND  VALLEY. 

ddl.  a  mountain,  which  at  tttn««  occurs  as  dzil,  as  in  yolgat- 
dsU.  the  white  shell  mountain. 
tU'iiittId,  a  hill;  dAdaskld,  bluffs. 


e« 


AH  BTBNOLOGIC  DWrtOKARY. 


^%\\g\T\i^  A  mountain  \»m. 

dziUflUI.  dzilbe^rHAdi.  or  simply  biitrliAdi,  the  top  or  sumiiiit. 
OQ  the  summit  of  a  mountain,  on  the  moimtain. 

dzll  IfttqS.  ur  dzll  bit&t<iA.  the  summit,  or  highest  point  of  the 
mouutaia;  dzIhiltH,  the  side  of  a  mountain;  dzElt^.  the  base  of 
a  mountain;  dzitlAli,  or  dzii  binAni  (bio&Didi),  dzil  atnli,  on  the 
slope  or  ijrftde  of  a  mountain. 

dzlKqi^A,  dzltbitqifft.  in  a  iK>cket  of  a  mountain,  a  Ethelf  on 
the  side  of  mountain;  dzIhFA',  or  n&.«irft',  a  rincon  or  recesg  of 
a  mountain  or  rnflon. 

dex'^',  a  promontorj',  point  of  mountain. 

dzll  bin$\  or  simply  binMi,  behind  the  mountain,  on  the  rear 
side  of  a  mountain. 

dzII  bitslndi  (bit«1di).  at  the  base,  of  mountain,  at  itA  fooL 

AziXgo,  to  the  moiuitainN:  dzll  bicBf.  in  the  direction  of  the 
mountains;  dzityP,  dzU  biyP,  in  the  mountains;  adilkhA.  a  dark 
nook  in  the  mountain:  dilkhA  biyC,  in  the  mountain  nook. 

tqe,  the  valley;  tq^f  i,  in  the  valley;  tqe  jfiij-*,  down  the  valley. 

STONE. 


Earl,v  Nai'aho  implcmontA  wore  iLsualty  made  of  stone  or  wood, 
EB  iron  and  its  value  were  little  known.  Accordingly,  stone 
knives  were  used  for  cutting,  whittling  and  scrapinjc.  while  the 
name  applied  to  the  modem  wood  axe  iM  tuiirKestive  of  an  earlier 
axe  of  stone.  Stone  knives,  in  shape  like  the  arrowpoint.  or 
elliptical,  are  still  largely  prescribed  for  ceremonial  purpose*,  in 
cutting  sacred  buckskin,  in  unravelling  knots,  and  the  like. 
Yet  the  word  besh  (stone  knife)  is  now  generally  applied  to 
iron  and  metal,  or  Bii.vthing  made  of  it,  unlejw  from  the  connec- 
tion a  stone  implement  may  tw  designated,  such  as  uayene^h^i 
bib^sh,  the  (stone)  knife  of  thn  Slayer  of  enemies;  b^sdolifhis, 
the  serrate  (stone)  arrowpoint,  etc 

Rare  stones  are  employed  as  ornamental  assets,  and  as  sacri- 
ficial offerings  in  some  rites. 


STOSS. 


e.1 


I 


Stune  is  not  used  as  buildint:  mutcml,  cxcvpt  in  modern 
Ktructares,  und  in  builiHiitf  danift  ur  walls.  8touv«  are  heftt<^ 
preparfttory  to  enterioff  the  laudatory. 

A.  fttODu  K^istiiil'  f^i*  Krindint:  eoru,  coffers  or  wheat,  ia  still 
in  Qfle  by  some.  Prcsamably,  the  gristmill  i»  a  sun'ival  of  early 
intttrcotirM>  with  the  Piwblo.  Indeed,  some  leicends,  in  Kpeak- 
tng  of  that  |ieriod,  intrcKliid!  tlic  women  ih  occupied,  »ido  by 
side,  in  tfrincliniE  corn  cm  a  mrtatc.  much  as  iiitt>'  bi>  witaessed 
in  any  Pi)i>blo  to-da>.  Hnd  as  beinz  accumpatiied  by  a  drummer, 
or  flut«  pla>'i3r,  timing;  tht^ni.  At  present  the  Xa\*ftho  women  do 
not  do  thU  in  common  as  then,  neither  in  the  KTintmiU  a  station- 
ary hoi»ehuld  fixture,  as  with  tite  Pueblo.  But  when  occasion 
n<«iuire&,  a  larjfe  and  ronvenient  flat  ntiine  is  Rou^ht  in  adtlition 
to  one  of  Knmlter  sixe  and  fairly  rounded,  which  will  eduiily  roll 
over  the  larirer  stone,  and  the  (frains  are  crushed  between  them. 
Thi'  «looe«  an-  thf-n  put  aside  or  discarfle<i,  especially  as  Hoiir 
and  cofTeemills  ma.v  he  purchnned  at  a  small  cost.  PetriKed 
wood  was  (lonietimiw  itsctd  in  »har|ienins'  the  upper  millstone  by 
indenlinjT  its  wttrnout  surfiice;  otherwise,  little  ttse  \s  hail  for  it. 

The  g^ridclle  Ktill  in  itse  for  bukin^  meat  ami  cftke«,  i^  a  flat, 
n>und  stone,  which  us  placed  over  the  tire  and  heatwl. 

Various  otlwr  reference*  to  wtone  will  be  found  in  the  course 
of  the  antral  articles. 

tai\  a  stone  or  rock;  besh,  a  stone  knife. 
tKMgh^i,  flint  rock;  ch^zhfni,  nmlpais  rock,  lava. 
t>44w4zi,  a  pebble:  t>wziif.  Kravel;  saf,  sand. 
ta^tao.  or  tAAtHot[)&\  boulder,  river  boulders. 
ta^  doKAzli,  (salt  rock),  Blmofp^n  (impure  alum). 
ta^khA*,  native  ochre;  tsfjiJ,  (nwk  pitch),  amber. 
tB6naed<|ft  4t»ena»(t«)&ni),  iwtrlfied  wuud,  sometimes  called  yeitso 
bilsfn,  bones  of  ycitso. 

tM^'ndfta,  (heavy  stone),  iron  beariuK  stonti,  quartzit«. 
titfnrti,  coftl  croppinj^s;  tst*  dutltzhi.  perodot«. 
tiiAtehadlDdlni,  transparent  stone,  rock  crystal. 


ly  ETHhDLOOtC  DICTtONABY. 

tat  hcM,  rubiw,  gametfl;  te^Jchll',  red-white  stone. 

dotlTzh),  turquoise;  tA^^d*,  (rock  star),  white  stone,  glass. 

ts^'  dins^.  the  growing  stone:  t»i'  dil()6i,  (the  exploding 
Btonr),  limestone;  ts^'dllld,  burnt  limestone;  ts^adiHdigi,  lime. 

ts^ttJAgi,  stone  croppings,  mica,  i»ingla8s:  tsd'  bij^khAi,  a  stone 
rosin;  nat^lld  bichfl.,  (m^-thical^  stone  rosin. 

ts6*  qaha'nfHgi,  a  modern  quarry;  ts6'  qahasb'nf}  (qabAnTi,  tsA* 
qahideshnfl).   I  qnarr.v  stone. 

tfiS'  n&l&ghtUi,  or  tsfe*  bcdK&shi,  modern  grindstone. 

CANONS. 

bokh^*,  or  tA^khA*,  a  caffon,  rock  cafion,  gorge. 

chAshtte,  an  arroyo,  a  gulch. 

tsdkhA  bidftgi,  the  odg'c  or  rim  of  a  cadon. 

tsAyl',  or  bokhd*  gAnfi*.  in  a  cation;  t8^kb6*  bi>T,  in  a  cafion. 

ts^kbd*  cfifnlfnigi,  where  the  canon  flows  out,  mouth  of  a 
canon;  bthilf,  or  tse'ilf  (tsehilf*),  or  tsfikhfl'  ilf,  wher«  it  flows 
into  the  cafton,  the  head  of  a  cafion. 

t»^tqA',  (between  rocks),  in  or  at  the  head  or  month  of  a  caflon. 

tftdnr,  pocket  of  a  cafion,  a  bench  of  a  ciUIon  with  ruins. 

tsfitqfcM*,  a  ledge  or  covered  shelf  of  a  cafton. 

ts^'ln,  a  cave;  tsA^dzIs,  a  cavit.v  in  the  rocks,  rock  tanks. 

ts^hachl,  a  cliff;   ts^tfft'.  a  pocket  or  enclosure  of  a  cafion. 

tsJ^kls,  a  crevice  in  the  rock. 

tsft'  iadA\  the  rock  is  burst,  a  crack  in  the  rock. 

tsC'  istqU  (.vistqU),  a  crevice  or  crack  in  a  rock. 

t»A'  ladlAd  (yisbdlAd),  the  rock  is  rent  asunder,  rock  fisstire. 

tsfiblhoditM,  a  noiae  in  the  rooka.  or  taSblhodldlftd,  the  echo. 


MIKKRALH. 

The  Navaho  do  not  mine.  Brass  for  buttons  was  obtained 
from  the  Utes,  and  copper  for  bracelets  and  ornaments  from  the 
Mexicans  and  traders.  Silver  has  superceded  copper  long  since, 
and  ia  purchased  in  Mexican  ocnn  from  the  traden. 


\r  AJfU  FIBS, 


«6 


Ala(Sp.),  ffultl. 
beeh  litso,  bnss. 
bwh  iichl.  coppor. 
bMJairai.  silver. 
beth  dotTlsh,  iron. 

cht  dotllsh,  specular  iron  ore  (hematite);  tse  m]As,  iron  ore. 
M  li>in,  oi]  croppings,  indications  of  oil;  4Mkhrt,  oil  (modem). 
I^jln,  coal,  whicb  \a  not  used  as  fuel.      The  same   is  true  of 
kjUn  btf6ifa.  coke. 


CLAY. 

TariOQi  kinds  of  claj'  are  used  by  the  Navaho  ceremonially 
and  ntherwist!. 

dl(«b,  whit«  clay,  is  iwed  as  spice  with  foods,  or  in  paintinjr 
the  masks.  The  fire  dancers  paint  their  bodies  with  it  on  the 
aight  of  the  i>erformance. 

tii&hffthat'&' ,  a  day  Kathered  from  a  n-aterbed. 

bTs,  adobo;  bis  Hchf,  bricks,  both  of  which  are  not  used  as 
btiildini;  material. 

bla  dotflfih.  blue  cla.v  or  adobe. 

dovcbl,  red  clay  (reddle  1);  Istsoi,  yellow  ochre,  brimstone. 

iHh  }ezhlni,  dark,  black  clay  or  ochre. 

khd  dldurish,  a  yellow  clay  used  as  an  incense. 

iq&&r,  alkali,  alkaline  eartlL  This  is  also  expressed  by  lt>yi 
sell,  it  turned  alkaline. 

FIRE. 

AbonipD&lly  fin  wa«  produced  by 
means  of  a  drill  conKifltint;  of  a  whirl  of 
hardwood,  and  a  tinderbox  of  pine  or 
Cottonwood.  This  box  was  a  Ktick  about 
an  inch  wide  and  thick,  and  about  eitfht 
inches  in  lenifth.  .'^nla]l  holes,  sometimes 
four  in  number,  were  out  into  it,  so  that  the  friction  caused  by 


AN  ETHHOIOQIC  MCTiOSARY. 

ftpinninff  the  whirl  between  the  hands  itniited  the  fibras  in  the 
cavities,  which  were  then  set  ablaze  by  blowin?  npon  it.  The 
flpe  drill  w  now  in  uiw  only  at  certain  rites. 

Subsequently  nteel  and  flint  sufierceded  the  drill,  ami  in  turn 
were  entirely  displaced  by  tuatrhcs,  purchasable  any  when*. 
These  are  carried  in  the  pocket,  or  occasionally  in  the  leather 
shoulder  i>ouch.  At  home  and  at  social  iratherinffs  the  embers 
are  raked  from  the  Hreplace  and  held  between  the  Hngers,  or 
placed  before  the  smoker  in  liifhtini;  a  cijcnrcttc. 

Ordinarily  cedarwood  t»  pr«ferre<)  for  cookinj;  in  the  open 
tireptaoe  of  the  bo|ran,  though  for  heatioir  and  illumioatine  pur- 
poses pine  and  ptffoii  are  substituted.  Cottonwood,  owintf  to  its 
painful  Fimoke,  and  hardwoods  ^nerally,  are  used  only  wheo 
other  kinds  are  beyond  ronreniont  reach.  Coal  i^  not  mined^ 
it  is  not  in  demand  for  domestic  piir{>oHes.  ^H 

The  liifht  of  the  firo  is  j^oerally  sufficient  for  illuminatiot;  the 
interior  of  the  hoK^n.  lu  houses  uf  modern  constructioD,  bow- 
ever,  candles  and  oil  lamps  have  been  introduced  to  a  gny 
extent.  ^| 

Fire  alno  fitfuret)  ceremonially,  and  is  then  sometimes  referred 
to  as  '*  the  pokers,"  froDi  the  leadinjf  feature  of  placins  pokers 
at  the  canlinal  point^t  around  the  tire.  Heaps  of  firewood  are 
placed  at  each  .side  of  the  entrance  inside  the  hogan,  which  is  then 
closeid  with  an  additional  blanket  hanfrintr  in  front  of  the  ordinary 
blanket  curtain.  Tbu  ninfifer,  |ntient,  and  all  present,  strip  to 
the  breechcloiit  (women  remove  the  jacket  only),  and  sit  or  lie 
around  the  tire,  which  is  kept  goin^;  until  all  uf  the  lirewood, 
previously  carried  inside,  has  been  consimied.  After  producini; 
emesis  b,v  meanii  of  a  concoction  and  a  feather  put  into  the 
throat,  the  patient  and  those  present  repeatedly'  walk  around  the 
Hre,  and  Hnally  two  of  the  men  jump  over  it  from  each  of  the 
cardinal  points.  Thereupon  all  leave  the  hogan  for  a  few  minutes 
to  sua  themselves  and  rub  their  bodies  with  sand,  and  then  return 
to  the  hoffan  for  the  close  of  the  ceremony.  This  usually  takes 
place  in  the  forenoon,  and  during  itt  proirress  none  of  the  inmates 


FIBS. 


CT 


I 
I 


of  ihe  hoiran  nmy  k-are  it  Oiip  of  the  family  remains  ouUiile 
to  Buiat  vith  anythiii.;  thut  uui,v  have  been  forgotten. 

In  somA  instances,  too,  B«hcs  figure  oeremoDislly,  as  well  as 
in  tbr  prepBrntinn  of  bnwl,  or  Rpicinir  of  sonic  h(>rb>i.  Onlin- 
arily,  howt'viT,  (Im-.v  bit;  rfiiiovi-d  from  the  buifsn  und  thrown 
oatside. 

Sticnaljintf  by  tire  was  done  from  some  favorable  point  uf 
vnntBire.  A  blanket  was  held  or  passctl  ropeattHlIy  over  the  fire 
to  interceiH  the  riiw  of  the  nnolte.  Littlo  of  this  early  warfare 
measore  wems  to  be  irmeinbered  at  the  present  day. 

1(Cf.  alfW  fire  dance,  use  of  charcoal  as  color,  thi'  flhinny  stick, 
pt  alibL) 
dil 
tie 


khA*,  or  kh6\  Hre. 
wolM,  fire  drill,  the  tinderbox. 

beolKli,  the  drill-stick  or  whirl,  which  is  also  called  ni,viz,  or 
dityfxi.  »he  ilrill,  or  hofffshi.  tlie  stick. 

didiabj^  (da^dflja,  or  didflje,   dldt^sliift),   or  d^istge  (dedfija, 
dedkl^hJB>.  I  kindle  a  fire,  cari?  fuel. 

dishtttd  (dllUA,  dldL-shtlfl),  I  liirht  a  fire,  make  a  li^hr. 
dishlfd  <dfH<l,  dlileshtfl).  I  burn  somi'thintf- 
bMitTet,  steel  Dint;   ts^ti'ei,  stone  flint;  tHfnlTel,   wood  (lint, 
hence  btlntr^le,  a  match. 
B         tielkhfl',  fire  struck  with  a  drill  or  flint. 
^^H  dUtif\  s  flame;  chlzh,  fuel  (wood);  dc»tiiln,  pine;  dllkfs,  ccflar; 
^^wiiii,  60a1;  b^hblkhCi,  a  uiodero  M>.tvv;  cHil£.vi',  a  8moke-hole, 
H    eUnuMy. 

0  Hd«  smokp.  A  volume  or  cloud  of  smoke  is  expressed  by 
Rd  bechahaJrif^K  darkness;  tld  iH-lf^,  nig^hl  in  causinl  by  smoke; 
Bd  jritT  (.vidatT),  a  column  of  sniokr  Bscendinif  upwanl;  Hd 
dnhfkhi)  (nt'it),  a  stationary  Ntrt«k  of  Kmokr.  ot  iTd  da'sfH^^t 
(dM),  a  flt*eey  cloud  of  smoke,  or  Hd  dA'oj^l  {n^i«),  a  M-attt^red 
cloud  of  smoke,  as  is  ofU-n  seen  on  a  qnif^t  morninff. 

tSd  dilgi,  or  Hd  ylgvl,  a  sivnal  by  smoke;  ltd  dishjfal  (dllffA, 
dldMhtfAK  <-"'  tld  yiKlii^i  (yiliinki.  y IdeshK*)*  1  sive  a  sisnal  by  smoke. 


68 


AN  BTHXOLOGJV  DICTIONARY. 


IfPsh,  charcoal:  flSeh  dUbtld  (dtlld,  dIdcsbMt),  I  make  charcoal. 

dtlld.  it  is  burat;  hofrhAn  dflld,  or  (hotrhAii)  adfkAu,  a  burnt 
bofran  or  boitse. 

t^hcBl,  ashe8. 

had  A',  beat. 

bojKshi,  the  pokcnt;  B^KohoItq&d  sazt,  broken  off  and  knotted 
yucca  for  unravt-lling  (imed  in  cuniu-ctiun  with  imkers). 

acHldtdoljtf,  the  tire  will  take  place  (lit.  the  fuel  is  stacked). 

KchTdaedilja.  the  fire  ha8  bevn  made. 

sll,  the  steam  {of  boiling  nrater). 


COLOR. 

The  i*ariou8  methods  of  prcparinjr  dyes  for  wool  and  leather 
are  described  elsewhere.  Similar  use  of  color  is  mode  in  the 
decoration  of  the  arrow,  of  the  shield,  potter>'.  and  ifourd  rattles, 
while  the  decoration  of  basketr>'  b  obtained  with  vari-colorud 
Iwifs. 

The  pra>'enttick.4  are  colored  white,  blue,  yellow,  black,  red, 
ftpeckled,  spottnl  or  fltriped.  according  to  ritttal  pnwertption,  to 
represent  the  divinit)'  wonshipped.  The  colors  are  a  mixture  of 
water  with  fturfac**  coal  (lej(n)  for  black,  wat«r  and  yellow  clay 
(Wfwi)  for  yellow,  white  cUy  (dlesh>  for  white,  whilo  the  .<»oft 
turquoUe,  or  a  similar  stone  (atlishtUsh),  is  pulverised  and  mixed 
with  wat*>r  for  the  blue  color.  The  spots  and  stripeJt  for  some 
praycrsticks  vao'  accordintr  to  prescription,  and  are  obtained 
witli  any  of  these  colors,  one  of  which  is  the  prerailiu}:  color  oo 
the  bod.v  of  the  pra>'erstick.  The  colors  ai-e  applied  with 
brushes  made  of  yucca  strips. 

Icett  yUbdllsh  (sh^ll^zh,  detibdllsh),  or  ketll  besbdlteh  (beshd- 
dlfzh,  bMeshdllsh),  I  paint  the  pr«>erstick. 
ts&zt  ntq^li.  the  yucca  (brush). 
odishtTlsh,  soft  turquoise. 
Ifitaoi,  yellow  clay,  hriimtone. 
lejfn,  surface  coal. 


Color. 


dl68b,  white  clay. 

higmU  whitt;;  MtM,  .vellow;  dutFlKh,  blue;  diktH.  dark;  lizhfn, 
black:  lichl,  ml;  kft^  dlnlchl.  thv  brown  pra.ver8tick  with  black 
aod  rfd  '<tnpee  at  eods. 

biUcMn  disAs,  irlitterinff  pra^'erstick,  black  body  nibbed  with 
red  claji-  (dcschi). 

blRp^o  nodAzi,  ita  pra^erstick  is  striped,  or  likhfzh,  apott^^d, 
as  for  iD8taoce«  the  pra>'i>rRtick  of  the  skunk  or  puma. 

The  injfredientfl  for  the  colon  of  the  sand  paintin;;  arc  some- 
titui!6  itiLxod  with  sand  ur  dirt  tualluw  tlieiii  to  flow  mure  ri'iulily 
in  dmwine  the  lines.  Whit<>  is  obtained  with  a  kind  of  gypsum 
(tA^*  b^),  which  itt  pulverized,  yollow  with  yellow  ochre  (t66* 
KtAo),  aod  r€d  with  pulverized  red  sandstone  (ts^'  licMt.  Black 
ooaaistf  of  charcoal  fft^xh),  ohtAinrsl  from  burnt  ttcrub  oak 
(dMcBH  ntHz),  or,  for  the  night  chant,  from  drj'  cidar  charcoal 
(dllKfn  bit'feih).  which  in  mixi'd  with  dirt  Oi^^^h).  Bhie  is  obtained 
with  a  mixtun*  of  pidveriztnl  charcoal  and  gyimiim  added  to  the 
dirt.  Vari-colored  pebbles,  however,  are  not  used  for  the  sand 
(Aiotings. 

Thaw  preparatioM  are  put  on  bark  tra.V8  from  which  a  pinch 
t»  taken  between  the  index  tinjrer  and  thumb,  and  allowed  to  drop 
on  the  layer  of  moist  sand,  or  the  **altar,^*  forming  the  foimda- 
tioa  of  the  drawing.  Tlie  singer  iisiuilly  HU|>erintendM  the  work, 
dirvctinj;  and  correcting;  his  assistant^,  of  whom  as  many  as  five 
ftod  uiore  are  at  work  on  the  larger  drawings.  The8e  are  made 
in  the  began,  aiMl  vary  in  aixe  and  number  for  the  individual 
chanti)  of  which  few,  if  any,  are  entirply  without  them.  The 
patient  is  seated  upon  the  Knished  drawing  which,  after  varioua 
invocations  and  rite£,  is  erastsl,  and  the  dirt  and  sand  removed 
from  the  hogan. 

tab*  yilt&n  UBfln),  pulverised  stone. 
ta*'  yiahUi  <3-tlifl',  deshHAJ),  I  grind  or  pidverize  stone, 
tsj'  lagai,  native  gypsum,   white  ochre;   tsS'   Hchi,   red  sand- 
alow*  (ochre  0;  ttt(^'  litao,  yellow  ocbrv. 


Ay  sTnyoLoojc  dictionary. 


tSsh,  charcoal;  cH^cKll  nttYz  bitf&^h,  scrub  oak  charcoal;^ 
(lllRfs  bit'^h,  dry  (red)  cedar  charcoal;  lesb,  or  dft&K6di  teah, 
dirt  from  the  farm;  sai  dltt^,  inoUt  »aad. 

ikhA,  the  sand  paiDttiiir- 

)Khlch&  (is^khui,  fitcshklui),  I  draw  a  .land  ikiintinir- 

nfi'&shnlL  (nasfinll,  nAMeshnll',  1  pass  throu</h  my  tin^ra, 

ikhAnaRbnll  (uiu^iitl,  ii.)(<shiiIIK  I  draw  (linos  of) a. sand  i>aiiitini(. 

ikhA  ashl4^,  I  aui  makitic  a  s^ud  paintinK'< 

ikU  iin&.«td}!id  (ninz^zid,  iifi&do.*«zlO<  I  erase  the  sand  pnintinc. 

For  directional  aBsi^nineot  of  color  see  article  on  directions. 
In  accordance  with  this  awti^nment  the  repi-cRcntationfl  of  the 
nacrod  mountains,  which  accompany  many  Hand  (laintiniTH,  are 
decorated  in  that  color,  namely,  white  for  the  mountain  of  the 
east,  bhu*  for  thit  of  thn  south,  yellow  for  that  of  the  west,  and 
black  fur  the  sacred  moimtain  of  the  north. 

In  summer  the  ftiee  and  forehead  is  paintetl  with  a  mixture  of 
red  clav  and  tallow  to  protect  the  Kkin  from  the  heat  of  the  sun, 
while  in  winter  thin  in  done  as  a  precaution  ai{aiu»t  chapiHtl  skin. 

fidishchf  <ftdeshch!,  Adideshchit,  I  rwlden  my  face,  imint  it  red. 

chl,  ml  claj.';  tlA,  ^rrease;   akA',  tallow  (goat  or  sheci)  tallow). 

haoTchf,  the  face  is  {lainted  red. 

hanltfiSzh.  the  face  is  painted  black,  as  is  done  at  the  war  dance^ 
or  an  the  irauiblent  do  when  the  moccasin  tfame  in  played  after 
sunrise. 

Aninuls  an*  often  distinguislwd  from  one  another  by  their 
color. 

mfi'i,  the  co^'ote;  mA'i  dotTfsb,  the  kit-fox;  m&*i  litso,  the 
yelloM-  fox. 

nasbi1i1it«o,  the  mountain  lion;  naabcMilbai,  wild  cat. 

nashdiiilkhfzh,  spotted  puma. 

wolAzhlni,  the  black  ant;  wolachf,  red  ant;  wolachlltaoi,  yellow 
(red)  ant. 

debfi  lizhfni,  black  sheep;  deb^lohi.  red  aheep  (brown); 
deW^lurai,  white  aheept  etc. 


COLOR. 


71 


Hlgu  (K  l&ffftf),  white  honte;  H  OotHsh,  blue  (sens)  home; 
H  litii6iiri,  yellow  horse;  K  lizhlniK>  (Hshzhln^  black  horse; 
n  lichfigi,  ivd  <M)rr(>l)  horse;  H  likhlzhi,  spoUpd  (junto)  horiw; 
K  niififBiKii  (oily)  luouse-culoretl  borse;  R  dintchii|;i  (dinllchlt, 
hay,  light  brown  horse;  H  (llnUhfiiiifit  dark  ba^'  (brotrii)  honte; 
H  lBbi*Mn,  roan  burse. 

Or  its  color  is  iDdicateU  h>'  >ts  niane. 

bitstcrfaft  latfai^i,  whiU<-niaaed  (creani  or  buckskin  colored) 
'horse;  bit-tlKha  lizhfni,  blacli-cnaned;  bitelgha  lichl,  red-maned. 

Similarly^  miDerals,  stones,  cla}'s>  and  a  host  of  other  objects, 
arc  either  de6cribe<l  or  differentiated  by  tlieir  color. 

To  summarize,  the  dilferetit  colons  are  de»i}(i>ated  as  follows: 

fatfaf  (•Igai,  -ffai,  -gi),  white. 

lit«i  {-h^i,  -t«o^  yi'Ilow. 

dotfkh  (dotrizht,  -tn»h),  blue. 

tixhfn  (-shlo,  -txhl,  -jln),  black. 

bibi'  <-lbal,  -ba*),  gny*  nmn. 

licM  (-chi.  -Jchl),  red. 

tikhtxh,  spotted,  which  is  used  for  any  kind  of  spots;  red,  or 
bbck  and  white,  white  and  yellow,  etc. 

hzhln  be  likhlzh,  black-spotted,  etc. 

jriscnn,  frpcklnl,  dotted  (very  small  dots). 

DodAz.  striped  (vertically);  n&ifo  nodAzi,  striped  (horizontally). 

lichl  benotlAzi,  red  striped,  etc. 

dlnlcM  (dinllchf),  lieht  brown;  dlnlzhfn  (dlnilzhfo),  dark  brown. 

dfniffaf,  lijcht  yellow,  white  with  an  admixture  of  yellow,  a 
tinge  of  yellow;  tichf  dinlgal.  pink,  or  red  with  a  tinge  of  white; 
HinlbA*.  stone  gray,  white  with  a  tinge  of  black;  (llnlts6,  yel- 
lowish, a  pale  yellow. 

dilqQ.  a  dark,  usually  black  color. 

diiiA&,  glittering  color,  apockletl;  bIsdIUd,  glossy;  blsdllldgo 
flabU.  I  give  it  a  gl(ws»  brighten  it;  bit^'dilSlId,  or  bitsAdTnAKfl. 
ft  bright  color. 


72 


AS  KTHHOhOQW  VlCTtOSABY. 


nhq6li,  silvery;  nihifni,  oU>',  mouse -colored. 
tq&UUl  naluiUnifiri.  like  water  »cuin,  Kf^n- 
tsedid^  nahalfnixi.  like  fourVclock,  purple. 
dcMlchf  tiahalfnitfi,  likt>  the  color  of  h  nxl  sitecp,  Aubduod  ml 
or  brown.      Other  compttrisonit  are  u»t>d  in  a  sitnilar  tiiBDntr. 
tf^iflt  lichf,  criniflon.  or  tfA.visi  tizlitn,  triu>  or  fast  black,  etc. 

Tbe  object  colored  i.H  dejuijnmted  in  ■  Hiinilar  niaiiDer. 

yllshf,  colored  black;  yiltsAi,  colori-d  yrllow;  dlltrfzh^  colon-Hl 
blue,  etc.  Varietfated  objects  are  desiifnated  by  qualifying 
adjectives,  such  as, 

al'l  afidJi,  HH,  HgM  aJ'fl  nt^,  varl-oolored  wool,  or  aHqA-s'af, 
vari-colored;   ahqani^I,  mixed  colors. 

The  condition  and  prof^ress  of  ve^tation,  the  rariet^v  of  color 
in  a  blanket  or  cloth,  variety'  in  a  landscajM?,  and  similar  qttal- 
ities,  are  iLsually  de,scribed  by  their  color. 

nadft  yichf,  (corn  Is  red),  the  awn  appears,  com  is  in  blossom. 

nihidiir£i,  it  is  white,  flowers  arc  blooming,  it  is  8priu|;. 

lldahutHo,  they  (the  fields)  are  yellow,  it  is  autumn. 

ylbA",  it  is  gmy,  tbe  (f round  is  covered  with  Know  in  jipf>tA. 

daichi,  mixed  with  reel,  a  strip  or  line  of  red  nins  throufcb 
the  body  of  it,  etc.:  da'fbA',  a  little  mixture  of  era)*;  da1ira>t 
of  white;  da'ttsd,  of  yellow;  da'ltrish,  of  blue;  da'fjln,  of  black, 
or  jljin,  a  black  line  (oo  the  breast  of  an  animal). 

dadiE&tnii.  n  »ttrip  of  white  soil;  dadr/tso,  of  yellow;  jicht,  a 
strip  of  red  soil;  dajfjln,  of  black;  dai^lx^bi',  of  >n^y:  daxhdft>- 
tTlsh,  a  strip  of  blue  soil;  t(iAt)ft'jfiTn,  black  wati'miark«;  tqfthA'- 
d.s&Kai,  white;  tq&bA'dzftAo,  yellow;  tq4bA'jfdn?tnKh,  blue  water- 
marks, caused  by  the  splashing  of  tlte  waves. 

dziUfjin,  black  strip  mountain.      (Cf.  also  local  names). 

The  particles  ho  (qo)  or  ha  preHxed  to  color  usually  indicate 
a  large  circumference  of  landt>f»|ie. 

hotso  (hotfi^i),  a  meadow;  hftlts6,  a  gre«n  patch  or  field. 


aaSASUHE   AJTD   DISTANCE. 


7S 


nrUUebf.  tiw  rvd  (lower)  world;  Qrbudutrtih,  the  blue  world, 
orhodtlql}.  the  dark  world. 


Wordii  Referring  to  Mea»iure  and  Distance. 

Tbp  lengtb  and  breadth  of  an  object  in  nK>aHurt>d  by  the  span, 
by  ihv  width  of  the  tiugers.  or  by  HtcppiDif  otf. 

yidfe'Ps,  a  pace,  as  dffldii)  didfe'^s,  forty  paces. 

hil  kfdranl,  thf  r<*«ch,  of  the  exti-ndfsi  arms. 

haicAn  biKA'fiffo,  arm*9  Icnsrth,  from  socket  to  tip  of  middle 
fincer;  a^in  a^lUlt^n  (gH  luidftlUlo),  elbow's  length,  from  the 
elbow  joint  to  finder;  halatsin,  wrist's  lengrth. 

hUA  n^zhi,  the  length  of  the  middle  Hnger;  h&U  tsostij^di,  the 
index  Rnger;  atqA^i,  the  fourth  Hoger;  b&lA  ydzh,  the  little 
Hnirer;   bUAt^,  the  thumb. 

hiUkxh^Kh,  Knirers  taken  collectively.  The  measure  is  usually 
from  the  kaiickles  up.  Exproit.sions  like  Antnies  or  uqe^nhsa,  as 
large  ast  are  iisi'd  in  this  coonectioDt  as  h&lA  o^zhi  nines,  su  lonj[ 
aM  the  middle  Hnger,  etc. 

haULxhozb  atq&*i,  the  joiuta  of  the  tiDger,  usually  the  middle 
joint,  Che  particular  Hnger  being  mentioned  in  that  connection. 

dalaf  biK^,  tqA  biK4,  one  or  three  Hngertips  long,  for  instance, 
a  pra^'eretick.  This  cotmts  up  to  ten,  neznA  biK$,  ten  lingers, 
or  tfaa  width  across  the  knuckles  of  both  hands,  which,  in  turn, 
is  oqual  to  a  span. 

>ilA  destsM,  Hnirer  span,  from  tip  of  thumb  to  that  of  the 
middle  finger.  Blankets,  poles  and  other  objects  are  measured 
by  tbia  span.  When  another  Hnger  is  used  for  the  span  this  is 
nwntkHied,  as  yfU  deaUAd  yflA  tsosi^di  be,  R|>anned  with  the 
iodex  finger,  etc;  ytU  taostj^Mi  miAiiila,  folded  iudux  Hnger,  the 
span  from  the  thmnb  to  the  second  bent  joint  of  index  finger. 

Another  measure  Is  from  the  bent  Angers  (b(l&  ha'A'ago)  of  the 
left  ontstratched  arm  to  the  right  nipple  (bib^*).  Other  lengths 
are  paraphraaed  by  showing  the  ^iiie  on  the  Hnger,  or  with  a 
small  stick  and  khdnHao,  ho  large,  or  aonie  similar  expreaaion. 


74 


AX  STHNOLOOIC  DICTIOVA&Y. 


Distances,  too,  are  indicated  by  comparison,  such  an  the 
distance  between  two  well-known  points,  or  by  pointinij;  out  the 
time  required  to  cover  the  distances,  as  for  instance.  shft*btgli& 
njaghftifo,  by  walkinfir  all  da^'.  At  timee  the  diRtance  \b  indicated 
in  a  ver)'  indefinite  manner,  by  words  such  as  afzad,  far. 

l84  s^tqfi.  the  milestone,  a  mile,  i«  now  used  by  some  in  dosif* 
natinjT  the  distance  from  one  point  to  another;  thus,  tqfl  tst 
s6tqi,  three  milea. 

WordB  Referrinjr  to  Burfaoe  ami  Solid. 

By  way  of  illu-stration,  and  us  an  aid  to  memory,  lines  are 
somettniPH  drawn  on  the  .sand.  Various  Hg'ureK  are  designed  in 
blankets  and  depicted  in  sand  paintin^fi  or  on  pr8.ven<ticks.  and 
an  now  also  seen  on  cloth  and  paiier.  The  Navafao  do  not 
tattoo,  neither  do  they  write,  draw  or  design  on  paper  or  leather. 

^eh^On  (tteMifldAn),  or  tsahisdAn,  straii;ht,  in  a  straight  line, 
vertical. 

nftnlgo  (nftgo),  across,  horizontal. 

nlUbAs  (nAzbAs^,  round,  circular,  a  circle. 

D&smds,  round,  spherical,  globular;  num&xi,  round,  globular. 

alKln&sbAs,  s  double  or  encircled  circle. 

n&sliihi,  pronged  downward,  semicircular  (pendant). 

dij61  (dlj61i).  round,  ball  nbaped. 

dahitqi,  crescent  shaped. 

alkdsgis,  spiral,  like  a  corkscrew;  alK£henet«)^.  spiral,  coiled, 
like  the  tendril  of  a  vine;  handt^^,  coil  (a  flat  or  conical  helix, 
like  the  native  basket);  nAnistile,  a  coil. 

bAhadft'azh&,  hemispherical,  curved. 

bibAit^',  concave,  hollow,  as  the  interior  of  a  basket. 

nOltflsh,  or  n&nishtTlsh,  eigzag  or  winding  like  a  anake. 

q€t^,  pointed,  cardate,  elliptical;  nAltllshgo  qihashchi, 
oblmig,  with  waving  or  itigzag  lines;  q&hashchl,  oblong  and 
tapering;  istfi',  angiUar;  dalafgo  IstfA*,  a  single  angle;  digo 
IstH',  quadrangular,  in  the  shai)e  of  a  zigzag. 


SURFACE  AND  80UD. 


d&khA  (uihAltn),  card  shaped,  ia  used  for  square,  accord  in  j(l.v 
dakb&nt,  qundmnjiriilar,  a  cube  or  square. 

de$i*A.  poinUKl,  projecting;,  nuch  o-s  a  stone  or  motintoin,  or 
tbp  lobes  uf  a  leaf,  as  digu  di-s'&.  four  lobed  (clover),  or  the 
four  aDjflw  of  a  square:   tqH^o  dfn'i,  tri&nifular. 

dtthfco  des'i,  a  ri>rht  anvle. 

nodAs,  or  dOiiod^K,  vertically  8trii>«i  lines;  nft^o  nodtfz,  hori- 
zontftlly  Ktrtppd  line;;:  nlninodAr,  cris-scrotw,  whpn  the  croeu 
stripfs  art^  easily  dintin^riuHhable;  ainftnediz,  crisscrosH,  where 
the  Unw  crufts  too  cloae  for  distinction,  consequently  they  are 
twijttrd  or  tantfled. 

tain  alnAuzM  {uV  alniozld),  crorwed. 

lUof  us'fdzo,  merely  denotes  a  line  int«r8ectinff  a  cube  verli- 
rally  or  horizontally,  or  a  crow  inside;  if  diaironal  lines  are 
added  it  is  ahil  yiln&daoHdzo,  or  the  center  with  linea. 

d&khn  nalialin  qAha8hf(^sh,  or  yistfln,  checkered. 

n&dfkl',  [ittmllelograni;  qjihiishchi,  is  a  diagonal  line  through 
U:  aJntifo  dAzhniltrkh,  a  hquare  with  ziu^mc  lines  in  the  c*>nter, 
or  aqiniuro  dftxhmltrifih,  with  waging  linen  close  toeetherf  or 
aqfcnijro  n^ltfuh,  closeb'  winding. 

qihasbchi  ah«Aji,  or  qetA'Aft  altAflji.  drawn  out  on  both  Aides, 
M  in  a  diamond  figure;  be<Htri'  nahaltn,  diamond  shaped,  or 
ahaped  like  the  native  slingshot. 


lAa  ishchtn,  cloud   effect. 


V 


j-^  a  triangle  wet  upon  a  sqiiarp, 

iSdeBgh&a,  cogjr[>d,  serrate;  nahioesbi^,  fiat  coil. 

■MshA\  crooked;  d£zh&%  or  de-slizhft,  pronged,  as  a  horn. 

i{d<>AhgtEh,  forked;  altqftnet^,  interlocked,  cintched,  like  the 
fingrn  or  thnmi^,  or  a  comb  in  use;  ndnuts^,  the  comb  in  the 
warp;  aqlnlkb&nediz,  interlockeil  {thf  up|M>r  i>art  of  interlocked 
(ioirvni):  n&zhil,  cnaiceat  shaped,  curved;  alcllt'h&zhA',  curved 
towani  each  other,  as  ( );  ahifin&zhi\  curved  from  each  other, 
m)(.     Similarly.  MlhizhA',  hemispherical,  curved,  as     -^ 

tiAf  baqal'A,  semicircular,  with  points  upward,  as     ^   - 

alcfilabdw  bah&b&s,  intersected  aemioirclea,  as     C  ■. 


76 


Ay  KTBK0LO61C  DICTIOXABr. 


AqiMzhA\  two  semicircles  of  this  shape:  '  j 

ahilfci,  the  middle,  center  of  anything. 

ahiiA'bdnh«osi,   the  Mine   size   nil   around,   the    center   of 
spherical  object. 

dictifzh^  a  roui^h  surface;  dilkhd,  a  smooth  surface. 

Q^lzA',  ridged,  as  in  tslu  n^lzft',  a  ridgtHl  line  of  timber,  the 
wavy  uuttino  of  trees;  qanA<IIz  n6]z&',  the  eyelashes  are  spread 
out;  tq6n$lz&',  a  drizzling  rain;  daistfd  n6lz&%  the  woof  is 
undulating  in  appearance. 

ntq^l,  wide;  h6tqel,  a  wide  mirface;  €6  ntq^li,  it  widen*. 

baghAhixlzft,  it  is  punctured,  perforated;  baghddais'&' ,  it  has 
been  perforated  with  an  instrument,  a  hole. 

aq(dr&,  an  angle  or  point  on  a  hard  objccL 

■qldlCT',  an  angle  un  a  soft  surface. 

aqfdadldlfnigi,  an  angle  of  streams,  the  meeting  of  arroyos. 

aqldadittitnigi,  tbe  fork  of  a  road. 

nizhAnigo  6qota,  it  is  nicely  made  or  arranged;  tigo  id6€^go 
iyolft,  he  makes  curious  new  designs;  nizhAnigo  O'dlll,  he  makes 
beautiful  things,  he  executes  well. 


THE   NUMERAL  SY8TEM. 

Tbe  Navaho  follow  the  decimal  system.  The  numerals  to  four 
differ  little  from  other  Athapascan  languagen,  which  also  present 
additional  similarities  of  construction  at  least.  (Cf.  Goddard, 
Morpbolog}'  of  the  Hupa  language,  vol.  3,  page  32-33.)  No 
additional  terminations  are  used  to  distinguish  the  number  of 
persons  and  things,  the  number  being  added  to  the  object 
expressed,  as  is  done  with  any  ordinary  adjective.  Hie  mine 
exceptions,  too,  as  with  the  adjective  obtain  with  the  numeral, 
which  is  placed  before  nouns  denoting  coin,  DoznA  b6io,  ten 
dollars.  Frequently  the  number  of  objects  is  expressed  by  the 
dual  and  plural  forms  of  tbe  verb  making  specific  mention  of 
the  numeral  superfluous. 

Few  ordinal  numbers  exist,  as  the  order  of  sequence  is  usually 


THE   SVMERAL   HYSTSM. 


T7 


not  referred  to,  or  if  it  is,  th»  tRrminals  arc  HpeciKed  an  tintt  and 
Ittst  with  the  iDt«r%'eniDK  objectH  or  persons  precedins  ur  follow- 
ioK  them.  Ordiuftrit.v,  however,  the  object  is  specified  siiflSciently 
by  dcscriptioD.  MultiplicRtion  and  repetition  are  indicated  by 
the  particle  di  added  to  the  oiinieral,  as,  for  iostance,  with  the 
Diunerols  from  two  hundrnl  upwards. 

Counting  in  usually  done  on  the  fingers  beginning  with  the 
liktlr  linger  of  thu  left  hand  to  the  thumb,  and  continuing  with 
the  little  finger  of  the  right  hand  up  to  ten.  If  over  ten  the 
same  ntelboH  is  repeated.  At  tintes  the  fingers  of  both  hands 
are  ext^ndeii  and  the  exact  number  of  objects  is  indicated  by 
turning  the  surplus  number  of  fingers  down.  By  way  of  illus- 
tmtion,  the  sequencp  of  events,  or  the  number  of  objects,  is 
pointed  out  on  the  fingers  usually  by  turning  tbeui  down  from 
the  little  finger  upward. 

In  the  rooccuio  game  sticks,  and  in  the  sticJc  dice  game  stones 
are  uswd  u  counters  (see  games).  Very  few  jwrsons  record  their 
Hgti  by  marks  cut  in  stone,  or  any  similar  manner.  Whenever 
ooowion  requires,  however,  some  well-known  historical  event 
fonnA  tlie  hanis  for  computing  one^s  ug6,  though  recently  more 
attention  is  given  to  the  American  method  of  computing  the 
numtwr  o1  yeani. 

THK    KU11ERAL& 


dalaf.  or  M'i  (Ift*),  one. 
nlkhl.  two. 
tqa',  three, 
dl.  four. 
iahdM',  five. 
hastqA  (qastqA),  six. 
taOHtjUil  (tsAstiiM),  aeven. 
taebl,  cighL 
oahast'al,  nine, 
nexoi,  ten. 


Ktfttda,  eleven. 
nakhitdAda,   twelve  (nakhi- 

dxAda.  tqad^a,  etc) 
tqfttMda,  thirteen. 
dlt<&la,  fourteen. 
A.shdIa'Ada,  fifteen. 
hastqA'tdi,  sixteen. 
UidstiJMt^a,  seventeen. 
IsebitiJ&da.  eighteen. 
naha.st'ait>^a,  nineteen. 


oiclln.  twenty';   nadlo  W,  twent>'-one;    nadln  nakhf,  twent>'' 
two,  etc 


Alf  STSyOLOGJC  DJCTJONABY. 

tq&diti,  thirty;  tqAtft  li\  tiiirty'-oae;  U]&iri  nBkbf.  thirt.v*two; 
tqitfi  tq&\  thlrt^'-tbree;  tq&ei  dl,  thirUv-four,  etc..  or  tqiJin 
(Idba'A  dftlai,  nakhl.  t*ift*,  thirty-one.  thirty -two,  thirtj'-thrw,  etc, 

(HfKlIn,  forty:  dfri  W,  forty-one;  <iki  nakhf,  fortj*-t.wo,  etc, 
or  rif^dtn  (lI^hA'A  (tatnf,  fort^'-onp,  etc. 

aRbdUdin,  fifty:  ashdla'M*,  fift^'-one;  osbdlA*  iiakhf,  Hftj-two, 
etc.,  or  asbdlldln  dftbfl'fi  dataf,  Hft^v-ooe,  etc 

hastq&dln.  Bixt.v;  hustqfl  U',  etc.,  or  ha.*>tqlUllD  dobi'iK  dataf, 
etc..  sixti'-one. 

tsdstitMdTn,  iteTent.v;  t^dst^U^l  W,  etc.,  or  tsdnt^Mdln  d^h&'& 
dabl,  MT(Mit>'-onp,  etc 

tA^bMln.  eifcbt^';  t»Sbf  )&\  eight.v-onp,  or  IflebtdTn  doh&l 
dalaf,  etc. 

nahast^ln,  ninety;  uabast'al  \&\  or  nahastlAdin  d6b&'&  dalal, 
ninety' -one. 

nexnidln,  one  hnndred;  ncznA  W.  one  hundrc^d  and  one;  nezni 
nakhf.  one  hundred  and  two.  etc.,  or  nuKn&dln  d6bA'fi  dalai, 
nakhl,  one  bundnnJ  and  one.  and  two. 

nezn&  neKn&.  one  hundred  and  ten;  nesriA  hiti^a,  one  hundred 
and  eleven,  etc. 

nakbi  di  neznidln,  two  timed  hundred,  two  hundred.  Other 
numbers  are  added,  a»  nakbi  di  nezn^In  d6bft'fi  dataf,  <two 
hundred  and  one),  or  nakbi  di  neznldln  dobA'fi  nezn&  (two 
huwircd  and  ten),  and  so  on  wiUi  the  followinK- 

tqfi  di  neznidin,  three  himdred;  dldl  nesii&iln,  four  hitndred; 
Bshdl&'di,  bastqAdi,  tsAst^iMl,  tseb!di,  naha^fafdl  neznftdin,  five, 
six,  seven,  eiybt  and  nine  hundr^. 

neznftdi  neznAdiu,  or  dahitdi  mil,  one  tboiisaiid. 

nidin  di  neznidfn,  twent^y  timea  hundred,  or  nakhl  di  mil, 
two  times  thousand,  two  thousand,  and  so  on  indefinitely,  tbanirh 
tho  higher  denonii nations  arc  not  frequently  used. 


ORDINAl^ft. 


attti',  or  ats^  (ats^i).  the  first  one. 

oaAkbtie,  the  next  one;  nablkhMe,  the  one  aft«r  that, 


TOE   KVMXRAL   SYHTBM. 


79 


Atttitfi  zpitini,  or  atq&i^,  the  one  in  the  middle,  or  between 
two  otbors. 

akh^le  zezlni,  or  akbed^it^l,  ihp  liutt  ono  of  a  number. 

Hl*I,  or  H'  hazlf  (axil),  oncf,  or  that's  once;  nft'AldA,  another 
time,  or  nakhidf  azll,  that's  twice;  inftdi,  tlfdi,  etc.,  tliree  and 
four  times,  etc;  bleba  hoztf.  that  is  sufficient,  or  the  luet  time. 

do  «ialda,  that  is  not  enuti^rh  (somethini;  more  \s  to  be  aJJed). 

bWestl",  it  ifl  the  tJrsl  in  order,  it  begins  with  this,  as  for 
instance,  a  aeriea  of  sonj^  at  a  ceremony*,  or  a  certain  sound 
(or  letter)  at  the  be^inmntf  uf  a  word. 

bMi^iei*  (nt'et).  I  be^in  it  with  tliia. 

be.vi(!h1fr(ne«fe),  I  continue  with  this;  be.v[tT(ntfi&),  Uum  follows. 

bendttT  (n^A).  I  close  it  with  Uus  (sone). 

bendtn^  (benfnt^),  this  is  the  clofiinff  or  la«t  one. 

Unity,  acGoinpaniment,  repetition,  multitude,  fewness,  and 
like  diviiiions  of  niunber,  are  often  expressed  by  adverbial 
phnaos  or  adjectivee,  such  as  the  followiue. 

tfbaiha.  alone,  Ringly. 

t'ita  dinsht'^he,  I  do  it  singly,  for  instance,  I  travelled  atone. 

Other  similar  expressions  are:  nakhf,  tq&,  dl,  nll^S,  there  are 
two,  three,  four,  etc.,  of  us. 

W,  aome,  another;  nani,  or  n&'AldA,  airain,  once  more;  nan&M\ 
another  one;  iB'I,  many,  scvoral,  not  a  few,  or  M''  (as  din^  H.\ 
many  persons;  t?fl&ioy(Si  (or  emphasized,  tfMqAyQi),  very  many, 
tnnuiuermble,  a  large  nimiber. 

do  ttda,  few,  not  many;  ftJcUfndi.  just  a  little,  few. 

afft,  divers,  various,  or  at'&  &€H\,  divers  kinds;  ahqAs'af,  or 
ahqanistsi,  various,  all  manner  of;  bil  tqllchA,  along  with, 
logHher  with;  ^(AqA.  together,  tn  a  b<xly;  dtSnfltso,  all  of  us 
togeClier;  danAHso,  all  of  you  together:  aln&ho'jA,  exchange 
allen»tel>-]  bifUnihasht'Ash.  I  alti^matr  with  him. 

AixUtgi,  any  kind,  or  dadol^i.  sundry  things. 

lA'  is  also  used  for  any.  At  lin)(>s  any  is  expressed  by  da*  hulA, 
have  you  anj'  I 


Ay  ETHNOLOGIC  DWTIONABY. 


Words  H^femnjf  to  the  VArlous  Parts  of  the  Body. 

The  Navaho  does  not  practice  surgorj**  nor  is  be  skilled  in  the 
anatomy  of  the  human  body.  As  no  differentiation  is  made  in 
reffard  to  the  different  parts  of  the  human  and  of  the  animal 
body  (except  the  specific  parte),  the  words  here  listed  arc 
api^icable  to  both. 

faatsis  Itaxhr  ail  wlolydhcgo,  the  various  anatomical  parte. 

THE    HEAD. 


sitsltsin  (sitsitein).  my  head, 
tsittifn,  the  skull. 
tsi^U,  crown  of  the  bead. 
itMlgrhA,  tlie  brains. 
Atfii>'&\  the  occiput. 
atslyfisbJAah,    (lower)    back 
of  the  bead. 


atsfy&hftldslsi.  the  carit}*  in 
the  rear  of  the  bead. 

attdnltl',  the  rear  cartile^es 
from  bead  to  neck. 

atqft\  the  forehead. 

bitsitsin  8ltM\  a  flat  head. 


THE    HAIR. 

Tbe  hair  is  scoured  with  yucca  suds  and  dried  in  tbe  sun.  It 
is  then  dressed  with  a  whisk  made  of  mountain  grass,  and  twisted 
and  tied  in  a  bundle  on  the  back  of  the  head,  where  it  is  ftecured 
by  means  of  a  hair  cord.  The  queue  was  formerly'  wra^iped  and 
bung  over  the  neck  after  the  fashion  of  tlie  Pueblo  Indians. 


tsIghA,  the  hair. 

sitttf,  my  bair. 

tsldft'  yanllzh^,  (hair  stands 
up),  tbe  cowlick. 

bitsl  dftdeshxhA,  disbevalled 
hair  (stands  on  ends). 

bslb&',  gray  hair,  or  tum- 
iDg  gray. 

talbAMgai,  white  hair. 

tsIghUlzhrn,  black  hair. 

tHlIfihbfzhi,  braided  hair. 


tsIIshcHfli,  curled  hair. 

tftlo^s,  long  hair. 

tsidiyOg,  short  (cut)  bair. 

tsl  dicfi&h,  stiff  or  stubby 
hair. 

bitsl  b^Od,  (peeled  ofl)i 
bald. 

tsltf&d  didalcM,  baldheaded. 

bitsl  d&naskliJU),  hair  tuft 
on  a  bald  bead. 

tsfzis,  tbe  scalp. 


^^^^^^^^^^^"                      ^^^^^^T^^^^^H 

^^H  UTffhAKhchln,  a  wij;  <which 

tjilydl,  the  queue.                                ^^H 

Is  made  of  hunifhair  and  used 

bitfib'^l  ntsAi,  a  lar^e  queue.              ^^^| 

K     nrrancHially  in  oeremoDieft). 

^1 

■                                                     THE    PACE    AKD    rEATTREfl.                                                                 ^^H 

^^H  Anf,  the  face. 

BhinTtsf\   my    cheek   (flesh             ^^H 

^^H  shinf,  iny  face. 

of  my  facp).                                            ^^H 

^^V  anftted,  (cavit}-  of  tbe  «ye). 

AtFA*.  the  temples.                                 ^^M 

■     (he  featurM. 

nishzhin,  a  dirt;V  face.                     ^^H 

1          tLoV  dAhL^hcBd,   contracUMi 

ftnf  dlhsAs),  a  wrinkled  face.             ^^H 

1     features. 

bidl^  n6iU  a  wrinkled  fu!e.              ^^H 

K         Antehjl*,  tbo  cbeekbofw. 

^^M 

^^H 

^^^^H 

^^V  ani,  thv  eye. 

D&  dotrizhi,  blue  eyes.                      ^^H 

^^H  ithtnA,  my  eye. 

nAfhzhlii,  black  eyes.                        ^^H 

^^H  AnAl^h,  the*  eyebrow. 

nAlcht,  pink  eyes.                             ^^H 

H        ftnidls,  the  eyelash. 

binA  Hchf,    bloodshot  (rod             ^^H 

W        BJiAdaidls  nnira,   long  ey«- 

from  want  of  sleep).                            ^^H 

B     bahea. 

n&tfi6ho,  bit;,  hultfing  eyes.              ^^^| 

H         AnlatiKhTn,  the  jmpil. 

natafhi.  small  eyes.                             ^^^| 

H         inifrBi.  the  white  of  the  eye. 

nAshcHll,  HQuint-eyed,  cod-             ^^H 

^^K  MUU,  the  e>-etid. 

tracted  eyes.                                              ^^^| 

^^H  toit^n,  eyebrow  bone. 

nAdiKlai,  cross-eyed.                         ^^H 

^^V  AnAtqA*.   hctweeo  the  eyes, 

shinAditfJ^,  m.v  eyea  are  not            ^^H 

farUge  of  the  none^ 

Btr&itfht  (crossed).                                    ^^H 

nfRlRhtqA.  the  tearo. 

Q&,vai,  a  mark  below  the  eye.             ^^H 

Anrn^.    the   cavity   of  the 

n&KAMAhi,  pink  or  runninir              ^^H 

eye. 

eye  (of  a  horae).     This  is  used             ^^H 

AnfKJkl    tiAdideshtHsh.    Ill 

to  dejiiifnnt«  an  albino.      Tbe              ^^^| 

^ve  )'ou  a  black  eye  (III  mnke 

Naraho  have  no  olbinoes.                      ^^^| 

your  eye  ravit>'  bliie). 

bini  deni,  a  goud  e.vesijfht.              ^^^| 

Bhinikls,  the  icrvve  of  m^' 

billltt^  hidd,  a  defective  or              ^^H 

eye. 

poor  cyesitfht.                                           ^^^| 

A         binAUai,  or  nAKIsi.  a  one- 

shinfke  n&nt^'  (nf«fe)«  I  am              ^^M 

1    eyed  penoti. 

blindfokled.                                          ^H 

^^^^^^91                          ^^'  ETHM}IX>niC  DiCTlOyAHV.                ^^^H 

^^^^H                                                               THK 

^^1 

^^^^H             Ajft,',  tbo  e4ir. 

Aj^^sh,  the  eardrunu      ^^H 

^^^^^H                Shijfi*.  Ill}' 

Aj^chln,  the  earwax.        ^^^| 

^^^^^H             djflt^^in,  the  earhone. 

shijA  nAtT.  my  auricle.          V 

^^^^B                                                                     THK 

N09B.                                                     ^i^l 

^^^^H            Achf,  the  noae. 

chT  idini,  a  flat.  ver>*  Hat 

^^^^^H            shicht\  IU.V  nose. 

nose. 

^^^^^B            chtRh  y&zhe,  il  riiiiall  nose. 

chl*  liaUftli,  aqiiiliiip  nose. 

^^^^^H             chf'  nl&zi,  n  long  noso. 

Afhlshiff^sh,  thp  nasal  b<me. 

^^^^^H             cbtKh  (Ifli,  a 

anf,  the  nustriU. 

^^^^^H             chish  tti^li,  u  nmntl,  brinid 

chl.sht'A\  the  interior  of  tbo 

^^^^^1 

ni)is(ril. 

^^^^^B             cKt'  tIrfl&'Ani,  a  pujr-noac. 

bichr   biiitqAi,    the   tip  of 

^^^^^H             chfshcHfd,  a  flat  Do«e. 

the  nuse. 

^^^^^H             cblshqUli.  II  club  nose. 

nft^htiili.  mucins  (snot). 

^^^^^B            chfshchA,  u  ball  nosi'. 

binl  hodltTd,  liair  in  nos». 

^^^^H 

MOtTTH, 

^^^^H                           mouth. 

ndfsdsl,  the  breath.          ^^H 

^^^^^1               &tsft,  th<'  toDKiie. 

Azh^,  froth  or  foam.        ^^^| 

^^^^^K            azahiU'ft'^i,  tbf  |iulHte. 

sl;r>',  spittle,  saliva.          ^^H 

^^^^^B            AK&gi,  the  csophajfiiB, 

■ 

^^^^^H 

TKKTn.                                                          ^^^1 

^^^^^V           ftwh^*,   the    tooth,   molars. 

Awh^shtrRgi,  tht>  last  too^* 

^^^^^1             AwhAKL<t,  tooth  trroove. 

(apiM^ariniE    at     thi>     age     of 

^^^^^B             AwhAtet',  thv  tfunis. 

two  Illy -OIK- ). 

^^^^^B             Awhdflhzhi,  the  eyotoath. 

Awli^chAu  iAwli6ctiq3i)),  tar- 

^^^^^H             AtqAwbd,  the  miiUlle  touth, 

tar. 

^^^^^B        aside  of  tlM>  eyctooth. 

nlbitn.    bright    or   crystal. 

^^^^^1              AwhAHhtni\  the  interior  of 

thi?  tflozp  of  the  tretb. 

^^^^^K 

J 

AXATOMV. 


'  Ini^,  the  voice. 

bUhr,  tbe  voice. 

b'iu4  nzhAni,  a  cli>ur,  plcBS- 

hizhr  Mglfi.  ft  gond  voice. 
bizhf  ochA*'],  a  poor  voice. 


THK    VOICE. 

bizhf  dAilfshKhA,  a  roiigh, 
uoniiisical  voice. 

bUhfteu,  a  loud  voice. 
bushf  ohdARi,  a  weak  voice. 
bishf*  ntchAn.  »n  ii^Iy  voice. 


THK    LIP. 

sidkbA,    (the     rim    uf    iii.v  a.v&ivi  AftV,  the  lower  lip. 

mouth),  th*-  lipfi.  (l&u:b»  (shidiifliAt,  the  niiis- 

&Jll*,  the  lip.  tacbe. 
AdAigi  ftdA',  tbo  itpiier  lip. 

TitE    <^III!<. 

The  hair  of  the  chin  are  scrupHloiwIy  rcniovwl  by  ituans  of  a 
br  uf  tin  tweexers.     The  beard  is  exceptional  with  the  Navaho. 

iyfitijTn,    the    chin    or   jaw-  of  the  jaw  (below  the  ear*. 


bnne. 
Hhi.vaMtn,  my  chin. 
ft^vaUIn  des'Atffi,  the  tip  of 

chin. 
V^tfi"  bihl'Ahig^i.  thi>  Joint 


bldiffba  <d&|{liA).  his  beard 
(in  refei-ence  to  Americans), 

baAhAdAoaskh^lt  a  tuft  of 
hair  bi*low  the  chin. 


THK    NEOIt    AKP    THROAT. 


khAs  (k*^).  tbe  neck. 

S'Ab  nltUt  the  lon^r  neck. 

iM>lt'&9,    f>r    sixj^nae-hft,    my 
neck. 

UdtyV,  tlir  throat, 
\Mzfii,     Adam*B    apple,    and 
vocal  chord)!. 

loAfci,  the  eaophacriu). 


&bA1  dA'dijAli,  <tnicheat,  the 
wiodpiite. 

ru|jtj5zh,  the  epifflottis,  tbe 
tonsils, 

ftfrt?,  iImt  collarbone. 

osh^^!)hf  the  canilet^ea. 

kliAs,  the  ooiiirh. 


^^B               84                          Ay  ETUSOLOOIC  DKTlOh'ARr.                  ^^^^| 

TIIE 

v^l 

^^^^^H          ftf^n,  the  arm. 

filatn,  the  palm  of  the  hand.      ■ 

^^^^^H           shAjfftn,          arm. 

balatM   hdldzis,  the  canty      1 

^^^^^H           iwbdfi,  i\w  Khoulder. 

at  tliu  base  of  the  thumb.            B 

^^^^^H           fteAst^n,  the  shoutder-bludp. 

shdA',  my  Hnifer.               ^^^| 

^^^^^H           acfiii.vu,  i\\v  aniipit. 

ftl&ti«o.  the  thiunb.              ^^H 

^^^^^1          AflrAlA\  the  upper  arm. 

hAla  tfiAst«Mi,  (the  seventh 

^^^^^H          agfl.V&i,  the  forpami. 

fii^rer),  index  Hnger. 

^^^^^H            ad6',  the  muscles. 

hAla  ndzhi,  the  middle  Bd- 

^^^^^H          6zh1ft%  the  elbow. 

ger. 

^^^^^P           ftcBaehl&\  below  thi-  elbow, 

hilatqii,  the  fourth  finder. 

^^^V             the  craxybone. 

b&la  yazh,  the  little  finjfor. 

^^^^^          ilaUIn,  the  wrist 

fttishffjtn,  the  finffernail. 

^^^^^H           aliUfri,  tho  wristbone. 

IttiAs,  the  veins.                  ^^^| 

^^^H           yilA',  the  hand. 

■ 

THB 

Bocr.                                        ^^H 

^^^^1           izhr,  the  body. 

&wdl  (dwdlK  the  tnarrow. 

^^^^^B          shiKhr,  my  body. 

t»0s  (fttuds),   the   reins  and 

^^^^B                       the  body. 

nerves. 

^^^^^H           sttdA',  (box),  my  body. 

At^^,  artery,  vein. 

^^^^^M          »\XaU,  the  frunie  of  xsxy  body. 

&ts^tso,  the  arteries,  larffer 

^^^^^P           ait^^K'i',   the   members  of 

veins. 

^^^1             my  body. 

aliAshja,  the  hip,  the  ilium. 

^^^^L          Atsf,  the  ftesh. 

at4AslHd,  the  thigh,  the  Icff 

^^^^^^^           AkhAshtFOl,  the  hair  on 

the 

above  the  knee. 

^^^^^^       hunuD  body. 

ftttaf  (shaltaf),  the  hip. 

^^^^^P          ftchto,  the  pores,  or  the  dust 

&,vld,   the  breast   (sternum 

^^^V            that  Hetties  in  them. 

with  ribs). 

^^^^           dll  (shiatl).  the  blood. 

shitqtfl  (atq^I),  mjf  bosom. 

^^^^^H          t^fn  (ttin),  the  bonea. 

brea.tt  or  front. 

^^^^^H           oshtr^^b,  the  sinews. 

shinlfeMc,  my  back. 

^^^^^H           atdld,  the  sinew. 

shinAghad^,      ( from )     my 

^^^^             ftqlUtieSn    (AqAdadltia), 

the 

back. 

^^^1              joints,  li^nieats. 

sh^shKla,  or  siKtA,  my  side. 

^^^^^^^^^^^        ASATOMY.                ^^^^                             ^1 

1         fijJ^itHln,  Uie  cbent,  thi;  bust. 

Hsh,  tbe  urine.                                   ^^| 

^H  dlCTA,  hairy. 

vhfl,  ordure.                                        ^^| 

^H  AtsL  th«  nipples. 

&it&\  the  buttixiks.                          ^| 

^K  ita4,  tbe  ribs. 

ifid,  the  ipui.                                   ^^M 

1        &i^,  tbe  navel. 

IffhAn,   iBhefaln    ()«blKh&n),            ^H 

1         AkUgi  (shikh&iriK  tbe  skin. 

the   miall   of   the   back,  the            ^^M 

1          biUiihoJicBfzh.  roiigb  akin. 

spinal  column.                                         ^^M 

^^H    bibtfn,  a  Nknletun. 

ishglAttuh^n,  vertebne  and            ^^M 

^H  Bicin.  boD.v  (driwi  out). 

^^M 

^H  Abfd,  tbe  stomach,  tbe  belly. 

IffbAn  iqSdi^i,  vertebral            ^^M 

W        BcbAffi,  tbe  abdomen. 

joints.                                                   ^H 

^^m    Arhdf;.  the  ^>nitals. 

IghAn  dJ^t^Aj^,  tbe  ribs  con-            ^^M 

V  iehAg  bi/Iz,  the  scrotum. 

nected  with  Kpinal  column.                 ^^M 

sis  (btslz),  is  also  usod  for 

inAgha,  tbe  back.                             ^^M 

Ibe  pfnis. 

linAtfliAtii,  the  loin.                             ^^M 

Axfx  bakh&tfi,  the  foreskin. 

Anf,  the  waist.                                    ^^M 

Acb^K  bi>-£zhi,  the  testicles. 

s£.<i,  a  wart.                                         ^^M 

jOzh,  the  vagina. 

i|Is,  the  pus.                                     ^^M 

Ajllchl,  tbe  aniM, 

H 

V                                                           THK 

vrrAi«.                                                   ^^^H 

ftj^  (ebij^i),  tbe  lunjjrs. 

&sfd,  tbe  liver.                          ^^^| 

ii£ilx61i,  tbe  lobes  of  the 

Atsisbjish,  the  liverbaf;.                    ^^M 

lun^a. 

fiti^KhftAshi,  the  kidneya                  ^^M 

aj^idlahjal,  tbe  heart. 

AtTtsb,  tbe  jrall.                                   ^^M 

jeidbhjOl  biiefs,  tbe  pericar- 

&tnsh binfs.  Kail  bladder.                ^^M 

dium. 

Allzhzffi,  the  bladder.                         ^^M 

AchAs  (flAf  his),  tbe.  esoph- 

atsll, the  womb.                               ^^M 

agus  (lower). 

cbAyln,  menstruation.                        ^^M 

ati4,  or  atfiifii.  tbe  boweU. 

Ata^tqfn,    Ibo    fetus    (also             ^^M 

abfd,  Ibe  stomach. 

used  for  abortionX                               ^^| 

icIU.  tbe  intcstinra. 

airtf  bij-aial,  the  placenta^            ^^| 

Abfd  ikhfni.  or  ibid  dishj^li. 

afterbirth.                                             ^^M 

_  1 

8U 


AN  KrnxoLuGic  liivrioyARV. 


ftjftd  <HhijU),  Ihe  leg  (femur). 
fijiskblR,  thi'  lower  toK' 
ftcb^li,  llu-  calf  of  the  letr 
(tibia). 

Ajisttils,  thv  shiD  (fibtiU). 


THK   LM. 

fttdfistso  (t^tsn),  the  arter- 
ies of  thu  lejp. 

ftwh6i)  (HhuwhAfl),  tlie  knee. 
&n'h64)  da»t1in,  the  knei'p)iii. 


THE 

khe  (shikhtf),  the  foot. 
Akh^nT',  the  instep, 
fikh^tra.  the  sole. 
flkh^t(]Al,  Uie  heel. 
fikli^t^HD.  thtr  ankle  (FKjne\ 
Atii&tiild,  tendo  Achillis. 
Akh^sliffSn.  the  toenail. 
AkhJ^zhozh,  or  Akh£  dinlbf- 
nt,  the  txjes. 

Akh^t4o,  the  biff  toe. 
ftkli^  ii4t,hi,  the  tteeoiid  toe. 
flkh/  nff,  the  mtriaie  toe. 
Akh^ttjA'i,  the  fourth  toe. 


poor. 

Akh^  ynzh.  the  little  toe. 

kliffijfd.li,  sh<>rt-f<>ote<l. 

khe  >-istq(n,  a  frozen  foot. 

khd^sh^Ali,  rliihfouted. 

kh^whu/,  n  tiiinion. 

klij^btt  ntltsffo  (lA'uuznflijfi, 
(tlte  riil^res  of  the  toes  ar.<  hard^ 
corn-s. 

kh^Kt^',  footprints. 

bikh^tso  ddin,  a  mlssinjr  toe. 

bikh^  sttr^,  a  tlat  foot. 

kh^jAl.  a  hall  foot 

Akhfitfir  or  beh^ts!*,  ankle. 


Words  Referrlnjf  to  Disposition  and.  the  FHciiltles. 

>'ia<ial.v&\  he  is  careful  and  sensible. 

di>nqal.vil(U,  cArele»is,  fooli^ih;  tf<>dA«y)at,vAdH,  he  has  no 

tfobfnl'  4<lin,  a  hrainlef^  fellow,  u  ilunce. 

tsWcsyia,  timid,  or  I  am  fri(fhtoni'<i. 

do-infniJUla,  or  t*Ai|rKlI«ris,  abnent-mimled. 

ahq&hBnl>^hdonfl,  an  unsettled,  changeablo  disposition. 

do-Mni-shdItda,  I  take  no  interest. 

di>-fid1im-<llf()a,  he  takes  no  interest,  has  no  ambition. 

Adftiiedir,  ambiti«tiui,  he  has  ambition. 

ayAitVgo  yfmedlP,  he  takes  much  interest. 

sf^1d,  I  am  naiisoate<l,  disfriLstt'^l. 

Bs^ld,  complete  nausea,  I  am  disgusted. 


uinpoaiTios. 


87 


aiil^l  (property). vicBfl  yid^lnl*,  an  avaricioits,  uibifily  (R-reon, 

who  nmassoA  ft  foi-tiino. 
CqfiKo  sM  Htti  .roHt,  insati&t4>,  udiuuilI  desiro  for  wealth. 
I'bihiAhuntrA',  or  t*Ai1if(fs,  an  awkward  person. 
hanUifkha's  Adin,  he  has  no  brains;  ntefkhaw,  a  thoui;ht,  an  idpa. 
bcntiifkhtts,  his  mind  or  upiniun;  shi  ntsfkbtiwi,  wliat  1  had  in 
miod;  hiKJ^ifo  nts^Nkhn-tti,  my  %o\\\,  that   is,  that  which   proiiiptH 
m<v  to  think:  ntslsilkha-.si.  through  which  I  think,  m^'  .sunt. 

hant<fskhu-H  (h(Lnt«^is^khji*K,  bant8f(Irskh('>R),  J  think,  bk  in  tiat'isH 
baatftfnIkha'K,  what  do  .vou  think  of  it} 
olHHfn,  or  nsfn  (tit't&t.  I  think,  I  dt-sire. 
ba&q^n>[lD  (haj'ia'nizi,  haAqRHltnesU).,  I  am  j!i^>te^)  for  it. 
i8ln  (li(*ni%t,  t»^t(ueHitt,  I  HD)  jea)ou)<  uf. 
'sliil  In&hozln.  I  knuw   it;  .shil  b^hozln,   I   knew   it;  shilbtuho- 
dozU«  1  will  know;  shilbebh&irin  dol^l,  I  ''hall  knve  known. 
^hillH&hozIn  nt'ib,  I  iisod  (o  know.  I  tiave  known, 
hhil  h»'h(>7f  ian^,  1  wish  T  kni>w;  »hi}  hfth(xlo7.Tl  dStrilf  iiia>'  I 
Inm  what  it  ixIT;   nil  U  bfeboiloKll,  you  may! 

I'flinlly  thcAo  forms  art'  abbreviated;  do-liA'sInda,  or  do*b^ 
KindM,  I  knuw  him  or  it;  hfelnfRh?  ilo-yn-lu^/inda  la!  know  ill  it 
iRo't  knowol  nobody  knows;  sh^hcKliIzIn  (Kh^hudllzln  nt*^,  kIi^ 
bcxHdolKTl),  I  am,  wa».  and  will  be  known. 

NlubhAzIu  Inl'ife).  Ibis  is  known  to  me,  oh  do-nffih6zInda  liS,  yon 
are  not  known  here. 

qAMinsh'l  (qft'd^n.  qA'dldi'sh'll).  I  leom  his  character,  1  lind 
him  out;  bldlnnh'f,  I  l<>arn  of  it. 

qftVhkini  (qA^hid^rt,  qfl'shidldAlll),  I  am  cau^rht  in  the  act. 
fthidiji)  (nhijA  shfdijil.  shijft  sh]df4lojfl),   I   hear  of  it  in 
>r  shijA  I'lznf,  I  took  the  hirtt.  I  got  newH  of  it. 
qadifthch(<)  (qideMhchId,  qAd]d(>ihchIl),  T  make  a  seiitiire. 
nashebfd  (nnb^lchld.  ndushchfl).  1  inuki^  gutiluri's;   nnq^ishchid 
^Qftqailchl'l.    nn(|»Ad^^lichIlt,    I    point  out  to  another;   niifthchid 
(aaitcbtd,  oaAdcsbchllh  I  in^int  nt  it. 

•qfchkbid  (aqia^kbiil,  aqfih<«hkha)).  I  applaud,  clftp  my  bonds. 


8S 


w4.V   ETityOLOGW  DICTION ARY. 


SEEIXG. 

yishi,  I  we  it;  tii\\  or  ylhsft,  I  saw  it;  yidcsts^,  I  will  see  it 
yistsf'  (yihsft,  yide8teiO>  I  see  it 

desh'f  UU%  didesh'fl),  I  Irxtk  at  it;  OVJi  AcahX  I  look  bock. 
cHK'<iu(ti>.sirf,  1  overlook,  or  seurch  in  vain  for  it. 
qAdifih'l.  I  fu>arch  for  it;   tqfttlish'f,  I  go  about  searching. 
bBn!<btq&  (ban^tqB.   badlneshtq&l),  I  look  for  it;  cBtehatuhtqi. 
I  could  not  Bnd  it;   [Uikh£n8ht(i&,  I  look  For  you. 
n«»h*(  {nm,  dinesh'Q),  I  look  at  it. 
idioeshl  (adfncshT,  Adln^ahllK  I  look  at  ni^-self. 
nailt^t^,  it  appears,  it  is  seen  at  times, 
ahidot^,  (shidiltsA.  shidldoH^I^I).  I  am  seen  at  a  place. 

HEARING. 

adiBtal',  I  hear,  I  know;  adistiiT  (adi-s^t^,  adidestiilt),  1  buar  it 
xgAsUk"  (Fut.  id^fsUil),  I  listen;  'mJottal'.  listen! 
dalstitil',  they  pay  attention. 

ylsttjl*  i-*  also  used  in  the  meanioK  of   "it  is  reported,"  as 
qflisqf  .viRtdl,  his  death  is  reported  or  rumored. 

nA'ihsA'  ana^zl,  or  yilift'IftsA',  a  gnssippr,  eavesdropping- 
s6z  It*ia\  a  buzzini;  sound. 
nA^fl»hcfifxh  (nt^K^  and  nish^lcHTzh,  nfi'deshcRlzh),  I  make  a  noise. 
A<|odiszd  (a<|odtze,  &qodId&*zI),  I  am  quiet,  noiseless. 


TO  ITCH. 

nishnf  (nsdnl,  adeshnOi  I  feel  it,  I  have  the  sensation. 
nAnshnI  (nau4nl,  ndln^shnl),  I  touch  it  or  him. 
bldinshnf  (bfdinshnT,  bfdIdeshnO,  I  touch  or  feel  it 
nnshlsh  (nfSshlah,  iSdfehlah),  I  touch  with  a  stick, 
nnsts^  Iniitxl,  ndfistsIK  I  touch  or  poke  with  a  stick. 
nanshqU  (nanJ^yll,  ndfneshqll),  I  push  or  sbove  him. 
nandshqll.  I  shore  you. 

bidfshni  (bid^hnl,  btdldesbnl).  I  caress  or  nib  it. 
ftdldishnf  (idld^hnf,  adldideshof).  I  nib  myself. 


TACVLTIES. 

diadsd  (dtSadsIl,  dld^stlslt).  I  lift  it,  pull  a  string. 
lutes,  it  U  heary;  }'lUh6li,  it  is  light 

stuUttshjfl  adisluif  (lul^shDl,  adld^shnl),  I  hold  my  hands  akimbo. 
ahiAttdinshnf  (a}n&ndin»hnl,  alnAndldeshnl),  I  fold  my  aruis. 
qaiiishcKrd  <(|«nicBld,  q^defihcHlt,  or  qanideshcUn),  I  scratch 
it  out  with  m>*  tioi^rs. 

SMELLINO. 

yishchfn  (slt^lchfl,  desbchfl),  I  sint^ll  it. 

bitqa'ftAhchfa  (bitqAsh^IchA,  bitqadeshchf)),  I  sample  foods  by 
tm«lliDg;  (akh&n  fthilhAlchln^  it  smnlU  good  to  me. 

do-hAlchliula,  be  can  not  smell,  or,  it  is  odorless. 

lakhin  h&lchin,  it  has  a  sweet  Hmnll;  dokfizh  hdlnhln,  it  has  a 
sour  smoU;  dicbl  h&lchin,  it  smells  bitter  isnch  a!*  UA',  sagc- 
brufth);  dlKJzid  h&lchln.  it  has  a  rott«n  smell;  Ilkh^  liAk-hIn,  its 
tnell  produces  a  sensation  of  vomiting  (as  with  rank  food,  etc.) 

TASTE. 

yisUf  (»6r,  dcshlD,  T  taste  it;  ashH  (n^ife),  I  tosto  of. 

bttqttshH  ( bibjAs^ir,  bitq&doshtf),  1  sample  by  tasting. 

do-haJntd&,  it  or  be  is  tasteless. 

lakbAn  halnl  (  nf«b),  it  bos  a  sweet  or  pleasant  tante. 

Other  words  are  formed  similar  to  those  listed  under  smelling, 
Mch  M  doKAzh,  sour;  dicfif,  bitter;  dfldxld  and  IlkhA  httlof, 
demjr  and  vomiting  taste. 

dAmi,  or  dlbld,  an  appetite;  do-tlAni&da.  do-dlbfdst  with<mt 
a|>pettte;  dInHbbfd  (nt*^),  I  havi>  an  appeUto;  chlyA  b&shbid  (dI^£), 
1  have  a  very  good  appetite;  chl.v&  ydlbid,  he  has  a  good  ap)>etite. 

BATING. 

aaU  (i>-A,  adesMl).  I  cat;  asbU  (I'al,  Adesh'il),  I  chew;  yUh'ti 
(li'&l,  desh'4>),  I  chew  it;  MtAAtr  (\UM\  adcstij^'),  I  eat  a  gruel; 
nshtl^  liy^tlfi,  diyfitld),  I  eat  gniel;  iqAdlshf  (tqadfyH.  tqAdldeshf)). 
I  eat  very  little,  I  taste  of  food. 


90 


^-V  BTHyOLOGW  DICTIONARY. 


DauRt!i6d  (ualSlteOU,  iiaUi'st>«A)K  I  Ki^e  yvu  ftxid. 
Uln  bfehq&Ah  (bipj^hazh,  bicleshqlUh),  or  biin  bldish^  (bidei^htU, 
blclldosbt'%),  I  ftiuttr  ttt  a  bone. 

yishQAd  Cvllnad,  do^shn&J),  I  lick  it. 
nanshni'Ml  (nan^nOd,  ndfncAhndl),  I  lick  it. 
nftDn»hndd,  I  lick  yon. 
yishcMI  (.vilcHAl,  drahcfi&l),  I  lap  (wHtor). 
(Cf.  Navabu  Fuvds.) 

eWALLOWIXO. 

ishn^  <fhifl',  Adeshnfr'),  1  jtwallow  it;  cH%ijihnd  (n^ii&),  I  tried  to 
swflUow;  cfiiMahiRhn&*  (n^fb),  I  cimm  my  mouth. 

aqtshn^  (uq£JtiA\  at|i<l^shnA'K  I  Kulp  tbe  foud. 

ildistlsi  (ikl^sdsi,  ttdldesdsl),  I  Btiflt>  with  fnod. 

shiyf  blctilsk  (shiyf  bUhctilsh.  shiyf  bfdoctUsh).  food  irritntes 
my  throat;  AhiditoA  ("^hidlt^i^,  shldidotqA),  I  hawk  it  up, 

adiqiho  didlshkhi)  (nffE^),  I  clear  my  throat. 

fihidA,vr  uinsdzTd  (nan^idzld,  ndin^zll),  I  ifarffl*^  m.v  throat 


SPEAKING. 

yAebtql  iy&hqi,  y&deshtql),  I  speak. 

do-y&ttqlda,  hv  is  dumb:  bitsA  yeyftltql,  he  Btanimers,  he  speaks 
mth  his  toogue,  or  do-hat«t  y&shtqida,  I  lisp;  bi.vl2o  yiHql,  he 
whispers.     Whisperina  is  not  practiced  frequently. 

qa^sf  (ba-sdaf,  qadoJidM),  I  reply,  answer;  shicbl  haodsl,  speak 
to  me,  answerl 

bflqashnf  (btlhA^^htiT,  bflhodeshnl),  I  tell,  inform  him. 

disbnt  (dlnid,  dIdcshofO,  I  Bay,  tell;  ndishof,  I  tell  or  order 
you,  as  liAkhd  aln(,  hi>  tells  you  to  come;  AfA'  sliilnf  jIn,  hu  sa.vs 
he  asks  me  to  wait;  jinE,  or  jin,  tbey  sa>',  it  is  reported. 

ahfAnadsI  (n^^),  I  stammer. 

lldishchl  (n^^y,  I  coax  him. 

Adahash'nf  (At^lahosls'nf,  Adahodosh'nl),  I  boeat  of  myMlf. 

qadisb'A  (qadl'fi,  iiadldesh'al),  I  intone  a  song. 


TACrLTlBS. 


91 


dloHal,  thf  talkor;  qAitishcK&l  (nfi&A  I  talk  niticb. 

aftd.  m  word,  lane^tiagp,  speech. 

thaf  biKHiJ,  the  NuvaIki  langiutge;  nakhaf  bizild,  tlii^  Simnis)] 
laofCuaiee:  belaffAoa  biziUl,  the  Kiiglish  lanEnaiie,  or  diaflUd, 
nakhnttt^,  ht>]a^naK'^,  i»  Navoho,  Mexican,  Cnifli^^b. 

hanr,  a  Rbiry,  a  Irgoml;   hlUi  hanf,  les^nd  of  the  eames. 

dL,\inkAj^  hanf,  the  In^nds  of  tlic  holy  ones,  etc. 

bizhi,  a  name,  a  woni;  yinshl  (.vl  Id'.  yideshU),  I  niter. 

niz\i6n\go.  y&.f6iio  yuzlif,  h«  articulates,  prunuiiii^t-s  well. 

bizhf  ncUA'i,  cuan^  lRu.'iiA>[e;  bizhf  de»h:h&',  coarse,  inde- 
cent lantfuajfe. 

■Ad  ahqtlhAndftbiHit  (nfife),  I  chanjire  ni.v  UnKiia^f,  or  aid  iUtq&- 
mi.vodUt,  he  is  freakiah,  iDcoo-sistent,  ca|>ric)oiis,  whimsical. 

SIZE  AXT>  DlMKN'^rON   OF  BODT. 

dSaM  (oe.V'A.  dines^i),  I  am  (^rowiriK- 

ninnM^  (nintlRA,  ndinpsM^I),  I  continue  to  ^row,  I  nn>\v  larj^er, 

KnfihKal  (nf^),  I  irain  flesh;  bitalni,  it  is  thin;  sui^n,  it  is  dried 
out,  bony:  joM'.  it  is  ikkip.  emaciated. 

Dansbchlld  (oAinchiid.  ndf oeshchAl),  I  am  Natintetl  (swollcu  again). 

yaiahn^  CvaAsdsft,  yaadeshnd),  I  stoop,  lower  myHelf. 

>'aji'i>tlfiA8  LvajrItqJU.  yadesitjtVs),  I  stoop. 

tllyUtqls  (t'Ks/tqfis,  t^yideiitqJUt),  I  bend  my  hack,  bend  tmrk. 

dtsl  dinBh^yl^  ((1t«TdIn6:;A,  ntsfdldeHh^A),  I  bend  m>'  knee,  I 
kneel;  nikhtdinaVa  (nikhTdina'fl/.  nikhldldcs'Is),  I  gonuflect. 


WORDS   KEFERRINU   TO   VARIOUS   ACTIONS. 
SHTINO. 

DdbdA  (nedt,  dfneshdfiO.  I  aiu  seated,  I  take  a  seat 

nl'tfinabdA,  I  sit  on  the  eruund;  nan.^hd&,  I  rei^ume  my  seat,  T 
sit  down;   biUidA'n!ihd&,  1  mount  a  horse. 

oahkh^  (n^khe,  d(ocshkhet),  I  sit  down  with  you. 

Similar^',  nP^nahkh^,  I  niton  the  trround  with  you;  nanahkhj, 
I  ait  a»ide  of  you;   bikida'nsbkh^,  I  mount  with  you. 


9i 


JTHi 


^t 


DfCTIONA  RT. 


»edi  (nf&),  I  am  sittinf:,  or  ■  bird  is  sittinfr,  roosting;  or,  it  is 
there;  setqf,  it  is  there  (a  shovel  or  k^id);  selA,  it  is  there  (a  rope). 
sakhAd,  it  is  there  (a  melfHi,  or  bunch  of  ^rass  or  trees). 
8fl'6,  it  is  there  (a  sing'le  object,  ob  a  tree,  vi'atfoii,  box). 
S4^ltj>d8,  it  is  there  fa  blanket);  IT  sezl,  a  horse  is  there. 
shijAd  alKtdayishld  (a2)Uda:«^U.  alkidndeshl^t,  I  cross  n^'  \egi. 
tft^VA  nshtq^  (a^tqt,  dineshtq^O,  I  lie  flat  on  my  face. 
ts^Maiff  s^tqt,  I  lie  flat  on  my  hack. 
DdiHhd&  (ndlsdRd,  ndldcshd&l),  I  arise. 
n4di£hd&,  I  am  convalescent;  sCzl  ^nfffe),  I  am  standing. 

GOING. 

DBfihA  (nasdvfl.  ndesh^).  I  go,  walk. 

tibe  iiaKtti,  1  KO  horseback;  ahiA  be  nastid.  I  wear  these  clothes. 

cHanashi,  I  leave;  t^o  cHaoasbihi,  I  did  not  leave  home. 

AcBanashA,  I  separate  quarrelinjr  parties,  mediate  between  them. 

bilienaKh&,  I  follow  him;   bilifnashA,  I  step  on  it. 

tq&^vPnashA,  I  wade  a  stream;  banash&f  I  do  something,  I  am 
busy;  do-banashafda,  I  am  doing  nothing;  tsTnasbA,  I  am  drunk, 
eraz>'  (from  worry,  drink,  etc) 

Ifayldlgo  aash&,  I  passed  close  by;  ftf&*  nash&,  I  go  to  warn 
another,  I  warn  him;   &nld  (knV)  nashi,  I  am  young. 

nashd&  (nasdz&,  ndeshd^}),  I  go. 

yaAnlshd&,  I  enter  slowly-;  AdanashdA,  I  come  down,  descend. 

hoKA  hanoshdA  (haz^sa,  hadeshd&l),  I  go  up  a  hill  or  mountain. 

nashdii  (nansdi'i,  nAdeshdal),  I  return. 

dtshi  (dl.vA,  dey&,  deshil),  I  go,  walk:  chtedishi  (cKKdeyA* 
oUifdesh^),  I  am  tired;  tslMisbi,  I  am  drunk,  crazy. 

tqildlthft  (tq&diy&,  tqAdldesh^l),  I  go  or  wander  about. 

cBInshA  (cUId!ji'A,  cGTdeshAi),  I  leave,  go  out  for. 

nagh&ngo  chinshA,  I  pa^s  your  house. 

shinlshA  (shiniyA,  shideshal),  1  arrive. 

odanshA  {^anlyA,  ndadeshiit),  I  bead  you  off. 

QttohA  (DtiianI.vA,  nttiAdeshAl),  I  leave  you,  separate  from  yi 

nikhinsbA  (nikhfniyft,  nikhfdesha}),  I  go  or  leave  for  home. 


ACTIOff. 


98 


ntkheasbdA  {nikhensdzA,  lukhedeshd^h,  I  leave  for  home. 

cBiPOshdA  (cHionsdzA,  cKied(»bdft)),  I  stop  otitside. 

joishi  (j'oiyi,  yoAdefthil),  I  go  awii>\  leave  (abandon  my  wife). 

ncRiixhA  (ncBni,v&,  ncMideRh^l),  I  save  or  proti^rt  yon. 

qafdiA  (f|A.vd,  qaJcshU),  I  come  up,  or  out  of. 

naiilj^  qasM,  I  walk  aside. 

akhubi  (Dt'db).  1  visit  a  brotbel. 

tttkluuhA  <n^),  I  roam  or  tramp  about 

basUU  or  hoKft  hoHhA  (baseyCi.  badeslialK  1  go  oa  tbe  mountain. 

yiabA  iy\yi,  denh^K  I  ^,  walk. 

shiit  blyisU,  I  fro  in  my  coat,  I  wear  my  coat  in  eoinir. 

tqayisM,  I  enter  the  water,  I  ford  a  stream. 

yiahal  (nly&,  desliiU),  I  go,  walk;   eanf  (danf)  yinb^,  I  foot  it. 

ts^'nA*  yish£l,  I  ctws  a  stroam. 

ahikh^  yadi'Ago  ytsh^l,  1  }?o  on  tiptoes. 

adaahi  (adayi,  adadeshoi),  I  dismount 

bluP^hA  (blnP^ascyA,  bluft^adesbal),  I  walk  or  foot  it  on  ui 
impaanbie  road. 

ntldi}ih'a.sti  (niln&'izh,  nildeeh'fish),  I  go  with  you,  we  leave  or 
go  together. 

nildi'&»h  (niii'&zh,  niMesh'&ih),  or  nilnash'Ssh  (nilnsh&'Szb, 
BitndoHb'AafaK  I  accompany  5'ou,  or  nilnAnsbt^h  (nilnAnnht^zh, 
Dftndwbtfftah),  I  go  with  you,  for  Inntance.  nilnrninsbfisb,  I 
enter  the  ground  or  a  mine  with  you. 

nihiikli^n]>hf&sb  (ni)iukh^nNhtf&zb%  nilnikhMeciht^isb),  I  r«tum 
borne  with  yotu 

uleMiisht^ish,  I  accompany  you  outdoors. 

ni}  aMinsht^h,  I  meet  you. 

nil  aq&iublTAah  <nil  aqanshfAxh,  nil  aqideshfLsh),  I  come  to  an 
VBderstanding  with  you. 

■Uriih'iah  (nitnilUh,  nildesh'&sh),  I  accompany  you.  I  walk 
witii  you. 

(iul)tian&»ih^A.sh  (qaRhkht'flzh.  qftdeAht^A-th),  I  jjfo  np  with  yon. 

BiH^eahtl'&Ah  (nih'tiAnHht'nzh.  nUt^ndes1it*il8h),  I  return  with  you. 


loeic  DICTION  Any. 

WALKINO    AN'D  STEPPINQ. 

dldii'fe  (cHdi^see,  flldJ^lA),  I  atcp  off,  I  measure  with  fitAp*. 

ndlnV^s  (ndfns'^z,  ndld^'isK  I  step;  ifdInsbtnAJ  (ndfnshtqal, 
riilTdpRlUqiU ),  I  nvukf-  a  stop,  I  walk. 

.vls'f-s  (i5slz.  Diles'Is),  I  walk  slowly,  noiseIe.>isl.v. 

nAs'Is  (dsls'lz.  ndnfi'Is),  I  walk  about  noiselpssly. 

|}-«it«f  (d^i&  ),  I  walk  on  tiptoes;  Duit!>tJ{  (tift&),  I  walk  about 
on  tiptoes:  nanshtrfsh  (nifse),  I  wrifffflc;  nAdfnshkh&d  (nt'^K  I 
sway;  yiHhcHA]  (ntM'),  I  hound. 

sbilnfib&syls  (sbilnAb&>'fz,  shilnAhddoyls),  I  ani  perplexed. 

c|A)nAhA^'T2,  he  gyniK-ti  (in  a  snow  storm). 

nanHhtl%'  (nt'^),  I  have  a  deflect,  1  am  awkward  in  walking. 

bA'daiialiaz'ini,  pli>'S)cal  dvfecta. 

RCNNING. 

ish^'&l  (f-thwfa&d,  id<l<4hwhal),  I  run. 

tqahT&'ishy^,  I  run  in  or  under  the  water  (rarely  and  oere- 
moniatly);  y6i.shj'ed  (.vo&hwhOd,  yfifldeshwhfll),  I  run  or  jfo  away. 

ndiHh>'M  (ndfHhwliitd,  udkleshwhfilX  T  run. 

adish,v<kl,    (adfshwbild,  idideshwhal),  I  beat  htui  in  runntnif. 

oadish^'Ml,  I  beat  you  id  runniofr. 

azis  bedishj'ed  (bed^shwhfid,  b^e-.<ihwhfll),  I  run  a  sack  ra<». 

DsL.vM  (d»bwh(id,  dde.sbwhutK  I  run  it  down. 

niu8h>'(S<U  I  run  you  down. 

naHh.v^d  (n&shwhAd,  ddeshwhAl),  I  run. 

niinaAh.v<kl,  I  nm  atrftin;  yaAnashyed,  I  run  in,  n»-cnter. 

uiUbH'hQl  (nAnsbwbAd,  ddeshwhal),  I  niu.  for  instance,  bo- 
ghAoso  n&shwhul,  I  run  home. 

j'ishM-hQl  (^bwhiii).  detfbwhot),  I  run,  for  instAoce,  ntaftji 
yishwbul,  I  nm  from  you;  uikb^  yisbwhut,  I  run  after  you,  or 
biKl!jfi  jh'llAi^hCil,  be  runs  behind  him,  or  yii'aqA  aqinolcb^,  they 
run  a  tie,  they  rtm  tu^ftlter,  he  runs  with  bim. 

Dil'alsrh^isbe'feb  (airatiChAdeshttxh,  Dil'alirbAdldeabeash),  I  run 
a  race  with  you. 


ACT20X. 


9: 


dIjAd,  fleet  of  foot:  difiKhjttl  (tiftb),  I  am  Ktrang*  on  my  feet. 

dflAvt-b^\  ver)'  fleet:  dinslinrh^'  (ntfi^K  I  ani  a  jfood  runner. 

dil'tiahjfd  <UA'ii<^fihjId.  dA'dfne^hJil),  I  Jump. 

rtji  dH'itshjM.  I  jump  btitk. 

nahftsbchA'  (nahislschA' ,  n&hideshcb&},  I  hop. 

FtNDINO. 

fiiKInftM  (biKinT.v&,  bikf<li'.sh^l).  I  tiiid  a  thiD^. 

Fn>qut'titl.v  wordK  deiiutiitK  **  pickinjf  up"  are  oniployt^  in 
vxpn^Ksios  '*to  tind'"  an  obJt:ct, 

odbb'A  (ndffi,  ndideab'tU),  I  tiud  a  hat,  pick  It  up. 

iidisht^  (ndlla,  ndldoAhl^l),  I  lind  a  rope;  ndi>ihj£  (ndfja\ 
odldi'jihji),  I  tind  some  turn;  mlishtqf  (ndllqA,  ndfde.shtqfl),  I  tind 
agun;  mlbth'nn  {mif'nil,  ndlih>.sh'nil\  I  lind  several  objects; 
odisbtq^  (ndfltnt,  ndldeshtq^l).  1  tind  a  hon>e;  ^it  ndisbtq^,  1 
pick  lice;  ndii<t«AH  (ndtH:^H,  ndldestete),  I  lind  a  blanket. 

Similarly,  ntidii^h'ft.  etc.,  are  i»ed  to  express  finding  or  pick- 
Inir  up  Affain. 

qanAnlHht<iil  (qananiptiift,  qanandfnr.shtf|&l),  I  liml  it  a^in. 

nakIiJlnAn1shtq&,  I  find  you  a^rain. 

RhioAhufth^^  <HliitiahiH^)t'e'.  fthinatdeshlf^l),  1  locate  It  llnally. 

BRIKOIKG. 

ytah'a)  (ni'A,  de«h'a)},  I  brinjf  a  box  or  coin. 

qanf  yish'&l,  I  brtnif  the  irossip  or  new». 

ybhji  <^ia*,  desliji),  I  brinif  tfraiu  or  siufar, 

yUbl^  (diA,  desbl^t),  I  brinff  a  piece  of  leather. 

.vifttAs  (dIOs,  deslAs),  I  brin^  u  burw. 

ytah'&ih  (nf^xh,  desblsh),  I  brine  ^^'o  horsm. 

yiahkhA  (nAkhA,  dtttbkb&l).  I  bring^  a  liquid, 

.vi»hq^t  Ini.*)*!.  deshq^)),  I  brinif  or  carry  anythinc. 

yiithtqft  {6Uii,  dpshtqfl),  I  brin^  a  sun. 

yUhAI  <&ihrxl,  dtfihAl),   I  brin>r  a  bulky  object. 

ybhiAl  (ritj6l,  defihjAl),  T  bring  e  bundle  of  hay  or  wool. 

ylthlq^)  (i1hiit,de.'*btq^l),  I  bring  or  carry  a  baby. 


96 


Ay  ETBNOLOQIC  DICTIOlfABY. 


yishiO  (litjl<lt  (lefiKjO),  I  pack  Bnythinsr. 
yUte^  (iiheOSt  destode),  I  brine  a  bUuk«t. 

CARRYING. 

nasb'at  (nani'l,  odesh'^).  I  brin^r  or  carr>'  a  box. 
nsjihif   {nalSjA',    ndeahJO.    I    urr>'    suffsr;    Daahff^  (oa^hfft, 
ndesbg^l),  I  lutttl  a  load. 

nashltU  (nadla,  ndeKhlt^^),  I  caro'  leather. 

naslAs  (iiafiiGs,  ndeslileK  I  lead  a  horse. 

nasb'fsh  (nanfczh.  ndesb'Ish),  I  lead  two  horties. 

nafihkhaJ  <QanAklifi,  ndwhkliA}),  I  carry  a  liquid. 

luwbtqfl  (nal1tq£,  ndeshtqft),  I  carry  a  euo. 

tuuthAI  (tuuSsh^,  nd«ih6)),  I  carr^*  a  bulk>-  object, 

nastfl^K  (nstlh^Ofl,  ndeKtMdH),  I  carry  a  blanket. 

oashjAl  (nai'iljril,  ndcshjfll),  I  carry  hay  or  wool. 

nasbtq^l  (naliltqt,  DdeHhtq^),  I  carry  a  mutton  or  beef,  or  baby. 

GIVING. 

Dansh'i  (hanA'fi,  ndefth'^l),  I  inve  you  a  coin. 
nanshji  (nal^fi*,  adeshjO.  I  Rive  you  some  sugar. 
natiAhl^  (natlla,  odoHhiy^i),  I  jrive  you  a  quirt. 
DauHl6s  (tiadlOs,  ndeslAs),  I  give  you  a  horse. 
naDsh'^h  (naofezh.  odeah'Ub),  I  irive  you  a  pair  of  horsea. 
naDBhiifl  (nafiiill,  tuleKhnn),  I  ffive  you  a  variety'  of  thioss. 
nantihtql  (nai^tqfi,  ndeKht^f}),  I  give  you  a  gim. 
nanats^a  (nadttaAft,  ndeatfUJs),  I  Rive  you  a  blanket 
nanshtq^  (naliltqt,  ndeshtq^),  I  give  you  a  she«p  or  horse. 
Similarly,  nanansh'A,  etc,  I  return  it  to  you. 


ACQUIRING,   HAVENO,   KEEPING. 

nash'A  (nas&l,  nde«b'£i),  I  get  a  coin  in  one  wfty  or  other. 
naflbi&  (naah^jA*,  ndcahjl),  I  have  some  grain, 
nashl^  (nas^la,  ndesbl^),  I  posseas  a  quirt. 
naslAs  (nasAIOs,  ndcati^s),  I  get  a  horse. 


ACTJOX. 


ft7 


Dash'^sh ioiisM'^zh,  ndcfihlsliK  I  bavo  two  horsce at  ra>' disposal. 

na^hnfl  (nas^Dll.  Ddeebntl),  I  aciiuirc  Heverat  thinirt. 

Duhtql  (os^tqfi,  ndeshtqtt).  I  poespss  a  gun. 

Dwhtq^  {nas^Hqt,  nd<-Khtq<*)),  h  bunk'  came  into  Diy  possesuon. 

nwt«^  {nns^hsos,  ndests^),  I  have  this  bluiket. 

Ifk  naxh'i,  fie.,  cxprpfwoa  I  keep  it  (after  acqnirinjr). 


ASSORTING.   SELECTING.   SEPARATING.   ETC. 

ahJdsh'fi  (ahM'A,  ahtj&dcsh'at).  I  aort  coins. 

nhti&Khja  (alti^Ajit',  aHt^li^hji),  I  sort  grain. 

ah«Asl^  (alt^AH,  ahtUUlf^lAs),  I  separat*!  a  horse  from  a  herd. 

ahMsh'4tih  (alttlft'&zh,  altci&deshT'^h),  1 8«pai-ate  a  couple  of  honira. 

ahitfshkha  (ah^khH,  ah8&d<>shkhA}),  I  pour  liquid  id  either 
vtmtA. 

alttfahlfi  (allKAla,  oh^Ail&shl^)),  I  put  a  whip  aside. 

ahi^btqt  (atl^tqS.  ah^ddRshtJill),  I  BPparate  a  ahovel  from 
othrra. 

attttahOd  (ah^.hiVl.  ah^lrNhAt).  I  Aort  pumpkins,  select  Aonie. 

aHMshnfl  (aHil&nll,  ahtltLtlcfllmil),  1  separate  several  objects 
fruni  a  number. 

ahafcfttA  (aha&It^I,  alt^&dcstJI),  I  remove  a  hair  or  two. 

aJtiJA8tH&i  (lUttil&lttOs,  attMdeatsdci),  I  tiort  ur  select  a  blanket. 

aJtittftbt^J'  (aJtM&hqt.  alt8&<lt\«ihtq^K  I  soloct  a  sheep. 

altiiishj^  tahiHljdt,  alti&defthjoO.  I  sort  wool. 

mItAsbkUU  (aitii&tkbil.  att^leshkhAl),  I  Rplice  a  etiok.  (Cf. 
N'arabo  bouses  et  alibi,  for  additional  wordii.) 

ah^UiaBhjA)  (a}titth£^Ol,  a]tti«idi^Rhj61K  I  sort  wool. 

•)t^vish'&.  I  assort  hats;  ait^vistil^.  I  assort  leather.  For 
additional  roote  and  past  and  future  forms  cf.  bl.vish'&.  under 
■*riaciDtf." 

fthdftnahun  (aHM^uIl,  att^u^lmiO,  I  put  several  things  aimrt. 

ndaah'A  (n<las&'&,  ndadcsh'£l),  I  set  Rtonen  apart  Similarly, 
■daihiA  induh^ia,  ndwieshji),  irrain;  ndaMh)^  (ndas^Ia,  ndadesb- 
|>.    i»'o   ropes;    ndasbt^if   (ndas^tqi,    ndadeshtqU),   two  sticks; 


19 


BTHyOLl 


TAitY. 


ndashlVI  <tidRsh^sbfid,  ndadeHhAl),  melons;  mlashnfl  (ntias^nll, 
otladcshnfl),  I  nrattpr,  or  act  soveral  things  a|art:  ndafttRAs  <nda- 
s^ltsOe,  luladeNtsAs),  I  put  blankpts  apart;  ndashCq^  (nda.s(IHqt, 
odadesh(q4^l),  I  drive  two  ftboep  from  a  herd. 

PLACING. 

DDflh'ft  (nnA'S.  ndesb'al),  I  placo  a  coin. 
onshji  (ntijfi*,  mleshjl),  I  place  grain. 

unshkliA  (nn&khS,  ndeshkhal),  I  place  a  vessel  with  liquid. 
onsbK'  (ndla,  nde^hl^l ),  I  place  a  rot>«- 
nrtsf^s  (ndlos,  odesl^s),  I  lead  a  horse  to  a  place, 
nnlfth'^xh  (nnffiEh,  ndesh'Ish),  I  lead  two  horse^t. 
niushnil  (ndll,  ndeshnfl),  I  place  sevornl  objects, 
niiflhti:]^  (niihqf,  odeshtqi^^t),  I  plact^  a  beef. 
onKtsds  (ni'ilt.s09>,  ndetits^),  I  place  a  blanket. 
The  above  are  similar^'  qualified  us  follows: 
cKinn^ihtq^,  etc.,  1  put  a  horse  out,  eject  it. 
DlA*dt  noshtqC,  I  lead  it  yunder. 
nfljf.  or  nA'di  nn.<tt.<V^s,  I  put  a  blanket  away,  etc. 
bT'nafth'a(brni'ii,  bi'nde-sh'&i),  I  plact'  a  stone  in  a  box  or  waffon. 
bi'naAtAft  <bi'n£l68,  bi'ndealAs),  I  lead  a  hone  into  a  stable, 
bi'nash'^h  ibrnfc'ezh.  bi'ndctth'Lsh),   1   put  two  horses  iotu  a 
stable. 

broasbja  (bi'n&ja',  bi'ndeshji)<   I  put  BUffar  into  a  sack. 
bl'iiashM  (bfn^la,  bl'ndesbl^),  I  put  the  quirt  into  a  box. 
WaashKy^  <bi*n^htrt,  bl'ndeshgt'j),  I  carry  it  into  the  room. 
bl'nashtqf  (bi'iUtqa,  brndeshtqll),   I  caro*  a  stick  into  tbe 
wa0on. 

bi'nashnfhbl'nashnll,  bi' odeshnn),  I  pUce  several  thioirs  into  it 
bfyiflh'a  (bt^t'fi,  bidesh'al),  I  place  a  stone  into  a  box. 
blyisM^  <blyfla,  bldeshl^l).  I  place  a  strap  into  a  box. 
biylshja  (bly!j*',  bideahji),  I  place  (rniin  into  a  sack. 
bl^ishtqf  (biyftqfi.  bldeshtqll),  I  put  a  kuu  into  a  box. 
biyisMVs  (biyllOs,  bidesIAs),  I  lead  a  horse  into  a  field  or  stable. 


ACTIOS. 


99 


bl^ish'lsb  (bIyfSzh,  bhlesh'Isb),  I  lead  two  horses. 
ibTjUhnil  (bi>inil,  bide.«hn(l>,  I  place  H^veral  thinft^i  into  a  box. 
LbiyistaAf)  (biyfttHAs,  bidcstAds),  I  put  a  blanket  into  a  sack. 
^blyishJA}  (biyfjjol,  blil(^hjdJ),  I  sack  wool. 

blyishtqil'  <bly(hqt,  bldp8btq^.t),  I  put  a  nuttton  into  a  t^ack. 

bllushjAl  tblq^ljill,  b1biil<^jdl),  I  sack  wool  or  haj'. 

iC'yiKh'ii.  and  otiier  foriuK,  express  placint;  in  the  ground,  bury- 
ioit  lealber,  6tick»,  gnin,  blankets,  etc. 

RKMOVIN«.  TAKlNtt  OUT,   EXTRACTIXO. 

biRinash'i  (blttinA'fi,    biKfndesh'al),    I   take  a  stone  out  of  a 
wajfon. 
For  variuiiK  otiier  fomis  see  bl'nash'i,  placini;  into  a  receptacle. 
'ghftnsbtll  (gbfli^ht^g,  ghftdeshtfal^  I  remove  a  box,  take  itawa^-. 
trhfinNbdlJ^  (Khfli''u(hdl&,  Kl>ff*l*^><t)dl^l),  1  nmiove  a  quirt, 
tchftnsbji  (ffhAdahja'.  i^bsdeshji).  I  take  the  ffrain  away, 
[gfalniihtqf  (Khfirishtfifi.  frhfldeshtqfl),  I  remove  a  fnm. 
'f  hSnshgy^  (jThilf^shfrt,  ghAtlenhg^^i),  I  renio\-e  a  sack  of  wool. 
ffhftnsh'nH  (ghtt/iKh'nll,   (fhfich>sh'nfO»  I    remove  a   varietj"   of 
ubjectH. 

ffhSnflhtq^  (izbSflnhtqt,  ghSdeshtq^l),  I  take  a  horse  away. 
shbishjM  (KhAdBhj5l,  RbAdeshjOt),  I  remove  a  bale  of  hay. 
shknstaAs  (jrhflii.<4t«iV8,  Eha4)est«As),  I  remove  a  blanket 
fthicHi'  naqoish'i  {naqoTli,  naqofidesb'il).  I  take  my  hat  off. 
^jqaah'a  (qi'fi.  qadesh'at).  I  dij;  a  stone  out. 

iwhA  <(a8h'&,  I  extroct  a  twith. 
^qasl^£  (qajA',  qadeshji),  I  take  or  di^f  ont  gruD. 
QBshkha  ((lakha,  qadeslikhal),  I  draw  water. 

(qal6«,  qadeslds),  I  lead  a  horse  from  a  fleld. 
qash'frih  (qa'^zh,  qadexh'LHh),  I  lead  two  horsea. 
qanhnCi  (qanll,  qailcshnfl ),  I  take  several  things  out  of. 
qashjl  (qajif  qadeshJiK  I  take  Rugar  from  a  bowl, 
fqaahl^  (<iala,  i|adeshl^l),  1  take  a  saddle  from  a  wagon, 
tql  (qatqit,  qadeshtqil),  1  dig  a  jKfst  oitl. 
)'Di<<b  (ii&niKb,  qadesh'nish),  I  pluck  weeds  or  feathers. 


100 


^KOLOGJC  DirrmxARy. 


qtishfryM  (qAiO'''d.  (iB<le»hff&)).  I  iVig  n  ditch. 

qastM^H  (qah^iAH,  qadcRtsds),  I  take  n  blanket  out  of  ■  room. 

qtutt^  (qdhsT,  qnclesttn),  I  pull  a  hair  out. 

(ta^htf)^  (qitHcif,  qntlcsht(t^}\  I  take  a  horse  from  a  corral. 

tqo  qahashlf  (tqo  qahalO\  tqo  qahld^shlO),  I  Ur»w  or  iMUiip 
water 

I^sh  qahash£>-^t  (qahajrySd,  qahi(le«hff6}),  I  exca«*ate,  remove 
the  dirt. 

qahastsds  (qahahsOs,  qnhidcatsAs),  I  take  a  blanket  from  a 
wa^on. 

qahashjAt  (qahaljOl,  qahid^hJAl),  I  carry  ha>'  or  wool  from 
a  house. 

(Cf.  also  Redeeming  from  Pawn,  under  "RorroMing," 

INVERTING. 

nahidesh'a  (nahid^'£,  nahidfdeNb'al),  I  turn  a  coin  over. 

iiahideshja  (nahid^ja',  nibididesbjiK  I  turn  ffrain  over. 

nahideshll^  (naliid^la,   nahidldesfal^}),  I  turn  leather  over. 
'    nahidoshriit  (nahid^nll,  nuhidI(K>.shnn),  I  invert  st^veral  objects. 

nahideshtql  (nahid^tqfl,  nahidfdeshtqtl),  I  turn  a  nhovel  over. 

DahidcshtqS(nahitl£)tq!,  nahidldeshbit^',  I  turn  a  horse  or  beef 
on  it«  side. 

nahideshq^  (nahidt^A'tt  nahidldcshqt^l),  I  turn  a  Itn-gft  sack  of 
wool  over. 

nahidesht'^'  diahid^H'?',  »ahidl<lesht^^l).  I  turn  a  mutton  over. 

nahidefltsAii  <nahidAhAus,  tiahidIde.<it<iA<i),  I  turn  a  blanket  up. 


SUSPENDING. 

dahtdish'^  (dahidf'A.  dahidTdesh'£)),  I  han^  up  a  saddle. 
dahidi<ihja  (dahidljil*.  ilahidldoshjl),  I  hanjr  up  some  suinir. 
dahidishl^  Ulahtdfla,  daliidUleshl^l),  I  hauK  up  a  roptt. 
dahidishtqf  (dahidftqS,  dahidldeshtqfl),  I  han£  up  ft  fiiin. 
dahidL»b<|£  (dahidiyi,  dahjdldeshq^l).  I  faanff  up  a  sack  of  hay. 
dahidiAhnO  (dahidfnil,  dahidldesbn(l),  I  hanjr  tip  several  thin£-.s. 


ACTION. 


101 


lUhulbhtT  (tluhidfh*e\  dabiJldesh^L^l}.  I  luing  up  a  mutton. 
ilahidintA^  ((lahidntsOs,  dahidldr^t^K'^a),  I  hanj;  tip  a  blanket, 
dahidisbtt^  (dahirifttJif,  ilahidldeshtq^),  I  luing  up  a  iKef. 

yaishl  (i'OTA,  yAftdpsh'AI),  I  htup  a  coin. 

yAishb  <.vOilOs,  ,v6A(letilfi8),  1  lose  a  horsp. 

yAiHh'j^fth  C^'Oi't^zh.  .vAdiU'sli'Ish),  I  I11R4?  a  |Hiii*  of  horKi!>K. 

3'du<Kl4^  tiolla,  joddusU^h.  I  lose  a  rope. 

ydishjA  (^'O'ljA*,  y6&Uc«hiI),  I  lose  some  sutear. 

ydixbtcil  (yO'llqi,  yoiklrahtiif]),  T  lose  a  shovel  or  gun. 

yAifthnll  (yfilnll,  yoAdeshnll),  I  lose  several  thinjr*. 

yutshtq^  (.Vo'lltql,  yoadrahUtt^-l),  I  lose  a  shrep. 

yuist^^  (.vfi'lltsAs,  yo&dratsOB),  I  lose  a  blariki-t. 

yoishn^*  (^*o1]^£^  yuadeah'nflK  I  torn*  an  article. 

jrolshil^)  (i-ofM6l,  y6Ade«hd0,  T  dropped  am)  lost  somethinfT' 

yOiaht'd*  (A*o1hfA*,  yaAdesht'iUl,  I  Iorp  or  j^et  rid  of  somothinj;. 

UUMBINU,   CKAWLINO.   CRliEFlN'O. 

yUh'nfl  {tfub'nfi,  desh'afi),  I  crawl,  creep. 

bAyub'nft  (bft^Kli'nA,  bAde^h'nfi),  I  climb  up. 

Similarly  other  words  are  formed:  ts^'nft'  yish'nfi,  I  climb  or 
cn?ep  acrosri  Kornvthintf;  bitsltri  yi«(h'nA,  I  crawl  alonir  the  ba^e 
of  it:  t)itri&t*A'  yi»h'nfl,  I  creep  alonff  a  projecting  sholf  of  a 
mountain  or  pn^cipire;  biyAf  i,  or  bitlU'^i  yish'nA,  I  crawl  under  it. 

hAi()ts  yinh'n^  (.vish'nA,  defih'nd),  I  cliuib  over, 
,  fldanosh'nJt  (  »ilanftAh'n£,  atlad^sh'nft),  I  climb  down. 

<tiUD)  Mbia.sh'ti6  (baiisfK'nfi,  bamlKsb'ttA),  I  climb  a  tree. 

f.1wOSlNG. 

shOa  nAhjAl  (n^^ljdl,  dfne.sbjdl),  or  shlla  tfsm^s  (ndtmAs,  dfaeit- 
mtts),  I  clone  ni;^'  hand  or  t\sL 

shfla  alcUt*  isbl<^  ^Khhi.  a/leshlfl),  1  cIorc  tny  hand. 
Similar!}',  nfiltA^  aJchf  ishl^,  I  cloKe  a  book  or  letter. 


\Q2 


Ay  ETHNOLOGIC  DlCTIOffARV. 


□  ishctitl  (nishcBll,  dfncshcBit),  or  o^shcBll  ^ttfse),  I  close  iu,v 
eyes,  I  squiut. 

dJUHsh'nSd  (dadlsh'tiOd,  dftdldpflb'adt).  I  close  my  lips. 

q^Uhbln  (qiid^lhfn,  r]adTdp!ahbI)),  I  close  im  0[>cnin^,  fill  it. 

d&odlnitbtnu  idandi^ttrin,  duiKlfJei<btfll>.  I  cluse  a  wall,  dam 
an  opening. 

dftndliLshjfi  (dnndfnij?,  dAndldesbJA'  ^  I  close  a  corral  (with  \ox%). 

d&ndlnshkb&l  (dandfnlktial,  dftndrdB.shkliAl),  I  dune  a  door,  or 
diadinsb'nfl  (daudfiiKb'till,  dAndfdcsh'nil),  I  close  several. 

nd(zIdKo  (nd^zld,  ildldozil),  at  tlM>  close  of  the  month. 

altso  n4qaeo,  at  the  close  of  the  year,  or  yiqi  (3'lqai,  doq&}.  it 
in  the  closo  of  the  year.      (Of.  also  close  of  ceremony. ) 

ntsbKAt  (n^shkd^  dineRhUdl),  I  wink. 

adt.sh'nf  (nt'ife),  I  clo«e  ni,v'  eyes- 


LOCKING   AND   CO-RELATIVE   WORDS. 

yfnstfiAtc  (nf*),  1  cling-  or  hold  to  it  with  my  teeth. 

KAtAAg  (nl's'),  it  (a  dog,  for  instance,)  clings  to  me  with  its  teeth. 

Khidlnitsi'  (shidf nestifA* ,  shidfnotsdi*),  or  sbidfnilBgb&sh  isbidf- 
nesbKb&sb,  shid(nola);hA)*b),  it  clings  with  it«  teeth,  sinks  its  teeth 
into  niy   flesh. 

shidlnijr  (sh)dfneshjl',  sbidfnojl'),  it  sinks  its  claws  into  me. 

de'  aqfdilld  (n^&),  Uwy  locked  boms. 

fauhtHsb  b6dilj6  (ntfi&),  mud  (rosin,  glue,  etc.)  clings,  or  hasfi' 
tKsh  l)6dilid,  it  clingn  ^t. 

U4»6,  glam,  or  akhJU  btft^od,  leather  clings  (when  moistened 
and  held  to  stone  or  glass). 

a(|fdTlje,  orbfdTlj@,  it  holds  fast,  it  is  welded  or  glued  together. 

lifidriKnr,  (squeeze),  he  clinched  it. 

yIn.st-4*  (nfee).  uryistsi'  {s6ts&',  destdl'),  1  cling  to  it,  hold  an 
object  with  tny  teeth. 

dAdish'nOd  (dadfsh'nOd.  dAdldesh'nM),  or  dAdfnsh'nOd  (ntfA),  I 
hold  it  with  m.v  lips. 

dAdiiitsA*  (dadestsd*.  dAdldestsi' ).  I  clinch  mj-  teeth. 


Acnoif. 


108 


BREAKING   AND   CO-RELATIVE   WORDS. 

Rfrmhtql  (ttlrilql,  kfdcshtiiT),  1  break  a  stick  or  wagoo. 

■ItiAnshtql,  I  break  it  into. 

dlnhtqi  <ilt}tc|fi\  tlfdeshtqft),  I  break  it  u]},  break  it  to  piec«fi, 
nbatlpr  it. 

ditii£  (dltqii\  dIdob|i),  it  is  burst,  broken. 

iSfinf  (nt^nft  tS^lont),  it  is  in  fragments. 

diflhiM  (d^MAf  dIdcsbdAl),  I  bunt  or  explode  it  (for  instance, 
B  ifiin  or  bla<Mer). 

dc«d6,  it  is  burst  (it  exploded). 

.visljtft  (s^H^Il,  dvsti^U),  I  bruak  u  |iot  ur  glufia. 

sttiJn,  it  is  broken  (a  plate,  saucer,  and  the  like). 

qisht'Ad  (q^^dd,  qldesh^6l),  I  brwik  it  off,  such  as  a  piece  of 
doiiffh,  wet  paper,  and  the  like;  dl^Adi,  fragile,  easily'  broken  or 
torn,  mich  as  wet  ]>ap(>r,  chalk,  etc. 

do-nirfzdn,  it  is  not  hard,  but  soft  and  breakable. 

aqiiuUdfis,  it  fell  in,  such  as  a  house  or  waicoa. 

hatfhAjiMiVs.  the  ico  brokf^  throuffh. 

kviUid  (Re^ld6.  or  Ke^ltti6).  Kfdold61,  it  U  broken,  it  will  break. 

yisbdd'  (9^4d«',  dosbdO'),  I  burst  a  bottle;  yild6'  {y'i»d6\ 
do\d6' ),  it  is  burst. 

nAdlltBid  (nAdtlielld.  nAdldoMl),  the  mtid  breaks  off,  or  n&dll- 
tqiU  (n&ilIIU(nl,  n&(lidult/|AH.  tin-  (drictl)  mud  falls  from  the  wheels. 

nA<litfhA'  (nodi.vA.  aAdidot£)U),  a  horse  or  dog  breaks  awa}'. 

H  3  ifth^S  (rtzbod,  desb(U),  T  break  or  tame  a  hor^e. 

SPILLING. 


3'anAkhid,  it  is  Hpilt 

j-andokbiil,  it  will  be  spilt  (from  a  small  vessel). 

y&nildzld  (^'andoltslt),  it  is  t^pilt  (from  a  jarX 

w6'i>d&s,  it  is  spilt;  w6adu)d&s,  it  will  spill  (by  shaking). 

ya'bihkli&  (>a'tkh&,  yaideshkli^),  I  spill  it,  I  eai|>t}'  a  vessel. 

yaNha  iyi'A,  yeidesh'sl).  ]  |K)ur  i>ll. 

yasxkl  Cveixid,  ycidesSl),  1  pour  out. 


tTHKOU 


STRIKIN'a. 


uoshqtU  (nSn^lqfil,  ntlfnoahqU^  I  strike  htm  with  a  club. 

nanshn^"  (nan^hif'*  nd(iit>.shiiTl),  1  Rtrikt>  him  with  a  stone. 

D«n&h(|d^,  I  strike  you  with  a  chib. 

bftnitfthtt4\  I  strike  you  with  a  tttone. 

nanKtsqis  {nan^h.'^qAs.  ndfnostsqis),  I  whip  him. 

nandstsqls,   I  whip  .vou. 

naiuM»h<i&l  (nandflqitl,  DandldcHhq&l),  I  club  you. 

nandishnfi*  (nandiln^*,  DaodldoshDt]),  I  rIodc  you,  or  strike  you 
with  a  stone. 

nHiidtsttjlD  (nandfltMlii,  nandldestin),  I  strike  you  with  my  fisL 

nandlsteqfis  (nandfHsqiU,  nandldesbtqls),  I  give  you  a  whippitifT. 

nikhindishfA*  (nikhind^6\  oikhlndldosh^^i),  I  floor  you. 

niklsid!f<t^n  (nildsidfihi^Tn,  iiihlsidld^stHll),  I  punrh  you. 

nikhldisht;^  (nikhid^d',  uikhldld^hjfA'K  I  strike  the  ground 
in  falliDtr- 

Ij'jifthii^'  ()t>d$llii6\  ]€8hdeshnn\  I  strike  the  ground  with  a 
hard  object. 

naibidsfst^Tn  (naflbldsf hi^Tn ,  nftAhlzd^stfil).  I  prostrat«  him 
with  my  fist. 

nadbijfHhqdl  (oaAbidslhial,  uaAbIzhdeshqiU)»  I  prostnite  him 
with  a  club. 

nnji^ha  ajishkhad  (adsfkluid,  azhdeshkh&l),  I  strike  you  once 
across  the  hack,  or  when  done  with  frequency,  nnAeha  fijfshkhid 
(adaiydkhAd*  azbdiyAshkhAi),  I  Hrike  you  aeveml  tim(^8  acroetd 
the  back.  Similarly,  the  following  are  formed:  nt«iya  ajfsbkhAd, 
I  atrike  the  back  of  your  hcati:  nj&  ^a'AjUhkhad,  1  boK  your 
ears  for  you. 

ajiahto'^  <ad8ti;A\  &zbdefthff6')*  I  tun  with  m^'  head,  butt 
another  with  ni^'  he-ad. 

adista^^t  <ad4^ts«l,  ftdldest^),  I  strike  (the  moccasin). 

jrlnsts^l  (3-inftsel,  yidests^l),  I  strike  it. 

yisA  Mz6,  desA),  I  strike  a  match. 

iX^i  jHshklia)  <»UikhA},  deshkhfll),  1  strike  a  flint  or  match. 


8ICKSB8S  Ayii  DISEASE. 

jFishhiil   (fi^tqiU.  UeshUiU).   I   kick   it:  adishtq&l  (iulsi.v4tqal. 

tluliyeAhtqA}),  X  g^ive  it  b  kick;  AjishUjU  (adMUiAl.  ilztvlPAhUiA)), 

1  frive  it  serera)  kicks;  nishtqAl  (ns^^tfiA),  ndesbtq&l),  I  kick  you; 

tmnHht<iJU  (nan^t4iAl,  mlfncAhtqa^,  I  kick   it  a^in;  nRnnshtq&t,  I 

kick  you  sf^iin. 

slsq^  (s^.li|t,  di.v«eq^K  I  kill  it. 

TEARIKO,   DESTROYING,   ETC. 

isztla  (fzdx,  ftdeszllaK  I  tear. 

yisxtfs  (iiz{}z,  dea2<)s),  I  tear  it;  ba  ylszds,  I  husk  corn. 

yisbclu)  CvUchrt,  dfshch6l),  1  destroy  or  spoil  it,  or  bashch6 
(h61chA,  hodeshchA))*  I  destroy  it. 

nohas^z  <neh^z9z,  nihideititllz),  I  tt^r  a  cord. 

oebesq&s  (nch^ghAz.  nfhideMiftH),  I  cruiiible  it  with  my  hands. 

Itinlshalsh  Ikidaixb,  UfdeshuTsh),  I  tear  a  rop«. 

do-naha'n£da,  it  is  imniovabie,  you  can  not  budge  it. 

ladUUI,  it  is  riven;  baghfimllAd,  rent  into,  torn;  fitndlftd,  a  cord 
is  torn;  nehesfAd,  it  is  in  shreds  (for  instance,  a  coat). 

tqA^h'nU  (tqaiit^nl],  tqaidcRh'nft).  I  tear  it  don-n,  dej^roy  it 

tqinAAsh'nll  (tqaDeia^s'nll,  lqaneide«h'nn)»  I  tear  it  down  a^io. 


SIOKXESS   ANT)   DISEASE. 

Sickikeaa,  diae«Bo  and  corporal  injuries  are  treated  in  the  liffht 
of  chaatisemeDt  by  the  offended  dirinities.  The  source  of  sick- 
nras  ia  tberefor  to  be  found  not  so  much  in  any  physical  cause 
as  In  some  rua^ic  influence,  which  must  be  removed  by  the  power 
of  a  apeeifie  chant  bj'  making  a  propitiatory  sacrifice  to  the 
offended  holy  prison,  or  by  employing  the  greater  power  of  a 
higher  div)nit>-  in  removintr  the  witehery  and  malevolent  in0u- 
euoe  of  an  Inferior  one.  Should  the  sickness  continue  after  % 
glTca  eeremonj',  such  a  fact  can  not  bo  attributed  to  the  impo- 
tence of  that  ceremony,  but  clearly  ahowti  that  the  offense  has 
not  been  proporly  trac«<1  and  must  be  sought  elsewhere.  In 
oooBeqneDco  there  is  often  no  end  of  ainging  in  one  form  or 


AN  ETHyOlOOIC  DICTIONARY. 

other  utitil  d(»alli  eosucs  or  relief  U  DbtaineU,  as  the  tnetbod  o 
dispatchiniir  a  chroDic  patient  by  means  of  poisoDOiu  herbs  oj 
dniff))  is  now  practiced  with  ever  decreasing  frequency.  Deat] 
is,  of  couree,  beyond  human  calculation,  yet  should  ordinarilj 
not  interfere  with  an  effort  to  obtain  a  proloufration  of  thi 
peiiod  of  life  by  invoking  the  aid  of  Boine  chant  When  tit 
approach  of  death  is  certain,  however,  every  ceremoii.v  sub 
aides,  and  the  officiating  sinyer  withdraws  before  the  inevttabb 
i»ne. 

Withal,  the  singer  is  the  nian  of  medicine,  as  Navaho  thera 
peutics  are  effectively  applied  in  the  course  of  the  rites  only 
Logically,  too,  the  knowlnlge  and  <;pccialt.v  of  the  singer  I 
gauged,  not  so  much  by  his  familiarity  with  the  sanative  qualitjei 
of  herbs,  as  by  his  greater  or  lesser  knowledge  and  dexterity  ii 
performing  a  given  rite.  In  fact,  when  it  is  known  that  bil 
medicine  pouch  is  possessed  of  paraphernalia  of  some  antiquity 
and  difficult  to  acquire  at  prtvtent,  or  wh«^n  others  have  bed 
cured  of  a  similar  disease  through  his  services,  the  demand  for  i 
given  rite  and  singer  becomes  greater  regardless  of  the  disease 
That  the  suffering  of  some  patients,  especially  when  rich  ii 
wealth,  is  unduly  prolonged  through  the  chicanery  and  greed  oJ 
a  clique  of  singers  bent  on  their  exploitation,  is  unhappily  true, 
but  scarcely  avoidable  in  the  face  of  an  equally  general  credulity. 
And  though  the  uninterrupted  continuation  of  singing  is  usualtj 
productive  of  physical  exhalation  and  high  fever,  this  fact  can 
little  be  considered  when  tlie  chant  is  all -important  Moreover, 
a  glance  at  the  list  of  harmless  herbs  and  the  manner  of  applyin| 
them  in  must  ceremonies  lends  color  to  the  opinion  that  mediclaet 
are  of  very  minor  and  secomiary  importance  throughout  In 
addition,  too,  medicines  obtaiued  from  American  physicians  dc 
Dot  deprive  the- ceremony  of  its  primary  importance  and  Inherenj 
power,  and  are  often  taken  while  a  ceremony  is  in  progress,  oi 
subsequently  to  it,  without  apparent  detriment  to  its  success. 

Obvious^',  then,  the  subject  of  di&ease  is  intimately  connected 


StCKKSSS   AXD    lilHEASS, 


101 


jrith  that  of  reliirion  and  the  chants  through  which  a  remedy  is 
[-ht.  The  proftent  chapter,  however,  bi  devoted  to  difleanes 
and  afflictions  rei^rdloss  of  their  reliffious  character.  A  list  of 
popnUr  remedien  frequently  applied  tiuleix'iidfntly  of  a  cere- 
Qiooy  is  also  added,  thuutcb  many  of  these  are  do  loojfcr  in 
votrue.  RejrardiDff  the  native  recipes  for  poisonous  snake  bite», 
hi'drophobia,  or  similar  cases^  nothing  of  viiliie  cotdd  be  obtained, 
as  soch  information  is  the  property  of  a  chosen  few  who  scru- 
pulottsLy  Mafo^uuril  it  even  from  their  own  tribesmen,  and  wotUd 
dirulffe  it  with  extrome  reluctance. 

The  contaeiousnees  of  some  diseases  is  well  known.  Thus 
smallpox  is  much  dreaded,  the  patient  being  hastily  deserted  in 
the  hofcan  and  localitj'  infected  with  the  disease.  In  recent 
yeare  few  caHen  of  it  have  occiirntl.  Diphtheria,  too,  was 
checked  by  close  quarantine  no  other  remedy  being  known. 
Modern  diseasee,  such  as  pulmonary  and  tubercular  troubles, 
tfacKvh  formerly  unknown,  are  now  ver>'  prevalent,  and  words 
hav*  been  coined  to  describe  them. 

While  surgery  is  not  practiced  the  Navaho  readily  submits  to 
the  surgeon's  knife  when  tl>e  nece^it,)'  for  it  la  explained. 

The  ainger  as  a  rule  docs  not  act  as  accoucheur,  but  assists 
Mnwtimes  in  supporting  the  laboring  woman.  Immetliate 
•■^•laoce  is  offered  by  neighboring  female  frietide  of  a  woman 
in  oonSnement,  and  obstetrics  as  a  specialty  is  unknown. 

daAt«i,  he  is  sick,  or  bedridden. 

nihit,  a  diseaae,  or  germ  of  diAeue. 

nAldsId,  or  n&ldsid  nasdit,  deca>'  has  set  in,  it  la  Incurable. 

tsltqftb4,  dandruff. 

siteltrfln  dinl,  my  head  aches,  headache. 

bini  dinf,  sore  eyes;  dint  or  bodinl  and  nesgaf  are  often  used 
to  express  local  afflictions,  thus,  bachl'  dinf,  a  sore  nose;  jfiyl* 
(tbijiyn  bodinf,  earach«;   habfd  dinf,  pain  of  the  stomach,  etc 

bini  Mint,  a  blind  man;  bij^khal,  deafness. 

kbA  IlcBdah,  a  st>-,  or  pimple  on  the  eye. 


108 


AX  BTHSOLOaiC  mOTlOKABY. 


cKlsh  is  souictinies  used  for  catarrh;  nf6dll,  noR«  blM><linjf,  or 
shin^dll,  my  nose  biwda. 

sbijt^  ic|{ts,  ni>'  ear  is  scabby,  pas  is  setUod  on  my  oar;  Bhij^yT* 
hAqJ^s,  I  lutve  a  nmiiin^  ear. 

wh5  dtnf.  toothache.  Siinilarl>',  ad&^'f  hodinf,  a  »on>  throat; 
siz^iiatfbi,  or  sokb^  dint,  niy  neck  pains  me;  Kittid.  (in.v  ton^e 
ftod  throat);  fthinitsf,  (nt>*  check);  KhinishjA,  (niy  cheekbone); 
sbi^'fttsln  dinf,  my  jaw  aches;  showhAtst  dint,  or  hodinf,  my 
gnnis  ache. 

diskh^s  (nt*^),  I  cuuzh,  have  a  cold,  but  mam  fmiuently, 
dokb^  shidlln^  (shidolnA.  KhfdldOlnA),  I  catch  a  cold. 

biziba,  or  shid&*  nasdltUl,  mj'  lips  are  (torn)  chapped,  or  stitdi* 
aqi(l6ttq&l,  m,v  lip  is  burnt  on  the  wholo  aurface.,  or  tthidi'  isKiJll 
when  burst  in  center  unlj*.  Similar  expressions  are  used  for 
chapped  &kin  on  the  hands;  shflft*  nafldlftd  and  »[i1lA'  af(i(lOlU]&l, 
chapped   hands. 

binfldiiTls,  cro6s-«yed;  binUchT,  his  eyes  are  bloodshot,  thotu^h 
this  idoa  is  iiRiiall,v  paraphrased. 


I 


I 


HPEXnAL   DISEASES. 

a>'ftdlnl.  diphtheria;  aya>-A  dahazll.  K^itre,  which  occurs  rarely. 

yanali^khad,  the  ptantiug  uf  lice,  tlie  rintfwurm. 

khadoifdni,  the  smallpox,   for  which  Iddtso,  biff  sores^  is  also 
used. 

)nd  donidsihi,  nn  incurable  sore,  the  cancer;  Idd,  or  bilM,  a 
sore,  an  inflammatiun. 

ch&cIiAKh,  syphilis,  shanker. 

billzh  bA'nl',  stricture. 

HchltroqA'  hadaj^ii;!,  red  spots  api^earing^,  the  cbickcnpox  and 
measles. 

ishclifd,  or  qfiishcK(d,  the  itch  (a  pro«titutional  disease). 

hatq&hoc]ig>'£s,  the  body  is  curved,  apoplex>'i  paralyus. 

nAnchAd,  swellinff,  drop»^  O). 

jei  idin,  no  lunjfs,  is  used  by  Home  for  pneumonia  or  piilmon-" 
niy  troubles. 


SirKNVSS  AyO   niKEASE. 


fO» 


(Ildc«hch1,  ur  (I&<]ik1ic'Ii!,  blood  i)oisoninK< 

Aglsi,  the  gout,  rfaeutnatism.  This  is  also  exprnsHod  by  chAyIn 
tchA.vfni).  nieiiHtniatiuD,  as  the  tuiich  of  a  menHtrous  ironian  is 
■aid  to  csufie  tttitTDes.s  and  the  hunchback.  Hencfl,  the  thnn*  wonls 
ant  identical,  chAyln.  menstrua Itun;  chjjyini,  a  hunchback;  chdyfni, 
rbeumatiftni,  a  stiff  back. 


OEITERAL  nffDisposrnoN. 

ntf)ftsh  dohat^dal  does  your  btKly  achef  what  ails  yoa? 

KbibiA  do-imtilfda,  I  feel  bad,  I  atu  slitflitly  iiidtspofied,  or 
ahitqi  doAqdlyftda,  I  have  no  fooltnjf  in  my  body,  I  am  not  sick, 
yet  not  wuU. 

tiiAhtirtis»i,  or  shitq&honesKai,  I  have  a  fever;  aldnesh^  (nf£\ 
I  atu  iDtlisposed;  att1net*&,  he  ia  foelint;  bad. 

naadd*.  I  am  stiff  (from  work);  nsfudfi',  I  am  sore,  m^'  muscles 
ache;  t^nldA',  he  is  very  (tick.  I'Hually  reference  la  made  to 
incurable  diseases,  as  Kcht  t^nldit',  sick  with  Kniallimx;  haya>'4 
dinlifo,  diphthei-ia;  but  occasionally,  also.  dokhiV^  t^TntdA*,  a  severe 
coM:  hatq&honiea.  a  raffint;  fever,  etc.;  ti^lnidA'  shi  bisql,  be 
Iirobably  died  of  fev«r.  Hence,  the  expression,  do-dsdab&'da, 
death  ia  inevitable,  js  applicable  to  all  of  the  diseases  just  men- 
tioned, with  the  exception  of  t/iAhonTK^,  fever. 

satflifla  aaha'n&'.  ni>'  usupliainu  palpitateit. 

jaf  dlt>^',  palpitation  of  the  heart;   Jaf  dini,  heartburn. 

ilkh4S\  vomiting;  nishkhui  (ns&khOi,  ^eshkho').  I  vomit. 

jfdiaE.  he  ia  hurt  OyiiiK)- 

»hih)ih<xlaKlifL  l^hiln&hodeyA),  I  am  firiddy,  dixzy. 

disife  (doz4,  dIdesA),  I  belch,  ifa^itritis. 

8hIdilcBl6\  food  is  repulsive  to  nie,  nausea. 

ahich&  ahi&'^'nr,  I  am  constipated. 

sitMniAlyAl,  or  n&nKdl.  I  am  flatulent;  cK^'isbtHd,  the  colic; 
chAdI),  1  pass  blood,  or  sitij&iiaJcKi.  I  have  iMinful  diarrbuea,  or 
•hichA  .slta^hAnlt,  I  fMss  water.  Hence,  shizhP  dinf,  my  whole 
body  painn,  and  shibfd,  my  stomach;  shiclM,  mj'  bowels;  shillzh 
din!,  my  urine  aches,  diuretic  trouble. 


no 


Ay  STHNOLOGIC  JilCTIOlfARV. 


dQ-ishqAzhdA,  I  can  not  ulcep*  insoninia. 

(Ill  8lf^\  boUioff  blood,  blood  spiUiatf,  or  lite6i,  yellow,  from 
the  color  of  the  phlegm. 

ayV  4IMU,  a  hf^morrhBg-c*;  dll  RhSh&lf  (nfi&),  I  am  blo(><tins; 
dll  rtyi,  lie  i»  covered  with  blood;  dll  qOisal,  be  bled  to  death. 

hate&  tqfdllt,  ■  paio  in  the  abdomen. 

t<ltdajln&\  impaired  vitality,  indisiHieition,  which  iua>'  be  caused 
by  a  fall  from  a  honip,  woundR,  bniispa,  weariness,  Rorencss,  etc. 

bAdaqo'A\  an  accident;  )I  nashflfifd',  the  horse  threw  ni«; 
H  slst(i&l,  the  horse  kicked  me. 

nllKf  (nesKl,  dfnolUI).  a  clot  of  blood. 

aid,  a  scar;  s<^,  a  mote;  ni&etsa,  a  pimple;  nAacU,  amall 
pimples  covering  the  entire  ami  or  body. 

cK^zh,  or  ilcH^zh,  a  boil;  tqtidisM,  a  blister;  t(i6ittqS,  a  tumur 
or  bloml  blister;   ishtUsh,  an  abHci'Hs;   Iq6s,  itching. 

ditsqfx,  a  shiver,  trembling. 

danAfw,  or  danitsAhi,  Hts  or  simflms;  a&'icHAhi  is  also  used  for 
IhiH,  but  particularly  expresHCs  insanity'  or  mental  derangement 
due  to  intermarriage  of  close  relatives.  It  is  said  to  be  charac- 
tericed  by  attempts  to  plunge  into  the  Hre  after  the  manner  of 
a  moth  ( icMhi),  from  which  the  term  ia  borrowed. 

qlK,  the  pits;  qls  istq&i,  an  otmn  sore;  qls  qftlt,  an  open  leg. 

n&nshqild,  I  limp;  ancshq&l,  I  limp  slightly. 

KAylT  bott&ni,  bowlegged;  jftd  h6khaK,  knockkneed. 

shflA'    tsthfldd^    (tsthilillU.    t«ldold&AK   my    liand    is   bruised. 

Similar  expressions  are:  shflA'  tsthitfdd  (tathffOd.  tsfdot'Ot), 
the  skin  is  peeled,  or  tsthishcUld  (tathfcHld,  tsldeshcKU),  I  scratched 
m.v  hand,  or  shflft*  t<:thishW  <tsthnH,  fifdeshklJ),  for  a  long  bruise. 
or  shflA'  tsthisq&s  (tsfhlghfls,  tsfdesqAs),  the  skin  is  rasped  <as 
from  a  bite).  Cf.  also  hashflKTd,  I  was  scratched;  nas^As,  I 
am  bruised  or  skinned;  ts!s&<;lifls,  I  ras|Nxl  or  bniiKod  the  fleeh. 

nsMlfid,  I  am  hruisod  (from  riding);  shitHi  yisi,  I  lost  my 
buttocks,  is  figurative  for  the  same  idea. 


81CKyS88  Ay7>  DISEASE. 

Bq&ntahtnd'&,  a  cramp;  sh11&\  or  shikh^  di^'Cs,  a  cramp  in  the 
hand  or  foot;   AqlihUfliih,  I  sprain  m.v  ankle. 

huK^  ilchr,  be  has  nightmare;  hatsA  ynjfltiii,  he  8|>eaks  in  Ms 

iidhkbe^  (adeskh^,  ft<licleskb6s),  I  choke;  aclolkhl^,  it  will 
choke  me. 

DiUsdsT,  I  frasp,  breathe;  h&n\  lUilIrl,  he  is  uncoa<«cioiU). 

adslsdln,  be  i.s  breatbleHs.  austre.spiclt. 

yiftdA*  yTnldsIl  (nt'(&),  hia  hiiifi:s  are  eood,  lonKr-winded;  yls<I&* 
Dslo  <Df&),  out  of  breath,  or  .ri>«dA'  naiti^sO'.  bis  breath  failed  him. 

yisdA'  nannheA'  (natii&^6\  ndlnoshgO'),  my  breath  faiU  me. 

yiadtt'  nisi  (ni7.1.  din^stl),  or  qahidUbtit  (o^ffe),  trapinffi  breath 
faib  me;  ylsUA*  q6y5  (ntf^).  it  is  very  close  On  a  room),  or  sultry. 

taist^ito  <nfl&),  imsound,  broken- winded;  also  iiaed  of  a  horse. 

yinf  bik|^  (biMjl,  bldij'ohii^O,  be  died  broken-hearted. 

dochAhojflda,  he  is  nearing  his  end. 

hakbAjl  luull,  he  bad  a  cloae  call  (from  Aickne-fls  or  accident). 

nhikhftji  hazH,  I  had  a  close  call. 

nisdsi  (nasdsl,  <idosdsI),  I  am  recovering  (m^*  wound  is 
fvcorering). 

bt*  (inneshftflfo,  startled  a**  a  deer,  nervous  and  alarmed  per»OD. 

rImA  tik'pi\,  pn^mature  birth;  ats^tqin,  on  abortive. 

i-:«dxAn  ajilchf>;o,  a  woman  in  conlinemenL 

kli^whM,  a  bunion:  kh6b£  ntrfzgo  d&'nHxnfltgi,  corns. 

ahikhifi  shilcUf*.  my  feet  smart;   »hikb^  nl't^l,  my  feet  perspire. 

bidA^^.  inflamnifttjon  between  thf>  toes,  or  below  the  arms. 

shiktid  hftilOatf^',  my  feet  are  mush.v  and  soft,  or  kh(  dfKdeh, 
•our  feei,  malodoroua,  or  kb/ichCn,  bad  smelling  feet. 

shijAd  nesgal,  or  shiiAd  dint,  my  leu^  are  sure;  dodioshjftda,  1 
am  not  a  good  pedestrian,  am  weak  in  the  legs. 

KOxb,  saline  (from  dokAzli,  alkaline),  excessive  perspiration 
briow  the  arm  leaving  it^  mark  on  the  shirt 

APl'LIKD  TO  SUW-tERY. 

alSfboninhg^sb,  I  dissect,  ciit  open. 

batqAgojlshglsh,  amputatiK)  limbs;  hagfln,  (arm);  h&lA\  (the 
hand);  haj&d  Uishnfglzbt  the  leg,  etc,  was  amputated. 


lis 


Ay  ETSsoLoaic  DicrwyAnr. 


hatqS^o  hadHl8t*A(l,  all  hui  linibR  wnre  pulIcK)  out,  or  ha^n 
dst.sqftt,  the  arm  is  clubbed  off;  ha^^n  dslsti]!,  the  arm  is  struck 
off;  haiffin  jiRhn^',  the  arm  ifi  cut  off  (with  a  knife). 

doM)&ilhozIndal&,  or  do-qfinhoiilzid  it'^a.  or  do-qQ^bodsocld 
jI^iMa,  he  is  mutilated  beyond  recojcoition. 


REMEDIES. 

baAqafih.vfl  (bnAqaAh}'&ntfa>>,  I  take  (or  took)  care  of  a  sick, 
bls^di'  yisdH.  I  remain  with  a  sick  person. 

Dandruff  <t»Itq&l)a)  is  said  to  be  removed  by  the  application  of 
red  juniper  ('/Ad  ni'^li)  and  a  irrass  called  tr6l6\  which  are  rub- 
bed well  in  after  bathing  the  band.  It  will  be  remembered  that 
the  hairbriwh  (be^zhA)  is  provided  with  a  branchlet  of  the  juni- 
per (ifftd  nr<yi),  presumably  as  protection  from  evil  influence. 

Snuff  (iii'I'nd)  was  larireU'  used  for  headache  and  nose  trouble 
(cHlsh  Bzd,  catarrh  me^licinc,  and  hachf  dinfji  tai,  sore  nose  med- 
icine).     Some  plant  names  indicate  this  purpose. 

For  hea«lacbe  a  snuS  prepared  from  a  Gentian  (i^id  cEll)  ivas 
said  to  afford  some  relief.  For  nose  troubles  dried  find  pulver- 
ized herbs  were  used,  such  as  blue  eye  gnus  (aite  tMhi),  the 
Zinnia  {.nl'I'nfl  ntsditfi),  and  another  callod  nn'riO  tjio,  tall  snuff. 
or  the  aster,  and  the  silkweed  (trisb  ild^i  i^),  and  Apoplnppus 
(tlish  Uawb6i),  and  the  Solanum  (nahsdi).  which  latter  was  also 
a  remed.v  for  sore  eyes  (na  dinljro  azd). 

Earache  medicine  (j6yl  hodinf  az?)  was  prepared  from  the 
pulp  of  a  tree  (tstsdisi)  found  in  the  San  Franci.sco  Mountains, 
which  was  pulverized  and  mixed  with  water  (tqahikliAso,  powder 
in  water)  and  small  quantities  dripped  into  the  ear. 

Dwfne8s  was  said  to  be  partially  relieved  by  burning  balls  of 
tree  roein  (jSsa)  oo  hot  embers,  allowing  the  fumes  to  i^ass  Into 
the  ear.  A  kind  of  stone  rosin  (ts^'  bij^khal)  was  applied  in 
the  same  mauner. 


REMBttY. 


TiMithacbe  roetUcinc  (whrt  aisfi)  cousisttHJ  of  a  mush  |>rL>pttrtHl 
frum  cnwtuMl  leaTMi  of  alum  root  iwbut»fDi  az&)  ami  Itaattidt- 
Ui  U)  am)  Apoplappiis  (tflsh  ila\vhAi)  iiuxeti  with  water.  The 
EnuKh  WB«  held  to  lli«  achiiii;  tooth  »-ilha  h«a(e<l  8tune  lawht^' 
bTilfriiMd*.  the  tooth  is  heated).  As  altini  root  was  ulso  chewed 
I  to  relifve  th**  Hom  igwatu  it  was  callfNl  whotRfni  azd,  tooth-^um 
mt'dicine. 

No  n-iiiedj  was  known  for  tlw  im'aslRs,  smallpox  or  iliphthprJa. 

Blood  p4)isoninir  is  mrod  with  a  poultice  prepared  from  a  plant 
known  as  ndocht  (0  and  plared  on  the  Awelling'  (dldt^hchl  ftz^, 
hlooti  poJAoniDH  medicine). 

Mrdicinp  for  the  it<^h  (diithcBId  ay^)  tm  made  of  i{4i{4  baKi*, 
rrowx'  fat,  with  whirh  the  skin  is  well  nibbwl. 

Pimples  (nripAtBAI  were  removed  b.v  rubbing  them  with  the 
lt«rm  <tf  a  plant  called  n^etsd  az^.  ptmple  medicine. 

A  liniment  made  of  the  leavi-s  ami  bran<-hletfi  of  the  cancer 
ro4it  declAlf^zO  was  emiiloyed  for  sores  In  general  <h~Hl}^  lu;^, 
tore  or  boil  cure). 

[>iuretic  troubles  ( haUzh  dinltri  az^)  were  removed  by  a  bev- 
■■rair^  prepHre<l  from  »«iich  plants  as  Whitlow  tfnuM  (alfich  beidr/l), 
or  lh«-  himmiingbird  fowl  (dahitqlhidd  t»f>s),  or  the  "weed  which 
kUls  (dUl  affhini)." 

SwelliniTH  Ininchiid}  were  removed  b.v  appU'intr  the  plant  of 
thtK  name.  Tlieltt|KN)iuni  Wrixhtii  (u&nchad  aze). 

S^-philia  wu  KUppo8edl.v    n>moT6d  by  a  beverage  (>'idlA)  of 
lilifi  niodScine,  Conlylatithiut  ramosuR  (chAchiVth  az^)  and  the 
>rriip  (bMso  Iljd'6).  which  were  powdered  and  taken  in  water 
ever>'  mnming. 

Tlie  tfout  tonic  (aglni  ax^l  wa.i  a  bevvrutre  made  from  the 
cnuhiMl  luiarca  and  brnnchleta  of  the  Oaillardiu  pinnati folia 
ttsi>'Di*dA),  ailde<1  to  lukewarm  water,  and  applied  intvmatly  nml 
extonuUiy. 


114 


A  A*  STByOLORJC  DlCTIoyARV. 


Bbcumatic  stiffness  wa«  cured  by  a  tonic  (choyfiii  azt^)  buileil 
from  the  leaves  and  branchlets  of  the  barberry  ttsiyA  cH^cHllK 
or  CoD'cluliR  aurea  (hnsbldulfi). 

Medicine  for  broncliial  and  troubles  of  the  esoptia^us  (aghia 
azd)  wa.s  found  in  a  tea  made  of  the  cntfihed  and   boiled   leavw^ 
of  Oxytropis  (dcb4^  haicbtdi  nbi&i>ri). 

Blood  spitting  (dit  slt'J^'  or  HtsAi  az6),  was  relievexl  with  the 
leaves  of  white  tsAuv  (ff6'tsud)i\  which  were  sliffhtl>'  boiled, 
adding  a  pinch  of  salt  to  the  t-oncoction. 

Mormon  t«a  {itC*  Hzi)  was  used  for  stomach  troubles  in  general 
(habld  dinfji  as^).  Other  herbs  used  a&  a  remedy  in  similar  case« 
were:  ndi^'fli  nlchfni  (Verbcsina  enceloides),  dahitqfhidt  (Gilia 
attenuata),  dahitqfhidfitso  ami  dahitqfhidS  liihft'txi  (imtoted  cup), 
cfill  ab^'  (milkweed),  and  niTntl  XdGs  (Townsendia  .stritfosa). 
The  tisual  metbud  was  to  crush  the  dried  leaves  between  tlte  fm- 
srers  end  Stir  them  in  a  bowl  of  wat«r. 

J^in  in  the  abdomen  cnuRed  by  colds,  loose  bowels,  or  lifting; 
a  heavy  weight,  was  removed  by  a  special  preparation  (hataA 
tqldiriiro  a/.v,  medicine  for  iiains  in  the  abdomen)  made  from 
uuidentiHed  herbs*  nt'ts^lsi.  ut'ttidsitfio  and  a.va'Bl. 

A  universal  tonic  or  remedy  is  designated  as  **  life  medicine*" 
and  is  still  lan^ely  applied  in  cases  of  indisposition  or  "  impaired 
vitality  **  (tqfdajinft'').  A  provision  of  this  life  medicine  (qini 
aze,  or  inAji  aze)  is  usually*  kept  in  stock,  and  carrieil  on  jour- 
neys for  eventual  use.  The  stem  and  leaves  of  various  herbs 
are  gatberod  in  their  season  and  dried,  in  which  condition  the 
medicine  is  called  az^  tain,  medicine  twiffs. 

In  the  event  of  their  use  a  small  luiudfut  is  crushed  with  the 
ftn^n^,  mixed  in  wat4^r,  and  applied  internally  and  externally 
(tqahits^dffo  yidlft.  cru^hed  and  taken  with  water).  The  life 
medicine  is  usually  taken  independently  of  (and  previously  to 
applyinff  for)  the  chant.  Foreign  driiffs  arc  treated  much  in  the 
same  manner  and  are  often  designated  as  such.  Some  of  the 
herbs  designated  as  life  medicine  are  herewith  subjoined. 


REMBU  v. 

llic  milk  votcb  {tai  i\ii<{U),  sensitive  brier  (iui4t:4d«  ntaiiffi  &tv\ 
hbk'igi).^  ftlso  mxi  bkkhin,  and  axt  h&ldzld  (of  the  Composita>), 
uul  milfoil  U\y.6  TltMafl,  ami  pliiincd  tbiitllf  (rk^  br>kliftnitHo),  and 
the  sow  thistle  <az(!  hokh&ai  labfi.'ii;i),  and  o  kind  of  saifi'bnuh 
itxii  ndO|jr«fK  aod  the  cudweed  (az(!diM()s),  and  the  ra^'less  tfoldi^D 
rod  (aziSwbA*),  aod  a  crucifer  (aze  qAsai).  aad  the  S&iae  wallflower 
(aa^Uo),  and  the  bla<lder|>od  fa/^trlus),  and  the  penDycreiSs(az^t«Os 
ahiMid^),  and  the  rockcress  (aze  iabA'ifn)i  and  the  cress  or  Gen- 
tian (nz^  dotflsh),  and  false  mallow  (azA  ntrfnt).  and  jTooRej^rawt 
inxP  ntrtnit8o)(  and  the  Eriof^onuiii  (axe  nrbaglt&ntT),  and  Eriog- 
onuni  alatitni  (lA  a^^^,  and  white  medicine  (azC  lagai),  and  red 
mwlicine  laze  lichtK  and  thick  nietlJcine  (az€  dItT),  and  u.vA''a[  (0. 
aod  uxc  bijichilutfi.  which  is  also  iised  at  childbirth,  and  the 
preninjr  primroHc  (ax?  rAsI'),  and  another  primrose  (az^  litA6),  and 
Gsura  pan'iflora  (az^  sdUAz),  and  a  ij^eruninni  (nxS  qlnA),  and  the 
willow  herb  (ehll  UltqA  JLtiiAR),  and  evening  primroRe  (tf^yl^i 
lab4'igi),  and  the  Kt-oneseed  eromwell  (azS  n&neMlIzit^f^st,  and 
inea<low  rue  (tq&zhi  ulchln),  and  the  Mentzelias  (iltrfui  and 
ihRoit^JSa),  and  yarrow  (hazalltfi^i),  and  the  aster  (cHll  nihifniff^i), 
and  Frasera  (chll  beh^tTol  lits^itn.  and  cUll  beh^tf&l  nn^ziiri), 
aad  Aflclepiodora  deciimbens  (j^l'ldei),  and  cattail  flag  (tq^O,  and 
flaff  (Cqfi  bitH  Mntffi),  and  aagebnish  (tscfizhf),  and  others. 

5!ptirue  is  chewed  and  iweA  an  a  liniment  for  pimples,  hence 
ita  name,  na&cht  az^^  pimple  medicine. 

Similarly,  for  boils  (cHAzh  az(^),  a  remedy  \fi  fmind  in  the 
ahape  of  a  liniment  (bctM)  made  of  such  plants  as  the  Euphorbia 
(kh^tat  faalcbi)  and  aM  beh«t«f  halcM. 

A  n-medy  for  vomitintf  (Ukh^gi  az$)  is  found  in  the  rubber 
plant  (njt^hja  ilkb^i)  and  the  broad-leafed  medicine  (az^  ntq^li), 
the  leaves  of  which  were  pulverizetl  and  added  to  water  (itR^lgo 
tfiaaAkhAeo  jTdl&).  The  lather  (ttjftlawhash)  of  tlir  brond  leaf 
j«t  mentioDed  is  said  to  relieve  heartburn  (Jai  dtnlgo  az€). 

McdicdnM  for  confinement  (e«dz&n  alchfhiKi  uS)  conaiat  of  ber- 


IKS  Ay  HTHsou 

oraires  preparK)  from  plants  callpd  awi^  bi.valaf  yitMzh  (which 
buils  tbt!  placenta),  or  Bk.v&n  hilfzh  tifilchfn,  and  ntender  milkweed 
(chll  ab^*  albiAsiu:!),  for  piirfriiiu'.  Ilii'th  niedicinra  (ajitfhf  az^), 
of  which  lli«n<  an-  several:  watercri'Ns  (tqalkhft  dahikhfcl)  is  used 
US  a  tonic  aft«r  iJuIiveraiice;  silkweed  idO-bicBijilchl',  prvventing 
birth)  IB  iiscil  for  ihftt  pur]>at«e;  ffreawwoodH  or  .ta^ebrimh  (tU' 
and  ts^tq&tM')  aid  deliverance;  Townsendia  (azt>  n&ohqftdi,  of 
which  ther<>  are  t«>Vi<i-«l  kinds)  accelerate  deliverance. 

A  reniedj'  for  alarm  and  nervoitHness  (bt'cpineshU^o  bicBf  az^. 
also  nailed  nldzlji,  corral  minlicine)  is  nmde  of  New  Jersey  tea 
(bl'dfl,  or  din^'ii'  cBIl),  and  of  (jolombo  (bthiljli),  which  are 
Applied  both  internall.v  and  externally. 

Coms  are  ordinaril.v  rf>mored  with  a  knife.  A  liniment  niade 
of  wormwood  Nnj^brnsh  (tiidtikhAl)  U  HonietimpH  sj>read  over  the 
wound. 

A  foot  ease  wek  prepared  from  a  plant  known  aa  az^  dishdijri, 
which  wiui  applie<l  to  the  foot  in  the  sliape  of  a  liniment  and 
placed  in  the  inoccn.sin  to  remove  the  bad  odor.  In  recent  yeun» 
some  seek  a  remedy  for  bad-smelling  feet  in  the  warm  sheep 
manure.  Immediately  after  removing  the  imunch  from  the 
slaiit^htered  sheep  the  feet  an>  placed  into  the  manure  until  it  ha^ 
cooled  off.  This,  if  repeated  two  or  three  times,  is  said  to 
effectively  remove  all  sweating  and  bad  odor  from  the  feet 
A  liniment  made  of  cocklebur  (ahqinabi^hi)  was  held  in  the 
armpit  tt»  remove  excessive  perspiration  (ttOzh  ez^  4<U'Ashn*, 
I  hold  the  medicine  in  the  armpit). 

To  remove  the  effects  from  the  bite  of  s  spider  a  tea  was  pre- 
pared from  the  bladderpod  (nashj(!idS  lab&'igi).  The  effects  from 
awallowintf  a  Hpider  were  removeU  by  the  spider  medicine  (nashj^i 
az^),  which  was  preiwred  with  Ambronia  fragi-ani*  (kfnie(ll(«hidt). 
When  ants  were  swallowed  a  medicine  (wolAcbf  bicHP  a*^)  was 
preiwred  from  the  inner  bark  (bitq&t'Ahi)  of  Findlera  nipicola 
(tsftfTz),  which  WBR  pounded  to  a  pulp,  mixed   with  water,  and 


\ 


I 
I 

I 
I 


KEMSi>Y. 


IIT 


Uken  intenmlly.  The  sting  of  ante  (wolAchl  i&hfsbeo  tu^)  wait 
ttvateJ  by  chewiosr  dodgewowl  (tslldll.vlsi),  or  tfreasewood  (dii- 
wfLzhitbnf).  tod  pUciaK  the  pulp  on  the  gn-ellitijf  caused  by  the 
"tintf  of  an  Bnt,  be*'  or  wasp.  Wolachi  heai,  antidote  for  aats, 
«mfl  ivv-d  lo  m  similar  wlvaotage.  The  plants  called  fneln^ji 
cR[I  and  TnVgi  cHIl  are  applietl  internally  and  externally  in  cases 
of  A  stroke  by  lijErbtning,  or  the  bite  of  a  nnake. 


Home  Words  Referiinff  to  tbe  Preparation  of  Medicine. 

az^  hanshtq&f  1  am  looking  for  a  meilieinc;  cfii&hanKht<i&.  I 
did  not  Bnd  it;  asf  isbt^,  1  ani  preparing  a  mcMliciDe;  ar^  ida- 
ifh}6,  I  mix  a  preparation. 

mac  ibOi>,  a  liniment;  aze  iltt  (iVAn),  a  powder. 

uC  istfffd  (^ftit^d),  I  pound  or  criu^h  medicine;  azA  iiihKA\  I 
griod.  pnlrerize  it;  az^  dfnisbqTHh,  I  crii»h  it  between  my  (in- 
trrra;  or,  btM,  or  bil&tqA'i  dfniRbqlHb,  I  crush  the  leaves  and 
Sower  of  an  herb;  aze  IqatMhkhA,  I  put  it  in  water,  (rrindtnir 
and  stirring  in  water  is  onlinarily  expivssed  by  one  word,  aa 
tqahitx^diro,  imunded  on  a  stone  and  addetl  to  water,  or  tfiahi- 
khliro,  the  meal  or  |H>wder  added  to  water  (UiosAklifttfo,  after  the 
powder  ha.s  been  added). 

asf  ILlfi'ftflhn0,  I  prepare  medicine  for  my  personal  nse. 

Bitf  ailtshn^,  I  pre]>ari-  it  for  ni.vflelf  ami  others. 

act  ishdU.  I  drink  the  me<licine.  take  it  internally. 

axe  adJ^htl6,  I  appl>'  It  externally;   l^htM*.  I  anoint  or  rub, 

binAbln.  an  antidote;  aze  idtnildA*.  a  poultice. 

nzt  flhinf  tVtohntl.  I  sniifl  a  medicine. 


oi-ds   liefeniiig  to 
Persous,  Places,  ^tuiual»  and  Plants. 


XAME8  OF  PERSONS. 

Persons  are  desi^oatcd  an  follows: 

awtfe\  «  baby,  infant;  f^hi  &w^\  my  child. 

ashkhi,  a  boy:   (pi.  shikb^,  or  ashikti^,  boys). 

6.t6d,  a  ffirl;  (pi.  AeMkhe  or  i^ticbe,  ifirls). 

aichfni,  chiUlren;  sha'AtcMni,  my  children;  ba'Alchfni,  his 
children. 

talHihf^,  or  dzUkh«6  (plural  probably  Ullkhl^),  a  youth,  young 
man;  dinilt,  a  youn^  man. 

jlkhi^  (l>l.  jlkh^),  a  maiden. 

dini^',  a  person,  a  man. 

hastqln.  a  man,  a  bu^baod;  bahastqln,  ber  biisband. 

asdzAni,  or  esdzAn,  a  woman,  wife;  be^sdzA,  his  wife;  ba'Ad, 
his  wife,  is  l«w  fre<nipntly  iwed,  though  it  occurs  to  composite 
words,  such  as  ba'Akhe  lAni,  polyjfamous. 

hast^Ai.  the  old  folk,  old  tuen:  sliAliastqAi,  my  ancestors  or 
tutors,  the  old  men  of  my  liaeage,  thoae  with  whom  I  t«ke 
counsel. 

sAni.  the  old  women. 

khi  idini,  a  virjrin,  an  unmarried  (rirl.  This  expression  is 
also  used  in  desijniBtin>f  a  widow,  just  as  ba'&d  &dlni  desi^ates 
a  widower.  A  better  ex]>ression  is  bizhA  naghA,  one  who  is 
alone,  hence,  a  widow  and  a  widower.  Professed  bachelotfi  are 
unknown  to  the  Navaho. 

&kl8,  a  friend;  siltls,  my  friend;  siltis^:  nt}'  friendal 


PEIiSOXAL   yA^UEH. 


119 


PRONOUNS. 

sM,  1;  nl,  thou;  hi,  he  and  him;  niqt,  we  ami  you  (two); 
(laoiq!,  we  and  you  (more  than  twu*;  bi,  they  (two);  dabf,  they 
(mora  tb&n  two). 


I 
I 

I 


PERSONAL  NAMES. 

In  some  families  the  uncle  of  d  boy  is  invited  to  ffive  his 
uepbew  a  name,  which  bt  usually  sutfffestive  of  war.  Still  a 
{Toodly  number  arc  indifferent  to  this  cttstonu  the  parents  nAmJni; 
the  child  AS  they  would,  and  while  wurlike  names  for  children 
are  not  infrefpientf  especially  for  girU^  we  now  meet  with  .such 
epitbetA  AH  the  fat  or  fine  boy,  the  red  or  nice  girl,  etc.  No 
Kpeciul  feetivitj',  however.  aecompaDieii  the  nuiuing  of  a  child, 
which  is  a  purely  pri>'at«  atfair, 

8omr  maintain  that  the  war  name  'm  in  reality  a  secret  name 
known  only  to  closer  relatives  and  never  divulged  to  outsiders. 
An  occitflion  for  JtH  use  is  had  at  the  blackouing^  durinf;  thtt  war 
danci*.  at  which  the  name  of  the  patient  is  proclaimetl  and  inserttnl 
into  the  turngB  colebrBting'  hie  victory.  It  is  learnt  previously 
from  the  relatives  of  the  inttient,  and  cbangcd  only  in  the  event 
of  an  iJt*ntit>'  of  names  of  imtient  and  bendd.  Others  attach  no 
iin;>ortance  whatever  to  this  name,  which  is  uiven  by  the  family 
in  tlbtinction  from  the  better  known  name  fnven  by  acquaint- 
anom  and  friends  at  firet  u])|K>rt'imity.  At  any  rate  the  name  of 
early  ehildhocKl  is  uHually  Riii»ftrsp<!ed  by  flonie  sobriquet  invented 
to  !<uit  the  Itabit^  or  |>hy.sical  peculiarities  of  the  individual. 

Patronymics,  or  family  appellations,  are  not  in  use,  the  nearest 
approach  beinif  nami»  of  children  retaining  the  parentis  name 
owintf  to  Mxne  distinction  of  the  latter.  It  is  not  uncommon, 
however,  to  n'fer  to  a  ijerson  as  the  son  of  80  ami  so,  or  the 
(lau|tht<;r  of  tin-  late  so  and  so,  in  ad<lition  to  some  other  name 
which,  perchance,  is  not  equally  well  known.  Tliis  is  especially 
trae  of  women  whose  name,  beinff  propcrtj'  of  the  family  circle, 
is  not  readily  and  property  exposed  to  outsidt;rs,  and  who  are. 


no 


AX  ETliXOLoatV  DICTIONARY. 


thorcfor,  sa  b  nwtter  of  Hecoruni,  ordinarily  referred  to  m  the 
()aiii()it«r  of  Mr  K.  N.,  or  aftnr  niflrriHKt*.  oh  the  wife  uf  thiH  or 
tbttt  nmn. 

Nuialw  d^ooruin  doe.s  nut  |>eriiiit  of  addrcsRin^j^  a  person  by 
bis  name,  or  of  dinclosins  it  upon  direct  inquiry*.  The  addresH 
is  made  in  tenui*  of  familiarity,  »uch  ns  m.v  friend.  ni>-  brother, 
fjrandfather,  nt,v  dnuirhter.  and  the  like,  while  the  name  of  a  per- 
son  Ls  learnt  from  otht^FB.  t'ustom  vdrit-s  with  rejfard  to 
diHciosintC  another's  uuine  in  his  presence.  Home  tjeing  averse  to 
information  of  this  kind  given  within  lu^rinfC  of  the  iiarlv 
concerned. 

The  fotlowiiinf  pretieuts  a  partial  list  of  the  personal  names  of 
children,  of  men,  and  of  women,  tu  which,  ai^  a  nuitter  of  r«eord, 
the  name.s  of  earl^*  distinjfuished  chiefs  have  been  added.  This 
is  followed  hy  a  list  of  names  ffiveo  to  Mexicans,  Pueblos  and 
American  residents. 


NAMES  or   BOYS. 

Buys  are  ^ven  mimes  sutfgeistive  of  war,  such  as  the  chief, 
tl>e  speaker,  the  warrior. 

na^i  yil  yiif&l  <na^&if.viiral),  the  chief  or  speaker  who  walks 
in  addressintjT  them. 

nafA  yityUtqi,  the  speaker  addressing  tbem. 

ha«kb^l  nadal,  h«*  returns  with  tlie  warrior. 

hashkhol  yigil,  the  warrior  walk-s  while  addressing  others. 

ba  yil  cfiiniy&,  he  is  bent  on  war. 

ba  yU  naiyi,  be  went  out  to  war  ^again). 

Freiiuently  other  descriptive  adjectives  are  added,  as  hasbkh^ 
y&zhe,  the  little  warrior;  nat'i  ludsi,  the  slender  speaker;  nat^ 
tso.  the  large  speaker;  nat*&  uks,  the  tall  speaker;  nat'ilchi,  the 
re<l  speaker,  etc.  ashkhi  hozbAni,  the  beautiful  boy;  ashkbi 
neskA,  the  fat  boy;  B.«ihkh(  dijol,  the  round  boy;  a.shkhitchi,  the 
red  boy;  ashkhi  binU  dotrizhi,  blue-eyed  boy:  tiWsi,  the  slender 
one;   litUbAhi,  man  hoir,  or  some  similar  sobriquet. 


PKRHOSAI.    S'AMBS. 


3SI 


NAME8   OF  OIRLS, 

Nunm  of  girls  ans  with  few  exceptions,  commemorative  of 
war.  Even  now.  in  peaceful  times,  the  custom  of  indicating 
some  ffAture  of  war  by  the  name  (jiven  to  (rirls  is  ^nenUly 
fallownl. 

hAzhnihAi,  she  canio  to  hiin  in  war. 

aiKin&bdi,  she  niet  war  <borD  on  th<>  battletieldt. 

>iD^'  noBbA,  shp  surrounded  ttio  c<iuiitr3'  with  u'ar. 

yit^iftnAlM,  she  mixed  in  war. 

yilnibd.  she  arrived  with  a  war. 

oiaUA.  rt'turns  with  war,  or  war  returned  with  h<*r. 

d«ibi,  tfoing  tu  war. 

dAbA.  the«'  wa«  no  war. 

)tfi  nibA,  a  mild  war. 

jriM^zbdU  they  went  to  war  with  her. 

)-anAbft,  flhc  meets  the  enemy. 

aJn^bA,  wHn«  parsed  each  uttier  (uar  raged  io  two  places  aad 
opposite  directions). 

nadlf  nAbi.  the  dueftaiaess  of  war. 

naillf  Aeems  ti>  be  an  equivalent  for  queen  or  chieftaineos 
hence,  na^lM  tt^si,  the  nlcnder  queen;  nadH  y&zhe,  small  queen; 
nadll  ba,  the  girl  iiueen;  nadll'lchl,  the  red  chiefUiine.ss;  natlH 
labA*.  the  Kra.v  queen:  or  natlll  is  also  ii»ed  with  the  above  nanieA: 
nadlf  yiMeaba,  the  queen  with  wbt»ni  they  wont  to  war;  nadll 
oaiiiba,  the  chieftAinem  with  whuni  war  returned;  na<1l1  n&xbA, 
who  waa  surrounded  with  war.  etc. 

It  is  not  unusual  to  find  two  nam&<i  for  one  person.  Thug,  in 
uidition  to  the  above,  csdxan  tso^  the  targe  woman;  esdeAn 
Djex,  the  tall  woman,  or  atl^l  y&she,  the  small  girl,  etc 

*       NAMES   OF   MEN. 

Naroea  for  men  are  suggested  b>'  some  ph.vsicBl  distinction  or 
defect.  The  word  hs-stqln  which  is  often  prefixed  corresponds 
to  our  '•  Mister.** 


1!S 


AX  BTHKOLOOIC  mVTlONARY. 


hutqln  .v&zW,  Mr  Sri^All,  or  the  siuftll  mftn;  hftsUjIn  tso,  Mr 
LarjTO,  or  the  large  man;  hastqfn  n^,  or  snifes,  Mr  Lonfr.  or 
thf  tall  man;  liastqin  ahi^si,  Mr  8lem)er;  hiu^tqln  att^fsi,  or 
sHftfhit  Mr  Little;  hastqln  dll,  Mr  Heavy  or  Fat,  the  heary- 
set  Dian:  bastriTn  zhTn,  Mr  Black:  Imstqln  sgfthi,  Mr  Dried; 
bastqlo  ttfioi,  Mr  Yellow;  buatqln  ttnoi  ti^si,  Mr  Tetlow  Slender 
(Mariano). 

din?'  yftrhe,  the  small  man;  din?'  hzhtni,  the  blnck  man; 
din6*  ah^lsin,  the  late  little  man;  din?'  clilli,  tho  chunky  or  dwar^ 
niun;  dinA*  t^Ani,  the  slender  man;  din?'  ta^aini  bit86i,  the  late 
white  Navaho'fi  nephew;  din?'  aytii,  the  nice  man. 

jani,  John;  chflla  teu,  Biir  Cluirley. 

tsiisbctifli.  Curly  Hair;  t«Jishcli(li  t«o,  Biz  Curly;  tslishclifU 
tfi6Ri,  Slim  Curly;  tsiishblzhi,  PInitod  Hair;  bitsl  Kcht,  Red  Hair; 
bits1l}?fti,  or  bitHij^haJaj^i.  White  Hair;  tsl  litsoi,  Yellow  Hair; 
tsl  t^si,  Slender,  Sparse  Hair;  tfi!chA»hi  (ehtch6»hiK  Stubby 
Hair;  U\k^\  litMoi.  yellow  hiiir  hnng'inK  over  forehand;  tqi^ 
Kteoini  bty?\  the  son  of  the  late  yellow  hair  on  forehead;  bitsiy^l 
ntsftif  he  with  the  large  queue. 

binfi  idini,  the  blind  one;   btnftltila,  the  one-eyed  one. 

binf  ddini,  he  with  littlo  or  no  sonsp. 

ddtfhiknitj!,  the  lon^r  mustache;  dAvhalbai,  the  ^ray  mustache; 
dftglia  \^\-  or  bid&^lui  l&nigi,  he  with  the  full  or  heavy  mustache; 
d&cha  y&7.he.  the  small  or  thin  mustache;  difrhadasakhftd,  wboae 
rouRtache  stands  in  clusters;  bid&irha  nda>sq?liijri,  who  has  a  dark 
mi»tacbe. 

tfa,  the  loft-handed  one;  tfA  y&zhc,  the  little  lef^;  tfa  tso, 
the  big  lefty. 

n&nlqftdi,  he  who  limps. 

kh?  yiatqfni,  he  with  the  frozen  feet 

kh?sh£Qli,  clubfooted;   kho  t^fidi,  short-footed. 

hatftqin  tw>fAdi,  Mr  Kneecap  (be  with  the  defective  knee). 

lirfiftffiidi.  he  with  the  short  arm  (having  lost  the  forearm). 

bflft  i&sfldi,  tb6  finirerle^s  one;  chftyini,  the  hunchback:  do.\-Al< 
tqH,  the  dumb  one;  bijAh&l,  or  hastqfn  bij^kbU.  the  deaf  one; 


PEB80KAZ  ITAMSa. 


US 


I 


bowb6frIxhi,  hp  who  lost  a  tooth;  wh^in,  the  late  "shoulder** 
(Lomo);  cB6zh  &dioi,  he  without  the  calf  (of  the  leg);  j&d  sh&zhi, 
kno^y  \pgs;  fffshif  or  hastqfn  gUhi,  the  man  nsing  a  cane; 
ebiilnbijr^*,  Hon  nt  the  late  ^fshi;  t^iah  nettqini,   ho  who  carries 

^Um  cane;  aahkhmtriiii  iyiKtllni),  the  rri>ckted  boy;  tiiAli  (dH(i6U\ 
dear  or  cr3*8tAl  color  (of  the  eyes). 
1,1. 


Occupation  and  trade  arc  additional  sourcefl  of  nuncs. 

adftkfaii,  the  gambler;  ydAdakhfti.  the  irarabler  witK  beads. 

adildOi,  the  gambler  at  the  Rtictc  irame;  adifd^ni,  the  shooter 
or  marksman,  or  naaJ^Ai,  the  arrow  shooter. 

adil^Ashi  yAxhe,  the  liitlc  witch,  or  bean  shooter;  hatq&li  y&zbe, 
the  tittle  siocrer;  htLt(]&tit£rai.  the  white  sin^r;  batqUi  Uo.  thi> 
lari^  siutJTcr:  hatiiDi  u&dloi,  the  lautfbiiifr  sinffor;  Imttiili  nws, 
the  long  or  tall  dinger;  Hatqilinf&s  binili,  the  uncle  of  the  tall 
dnger;  hastqin  chA'i,  Mr  Ugly  (probably  meaning  chanter  for 
witchcraft). 

n&t^it  the  chief;  nSt^ni  tt^i,  the  sleoder  chief;  dfcUflli,  be 
who  speaks  often. 

Mshfaqpu,  or  b^hla^i  il'fni,  the  silversmith;  b^f^hlagai  il'lni 
shMaiiri,  the  slender  silversmith. 

atsfdi  sAni,  the  old  blacksmith,  who  was  also  named  besh  iMoi, 
the  man  working  in  iron.  He  is  reputed  to  be  the  first  black- 
smith of  the  tribe  (Sp.  Herrero). 

atfildi  y&zhinr  biy£*,  tlie  son  of  Uie  late  little  btacksmitlL 

tqiyonP,  the  knuider  (baker);  ba  irini,  the  baker  (of  breads 

atsidi  t>iyi\  the  smith's  son. 

hastqln  dttilA'i,  Mr  Interpreter  (tbe  interpreter,  both  of  Eng- 
lish and  Spanish). 

hashiin  nalzhfihA,  Mr  HtiDti?r;  nnlzh^h6  tso,  the  tall  hunter; 
nalzb^hi  onaw,  the  long  hunter;   nutzb^hi  tiftsi,  the  slim  hunter. 

Some  uuues  indicnte  the  possessions  or  habits  of  tbe  bearer, 
■och  as  riding  a  particularly  colored  horne.  They  also  allude  to 
•otne  special  incident  which  occasioned  the  name. 


AS   BTHKOLOGIC   DICTIONARY. 

ashkht  bill  Moi,  the  bo,v  (man)  with  ninny  home«:  bEH  lizMni, 
black  horse  (he  who  ridra  a);  bill  dnalbaf  (bilftbai),  roan  horse 
(the  owner  of  roan  horses);   bilt  likhlzhi.  pinto  or  spotted  huree. 

hastqtn  bfieAshi,  Mr  Cuw;  bastqin  hashttftn,  Mr  Ilatihk&n 
Cvucca  synip);  deW  liichfni,  black  nheep;  tffxi  t90,  bUf  tfoal; 
trfzi  l&ni,  many  ffoatn;  truil^f,  white  eoat;  tltxi  dAghiieat, 
n-hit«-bc>arded  front. 

jIshinbidA'.  the  nephew  of  the  late  man  with  the  medicine  pouch. 

wftdabizhi?*f ,  the  father  of  wudy. 

n&'nil  Mni,  niimeroii>«  »la\'e8. 

btstj^ni  biy^',  the  sod  of  hiu)  who  wears  lessinffs. 

hflshkhj^  ydzhe,  the  little  warrior. 

hastqin  hatihkh^he,  the  scoldin<{  man. 

dini''  yiyisqtni,  he  who  killinl  a  Xavaho. 

belutfftna  yi,vi8q(ni,  he  who  killtil  an  American. 

tl'O'  tsaf.  he  who  Ures  near  this  weed  (or  large  ifrass  [(]). 

haatqfn  dflAjrhflKhi,  Mr  llowlcr. 

haKtqln  dfUffhfl^hin  bitiiAi,  the  grandchild  (nephew)  of  the  late 
Mr  Howler. 

cn&hi,  the  man  with  the  hat. 

Iiashkh^  tqftdeyft,  who  seeks  war. 

nik&k6i,  wounded  face. 

ndishbA'ni  bi.v^',  the  son  of  the  lute  warrior,  also  called 
a^hkhf  dil&shAi,  the  fleet  boy. 

nd'ishfshi,  he  who  was  Htunir. 

dUd  (t).     nalybhi  (t). 


The  namefl  of  the  clan  to  which  one  hclonj^  are  often  adopted- 
Tribal  namej;  indicate  the  descent  of  the  bearer.  See  gentile 
ft.VHtem. 

tqichini,  **  red  water  people,"  or  tq^hfni  tso,  the  bi^  tqAchlni. 

tq&bAba.  "on  the  shores.**  a  tq&b&ha. 

honaeh&'ni  nK8,  the  tall  honaghani. 

tqAtsdni  hiy^*,  the  Ron  of  a  tq/^tsuni  (bi>r  wati^r). 


PSIieiOr^'AL   NAMKS. 


12fi 


tafafljlin,  m  member  of  this  clan  (the  staodiDg  charred  or  black- 
I  Mretked  tre«>. 

iiakhal  cliol^V.  Mexican  clan. 

kbln  Hchfni  tso,  the  bi£  roc)  boiiso  (cUq). 

dzlt  trAni,  crt'vicc  or  cafion  in  the  mountain. 

chlshi,  thu  Chiricahiin. 

tiashjf&li,  the  Mi^ACAlrru. 

naiahf^hi  bijr£\  the  SCut^i  boy. 

tffzi  Mni,  many  ffoatA. 

tqodicUtni  t^^,  the  slender  tqodicBfni  (bitter  water  man). 

KAMSS  OF  DISTINUniSHED  CHIEFS  AND  WARRIOBS. 

hawtqln  nUbahi,  thr  man  of  (constant)  war. 

Dat'fth'l,  tb«-  oralorChe  who  will  speak"),  who  was  alxu  called 
hiistfiln  khe  ateai,  Mr  Bie  Feet  (Sp.  sarcillo  largo,  large  ear- 
riaga). 

faaKtqfn  nflt^in,  the  late  Mr  Chief  (Narbooa). 

tqui&nfln  bAdAiiI.  the  son-in-law  of  the  late  Texan  (Manuelito). 
Tbr  universal  respect  in  which  he  was  hold  is  shown  in  his  other 
naine,  ashkhi  diyfni,  the  holy  hoy. 

KAM(!in,  the  late  wounded  by  an  arrow  (C«>'et«nito),  brother  of 
Maouelilo. 

dlfi'  dltr/>i,  plitshj'  hat  (another  brother  of  Manuelito). 

bbu^nde,  chief  Vincent. 

bit»A  ye>'&ltiiri,  the  slaninierer,  Ouanannincho,  who  wan  also 
kno«'n  a8  tx)OtAAni  haHtqln,  the  tqAtitoni  ntan. 

chtnA',  or  t(|6tsoni  ha^tqln  bid&\  the  nephew  of  Guanamiincho 
(Cbino). 

Indijfhai,  the  bearded  one,  or  haAhkh^icfil*  d£hllAwh4,  who 
hurriea  to  war  (Barboncito). 

Ifbthdnulnr,  the  late  man  whone  cane  burnt  (Armijo). 

niAsin,  the  late  mAisi  (Tomus  [  T]>, 

bile  lizhlni,  black  t«hirt  or  itamient  (Mariano  Martinex). 

dfwAkhin  (meaning  unknown),  Chapaton. 

tl  Drinthl,  who  dixtribiites  hordes. 


ise 


Ay  BTHXOLOGIC  DICTION AltY, 


H  neinfhiti  biy^\  the  sod  of  tbe  late  distributor  of  bor^es 
(Chiquito). 

Mia  nayinkh&li,  whose  finjrers  were  flhot  away. 

hashkbS  nufdihqfni,  the  warrior  who  grabs  tbe  enemy  (in 
a  charsre). 

oajf^  neitqfoi,  the  shield  carrier*  who  uses  tbe  shield  well. 

khtfisiDi  bi.v^\  tbe  son  of  the  late  **  tender  UXi'xns  stick." 

hill  dotHzht,  blue  horses  and  hi»  brother,  bill  (laalKhlni,  black 
horses,  both  of  whom  were  killed  on  the  Name  day. 

Jeflufi  Albrizzo,  the  official  interpreter  for  tbe  Na\'aho  siffninK- 
the  Ireatv  with  the  Unitetl  Statt'.i  Government  at  Fort  Sumner 
in  1H68,  eives  the  names  of  those  Navabo  chiefs  as  follows: 

Barboncito,  acHfdahiUwh6,  who  hurries  (to  war). 

Armijo,  ^sh  dflldin,  the  late  burnt  cane. 

Dt'ltfarito,  chAcH&sh  dick,  long  chancre. 

Manuelito.  Uiaqftufin  bfid&nl,  the  son-in-law  of  the  lale  Texan." 

Lork'O,  bogAd  bija,  ears  in  his  knees  (because  be  frequently 
put  his  bend  between  bis  knees). 

Herrero  riejo,  atsfdi  s&ni,  the  a^ed  black^tnith. 

Chiquito,  cHa'  l&ni,  many  hats  or  head  bands. 

Muerto  de  hombrc.  dichfn  bilq^he,  dieinjj  with  hunjfer. 

Humbro,  hostqln  bowhAsfn,  Mr  Shoulders. 

Narbona  sesundo  (f). 

Gimnanmncho,  tq^ts6ni  bilf  lAni,  the  tqAt»Oni  (his  clan),  with 
tbe  many  horses. 


2fAMES  OF  AMKRIOAN    RESIDENTS. 

American  residcntA  and  traders  are  usually  given  a  descriptive 
name  after  a  brief  residence. 

nAtsAho,  the  man  with  biz  eyes. 

N^shbowhoi.  iron  tooth  (who  has  gold-Kited  teeth). 

nakhai  s&ni.  tbe  old  Mexican. 

nfkhKKufli  (nfiklue&xnfli),  the  man  wearing  glawieft. 


PEBSOKAL   KAMBS. 


121 


()&ifhah:h1,  the  nxl  mustAche. 

nakhai  ylzhe,  the  little  Mexican  (American  6peakin£  Spanish). 

Eds  n*z,  the  lon^  neck. 

ba  il'fnj  tHo,  the  big  baker. 

Btsfili,  the  black-siiiith. 

kbevlUi.  ahort-foot 

bflft*  tikhfzhi,  spottod  hand  (tAttoood). 

chinhqU,  club  nose. 

nihizhlhi,  the  sawyer  or  carpenter. 

o&ltsds  il'lnif  the  clerk:  DaltsAs  n^,  the  tall  clerk. 

nAAni,  the  agent;   nfttHni  snAs,  the  tall  a^nt. 

bwb  biA,  the  iron  shirt  <worn  b.v  early  Texas  ninfrens). 

hMtqfa  nAs,  the  tall  nian:  hastqfu  tbal,  the  snjf  suit  luaa; 
bastqfn  hoshUMi,  the  .sqiuw  man. 

az6  ilfni,  the  doctor. 

ednishddi  (fDDdeish6di,  who  drag  the  dreaa),  priosls  and  minis- 
lera.  They  are  also  given  individual  names,  such  as  the  larKo, 
tbe  small,  the  tall,  etc 

eidzAai,  or  belag&aa  esdz&ui,  American  women  (slender,  tall, 
large,  etc. 


TRIBAL   NAMES. 


t^^Bie  intercourse  of  the  Navaho  with  other  tribes   was   verj* 
1i^d. 


tzilghi,  the  White  Mountain  Apache,  who  were  aUo  culled 
tsAHtqlfli,  shins. 

chfKhi,  the  Chiricahua. 

gwn>*&ti,  the  sleepy  one,  Geronimo,  the  Apache. 

n  Mti^U,  he  who  checks  his  Iiorso,  Victorio,  the  Aimche  chief. 

oaithgAli,  or  mashgAli,  the  Mescalero. 

bwqal,  the  tlicvrtlla. 

oaK^tfai  (fiatlooted  enemies),  the  Pima.  This  name  is  also 
applied  to  the  Yaquis  of  Mexico. 

nAda'A.  the  Ul«. 


IS8 


^^v  sriixoLooic  mcTiONAKr. 


MyocUlD,  the  Paiute. 

tUIzhflft,  the  Yavapai. 

frttqnfni,  the  C-oconino. 

n&  Ika'i.  many  ononiio^,  the  Coinniiche. 

khftwa,  thu  Kiuwa. 

ilinl^',  the  XaTsho.  also  Naweh6.  or  naweb6  fnlxhlni,  Navaho 
Indians;  or,  jroy^e  ( prububly  corruption  of  Spanii^h  coj'otc). 

khis'Ani,  th<^  Pueblo  ImliftiiR  (ai>m»ral  name). 

mft'ide-shirixhtil,  tho  coyote  p*>w  people,  the  .leniez. 

khfntichlni,  the  red  tiuiise  people,  the  San  Juan. 

t/iojirA'nT,  the  Cochiti. 

niitq6hu  (nnAK  eaemics  at  the  water,  the  Isleta. 

U|6wh&i.  the  Taus. 

U|o  Mnl,  much  wat«r  people,  the  Ijngnna. 

i\eh6  Kxhfni,  the  San  Felipe  (black  sheep  people). 

iM^i,  the  Zia. 

UiQ  hajilAnt,  peopln  who  draw  water,  the  Santo  Doniiniro. 

khiii  lutnfni,  while  huum*  people,  ibe  tiandia. 

KTsh  eHlntl.  a  line  of  aliler  (Ktrunic  out),  the  Pajuate. 

naajiht'^xhi  Iblackened  enemies),  or  zhilDi.  the  Zuni:  cfaI>'o'frU, 
the  »icarabe«,  a  noted  ZuBi  chief  of  Rome  sixt^'  years  aeo. 

iyakhfni,  iieople  of  umlerji^round  hotim>R,  the  llopi,  who  were 
also  (lesitrnated  in  term»  showing  genuine  contempt  for  them,  as 
niAiri  (monkey).  Mociui;  U^^esM  iyftni,  (iai>er-hrea<l  eaters;  bon- 
leaf  i.xflni,  hominy  or  ittew  e«ter»:  bichfti  shij^i.  who  lire  in 
dunir:  hitU,  bedisd^oi,  spanned  <taut)  biittt>ckK;  bilfzh  yetqAdi- 
tflHi,  who  wa^b  with  uritie;  bit«f  biUii^igAdi,  who  wear  short 
hair  in  front. 

The  Oraibis  were  named  ouL 

nakhai  liiihfni.  »  blaek  Mexican,  or  nfylli,  the  neifTO- 

nakhat.  the  Mexican  (xenural  name).  They  were  also  called 
nakliai  diyfni.  the  hol.v  Mexicans  Oronic«ll.v);  or  nakhai  doda- 
tftafda,  who  do  not  die,  th«  immortal  Mexlcnna:  or  bnditrAfri.  fluffy 
bread;  or  nakhai  ditFAi,  hairy  or  plushy  Mexicans,  or  filbala, 
shawlfl.      Names  like   nakhai  t«o,  the  big   Mexican,   and   mikhai 


I 


PBBHOyAI.    yAMJSS. 


12» 


sll.  the  Heamine  Mexic»D,  tud  nakbai  Kik^i,  woiiiHlotl,  and  oakliai 
distft,  the  aparklinj;  Mexican,  are  presumably  names  of  indivitl- 
Dtla. 

KAmali,  or  mAmali,  MormonH. 

birBA*  nni^si.  \ong  hata,  or  the  old  Mexicans. 

The  old  Texas  rangers  came  in  (or  the  followinif  names: 

bnth  biife.  iron  shirts,  or  tfiaqfcoa  (Sp.  tejana),  or  akli&l  bJBtl^i, 
leather  leKtrinfrs. 

belai^DB.  the  K^n^ral  n»me  for  Americans.  Other  desifniB- 
tions  were  besMya.  baqflna  (Texans),  nastliy&ni,  probably  cor- 
rupted from  the  Spanish;  nAdotHzhi,  who  hare  blue  e>'eA,  which 
was  the  ZniSi  name  for  AmcricanR. 

The  followins  are  descriptive  of  the  first  or  early  AmericAO 
soldiera: 

biji  ySn^i,  who  sleep  on  their  ean<;  n&tco  ditddoi,  who  shoot 
from  thi'  side;  bojrdd  doU&h,  who  burn  their  kneecaps  (at  the 
fire);  shibidilchl,  simbunit,  and  tqdji  ndes'ai,  whoee  forehead 
protrudes,  so  called  from  the  shape  of  the  cap. 


WORDS. 

I'llEyIsi  ntzhil  qaf  lnl.v6*?  what  is  your  rc&l  naiuef  (n^ferrintf  to 
the  name  ifiven  by  the  family). 

yfxhi  isbl^  (Ishli,  ideshK}),  I  (rive  it  a  name,  I  name  a  child. 

qailAbil  whose  daughter  is  she!;  or  qailA  bicHA\  or  bitsfl 
whofie  daiifj:hter1 

yiDshy^*  (q^w),  1  am  calle<l  so  and  so;  qa^h  oly^l  what  does 
it  mgnifyi  what  is  it  called? 


^HSOLO 


NAMES  OF  PLACES. 

The  iroo£itiphical  knowlcdjrt*  of  the  Navahu  \s  practically  Itni- 
iU>d  to  hiB  imnuHliat(>  stirroimiliniri.  I^ocal  nuiucs,  therfor, 
desietiBtc  iilacc'*  in  or  around  the  Navaho  country. 

A  butU'.  |»<ak  or  a  proji-ctinff  |»oint  in  a  mountain  and  n»eaa  \» 
frwiuently  suggestive  of  a  name  for  a  locality. 

dzlJuAodlli.  Huerfano, 

dzilnlodili  chfli,  (small)  Ilucrfanito. 

ts^laishi,  rock  pass,  Angel's  IVak. 

dziiditfAi,  Rtubby  ntuuntaiu.  Black  Mountain  (near  Ki>d  Lake). 

ts^xhini.  black  rock  (near  Fort  [>etiance). 

t^tqA\  in  or  between  the  rocks,  the  Haystacks  (though,  too, 
ttH'  hpad  of  a  caRon,  or  a  grouii  of  lone-.standing,  inolnted  rocks, 
lire  callcfl  tA^t^fi'). 

nia'it<io  t^tqA.  Coyote  Spring  in  Uie  cailon  (of  Black  Mountain). 

t«elchldaha8kh&ui,  red  round  rock,  of  which  there  are  several. 
A  locality  on  the  north  side  of  the  Kikaclidgai  niountaios  is 
generally  nK>ant. 

tsenukhini,  the  lone  round  rock,  Koundrock. 

blfldotJIi*  dps'd.hi,  blue  adobe  iMunt,  near  Koun<li*ock  store. 

b(8ilalits6,  two  yellow  iidobeH,  Two  Orajt'  Hills  (Orozier,  N.  M.) 

t»i^ftlcHr  nAgai.  the  wliJte  rocks  meet,  place  about  eighteen 
mile*  northwest  of  Two  Gray  Hills. 

ts*  bid4hi,  the  wingetl  rock,  Shiprock  (peak). 

tftt^tagfli  dex'i',  whit^  rock  point.  Bluff  C\\y,  L'uh. 

ta^nojin,  black  peak,  Cabezon,  X.  M. 

doliAn,  or  y^'nilzhln.  Ixw  Torreones. 

tHnnashchi,  the  red  rouoil  rock.  Hunter's  Point. 

chdzhin  dez'&*.  nialfuiis  point.  St.  Johns,  Ariz. 

ninzhozh  (n&uizbozfa).  bridged,  Gallup,  \.  M. 

n(  lialdzlH.  a  butin  or  carit.v'  by  natural  formation.  Hule's  Park. 

sal  M^^i,  the  pointed  or  conical  sand  dune 

ta^'Ms^i  (ts(het^si),  the  pointed  or  conical  rock. 


WVAL   XA.VEH. 


131 


SpriniTf  iiml  bodice  of  wat«r.  often  far  between,  are  itistiuctive 
Uiultnarks,  anil  are  sotuetiuie'i  iodicated  by  meftdows,  old  ruin», 
or  trees  nod  plants  tbrivinj:  in  the  vicinity  of  water. 

•h4'Uio,  lout  water,  Willow  ami  Deer  Sprin^rs.  Aris. 

chi  binA  t«io,  bt^avpr's  eye  sprint;. 

chltqu,  red  clay  sprinK,  Emttrraut  Sprinijs,  Anz. 

dnwhAzhibitqo,  gr«u*ewood  wat*r. 

dzD  tf|o  bioiefi'ibi,  water  aroumi  the  point  of  a  mountain. 

halb)/),  thi"  nifwiow.  San  MhU'o.  N.  M. 

Ufibotso,  the  biif  meadow.  Cionesta,  now  St.  MicfaaePs,  Arii:. 

Sal  K^'&nl,  willow  mat.  Tanner  Sprinffs,  Ariz. 

Kaljin^ltTd,  braided  willows,  La  .lara.  N.  M. 

IdKi  ntqJ'I,  wide  reods,  (lamido,  Ariz.  Some  render  this 
l6Ud  khintqdl,  the  wide  niinH  in  the  reeds. 

lUidenhjIn,  Bshy  reeda,  Keam'a  Caflon,  Ariz. 

IfiKiiiiiCBi.  lone  white  ree<U,  a  »pnnir  at  Hunter^s  Point. 

roi'itQ^^,  coyote's  water,  llouck's  Tank,  Ariz. 

iiAxb6t46,  iropber'fi  vat<-r.  Nacimicnto,  N.  M. 

nai<|6  aiMai,  Oraut*t,  N.  M.,  which  i»  al»<>  CHlle<l  U-nh  d&<likhMl, 
the  doNnd  iroo  do<ir  (probably  Old  Fort  Win^te,  near  San 
HmHeU  N.  M.) 

nadiRA   It^Hlyf^li.  where  they  plant  cotton,  Moencopie  Wash. 

MAn  bibiCi,  the  old  man'*  water,  or  nud&'&  bitqA,  Utett'  river, 
the  San  Jtian  Rirer. 

nakhai  bitqd,  river  of  the  Mexicans,  or  t>emitq4.  the  Riu  Grande. 

The  Kio  Grande  is  tqo  bftllde,  female  river,  the  Rio  San  J  nan, 
U|o  bakhi'd.  male  river. 

abAah  bitqA.  bi^ar  sprinic.  Fort  Winfrate,  N.  M. 

ti|ihAlq(l,  whore  the  water  spreads,  Largo,  N.  M. 

UtihAtqrl  nlfni.  CaiiOD  Tjargo. 

tald  bitqA.  if  lowing;  coals'  aprinir,  thirty -five  miles  weat  of 
Naciniiento. 

tfild  b\tn6  Ntkh^i.  Doal  nprinf  caflon,  tJ^flon  Klanco,  N.  M., 
also  vallod  bi^hlUlirai,  white  rock  v^ge. 


IX:; 


''loyASyr 


iiI^tqA',  bftwcpn  rivrrs.  Farmint^toD.  N.  9rl. 

tqo  dTcbt.  bittiT  wiit«r,  spring  between  Cabezoo  and  Oaflon 
Hi^tiita.  N.  M. 

t'i.'*  nftsba',  wBrpalh  cottonwixxls.  near  Four  Comers. 

tYs  mUahslHh,  forked  cottonwoods,  near  Twu  Gn^y  HiUs, 
Cutltinu'CHHl  Wash. 

UiO  dolcAzb.  salt  »pritig,  Sulphur  Springs  at  Bennet's  Peak. 

Stilt  Rpriiijjr».  of  which  th(>n>  arv  several,  are  aUa  designated 
b.v  tqO  doKAzh. 

^H  nLsa  cfifiir.  it  flows  towan.1  a  Urgv  cottouwood,  Bluewater, 
X.  M. 

ts^KIatqAhc,  aprinfr  in  the  crevice  af  a  rock,  Cubero,  N.  M. 

ti!4}'akhrn  ortlsyA.  huuHeH  behiw  cottunutHxlH,  Holbrook.  Ariz. 

tls  n&sbJUi,  Cottonwood  circle,  Uosque  Kedondo,  N.  M. 

hD^ldi  (Sp.  fuert«  or  huerte,  fort).  Fort  Sunuier,  N.  M. 

tq^sMd*.  hut  apriog,  Xavajo  Springs,  Ariz.,  and  San  Ilafae), 
N.  M. 

U)t'lrKfntT.  ii  line  of  ttUJps  or  Qag  iris,  Oak  Springs. 

tqei  >i&khAd,  cliistvr  of  flaj?  iris,  (rallcgoa  Cafion. 

ttdnA'ti  dasA'd,  nt  the  boat,  Lee'»  Kerr>'. 

tqulehlkhfl',  n-d  wat«r  caiiun,  I^ittle  ColonuJo  River. 

tlxil  tabai  bokh*)',  gny  mountaiii  caHon  (at  the  junction  of  the 
Little  Colorado  and  San  .Itian  rivers),  Grand  Canon. 

tqo  nAncfwllHi,  tangled  waters.  Tuba  City,  Aril. 

tJ|o  n&neshzhv,  fringed  water  (Black  Mountain  district). 

ti)ii  t^si,  sliiii  water.  Conchu,  Ariz. 

ti)Anlt^lli,  crystal  wat^'r  flows  out,  Crystal,  N.  M. 

tH^'iir  <tfi4yr  iin.  it  flows  into  the  caHon  <du  Cbelley),  Tsehili 
country. 

cHfnir.  it  flown  out,  the  mouth  of  Cafion  de  Cholley,  Chinlee* 
Ariz. 

U\6t»ci,  the  big  spring,  on  the  south  side  of  the  LukachukaL 

fls  bi.v&gi.  und(>r  the  cottonwoods  at  Chinlee. 

tlsiyA  Mni,  under  a  cottonwool!  grove. 

yatq6,  bead  water,  Santa  F^,  N.  M. 


LOVAL  yAMBS. 


133 


olj^tqo,  moon  spring,  Oljeto,  L'tah. 

niA(fiTU)r'<  Rio  Puerco  of  Npw  Mexico. 

khlntii^lilfi  nltni.  which  flows  from  the  wide  i-uin  (Asctec, 
N.  M.).  the  Aniiiiafi  Kiver. 

U«^(ldff6i  tiKni,  flovtioir  by  the  projecting  rock  (buUeK  thfl 
U  PlftU  River. 

kh1titi)<'l,  widt*  ruinfi  noar  Pui^hlo  Bonito,  another  near  Miirt- 
nelito.  HDil  also  on  the  Colorado  Wash. 

tslyl*  khTntq^J,  the  wide  niinit  in  tbe  wood^t,  a  place  Roiilh  of 
Gftilup. 

chOchln  bitqfi,  or  RflchTn  bit<|o,  Siunach  Spring  in  the  Black 
Muuo  tains. 

ch^cfilxhi  Iqt),  roiitfh  rock  spritij;. 

16  qAir,  Ash  Kprinff. 

shs'  Iq6i.  Kunny  ur  south  spring,  xt-reral  springs  on  tbe  south 
itiilf  of  \'an(>iiK  ni4>iintAinK. 

niizlfni,  tbe  crooked  Kprinn;,  bi'twran  Omnadu  and  Chinliw. 

basMdi  t<|o,  tvirtltHlu\T  spring. 

jiditqA,  tntplope  npring,  .Tettvto  Spring. 

t>i4ch&nir,  the  watfr  flowa  Uiroiigh  the  rock  (Black  Mountain 
UtHtriol). 

Other  miniefi  an*  dv*criptiv«  of  local  pt'CuliaritieK  and  otber»  iw. 

gill  sAkhAd  t«^tqA\  a  cluster  of  junipers  in  the  cafion,  McOir- 
ihj'o.  N.  M. 

tfAchlni,  wild  onionR  (which  were  numerous  at),  Kamah,  N.  M. 

ifAchln  oAholy^.  which  is  also  called  ujld  onions,  (rallo,  N.  M. 

toAjIhAidzA,  which  plant  was  plentiful  there,  WoodnilT,  Arix. 

iqoyollifid,  a  tank  of  water,  .Tacob*R  Well. 

khlo  nAnA'£,  the  wallitl  hoase,  ruin  built  acrosN  a  caiSoo,  Itoi 
S  Kanch. 

b^  itAnll,  stacked  rails,  Winslow,  Ariz. 

(Il^b  Ddlgai,  alniogen  jioint,   Alhtntown,  Arix. 

khia  bAohA'A*,  the  ngl.v  boivte.  Manuelito,  N.  M. 

kbia  ttni,  many  honso.<,  Dumngo,  or  other  townj)  in  the  vicin* 
ity  of  tbe  NavalKi  country. 


Ay  BTHyOLOOIC  OiCTiOSAnW 


kUn  ttni  doROAHlfd  biy&gi*  niany  hotises  below  the  Sad  Fnin- 
ciscD  MotintatDa, 

bo^Itlfl  (lAs^nll,  at  the  placn  of  the  iwbIh  (b«lLs),  Albuquerque, 
N.  M. 

bokh6hoilotnsh.  BIuo  Cafion. 

ts^bi.vahani'Ahi,  a  wall  below  a  projectins  rock,  Pueblo  Bontto. 

te^yt',  in  thr  caRon,  (^iIod  de  ('hclley. 

ts^yir,  in  the  rwcks  (near  CabezoiiJ. 

AoiS^d^  te^yP.  the  rear  canon,  CaAon  del  Muerto. 

tslhidzo  bihilt',  the  flow  of  the  fluted  rock,  Mooumeat  CaQoo. 

tain  beekhlni,  wood  houses. 

tqij-idelKha  ( i) 

gfnl  bit'4',  hawk's  nest. 

dill  tiflzfni,  atandinff  craueH,  both  plncos  in  ttie  vicinity*  of  the 
San  .Iiian  Kiver. 

ts^yft  chahalq^l  nlfni.  which  flows  aloiifc  ^^darkne^  under  the 
rock,"  ChacQ  \Va.sb  and  Valley. 

ta^hotao,  nu!a4low  in  the  caflon,  Fort  D<>Aance,  Ariz. 

ts^tqi^  cHlDlfniffi,  th«  mouth  of  anj*  cafiou,  where  water  flows 
out;  tq^,  a  valley  or  puerco. 

ts^ti^lltsd  (cBi^cmitAo),  the  bii?  oak. 

sd*  8^1&\  the  twin  stant,  starltke  butt^'ii,  \\'ashini;ton  Pasft. 

fisbaf  bitqo,  cottouwood  sprioK  (Black  Mountain  district). 

bitsfhuit»&4,  a  knoll  at  thti  base  (of  Black  Mountain). 

ta^iwn,  the  baby  rock,  a  small,  lone  pinnacle. 

IsA  ib^ii,  at  tlie  milk  rock. 

teihotaoi  biyAzhe,  small  canon  meadow,  near  Marsh  Pass. 

tqo  &dln  daAzkhA.  the  waterless  peak. 

In  Oaflon  de  Cholley:  tsJ^  ntqCl,  broad  rock;  j&ib&Di,  the  bat 
(pillar);  tqu  s&kh&,  pool  of  water. 

tq^  nde,  where  they  fall  into  the  pit  of  water.  The  place  of 
this  name  in  the  Black  Mountain  rejrion  was  formed  by  the  fell 
of  water,  and  wan  formerly  a  much  frequented  watering  plact> 
for  game.  The  .smooth  surface  of  the  abruptly  descending  waits 
of  this  pit  offered  no  sufhcient  foothold,  but  entmpped  the  gan>e 


LOCAL  HAMSS. 


iSi 


miich  aftor  the  fashion  of  the  f«rly  native  pit  traps. 
tqA  (lanHi^tiifini.  or  iqA  dahast^Ani,  where  the  wat^r  is  (lammed, 
tqu  bidiilpstrio,  wberr  the  water  is  wailed  up. 


VAMKf)  OF  THE  NEIOHBORING   PUEBLXJS. 


The 


names  of  tbo  noifhboriiie  pueblos  are  of  lo&e  standinfE- 
I,    iH^opIo   4>f   the    kiva   or   tindt-rgruiind    hoiutos.    tho 
Knpi  pueblos.      The  imUvidual  pueblos  are  nauitxi  as  follows: 

East  MfRB  ViilnfiTH:  na.sh&8hi,  the  bear  )>eop]e,  Hanu:  atn&' 
k'hirii.  thi'  people  of  the  middle  hoiiM>s.  Sjchuinuvi:  iyakhlni 
(pn-Munuibly  nf^A'khlni),  people  of  the  kiva,  Walpi. 

tqAlahoiihan  in  puK^ibly  iiideutical  with  tlHMle»ttru.ve<l  viUaife  of 
.\w&li.>bi,  whili-  ad^tfi  khfni,  the  peopl'^  of  the  housew  yonder, 
near  ad^jfi  UiO,  yomler  Rpnng,  doiiijcnutcs  an  extinct  village  one 
mile  aouih  of  Hano. 

Middle  Mena  Villajre8;  t»<itsi>Rld.  the  hill  of  bciidden),  Muh- 
onenovi;  khitilili.  nieaninif,  probably,  the  houses  in  niina,  or 
houMes  reHembliof;  ruins,  Shumopf>vi;  khlniUtT,  llie  boiis<« 
strung  out  in  a  line,  Shifmudovi. 

Wrstern  Mesa  Villaire:  oxaf,  Omibi.  Some  su^K^^t  a  deri- 
vation from  fxl  Ksf.  nuiiieroUR  eagle  traps  U)< 

ozaf  bi.vizhe.  little  Oraibi,  Moencopie.  To  this  should  be 
mNUkI,  nAd&IU  K^ilyMi,  the  cottontields,  Moencopie  Wash. 

haKo'nl,  peo]>le  of  Aconn. 
tqo  Uq),  much  water.  Lacuna. 

tqo  NLni  biylnh,  the  uffHprintr  of  ntueh  water,  Acomita. 
IQO  hajlM*.  ihey  draw  water,  .Santo  l^omintfo. 
taf  behofrMn.  tiand  houws.  San  Felipe. 
tq^igft*,  C'ochiti. 
tfAin,  Zin. 

khin  Doddzi.  stri|>ed  huuNe»,  Hcmidillo. 
tqo  hajiMhe  (!) 

khIn  latfitf,  white  houm-.  SNindiu;  khln  htg&i  is  al^^o  used  for 
Navahi>  Kiation. 


186 


AN  STBNOLOOIC   DK 


khio  licht,  red  house,  Srd  .Iuhd. 
tqAwhCil,  runDinff  or  swift  water  (?),  Taue. 
DAtq6bo.  eDemies  ftt  the  water,  Isleta. 
mA*idesh|fixh,  coyoto  pass.  Jemez. 
klshcHfntn[\  line  of  aider,  Pajtiate. 
Klshjln,  black  alder  (I),  CobollcU. 
nAAsh^^zhi,  blackened  enemies,  ZuSi. 
ts^hotfhii].  Thunder  Mountain. 
ts^dudOn,  two  peuks  southeast  of  ZuSi. 

NAMES  OF  MOUNTAIN   RANOEM. 

Names  are  also  given  to  the  neighboring:  mountain  mngtw. 

cBdshgai  ktiAshfrai).  white  spruce,  Chiisca  Rani{«. 

tqflntfta,  largo  water,  Tunicha  Range. 

tfiU&cKtigai,  which  is  n'ndered  by  some  as  the  reods  at  the 
white  spruoB,  Lukachukai  Mountains.  These  three  arc  names 
of  ont*  and  the  same  range. 

dzll  nAAziti,  the  mountain  aurround^  by  mountains,  Carriso 
Mouu  tains. 

d2l}UjIn,  the  black  streak  mountain.  Black  Mountains. 

nAdsIsIn,  the  enemies*  hiding  hole,  Navajo  Mountaiiw. 

In  addition,  a  mountain  is  sacred  to  each  of  the  cardinal  points. 

slsoftjTn,  (woman's)  standing  black  belt,  Pelado  Peak,  north  of 
Jeniex  pueblo.      Thin  in  the  sacred  mountain  of  the  east. 

teddzll,  mountain  tongue.  Mount  Ta>*lor  of  the  south. 

d66liosHd,  San  Francisco  Mountains  of  the  we-st. 

deb^ntxA,  large  sheep,  San  Jtian  Mountains  of  the  north. 

Other  sacred  Diountoins  are  the  Carriso  (dzllnidzlh),  and  the 
Huerfftno  (dzI}nA«dUi),  and  cBdl'l  (0.  and  dzll  esdri,  the  moun- 
tain woman  (J). 

The  mountain  of  the  east,  stsnajln,  Pelado  Peak,  in  also  called 
roJgafdzll,  or  the  white  bead  mountain,  and  its  color  is  white. 

That  of  the  south,  tsAdzIt,  Mount  Taylor,  ta  yOdotltzhidsm 
the  blue  bead  Uurquolse)  mountain,  and  its  color  is  blue. 


LOCAL    X A  inns. 

That  of  the  west,  dfSiilcdsHd,  San  FraaciMco  Mountains,  ut 
defiiffiiBted  kit  dichflidzfl,  haliotts  nkountaia.  with  the  color  of 
yellow. 

The  moimtaitt  of  the  north,  deMntsa,  San  Juan  Mountains,  is 
tbe  bAehxhlnidzil,  or  cannolcool  mountain,  and  ita  color  is  black. 

dzIht&OilIli,  Huerfano,  is  ntflH  dz!l,  ur  mountain  of  precious 
itaoes. 

cBAri  is  >-6d[dzIl,  mountain  of  varit'KHted  beads.  The  latter 
two  moiintaiRs  arc  probably  the  mountains  of  the  upper  and 
lower  directions  (>-ft'  &Jnl  and  nP  Alnl.  middle  of  heaven  and 
earth,  zenith  and  nadir^,  the  color  of  which  is  either  tsdchfl, 
redslone  (rt»d),  or  alt^tSA'af,  varic«Iore<l. 

TTie  sacred  mountains  were  brought  from  the  lower  worlds 
and  placed  in  their  resiwctive  positions  by  First  Man.  The 
mooDtains  of  the  east,  south,  west  and  north  also  tiu'ure  in 
rarioiis  sand  paintinf^,  which  they  surround  in  their  r<uipi>ctive 
positions  and  colors. 

The  two  last  nifntioned  mountains,  dsilnAodfti  and  cHdH,  the 
latter  of  which  is  probably  only  legendary,  do  not  fiifurc  in  the 
sand  paintin)^,  but  in  song's  and  prayers.  This  is  especially  the 
OMO  in  the  hacIiiuyAtq^i,  pni.ver  to  the  dinnities,  which  usually 
boifin  from  the  suuimit  of  one  of  tbe  sacred  mountains, 

WORDS. 

btttfhl^li,  or  lioUdi,  on  the  mouDtain;  baffhAdlft,  from  the 
mountain;  dzil  biUtqAdi,  for  instance,  chdi'f  bilitqidi,  on  the 
•ummit  of  tbe  mountain:  bitsfdi.  or  bitsfji,  at  the  base  of  the 
mountain;  bin^'di,  or  bini'ji,  in  the  rear  of  the  mountain;  bio^^go, 
to  the  rear  of  the  mountain. 

The  localitj'  frtim  or  toward  which  one  travels  is  indicated  by 
moans  of  prepoaiiionH  aftixed  to  the  name  of  tbe  place,  thus 
tbe  affix  "go"  corresponds  to  our  to.  y6tq6go  dey&,  I  am 
going  to  Santa  F^;  ts^botsogo  deshAl,  I  shall  go  to  Fort  Deflance; 
ta^yrgo  ntteya,  I  was  at  the  Cafion  (de  Cbelley);  tq6go  ty&,  he 
went  to  the  river  (meaning  anji'  of  the  larger  bodies  of  wat«r). 


138 


-I.V    JCTJtyOLUtUC    DWTIOXARY. 


Thff  affix  it  is  uswi  similarly;  khin  hocWji,  towards  Manuelito. 

Hft  corresponds  to  our  from,  n&n7hAzhdif',  from  Gallup. 

di  indicate.s  in  or  at  a  pla»>.  shash  hiui/Hli.  at  or  in  Fort 
Winyat*'. 

f)&goI&,  or  qA'^ush  dint.v&f  wbithi>r  are  you  goioipf  qA^OBh 
iD^Tniyftf    where  have  you  btwn} 

q&disb  oikh^ya.  or  riftdi-sh  Dafflil.n?  wliere  ■»  your  home  or 
housed 

qwlt&shA',  or  qada;.<h  ntTf  whi'no*  do  you  come!  nfzAdit, 
from  afar  olT. 

H^t  nikhlniyA,  I  return  nrpw,  I  return  home;  Kftd  nikh(bleRhfl 
1  will  return  or  so  borne  pir-sently. 

(qAnt'i^l  bilft'cii,  or  bil&'tfo,  uwr  the  ocoan,  indicates  ever.v 
country'  aihl  cit|>'  beyond  the  ocean.  Similarly,  tqdntqel  hili'dlt. 
from  N-yonH  the  ocean. 

ivJUhhutfln.  or  yi*»hTndftn,  U'ashing^ton,  is  sonietinie«  used  to 
dcKi'/nate  other  cities,  and  ulsu  as  u  ilistinctive  landmark,  tbus, 
washinddn  bilft'di.  yuKhjishtfi  (yushcBlshj(i^  beyond  or  this  skle 
of  WaRhinfrtuu. 

Cities  like  ChicaKo,  St.  LoiiiK  and  Ijos  An;reles,  which  hare 
been  nsited  by  some,  aim  cover  many  unknown  localitiM. 


NAMES  OF  ANIMALS. 

Animals  an>  claKsiHed  as  follows: 

naAldl^hfii.  which  walk  on  fours,  quadrupeds. 

nfl'nA'  (ndnha'ni''),  they  creep,  ihe  lizKards,  the  reptiles,  to 
which  i$  ad<li>(l,  nd'n&'  nalillA«4hilo,  which  creep  and  walk. 

tq&yf  nAlil^i,  or  tqahrfinalddi.  which  inliabit  the  wat«(r,  water 
animals. 

This  latter  irroup  hImj  entbriOM  fishes  of  which  few  varieUM 
are  ditfi-rentialed.     This  is  probably  due  to  the  8carcit.v  of  tiah 


ZOOLOGICAL   LIST. 

in  thv  Nftvabo  country,  and  also  tu  the  taboo  plactx]  od  theni,  ho 
that  littlf  if  aay  attention  is  triven  to  the  varieties. 

uAtfiffi.  winpod  aDininIs,  birds. 

Zoolatry  ia  au  important  factor  in  Ka%'abo  reltifion  and  very 
few  animala  are  excliult^  from  worship  or  cf>ruinonial  iise.  In 
niany  instancee  witchcraft  is  attributed  to  these  deified  aninuilR 
who  therpfor  require  propitiation  by  Hocrifice  and  a  ftmoke.  Oa 
those  occaiioos  their  secret  or  sacred  name  is  used  in  addressing; 
tbun,  a  list  of  which  has  been  addei)  at  the  end  of  li^t  of  in^iects. 


THE   QrADRUPEDS. 

The  Bkab. — Tha  beer  is  a.<sHif(ned  to  the  uiouotains.  The 
origin  of  tl>e  various  species  is  attributed  to  creation  out  of  the 
•enral  orsamt  of  mythical  monsters,  lik<-  sliAsh  nilkhai,  the 
tracking  boar,  and  p»dzfi  sbdHh  n&dlehe,  the  woman  transformed 
into  a  bear.  Presumably  this  belief  accounts  for  the  reverence 
ahown  the  bear,  insomuch  as  the  bear  is  ordinarily  avoided. 
The  retftilatioiiH  tfo^'^rninif  tl>e  meal  of  renisoii  or  bear  are 
recorded  cluewhere.      (See  Foods.) 

shAsh,  the  bear. 

shAsh  Cso^  a  lartpe  bear;  sh&sh  lafpii,  the  white  bear:  shAsh 
hkhlzlL,  the  speckled  bear;  sliAsli  baifhftgA  hadnlsbat.  the  ailvertip; 
ibAab  btkh^  ntqf'l,  the  bear  with  wide  feet. 

(ahAsh)  nashkMdi,  (whot«e  feet  an.^  spread),  the  black  bear. 

(shAsbt  bljirhannil^zi,  lon£  back,  ffrizsly  (t). 

shAahdelahjA  (I). 

biji'  >'adi9rfni,  whose  lej^  stand  up  (\). 

bitqAhtiDR*zi,  long  body. 

yfttftoi,  yellow  chin,  cinnamon  bear. 

tUah  Uyizhx  (biyAzh).  cube. 

ts^^Ahi,  itub  tailR,  a  K**nera1  name  for  bean. 

DxKa. — Deer  and  elk,  as  also  animals  allied  to  them,  are 
hunt4kl  for  their  hittea  and  aiiiew,  which  f1|furt>  largelji-  in  the 
manufacture  of  the  costume   and   ceremonial   appliances.      (Of. 


I-IO 


A\  ETHXOLOaiC  DICTIONARY. 


articlefi  on  the  Chofte,  TaiiDine,  Shoeniakiiit;-,  Leather  work, 
Ma.«kf>,  Ilatx  and  C(wtume,  the  lloe,  Awl,  etc.)  The  detr  faniiLv 
is,  of  ctMime,  asitiifned  to  the  niouotaiaa. 

b^.  the  deer;  h^  yizh,  fawn;   bS'  khii'.  a  buck. 

bf*  daAlchfni,  the  children  uf  the  deer,  ax  which  the  following 
are  designated:  j&di,  antelope;  d^tq^l,  broad  horn  (male  of  anU*- 
lope);  dzA*,  the  elk;  t^ft,  kumII  horn  de«r;  debl^  ta^tqA*.  the  bit;- 
born;  uAjfti&shi,  the  mate  biK^bom. 

Feunks. — The  felines,  too,  are  found  in  the  niountainn.  Tb« 
aboriginal  Navaho  used  the  Rkin»  for  their  costume,  though  at 
preaent  little  ii^e  \»  found  for  them.  Occasionallj'  a  quiver  made 
of  mountain  lion  ftkin  \»  still  to  be  seen. 

na«hd6i  (  nlshddi,  nMbd6i,  aosbddi),  the  wildcat:  oashddi  din^'f, 
the  lynx  people. 

nanhdiSitbaf,  the  b'nx. 

noi^hdflitKo,  the  mountain  lion. 

nanhditilkhlzhi.  the  putna. 

nashdAitso]kh1v.h.  th«>  leopard  (extinct). 

The  following  are  probably'  no'thical  only:  bi^tqi*  n&bddi, 
the  canon  lynx;  tfO*nsbd6i,  the  gnm  lynx;  haljrai  nisbdAi,  the 
meadow  Ifnx. 

xwtm  (nidRi),  Sp,,  the  dome«tic  cat.  Very  prolwbly  the  domes- 
tic cat  tH  of  recent  introduction,  and  \is  name,  m&si,  is  a  corni|>- 
tion  of  piuwy. 

The  Coyote. — ^Tho  co}-ot«,  a  natural  roamer,  ia  jriveo  free 
ranffe  in  mountain  and  valley  without  any  specific  district. 
Ordinarily  the  coyote  is  left  unharmed,  and  frightened  off  or 
trapiied  to  his  death  by  a  Kon-trap. 

The  kit-fox  ik  sought  and  highly  prised  for  its  skin,  which 
figures  as  an  ornamental  dress  of  the  luaHked  pentonatorK,  an  well 
as  of  the  masks. 

mll*t  (nAathmA.  I  roam),  the  coyote, 
mfi'ibio,  the  wolf. 


ZOOLUaiCAL   LIST. 


141 


nitHitao,  wolf,  in,v'thlcal  uanto  for. 
niA*ists<ki,  «lpDder  coyote. 
mA'i  ilottlsh,  the  kit-fox. 

iiift'i  litM>  (nm*ih:wi),  the  jfllow  coyote,  nniall  coyote,  which 
U  also  called  tiiJUIifni,  the  wtut«  (t*iU  tip. 

Thk  Rahbit. — RabbitH  arn  hnnted  or  trapped  for  thpir  ni«at. 
Orixinally  tho  fur  was  hraidtvl  with  yurca,  and  sorvod  an  a  riidi? 
)reriiijr  or  wrap.     The  fibula  of  the  rabbit  is  Rtill  used  in  pre- 
riiiK  a  ceremonial  whistJe.      (See  WhiKtling.) 

gV,  or  frAlbaf,  lh<*  rabbjl,  cottontail. 

irA'tito,  the  jackrahbit;  in^'t^jraf,  the  white  jackrabbit 

KA'fli.  the  fluffy  or  woolly  rabbit 

Thk  SgriRBKiA. — The  squirrel,  ati  inhabitant  nf  the  mountains 
is  rmtncntly  fitted  for  the  role  aw^iencd  to  it  in  various  legends, 
of  pryinjr  into  the  itecrets  of  thn  enemy. 

dlAlzllgai  (dMxIlirai),  pine  or  gniy  rviuirreL 

dMzI<<hzhlD  (dilqfli),  black  pine  squirrel. 

dMxIshzhIn  binAffha  dadilcMiei,  squirrel  with  reddish  back. 

haxaf.  chipmunk;  harjiftso,  ftmall  wi^irrel;  haznf  ah^biiri, 
aninll  chipuiunk;   bazafi4t4Asi,  KTound  wjuirrel. 

t«Iditlni,  rock   sr|itirrel. 

ts^k!  iiaHfitAni,  jfntund  squirrel. 

n&dobo'tni,  inviaible  to  the  enemy  (or  eye  [l]),  umall  ground 
aquirrrl. 

Thk  RoiiKSTs. — Rixlents  have  their  abode  umlertrround.  The 
•nnine  fiirurr*  in  decorationit  at  various  chantx. 

h{>tHii  (from  MnQ,  a  nest  in  the  ground),  the  rat. 
na'istJ<^i,  irray  mouse, 
jr  Ini'fhi.  the  daj*  thief,  black  mouse. 
}flnl  bilqlni,  underg^round  track.  Held  moUHe. 
oaboabcBili.,  the  juniper,  email  Held  mouse. 
cMnsotfai  (cblshui^Ki),  long  suout.  Held  tuouae. 
dlA'i  (dltf'i),  the  weasel,  enuine;  dld'itffai,  white  weasel;  dl4H 
Htao,  yellow  weaeel. 


149 


AX  BTHyOLOOIC  DlCTIOyARY. 


dio'  <(llfi*».  prairie  dog. 

nii&Kffii,  the  gopher. 

naAshf^i  iiHtJligi  {  nnliasht^hi),  small  field  ret, 

naftsbtf^itso,  the  kaiitraroo  rat. 

The  BAPflRR.  Skusk  asi>  Pobcupike.— These  inhabitante  of 
the  muuntains  ti£iin>  in  decorations  of  some  cereniunial  requisites. 
The  bito  of  the  skunk  is  poisonous,  and  the  animal  is  ordinarily 
aroided. 

Dabashclifd  (n&shcflld.  naA&hcBId),  which  Bcratches  out,  the 
badjrer. 

dft'»4ni  <di'  sA'6),  which  sits  up  in  a  tree,  the  porcupine, 
wdll^hi  (irdllzhi),  which  urinutes,  the  skunk, 
wdlf/hi  l8o,  the  big  skunk;  wdlf/hi  ah^lftiei,  the  small  skunk. 
H-dlf;  hi}khlKhi,  the  Rpeckle<I  skunk. 

MaiiEaN  Animals. — 

bis6d<^  (Sp.),  the  pie.  The  hoe  >s  not  indieenous,  nor  do  the 
Na^^aho  raiso  any  except  in  very  few  cases.  It  was  most  likely 
tirRt  broujfht  to  their  country  from  Old  Mexico  as  the  name, 
bis6(l6,  a  corruption  of  the  Aztec  pitsotJ,  seems  to  indicate. 

bichfyedllrsqlsi.  which  whips  with  its  snout,  or  bichtyedilqftii, 
strikes,  or  yeiliMhr.  nhich  roiies  with  itA  snout,  the  elephant. 

H  bishehfi.  dsixMfdiei*  hunchbacked  or  hillback  horse,  the  camel. 
H  mladeshkhfzhiui,  the  horse  with  speckled  stripes,  the  zebra. 

Thf  Poo. — The  does   found   at  everj-   Navaho  camp  are  «^ 
sorry  looking  set  of  monerels  hut  an  in\-aluAhle  asset  in  herdine 
flf>cks  of  sheep.      Aa  a  rule  tbcy  are  lean  and  mean,  illfod   and 
mistreated.      Pups  are  early  accustomed  to  the  herd,  and   are 
fretiuentl.v  nursed  by  a  goat  of  the  herd. 

Mchfti  U^chAi.  l^chai,  from  H,  pet,  and  chi,  ordure),  the  dog. 

Ifchdsttldsi,  the  hound. 

lArhfli  binf  ditTAei,  ft  fluffy  dae> 

■st^fli.  or  lechSsti^li,  a  ver^^'  small,  dwarfy  do^. 

Wrhfl  hasdfli,  a  mcdium-^ized  doe* 


ZOOUmiCAL    UaT, 


nchai  bichr  d^j:  «&'itiigi,  with  tumetJ-up  noee.  ft  puy  or  bdldoff. 

HchAi  biji  ntqdliKi*  broud-csred  do£,  a  spaniel. 

\f-c\A\  tiehl.  ml  du^;  l^chflthnf,  un.y\  l^chflzhln,  Mnck;  techjl- 
leaf,  white;   H^chaHnAL  .vf>lloM-.  and  h^chfflkliizh,  speckled  dojf. 

Mchlttso,  the  Aiiiericati  dog.  which  is  usually  largL-r.  therefor, 
the  bijc  Ao^. 

Tmk  Cow,  Siikcp  axb  Goat. — Cows,  sheep  and  horses  wen? 
»riirib*ny  obtained  throtifrh  raids  upon  th(>  nei}fhboriutf  Pueblos 
and  Mt»xi(^ns,  and  later  thrmisrh  rations  issneil  by  the  Govern- 
ment At  pri"«eDt  practically  every  family  Is  possessed  of  a 
flock  nf  nhn(>p  in  addition  Ut  a  band  of  cattle  and  horses,  making 
their  condition  one  of  coiuparative  afHuBnce. 

b^jrishi  (vacca  or  bacca — «hi\  th<^  cow;  b^ifftfthi  ynzh,  the 
calf;  bA^Ashi  de  ahdfRt.  small  horned  cow;  b^jf&shi  bich<l*  Adioi, 
■  f(t4>er:  dftia  ItomK  a  bull. 

a>'4ni,  the  buffalo,  robes  of  which  were  obtained  through 
barter  from  the  Plains  and  Pueblo  Indians. 

deb^,  the  slieep;  debi^  bichA*  A<llni,  a  wr-thcr;  deMI  dolU61i, 
tnarino  sheep;   deb{^  y&zbe,  u  liiiiib. 

denAsiiii'  (dolK6l)K  horns  turned  downward,  a  (marine)  ram. 

tllxt  (trtsi),  the  gfwt;  tlizi  ditMhi,  or  tTfxi  (li  (de  fli).  anfrorn 
goat;  tllsi  chQ\  <ir  tHzi  kbd\  buck. 

tflzi  hnihtn,  black  ffotX;  tltzi  dotffzhi.  blup  fcont;  trizilfiraf, 
whit«>;  Iflztlkhfzhi,  siH'ckled;  tHzisirtni.  freckhil;  tllziJbA'i,  roan; 
trfzii^htrtthi.  copper  color;  tUxiHMAj,  yellow;  tllzilchli,  red  Kt«t; 
tftxi  yizhe.  H  kid. 

THE   ANATOMY    OF   ANIMALS. 

ninstrationB  are  taken  from  various  parts  of  the  boDM*  and 
•btep.      For  comparison  sef  "Anatomy,*'  inme  BO. 

deb^  bitAnlai,  the  various  nnutoniical  parts  of  the  sheep, 
bitnltitfn,  its  hi>a*i  and  skull,  bichf.  its  noee. 

bhl^.  its  boms.  binf,  itfi  noatril. 

binA,  ita  e^'O.  biniK?d,  its  eyesnwve. 


^^B                144                         AN  STUXOLOQIC  OICTIONABY.                 ^^^H 

^^^^H           bijft,  its  ear  (lobe). 

tsTg-liA,  the  brains.             ^^H 

^^^^^K            bij^yP.  itfl  iDner  ear. 

aqAdltUn,  the  joints.          ^^H 

^^^^^1           biz4,  its  mouth. 

bikh^,  its  foot                       ^B 

^^^^^P           H  biyA<lR*,  the  lower  lip 

of 

bikh^hl^n  (bvb£sbfftn),  its      ■ 
cUv,  hoof  or  cloven-foot. 

^             B  home,  or  its  chin. 
^^^I^H            bowh6\  it^  tooth. 
^^^^^B            bizShatVi'.  ite  palate. 

bikh^tso«  for  instanoe,  bf- 
bikh^tBo,  a  toe  or  cloven- foot    M 
of  the  deer.                                    ■ 

^^^^^P           bits4,  its  toDKue. 

^^^f                 H  bftkhilcri,   or  deb^  kh&vi, 

^^H             horse  hide. 

^^H                 bitaf ,  its  flesh (rcDison,  mut- 

^^^^^       ton,  beef). 

^^^^^fe           bidfl,  its  blood. 

^^^^^H           banrAo,  iits  paws. 

beh^teids    ( biklWIIUds),     its      1 
ankle  sinew,  the  small  toe  on 
foreleg  uf  sheep,  cat,  <)eer,  etc.      ■ 
bir.Al,  its  windpipe.                   ■ 
bizijfi.  its  crop.                         ■ 
agli&s,    the    ffiillet,    esoph-      1 

^^^^^B           bij&d,  its  leifs. 
^^^^^H            bitA^,  its  tail. 

agiLs.                                               1 
bij&shlUsb,  the  kidneys.           H 

^^^^^P           bijUchf,  its  anus. 

bibid,  its  stomach.            ^^H 

^^^^H            biziz,  its  penis. 

hitsft,  its  ribs.                    ^^H 

^^^^^                bichfig,  or  blchi6\  its  t»tti- 

biztd.  its  liver.                  ^^^| 

^^H 

bij^i,  its  lungs.                   ^^^M 

^^^^^            bichl,  its  diiDir. 

bijaidfshjOl.  its  heart.        ^^H 

^^^^B           biUzh,  itK  urine. 

abid  dAffi,  the  oriHce  of  the 

^^^^^B            attaf,  the  riunp. 

stomach,  pylorus. 

^^^^^^            ab^*,    the     udder,     or 

the 

abfd  ikhfni,  or  abId  dfshJoU, 

^^^^^ 

the  lesser  intestines. 

^^^^H            blsh^'hAnt  the  backbone  and 

abid  An^,  the  spleen. 

^^r 

bictil,  its  entrails. 

^^^^K           biyfd,  its  bn^Mt. 

acDl  tsiiAs  6^T,  thtt  colon 

^^^^H           bitsl.  iun  hair. 

and  larffer  inte-^Unes. 

^^^^^B            bitsljfhi,  its  mane. 

acHI    dotffzhi,    the    midriff 

^^^^H           bagbi,  its  wool  or  fur. 

(diaphragm).                                  ■ 
bicht  nahinest^di,  the  inter- 

^^^^^            bit^tn  (bitiln),    its   bone 

or 

^^^P              carcass. 

locked  entrails  (probably  the      ■ 

^^^^            aki*,  the  fat  or  Ullow. 

same  as  lesser  intestines).              1 

ZOOLOGICAL   LltiT. 


145 


"b'liM"  azis,  the  placeDta  »t 
sbMp  antl  gofkt. 

atitt  hIk,  HH'tf  tbrvju)  (pan- 


Biltb^,  thi'  marrow  of  the 
horn  (of  dtwr,  mountain  tthi^f*p, 
etc.) 

hftbfd  jisaf,  tbe  tripe. 


WORDS    RKFKRRINQ  TO   ANIMALS. 

niA'i  nfltdlAsh,  the  coyote  trutM.  which  ih  said  of  most  animals. 

naiftiA,  it  walks,  is  said  of  most  quadrupeds. 

DilzitT,  il  rii»yhes  or  rxmn  i|uickl.Vt  is  used  of  lixzards,  rabbitH. 
rat*,  etc. 

tTlfth  ui'nA',  ihn  i*nake  rrawls. 

ahi<«h  bftjfhin.  a  boar's  <)en;  bajrhAn,  il  lair:  fi'An.  a  burrow. 

hAn>i)i'/^')fi,  a  b«>ar's  den. 

mA'i  dAldl6aUi.  a  fleet  royoti.*, 

4uiUt<la,  it  is  meau  (a  bear). 

najthtldi  beikhi.  the  sand  pftintinj;  of  the  wildcats. 

bitilfn,  or  tilln,  a  carcaas. 

dm,  or  dltdrts,  biwhi*;  dItM,  fluffy;  dlfl,  ditd^s  and  ditT^, 
nia>'  h<>  aaid  of  bnldinfr  (.v-at^rilK  hlanki'tA  (hoAldlAdt),  and  othrr 
while  cHOeh  ditMi,  or  drfl,  may  he  said  uf  a  ait4>rpillar, 
biit  not  cfiteh  Jitiid«. 


THE   HORSE. 

HoriMs  are  k«>pt  for  brei-dinK,  riding  and  drivinir  puriHises. 
Thf*y  an>  rarely  fed,  beitiK  turnt^l  out  at  larife  after  iiite.  Even 
wbrn  at  work  littJe  or  no  feed  jh  provided,  as  the  N'avafao  is 
tmlifferent  to  tbe  netnlH  of  hia  humu.  Vut  tbey  thrive  wher« 
in  of  their  kind  miifht  starve,  and  lu  addition  giv«  reinark- 

le  Icata  of  endurance. 

Horaen  are  inually  broken  at  about  the  a^e  of  four.  They 
are  then  sinjifled  out  from  aniong  the  wild  herd  and  bitched  to  a 
for  a  day  and  niirht  without  food  or  drink.  Driving  hones 
are  hitched  with  a  brt>ken  horse  to  a  wauon,  and  in  course  of 
tiitir  K-am  their  lewton.   which  is  aajthinii  but  tborou^ch,  sinoe 


^^^^        146                        ^'V  BTHSOLOGW  DICTIONARY.                  ^^^^| 

^^H             the  Navftbo  u  m  poor  a  driver 

as  he  is  a  horseman.      After  a 

^^H              riding  liorse  has  bot^n  starved  in 

the  above  mentioned  manner  a 

^^^1              fwddlf  and  bridle  i>t  forced   \\\Kin 

it,  the  rider  mounts  and  allovs 

^^H              tbe  horse  all  iibprt.r  to  rrar  and 

jump  and  buck  until  the  animal 

^^H              relaxes  from  ftheer  weakneiiS.      It 

is  then  tied  to  a  poet  nud  given 

^^H^             to  drink,  only  to  remain   hitched  there  throughout  the  niKbt      1 

^^H             It  is  gentler  when  mounted  next  niominic.                                          ■ 

^^^^^1           Words  referring  to  the  horse  and  ridinK-                                ^^H 

^^^^^1                a  horse. 

tr  bnkhA*,  or  B  bichdg  qS- 

^^^^^m            nigai.  a  white  horse. 

A'nlH.  a  gelding. 

^^^^^             \\   dil,    a    large,    strongly 

tr  b&'&d,  or  It  tN&'i,  a  mare. 

^^H             built  horae. 

le  yizhe,  a  colt. 

^^H                   H  dotTfzh),    a    blue    (gr»,v) 

It  iskhA^i,  a  three  or  four- 

^^^■^              horse. 

year-old  foal. 

^^^^^L           H  Kchfi,  a  ro<l  (sorrel)  horse. 

\\  y&shcmd,  fitly  foal  <thnH> 

^^^^^1            11  litsAt,  a  yellow  horse. 

or  four-year-old). 

^^^^^H            H  lab&*i,  a  roan  horse. 

n   dozb6hi.    an    unbroken 

^^^^^P           tizhin  (H  lizhfnigi),  a  black 

horse,  a  bronco. 

^^^V              horse. 

ti  izh6d,  a  broken,   gentle 

^^^^^            n  yistrfni,  a  freckled  horse. 

horse. 

^^^^^B            n  Hkhlxhi,  a  speckled  horse. 

tq^li,  the  burro. 

^^^^^H            tl  dinllxhfni,  a  brown  horse. 

tqellabaf,  the  gra^-  burro. 

^^^^^H            tT)(|fni  (R  nilqfni),  a  mouse 

jfin^z  (dzintfez),    long   ear. 

^              colored  horse. 

the  nude. 

^^^1                  HshtTlMhi  (.vishtllshi),  a  oop- 

ts^tqi'  H,  a  mustang. 

^^^^^         per  colored  horse. 

H  daAlchlni,  wild  (unbroken) 

^^^^P            (bi>tiif>;hAlizh(Qi,    ft    black- 

horses. 

^              maned    horse   (color   of   body 

H  nft-iyflii,  a  saddle  horse. 

^B 

n  nfilbdsi,  or  tsin  neflbdsi. 

^^H                   tsijfh&faigai,  a  whit«-maned 

a  driving  or  work  horse. 

^^H^        borse. 

H  nAahiyd\  ti  shoyA,  I  am 

^^^^H            l^gh&Hcht,    a    red  •  maQcd 

horseback. 

^^^f            borae. 

Bb5  nashl,  T  travel  horse- 

^^^^H           n  chlliri.  a  stallion. 

back. 

1 

THE  nORsB. 


R  bilUaB8«di\  I  am  astride. 

ilsliil  naldliS«b,  1  ride  borsu- 

:k  (trots  with  mc). 

K  nAlsyM,  the  horse  bucks. 

nalicvl^i,  B  biickinjf  horse. 

aqAdestqAl,  he  Rteps  evenly, 
Tmoea. 

bo^HU  yfif6\  his  gait  ir  gooAy 
rasy  gaited. 

H  nalM%  the  horse  loape. 

II  DAltfif),  thp  horse  1ope«. 

yTldlAsb,  the  horse  trots. 

If  shil  nd2ft1\  or  )I  NbiltqA- 
dlL3'&J,  th«  borsi!  ruas  (with 
meX 

itfi  dfthaln^',  be  raises  be- 
hind, he  bucks  (in  thr  rear). 

n  >'6£lif;hud.  a  runnwu^', 

H  dfiawha*.  a  fast  horse. 

n  Ddldddi,  a  sh.v,  plun^inir 
hone. 

li  biyinabalytsi.  n  shj'  horse. 

H  shildctsylc,  the  horse  shies 
«nth  me. 

IT  ndshfl|rd%  or  IT  sha-ndsfl- 
qftl.  the  horse  threw  me. 

n  sfatqilt  the  horse   kicks 

DM. 

n  idlUiUi,  A  kickiniE  horse. 
If  shftdadestsln,   he  paws  at 
me,  a  reannif  horsts 

tl  ahfabqftah,  the  horse  bites 

RM. 

&  ihiUfdiltqiU  the  horse 
«t«pped  on  me. 


II  alk(das«<l&',  I  ride  with 
another  on  a  horse  (two  ait 
totrethor). 

H  shidl'nl,  the  horse  is  "six- 
ing'  me  up,"  watches  me. 

n  beh^tfol  (bikh«tralK  the 
hobble. 

H  bchfit^t'  beestr6',  the  horse 
is  hobbled. 

H  All,  the  horse  is  eating 
ffrain, 

II  ilcbAzh,  the  horse  grazes. 

II  dahflshtlA',  I  hitch  a  horse 
or  tie  hini  to  a  |>ost  or  tree,  I 
stake  him  out  (ll  dalustftf',  he 
is  tiedK  orll  danAhafihtro  (da'- 
ndahashstrd,  many),  1  hitch  or 
tie  a  horse  aguin. 

b&nflshjA,  I  feed  grain. 

ban^hjdJ,  I  feed  hay. 

H  yislAs,  I  lead  or  bring  a 
horse. 

tl  yish'^h,  I  brinjT  two  or 
more  horses. 

I!  }*&hanAslas,  1  lead  a  horse 
into  (h  stable). 

H  y&hannsh'&h,  1  lead  two 
or  more  horses. 

H  tAnsl6e  <  fi  cHlnsh'^),  I 
take  or  lead  thorn  out  of  a  sta- 
ble  or  cornU,  or  field. 

H  Ui&histtVs  (Ui&hish'&h),  I 
water  horses,  brinif  or  lead 
them  to  water. 

H  bagb&n,  a  stable  or  shed. 


"Wl 


It  hiclirtjf  qashnfl,  or  achdg 
quNhnfl,  I  castrat*!  a  bonte  or 
animal,  which  is  done  with  an 
ordinao'  IKKsketknife. 


H  bitqfn,  a  trail. 
J!  bikhf^,  a  home  trsck,  or 
hoof,  or  shoe. 


THE    SADDLE. 

A  ffentle  horse  is  ridden  haroback  for  ■  short  distance,  but 
very  few  ndere  show  any  desire  uf  taking  chances  with  a  lUftdlo- 
less  bronco.  Riding,  therefor,  is  usually  done  with  b  saddle  and 
bridle. 

The  Navnho  saddle  oonsintH  of  a  saddle-tree  covered  with  phh- 
hide,  and  usually  studded  with  several  rows  of  brass-bead  tacks 
alonjr  tbe  borders.  The  Muldle-bar  is  made  of  cottonwood  (t?1s), 
the  cantle  and  |>eak  of  pine  (ndbhcht).  Tlie  [leak  is  not  pom- 
melled but  either  roiindcvl  or  squared.  Two  pieces  of  rawhide 
covering'  the  bar  and  peak  are  overUpiied  by  another  piece  oov- 
eriiitr  the  cantle.  Two  Htraps  lapped  over  the  firth  rings  are 
then  tacked  to  each  side  of  the  peak  and  cantle,  whereupon  the 
cinch  or  jrirth  is  attached  to  the  rijrht  ffirth  rinfc  by  means  of  a 
piece  of  rawhide,  and  the  cinch  strap  to  the  left  Rirth  ring.  Tbi- 
fitirrup  strapA  are  lutuslly  fa.>4tened  directly  to  the  saddle-tree. 
The  old  box  stirru|is,  which  were  formerly  ver>'  general,  have 
now  been  replaced  by  iron  ODom.  The  crupper,  which  in  the 
early  days  was  connected  to  the  rear  of  the  saddle  by  a  wide  belt 
of  rawhide,  has  almo^tt  entirely  disappeared. 

F<tr  lassoing  ptiriK>se8  the  Naraho  saddle  is  inadequate  and 
was  never  intended  for  that.  The  Navaho,  moreover,  is  not 
very  .skilled  at  handling  the  lasso,  which  be  does  afoot.  After 
corralling  or  cornering  a  horse  (steers  are  rarely  lasnoed)  the 
rope  is  whirled  above  tbe  head  tuwanU  the  neck  of  the  hors«. 
If  successful  tbe  operator  drops  on  his  seat  allowing  himself  to 
be  dragged  along  imtil  the  horse  stops  when  be  is  approached 
with  much  caution  and  timiditj'- 

American  .laddles  are  at  pre.sent  much  in  demand.  Ropes,  too, 
are  either  purchased  or  made  of  buckskin,  and  sometimes   of 


I 


THE  SADULJe. 


149 


burwhair.      In  disniouatitiff  th«  bridle  reioe  are  thrown  over  the 
}ay'%  head  and  loft  danKlinfr  to  th«^  jTrotiod,  or  the  rope  is  utrunj^ 
^t  wtthin  easy  reach,  or  tied  to  a  tree. 

(lirths  or  cinches  are  nioRtl,v  purohased,  but  were  also  woven 
of  .vam  and  plaited  with  horsehair.  The  saddle  blankets  are,  of 
courae,  of  native  fabric.  The  hobbles  which  are  invariably  tied 
to  the  saddle,  are  made  by  the  Navaho  of  rawhide.  The  blanket, 
and  t«>nietimeR  a  sheep  pell  or  two,  are  secured  in  a  bundle  in 
thi>  rear  of  the  saildle.  CantinaK  and  safldle-ba^K  tire  tf^iially 
added  to  raodem  saddles. 

Words  referriog  tu  the  saddle. 

fi  biyifel  <borse>  pock ),  the  saddle. 

AjrisAnfl  tsfnitfi,  ibe  saddle-tree,  or  the  wood  includinir  peak, 
hani  and  cantle. 

ijrisj^nll.  rawhide  cover  of  the  bars  and  peak. 

(nanhj^i,  the  Rnuicly  HttinK  cover  of  the  cantle. 

is^nll,  the  KJrth  rin^K  for  the  cinch  and  strap. 

B  biyAl  biKTD&ztfr,  the  two  straim  saddknl  to  the  girth  rin^s, 

icboshtnM,  the  irirth  or  cinch. 

AcfatehtMl  bi««nll,  the  rintrs  of  tlie  trirth. 

AchAahtTftl  bedchrdldld',  (which  draws  it  tofetber),  the  cinch 
Htrap. 

bldfe'fe,  the  slirniiw;  b1d&i'@s  bitftil,  stirnip  stra[js. 

n  btyftl  biK6<le  h&l'.  the  saddle-baKM. 

aK^f>fafli,  or  aU^^NfltsAsi,  the  small  cantinaa. 

li  biy#l  biifltih,  the  saddle  Heat. 

acUh  di-tlltAAsi,  the  sniAll  neat  blankets  lifted  in  riding. 

beah  Hcht  i}'Adalkh4ti,  the  braas  t«ck»  for  decorating  the  saddle. 

aUdahrnDi,  or  Akh&iuhA'nfli,  the  8uklle  hianketa. 

bttsA  AtTgi,  the  crupper  and  belt  attached  to  rear  of  saddle. 

fi  bL>'Al  aloft'  I'&biKi.  the  crostHxJ  Haddle,  the  paek-saddle.  This 
is  not  much  in  tue  since  light  transportation,  such  an  of  wool, 
fluar  or  eatables,  is  done  with  thf  ordinar>'  saddle. 

H  bi.vAl  biilt'  daqA'A,  (projecting  saddle  rim),  the  pommel,  sad* 


150 


AK  ETHKOIOOW  DtOTlONABY. 


die  born  on  modern  saddles.  Navaho  saddles  are  not  decorated, 
but  bililnashcHfl,  decoration  or  desifrni  IR  usi'd  for  the  American 
saddle. 

H  hiUfdahiuthnI),  I  saddle  a  borso. 

bilUda'Dsbdft  <bittfaatit&d&.  bikfdaMfiifshdalK  I  mount 

id&shA  (^&y&,  OdOdoshaJ),  I  di.smonnt. 

THE   BRIDLE. 

Bits  are  made  by  native  smittis  of  old 
horseshoes  and  iron  scraps.  A  hackamore 
rins  is  attached  to  the  lower  part  and  is  often 
decorated  with  chains  daniclinff  from  it  as 
shown  in  accompanyinjrcnt.  The  headstall, 
consistioK  of  brow  bttod  and  cheek  utraps,  ia 
oft«n  made  of  common  rawhide,  decorated 
with  heavy  siirer  plates,  and  is  a  great  fav- 
orite with  women  on  festive  occasions. 
Bits  and  headstall-s  are  now  usually  purchased 

at  the  stores. 

A  roi>e  i»  sometimes  looped  over  the  nose  of  a  horae  and  serves 

as  a  bridle  without  a  bit. 

azAn\  the  bit  and  bridle. 

azftfl*  ntq^Iiirit  the  wide  bit,  the  old  Xavaho  bridle  bit. 
ti  bizastqAn,  the  bit  (across  the  mouth  of  a  horse).     This  w( 
is  rarely  used. 

azAt^*  binitrAl,  (face  strings),  the  cheek  straps. 

aztn*  hitfAl,  the  reins  or  lines. 

atqitiiint^',  the  brow  band. 

An!  Kldado,  ttie  hulter. 

azAnis^'Igi,  the  neck  strap. 

AjadA  b£s&'&,  the  hackamore  ring. 

Ayada  nAnt1\  the  chains  below  the  bit 

THE   QUIRT   (WHIP). 

The  qoirt  is  indispeosible  in  riding  and  is  swung  continuoudy, 
in  addition  to  vigorous  jabbing  of  the  heals  into  the  horse's  flanks. 


BARySSS  AKD    WAQO}i. 


lh\ 


Tbe  qnirt  is  BUpped  over  the  wrist  by  means  of  «  loop  by  which 
it  is  also  slipped  over  the  pominel  of  the  saddle  to  dismoimtinf. 
Spurs  are  not  ^nerally  luwd. 

bC^tsqls,  a  whip,  or  quirt 
niaataqTs,  I  quirt  or  whip  it. 

THE   HARKEStJ   AND   WAGON. 

Hamesi  and  wai^ns  of  any  kind  were  not  in  tise  by  llie  early 
Navttho,  but  an*  of  quite  roceut  introduction.  Thoy  are  issued 
by  the  Croverniuent,  though  many  prefer  to  purchase  a  better 
umdv  of  wstfuns  and  harness,  incIiKiinj;  liifbt  rijrs  and  buckboarda 
for  driving.  The  fami  wajron  if)  luwd  for  freiji'htinjf,  haiUing 
wood*  and  often  for  travcItinK- 

With  liie  iotrodiictioa  of  harness  the  plow,  harrow,  scraper, 
mower  and  rake  rapidly  followed. 

The  Harness. — Words  referring  to  the  bridle  will  be  found 
on  preceding'  page. 

&1UdAzI?I',  '*  put  around,'"  the  harness. 

as&^  bitMl,  the  lines  or  reins. 

azftdetqiiu,  (put  on  the  neck),  the  collar. 

az^leinfli  tflfnigi,  (wooden  thinffs  for  t-he  neck),  the  hames. 

oHhRr^th  rt^'i(ri.  (nide  line),  the  traces. 

rbfldhtrdl  (AthdshtMl),  the  jrirlh. 

binlj^'A*  liAtqts  I^nti,  tho  harness  saddle. 

blshcrUUro  nt^iei*  the  back  stmp  connectinif  with  crupper. 

bilift  itfTgit  the  crupper. 

bitMya  n&n^ijri,  the  (rear )  bridging. 

IT  bichf,  the  horw's  nose,  the  nose-ba^. 

bajfhAdish'nll,  or  IT  biKlnfi'sKhtFA,  I  harness  a  boree. 

B  bAitAdeshnll,  or  aRlnlLztl'  tifin&deshnll,  I  unharness  a  horse. 

The  Waoon — and  it*  [>arts. 

UfnibAa  (UTn  oibAs),  the  wacon. 

adlifi  danaskh^sitfi,  or  tsfn&b&s  bid&tfi  duuukh^sigi,  the  neck- 
yoks. 


AN  ETUyOLOOJC  DICTIOHABY. 


II  hitq&^u  na'&hi>ci,  (which  exteDiis  b«twe«D  tbi^  horses),  the 
waeoK  tonffite. 

fitfiyi  JiLsdnfli  b&riaBfi'&hiiyn.  the  double-tree. 

StfAyl  das^nfli,  the  sinelt--lre«. 

fitfiiyA  das^nfli  bitTAhinri,  (the  vertical  pin  of  aingle-treea),  tbc 
waj;on  hammer  (queen  bolt). 

tslnAh&i  \}\\vk  bfinanfi'&hiifi,  (which  extend»  for  the  box),  the 
bolster. 

tsfnAbfis  bittt&  bADanfi'&hiiri  bilTfthitri*  the  kioff  bolL 

tsfnAb£s  bijftd,  a  wagon  wheel. 

t<t(nftMU  bijjlH  tflln  bingz'&hijo,  (wood  ftrouwl  the  wheel),  the 
felloe jt. 

tAfnt^h^H  bijAtI  bln&neskh&lijfi,  (lock  the  wheel  [l])%  the  spokeH. 

taln&bAs  bij&d  bcsh  blaaz'Uii^i,  the  tin*. 

ti«fnHba»  bijfld  bitsitsla,  (the  bead  of  wheel),  the  hub. 

tHfnihtU  bijiil  bin&lAffh<ili(n.  (in  which  it  tumx),  the  axle-box. 

tsfnAbfis  bijftd  bi)'and^si}{i.  (around  which  it  turns),  the  axle. 

txlnfibfin  bij&d  bAnAn&'ihixi.  (which  extemU  for  the  wheels), 
the  axle-tree. 

tsfn&bSs  bij&d  bebfndldlAii^.  (which  binds  the  wheel),  the  brake 
and  the  axk-  nut. 

tsln&UU  bi!>hi;hin,  (its  backbone  or  spine),  or  tsfoAbAJ*  biiclsb 
uanA'&hijfi,  (which  extends  at  it«  division),  the  reach  or  coupling 
pole. 

tsfnAbfis  bl.^htrhAn  bin'^hitn*  the  conplinff  pin. 

tflfnfihfi.H  bijftd  bebfndTdlAl^i  bitqAnftnil'fthiKi.  (which  is  betwwn 
the  bnike>8hoes),  the  brake-beam  or  bar. 

|jilnfib£s  bit^',  the  wagon  box. 

bikldahBsd&iiri.  the  seat. 

UluAbAs  bik^xtqligi,  Ihi-  waffon  cover. 

tafnfib&s  bitsA,    (ribs),   the  wagon   bows,    or  tsbiftbAs  b 
das'ihigi,  (projecting  on  ihe  sides),  the  bows. 

nA'ftsb&s,  I  drive. 

nan&'ftsMU,  I  turn. 

nantgo  q&'ftsbfts,  I  turn  aside;   nat^  qA'AsbAa,  1  retum. 


q?),  ft  luad  of  frvitrht. 

UfnUiAs  bl  nil  ft'&shl^.  I  lo»)  a  wai^)n. 

tefniUs  h!  qaishr]^,  I  unload  a  wagon. 

odmhq^l,  I  haul  freifcbt. 

tn'Biloshqdl,  I  hftut  for  anothi^r  (ninntionin^  for  whom). 

tq&dltntl  (lahidMldKu  ndeshq^l,  I  will  haul  three  thoiuiand 
pounds  of  ftviitfht  Tli«  \avaho  do  not  know  the  value  uf 
weitcbta.  Expresaiotm  referriaff  to  bsulia^  and  weights  are 
coDipftratively  recent  and  coined  to  meet  the  requii-ementa  of 
traffic 

diikwt  bA'ilfifo  ndcjtbqiU,  I  will  haul  for  so  much,  or  for  how 
much  shall  I  haul! 

risbnfl,  I  put  ID,  T  load  several  things. 

bi'^-ishja.  I  put  trrain  into  the  wav;on,  also  other  forniA  ft^  the 
object  put  in  requirei):  bi'yish'i,  a  box;  bi'yiabjA),  hay  or  wool; 
bi'yiahtq^,  beef;  bi'yixhtql,  a  pole  or  shovel;  bi'yishl^,  ■  rope. 

tufnAbAa  bijd,  axle  grvtute. 

(a(nAbA«  yiKhj^,  or  nA^ishJ^t  I  grease  a  wagon. 

HitsfitibitA  ttelt|tqi}\  or  sitAfnAbfis  filtdfl.  iii.v  waffon  \s  broken. 

t«biib£H  dIjAdi,  a  buckboard,  buifgy  or  litrbi  rig. 

tAbiflbiU  ylzhe,  a  wheeHmrrow. 

nAbal,  a  canvas  wagon  cover. 

bufth  ajfliidaAsl'igi,  a  bolt;  besh  dahdlzh&i,  a  chain. 

aqinAldus,  fallen  apart,  a  broken  wagon. 

HORSE    DISEASES. 


Oisewm  of  the  bonte  are  not  treated  an  a  rule,  bat  are  allowed 
to  tako  tbeir  natural  course. 

R  daitnA,  the  hone  ia  sick. 

K  bini  dinf,  or  nesgaf,  Hore  or  running  eye. 

H  bijaihalfH'  dint,  or  neagat.  sore  palate,  the  lampers.  The 
bona  is  thrown  by  winding  a  rope  around  ita  feet,  fore  and  aft. 
and  slipping  them  under  it.     The  lampers  are  theo  cut  out  with 


154 


AN   KTHyOLOOIC  DICTIOyARY. 


a   knife.      A   similar  process  is  olwcrved   in   cAstrHtinj^  fihcep^ 
horses  and  bulls;   Ach6*  (AchAg)  qashnlt  (qA'Ashnfl),  I  castrate. 

ti  bakhdgi  bibiAt'A  ({0%  ar  Hi  bakh&gi  dAhfullsOl,  or  d&'dllcBTl, 
loose  skiD,  hidebound. 

n    bilfzb   .vikhAliaii&UlKit,    (caiiKcs   groaning  [  f  J),    gravel 
kidiiu>-  trouble. 

b  bilfzh  b^^'nP,  (prewtes),  the  colic. 

K  bichfl  n&'all/h,  <iirine  excrement),   or  B  bichl  bag'hA/tn&'^^y 
(flows),  diarrhtpa  or  dvscnterj'.  ^| 

bilAd,  saddle  galls,  which  are  removed  with  a  knife,  or  wanbed 
occasionally. 

n&nlqad,  he  limpe. 

bikh^  nesgal.  sore  or  tender  feet, 

H  bit^  qtAhfo-Jl^h  (q^fflzh,  q((I»ih^sh),   I  cut  an  artry,  I 
bleed  a  horse. 

ti  bizahatfA  yishgl^h  tfAtijflzh,  deflhiorlah),  I  cut  thp  lamppra. 


^ 


HORSE  RACINQ. 


Horse  racinif  with  licrht  betting  is  frequently  indulfrcd  in.  Oa 
festive  occasions  betting  ift  very  heavy,  losses  being  sustained 
with  as  much  indifferenoe  as  gains  are  accepted  with  joy  and 
laughter.  The  Naral>o  is  as  cheerful  a  loser  a«  he  is  a  winner, 
and  often  stakes  his  most  trea.sured  possrjulons  on  a  single  iasu«, 

A  flo^'t  horse  is  better  eared  for  than  the  usual  run  of  bo 
ami  is  often  practiced  and  trained  long  before  the  race. 

I!  neiltqfhi,  a  horse  race:  H  sbilLvilbi^,  I  race  a  borae. 

M  niqfl  al'^bAdit'&sh  (alghftdlt^AAh),  I  race  with  another,  we  ra«e 
together. 

nihinsbdi',  1  bet;  b&o,  etc.     benihlnahd&,  1  bet  money   oi 
anything. 

n  b^nihin8bd&\  I  but  a  horse,  and  on  a  horse, 

Iftida  benihinsdsA,  I  have  bet  heavily. 

sh&himezni',  I  lost  a  bet;  IT  shAhunezn&\  I  lost  a  horse. 

)f  b^hun^hift',  my  horse  won  (oo  which  I  had  a  bet). 


nSPTILES. 


1S5 


tdlhimv'ziiA',  or  IT  sibUiji  ulllilgliAil,  (ran  from  me),  I  lost  the 
bet,  ibo  Uttor  expresstan  moanine  nl»o,  I  lost  the  race. 
H  sfaA^flAs^hQil,  (ran  for  me),  I  won  the  race. 


REPTILES. 

What  ha8  been  Raid  of  the  quiulrupeds  in  re^anl  to  wombip, 
is  tnip  also  of  tbo  reptiles.  Tlw  snake,  with  the  exception  of 
that  listed  as  the  track  anake,  each  has  its  pra>'er8tick  and  cor- 
rHpondiojf  9onff  and  ceremony,  while  the  track  nnake  figures  in 
the  Band  painting,  which  it  encircles. 

The  Hnahc  in  onlinaril.v  bruslied  aitide,  and  Its  venontoiM  bit« 
remedied  with  nativf^  herbs.  The  cure  is  applied  with  ^ood 
results  to  both  tnan  and  animal,  but  is  known  only  to  a  select 
few,  who  apply  the  concoction  without  ceremonial  ado.  A- 
dead  snake  U  not  looked  upon,  and  the  skin  sbe<]  by  the  snake 
ia  Doi  touched. 

r_  Name«  of  reptiles. 
"  nd'AahAi  is  somotimea  used  to  destjfnate  any  creeping  animal, 
but  refers  more  proi>erl>'  to  the  lizzarda. 


tTish  dinib'fi,  the  snake  peo- 
ple. 

tTuh,  a  finakc. 

dljr(}ab,  a  noiseless  snake, 
the  bull  snake  (irarter). 

trish  do  iSerr.  the  track 
Make  (a  Ions,  tEre«n  and  si>eck- 
l«d  snake). 

ch^zh!'  tlTsh,  iha  malpftie 
aaake. 

tTlcb  fcnfni^,  the  sounding 
make,  the  rattlesnake. 
B       Iflah  (do)  nAtfAKi,  the  flyin^r 
W  isaktt. 


I 

I 


tn8htt&,  the  arrow  snake. 

tTish  adilqAshi^,  the  snap- 
ping snake. 

ttlsh  dilqf),  the  black  snake. 

tfish  dotUsh,  the  blue  snake. 

tTish  titsA,  the  yellow  snake. 

tTish  hg^U  the  white  snake. 

tTlsb  dis^s,  the  silvery  snake. 

tTistso,  the  horned  snake 
(copperhead). 

bichAi  (tflsh  bichfil),  the 
trrandmother  snake. 

tqdtTlsh,  the  water-snake. 


U6 


Ay  STHyOLOOIC  DJCTtONABY. 


LIZZARDd. 


The  lizzarcl,  specifically  the  Gils 
of  divination  by  senfiation  in  somo 

na'ijth^i  <ticli1xhi,  the  h4>rne<l 
toad. 

iiAsh&Ubaf,  thv  graj'  lizzarU. 

naabAilbai  tliUwhlSi]^,  the 
Iteet  lizxartl. 

nasb^li  tlotTlsh,  the  blue  liz- 
Kard. 

nashflil^ai,  the  white  liz- 
icarxl. 

nash^li  nfilnAiU.  the  large, 
IEre«n  lizzaixl. 


muDitter,  ut  the  god  or  nmliuni 
rite«,  as  in  the  wind  chant. 

na&shfii  <)£'lrBidi,  the  lixxard 
which  scratches  out, 

l«^klnaiz<JU,  which  iiiukes  a 
noise  on  tbe  rocks,  rock  liz- 
card. 

ts^KlnaAzAli  hib&'i,  the  gray 
rock  lizzard. 

nahadlA,  a  small  lizzard  {.t). 

tqlnial  (ioe  layen  [  }]),  the 
Gila  nioBHtcr. 


WATER   ANIMALS. 

Watvr  sniiualM  are  KacrtHl  and  li^ure  in  niaoy  rite«.  The  vkin 
of  the  beaver  and  otter  wert*  used  in  luaking  hiKhl.v  prixcd  Intid- 
baods,  while  the  fur  of  beaver  and  muskrat  Ktill  decorates  some 
rattles.  It  im  said  that  these  aninuls  were  quite  plentiful  on  the 
hanks  of  the  rivers,  and  the  skins  were  often  bartered  from 
nei|;hborinir  Indians. 

tq&ttK  nalJ^hi,  the  water  animals. 

tqAb4st<|fn  (tqAh^t^iln,  probably  from  tqAbi,  the  shore  ai 
setql,  it  lies),  the  ott4*r. 

tAO«t<ifni  (litso  setqfni),  the  yellow  otter  (t). 

chfl,  the  beaver. 

tqlbt'  mAI.  the  muNkrat. 

l0\  the  (i>!>h;  tdtso,  u  large  tish. 

Id'  bowhrt  qft'iiffi,  with  teeth  tume<l  downward  (extinct). 

The  following  fish  ar«  probably  mj'thical. 

te  dilqfK  the  dark  Hah:  lO  tit^A,  the  yellow  fish;  lO  lagaf.  the 
white  fish:   \f>  bnkhfi'  and  M'Ad,  the  male  and  female  Hah. 

(-K^,  tlH>  frug:  cfiJU  dicHfKhi,  or  cBfittsA,  the  toad. 


ftlltOS. 


151 


c&ii  nniazi,  th«'  j^roen  froif;   cBfil  yizhr,  the  nmM  frog. 

tsIlafiM'i  the  water-dog:  tBil&ghk'  bokh&«lo  hfinOlzh^i,  witli 
the  fringed  nrck;  khfttdin,  (woody  skin),  Dimilar  U>  a  wat<^r-dog. 

t(|A}khl(Iij&di.  wBtfr-biit^ 

trfA'sini,  twlpule.  which  arr  hzMiii  nnd  Hchfgi,  black  and  red, 
alio  tiA'aini  bibiA'  hulAai.  basket  shaped  tadpole,  and  tsd'tt&ni 
uifnlAigi.  which  fold. 

cBwdaich&hi.  which  is  tin»d,  the  tiirtte. 

tafetqtfl.  tlM>  tortoiHe. 

yAcHAshi,  a  tartle  valued  for  bcadn  made  from  ita  shell. 

The  ahelk  of  turtles  are  uaed  as  medicine  caps. 

NAMK.S  OF   BIRDS. 


Birds  in  general  are  calletl  nfit^Agi  (nahlt^&gi),  which  fly. 
Appareatly  birda  are  not  dasaifiod  in  distinRt  groups,  with  the 
exception  perhapB  of  thv  eaKlf,  with  which  tlH<  liawkit  an-  uuiiall.v 
ideutitied.  Many  birds  derive  tlieir  nnme  fix>n)  some  ph,vsicul 
dbitinction.  such  as  color,  in  many  iBstances  also  from  their  call, 
a!t  the  treoslitention  will  Hhuw. 

Quite  a  number  of  birds  are  sacred  and  anthropomorphic,  and 
Moaequrntly  have  a  praycnitick  and  nacred  name  assigned  to 
UwiD.  Cbirf  among  these  arc  theat^A  dinlb'd,  eagle  people,  who 
inhabit  the  y&gliahokft*,  or  heavens  above,  depositing  their  plu- 
inag*  and  walking  about  there  in  the  form  of  beautiful  youths 
(diilkhib).  The  Navaho  do  not  kill  eagles  and  hawks  allied  to 
Ibem.  Tliese  are  caught  at  timers  but  released  after  the  desired 
feathera  have  been  plucked.  No  hesitancy  in  felt  In  using  the 
featbem  of  a  dead  hawk  or  eagh'  for  the  arrow  nhaft  and  other 
thui  eemnonial  purposes. 

Ao  offenae  againift  tlie  eagle,  or  any  illnesM  which  is  felt  to  be 
doe  to  their  influence,  must  be  remedied  through  the  bead  chant 
(yAiB  hat<iU),  known  al-tt)  a>t  the  eagle  chant.  The  eagle  people 
are  said  to  have  taught  this  cliant  to  one  dufnittfhi,  who  is  there- 
for  ita   author   here.     The  .und    painting   comnieniorating   hl«i 


IK8 


Ay  STH}a>LOGlC  DlCTIONASr. 


assumption  by  ea;i:les  into  the  celestial   rv^tons  is  one  of  the 
distinctive  features  of  the  bead  chant. 


The  Eaolk. — 

otsA,  (It  clinches  its  food),  the  eafHA. 

at«&}rai,  the  white  ea^le;  ate&zhin,  the  black  eaf^le;  utMlha'i. 
(he  ifrA.v  eaffle. 

daitso  (d&hsoi),  the  yellow  beak,  or  t^iltAoi,  .vellow  beak. 

{»tiA)  ^'iiigni,  the  white  back  caffle. 

atsf^Hso,  or  nts^hKJii,  the  yellow  tail,  the  red-tailed  hawtc 
(Butco  borealifi). 

jflnl,  which  calls  g],  tri,  a  hawk  (applied  also  to  Cooper'a  hawk). 
This  is  also  called  j^itiUhaf,  the  gray  hawk. 

fffnitso,  a  lari^er  size  of  this  hawk. 

iritiitao  dotriah,  the  bij;  blue  hawk. 

fffnitAo  dilqf},  the  dark  hawk. 

cHlltqdtfiiri,  which  6ip8  amone  the  wecd.s,  the  marsh  hawk. 

t>ttyaly.h&hi,  which  hiintn  below  the  trees,  the  bird  hawk. 

tAlydlzhAhi  tso,  the  larKe  bird  hawk. 

tsTyAlzh&hi  bioA  lichligi,  the  red-eyed  biril  liawk. 

dzfli,  which  cries  dzll,  dzll,  the  sparrow  hawk. 

The  Owl.— The  owl  is  sought  for  ite  feathers  and  many  do 
not  hesitate  in  killing  them.  Tlte  owl  is  mentioned  frequently 
in  the  role  of  a  spy,  and  is  sacred. 

nibfi.shjft,  the  homed-owl;  n(b^hj&  hastqTn  and  ne&ftshjfi  eadzfln, 
the  Owl  Man  and  Owl  Wonian. 

nie^^hja  b&'uiai,  which  sit  skle  by  side,  the  American  hawk- 
owl. 

dIAtqA'  nf&^ahjfi.,  owl  amontrst  prairie  do^,  the  burrowini;  owl. 

iif^^shjA  ktiAli,  the  owl  which  makes  the  noise,  kb&l,  khAl. 

n41t<''nl,  an  owl. 

tsUtikl/li  (tsIdikMni,  or  ts][ndild6hi,  from  its  noise,  dd,  dd),  the 
small  screech-owl.  Of  these  there  are  also  tsIdihlAi  higai,  dotffish, 
litBo  and  dilqi),  the  white,  blue,  yellow  and  dark  screech-owl, 
respectively. 


H 


4 


BIHD8. 


lft» 


TiiE  Crow,  asu  otiusbh. — Crow  feathers  are  sought  for  the 
UTDW  fihaft  and  for  iiae  in  ceremony.  The  btiKzanl  in  not 
molested,  and  both  are  sacred. 

iNb<J,  Uh*  turkey  buzzard;  tf^K^,  the  crow, 
^IqAxhi,  the  turkey. 

IzedlAzi,  the  ruod-runDer. 

dalil&ni,  the  quail. 

fi'A'l,  tlte  mafcpie.  The  turkey,  roiul-runner.  quail  and  magpie 
»re  patruiut  of  desrt,  star  readinif.  desrt  bin&tqo,  eyewater  for 
star  resilinif,  conttista  of  a  mixture  of  the  eyewater  of  those  four 
bird*,  tqizhi  bie^zbA,  the  turkey's  tassel,  the  feathers  of  which 
aiv  used  in  makinfc  nocriKcial  ciKarotteH  (fietfAn).  tqAzhi  bit^A', 
lurkey  feathers,  and  tq&zhi  bits^^  the  turkey  tail  feathers,  are  also 
used  ceremonially.  tq&ithi  bikh^,  the  turkey's  traek  or  foot- 
printa.  tqizhi  Ukh^i,  like  the  turkey's  track,  de»i((nate«  the 
tbooffs  or  claws  on  the  pole  of  the  hoop  and  pole  trame. 

SXAlXKR    BiKDK  — 

ayAzb,  or  ay&zh  alt<ii8'Bf,  various  small  birds,  is  a  general  nawe 
for  the  smaller  ^'aricolored  birds  which  hare  no  special  name. 
Tbciy  are  said  to  have  been  produced  from  the  feathers  of  the 
BMustrous  eagle,  tsJ^nahald'.  Their  feathers,  and  thiKw  of  tiie 
bhie  and  yellow  bird    are  added  to  th«  Retttn,  prayersticks,  to 

tthc  mattks.  aod  otherwise. 
d61i,  the  bluebird. 
^totdihaAi,  the  yellow  warbler. 
VVyiihilch!  it  uid  to  signify  the  red  back.      It  should  probably 
be  ilerived  from  ayAsh  ilchf,  the  small  redbirds,  which  is  also  tnie 
of  tbe  fallowing  kinds:  ayAsh  dilqi),  the  small,  dark  birds;  ayisll- 
taoi.  tbe  small,  yellow  birds;  ay&shilkhtzh,  the  small,  spotted  birds, 

WiKTER  Birds. — The  following  group  was  dreased  for  winter 
■t  tbe  creation,  and  also  figures  ceremonially. 

ehSlUaUUhi  (from  its  call,  cSlsh,  cHish  8h«ifl),  a  sntall,  crested 
Urd. 


160 


Ay  ETHXOLOGtC  DICTIONABV. 


chfflhiMxlu.  <from  ito  call,  cHlRhi,  cfibhi,  h$  b^X  the  chicader. 
dlL^Aahi,  the  titinouse  (snow-bird). 

Uiiitkfa&li,  (from  the  nuitw.  khAt,  khA),  produced  in  pickiofE),  (be 
fittpsucker. 

tslntkli&ti  tAO,  the  u-oodpecker. 
nftt^'nf.  Niniilar  to  an  owl. 

WATKnyowLs. — The  greater  nitmber  of  waterfowls  and  nhore 
birds  are  aacred.  The  Navaho  do  not  est  tbetn,  with  the  excep- 
liun  of  the  turtledove. 

dfel  din(&>,  the  crone  people. 

d^,  or  dtii,  the  (taiidbill  cmiie. 

tqAlUibal^',  the  blue  heron. 

tqAltfA'halfi'  tuf^ii^i,  the  white  herun. 

t4|^jlndii;ai  (t<toltfndI{r»i).  the  snowy  esret, 

tq6iiuolDA'  (it  craulR  in  the  water),  the  roundbill  crane. 

dfikl,  twig  bill  (white  breasted,  £Ta>'  backed),  crane. 

yAlnzhjul,  crop  or  bull  neck  crane  (the  swan  [l]). 

qOx,  a  crane. 

tii&bAsdlsi,  (which  bores  into  the  shore),  the  Kniiie:  tqAbftsdlsi 
att^i,  tbe  small  snipe;  ttiibftsdlsilbal,  the  t;ra>'  snipe.  Their 
call  is  bss,  bm, 

nal'^li,  (which  floats),  the  duck;  nal'^li  ditqfKffi.  the  dark  or 
black  duck;  n)ir<^li  dotllzhijrif  th4>  blue  duck;  nSlVli  ht»^igi,  tbe 
yellow  durk:  nfil'^litMi,  the  mallard;  nil'dli  do-na^l|ri  (dflniitfAhi), 
the  non-fl.vin)f  duck,  the  f^oorte;  nAl'^H  drm&t^i  dih|(l,  dot^lfsh 
and  htenitri.  the  dark,  blue  and  white  wild  ffeeee. 

hasbfdi,  (from  its  cry.  bid.  bid),  tbe  nioumintc  dove:  hajtbfditso. 
the  hrgc,  and  haabfdi  a)tiiliiiigi,  the  small,  wild  dove;  hasbldilifai, 
tbe  pieeon. 

tq&HhjfKhi  ilinjfe*^,  the  swallow  people. 

tqashjfzhi.  the  swallow;  tqashjfzht  ndflktsi,  (from  its  cr>",  RT™ 
KIk),  the  rltlf  Hwalhiw;   tqtiKhjfzhiJbai,  tlv  gny  Rwallow, 

dJililchi,  the  redbrcasted  bluebird  found  near  streams. 


BIRDS. 


Ifil 


Ai>i)rnoxAi.  Sacbko  Bmuik — 

jA  (ihAni,  the  bat;  jA  nh^fli,  the  crystal  cat  bat 
btzh).  th«  bull-bat  or  night  hawk. 
jAxhgfaiii  (chAr-htrhfili),  a  larirf,  yellow  bird. 
dA'tqAlDO£']i&li,  winch  slmkes  the  dew,  the  marsh  wren  (!). 
dahiUifhi  (dahitql),  the  bumminffbird. 

Other  Birim. — 

tsi<lilb&hi,  a  graj'  bird;  tsidiHsoi  Jikhfahigi,  the  siieckM  yel- 
low bird. 

jiff'lfodi  (jkKf^CKli),  from  itfi  cry.  jftgl,  j&k'I.   ^5d.  tfod,   the 
titmouse. 

chlahi  Kloesbbfzhi,  (r^'ftombling  com  diimpliuffsK  •  small  bird. 

deb^ofl'.  (from  its  call,  shbshdd.  shbshAA),  Soj-'s  pbtebe. 

tHlshsrat,  whit4>  be«d.  the  nnthatcb. 

B^b^hln,  the  black -breftst<^  woodpecker. 

neehcbl  biy&',  piii«  toiise,  a  Bniall  Rap-sucker. 

t't^'itchl,  red  breast,  the  yellow-hainmer. 

rtbU&ni  (zid  lioi,  many  words),  the  niockinv-bird. 

talya'wAzhi.  prickly  head,  the  meadow-lark. 

efibhgihit  the  western  robin. 

yifaftlshTn,  B  black  spot  on  Its  neck,  applied  also  to  the  sparrow. 

Kni  bbi,  (which  calln  bis,  bls)^  the  willow-bird. 
iboflbdAdi,  (which  calls.  wQwJl,  wiilw,  wawQ.  wiAw),  the  whip- 
Twr-will. 

jlnfl,  (itii  call,  jl,  jt).  gni,v  bird  with  red-«potted  neck  and  head. 

tafdi  chllnfhi,  the  bird  which  announces  the  snow  (gray   with 
rhitc  wings). 

cbOzhTilu^i  (jfizhzh^gi),  from  its  cry  of  zhl&,  zh^  (t). 

cbftshtTAhalxhin,  bUck  calf  of  the  leg  (t>. 

bAIA  nA'ijInI,  black  eyebrows. 

ayital  dinhK&oi,  whoae  side  hair  project. 

tall  liasfisi.  (burnt  tail  [f]),  yellow,  reddish  tail. 

jAdidlfi'i  (iadislull6H),  snow-bird,  Keen  in  flocks  In  winter,  but 
scattered  in  summer. 


BTMyOLi 


tHenAolcHAshi,  the  caflon  wren. 
twn&olL-BAHbilcbf,  the  rock  wren. 
clUjn.  (from  itJi  call.  cB&(f.  rtiAtr),  the  blackbird. 
cUjfitso,  the  tarffe  CvcIIqw  uinirc*)),  hlockbini. 
clUiriltitti,  a  Hiuall,  gny  blackbin). 

Blurbiriw. — 

tsin  t&ni.  many  tsan,  nltui  calle<i  (lOAhli  (from  its  cr>-,  A'i,  I'i). 
tfw  chappftral  jaj-  or  piRoncro. 

tiiindflxh^i,  ills  cry,  xhi,  zhO,  whirb  is  also  called  t^mlifitqUi, 
the  tsAn  with  the  »hinit,  the  small  blurjaj'. 

j^K'.  (from  its  cr.v,  j6if,  j6)f).  the  bliiejay. 

doli  (dOU  dAl),  the  bluflbinl. 

Modern. — 

nali6qai  {naijAqai),  the  chicken.  Thf  Novaho  do  not  ratHe 
chickens,  nor  do  they,  as  a  ruli>,  cat  egfr>i. 

»ah<Sqai  baffhin,  a  chick«a  nah^iai  hfl'ftd,  a  hen. 

pen.  nah^qai  biy^zhi,  an  etrir. 

nah6qai  bakhA,  a  roogter,  nahftqai  biyAshi,  chicktt. 

Words  reitirrinK  to  the  anatoiny  of  the  bird. 

The  words  used  in  dcsijfnatini^  tlie  vartoits  partH  of  the  bird*H 
aiiatonij-  arc  practically  iduntical  with  thoKo  used  for  the  human 
body.  The  bird,  however,  has  do  face  (bint),  no  teeth  (bowbO), 
and  noae  (bichf),  and  chin  (biyAt^n). 

tsldi,  a  bird.  tsfdi  biz^,  the  binlV  inouth. 

tafdi  bioft,  the  bird's  eye.  bizJ<    bAtsA,     largi>     inouth 

binft  tq^l,  broad  eyes  (like  (such  as  that  of  the  bull-bat 
the  owl). 

tsfdi  bidr,  a  bin)*8  bill  or 
be«k. 

hidft  y&shTsh,  a  curved  or 
book  bill  (auch  as  the  oa^le's 
or  hawk's). 


and  whip' poor- will). 

bitJt6,  \\n  t^mg'ue. 

bij^yl',  itfl  ear. 

The  h«l  (j&ftb&iii)  haft  biji, 
p*r  lobes  and  bowhA',  teeth, 
but  no  legN. 


^^^^^^^^^^^™                       ^^^^^^                  ^H 

^^P  bokbAa,  ib)  neck. 

tAtdi  bna\  the  bird's  Hn^ra,              ^H 

^^    hit^*,  its  wing  fi^tbors. 

(its  toes).                                                 ^^ 

1         bitiUSs,  tbi>  Ktn&tl  aQ<t  down 

bil&.sh(^n,  itK  clawB.                         ^^1 

1      fraltuTH. 

bilAsli^jln   na>H,   long   clawH              ^^M 

1         birt'  y»T4.  the  crest. 

(such  as  the  hawk'ttK                               ^^M 

^H  birt'  ftstfiln,  th(-  wiog. 

bibfdt  its  stomach.                            ^^M 

^^  bitAri,  its  uil  Bod  tail  feath* 

bitsA,  its  ribs.                                    ^^M 

1      cnL 

bit«A*,  its  abdomen.                            ^^H 

1         bitBlbila,  its  skull  and  heail. 

bioHl,  its  entrtkils.                               ^^M 

^B  bteyi,  tJir  hack  of  its  bead. 

bixfd,  itA  liver.                                    ^^| 

^^B   bitfit.  itR  hair. 

ltT\s\u  the  gall.                                   ^H 

^^   bijftd,  its  log-. 

bijei.  ite  limb's  and  heart.                ^^M 

1         bij&><t4|Is.  its  shin. 

bij&shK&sbi,  it^  gixzard.                   ^^M 

1         hakhAsri,  its  skin. 

■ 

^^f  Wordx  referring  to  birds. 

■ 

BinU  are  not  eMiowod  with  thi>  faculty*  of  Kppvch  pxceptinn;             ^^| 

in  Ibi'ir  mj'thiad  character.      The 

zilhul&ni,  inockinif-binl,  aionc              ^^M 

ia  aud  to  si>i>ak  (.v&Hqi).      Neither  do  they  sin?,  properly  speak-            ^^| 

inn  (bati|&l.  be  migfi,   bfintir  iist^i 

tif  liunians).      Their  song,  cry              ^^H 

or  call  is  universally  expres»«d  b.\ 

^1 

taldi  ani  (adanO*   the   bird 

irini  hW6\  a  hawk's    nest,               ^^M 

myn  or  sounds. 

and  so  on.                                                   ^^M 

nal!**.  or  yitfl',  it  Hies. 

tstdi  bikhl!,  a  bird's  track.               '^^M 

>'aal'4*.  or  naat'A',  it  ttie8  or 

tsfdi,  or  gA'  delldti,  they  eat             ^^h 

•eoopA  down  (like  an  t^ajfle). 

birds  or  rabbits  ^such  as  owts,              ^^| 

alK^yikha,   or   nan^kha,    it 

hawks,  etc.)                                           ^^M 

flics  in  a  circle. 

chtmh  deild^l,  worm-eating              ^^M 

t«lnKht(|ft2h.    it    piekK    thi* 

birds.                                                      ^^1 

wood,  like  the;  wou(l|H><;ker. 

tstdi  biy^zhi,  bird  eggs.                  ^^M 

tsldi    bi^6\    any    kiml     of 

tsldi    bi.vlxh,    or    biy&xhi^             ^^M 

birtIV  neat. 

young  birds.                                          ^^M 

The  eggs  of  binls  are  not  eAten 

.Some  birds,  as  the  turkey,             ^^M 

tb»  blucbinl,   the  yellow  warbler. 

the  mourning  dove,  and  some            ^^M 

iQoW'binlH,  are  occaHioiullj-  eaten 

^  1 

194 


Ah'  BTBVOLOOIC  DICTIONABY. 


tsUVi  biM6dol,  (bildishdi^tt  I  catch),  I  cauffhta  bird  in  my  hand. 

tsfili  ylnlsMfi,  I  oiiRnare  a  bird. 

tetdi  bewAcll^hi,  a  birdsnnrn. 

titf<]i  bit^A'  liaiisbUift,  I  hunt  bird  feathers. 

Birds  are  varicolored,  some  beinif  hkhlzhi,  speckled;  dlaUhtn. 
black  mixed  with  red  (or  black  spot^H  dinlbA',  brown  spots; 
dinljEraf,  white  spotted:  dinlchf,  with  a  tinire  of  red;  dinlltso, 
with  a  tiojce  of  yf^llow;  and  dlnOltrish,  a  tingi'  of  bhie. 

NAMES   OF    INSECTS. 

Insects  are  divided  into  two  general  groups,  cBdeh  nd&t^&hi, 
flyintf  insectH,  and  cfldah  bty&zhi  ndaj^iiri,  th«  snull  insects,  which 
walk.  The  former  group  ma>'  be  subdivided  into  dftdishfshi. 
which  sting,  ns  th<^  bee  and  the  wasp,  and  bidft'  y^aastsAs  idatf^, 
which  suck  out  with  their  Up,  hh  the  mwtquito.  The  other  group 
also  includes  mere  worms,  or  bijdd  daAdin,  which  have  no  lega. 


BEimjw  (Colt^optera). — 


iTso 


MiniedKHhi  (ginidlfshi),  the  stink-hug.  Of  these  there  are  ai 
Klnudtlshi  tso,  the  largo  stink-bug,  and  Ulni»llfshi  ait^tsigi,  or 
5'Azhe,  the  small  one,  and  ttlnnsdlfshi  bilse  hul6nt^i,  the  one  with 
a  tail. 

DiA'ichAo,  coyote  dung,  the  scarabee:  inft*ichfl  altsfsi.  the 
small  scarabee;  nifi'icliA  bijflil  bfdailalgaigi,  the  beetle  with 
white  legs. 

tqUchA,  or  chd^chA  Uits^igi,  yelloM*),  Juoe-hug;  cbl^]chfi 
nodAzigif  the  striped  beetle;  tqUchA  altjfsigi.  the  small  beetle; 
ch^lchi  dilqlHgi,  the  dark  beetle. 

ohai'gO*  (the  rain  splash,  from  the  noise  it  produces  in  alight- 
ing), the  wood-tieQtte;  also  nhsi'gd'  Uzhlnigi,  the  black.  nHa&*g^' 
ahdlsigi,  the  small,  and  nHs&'gO'  adjUtjiisi  daaUhlni,  the  very 
small,  black  wood-beetle*. 

chlneilqfxi,  a  scarabee  (found  in  corrals);  lldft*,  or  dltoT 
ohflneilqfzi,  the  humming  (brown)  scarabee;  chAneUqtsi  albttsigi, 


JiV«ifcr». 


16fi 


the  snudl  warabee;  teeyu'&li,  ur  t»eDe'&hi  (labAigi,  gTny},  the 
ftooe  carrier,  scarabce,  also  Uej'o'Ui  tizbtniei.  the  black  one. 

Iq^l  uitsoi,  the  pincfainjr-buff. 

wAdie  ete£hi,  the  snappine  wd',  pinching  bug;  wtxlw  etsihi 
rlih|il,  the  dark  pinching  beetle.  wA'  is  aaid  to  be  the  nolae 
produced  by  walkitijr  on  the  ground,  and  occurs  freqtientb'  >n 
the  nampA  uf  insects. 

vo'ntrtsi,  the  hard  ho. 

wAnalcHfli,  the  ftniall  beetle  (tnionow  [l]). 

wAnalrBfli  HtsAifri,  the  sriull  .vellow  beetle. 

wAshi.vlRht.  the  hooke<l  beetle  (curved  back). 

Iqo  bicfiAah,  the  waU^r  beetle. 

tqo  bictitish  KkhfKhtgi,  the  spotted  water  beetle. 

(Hf]  dllyisi  bichAsh,  the  Kcare-weed  beetle;  cttfl  dllytsi  bicBdeh 
tichfinri  and  bibAitfi.  the  red  and  irray  scare-weed  beetles. 

nliyfli  birHAsh,  the  sunflower  bt^etle;  ndlyllj  nlrhfoi  bicKAsh, 
the  N'etle  of  this  species  of  Kunflower. 

ihTlhi  bicHAsh,  the  rubber-plant  beetle. 

wi*  bicHAsh,  the  bee-weed  beetle. 

tf^hi  likhfzhi,  thn  spotted  horsefly. 

jBhiffh&hi  ntfi&siffi,  the  large  beetle  which  enters  the  ear;  also 
'Hher  species,  as  j((hiyhAhi  hrhfij?!,  ilutftxhiifi,  lixhlniifi,  the  rv^l, 
blue  ami  black  beetle,  and  j^hiifhihi  naat^A^i  litAAigi,  the  yellow 
one  which  t1le6  in  a  circle. 

DflHfachi  biyfl,  the  pine  louse,  pine  weei'il. 

talna^'ii  (t«In  iyfi'),  which  eat£  wood,  the  wood-borer  U). 

tsiD  dutrfzhiffi,  the  blue  borer,  and  tsln  latf^iAii*  the  white  one 
lilar  to  ao  ant). 

naharBldi,  which  scratches  with  its  feet  <t). 

w6'  daalchlhi,  the  a^iuash-bug. 


GbaMHOPI'KIU>,  IXX'UBTtt,  KTf*.  iOrthopttTO^  /mt-iclugdd). — 

wAnushchindi,  (which  niokes  the  shrill  noise  of  cfil),  the  locust. 

wrdDeahcUldi  t.to,  the  bin   looiiftt;   wdneslK'Kldiljrai.  the   white 

locttet;    wAntMbcUTmli  bini  lichtifri,   the   locuai   with   red   eyes; 


IC  DICTlVAAIty. 


i*'An(>8hcBindi  binfl  doiffKhiei,  with  blur  eyw,  wAnesbcKindi 
biJSkli&ti.  the  deaf  locust,  which  in  also  calleil  wAneshcBfndi 
aHsfli,  from  thi>  soanc),  t«ll,  t«ll.  K'hich  it  caiuccs  by  borinif  ioto 
the  wood. 

iialulchiiri.  which  hops,  the  j;nutshop|>9r;  iiftliictifi^i  xao  and 
yAzhi,  larj^*  anit  small;  naharhA;:!  dilqlli,  dark;  dotrtshi,  bliit-: 
nahachAffi  hashtHshi,  the  mitd-colorpd  jfrnsshupper;  oahachA^i 
ih*(^«^i,  the  HJzzlin};  or  tnidKumtiu-r  ^msshopi>er:  naliach^i  itf&t- 
Uchf  and  ih'l^ai  dotflzhi,  the  rt^d  aiid  blue  of  this  kind. 

nahalitfee.  the  cricket. 


Wabps  and  BRt»  {J/f/'ntfUiptrra, /tmr-ufinffed). — 

wAna^altq^hi,  which  picks  up,  sand-wasp;  wAna'altqAii  dotF^xh- 
igi,  the  blue  aand-wasp;  wAna'aHq^hi  ficlili^i,  labAigi,  tizhliiigi. 
iitaJ^i^,  red,  K'ra,v,  black  and  j'ellow  sand-was|W. 

tBls'n&^tso,  the  bumble-bee. 

taTs'nft'ltitoi,  the  yellow  waj^p;  Nf^'n^'hiioi  numAzifri,  the  round 
wasp;  Hkhlzhiffi,  speckled;  UiIs'oA'tb&hi,  the  gny  wasp. 

tsls'ni*  .vizbe.  the  honey-bee;  tsis'nA'  liKhlniff),  black  wasp; 
tJ4ts'n&'  hijftil  nna^siffi.  the  lonjr-lejrfrtHl  wa^p. 

Fl.lK»  {Oipiera^  two-winded). — 

ddtso,  a  large  fly. 

tHe6(Mi,  the  hoaeefl3';  taeMtSi  yftzhi,  the  small  fly;  t«eAd(Si 
adllqlshig-i.  the  biting  fly;  tse^J^itMi,  the  larj^e  fly  (hoiucfly). 

tf^zlii  (dlj^xhi^,  the  horse-  or  cowfly;  tWzhilao,  the  larger  one; 
tfi^zhitbaf,  the  gra>'  horsefly;  tr^zhi  yazhi,  the  small  one. 

H  bitala'nd\  the  horse  bee  (which  la^'s  its  e^es  below  the  hide 
of  a  horse). 

tiifi  tao,  a  small  horsefly. 

bits^  nniPzi,  the  lonj;  tail,  robber-fly. 

t^i,  the  gxMi. 

tHidAnil^Ki,  ton^-lipped  ffnat.  the  mosquito. 

t^yftni,  meat  eatinff  iniats  or  flies. 

Anlf&ni  ( tK  the  sacred  bu£r  of  the  Naraho.     A  small  bug 


ixnarm. 


167 


irreen  spotA  on  ibi  winnTH  uoi)  abdomen.      Tsiully  found  in  corn- 
Rrlds. 

wiiAnitei)  (nl^nttso),  the  harvMt  bug  ( (). 

wA'iiAichldi.  which  ski|is.  the  skip|>er-bu£. 

BinTEBri.r   kxu  Moth  {l^pitioptera). — 

Uldjfi.  k  hiiUprft.v:  Ual6|rilfr*i.  white  butterfly;  KsltfjntAO, 
>'«>llow  butterfly. 

Ullijn  tMO,  lai^e  butt4>rll.v.  vrhich  is  varicolored,  such  an 
Hldsit^o  Hcht,  the  lar([«.  mi  butterfly,  etc. 

kuld^i  yizhi  lizhfni,  the  Kinall.  black  butterfly.  The  small 
butterfly  is  also  lichl,  ivil:  lairaiffi.  white;  lits6ici,  yellow. 

H-Hlhi  (IclMi),  the  moth  (IshiliA,  it  falls  into  tho  tire). 

irItiitMt.  the  large,  ami  IcHdhi  yAxhi',  the  small  itioth. 

UmAdnx-fxiEK  {.ytrttrttpt^fTfi). — 

tJllnlt'af,  which  is  spread  out  on  the  water,  dragon-fly. 

tqiniral  itotffr.hi,  the  blur  ilragim-fly. 

tq&nll'af  yaxhe  <dutftzhigi,  blue),  th<?  sniall  dragon-fly.      Other 

ill  dragon-Httw  are  liti^digi,  yellow;  hibAigi,  gn^v;  nilqfnigi, 
greu.v;   lichligi,  red;  lag&igi,  white;   tizhfnigi,  black. 

jad  neizh/Wli  (junirthiVli).  which  drugs  it»  feet,  and  alsu  jad 
n«'ii)bA(li  tao.  and  jAd  neiRhMi  y&^hi,  the  large  and  Huiall  one. 

f-RAfih  ntMlAaigi,  .<i]H'(-kle4l  bug  0)> 

i-BiVil)  bxhin  aililt|4.Hhigi,  the  black  biting  bug. 

nUshj^i  4naithi^i>.  the  Kpider. 

Qaithj4*itjiu>,  t\w  Iftrgt*  Apider  (a)«o  iwed  to  designate  the  tar- 
antuU). 

naatgtfitao  labiigi,  the  tai-gi>,  grH.v  spidi-r. 

nMhj4!i  yizhi*,  the  small  ftpider. 

Duhi^i  nahachigi.  a  Kuiall,  jumping  spider. 

ttfti^iiihi.  the  Hpider  which  plodH  along,  the  tarantula. 

nsfishi  ti*o,  tlte  large  tarantula. 


198 


AS  KTUKOLOGIC  DICTJONABY. 


>n  M 


nAA8lijdi  teTzlsi,  the  head  basket  spider.     The  abdomen 
goste  the  carryioe  basket.      The  domestic  spider. 

na.shj^i  tsTxlsi  bij6n^/i,  (luof;  less),  dtuld^'  long  legH, 

nashjt^i   tHizfsi    tab4igi,   the   gra^'  spider,    and    naahj^i 
blD&Kha  hchligi.  the  spider  with  the  red  beck. 

Igez^H,  the  spider  which  blows  the  dust. 

naozAzJ,  the  Ninall,  red  sand  spider  which  stings  badly. 

saSgd',  the  scorpion. 

ji&d  tftni  (jAUni),  nmoy  feet,  the  centipede. 

w6  dllofhi.  which  feels  its  wa^-  <before  walking). 

ANTfl. — 

wolachi,  the  red  ant;  wotuchf  dilqfl,  the  dark-red  ant. 

wolachl  yAxhe,  the  small  ant. 

wolacblHsoi,  the  yellowish-red  ant. 

wolazhlui  lwol4zhIii>,   the  black  ant;  wolazhfni  tso,  tbe^ 
ant;   wolftzMnihsAt,  the  yellow-black  ant. 

wolojEhlni  bij6  jttchfigi,  with  a  red  front;  wolazbfoi  nAlltsA'f 
the  listening  ant  (which  turns  its  bead  toward  any  noise)} 
wolazhfni  nlchllnigi,  the  .<itioking  ant. 


Lice. — 


noi8e>i  I 


yfy  m  lou«e;  ya'ashchl,  red  louse;  yazhln,  black  louse;  yilj 
white  louse;  yft^lbaf,  gray  Ioum;  yft'stifli,  from  tAl,  the  n^ 
made  in  smashing  them.  ^H 

dinfi'  bij'ft',  lice  found  on  the  person.  ^^ 

n  biyft*,  horse  lice;  H  bi^-aigai,  white,  and  U  bi^VstsflL  the  hi 
horse  louse. 

iyi.\  the  tick;  deb4  biyfi',  sheep  lice;  yi*  dotflzfai,  blue 
louse;  deb^  biya'stsHi,  the  large  sheep  louse. 

Similarly,  lechUi,  dla,  s&\  j4di  biyft',  lice  of  the  dog, 
do2,  rabbit  and  antelope. 

bf'  biy&*  dotrtxhi,  the  deer  louse. 

nahAqai  biyA\  the  mite  on  chickens. 

w6sit^li,  the  bedbug. 


MUU 

e  sB 


1X8SCT8.  ^^^  1 6& 

tnd&it  the  rim-louse  (similar  t<o  a  bedbugX 
tfA'  oadA  btjA\  the  cinch-buf . 

WoBMa    AND    GrUW. 

cBAah,  the  ruafficot 

wAfurKfdi,  the  tobacco  worm  (these  ar^  varicolored,  speckled, 
gny  and  black ). 

wdswUIui.  ttiA  ifrub. 

w6sizEiu,  tbe  "sUDdioE  buff"  0). 

nadi  bicfi6sh,  the  cut  worm. 

Dad(  bicfi^h  aJtJtsiffi,  the  small  com  worm. 

cHAsh  bokhdi,  the  6ro-bufr;  cfiAsh  dotflzhi,  the  blue  worm. 

cliAsb  yUK'ltqdhi,   the  Hmouth  wurm. 

cB4sh  ditfdi,  Iho  hair}-  worm. 

t»^lU>'ahi'4hi,  a  small,  brown,  borned  worm  (grub  or  pupa  [  f  J). 

Words  referring  to  insects  and  their  anatomy. 

bIhodzAodi  Adin,  a  mere  paAsage,  applied  to  the  stomach  and 
inl«iiioefl  ot  reptiles,  Hsh  and  insects. 

cBA«h  hilH',  the  wings  of  an  insect;  bitaltt^fn,  its  head;  bakhlgi, 
its  skin;  bioA,  its  eyva;  bowhA,  its  teeth;  bijAd,  its  lejTs  or  feet; 
bijt,  its  forepart;  biUwli^n,  its  claws  (of  beetles);  bllA',  its  mao- 
diblea,  or  toes. 

bicAz,  its  stin^:  bizdz  dahuMDi.  such  as  have  a  sting, 

dadlahlsh,  they  sting. 

UlaAgAl  (bitA^  sifhAl),  the  rattle  of  a  snake. 

wAoiMhcBlnd)  bakhigi,  tbe  locust's  shell. 

biyizhi,  the  pupa  of  most  insects. 

wolAzhln.  aots,  have  twth  biy&zhe,  pupa*  and  biyJ^ht,  Kgg». 

nawtu^i  biylfhe  blzts,  spider  egu  bag;  oaasbj^i  bly^zhi,  spider 
9gg»;  naslytfi  bitf^l,  cobweb;  ntuuhj^i  ndist^',  fui  or  web 
anolosure. 

Dtl'Ashi  bagh&ndi,  the  tarantula^s  nest. 

elUish  yi'n&f  worms  and  bugs  creep;  cBdsh  natll',  or  jKA'^ 


170 


AN  KTHNOLOGir  IflCTIOyABY. 


wolBrM  llai^hfll  (ynafrhnl),  mnbt  iwtl  fiimtlar  inf*pcte,  bedhiiip;, 
licp,  rtc.,   run. 

iiasbj^i  ilafihCil,  th«  Kpuler  ruos. 

Diil'iRhi  yiffiU,  the  taniDtiila  wslks. 

iii'V  fiitA&tt,  a  ifnat  bit  iiw;  tsf$<l<}*i  ftjishUhii&«h,  a  lb'  btt  me. 

w^naJtq^i  shfshlsh.  a  wasp  Ntiinfr  me. 

btld^l^l,  I  caii^bt  a  Hy  nr  ins(>cL 


Lice  ii 


tire  Imk!.v 


hf«d, 


and  are  probably  clue  Iq~ 
the  utter  liisreifard  «f  cleanlini-Ks.  They  are  removed  in  a  verj" 
matter  of  fact  way  by  subinjttintr  the  cIotheR  to  a  careful  scmtiny, 
OT  Hearchtne  the  hair  for  them.  The  latter  is  especially  done  by 
llu>  mother,  nod  is  ver}'  common  with  the  female  memberH  of  a 
family,  who  exchanv^  the  courteny.  SpaKiiUKtically,  too,  a  more 
energetic  rampaien  acraitut  thr.se  pamKitex  is  carried  on  by  aomp 
i-xftsperat«Hl  individuftl,  us  the  following  words  and  expres-Moos 
would  HU'/ireM,  The  rertultf  ubtaineti  are  rer>'  food  indeed,  but 
rarely  pemianent. 

yd  8hfdi1atrhn<l,  I  feel  lire  creeping  over  the  body  or  head. 

adlnhcHfd,  ur  ya  iNhcBM.  I  am  serak^hinj;  myself  (owinjr  to  Hee). 

yd  sfainllqf.  I  am  lousy. 

ya  shf-ihci^Nh.  I  am  bitten  by  lice. 

ya  ijidishl,  I  am  Hrarrhinjf  for  lice. 

yd  nduthtq^.  I  am  catrhinfi  lice  (yA  mllhqf,  I  caitffht  Itce). 

yft  aKfidifthfiA.  I  kill  the  lice:  y&  BAlqf',  I  killed  a  loiue. 

yA  HMtq&l.  I  Kiiuahed  a  loiiae. 

yd  daR^hqln.  I  f  rose  the  lice  (by  exposing  my  elothen  at  night). 

yA'isbb^zh.  I  boil  the  lice,  that  iK,  my  clothes. 

^hiyi  ddin,  or  ya  sha'A^lin,  I  am  rid  of  lic«. 

In  earlier  days  lice  were  exterminated  by  means  of  an  inRtni- 
meiit  called  yd  Im^vA.  the  loiise  killer.  This  was  made  of  a  bard 
wood,  t^iftflj:  {Fhnfifrti  rupUfiiii),  and  re<iuired  five  smoothly 
poltshoil  thin  stick**,  one  edge  <if  which  was  beveled  and  aligbtly 
aharpened,  with  their  tip**  tapering  to  a  point.      Near  the  upi>er 


fACnSD   KAMB8  OF  AKiMALS. 


171 


pnd  eftch  stick  was  piincturcHl  with  two  boleti  Ihrouj^h  whk-b  a 
cord  was  laced,  and  tha  ends  crosRcd  tn  thn  rear,  so  that  in  oper- 
ating the  Hlicks  overlap  and  close  snugly,  as  with  a  Tan.  A  loop 
at  tbf  lower  end  of  the  stick-i  was  proviilinl  to  receive  tlu>  hand 
and  bold  the  instruiuvtit  in  position.  In  operntiutc  it  tl>e  polotH 
were  passed  under  tlie  hair,  hard  to  the  skin,  and  by  pressinK 
the  lover  ends  of  the  Rtirks  and  drawini;  the  two  string 
tii|;t*thHr,  the  teeth  or  b^'vcled  edire«  were  brouifht  into  contact 
and  criiftbed  any  vermin  falling  between  tiieiii.  The  luiise  killer 
18  no  looK^r  io  use,  but  is  ntade  only  at  a  certain  ccrvinony  for 
di^IM-llini;  filthinvKK.  5-ft  hastiiln,  tbe  Louse  Man,  dc«iKnates  h 
monater,  in  other  words,  tbe  touse,  or  filthine^s  personiHed. 

SACRED    NAMES   OF   AKIMALS. 

Nai'mho  itoolatry  includes  practically  the  entire  native  fauna, 
which  accordingly  enters  lartfely  into  ritual  and  worship  by  tbe 
DSC  of  akina,  featliers,  chiwK,  tiKsue»,  and  thv  like.  Then,  too, 
the  Rirut^'^  of  nuuo'  animals  appear  in  the  saod  drawioifs,  as  that 
of  the  eafcle,  tbe  deer,  tbe  antelope,  prairie  dog,  turkey,  and 
uthent.  Still,  the  most  sener&l  method  of  animal  worship  consist^ 
of  a  SBcrifice  in  the  shape  of  a  prayerstick,  the  colors  of  which 
corrvfipond  with  those  of  tbe  animal,  and  which  subHequently  in 
deposited  ntuir  its  hubitiiL  The  stick  \h  therefor  "dresMnl"  for 
(be  animal,  that  Is  to  emy,  it  is  colored  and  decorated  with 
p1oRM«,  fed  with  tobacco,  which  is  symbolically  lighted,  and  then 
placed  into  the  bands  of  the  patient  or,  if  there  be  many  pni^'er- 
Micks,  they  arc  lined  in  their  order  of  prcceduncc  in  the  cere- 
iDonial  basket  Tbe  singer  then  proceeds  to  dedicate  them  by 
song  ami  prayer,  in  the  course  of  which  he  invokrts  the  divinity 
by  ita  own  sacred  name.  A  list  of  tbeee  names  i.s  herewith  pre- 
aantcd,  with  such  translationti  as  were  available,  though  fre- 
quently their  meaning  becomes  clear  only  through  a  detailed 
lacendnry  account. 

The  naDH's  of  tlie  male  and  female  usually-  correspond,  except- 
ing  that  jikbl6    nat^ni,    maiden   and    chief,    is  substitute^t    for 


AN  ETHSOLOGIC  DICTIOKARY. 


dzilkh^  nn^ni,  youth  ami  cbief.  The  list  r^-present*  onlj'  names 
of  animals  for  which  a  pniycrstick  is  dresned,  while  some  birds, 
%»  ihe  whip-iwor-will,  mocking-bird,  S»>'8  phceb*-,  and  iiuw-cU, 
as  the  jrnat,  weevil,  etc.f  are  not  rccoifniKed  by  ritual. 


Bjrub. — • 

The  crow  (siin>,  ttlcHI*  dilqfli  nAbiyohq^li  dzilkhi^  nnHHnir 
turned  on  his  side  by  the  dark  wind,  lint-  young  chief;  ur, 
tq&lchfl  nftillehe  dzilkhdb  nat'ftni.  which  name  is  said  to  ori<rinat4J 
with  the  bfnlt^Di,  the  deer  grower,  who  used  the  crow  as  a  »py 
for  Ilia  victiins  of  witchcraft. 

The  buzzard  (jlfih/^),  dzilkhl  doHAH  dzilkhi*  nat^i;  or,  simply, 
dxilkhife  dok&li,  the  fine  young  chief  who  sways  in  his  flight 
above  the  mountain. 

The  eagles  (ats&  naghAt). 

The  eagle  (atsA),  d&hsoi  dzilkhi^   nat%ni,  yellow  beak,  youth 
and  chief;  dAltaoi  jikh<6  natf&ni,  yellow  beak,  maiden  ant)  chief. 
The  uthers  are  invoked  in  a  similar  manner: 
The  black  eagle,  ats&zbin  dzilkh^  nat^ni. 
The  spotted  eagle,  sftg  dziUch<6  natfAni. 
The  white  vagle,  atsAftai  dxilkh^  natHni. 
The  gray  eagto,  at^Albai  dzilkhft  natMni. 
The  mamh  hawk.  atitfUtsoi  dzitkhft  and  jikhl^  na^ni. 

The  tiglier  eagles,  atsA  danchdigi: 

The  black  hawk,  glni(£o  dilqil  dzilkh^  nat^ni. 
The  blue  hawk,  g1i)it»o  dutriiith  d/.ilkh&  nat^ni. 
The  gray  hawk,  ginlbal  dzilkhA  na^ni. 
The  H]}arrow-hawk,  dzfli  dzilkhAt  natfftni. 
The  white  back  eagle,  tUjIlgai  dzilkh^  na^oi. 

The  turkey  (tqizhi),  dzilkhi^  dsotlhi  dzilkh*  nat^ni,  the  fleet 
youth  and  chief. 

The  owl  (ndeshjfi),  hayolkhAligi  biyf  ney&ni  deilkh^  nat-Hni, 
the  youth  and  chief  raided   within  the  dawn;  or  another  fume: 


'A 


HACRED   SAMBS  OF  ANlMALa. 


IT3 


bfo  alnl  qlniha  dzitkh^  uatl&ni,  livinif  io  Um  middle  of  the 
woods,  the  yottth  aud  chief. 

The  acret-ch  owl  (tskliMAoi),  comee  in  for  four  names,  both  Id 
the  feather  (atiiAsiji)  and  in  the  niffht  chant  (tf^ji):  hajotkliAi 
Uyflxb  dzi}khA  natftni,  the  little  one  of  the  dawn,  youth  and 
chief;  nAboda>trtah  biy&zh  dziikh^  nat^Ani,  child  of  the  celestial 
blue,  etc.;  nihotsoi  biyftzh  dxitklu^  mit^ni,  child  of  the  sunset 
)*eUoMr,  etc. ;  cbahalqdl  biy&zh  dzilkhA  oattLni,  child  of  the  dark- 
HM,  «t«.  In  the  nitrht  chant  the  invocation»i  are  identical  except- 
iotr  that  biyAzhi,  offapring,  child,  is  suKstituted  for  biyfizh,  thus: 
ha.Vi)lkhAi  bI.vAzhi  dzilkhife  na^ni,  child  of  the  dawn,  youth  and 
chief,  etc. 

The  saipc  (tq&NLsdIai),  tq&bSdNAtYhi  dzilkh^  uat'ftai,  running 
at  the  edtre  of  the  water,  youth  and  chief. 

The  twigbill  craue,  f&ttf  dzilkhA  tiat^tii. 

The  blue  heron,  tqdUtrdqa&M^  dzilkhft  natUiu. 

The  snowy  egni-t,  tq6jir»dlt:ai  dzilkhA  natltni. 

The  roundbill  crane,  tq6jinutn&'  dzilkltf^  nat^ni. 

The  ball  neck  <8wan  [t]),  3*Aha8hjd]  dxilkhlfe  na^ni. 

The  crane,  c|dx  dzilkbft  na^ol. 

The  duck,  nfil'^  dzitkhife  iiat^ni. 

The  teel  (O,  n&l'^lbai  dzilkh«&  nntl&ni. 

The  gooae  (wild),  do  natU^i  dzitkhi^  natUni. 

Tlie  mud-ben,  tqtiidozi^i  dzilkhA  natHni,  drawing  a  lino  of 
water  after  it. 

The  woodpecker,  tsIlkhAli  dzilkhA  natHoi. 

The  nie«Juw-Iark,  talyawdzhi  dzilkbA  nat^ni. 

The  quail,  daM&ni  dzilkhjft  Datftoi. 

The  small  binU,  ay&stAAai  dzilkhA  natHni,  feathers  of  which 
are  largely  in  use  for  deconting  the  masks,  pnyerstjcks,  nat- 
CleSf  etc.      Otbera  of  this  description  are: 

A  Terr  snull  bird,  ayA  shikhl  dzilkhift  naMni. 
A  bliie-cre9t«d  bird  with  large  bill,   aydah  dotTbh  dritkhA 
QftfAni. 


174 


Ay   ETHKOLOOJC   DICTION ARY. 


A  bird  simiUr  to  on  owl,  n(lcc*nl,  or  naK^of,  kthJ  active  at 
nit^ht,  is  invokpf)  ba  tfwndt>«b&)i;i  bidli  dotrish  (natt(>nf)  dzilkhft 
niitftni.  he  of  tbe  curved  grtLy  rock  and  the  blue  lip  <bilO,  the 
youth  uiid  chief. 

Another  niifht-bird  is  invoked  as  nakhidola^hA&bi  dzitkbfi 
nat^ni,  the  youth  and  chief  who  calls  twice. 

Tbe  bulUbat  (hizhl).  yat'&'  hoehintn  kAs  dTkill  beboghAndi  KAd 
dllqU  y!"  ncy&tii  dzilkhi^  natUni,  at  the  cclostia)  hornet  in  the  houae 
of  dark  clouds  where  be  was  reared,  the  fine  youn^  chief. 

The  bat  <jailb4iii),  tM^ttfAliatsosi  ja  nttiini  esdzfl  niy^l  Ifthta 
nAdihilA,  Hat  Woman  of  the  mouth  of  the  hxfi  canon,  I  have 
made  a  sacriljce  to  you.  your  smoke  (cigarette)  is  ready.  <Fora 
male  iwtient  Dat  Man  U  8ub«tituted  for  Bat  Woman. ) 

Tbe  ffrub  iw^H?tt<lni),  nlyf  huztl  dzilkhf^  naittni  do  qinin 
<lziUchfi<  iiatHui.  crrated  in  the  earth,  thou  youthful  chief,  and 
livinjT  youth  and  chief. 

Tbe  )rrH.<Khoi)pcr  (nahachfttfi),  nfKehll'Ash  dzilkhA  natHnf  <?). 

Tbe  caterpillar,  nihat^^ts  dzilkhft  nat'ilni. 

Small  beetle,  w6nalcblli  dzilkhfi  natHni. 

The  c«ntipedc,  ja  Mni  dzilkhl^  nat^ni. 

The  scorpion,  fvAgii  d;'.ilkh&  natUni.  Another  similar  to 
scorpion,  taildilq&shi  dzilkhd  na^ni. 

Tbe  spider,  nashj^itso  dzilkhl^  natHni. 

Aniualr  or  THK  Land. — 

The  bear  (fdiAsh).  dzil^i  ne^-Ani  dzilklufe  nnt^ni,  reared  in  tbe 
mountains;  or,  dzilyl'  nnAdahi  dzilkh^  nati^ni.  roamintr  in  tbe 
mountains,  ptc. ;  or,  lain  yl*  nn&dahi  dzitkhtt  natftni,  roaming  in 
the  woods,  the  fine  young  chief. 

Tbe  )>orcupine  (das&ni).  cBulA  n&aKldi;i  dzilirhi  oad&ha  dzilkh^ 
natiUni,  the  fine  youn^  chief  who  penetrates  the  mountain  at  tbe 
hill  of  the  thorn-bush  (the  mole);  cBldfi  niaKldjp  ts^ffhi  nadllha 
jikhi^  nat^ni.  the  fini>  maiden  chief  who  |kenotnitrs  tbe  rock  at 
the  thorn-bush  hill  (female). 


8AVRSH    XAMBS  OP  AXIMALS. 


178 


The  d«er(bt*),  tqonehoHjn  nthodasfrai  dzilkh^  imt'Ani,  the  youth 
tD(l  chief  oi  the  white  {wtch  ( I)  at  t<i6nehelt  (a  sacred  spring). 

The  antelope  (j^i)t  tquaehelfffi  tiDioilastso  jikh^  tuit^ni,  the 
fkir  Diatden  chief  uf  the  yellow  patch  (  1i  at  t(i5nt>tH'ir. 

The  biif'horu  (titetiiAdeM),  tquaolu'llKi  Kldahuidzdgi  nlhudaeh- 
jIdI  dzilkhA  oaftoi,  tbe  fair  young  chiof  of  lq6ntfbelt,  at  tW 
black  spot  in  Kida  hind26hi  (a  peak  in  the  Black  Mountaiufl). 

The  female  big-horn,  tqAnehelfgi  kfdithni()z<^gi  nfhudashtrfKhi 
jikh£  oa^ni,  the  fair  young  maiden  chief  of  t4i6nehi>U,  at  t)u' 
blue  apot  of  kidahuidz^hi. 

The  wolf  {m&'itao),  natft^it^  dzilkh^  nattni. 

[K  The  mountain  lion,  nislidditHo  dzitkhi^  natHni. 
■  The  wildcat,  niahddilbai  dKiIkhfl^  nat^ni. 
*  The    puma,    niahddilkhizh   dzilkhA    nat'ftni;    also    tfo    nshddi 
dxitkhA  oatlloi,  the  meadow  wildi-ftt. 
Tbe  badger,  oahaschld  dzilkhlt  itat^ni. 
Th>>  8kunk,  wolfahilAu  tlzilkh^  nat^iii. 
L7^  spotted  skunk,  wolfzbitkhtzhi  dzilkh^  nat^ni. 
The  gopher,  nltf|&t'&'  nairhai  nlyenAhidVn&hi  (naazftti)  dzitkhfi 
natUni,  the  fine  yutmg  chief  walking  in  the  bowels  of  the  earth 
aad  ftbahing  the  earth  in  his  course  (thou,  o  gopher!) 

The  coyote  (mA'i),  qa'i  bi.v&ji  kluiit^iA  dllagbd<«hi  dzilkhft  nat^ni. 
tbe  Ane  young  chief  howling  in  tbe  dawn  beyond  the  eaflt. 

Thi<  dog  (l^chfii),  khiotq^lgi  dobldln^tbdidflhi  hHshcH^ttqi  bilf 
dzilkblt  natHui,  that  Hue  young  chief  of  the  wide  house,  tbe 
iueparable  companion  and  pet  of  the  Talking  (tix). 

The  yellow  fox  (ml'ihsoi).  bihifViMlideztl  dzitklil^  na^ni,  tite 
chief  and  j'outh  created  with  ttie  earth. 

Tbe  kit-fox  Imfi'i  dotHzhi),  bildftAKr  ndnliazlai  dzJlkhlb  aattni. 
tbe  youthful  chief  of  the  bordered  Holds  ( U. 

The  jackrabbit  (gA'tfio),  hajinaf  gA't^ogai  dzilkhA  natttui,  the 
chief  and  youth  of  tbe  emergence  (the  white  big  rabbit). 

The  rabbit  (ga'lbaf),  hajfnaf  ga'  dzilkhi^  natT&ni,  the  youthful 
diief  rabbit  of  tbe  emergence. 


Ay  ETUSOLOGJC  mCTlOKARY. 


The  prairie  dog,  hnjinaf  difl  dzilkhA  natHni,  the  youthful 
chief  prairie  dog  of  the  Bmerg-enoe. 

The  rat,  liajTnal  Mteo  dzilkli^  natlni,  the  youthful  chief  nt 
of  the  emergence. 

Repttleh. — 

The  rattler  (tHsh  infaiiri),  dI  abl  hoffhlDjn,  dl&d  dlltiil  bebo- 
ghAnsri,  dl&d  dilqll  niyf  no&ni  dzilkhf^  naf&ni,  the  youthful 
chief  reared  in  the  e-arth  with  dark  moss  (duck-weed  [f]),  at  the 
houap  in  tlic  center  of  the  earth,  the  house  made  of  dark  moss. 

The  females  differ  slightly:  nl  ainl  hoghAngi,  dlid  t&gal  heho- 
ghAngi,  dUU  hLgnl  ntyf  neyAni,  jikhl6  natf&ni,  the  maiden  chief 
reared  in  the  earth  with  white  tnoss,  at  the  house  in  the  center 
of  the  earth,  the  bouse  made  of  white  moss. 

The  bull  Hnakc  (diyAsh),  n(  ahil  hoghingi,  dl&<I  Utao  beho- 
ghAngi,  dIU  lltso  niyf  ney&ni,  bit^ts  tqftdldfni,  dzitkh^  nat^oi, 
the  youthful  chief,  whone  body  is  of  pollen,  and  who  wan  rearcfl 
in  the  earth  with  yellow  mo4u,  at  the  house  id  the  center  of  the 
earth,  the  bouse  made  of  yellow  mose. 

The  arrow  snake,  tfiRhKA  dzilkh^  natVni. 

The  water-snake,  t(i6tnMb  dzilkh^  nat^ni. 

The  track  snake,  tUsh  dfi^t'lhi  dzilkhi  natUni. 

The  copperhead  H),  tftstAO  dzilkh^  nati^ni. 

The  horned  toad  (naash^^i  dicHfshi),  nl  ahit  bogh&ngi.  dl&d 
lagai  behoghAngi,  dlM  tagai  niyl  ney&ni,  dzitkh^  nal^ni,  the 
youthful  chief  reared  in  the  earth  with  white  moss,  at  the  house 
in  the  center  of  the  earth,  the  house  made  of  white  moss. 

The  gr«>'  lizzard  (naasb^Silhai),  nl  alnl  hoghingi,  dlld  litso 
beboghAngi.  dl&d  litso  niyf  ney&ni,  dzilkh^  na^ni,  the  youthful 
chief  reared  in  the  earth  with  yellow  mom,  at  the  house  in  the 
center  of  the  earth,  the  house  made  of  yellow  nioRs. 

The  oommon  lizzanl  (naash6ilbaf>,  nl  alnf  hogh&ngi,  dlftd  lagai 
behogh&ngi,  etc,  as  for  the  horned  toad. 

Tbe  large  lizzard,  nash<}i  n£lnodi,  dzilkhfi  naMal. 

The  rock  liszard,  ts^ltinaiz61i  dzitkh^  na^&ni. 


I 


SAI 


tH  OF  AyJMA LS. 


T 


Thf  gTf^n  lizmnl,  sluinuEojtfiii  (tzilkhf6  nut^ni,  sUinititiK  in  llw 
H1ID  youthful  chief. 

Thr  QWh  monsU-r,  tiilril«i  dzilkh^  nat?&ni. 

Tbp  tutMicco  wcirtii  (w/WKMi^  KhalUiA  ilxilkh^  natHnt.  thf 
jmiifarul  chief  it). 

Watbe  Animaia — 

Tbe  otter,  tqiliAHtqia  dzitkh^  nntllnt. 

The  watA>r  lizziinl  (f),  nAhtHllO  lizitkhj^  rwtliii. 

Tbe  buver,  cba  dzilkh^  iiatUni. 

Thi*  turtle,  Itortoirv),  tol»«ti|4$t  dzilkh^  natHni. 

Tltp  turtle.  cHwilatfhii  lUilkh^  natlliii. 

The  (lark  fixh  <)6  ililqiO.  U|&ltr&nnl<l6i  chilkh^  nn^ni.  thr 
.viiiithfiil  chii'f  ttUjwIy  rreepiiijr  in  llie  wnlers. 

Tbr  iimlp  tiMh  (t&  hnUhft),  t4i»lkhi1iuil(l6i  <ti:ilkh^  iiat^ni,  thr 
>'outbful  rhief  Khiwl.v  cn-epinK  »n  the  wBt4.T!i. 

The  tnkft  (cHaI  ilirHfithi).  ti|HJtrAhotfltAiii;i  <llllil  ilikiU  hiyftieyAnt 
ti|atiaMl&i  tlxilkh^  natttni,  the  yDUthfiil  ehief  uf  the  h<im<e  in  the. 
"^mt^-r.  be  wh<»  wan  reJinnl  in  t\v'  dark  miiihs.  ami  ^its  at  tlie  Hhiire. 

Tbr  fc^vt'ii  frog  (rllA)  nntpiti),  t/)At<lotUA)i  ilKilkli^  natlVnl  Jin, 
(hry  rail  him  who  drawH  the  water  after  hint  youth  am)  chief. 

The  Hkipfter,  t^ntkhAiJiJAdi  ilxtlkh^  nttt^iii  jin,  nml  he  that  wntkK 
•iver  the  waters  they  rail  yc)Uth  and  chief. 

The  tmlpole  (titAsAni).  ti)&<)ili|il  ynnilhi<irnllhi  dstitkhab  nntTini, 
tbr  jTuuthftil  chief  who  »(in»  the  ilark  wnler*  <iiiale^;  t<i&dotnr<h 
yenAhidl'iiAhi  jikh^  nat^tii.  the  maicleii  rhief  who  Nttnt  the  blue 
watrni  (feniale). 

Ill  addition  *imm-  ift-nrrir  imme;*  art-  um-A  for  v«riimN  ^ri»u|iM, 
Atich  •»  uahuk^''  riiild*'i.  aniiiialH  creet^iutf  un  the  j,''nMuid.  ur  re|>- 
lilr»:  dxilK^'  imld^i.  liii-  iiiiiuiabt  <if  the  inoiintains;  U|ii)tlA'nald£i, 
«-ftti)r  aninmlK. 

Mythical  nniiiiaU.  Um,  occ^ur,  such  us  iq<^h(ilttti^4li,  the  water 
ux;  tqeM,  thr  wat4>r  honte;  lo  din^  daiyAni,  ninn-eatinir  Hiibefi, 
m-hirb  arv  n  hite,  blue,  yelluw  and  dark. 


178 


a.V  KTHHOIWUC  DIVTtONARY. 


Some  chants  and  iii^'tW  have  aiwcial 
hi-T  of  the  ■ninifll>t  already  ntt'ntioncd. 


sac 


red 


naiRCH 


for 


a  num- 


Tbo  coyote,  bu.volkhal  yiUiAdilaifhrishi  mfi'i  laKai,  the  white 
coyot«  wbu  Iwvi'Ik  in  the  dawn;  n&buLuui  yitqddilaghfishi  nifi^i 
Htso,  the  yellow  coyote  who  howts  in  the  ereninir  twiU^^ht: 
nAhodcetTish  yilq&dita^hOahi  mfi'i  dotflsh,  the  blue  coyote  who 
howls  hi  tho  skj'-hliie  <of  the  south);  chahaK)^!  yitqftdilaehA^hi 
mfi't  ditqUi,  the  dark  coyote  howlittj(  in  the  darkness  (of  the 
nortliK 

The  otter  (t4|&t>4haKt<|Tii),  tfioti&fii.  Kittinic  by  the  stone:  t^lnist, 
Hitting^  by  the  tog;  khOn&si,  sitting  by  the  Ure;  iqon&si,  sittintr 
by  the  water. 

The  porcupine,  (male  and  fcoiale^,  dzUb^nat'A  dzilkhfe  nat'ftni, 
who  carries  the  mountain. 

The  cat  (m^si),  khe  dodlt^fda,  the  noisele-ss  foot. 

Tho  chipmunk  (hozafst^Aai),  diyf  yotifni,  vented  in  divine  things. 

The  arrow  t>nuke  (tflshklt),  nlctahonot^,  the  coil  (0  with  the 
colors  of  the  earth. 

The  flyinir  snake  (tfiBh  nat'Atri),  nlhonod^z.  cbanffins  in  the 
colore  of  the  earth. 

The  snake  (tllith),  bitiJtfl  yenaghai,  who  walks  with  his  body 
(the  male):   bitiHs  yeoshAshi,  who  crawls  with  her  body  (femalcX 

The  bull  Bnake  (iliydeh  bakhA,  male)  bit^ils  ghal.vet*f,  he  with 
tho  tramiparont  body:  the  fenialt^  bull  snake,  bitiJts  tiiadldln,  the 
pollen  bod^'t      These  names,  however,  are  not  complete. 

The  tadpole  (t^O«ftui),  u&K^i,  who  floats  above,  or  tqOinab^ti. 
who  swinis  iu  the  water. 

The  akippcr-bujr  (tqulkh&dijAdi),  dicMH  yinfthidi'nihi,  the  aba- 
lone  movini;  from  one  aide  to  the  other. 

The  yellow  lish  (Ifl  Kt^o),  tqoUf^naldfii.  slowly  creeping  with 
the  flow  of  water;  the  whit*-  fish  (to  lagaf)  tqAUen&lagh&H,  turn- 
ing over  and  back  in  the  water. 

The  n&dle,  or  hermaphrodite,  doing  male  and  female  work,  \% 
difid  hil'adfh  nfKidoyf-si,  drawn  with  nater  scum,  nod  nioWne  on 
the  ground. 


pLAyrif. 


179 


PLANT  LIST. 


The  flurn  of  the  N'avalio  cviinlo'  i.s  rich  and  (UvereiHed  so  far 
pedes  sa  weJl  as  variety  of  color  and  form  of  plants  and 
era  are  conconieiJ,  unil  the  following  list  of  plant  name!) 
shown  that  the  average  N'avaho  possesses  a  fair  knowle<I^  of  the 
flora  of  his  nattvit  tionnto'.  There  are  probably  very  (vw  plants 
for  which  the  Navaho  have  nut  diatinct,  well  choHen  names,  and 
of  wbo«e  ph.vHienl  and  phyBioIogical  properties  they  have  not 
nude  some  obNer^*ations.  This  knowledge,  howi-ver,  is  by  no 
ineaoa  ifeneral.  which  is  true  especially  uf  ihe  yonn.'er  tfenei'a- 
tion,  who,  owin£  to  varied  circiinvitanocft,  do  not  p*.v  particular 
att4?ntion  to  herbs,  flowers,  seeds  and  roots,  as  their  forebears 
were  wont  to  do.  The  older  people,  on  the  other  hand,  seetn  to 
be  well  versed  In  plant  lore,  and  usually  agree  as  to  the  name 
and  properties  of  a  plant,  and  it£  present  or  piLst  um. 

Tlie  phj'sical  and  ph^'niolojirical  properties  oft«o  fpirc  the 
obM-rnnK  Indians  a  clue  for  the  name  of  a  plant.  Thus  they 
hare  plants  with  red  roots,  broad  leaves,  slender  stocks,  flowered 
or  featlMTwl  tips,  stripe*!  jwv'ds;  plnntfi  that  (frow  on  the  shore, 
in  the  water,  in  the  sand,  or  bind  tlw  border  of  adobe;  plants 
that  taste  Miline,  bitter  or  sweet:  plants  tliat  bloom  at  niifht; 
plantft  tltat  have  a  pleasant  or  a  disaffii'eable  odor,  or  have  the 
odor  of  spruce,  buffalo,  rat.  sheep,  <'tc.;  plants  iliat  are  bitf, 
•lender,  large  nr  broad;  jilants  that  nre  loujfh,  sinuvth,  flitter- 
ing, tbomy;  plants  that  have  red,  white,  blue,  yellow,  or  other 
colored  flowers;  plants  whose  leaves  or  fruit  resemble  owl's  feet, 
soake'H  fantrs,  antelope's  horns,  etc.;  plants  that  climb  or  creep; 
plftDtS  that  Serve,  ur  are  supported  to  sen'c,  as  food  fur  humuiinif- 
birda,  frogs,  snakes,  bees,  and  other  animals,  etc.  A  glance 
over  the  list  will  ftilly  illii>-trate  thU. 

By  far  mon  of  tln>  species  are  designatevl  as  "arf,^  medicine, 
and  are  known  for  their  medicinal  properttra.     It  might  be  said, 


180 


.I.V   ETHSOLOfilC  DlVTlOyARY. 


in  truth,  tlut  this  is  thv  kt-.vnot4>  to  the  plant  lore  of  the  NkvhIio. 
since  non-mediciiiul  plants  an>  dost^natt^  as  "tf6cHl1,*^  or  merplr 
plants.  On  thr  other  hand,  their  ubservutions  of  the  mediciuil 
propeiljes  huvi*  in  reality  uccounted  for  the  di^crimiiiation  of  the 
I'arioiw  species  of  plauts,  and  while  nian^  of  tWir  "  niedicinefi** 
are  traditional  only,  tradition  hat*  presorvisjl  the  name,  althoueli 
the  ohj<^ct,  and  often  t1>e  niffniticance  of  the  woni,  ia  obtainnl 
with  difficulty- 
Some  uf  the  niedieinal  plantii  an*  applied  as  remedies,  while 
others,  with  few  exceptions,  are  used  ceremonially  only,  and 
f\nw  all  tlieir  ceremonies  are  stippoaed  to  be  curative,  plaota 
lUiw  use<I  are  al«o  designated  as  "«xe,"  medicine,  although  they 
ma.r  not  poAM^.<»  cnr&tiw  or  nunlicinal  properties. 

In  studying^  the  plant  lore  of  the  Naraho,  it  will  be  found 
that  the  knowledge  of  plants  and  their  properties  in  by  no  means 
the  exclusive  trust  of  the  Hhamann  or  me^licine  men.  True,  llieir 
knowlv<)jre  is  i|uite  extensive,  especially  so  far  as  plants  used 
ceremonially  are  concerne<l.  Yet  it  is  none  the  leiss  true  that 
ordinar.v  laymen  often  exceed  them  in  the  knowledjire  of  med- 
icinal and  phenoKamotis,  or  flou-ering  herbs,  although  the  knowl- 
wJice  of  the  latter  may  frequently  1h'  feigned  iti  onler  to  conceal 
their  mortifying  igiioran«>. 

8tiKliou»  care  ImN  bei-n  exercised  in  identifying  the  various 
species  of  plante.  Indeed,  it  will  be  noticed  that  many  have 
been  merel.v  reoonletl  for  want  of  proper  identification.  An 
endeavor  has  be^n  made  to  transliterate  accurately.  This  f<>aturt> 
not  only  illuRtrat{>s  the  working  of  the  Indian  mind  as  regards 
diHcrimination  of  species,  but  also  furnishes  striking  illustrations 
for  language  study  ami  construction  of  words.  Id  many  iostaucnt 
the  basic  idea  of  the  Navahu  technical  feyrm  is  quite  obvious,  while 
in  others  it  is  obscure,  which  has  been  notwl.  especially  where, 
for  instance,  comparisonK  Aeeni  far-fetched.  And,  while  the  list 
makes  no  pretense  at  completeness,  it  is  bojied  that  many 
tionA,  e-speeially  for  the  student  of  philolog>-,  will  he 
therein. 


SUggBft-     I 

e   foimd    I 


flAXT^i, 


181 


Tbrrr  can  hardly  N>  a  (pirKUon  ok  to  i\w  facilit.v  of  tlu>  Na^'alin 
ntx)  for  r«rtieiilarixfttiun.  As  to  ^<]thfi-nlizAti(>n,  thr  Xavaho  is 
liniy  not  devoid  of  it,  and  while*  thiTi'  srems  t«  !)e  no  tracf 
of  botanical  orders,  ai*  our  text  books  present  tbem,  we  Hod 
uaniifitakablp  pr(H>fK  of  ohiiervntiun,  which  irrotip  rartain  species 
under  one.  order.  Such,  for  instanre,  are  i{rHSse-.s.  tfd;  smxI- 
droppiDi;  ffnu^M'''*  tTAde;  tobaccos,  nat'o;  spruces,  cBd;  junipi'nt, 
ifid;  caetuHeR,  i|ORh;  foods,  dA,  etc.  In  these  and  similar  ^roiipA, 
the  ffencral  nariif  of  the  plant  is  ap]>tietl  to  all,  but  a  wonl  yxprew- 
Mve  of  Konie  pectiliartty  in  atiilv*!  to  ilesi}fnate  the  species  or 
Tarie^*.      For  illitst rations  see  lint. 

l^noe  so  maD.v  indications  of  t;i-nerali7Atioa  are  extant,  nn 
effort  was  made  to  wek  further  evidences  of  this  kind  by  (froiip- 
(nic  the  [>lant«  arronling  to  the  Navalio  cl»M«itii-ittioD.  Beyond 
ibe  general  deftifrnation  of  **axS,**  however,  nothing  detinite 
emdd  bf  nbtaine^^l.  This  plan,  therefor,  had  to  be  abandooeil, 
amj  the  present  one.  of  ifroupin-z  them  according  to  the  aeeeptiHJ 
onJen*.  reRortwl  to.  These,  with  their  various  spt^cies,  have 
been  aipliabetitmlly  urranKed.  and  a  InuiKlitenttiun  of  the  N'avaho 
n«mi*>i  has  bi-en  addwl  in  tirackctK. 

And  since  it  wan  deHirahle  U>  have  the  list  as  eomplete  a8  pos- 
aible,  not  only  indiirenonK  plnnt^  have  been  enterwl  upon  the  list, 
but  alaii  «tich  tfra«se»i,  i<hrubs,  fruits  and  vejz'etables  as  have  been 
introduced  and  to  which  the  N'uvaho  have  jfiven  name«. 

Amarantackak  (Af'ntmnth  FnmUp). — 

nHtl  <lein(ni,  (sharp  or  cuUini;  plant).  KuxKian  thistle,  Salsoln 
Kali  rttr.  traifUN.      (Chenopo<liaceie  [  {]> 

na^khiilt,  (»pr«'«<]  out),  ro|lint{  or  tumble  we«d,  Amaranliis 
blitoidea. 

tTA'  detHltldi,  (hilly  seed  i^rasK),  .\mantntiiK  retroflexiia.  The 
leaver  and  flfttU  are  e<)tblr  when  n)ixe<l  with  irrvase. 

tP<*}'  drnaylsi.  (turninif  \*v  rollinif  seed  eraser,  tumble  weed, 
Amaraotus  alhua. 


AXJkfAaDlACKAK  (fkuthrtr  Famitff). — 

rhllrhln.  (abbreviatiMl    from  hchl.  mt,  and   nichfn,  oHarous), 


las 


A}f   ETUKOLOGW  DICTIONARY. 


tn  said  to  b[^  so  called  from  the  fttron^  odor  of  the  Reeil.  Tho 
aromatic  stinmc,  Rhus  aroitiaticn  nir.  trilobata. 

Another  name  for  it  is  UT,  b.v  which  the  small  stick  or  twi*;  is 
iiipsni.  which  was  shar[)en(Hl  and  driven  into  the  retnl-Khaft,  and 
fastened  tltcn*  with  sinew.  Thr  arrow  point  was  S4>ciirpd  to  this 
etiok,  Thich  was  therefor  called  bilU,  its  stick,  or  simpb'  Ki>  *» 
tn  expressions  like  Kl  ha«h&,  I  nm  go'iue  for  ki.  or  sticks. 

The  word  is  also  rendered  and  ti.<k'd  hy  jwme  na  talnlchln 
(tstlchtn,  tsilchin),  in  which  sense  it  would  point  to  tho  odor  of 
the  shrub  or  wood. 


i 


ishfflhjid.  poison  ivy  {i),  Khiuf  toxicodendron. 

AMM.Ei-iAi>AceAE  {Miik-trtfd  J'at/ii/y). 

dftbicfitjllchf*.  (dO«  negative  particle;  bicBr,  towardK  or  for  it: 
jUchi\  or  .vilchi*,  (rive  birth,  therefor,  birth  preventiiiK),  Silk- 
or  milkweed,  Ascle]>ia8  Ilallii. 

jidildSi,  (jftdi.  anti-Iope;  il,  or  yll.  like  it;  dc,  horn,  therefor, 
like  autelo[>e  horns,  i.  e.,  leaves^  Asclepioduni  decumbens. 

tHsh  Ild^i  t^'M,  (slender,  snake-liorn  like),  silk-  or  milkwe«d, 
Asclepias  verticillata. 

The  latter  two  are  referred  to  as  ab^*  hiiM,  niilkjr. 

az^  jiehaf,  (whitish  medicine).  Asclepias  rerticillata. 


AuRANTiACKAR  ((frfinffe  FatttUy). — 

clill  Utso  takh&uitri,  (sweet  yellow  plant),  omnge,  Citnut 
lurantium. 

cUIl  KtsodokAzhi)^,  (sour  yellow  plant),  lemon,  Citnis  limonum. 

Oranifes  and  lemons  ar^  known  to  the  Navaho  ont^'  as  fruit. 
Both  are  called  cHil  iitso,  .vellow  plant,  but  many  acquainted 
with  both  make  a  distinction  by  adding  Jukhanitri,  sweet,  for  the 
orHn^e,  and  doUOzhiKi.  sour,  for  the  lemon. 

Bekbrbidacrar  {Barfhvrj/  Fanniy). — 

tstvA  cK6cHll,  (tslya,  or  tsinya,   under  the  troes;  cH^cHIl,  or 


TTS 


183 


b^Kil,  rock  plant),  barberry,  Rcrberis  Repens. 

BoaRAOtNACiUK  {Bomg^  FmnUy). — 

•bS  qi^ini,  {%xf>,  ine<licine;  qa,  from  uiit  uf  Krutind;  jIn,  black, 
i.  e.,  black -strcakvd  stock),   sromwell,   Litbospornium  aofruati- 

foltlUD. 

uc  (i&y\\\\  hkb&'iiri,  (ffra^'ieh-hlack  stock),  fromwell,  Lithosper- 
mum  multiflnnim. 

IjJ'ho,  iwhich  is  ifiimniy),  Kcliinospernium  Kedowskii. 

1jdlu>  iaM'itfi,  (i;ra.v  (fiiniiiiy  oiif),  Kr.vnitxkia  ritu^viK<>jiaU. 

The  last  two  nainiHi  species  are  conunonly  called  ij^he. 

%^  a&{K-.H<|[zi  liiAs,  (slender.  vviDdinj;  medicine),  stone-seeU 
cruniwell.  Lithospermum  canciiceas, 

tqAxhi  nlchtn,  Uurkey  odor)«  meadow  rue  0),  Kiyoitzkia 
^omerata. 

CacTACKAK  {Oictuti  Fnmift/). — 

The  cactuses  are  desig^nated  as  q^sb,  or  whdsh,  tlwjrn,  spine. 
Tbe  ribs  are  called  bit%,  leaves,  an<)  these  are  either  round, 
aflmiBi,  or,  as  in  the  spn^adinif  or  prosti'nte  siiecirs,  ntqi^li 
namisiiii,  wide-roiindish.  The  varioius species  hare  been  (rrouiH-d 
ln-re  without  reference  to  their  techiiicnl  torminoloiry.  They  are 
probably  mostly  vaiieties  of  Cereiw. 

diehl  bowb6«b,  (lumber  cactas). 

'}6\  nAyoffist,  (twisted  Iwart),  so  calle<1  because  when  eaten  It  la 

to  make  one  feel  a<;  if  his  heart  were  twistetl. 
'li'  blzhi,  (braided  arrow),   so   called    from   its  interbraided 
leaves. 

qa«d^tfiahi,(awl«l  cactus),  named  after  its  long,  awl  like  spines. 

qOs  d^taahi  tsA,  (bitr  awl  cactus),  cane  cactus,  Opuntia  arbor- 
wiceM- 

qAs  d^ti«ahi  UiAs,  or  qo^tios.  (slender  awl  ractiis). 

qteh,  (a  tbom^  the  conmion  rod  cactus,  Opuntia  riitila  0)> 

qdnb  dAnincs'Ahi,  (cactus  with  thorny  rim). 

qftih  dtltqAhi.  (smooth  caotufi). 


IH4 


v4.v  RTnsoLOftw  oitmoyAHv 


q^Kli  ilIm>Kl>(ni,  (squaUinK  cactuK).  a  large  Dumber  of  rvuml 
hf'ittls  fnniiiii^  (lenne  hemisphertcal  masses,  Cereus  Pbopniceiw. 

q^<th  tlnkAKhi,  (sa)int^  or  !(oitr  cactus),  so  called  from  its  taitU': 
small  orbicular. 

qAsh  KfnoRhbfzhi,  (broken  brai<l  cactus)^  so  callnl  from  its  sim- 
ilani.v  (4)  tlu'  food  ptvjmratiuii,  KlneshblKhi,  braided  diitiiplin^. 

q68  tit^/)!,  (.vellow  cnctius). 

q6»h  ntqeli.  (hrxHul  cactwtK  prickly  pear,  Oi»untia  Missourietutit*. 

q6eh  Dtqel  hbA'iifi,  (grayish  bruad  cactuR\ 

qAnh  itNl&hi,  (siltin);  cacttut),  oni>  or  few  ht>adii  with  coQicall.v 
Mhapod  a|>e!t,  Cereus  conoides. 

qAHtso,  (bi|f  cActiis),  0)mntia  C'omanohica. 

CaUPANCLackaK  {i'amjMuuio  FfivUy). — 

tqAilTclfn  dotrfHh  aiyisitri.  (snmll  bhit'  iKilJen),  the  liart'bt'll,  hell 
tlnwpr,  C«tii|MiiuIa  uniflora. 

Capparii»aceaic  {('aprr  Family). — 

wa',  the  bw-we«d»  or  spider  flower,  Uleome  piiiifcens  (S«n- 
onp  I  *  j). 

CArBirOUACKAK  i//onr!/lfHc/i-/r  Fainiltf). — 

ts^Lsdttiti,  tW  »i)ow-b«'rr>\  or  Indian  currant,   SymphuricarjK). 
ddaNhjin,  or  tTd'd^i.  marah  elder,   high  water  shrub.  Vibur- 
num. 

CAarOPHLLACKAK  (Pij'k  fnmily). 

%y.^  tr^ht,  0;rRS8  nifHlictne),  the  mndwort,  AnMiaria  aeuleata. 

dzU  vA£(i'  t^As,  ( slender  mountain  tobacco^  the  catchfly. 
Stlene  Doutflasii. 

tiiakhAsAkhad,  (6tandin£  on  tbe  water),  the  mouse-car,  Ceran- 
tium  arvcnar. 

CHENOPOlHArKAK  {irmm-foot  Fttiii'ti!/). 

cUI  befihndl^xlii,  (planter  plant),  a  Mpoiiaceotin  plant. 


fR 


efill  lichtiifi.  (nxl  pUut),  thi*  eomnmn  beet,  B4>ta  vulgaris, 
duwtfzbi.    or   duwdKhixttlo.     block    grvatfcwooil,    Sircobatwt 

Jiiwuzh[}l)tti,  sny  gri-awu-ood,  Aliipleic  cftiieacvos. 

gft'tnoHl,  (j**'^rBbbit  foodt,  white  sage,  or  wJDterfat,  Eurotuh 


MchXi  >'iRJrht.  (dogit  defecate  \ipun  it),  a  variety  of  SarcobatUK. 

tiiA'utUji^i,  (coyotes  re«t  tberc).  another  ^'ariety  of  SarcobatUK. 

t1lK0«h.  (satt-wwd).  or  tUkOzh  .vidioigi,  (edible  salt-weetl}. 
Atrijilex  argontM, 

^KAsh  A^ifni.  (sUnding  i^iilt-wi-nlK  Atriplex  expansu. 

ilK<V.h  lieinfni,  (sharp  salt-«'e«ii).  Atrijiiex  confertifolia. 

ifd'd^I,  (siHxl  gnisKt,  piifweei).  Cheoopodiuiii  Fr(>iiiuntii. 

tfA'ddl  [itflzj,  (hanl  M>ed  grass),  Cbenopoditini. 

tlA'd^Itw).  (big  k«€m1  graas),  iainb's  quartern,  CbBoopodium 
albnnt. 

tqd  inhi,  (wat«>r  Mackt^nfi  it),  Chenopoditun  leptoHllnm. 

brfjri  tfd'drit,  (seed  grass  under  a  tree  or  log),  Chenopodiiiiii 
oomiilum»  or  Teloxis  oorniila. 

OlMI'OaiTAE  {('omfiogitr  FitutUy), — 

ahf)inctAl!hi,  (interlocking  [*lant),  cooklo-bur.  cJot-bur,  Xan- 
thiutn  Htnitimritun  ^wr.  CanHdeiuse. 

atflAnlcblti,  (txloroiu;  of  tbe  naglo),  the  aster. 

aztf  disdtf.  (gUttcriog  medicine),  so  called  probably  ud  account 
of  itN  gliMuy  root,  ciirlweo<],  (Inapbatiuoi  Sprengelii. 

azd  dMhi.  (laughing  medicine),  the  yellow  thistle  (poiaoaoiu), 
Coicua  Neo>M4>^Kicaniia. 

asA  bokhAni  lahft'igi.  (gray  terraeed  mrdieine),  the  how  thistle. 
lActura  ur  Simcbiis  asper. 

az^  hiikh&ni  bto.  (  big  terraced  tiif^dicine),  the  phmwd  thiatlet 
Ochoi-i'ntrus. 

ai^  Ihiiat,  (driotl  medicine),  milfoil,  Achillea. 

ii  MkhAn,  (sweet  imvliclne),  Actinelln  wahioM. 

aztf  niAH<|A<li,  (unwinding  ntcdirinr),  Townscndia  serica. 


186 


AN  ETliXOLOOK  mCTlOKAUW 


Kti  nftMlq&di  nlt^siifi,  (slemler  unwinding  medicine), 

ax^  nAdht^Adi  tso,  (  bljT  unK-tndintr  mediciDo). 

TIk'  afwve  three  are  so  called   from   their  iise  in  connectiOTT 
with  c4?renionial   knota,   «-6ltqftd.      The   herbs   are   chewed   and 
spat  u[K)n  the  knuts,  which  are  then  unravelled:  hence  the  naiiiei 
unwimling'  medicine. 

az^  i)d5(n>l  (white  stalk  medicine),  a  say^-bnish,  ArtemtKU 
ffanserioidcj;. 

%7.^  f\U\^\\,  (broad  medicine). 

wxt  h&hUTd.  (decai-fd  medicine),  Xymenop«ppiis  lilifolias. 

Ez^whfi%  (tooth-leafed  medicine),  the  raj'lesa  golden  rod, 
Bigelovia  Vose.vi. 

bllqizhcUr,  (udoroua  with  the  breeze),  because  ita  fragrance  ia 
carried  on  the  breeze,  the  thorough  wort,  Epatoriiini  occidentale. 

cHll  dll.vtsi  (tslldllyfai),  dtwldcwccd,  Gtitiereezia  cuthamiac. 

clill  Hchfi,  (red  plant),  the  ra«lish,  KiiphanuK  sativiis.  The 
wime  word  is  also  vLscd  for  tomato  and  beet.  These  vegetables 
are  not  indt;;enol^s  but  after  t>eint;  introduceil  tbe.v  t>ecame 
known  to  the  Indians  by  their  color.  In  like  manner  cablxi^e. 
ttiroiiMi  aitd   white  radishes  are  called  ctUI   hifrni,  white  planta 

cUil  (»i6s,  (slender  plant),  Aploi)«r>ptt8  lnnii)rino!i'ii8. 

cHll  wh^hi,  (thorny  plant),  the  biir-niari?old.  Hidena. 

cKllzh/^  (ilzh^li.  limber,  limber  plant),   Actinella  Kichanlsonii. 

cHlndi  cBll,  (evil  spirit  weed),  Bi^elovia  j^raveolens. 

hamiltfi^i,  (like  a  6quirrer»  tail),  yarrow,  Achillea  millrfotiam. 

j&tii  n&t'6',  (antelope  tobacco),  or  din£^£  cfill,  ([leople's  weed)* 
LyK"dt'sniia  rostrata. 

Raltiffi  dfi,  (butterfly  food),  fleabane.  Rri^ron  flafrillaris. 

RaadA  b^j^,  (an  antidote  for  arrow  poison),  tboroufrhwort, 
Gti^tatoriiim  pnrpnriuin.  The  poiaon  wan  usually  added  to  the 
arrow-iKiint  fastened  to  the  shaft,  KasdA. 

Rlh«6i,  'yellow  twijf),  the  ruyless  golden  rod,  Biffelovia 
graveolens  rar.  albicaulis. 

Kth»6i  nbiAiKi.  (biy  yellow  twie),  Btffelovia  albicaulis. 

mi'i  cHU,  (coyote  plant),  golden  rod^  Solidaj^o  nemoralis. 


[8^ 


tA'dli  yittthi,  (leavuM  like  the  bean),  marigold,  Spanish  needlus, 
Biilron  bipiooaU. 
u^Arthjft  Ilkh^i,   (liku   owl's  clawa),    sneeze    weed,    Helenium 

»IIuupe!(ii. 
na4Uj((idA  tabA'i^,  {gny  npider  food),  K&nleu  daisy,    BtilltM 
ioteffri  folia. 

bDdiyfli,  comniun  sunfloner,  HcIianthuH. 
ndl^'fli  IhAs,  stendur  sunlluwer,  G>mnoluinia  multillora. 
Ddl.vtli  Uo,  tartCR,  cultivatetl  8Uiil1t)wcr. 
ndlyfli  nlchfni,  odorous  suntlower,  G.vninolomia  (0- 
odl^-fli  nlcMnitso,  lar^o,  odorous  sunflower,  Uelianthus  Xutt- 
iHii. 

nn'nfi  to6,  <bic  snuff),  astor,  stnrwort.  Aster  canescena. 
nlTnn  ntfiAiifi,  (large  KnufT).  Kitinia,  Zinnia  ^mnditlora. 
alTnn  t^,  (Miender  snuff),  Townsendia  strii^osa. 
qteb  bT'td^i,  (spine  brush).  Kroiindsel,  Seneciu  DuuKlasii. 

CoxvULvuLACEAE  ( C'tmrotfvfvg  Family). — 

nAqoyaf  (nahnyaf).  the  name  of  an  unidentified  plant  with  a 
fleiihy,  tuberous  root  In  some  places  this  name  is  also  applied 
to  the  sweet  potato,  which  is  not  raised  here,  but  ia  known 
through  the  white's.      Many  now  call  them 

Dtini&ai  tso  fatkh&nigi,  sweet  jiotato,  Batatas  cdulis. 

tsiKliAJilebi,  (red  hatr),  the  dodder,  Cuscuta  unibollata. 

CftCCIPBnAe  (Mmtard  Family). — 

alfch  beidzAt,  (it  splurts  the  urlne)»  whitlow  grass.  Draba 
■noatana. 

axA  dotriflh,  (blue  medicine),  watercress.  Nasturtium  obtustim. 

nz^  iatiA'tifi.  (trray  medicine),  rockere»s,  Arabia  communis. 

ax^  lA«^lllt'^hi,  (scattered  medicine),  so  called  because  it  does 
Dot  grow  in  cliistera,  but  singly,  rockcress^  Arabia  Holboelii. 

ai4^  qAgai,  (medicine  coming  out  white),  that  is,  with  a  white 
Btc»ck,  Stanloya  pinnatifida. 

asAso,  (big  medicine),  false  wallflower,  Erisymum  asperom. 


iitr 


azMMifit  (sIflDiIrr  modicin^^K  hiaildnrpod,  Vrsitmria  alpina,  or 
Phlox  DuujflcLsii,  (FolHmoDiaceaeK 

H7.6i»l!m  nhMaiigit  (fmnll  slender  luitlicineK  ponnycmsR.  Th1a«pi 
■l|»e»tr**. 

cKll  lafffti,  (wl)it4^  plant),  cshbajr**  And  caitii flower,  which  harr 
hi'cn  introduce  by  the  whit*>s.  lioth  are  iirieties  of  Bra««ica 
nlrniccA. 

ninrhi<1  »k^,  (medicine  for  ^wellmjr^  Thelipmliimi  Wrijfhtii. 

nftnod6zi,  (titriped  seeds).  i»ennyroy«l.  Thla-vpi  (0. 

lutfibjI^idX,  (spider  food),  or  hiiKt>U^lt«i.  (Iiair  Itkv  the  tfodit), 
bladderpod,  Vcf^icaria  Fi-ndlpri. 

oRt^*,  hcddTf  nntKtan),  Sifl.vnihriiim  incimini. 

IqUkUUinhikhAl.  (fipreads  on  ft-ab-r)^  uatereress,  Nastartinm 
alpinimi. 

tesbf  ( t),  Ph.VRarta. 

tsihalt«lfi',  (a  rec«pUcIe  like  the  paiioch).  pepper-grmsx,  I^pid- 
itim  monlanuni. 

to^yfthat^iAl,  (il  sin^s  below  the  tree),  »o  calle*!  from  the  noise 
it  prodiicen  when  nhaken.  hedtre  mti»tanl.  BroMiica  cantpeatriR. 

CcpfurKaAr.  (fhik  Familif), — 

cfi^cHII  (tadtrfll.  ta^BIl,  rock  plaotK  the  oak,  Qiierens 
niidnlata. 

rH^chll  ntrfai,  (hard  rock  plant),  scrub  oak,  QuercuK  tindulata 
puntfe-ns. 

cfi^cBll  ntTfici  hakh&'£,  male  of  precpdinjc,  Quercua  imdiiUtA 
brevi  folia. 

Kliih,  alder.  Alniu  Inrana  lutr.  viraacens. 

kfshzh!ni,  ii-tm-Hood.  hornbeam.  Carpiuits  Americana  (Cor;i'- 
laceae,  ma^twortA  |  }  \). 

OucDBBiTArKAK  (6Wrrf  Famify). — 

dA*ne8llAni,  caDtaluuiM,  mtiskmelon.  t'iicimii8  meln. 

naytxi.  na.vfi!ilcht,  jW|iiaah.  pum|>kin.  rucnrbita. 


i*  LASTS. 


189 


t?chi>'A  (^jb'ioi,  which  \»  c«ti>D  i;re«n)t  watonneloa,  Cucumis 
dtrilliH,  CitriUiis  viiUrarieL. 

Ert'HORBiACKAR  {Spurge  Family), — 

cfill  aM'  ah^iAsiffi,  (sleDdcr  milk  weed  K  Euphorbia  nraatana. 
kh^tflt  balrhf,  (rod  near  the  root),  KuphorhU  Pringlei. 
nA&chl  waA,  (pimple  tnediciae),  spurKCt  Euphorbia  niontana. 
Duh^idl,  (spiihT  fiNx]),  ur  naAHbt'^hOilA,  (j^pb^r  food),  Cruton 
Tfxeraiia. 

Kiijcn*  {Frrn  FtMUfi). — 

jft  fthiJtlidA,  ibat  fv(xl>,  lipferu,  Chetlanthes  laniifirinom. 

FOMABIACIEAX  {FwhUotu  FaJt'ifu). — 

fdi  dft,  <turt]e-dove  food),  (Jorydalla  anrea  fvir.  occidpntatiR. 

rsxTiaNACKAK  (6V;j/MfN   FaiHily). — 

trf'hiljAi,  (lik«  di^cr'a  car),  FraKcra  speciosa. 

oiUl  behdtfdl  hta^^iifi,  (plant  with  a  yellow  root),  Franera. 

cUI  beWtrdl  DtUbKiin*  (plaDt  with  a  luDg  root).   Fraaera  Kpec- 

IdxTd  cfill  dnltrf'  cHll,  witch  plant),  (it^nttHnn  affinifi. 

OnjtANiACiUK  {Ofrttnimii  FavtUy). — 

oKAIchln  Tt^i,  (IfxreH  like  those  of  the  phlox),  gerauium 
iactsum. 

tlxfli  bil&shirAn.  (clant*  of  the  sparrow-hawk).  alHIaria,  i(tork»- 
bill,  pin-Kram,  Erodium  cicutariimi. 

QnCTACKaJE  {Joint-Jim). — 

tfA*  aa^.  igrwm  medicine),  Kphedm  trifurcata.  Sonu*  mistake 
thin  for  Equitwtuni,  horM'tail. 

(Jkahineak  iiiniM^). — 

d&kliAz  lakhiiiigi.  (sww't  stallc),  ttuirar-canf,  Socchariini  ofRci- 
naruni. 


190 


STHyoLi 


HI  ntuM  <H  bidA,  horse  cornK  oats,  Avena. 

idM' (cllAKS\  nrrow  grass  [?]),  reed,  Phm^tnitefl  communis. 

lAKAtao,  the  caiie-roiMl,  Phrm^riiitcs. 

nadft,  corn,  maize,  Zoa  maj's,  Phalareae. 

odidlldi.  (scorched),  sv  called  bt'causp  the  seods  were  obtaiaed 
by  scorching  it,  mountain  rice,  Oryzopsis  cuspidate. 

K^iUwhAi,  (it  runs  into  the  throat),  8o  callrd  for  itfl  ti^ndoney 
to  slip  down  tht'  throat,  wild  rye,  fox-  or  pqnirrel-tail  gnsf, 
llonloum  juhatiim. 

bfe6zh4,  the  bi-oom.  There  are  scleral  ^-ariotiea  of  these 
tirnu'Acs,  of  unidentified  species.  The  stems  trrow  from  six  to 
fifteen  inches  hi^jh,  and  when  dry  are  very  stiff,  for  which  reason 
they  are  employed  in  makinjr  native  hairbriuhcs  and  brooms. 
A  bunch  uf  the  drietl  gnsa  is  tied  tirnily  toL'ether  ho  tliat  the 
butt  ends  present  a  flat  surface.  A  twig  of  cedar  (irdd  nfcli)  is 
inNert(<d  into  the  hairbrush  as  a  talisman. 

bJe^zhA,  ruflh-ura»s,  Aristida  oli^nntha. 

diD  ba^zhA,  Iprairie  Aog  broom),  so  callc<l  becauac  it  is 
observed  lo  urow  n«'ar  prairie  dojj  colonies,  Sporobolus  cuspidata. 

te^tqA^  hfej^zhrt,  (cafion  broom),  which  i^  also  called  atsA 
beJ^xhA,  (ea](le  broom). 

bieSzhft  sliA/lii,  (knotted  broom),  Trom  the  nnmerous  knots  on 
its  stem. 

ne^bchlyA  bie^zbA,  (broom  under  the  pines),  where  it  is  usually- 
found. 

triah  bn'i?zhA,  (snake  broom). 

bie4>Khd  n&neskhiXti,  (coiled  broom),  from  its  propensity  to  coil 
around  the  top  of  the  stem. 

tfO',  K^rasK.  ha.v  in  general;  tFA'  It  ilch^zhitri,  grass  upon  which 
homes  tfraze,  Under  this  caption  all  foraffe  irrasscs  and  shnibs 
are  cla!«itie<l.  Some  are  i^iven  here,  others  may  be  found  under 
their  respective  order,  for  instance,  alfalfa  and  clover  under 
Leifuminae. 

tfA*  dlcUfzh,  (rough  erBss):  tfA*  befit^fis  huMnifii,  (plumed 
e^rass);  tfd'  daist^fni,  (grass  with  leaves  like   wood);  tfA'   t«Ahi 


PLANTS. 


1»1 


jtTA'tMl,  Bwl-gTAm),  which  ia  probably-  indcntical  with  tTA' 
dahikhAH;irdtso,(bi^  grass);  U'0'»itsfii,(jenowKriiss);tro*l6',(?). 

tTi^*  iiatlA.  (corn-f;rR«4),  whi^nt,  Triticum  vul^re. 

iii8hcht.vA  tr6',  (jfrnsB  under  the  pifions), 

tidyi  tfd**  (sTOHs  which  gruws  uuder  logs),  meadow-grass, 
Phmiimiti.'s  andina. 

ifd*  U6»i,  ^slender  grass),  nifth-grass,  Sporoboliui  cr>'PtandruB. 

tffi*  njwtqisi.  (brnt  grai'?),  granm  grn.-M,  liotjtfloua  hirsiita. 

huflltlAi,  (likr  fiqiitn-ol  ft>od). 

MA'  Ashthi,  (salt^v  grass),  bi>caiiHti  uf  itfl  salty  tnHt«. 

tfA*  qteh.  <prickl.v  gnu«i>,  biir-gnutfl,  or  hedgehog  gra.ss.  CVn- 
clirut  tribiitoides. 

al6s  (Sp.  arrozt,  ricv,  is  kuuwti  oiilj'  as  a  cereal  purchaseU  at 
tha  ator««.  Oryxa  wtiva. 

HTDHOi-iirtXArEAK  (  WaUrli^f  FamVy). — 

as4  nchfhi  faibA'igi.  (gray  angry  medicine),  Phaaelift  glandiilosa. 

Ihidadeak  (/tm  Fauiiiy). — 

U\^\  birti  Mntgi,  (broa<l,  with  niany  leaves),  flower  de  luce,  or 
flag.  Irl.s  Missourieiisis. 
l4$l  nl^'Ui,  hrmul  flag.  Iris. 

JraLANOACKAe  (Jriff/tttid  Fatliilif), — 

qAAltfi^li,  th**  waltmt,  Juglatw. 

JryCACRAE  {Ru«h  Family). — 

ahqln  jittftxhi.  <bow  grinder),  nuh  gra.ss.  Judcus. 

I«ABIATAR(i^lVl<  FatiiUy). — 

mtA  nchfhi,  (irritating  medicine),  dragon's-hcad,  Dracoceph- 
ftlimi  parrilloruni;  or  sage,  Salvia  {  1). 

utf  ndoMshi,  (modicine  which  m  laced )<  hnrse-mint,  Mooarda. 
^U  dA,  (frug  (uud),  aage,  Salvia  canceolata  (Lj'godesmiB 
tndiflurm.  Conii>ositffi). 


]9t 


A\  BTHSOLOQSC  VtCTlOKARY, 


tFA'  ntchfni,  (odorouH  grBia),  American  pennyroyal,  HnlconiH 
Driiriimondit. 

tA^Ui  nadlcHfxhi.  (which  r\\\»  ■ffainiil  \hf  rurk),  bt-dRp  h.VHKo|>. 
1»(ihanthuB  urticifulia. 

LKtil'MPCdHAK  {ISiUf.   Ftimilyiy — 

ahfi&net^hi  ttlos,  (nlrncler  interlockinfr),  KlyryrrhiKa  tppidotu. 

Bztf  biUdf,  (female  iiuilicinc),  LiipiniiH  t>n'vicau]i£. 

ta.^  hA'&(l4^  tiWK  (bitr  ft'iiialo  nuHliciiK),  rattlpuofHl,  Astramiliw 
MHtthi'WKJi. 

az^  bnkbAV,  (aimle  nlediciut^),  Lupintts. 

axi^  hakhA>  too,  (his  nult'  iiiitUc-int>>.  Thr*  Uiyer  of  the  two 
K[)ecieH  iH  alwnyn  male.  KefiTt'nce  is  h«-t*e  ttiadp  tu  the  use  of 
theso  ptaiitH  a«  ntndicincA  in  Lhir  nialf  aiitl  frntale  chants  of  arrow 
Kbootine. 

taJ6  (lilqll,  (dark  medicine),  milk  vt-tc-h.  AHtrairahis  Mortuni. 

KTJ^  trios  lahi'ifiri,  (8lend<>r  jfray  niwUrine).  sensitive  brier. 
Shrunkia. 

tuf-d  UGH  ntsftigi,  (large  Hloodci*  medicine),  wiisitive  brier. 
Shmiikia. 

cHl'dft  tAJs,  vetch  or  tar*',  Vicia  Ami-ricHna. 

elill  nAni^lIsi,  {medicine  iuistinK  ulonj;  the  >rround),  Honckia 
Wrightii. 

L'HtVzh  OK^,  (boil  medicim*).  lupine,  Ijiipiniut  t^-allii. 

UaAghAli,  (rattlint;),  rattlepoct,  AxtmiralnK. 

t|j^b£  haicHldi  ntK&iffi.  (the  largrer  one  nf  thoM'  tliat  the  shiiep 
scratch  out).  Oxytropis. 

deM  ii&fA',  or  deb(l  dff,  (nheep  tobaccti.  or  sheep  food).  Oxy* 
tropin. 

Iiaflt<|<li  tsiy^l.  (old  nian''R  queue),  pnitrie  clover,  PetaloHt**nigii 
eiin«li<)it8  vw.  vcvideutalis. 

niA*iili,  (coyote  food).  ul»o  calted  KlntiKhlni.  the  wild  cherr>'. 
AKtmgaliM. 

nifl'i  n&oljll  af^.  <niedtcinr  for  h.vi)ropbithir  rnyole).  Oxytnipiit. 


19fl 


nUaHAdai  ilj&i,  (like  moiise*ear),   clover,  Trifoliiim  erroceph- 
■lum. 
oA'Ati,  the  be«D.  Fftba  vulf^ris. 

iaA^^K  Ilt^i,  Oe«v««  like  tbe  beAn),  ererlMtiDff  pea,  LatKvrtia 
^b'tnurphiis. 

dA^AH  oiun&zitrt,  (round  bean),  tbe  pea,  Pisum  sativum.  Tbe 
Uriri*  brown  bfaii,  vr  Mexican  frijules,  are  now  raised  very 
ext«niiivel>'* 

nA^d*  wdi,  (wft  tobacco),  Psoralpft  t^nuiflora. 

nlbfehjC,  (pasted  to  the  frotind),  Hosackia. 

tfd'  wftiffi,  (wft  gnan),  alfalfa,  liicerae.  Medicare  sativa. 

tfA*  wft  nahalfniei,  (f  ra.'^  resQinbliiig:  wfi.).  white  clover,  Tri- 
folitim  repens.  T\v  lattrr  two  are  of  recent  introduction,  and 
their  aamet*  are  takrn  from  the  resemblance  of  their  leaves  to 
ihoM  of  the  spider  flower,  wfi'. 

IqahAlchOflhi,  (tbe  forehead  pops  it),  aa  the  pod  \b  eatiWy  bunt 
when  pressod  to  the  forehead,  rattleweed.  Astragalus  tnflonift. 

l^lihAlchOfihi  tdAe,  a  nlender  bqibAlchAohi  (t<|£'ilch68hi). 

belagina  ncMhchl,  (American  piflon  nnt<(),  peantit^;,  which  may 
be  purcbaned  at  the  stores,  Arachiit  h.vpoKoea. 

Lkhxackak  U>uckiPrtfI  FamUy). — 

CqitAd,  (watpr  »cam),  duckweed,  I^emna  minor. 

IjUACKAr  {LHy  Ftn>Hy). — 

alchfni  dA,  (children's  food),  Calochortus  Nuttallii. 

ahisfni,  manpcsa  lil.r,  Calochortus  luteus. 

ahstni  tso,  boe'a  potato,  or  death  caiuass.  Zyiradenus  vene- 

as4  tKhi,  (grass  medicine),  blue-eyed  grass,  Sisyrinchium 
■nucronatum. 

iM'chIni,  (smelling  grass),  wikl  onion.  Allium  Palmeri. 

iTA'chln  tao,  (large  onion),  tbe  large,  cultivated  onion,  Allium 
Mpa. 

tfd'cldolcht,  (red  onion),  or  u4ge  tfd'chin,  (crowV  onion), 
the  oodtling  onion.  Allium  c«mum. 


IM 


AK  BTHKOLOQIV  DICTIONABY, 


Four  varieties  of  yucca  are  mentioned: 

ts&xt  bidd,  (horned  yucca). 

tfi&zt  ntqfili  (s&z!  ntq^li,  broad  Htandinj;  awl),  Spanish  bay< 
Yucca  bai'CHta.  As  the  root6  of  this  species  furnish  a  rich 
lather  the  plant  m  frei^ueDtly  referred  to  as  tq&lftwh&sh,  soap. 
It8  fruit,  too,  is  eateu,  aitd  the  plant  is  then  called  bash&lD. 
yucca  syrup. 

t^xt  t^s,  (slender  j'ucca),  Yucca  glauca  (Nuttall),  or  Yucca 
anguBtifolia  (Pursh). 

y^lbits&zt,  (>'ucca  of  the  i;ods).  Yucca  radtosa;  Trelease  Whip- 
ple! (Matthen's),  or  elata  (Engclmann). 

LiNACEAE  {Flax  FauMy). — 

az^  ntrtni  labA'ijfi,  (jrray  (!umni.v  tnediciue),  Spheralcea  anfritsi- 
ifolia. 

ding's  chit  alttlJ^sifn.  (slender  people^s  plant),  yellow  flai, 
Llneuni  rii;id\uu. 

Mt<)dhadIjol,  (round  bloftfloms),  flex,  Lineum  risidum. 

I1OA8AOEAIC  (Zo<'A«/#). 

cBt  h&lcbiD,  (udur  of  cfit  [  l])^  Mentzelia  nuda. 
iHTfhi,  (tenacious),   because  its  leaves  adhere  to  one's  clothes, 
Mentzelia  luultiflora. 

ihffhi  tsOs,  (the  slender  species),  Mentzelia  pumila. 

LoBKiJACRAE  {LoMia  Family). — 

dahitqlhi  ildfchi,  (like  hummingbird's  lip),  cardinal  flower. 
Lobelia  splendens.  or  cardinalis. 

LoRANTHAncAE  (Ijorauth  Family), — 

da't^',   (by   syncope   from   wAdfi',   above,   bosket  on   hi^! 
miattetoe,  Phoradendron  juniperum. 

Mai.vac;kak  (Mallmr  Faintly), — 

Bi^  ntrfni,  (gummy  medicine),  false  mallow,  Malvastnun 
coccineuDi. 


pLAyrs. 


195 


R  dA.  (horse  food),  niallow,  Sidalcea  malwdora. 

KfoRArKAK  {Miilbfrry  J'aiiiily). — 

haithUAn,  (th«  ByK  nbicVi  ik  known  onl>-  m  a  cunimerciat 
Brtiolft.  Ficu8  carica.  See  al-so  Pbctnicids  and  Spanish  baj-onet 
iinder  LiliacfW. 

NrrTAoiNAf^RAB  {Four-o'elwk  Family).— 

Klnic«llfshi  dfi,  (stink  butf  food),  Abrunta  frayrans. 

kitiR-dlfflhi  dfi  Iftbi'ii^,  (Krs,v  stink  biij;  food),  Abronia  (t). 

inj«h  n&f6',  (snake  tobacco),  fotirK>''cIock,  Mirabitiii  oxybaph- 
oidra. 

tAJtfUili^,  1prohabl>-  which  works  itself  into  the  rock),  foiir- 
»Vlwk,  MirabiliK. 

tT^hiiral  ut^hi,  (the  larffe  one  which  bluunis  at  nitrbt),  four- 
u'dock,  MirabtliK  niiiltiflora. 

OUUCKAK  {Oliif  Fa  in  If ti). 

dinA>  cfill.  (Indian  plant),  Mrnodnra  soabrm. 

OTIAORArKAK  {FiVninff  /V(«'fV»er  FttMtljj). 

az^  beb^tor  hilchl.  (tiicdicin^'  which  \»  red  noar  the  root), 
■'vvninjE  primroM,  Ofnothera  tenacfti folia. 

asd  Htiui,  (yellow  medicine),  eveninc  prinirose,  Oenotbei-a 
frnndiflom. 

UR0  hAUk,  (cold  medicine),  Oaura  parviflora. 

•art  staf  lazl^  haHi,  rrsmp.v  |  \ )  nie<licinc).  pvcninf;  primrone, 
Oenollieni  pinnatifolin. 

cHH  IAt4|ft  &I4A8,  (feather  (lower  plant),  willow  herb,  Epilo- 
Unm  coloratuni. 

qteb  chfiiso.  (ffreat  angry  Kpine). 

qteh  cbritttAs,  (xli'tidcr  anKr>'  flpine).  willow  herb,  EpUobluin 
oricBoifotituii. 

tMhlgi'i  lah&'i|i),  (the  tfra>'  iilani  bUMMiinff  at  night),  eveninii; 
primroHr,  Oenulheni  ctespttcea. 


td« 


eTHXOl 


ARY 


ts^tqft'  d6hf  cBIl,  {big-horn  plant),   willow    herb,    Epilobiuni 

spicatuui. 

Obobanchai-kae  {BrooiH-rapf  FaitiUy).- — 

l^dffltzi,  {footprints  in  the  dirt),  from  its  dl^ttant  resemblance 
to  a  morcaiiinwl  foot  partly  sunk  into  the  ground,  rancor  roolf. 
Aphelion  fiLsciciilatiini. 

PllOKNiciDAE  {Phoenir  FamUy). — 

h&shKrin.  (synip),  dRt4>,  Pluvnix  dactj'lifera.  Known  to  the 
Xavaho  only  by  the  fruit  boncht  at  the  stores.  The  same  name 
is  j^iven  to  the  fitf. 

PtPERArEAE  {Ptr/ypenrin-t  Fnmiiy). — 

az^  dicht  tAbA''itn,  (gra.v  sharp  medicine),   black  iieppcr,  Piper^ 
niffruni.      Known  only  as  a  coniuiercial  article. 

Plantaginaceag  (I^atitain  Family). — 

az^  \^M  (0,  plantain,  Plantaifo  ifnaphalioides. 

POLEMONIACRAE  {/W<W«OTiM(WI  F<HniIy), 

ats&  nftfi^',  (f'a^le  tobacco),  Gilia  louififlora. 
ctiAlchiu,  (spruce  odor).  Phlox  ca'spitotta. 
dahitftlhi  da,  (humitiinicbird  food),  Qilia  uKKretrata  i-or.  attei 
uata. 

P(H.TOONACEAE  {Buckwheat  Family). — 

aK^  nlbaghftntT.  (nipdicine  wliich  winds  through  the  ground), 
Eriogonmn  alatiim. 

nlbagh&ntfl"  iitM&igi.  (the  large  one),  Enogonuni  racemosum. 

az^    qfl*ogizi,    itr    AlK^sglzi.    (twisted    medicine),    Eriogoflain^ 
microthecnni. 

bilnadt^A'i.  (which  is  Inix(^d  with  the  tobacco).  Eriogonimi 
Jamesli.  i 

bisndochi.  (adobe  is  red  with  it),  so  called,  probably,  because^ 


i'LAXTS.  ^^^  197 

it  gives  tht*  laodscaiH'  the  uppi>ftrunce  of  nwl  adobe,  Eriuifoimiu 
^fictiUtutn. 

bLiuduchl  bA'Jide.  tbc  female  species,  which  ts  .smaller  in  kikc 
ttuin  the  preonlii)-/,  aod  improbably  identical  with  it,  Kriog-nnum 
nticrotiwcum. 

chitffnl  (jfitflai^  sorrel,  Kumex  KvtiieiioHepahiin,  uccidfritale. 

\6  Ak?.  (eurth  tmtlicioe).  Eriutronuni. 

wolichf  ilA.  (aat  food),  Erioi^iiuoi. 

rfill  nA'AtFAi  tso,  (big  winding  plants  virgin*s  bower,  Clematis 
li|ni-''^'oIia> 

K^h^tqt^ll.  <it  tiprf^s  nvcr  the  trroumlK  larkspur,  nclphlnitim 
scaiwwunu  or  bicolor.  As  this  plant  is  iisfni  extensively  as  |>oJ- 
l*>n,  th<-  plant  is  aIao  aillt-<l  t^iildldfn  ilotrfsh,  bhie  pollen. 

Mts«i  lljftA.  (which  is  like  the  ear  of  a  rat).  btitt*>rciip.  R«- 
niinnihis  eynibalarJa. 

ti|&3thi  nichin,  (turkey  oflor),  Thnllictruiii  Fendleri. 

KiUHAitACKAR  (Btichhorn  Fnmily). — 

bfds,  or  dinib^d  cHll,  (deer  corn,  or  people's  food).  New  Jer- 
•ey  t*«.  Ceanothus  Fcndl'-ri. 

cRrda  (0,  Ceanoth.is  (Fendleri  [|]). 

^RoftAOUR  {RoBt-  F*untly). — 

^^aw^NAll,  (baby^s  bedding),  the  cliff  nwe,  Cuwania  Mexicana. 
I        juc^  hukhA.  live  fingers,  Pott^ntilla  gracilis, 
ft       az^  ntTfui  teo.  <big  itdliesire  medicine).   gooRe-gmss,   or  five 
^Hltfera,  Potentilla  sirigosa. 

bta  dflAahcHll,  (the  plant  which  binds  the  rim  of  adobe).  This 
■Jant  U  cloaely  allied  to  mountain  mahogany. 

cBll  oA'StfAT  tAu,  (the  big  weaving   plants,   the  prune,   Pnmua 
ilanteiitiea.     The  prnne  is  known  only  as  a  comniercial  article, 
and  derives  ita  nanut  from  iUn  rewniblanoe  to  the  irrape. 
chd  (chQ*),  the  will!  rose.  Kosa  Fendleri. 
dzJdz^,  the  choke-chero',  Pruniut  virginiana. 


id8 


Ay   ETHSOLOaiC  DICTIOKARY. 


dsldz^  dIfAdi,  {soft  bero')-  service- berrj*,  AnieUnchipr. 

dxIilK^  doUftxhi,  (sour  txTry).  This  nonu'  is  also  appliitl  to 
lh»'  apricot  of  commerce,  I'runas  Armenioca. 

dzldz^tso,  (big  cliokp-cht>rry),  tbft  [leach,  which  is  grown  in 
lartre  qiiaatities  at  CailDn  de  Chelley.  and  other  localities  with 
facilities  for  irrisalivn,  Aniysdaliut  Fenica,  sub-uixler  Dnipact-ai'. 

mft'idll,  (coyoK*  food),  the  wlW  cherry,  PruniM  deniiima,  For- 
estiera  Neo-Mexicana. 

UlnjD'&hi,  the  currant,  Purahia  triilmitata. 

ta^^lfizi,  (heavy  aK  stoue),  mountain  luahoifany,  CtrcocarpUH 
parvifolius. 

ts^MfflKi,  (twisttnl  stone),  June-berry,  Ametanchier  alnifolia. 

KauCINEAK  (  W'illtnr  Famify). — 

KaT,  the  willow,  Salix;  Kailbal,  tht>  jfra,v  willow. 
t^s,  the  Cottonwood,  I'opulus  Fremontii.  or  aogulata. 
^bttl.   (irra^v   cottonwood),   aspen,  or  quakinK  a)«p,    PopuKin 
tremuloides. 

t^Ktl^,  (slender  cottonwood).  PopuluH  angitsti folia. 

SANTAtwkCKAK  (Sand^ifiPort   Finntla). — 

rhll  ab£',  (milk  plant),  bastard  toad  flax,  Couiaodra  jiallida. 

Sapindackak  ( .Sortp»/v/r(,  »r  Mapte  Famiiy). — 

sot,   (by  !U-nco|>e  from  ilzh6li,    fuzx>-),   box  elder,  N( 
aceroidc!^. 

sOl  dichlshi,  rough  elder  (})■ 

SAXTrsAGArRAF.  {Sar!,frafff  Family).'— 

belA^na,  a  corruption  from  the  Spanish  manzano,  the  apple. 
Pirus  uaJuK. 

bel&sina  bits^  hnl^ni,  (apple  with  a  tail),  the  pear,  Pirua  com- 
munis. Few  apples  are  grown  in  the  Navaho  country,  and  the 
pear  is  onl.r  known  as  the  canned  article  of  commerce. 

cBfl  kofiy^hA,  (cotToe  plant),  because  formerly  a  beverage  wan 


PIA  \T& 


199 


prepared  from  it.  ITHuallf  it  U  called  whotflfni  azS,  (tooth-fruni 
luetlicinrK  which  is  tho  alum  root*   Hnichrra  bmctfftta. 

tM^tq&  Nikhddi,  <cliu<t4'retl  in  cailuns),  Tellima  tonella. 

teltHzt  (hanl  wood),  Fiadlers  rnpicula.  tsfntM!:,  tmrri  wood, 
it  the  seMnU  term  for  all  hard  woods,  like  ts^^sdasi,  mountain 
mah^^ifany;  chA*,  wild  roae;  ttlnjU'^hi,  currant,  and  numeroua 
ntbt-ra.  An  the  Findltra  rupicola  h  a  hard  wood  plant,  some 
use  both  tsftTlz  and  telntflz  to  dcsij^nato  it. 

tiMedbi  (bii^^^fKi,  twisted  stone),  currant^  Kibes. 

Sc«opHtn.ARiACBAK  {J^t'ffiport  FmnUif). — 

ni.i  nchfhj  too,  ( bie  irritating  medicine ),  beard  tonifue, 
Pentotemoa  arurcu*. 

•stf  nl£H,  heard  ton^e.  Pontstemon  t^laber. 

uri  (|In4,  or  Inftji  az^,  Oif«  mndiciue),  PcntAtemon  anibin^niB, 
ur  laricifuliuK.  Cf.  also  Gfruniacctt'.  A  large  variety  of  herbs 
arc  dpffiicnatvd  and  used  as  qiu&  az^,  healine  medicine  or  tonic. 

chicHtoh   ax^,   (g'landular  swellinf;    noedirine).    Cordflanthua 

rUDOtlUB. 

dahitqibi  dft  tao,  (bi]f  hummingbird^  food),  painted  cup, 
CWitille.va  int^gra. 

dahiUffhi  dS  libA'iffi,  (^ra.v  humniingbird*H  food),  [winted  cup, 
Ojutilleya  parviflonu 

dahitqQu  dfi  UOa,  (slender  huinminffbird*s  food),  beard  tonffuo, 
Peotstemun  barbatus  rur.  For^yi. 

dUhcBfd  A7j6,  (itch  ntpdtrine),  Coi-dylnnthtM  Kin^i. 

tik£&  nJchIn,  (amellintr  tobacco),  CoatJlleya  minor. 

SoutNACKAK  {NighUhadt  Family). — 

ax^  dlchi  Hohlitri,  (rtsl  sharp  medicine),  chilli,  or  red  pepper. 
CajMicunt.     Tlie  Navaho  do  not  cultivate  chilli, 

blhlldj^.  OeavftH  Uk<t  deer  homa),  ground  cherry,  l*h.vulia 
lanceolata  tstr.  lani^ta. 

cfiAbojIlyal,  jiniH4in-weod,  or  thorn  apple.  Datura  stramonium. 

ddl  nit'd',  (mountain  tobacco),  wild  tobacco,  ^icotiana  attcn- 


soo 


Ay  STBVOtOOtC  DJCTIOKAST. 


imta.  Tobacco  is  used  extensively  in  ccremoniea,  And  the  fol- 
lowiDjF  dosijfnations  are  prosuniably  due  to  this  feature. 

deM  nit^d',  (sheep  tobacco),  found  in  nialpais  districts;  dIA'i 
iikU\  (irnutc-rs  tobacco);  kOs  nAtfO',  <cloud  tobacco);  tTlsh  nftt^d*. 
(snake  tobacco);  shish  n&t^A',  (bear  tobacco),  all  of  which  are 
probably  identical  with  wild  tobacco. 

ai,€6*  wl'i,  (wft-tobacco),  desiffnnt^fl  wild  tobacco  found  in  U» 
rallejs. 

hashcHJ^'da,  (food  of  the  sods),  boxtborn,  L>'cium  palliduni, 
tribe  AtrtjpeK. 

naltfilii,  (yellow  seeds),  nightshade,  Solanuni  beterodoxum. 

nuui&zi,  (slobidar),  wild  iMtatu,  SoUauiu. 

ndniiAitso,  (the  big  round  one),  the  cultivated  potato,  Solantuii 
tuberosum. 

tHsh  dfl.  (snake  food),  Diifhtshade,  Solanum  trifloruni. 

Ttphacear  {Cat-tail  J'trnn'/y). 

tq?J,  (broad),  cat-tail  Satr,  Typha  latifolia. 

Ulmackae  (£'in4  Family). — 
jitqizhi,  bsckbero',  Celtis. 

Uhbeixiferae  (Paraiey  Family). — 

asA  nlchin,  (odorous  medicine),  iwppermint,  C^'moiitcrus 
alpintia. 

chfthAsht'fizhi  (chftsh^(klu ),  yamot,  Cymoi>terus  niontanus. 

ctill  litd6l,  (yellow  plant),  carrot,  Daucus  carota. 

hazail^'  (1),  (faiuot,  Cymopterus  glutueratus. 

haxaal^'  tso.  Ferula  multifida. 

ninoddzi,  (stripc-d  ueds),  caraway  aead.  Caniin. 

UanCACEAK  (3*fW/f  Family), — 
Klah'tshjifib  (irlshlahjl«b),  nettle.  Urtioa. 

VxKBEKACEAR  (  Vervain  Family). — 

OK^  hodf^.  (niedicinp  productnff  sorenesR).  rerraiD,  Verbena 
stricta. 


%iA  Qchn.  <irritatinff  medicine),  Verbena  Aubletia. 

Violaorak(  VlolH  Fnuilly). — 

^  AK  el^t  viotot  ( I),  Viola. 
tqOkihln,  (odor  of  water). 

VrrACKAE  ( F?«*?  FamUy). — 

cBil  oi'itMi,  (wesTiiur  plant),  Virsinia  creeper,  Ampelopniit 
quinqucfoluL.  Tbo  same  name  is  also  applied  to  the  grapevine, 
Vitia  vioifera. 

Ztoophllapeae  (Beancaper  Famifi/). — 
akdah  nAt'd',  (bear  tobacco),  Tribultut  luaximtis. 


UNIDENTIFIED    PLANTS. 

Tbe  followinj;  plant  names  wore  not  identified,  aod  the  trmns- 
lit«rmtJuo  uni>*  is  ^ven. 

aJA  Kfl  hilchln,  whose  aeed  has  the  odor  of  tbe  ear  (I). 

flt^  L«o,  bit:  leaves;  At'A  ViGn-,  slender  leaves. 

ataA  tkii,  eagle  medicine. 

iwA  bi^'alal  yilb^h,  which  boils  the  placenta. 

a.via  bilfah  hilchfni,  which  Rmells  of  Che  urine  of  the  buffalo. 

Ayi'al,  which  is  staodine  up  (t). 

and  bijlchitifi,  the  core  of  the  root  of  which  is  red. 

az4  bfnlT,  medicine  of  the  mind,  in  reference  to  Jtii  bewitch- 
ing eff^ecta. 

tui  dl€Vt  thick,  mud-like  medioiae. 

%xjt  dishAigi,  plush>'  medicine. 

ax^  latfal,  white  medicine;  nxi  (icbl,  red  medicine. 

bflA'  ithdl&'i,  five  finKered. 

dill  abj'  ahilOftiffi,  sleoder  milkweed. 

cfill  affhioi,  the  plant  fatal  to  flies,  ants,  moths,  nod  the 
like,  which  alight  upon  it;  cHIl  mgbkAt,  the  deathly  plant,  u 
another  speciea  fatal  to  both  man  and  beast. 


sot 


AA'  KTltyOLOGW  DWTlOtfABY. 


(lihidf'a'i,  sn  incens«. 

U^b6  Kfi  hilchla,  whose  seed  .smella  of  sheep. 

dliiift  (0;  dinlMtAo,  Inrtfn  dInAfi,  meaquite  (t>. 

dzUkh^cbin,  the  odor  of  o  yootb. 

jTkbticliIn,  the  odor  of  «  nmiden. 

I'ni^  cHll.  thundpr  plaot;  l"n6lne-jl  cHlI  <?). 

ni6fit8ft  az^,  pimple  medicine. 

nAKSiq?,  put  into  tl»>  cavity-  of  the  eye. 

nakh($ylli,  which  \s,  whirled  alonif. 

najisbozhi,  turned  on  it»  ^ide. 

ndochl,  red  downward,  a  plant  with  a  larg'e  red  root. 

nCtiWsi,  the  veins  oi  the  earth. 

nrtukisi  tso,  the  large  veins  of  the  earth. 

ail&tsn  (shIt&tAo),  my  thumb. 

tqojtqfildzo,  which  extends  out  of  the  water. 

tsflchiri  il^hi,  leaves  like  the  sumac. 

tfititdfsi,  coiled  noM',  a  tne  found  in  the  San  Franeiaco  ran^e. 

wflUcht  bfjffi,  antidote  for  anta. 

zd'hozfhi  (cA*bosi  [?]>. 

WordR  referrins  to  plants  and  their  parts. 

beli^trol  Ibikh^fih.  the  root  of  a  plant  or  tree. 

kh^t»t  (t>eh6tst).  its  base. 

bit«tn.  its  Htalk;  bitsin,  its  pith. 

bizhf,  the  pith  (of  some  plants). 

huiiffzh  <dtLhn]^izh),  or  Mdadi'ft',  it^  branchlets. 

bit'fl.  itA  leavofl,  which  are  de.scribed  aa  nt<i^li,  broad;  ahtiAsit 
slender,  long;  qdfth  huldni,  prickly,  etc. 

clill  bitV,  a  blade  of  grass. 

bilMfifihi.  its  dower. 

bilatqA  dadltfaf,  white  flowcrml  plants,  or  ctUl  biUtqA^ljiaf,  the 
plants  are  in  blossom  iwhit«). 

bilatqA  daftlts^,  yellow  Aowertxl  planta. 

bilatqA  daAlcht,  red  top|)ed   flowers,  or  bil&tqftlehf,   tlwy  a^ 
in  bldssoiii  (rod). 


Foi 


bilitqA  (ladoinsh,  blue  flowcn'il  plants. 

biU|iitM6i.  .Vfllow  iDti^rai>erH(*(l,  |>umpkin  or  ineloos,  etc.,  in 
triottoai. 

bix^l.  its  Ussvl,  Of*  of  corn,  wheat,  etc. 

b^lt^  <SAkA),  or  bil&8tHf,  it»  seeds.  Tbe  former  w  used  for 
stoiw  fniiu,  api>l«i(i,  melons;  the  latter  for  snutler  si-eds. 

cUU  bioA,  plant  s«>eds,  or  seed  bearing'  plants. 

dill  bii-hdir,  or  hich^\  catkin  of  jilantH. 

bttTAl,  its  vine  »r  tendril,  as  of  the  erape.  pumpkin,  etc. 

dill,  a  plant,  scnsa  or  weed. 

aans^,  vegetation,  plants. 

t'Jl  cBll.  merely  a  plant  (with  no  special  purpose). 

cfill  nakhftd,  a  cluster  of  weeds,  a  bush,  tuft  of  ^raHs. 

cB[l  noHkhAdi,  cree|iers,  Kuch  an  Rome  i^niots,  wild  potatuen, 
etc,  or  describiiifi:  them  as  €6  sikl^l,  a  small  cluster,  or  nankhAd, 
a  cluster  spread  out. 

Isln.  a  tree. 

tAin  beh^tFo),  the  root  of  a  tree;  bizfd,  or  hitiHn  (bitsfniifi), 
pith,  pulp;  bizi^s.  punk  (outgrowth  on  pine):  dastq&l.  exuda- 
tion (from  the  Hssure  of  the  rind);  ftkh&sht'6sh  (bAkhAshfAsh), 
thf  rind;  at<i4t'iihi  (hitqAt^fthi),  the  inn^r  hark;  nzhf*  (hirlif), 
dheil  bark  (ibre  (as  of  the  cliff  rose,  or  of  ce<lur);  je'  (  bijfi), 
rorin:  kh^tat,  beh^tsT.  bnse  (of  a  tree);  iMt^n.  or  bJtji&Az'A\  its 
ltrob«  or  bouffhs,  or  bfdadi'A*,  its  branches;  bit^,  its  leaves;  acbfls 
(MchiSc),  catkins  of  willow,  cottonwoods,  etc. 

It  (hi'fl),  needles  of  conifers  (and  their  boufrbs). 

bini,  its  fruit,  as  cKl^chll  bini,  aroms;   neshchi  bin&,  piHons. 

halglKfa   tideshsTiih.   the    fork   of  a   tree,   a.s  t*lH  fidesh^zh,  a 

'ked  Cottonwood. 

cBH  yijibd«*.  (yfldj",  deahdA*).  or  qashd«'  (qiUdl^'.  qod<^hd«'>.  I 
|Hck  flowttn,  irnib  weeds. 

cHll  lumshtqA  (lian^Uifl,  bwlfnettktq&l).  I  look  for  plants  or  liertw*. 

cKlI  beh^tfol  nashjjAI  (nas^^iyed,  nd^hi^l),  T  dig  roots. 

Moases  are  i-arioiLsly  dejtiif nat«Hl :  dliUi,  a  covering,  or  nioas  on 
«  or  wood,  and  f*ven  meat,  as  atsf  dlad  aftll,  the  meat  is  niiisty. 


204 


^iV   ETHSOLOOIC  DiCTlONASY. 


toMlfid,  rock-moss,  lichen;  tslpb£  dlAd,  trv«  mess;  nrhddUd, 
mom  cuvuriiitr  the  ffround;  nahAS^,  nKMis  found  tn  hummoclu; 
rBd  bidA  'ha,  iuo8$  of  spnico. 

Toadstool,  or  mimhroom,  )»  called  abishjft*. 

nddkhfil,  the  wild  jfourd. 

nnyfzi,  thi>  squash,  is  designated  as  fib^KhkhJLni  cbA  (b^ahkbAni 
l^'o)  in  the  night  chattt  hihI  oUuta. 


XAVAHO    FOODS. 

The  early  N'araho  subsisted  chiefly  on  corn,  which  to-day 
still  furnishes  their  chief  siLsU'nance.  Owinjt,  however,  to  con- 
ditiona  of  war  and  constant  chan)^  of  duniicile,  it  was  not  always 
piLSsihUt  to  obtain  corn,  so  that  numerous  seed  bearing  plants 
wero  drawn  upon  for  a  substitute.  Whenever  possible,  too, 
8iiull  |wt<:he8  of  beans,  squashes  aud  melons  were  raised,  which 
with  an  abundance  of  venison,  fumishe<L  suflicient  varietj'  of 
diet.  Water  furniithed  the  usual  drink  with  an  occasional  tea 
made  from  native  herba. 

At  present  much  of  tluK  early  fflfxl  has  disappeared.  The 
various  jfrass  seeds  tire  no  lunger  Iianested,  and  venison  has 
been  almost  entirely  displactHl  by  mutton  and  beef.  Coffee,  tea 
and  ifoat  luilk  have  t)een  added  to  the  regular  fare,  while  modern 
llour  aud  comuieal  are  u.4ually  preferred  to  the  laborioiu  task  of 
srindinir  native  com.  Sqiia.she.H,  pumpkins,  melons,  beans  and 
potatoes  are  raised  for  the  table  wherever  conditions  permit,  and 
in  many  districts  wlieat  is  turned  into  flotir  for  domestic  purposes. 

Althoujfh  some  of  the  food  preparations  here  listed  are  no 
longer  in  vogue,  many  of  them  are  still  largely  preferred  to  the 
more  expensive  and  leas  substantial  modern  store  goods.  The 
list  compris4^s  the  various  food  preparations  of  com  aod  esculent 
herbs,  to  which  is  added  a  list  of  modem  fooils  atid  beveraffes. 

The  nitvtt  convenicmt  methix)  of  preparing  a  fond  was  a  mush 
or  porridge,  which  was  made  of  green  com  or  of  cornmeal. 

dltf^i,  or  )€s'A  dittdiri,  green  corn  mush  baked  in  aabca. 


POODS. 


S05 


Giwn  rom  ia  eroiinJ  on  the  motato  and  worked  to  the  consist- 
ency of  stiff  duugh,  Atid  ti»'n  imbf>4ld«'d  in  layers  of  corn  leaves 
or  husks.  These  are  placed  in  the  Rre  and  thoroughly  covered 
with  tiot  Pinbers  until  baked.  Ti>e  nuise  iiroditcod  in  ^riudirig- 
Kod  slappinif  the  jrrei'D  corn  on  the  nictate  su^jftECStod  the  name. 
diCAgi,  in  imitatii>tt  of  tlAtr,  it6g. 

tqabijli,  the  three  ears,  is  mush  boiled  in  a  single  corn  l«af  of 
which  thror  pocketfl  or  cars  have  been  fornHvl.  The  corn  leaf 
18  wound  once  around  the  tioifer,  and  the  opening  thus  formed 
filled  with  uiUHb  (ttjd'nil)  of  green  corn.  Jiiflt  op^Misite  another 
pocket  in  made  in  the  sAUte  manner,  while  the  third  iHwket  over- 
la|W  the  other  two.  The  pockets  are  then  wnippeJ  with  tlie 
i^maimier  of  the  le4if  that  they  ma^-  retain  their  shape  iu  boilini;. 

DtafdAjr^i,  vhich  bend  their  tips,  desiffnutes  a  niu-'^h  of  green 
oom,  replar4Ml  into  the  corn  husk,  the  tips  of  which  are  then 
turned  duwn.  A  nuniht^r  of  these  an?  placed  aide  by  side  into 
a  nnall  trench,  thoroughly  heated,  and  covered  with  hot  embers 
nolil  well  baked. 

Mush  ia  frequently  prepared  of  cornineal,  thus: 

tq^'nil,  stirred,  in  a  (fruel  prepared  by  stLrrintf  commeal  in 
hoiUnir  water  or  milk.  Cedar  asbeft  are  added  to  the  meat.  At 
time*  this  is  ontittcd,  when  the  gntel  is  designated  as  g&A  ftdtn, 
BO  eedar. 

tqO«hchfa.  bom  to  water,  deeitruates  curniueal  niixtxl  in  an 
Htuml  proportion  of  wat^'r;  tq&skh&l.  cracked  (corn)  with  water; 
ti|iaishi;izh,  mixed  with  water,  a  mush  of  thv  consistency  of 
B*riwd  iKitatoes;  ftdAla,  a  very  thin  gruel  (borrowed  from  the 
Mexicans). 

tijanA'nll,  re-stirred,  In  a  mush  made  of  saliva-sweetened  parched 
oommeat.  This  is  stirred  in  boiling  water  and  allowed  to  frecKe 
over  oijrht,  in  which  shape  it  is  consumed.  It  was  much  relished 
in  the  winter  months,  but  is  at  present  tittle  in  vogue. 

tq6  ihl'nll,  put  in  water,  ia  a  porridge  made  of  parched  com 
grouiKl  to  mc*!.  The  water  is  stirred  constantly  while  adding 
the  meal,  and  the  porridge  U  eaten  after  ccMiling, 


906 


A.\  JBTHXOLOOtC  DICTIONARY. 


tqa  tX'^tMni.   lusl  three  times,  is  •  very  stiff  nttish  placed 
corn  hufikit,  which  are  then  folfliKl  and  tied  in  the  center  and  at 
the  ends,  and  boiled  in  this  nhape. 

The  farilily  with  which  ^ruol  wa<t  prepared  RUf^gvsted  ita  ium* 
for  the  journey,  and  accordinely  cornmual  was  carried  aloojr  for 
thiR  piirpoH?). 

jrist'^Jifai.  the  white  provision,  was  prepared  by  boiling  the 
corn  Miiflici('iitl.v  t<>  allow  the  hidl  to  b**  easily  removed  by  rub- 
bing it  on  the  metate  and  then  g^rinding  the  meat  tn  a  Hne  meal. 
On  journeys  it  could  be  taken  in  this  shape,  or  moistened  with 
water. 

tA&lbaf  was  a  |reneral  term  for  prorisions  of  meal  taken  on 
Joumeys.  Thu  rorn  was  parched  asualiy  and  then  ground.  At 
tiuiea  it  was  soaked  sliifhtly  and  then  uround,  addinff  a  pinch  of 
aali  to  preserve  it,  in  which  shape  the  meal  was  deaifrnated  as 
l^ba(  daKAne,  the  smy  meal  provision. 

alkliAn&kd,  sweetbread  meal,  a  provision  consistintr  uf  sun- 
drird  niursels  of  sweetbread  (nlkhftd)  ground  to  meal. 

ISa'fl  bisgi,  sun-dried  breMi,  is  still  made  by  some  for  the 
journey,  though  more  frequently  as  a  provision  for  the  wiater. 
Morsels  of  breul-rolU,  baked  in  a^hes,  are  placed  on  the  sunny 
side  of  the  ho(ran  to  evaporate,  when  they  are  store<I  auay.  Id 
winter  they  are  bt»il«l  in  water  or  milk  and  served  as  a  stew. 
These  provisions  for  the  journey  are  fre<iuently  dosix-nated  by 
tlie  general  term,  tjialbal,  or  slst'^',  blst'^',  my  or  his  provisions. 

Ls^tiinAlzhA\  shucks  between  stones,  is  a  griddle  cake  made 
by  the  Zufii.  The  numb  is  spread  over  corn  Kbucks  and  then 
baked  between  two  Hat  stones  over  a  fire. 

Corn  also  furnished  the  breadstuff  for  a  \-ariet.v  of  prepara- 
tions. Saliva  furnished  the  gluctise  insomuch  as  a  Nmall  portion 
of  the  meal  was  (■hewe«J  previous  to  mixing  it  with  the  hatter. 
When  gn>en  com  conki  be  hml  it  was  parched  before  jpnndiug 
and  t>oite<)  slightly  t)efore  adding  the  glucose.  Otherwise  cedar 
ashes,  and  at  times  salt,  furnished  the  only  ingre(1ieDt^.  Vsiially 
the  meal  or  flour  is  kneft<led  to  a  stiff  dough. 


FOODS. 


207 


sikhid,  stiiall  cubes,  is  a  cora  cako  bmked  \a  small,  uader- 
gnmai  OTons  or  pit»  previotwly  heated  and  lineil  with  corn 
baaln.  Tbe  douf  h  is  poured  over  the  corn  bii»kH  and  covered 
irith  a  second  Uyor  of  thnm  and  a  liurht  layer  of  dirt,  owr  which 
a  dre  is  kept  throujjb  the  ni^ht.  Wbeo  thi>roii>;hiy  baked  the 
fltkii  is  cut  up  in  siuull  ^(luares.  It  is  required  at  the  vifpii  of 
the  nixbt  chant,  and  fissures  also  at  the  nubility  cereniooj'  when 
it  a  Ruppliud  by  friends  of  a  poor  family. 

Mhllzh&ch,  lim^  up  in  the  ground,  la  very  popular  during  the 
iharvent.  Corn  hualut,  filled  with  dough  and  tied  at  the  butt  and 
tip  with  yucca,  are  lined  up  in  a  heated  trench  end  covered  with 
dirt  and  hot  coals  until  thoroi^fhly  baked. 

mwtnifai,  round  cakes,  are  uiade  of  irreen  com,  and  baked  on 
the  Btotte  griddle.  Milk  in  now  frequently  substituted  for  the 
water  formerly  tuted  in  preparing  the  batter. 

Com,  and  at  present  also  wheat,  ground  on  the  metate,  in 
addition  to  flour  bought  at  the  atores,  furnish  the  material  for 
the  following: 

iBs'An,  put  in  asheA,  is  bread  of  the  flha|)e  of  the  upper  mill- 
ftone,  and  is  baked  in  hot  embers.  iSs'A  dotflmhi,  blue  bread, 
which  has  the  admixture  of  cellar  ashes;  tes'Rliriif,  white  bread, 
without  the  adilitiou  of  the  ashes;  l^'fi  Uini.  many  breads,  which 
are  mailf  in  the  same  manner,  in  the  shape  of  biscuits,  and  either 
with  or  without  the  addition  of  the  cedar  ashes. 

ta^  4sf6\  baked  on  Uie  stooe,  designates  the  well  known  paper 
broad.  The  batter  is  spread  over  the  heatetl  stooe  griddle  with 
the  hand  and  baked. 

Ia4  iift*  lagaf,  white  paper  bread,  \»  made  of  white  corn;  taA 
Utt^  dotflsh,  blue  paper  bread,  is  mixed  with  cedar  asbee;  ta£ 
iBfMtaot,  yellow  paper  bread,  rontains  saliva-glucose;  taS  f»€6- 
Ichl,  red  pa|>er  bread,  is  made  of  blue  corn  without  the  cedar 
aabea. 

oAowlchidi,  slapped  again,  a  griddle  cake,  owes  its  name  to 
the  manner  in  which  the  dough  is  passed  in  easy  fashion  from 
one  hand  to  the  other,  and  then  tossed  on  the  stone  griddle  to 


908 


AS  BTHNOLOQW  BICTiOyABY. 


bake.  When  tb^  batter  is  sa\ipA  they  are  nomctinii-s  doflis-natcd 
by  dottAzhi,  salted  cakes.  At  timos,  too,  tb*  linger-iiurlu  of 
the  oiKTator  aro  distinctl.v  visible  on  the  finifthml  cake,  hence  the 
additional  name,  nAg&zi,  tinffpr-niarks.  Ct^ar  ashes  are  fre- 
■liipntly  added  to  the  baiter,  e8iK>ciall>-  when  made  of  ground 
whcftt 

ha»hch^zhln  bia&neskhidi,  the  cake*  of  the  Firegod,  are  four 
small  round  cakes  about  three  inches  in  diameter  and  perforated 
in  the  center.  They  are  baked  for  the  Firej^od,  who  fttrings 
them  with  yucea  and  attaches  tbem  to  his  right  arm  od  the  ninth 
day  of  the  night  nhant,  when  he  be-gioB  his  slow  journey  from 
Kunrise  to  sunset. 

ninoyfizhi,  which  are  laid  or  spruid  uut,  is  a  small  cmke  about 
the  size  of  a  silver  dollar,  which  is  offered  to  the  Siui  at  the 
wind  chant  by  persona  taken  ill  during  an  eclipse  of  the  bud. 
The  cake  is  baked  on  coals  outside  the  hogan,  and  is  offered  as 
a  sacrifice  in  addition  to  precious  stones. 

Rlneithblzhi,  broken  braids,  are  small  dumplings  made  of 
dough.  This  is  rolled  between  the  bands  in  slender  stri in,  from 
which  in  turn  small  pieces  are  broken  off  and  rolled  in  the  shape 
and  to  the  sixe  of  small  marbles.  Theee  are  thoroughly  boiled 
in  water,  after  which  they  are  thrown  out  and  picked  up  with 
small  sticks  and  eaten.  The  customary  cedar  ashes  may  be 
added,  kfneshblzhi  dukAzhi  are  salted  dumplings,  somewhat 
larger  than  the  preceding,  as  the  operator  works  ^s  much  dough 
as  she  can  conveniently  knead  in  one  hand:  kfneshbizhi  tso.  large 
dumplings,  are  made  of  parched  com  ground  to  meal.  In  size 
and  shape  they  resemble  an  apple,  the  two  dents  made  at  either 
end  adding  to  the  similarity'.  Saliva-glucose  is  also  added  to 
sweeten  them,  while  they,  too,  ore  gathered  and  held  with  sticks, 
and  preferably  faten  when  hoi. 

nodft  Hlt*6go,  or  tSshlblith.  roasted  com,  roasting  t«rs,  which 
are  placed  on  the  coals  ood  turned  oceasionally  until  fairly  well 
colored,  neshjtzhi,  another  form  of  roasting  ears,  were  left  in 
the  htuks  and   roasted   in  a  pit  {IhyV  ISshlb^zh)  and  allowed  to 


FOODS. 


im 


hakt*  until   murnintft    wImmi   lhi>   curn    was  Rhtu-kml  O'll^-h'*')  nnd 

Hn'tiilMtuffR  H-fr»'  ulio  oht«in«l  fn>iM  w^hIs,  nntl  varimis  frwid 
pri>|MrKtiont4  wrn'  iitade  of  i-smlrnt  hcrlts  nm)  sr<<t)  h(«iirin(r  platitR. 
Thtw,  thi>  si*nl!i  iif  hoidi^  sp^^riiw  of  pigwetnl.  tTA'ddi.  tTA'deiiiAHhi. 
iTAilpilbMl,  wen-  t^ntiiml  and  pn<)<ari*cl  in  prvcisfl.v  th**  sanii'  niin- 
arr  ftK  ctirn.  Tbi>  cliicosf .  too,  vrii$  obtained  by  piirchin}r  « 
handful  of  thi>  sei'cK  nntl  clx-nintr  a  iKirtion  oF  tht'  tun^l  nii>al. 
Anothpr  |>i|jrw*'«1,  irrt'deintffi'i,  whs  iLsimlly  pn'iunil  in  ih»*  Khapc 
of  II  stiff  porrjdjfp,  tql^nHshji-iRh.  The  soods  of  iIp  pijrwcrd,  (f**- 
d^itd'^.  wpn*  waRhn)  previtniK  to  h<iilint;  them.  The  ftmm  apiHiir- 
ing  on  tho  ftui-fnr4<  v»s  ivnioved  nnd  frrsh  wntcr  lulded  until  no 
limiv  «jf  ftani  «B>i  visible.  TIh'  IhiiIiiI  swhN  «i-it  then  spnwl 
Mill  to  (lr.T  Had  trfated  after  thi-  nmnner  of  corn. 

Kfn(>j(hht]chi,  dimipllnff:^,  Ir-s'dn.  ndls,  am)  nAncKklulitt,  griddli-- 
CAkcs.  Here  pi-i'imnvl  fivtnt  tr<^'lKii.  ttft'ti/iHi^  tfA'dHliikhAii.  tdl 
'hptK'tK  iif  nioiiiitain  ^nss.  Tin*  si-fils  of  ndidUdi  Wi'W  fuIU'rt*il 
tin'  huldintt  a  buncli  of  the  irrsKK  u^-er  tlie  lin>  nm)  ullowinK  the 
'^•nls  to  tni\  at  tbf  Itose  of  a  fiat  <-tone  placed  slnnlinirly  »sfniIl^t 
tbf  nrr?>Hlc.  llenGi>  the  plant  derive*!  it^  name.  "  tlint  which  i» 
MxirchwL" 

A  *itew,  tif't^It<*jS',  Vits  fre(|iientl.v  iiuule  nf  wfi*.  boe-wewl,  tffl'- 
rhln,  wild  onionH^  and  haxAftl^'.  a  irainot.  'i'hcsp  wire  boihnl 
with  a  hit  of  tallow,  ni-  niorwlK  uf  iiient.  and  eaten  by  dippinx 
bn*ad  into  tbeni.  dxlditj^t^o,  drietl  peachfK.  and  nA'Ali,  beans. 
Mfrr  alsu  prer>ar«'d  in  this  foKhiun. 

Thr  Ieav«8  am)  Kntall  branchleta  of  the  bw*-weed  in  it*  early 
irrowtb  were  Iwilefl.  and  after  addinjr  a  pinch  of  nalt,  were  sen'<>d 
a*  greeoK.  The  rcitinantM  of  ihew  weiv  allowed  to  dry.  and 
worn  ctKiltei)  in  the  nh'ipe  uf  Hmall  duiiiplinirs  with  meat  or 
talluw.  The  bee-weed  was  not  found  sei'vlceoble  after  attaining 
a  coOKtderahle  heitrht  owinu  to  the  diDiculty  in  rentovinjf  itft  pun- 
ir«*Dt  odor. 

To  obtain  the  iwo  of  the  hedtfe  nitifetait),  o*t»Jj".  the  veviis  had 
to  be  inahiHj  in  a  iwii  or  skillet.      Formerly  tbe>'  were  placed 


910 


AS  BTUKOLonff  DtCTtaSAtty. 


with  live  coeU  in  u  basket  ami  tosst^il  upwanl  until  wi*|]  larcbed. 
Thf.v  wt>rp  then  iri-nimtl  Km!  a  sutip  (AlqA)  or  atw  was  preiwrrd 
from  ihp  niittl.  Tin-  iHUhi.  jbrinttin.v  plant,  anil  iHlghAjTtchl.  tin- 
ilufldt'r,  wer»'  tit'ali  li  in  thi'  **nim*  iiiHDiiPr,  Iml  w«*re  lutod  vi*o' 
iimeh  like  dry  rnrnincal. 

odniAsi,  the  wil<l  iMitato,  Mliirh  vuiihl  Ih*  fuiind  aliiio^it  aof- 
wlivrf.  was  baktxl  or  boiled.  A  piorb  of  Jleah.  alniOKen,  was 
added  to  prevent  roniiting'. 

iiaqAyai.  or  nahn.vaf,  a  tuber,  was  pre)Mired  in  the  aaiiie  man- 
ner, while  the  ttiberous  rout  i>f  the  pleulifiU  chahasht'tizUi .  ■ 
jraniot,  was  |it<i'1i>d,  hakn)  and  ^roiim),  an  an  occasional  •iiihstitatc 
for  eommeal.  ah.slni.  which  resenihleK  the  wild  |K>tato,  vas 
eaten  i;reeu. 

jilfAi,  which  w  sucked,  v&s  hakisl  anti  the  pith  sucked  from 
the  tttalk.      Hence  its  name. 

The  fniit  of  thi-  broad -IcafiHl  yuria.  tsflzl  niM^i,  is  usihI  u> 
much  atlvantnffe.  When  fairly  ripenetl  it  is  baked  in  hot  aials, 
but  when  tike  (tend^  have  fallen  uut  tlie  lluwer  or  fruit  is  placwd 
un  a  large,  flat  stone,  oxer  a  fire,  and  dried.  After  that  it  is 
trround  and  the  nin^l  i»  kneadt-d  into  the  shape  of  small  pufls, 
which,  in  turn,  ar*-  stiifhtly  njast^-d  on  the  **toiie.  This  done, 
small  pifc:4>K  are  brokrn  olT  and  laid  in  th«'  ^in,  allowiiiti:  them  to 
evaporate  until  practically  ever>'  trace  of  moistutv  baa  disap 
peared.  They  are  then  sjirinkhnl  with  water  and  worked  ink)  J 
roll-cakes  of  various  «izes.  Finally,  a  stick  is  forc«l  thruush 
the  entire  length  uf  the  cake,  u  hich  later  in  remuved,  leavinjf  an 
openinir  to  prevent  the  cake  frou)  Hourine.  Aa  much  time  and 
labor  is  required  to  obtain  the  fniit  in  tbb;  form,  many  himilirA  ■ 
journey  to  districts  in  which  the  plant  is  abundant,  siiending 
often  an  much  an  ten  and  fourteen  day>(  in  the  tield.  The  finished 
cakes  are  often  stoml  for  winter.  Small  pieces  are  thfn  bruken 
up  and  mixed  with  water,  making'  a  thick  irravy  or  syrup  of  it. 
which  is  eaten  with  bread,  meat  and  other  dishea.  The  yncca 
fntit  or  flour  is  de.<tiffnat^l  a^  hashttfln,  the  dried  jellyrake  as 
nraddff. 


FOODS. 


Sll 


the  pitahajra,  or  prickly  pear,  is  sathprcil  hy  nicam  of 
iin  piektTK,  cjAsh  b«wdMhi>,  or  s  forked  stick.  The  thorns 
are  removal  b>'  rubbio^  the  fruit  iu  the  saud  with 
the  foot,  after  which  it  is  cut  iDto  aod  MUo-drieU. 
It  is  usually  scn-ed  as  a  stew,  b^elt^*,  like  dried 
peaches,  nayfzi,  or  naylzilchl.  the  .>u]iinAh  or  piiniit- 
kin,  is  bi>iU>d  and  inaRhoc)  to  a  stew.  They  are  aUo 
cut  into  stri|)s,  nhich  are  baked  nn  cuali^  in  the 
U8iial  futhiou,  or  they  nia,v  be  evaporated  and  stored 
for  winter.  nVAli,  buuns  of  various  kinds,  are 
usually  'boiled. 

With  Honio  few  cxceptiooA  netivo  berrit^R,  fniitA  and  nuts  were 
not  especially  prepared  but  oaten  when  picked.  Thus,  ch&\  or 
chfl,  Iho  wild  rose;  kInjU'flhi.  the  rurrant;  ilzldz^.  the  choke 
cherry:  dzTdei*',  unidentJtird;  dzld?^  dJt'ddi.  the  service  berr>'; 
dzldi:^  doKAzhi,  the  wild  cherry;  dA'wh6»<U,  the  raspberry;  dlods, 
unidentified;  cli!liifi*AtMi,  the  wild  £raiH>;  di'neJikhAoi,  suifar 
melon;  ^chiyi,  irrccn  food,  the  walemieloo;  (lA'Alts^di,  the 
wmlnat 

dxIdzAtK),  the  peach,  is  boiled  or  siin-dried;  rhtlchin,  the  .sumac 
berry*  b  dried,  tfruimd  and  boiled,  as  also  jitq&zhi,  the  hack- 
berry:  hAcBi'  and  lichtl,  uDideotiticd  berries,  were  boiled  aod 
,arred  aM  a  eniel. 
'  cBlcHll  binft,  acornH.  were  boiled  like  beans,  or  roasted  on 
ooaU;  nesheHf,  the  pifion  nut,  is  roasted  in  skilleta  or  pots,  and 
sooietimea  niashed.  nmkin^  a  kind  of  butter  called  AtlTsh.  , 

After  the  introduction  of  sheep,  burses  and  cattle,  and  more 
especially'  sfter  the  Navnbo  had  settled  down  to  a  pastoral  and 
praceful  life,  mutton  and  beef  contributed  to  their  rejrular  bill 
of  fare,  while  horsefleah,  too,  was  occasionally  eaten.  Tlieae  are 
prepared  in  i>arious  wa.V8. 

The  meat  is  at  times  boiled,  atfif*  shib^zh,  and  the  soup,  dtqA, 
o  with  a  s|ioun  or  snakrd  tip  with  brcHd.     hanlgaf  (hanitf^, 
ioff,  probably,  the  dawn  riaett  u]wa  it),  is  a  stew  cooaifttinir 


212 


Ay  ETNSoioair  McrioKARy. 


uf  whoU>  corn  uitil  meat  in  a  lunip*  whirh  is  Iwihtl  suificiently  to 
alluw  Ilu5  meat  to  ihh'I  from  Ihi-  bone.  It  is  ke|it  boiling;  for 
about  the  spaw  of  a  nijrbt. 

Mfttt  is  a\i*<->  n>H*<tf«)  nmi  frirti,  tslnbesIt'iSKo,  njaftwl  on  n 
stick.  The  nu'at  is  pierc(*tl  with  a  U'ug  stick  aud  hfid  soniL-  dis- 
liinct' ovrr  livi-  roals.  unouinz  it  lo  roast  slowly.  Whon  wt-Il 
done  a  little  salt  is  sprinkled  over  it.  and  the  burnt  portions  an* 
reiiioved  with  a  knife,  tsid  bakhi  sit'fijfo.  roasted  on  cuaU,  iv 
the  roast  plawnl  directly  upon  lire  coals:  tesbibezb.  wbeo  ibr 
meat  U  plartrd  oti  tlie  fireplace  and  coventl  with  live  coaln.  Tbr 
roasts  are  flavortxl  with  kaU  after  bakint;.  Prairif  doifi*  aiv 
usually  fried  in  this  manner.  After  removing  the  entrails  of 
the  do^.  the  interior  is  Kprinkleil  with  nhIi  and  cltised.  It  is  ihi-n 
thrown  on  th«'  tin'  and  covered  with  embers,  after  which  the 
hair  is  remuve<l  with  a  knife,  and  the  dot;  is  salteil  and  eaten. 
Asa  nasdzld,  niixeil  iu  the  pot,  desienates  morsels  of  meat  fri»l 
ill  fl  pot. 

To  preserve  the  meat  in  the  hot  summer  months  it  is  rre<|uentU' 
jerked,  atlifiiilclsh,  (stic«>d  and  stretchetl).  The  meat  is  cat  in 
thin  slic4w.  which  are  well  Ktretchitl  ami  then  huni;  on  a  line  to 
cure  and  dr>'.  This  >rives  the  meat  a  liat\)  riml,  imiH-netrabli* 
to  the  stiutf  of  flies,  and  may  U-  kept  indefinitely.  In  order  to 
render  it  pliable  a^ain  tht*  ierke<.i  meat  in  pluceil  on  live  cutis 
for  a  few  minutes,  then  sprinkhnl  with  water  and  jxiunded  with 
a  stone.  It  is  now  usually  fried  in  lard  until  thoroughly  per- 
meated with  it.  It  may  also  be  rut  up  and  Pried  in  lard,  and  la 
then  allowed  to  vah>\  oG  and  carrirsl  in  tnivelintf.  This  is  known 
ftK  ichfi. 

Meat  is  also  pi-epannl  in  the  shape  of  sau^aire.  Thu)«,  nAshifOnh 
denignateif  a  >iausafre  ma<le  of  chopped  meat  with  which  tht- 
entmils  of  a  sheep  or  cow  are  Hlled  and  boiled  in  water.  B1<kxI. 
too.  is  at  lime.s  thoroiijrhly  mixed  with  tallow  and  the  eni  rails 
mini  with  it  This  is  then  either  boiled  in  water,  dll  shib^zb, 
or  ntttsteil  on  hot  coals,  dll  lesbib^zb. 

Lni'd  is  sometini(*s  obtained  from  melted  tallow*  and  preserved 


FOODS. 


213 


ft)  r«unrh<<K,  rM*  ilol.\f,  inplt<Hl  tallow.  Tht*  liv<  r,  nzM,  i> 
jHiutIb*  cut  o|M'r)  nnd  hnki^rl  an  live  rmils,  timl  is  thini  cati'ii  with 
slice  nf  r(iast«>d  million  talknv.  Nun*  anil  thi'n  ihf  lii'iul  of  a 
<ihi*rp  iH  halcMl  on  coabi  nnd  tht^  bmina,  p.vi>r  Mntl  lon>fiU'  nrt>  tht'u 
MUin,  m  ilitih  known  aft  atef  lesliil>^2h,  meat  itiitsU-d  in  cntbiTH. 
The  |«iincli  is  lil  iimvs  tiAiil  in  ttu*  pt'i>]>arution  of  u  soup  umtU* 
of  crii'>li«'i|  tallow.  Wlien  ihorouiflily  l>oiU>il  ih«-  imiincli  in  cut 
open  and  the  soup  is  caU'n  by  dipping  bretid  oi'  morsid.s  of  tal- 
low into  it.  Foniii:!rl,v  a  ^lucos4>  was  adiltnl  in  tbe  Hhapt*  of 
rht-'Winl  tallow,  which  accounts  for  the  name  still  In  vogtK>,  ullA' 
ibid  bTilutlil^  tallow-fflucoM-  in  the  piiunrh.  Tttlluw  is  aNo  iiii  ii- 
tion«l  in  otht-r  pri'parationK.  thus  acli!  biKfdcMiiz.  twist('<i  with 
••ntrmiU,  innisistinff  of  A  pit*ce  of  tullow  wonml  with  cutrailH  and 
roasted  on  the  coalti;  akliA^'i  iikA*  hi^t'ijfo,  tallow  in  the  hide,  is 
similar  to  this.  Hy  nt>plyini;  wiiriti  wul(>r  to  thf  shrop  hidr 
Hh«»rll.v  after  thv  slaughter  thi'  M«ni|  \h  easily  ivninviNl.  nfter 
which  the  hide  is  cut  into  stri|is  which  are  then  wouml  aruiind 
a  folded  piece  of  tallow  anti  roarttiHl  on  coals.  Wlu-u  done  it  i!« 
cut  into  olici-s  like  rull-cake. 

VeniMon.  Kiicli  as  of  di-er  and  Hiilelu|N\  is  pn-paivil  in  prv- 
ciM*l.v  the  Haute  manner  a>i  uitttton  hikI  bi'ef.  The  meat  «>l  (he 
cott^intail,  i[i.',  and  Ihe  jackrabbit,  >ra't.>io,  is  either  baked  or 
boiled.  The  turtltwlove.  hasbUli^  is  piucKed  and  the  calmils 
are  reni<»viil  aftj-r  which  it  is  baked  on  cobIk  or  fri«d  on  tin-  slick, 
and  a  little  •«alt  added  to  Davor  it.  Tliu  .vdlow-bird.  t}^[dik>ui, 
theanow-bti'd,  jAdidlA.  and  the  blucbinU  dAli.  an>  pre|mre<|  in  a 
ximilar  maiuier.  The  Naraho  aUo  eat  wild  turkey,  ti|&xhi,  ami 
at  present  even  durks.  nAl'i^h,  to  which  foruM'rly  many  objet'tt-^l. 
Such  n»  are  cof^iizant  of  llw  rites  of  ■>n>;le  tia[)pintf,  (atsA  inirnlh 
ahAAiiiit.  Also  partake  of  the  flesh  of  various  ea^ilcs  ami  liawks, 
atM.  abnlSttwH,  iffni,  ^initso.  etc.,  tboutch  the  on]inar.v  Navaho 
tabou»>  <bahidz{iO  theut.  The  crow,  ifftifc,  the  doa:,  leclifli,  and 
tbi>  co.vote.  niA'i,  to  which  tln^  Znfti  and  Hopi  do  not  nbiiTi^  an' 
not  toucho<i  by  the  Navaho  Imtbum-  of  eIh*  hitbiii^  of  thesi'  animals 
of  fr«ding  u)>un  human  Hesh,  ^IId^  i.vflniK      No  such  objection. 


;4.V  BTHNOLOGiV  Dlt 

however,  was  felt  to  the  flrKb  of  the  bear,  shiLsh, -tbL-  mouDtaiii 
Hun,  oashilditso,  tW  wildcat,  nasbJAUbal,  or  the  wolf,  nt&''it!K>. 
Id  tho  earlior  days,  too,  such  aniinals  as  the  rat,  Ubtso,  the  |K>r- 
cu|)iu«,  daitftni,  and  thi-  badirer.  nnha^hcbUl,  wer«  frequeDtly 
eaten.  Tho  a<itui1  method  of  prepanDg  them  was  to  boil  or  bake 
the  venison  on  live  coal<t.  The  ni(»il  of  bear  meat  must  \w  pre- 
ceded b.v  n  wcrilioe  to  the  bear.  Porcupine  was  preferred  lo 
bttdtfer,  and  was  prepared  much  in  tho  same  manner  as  the 
prairie  doj;-  After  scorchiotf  the  quills  the  entrails  wcrr 
removed  and  the  Interior  sprinkled  with  salt.  The  animal  »"»s 
then  covered  with  pifion  bou^rhs  ox'er  which  a  huge  fire  was  kept 
Some  surrounded  the  fire  by  a  stone  wall  to  insure  the  proper 
heat. 

Tho  flesh  of  the  Iiorse,  H,  of  the  mule,  dziausz,  and  of  the 
burro,  tqdli,  i»  considered  the  equal  of  turkey  meat  ^tqAzhi 
daAqibaInf  bilaf,  meat  just  as  sweet  as  the  turkey).  At  prcseot 
horseflesh  is  still  eaten,  whil(>^  the  burro  and  mole  are  rarely 
touched. 

Of  the  wat^r  fowl  and  animals,  the  dnok  has  already  been 
mentioned.  The  otter,  tfi6bafist(|in.  and  the  beaver,  chfi,  alone 
were  pi-rmiHHtihle.  which  wa«  true  also  of  the  turtle,  tfilstqA. 
cfiiedaffh&i.  While  at  present  many  do  not  object  to  caonnl 
fi-sh,  the  more  consen-ative  still  bold  that  fish  and  water  fowls 
shoulrl  not  be  touched  in  any  shape  or  form. 

Withal,  the  abundance  of  mutton  and  beef  have  practically* 
excluded  all  other  kinds  of  meat,  while  the  facility  with  which 
flour  and  bread  and  a  large  assortment  of  canned  jfoods  mu.v  be 
purchased,  has  at  present  limited  the  various  native  dishes  to  a 
comparative  few. 


WORDS. 


nadfl,  corn;  oadft  bit^,  com  leaf;  dflAt'fi,  oom  husk;  nceti, 
ripe;  nti  (nest'A,  dlno't^),  it  ripens. 

nadt  yishqizh  (yfylzh,  deshqish),  I  pluclr  com;  nadA  yiahdttd 
(yltdlftd,  deshdliU),   I  tear  the  ear  from  the  stock;  nadA  bMidlfld 


)l)S. 


(1)«iillfi(1.  l»1ili«hilli\n.  I  liiwli  com,  iir  tiaiU  yish6  (.vthhA.  i)(^h6\ 
I  nhiick  tbf  ctinu 

muU  yiMliki'  CvlKa.  ileshKat^  I  ^nm\  curn;  clil)  )>iim  .viahU', 
I  ifriiiil  s^'ihIh;   aU4n,  fluiir.  iik*hI,  coruiiiual. 

iMhlfl  Uj&d!4lii)f  ((<|Hii!>^ni,  tiiafdejihni).  or  tqA'osh'ni  <tqa'i)t^ni.  tqa'- 
idfjihnl),  I  Icncatl  dou);li;  ^1,  rnlnr,  jiinipcir:  gi\A  &i\in.  witlumt 
rnlar:  tTahchl.  or  iPshcKf,  rvdur  ashch. 

lit'DtlotHI.  .>aliva-tfltir<iRc;  ttlfffil.  it  is  chewi^d  ami  atlilnl  to  it; 
Nirtfl'fni.  bakint!  powder. 

nmdft  yUlib^zh  (Oi^lh^zh,  divihlilsh),  I  bvil  cum;  ntnit  .vlst^ 
(>t#W*',  (leNl?())).  I  roast  corn. 

t(|6MbrMn  IshW  (fAhhi.  a»l<'.^liHl>.  T  prfpar**  a  stiff  imish.  With 
ff»-  fxci'ptions  ishl6  is  (isinJ  for  prcimriii'/  food:  tqatii'nil  ishl^, 
I  niaki-  friwi'ti  riiiiKh;   t(|ilbri\vir/tni  iKhl<^.  I  t>aki>  furii  in  hiiKkft. 

t4|a'4tt)i'nit  (ttia'ish'till.  ttiadcstrnft).  I  mix  with  H'att*r:  tqA'nil. 
ifntrl.  purritlifp. 

iqana'iahffT/h  (tqa'niihityizh.  tq£'n<1osh}f[sh),  I  iitakc  a  ntifT  miiAb 
<rnt  the  irater  [  t]):  t4)&n&.sheizh.  a  •HiS  mush. 

Ui6  ihlshnU  (tqd  thl'nil,  t^id  idesh'nU),  I  stir  in  wat4T;  tqo  ihi* 
nil.  a  porridire. 

hi  yifthklii^l  ^yishkhlil.  drahkliltl,  I  eat  brtwh  or.  l^hilKhOzh 
ywhktUtd.  I  i*at  baked  corn-bread:  n&nnskliAdi  yishkhitd.  I  i*at 
jrnddle  caki.4t:  le^'ftn  yiisbkhi^d.  I  t>Ht  njll-cake>:  dil  ykbkUa^l, 
1  fat  bliMMl  »giiina^;  helaftflna  yishkh^l.  I  i>nt  an  apple. 

U(nf»<hbl>:hi  yinhj^l  (yishd^l,  di'shdfl),  I  i>at  dimiplinfr^:  ilxi- 
iIk^^Imi  .xtPilul^K  I  t'lit  <a  nniiibi-r  of)  |H-ai'lies. 

tqA'nfl  yintniT*  (yfhMi'*,  ilfst>l&'),  I  fut  iinish  or  itorridge: 
liPfllittf^  'ii*t/&fc\  1  twt  a  stfw.  of  which  there  are  varioUK  kinda: 
wi*  bJi^itM*,  a  b4!«-wtH.-d  Mtt'w;  trdc-lUu  b^i^ltii^',  onion  oti*w; 
diMK^tMi  hr-PltJ(*'.  jK-ach  -t^w;  nr,  dxldz^tso  Isti*',  I  eat  iH-«che« 
^wi-il:  hnrlUIA'  b^J^ltM^*.  a  iramot  ntpw:  nd'^h  Ii^^Iik4'.  u   bran 


nadtt  yi«h'^l  (yl'al,  deahaJ),  I  eat  nioKtini;  (^H^^. 

itqA  yiahilU  (ytslHllH,  deshdillt.  1  i-at  (drink)  muft. 

at*r  yishffUU  (.virihjfhAI.  dt-^hjj'hAI).    I   rat   meat  of  any  kind. 


9I« 


i.v  ETnyoLOGH-  nmosAHr. 


dtfbj  hilfd*.  iiiutttin:  M^shi  hiLsf.  bevf;  IT  bitsf,  hoi 
tiiAzhi  hiisf.  i(i:kf*.r  meat:  shilsU  bitsf.  bear  meat;  jAJl 
Hnt4>lop(<  iiieftt:  jrf'  bitsf.  rabbit  mcvt.  awl  so  ou  «'ith  al 

«>f  venison. 

shfl  nrinll.  d-aponitn),  driiNl  in  tlw'  sun:  sha  nlnlshnfl 
nfnll,  or  shS  n^till.  shft  ndpshnll).  I  plucp  it  on  the  stinn| 

tfd',  a  KtHRs;  rhll,  n  plant:  chll  hinft.  or  dill  hnaatsP 
cRil  bitiH  nuD>ibd{^  (nanlde\  ilfneshdA*).  1  shake  out  fteed 
or  hitAfn,  its  stalk;   bit«i1ii,  iV*  pith, 

.Wiwhb^'  CvfbT,  yjdrahb^t,  or  ytHeshbfl).  I  tether,  pid 
ilzid7J*tHo  yinshbi^*.  I  pick  pc>acbf*;  cHil  binA  yinshM*,  ^ 
wmhIs;  hashllftn  .vinshb^'.  I  gath  t  yucca  fr-uit;  qftsh  ylmj 
qfish  whAshh^  (yihl,  yiilfehhel),  I  pick  cictiis;  qAsh 
cncliiK  picki>n>. 

n^sddu',  dmnl  yucca  Hynip:  jinKI6iE,  it  in  pressi'd   in 
nIshdA);  (ii4(ldn</.  dfiiosbd6'),  I  niako  a  heap  of  it  with  ng 

atsf  atlcfnlHhjjrosh  lalKfnilffizh.  nlkidiiK^hj^ish).  I  stj 
Ntri-ich.  I  ji>i-k  ntfat;  nlkfinlk'l^h  tidmistT.  ii  tini>  of  jorke 
atlcfoiltrlith  bAnaJL'thtT  Ibaos^hfl'.  bandiVshtT).  I  huuv  jork< 
on  n  line:  alKfnilglsh  sagin,  the  jerked  meat  in  dried:  al 
alcft*  b)ui.snll,  ji'rkinl  meat  pounded  and  frind  in  lani 
coolwl  fried  jerked  nieat. 

ifA  na'Asttl  |a>i'5zid.  ikI^kID,  I  mix  morsels  in  a  potJ 

at.sf  yishbtfjth,  I  boil  nient;  atsf  yi*if^,  I  r<Mwt  or  boil 


i^ 


CUMMKKCIAL   ARTICLES. 


4 

boil 

I 


ha.  bread;  ha  tl^khAi.  M|iiare  bread,  crackers;  ba  liil 
cake:  ba»d^l  (Sp.).  pie;  nmmlevrfa  (Sp.),  butter;  fc^so  ( 
ihf'  nefiRI".  clM»esi*. 

yRdizfui,  which  staniK  eri>ct,  caaueil  i;Dod$,  a  tin  can; 
(Sp.),  apple;  bite^  liulAai,   or  belnsAna  bits^  hidAoi.   th 
with  a  tail,    canned    pears;  iWAiMtso,   cannnl   peaches; 
fttWi,  canned  arrape«:  cIinnft*fttr<Sitsf»,  pmnefi:  hashUAn.  Rgji 
dzidic^  <)oliAxhi,  a|tricnts. 


Footm. 


21 


nKIU  li'lhicr.  or  any  iinlcDtiwn  Vfj,'rt)iblr;  cBll  )a  .'uiifi,  t^atiha^f, 
^iiiUflow-t<r:  chll  lichtiifi.  n  luiiiatu.  luilisli,  iMi-t;  clUI  Ifteu  lukbjlii- 
i<fj.  au  omtitre;  clill  him)  dukAzliiifi,  «  Ictiiuri. 

iiAmiHiOto,  a  puUto;  iiAiinu'itsu  IdkhiiuK'i,  •  sweet  iH'tatu. 

•lAkiU  Itkbini").  or  akhdx  lakhAoi.  su^ar  cuae^  Ryruii. 

»l6s,  (Sp. ),  r\tr. 

nit'dli  niiniAzij'i.  |K<as. 

alk^tl>ii.  cttiii).v;  n^kl^stUs  <ii)ki.s6i(lt}!.  »)k(<liwil[K>,  I  twist  it. 

laU.  «aJt;  ANtillakliAQ,  ».ii^ar:  aze  dlchi,  peppi>i-. 

HKVERAOErt. 


I 


IqulfKil  ^tqAlb&ht'.  frr!V»fa  ^>-at4>r,  is  a  native  intuxicinit  bit^vreil 
fruiti  cnm.  Mnd  pratnihly  uf  Chii'irahim-A|Hi(*)u-  intrtxluction. 
Matiiml  or  slii:)itl,v  iiiattinni  mm  is  hiirii-d  until  it  beieiiiH  to 
spnitit.  aft^T  wliicb  it  is  ffruiind  to  a  very  Mnc  tiK>al.  To  this 
beriM  arc  mldt'il  with  water,  uiul  the  iiilxtiire  Ik  tbeu  boilLnl  fur 
ftHir  tir  fivt»  (Jhi's.  after  which  it  Ik  put  afiidv  nuuin  in  cool  oil. 
fVrtni'ntation  i*o«n  i*<-l*<  in,  and  the  .M>.)imi>nl  of  corn  nrnl  iK-rh 
jnixtnn-  collect';  at  the  bottom  i.f  ihr  kettle,  w  Kile  the  gi-ay  fluid. 
'Iqi'tHiaf.  is  tfiith'-rrd  fntiii  the  •iiirfncr'  fur  drink.  It  is  said  to  \w 
very  iDtj>xic*]itiii>«.  and  whs  bivHivl  in  tlu'  fall  ami  spring  of  iIm- 
ypar. 

Owiiitf  to  the  facility,  however,  in  oMaininy  whi*;ke.\  nt  thiw 
nuiife  ati<i  le»*  cxp^'nse  and  labor,  tin*  native  bcwraKi,'  i*  raivly 
nuuip  at  present.  In  addition.  th«-  Nax'aho  are  very  fond  of 
whiakcy^  und  purchase  it  almost  at  any  price,  eH|)ecinllv  nt  their 
public  daucra,  when-  women  uttiially  cariy  on  a  lively  traffic. 
Orditurily  &  drunken  pi-rson  is  nut  abuse*!  or  molested,  anil  nu 
dUurvL'e  Kifhts  ti>  attach  (o  hal'tttial  dniakeiinesK.  IVer.  wiue 
awl  cider  arv  not  ili«pixi*d,  while  aoila  [Ht[»  are  in  Minh*  demand. 

Coffee  and  |i>ii.  with  stiirar  and  tfoal  milk,  an*  served  at  every 
titwal. 

tii<^.  water:  n<ihillA  leslidU.  adeshdlllK  I  tnke  a  drink;  yinbiJIA 
tyiahdll.  di-^UIIIlt,  I  tlrink  it;  Nlniti&klui,  or  KlmtlAfd,  ifive  me  a 


US 


A\    KTHKdUHiir    DIVTIOSARY. 


driDk;  natiabkh&  (oituAkbA,  uadef^bkhai),  I  y^\x*  yun  n  tlrink; 
nft'tiM*!  (na'ntzid.  n&Mi>Kfl>,  I  pour  it  out  for  you. 

t<)<))bal,  corn  whiskey:  ni«iA  dIns<!ifo,  sproutinif  corn. 

ntutlAffhAsh  (nipnit>l&shAzh.  or  imiplAghaxh,  ndtnolA^hiuth),  it 
fcmipnte. 

t«iA<lilt|U.  (lark  uat<>r,  whiHkey:  t(|^ltJtiIf.  ur  tqi^Dwt  yishdlA. 
I  drink  «'hi"*ki',\ ,  or  corn  whiskey;  ti|AtllIt)(l  uhqahtdzid.  a  cock- 
tail; tqi'Mtihid  tUtqan^fd  <Hlt(|a^zid.  :ih(|^li*^iH,  1  mix  »  cocktail. 

tsPdeyd,  oi'  IqAdiliid  (tqdJbult,  yv  tMrdf.\A.  be  i^  drunk  wiUi 
whUkey. 

j6vlld,  or  odii,  he  ttratik  Um  iniirh,  h(>  ik  drunk:  fihil  nAhoili-ylf 
I  am  dizzy  from  thv  «ff<H-ts  of  drink. 

njUbkhCi)  (u>>^kh&i,  nde«bkb<^).  I  vomit. 

yoAdiith'i  (,v»Ad1'H/y6&d!dfsh'ah.  I  put  it  asido,  1  ([utt  driukiDK. 

koqy^  (kiHjwi?,  kofwA),  coffpc;  cHil  ko«iy^he,  or  df  (Sp.),  t«i; 
ab^*.  milk:  hizh^  hnlAni,  beer;  cKflnA'dtr^i  bitq6,  wine:  belas&na 
hitqA,  cidar;  diU'hAshi,  or  tqfl  dllirhfishi.  water  which  iMips,  soda 
p(»p;    Iq6xls.  a  bottle. 


I 


CHKlKlN'tJ    I'TKNSILH. 


Cookinfr  iitenMllh  wen*  very  nientfre  owin-^  to  the  nomadic  and 
predatory  life  of  the  Navaho.      Oven.s  were  not  in  uf»e.  exceiit- 
inff  thi'  underjiTound  oven  nit'Titional  previoitsly,  for  bakint;  corn- 
In  iiKHlern  tiriie.s  ovetiH,  »iniilur  lo  thosi-   in 
use   anionx'    the  I'ueblow,    have    iM-eri    intro- 
duced   for    tiukintf    pur|ioseK.        Mitfih    and 
Kt«wa    were   boiled   in   eartben    bowls,   aud 
KOurdK  or  earthen  mikhhis  of  roiivenient  sijto 
wen*  ii<i*h1  us  <lipt>ers.     The  mush  or  ntew 
wa«  stirred  hy  means  of  ^lender  uticks  nuule 
of  black  greBAewnod  (()uw6Khi»hzbtn^  and 
ID  odd   DumtH^rK,  from  one  to  eleven,  iwtiie 
prefernnK  th*-  larifer  number  to  ihi'  leaser 
for  conveniente. 


FOODS. 


Sl« 


FCuro  was  g^round  on  thf>  millstone,  consistinjr  of  n  larjfc,  flat 
stone,  upon  which  thu  cum  was  nibbed  and  Krotind  h.v  tnenns  of  a 
onaller.  sUjfhtJy  roundni  stnno  of  ohlonfi^  shape.  At  present  the 
milLstiioc  is  xisvd  for  grrinditig  corn,  and  at  times  nUu  fur  cuffeu, 
tboQ^  coffoe-milkt  aro  purchaKnd  at  a  very  mo^lorati;  cost.  A 
flat  Btootf  H  still  tarjfel.v  used  hg  b  gi'iddle  for  fr^'inx  cakes  and 
paper  bre>ad.  though  oiuch  bread  U  nUo  bought,  and  modem 
pans,  pots  and  skillets  too,  atv  qiitti^  (rrnoral. 

Dishes,  in  the  sha|H!  of  plal4>s,  knives  and  forks,  are  not  coB- 
Biderod  iDdispeiutiblf,  and  the  old  citJ^tuin  of  «alin?  from  a  pan 
or  buwl.  Mid  itsiaf  the  fin^rR,  i.s  even  ut  present  oot  ubjijcted 
to.  Two  or  three  will  aUv  share  in  a  Hinjtle  cup  of  coffee  when 
cupA  art}  not  plentiful.  Goiirdn,  eArthen  cups,  burnt  out  pine 
vnrtA,  or  a  worn  and  hollowed  millstone  chippotl  down  to  a  con- 

lient  size,  furnished  fairly  convenient  drinking  vess^'U,  all  of 
wliich  have  long  since  b«>eu  diftplaced  by  china  and  tinware. 

khOM*  (khOnnt^'K  the  fireplace. 

ts^daahj^,  tbe  aiobitc,  lower  millstone;  tsMasbcHfni,  the  upper 
millstone. 

AftA\  the  cooking*  pot;  t<4^fpfi,  the  stone  griddle. 

haHhtrtHh  let^ft',  earthen  bowl. 

haahtrtafa  adtf,  an  i^-artliL'u  Kpoun;  ad6,  tike  goui-d  dipper;  tslo 
bix^  pine  wart;  be6lk&,  cup  made  of  the  worn  millstone; 
bi^dlini.  a  drinking  vessel;  beqa'lxhAht,  a  cup. 

wUstAiQ,  the  stirring  sticks. 


Hiirring   Stida. 


i*laft\  ft  pot,  pail,  bucket;  besh  b^ib^zhe,  or  bid&  buMni,  a 
ooffee-pot;  bits^  hulAni,  a  skillet  or  griddle;  beehblkhA'i,  a 
■tove;  lBldi\  a  plate,  saucer;  beah,  a  knife;  bilitqAi,  a  fork; 
lids,  ft  aqoon. 


S22 


AS  BTUyOLOOlC  DtCTIOKARY. 


Thoir  own  legends,  however,  account  for  it  in  their  own  ir«y. 
The  hanehiS^hcU*'  hanP,  or  moving  iipwanl  chant  legend,  records 
that  the  art  of  wparin;^  waa  taught  by  the  Spider  Man  and  Spidrr 
Woman  in  the  following  manner. 

"The  Spider  Man  drew  aume  cottoo  (ndaKi')  from  his  aide 
and  instructed  the  N'arabo  to  nuke  a  loom.  The  cotton-warp 
was  made  of  Kpider-web  (nashj^i  hitWl).  The  upper  cro8s-p<Je 
was  called  .vAbitrol  (sk>  or  upper  cord),  the  Iomtf  crofts-[x>le 
nf'bitrdl  (earth  or  lower  cord).  The  warp-sticks  were  made  of 
shftbitMl  (sun  raj's),  the  upfier  striiigSf  fastening  the  warp  to  the 
pole,  of  atflfDltrish  (lightning),  the  lower  strings  of  fshAbitlAjilchi 
<Hun  lialo),  the  heald  waf>  a  Is&ghadlndfni  ts^nll  (mck  coital 
heald).  tht<  conl-heald  stick  whk  iimde  uf  attt6Ugh£l  (sheet  light- 
ain;;),  and  was  secnred  to  the  warp  strands  by  means  of  nhsitldl 
billdestW  (rain  ray  corda). 

"The  batten-stick  was  also  made  of  shflbitHijilchl  (sun  halo), 
while  the  bJ^idK6i  (comb )  was  of  yAlgaf  (white  shell).  Four 
Kpindles  or  distaffs  were  added  to  this,  the  disks  of  which  were 
of  cannel-cunl,  turquoise,  abotune  ami  wliite  bead,  respectively, 
and  the  epindle-sticks  of  atslnltflsh  (zigza?  lii^htning),  hAjilctsh 
(Hash  liL'htning),  ats6Ughil  (sheet  lightning),  and  nHs^lfol  (rain 
ray),  respectively. 

"Tlicdark,  blue,  yellow  and  white  winds  quickeniKl  the  5pin- 
dles  (beedlzi)  according  to  their  color,  and  enabled  them  to 
travel  around  the  world. "^ 

Presumably,  this  legend  accounts  for  the  now  vanishing  tra- 
dition that  weaving  should  be  done  with  proper  moderation. 
Overdone  weaving  (aUtfltfy^)  is  ameliorated  by  a  sacrifice  offered 
to  the  spindle  (beedfzi).  Its  prayerattck  (biUet^n)  conaista  of 
yucca,  pr-t>cioiis  stones,  bird  and  turkey  feHtbers,  tassels  of 
graFH  (tfd'zAI)  and  pollen,  and  forms  part  of  the  blessing  rite 
(hozhAji).  The  liacBeyatq^i,  or  cha*yatql!i  (pra^'er  to  the  gods). 
is  recited  with  the  sacrifice.  The  custom  withholding  niaidons 
from  weaving  before  nurriagc,  which  was  formerly  observed, 
is  also  explained   by  the   fear  of  overdoing   weaving.      Little 


( 


M  AM  I7.V«. 


2ri 


or  nn  att4>ntiim.  hfiwcvtr,  Ih  |Miid  |4>  thiH  tradition  lu-^a.v. 

Id  1N4{>  Lieut  Jils  11  SinipsoD  hatl  thlN  t(i  say  abuiit  the  Nav- 
ihu  blanki't:  "  It  hwhik  anoiiialuiis  U>  inc  thut  a  rmliuii  Uviii>;  in 
Huch  niiM'rahl.v  cunNlnictt'd  niwl  Iu4l|;1^s  sboiiU),  at  the  suiiu*  tJlne. 
t*  capabli^  uf  makioff  |ir4»bably  the  U^t  blanket  in  th*-  world." 
Mr  chrn  qiiutes  tht*  words  of  Gri-'ttg  on  the  sariif  subject:  ' '  They 
(the  Navuhos^  now  al<u>  nmiiufat'liiit'  a  ■tiii/iilai'  Hpi'4-ies  of  hlnnki!!, 
kauwii  as  thi'  .Vnipt'  Niivahu.  which  Ls  of  so  cIum.-  and  deiiJH.'  u 
Icxturv  that  it  will  fn-qiit-nlly  hoh)  waton  aliumt  iniual  to  iruiu 
vla^c    cloth.       It  Ib,    therefor*',    hiirhly    prized    for   vrutection 

lifuit  the  rains.  Some  of  (be  tiuer  <|tialiliefi  aii'  often  sold 
mi;  the  MexIcttiM  AA  hi>;h  as  lifty  i»r  sixty  dollar*  each." 
An.!  in  tin*  Indian  ('oiiimis.sii>ner*s  Ki-iKtrt  of  1854  we  read: 
**They  (the  Navnhos)  are  the  inAiiiifacturerH  of  n  siifHrb  qiia1it>' 
uf  hianketfl  that  are  watorprotif^  wt  well  a^^  of  coaner  woolens." 

Tbesi*  i|Uutati*ias  sdioit  that  more  than  »ixiy  yeai-H  agv  the 
Navalto  blanket  was  au  obj<:?ct  whit^e  quality'  and  artistic  ext*cu- 
tion  (»xeit«4l  the  attention  and  appealed  to  the  autthetic  tARtes 
of  culturvd  and  eiliicntml  men.  Nor  is  the  inudem  Na\'aho 
blankt't  ln'hind  its  predeoe«>ors  of  sixtj*  i>r  sevi-nt.v  years  air<», 
but  hati  rmtber  iniprorn)  ftinei'  then,  ulthoiij^h  it^  repntution  Iuik 
RulTenK)  a  little  in  lat*^  years  by  uiarsi-.  inferior  work,  made  to 
ivll,  uid  by  the  introiluctioii  of  fitranife,  sometimoR  bideoiiK 
colon.      However,  blaakets  of  that  kind  are  not  and  never  have 

m  the  rule,  nnd  when-ver  traders  ami  bnyei-s  refuse  them,  and 

lifft  uptjn  t(ettin|{  g(MNl  ones,  iMtor  hlimketN  are  M'ldoni  foiiml. 
Tbr  NA\*aho  i.s  a  trader  by  nature  and  instiuet,  and  if  he  smh'h 
that  he  cftD  get  an  iMiually  g-uod  price  for  an  inferior  and  poor 
article,  an  he  can  for  one  u|ion  which  he  ha.'^  exiH>n<lnI  much  eaiv, 
tiuu*  aod  labor,  be  uUI  do  jUHt  about  nlint  Iuh  [wlefacetl  bi-uther 
woukl  do. 

But,  dcwpite  all  this,  the  N'avahu  blanket  to-day  ia  the  only 
thing  of  the  kind  in  the  world.  Mo  otlu-r  people,  whiti%  red« 
black,  brown  or  yelhtw  turn  out  a  textile  fabric  that  can  hv 
^•cmI  beside  it      it  is  tnie,  oriental    rugs  are  woven  in  umch 


iU 


AS   ETUSOLOnH-   hK'TtOSAHY. 


rtehor  pAttortin  thati  thr>  N'avalio  blanket,  but,  while  tbe  former 
Iwuiltler  (he  eye  bv  their  over-rich  Mod  over-crowtled  cleKigas 
the  latter,  by  tiK'ii'  wrs  barbaric  xtiiiiilirity  lA  itefiiifn  and  WfU 
i-bowD  rolorH.  pleaw  nrni  rest  the-  eye  at  ihf?  saDie  tiuje. 

In  th*'  foilou'ins  paraurmplvt  an  nttein|>t  ^*  niade  to  descri 
the  making  of  tli'>  Navaho  blanket  in  all  it~<;  dptRiU. 

SoBTtSii  TtiK  Wool. — After  shetirin>f.  thi-  wotil  is  c«pcfi 
^'lil■1ed.  All  cMHt'se  nml  lon^-haireii  wocil  is  put  aRiile  to  Im>  iimhI 
for  the  wtt  nostra  mis,  The  letw  cuame  wool  ih  then  sejianlPil 
fi-oiii  the  very  fine  or  very  short-haired.  The  lattiT  is  not  used 
f^jr  weaviuK,  but  is  sold  or  used  otherwiw.  H  any  biiiT*  be  in 
the  wool,  as  is  often  the  case,  they  are  picked  o«t  white  sortinr. 

AtfhA  altH&«lashj6l  (ultH£i)a»h^|ji>l,  H)l8A«iade8h)dlK   I  Mirt  taeii 
:-ate)  wool. 

A^hA  tM^  nidashjA).  1  resort  the  n  <«ol,  or  sort  tbe  wotd  atrai 

tqanltt^hi  flffhft  bawoshbi*  (ba.vfbi  bayidefthb^).   I  pick  bu 
oiii  of  the.  wool. 

A^hA  lilrKfzh,    ooante    wool;    afFh&   Ilxh/tii,    less  coarse   wool; 
A'jIiA  ml,  ver>*  fine,  short  wool. 


Washtno. — Tbe  wool,  havine  been  ^urteil,  U  sitreul  ii[Htti 
slantintj*  rock.  Water,  into  wMch  floep  or  yucca  r(>ol  has  bren 
put,  ia  broujfht  to  boil,  and  poured  while  hot  upon  the  woo). 
This  is  n-peatwl  until  tlie  wool  is  thoiiffht  tn  be  clean.  The  hot 
Mater  takes  the  duiit.  sand  and  grease  out  of  the  wool,  and  run- 
iiinif  from  the  slantioff  stone,  carries  it  off.  The  wool  ife  then 
allowed  to  dry  in  the  snn.  either  on  the  slanting  rock,  or  spread 
over  busheif.  If  it  is  not  considemi  clean  enou'/h  the  washinjr 
proceHS  niaj'  be  repeateil.  Owing  to  the  scarcity  of  wat<T,  and 
the  iiint^'  of  shii'p  dijis,  and  to  tht-  fact  that  the  »heep  are  never 
ke))t  under  cover,  but  always  in  tbe  open,  tbe  wool,  aa  a  nilr. 
when  taken  from  the  sheep  ia  not  very  clean,  and  may  re([uire 
more  tlian  one  wn.shin]7.  The  washinu^  of  the  wool  is  very  sel- 
dom neglected,  since  unwasbc<l  wool  will  nut  take  the  dye  reatlil^< 


i 


WBAflXO.  ^^^^  iih 

KQfl  if  the  blanket  is  woven  in  naturul  culorv  it  can  not  t>f  i-a.sil.v 
*cAA  or  (liflpcMml  «f  if  tho  wtwl  is  gtill  dirty  or  tfif«sy.  In  wnah* 
iiiir  w<M>l  tho  sanoimwuii*!  root  of  tW  yucca  plant  \*  preferreni  to 
'M»p.  ami  sine*'  lbi'i"«'  ftre  no  xreasy  or  fatt^'  «nlwunfes  in  it.  it 
lit  sail]  or  hplii^ttKl  t4i  havr  a  greater  cleansing  power. 

In  tbi>  last  few  yi-ars  ihi*  (fuvernnienL  has  L«tiiblisl)txl  stiPHp 
liipa  in  variotis  places  on  tin*  Xnvahu  ri-fiervation.  which  gn-atiy 
aid  in  Iti'i'piriif  tlH>.shi*i*p  cltiin.  as.  the  Indians  nri*  cumpeMiil  to 
■lip  tht'ir  Hhci'p  at  certain  Kfa^onx. 

AlfhA  yiwjfis  (hI&l'Is.  dt-sglK),  I  wash  the  wmil. 

tivhA  nant'iHtiTs  <iaift<6eis.  nwli-strts),  1  wash  the  wool  aipiin. 
[flirhi  riii)in  (liiclntln)  (I6va,  dirty  wool. 

Alfhd    aU&*   dl^tu,  irr«*sy    wool;    A^hfl   hashtrfHJi  tl^ya,    miiddy 
w*>ol;  sijrhS  \i»th  iWya,  itiiBty,  dirt.v    w<x»l;  i\(fIiA  sai  (Wya.  sandy 
wiMd;  ilifhfl  tTA'  ^]6,^t^,  wool  full  of  ]ia.v:  A^hi  t<|A  d^ya,  wool  full 
of  water.  wi>t;  A^lifl  t^ianAtti^fhi  di^ya,  wih)1  ftdl  of  httm, 
Avhl  iuist>it  (n&lt/^al,  nadt-st^I).   I  ilry  thi'  wool. 
UghA  uatiaHtM&  Indu&ltMii.  nuAdt«lsI>,  I  dry  the  »<iol  attain. 

fltrhfl  yiltfiaf,  dritnl  wool. 

InAdi-^litiAl  (nftd^Uwl,  i)iU)]doshbaH.  I  .npifail  it  (orvr  biwIieRK 
rd<>b4  t<|HnA|rts,  a  flhe^-p  dip. 
di-bf  tipirULst^is  ( l4ifln5illttHR<  tr|£nih<!RfriH),  I  dip  shctp. 

CABiMXn. — After  tht*  wtxil  has  Ihmmi  waahcil  and  become  dry 
ft  is  ifBthered  up  and  put  into  a  saclc.  When  a  uonian  has  niadt! 
Dp  hi>r  mind  to  w«-«ve  a  blanket  the  takeA  the  wool  out  of  the 
^ack.  a  )uimlfu]  at  a  time,  and  bejeinn  to  loonen  it  up  by  pulllns 
it  apurt  with  the  Kntrers.  as  the  wnt4>r  has  cnns4-<l  it  to  become 
naiEted  in  places.  Rach  handful  is  thtm  placed  bi*tween  two 
wo4^-f!anlK,  with  which  the  wool  \n  combed  from  one  curd  to  the 
<ithi*r.  until  the  hair  all  lie  in  our"  din*etioD.  These  wooI-cardR 
arr  of  modem  cunMrui'tioD,  can  be  bought  at  the  stored,  and 
eonaial  of  a  thin  rertantTular  piece  of  wood,  about  four  by 
wren  inchcti  in  ^m-.  On  one  Hide  a  short  wooden  handle 
i»  att»ch4><i,   while  the  other  side   w   w»vered   with  leather  con- 


•i^v>  AS  BTiiyoiaajc  liUrioxAKV. 

biinitiir  fin«  wire  teeth.  Tbej*  look  soniethios  like  a  Urn!?, 
square  hairbnisli,  with  the  hHndlo  attncht'd  to  the  back  and  stick- 
ing out  on  the  skle. 

A^rhft  fizfs  hi.vishjAl  (biyftjol,  hidoKhj^r.  I  put  wool  into  tbr 
Kiu-k;  Aglid  fizls  ii&luist^6il  ((|fiU&ttiflil.  ii&hiJi'Kttl^)),  I  tttki>  wool 
out  of  nek  (small  quantity);  Ajflift  flr.(ti  qdluiKltjAl  ((idb^Ol, 
qahid^shjdt),  I  take  wool  o\it  of  sack  (larK**  quantity), 

niulest«f  (imdfhsl.  iiadid^fttslt.  I  pull  (pinch)  apart. 

h^^qanllchadt,  wool-card. 

&eh&  qfinlshchAd  (qftnUchfid,  iiAdlncsheluU),  I  card  Uooacd) 
wool;  A>;tii  qi'iiitinl^hclutd  (qAnaiitlcliiid,  qaniullneMlicluUt,  I  cani 
tho  wool  again:  &Kbll  tianoicbild,  carded  wool. 

AifliA  daiilj6l,  or  dauftuas,  iiiattMl  wool. 

Spinmkp.— Now  conips  the  spinoinfr.  Spinnine  in  Navabo 
style  In  h  lonjr  an<l  tcdtous  ptcce  of  work.  Althoii^^h  tin*  spin 
nine  wheel  wii.s  introduced  ami  iist-d  at  an  early  date  by  tfan* 
Mt>.\iraiis  uf  the  iiH)utliwti8t.  and  altliuu^h  the  Navabo  luid  often 
wrn  Ihem  iim>  it.  and  luul  plent)'  of  occasion  of  bti^ving,  coo- 
structinj;  or  of  acquiring  spiDnini;  wheels,  yet  their  iuiiutive 
inclination  did  not  aK»er(  itMelf  in  this  particular  |>oint,  but  they 
preferri^d  ami  held  on  to  the  tedious,  tireiUiine  distaff  of  the  oM 
Fuebloe. 

Tbi.t  distaff  or  spindle  consifits  of  a  smooth  round  stick,  about 
two  feet  in  louiflh,  pointcnl  at  both  ends,  and  of  a  whorl,  a  iiniall, 
round,  flat  disk  of  wood  about  four  or  five  inchet*  in  diameter, 
with  &  small  hole  in  the  center.  The  stick  is  ]>a>!^ed  tbroiiifh 
this  hole  and  (he  whorl  i«  securely  fastened  abtmt  five  or  six 
inches  from  the  bnlt  end  of  the  slick.  The  stick  of  the  distaff 
is  usually  made  of  a  twi^c  of  Uinjll'^hi  (currant),  although  any 
other  stick  or  twig  of  hani  wood  dui.v  answer;  the  whorl  is  made 
of  any  kind  of  tsin  ndliAshjl  (board  or  lumber). 

The  woman  does  her  spinning,  as  also  all  ber  other  work 
which  does  not  necessarily  require  a  standiog  position*  titting. 
or  rather  flquattixl  Turk  fasbiou  or  tailor  st^rle,  upon  the  ground- 


irs.4  vryn. 


«*7 


In  wpinnin};,  shi*  takes  the  distaff  ia  her  right  bund  and  ■  piece 
of  tht*  i-nrded  woo!  in  her  left.  Tbt*  top  end  or  tip  vf  the  distaff 
»  nuck  into  the  wool,  and  with  b  few  tumR  it  eatrheH  fast  in  it. 
Hy  pitlHnjT  and  workine  the  m«(oI  with  the  tin^fers  <if  the  loft 
liand  it  i»  stretchni  out  iiit^)  a  Iodk  strand:  at  the  same  time  the 
(ttitaff  in  twirle<l  with  the  Hnu^^nt  of  th'>  riifht  hand.  The  distaff 
rwta  during  thi<^  nfH'ration  with  ibi  butt  or  lower  end  iipan  the 
gmund  anil  in  in  a  Htraifrht  line,  ur  nearly  so,  with  the  xtrand  of 
wotil.  A  Uev  tlie  bunch  of  wtxil  has  !)een  letigthened  and  straight- 
I'nnI  out.  or  tbe  strand  ha^  n^aclx^d  the  lenf^th  of  the  woman's 
arm.  the  distuff  b  broiurht  into  an  acute  angle  with  the  strand, 
aod  whilv  tbe  wonmu  keeps  on  tui-ninir  It,  she  wimls  the  sftraod 
lip  ami  down  npon  tho  tttlok.  This  is  repf-ate^l  until  the  stick 
beeonicH  quite  bulky,  when  tbe  wool  is  unwound  from  the  stick, 
wrapped  into  ballh,  and  put  esido.  This  proness  is  repeatal  as 
loQff  ax  the  wool  lasts,  or  until  the  woman  thinks  nhe  has  enough. 
For  onliniiry  blanket  purposes  the  wool  is  usuully  «pun  three 
timM.  After  the  first  .*ipinninff  a  thick,  loose.  Ilnffy  str-and  is 
«4rtAined.  This  is  not  in  a  BhiL)>e  to  1k>  used  for  wcnving,  and  is 
therefor  spun  a  MM^ond  time,  when  a  prett)'  loose  but  firm  »>trRnd. 
about  Bit  thiek  as  a  little  finger  in  produced:  thi»  is  the  woof 
yam.  Another  spinning  jfives  a  tt^rht.  stronjf .  liristly  conl  about 
a»  ihick  aiH  <mlinar>'  bindini;  twine;  this  in  iiseil  fur  tlu-  warp. 
Of  counte  the  (iimntit.v  of  yarn  depends  upon  the  size  of  the 
blankrt  the  woman  intendti  to  weave,  also  upon  the  firmness  and 
rani|)ttt:Cne«9  of  tbf  blanket,  which  nia.v  make  still  another  spin- 
hioit  nec4<MiaTy. 

awKz  (ArIMIk.  iUleadls),  T  spin. 

ijfhA  ytsdlz  (.<i*d>K.  desdU),  I  Kpin  wool;  na'ftsdfz  (na'isjMlz. 
B^'adrMlbit,  I  spin  airain,  respin;  &sbk  namllz  <u&HfMl2,  nadesdla), 
I  rmpin  wool. 

beMfzi,  diKtaff  or  gpindle  (with  which  one  twirls  or  twista). 

bfMfzi  bitflfn.  handle  or  «tick  of  tbe  distaff. 
^iifhA  i|aliasdlx.  loonely  ftpun  yam  (afti-r  tbe  flntt  Rpinninir)> 


228 


AX  ETHSftUHlIC   DIVTIOSABY. 


>ncH| 


i|alui-s(ll6  <qahadiz,  qabiileiMlis),  I  twirl  or  twist  uut  (tl 
tbe  tint  spJDnintr);  AjfM  qa'lKliii  (qa^'lfedlz.  qft^liyesdU),  | 
twUt  out  wool  (refers  to  the  Hrsi  apinninff). 

Af;h&  qaha.■«tM/^(l,  tijfhtly  spun  yarn  (nfh-r  i\w  s<-(?«>r 

quliAKt^il  (quhuhi^Ad,  qahi(]t^8tt4(U).  or  iljj^bA  qalstaOtl  (qi 
qAdiytViti^d)).  I  Ktrr-tch  thu  wool  out  ( refers  to  tin*  wcoml  sfi 

6Kh&  D&Dolxb^.  warp  yam  (afttr  thu  thin)  ftpinninir). 

Atfhi  nisniAs  (ii^»imiU,  dfnentiiAs).  I  wiml  wool  into  a  b( 

tlghA  nimfls.  !i  hnll  of  wool. 

nAtiolzht^  .visdiz.  I  spin  the  warp. 


4 


Coi-OKH  .\Ni>  DYK(t,^After  .spinnintc  tin*  wool  is  eitha 
itA  natural  color  or  Jyt^l  any  dt«ired  color,  SonietioiesI 
U  ti.vo<l  before  spinning,  but,  as  a  rule,  U  w  first  spiio  ^ 
dyed.  Undyed  woo)  is  distini^uitihed  according  to  ita 
color,  into  black,  whitf,  t^ray,  vtv. 

Dyes  aix'  of  two  kinds,  native  and  artificial.  ()win| 
very  I'laboratv  and  t-areftil  procew*  in  preparini;  soum 
Nax'uho  dyes,  American  dye^  have  been  introduced,  aii< 
preM'nl  iimkI  almost  exclusively  in  blaokeU^  made  for  tbi 
ran  trade,  while  for  their  own  use  many  insist  upon 
woven  of  nativi'  eolorwl  wool.  Sine*-  many  eolors  of 
invention  wert^  unknown  to  the  Indians,  tbey  had  n» 
piiltinu  them  harmoniously  tojfetlier  with  their  known  ^ 
consequence  of  which  one  sometimes  sees  blankets  whi 
been  Kttinuly  dewiifnated  by  »ouie  writore  a«  hideous., 

Tbe  followintr  i»  a  liKt  of  colored  wool  and  dyes. 

i^rhft  ai'd  at'i^fi.  hII  kind^  of  wool. 
ikgtik  U^il.  or  B^hU^rar  white  wool:  dob6  IfiiiCiiI  b&frt 
llTftl  bdirltd.  white  sheepV  wool;  &i;hA  tizhfni,  black  wo 
Hxhfni  t^AtrhA,  black  sheep's  wool:  fighfl  tAbi'i.  or  afphAlb 
wool;  deM!  labA'i  b&fihA,  or  deh^)bA'i  baf^hA,  >rray  sbee| 

iif[\A  Hchl.  or  AtrhDchi.  red  woo),  dark  wool  with  a 
tJnK<*:  'l^'b^  lichl  b^ghi.  or  deWUchl  bAichA,  red  shof 


WKA  vixa. 


Ui) 


AirhA  dudlzbi,  bliu'  wwA,  a  mixture  of  hUt^'k  iiml  n'lut<\ 

b^ilchfhi,  ml  dye,  witb  nbich  it  U  nude  tvd. 

IbfiltnAi,  .Vfllow  dye,  with  which  it  is  nrnde  yellow, 

boUjIhi,  blarlc  dye.  with  which  it  is  niwh'!  falaclc. 

bBAditJiKhi,  blue  dye.  with  which  it  is  niadr  btiie. 

dinllchlifi,  roddiRh,  or  rnd-brown  color.  rIro  urmI  for  brown, 
ttod  i%oQu>tiincH  even  for  oran^n'. 

ilioik'hl  br-ilchlhi.  nnliJish,  rwl-brnwn  (bj-owii  or  nmntre^  dye. 

UiAUfd  nabalfnip,  trreen  r«!«tr.  which  n^nnblo  water  Rcitm. 

biAU!d  nahalfni  bjtfilitrfzhi,  gncn  dye. 

t9iMld|t  nnlmMniifi.  purple,  which  nvsemhies  a  tA^tllil^.  or  fniir- 
iTpliH-k:   b<^lTd(^  naluiHni  bPilrhthi,  purple  dyr. 

tstn  lM>yilcht  iiah)iltiiii;i.  ■  de*-p,  dark  rtn)  color,  which  roeui- 
blvM  tbv  islu  beyitchi,  a  plant  from  which  n  deep,  rich  («x-blood) 
red  oolor  is  obtained;  titin  be.vilrht  h^ilchfhi,  deep,  dark  red  dye. 

debAlchi  nahalfoifi,  like  red-brown  sheep. 

di-b<^H)A'i  nnhal(iiisri>  like  t^ruy  Rheop. 

tttltfAl  iialulinii;i,  or  Ix'tViiltflsh,  indi^:  bj^&dtltrizhi  )izhfni|{i. 

fcb^nBt  drb^  HcM  nahalfot  iH'ilcMhi,  reddish-brown  ilye. 
^rt  art-  no  sjiecial  iiAines  for  the  analine  or  other  artihcifll 
dyMt,  if  a  difttinctifm   in   necessary   this   would    be  cxpn>MS4^  tty 
prt-HxiiiK  ihi*  woni  lH>lA^tia,  American. 

IHkimi  or  THK  Wool. — For  makinif  native  dyes  the  Navaho 
ilyer  m-i-dN  the  vi-itrtable  and  miripntl  Inifredients  required  for 
the  Rpecitic  ilyex;  a  jvot  in  which  tii  nmke  the  decoction  nf  barkn, 
flovera.  iwif^  or  rootA,  for  which  their  own  native  pots  are  pre- 
f«fT«d.  probably  hecaiute  the  acid  of  the  m<prdantA  will  not  act 
cheniicmUy  upnn  earthen  vcsscIh  as  it  will  upon  tin  or  iron;  a 
tkillet.  or  fr>'iiijir  pan,  to  prepare  i-ertain  of  the  iujirnKlienU).  ami 
a  ffw  thin,  ^lender  htickf^  to  immerse  the  wool  with,  or  take  it 
out  of  the  dye.  and  to  fipn>nd  it  out  to  dr>'. 

Each  Aye  conRiHts  of  at  lenst  two  inji'redienta,  a  colorinir  mat- 
ler  aad  a  monlant.  lutiiatly  some  acid  mibatance  to  Hx  the  color 
fanl. 


28U 


A^^  ETIIXOLOOIV  PJCTSONARY. 


I 


Black. — To  make  thi»  ilye  the  tvi'iirs.  with  leaves  and  I 
of  Isllc'lilii.  or  Ki,  atv  K>*th(>r4<U  bik)  cnmipk-d  tojfuthiT  into  smiii 
biiucbe-s.  A  pot  uf  water  is  put  ovi>r  tbe  Bit?  am]  a»  roaQ,v  of 
the  buDcberi  us  possible  crowded  iato  it.  This  is  brouahl  to  bolt 
and  allowtKl  to  continue  so  for  from  five  to  six,  or  more  hoars, 
wh*'n  II  stronjf  decoction  is  obtained. 

While  the  twijrs,  leaves  and  berries  are  boitinf?  some  piBon 
gum  ij6)  is  put  into  a  skillel  und  allowed  to  melt  over  a  f^loM 
fire.  When  melted  it  ift  fltiaineil  to  remove  dtrt  and  other 
impuritien,  replaced  in  the  skillet,  and  brouubt  to  a  hifch  degrcf 
of  heat.  Thcu  some  native  ochre  (ts^Skh^),  which  hai*  been  pow- 
derefl  between  two  stones,  and  roasttxl  to  a  lijtht  hi-own  color,  v* 
slowly  added  to  the  hot  ifum.  Th«'  pa.*tj'  ma-v*  which  resnlu 
from  this  mixture  must  be  constantly'  stirred  n\ncr-  it  will  lie 
spoihxl  if  allowed  to  bum.  (ircat  can>  miist  also  be  taken  tbil 
the  muss  doeK  not  catch  lire  since  the  plHon  KHin  or  pitch  i> 
inHaiiiniabte,  for  that  would  spoil  the  whole  masi*,  und  the  «ork 
would  have  to  be  hetfun  an^w.  While  thus  Bcethinj;  and  beinn 
stirrenl  over  the  tire  the  pasty  mass  iri-aiJimlly  yields  up  its  moi»- 
ture,  becomes  dryer  and  drj'er,  until  Hnally  a  Hne  black  powder 
remains.  This  powder,  aft^r  cooling:  off  somewhat,  is  thrown 
into  the  decoction  of  sumac,  with  which  it  readily  combtneii,  and 
forms  a  rich  blue-black  Huid.  This  continues  to  boil  for  about  ■ 
a  half-hour  when  the  wool  is  immersed  in  it.  allowed  to  boil  « 
short  time,  and  then  taken  out.  The  color  pi*oducefl  by  this 
dye  is  a  jet  blsck,  and  is  still  used  for  dyeing  >-arn,  buckskin, 
and  women's  dresses.  It  Ls  a  vers'  Aist  color  and  never  fadm. 
f>r  Matthews  nays  of  this  dye  that  it  is  ''essontially  an  ink,  tbr 
tannic  acid  of  the  sumac  combining  with  the  sesquioxide  of 
iron  in  the  roa8t«d  ochre,  the  whole  being  enrirhed  by  the  carbon 
of  thtt  calcined  gum." 

YBiAOW.^-The  flowering  tops  of  UfltAAi,  golden  rwl.  /Jfty.^- 
otria,  of  which  several  species  grow  in  the  Navaho  countr}',  >re 
boiled  in  water  for  about  six  hours,  until  a  decoction  of  a  detp 


i 


I 


W'K.i  viyt;. 


n\ 


.fellow  is  pruiliiced.  When  the  dyer  think*)  the  decoction  is 
iitran?  cnxiuirh  Kht-  hcKts  orrr  a  (ire,  in  a  pan  or  earthen  vessel, 
WRW  native  nlmoiren  cnllml  tM^  iloKAzh,  mline  rock,  a  kind  iif 
native  alum  or  rnck  suit,  until  it  is  i-ediif^eil  to  a  soinewliat  paat^' 
cooRistenc.v.  I'his  she  wids  fit>m  time  tu  time  to  the  diH-'uctioD* 
and  then  puts  the  wool  in  the  dye  to  boil.  Ever  and  nnon  she 
iru'iNH'-u  tlie  H'uul,  until  in  about  one  balf-boiir  from  llu-  tiine  it 
wax  lirai  immersed,  it  is  se«n  to  hnve  a>«umed  th>-  pri>iH>r  color. 
The  tint  pr^xlnced  is  warly  that  of  lemon  color. 

Another  procesa  of  niakintf  a  yellow  i»  a  decoction  of  the  root 
of  a  plaril  calle*l  chiit^ni,  or  ja^ni,  with  tsA  doRJ^zh,  native  alum 
or  Halt  rock,  chfitfni  is  a  plant,  or  rather  a  w(i>d^  belonj^inK  to 
(be  J'offoii'ifftii,  or  huchrht-nt  /ttfuily^  of  the  .siK'cles  Rume'jr^ 
eomrooDl>'  called  dock  or  sorrel.  l>r  W  Matthews  calls  it  linuifx 
hgmt^Konrpaluiii^  and  Dr  Geo  il  Pepper  saj's  it  **i5  commonly 
known  as  fiiiuiiyrr."  It  has  a  lonjr,  fleshi'  taivroot.  not  unlike 
a  siemler  [xirsnip,  throwti  out  a  dense  bunch  of  almost  lanceolate 
Icmres,  from  the  midst  of  which  there  rises  a  slender  stem,  some- 
timea  two  or  three,  with  a  long  spike  of  bloasoms  and  seed. 
The  plant  ut  a  pen'nnial  and  besides  multiplies  fast  by  tteed.      It 

difficult  to  erailicate,  which  can  be  done  only  by  digging  out 
ru«>t. 

*n«-  flesh^v  roots  of  this  plant  are  gathered,  bruised  on  a 
metatp  or  tietween  two  stones;.  While  the  enwhing  is  eoing  on 
M  doKfrzh  is  added  and  around  with  the  roots  into  a  imste. 
The  cold  paste  in  then  rollexl  between  the  hands  and  rubbed  and 
worked  into  the  wool.  If  the  wool  does  not  seem  to  take  the 
color  n^adily  a  little  wat«r  i.<i  dash<-il  on  the  aiixture  of  woo)  and 
IwHtc,  and  the  whole  is  slitfbtly  wantHKi.  The  entire  process 
doca  not  occupy  over  an  hour,  and  the  result  is  a  color  much 
like  that  known  as  old  gold.  This  process  was  witnessed  and 
dfitcribjid  by  l>r  Matthews. 

Or  Pepper  describes  a  thirri  jirocess  of  making  yellow  i\y'i\,  in 
which  the   bmised   roots  of  chttffni   are  boiled   and   Is^  dott6i:h 


m 


AN   BTUyoLOfilV  Mt'TlOXAltW 


adde<1  diirini;  the  hoilinie.      The    nool   or  yarn    to   he   Hyrd   U , 
boilnl  in  this  solution. 

Rei>. — This  is  a  purely  veKctiilili'  <lye,  all  ih«'  injfrwHptita 
heioK  (thints  or  lurtK  of  plants.  Tn  mako  this  Hyr  thp  woiiun 
Hrst  btiriiH  some  twi^s  of  ihf  juniprr  tn>e.  Juiujttmts  occidftiiulit^ 
called  (f4(J.  The  root  of  tH^i^t^ilfi/i.  ( WittenrfrnM  panri.folivg,  ti^k 
kind  of  mountain  uiubou'Hn.v.  are  cmshet!  ami  Nnled.  To  ibiA 
is  added  the  jiinip«-i-  ashes  «ni1  the  powdei-cd  bark  of  the  black 
aldor,  .l/fiN«  huttutt  twir.  fm-AvttJX,  known  as  Kish,  tosf^ther  with 
a  plant  ealled  nl^bftdlM.  a  moss,  which  acts  as  a  inurdanl.  Aftei 
this  mixtiiri'  has  boileil  until  it  is  thought  to  be  rizht  it  'u\ 
Htrained  nnd  the  wool  or  yarn  is  soaked  in  it  over  night. 
rwtull  is  u  tine  n-d  color. 

The  dull  reddish  dye  is  made  of  the  powdenn]   bark   of  lish| 
and  the  root  bark  of  tt^^sdAxi.   which  makeA  a  tine  tan  color 
buckskin,  but  produce.s  n  rather  jiale  shade  on  wihiI. 

The  brilliant  red  which  constituU's  tin-  ground  color  of  many] 
i>f   the   older    Navaho    blankets    was    uiaite   entiiviy    of   b«>'etaJ 
Rnyeta  is  a  wry   bright  scarlet  cloth,  much  liner  and  more  bnl'] 
liaut  tlian  the  searlet  of  thi*  Indians.      It  was  oriKiually   brouKhftj 
into  the  Navaho  country  from  Mexico  by   the  Spaniards.      Th*i 
Navaho  unrmv?U-d  this  cloth  and   rewove   it   into  their  blanket^. 
In    1881  Dr  Vt    Miitlhews  wrote  that   "the  Navajon  were  still 
larffely   uainff  Imyetu,   which   was  beinj;  supplied    to   llie   ti 
from  our  eastern  ciiii-s.      .Since    then    the    American  yani    hail 
beconu-  prctt.v  popular  with  the  Navajo  weavere.  and  many  verjj 
beautiful  blanketfi  are  now   u)a<le   wholly  or  partly   of  Germaa- 
town   wool."     Since  tbia  was  written  the  Itayeta  has  been  totally] 
replaced  by  Germantown  yarn  and  analine  dyes. 

In  former  years  the  Navaho  luul  a  native  blue  made  of  adtsh* 
trhb,  a  kin<l  of  blue  clay  which  was  pulverized  und  boiled  with 
ftiunac  (KI)  leaves  to  obtain  a  monlant.  Latvr  this  wa^  entirelj' 
superwdtHl  by  indiffu  (b^Miltllsh)  obtained  from  the  Mexicans. 
tlrine,  preserveil  in  larife  Zuni  pot^,  was  used  as  a  mordant  inlu 
which  the  imliieo   wiif  pourwl  and  the   wool  dipi>ed.      This 


WEA  VIM*. 


833 


Ukd  tilluwfd  to  HtttoJ  from  fivu  tu  tcD  ilnyn  uftur  which  it  wan 
muovMl  from  Uk-  vtiitwl  antJ  aft»*r  i)r,vinif  wsw  ready  for  iise. 

Gr«»en  »■»«  mtdr  by  mixinff  the  natU-e  yellow  with  inditro: 
(■ran({p.  of  the  nH)t  of  thi;  diMik  or  stirrt^l  niontiontd  above. 

The  store  dj-ett,  or  atmline  ilycs,  are  prepartMJ  by  dissolvinK  the 
ilye-Ktiiff  tliontiiKhly  in  a  cup  of  water,  nhich  is  then  poiirod 
into  a  pot  of  boitinv  Muter.  The  wool  or  yarn  is  moistaDMl 
fh'fon-  beina  dip|H-<l  into  ibi-  solution. 

For  dipping  and  extmctinff  the  wwfl  the  vooian  inakrN  xisc  c»f 
tnu  thin,  sh'ndor  slicka. 

diftiA  daaldin  yiK()(zit(l.  already  »puii  yarn. 

rhflchin  (Ki)  yifihbtfzh  <Hh^thtij:h,  dt>AhhTsh),  I  br>il  the  Mumac. 

j^  yist'(*s  (s^h^J**.  dc«)?ls),  I  roast  the  tfiim. 

(A^khA  yist'^  (h^H'^*'.  dest^H),  I  rooHt  the  iichrp. 

'fi^  fTiini,  pitch:   jC  tqaslmU  <tq£ri[l.  ttiAdeshtifl),  I  mix  the  (futn. 

jl^  tii^khA  bi^  tqashnft,  I  mix  the  Kiini  with  the  ochre. 

j?  diltU,  the  pitch  caught  tin',  burne<l. 

t^J^khtt,  oi^hre:  ts^  doKftzh.  u  kind  of  native  alum  or  rock  salt. 

chft^nitjAtffuiK  dock  or  sorrel;  ts/^iVstlfizi.  mountain  mahogany; 
ta^^sdfiei  Iwh^ttAl.  rm>t  »i  the  mountain  mahotfany;  te^Asdftzii 
bebCtfAl  bukli&ui.  moiinUiiii  inahotfatiy  root  bark;  ts^^f^sdixi  bitq6, 
mountaio  miibotfBti.v  juice  or  decoction. 

ffA«l,  jimii>cr:  K^d  didUd,  burnt  jimiper,  junip^^r  asliw:  KtRh. 
black  alder;  Kluh  bakhAifi.  alder  bark;  KfhsAi.  ffoldan  rod: 
nPhadlid.  mos». 

bi'ijfhi,  pot  in  which  black  dye  in  boiled;  bi'ilchthi,  vessel  in 
which  red  dye  w  boiled:  bi'iltsdit  pot  in  which  yellow  d>'i'  ia 
boiletl;   bt'idurfzlii,  pot  in  which  blue  or  icreen  dye  is  botle<l. 

iahl  (fabl,  idoahll).  I  dye  black;  lu'lthl,  I  d,ve  black  again; 
AffhA  ytshl  {y\AC\,  yid<^shil>,  1  dje  vvool  black;  i«th&  nauctshi,  I 
djre  wool  black  again. 

iidicht'  (ikhl,  ideshuhl'),  I  dye  red;  na'ishcht,  I  d>'e  n*d  again; 
AghAyiahchKjilcbi,  yideithchf't.  1  dye  wool  red;  AghJl  nanciahchf. 
1  dy*  wool  red  again. 


»34 


Ay  STHNOLOniC  Dlt'TJOXARY', 


i8t86  (fH8oi«  v\^\»6),  I  (lye  yellow;  na'ists6.  I  dj-e  yollow 
Mij:aio;  Ajfhi  ytstso  Cv^HMi,  ykl^tiao),  T  Ayv  wool  yellow;  &jrbl 
naneistsA.  I  dye  wool  yellow  affsiu. 

atltshtrfsh  (Rtlfttrixh,  A(l1<l^.shtrish),  I  <lyv  blue;  AffhA  dtshtltsK 
I  Hy<«  wool  blue;  k^hA.  nAndishtTlHli,  I  (lye  wool  blue  Bf^a; 
nidishtrish,  I  dye  blue  a^in. 

tq&t}i(l  iiahalfiitro  adishtrfflh.  I  dye  inven:  trjiUid  nahalfnigi 
ntih)^.  I  dyt*  (nmki't  (freen. 

deb^lehi  nahalfngo  yishchf,  I  Aye  the  color  of  red-bronii  sbp*p. 

dcb^'lrhi  nahalfni^i  afilil^,  I  dye  (m&ko)  the  color  of  red-brown 
fiheep. 

teSdTdi*  nalalfn'.'o  yislichf,  T  dyi'  piirplw,  color  of  four-oVIorkR. 

tfi^dUli^  nahnKnit;!  H-shli^.  I  dye  (niakf)  purpli'. 

tslii  biyik-ht  tiabalfiiKv  yiahchl.  I  dye  a  devp  red  culor,  like 
t«In  biyilchi;  Uln  bi.vilch1  nahalfoiiri  aiiihl^,  I  dye  <make)  a  deep 
rwl  (ox-blood)  color. 

ftifhft  yilzbf,  wool  dyed  blark:  ftahi  yilchl.  red  dyt-d  wool: 
AlfhA  yilt«i!ii,  yellow  dyed  wool;  ajjhft  diitri/.h,  blue  ilyed  wool: 
AlfhA  dinltchl.  pale  red  wool:  AifhA  diDlIji,  pale  black  wool;  ftKhA 
dinllUAi,  pale  yellow  wool:  ilsrhft  diiilltrfiih,  pale  blue  wool. 

ftghfl  t?A,vi8i  yichf,  wool  dyed  a  briKbt  red.  very  red:  AffU 
tHylsi  yizhf,  wool  dyed  very  black:  iltfljft  tXvIsi  yihj*<\i.  wool 
dyed  a  hriffht  yellow;  ij^hA  tllyLst  diltitzh.  wool  dyed  a  brij^bt  bltw. 

neibA',  fadoil,  it  got  gT%y  a^ain. 

neif^i.  faile^l.  it  got  white  aj^in. 

bPilchf  bitWjani,  sediment  of  red  dye;  bPijf  bitf&JBDJ,  Redintent 
of  triack  dye:  beitt^i  bitl&jant,  aetliiiient  uf  jvllow  dye;  b^iltltzbi 
bitr&jaai,  j^tKtiment  of  blue  dye. 

ai)esL<i1n,  Ktick  for  dippinjf  in  and  taking  wool  out  of  dye  |>ot- 

Af^hA  b1bii.st<i6  (.r^hse,  <liyi^Htse),  I  put  (poke)  the  woo)  into  the 
dye  with  the  stick. 

Ag^hA  ixabiifits^,   I  take  the  wool  out  of  the  dye  %vith  thu  Ktick. 

Affhft  tslu  bftkbA  nibJKts^,  I  spread  the  wool  on  a  tre«  wKb  the 
Httck;  ftjrhft  cRTI  bAkl^  nibistfl^.  I  sprrad  the  ii*ool  nn  a  btmh 
with  the  ^ttick. 


WKA  riyff. 


SSft 


PcTTiNU  Vv  tav.  Loom. — After  dyoine  sufficiout  y&ro  conus 
Un  impurtaut  work  uf  piiUinK  up  tin-  lt>om.  No  »|>(>cial  crrv>- 
moniwi  ur  lit^  mrv  couuvcted  with  the  frvctiou  of  the  looui. 
Two  pofttn  or  aaplinirs  <1}'^,  which  uia>  or  iiui.v  out  be  forked  at 
the  t^>|)  rod,  are  planl^  6nitl.v  ioto  the  cround.  No  particular 
land  of  wood  is  rnquirixl  for  them,  but  any  |>olc8  or  postfl  of 
Kufficirni  size  and  Htrru^rth  will  answ<.>r.  Sunictimes  two  tru4?s 
urowiajf  Huliiciontly  near  i-acli  wUicr  ari'  fit-lrctf-d  for  this  pur- 
poic,  or  a  truv  and  a  post,  whichever  la  most  couviiDiviil.  To 
tht«e  two  upriielit  iK)Kt8  or  Irecu  ar«  lashed  horizontally  two 
crottsboamH  or  braces  (2),  one  above  and  tl>e  other  below.  The 
loavr  one  is  elthi-r  totully  or  partly  imbedded  in  the  t^round,  and 
is  sotafUriiivt  iiHpd  in  platre  of  ttte  wei^htM,  of  which  later. 

Nfst  the  warp  is  atretehed.  Thut  is  done  supai-alely.  Two 
polea  or  mpUuirt  or  Iokm  (3  and  15),  whicbevur  ]»  bandietit,  are 
kid  parallel  to  each  otliui-  upon  the  ground.  Near  the  ends  of 
thfeae  two  lof[R  the  two  blaiikft  [k>Icii  (4  and  i)),  round,  amoothty- 
sfaftwo  sticks,  soren  or  ei^ht  feet  lonu,  are  tied  so  that  they  fomi 
an  ublonfc  Mptare  with  the  \o^.  The  warp  (li)  w  then  wound 
up  and  down,  under  and  over  the«>  two  blanket  pulett,  in  one 
continituim  ntrand.  iu  such  a  wa>'  that  the  strands  furni  approx- 
imately the  shape  of  a  Duich  elonnatoJ  hifurc  b,  since  they  crostt 
Mch  other  at  the  center. 

Xext  the  end  sirandN  (V  and  1 1)  are  put  on,  one  at  the  upper 
and  oni'  at  thi^  lower  end,  j\bit  next  to  the  blanket  [wle.  Thcs4> 
end  HtrandH  conMist  of  a  strung,  titfhtl.v  woven  cord,  which  is 
doobled  wbeti  put  on,  tnith  ends  betng  crossed  over  each  other 
after  nvery  warp-strand. 

Thi-  blanket  pole.<i  are  then  putted  out  of  the  warp  and  aifain 
tied  to  the  two  loirs  an  inch  ur  two  furth(^r  away,  and  anotl«*r 
ing  eord  is  wrapped  spirally  (7)  around  the  blanket  pole  and 
the  end  strand.  This  done  at  both  endti,  another  beaio  or  pole  (S>, 
which  might  be  called  the  yard-bi>am,  is  attachod  with  ropea  tn 
the  upper  blanket  pole,  while  the  lower  one  (IS)  is  aiiiiilarty 
*Ttie  lltrure«  In  Uita  and  follnwlnK  rater  u>  Illustration  on  page  221. 


?3G 


AK  JSTIIXOWOIC  inCTiONARY. 


attAcheiJ  to  the  lower  croeAbeam.  The  jiist  nu-ulioiHMi  yard-beuii 
\s  then  conDectm)  by  mnuiR  of  a  npiral  vo\v  <n)  with  (he  u(i|wr 
rrossbeEim,  «n*t  the  whulr  warp  frame  ih  raised  to  «  ijerpendicii- 
lar  position  botween  the  two  aprijfhL^.  aft*'r  having  K-en  (letacbetl 
from  the  two  k>^  lying  on  the  gTonnd.  The  w'arp-si rands  are 
made  tint  and  riifid  by  pnllinfr  tiifht  the  spiral  rope  ((H  which 
connert'*  the  tipper  crossbeam  with  the  yartl-beam.  ^ 

When  no  lower  croBsbcani  ( I .%(  is  iwed.  or  when  it  \»  not  luwsl 
fts  (iesrriN'd  ahovp  for  holdinjf  tight  thp  lower  part  of  (he 
blanket,  either  luf^.  stones  or  boxes  and  haffs  of  sand  or  stoot* 
ara  attached  Xn  the  lower  blanket  iMile  (5),  and  Bometiniiii 
anchon>d  int4i  the  trronnd  to  keep  the  wnrp-NtntmlR  Htrett^hi-d. 

Now  the  lK>n)iT  MtrandH  <8)  are  put  on.  one  on  either  xide. 
These  are  two  heavy,  strontf  cords  whieh,  with  the  end  straiKU. 
form  the  e<)(re  of  the  blanket.  U<4iully  tbey  are  nuule  to  end  in 
a  tassel  at  the  four  rornerH  of  the  blank(>t.  ^ 

Aft*'r  this  two  lonjr,  Hlender  stieks  (13  and  I-l),  a  little  Innjrer 
than  the  binnket  in  bniad.  and  which  miffht  be  called  beaUlK.  an* 
attached  to  the  wnrp-KtrandK.  Hie  tipper  one  (13)  Iim  looaely 
in  the  upiH>r  pnrt  of  tlu>  elonirated  titfitre  8  of  the  warp,  while 
tht'  otlier  (14)  IK  attached  to  the  outride  of  the  warp  by  meanK  of 
a  looped  Rtrinj;  (10).  by  which  the  rear  war]>-strand»  are  fastened 
to  the  Htick.  By  ptdlinfr  this  heuld  !«tirk.  <ir  any  portion  of  it, 
towards  herself,  the  woman  brinj^s  the  rear  warp-strands  forward 
beyond  the  fnint  strands  t<»  paw  throuirh  the  yam. 

(lalstTri.  or  yistfd,  loom. 

(iKln)  bnda'iKtf^  ba'i'fthi.  iipriKhb*:  (t^^lnf  Ailns^tqa,  crfMUibeanT 
(thin)  da'nal6'i,  or  nda^nalcbAh.  yard-beam. 
(tHin)  biltfdi'-'ujlr.i,  or  AiFAtMln,  np|>er  and  lower  loom  polea. 
hXcA)  l)eda'iHtrA  (be^lahihtFd).  apiral  beam  rupe. 
4tf&))  be$qfda*iHtM,  loom  rope,  by  which  iippi^r  blanket  |K>le  in 
tied  to  yard-beam. 

ah£n&^^  (bfinitl'l,  bonier  atrandi*:  b^itileHtK.  end  Rtrando. 
(tffti)  bedftndilt»6hi  bebihleMtfi^,  loopeil  strintr  on  hr-ald  -itirk. 


I 


WKA  VJAO. 


2»7 


n&nolxh^,  wRrt». 

binil  (I'M^nit),  tht>  (wu  biiiM  »ti<-ks. 

icMfr  t'^t'iit.  ttppir  hpRld  stick;  br^H'^ndilts^hi,  lower  hcikld 
stick;  t>ei^(l&mlildzoi,  ]nwt>r  hnklle. 

(tf/Vl)  l^dwitTl,  Ktrintr  by  which  ttH>  lower  loom  pok>  in  titti  to 
Weill  hU. 

Wlx!  U'llastTl,  Hanu-  ns  fMtvsoinK  whfii  y^icca  fibivs*  are  nst-d, 

bilii  nttWtfiinI,  ''M<>|£  l.viriK  on,*^  tis(.-<1  its  weight  on  lowor  loom 
pole;  CmTii  BUfslnfli.  two  Injr*  ummI  as  weiirhts  on  lower  loom  pole; 
trin  aKIsI.vfni,  more  than  two  lofr*  usvtl  as  weights  on  lowor 
loom  polt>;  tae  aKiM'tqAni  (akiKlntli.  aliisly(ni),  stone  lu^-d  as 
viritfhi:  }i*h  aKiNrU|Aiii(BkiKtnlli,akisf.vlDi),  gruuod  ur««(laH  weijfht. 

a'sebifi.  ur  fseti|&iti,  lower  crosttb^nm. 

ila'i^htr^,  I  ttH  lh(>  toutn  rt^y,  am  puttintr  it  up. 

da'istM,  Ja'hastTrt,  th<>  loom  is  ready. 

nanpflbih^  (na'rifshshe,  riaiKneshsha),  1  put  on  the  warp. 

H(h>r<t^l  (wl^lt««^l.  adldtVtw^t).  I  Ktri'tch,  tiirht4.>n. 

nanolxhjf  desbtlSil,  ]  Alretrh  or  tighten  the  warp. 

b«*f^k((lT(1Ix.  KhMttlf.  twiir  shuttle. 

WcAVlNo. — The  foundation  of  the  blnuket  i^  now  laid  and 
Um>  woman  gvU  n*Hdy  t<>  btiiUl  upon  it.  After  aprfatlinje  n  Mhi-ep- 
•kin  or  a  finddlf-pad  in  front  of  the  l(K>ro,  and  plactn^f  her  yanw 
awl  implenii'ntH  within  ciLsy  reueh,  she  Hquata  down  niKin  the  rufr, 
jnsi  in  front  of  the  Umju,  her  hir>i  folded  under  her  with  soh-w 
tiimt^l  upward.  The  warii-strands  hanif  perpendicularly  before 
ber.  and  xhe  weAvea  lH*r  blanket  from  below  upward.  8he  uMeti 
o«illK'r  drawn,  nor  painti-d,  nor  atenciled  pattenm  to  Rutde  her. 
but  arranffefl  her  Hjrurefl  and  desifrn^  a^  ^ho  protfivs-si'it  in  her 
work,  and  work>)  them  out  with  such  colors  as  she  hain  on  bund. 
Kach  color  has  a  aoparale  hall  or  akein  of  yarn,  ro  that  at  times 
a  balf-dozen  or  more  .vurns  are  hanging  down  tn^fore  hur  from 
the  warp,  but  rIk>  never  getit  them  mixed,  nor  makett  a  mitttake 
or  a  miiioalculation  tm  to  which  one  ih  to  be  iu»ed  next. 


A. 


tTHKOtofftr  MCTioyAnr. 


Now,  since  she  never  changes  her  pusitioo,  biit  retunx  her 
M|tmttinf;  potntion  until  the  blanket  \s  finiRbed,  it  is  evident  thai 
after  8omr  time,  when  the  wravinfc  has  processed  to  a  certain 
height,  further  weaving  will  tMTonie  incodvrnient.  or  toiallj* 
impossible,  unions  then-  be  Mtmc  eontrivanrt*  att«ehi.*(l  tn  the  loota 
by  which  the  work  can  be  kept  within  convenient  rencb.  AH 
mich  staffCR  of  the  work  the  spiral  rope  (6^  by  which  the  yard- 
benni  in  held  to  the  np]M>r  crofisheAm,  and  which  htm  been  tie*) 
within  enBy  reach  of  (he  wpnv<r.  is  nnticd  and  the  roi»e  U-t  out. 
The  Mpiral  knipw  of  tin-  rojH-  are  thereby  natiinilly  enlarired,  which 
cttiRes  the  yard-bcnm.  ami  with  it  the  whole  warp,  to  lower  down. 
When  il  ha*  been  lowered  (u  the  ilesirtnl  level  the  ro|)e  Ik  Hmilj- 
retied,  a  fold  t**  made  in  the  alreafly  woven  pni-t  of  the  blanket, 
which  is  lifihtly  wwod  with  it  \tirffv  darning  needle  or  a  sack 
needle  t«  the  lower  loom  pole  with  a  Rtout  piece  of  yam.  Thi- 
weiifhts  nt  the  bottxiin  are  rea<ljiistisl  ho  that  the  warp-Ktrantln 
are  again  taut  ami  rigid,  and  the  weaving  is.  reassitmed  nntil 
another  luwerintf  becomes  nece.s>ary. 

The  murks  of  thiR  Rewing  down  can  easily  be  Ke«n  on  all  ne« 
blankets  anil  often,  too,  on  old  ones.  They  run  like  a  large  welt 
acru»s  the  uhoh-  width  of  the  blanket,  and  ma.v  be  noticeable  for 
yearH,  even  until  ihi-  blanket  iH  worn  ont. 

da^tshtfA  <da't>'<!tT6.  daMi.veAhtrA)K  I  put  up  the  loom. 

dalstM,  the  loom  in  up,  ready. 

ashtM  (aKtfetrd.  adcshtrti}),  I  weave:  bej^ldli^  yishtrd  (s«trfi. 
dcjihtroM,  I  weave  a  hlnnket:  bi'i'ldl^  h  uana-shtrA  (nftsAlfA, 
nade8htf61),  I  weave  another  blanket. 

ijaasbtM  (<iase&tr<>,  qa<U-shtr61K  1  begin  to  wi«ve.  put  in  firvr 
yarn;  \stXA  bdhosh'A  Ibohol'ln,  bohidesh'&t).  I  am  learning  bow 
to  weave;  ashtTA  (j'ishtTA)  ba<1qaa>sin,  I  know  how  to  weave. 

atM  binn'nshtilin  (bina'n^h^ill,  hina*dfne.<thtqTi).  I  leach  weanng. 

anhtrA  hinishtfiA  (bini^tqA,  bidfneHhtqS),  I  am  practicing  weaving. 

cBa-fldiKhtfA  4ail^tr6,  ailide8fatr6tK  I  am  trying  to  weave  (but 
du  not  kucciihI):  the  pa^t  tenae.  cHM^id^tfA,  eonveyit  the  mean- 
ing, 1  am  tired  of  weaving. 


WXA  ViXG. 


SSft 


iu*<t»fitl  ftHhLfd  h^,  I  tini  i|iiitting  tu  weave, 
'fttijt  Mhtr6  b'i^hll'Al,  I  uluays  weave. 

diAkwi  j!  a^htfA,  I  wt^ave  i-vcr.v  day. 

bfl^ldl^  niiishtM  (iiitird,  ndt>Mha6)),  I  (inisb  the  blaokel. 

asbtrAvo  (^-mhtTAffo)  shilyaAt'ife*,  I  like  (o  weave. 

a>ihtrA|;u  (.vi'<htM>fo)  do-nhI(.va8h6n-da,   I  do  not  like  to  weave. 

ninesKuKu  yistfrt,  lowcly  wuven. 

<t'".h<»zhrt  DiuetiTA  dfl.  not  vf  r,v  loosely  woven. 

nkne^TAso  a^btTA  (.viKlitM),  I  am  not  wearhiK  very  I<n>8ely. 

ttqint'SUiftro  .vistM,  ti^fhtly  woven;  nqinestiilsto  ashtT^  (ji.ihtM^ 
lam  weftvinj;  tijjht;  do-wjini'stql-da  yistW,  not  tightly  woven. 

Uo-u|ine5>tqf£<i  ashtFA  lyishtTA),  I  am  nut  weaving  tightly. 

t|aimsliutl  (qan^hnll,  qade^thnn^,  I  tiuravel. 

abA  adioKhkb&l  (adinfilkbul.  atlin^sbkh&l),  I  make  a  frinyeii 
border;  ajiitil  \shi6,  1  uiake  (put  un)  the  eud  tassels. 

be^^ldM  do-iUniffi,  or  <lii'yaftr^biici,  a  poor  blanket;  be^ldlll  ilfni, 
ur  yaAA*^hi,  a  good  blanket;  be^ldl^  ntHzi;?!.  a  liaril  blanket; 
beCMM  ilzhAlitri,  a  soft  blanket;  be^ldlij  detqAnigi,  a  thick 
blanket;  bc^ldll*  att*llhiei.  a  thin  blanket;  be£ldl^  ntA&iiri^  a  largv 
blanket:  iH-^ldli^  aJte'lsij^'i,  ii  small  blanket;  beSldle  nnlbzigi,  a  lontr 
blanket:    bi^^blld  altiUtfiiici,  a  narrow  blanket. 

be^ldle  babA.  the  border  of  the  blanket. 

be#1dl4  cBtVftli  alehATihi  sell,  a  moth-eaten  blanket, 
rbe^ldlff  nfthMtfAd,  u  torn  (worn-tntt)  blanket. 

beAldl^  finldi.  a  new-  blanket:   be^lill^  basiqf,  an  old  blanket. 

•U  a&h^il,  or  nelk&ligi,  a  fringed  border. 

^-aidists^s  (yaadiy^hAr>8,  yaddiy^lsAs),  1  lower  down  the  warp. 

yanadistAda,  I  lower  down  thi;  warp  again. 

listaAd  (nad^^K^Od,  nadest^ol).  I  stretch  or  tight«n  it  again. 
'•AahkhAd  (naa^lkhid,  nadeabkh&t),  I  sew  it. 

yaAdtstsos  nB.shkb^,  1  sew  down  the  blanket  warp. 

be^^ldld  nadifitsAs  Inadfhj^s,  nadide£ta6sK  I  take  down  the 
blanket  (froiu  the  loom). 

b««ldl0  dahkliblU<^  {dahidflA.  dahidld&(ht&).  I  weigh  the  blanket. 

baAklM  aqfi'iiisU^  (aqS'nila.  aqg'dtneshl^),  I  fold  Ibe  blankeU 


^\    KTfiyOLOQlC  DlCTIOyARY. 


he^ltll^  a  la'dtinisblA,  I  fold  tho  blankeU. 

bt'^ldW  yisdls  (s4<dix,  desdis),  1  poll  up  the  blanket. 

be^KlId  <Iai»]TH.  I  roll  up  bjanketfi. 

bo^ldt^  niiKhti^lUl  (nais^hiA,  na'id^fihtqal),  1  unroll  ttir  blanket. 

bp-fildld  n<loshti|&l  (ndaisShqA.  ndaid^-shtqa}),  I  unroll  the 
blankets. 

iteiU]\6  hinlshrhid  (qAoflchftd,  qidfoRshchdl*.  1  card  thp  blank«U 

bc^ldti^  hailanrthrhitl,  <iadan^chad.  qadaddieKbchaM.  I  cani  the 
hIanketA. 

br^fdlS  yishshrt  (vtshshn*.  di'»h.*ihA).  I  brush  the  hiankot. 

lK>&ldl^  yixblj^  i.vflde*,  d(>.'4hdA),  I  clivn  the  blanki-t. 

b(*Mdl(f  dashdl!  idiUdf!*.  dfulcshda).  T  clraii  the  blankets. 

be«ld|g  .vish(|Ad  (.vigbld.  dfshf|&ll.  I  i^hnki-  Ihi*  blanket. 

be^dl(f  littMliqAd  (du'^hid.  dmlushiiAl^  I  ^bake  tbe  blankets. 

he^Idl^  lhist<)AH  (}hf}t8ds,  Id(>)tte6s),  I  put  tin-  blanket  away. 

bp^ldl^  ihtshnit  (ihfnil,  Tdeshnfl),  I  put  the  blankpta  away. 

beSldl^  naha-hni  (nabalnt.  Dfthide>hoi),  I  "«dt  (or  bii.v)  thf 
blanket;  bot^ldl^  shanfth&znt,  the  blanket  in  bought  fn>iii  ntt*. 

be^Idl^  yiKbtriii  (Kj^tltn,  dtwhtRnl).  I  pile  up  the  hiankel.s. 

br^ldlt!  sha'iHsAs  (sha'flbiiis.  xhadoltsAsV,  I  hnrruw  a  blanket, 
fpl.  nil.) 

b<>i^ltlM  sha,vih>iAtt  (flhayfltsiSH,  Kh&doH.>tAs).  n  blanket  U  jnven 
lo  nu*.      (pi.  nil.) 

be^ldl^  nanstR^N  inaiUtaAa,  n&'destsAit),  I  loan  ymi  a  blankfi. 

iMrLKMKNTti  UsKD  IN  Wbavin". — The  most  oeCfS8ar.\  and 
important  tool  or  implement  uftod  by  the  woman  in  weavinif  is 
what  miifht  be  called  the  baiten-Rtick  (benlkfnfltifsh.  ufliially 
proiiounreil  henUttdlJish)  with  whirh  one  ranw  or  fnlla  down  on  it. 
This  batten  stick  (  17  )  cunsists  of  ii  flat  piece  of  wood,  flcnib 
iitik  «>r  any  other  hard  wood,  abuut  three  feet  lonir.  three  inches 
wide,  and  a  half- inch  or  le.<u  thick.  It  ts  shaped  at  both  end* 
like  the  pr-ow  of  a  boat,  and  has  a  thin,  blunt  lower  edge.  With 
this  batten-<4tick  the  unman  separaies  the  warp-strandi?  by  insert- 
in>r   il    alt^'mately    iM'tween    them.      After    the    hntlen-Rtick    in 


H'K.4I  /.W. 


241 


inf^rii'd  idIo  h  [wrt  uf  tbi-  vvArp-Rtrapd»  bu  llutt  ono-half  is  on 
«ithrT  Kitlf,  in  iilterriRtf  order,  sh'-  }rivi-<i  it  k  twist  which  turns  il 
flit-M-'im'.  This  nMdirnll.v  op<*ns  thr  sh-iumIr  thi*  «i*kh  of  the 
batten.  i»r  ahoiit  threr  inchfH.  whirh  is  sutlici<-nl  to  jm-ss  through 
Ifau  ysm.  The  y&m  hninff  thun  placiil  in  poeition,  the  tuttrn- 
Htick  ift  B^in  turat>(l  i<<l}F<>-Hi(M>.  Hotl  with  tbroe  or  fuur  vigoruus 
(iownwiut)  blows  it  is  drivpri  tiirht  into  th*-  bristly  wnrp-xtmodf;. 

I'pon  tho  force  ami  oneruy  with  which  th«'  t>attei)-vtick  is  used 
ilepcnds,  to  a  ipreat  i-xtent,  tht'  hnrdnesH,  Hrmne:ss  and  durability* 
of  thi'  blanket.  FroqutMitly  the  web  i.s  ruinniefl  down  ho  titfht 
as  to  inake  tbf  lilnnki't  wat4?rproof,  so  thai  wator  can  be  carrio*! 
in  it  without  any  lianfor  of  Us  leakine  or  soakinif  throuffh,  or 
tine  bUnki't  may  hv  uticd  for  u  lifcti[ni>  tus  a  floor-rug,  and  in  RiK'h 
l4»iv«  where  a  whole  fainilj*  in  obliirp<l  to  walk  over  it  several 
tim^  a  day  with  wplI-sho«.l  feot. 

As  the  batten-stick  is  only  about  thn'e  f(H>t  lonif  it  wilt  be 
i-asily  undenttuod  that  the  yarn  is  never  iuhhpcI  through  the 
whole  width  uf  the  warp  at  one  time,  hut  only  through  that 
Kjiaoe  which  has  been  opened  with  the  batten-stick.  To  facilitate 
the  inftertion  of  the  batten-stick  between  ttu-  warp-strands,  or 
when  it  is  diwirable  tu  put  in  a  lonffer  piece  of  yarn,  the  healds, 
dewribt'd  in  a  precetline  paruirraph.  are  bruuffht  into  xme.  If 
the  yarn  ia  to  be  run  thntuffh  the  warp-.ttrajids  for  nonie  lenf^h 
it  IS  wrapped  around  a  .small,  slender,  smooth-shaven  stick  or 
twite,  which  is  itaasMl  throuirh  nft«r  tht*  manner  of  a  shuttle. 

beiiides  the  liirife  batten-stick  the  woman  usually  has  several 
vniaJler  tmes,  Komelinies  a^  many  M  five  or  six,  all  uf  different 
•iMft,  which  are  uxecl  as  the  blanket  »pprviacht«  completion,  when 
the  larire  stick  can  not  be  used  to  advantaife.  When  even  these 
amall  lHittJ>n-RtickH  can  no  lonirer  be  iiHed  thp  yarn  in  pushi'd 
thnruifh  the  warp  and  pre«84-d  ti);hU.v  in  plai-»>  with  very  thin, 
iuotf.  ^lender  fttickrs  or  wooden  needles,  called  lie'inaAftTP. 

Another  init>orUnt  iniptenient  of  the  Navaho  wtvver  is  what 
Riiffht  be  called  the  batt«u-coiub  (be$<lz4Si).  which  i^  a  coriihiiui- 
tion  of  a  comb  and  an  awl  (16).     It  is  made  of  a  piecv  of  hard 


t4fi 


AV  EThNOLOnir  nifmo'SARY. 


wood,  abt)iit  six  ur  cijrhl  inrbeM  Ions',  ^'oe  and  om'-bilf  incbra 
broot].  Hnd  uiiir-rotirtli  of  an  intrh  thick.  At  one  eod  tive  or  six 
cut«  arp  Duidu  inli»  the  wood,  furminK  six  or  seven  teeth  or 
pronff^  n'senihliiii;  tho  t<'4-th  i>f  a  ronih;  the  other  riul  is  whittled 
down  to  a  Hharp.  slunder  (mint,  scrupi'd  and  )M)lish<'d  od  smooth^', 
reAenihlin\;  an  awl.  The  comb  viui  of  thr  Kt-ftlzAi  \%  hj«m1  t^i 
prcRs  the  yarn,  ftft<>r  boini;  insertetl  h«<t«'ren  thr  warp'^trandu, 
into  position  Ix'fon'  rBmiiiin<r  thnii  honit>  with  the  batten-ntick. 
Thi»  is  done  by  holtlin  r  the  iostnmient  ns  one  would  hold  a  point 
brusli,  nnd  by  strikinj^  ■.'■eiitl>-  downwanis  upon  the  yani.  Thf 
awl  end  is  uwd  eitlter  to  regulate  any  iinevea  or  irregular  distri- 
bution of  thf  .varn,  or  to  loo«eu  any  |>att  ranitiied  too  tij;lit- 
The  boMrAi  is,  therefor,  oaixvially  ••mpli>yed  when  makini; 
looBcl,v  woven  or  soft  bInnkflM  or  rufis, 

benlKfnIltJish,  or  N'J^ttfiiltJlsh,  battcu-stick. 

benlKiniltllsh  attMAsiifi,  slender  Ismail)  bottun-^tick. 

beu)tr6.  very  KUialt  batten -stick,  uhmI  whi-it  near  fintshinj;. 

be'inaAitI',  lone,  thin  polished  twitrx.  used  in  place  of  batti'D- 
Klick  at  the  ltnishii)K  of  the  bUnket. 

tMin  l**6si,  wo»»deu  sticks  or  ueedU^a,  for  paminif  tbroUi;h  ihi* 
yarn,  ithuttle  neinlleH. 

benadkhA,  or  benad(ll6,  large  damlnir  nt-fdle.  for  si-win^  down 
tire  blanket  while  wt^vintT. 

t>e^tf6,  balls  or  skeini*  of  yarn  of  various  uolors.  for  wesvirtt;. 

ttiKlnlslitlfsh  (niklnj^ltllsh,  niUldin^tthitlsh).  1  rum  down. 

benikfiiishtllsh,  I  ram  down  with  it. 

dih&ndilkA,  very  small  batten-stick. 

be^d/Ai  (beidf!y>i),  biitte-n-comb  and  awl. 

asil/A  (fzA,  Adesdi^A),  act  of  nibbing  a  notched  aiicik  with  another. 

Baflsdz^t,  repetition  of  foregoiny. 

tsin  yisdzA  (a(!zA,  dut^dzdl,  I  rub  a  notched  Hick. 


MAT»:RtAL.>«    MY   ToOIi*    AND    ImHI.KMKNTS. As  a  nUe  UU  t»(pi«- 

ial  material  or  wood  mast  he  used  to  make  any   particular  tool 
or  implement,  and  whaU'vor  \»  uiost  convenient  or  hand}'  Im  niadr* 


rSA  VINO. 


243 


to  iunw(*r.      How€»v('r,  there  are  certain  kinds  of  tret*  and  tthrubn 
whow  wood  is  pr4>fcrre<l  if  it  can  he  had. 

For  tipnghti)  ani*  posts  will  do,  but  cedar  and  pifion  are  pre- 
fprrwl.  Fifion  is  preferably  employed  for  bt-amfiand  loom  poU's. 
For  the  Ktirk  or  handle  of  tbi>  clistalT.  U;6t>hi;l7.i,  (luwtbhixhiii, 
tstlfTE  or  KiDJir&i  are  used,  while  the  whorl  may  be  made  of  an.v 
kiud  of  tlat  wood,  board  or  lumber.  For  the  heald  slicks, 
Iml,  dnwiizhizhin.  ts^J^stflzi,  t'*ftnz,  or  any  slender  twig  is  taken. 
The  tfiln  t«^i,  b<<&lz6i,  benitTA,  K''iDadU^\  and  in  fact  all  small. 
nlrader  f^cks  used  in  connection  with  weavint?,  may  be  mule  of 
the  lanie  material  as  the  stick  or  handle  of  the  distaff,  atthniKrb 
tHtTiz  ifi  preferred.  The  Iwtten-sticks  are  iitade  of  ecrtib  oak, 
•tr  aiiy  liartl  wooil  (t^Iotllz). 

aiui.  cedar:  chi'dl,  pifion:  duwfizhirhln.  black  jfreawwooil; 
txlnl-Tix.  any  hard  wootl;  tKltHz,  Fimllfin  mpitu^tn  UrnjU'Ai, 
wild  currant.:  cli^eHint«4^c&I|i,  oak:  Ual.  willow:  tsi^AsirfKi,  a  kiml 
of  mountain  iimhnyiin.v:   t>dn  Dr<h<%hjt.  u  bturd  of  nny  kind. 

KiNin*  or  \^  KAVK. — ()u  her  simple  and  priinJtive  loom  the 
Navahc  woRinn,  by  deft  ami  dexterous  msiiipiilntion,  ik  able  to 
weave  blankt'tK  and  ni|^  in  tive  or  fiix  ditTen>nt  Ht.vleR. 

I.  yifttfA, — ^This  is  the  method  described  previously',  in  which 
the  WDof-KtrandH  are  drawn  hori/outally  throiiKh  the  warp  an<l 
rammed  tiirht  with  the  batteti-stick.  Two  healdi*  are  used  in 
thift  mode  of  WfAvintf. 

t.  >*ishbtzh.  -Thii)  word  meanii  braided,  but  is  uii«d  in  connec- 
tion with  blanket!)  to  desix'nate  a  peculiar  lijfure  or  run  of  the 
wtrb,  which  nins  diagonally  across  the  blanket,  ifivinif  it  the 
appearance  as  if  it  were  begun  in  one  oomer  and  woven  to  the 
i>]>|KMite  corner.  The  position  of  the  loom  and  of  the  weaver 
U  the  Mame  u  in  No.   I,  but  more  bealda  are  UAed. 

3.  i*froAa. — This  weave  has  h  wry  peculiar  apiwarance;  the 
wboli*  blanket  aeema  to  oonaiat  of  diamond  flliaped   fields  inwle 


of  which  are  other  diamond  shaped  Hgiireis,  sometiintvi  of  ■ 
different  color,  seemingly  woven  about  a  spot  in  the  eentcr. 
Tliis  Meave,  tu<>.  dependn  ujwn  the  numlier  uf  heatdn  used,  and 
is  mostly  employed  for  makinif  saddle  blankets,  altboueh  occa- 
sionally one  »w»  a  larifer  blanket  uoven  in  this  style.  The  won) 
i'fnifis  means,  or  rather  desijrnat«fl,  contijruaus  squares. 

4,  dlydg'i,  or  dlyAg-i. — This  is  realb'  not  a  special  style  of 
weave  since  it  is  the  same  as  No.  1,  only  tliat  soft,  loose  yam  is 
used,  which  makes  the  blanket  look  thick,  soft  and  fluffy,  and 
that  is  expi-«ssed  by  the  word  dI>'1ILffi.  or  dly^in.  Here  miebt 
al»o  be  a<lded  Germantown  blankets,  or  blankets  which  are  woven 
of  GenuantAwn  or  machine-spun  yarn,  and  bayeta  blankets,  in 
the  manufacture  of  which  the  unraveled  strands  of  the  ba,veta 
cloth  were  uaod.      Dayeta  blankets  are  not  often  made. 

6.  ditjf6si. — This  word,  meaning  fu».v,  downy,  is  applied  lo 
a  species  of  blankets  or  ruifs  the  one  side  of  which  looks  rery 
UUK-Ii  like  a  lonu-haired  sheep  pelt,  with  the  wool  in  .««iiuill  tufts. 
When  the  wnnian  weaves  this  sort  uf  blanket  she  has  a  quantity 
of  lonir-haired  wool  near  at  hand.  She  first  weaves  about  an 
inch,  then  taking  pinches  of  the  loiiK-hairoil  wool,  inserts  thiim 
between  the  warp  on  the  top  of  the  woven  port,  leaving  a  tuft 
of  about  two  inchett  stick  out  in  front.  When  the  wh<>le  row  is 
thus  tufted  she  i-ams  it  down  with  the  batten-stick,  wejives  another 
coume  of  about  an  inch,  inserts  another  row  of  tufts,  and  thus 
continues  tmtil  the  blanket  is  Hnished.  When  tlnishod  it  has  the 
appearanee  of  a  sluitr^y  pelt. 

6.  atn^>stMiii. — ^This  is  a  double  or  two-ply  weave,  which 
shows  a  different  design  on  either  side.  In  weavinir  in  this 
st>'le  as  many  an  ei^'ht  heatds  are  used.  By  uiunipulatinfr  thuni 
in  the  rii^ht  wny  the  desiretl  result  is  obtained.  In  onier  to 
uotlerstand  jast  bow  it  is  done  one  would  have  to  see  m  woman 
at  work,  and  |my  close  attention  to  the  manner  of  weaving,  and 
lo  the  arraniEenient  and  the  use  of  the  healds. 


WBAVINQ. 


34b 


yistM,   it  ift  wnvi'n.   n-eular   wcnve. 
.vUhMzb.  it  IH  braided,  diu^onal  weave. 
ifiruU,  rounded  within,  k  complex  of  sqiurt's, 
diydj{i>  OP  di.v6f{i,  soft,  fliifl.v. 
dtlMai,  fiizcy,  downy. 

alo^*^stMni,  H-oven  on  both  sides,  a  diffprent  desi^  nn 
rhbt-'r  side. 

yithblshj^  atthtFA,  I  weave  in  braided  st>')e,  ilia^unally, 

bHt|dI^  yisbbfzhjro  yisbtr^.  I  wc«ve  it  dioconal  blanket. 

iluiiaflro  ashtf6,  I  weavi^  In  ilnias. 

b**«^ldlS  i'fniiUpo  yishWxh,  I  weave  a  blanket  m  iinias  stvle. 

diy6ifi  Ag\A  bi-rVshtM,  I  weave  soft  and  tlnffy. 

he«^ldl(!  diyA^i  i^tfbfi  beyishtM,  1  weave  a  soft  and  Huffy  blanket. 

ditiiAsi  Ak^  iH^Attlilfd,  t  weave  downy  or  Hhagg;y'. 

be{^ldl^  ditti^i  &uiA,  beyishtri!^,  1  weave  a  shnesy  blanket. 

alii6>-«(tMni  ifshA  beishlM,  I  weave  duubly. 

b<-V^ldlC  ah>£*<S8tMni  hkHA  beyiinhtM,  1  weave  a  double  blanket. 

tfOl  bo^stMni.  a  Gennantown  blanket. 

iWl  befahlW,  I  weave  with  (Germantown)  yarn. 

lWil<iI(?  tiAl  beyishtM.  I  weave  a  (n-rinantown  blanket. 

naKulchl  i|Bh)ulf^i>ri,  Iwyeta  cloth. 

nftKftlrht  qahad^Vtiin  be^stMni,  woven  of  bayeta. 

be^ldld  nalUlchl  qahad^siit^i  be^tMni,  a  ba^eta  blanket. 

naKitlohl  qahad^lftiffi  befi^httA.  I  weave  with  baj'etA. 

beAldIA  naKftlchI  qahad^Rigi  heyiahtTA,  I  weave  a  ba^'eta  blanket 

THE   USE   OF  THE   UX)M. 

^KThr  fidlowln^  presents  a  list,  of  the  older  binnketfi,  and  of  aueh 
imileniH  as  have  driven  the  blanket  a  Rpecial  dtficriptive  nanie. 
Tbe  older  pattemH  were  few  in  nnmber  though  the  design  waa 

,   a  matter  of  option  and  vari4<d  aceordinir  to  taste. 

(bll,  woioan'B  dress,  was  oriL'tnally  woven  in  black  and  blue. 
The  black  color,  which  is  a  fattt  jet  black,  wait  made  from  a 
niisturv  of  sumac,  pilch  and   native  fichre,  caJled   te^kh^i  jf  kl, 


24« 


^.V   ETliNOLOtUC  DJCTIONABY. 


[•:<' 


■^  ♦  <•  * 


^   -c   <*  <,  o 


4 


while  tlif  hliie  wftM  indJifo  (b^«liUrfsh),  obtained  from  tbe  Mexi- 
cans. The  top  and  bottutn  of  the  blanket  alteruated  in  fmir 
lincN  of  bliu-  and  three  of  black,  with 
thf  b<xl,v  oJ*  thi'  blaoket,  or  its  cen- 
ter (ainf).  h  plain  jet  bUck.  The 
whole  WBH  bordered  (hfinAl^')  and 
tHRHehnl  (bij&nil)  in  blue. 

With  the  ititrodiictiut)  of  bii.vetJi 
red  wafi  substituted  for  the  blue  in 
the  body  of  the  blanket,  ihounh  ibe 
blue  border  and  tasseU  were  retained 
(dotTfsh  bcqAotFA',  the  weave  runs 
out  in  blue).  The  Holid  black  cen- 
ter, too.  was  rotaincHl,  and  graduall.v 
variuiLs  de.<ii(rDK  of  n<>d  and  blue  were  woven  with  the  blark 
llizhfn  bildeatfrt^)  at  each  sidv  of  the  center  belt. 

bCi  iIotTfy-hi,  or  hll  haliA  dotHzhi,  blue  borders.  This  wan  a 
woman's  shawl,  and  owes  its  namo  to  the  two  borders  of  blue 
which  flanked  th<'  rentiT  of  black.  While  the  bll,  or  woinan% 
dress,  wan  of  two  iiieces,  which  were  KewiMl  at  tlie  top  and  sides, 
leaving  an  openins  for  the  head  and  arms  only,  the  shawls  were 
made  in  a  s^inffle  t>att<-rti  and  tised  after  the  ntauner  of  a  nhawt 
nr  wrap,  much  as  tlie  men  u.%e  the  blanket, 

bll  hmaf,  white  fthawl.  wai  S4i  called  fr-<iiii  thn  alt^'malintr 
while  and  red  color  which  was  woven  horizontally  in  narrow 
Htri)LH  throuirhoul.  The  bt>rder  and  tasHels  wen'  blue.  It  wa8 
the  (nily  woman's  mimient  in  which  white  wafl  lutod.  and  wbk 
therefor  appropriatel.v  desitmated.  Tlie  woman's  dreiw  and  the 
>tha«  I"  are  ni»t  used  t<^-day  thoiij^h  some  are  nia<le  for  the  nmrkft- 

Ditifo  nodAzi.  horizontally  strii>o<l.  a  blanket  woven  in  alterna- 
ttnK  i«trlpeM  of  black  and  white,  with  un  occasional  narniw  strip 
of  red  added  in  the  center,  ami  the  emi  belts  of  black.  Rmt 
taKs*'l«  decorated  each  comer. 

A  similar  blanket,  and  one  much  in  ttenmiid  tiy  the   Tu-h.  wb^ 


WtSA  l7.Vf3. 


24' 


known  *A  &ln1  nn'fjlni,  or  the  blanket  with  the  bliick  (Htrt^ak)  holt 
in  Ci'nter.  U'hil<'  the  hin)y  of  Ihr  blunket  wtifi  Unnl  wilh  strips 
ui  vibitf  Kail  black,  (hf  cenU'r  wuk  nuiuuUxl  with  u  wiiJt>  black 
bett,  with  tuklttiunnl  rvtl  uik)  blup  RtripcR  witveu  in  between. 
Himiku'  belts  urrn-  wovfn  in  M|uidiRtaiit  intrrvalB  bctwoeu  tbv 
crater  belt  iiml  tht-  I'mln.  tbimirb  they  were  narrower  than  the 
oenttT  bfilu  Tlie  wirntTS  were  decorated  with  black  tassels. 
makinjr  •  tpfj-  attractive  blanket. 

n«khai  birHldi,  the  Mexima  rug  or  (H-tt,  was  a  pattern  bor- 
ntweid  fnun  ihi'  Mexit^ns.  The  wntiT  was  woven  in  a  belt  of 
blue  llanked  by  natniw  xtripH  of  black,  the  n'mniiider  of  the 
lilanket  alternating  in  t>ellfi  of  white,  block  and  blue.  ititerHpenu-d 
•I  tiptiunal  inlervaU.  The  design  whs  m  ver.v  plain  one  and  made 
for  thr  Mexican  trade. 

The  h&nolrhtdo,  or  carded  blunket,  «'hich  is  now  designated  as 
ibi-  chiefa  blanket,  is  pixihfthl.v  the  ehief  of  blanket*;,  though  it 
can  hardly  be  said  to  have  been  worn  by  the  chiefs  exclnsively. 
Hen,  too.  the  oritnoAl  idea  of  alternating  slripi-«  of  blaL^k  and 
white  if.  n>taiued  in  the  body  of  the  blanket,  though  »s  a  distinct- 
\vr  feature  thrt>e  xi^zatr  diamondri  made  of  small  cubes  of  blue, 
red  und  black  yarn  are  set  in  the  center  of  a  wide  belt  of  black. 
Th*'  interior  of  each  dianioml  is  a  jH-rfpet  white  Runnoiinb>d  by 
a  red  croBK  id  the  center.  The  top  and  bottom  of  the  blanket  is 
tiniflbed  in  similar  half  diamonds.  The  pattemfl  of  nxMleru 
blanketK  are  larnely  variations  or  modifications  of  thix  one. 

tia^fhattldni.  slitwoave.  No  spt-ctol  desiirn  seeuiK  to  liave 
bwn  axwiiened  to  this  blanket,  but  aD.v  blanket  nuKht  be  woven 
•o  a*  to  leave  a  slit  about  four  tinjift^ni  wide  in  the  c-onter  of  the 
blankei,  which  was  afterwanis  tace<l  with  blue  yarn.  It  is  gca- 
erally  stated  that  thia  weave  had  to  be  onrjunoiiajly  resorted  to 
is  onier  to  avoid  overdoing  weavintf-  Vet  it  has  also  been 
advaaoed  that  this  blanket  vrnt-  worn  by  the  men  just  as  the 
wofnen  used  the  bll.  or  woman's  dress,  and  that  to  avoid  ridicule, 
dM>  above  version  of  overduinir  the   weavinit  has  been  attached 


2-18 


AX   HTHSOLOOir   imTWSARY. 


til  tb4'  "slit-wt'iivi'."      But  tliis  sivnw  mtlipr  far-fetched. 

Ttw  ahitvi*  %T%-  said  to  be  iht-  old  AXyW  blank^t'^.  Olber  bl&iikvU 
1'AiK-ciaU.v  cIcKiiTtwti^l  ara: 

beSMI^,  ur  hefldlftdi,  tbe  uiirji,  iin.v  kind  of  blanket. 

diyAiri.  or  bei'ldl^  diyAiri.  »oft,  HiiHy  blnnket:  hot'-ldlfl  ditctdei, 
douny  or  slmirify  blanket:  uKfdnI'Dlli  faRldahi'Dlli).  "  which  tiv 
laid  on  sonn  thinK,"  the  saddlf  blanket. 

bef^ldll!  atn^>RtrAni.  iloubly-wov<-n  blanket 

be^ldl^  trrd  bi'Cstr^^ni,  (iernmntown  blanket. 

bejildlll^  nakiih-lil  iiuhaMrtsi  be^stMni.  a  Iwyeta  blanket. 

betfldl^  yi>hbfzhe*>  yistr^Sni.  diai^Dnal  weave. 

be^Idl^  i'fm&wo  yi$tT6ni.  blanket  wuvl'd  in  .siiuurus. 

b«£ldl^  dotftzhi,  blue  blanket,  nliiwe  prevailing  color  ia  blur 
with  orca-«)onal  re<l  and  black  jitripeA  intorsporAed. 

The  loom  WBfi  alm>  iute<l  for  wmvinir  •ihirta  for  the  nwn: 

le  dotn^hl.  blue  Khirt,  from  its  prevailing  color. 

K  ndadeitht-br,  red  8tri|>ed  shii-t,  from  the  rvd  !strit>e«  whicb 
ran  throneb  the  body  and  nleeves  of  the  ^hirt.     The  slet-ves  were 


Blut  Shirt. 


SAM  unA  red  ttripts. 


Woven  separately,  lac«^d  together  and  sewed  to  the  shirt,  whicb 
in  turn  was  lacetl  down  the  Hides.  Thfse  shirbi  are  no  lotiifwr 
woven. 

Other  articles  woven  on  the  loiini  were: 

.•*ls,  or  e«dzAn  btids,  woman'«i  *ii«h.     Originally  this  was  wov«o 


WKA  Visa.  ^^^"^  249 

of  bUck  yMm  with  «  l>lu<-  Iwnd  id  the  center.  Siuc«  tbtr  iutro- 
duction  of  ha.v<<ta  they  are  now  exclusively  woven  of  rwl  .varn 
uH  ftre,  therefor.  desiKnalpil  tun  sTs  tichligi,   red  ifirdle.     Tbeoe 


■n*  belts  abtitit  four  inctuvs  wide  and  Ki?c  ur  mun*  feet  long,  woven 
in  red.  with  Kiiiall  white  tIraiKiiK,  iiiul  Iudb  frinifps  nt  i>uch  end. 
The  »asb  is  still  in  ase. 

jAa^shi  tjnd  u^kIu  ),  ur  .vistt^  (.vixlF^)  tTuI,  tfartiT  struiffs,  used 
in  ^t«RinK  the  leiruitiifs,  ut-e  bRodin  about  two  inches  wide  and 
two  feet  long.  They  were  of  rod,  black  and  blue  colors,  though 
red  in  now  preferred. 

Tbu  laltMt,  hair-cord,  tLsed  xw  tieing  the  twir,  i^  of  the  same 
pattern  um  tbL>  garter  Htringti.  At  pruseot  several  strands  of 
common  twine  are  used  instead. 

icbflshtrAl  <ftcB6«htrdl).  or  H  bich6slitr6I.  giiih  i>r  cinch,  U 
aUmt  five  or  Btx  inches  wide  and  two  and  one-half  feet  long,  and 
is  provided  with  stont  fringe  at  both  ends  to  Hi'ciire  the  iron 
rings.  They  are  usually  made  in  red  with  a  row  of  diamond 
(•haped  tlguri-s  in  white  and  other  colors. 

atfliAxK  tfM,  uool  ginlle  ro|>e.  because  it  is  wot'en  like  the 
iMwb. 

dahAIn  fSp.  uimn^i).  xv.  the  >«haw|  of  Mexican  tntroduotioo,  and 
i«  not  woven  by  thi-  Xavaho- 

While  the  nnlinary  loom  wan  uwnI  for  all  of  the  above-men* 
tivDMl  hibricM,  smaller  ilevJccA  for  the  manufacture  of  garters, 
biir-coi'dit,  mnhtut,  cincbeK  and  cnuUe  conJs.  Iiave  gradually  come 
into  ttwf.  The  loom  for  the  sasb  and  craille-baml  x*  the  ordinar>' 
loom  ill  miniature.  Similarly,  the  prongn  of  a  forked  pole 
nnw  Niwwrr  lb*'  pur(KMe  of  uprights  in  the  garter  and   liair-cord 


no 


AN   KTUXOLOnir   OWTIONABY. 


lotiniH,  whili'  thi'  warp  for  the  cinrh  u*  fnst^mHl  iniiTH>diBt^l.v 
the  cinch  rio^,  which  in  turn  are  InKhrd  to  a  tn>r  or  post  in  • 
niannpf  iiicwt  ronvenient  for  opt'iittion.  Thr  warp,  hpald*  flhut- 
tle,  ID  fact  all  the  rarioiis  parts  of  the  smaller  looms,  are  derif- 
nat«d  by  tli«  rauie  nainoK  as  tbo«»  tiHcii  with  thf  laiv^r  looni. 
The  Boialler  looms,  however,  have  special  oaintM. 

tjtTtt<M  .vTslM*.   hair-corti    Uiom;  jin^zhi.   or  yititMlTdl  ylstt^J*. 
jpirter  louni;  fxldln  bizls  ylstFd*,  sash  or  belt  loom. 
H  hichOfthtrAl,  or  BchAslitrAI  yistW,  cinch  loom. 

l>E«oN8.— When  weaving  a  blaokvi  the  Navabo  woman  dow 
uot  liave  b«^f()ri>  ber  a  plan  or  il>  ((iKU,  otn'fuUy  worlced  out  in 
detail  tipoD  paper  or  btickftkJD,  nor  i*r«n  roughly  sketched  upon 
the  sand.  She  ma>'  have  the  figures,  even  the  whole  design  in 
her  mind  t>efoiv  beginnintr  to  weave,  hut.  an  a  rule,  the  design 
develops  with  the  work.  Most  of  the  figures  seen  in  a  Navabo 
blanket  an-  stationary,  that  in  they  reoccur  in  similar  or  differ- 
ent cDDibiDatioov.  or  with  slight  changes,  in  other  blankets,  and 
have  set  naiiM's  by  which  they  are  kDown.  Then?  are  no  circles, 
archex  or  n>ti<h1  cmiiers  in  a  Navaho  blanket,  but  all  corners  an 
sharp-pointed  a1  Angles  of  various  degree's,  and  all  lines  are 
straight,  oblique,  zigzagf  serrated,  etc. 

There  is  no  system  as  to  the  use  of  the  diffcn^nt  figures,  thai 
\h,  they  are  not  arranged  into  any  kind  of  hieroglyphic  order  by 
which  a  woman  cxmld  w«ave  her  life''s  history,  or  anj'  other  his- 
tory or  story,  into  the  blanket,  as  has  been  asserted  by  8om« 
writers.  The  Navaho  blanket,  themfor,  la  a  human  docvmertt 
only  in  s"  far  ■«  ''  shows  the  untiring  patience  and  diligence, 
the  exquisite  taste  and  deftne^m  of  a  semi-l>arharir  iieople,  and 
the  high  art  and  ()ualit)'  of  their  work,  wrought  with  such 
niniple  toolH  and  materials. 

As  for  designs  in  modem  blankets,  which  by  some  are  inter- 
preted as  replete  with  religious  Kymbolism,  such  int/^rpretatioM 
merely  nttach  an  imdui-  idttalism  and  Importance  to  the  desiga 
which  it  does  not  contain.      A  glance  at  the  nanMw  for  fiome  of 


h'KA  r/.Yrt. 


251 


the  deaii^Ds  will  Ikmif  out  this  point  and  show  that  these  namoH 
d«Ri2tiHtt?  tiifiirvs  found  on  paptr.  dotb,  or  uuythinfr  elsu.  Then, 
too,  it  will  be  rememthfifil  that  Nav&ho  woniun  ai-e  devout  and 
fiithfjl  clienta  of  their  n-ligioo.  possibly'  mort  no  thnii  tlw  iiR'n, 
and  would  scarcely  triRo  with  reli^fians  symbols,  many  of  «-hich 
ma>'  bf  virwod  id  oIBk}*  in  thn  coiirsi'  of  certain  riti>R,  and  at 
certain  seasons  of  tho  year  only.  This  con'^'rvatism  is  pra- 
iiuniably  n<spoQflibh'  for  thv  tabou  (bah&tlzld)  |diiC4>d  u|x>n  t\w 
fotlowiuK  and  similar  designs:  for,  thunder;  iHsfnltriiih,  zigzaK 
liffhtntDtr:  tq^hollKddi.  the  water  ox;  Iq^,  the  water  horse; 
Ah\gy$d„  a  horned  inuuMter;  ts^nahaU*,  a  monster  eagle;  tAtso, 
a  monster  Hsh;  tAlDtMlU,  a  t4irt4>i»e;  cfiu^'daghii,  the  turtle;  m&^, 
the  coyote:  l^-hiii,  the  do^:  chal,  the  frog;  niLsbA'i  dicKlKhi,  the 
homed  toad;  trist^u,  the  bull  or  blow  soake;  t^shttft,  the  track 
•make,  and  snakes  in  general,  in  a  woixl,  anything  harmful. 

On  the  other  hand,  deHigns  ul  the  tiatiillld,  ruinlmw;  ntftso, 
biji:  slant;  atfldlAgh&l.  itheet  lightninir:  KA.  the  arrow;  nihotsVii, 
evening  (wilight;  nAhodsetlish,  celestial  blue;  chahAlq^l,  dark- 
mas;  or  of  the  sacred  mountains,  or  anything  of  a  bcnelioeut 
rfaanacter,  ma^'  be  designed  with  impunit}*. 

The  folldwing  an*  the  names,  with  translations  and  dcscrip- 
tioiia*  of  socue  of  tbe  ligure»  used  in  niudem  blanket  designs. 
Thew  are  only  s<iiih%  to  gather  all  tlie  different  figures,  and  to 
deacribe  them.  »itigl,v  and  in  combination  with  othera.  would 
alone  till  h  volume. 


I.   dikhn  oAhillin,  (card-like),  a  siituin'. 

i.  bi'MilJI  nih&IIn.  (slingshot  like),  a 
tliam(»nd,  also  called  h5  t«o,  big  star. 

•H.  b4-Aditrth),  (slingshot),  an  elongated 
diamond. 

4.  tsin  ainiorJd,  (sticks  cruRsing  each 
4ither).  Human  eniSK. 

U.   p<6.  (fttiir),  St.  Andn-wV  cross. 

0.   l<illg<>  dex'A.  (three  points),  a  triangle. 


2ft2 


AS  ETUSOLOUiC   DICTloyARY. 


7.  vA  diwlizhft,  (poiDt)'  star),  four  lint'ii  crossrd  so  as 
to  form  a  fieun-  with  eiffht  points,  ur  a  St.  AoUrew's 
cross  drawn  through  a  Roman  cros«.  If  made  some- 
what lare^T  than  ordinarily,  it  is  also  called  s6  t6o 
doshzhA,  big  point))'  'ttar. 

B.  iidyii  n&hilSD,  (liki*  a  queue),  two  triuDKleii 
touchinfT  each  other  with  their  apioea. 

0.  tq&i;u  doic'd  be  df^fo  des'i.  <fotir  points  with 
three  poinfci).  four  (riantfles  tonohinjr  with  apices,  a 
Maltese  cross. 

10.  nifaokbAs,  Raid  of  tarite,  lunv  objcels  in  bori- 
xoiital  rotation,  a  .swastica  cross. 

1 1.  dftkha  iiAhAlInjiro  nAhokhAfi  hl'nlsA'A,  (a  nahokhoR 
within  a  card-like  fi|[ure),  a  swastica  surrounded  by  a 
square. 

12.  dftktia  n&hAlfni^i  bejUqt'AiE'A,  (card-like  fiffuree 
within  each  other),  squar«^  inside  of  another  square. 

Kl.  be^ittl  nAhAlfniifi  beJUqi'ftz'i,  ^slinffshot-like 
figures  within  each  other),  diamond  within  diamond. 

14.    noltTizh,  a  xiffzag^  line. 

1>5.  be'mlaiitr&^o  noltTizh,  (cornered 
KiffKaif),  irretriilar  zitrzae. 

16.  dana'&zkhftKo  noUflzh.  (a  row  of 
eiupt^'  places  in  uUrsag  order),  a  line 
re«en]blinfr  the  crown  of  a  battlement. 

17.  yistUn,  (freckled),  small  dots. 

18.  dokhlsh,  (sitottiid),  dotK  larirer  than 
the  .vifitTfn. 

19.  didcstSid.  spots  somewhat  lonifer 
than  dokbfsh. 

ta.  beMitn  babA  dolftffh&s,  (slintrshot 
with  M>rratefl  edgt;)*  diamond  with  ser- 
rated edj;i-.  20 


10 


II 


12 


U 


/\Aa,\A^* 


14-15 


lA 


17 


IB 


10 


wsA  Visa. 


ass 


il.  tMl&iirliaK,  a  tttfrraUiJ  liue;  b^sU6- 
liilfhAs,  (ftncipnt  knifi*  of  chipped  fliaC). 

ii.  Kds  yishcbla,  (cloud  inuKt;).  a  ter- 
raced Bffiin<  OD  sido  of  blnnket. 

8S.  hokhA,  (a  large  empty  place  or 
reccptucle),  n  larj^  tor  race- cdfcod  diamond 
iLtually  in  tbe  c«itter  of  a  blaokft. 

24.  faokU  be&lkh^izDll.  two  hokhA 
folio wiQif  each  otb^r. 

i^.  hon&khA,  a  bokhA  with  a  half 
hokhft  oo  either  i^nd. 

26.  noltHzh  alnrAzull.  a  li  'tire  with 
xigaitf  edve  iu  thu  center. 

XT.  dAlAebAs  bciUkhi^AzDlU  twu  lieurw 
«ritb  Avrrated  edtfeti  following  each  other. 

m.  alkh^  bdaEhi,  (^Minted  onefl  fol- 
lowing each  other),  a  row  of  small  iiffures 
with  puintK,  for  instanci',  v-shainu]  (igurefi 
ant  too  near  together. 

29.  ftnfkh«,  (tracksl.  a  double  row  of 
alkh^  mlazhA. 

30.  lUiidetiUltco  odaxhA,  (Htickin^  in 
oppoaite  dire^rtiou),  »anif  as  ftnfkhe  only 
that  the  HfTun's  of  one  row  are  reversed. 

SI.  MkldAlfPzb,  (tt)ucbing  each  other), 
a  row  of  (tmall  flirures,  one  touchioff  the 
other,  for  in»tanco,  a  row  of  small  fiat- 
baaed  triangles,  set  on  edge,  so  that  the 
apex  of  the  uno  touches  the  pn-eeding  one 
at  th<>  center  of  the  base. 


21 


sa 


23 


M 


XX 


28 


27 


1231  1  3 

2B 


31 


»4 


AN   KTUyOLOOlC  DICTIOA'AJtY. 


St- 33 


M 


3& 

38 


37 


^2.  Alkh6  I^fi>;li,  ifollowinir  and  toiich- 
in'X  i>ach  othi.'r'.  u  ruw  of  nn\a\\  1\z»tvh 
t:ut>ni-(-tfHl  by  shin'l  linw. 

ruw  of  small  Hiuarei^  ainiiccted  by  limw 
between  Ui«m. 

^4.  (Ielr.h&,  hattli'mimt'lilco  r-Ic  vat  Jons, 
inpt'ciun,v  iilonc  tbi'  bordiT. 

8S.  If  anolluT  color  in  woven  next  to 
(k>l;!b&,  and  the  iDtcrveoint;  Kpac«fi  are 
li>ft  a  distinct,  color,  tbe.v  nre  ■■ttllett  i'nil, 
«Dcto8ed,  encased. 

H6.  aiqlh&()ot^>h,  (tonchiiifT,  following 
within  each  other),  said  of  a  sncoesHion  of 
Kitiall  fi^tiren,  usually  alt>^^r  the  bnnler, 
of  such  a  form  that  the  space  between 
iheni  ih  a  reverted  reprwiuctiori  of  sauie. 

ST.  so  luiide'nl],  (two  stars  toifether), 
two  larjr*-  diamonds  in  center  of  blanket. 

38.  hoshdddi,  the  nuitte  of  the  whip- 
poor-will,  strewn  with  spot-t. 

39.  alnl  Azi,  (standing*  tn  the  middle),  said  of  any 
central  li^tin'  of  extraordinary  shape. 

40.  a4|Min}n&iro  dana'dzkliA.  (spaccfi 
opposite),  a  succession  of  small  tii^ures 
wboHe  interveninK  space  9hows  the  t^mv 
Keure  inverted  or  opposite. 

41.  afi^lr.dbS',  niiiwiti  a  trtay  stripe 
or  border  all  around.  This  is  tised  with 
other  rolorK:  ilndKai,  white;  jlcht,  red; 
dzfitK^,  yellow;  jljinf  black;  jfdEetftBh, 
blue. 

na&shcBi  (naHh^chfi,  nicleshcHft),  I  make  a  desifn. 
nashcHA,  deitiffned,  a  de«ifn);  ndeicBA,  they  denlt^n. 
benaHbchft.  ile^i^ned  in  (with);    niiA^hkhft,  desifirn,  ligiiri':. 


3K 


40 


VA\*.\V! 


41 


KyiTlIKfJ. 


i^r, 


Aiyd^i  nashcHft.  ■  flutf,v  bliinkoi  H'itli  a  design. 
(litMfit  nashcMf  n  sliaiftfy  hlniiki^t  with  a  ilest  .rn. 
hkhfzhifi)  naKticM,  a  B|>ott43(]  deRijm, 
^buritiKo  tiiLKhrliA,  a  speckled  tleKi</n. 
.'beMitn  hi'iia.'^licM,  dt-KiirnKl  in  diamonds.      (&vi-  Wg.  41.) 
Ld&klia  nahaltriifo  bi-nashcKi.  de8ti;ned  in  Kniall  sqiiai'es. 
Quildx,  «tripit);  dotTfiih  boiHtdAz,  blue  strip4<s;  lichl  Mgo  h^no. 
dAx.  red  strip*-*!  upwanl;  IhIA'  y&'jo  bi^ncxI/^K,  (ira.v  stripes  down- 
ward; Mtw>  naiiljbr».  <"■  niffu  bfnwlAz,  yellow  h«ri/-<mtal  stripes. 
sHiUIji  DoltHfth,  7Agzas  Hi;uiv  on  t'ltbcr  side. 

dotrf^h  beqitplfA'.  blue  is  woven  «ut,  a  blue  bonier. 

^bxhfn.  etc.,  bildestTA',  other  colore  woven  with  black  (on  a  black 
btckff  round). 

K.NnTl.N<i. 

Knitting  is  practiced  by  the  Navabo  to  quite  an  extent  I^ike 
wwvine,  this,  too,  was  ongrinall.v  borrowed  from  tlie  Pueblo 
IndianH.  At  present  only  stoel  needles  an-  used  in  knitting, 
which  sre  either  purcliased  at  the  trudini;  puntf  or  madi-  of  wire 
or  the  ribH  of  an  umbrella  (bechAhil'6hi).  These  are  broken  to 
the  pnipcr  lenirth  and  sliKbtly  rubbed  upon  a  ttone  to  obtain 
a  uiiooth  blunt  point  The  paint  or  enamel  is  worn  off  in  the 
eoonw  of  time  by  ronHtant  um>  of  the  ni-ivllea. 

Before  st*wl  and  iron  wbh  available,  knitting  needlea  wen> 
imde  of  wood,  for  which  the  sletider  twi^  of  teftfiK,  f'mri/^'ni 
rvptrola,  or  of  duw6zhizhin,  black  Kreu^'wv<^>  were  iit»-.i\. 
Both  are  ver>'  hard  and  suxceptible  of  a  smooth,  slick  polish. 

For  knittinjii,  blue,  white  ami  black  yamA  are  used,  and  the 
pnMDt  output  of  the  knitting  industry  is  limited  to  leggings  and 
fffoTM.  The  latter  ( lAjIsh)  are  made  with  a  aeparate  thumb, 
rnhhoajrh  in  late  yean)  some  have  also  been  knitted  with  all  live 
Baffen  rwparati*. 

Legging>4  (yiatH)  consist  of  long  footless  HtocktngH,  encasiug 
tW  leg  from  kneecap  to  instep.      At  the  top  end  a  raisecl  rim. 


S5« 


Ay  KTHSOWdiV  DlrrtO.VARy. 


about  one-half  to  oqc>  inch  wide,  is  knittinl  by  usiutf  /</t  stitcbpfi. 
that  is,  tbt>  .varn  i»  |n»se<l  fruin  left  tu  rifrht  instead  v1  the  lutiml 
way.  This  rim  stfonlh  a  haud  urip,  ami  alito  add^  to  the  w*«r 
ami  tear  in  jMillinu'  on  the  \egKitiu.  To  (liKtinKuiyh  the  riirlit 
from  the  left  loggMm-,  aiwl  the  insido  from  the  oiitskJe,  a  line  or( 
ridfre  is  knitti'd  down  alon^  the  outside  of  thr  le^^inir  in  relief, 
like  a  raised  Heam,  ti.v  iisinfr  ff^t  stitches  at  thiR  point.  At  the 
lower  end  of  the  h'tf^int^H  a  kniltitl  or  [ilaited  wool  n>pd  is  fw- 
tened.  which  pulses  under  the  foot  below  the  instep,  to  kwp  the 
leinrinj;  from  working  upwanl.  The  f<K>t  and  lowi^r  \eiiu\oe 
is  covered  by  the  moccasin.  M 

The  stit<:h  in  knittinjf  is  closer  and  more  liirhtl.v  drawn  than 
our  own.  Six^ciiil  rare  is  paid  to  this  feature  to  inHtin-  strength 
for  lonir  and  hard  itsairn.  ^ 

Since  lefirfrinRK  were  alwa>'s  conaidered  a  part  of  the  nialr 
attire  (women  have  begun  to  wear  them  only  in  rec*nt  yearsf 
knitttnjr  i^'as  and  still  i<i  mostly  done  by  thtt  men.  The  ytm 
leffgfings  were  not  made  or  worn  for  riding  purposeit,  for  wUch 
they  made  iegginga  of  leather  nr  bnckflkin.  and  both  were  worn 
at  the  same  time. 

ashtfA  (as^tr^,  adetihtfo}).  1  knit,  weave. 

yifrti^  yishtlA  («*tro.  de-shtfAK,  I  knit  legirinipi. 

lijish  yJRhtrA,  1  knit  mittens. 

yiKtf^,  (coverinir).  le^ifing:   kh^lqlU  tfoutv'ear)^  aturkioffakj 

lAjish.  (handbaifK  mittens,  gloves. 

yistl^  dotHsh.  blue  le-gginpt;  yi^ttJ^xhtn,  black  li>gviiit?n. 

yi^iti^lgai.  white  stockinffs  (leg^ingH). 

bxlft  na'astrd.  (reknitted  Up  or  rim),  finished  rim. 

khtlti)in.  or  qaAtqin,  irtwd  on  or  out  of),  ridui>  along  tbr  side 
of  legging.  f 

bakhftdi,  (on  top),  outer  side  of;   bi.vn.  (inside),  inner  side  of. 

didzfdgo  ashtfA  (yiKhtfA).  1   knit  stiiingl>',    closely;    nUxTtirofl 
HfihXti  (yishtM).  I  knit  tightly;  nanesK&go  (yiahtFA),  I  knit  loosely; 
nizh6nign  ashtlA  (.vi^htfA),  I  knit  niceb'. 


snSBP   RAtSlNQ. 


*87 


yUii^  bri^tMhi,  (»iih  witich  one  kniU),  knitting  iuh»<1Ics. 
biilA  riBhini>Hhzl)Ahij;i.  frinirtMl  nni  at  top  of  \&B^itg. 
hA«lII<lzUK  (it  Hrf>ppi>(l),  I  droppKl  i  stitch. 


SIIKKI*    RAISINt;. 


iivabo  cmiiitry  18  i>Hptfciall.v  H<]aptc*(l  toshvrp  rai^tinK.  an<l 
ihf  Nnviiho  ('(nially  wrll  Ktt'rd  for  pastoral  life,  a  coincidt'iic*^, 
which  pmrtically  luis  phif^itl  him  on  a  solf-siippartin)r  boHiR. 
Stipep,  horscti  Btul  t*.Bltli>  are  iini|i)cstiutiabl,v  of  Spnumh  iriLriKliir- 
tion,  BO  that  ivfiTfnci'*^  to  tlipni  in  loirctid,  wins  nnd  pn^vrr  are 
of  entiiparmtivi'ly  recent  <laU'.  nnd  un*  hidd  hn  Mich  by  many 
Navahu.  It  is  a\f-u  i'ivtt.v  wull  fvubltshfd  that  pruvioiiu  to  thi- 
advent  of  tht>  Ami-rJcui),  and  vwn  soimaiiiM'  ibpn-aftt^r,  the  Nuv- 
aho  was  not  jrivcn  to  pastoral  lifr.  but  to  Ims  p^accfid  ptinttiiti;, 
«ueh  *K  raidin^r  and  inaraiKlin}?.  nnd  as  a  ninti4_'r  of  farl,  droves 
of  bor^ra  were  kept  for  this  very  purpose.  Subsequent  to  thp 
rotum  front  Fort  huiiin'*r,  »heep  and  nittle  wrn*  istiuefl  to  them 
by  Itw  Goi'ernnu'nt,  ami  incre«si-d  by  honest,  ami  tiUvn  by  dis- 
hooeat  mvaos.  IhoiiKh  the  Ntrintrency  uf  the  Ian  has  at  present 
(Hit  ail  «*i»l  U*  tho  purtoininif  of  catlli'. 

While  their  nirth«Kl  of  hi'iilin^  sheep  leaves  nmrh  to  bp  desired, 
a  Kteady  irniirnvenient  is  nevi>rtheleKs  tn  Ik-  notttl.  as  for  instjinre. 
in  the  juiliciuiiK  wlecljon  of  ratiis  of  (foud  quatttyt  in  the  careful 
cnllini;  of  okl  stock,  in  the  sepamtion  of  iioaU  and  wheep  by 
Boiu«  sheep  owners,  in  dipping,  and  the  like  points.  The  herds 
sr<-  onlinarily  under  the  siiiK-rvision  uf  children  and  woiiieu,  «'ho 
\ut>ft  them  on  the  move  from  early  morninff  until  suQRet,  when 
(hvy  an*  returned  to  the  corral  for  the  niirht.  By  conHtant 
travt>l  over  tho  same  course  much  nf  tlu*  ^razinc  i^  wBAtetl  and 
accoontHt  to  a  icrual  extent,  for  the  t>carcit.v  of  vetfetation  lu 
Umw  l<Kailit)e8.  No  proviaioii  is  made  fur  the  winter  aa  th<> 
herda  iwt\  i>n  the  withereil  jfraMA  anri  Mjri'bruAh.  or  when  th<- 
mow  ta  v^ry  d«ep,  piAon  ami  c-edar  braii<-)M>i«  aiv  rut  otf  for  the 

>p  to  jiCTtkZf  on.      .'^henrintr  i'*  done  in  the  sprinK  and  fall  with 


^b8 


.lA    KTHhOLOtiir  DWrtOSABY, 


foreign  shetire,  mk)  some  care  is  Ukeo  to  poKtpooe  tbi*  sprinti 
Kbfiiriri);  until  the  warntrr  tiiuMhs  to  avoid  tho  stortiiK  of  Kpring. 
DiiriniT  tli*'  lanihintr  si-i)w>[i  thi.'  shcop  nml  their  >'ouiiff  an*  taken 
to  liintintAiimiis  tlistrirt-s.  nr  to  such  afi  olTor  iftKid  ^rilitic.<i  for 
Kra/'intr  Hiul  wut4>r,  until  the  lanthit  an-  finite  stmnx  enniiKh  for 
trav"l. 

IjfKs  altfiition  is  ^ivcn  to  the  cattU'  aiul  horse  henls,  which 
an*  driven  tu  the.  niountain.s  n-hi'iv  shi>i.>)>  are  excluded.  Occa- 
sionally the  onncr  iiinkcs  an  inspeotion  of  tht^ni,  or  with  Mtmr 
iisf-istnnt^  vixiln  ami  rouDd»  thc-ni  up  for  th«>  purpose  of  brandiiiK 
llu-lti.  While  sheep  at-e  usually  the  propiTt.v  of  the  wife,  cattle 
fivquently  belong  to  the  men.  Often,  loo.  fathers  and  mothers 
divid*^  u  portion  of  their  pro|M'rt>'  betwt.n  their  sinall  children. 
bmnfliiiir  or  carmarkinv  the  -it4ick  and  their  product;  to  bettir 
distinifiiisli  them.  Hrandinu:  ik  done  aftiir  American  fa-shino. 
with  l<nimling  irons  olitaitied  at  the  agencies,  or  atberH'i.se  pur- 
ihnsetl  from  blackHmith^. 

deb6.  a  sheep;  dfbA  biehA  fbiini.  a  wether. 

delM^  .viltRdn.  nheep  gxun'i?  with  youn}?. 

deW  t'Jii'i,  shee)i  liavirig!  yountf  ones. 

dub^  dAlk61i,  merino  sheep. 

trfei.  A  j^wt;  ttlsi  df*  (li.  auifoni  uroat. 

deW  nshl^  (deb?  nelt'fi.  deM  dfneshtUK  I  jrrow  sheep:  h«'U- 
sftna.  appU*.    K,   bttrsei  dKldz^'tso  nsht'fi.    I   raise  p<>ache«. 

deb6  th^^fishi,  K),  ns^^  (nt>K6,  dineK^li.  1  tiurKo  it  sheep  (with 
efmrs  milk).      Disearded  lambs  art>  often  kept  at  thi>  hof^n. 

deM  ney&.  or  nindsa.  the  lamb  trrows;  deb^  nAnshkbad  (nanM- 
kMd,  ii&dfneshkh&h.  I  herd  sheep  (or  cow.s  and  horses), 

tMAnT«hkliiid  It'iHi^lkhAd.  tqad(ne-<ihkfih,  I  water  the  herd. 

naneshkhAMnani'ilkhiid,  ndlnf^^hkbA)).  I  return  0>omel  with  lh<* 
henl. 

AntfT  bi«^.shkbild  (binflkhiVl.  hMlni^)<hkhiU>.  I  drivn  the  hivnl 
into  an  enelusnre. 

ilebC  tmuli&n.  n  flheep  corral. 


AGRICVLTVRE. 


2fift 


di'hj  tiai^hin  n&ncskhiil.  thi-  y:a\e  iif  thi-  ^hi'op  corral. 

yahan&nshkh&l  (yaluinutUkhiiil,  .valmnwlinf^shkhill).  I  ilrni-  \\v 
bi-nj  inU)  («  (-(frml). 

A.r4\  a  tick;  yA  iloUlKhi.  Ij1ii«  (8bi>i>irl  lid-. 

iletWi  Mt'ocI  (b<>(*Atl,  bfdoe&lt.  swbb.v  Nbuep. 

dob^  tqinaAgU  (tfinn^triH,  t4|&ii<lid<?MifiHK  I  dit>  f^het-p. 

ilfbA  til«nivis.  H  shct'p  dip. 

dt>b6  ilaadid  (da7>tlf.  <lad<)<ll^]|),  sh{H>p  art'  chillod. 

haK&£  baj;fai  (b'mliA.  bUlutrliit).  »i  liaU&z  imbiHK&i  (niblsiMMl. 
oabfi)olt«lH.  the  culd  kilts  tbeni.  the  ^htwp  uro  froKcn  to  dfath. 

deb#  bichlcHTrih.  the  nheep  suffer  from  ailnrrh. 

iloh^  btdokh^h.  they  Kiieexv. 

t<]ililiAhj[y(^><h  (ti(|a>Mvrt>ih,  tqadldf-shtfUh).  1  whear  <the4>p. 

bcMh    aq^Iti,  ur  tH-tiiA4li(0'^'*hi.  Khefp  shearo. 

tqaditfyeMhffo,  Kbi-arinte  »ejuMin  (in  icen<>ral);  tc|&<lwliiO'e«h)£i>, 
dh'aririt;  si-iLson  (when  on  in  the  whole  netM^hborhood). 

iirhft,  wool;  ilch^  iNitfhA.  ithi^p  w<m.)I;  ileh^  dolKAIi  bauhfl. 
rtHTiDo  wool:  iTt.'ti  batfhA,  tfoat  wotd;  tUsi  di>  fli  hayhi,  anfi:4>ra 
iroat  W(.K>I:  ajAMI,  or  aj&Vhft*  Wf>ol  of  the  le^f. 

nbf  t«hi  bedidltil.  my  brand:   beirlidlkl.  a  brandinif  iron. 

AtiRICULTURE. 


Ill  B<lditiun  \a)  nheep  ami  i^ttle  ruitiint;  ai;ricultitn>  in  one  uf 
the  chief  industries  of  the  N'avaho,  and  was  apparently  pursiKf) 
by  tbem  from  the  wirliest  times.  The  accompanying  labor,  how- 
ever, uaK  shunned  and  lusitally  aNHiuned  to  (^uptive  slaves,  so  that 
the  haKLqIn,  or  lortl,  mitfht  be  enabled  to  devot«  his  lime  in  some 
noble  raid  or  to  complet*'  inactivitjr.  This  condition,  however, 
faaii  uoderifone  a  complet>-  change,  the  slave  bain  ditappeared  to 
a  KTnU  extent,  and  each  family  ir  now  poeneaMd  uf  a  small  farm 
where  corn.  mcUmH,  sqttaAhe«  and  beana  are  rained.  Gradualljr, 
too,  such  producta  t»  oalA,  hay.  wb-at  and  alfalfH  are  bfing 
added  to  the  liat 


SflO 


AN  KTllSHLliOIC  DUTIOXARY. 


VARIOl'H    KIN1>8   UF   M.M/i:. 


imilA.  com,  mm  sow!. 

niKJitKHi.  white  com:  nadWtsoi.  yellow  com;  tuull  doin^ih. 
bliic  corn:  iiad&HlizhTn,  black  com;  nvIA  alt^i&H'af,  vant-gstixt 
com;  DodAxi.  striped  corn;  nndftlchi,  red  com:  nadAlbal,  ffn)' 
corn:  awU  Astrfni.  freckled  com;  nndlUkliizb,  s|H-ckled  corn: 
nadfitso.  Urjfe  wedetl  com. 

nathjAhi,  swi^^t  corn,  which  is  also  tagaf,  whit*';  dotflah,  blur; 
Ktsui,  yellow;   lizhfni,  black. 

nmlfi  hukhd*i,  nmli>  com  (ffroovmij):  rtadd  dijAli.  fcniali*  oom 
(n  iilled  ear  uf  corn  without  regular  rowH);  nailfUtUn  (9),  prob- 
abl.v  with  btisks. 

no^hjihi  t<4j,  lart;<-  Huvar  i\>m,  which  i«  aUo  cftlltTd  luulA  lue^ 
long  corn,  when  it  U  niattired  or  hard. 

iiiidii  d[lch/^s)ii^t,  iKtprorn  or  hardened  sweet  com. 

dzi(>;hfl  bidfi.  Aimchc  niai/i\ 

destc|&li.  an  ear  with  wide  KrtK>ves,  widely  tfrooved  com. 

d&ilcluln  (dilchuii),  riu^ct  com. 

tsi  n.sbtq^li.  wide  to|>  ear  of  com. 

dAhutiotlni,  invisible  coh,  Wcatute  it  is  oovei-ed  with  com. 

xahAt'^i,  the  ca\-it,v  of  the  month,  com  with  extraordinarily 
wide  irroove-8. 


fARTfc*   OF  THE    PLANT. 

riadA  bikhf^tFAl  (hi>h4^trdl),  the  root  of  corn. 
•  I&AKAh  <nrt<l{t  bttkAx),  the  stalk. 
d&aUfln  lakhAniiii.  (Kweet  i^talk),  tmvat'  cane, 
bitll  <bit1ln>,  or  bfhcHUjII.  the  leaver. 
bIhtNlijII,  the  ^teveml  leaves  un  i-ttcli  side  of 
the  stalk;  bi^,  the  sinful**  b^af- 
iiadfl  bixAl,  the  com  tAs.-^>l. 
ilHvft'Jln  iHyA^n).  unriiM-  ear. 
■  la'AtMn  (<l&t'iln).  cornhiisks  auti  fodder. 


AORlCVLTVTiE. 


bib<i);hA,  ita  awn  (bL^artO:  i]&At«In.  nii  ear  of  corn. 

d&&tj«tn  (nmift  bit^n.  conicob),  the  pulp  of  the  cob. 

uailfl  bikKl<iU|iiK  the  ankle  or  btitt  of  th*:  cob. 

ufttIA  bowbdki."  O).  ill"'  ffroovfs  of  (ho  oar. 

W  itf"  n^'.  which  thrives  at  nij^ht.  com  (Rttpntl  name). 

htbilirhA  tlA'irhl,  the  awn  in  rwl;  natlfl  yinhl,  the  eurii  in  n>(l 
Irip^'itiii^t;  iiailfl.  sitf^Ahiiil^rAit.  my  corn  tor  plants)  am  ilrnni;  tip 
(from  tht*  wtutl  or  liruutli). 

nishj&hi,  autfiT  rom,  xweet  corn  t^iw  aupn). 

oadA  yiMhtX^.  I  pick  com;  AUAz  yi.shil^.  I  pick  com  with  stnlks. 

A^hitlAil,  I  hu«k  corn,  or  lUt^fl  .vi>ihdU(l.  I  t4>ar  thi>  husks  otf. 

liRilS  Alyo.  th»'  harvpst  is  donr. 

ttUlishl^^,  I  plunl  <anylhint;).  I'lantine  if*  uaiuilly  ilonr  in  thr* 
months  of  April  and  Majr. 


BEAN8. 


I  nA'Mi,  brans;  nA'Aliltraf*  white  beans:  nA'tUilchI,  red  beans; 
I  nA'Alitttrint.  frecklt>il  beatifl;  n&'61itkh(i!hi,  Rpeckh>«l  bi-ans;  nA*AK 
I     nodftai,  stripi'd  lN*ans:  nA'ftlitLsAi,  yellow   bi>iins;  nA'Alilbaf.  gmy 

hpmos:   n&'dJishzhfni,  blark  bt-aiis. 

nA'6Ji  tM-b^ffiKli,  hor-tihapod  beaus,  lima  bcan^:   nA*/^K  nAmA/i, 

Ii»-»*;  bln(\<tt^',  (it  i^  ripv),  tbi-  pod  of  bvautf. 

PUMPKINft  AND   MEIiONS. 

X*'  tnaj-fzi),  the  pumpkin. 

tia>ianlch1,  the  sqitash;  add',  the  i^onnl. 

naylzi  tadi.  the  tail  or  pear-shaped  pumpkin:  nayfzi  t^i  (at^, 
Ukv  naveO,  navel-shaped  pumpkin,  black  pumpkin  with  a  double 
tip:  nax-fzi  ndesMht,  yellow,  Hal  pumpkin. 

iu  naytjn,  a  mere  pumpkin,  the  real  pumpkin  (to  distinjnitfih 
from  othem  of  American  introduction). 

U*  jlnfl',  which  thrivns  during  the  da,v,  the  pumpkin  or»)uaRh 
(mcnnl  name). 

na>-fzi  bit(|ftltKci,  (the  pumpkin  ia  yellow  at  int^^rvala),  it  ifi  in 
bloaaocD. 


9«S 


AS  ETBKOLOGW  IttCTIONAHY. 


t>jo&iii  UlAAt'i^jfo  jiyft.  i-hI  tht'in  aH  the>  are,  Mit  thctii  tire«oi, 
H'uh-ntietun;  ^('jiyAii  ntftsi,  hanl,  sniull  WBtiTDH'lons. 

ilft'nrskh&ni  tn&iifskh&iii.  ^Intmlar).  imishin<-l<iiiH,  nati\'r  rsn- 
tatitiipfK:  il&'iiittkhAiu  ilirlifzhi.  n>ii>Eli  incliitis,  Anii-ricun  sugu 
iiielon. 

mi.vtze  T^kliitl,  n  |Miiii|rKii)  plant:  iih>{zo  bitf^M.  puiupkio  Tine: 
iiA.vfxf  bit'A.  [Miiiipkin  li'iivi-s;  uft.vfz(-  tti-b^trol  iV*  root;  nijiim- 
bttKl^.  or  ltil&Mt-«i,  putnitkiii  --wf^U. 

(IRAIN    AND    HAY. 

(TA*.  tuL.v:  tX6-  wfti.  nlfalfn. 

irtV   nitilA.   wh(«t;   tfA*    unM  h\y.A\.    whcul   tajtm-l,   tbp  shnS^ 

(if  wIltBl. 

tfd'  ii4iiorAlitri,  buntfintr  ihiwn,  or  II  hiirA'  uadA,  imte. 


WHEAT. 

In  diNlrJcts  adapUnl  to  whtmt  raising  the  gnin  t»  usually  mm 
liniailrast  and  rwiin'f)  in  liarvi'si  hy  ctUtiii';  il  with  a  knifp  or 
sickle.  Eventually  the  ata<-ks  of  w\wsii  titv  uiiloailiHl  into  a  small 
t-orral  and  scatt4>nHl  thfre.  A  iiuitibf>r  uf  homi>K  are  then  drivra 
iato  the  corral,  t-o  trample  and  thretth  th»  ffi'ain,  after  which  the 
Mtrnw  is  ti'iuoved  and  the  irnLiii  swept  in  a  hrap.  The  chaff  i» 
HeiiAmt4-<I  from  the  jfi-Hin  hy  oollt-ctintf  a  qtuintity  of  it  into  a 
Itusket  and  nnintni:  the  giniu  through  the  Hntfent  some  distance 
itvr>r  it,  and  hlou  injr  the  ehatf  a.tide.  or  al[i>n-in)(  the  wind  U*  do  ao. 

tfd'  nailA  i)iRh};ye.<th  (<i4^elzh.  qldivsliKlsh),  I  cut  thtt  whpat. 
tf5'  nadft  bichfl.  thp  Hialh  uf  wheat;  hit^AH.  the  nhesth. 
tfO'  nadfi  hadftditt^,  wheat  is  riiMninu'  (tiirniiiK  yellow). 
tfO*  liud&  dtyuf,   wlu>at  \s  rigw. 
it6'  uadA  Ixdii'j^Hhi,  »  -iickle. 

tTA*  nadH  hiLshk&-.  (hatlill.  ha4ltshlcaJ).  I  tbre»b  wlwat. 
bashchfd,  (hAclild.  hadeHhcKU).   I   nih  the   wheat  (fH>tw(H*n  my 
handH). 

H  q&*^lV>4  (qA'i'D'tV.  i|ifdonH^.  the  bunwvt  tr-!iinple  tfae  wbtwt- 


AOHWVLTVRJS. 


2«a 


bixh^l.  the  rlwlf. 

h\zM\  tithisAt  IhuhfsHM.  t>AilcsAl\  I  fun  or  sift  the  trmin  (b,v 
bjowiiitf). 

bucbAI  tiAlKMfaellf  (hShiMhAJclii.  bAhidi-KhrKt).  I  winimw. 

bizhAI  bAiRfat'cKh)^  ^bld-sht'^shb.  tmAsbt*<^tK-hbKl).  i  winnow 
Ihf  whiiil-. 

nkfA»  IriR^AftA.  ndttdUt.  oi-  titkhf^:<ahkhft4MnlkhJt)lchn.l.  nfkhMi'^h- 
khA>\  I  WW  brondoftsU 


KAKMH. 

WbM  mo^'  be  ilo.sijfnaU'd  as  thf  CLTfrnonial  way  of  platitin';  ik 
nut  obB<>rml  to-day  by  niany.  This  requires  that  thi>  corn  bi- 
ptKntni  ia  the  fomi  of  t  helix,  wimlinv  the  sfvuni)  rows  snowise. 
In  the  r«nl»T  i«f  n  Inrift-  Kcld.  mid  fMcint;  east,  the  tirxt  itminK  nn- 
|ilaDt«d,  followed  by  others  ft  step  or  two  east,  south,  wrst  and 
iMftb  uf  tU*  cu^ntml  plant  in  the  order  nientiuned.  The  xccond 
raw  in  continued  from  the  nnrth«rii  plant  so  hs  U>  t*ncirrie  the 
lire  plantx.  Tite  men  and  women  planlinj;an>  mreful  to  ajlvane^- 
ah«wl  uf  one  iinolher,  but  never  outHtde  tlu'  circle  ouce  bi'ffun. 
Thus  tl)i^  wiuding  cuntinueH  incri-a.'^inK  the  pcriph<>ry  uf  eaidi 
orrlf*  until  tbr  twelftli  hnt<  been  reacbed,  where  the  linal  plant  v> 
oo  KD  exact  radial  line  witti  the  eastern  plant  of  the  initial  live. 
This  fanii  In  known  as  the  circle  fami. 


I 


l&Akt^'.  iL  farm:  daaKe'  h^tqel,  a  wide  tield  or  valley. 
diiUi^'  iiiiltashAsi,  the  heli»il  or  circle  farm. 


Another  rereoioniai  farm  was  divided  into  btockh  of  twelve, 
nmninif  north  an^l  Mouth,  which  inuKt  be  plant^l  Kunwise.  To 
do  thiK  the  two  bl(K-ks  at  (he  iu)UthiTn  end  wen-  planletl  fHcinir 
ireatward,  nfU^r  which  the  entire  upper  half  was  plaobNl  faring 
nurthwanj.  TumiR)r  to  the  latnt,  aati  facini;  southward,  the 
lower  half  nuh  iheti  pUnled,  linifthioK  the  circle  at  the  point  of 
inoKptiun.      Tbii'  fiirui  kui^  known  as: 


m 


A^  srnxoLoaic  wctiojiary. 


ilAuUi>'  hiizIA',  prohahly  the  flttt  or  bl(M>k  farm,  stMl  k-u  ibo 
called  ndf>lc*&  <lfiAU^',  the  Ixtiili're*!  fnrtn.     Other  femv^  an'  caM 

tq&bfi  hoilisrt*-,  thf  sjtvcr.v  or  si>eckliiH  shon*,  or  farm,  from 
tlie  variety  of  vi'^'utabU'H  plantetl  therf.  A  place  bonlcriog  ob 
otbpr  farms  v/as  selecUn]  fur  this  purpose. 

dUKJi*  QJukh^ti,  a  siiinll  farm  in  addition  to  others. 

ai'dtso,  small  spots  of  amble  land  selected  at  random. 

Thi^se  distiiictiuiis,  lunvi-vt-r,  an-  ffindimlly  dlKapiM-unnL'  and 
almost  any  spat,  H'hetfacT  it  be  the  bottom  load  of  some  arroyg 
or  the  loamy  tfoil  of  a  vtdley,  is  de«ienatvd  as  d^K^*,  farai, 
witeuerer  it  is  used  for  aifricuUural  pur|>o««s. 

d&Ak^'  h^Klifkl.  n  clean  Held. 

IRRIGATION. 

Irriifution  is  practjci-d  on  a  small  sfale  ut  points  uba're  vmitr 
is  available,  such  as  the  Little  Culormlo  nml  San  .liian  rivri>, 
Tseili,  Whiskey.  Chinlne,  and  other  creeks  itml  arrayws.  Siaw 
these  streum  binln  nin  ilry  in  midBtunnier.  the  tieldn  an'  coin 
pletely  immri'sed  in  the  eurl.\  spriue,  ^^niall  banks  tM*ini;  (liruwn 
lip  around  tbe  lields  to  bold  tbe  water.  Permauetit  dnuL^  mh) 
r*-aervoirs  are  not  very  conmion. 

biH  nnies  anitT,  a  dirt  Innk  unclusure.  »nch  as  surronmi  a 
Held  for  irrijfatin^.      This  is  also  calletl  hodlldis. 

□delt^*,  banks  intersecting  u  tield  for  swatitpintr. 

dahastc|tl,  a  small  plot  or  £arden,  a  tield  dindeii  into  nnall 
square*  by  low  banks  of  earth. 

d&dlnshtrin,  I  throv  up  a  bank  or  dam. 

ytshtffn  (Hi^tRn,  deshtrflK  I  build  a  wall. 

iPsh  nhsJlnMM'Khe'y^d,  I  dam  or  tw.nk,  throw  the  dirt  on  Iwlh 
sides;  bt.v&'  tifinf.sh^l  n)fyd'  liaunif^d.  btyd'  ha«Hn>wh«dlK  1  din 
under  it  or  bvlow. 

n&nL<)hq^$h,  I  irnirate  or  soak  the  trround. 

trfiflhashto'*'*! .  '  t*ke  out  a  ditch;  tqAhatiy^d.  "r  ttifliiryM.  a 
ditch;    n&nzhd/.h.  or  ts^'nA'   ntnKhdzh.   a  bridir*':    btyAhani'l.  h 


AaUJCVLTiHU. 


3U& 


fiupport;     l>t)-&l)Kiii.sUJ^    (bIyatmRiUf,    bIyAliAdfa^t»I).    t 
it. 
\fi  nltni,  ■  Htrcmii,  ur  flttwin^  wiitcr. 
bokhtf.  a  cafton  ur  arroyo;  cltAshklnV  nn  uriHjyo. 
I    cBInlfnigi,  i\\v  irioutli  uf  a  cation,  ur  wher(>  ibc  wuter  Aowh  out. 
^■elUd.  a  pool  or  lake;  tqo  Ri.vl,  a  ho^y  of  n-ah>r.  is  also  ufi«d 

r 


LAiSD   TENURE. 


laany  districts  laml  is  held  in  severalty'  by  iiienitiers  uf  unu 
lilfiliaU'il  clutiH  to  tlw  excliifltnn  of  all  atlirirs.  Karh  family 
kIccIa  a  ptirtitMi  of  th«  tract,  intlimlini;  tlit>  l>uumlary  by  a  hcaji 
>f  stOQus,  ur  u  fuoliuLli,  or  a  fi'iic<.>.  I^rtfu  &ettk'mvtits,  and 
nncb  Iww  viltujgirs,  arc  iiat  formed, 'the  gonenU  t«nuionpy  tiding 
to  live  as  far  apart  as  po<tsiblt<.  Thiit  plan  is  found  more  con- 
lucive  to  doniustic  P4>al-4?  and  conjuKnl  Rdolit^y.  Wli(«rc  small 
k^lemrntM  am  formiHl  llu-  dit«hi>a  an-  common  property  and  are 
liptainn)  by  thr  seviTul  tenuntfi.  The  farm  is,  as  a  rule,  prop- 
of  Ebv  hitsbnod  who  disputes  of  It  before  death. 


PLANTING  AN!)   PLAXTIXO  STICKS. 

Kandy  Hoil  corn  is  p]nntt?<l  by  mi-ans  of  a  plaiit- 
ticli,  which  t»  of  two  diffort-nt  shniK-^.  Tht* 
stnught  8tirk  is  a  branch  of  grcascworid 
(duwdxhi'shzhfn ).  Hligbtly  potnti^.  The 
other  is  a  ntick  providiil  with  a  projecting 
limb  just  abar«  the  point  and  in  used  t4i 
prews  down  with  the  foot.  The  snmll  open- 
ing '\f<  madi'  to  preserve  as  much  tiioistun* 
BA  poRsibtf.  The  holes  arc  dug  by  tlu'  men, 
followed  by  the  women,  who  drop  the  kor- 
neln  into  and  elow  the  hok-M  with  thoir  fuet. 
Where  the  soil  is  loamy  \.\w-  holes  are  now 
dug  with  a  mattock.     The  value  of  plowing 


««6 


/I  A'   ETUSOLOOiC  DlCTiOSARY. 


thf!  ground  i»  also  bcioe  moiv  and  more  appreciate), 
filsh,  a  pl&ntiiij;  slick. 


^ 


IV 


/u 


HOES. 

Tbure  werf  t«'t>  ditTiTfrit  t.vpes  of  hoi 
Tbe  straii^bt  hm-  Has  made  of  wtMxJ  bewa 
of  a  botird,  one  eod  of  which  was  bev- 
vled  on  both  sides.  A  ^-nialt  holp  waa 
prorided  near  thf  cenU-r  of  the  board 
and  a  >rnp  near  tbe  end.  In  upi'raliug' 
thi*  h(H'  H'os  irraspist  in  xhv  inlni  of 
the  right  band,  pu«sin;  the  four  lingers 
throuirli  the  upvnin'j  in  th«  vud,  and 
thi-  (himib  of  the  left  liand  throtiffh 
ihc'  small  hole  n<>ar  the  center.  In  this  manner  it  was  scraped 
forn'anl,  the  o|)eratur,  in  a  sittinj^  position,  coverintf  the  radius 
within  hiK  reach.  This  hoe  wa-s  calletl  filtij&ji  l>eh£gtidi,  either 
Hide  hoi>,  becBiiM'  it  mij;ht  be  used  that  way,  or  becnitse  the 
utH^rat4)r  inj^bt  clear  Uie  ground  on  any  side  from  one  p<Kition. 

Another  bo<^  of  tbe  Kame  type,  and  iiKud  in  the  same  manner, 
was  made  of  the  abutilderblade  of  an  elk  ur  deer  and  wv^  known 
as  H^dstflin  beh^fid.  shoalderblnde  hoe. 

The  other  t,vpi>  of  hoe  wa^i  also  made  of  wood  and  was  m<d 
in  H  stantlins;  putiitiun  after  the  manner  of  a  sc^ythe.  ^ 

It  cifnttistc^it  of  a  etirvnd  blade  to  which  a  wooden 
handle  was  secunil  with  a  thonir  of  elk  (dzfi  bakhAjfi). 
It  wa>t  uraMpM)  in  the  left  hand  while  tbi-  thumb  and 
indfx  Hn^rer  of  the  ri^ht  hand  pA.ss*>d  tbroufirh  a 
thonft  of  elk  ;*ccun*d  to  the  n*ar  of  the  blade.  Thi* 
hoe  was  known  vts  nabeh^jfudi.  or  nftgu  ben&hA^Odi, 
thr  »ide  hoc,  or  with  which  one  hoes  from  the  aide. 

At  pivsrnt  \\KKx  of  American  make  are  imrchaaed  at 
and  are  calli'd  bebi^iiud,  hoe. 

nAhlbtlijrftd  (nahf>j;.ved,.nAhodeshgot),  J  hoe. 


AOBICULTVRK. 


S«7 


(JKANAKIKH. 

Th**  ordiriAO'  hittfnn  is  not  tulnptiHl  tii  storin-r  supplies  of  grain 
bpyond  the  dnily  n'quironiuiits.  Acconliujfly.  the  wioUT  supply 
of  rant.  whi-«t,  ni<-lun-s.  siituuiht-s.  p)i1<m  nut^.  and  thr  like,  is 
«(ort>d  in  pit»i  of  the  shape  of  a,  wicker  bottle.  Thi^ae  are  dtis 
m-ur  Ibp  itummer  restdeoce.  ur  in  llie  fifid,  and  tbf  small  op^niitK 
is  Uwn  hrid/ed  over  with  slicks,  bark  and  dirt  to  conceal  any 
treci*  of  iL  Knmierly  the  diiTL'inir  was  done  with  the  ptantinjr 
slick. 

a6K^',  iiodcrirruuDd  pit,  or  trrauary. 

a6ft6*  qabiwhuywl  (qahoeyeil,  (|ih<N]eshif6t),  I  Aig  a  pit. 

oadAt  etc.,  ndO<<hchl  <nd8lU*JchI,  D6dRshchl)),  I  store  corn, 
piRons,  wheat,  etc.,  under>; round. 

AilA'biinsfd  ifUla'hun/izid,  Ada'hiHlesf)),  I  ixiver  the  pit  (level  it 
with  KToimd). 

MODERN    IMPLSMUNTH. 

Tht>  l«ir  Mjiil  planting;  stick  wore  nritnnttH.V  the  only  ftirm 
implcmoutn  us(nJ,  but  Atv.  now  tieint;  diaplnctid  by  modern  iinple- 
iDPntH  with  Incren-vinK  rapidit>'. 

W'lifth&rldlidi,  a  plow. 

nfhaiithdlid  (nlhuy^^Mliid,  nlhucliy^shdlilM,  I  plough. 

hiUlago  nfhaishdlild,  I  liavi*  hard  pluuKhing,  or  bnlzhAliffo 
athuisbdlftd,  Hafly,  and  giiyi'ifo  nfhi'iislidlfid,  drap,  and  dn  t>nkhAgi 
afhfiiabdlld,  I  plow  the  top  of  i;rouD<l  (.'«y  thnn*  inches  deep). 

bin  bnaahats6di  {bt>nAbt<kli).  dod  breaker,  or  betib  nalzhddi. 
idrftjCifitiiE  iron),  a  barrow. 

bil  jrioAhllbih,  a  BcrapAr. 

btt  jrftMbwbb&l  (bi^&nohAlbAl.  bib'ADihid&ihbii).  1  scrape  the 
dirl 

Uak  boqaliillhh&di  (behalkhidi,  or  l^h  benftb&lkhAdi).  n  shuvol. 

ilBsb  beqfllutlkh&di  att^Aaigi,  a  s|iade. 

iMfa  beqahashkhld  (beqahilkhad.  beqabfdeMbkhi)).  1  bIwvpI  dirt. 


fi«8 


AN   BTHNOLOaiC  DWTtOSAHY. 


ISah  btH)tt]msh'&  (tM^gata'tt.  1>e<taUiUfsh'al),  I  put  tW  iliii  ibon- 
\\\t\\  u  shovel,  I  shfivet  dirt. 

l^sh  be(iaha<hkhd  (iMHiahAkhfi,  WqahkleflhkhllV  I  carrj*  whh  % 
fchovel,  1  shovel  dirl. 

ahii&floinfni,  a  pick. 

atldftdeinfoi  beq^hnshgyed  (iH-qaliAir.vOd.  bf>quhiuleshjr&lK  or 
bena'ifihfryt'U  4bi^niui6e,vfk).  benfithiRhtfC^I),  I  ili^or  work  vith  picli. 

iXd'  be.vilzh^he.  hay  mower:  ttd'  ntv-ifA.  hay  is  ripr:  116'  DtsA'. 
the  liB^'  is  thick:  iXf*'  sajfiii,  or  bi!«tfi,  tlu-  hu.v  )m  dry. 

tffl'  hpyigfehi  nnit^ijri,  or  ifrt'  hphllairh&li.  a  scythe. 

tfa*  qiAhi|&l  {qJ*h|ft1.  itf<l<*sh(|fli\  I  cut  tho  ha.v  with  a  Nc.ttbi-. 

iXft'  yish^  (yfHhP.  (Icsli!*.  I  cu(  the  liay  (with  nutwer). 

(tTA*)  tMMi&ht^idzMi.  B  mko  (liami  nr  horsr  rakcj. 

nlhfti^li)  (iuihii.v^j:Td,  nahodly^^KlJt.  I  rake. 

ITA'  aqineltesVl  (aqAiieh^zTd,  nijiinhH^sU).  I  rake  the  ht< 
toKC'thi^r. 

bilat<iAi,  three-tinv*  hay-fork:   biladf.  fonr-tinp. 

XW  hfiiilljAli  (bi>nahilljiMi),  a  Iwy  fork. 

tfA'  ■q&nphe.shj6l  (aqam<h<^ijol ,  aqAnihidi^hji'tt).  I  cork  hoy. 
turn  it  tip:  aqAA^ht^  (aqfi'ilKhta  aqSAdeHhlfh.  I  liati)  awB.v. 

xyn'  hit  a(|&nilsbfl.ti  {a(|in  niiyj^lbils.  bil  aqAinliy^bAK).  I  haa) 
the  hay  auiiy.  ur  tfO'  Dteheshq^  (ni'hwyt,  nihi(leshq#l>,  or  tlO* 
H(|fin  nebe«bq^  (aqUnehoshq^,  aq^ehltyf,  aq&nihidc-shqA),  1  faani 
hay  awii.v;  tlft'  IhishjAI  (iq(^ljAl,  Ihid^shjrth.  I  haul  hay. 

tfA'  bi}nl!sb&^  (niiy^bAs,  nfdiy^sb^),  I  hniil  awa,v,  or  borne. 

trA'  yA'aqiKhq^t  (yil'aqf&yt,  ya'a(|idp»hr|^),  I  haul  ami  store  tbr 
hay  insidr  (of  buasi-  ur  barn). 

b«K1<]ny(!b4^.  or  ah^Adeinlui  ntq^liirl,  a  tnattock. 


MODERN  TOOLS. 


I 


In  addition  to  the  implenients  mentioned  in  Hop  precedinir. 
modf>ni  tooU  are  used  for  repair  work  in  e«nenil.  A  list  of  ti>e«r 
tools  is  herewith  pii-en,  as  also  a  partial  list  of  new  words  for 
nifxlem  eontrix-ancfts. 


^^^^^^^^^^^^^GRHTLTURB.                                        869        ^^^H 

^^^aHi  ilotrtsh,  iron. 

td^nd  ,v&ztu\  a  hatciktit                    ^^M 

I        brfth  aiXizi,  sttwl. 

tse'  oftlifjfhuh,  or  ta^'   bo'-             ^H 

^H  beth  Jit'Aili,  cast-iron. 

ik^shi.    H    >rrinil.stuDi:,     whet-              ^^M 

^  MadoUghdti,  KorraUnl   iron. 

^^H 

M  the  edfffi  of  B  suw,  tile,  ur 

ts(nilt)&R  .v&zhe,  or  tsliiAli&s              ^^H 

cuff- wheel. 

bijid   dalaitfi,    a  oae-wbeelod             ^^M 

tiesh  M}tfiAst)(i,  nrire,  baitinte 

U'ttKOQ,  a  whi.*elb4Lrrow.                           ^^M 

wirv. 

tRintqAshjf',  a  barrel.                          ^^H 

bi.-shA(]e8lizh£i,  barbed  wirv. 

tslnj^heshjl,  a  Ixmrd.                           ^^M 

besh  Aq6illli«  scif«i>r8. 

tain  qfihasltjtiifi,  sawdtiat.                  ^^| 

^■'besb  be'i^Ui.  a  tneUl  wash- 

tsln  bcdcHlshi,  a  rasp.                       ^^M 

tub. 

teiii  bt*Cklilkh6i,  a  plane.                     ^^| 

besh  bitt^Aiff»i,  or  bakhli- 

Uln  bebaffbAdA^ft'nfti,  a  brace             ^^M 

ltl»i,  a  washlxtartl. 

and  bit.                                                  ^^M 

besh  be^K^MAi.  a  flatiron. 

tflin  tH>r|Shal»hf.'^)ii,  a  chisel.               ^H 

btlqftdij^ai.  a  wiLshba-sin. 

tsln  tmkliAbaskhAligi,  chips.               ^H 

^H  besh    nalkhidi,     a    sewing 

t^In  bakh&qa»bkliU(if^kt^,              ^M 

Vnchioc. 

ii(^hkhiil>,  1  make  chips.                         ^^M 

tuA  U6au  a  iHHtlli-. 

tsin  biiii'otsel,  a  log  Iroutch.              ^^M 

tad  t^i  beiiAlkhfia.  suwed 

toln  beai'iutilshi,  a  »aw,                    ^^M 

with  a  neetllo. 

nllzhrhi,  a  sawyer.                           ^^M 

besh  finloiKi.  a  call  bell. 

nl'ishl  (nFiy^Khi,  nt'di^eshf),               ^^M 

biTMh  binAtrboi,  ur  bin^hol. 

^^M 

a  clasii-knife. 

alt«iflda«hl      ( attittUlilith^xhl,              ^H 

^h  bwb  bO'IlkhUi,  cold  chisel. 

albiAdadeithl).  I  haw  boards  in               ^^| 

^Hbe^tAfili.  a  buunier. 

^^M 

V  biKclifshi.  a  Hie. 

alUlthl    (attiltxhi.    aJtilAde-               ^H 

U'&dAlkhili.  a  ttal). 

kKI),  I  saw  a  board  in  two.                    ^^M 

l^'ftiialkhAIi  altilsifri.  a  tack. 

Rlnshf  (ttfniffhl,   Ittdeshl).  I             ^M 

bivth  hi'haifhifla'nfli,  an  iron 

saw       off.                                                       ^^H 

bit. 

altqidiabbf    (alt(|fidfnlsbj,              ^| 

beah  brtmicUUlatlxilu^tK-,   a 

NlUinditie«hI>,  I  rip  it  in  two.                 ^^M 

ceabtr- punch. 

ahi|6hi  dinifiht  (ahiflhi  dfnf-              ^^M 

oil.  a  Kloiip  ax. 

Khl.    aJtijilii    dfneshl),     I    rip              ^| 

^^LlaAiill,  a  nicKl(*rri  ax. 

thriH-  or  four  .ntripn.                              ^^M 

■ 

1 

BTHNOl 


DWTIONARW 


do-ilf-inldft,  it  U  not  sbmrp. 

(Ii'inil&n,  it  is  «harp. 

do-bid^lnids.  it  Awk  nut 
cut  it. 

do-shiddfaiTda  (ntfii).  it  dut-H 
not  cut  Uor  tiw). 

dn-Rha'ijfldit  ( du-Hha'ijlldn . 
Uo-HhaAdujIhla).  1  can  not  pen- 
etrate it.  for  iiistamt'.  with  w 
knife  or  nail. 

ir6'  isbblxb.  tn:rtK|>,  irinin.v- 
Rack. 

H>  b&hufrhftn.  t-luthinf;  st^'ti-. 

az<(  ti&hi>ifh&n,  H  ilntfl;  8ton-. 

d&iflia  rlxb^  bAbutfhAii.  » 
barber  shop. 

tsddlxin  b&bo^hAri.  a  ctia|M-l 
or  church. 

b6w  b&hdsrbftn,  a  hank. 

cha  tiAhoffhAn.  a  latrine. 

nal.vi*lK'  bAhoghftn,  a  -itorf. 

K^jlu  qatf.v^l,  a  ruul  niitii-. 

tqtf  qabAtllJ',  a  piinip. 

b(«h  tqA  bp  nlfniirii  a  pi|N> 
line,  water  pipe. 

besh  &tX,  a  rail  track. 

khfinAibAsi,  a  train. 

bc^h  hAlnlifri  (talkinff  wiri'^K 
lbt>  telejcraph. 

hvtih  biyatqli^  Onto  which 
you  nppakX  thi^  tcb^phone. 

be«h  njltffiffi.  or  tafn&bAa 
ndxl^iiri,  (the  iron  nr  u'Sffon 


which     niuvcH     rapirlly),    tb 
automobile. 

tsllzi.  thi>  bicycle. 

Jdhuai'al,  a  clock  or  watdk 

tain  dll};hAi.  a  alcd. 

tstnlA^h&l.  a  drum. 

talntiffh^  tM^ti&nliffhUi,  ■ 
dnimstick. 

beAKSlchlhi.  pt>ncil  or  p»n. 

bi^eshcM,  a  drawintr  or 
print. 

b^h  tH'  biRi^lrhlbi.  priil- 
inir  pn-ss.  typt-. 

tiAllA^V,  papier,  a  nulf  i>r 
Iwwk. 

tsInsbdlAsh,  a  chair. 

tsInsbdIARb  yiwAditri.  ur 
tfllnshdIAsh  nadinlwAdlffi.  or 
AtFa  AtMHiri,  a  rocker. 

tslmlllnl.  an  ornran,  violin. 
or  other  luosical  instninniil 
of  wood. 

b»dzhA,  a  native  broom. 

b«uBhfilzb6i,  a  broom. 

DabAfih6  (nahoeh^hA\  naho- 
dfwhA),  I  Hweep. 

cKAhunahA  ( cHAhunbbB*. 
cBAbodeshO),  I  swe*?p  au(. 

ilUkhfi\  a  lamp. 

&k&kh6'   tqAifTt,     ke 
vattoline  oil. 

Att&khd*  bo'itlifn.  a  ' 


SlLVKHSMITHtXa. 


:f;i 


SILVERSMITHING. 


VVb*^n  *Oii  bow  thr  Nnviihu  ucqiiiri't)  ttw  art  of  working  uk'UU 

hnlmown.  hut  there  are  roaw>ti8  for  supposing  that  it  uas  intni- 

I'd  anionff  ihi'ni,  or  at  It-nsi  mnn  *li'v<-li>p(Ni  nml  improved 

\hhi  by  tlxMii,  siuct!  tbe  tiiiii'  Iho.v   have  LwciipifJ   tlit'ir  prttficnt 

utry. 

Accordiaii  tu  thi>  sa.vin(^  uf  sotiiv  of  thi*  oKl  »iiver«iiiithK  of 

31-  triSi*,  tlw  art  of  worViiiif  mIIvit  whs  introtliiciil  nriionK  l\wm 

fiy  thtr  Mfxii^ntiH  uhuiit  >iixt,v  ,v<>an>  aj^o,  nr  nbotit  ttic  midillo  of 

Ihf  ninet^pnth  century,   when  a  Navaho  blufksmith,   known  by 

[hirt  own  pi'opto  ns  atAiitt  sani,  or  thi?  old  sniilh,  and  by  thn  Mcx- 

irmoii  »fl  llnrrero,  or  tfao  smith,  tirst  learned   the   art   from  a 

M«-nt(Mn  tcjiverxmith  nunicNl   L^flstlio,   who  is  said   t«>  huvf  still 

he*-n    lirinu   in    IS7< — 1873.       An   old   wlversmith,    U'shlagai 

U'ini  ahiitoiti^,  or  the  sK-odor  silvorsniith,   who  Lt  slill  living 

LU09),  ami   who  at  one  time   wbk  considt^rtKl  one  of  the  iK-nt,  if 

tbi*  ht»«t  «ilverj*mith  in  tho  tribe,  in  said  to  ha.*T  nrijHnall.v 

Immiil  his  t'raft  from  Mcxii^ns. 

The  Niit-alM>  iilviTsiiiiib,  ttirivfi>r,  is  ii  ro(i)|iarativi'l.v   iiuxlem 

tuilufl.  Lifut.  Jium-K  II  Simpson,  who  accotnpanivil  uii  <'xp<*- 
lion  into  llw  htairt  of  (he  Navabo  country  in  IH49.  and  who 
ire*  in  hh  irpoit  ifood  deseriplion:*  nf  the  eotintry  nihI  iM'oph' 
ih^y  then  were,  mentions  ilu'ir  jteuch  urelmnlst  farnm,  henJH 
I  of  iioniiw.  dockJi  of  sheep,  thvir  benutiful  wat«>rpruof  blankets, 
^■c.,  but  boN  mithintr  to  fmy  about  their  artistic  silrerwork. 
Thf  art  ttn-n,  a^  it  exists  lonlay,  probably  developed  since  then, 
^^  within  (tu*  last  sixty  ymrv.  In  the  foUowintf  pat-aifr»phK  a 
^HfMcriptiiin  IN  ifiven.  ilrHt  of  the  UHi\>i  and  iniplenH-nt<i  uxed  by 
^^i<  Xavahu  MilverKmith  a^  Or  Washington  MntthewK  found  ih^'m 
^ft  thf  i«Hy  wvnnties,  ftnd  an  they  art*  to-da.v,  and  woundly  of 
^^Mne  iif  iin'ir  work. 

The  tiKil.o  an<i  implenteritH  iimhI  by  the  Navaho  silveramith  Mr>- 
mhI  simple. 


STi 


A.y  KTiiyoLonJv  nirrioXAKy. 


The  Forok  is  a  EHiitare  stnictiin-  uf  stones  urul  adnhi*  mud. 
built  up  to  a  ronvi^iiicnt  hriiflit.  witb  the  rivr  «^ll£htly  clcvatnl. 
Tltt"  ivnliT  is  proviiled  with  a  rciiini],  Itowl-stuipetl  (Icprv-siyon  tvr 
thi>  tirt'placo.  Th<i  woodeu  tiibnft,  unitiiis'  into  oni\  aud  tcnnin- 
atJDU  at  the  tireplaee,  mrv  walleil  into  thf  ivar  ek-vation.     Tbet« 


A  AavaMo  Smithy. 


liibfs  are  matlt'  by  carvinc  a  praovi'  into  two  pieces  of  cotion- 
wood.  hackberry  or  box  i'IiIit,  ami  iheii  Httinjf  tlw  picres  tiijEt'thiT 
with  the  eruoves  facing  each  other.  They  are  iLsuatly  linKl 
inside  and  oiitnide  with  ailobe  to  keep  them  from  burning  ur 
rharringr.  Sometimes  tube^  of  clay  aro  molded  instead  of  th*'**- 
wooileu  ones. 

atsltlKd,  <poiindiDg  ])lace),  Rmith,v. 

dahlxiill.  or  atjtfdke  dahAznll,  the  forge  ami  l>eli<)W»(. 

be^lzAli  biz6l,  tlu>  air  tiiben  h-wling  to  the  lin-plaiv. 

khtinfKJ^,  a  tireplace. 

tV.  cott«)nwood;  jiKi&xhi,  hackherry:  sfil.  box  elder. 

Bellowm  are  made  of  sheepskin.      The  sack  is  about  eightppB 
inches  in  diameter,  and  b«ld  diMt«nd*>d  by  tlirce  or  more  booivt 


StLVBit.-iMlTfUyo, 


27S 


of  willow  twiK^.  One  va*}  of  thi'  Ik-IIuws  is  timily  sfcuntl  to  a 
liuczic  ftiid  IUUhI  KDi)j£l.v  into  one  uf  Che  tubes  liradiDtf  into  tbi> 
^ri^place.  The  other  end  ii^  clofiecl  up  by  tftckintr  it  to  a  round 
ii«k  of  wix»il  which  is  provided  with  n  leather  val**e  in  the  center 
iDd  two  ami»,  the  longer  of  which  projects  downward.  In  the 
prijriDal  fonE(«  two  of  thi*8e  bellowR  won'  employed,  which 
sured  an  even  and  rontiniutiis  draught  HntI  prevented  the  fin- 
beinif  drawn  into  the  belluWK.  In  workintr  thi>  bi'lh>ws. 
lower  or  loogt't  handle  is  Hrinl.v  rested  uikhi  th*^  gn>nn<l,  and 
upper  one  is  moved  to  and  fro  io  a  hoi-iKonlni  motion.  The 
pro  ImIIows  are  compresst'd  and  distended  alternately,  whieh 
eaiaws  a  niotion  aimilar  to  that  with  which  u  Itoy  works  hh  Irish 

» 

I     be*lxAH,  (with  which  one  blows),  bellows. 

.     bAfi.  (round  like  a  wheel  or  btNip),  hoop- 

da'na'&Mffi,  (that  which  wares  or  flaps),  valve. 

dehJ^  bakhAfn  badidAKgA.  sheep  htdr  in  sack  shape. 

m6I  (Im)!.  uUtKAl).  I  blow,  work  the  hollows. 
L^mMxAH  B«hl^.  t  make  a  bellowH. 

^^■K  Anvil  may  be  either  a  hanl  Hlone,  a  pieri'  of  iron  from  a 
JflSk-  or  waifun.  a  pick  heiid,  iin  ax  blade,  ii  wedge  or  a  bolt — 
|Un'  latter  generally  driven  inti*  ii  log  or  block  of  wo«n].  Soft 
iron,  like  tlie  heul  of  ■  tiolt,  \k  first  lempi^rtHl  by  heating  it  and 
pooling  it  off  in  wnter;  then  the  Imlt  is  driven  through  an  iron 
tint  O'  washer  into  a  block  of  woo»l,  the  ring  or  wiwher  keeping 
Uk  bead  of  the  bolt  from  working  it>wlf  into  the  wood. 

I    biXUUldi,  (upon  which  one  pounds),  an  anvil. 

^BittinBtKB  for  smelting  the  silver  are  made  of  cla.v  and  baki'<) 
j^ard  in  the  nr«>.  Tbey  are  about  the  nize  of  ordinary  tumblera, 
Iritb  rounded  bottoms  and  an  outward  curved  rim  which  is  pro- 
vitled  with  one  or  more  spouts.  Their  cnicibles  are  not  verj' 
le,  but  soon  become  pomno  and  brittle  and   fall  to  pit-CM. 


Hi 


AS   KinSOLOitSV   OIVTIOSAHY. 


Very   fpw,   if  any,  ari>  niadi*  at   pros(>iit,   a»  jLr<M>l,  KirtiiifC  ind 
latitinj;  cniciblcs  nia.v  be  obtnintni  Ht  tbi>  stores. 


TiiR  MoLiM  ill  which  the  Navaho  Kilversmtth  c«st»  hb  infrud^ 
or  uiolteii  silver  art'  cut  or  chist>lr<l  into  soft  sandhtoDO,  iron  or 
wood,  or  the.v  are  formed  of  clay.  They  rasemble  as  n«ri.T 
OR  po8i«iblo  thi-  articlf  which  is  to  be  wroiijrht  out  uf  ib^ 
molt^'n  silver,  and  are  ^fpi-sed  with  mutton  tallow  tx-for**  tlv 
siJTLT  IK  poiirril  in.  Tho  molds  for  Rilver  brads  arc  iisitall>'  rui 
into  iron  or  hard  wood. 

bfAdilyfhj,  (in  which  it  in  nielt«d).  a  cnicible. 

btyayidstdi,  (into  which  the  niolt4>n  silver  ij>  poun^lK  the  tuotJ^ 

yd  uiluiAzi  bf^nni,  (with   whicli  round   tteada  are   made),  or 

yS    numiizi    bi'^l'Ini,    (in    which    round    beads   aro    nnado),    the 

bead  mold. 

For  Shkltiso  Fuki.  lht\v  usi'  charcoal,  which  they  prL-ianf 
in  this  manner:  They  build  ii  lai-;:e  lire  of  juniiwr  lo|[8  ami 
branclM-<!,  and  after  the  damefi  have  diM  out  and  uathintr  bui 
a  heap  of  KJowinff  embers  rciiinin.  they  cover  these  up  witb 
cartli  to  miiollker  thuiu,  and  let  tlwiii  cool  off. 

ifAd.  juniiier,  cellar:  t^sh,  charcoal. 

t'esb  dlshHd  (dltld.  dideshtil).  I  burn  charcoal. 

iiisttt^  (nfltfilz.  dtn^Ktsts)*  I  smother,  put  out,  extinguish. 

Thk  Blowpipe  is  now  purcliased,  but  wu  formerly  maile  hf 
hamnieriniir  out  a  piece  of  brass  or  copiier  wire,  which  they 
then  bent  into  a  tube  with  n  curred,  taperinj;  end.  Tld.*)  tab** 
ia  used  in  soldering,  in  connection  with  a  lamp  oi-  u  wick  uf 
twisted  cotton  soaked  in  mutton  tallow. 

b«6tii6)i  befttifdilj^he,  a  blowpipe  for  soldering. 

Fob  Soi.oRaiNo  they  uae  borax,  which  thoy  purchaw  at 
stores,  saliva,  and  silver  dust.      Before  the  introduction  of  honU 
it  seeni»  they  formerly   iiuikhI  a  certain  substance   in  their  own 


itihrKR.sMirnfyo. 


«7F 


rouotry,  i»ro)Mih1>-  u  kin<l  of  nhtAvc  itlum,  for  this  pnrpoM. 
For  whitpninK  tlie  t(irniHh<>(l  or  tixJdised  silver  they  use  tad 
iloK^Rh,  rock  Rait,  wliicb  caa  be  easily  obtained  in  its  natural 
i4ati>,  t«iK'ciaIl,v  in  tl»p  Ziini  oountr,v.  Tin-  ts^ilulifizh  isdissolvwl 
in  boiliiit;  wnter  mii)  tlii'  articles  to  be  uhitenod  are  thrown  in. 
For  polishini;  and  smoothcninir  thy,v  usl'  sandpaper  or  emery 
paper  purchasi*d  at  tho  .storc?^,  which  has  taken  the  place  of 
thp  sandstone,  sand  and  ashes  of  fomior  days,  and  buckskin. 
For  eha&inif  and  engniving  they  una  knivua,  awls,  shearH,  lile^, 
or  any  sharp-pointed  iron  tool. 

Beside  the  alrrady  mentioned  tooU  they  use  shp«rs,  hammers, 
ria*.  nipiM'i-8,  pliers,  tonfis,  punches,  steel  stamps,  etc.,  all  of 
which  are  of  comparatively  modern  introduction,  and  can  eft.sily 
be  obtaine<l  at  the  trndinK  |>ostH. 

be&qlJ ilielH\  (with  which  one  partes,  glum  orsoldem  tot(ether), 
iKirax. 

biKf'nfti,  {which  Is  sprinkled  on),  borax,  or  any  powder  uaed 
in  Holderinf;. 

in^  dnK6/h.  (valine  ruck).  n>ek  salt. 

blna'il^hi,  (in  which  oim-  uhitensK  bowl,  dish  or  receptaeJe 
ibied  In  •uddi-rintr. 

sai.  sand:  tt^sfa.  ashe^:  nbAni.  buckskin. 

nilt8^  tif^cli1>>lii.  tpQ|NT  with  which  one  nibn  olT),  sanditAiter. 

oiltaAa  be^hchfsh  (bC>'tchi/h,  bc'tideshchish),  I  sandimper. 

yii{(heA  (^ftjirai,  .nde^hira),  I  whitvn;  na'i»ihi;A,  I  whiten  imain. 

ailtfthkhd  (ailUkhA,  AdldeKhkh^l).  I  smoothen,  iK>li.«h. 

neidishkd.  I  ttniooUieu,  jMilish  atrain. 

hesh.  knife:  tfift,  awl:  besh  Aq^llli,  KciKHom;  besh  Aq^llli  tso, 
>hi'ai^;  be#cfil«hi.  Hie;  bi^t^ctifshi  bidaxnt-skiniffi,  thretvcomen'^I 
lilt*:  bf*<>cKfHtii  niylxitri.  round  ur  ntt-tail  lilt>:  be^elilNhi  ntq^liei. 
Aal  iilc:  N.'6(;b(!<hi  ntMA.^i£i,  larife  tile:  u^hchfsh  (dislil&eliixh,  adesh- 
cBtfth).  1  tile:  yt>ihcKfsh  l.vlclilzh.  deshchlsh),  I  tile  it;  na«li.<.hch(Nh 
(nadfcKlzh,  nHtltdexhcn^h).  I  tile  off:  biyfdi^Lshclilsh.  I  tile  inside, 
iniM^r  nurface;  be^t^Mi.  hnnmu'r;  hi'ol^Agi,  plient;  beotfiA^  tao, 
rice;  beotAlffi  be>-ayikhihi,  totiir^  for  taking  crucibles  out  iif  tira. 


L 


S7e 


AX   BTHNOLOOW  DtCTlOIfARY. 


be<itMAfpi  Ithff'  henujahi.  toDff^  to  take  fire  with. 

atq&shjA  bo'it'fni,  (with  which  o.vf^Ift^  nrv  iiuuIeK  i^riiall  hutttm 
lintel's;  bfftph&^lfl'ft'nfli.  piiiirh:  hiKfji  Atrh&dA'd'nfli.  or  bikfji  Aj^- 
dd'dl.v^hf,  a  pii-a-  of  iron  with  n  huh'  in  it.  whirh  in  unt^i  ok  ■ 
set  puDch:  b<-&tfhi(lA'&lyJ^hf,  uiurer:  bijiqaitkh&li,  bowl  or  vewl 
iMpJ  to  put  in  6liiiys  iintl  othiT  Must**  material:  t*»*  <k»Wrb 
bina'nfli,  boM')  nr  vfwtfl  for  thi>  t^^  dnUAzh:  ts^  rloKAzh  bizK 
sack  or  rt'ccpUcle  for  t\u-  tsi^  iloltAzh. 

bi>tf#]chfhi  Ibi-^KJ'lrhihi).  stamp:   Ix^bfttladiltti&zi.  tirill. 

The  Navaho  havi'  no  silver  minra  in  their  coimtrj-  but  pur- 
chaHC  Mexican  silver  dollars,  which  are  wortli  from  fortjt'-Hve  t^i 
fiixt,v  cuntR  of  rnitfil  States  nione.v.  These  Mexican  silver  dol- 
lars, or  Knialler  coin,  are  either  molten  unit  mul<le<l,  or  cut  and 
haniniered  into  the  tlesin-d  unianient>- ami  trinket*.  FrtH|in'ntly. 
to<».  United  Stat^»  silver  coin.s.  dimes.  i|narters  ami  half-dt>llaiv 
are  tiHed. 

Be/ore  ailver  was  plenliftil  copiH-r  ami  braww  w<»n'  iwrd  iii8t4'»il, 
anil  wen*  pnrctiased  nt  the  Imdinir  jKwts  in  thi'  form  t*f  win-  nr 
Htiiall  .slieetH,  ur  taken  frum  kettles  and  inn^  iKsuet)  by  the  (fuv- 
emment.  or  boujifht  from  the  tvlui4>s. 


b^.shMKHi,  silver. 

besh  hchl,  copiier. 

b&sh  litMOi,  brass. 

nflAkhai  beb^so.  Mexican 
silver  coin. 

belatr^na  beb^so,  AnirHcau 
silver  cdu. 

b^shhlfr&i  <|ll8:.v^(l.  a  silver 
mine. 

b^shUimi  qastigydtl.  I  mine 
rflver. 

b4<«(hUjrat  nish^,  I  heat  It. 

V-ihlfiirai  ntq^l  AshM.  I  fiat- 
tnn  silver. 


b4^shlfl}?ai  Aqidishj^,  I  solder. 

b^hhifirai  di»tbqf,  I  melt  it 

b^^shhUrai.vlstsfd.  I  bammer 
silver. 

b^hb&inii  ifinshn^'  (  Uia-*h- 
»^'),  I  cut  silvnr. 

b4^hliffai  nttha-shnl.  I  hii,v  it. 

bi^shUinii  beddilylhi  h1.\-a»- 
std.  I  iM)iir  silver  int4»  mold. 

b^slitdifai  uazbAs  &>tKt£.  I  cut 
silver  into  rirclen. 

b<^*thlil;in>>  ti^'liA  i^'^hM.  Itri^'' 
it  crescent  ^hape. 

yillMd,  ridir^l. 


Bn^vsnujiiTHiNo. 


217 


f^tf  il  m  Henii-tubular  fllmpi>. 
bihalt«&.  t)ttw]-shii|K'(l. 

S>K'-s  twistttl. 
l-b6dilisu  sijit  uxttiixeii  or 
t>lackf>nMl  silver. 

b^jihlAjT&i  na'ilgf.   whitrned 
MiWur. 


b6thbltfHi  nililkhft,  polished 
Kilver. 

b^)4hHiiiai  ilo).\-f,  molt**n  sil- 
ver. 

b^jthbl^i  nahfylAtAJifK  ham- 
niereil  fiitviM-. 

tM'na'cUfzh,  dxutU  IiHdkh. 

After  havin>;  supplied  hini»i-tf  with  a  sufficient  quantity  of 
Milrer,  ftml  made  n]t  hih  ituDd  a^  to  ttte  size,  '<htii>e  and  de^iyn  of 
hi*  proji'ctfHl  work.  tlu<  Rijvcrftniith  briidH  his  whole  encrtfy  upon 
hia  task.  Frequently  be  nweivew  orders  for  special  tti-ticle.s, 
lrinkeb>  or  ornamente  from  the  traders,  who  snbmit  U>  him  the 
•ih8|N>f<  and  designs  n^qiliriH).  otherwise  he  works  out  and  follows 
hi>  own  plans  Mid  deMjfiis.  or  co|>je»  them  from  other  work. 

li&ibifi^i  dnrtAfd.  silversmilhinf;. 
b^bbl<ai  yit^fdl,  or  bfehlA^nii  il'fni,  KtlverKniith. 
bt^hbkfcai  >'iBtefd,  I  poiimt  silver,  I  am  a  silversmith. 
bishMerat  ash't,  I  make  uilver,  I  am  a  HilverHmith. 
fttf;fdi.  a  smith;  a»tsfd,  ur  yist^fd.  1  pound,  hammer. 
ntrfx  ftMhl^,  I  liaiilcn.  tein|H<r. 

Onp  of  thr  mu8t  etirious  and  intpreHting,  and  at  first  sight* 
inoMt  piuBKlintr  pt4-oeH  of  work  wniiifcbt  by  the  Na^-aho  silversmith, 
are  the  neoklacefi  of  idlver  heAds.  These  headf>  are  round  and 
inwanlly  hollow.  They  are  of  ditferent  Kizea.  and  so  arranged 
that  the  tup  beadB,  or  thoiw  mitinff  on  the  neck  or  oollar-bone, 
arc  quite  Hmall;  they  fn>adiially  increase  in  size  until  those  rest- 
itttf  on  the  middle  of  the  breast  are  aliuost  one-half  inch  in  diam- 
i^r.  When  seen  and  examined  for  the  finit  time  one  wonders 
tbcMe  (uiraffeK  manage  to  inaoufacture  these  neat  silver, 
hollow  globeleta. 

In  the  making  of  thetnc  silver  beada  different  methods  are 
employcil   by  diHen*nt  Nniitli>t.      One    of   these   methods    is   the 


S78 


Ay  ETItyOLOGJC  mCTlOSARY. 


follouJD^:  TIh-  Hiiiith  takon  n  Mexican  silver  dollar,  or  ui,v 
other  silver  coin,  and  beaU  or  luiiiimers  it  out  until  it  li&s  tW 
rcqiiirod  thickucss,  or  mtlwr  the  il^-sired  thinnt-iN's.  Thl^  sWl 
of  silver  is  itlacoil  upon  an  imn  i\\v,  into  «'hich  holc?(  of  varitujs 
siwft  ha\T  been  made.  These  holes  ga  alt  the  way  thrmijEh  ihr 
die  and  are  slightJy  ftinnel-shapnl.  An  iron  punch,  usually 
consisting  uf  a  bolt  with  one  end  ruumleil  off  heiniKphericmll;, 
is  »iet  squar\'  over  one  of  the  holes  an^l  struck  with  a  hammer. 
The  Htrokw  with  the  hamaier  force  the  silver  into  the  bolt-,  tbf 
rounded  end  of  the  punch  five  it  a  hcmi.'^pherical  shajw,  and 


since  the  punch  iR  not  thin  enoueh  to  be  driven  into  the  bole,  it 
cuta  off  the  hemisphere  with  a  fairlj'  even  edtrc  on  the  rim  of 
the  hole. 

When   tnfcpn   from  the  din  nr  nmtrtx  tin-  erljreN  of  the  hemis- 
pheres nre  smoothed  anil  leveled  d<iwn  with  u  file,  »n<l  tb^n  fur- 


SJL  I'BRS.V/TH/A'O. 


2"» 


ratwl  b>-  driving  the  ittiint  of  h  tile  or  otlii^tr  iron  hx)l  thruii^h 
Di.  Two  arc  thi-n  stnin?  upou  a  wire,  the  concave  sides  ara 
tied  logvthiT  so  m  It)  fumi  u  t/^lot)i%  which  is  wrapiH-d  with 
Duif  viT.v  thin  wire,  and  the  seam  ih  then  soldered  with  Uirax, 
ali^*a.  aad  wilver  dtist. 

Wlwn  arnineiNl  upon  &  Htrinfr  or  tliong.  each  necklace  contAins 
'rom  fiftj-  Id  Mxt.v^ — -the  Hner,  smnHiT  spi'rimen.s  often  mimberas 
n.v  Hit  one  hiimlreil  beads.  ll}<imll.v  they  hnv*'  u  larife  ere.s- 
nt-HhniMftl  [mtiduiit  in  the  front  ct^nter,  and  in  the  lower  lialf 
f  the  strand  small  silver  crosses,  aud  other  tluwi>r-like  uroa- 
uentA  are  strnntf  after  eveo'  9ecuo<l  or  thir\l  bead.  Nei'klace« 
t»f  this  kind  are  very  much  priy.^-il  by  thi-  Xavaho,  and  are  wr* 
tainly  very  ornamental. 

.vA  DGmAiii,  (round  bead),  silver  bt^ad. 

bfyijilt&idadstln^he,  (in  which  it  wan  struck,  cut  out),  matrix. 

b«>hAida'lRlln/hc-.  (with  which  it  is  struck,  cut  out),  head  [>unch. 

bitlajishn''.  1  striki'  or  cut  out. 

yo  urini4/.i  &nhi^,  I  make  silver  iH'atlh. 

yoMltii.  oval-shaped  silver  b4>fuls. 

■i&zliAhi.  crescent-shapeij  pi'ndant;  cllll  bil'&n,  tlowi>r-like  bead. 

tfilD  iUiiAi>zfd,  croKs-fdiapfd  bea<l:  n&hokhds.  tjwiu^tika  iHuidant. 

U*»h  t^^i  biKfdesfU^,  I  wimi  thin  wire  around. 

yu  yiab'^^h.  1  strinj;  beads. 

Th>'  <<imple»it   kind  of  Mtver  ornuuient  iiinde   by   the  Navaho 
xitviTHinith  is  buttons.      Of  thi-se  tlw   mo«t  common  form  is  the 


mwrnt>miK|)hi>n*  (le«erilN-4l  in  the  iirpeedinif  |mragra|ih,  with  an 
eyelet  of  co[ipt*r  «ire  soldinnl  luiili-itii-ath  into  the  i»vil.v,     Fri-- 


\y  STHXOtOnSf  VICTtOyARY. 

iiuviiti.v  ao  ('.vvK't  in  soldrred  on  tu  k  ilinie.  quarter  i>r  half-dollju'. 
Ami  llie  coin  luwd  as  a  biitttju:  sometimes  tb«  coin  is  rouiuM 
into  A  hemiF(pbei-<>  with  tW  inipritit  of  the  die  l«ft  iHTfirct.  From 
plain  t'»  ornanu'ntal  butt^ins  !»  but  a  short  *>Ufp.  Tbe  niniplvst 
dcutifin  is  a  star,  which  is  ohtaintil  by  Hlin(t  h  niimb«r  of  cuncrn- 
trie  nys  upon  a  button.  Outside  of  thifl,  buttona  of  every  nm, 
simfte  and  dr>siurn  art>  madi'.  soiiie  of  really  tusteful  and  artulic 
wurkmaiiKhiii.  The  Navahu  nmke.s  a  naicb  iiion^  rxU^nsivr  um 
uf  hntt<»ns  tlmn  hi^t  white,  c'iriJi;l:1^l  hrotber.  They  do  Dotxueireid 
button-holes  to  the  Na^'aho,  but  are  almost  exchisively  iwed  for 
lh»'  purpa»*e  of  dec<trHtintr.  Moccaaius,  1i>KiBrias»,  belt,  poucb 
aii<l  [M)uch  stmp,  pistol  holster,  jfun  scabbtird.  saddle  skirbt, 
bridle,  coat,  vi«t  ami  hat  an'  ornauK'nled  ami  wt  off  with  tbrm. 

yo  iilchfni,  button;  tfainf  dotlt^h  yo  ntchfni,  a  dime  (quartvr, 
half-dollar)  button;  yA  ntcMn  (laluiti4<S<i,  a  (^4»i<>..«ha|K-*i  button. 

yr>  nlchfn  nft'do^ifhAs,  Ixitton  with  concentric  ^^,vs. 

yO  iilchfn  detthzhAhi,  several  buttous  of  blunder,  pointed,  onl 
Rlia]ie.  joined  to};ether.      Ustfl  for  moccasins. 

qfthidiL-uifK.  Dvul:  iiutiAMluThi.  pointt.'d;   iifttib£.s^  round. 

dflkha  uAliAUii.  card-shaped,  i^iuare. 

nas<lien^.  fomi  of  a  iwi-allelotfmui,  i-lonirated  square. 

A  favuritu  silver  urnanieul,  worn  with  much  pride  sod  tibuw, 
aiv  l*>atlH>r  belt;*,    up«m   which  are  struntr   from   ten   to  twelrc 


ptatuK  or  diifks  of  HilvHr.  The^*  disk.->  are  ukuhIIju  of  oval  .slia|M>, 
hare  a  scalloped  i«d)re,  are  slii^htly  arched  in  the  c«nter,  miVHurf 
about   four  nrid   ono-half  inches  iti  h'nutli  and   three  inches  in 


SILVBHS^nTfltyO. 


381 


breadth,  and  arp  often  beautifully  chastx]  and  engraved.  The 
bolt  U  closed  in  front  with  a  larev,  hiifhly  oriiamenUl  buckle. 
£ach  disk  avcratpm  ubuut  thrvi*  dollnro  in  Wfii^ht,  ho  that  a  belt 
of  this  kind  often  contains  nilver  to  tho  valuo  of  forty  dollars  or 
more.  On  the  lowor  side  of  each  disk  out*  or  two  cleats  of  cop- 
per wire  is  soldered  for  pasHinu'  throuKh  the  .ttrap. 

als.  belt;   be^tcKldidld.  buckle. 

Silver  lieiiilMtulbi  wen^  formerly  nmniifiic- 
lurwl  ipiiti'  i>xtemitvely  ami  art-  not  i)urlicii- 
hu^y  lumlsoiiie,  hut  cor^tly  and  Hhowy.  They 
ooDMHl  of  bru«d  ba»df<  of  Nilvvr,  lart^v  and 
numtTouA  tmouiih  to  altiiu>it  entirely  conceal 
the  leather,  with  more  or  leas  beavy  {Mm- 
dantfi    dan^linif    on    the    cheek    straps,    and 


Comeluu. 


irip'  conchas  or  bridle  buttons  ut  each  side 
nf  the  brow  band.  The~se  bridles  i-i»st  from 
twenty-lire  to  thirty  dullars.  or  their  t>(|uiv- 
aUtot  in  Kheep,  pouieo.  or  ottier  xtock.  .sikwr  Bridle. 

kdXl'  b4^Jthli\irai.  silver  bridle;  AnttrAI.  silver  bridle. 

AlqisAtq&ni.  brow  band. 

itli  slnll.  or  Axit^'  bitfll  slnlli.  concha,  bridle  button. 

The  must  popular  forms  of  jewelry  are  bracoletR  and  rines. 
The  wrixUet  of  leather,  worn  oo  the  left  wrist,  in  now  frequently 
omaiiMnteil  by  a  silver  disk  or  plate  of  from  three  to  fourdollani 


2  Si 


AX  ETHSOLOOJC  DICTiOKARY. 


ill  wuiifbt.  some  of  whicli  aiv  fx*al  works  of  art.  Brar«lets.  Iwr, 
are  strictly  oruartiental.  and  are  luade  iu  iuuUifanoui>i  i^haptt  an) 
di>?tijrn».  Then-  are  «iiniple  roumi  oirclotx,  iistially  tupfriDij  % 
tittle  toward  thp  ends,  and  marked  with  tile  cuts:  otbenare  made 


Jirttetirt*. 


of  a  trian;iilar  barof  silver,  bunt  in  u  circle,  which 
ridtre  iu  the  ceuter,  alnf  yilKid;  or  of  a  square  bar  with  a  ?roorf 
alon;;  the  ctmler.  alnf  .vlldzla;  or  a  Hat  plate  in  the  niidtlle  vith 
a  slender  piece  on  either  side  to  encircle  the  wrist,  aJnf  gintqfl'. 
others  are  donhle  or  triplw  rirluod.  or  consist  of  two  or  Ihrw 
rid(r«I    I'irclet*    joined    or    soldered 
logethnr;  then   theiv  an-  flat  ttilver 
bandfi  of  diverse  breadth  and  thick- 
ness,   weighing:   from   one   tu  three 
dollars,  some  marked  with  file  cuts, 
indentations,  sralloiis,  Inaf-like,  and 
a   variety-  of  other  shaped    ligurea. 
often  executed  and  arranged  with  a 
taste   and    skill    that  would   re6ect 
credit  tiism  any  one  of  our  eastern 
silversmiths.       liracclets    arc    worn 
upon    both    w  ristw,    fionietinie**    two 
and  niare  on  each  wrisl.     The  two  ends  of  the  braeel(>t  are  aot 
broujfht  tofrether  but  a  spaci-  of  about  an  inch  is  left  open:  the 
wrist  is  presseii   »idewa.V8  throujfh  this  s|ia<-i-,  and  with  a  (vixt 
the  bracelet  i»  brouirht  Mb<.nit  the  wri^t  and  squeezed  to  Kt. 


WrMtl. 


k: 


PC 

\A 
Ml 


^A,  wristlet;  litAini.  hraccli>t. 
MBblA^i   l&tHlai,  silvur  brncttlct;    besh   Itchf   Iftt^Ini,  copptT 
|pt:  bc.sh  lit-sAi  lAt.sIni,  hm«s  brarvlct. 
Ini  ntt^Cl,  briMul  bmRnU^i:   l&tfllni  nJfai^si,  sli-iuler  bracelet 
lAtilni  u1.vL>i.  rouiiil  braceJet,  uiiuIh  uE  a  i^uund  bur. 
I&tsliii  utiit  ylMzte,  ffroovi!(l  biiicclet. 
Ut-^Iiii  ahil  irinbj^l,  ■  bniculet  bi-oad  in  the  ct-ater. 
t-idii  aliii  .vIlKiJ,  a  bmcplwt  ridRtxt  in  the  cenler. 
t^Iui  uo'^ttil^,  II  bnuu'Ii^t  with  two  i>r  moro  riilj|^p.«),  in  uric  piece. 
lAtsIni  aqtfsfaj€,  two  ridgod  brocoleta  soldered  toj^thcr. 
MtRint  sqtdaAlije,  thnu'  rid^nvd  brureh-ts  aolden^l  lojfetb^r. 
lAtstni  aqAni'A,   two   ridtred   bracolels  soldcrcJ   togrether  at  b 
[Mtlttts,  Iravinif  for  the  trrcatvi    part  a  narrow  spaci-  or  Ktit 
pen  them. 
lAtKlni  Mi&Jan&'fi,  three  bracelets  soldered  toj^ether  in  th^>  prc- 
ni;  manner. 

.tsini  tfish  J>i^*I.vA,  a  bniceleL  made  in  the  form  of  a  sniikc. 
litAlni  atk^Mifiz.  a  twiKte<l  brac«leL 
UtdEni  bike^hcMni,  a  bracelet  «ith  a  deniifn. 

fni  dtvbiKefiHhchfni.  a  plain  bracelet,  without  design. 


w- 


KiDffer  rintfs  are.  perhaps,  mon>  in 
um  than  braeuletM,  ami  th«tr  varift^t'  nt< 
b)  sine,  form  iind  df^ign  is  astonishing. 

Ktbo  NavttlMt  blanket,  no  two  rings 
to  hv  exacUy  alike..  The  men,  an 
m  rnli>,  am  content  with  one  or  two 
rioirv.  but  the  women  frefiuentiy  wear 
a  half-dozen  o&  each  hand. 

sink,  a  ring:   btvth  Hcht  yost^A.  a  copper  ring. 

A^tlild,  1  itutke  a  ring:  yoalaA  dcslizliAxh.  worn  down  ring. 

ge>4]<l^,  a  broken  ring;  yoelM  ^tiidi,  a  new  ring. 
•iVd  qaMUif,  an  old  ring;  yoNtsA  ntf|iU  a  broad  ring. 
9t^  alt^si,  a  Hlender  ring:  yastaA  nt^,  a  large  ring. 

ahiUai,  a  small  ring:  yosl»A  na'itgai.  a  iwlished  ring. 


$M 


Ay  BTBWOLOQSC  DICTIOlfAJtY. 


.VostaA  .vijf,  ft  blackened,  oxidixed,  Urniehed  rinjp. 

jroBtsA.  dobiKe^hchfni,  b  plnin  rint;. 

yoRtM  hiltof^shrhftn,  n  rin^  with  a  deai^rn. 

yoHt^  atli^A^TK,  A  twisU'd   ririff,  made  of  sleDder  silver 
twisted  and  aolderod  into  Koniethin^  like  Hlii^ret!  work. 

yostsi  bitstf,  a  ribbed   ring.   luade  of  several  alvndur  wire* 
brotiaht  tojfelher  on  tlw'  low*rr  aide. 

,V(>sts&  u^aA  binik',  ii  rinjf  with  a  ijlww  .settinjr- 

.vost8&  doUlsbi  bin&\  a  ring  with  a  turquoifie  .sctliog. 

yostA&  hii^\  the  wt  of  a  ring. 

yostfi&  tHtth  be^lyd,  a  siiakn-fthaped  riiif. 

Earrings  urc  worn  excliisivt>l,v  by  men.  Silver  eamogi^  con- 
Kist  of  a  smooth  piece  of  silver  wirr  flliiphtty  taperintr  towartl  thi* 
ends,  bunt  into  a  circle  of  about  one 
inrh  and  a  half  in  dianii>t<>r.  A  filidlntr 
silver  bead  is  frequently  strunir  upon 
this  kind  of  earrini;.  and  sometimes 
this  bead  is  flanked  by  two  smaller 
beadfi. 

Beside  these,  luany  other  ornaments  are  made  of  silver,  such  as 
single  and  double  crusHeH,  stickpins,  buckles.  hatbandSf  tweeser*, 
«tc.  SSpoons,  forks,  butt4>r-lniives,  sugar-shells,  etc..  are  of  very 
recent  introductiun,  and  are  made  for  the  whites.  Rings,  belts, 
bracelets  and  pendants  are  often  set  with  turquoise,  garnets, 
peridots  and  other  stone-i,  and  with  glass.  This,  too,  is  a  com- 
paratively recent  inno\'ation. 

jftghAnA'&hi,  a  silver  earring. 

jAghAnA'&hi  yfi  nQm&zt  bv  (or  bil),  a  silver  earring  with  a  bead. 

cHA'  bin&zfr.  a  hatband. 

digha  beyi'nfzhi,  twei-xers,  (with  which  the  beard  is  plucked  out). 

b^«bl&gai  *d^,  A  silver  spoon. 


y> 


Tbe  Navaho  silversmith  is  quite  fertile  and    inventive    with 
regard  to  forms,  shapes  and  designs,   or  perhaps  we  should  call 


POTTKHY. 


S8r> 


Kim  a  deft  und  clevor  imitutur  or  cop.vUt.  The  difl'vrcntiltvsiffas 
oa  his  >ti)r*>rwork  arf  kh  niimfroii>4  and  varit^  m  those  in  the 
blanket  wuvra  by  th<'  wooM-n.  A  deacriptino  of  his  work  will 
hardly  Ho  it  jtHtiee,  it  miist  be  aeen  and  examined  in  order  Ui 
faa  riffhtly  jiidifi^l  and  appriviatod.  Most  of  the  naiiiRS  of 
flffurcH  and  draii^nH  in  the  followini;  list  have  already'  ucciirtH)  in 
some  of  the  prvcedintr  paraiftaphs. 

dill  bittn,  plant  leaf. 
ti&zhAhi.  poodaut. 
dabit(|i,  crescent-flhaped. 
m)  tso,  bie  star. 
fWt  tso  de^thzhi,  biic-pointed 
fltar. 


dAI&flrhAs,  »erraled. 
trifih    beSlya.    s  n  a  k  e  - 1 1  ke 
made. 

ti&xb&8,  round. 

naxha.  pronifed. 

dzildi*I»i,  senit-tubular. 

yilltfd,  ridfted. 

ne'^ttl^,  withsevemt  Hdgea. 

blbalt^\  bowl-shaped. 

^KfisirU.  twisted. 

tn\y'ix,  round  (like  a  stick), 
bitsi.  ribbed. 


at^,  feather. 

mini&zi,  tflohnlar. 

d&kha  ii&hAlfn,  card-like. 

qiihidnnnz,  oral. 

nasdreni&z,  iiarallelograni- 
shaped. 

deshzhA,  pointin),  bristlj'. 

qahashcbl,  elliptical. 

dabat^ds,  conical. 

na'deatrhAs,  a  pattern  with 
conccotric  lines. 

be^kelchlbi.  steel  ^tauip. 

bike^slvchfni,  with  a  desiifn. 

do-bike&thchfnl,  plain,  with- 
out a  draiKn. 

yoHtftA  Ashl^  <lf  bikhfi*fro.  I 
ntake  a  rincr  after  this  desiicii. 


POTTERY  MAKING. 


Unlike  moat  of  tiie  neiKhborint;  Indian  iribe»,  tlie  \araho 
are  not  coanpicuous  an  pott«)rs  and  make  a  very  rude  and  inartiittic 
kind  of  pottery,  which  in  every  rtwpect  is  vaatly  inferior  to  that 
of  the  Poeblo.  Their  traditions,  however,  point  to  a  time  in 
which  pottery  is  fiaid  to  have  been  in  nowiae  inferior  to  that  of 
Urn  Pueblo  with  whom  they  lived.  With  the  exception  of  cook- 
iug  petit  other  fabrica,  attch  as  waterpobt,   waterfaafcs  or  bottlt», 


Sh6 


A\  ETliSOWaiC   UHTIOSARY. 


bowls  bihI  «artlu!0  spuoitK  or  dippt^rs,  wore  all  btnutifiilly  dew- 
rat^  with  fiinires  of  birds,  raiDbows,  deer,  ADtolopo,  rtbbite, 
diickfr,  cloud  clfcct  (K69  ishchfn).  or  any  Hirnre  not  tabooed,  u 
snakes,  HsfbtuinK^  bear,  bndfser,  hawks,  and  the  dirinittes. 

As  in  thi*  decoration  of  iiw  batket,  so  also  tb(>  docoratire  line 
encircling  the  body  of  thi?  |H)t  was  left  open  for  tht>  reason  that 
the  potter,  like  the  basket  weaver,  supposedly  encircled  hersel/ 
with  this  decoration  and.  test  eche  trifle  with  her  life,  mitst  nvt 
close  this  circle  about  her.  but  leave  an  exit  for  herself. 

The  early  watorpots  were  shaped  much  like  the  wicker  bottle, 
with  two  loops  or  eyclot?  on  the  aides,  and  were  similarly  carried 
on  the  back.  One  side  of  the  rounded  btKly  of  the  pot  was  made 
flat  so  that  in  carr^'ing  it  might  rest  better.  These  waterpots 
have  now  (entirely  db^appi^ared,  thouirh  the  leeeodB  speak  of  the 
white,  blue,  yellow  and  dark  waterpots  for  conveyitifr  the  sacml 
waters  of  the  cardinal  poinu. 

The  water  bottle  was  provided  with  a  loop,  or  Hnger  handle. 
near  the  neck,  80  that  it  intKld  be  conveniently  grasped  in  poor- 
inji  out  it-'*  contents.  Thi-y  werf  •ihajn'*!  much  like  an  onlinsry 
pitcher,  ouiittinjf  the  s|x>iu  and  handle,  an<l  with  a  narrower 
neck  than  that  of  the  wab>rpoi.  l^nU'r  they  were 
entirely  abandoned  and  dinplaced  by  bottles  pnr- 
cha»e<l  from  the  Hopi  and  other  tribes  whose 
fabrics,  thouf^h  slightly  differing  from  the  Na^n- 
ho  ware,  were  found  just  as  serviceable.  Of 
tbese  many  were  provideil  with  an  additional 
loop  near  the  bottom  of  the  bottle  .so  that  it  might  eju^ily  be 
HUhiH-mhtl  from  a  conl  and  carried  in  traveling.  Some  niainlain 
that  the  Navaho  never  matle  water  buttles  but  alwaj-s  purchased 
them  front  the  Pueblo.  Early  history  and  tradition,  however, 
discredit  this  strongly,  thoiigh  at  present  Navaho  made  water 
bottles  are  ver^  scarce. 

f^rthi-n  s|H>umi  or  diptH>rs  were  in  shape  like  the  goun)  ladle, 
and  were,  like  it,  tisiil  for  (hr  piirpim-  of  dipping  out  liquids. 


fOTTBRY. 


SS7 


The  bowl  would  seem  ta  have  be»«n 
i  sulM{titut4*  for  lh»'  liwikct  at  the  hoine. 
Its  Munp,  \ftdA',  eartbt^n  basket,  im1icittL« 
holh  its  shnpi*  «nrl  ptirpcMip. 

While   kII    of    thi-s*'    wrrc    uriianirnlt'il 

.iiliful    (iKUn">.  tlj<-   6.^a',  pot,  was 

'\y  dwoiii  of  ornaniMiitatiuii  since  it  wiut  iihikI  for  cooking 
parpii(H>s,  ttwl  in  the  iin'pfiration  iiml  boilint;  of  t\yvs  or  nuKli- 
doM.  No  pBilicitlar  care  was  taken  to  form  them  shapel.v,  and 
rhouijfh  niaijrt  in  eliffercnt  hikps,  alt  were  made  »fti*r  (ho  samo 
pattern  with  rounded  bottoms,  a  hardly  preceptihle  neck,  and 
a  Ktiuhlly  riariiii;  rim.  A  »erpentitu'  Hoe,  or  a  few  iicalloi)<s  ulunK 
the  outflide  rim,  in  addition  to  deprc«aion)t  made  into  the  lxx]y 
of  the  pot  with  ihf  finifer  or  a  stick,  were  the  only  decoratjve 
features  about  these  pots,  which  in  substance  reuiain  unchantjfiy] 
to  thtu  da,v.* 

TT»e  erucibleft  now  in  nsie  by  the  silversmiths  of  the  tribe  are 
io  Rlleel  cookint;  (Mils  in  niiniatims  and  are  prnvidetl  with  one 
to  thm*  .spouts  at  the  rim  for  pouring  the  auilteii  silver  into  thf 
matrix. 

The  ceruinunial  pipes  are  conical  in  slmi>e.  and  stt>udesH,  a^ 
the  smoke  in  drawn  througli  a  HUialJ  hole  pmvidei)  in  the  bottom 
of  the  ])ip4>. 

ThLt  eomtiarHtivel.v  khuiII  variety'  of  pottery  made  by  the  Nav- 
aho,  awl  their  apiwrent  indifTerenre  to  the  art.  finds  a  n>atly 
explanation  in  the  great  faeilit.\  with  which  more  t«lupely  ami 
MTt'ieeable  pottery  could  N-  obLuinwi  fivm  the  neitfhboriujr  I'ueblo 
Imlianm.  More  rvcvnlly,  too,  bras**,  liii  and  i-riamel<Hl  wmrti 
promptly  found  favor  with  them  aH  far  miiterior  to,  and  le^s 
diSciilt  to  ae<|Utre,  than  the  native  or  extra-tribal  jKittery,  so 
tint  comparativoly  little  f^rtheuware  ia  iiswl  at  preaeut. 
*S«a  llliMtrathtn  on  i^mv  218. 


AN  STHyoLOfiW  liWTloyARr. 


Pottfir>'  makinj^  is  a  wuntftn's  incliutry,  nml  to-dny  the  Narabo 
pottrr  may  still  br  fouDrl  amonir  the  older  women  of  the  tribe. 
Atj  the  nivldiDK  and  drying  procesti  require  a  larj,re  amotial  of 
atteDtion  and  carp  m>me  unoccupi^  hoi^an,  or  otbt^r  aecloded 
place,  is  selected,  where  the  potter  mi^ht  be  undisturbed.  As 
a  material  for  most  parth4?>nwart>,  a  very  sticky  niiid  and  whit' 
clay  ar«  tu;(^d,  which  may  N>  found  almost  everywhere,  while  (or 
the  potj(  a  blucisb  clay,  which  in  ci^rtain  localities  ma>'  easily  be 
du^f  out,  IN  pi-efprred,  and  from  its  iiw  in  making  pota  is  known 
aK  pot  material.  Small  pieces  of  broken  pottery,  with  which 
the  N'avahd  cotmtr>'  is  in  places  fairly  strewn,  are  cnuhed  and 
ffround  to  a  fine  saud,  and  added  to  the  clay.  The  whole  is  then 
mixed  with  water  and  thoroii^lUy  stirred  until  a  stiff  mud  of 
equal  consistency  throughout  is  obtained.  A  lump  of  this  mod 
is  then  taken  between  the  hands  ami  rtilled  out  into  Ion);,  slender 
pieces,  or  rope.s;  this  done,  a  Hal,  ix)iinil  cake  of  the  desired  cir- 
cumference  is  made  of  a  luni|>  <'f  the  mud.  and  serves  as  the 
bottom  of  tlie  pot  around  which  one  of  the  rolls  of  mud  is  wound 
and  made  fast  by  pressinir  and  ffeutLv  kneadinjr  with  the  fintreia. 
A  ve5Miel  containing  water  ih  kepi  near  by  into  which  the  finsers 
are  occasionally  dipped  to  prevent  thr  mud  from  clinjfinj;  to 
them,  as  also  to  prevent  the  fioisbe*]  work  from  drying  too 
rapidly.  .Auotln-r  roll  is  added  and  fastened  in  the  same  way, 
by  which  proce^  the  [wtter  is  enabled  to  tfire  the  pot  the  desired 
shape  and  size. 

The  rooldinj;  eonipletwi.  the  whole  is  tb«'n  ihnroiijfhly  smooth- 
encd  by  rubbing'  the  exterior  with  a  corncob,  while  the  bttck  of 
a  f^urd  dtpfH-r  \s  ased  in  snuxtthenin);  the  interior  surface  of 
the  iHit.  When  still  moist  smalt  indentations  are  made  in  the 
b^v  of  the  (Hil  with  the  thumb  or  a  Hmall  stick,  an<)  such  seal* 
lops  nuuJe  around  the  rim  as  strike  the  &ncy  of  the  potter,  who 
at  times  substitutes  n  narrow  sf^rpeotine  line  made  of  thia  strips 
of  mud.  No  other  decoration  is  added.  The  whole  is  iben 
covered  with  a  coatin}c  of  jfum  to  further  its  density,  after  whicJi 
tin-  pot  is  placed  over  a  slow   Hre,  inaile  of  sheep  or  oow  dunif. 


'•fc'K  >' 


SH9 


ftul  Bllowed  to  reniftin  thnrp  for  Reveral  houi-s  until  thoroughly 
baked,  after  which  it  is  i-eady  for  ttKt>. 

kfti'r  bakiujE.  thv  pottery  <i>xcuptiiiK  rouhlnK  iitenHils)  was 
rat«<l  with  colur<>(l  fitfiires,  the  color  bvinir  H|>pH(>(l  with  a 
brtuh  of  yucca  Hbcr,  aod  prepared  from  black,  red,  yellow  and 
whit«  days  or  earthii,  tniKi)  with  water.  This,  howprfr,  has 
hmg  oincv  been  disooDtimiMl  as  too  tuJious. 

The  cuokitiK  iKit  ia  still   larifi'lv  in  nsp.  hotli  for  ilniiiestic  and 
rcrpQionial  purposes.      Jo  the  wpll-known   war  dance  the  pot  is 

E'  '"'y  con*vrt«l  )pt«i  a  drum  by  8tri*tchinic  a  piew  of  ffoat-, 
or  buckskin  acrtw*  thi>  mouth 
pot  anil  (w^cunnK  it  just  below 
thp  ftarinir  rim.  This  is  tApt»Kl 
jmUi  a  small  round  stick  proiiucliiK 
^ktll  sound  which  is  kept  up  in- 
'eesBanllv  durinir  the  entire  dance. 
Tho  earthen  pf>t  is  also  ri^juirod  in 
the  preparation   of  medicines  pro- 

Kuf  e-ines'is  in  the  course  of  some  ceremonies. 
'.  or  t«|AiMa'.  the  water- 
IK4. 

iqAxIs.  the  water  bottle. 
^^|<Sx[m  yisdw,   Miiiull   bdttles 
HnupA. 

^^uushtn^h     tq^Kis,      earthen 
^||ir    twttl«.    ilrHiKiiati'H    the 
llopi  or  Pueblo  ware. 
tet«>K',  t^rlhfo  bowl. 
tuuhtflsh  ad^\  earthen  dip- 
per. 

blailllylhi,   in    which    it    is 
I,  crucible. 
1*'.  pipe. 


LIST  OF  WORDS. 


tm&\  cookioif  pot. 

<&>«&')  bike^nbchl,  it  is  dec- 
ora tetl. 

If^jfn.    black  earth. 

It>ts6i,  .lellnw  earth. 

dlPsh,  white  rlay. 

chl,  red  clay,  which  were 
uaed  in  the  preparation  of 
the  colors. 

&sa*  yAzh,  a  jiduiII  poL 

&HAiUiOt,  a  brass  kettle. 

iUA^  bidfttfi.  the  spout  of  the 
|Hit.  also  its  rim. 

AfA  bitMhi.  bottom  of  pot. 


^^^^1          £90                       AJV   tCTIiyOLOGH 

•   nWTJUXARY,                      ^H 

^^^^1              ifm   tth'u  <h<*   ttalf  <bixiki>n) 

ItdttHI  yithRll'  (yiltil*.  dnlt-  1 

^^^^H 

R&l).  I  jfriritl  hniben  pottery.    ^ 

^^^^H               ntylz,    ruiiiHl.    (k 

khftsii  isti'  alT  bit  tq&Ashnr 

^^^^H         tM]ic>ritii!!  object). 

{tqais^iii',  ti|AideFilinr).   I  mix 

^^^^H               udniOz.  elobular. 

broken   (HitWrj   with  tbr  po(< 

^^^^B               btM  kiil6iii.  thf  skillet,  or 

Ivry  clay. 

^^^^H 

iiiMifs  (nfk|l8,   dJD^MiIs),  I 

^^^^^1               bi's'/fsd'  lU\s'&sfi*).  a  burkt't. 

roll  (mud)  b«*tw<<«n  my  tMuida. 

^^^^H 

nAne-sD!'.  it  U  kneaded. 

^^^^^P               tKin  isA",  a  wotxlon  (cwnlyt 

iiAiishiil    tnaii^ii!'    [imlfDCBh- 

^^^^^K 

iiD.  1  si|ne(';4>  it. 

^^^^H               tKltiia'  ItKintsA'),  a    Huutlrii 

is«'  biy^^^   tht*  scallops,  or 

^^^^H 

decuretive  sorpeDtiDc  line  od 

^^^^^H               iiualflAni,  luifrc  oil  cnns. 

thi-  pot. 

^^^^^1               naaJrM,    it    sounds   (like    h 

A8«'  biyfS  ilshl^.  I  ittakr  (bi* 

^^^^H 

siiillo|Kt  mi  ih<'  pot. 

^^^^H               AkA'  tq^li,  wkIp  |>uLs,   lurK*^ 

isa'  yUhj^i'  ((th^jC*.  dtwhii'). 

^^^^^V           Hopi   pots  used    for   coukiiitf 

I  coat  the  p<it  with  ifuni. 

^^^^B        purpofipti. 

\^\  pitch,  eiiiu. 

^^^^H               ftftfi*  axlil^.  T  make  a  |>ot. 

dilkh4$\  it  18  •(ui(K>th. 

^^^^H               iafC  alT.    pottiT.v   tiiatt'rial. 

•lA'ftAhtW,    it    \»    ntoUlenw) 

^^^^H          a  bliipish  cUy. 

tharoutihly. 

^^^^^B               hashtrfsh     (litHfdi^i,    Kticky 

DadA  bitsfti,  the  corncob. 

^^^^^B           iiiuil.  nitui  wliii'h  cliriifK, 

ddwAliifi.  iadpntatioDH  nudv 

^^^^H              tsu*  al'f  i)ii.'^h^.v6d  (c|&if.rcH). 

with  the  litiKemail. 

^^^^H          q&deshffOl),  I  ditf  out  cla>-. 

b^SAsbif  or  deb^  hichA.  raw 

^^^^1               khfUll,    or   iUatell.  brokmi 

or  itheep  manure. 

^^^^^B           (ancicot)  potter>'. 

ltd'  yist'fe  (sAiff*,  desllii). 

^^^^^1               aua*&8a*i,    bit»     of    aDci«>ut 

1  bake  the  put. 

^^^^H 

hiko&»beh!     &dln.      without 

^^^H                 ft^Uni  iiAlmsiiM<nuli&lri.   tik- 

iltH-o  ration. 

^^^^H           liideiUiM).    I     iTAtht-r     hnik«>ii 

rKdhAtI*  nif,  an  fxit  \»  Irft 

^^^^H 

(on  pniti*r3'  dt^oratioti). 

^^^^H              fUaUll  yi^tflfd   (.v1|84mI.  dfs- 

bit<|4^hJ!i'.  tb<-  bxtpN  on  tb^ 

^^^^^1           I^O),  1  crii»h  bi>'k>-it 

nat^riKkt  arKl  watiT  bottle. 

BASKBritY. 


Sfti 


S<>e  Wicltprwork  for  wortls 
rvUtitiK  to  tnin!»n<>rtation  of 
I  hem. 

AaA'  ywh'IU  (iiA'A*.  dcsh'Al). 
1  OUT)-  a  |i(H  Un  niy  Imnd). 

i8«^  nash'i*  (riAKA'&'.  mhfih- 
1U),  1  c«ro'<  pick  itp  A  P<'t- 

liAhhtrffb  iflA\  i^rtben  pot. 

tb»'  beltfiAKhi,  tht*  iH>U(lruni 
stick. 


AsB*  <lilde«tr/l\  ihp  pot-dnim. 

IsA*  rliHishtrA  ((]a<lH>trA,  d&- 
dldi^htrAl).  I  tio  thr  pot  (with 
n  skin). 

&8H\vislK|l]<.\tlfiril.ili>Kh(|AI\ 
I  Mrike  the  pot-(iruni. 

&8ft'  >-i»tbd6n  tvllddn.  ile«h. 
(Id)),  I  Mjitod  the  potninini. 

&S&'  .vishtqrmh  ( ylhqltzh, 
dpshtqJuth).  I  tap  Lbv  pul-druui. 


w^^  -'■ 


BASKETRY. 

Sineiilsrl.v  eiK>ii<!h,  tht*  niiiiiber  i>f  Nnvaho  basket  woavcra  is 
v»r)'  limiUvl.  Vet  their  fabric  is  8iiiH>rior  in  strontrth  am)  dtira- 
bilit.v  to  that  of  thi*  neighboring'  AtHicht*,  Coconino,  Pueblo  or 
Piiua,  and  no  ap)>ar«iit  utforl  wati  evur  niadu  tu  displace  tbp  nntivv 
baaktt  b.v  th^*  products  of  other  tribes  which  offcr«d  a  larger 
VBri«ty  in  dMign  am)  shajM'.  The  Faiute  alon^  confomitv)  to  the 
retinirfniPDtB  of  Xavahu  ritual,  and  make  a  baaknt  which  in 
deflifrn,  Hha|M>  and  U^xturi'  is  iti<>ntir3)  with  tho  nativ(>  patterns. 
Apropu«  of  thih  coincidt!Dr4*,  ninny  bold  tiiat  the  I'aiute  burrowed 
lb»  iirt  from  tlw  NavHhu.  as  pluvious  to  tbeir  association  with 
tbe  latter  their  textile  industo'  was  conliaed  to  a  niddy  con- 
icted  wick*«r  bottle  (t<|6shje).      Sontn  also  advance  that  the 


999 


AX  BTH.VOLOOtC  DICTIONARY. 


Navuliu  bii»k4*t  U  recoiniizcd  by  thv  wwinir  uf  the  tioal  stiU-ben, 
which  ch<-  Ptiiiitv  can  not  accomplish,  ami  therefor  distini'ui^ 
between  baaketn)  of  Navaho  pattern  ninile  by  the  Paiuto  ibiycMhln 
bitM*)  mul  those  niiuh-  by  the  Na\fiho  (»lin#  hitsA'V  Others  con- 
sider them  iileiitiral  in  every  particular,  an  opiDian  which  b 
fa\'orrd  by  tho  use  of  the  Faiiite  basket  in  any  ceremony.  Bui 
leavinjr  t^uch  iiuestiniiK  aside,  it  is  a|>)ian>nt  ttiat.  for  reasons  a( 
iheir  own.  the  Naviiho  are  perfrctly  njti*eeabK'  to  the  coD)|ietitioD 
of  their  neijfhbor*  anioiiir  whom  basket!*)'  flourishes  siifticiptilly 
to  alhiw  the  Navaho  weaver  to  retire. 

Basketrj-  is  a  woman's  industrj'.  which  is  also  pursued  by  tht? 
n^lle  (he  chiiniteH).  hermaphrodites,  or  men  skilled  in  the  art^ 
and  indiistnes  of  both  men  Jind  women.  Basketry,  however.  » 
not  classiiitHl  with  textile  fabrics  (yistrtf),  but  with  sewinjt 
(nlilkhid).  It  is  of  interest  also  that,  while  the  basket  ts  in 
progress,  the  sewer  is  untouchtn]  and  avoided  by  the  meniben 
<if  her  fHMiily,  The  material,  too.  of  which  the  basket  is  madp 
is  pincml  beyond  the  immefliate  ii'ach  of  the  household.  Fiiiall> 
the  sewin>f  is  accomplished  with  the  utmost  expediency,  and  n 
undertaken  by  skilled  sewers  onl<k'.  Should  an  unskilled  |>erMJn 
tiim{>i'r  with  this  occupation,  it  is  believed  tlrnt  sickness  and 
rheumatic  stiffness  affects  the  wrists  and  joints.  'I'his  is  rvmeditd 
by  the  aineer  who,  in  tite  course  of  a  ceremony,  clothe*  both 
arms  of  the  patient  with  the  skin  of  a  fawn  (bl*  y&zh),  whereupon 
a  hole  is  broken  into  the  south  side  of  the  hojnin  throuffh  which 
the  patient  extends  her  hand  and  wrist-  As  stwn  as  the  wrift 
appears  on  the  outAidc,  her  younjjer  sister  takes  it  between  Imt 
teeth,  pressing;  them  ligbtly  into  the  skin,  which  suppoMdb' 
removes  the  stiffness  <nasd6').  At  present  this  rit«  is  rarely 
n(w»wt^ry.  but  suj^geists  a  reason  for  the  taboo  (bahftdiid)  placed 
upon  anything^  connected  with  basketrj-.  and  for  the  readinew 
with  which  the  Navaho  decline  to  pursue  the  industry. 

The  dimensions  of  a  basket  often  exceed  twelve  to  fourteen 
inobes  in  diameter,  ami  arc  asunlly  a  fraction  more  than  thnv 
incheiB  in  depth.     S.^  n  uinteriBl.  the  twiirs  of  sumac  (Ki.  or  chfl- 


BAUKSTHY. 


SdS 


chin)  ore  oseil.  A  Iriplr  iucision  is  mwlL'  intu  tbi'  butt  end  of 
the  twi^.  one  part  of  which  ik  bi'ld  betwin-n  the  teeth  whik*  thf 

it  twu  are  torn  otf  with  thf  tiuKft%.     Each  part  is  titen  ?icraih-<l 

ID  of  ilB  bark  with  a  kuifi>  or  piuce  of  tin,  and  l\iv  twig^  U) 
be  dy«d  aro  laid  attide  in  a  hoap,  while  the  natural  color  of  tho 
Iviu  furnifihps  thn  li^ht^r  shades  of  tho  dcKijrns. 

Tbi>  dyes  ii8e<l  are  identical  with  thoftt?  used  for  cuUirin^  wool, 
tliouffh.  obviotLsl.v,  thit  niurdatit  of  boilinl  .siinmr  Icuvi's  iKT) 
becomes  i(u(>er1luouK.  Cedar  ashes  bUi)pos('dl.v  add  Iii^-ler  to  the 
ot^or  and  contribute  to  ito  adhesive  (|uulit.v.  Hlack  wa><  obtained 
frvm  surface  eoal  ((ejfn),  ailded  to  boilinjf  r*uniftc  l<9ave^  ilit),  or 
from  a  itulphurous  rock  (tH^kh6).  ^li^htly  roiLsted  (il^s)  with  pine 
Ifuni  or  rosin  {}6').  When  ready  this  was  iidded  lo  tin-  Ixiilin^ 
Iwi^  |(ivinf(  thvjn  a  Itii^trons  black  eohir  iiimilar  to  charciml 
(^b  naUlIn).  The  root  of  juniper  (j^l  beli^tlOl)  and  uiountain 
mahoffuny  (t6^»diUi  bob^tToll  are  twilvd  together,  after  which 
the  Krotiml  bark  of  aider  (kinh  yiU^Ko)  is  atlded  to  ubtuiii  a  pale 
ml,  into  which  thf"  twiifs  an-  innii<^i-si'<l.  At  tintes  the  joint  Kr 
(lf6'  ax^hi,  £f/h^rtt  tri/xtt^/Uii  is  Aiib«4titul<Hl  for  alder  bark, 
while  cellar  ashcfi  a^ld  luKt<^r  to  the  Cfdor. 

Hlne  was  frciiiiently  obtaint-^l  with  indiga.  though  a  iiaCivp 
blue  in  akto  prepared  from  a  blueish  cla.\  or  ochre  called  Aditih- 
tTbh,  which  is  ptdxerized  ami  dux«k]  with  water.  Varioub  shades 
of  yt-IIow  are  obtained  with  pUnt**  like  B!g-iovto  IliltlMAi).  tlwi 
^oeeft:  werd  (iiie^«ihJH  ilkh^i,  iJtlen!"tii  Ilnoprit!!),  or  the  sornd 
|4jtt*fniK  tb<'  Dowers  of  which  are  crumpled  and  boiled,  with  rtniar 
^Bbn  thrown  in.     <Cf.  Weaving;.) 

The  dyeiiitc  done,  ttw*  Iwiipi.  both  colontl  and  uneoloretU  are 
jilaoed  in  witter  to  ivnder  them  nioiKt  and  pliable.  Tbe  butt  endn 
of  tbv  hn>t  tuiifN  Are  woiuid  amiind  a  small  stick  known  hk  rhe 
bottom  of  the  twsket,  and  (*eciire<l  there  with  yucca.  An  «w|, 
tnade  of  dei>r-bone  (bf'  hikh^tHln).  In  mm-  iiRr<l  in  sewing  tlw 
hahkei  fur  which  an  iron  awl  in  found  inipracticabti'.  The  ww- 
w^  ia  Hlwa.VH  dune  Mutitrim,  ur  front  left  lo  ritrht.  tfiMnjr  the 
baKket  ilw  f<ba|>e  of  a  helical  coil  when  linishctl.      Much  deftneHii 


S94 


AA'  ETByOUXilC  DICTIONARY. 


and  constant  application  an*  required  to  obtain  a  close  vnvf 
wbich  will  hold  wiit^T  uftcr  a  few  miniites  moistoniiiK.  while 
ba«ket&  uf  iiifei'iur  qual)t.v  rvquire  itioi>U-nintc  much  longer. 

The  designs  are,  of  course,  woven  with  tbo  eolom)  tm^K 
YbIIow  and  bluo,  howi-ver,  are  now  rareb'  "swi.  and  the  iisoil 
IMtti'ni  is  a  hand  three  to  six  inches  widp,  woven  with  tx^iVNi 
edK*'s  in  black  with  n  line  of  red  ninuinjir  through  the  oentrr, 
and  ftet,  ae  it  were,  on  a  Itg'bt  background  made  of  the  natunl 
color  of  the  tnii;.  Or,  this  band  ia  sometimes  displaced  bj  » 
Ket  of  four  or  more  st|uare  fitrures  woven  at  InCervaU,  with  ■ 
colore^l  circle  entwininjf  the  lower  part  of  each  square.  The 
colors  in  thifi  and  the  Hr<it  pattern  niiffht  be  dii^tributed  at  will, 
aod  the  colored  band  of  the  first  pattern  might  be  increased  to 
two  or  more  acooitling  to  ta-^te.  Both  patti^ros  are  desiffnateii 
as  iM",  basket,  without  reference  to  their  designs.  Of  the  two 
extinct  patterns,  tb<-  iaiC  net^\  or  coiled  basket,  preiienled  a 
draign  of  vari-eolored  coils  following  each  other,  while  the  tA' 
hAkhilni,  or  basket  of  enclosures,  presented  a  set  of  four  triangles 
whose  apices  rested  on  the  center  or  Itottmn  of  the  basket.  From 
the  )>ase  of  each  of  these  trianifles  three  squares,  increasing  in 
width,  extended  to  the  rim  uf  the  basket,  giving  the  whole  design 
a  shape  similar  to  the  Maltese  Cross.  While  no  special  rulws 
were  laid  down  with  regard  to  the  blending  of  colors,  or  the 
number  of  figure*  and  ciivles  in  h  design,  it  was  eHttenttal  thai 
every  design  be  broken  or  intersected  by  a  line  of  itocolured 
twigs.  In  ba^ket^  with  circular  designs  this  waa  comparative^' 
easy*  but  in  the  tuA*  h^klidni,  or  basket  of  enchksuivs,  it  itv. 
found  necessary  to  inti-rsect  one  set  of  squares  in  order  to  make 
thi.'i  line  quite  apparent.  It  was  therefor  called  q&dtcjin  (qfltqlo), 
the  way  out,  <jr  chdhAtl",  the  line  leading  out,  and  was  prescribed 
lest  the  sewer,  in  bending  all  her  energie»i  and  application  upon 
her  work,  endour  bentelf  and  thus  lose  her  sight  and  mind.  A 
parallel  is  found  in  overdoing  weaving,  ^^inging.  in  amassing  a 
fortune,  or  in  the  ojiening  left  in  the  figuiv  of  the  qui-ue  aod 
bow.     (Cf.   War  Douce.)     Tlii»  intersectiun  alwa>'s  runs  in  a 


BASKWf»Y7 


i»d 


radiKl  Utip  with  the  <*l<mp  of  the  nfutx  on  the  mibrimtcd  rim  of 
ittch  buiket,  which  in  turn  utrvvR  lut  a  gnidf  in  the  <lin>ctional 
UBiKnment,  ttf<  the  clone  Rlwii.vK  fact's  ■•a«twHrc).  I  Wntv  the  nin^or 
alwB.v>i  l<K>ks  i>r  1*v^U  for  the  cldscd  rim,  desijftuiU'tl  as  hi<iV 
&i)tr6.  where  the  rim  is  woven  (instead  itf  sewcil),  Tht-  tletailn 
involved  in  mt^ndini:  tiii«  rim,  as  uell  aa  the  taboo  placed  upon 
woarinflT  of  a  basket  as  a  head^rear,  the  lofcendn  of  the  origin 
ni  the  basket,  nnd  relative  stibjerts,  are  beyond  the  scope  <»f  the 
pr<>Arnt  work.  SiitKce  it  in  aay.  that  the  basket  is  made  exciu- 
frirvly  for  c<<rpmonial  use,  and  is  an  integral  (lurt  of  e\'ei:>'  ritt-. 
aa  nooe  ia  holy  (diytn)  without  it. 

The  strenfTth  and  elasticity  of  the  Navaho  basket  renders  it 
M?rvireable  a«  a  drnni.  in  other  worils,  »'/  /«  ttmutf  tfoin,  and 
twAten  with  tV  tinimslick.  Sbonid  it  be  turn^  <//j  afrnin  before 
tbr>  clf»e  of  the  ceremony,  it  indicates  that  the  sin^r  has  sus- 
pended the  continuation  of  the  nen^n»on,v.  The  basket  is  also 
and  as  a  nK;eptacle  for  the  mttleN,  prayeryiirks.  stones,  herbs, 
nedicinea.  and  liku  ceremonial  pa  raphe  rnalia.  The  ceretiiunial 
bath  iK  administen-d  in  the  bosket.  The  mask  of  the  Friiwed 
Mouth  (zAlMhlol/hdi)  i»  8up|wirted  on  a  iMsket  from  which  the 
bottom  has  been  cut  out.  At  the  marriaffp  ceremony  a  new 
basket  \»  requireil  in  which  to  serve  the  i»oiTid(fe.  As  it  is  fn>- 
queatly  iiii|>osaibh-  for  tlie  couph'  In  i-onsimie  its  eontents,  Die 
haakri  is  pHsaefl  unmnd  to  the  visitini;  ffiiests.  Whosoever 
Aonsnmefl  the  (Inal  portion  of  the  |)orridirr>  also  takes  posseasion 
of  Ibe  bttskel,  wherefore  baski^ts  thus  obtained  are  desitfiiated 
aa  tdi*  na*ob&ni,  or  the  basket  which  was  won.  It  is  otherwise 
ntfenrd  to  as  danftkhfln  brodflni.  th(>  basket  from  which  they  eat 

* 

the  porridge.  Thi'  so*call«d  wedding  basket  is  therefor  unknown. 
In  the  early  tUjs  basketa  were  wuven  of  yucca  braid.  The 
pith  of  the  .Micca  leaf  was  extracted  anri  dyeil  in  the  same  manner 
aa  Biimac  twijFH  to-da.\.  It  was  also  iiermisaiblc  to  use  the 
daatinix  vf  the  basket  in  th«>  decoration  of  the  uppers  for  moccm* 
siaa  made  oi  yucca. 


USB  AK   ETUaOLOOSC  DiCTiOfTABr. 

Thi*  raniuante  uf  CwigK  i»ed  for  tMulti'iN  air  pinplo>-nl  hi  em- 
Klnictinii^  the  so-callod  owIh  (nibthjA).      iX  Bui^bocs. 

WORD8   KEKERRINO   Ti}  THE   BASKET. 

td|\  tho  baskot:  Ub'  nAnhkbtUl,  I  ww  or  luake  a  buket. 

Kl,  or  chllcKfD,  Aumac. 

K!  qiuih&  (qas^yA,  iiadcshul),  I  irathrr  »iinuir  twifpt. 

tstzt'  nliL^li,  .vucai  (l}ro»d'l«-Bfe(lh   Ulnb.  aider. 

Ki  .vilzhl.  hlHckiMHHl  siiiimL-  (fr>rilark  colui-)' 

Risli  J>f.vilchl.  ixildcui'd  with  alder, 

iMikMiri  b41usb6  (UihDibe',  bAdftihll.  I  Mmpt*  Ibr  tiark  uff. 

kl  yfchdlad  (.vlWlid,  ileshtlWIK  I  tear  the  sumac  liu  striptV 

t^l'  bitl'Ahi.  bottom  of  boski't  (r«>Qtcr  of  holix). 

iiAhineKti^'.  helical  (cuil^;  bidA'  astM*.  imbricated  fworentrim. 

bidfl*  BshtM  <B$itrA.  deshtrAl),  I  rliwe  (weave)  the  rim. 

nAftbcbli.  II  design  (in  basket). 

nAltHxb  bikf^ahcbt,  ziffzatr  (liue)  dei«iiru. 

tciA*  alnf  iia'IchJ.  ntl  line  in  ctnter  (of  batikett. 

i|AU|ii),  the  exit,  the  inten»ectinir  line  of  the  Jesimi. 

nAdle,  a  man  performing  woman's  work. 

nAltJ^^iro.  or  nAlxho,  nioiKtennl  with  water. 

tq6  do-bnghftiryed-da.  water-tight,  watt*rdoe«  not  flow  tbruiurt 

tqA  bajirh&dfibi/Jln,  it  leaks,  water  flows  through. 

t^'  n&ttbt-te  (Ds^Hte.  odeshtlA).  or  t^fi*  nlshO  <n!th^Khu.  nil^.sbu), 
I  moisten  the  basket. 

t^*  aql^tqi,  the  basket  is  tiffbtly  woven,  or  t^'  aqfneHlql,  a 
tight  basket:  iM'  nAnt^aiA'.  a  l(i(>.Sfl.v  wt<ven  ba.<)ket. 

t^*  .vAsi'tqA,  the  basket  is  down,  or  yAnidaAtqi,  the  b«skei  it 
tumeii  down. 

t*!a'  yjlnfhtqf  (yfi'ilt<ifi'.  ya'ndeshtqll).  I  I»ut  the  basket  down 
(for  the  (Jruin),  hvnce,  t^\  the  bnsket  drum. 

tH'  ylshkbftd  {^'Ikhnd,  desbkhi)),  T  strike  Cbe  btuket  (drum). 

t^'  bf^yikhftd,  the  drumstick,  which  ia  made  of  tsAzT  nlqAi, 
broad-leafed  .\aicca;  t^'  bfyikhfld  ishW,  1  make  a  dnimRtick,  (»r 
ratht-r  t^'  beyikhAd  hittfdiftdfx  (biltidMiz.  bikrdidesdb).    I   wind 


L 


thr  drumMttck.      Tho  yucca  Itt  wniind  amuml  two  folded  yucca 

temvw  in  about  four  sfctiutiK.     The  ends  of  the  winding  string 
>  Are   securt'd    u'llliin   i\w    folds   and   corn   pultun    Lt   insertinl;    iit' 

bejikfaid  nadA  ax^  bilq&'il^,  medicine  of  com  in»ort«d  in  lor  fed 

to)  the  drumstick. 

tA^  hitqldnagis  blniy^*,  basket  for  bathinir  (ceremonial), 
tq&'ntl  bill*  bihikhft,  mush  put  into  the  bosket  (for  the  nubility 

crrcmon3-);  bihiKhkhft  (bihfkliA,  bldtwhkhA}),  I  put  into  a  rocep- 
tade;  Hi.''  tq&'nil  bi^Mkba',  the  mush  is  (now  ready)  in  the  basket; 
tqi'oll  Mr  bljihaAbklti  (biji1iftkh£\  bljiliilde^bkh&l).  I  put  tbe 
mush  into  the  basket:  tq&didfn  biyTst^^  (biyfhfio\  bicl^stilft'),  I 
put  pollnn  on  the  ntush  and  cut;  tqAdidfn  bidzitt^'  (bldxflt^*, 
bisdoltftft'),  pullt'n  niu»b  in  eatfn.  indicating  tlial  the  ceiTuuiuy 
will  take  place;  (ttlS'  biyf)  tqAdidfn  ain&oanll,  pollen  cruwt^d  in 
thr  lia»ki<t;  aloAushnll  { alnais^nll.  atna'idesbnll).  I  croffl  it,  put 
it  acrowt  each  uther. 

WICKERWORK. 

In  aiJditioo  to  th4<  basket  jiutt  described,  the  water  bottle  and 
carryinK  basket  are  the  only  other  objects  of  wickerwork  msde 
by  tb«  Navalio. 

IqAfthjr*  Ls  probably  a  contraction  of  tqd.  water,  and  yiRhjA.  it 
is  clo(ii>d  with  gum.  froui  the  fact  that  the  wicker  bottle  or  jar 
is  covered  with  a  layer  of  giun  or  pitch.  I'he.se  bottles  art*  made 
of,  or  M'we<l  with  sumac,  willow,  or  other  pliable  twigs,  in  the 
shape  of  a  targe  ruse  with  a  rounded  bottom, 
a  globular  Inxly,  and  a  long,  narrow  neck 
will}  a  flaring  rim.  A  small  loop  of  plaited 
bof^tf■luur  u  woven  into  tbe  jar  at  either  side. 
An  awl  is  the  only  instrument  u.s<-d,  arnl  no 
particular  care  i»  taken  to  weave  very  clwely, 
u  the  )ar  is  rendered  water-tight  by  a  cor- 
aing  of  pino  or  piBon  gum  over  the  whole 
inner  and  outiT  Htirface.  The  gimi  in  heated 
and  [tounti  into  the-  jar,  and  by  inclining  and  turning  is  brought 


«08 


Alt  BTByoWGIV  mCTIOSARV. 


in  uvntact  with  the  whole  inner  Mtrface,  aft^r  which  tU?  sarplte 
pitch  is  poure<.l  off.  A  heated  pvbble  is  then  thrQwu  iuside  ud 
Tttforoiisly  shaken,  which  '\^  said  to  remove  any  hardened  liunpK. 
and  t£ive«  the  interior  a  smooth  surface.  The  exterior.  to<.>,  is 
now  cDverMi  with  g^\m,  which  in  •d<lition  \n  dmnhed  with  red 
el^  to  obtein  a  rcddiab  hue.  Any  iiufvcnnusB  '\s  thrn  n'moved 
Front  the  Riirface  by  |ln^&8inlf  «  iM-atiii  jiebble  over  it. 

These  jacB  have  no  lid.  but  u  biiucb  of  gnsn  or  sai^  bark  ')s 
stuffed  into  tlu-  neck  of  the  jar  to  prevent  the  water  from  Fplasb- 
ing  out.  A  cord  or  rope  attached  to  the  loops  on  the  side*  of 
the  jar  Is  (dipped  over  the  shoulders,  or  acra^K  the  forehead,  witli 
the  jar  restint;  on  the  Kniall  of  the  back,  so  that  it  can  be  coove- 
niently  carritr<l  in  thiA  manner  for  a  considerabh>  distancit.  Their 
rnpHrit.v  w  from  one  to  two  galloDS,  thouifh  the  larger  sixes  have 
a  ui'cater  capacity.  They  are  not  plentiful,  and  are  beiRK  dis- 
placed more  ami  more  by  the  modern  pail  ami  bucket. 

In  earlier  da,\'N  a  naterbaj?  wa^  also  iteed.  Thi)^  coaMt4ed  of 
a  piece  of  buckftkin  stretched  over  a  hmip  to  form  a  bottom,  witli 
the  emls  of  the  buckskin  brought  upwarl  and 
Becurwi  to  a  very  small  hoop  for  an  iirifici-.  It 
«-afi  called  tq6  AzIk,  water^MiK.  or  U\f>  &b(d,  water- 
paunch,  as  later  the  iiauach  of  a  cow  or  sheep 
was  employed  iiiKt^ad  of  buckskin.  The  modem 
bottle  is  called  tqdsls. 

The  carryinK  baaket  Is  even  lean  frecitiently  seen  than  the 
water  jar.  tslzls  (tsi,  hair,  and  zU.  or  izls.  a  ba^;  or  pouch,  from 
the  mode  of  i-arryint;  it  over  the  hair  of  the  forehead^  \»  used 
at  presfnt  for  jf^^h^rin^  the  hashlcAti.  or  yucca  fruit,  for  syrup. 
The  haflketn  are  plaitetl  nf  willow  twijfs  much  after  the  st>-|e  of 
our  own  bnKkels,  but  have  neither  handle  nor  finished  rini- 
Instead,  a  cord  is  fastenwl  to  tno  of  the  stavra  or  bontif  and  thr 
basket  is  ^-arrie*!  exactly  like  the  water  bottle,  hut  the  coni  \» 
preferably    slipped  over  the   foifhead  or  waJp.      At  limi>»  they 


WICKKRWOHK. 


399 


■re  strap|>od  as  ft  pack  to  cither  horee  or  burro,  ooe  baaknt 
dftnirliaj{  fruiti  Hither  &iUe. 

A  baskot  of  the  Airae  typo  is  8on)«timv:> 
made  on  the  lield  forcons-eyiug  thp.viicca 

it.      It  conHl*;t>i  of  two  staves  or  bows 

ie  of  oak  twiifs,  crossed  in  the  center 
aod  broujebt  upwurd.  where  they  are 
attacbeil  to  a  hoop.  This  rude  frame- 
work, in  turn,  is  covered  with  goat  or 

!!pskia,  which  is  wwed  to  the  hoop, 
tile  a  cord  attached  to  two  of  the  8ta\*es 
mmpleteH  the  temporary  efiiiipiue.Dt  of  the  hoskot 

WORDS. 

'tq^shje.  wicker  bottle,  water  jar. 

Kl,  auinac,  etc.,  see  Basketr}-;   Ital,  willow. 

tq6Hlvit'  a-'ihl^,  I  make  a  wattr  jar,  or  UiiViihie  n&shkh&d  (nas^l- 
kb&d,  ndeshkbil),  I  make,  sew  u  water  jar. 

tNigai  be  t<|6t«hjg  n&AhkhAd,  I  i^ew  tho  water  jar  with  a  bone  awl. 

}6  disbqf'  (dfl(]I,  dfdeiihqn.  I  mett  pitch  or  gvnx. 

delqlgo,  melted  jrum. 
[tqAshjti  bT'fHid  (bi'fzld,  bld^It),  I  pour  ($rum)  in  wicker  bottle. 

Iq6sbje  Lhi^'  iwAzJ  bjn&nsduiil  (bJnauddzld,  bi'ndfocsdzll),  I 
Hhake  a  pebble  in  the  wicker  bottle. 

IqAshje  dc*ilK61ijri,  the  grooves  or  crevices  of  the  jar. 

tqAsbjf  yishj^  (Ahd^j^,  do^hjA).  1  iilue  or  c«moQt  the  wicker  jar. 
This  exprcHttion  is  used  for  covering  the  exterior  (bakhAdn)  with 
pitch. 

blAahj^  yt*)beht  (sb^chl,  desbcbf),  I  color  the  water  jar  red. 
Red  cla.v  (chi)  in  mixed  with  water  and  spread  over  the  laj-er 
of  pitch. 

dAdadoslijA* .  it  is  M^ter-tight,  it  is  cement«-d,  from  dlldcaUJA* 
(didelj^'.  di'didoIjA'),  it  Is  elued,  soldere<d  with  gum. 

bitfiifihjA',  the  loopa,  or  more  exactly,  K  bltflA  yi>(hbl7hjp>  bi- 
tijMljft*,  the  Ir>op  of  braidnl  horsetail  hair  on  either  aide. 


soo 


Ay  ETHyOLOOW  DICTIOSARY. 


bkl&'ji,  tbe  rim  of  tbe  jar. 

tq6  qadishblD   (qacl^Mn,    (|A<Udeshbf|).    or    Iqo  Ashl^ 
sdmhlflt,  I  (ill  it  with  watfr,  I  fH'i  some  wbUt. 

tr^'.  (;nu¥4:  t^*  bizlif,  bark  uf  t««!«-l>n[8b:  AnAilioi^ul,  ur 
JUUtlinrijOl,  a  bunch  of  ltoks  (etc.)  for  &  lid.  both  wonlf^  frao 
&nAJiDshjdl  (Anftdlatidl,  tLDi<llde«ludl\  and  AdiidinsbjM  <adA<l(nliol. 
Atlail{do6hi6li.  1  close  it  with  a  bnoch  (of  hay). 

iqAKhjj'  nAljId.  th^  wntttr  jnr  is  carrit^l  on  tht*  hnck. 

tqAshjc  naHhjId  ^imsh^ljld,  tnleshjU\  or  i<i6shje  .viNhjfl  (rilj' 
di'shjlt',  T  iMck  or  carry  tXvs  wat«r  jar  on  niy  back.  Tim  xn  «!»> 
di>tinitrl.v  I'xptvssod  as  follone:  shiiql  be  D&shiftl.  tir  sitsi  be 
ndshjld.  1  imck  it  with  iii>'  fui-t>lu>s(l:  Mjuh6H  be  nftshjlil.  or  v)^h- 
\i\,  I  pack  it  ou  Di,v  shoulders;   t<|6«ltjr  hitfA),  th  ■  waUr  jurconl. 

ttlxlK,  tho  carryinjc  basket;  hajihtcftn  bendtjld.  yucca  fruit  i« 
carried  with  it:  ba],rh&ofIiru  iM'A'ilfl'ifo  benAljId.  it  is  cmrriKl  hy 
a  line  <»trinv>  im.'istHi  throiii^b  att  ojiening  and  antumi  (the  siavis 
or  bown). 

talxlR  bitf^l,  the  cord  of  the  ba.<iket;  tllzl  khitfi  ttlxls,  ffoat- 
p«lt  basket;  deb^  V\Ak'\  tsfzls.  8hee|>-peU  basket. 

nAsh£<:,  a  boop;  bidA  ^fin&  nJUkhAd,  .sowe<l  in  the  riru  (the  b(M»)i 
of  the  p4>lt  basketi«K  othonrise  tbe  basket  \a  oot  ^aid  to  hai*e 
bid&ei.  a  rim. 

n  (tqj^Ii.  burro)  t^txLs  bfldas^nll,  bof^ket  od  either  Hide  of  a 
home.  ba^keti«  iised  a^  a  pack.  Oth^r  uxpreiosiunK  for  caro'ine 
or  packing  arc  the  same  as  for  the  water  jar. 

K  bilnti  .viBdfz  (»Miz.  dcsdis),  I  twist  horsehair  (  for  loops). 

tslElfi  y tishtM  (s^tfd*,  deKhtf^l ),  1  weave,  make  a  cnrr>'itiK  baskt-L 

tslzis  ashl6,  I  make  a  carr>'Uie  basket  (of  8h«(>p-  or  ifoat-pelt). 

UAzlb  bAnas'iiiri,  the  (four)  <ilavoA  of  the  ejirrying  ha«kft. 

tsfels  bid&  oas'&hifit  the  staves  extcndinj:  over  its  rim. 

tslzis  bitf&hi,  the  bottom  (erus8e<]  staves)  of  carryinjf  baskcL 


• 


BEADWORK. 


Beads  for  necklaces  are  fre<niently  purchased  from  the 
IndunR.  notably  tbe  Zufli,  tbe  value  uf  a  strauil  depending;  larji 


JtKAnWOHK. 


301 


uiton  the  coaxiHtency  snJ  age  of  the  Mhelt,  Beads  of  hard  atonv. 
Attch  M  turquoise,  red  stone,  oli%«ll«  shell,  etc.,  aru  ulded  to 
ihew  strands  of  white  Khell  accordiutc  to  individual  taute.  Tht'»>, 
•ml  bead.t  miulp  of  conch,  or  torloiso  shell,  purchased  from  the 
tradeni.  ari>  perforated  with  a  kind  of  bow-drill  consisting  of  a 
tOendiT  drill-Htick  of  hard  wood,  an<l  a  crusspiecL-  of  soft  wood, 
to  which  a  string  is  attachiHl  at  both  ends  and  pa»w>d  with  a  sin- 
ifl«  twist  through  a  hole  in  the  upper  end  of  the  drill-stick. 
The  crowpiece  is  provided  with  a  hoK-  in  Ibe  cpnt*'r  larjjo  onouffh 
to  rpcoivc  the  drill-stick  nnd  allow  of  a  froe  niove- 
nieot  up  and  down,  while  the  atrinfr  h  passed  throufrh 
two  small  holes  at  each  end  of  it.  A  small  stone 
disk  is  Iitt4>4l  near  the  lower  end  of  tbf>  drill-stick  to 
Nteady  it^  mutton,  and  tlie  point,  Ui^iully  secured 
with  sinew,  i;enorally  consists  of  a  strooe  wire  nail. 
A  few  twiHta  botween  the  ftntff  rs  entwines  the  strinjF 
about  the  drill-stick,  which  is  then  set  over  the 
!«tone.  or  *\tn\\  «hi.>ll  disk,  and  made  to  spin  by 
workinjT  the  crosspieci^  np  and  down.  In  this  man- 
ner the  strinj;  is  twistt'd  and  untwisted  until  the 
perforation  is  matin. 

L-orafiamtively  few  npt-nd  their  time  and  patience 
in  rnakinn  beuls.  a^  shell  and  coral  betuU  are  easily 
piirrlia.<unl  or  exchanjfe<l.  The  bow-dritt  t.*t  still  in  iLsr  for  per- 
fomtinK  haul  stone,  espi^rlally  turquoise.  These  are  |K>lb<hed 
and  imoothened    by  rubbinjf   on    Hamlstone    befon>    [M-rfnrating 

yfi  hebaiFhA<la'nfli.  head  |h>rforator,  bow-drill;  bitafn,  the  drill- 
titick;   bitfAI.  the  string;   bfi' naj»etii4nigi,  the  crosspitH-e. 

f  A  h^ba^hA'nshnU  (baifhAdnll,  baf^hAtleshnTl),  I  perforate  beads. 

)itI6l.  tuninoiae  ear  pendant  Otaj^tMl);  jatfhftna'Ahi.  (round), 
ftilv^r  rarrinir  ur  pewlant;  ja  bauhAhodzfi,  pi»>rced  ear. 

yfl  licM,  coral  beads;   yr*  biipif,  white  (shell)  beatls. 

bix^  dej^,  necklace  of  coral  beail  strands;  hiz6  n^€V,  an>' 
necklace  of  coral  or  silver:  dalai  ntT.  a  sintfle  strand  of  beads. 


SOS 


AK   BTUVOLOGW  litCTlOSARY. 


LEATHER  AND  RAWHIDE  WORK. 

Fornterl.v  th-  hiili<  of  ilf'O-,  antt'luiM*,  elk,  tlM>  blvbom. 
otiier  antinaU,  woiv  tauiied  tritb  studious  cire,  and  ust'd  m  Ap 
manufacture  of  the  costume,  of  pouches,  sIkh-s,  kihI  similir 
articlpH.  Vet,  as  the  early  N'avabn  ilefipisnd  and  shunned  labor, 
and  preferred  to  barter  with  the  nL-i»hl)orinfr  I'tcs  r»r  well  tannrd 
hides,  so,  also,  the  piisent  ireneration  feels  no  hesitancj  in 
abamioniiiu  laboriuuit  aad  tedious  uativc  industrie»^  in  favor  of 
a  serviceable  Rod  read.v-niade  ar*iclt>,  which  accountit  for  (be 
coinparativel,v  meaner  ptXKluct  io  leather  aod  rawhide  wurk. 
Some  of  these  are  mcntioDed  and  described  in  the  folloHiog. 

TAXNINO. 

Tanninir  Ik  done  in  the  follon'ini;  nianaer.  Tbe  hide  is  allowsd 
to  8<iak  in  water,  without  aa,V'  clmnifes,  for  about  a  week  or  an, 
vhen  it  is  pinned  slnnCin^ly  fi-otii  a  po«t  to  tbe  gi-ound,  and  tbe 
hair  and  reiunanta  of  flesh  are  scraped  off  with  a  scrapinjr  stick. 
It  is  now  soaked  a^in,  after  which  it  is  secured  to  a  beam  or 
trne  and  twisted  by  nicauH  of  a  $tick.  After  remaining  in  this 
twisted  condition  for  a  da^'  or  ho  it  is  untwisted  and  again  soared 
and  retwistcd.  This  is  repeattKl  fur  several  da.vs,  after  which  It 
is  spread  out  and  covered  with  sand  to  make  it  pliable  aud  moist 
Meanwhile  tbe  smoke-hole  and  entrance  or  doorwa.v  of  the  bogan 
have  been  covered  with  blankets  to  exclude  tbe  air  oa  much  u. 
possible.  The  hide  in  now  brouifht  in  and  stretched  quickly, 
after  which  it  is  tliorout^hly  rubbei^l  with  the  brains  of  sheep  anil 
allowed  to  dr>'.  If  robes  aro  desirable,  the  skin  is  drcssnl  in 
exactly  the  same  manniT  with  the  exception,  of  course,  that  oob 
the  surplus  fletih  is  removed.  Deer,  elk.  antelope,  goat  and  calf- 
skins are  treated  in  this  manner,  while  goat,  cow,  sheep  aod 
horsehidee  are  merely  hung  up  to  dr^'  or  pinned  down  and  cov- 
ered with  dirt  and  dried. 

The  cerenioniul  skin  is  nlmi  treated  or  drensed  in  this  mantter, 
tbe  difference  beine  in  flayiue  the  animal.     After  drawing  a  line 


LEArUBli    WOHK. 


SOS 


witb  itolk'D  &lunK  the  breast  and  HtuniaoU.  as  also  alon{{'  tbo  HruM 
Slid  leffR  of  tbe  devr,  a  symbolic  iociston  is  tuade  witb  rock 
co'^tttl  uid  thf  hidu  is  tbcD  cut  with  a  stone  knife. 

WORDS   RErKRKlKll   TO  TANNINCK 


oasbt'.  or  mi'ash'A'.  1 
Hkiii  or  ftav  a  deer  (nf<^'fi',  1 
tnve  skinned  it). 

bN>hM.  (the  Unriiajr  stick). 
xntpiotf  stick,  uhicb  in  iniiL-h 
till'  8hii[M>  of  a  tnitti-ti-^ick. 

takh&altlz^,  scraping  fnuiie. 

aMJzA,  I  remove  the  hair. 

N'dihandltiiisi.  the  tnistinK 
Ktick. 

dAluuliri|is  (dahadltttqAs^.   1 

twistMl    it   U)K 

MisUte,  I  put  it  inb>  tbv 
Kround. 

■tJiiKhA,  Hheep  braiiiH. 

fhnl.  I  rvih  with  brninH. 
I.   I  tjin  ur  drvMf  a  ^ktti. 


bV 


yiasA, 


bftkh&ip 
<lcen«kin. 

Akhitci,  an  unrlressfd   hide. 

yildjA,  tin  untannod  hidi* 
with  the  hair  removed. 

abitii,  ■  dreRfled  hide. 

i^l,  a  dresied  elkskin. 

wiis&,  a  dried  skia. 

bt'  bakli&ei,  k  dexi^r  robn. 

II,  b^t^shi,  deb<^  and  trfzi 
httkhAgi,  hunie,  cow,  sheep 
and  eoat-peltK. 

tllzi    bi.siffi,    «tc.,    a    dried 

ilx^.  a  smooth  pelt,  which 
ba.<t  hwen  fre«d  of  «Tiokle8. 
ayin  hnkhA^fl,  hulTAlu  hide. 
cHfdi,  a  buffalo  rohp. 


UVKINO  OF  LEATUJiK. 


Th^  iip|H*ni  lor  lh«  niocautiiiH  are  dyed  with  nativ*^  colors  iti 
black,  nni  and  a  liKbt  yellow.  The  preparation  of  the(u>  <]yes 
in  in  fiub)tt&nn>  iilentical  with  tliat  describud  for  the  wool,  thmigh 
thry  arr  not  appliixl  in  the  iwtiii-  manner,  and  no  ntt**uipt  iH  madn 
at  tttbHtttuttnif  analine  cxilont. 

RluIOK  Dtk. — The  inKctvltentH  fur  the  blarJt  dyo  am  sumac, 
pitch  aad  ochrv.  The  twi^r^  of  Huiiiac  iRDare  Iwikni  in  an  earthen 
pot,  aft«r  which  they  an?  rcniovtHl  and  the  wlution  nitaiund. 
Tbe  pilch  and  <>chre  are  then  slitfhtJy  n>ai!ited  and  slowly  added 


ao4 


Ay  STBIfOLOGJC  DICTIOSAHV. 


to  the  Holution.  which  i.s  pUefnl  over  the  Hre  affuin  am)  cmlu- 
oously  titirnHl  while  the  i;tiiii<uchn>  w  heing  added,  amt  until  it 
has  coiiiplttcly  diiisolvod  with  the  sumac  floltiUon.  Tb«*  couctx- 
tion  i-s  then  niiowi^il  to  C(k>)  otT,  afu>r  which  it  in  Rppliol  to  thr 
snrfare  of  the  Imthpr  with  n  tuft  of  wool  for  a  bniRh. 

Rki)  Dte. — The  root  of  jitniiwr  and  inoiiutain  rtiah«ifan>' 
8«rve.s  a«  an  ingredient  for  the  nnl  J.ve.  Thi!>  is  well  cnwhrd 
and  bniM.  after  which  th«  solution  is  poiirwl  off  and  a  mixturr 
of  pulvi-riicd  alder  hark  and  n-^lai-  tmhos  aildtn]  to  it,  »bi-n  U  i» 
replaced  over  the  fire  and  allowed  ti>  boil  Oifuin.  It  is  ihra 
apiilie<l  warm  to  one  or  both  sides  of  the  leathrr,  which  at  tiinr« 
alfto  is  immersed  in  the  fiohuion. 

Ykllow  or  Orange  Dtb.- — To  obtain  the  .vHlow  dyr  the 
flower*  of  the  iroldeti  rot!  (HTh.-oi)  are  boiled,  to  which  a  qnan- 
titjp'  of  rock  alum  (tsfi*  doliAzhi),  prpnoii«I.v  iMawted  in  luihes,  '» 
added.  This,  with  a  pinch  of  inper  ciso'  (nlhadlftd*.  is  airain 
tx>i)ed,  and  when  thorouehl.v  d)88olvi>d  and  cooled  off  i«  applinl 
with  the  wool  brash,  pro<hicing  ■  lijrht  oraoffe  color. 


WORDS. 

Va  shib^hgo,  tbe  ^uniac  is  boik*d:  je'  dtlldgo  yifSsgo.  tfar 
pitch  is  burnt  and  roa.Ht<><l;  llda'  tft/khd'  aidu  .vi^f«,  sltfj^,  tni 
ochre,  this,  too,  is  roasted  and  boiled;  AkhA  lixhfn  \W,  in  this 
manner  black  (dye)  is  made. 

dzit^fd,  it  is  crushed  (from  .vistsfd,  I  ]>unnd). 

dizaf  ih^',  it  is  crumblnl,  pulverified. 

K!  bitqa,  or  bttfi6*,  the  solution  of  sunuc. 

allH)  ndo'6}  (ndf^l,  udldo'dl),  it  is  entirely  dissolved. 

ndajishi  aMni,  they  dye  buckskin  black. 

ftisb,  alder;  sAsiago  yikflf^o,  dritnl  and  Around- 

tfit^hesdazi  beh<5trol,  the  r€>ot  of  moimlain  mahu^any. 

>-its&)eo  t'a  bizhAn,  this  is  well  crushed. 

K&d  dflld  (t<«bchf),  burnt  cedar  (asbm). 

bijiji,  they  pat  in  (from  biyishjf.  I  add  jrranulnr  obifi^^*  to 
othen). 


tBK. 


>i,  bitffloria;  ts^'  doKAzhi,  rock  alum. 

leshib&h,  nwAtpd  in  coaln:  nl*  haill&d.  blue  clay,  pnper  clay. 

niW  <nezKJ^\  dfnoUel),  cool,  cooli'd  off. 

DisbK^'  <n^lk^\  iKnefihUeh.  I  cool  it  utr,  allow  it  to  cool. 

■biai  (or  akhtl.  Itmther)  .visbf'  (yisbt,  yiUL'shll),  I  d.vi'  buckskin 
black;  abAnl  yishchf  Cvllcbl,  .vid^hcbl).  I  dye  it  red;  abAni  yist^A 
(TfltsQit  .vidfetso).  I  dye  it  yellow  or  orinjfe. 

yflxhf,  the  black  dye;  yTlchl,  the  red  dyo;  ylltsdi,  tbo  yellow 
■lye:  ylUhl  MshtJi)  (bi>.s^tle*.  bfdt-shttO),  I  spread  the  blacky  etc., 
color  over  it,  or  yitzhf  bfdinKhqlsb  (bIdinAyizh,  bIdfneRbqiAh), 
1  rub  black,  etc.,  oo  it. 


8H0EMAKINO.* 

The  art  of  »hoe-  or  moccaain-makintr  is  a  very  simple  one  and 
practically  cniiHned  to  the  men,  most  of  whom  are  nhle  to  make, 
or  at  least  t<>  repair,  the  moccasin.  The  IooIa  used  are  few  in 
nnmber,  only  an  awl  and  a  knife  being'  neceiisary,  and  these  are 
very  often  combint-d  in  a  two-bladed  pocketknife,  whose  flmallest 
blade  has  been  rubbed  down  to  form  the  awl.  The  primitive 
bone-awl,  made  of  deer-bon«,  and  known  a>«  btitfai,  the  white 
awl.  antl  other  bone  awls  (t«Int^)  are  rapidly  disappear  I  njf,  beintr 
diaptart'd  by  tbe  ueetlle  {UA  t^U^RiK  which  is  driven  into  a  wooden 
handle,  or  fastened  with  sinew  or  cx)rd  between  two  sticks  of 
a  convenient  8i/.e.  Ar  a  practical  iuKtrument  the  stone  knife, 
loOf  haa  long  since  disappeared,  and  is  now  conHned  exclusively 
to  ceremonial  purpo»«8. 

lo  tbe  manufacture  of  a  mix'casin  three   materials  are  used,  a 

rawhide  for  the  sole,  buckskin  fur  the  uppers,  and  tbe  loin-cinew 

of  sheep,  ^fiat  or  deer,  though  tbe  latter  kind   ia  rapidly  disap- 

pearioff.     The  primitive  footgear  consisted  of  a  sole  made  of 

jooca,  with  uppera  of  bodtrer  or  wildcat  skin,  which  later  was 

eatjrely  diftplaced  by  buckskin.     The  thick  neck  of  both  d«er 

ftod  badger  were  u^ed  for  the  nole,  which  at  preHent  '»  almoat 

*ror  nuc))  uf  tJie  data  conulned  In  Utis  article  we  are  lndebt«d  to 
■Onto  unpubllahed  MS.  of  Uie  late  A  M  St«phen. 


306 


AN  BTayoutow  oicrioyARr. 


exclusively  of  rawhiJe.  A  piece  of  rawhide  of  ■  suitable  taut 
havinj;  tKen  procun-d  it  in  at  tirst  poundiMl  with  a  stone  until  U 
bi;conies  Moinowhat  flexibli>,  when  the  biir  is  scraped  off,  with  no 
parttcitlitr  uar«  tif  reiiKiviiig  tt  entirely.  It  is  then  burtnl  in 
moist  icrotmU  or  sand  for  two  or  three  daj's  t<>  render  it  soft  ud 
[tliable.  When  taken  from  the  irround  the  Navabo  seta  hit  vt 
her  foot  upon  it  to  obtain  tbo  ^ize  of  the  sote,  which  is  cut  uot 
about  lialf  an  inch  lariffr  than  the  size  of  the  ffx>t,  and  learinija 
margin  of  hd  inch  extendinj;  at  the  toe.  The  cut-out  soles  an 
then  held  to  the  lire  aiid  thoroughly  rubbed  with  tallow  or  ^t  {tm 
the  hair  side). 

Til*'  -ihoeuiukiT  no*  tit*  the  sole  to  the  I'xact  size  of  the  fool, 
brtn(;iiii;  the  t^ilge-s  wi-M  over  tlu'  nides  of  the  foot,  ami  the  tip 
well  orer  tbi'  biff  tXM*.  By  Icnfaduiir  and  pressing  the  e^igeA  with 
the  Hneern  and  the  teeth  the  exact  impreNHion  of  the  foot  ia  made 
<in  the  H«|e.  The  iipp<'[-s  usually  consist  of  but  one  piew  of 
buck-tkin.  which  uiethotl  i^  found  more  practieal  than  Necurini: 
two  pieces  with  thouir»  as  is  sometimes  done,  llowerer,  thi' 
uptwm  arv>  fittixl  and  cut  out  to  enclose  tbi^  foot  aouvly.  >rt 
« itbont  compivwioii.  leavinjf  the  end»  tiulficiuntly  lonv  to  wrat* 
one  end  wril  around  the  neikle,  overlapping"  it  with  the  nther.  ia 
which  fashion  it  is  secured  with  silver  buttons  or  thongs  on  the 
outer  side  of  the  foot. 

The  measures  taken,  the  shoe  ia  ready  for  sewinff.  A  fe« 
liben;  of  ^inew  nre  then  torn  from  a  isupply  uaitatlv  kept  on  bund. 
I>a$uted  throuifh  the  lips  to  wet  them,  and  i-ollod  on  the  knee  b» 
a  stout  thread.  Two  of  these,  each  sufficiently  Ionic  for  oi]<- 
ahoe,  are  toIIckI  and  ti«l  together.  It  is  often  more  convenient, 
too.  to  fasten  the  np|iers  ami  Kole  at  the  top  and  sidtw  by  im^aa» 
of  a  few  tenii>orary  stitches.  This  done,  a  bole  'm  boivd  thrtHJcb 
the  sole  at  the  tip.  ami  both  llireadb  are  passed  ihrouirh  to  tbr 
knot.  With  one  of  the  threads  the  left,  with  the  other  lh(-  right, 
side  l-*  sewn.     There  are,  howei'er,  various  styles  of  stitcbea  oaed. 

The  nioAt  simple  stitch  is  that  known  us  hllitdesdlzi,  it  is  wound 
around,  which  in  process  U  the  same  as  winding  a  thread  arouad 


LEATHER    \rOJJK. 


S07 


ft  sUck,  hcDCG  the  namv.  The  outer  rim  of  the  sole  edge  is  com- 
plHoly  hidden  by  the  tipper,  which  lits  snugly  over  it.  Hoira 
ire  punctured  rloM>  iofC<>thpr  and  simnltaQcoiiBly  through  both 
the  npp«r  and  the  koI«,  whiki  the  tbrvad  i.s  always  inixsis)  thnniiih 
frDin  th<>  aido  of  th<*  sole.  The.  Ktitcb  is  therefor  clearly  risible. 
It  is  used  to  sewitiK  the  hvel,  even  when  another  st.vie  of  stitch  is 
otcd  for  the  forepart  of  the  Rhoc>,  and  is  ordinarily  employed  for 
repair  work.  Th<«  mocrnsin  Hi'wod  in  this  atyh'  is  rallt'd  {khti) 
biKfde«dIzi,  ur  kb^  biRfdesdlzgu  n&skhAdi,  Rh«x!sewe(^l  in  winding. 

Another  Htitch,  usually  ina<lc  with  two  thrtiads,  very  iniicli 
nsemblee  tbr  stitch  used  by  saddliTS  in  sewiasr  leather.  Both 
the  aulv  aoil  uppers  are  pimrtured,  and  the  threads  [tossed  thruutrb 
and  fnst*'ne<i  from  either  side.  AccortUnffly,  this  is  aln&hiotJii, 
nitchcd  through  the  cent*>r,  or  cross-stitched. 

A  third  <<tyli'  of  shoe  Is  made  hv  possitig  the  thrcati  ihroiiKh 
the  outaidc  rim  of  the  aoln.  and  niakincr  a  short  loniriturlinnl 
^tch  on  the  viirface  of  the  upin-r  near  ilft  e<ijte,  (Imwintr  the  sole 
to  thi*  upper.  Hence,  bi)  yaailli^  niskhadl,  a  Aeairi  whirh  draws 
it  tojjviher. 

An  invisible  and  fancier  stitch  i^  ohtainml  by  pAx^injr  the 
thread  ihrnuxh  the  inner  rim  of  the  sole,  and  makin;  a  shnr-t 
Mtitch  an  iIm'  surfaee  of  (he  upper,  iitid  drawing  both  loj^ether. 
The  aeam  i»  thun  hidden  in  the  joint  of  the  up|ter  and  sole,  alluM-> 
ioif  the  surface  of  the  rim  of  the  sole  to  extend  slighllv  atwn-e 
the  fwam  eduv.  This  M.-am,  however,  is  discontinut^l  at  the 
timtvp  and  another  employed  in  its  «tencl.  so  that  the  instep  and 
ankle  present  a  flat,  rloso  edcrr-.  This  style  of  sh<x^  i.s  known  an 
khA  hit/iit'd'   itsi,  the  shm^  seumfMl  in  the  ^rroove. 

Similar  to  this  is  another  styh;  railed  khr  tiakfijT  Its!,  the  shoe 
with  the  inside  surbce  seam,  which  is  obtained  by  lonfitudinal 
«litehe"  made  on  the  surface  of  the  up)MT  and  the  inner  surface 
of  Uie  Hule,  which  brinirs  Ixtth  flush  toifetber  ami  makes  the 
aaam  invisible.  The  edife  of  the  sule,  too,  extemis  over  the 
«eam,  [hongh  from  the  manner  of  »ewinfr,  the  edge  ia  not  drawn 
lovai^  the  Ream  as  in  the  preceding  atltch. 


ao4 


AN  JSmSOLOOtC  PJCTJOA'AHr. 


The  shoe  ia  ilwa.vs  sowed  and  repaired  after  nioisteniotT  ^^ 
leather.  AcconliD^l>',  tho  torn  ni(.H.'caNiD  is  burivd  id  sand  (or 
a  iiiffht  ar  so,  and  the  procfHS  ratieati^l  if  the  leather  prov« 
InsullicieDtb'  pliable. 

Silver  biittous,  fastt-oc^  with  thooKs.  are  now  e<-aenilly  nard 
instead  of  more  thon£»  for  seciirini;  the  shoe  at  the  ankle.  At 
hoiiiL'  th<'  uioccasiu  is  often  discarded,  an  also  io  wet  weather, 
while  in  winter  it  is  protected  with  wraps  made  of  tfiinuysackK, 
or  the  pi>U  of  n  kid,  lamb,  sheep  or  jfoat,  with  the  woolly  sidv 
turned  in.  Tbe  latter  are  known  as  kh^  chdfri*  shoeft  or  over- 
shoes  which  make  the  noi^,  chfie,  ch&e,  in  treadintf  the  snow. 
(Cf.  «now»horti  under  Snow.) 

Tbe  ordinar)'  moccasin  is  used  at  public  dances,  as  also  fur 
the  moccasin  j^me  {q.  v.) 

In  an  article  entitled,  *^Tbe  N'avaho  Shoeouknr"  (Prooeedinjiii 
of  the  Unites!  States  National  Museum,  1888,  paj^es  131  elaeq.l 
the  late  A  M  Stephen  exhibits  a  so-called  N'ai'aho  dance  ftboc. 
This  tiifure,  however,  represent*  a  type  of  shoe  now  no  loojfer 
ID  uae.  but  which,  previous  to  tbe  introduction  of  buck.<«kia,  wu 
quite  ffeneralb'  i>^  in  ^'&r  ^nd  raids,  and  was  made  of  yucca 
strands  nr  other  pliable  ifrasa.  The  yucca  was  treated  as  is 
ordinary  yucca  fabrics,  that  is,  it  was  boiled  aiid  i^rouod  to  a 
pulp  to  extract  itfl  pith.  This  was  then  woven  (yistftf)  aw) 
braided  (bitq&^A  yisbbizh),  butb  for  the  uppers  atnl  tbe  sole, 
unless  badirer  or  other  hides  could  be  had  for  the  tatter.  Ia 
this  case  the  upper  and  the  sole  were  sewed  with  tield  rat  or 
badger  sinew,  otherwise  yucca  .strands  were  employed  in  sew- 
in{(.  When  convenient,  porcupine  quills  were  in»ert4»d  into  lhi> 
yucca  seam,  weave  and  selvedge  for  decoration.  Two  lobes,  made 
of  hide  or  twtbted  yucca,  were  furnished  on  tbe  sides  of  tbe 
uppers  to  facilitate  slippinif  the  shoe  over  the  foot.  At  tbe  heel 
a  spur  of  twisted  yucca  was  secured  for  the  purpose  of  effacing 
one's  tracks  in  war,  as  this  odd  t^vpe  of  shoe  waH  made  for  no 
other  purpoM>  than  to  elude  an  cnem>'.  Hence,  after  the  intro- 
duction of  the  present  moccasin  of  buckskin,  tbe  yucca  shoe 


LKATUSR    WORK. 


SOS 


(lldkM)  wu  Dot  ■ltOjr«>ther  dLqcftrdMl,  but  was  frc(|ucntly  made 
Hul  carrind  on  raids  anti  in  war.  Some  Hpecimens  are  still 
eittant,  but  are  kept  oj^  family  relics,  liko  tho  shield  and  spear. 

The  present  t>'pt!  of  niocca.'jin  was  orivinaMy  furniNhed  by  the 
Dtttit  who  were  better  skilUxl  in  taimiti<;  aud  buckskiu  work,  and 
at  OD«  time  were  oot  hostile  to  the  Navaho.  These  early 
moccasins  were  frequeDtl.v  decorated  with  beads  and  porcupine 
qaills,  which  later,  howevpr,  disappeared  entirely.  Accordingly, 
then,  nu  spt'oially  dcsijn>(-'d  moccasin  was  prescribed  for  dsncinjf, 
as  the  rites  seem  to  disregard  the  footgear  entirely.  Tradition, 
too,  takes  no  offense  at  dancers  ap|)earing  in  their  orery-day 
moccasin,  while  on  the  other  liand  it  is  regarded  as  an  unwar- 
nuitabje  innovatiou  that  some  of  the  younger  dancers  set  aside  a 
pair  of  nicely  finiAJwd  buckskin  moccasins  for  no  other  purpose 
than  lo  appear  at  the  y^lbtchai  or  other  public  exhibitions. 

WORDS. 

kb(^  (V^hl^.  I  make  moccasins  (shoea). 

klU'khAl.  the  Rule,  Kole  leather. 

akhAl,  a  hide;  akh&l  yisb^  l.vish^',  deshf),  I  shave,  scrap*'  the 
Imir  from  N-ather. 

kMkhA)  )e<lisht^  (tedfU,  h-idldemhl^l),  I  burj-,  put  the  shoe 
leather  in  the  ground. 

kh^khill  yis^  (>-isA\  des^lK  or  kh^khiU  yistAld  \y\Xtv^,  dest>i(IK 
I  pound  shoe  leather. 

idishv'3'esh  (idflglzh,  (dideshglsh).  I  eut  out  (sole);  kh^kh&I 
tdllgUU,  a  Hole  cut  out;  a^lMishgyesh  (adfdishglxh,  lUldld^h- 
irlahK  I  cut  out  (leather)  for  myself. 

kb^ht.  or  kbfelcht  <khe>  blnld<^,  the  uppers  of  the  moccasin. 

kb^lchf  fdishgy^sh.  I  cut  out  the  uppont, 

t«ligai,  white  (dccr-biine)  awl;  (jlntsA,  bone  awl;  bt>NtKA,  metal 
awl;  bei»b  t>enaakliA.  metal  oeedle^,  and  t^In  beiiaaklifl,  wuudcn 
tinMlles  liiuhle  uf  rosebush),  were  iumhI  to  sew  selvedgo  And  tass<:i|» 
ua  xaddle  blankets. 

atJ^d.  sinew  (usually  deerh  ditrfid,  tough,  Htrong. 


no 


Ay  BTUSOWQW  DJCTiOXARY. 


ttizi  biUft),  tfuut  siuew:  aUfd  iit8q&«  (^u  .vitidtc).  bt^av.v  Hwcttnl) 
sinew,  which  is  used  in  tbe  stitch  called  bitqitu'ftsi.  tite  grwrtv 
stitch;  tsA  t^Asi,  the  nrcdW,  aJRo  the  awl  made  of  a  no«dle  or 
ilaming  needle;  isA  xMt»\  heoAIkhAd.  .«ewed  with  a  DeMlle,  a  sev- 
ixig  needle. 

n&'iUihkhAtl  (iius^lkhAd.  n&desbkbftl),  I  sew. 

bavh&ustfit^  Ibazhiiitjil,  batih&destM),  t  puncture,  perforatf. 

ba&h&da'a.'*t^i  (Ita^hAiltts^tsI,  l)a£hAdadestfiOi  I  puncture,  tnalii' 
boles. 

bairhAnsh^^  (baifhJinh^\  bajrhideshtfT),  I  put  (lunew)  through 
the  hole. 

t>a<;h&da'at>htT  <ha^hd4)a.s^tn*.  ho^liiUUdcflhtT),  I  put  (sinrwi 
thrutijfh;  distil  <d(h(iiVl,  dcsttidl),  I  stretch  or  pull  (the  sioewl. 

ktij^  biklde^dlzi.ur  khi^  biKfdesdlz^ru  u&skluUl,  shoe  with  winditu; 
seuuu  alnahiotsi,  ur  kb$  atuahaotal^u  o&skhiUli,  shoe  with  ilu- 
croAs-stitch  s^i-am;  bityAudl6n&.skh&di,  or  kh^bil yaAdI6i.  wbichis 
drown  to  the  sole;  (khd)  bitqAt^fi'  ftsi,  hidden  seam  shoe:  (kU) 
bak&^i'ltsl,  inside  surface  noJim  shoe. 

bikh^tqfll.  the  htvl  of  the  miiccasin:  bikh^ni.  the  instep  of  (^ 
uiuccasiu:  litikh^^lad,  liakhi^  lAdi  (sliikhS  l&di,  iny),  the  ti|i  uf  tbi 
moccasin  (insi<le);  hakhd  bilfttqfii,  the  tip  of  the  moccasiu  (outsidvL 

kb^  bikb^ffi,  the  heel  leather,  or  wrap  around  the  ankle. 

bn^hAsTxh,  buttonhole:  .v6  ntcMni,  button,  nilrer  button. 

kh^  dAha-shchA'  (dah&lchft',  dahid^.'ihchA'),  I  tie  the  moccasin 
(with  thuntf):  ,>'•>  nlcMn  b^duluisbchA*  (nfse),  I  button  it. 

kh^  .vllzhl,  bUckened  ( upi>er>  shoe;  kh^  yilcht,  red  (upper) 
shoe;  kbfi  ylltsdi,  yellow  Uipper)  sbtie;  kh^tilni,  (men's)  tow 
niocca.«in!);  khi^  ut*4i.  (women's)  hiirli  moccasius;  awe,  or  alchfti 
bikh^,  baby  or  children's  luoccasiDs;  kh*  bikfdesilUi.  fo.»twrai» 
of  wuinnn  (leffflrinffs);  khJndotiiAsi,  shoes  (Americftn):  kb^ndottldxi 
btd&vi  nns^zi,  ur  kh^odut-sdsi  di^^o  nu^xiKi,  (which  arv  lonir 
nbove^  biiotN  (American).      Shoes  and  bootfi  are  purchased. 

kh^  shlk'ba  (ntfde).  the  shoe  tits  me  well,  or  I^A  shtuliil:  khO  ahk 
nltf^',  the  shoe  titK  my  f»ot,  or  slifu^l'S'  (nt'ie).  my  sixe.  or  IfA  sha- 
nhso,  €ik  Hhfni^rd*,  just  tuy  size;  do-shlifhTida,  it  d<H>N  not  tit.  aod 


lEATlfEH    WORK. 


«n 


of  Ihi*  othi-r  two  words;  kh^  BMnp-stql  (nt?(&),  iho  shoe  is 
too  tifcht;  kli^  dashn'ftl  4ntf^),  th<>  nHop  in  ninch  too  bhuiII  (too 
tiirtit  ■  Ht). 

•thikh^  hatfhtxhilsh  dMiKh&tixhn/Ji,  boifliAil'^^lu'Uh),  or  tiHjfliAtVHl 
IbsKhia^t'HJ,  tmchidofdl).  iity  ehot's  arv  full  of  holeH. 

<il>ikh*^  in^li^ztiAiDti  (n^hii^xh&xh,  nihido/hJUh).  or  ii^h^t'OO  (noliox- 
fM.  n^hWo^Al*.  my  >ihoe8  nre  torn,  worn  out. 

lhikti<>  niUkllAd  (i)iU>KdIA<1.  nn'idodlU).  or  nAAzhft»h  (iiiKixhA/h. 

ff1oxhl«h<,  or  Ri4^dd  (n&AKt*Ad,  n^i<lnt?At),  my  shoos  (itH  seams) 
»n-  lum. 

bkUntliDKh'A'  ( bid&iiainA'£\  bid &ml Mikhail,  or  bMwlinsli'a' 
(bfHatlinil'li*,  hlrlailTrlc.ch'Jkt).  I  cIos4>,  repair  thr  shoe. 

kW  «shfilo4  (asbtf*?lyB,  asht'^dolnJI),  or  kh*  aUa  (pr.  aln^*, 

ilnftJ.  the  nboe  is  finislwd.  lUinc 

Itli^  attAInf^'  (an&lya,  andolnil),  the  hboc  is  rt-nuu]i>,  repairix). 

kb^  fihiji^  (khi^shljP),  the  iiioccBHin  etuav  <q.  v.) 

khfichug'i,  nvprshiH^  or  wra[>s:  iKlkh^,  or  ydstrokh^.  wfwxlen 
>,  or  snowshfR-:  tlA'kh^,  gnsii  shoe,  the  yucca  shoe. 

liEATHER   WORK. 

In  aH<1itiun  tu  the  iimDufar1.un>  of  Haddlej*  ami  shoetnakinf ,  a 
Tarifty  of  articIcK  ari>  niailr  of  Iratbor  and  rawhide. 

Tfa«  Navaho  make  h-ather  iwitchvs  from  tlve  to  huc  iDcbea 
aqumrv.  vritb  a  flappitiir  lid  extending;  about  two  incbca  over  the 
IKiuch.  These  wrve  as  r^coptaolr--"*  for  tobacco,  matches,  pockpt- 
kaifp,  money,  and  othor  ftmall  articles,  as  in  the  earlier  days 
they  contained  the  Kt(>«l  and  flitit,  corn  Icsve-n  and  tobacco,  [wllen, 
and  the  dice  tuM^  in  ^mbtinff.  The  pouch  is  ocGa8iona]ly  worn 
by  fiotnr  of  the  older  members  of  tlw  triUs  though  the  younffer 
t;i*n«'ration  di^-card  them,  preferrini:  modern  clotheR,  which  are 
iMually  well  supplied  with  pockcta.  It  in  carried  on  the  left  hip, 
and  ia  attached  to  a  strap  passinff  over  the  rif^lit  sboiildor.  Both 
pouch  and  Ktrap  are  oft4>n  dccoratAd.  the  latter  psppctalty,  with 
a  profiuion  of  small  silver  butttios. 


SIS 


Ay  BTUVOLOQIC  DKTIOSASY. 


The  belt,  condigtinir  of  an  ordinary  leather  strap,  ts  luuatljr 
bidden  under  massive  stiver  disks,  and  burkird  in  front  with  a 
silver  iir  other  buckle.  The  belt  is  worn  by  men,  women  aw) 
children,  and  is  adornod  aecordinf^ly,  with  from  seven  to  eicbt 
of  these  silver  diakfi.  Tbe  cartridf^e  belt»  however,  with  pro- 
fusely decorated  holster,  containing  a  pearl-haudk>d  six-sbooUr, 
appeals  very  favorably  Iv  maa>'  of  the  younger  Indians,  so  tbal 
the  use  of  the  silver  belt  is  confined  almost  exclusively  to  wobwd 
and  maidenR.  They  are  worn  by  the  women  on  journeys  aod 
festive  occasions,  and  in  addition  to  the  sash. 

The  wrist-tfuard  consists  of  a  piece  of  leather  about 
inches  wide,  which  is  laced  with  buckskin  thongs  on  tbe 
side  of,  and  tiifhtly  littintf,  tbe  wrist  of  the  left  band.  A  beav> 
ailver  plate,  often  of  exquisite  workmanship,  and  with  beautiful 
turquoise  setting,  decorates  the  jfiiard  on  the  outer  side,  as  thr 
wrist-^uard  larg'ely  has  no  other  than  nn  ornamental  purpcse. 

This  is  equally  true  of  the  headstalls  which  occasionally  *n 
used  in  riding.  They  are  made  of  ao  ordinarj'  leather  stnp, 
and  heavily  ornamented  with  oblong  silver  platea,  which  in 
clasped  to  the  cheek  straps  and  the  bead-band.  In  additioo,  two 
conchas  of  silver  are  fastened  with  thontrs  st  each  end  of  tbe 
head-band,  while  two  silver  pendants  danjfle  at  tbe  sides  of  tbe 
headstall.  Silver  bridles  are  much  in  favor  witb  the  wofam 
who  use  them  on  public  occasions.  More  frequently  tbey  in> 
placed  in  paM-n  witb  the  storekeeper,  as  ready-made  beadstaUi 
ma}'  be  purchased  at  a  small  cost. 


WORDS. 

dA*  nay(i;i,  (which  shake  or  move  in  walking),  leather  poael 
dft'   na.vfzi  aq&nb1nsh^@sh  (aqftnbfnljj^Ir.h,  aqftnbldeshglsh),  I 
cut  out  (leAthor  for)  tbe  pouch. 

d&'  nay!zi  n&shkhAd  <nas£tkh&d,  ddesbkbfil),  I  sew  the  pouch, 
dd*  nayfzi  ishl6  (fshla,  adeehHt),  I  make  a  leather  pouch, 
(di'  nayfzi)  biK^IHsosigi.  the  flap. 
dft*  navfzi  bildasilnixi.  tbe  pouch  button. 


IBATHBR    WORK. 


ais 


di'  na.vl2i  bitft^l,  the  pouch  strap. 

dA'  nK>-{i!t  hitr/^l  bAhasiill,  or  y5  nlcbln  Ai^hAK^IiAtia/fn^.  tko 
stiver  buUunft  dfcorating  llii>  shoulder  strap. 

•U,  tht>  licit,  nlso  the  silvi-r  disk^. 

be^ldd'  bixls,  A  hul^ter,  cartriJife  bell,  gua  cam. 

beJ'IcHfdidlo.  ft  bnckle. 

ab  doly^li.  or  hotyAK,  u  buckled  (hi>)t)  ^trap. 

yO  alcMn  nojihiffi,  ornnmi-'ntu]  silvur  buttons  of  a  Hnmllorsii», 
aa  anen  oa  nioccaHiiis,  holsters.  pouchi%,  ami  so  on, 

slaaafatf«'nblnshg.v6sh  (aAht'enblolirlzli.  aiditff^'Dbldesbffteb),  1  cut 
a  (loDir)  strip  for  the  bolt. 

•U  qaahjry^h  (qiLlKizh,  qidrahgrlsh),  I  cut  the  belt  out  {of  a 
strip  of  Ifwther). 

alM  fljibM,  I  makp  a  b<;lt:  His  n&shkhfld,  I  sew  the  belt. 

b««lcBrdIdlo  bildahishil  <bildasA'&\  bildadesh'&lK  or  badahish't 
<bAdasd'A',  b&dadetih'at),  I  adjust  the  buckle,  put  it  on  thu  belt. 

b««lcH(dld)o  bfdwhkhid  IMdrlkbAd,  bfdldeshkhilK  I  sew  the 
bockle  OB. 

akUUzU  (akhfiatszfts.  akbJUleHzIs),  L  girth  n)>-of1f, 

aUta  Ite'iHh'Ag  <Ue1'&*.  kfdeehll),  I  ungirth  ni.^'self. 

nahidishll^  (nahidfU*,  Dahidldeshlf^lt,  1  buckle,  fasten  something. 

nihizluildle  inihidlly^K  or  anihizhdldle,  it  is  buckled,  cuose- 

CMuently  rIs  dolyftti  would  mean  the  belt  which  buckles. 
hltftfO*.  (which  breaks  the  shut),  a  wriiit-tfuard;  k^tfO'  qashgy^h. 
I  cat  a  wrist-guard;   k^tfA'  aahl^,  I  make  a  wrist-guard. 
lbW6'  biiWI.  the  thongs  for  the  wrist-gnard. 
jrO  otchln  il6i6',  the  silver  plate  of  the  wrist -guard. 


PLATrrao. 


Horse  hobblea  are  made  of  rawhide  strips  about  two  or  thre<> 
inchea  wide,  and  about  two  feet  and  a  half  long.  A  button  knot 
ia  braided  of  the  spliced  rawhide  on  one  end,  while  a  slit  is  cut 
into  the  other  ead  to  receive  the  button.  When  still  green,  or 
moiHtened,  six  or  seven  twists  are  nuule  with  the  rawhide,  leaving 
a  loop  at  either  end  to  receive  cbe  foot  of  the  faor«c.      It  in 


S14 


Ay  BTUNOlOfiW  DIVTIOSARY. 


then  plactt]  io  tbe  Ntui  to  dry,  after  whicli  it  will  rctaiQ  \\s  f^hajx 
unless  too  fre<|ueDtl.v  exposed  to  rain.  When  desire*),  the  bobhir 
18  untwisted,  tlie  center  part  is  passw^l  around  the  foot  above  ihr 
hoof,  Ihe  twist  refolded,  and  the  two  endK  are  buttoned  aryiiwl 
the  other  foot.  This  kind  of  hobble  is  rcry  durabh'  and  may  hr 
coDvenieDtl.v  slrapiifK)  to  the  saddle. 

Tlioiigh  it  Is  now  iiKtially  prefern-d  to  [mrchase  quirtR,  or 
ridinK  whips,  and  roi>es  at  the  various  jitores,  many  Navabo  uv 
skilled  in  plaitin'j  the^e  articlen,  and  produce  a  very  neat  aod 
durable  fabric.  A  hone  or  hard  wood  awl  is  the  only  instrumi^til 
used  in  platting.  Formerly  the  quirt  wnj>  made  of  a  Rtrip  of 
rawhide,  the  center  of  which  was  wound  around  a  stick,  while 
ihi'  splice*!  ends,  or  the  fonr  KtmndK,  wen*  plaUcvl  to  fonn  a 
coavenient  rod.  At  the  end  of  this,  or  near  it.  a  bole  was  pro- 
vided for  the  purpose  of  sjippine  a  strip  of  rawhide  throtiffb  iL 
so  that  the  qnirt  miffbt  be  i-arried  on  the  wrUt.  The  platUnf 
done  the  quirt  was  drie<l  in  the  sun,  after  which  the  stick  was 
remnve<l  and  a  lash  fastened  in  the  loop,  when  the  quirt  wr 
re«dy  for  use.  At  present  black  or  tanned  leather  Rtripn  irr 
used  in  plaiting,  the  larei^r  Bid  better  made  quirts  requiring 
from  eight  to  ten  ami  sixteen  fitrands.  The  interior  is  made  u|i 
of  a  piece  of  twisted  and  sun-dried  rawhide  which,  in  addition. 
is  often  wound  with  cord  or  cloth  to  increase  ita  aixe.  Around 
this  the  leather  strips  an-  platted  so  as  to  conceal  their  ends  and 
present  a  neat  and  smooth  surface.  The  grip  usually  terminate 
in  a  plaited  knot  with  a  slime  for  earrj'injf  the  (|uirt. 

Occasionally,  horsehair  is  substituted  for  leather  in  plaitioj;, 
and  n  ver^-  nttractive  quirt  of  alterDftlinjr  white,  red  and  black 
horsehair  is  made  for  the  market. 

They  aNo  plait  lariats,  or  horsi'  ropes,  of  buckskin,  usinjf  from 
three  to  eleven  strands.  Owing  to  the  scairily  of  burkskin. 
however.  g'oat8kin  is  often  snbstituteil.  They  are  very  ditraUp. 
and  wear  well  for  onlinary  purposes,  though  for  laasoiiifr  tbi* 
ordinary  hemp  rojte  is  prefernsl  as  h-ss  i'Xp«'nsive.  lariats  an- 
also  plaited  of  horsehair,  wool,  and  recently  also  of  rawhitle. 


■WORD«. 


it-hdlfdl,  tho  liobblu;   li  Wlitftrdl  inhU,  1  make  a  bubble. 

II  bfh^irol  Biiilnblnshgyosli  (atiAnblnt^Izh,  aqiiubfdei<ht;Lsb).  I 
cm  tiu*  Ivathfr  fur  a  hobblo. 

H  bph^LTdl  ,vl4ij&sb  (n^ii-),  I  nuke  »  knot  on  tiio  hobble. 

fi  bolu?b>f  bcft-^htM  {lKw(5tr6*,  bedpshlFfil),  I  hobbl*?  a  horse. 
^  bf-h^lMi  bi)  (ianaahi,  the  kout  uf  Die  hubbU>. 
^B>odtMib,  Xbe  whip,  or  quirt. 

I^riteqls  yuhbfKh  ^rth^blzh,  dwbb(sh),   I  make  or  [>luit  a  quirU 

fwhbfxh  is  iiwrd  for  three  or  more  Atrands,  thnn:  tqafto  .vinh- 
Mzh.  dl]^>,  nshillAfiu,  hastqA^o  .vishbfish,  t-tc. ,  a  plait  of  thii'^^, 
f<iur,  five,  hixt  I'tc.^  strandK. 

nljrlBffo  yuhblzh,  a  round  iilait,  it  is  piait(>4l  round. 

bldiuni'sKAvu  yi^bblzh,  bmidt^l  or  plait^n]  in  a  square,  quad- 
ranirular  plait. 

lialiA,  A  squure. 

atitJ^siflx,  tu-i.'i|*-d;  allHR([li!  (alkis^ljrls  alkftlpsifls),  I  tvist  a 
(Mn^lf)  Htrand;  a)k^<ttqis  twLsttsl;  aJkfstqAs  (alKlsJ^ltqAK,  aJttfdes- 
CqAs^  I  twuit  (two  Htrauds). 

atjinlklilidisdd,  cbuin  plait,  u>iiMl  in  ninking  (iiuidmnK>darqiurtA. 

aijftiikhndasfd  (a4ilnlktu'idiis6i>id,  aqltilklui'lBdi'sU},  I  draw  both 
on  it,  because  tbe  ends  are  exchanired  through  the  openioK  and 
vlrawn  tiHIvthiT  like  a  saddler's  slitc-h.     The  chain  i>lait  is  meant. 

j'isKJ&»h  (nt^i&),  T  ntake  a  knot. 

.viKliAsh  <<4h£xhish.  dt^-shftsh),  I  make  a  knot,  plait  ii  knot. 

aRIji  yrnhjilKh,  it  is  knotted  (the  plait). 

bikldtwdlsifo  .vtslij&shi,  a  knot,  which  in  addition  is  wmppi-d 
,or  wound  »'ith  lfath«ir. 

BidafatqAd  (naia^ttqft*.  na'tdeshtqil).  1  unravel,  untie  (a  knot). 

iiMahld  (uai«i'A\  nu  id^sh'al).  I  untwist. 

abAntfAl,  a  buckakin,  or  Kf^**i^i^  ropu. 

n  bilatilTa}.  a  horsehair  lariat  (Itonu'tail  hair). 

aghifib  tl'a),  a  wooli-n  rope. 

agrfaidii  tfdt  yiKhblxli,   I   braid   u  woolon  rui>r. 


81« 


J^^  srnxoLooic  DicTioyAar. 


ubAni  .vibhblzh,  I  plait  ■  buckskin  ro|»e;  or.  describiDg  tbo  pro- 
ci-ss:  iT\zi  kh&tfi  yildz^o  do  .rilz&tfu  &<.lo  Dehes^ABtlo,  tidf(lR.vL>lH 
bfzh,  ttft«-r  remuviog  the  hair  from  the  grofttAkin,  tannintt  uuj 
cutting  it  in  strips,  it  i«  plaited. 

akhAl,  niirhidp;  ftkhit  yllzhl,  bUck^ned  rnwhide.  Icfither. 

IMPLEMENTS  OF  WAR  AND  THE  CHABR 


TTm*  spenr  eonsiBted  of  a  stout  shaft,  abont  acvrn  to  eif[bt  fwl 
in  lenffth.  to  which  a  paint  of  flint,  and  Int^r  of  iron,  was  faaleiml 
and  docorat^ul  with  a  ttift  of  ea^lo  feathers. 

tsIdftqSn  (tsIdTtqA),  the  sp{>ar;  tsldltqfin  biLsIn,  the  spear  shaft 

tfildltqft  yistsfd  (j-ftsPd,  destRfl),  I  pound  thn  spear  puinL 

tsidltqft  .vishltllKh  G'1lifi«li,  deshkAfih),  or  tfildltqft  babA  yiRhUsh. 
1  whet  the  edfivs  of  the  spear. 

tAldltqA  <babA)  .yishctil^h  CvlcHlsh,  deshcBfsb),  I  rasp  or  rontfben 
its  ed^ee  with  a  stone  or  file. 

tsidilqH  qihashUAsh  (qahAttftsh,  q£htdeshKfc!th),  I  (frind  or  whet 
its  tip;  tflldltq&  qfihashoHlsh  (qah&cHlsh,  qAhtde^hcliish),  I  rMp 
the  tip  of  the  ftjwar. 

tttTdlt^lft  HtiM^  (fshla,  aileshKI),  1  make  the  s|)ear  (handled. 

Kls  t^B.  slender  aider  (for  tbe  handle). 

itsi,  the  tail  (made  of  atA&  bit8^,  eaffie  tail  feathers),  tuft  of 
feathers  decurstini;  the  siiear. 

tfiTdItq&  be  idishtsh  (ntfi^),  I  prick  (stick)  with  a  speftr. 

tsUlIt4|&  bt*  yiat^'  (nft&),  I  wound  sli^btl^-  (with  spear). 

teiditqA  n£'i8bj;ye<l  (ua'dso'ed,  ufuidesbifM),  I  pierce  with» 

tfildlt^lft  naff hAn.shey All  (natchinlffyj^l.  nati;hi«lesh|;M),  I 
you  through  (pierce)  with  a  spear:  tsIdltqA  qa'ishm'^d  (qaftfcyM, 
q^IeRhffAiK  I  pierce  him  with  the  spear;  tnldftql  nInflstAl  (ntn- 
s^t&\.  nlndei«tji1^.  I  ram  (thrust)  you  with  the  spear.  'ITw  thru«1 
wa8  made  diiwnwani  ami  rarely  from  the  side. 

t«idltq&  nahanifihlqE  (nahanat<|A\  nfihadetihtq!!),  I  extract  npoar. 


ruD 


lMPLE3f£yTS  OF  WAR.  KTC. 


817 


|A  tubanAsdzts  (aiihau&dzls.  ualmdesdzftt),  I  jerk  it  out 
d(KhI»h  <d£shlsfa,  dld^hlshK  I  stick,  thruat  at. 
d^ilzhizh,  spear  wvunds,  or  scmre. 

Some  niaintaio  that  the  shield  was  elliptical  in  fthnpo,  others 
Iknov  only  tbe  round  shic^ld  shown  in  thi^  Bcconipttoying  cut, 
which  was  made  of  hursehide,  and  later  of  rawhide.  This  was 
burnt  Aliirhtly,  placMl  ovor  an  anthill  and  covered  with  a  heavy 
tajer  of  dirt  to  ipivu  it  the  desired  shape, 
when  it   waa  placed  in  the  sun  to  dry.  I>^N> 

The  entire  out«r  rim  of  the  shield  was 
decorated  with  eaKrle  feathi'rs,  to  prwterve 
which  many  Hhields  were  provide*!  with 
a  crease  in  the  center,  ho  that  titey  nii^ht 
quickly  be  opened  and  closed  by  stepping 
oo  them.  In  addition,  the  outer  surface 
of  the  shield  wis  richly  emblazoned  with 
Hffurea  relating  to  war,  such  as  KKuros  of 
the  sun,  half  sun,  rainbow,  crescent,  a 
}bear*a  foot,  and  the  Slayer  of  Enemies. 
In  action  the  shield  surved  to  guant  a<^in.st  attack>i  from  either 
side,  fnr  which  purpose  it  was  carried  thruufih  a  buckiikln  slini; 
On  tbc  loft  arm.  while  attain  it  could  easily  be  brou]<ht  tu  the 
front  ur  rear  by  means  of  tbe  buckskin  band  which  was  attached 
Id  lh<*  shield  and  paHsed  over  the  right  shoulder.  With  the 
lotroduction  of  modern  firt^arms,  however,  few  were  found  dex- 
jtrooa  enough  to  constantly  bold  the  »ihield  at  tiuch  angles  at 
iwUch  a  bullet  should  glance  from  it,  so  that  both  shield  and 
■pear  became  worthless.  Shields  nta,v  Btill  be  found  among  the 
family  relics. 

■As^  {niiio'4)>  (which  is  carried  on  tbe  back),  the  shield, 
at^  bitA^,  eagle  tail  feathers. 

nigtf  b»hl4,  I  nmke  a  shield;  tsln  bi)  daashkli&l,  I  tack  it  down 
wooden  i>eg». 


SIS 


nilrs 


MCTIOSARV. 


Tht*  bow,  alwfi.VH  carried  in  war,  nms  made  of  oak,  tn^fabi 
(a  vttry  haixl  wood),  ccniar.  or  sumac,  and  ia  now  alRo  rnailf  of 
black  ^nitM.'wiKKl.  T\iv  lower  or  inner  side  t»f  the  iKtw  ib  fist- 
tf'neil.  n'hile  the  otl)er  side  \s  tnadf  sinoolh  and  slij^htly  nnind<''I 
at  the  i-^lifes.  The  stick  is  then  be-Bted  over  a 
Hr«,  after  which  the  foot  is  firmly  pUnte<!  on  the 
eenter,  nnd  both  ends  of  the  stick  are  turned 
inwardly.  Both  etuis  of  the  stick  ore  in  turn 
piX'Ksf^'d  iLL^inst  the  knee,  so  that  when  finished 
the  stick  has  a  .slis^hlly  serpentine  apjioarance. 
The  extreme  endu  and  the  center,  where  the  f«x»l 
has  been  planted,  are  now  u-oiind  with  sinew  of 
bighorn  or  deer  (now  also  of  (jroat,  cow  or  other 
Kinew)  to  the  leniflh  of  about  thn*e  or  four  inches, 
(o  strensrthen  the«e  iKiints.  Ptnally  thi'  whole  ts 
eoveretl  with  pitch. 

Tbf  buwstrinjf  of  twjstwl  bitrhorn  or  deer  <iroat, 
cow  or  other)  sinew  is  securely  wrapped  about 
the  end  of  (he  bow,  while  the  loop  at  the  oppos- 
ite end  of  the  bowstring  niay  be  easil.v  slipped 
over  the  notch  prot'ided  on  the  bow.  When  not 
io  use  the  strinjr  is  unstipped  to  release  the  ten- 
sion.     Tlie  Ih>w  is  not  decorated. 

The  shaft  of  the  arrow  is  made  of  one  or  other 
species  of  hard  wood  like  wild  currant,  black 
(Ti-eawwootl .  Fii'ill^ra  rupitvftiy  etc.  Sticks  of 
lh<»e  are  well  cleaned  of  their  bark,  smoothly 
polished  and  straij^htened ,  which  was  done  by 
pre^in?  them  between  the  teeth,  or  running  them 
through  narrowly  g^rooved  stones,  or  a  punctured 
horn  of  the  bi^rborn.  A  small  notch  to  fit  the  bowstrinff  bithea 
made  at  one  end  of  the  shaft  and  a  double  zitezau  line,  with  two 
intervening  straight  ones,  representing  zigxag  and  slieet  light- 
ning, are  miirked  across  its  entire  length.  A  triple  fletcbiug  of 
eagle,  hawk,  erow  or  turkey  feathers  is  then  added  and  secured 


IMl'LUMayTS    OF    WAH.    ETC. 


319 


Arrtnt  Plaut. 


Arrtuc 
Flaw. 


vith  stnnw.  A  narrow-  culored  line  of  red  auJ  bine  ut  lUe  tip 
vf  the  n<-tchtog  conipK'U's  the  drconttioD  of  th«-  nhaft.  Tho 
arrow|K>int  of  cliippt'd  wliiif  Hint 
(l)t\sh  ilgul)  or  tlirit  (btls'^.stVijfi),  And 
at  prosiMit  A  piece  uf  iron  rubbed 
down  to  a  triunirular  tiat  point,  is 
sot  into  the- »pUri'd  end  uf  the  shaft 
Ind  •pcurwl  lliere  with  sin^-w. 

Bow  and  arrow  un>  still  in  use  for  small  ffauie  and 
lirds,  and  at^o  in  the  iratne  of  arrow  ttliootinj;.  In 
>racticv.  a  blunt,  pointless  arrow  is  tised,  and  at  times 
ffhaft  made  of  rr-i-^I  ami  dccoratM  in  the  above 
li<!8<'ribetl  ninnner  may  still  l>e  seen.  Prairio  dogs  are  friMim^ntly 
ibot  with  a  barbtnl  arrow  iiuule  by  drivintr  a  nail,  or  piuce  of 
itroair  wire,  JiihC  below  the  usual  arrow-poUiL  The  barb  pre- 
rentA  the  aniiiiid  from  extricatiui;  it««1f,  awl  facilitates  extractinjr 
t  from  it*  burrow. 

In  dispatchiuK  llie  arrow,  the  bow  is  (irmly  grasped  with  the 

eft  hand,  and  after  odjustine  the  arrow,  is  hold   vertically  in 

[ronl  of  the  archer.      With  the  index    linirer  and   thumb  of  the 

Hffht  hand  holdini;  the  arrow  in  p<^ition,  and  ri'sting  the  <thaft 

[>n  his  loft  hand,   the  archer  draw.i  the  Atrinif  toward   him.solf 

with  the  middle  linger  of  the  hifbt  hand.      After  Highting  alotig 

Ihe  afaaft  of  the  arrow  ho  releaNes  it  with  a  snap  in  the  direction 

»f  tbe  object.      To  protect  the  wrist  avrainst  the  cutting  sting  of 

tbe  bowstring  a  gtutrd,  or  small  strip  of  leather,  was  worn  around 

9k.     Tu-<Iii.v.  though  it  still  Nerves  thin  purpose,  it  is  mostly  orn- 

pneDtal,  and  Ik  often  decorated   with  a  heavy  silver  (date  with 

iuniiioine  Hi>tting. 

I  Mh4|fn  <ah<ir).  tbe  t>ow;  altiitn  yints^l  Cvltst^K  desfsfl),  I  make 
^cbop)  a  bow;  nHqln  bitqdl  diNts^l  (ddtsel,  deitt^O),  I  give  the  bow 
I  front  (Oat,  inner  side  of  bow). 

Iritq41  disb^  (d^sh@,  de^hf),  I  nhave  (polish)  tbe  front 
In  ishM,  I  (now)  make  the  l)ow. 


S20 


A.jr  STHNOLOGJC  DtCTIOHARY. 


attq!'  habfl'fil'ez,  (when?  the  foot  has  stepped),   center  of  bow. 

HbilJ  .vistlfz,  I  wind  the  sinew. 

ahftfn  tr^K  the  bowstriiiff;  sttqln  bitqf'a' oafaf^'  (bitqlA"  mM^, 
bilql'fi^  iileshtD.  I  attach  the  bowstrinv. 

ahql  bitql'fi'  is(^lt*n,  the  bowstriQfE  stretched. 

litqln  .viflhj^'  (Rh^ji^,  doshjA* ),  I  cover  the  bow  with  (Utch. 

KA*,  the  arrow.;  RSb^sh,  Iho  arrow-point. 

be>«h  \\)£»\,    white  t'tiiii;   bcsh.    iron;   be«'jtjtt*6fi,   flint,  chippnl 
RtoD'^  point,  arrow-point;   b^ldlfisbAs.  serrated  arrow-poiot 

ka'  ftohl^,  I  make  an  nrrow. 

tsAtiS'  (teiU&'),  the  arrow-shaft. 

taAkfl^  yUhqkh  (vl.vf«h,  deshqtshi,  I  break  (twijrs)  for  the  arrow- 
shaft;  >  ishtqf  (yluiP  deshtqf),  I  break  ( twiirs^  off. 

bakh&^  yifth^^  (.vT8he\  dcehf).  I  Rharc  bark  off. 

yisP  iyiiX'^  dtMtDt  I  Rcrape,  polish  the  twiii^. 

a»k&8  (IKdz,  adesKfis),  I  straighten  it. 

halt&l,  Iho  notch. 

bakil  ^'^.shx.v^«h  (rtvlzh,  Ideshg^fsh),  I  niake  (cut)  the  noich. 

biklnojKifriK  the  linpjt  on  the  shaft. 

biklnlshr  (biKt'nlzhT\  biRl'din^jthl'),  I  mark  it  with  lines. 

bit'fiya  ftduavhl^  (udaxhlft,  Ai.]lUlKsh)fl),  I  color  it. 

asht'll'  (aa^h'S*.  adesbttl).  1  add  the  tletchintf. 

bib^zh  ftdaasbl^,  I  attach  the  point. 

Rab^jih  bikfdesdiz.  the  point  is  wonrvd  (with  »inewl. 

ahqlntfftl  distsM,  I  stretch  the  bowstrinK- 

Htlish^d*  (nt*E&K  I  Khoot  an  arrow. 

BJi.^ht'A'  (adyftt'd'.  azhdesht*6'),  I  shoot  well,  luulerstant).  often 
Khoot  arrows, 

a<lzI^1  (adxtsr  azdeeD.  I  missed  the  mark. 

nadisbt'A'  (nwlfsh^d*,  nadlde«ht'*i'),  I  pla.v  arrow  shootini;. 

baKijtda,  an  nrroa*  wound  (also  for  spear  and  k^d  wonndH). 

kftk^i,  one  wounded  by  an  arrow. 

q4kh&l.  ifrazed  (by  a  tthot). 

lltkaUi',  a  reed  arrow. 

kA*  be^mishi.  arrow-shaft  straiirhtoner. 


829 


AK  ETHKOLOQW  DWTlOifABY. 


fnmi  ttUttfks  on  thi*  frutit.      Thu  ctiiivKr  Itas  nut  r>nttrp|y  i)in;>- 
peared,  thuugh  mo«t  ai'cheiit  pii<ft*r  U^  carry  a   few  arrowit  wd 
tbe  bow  in  th«ir  hand,  tfathcrinff  t-arb  arrcm  af(*^r  iU  dtschanif 
The  stono  ax  was  u>*d  at  clow  range. 

Kuy^K  tb<^  qiitrer:  kdyl!)  ftshl6,  I  niakc.  anJ  Iblytff  nittbkUil, 
I  sew  the  qtiivor. 

Itft'AxIs,  thr  pouch  (in  tbe  quiver)  for  arrowv. 

alttifzlfl,  the  pouch  for  thp  bow. 

RiiySi  qashgy^h,  I  cut  (the  hiile)  for  tbe  quivpr.  Sirailirlj, 
M''&xIr  unW  ahqfxiR  qash{fy6ih,  A^^lilri^.  n&t>hkbSd,  I  cut,  niakr  uul 
sew  the  leather  for  the  pouches. 

k&ydl  bukli&iizis  (bakha.sl'^Kft.'^.  Inkhfttieszls),  I  i^irth  m.vf%lf  wiib 
quiver  (hanifiii];  dowu).  but  kay^l  yi^hffyj  <.vidhf1\  fida^bi;^, 
I  carrj*  thft  quiver  (ittrappetl  to  ra.v  hack). 

nil,  or  ts^nT),  stone  ax. 


UAMtC   TRAPS. 

The  following  trap  wa.s  used  in  former  daj-s  for  four-fbotrd 
^lue. 

A  forke<]  |>o8t  i'i)  Ir  planted  into  the  ^rruund  and  a  Blronc 
stick  (■}>  placed  in  the  fork.  Aifaiust  one  end  of  this  Mick  i 
Btone  slab  (\)  is  leaned,  while 
a  rope  U  tied  to  the  other 
end*  which  is  wound  several 
tinira  around  the  forked  post 
near  the  base.  At  the  other 
end  of  the  rope  <4)  there  is 
a  small  stick  (5)  used  a«  the 
trifjeer  of  the  trap.  Another  stick  (6)  t«  placed  from  the  hosr 
of  the  .stone  >itab  and  braced  ajpainst  the  small  Ktick  at  tbe  end  of 
the  roiK>.  On  thin  last  named  stick  the  bait  i7)  \»  attached.  So 
BOOD  as  the  animal  disturbs  the  stick  (6)  the  latter  falls  to  the 
ground,  releases  the  trigi^r  (5).  and  unwinds  the  stick  (SK  so 
that  the  stone  (IJ  falls  and  crushes  the  irame. 


IMPLEMSHTti  OF    WAH.    Elt\ 


ftSS 


Tni|w  of  ihiK  kirn)  were  WHt-d  not  only  for  larger  tCanK^*  bnt 
■Iso  for  rabbite.  nioitntain  rat-s,  or  aD,v  other  four-fooUtl  animals. 
At  pn4M>n1  they  are  rarely  iisi-d. 

bti'ljfzhi,  (that  with  which  one  smashes^  a  j^trnf  Irap. 
Biihjfzh  (ash^ljizh,  atU'Khjish),  1  smash, 
yisbjizh  IshJ^tjIzh.  doshjl^h).  I  gniOAh,  crush  it. 
tfA*  yLshjIzh.  I  trap  (cmxh)  a  rabbit. 


RNARKS   F<JR  BIRPP. 

The  fulluwiDff  stinrv  is  t^tJll  useil  for  catchioif  biixls.  The  stiUk 
of  a  Minflnwvr,  nhoiit  thriM*  tu  four  f»:-«'t  long,  i*  procurod,  tho  pith 
well  taken  out  of  the  upper  iwrt,  and  the  rim  polished  iKTfeetlj- 
nith  a  Ktone.  .\  stiiall  holi>  <7)  Ik  cut  in  th(<  stalk,  about  ihreo 
inehe;^  below  the  rim.  nod  another  smaller  hole  (8),  sixteen  to 

[ht^<vn  inch<*!s  Indow  tlw  rim.     Into  tin-  •.mailer 

1e  a  Iwts  of  (rreasewood  (2)  of  the  thickness 
of  the  little  ftnifor  is  thrust.  At  Xhi-  end  of 
U)i»  twiff  bt  fftotoned  a  •'Irinf  uudi'  of  two 
bomehairK  and  twiKtrd  i^),  with  a  sliding^  loop 
(4)  al  the  end.  Just  below  tlu>  loop  a  vrr.v 
Hbcirl  Htii'-k  tA)  tH  tiet)  with  tlie  horseltair string. 
Another  KDiall  stick  is  cut  by  splitting  a  piece 
of  reed  (6).  fitting  it  acrow-s  the  top  rim  of  the 
Htftik  (1),  awl  Itimintf  it  up  at  both  ends  to 
keep  the  loop  from  falling  over  or  Immuk  eau^ ht 
by  the  riiu.  All  partK  in  contact  with  the 
nnare    miiat   be   polished     iM'rfertly    snnxitb. 

The  wtnlk  i.**  Ktuck  into  the  ground  in  or  near  a  comliold,  or 
other  pinr.'  fret|iienl<tl  b^  hinlH,  the  tw  i^  df  ureanewood  is  bent 
in  a  tK>w  and  the  tiuare  ir>  iimahihI  throiitfh  (he  upt>er  bole  across 
which  th«'  sniull  piece  of  nn**!  it*  laid.  The  %er>'  small  Mick  below 
the  snare  ia  plartnl  ho  tliat  oni^  i-nd  n'siH  on  the  rim  of  the  stalk 
and  the  other  on  thi*  niil,  while  the  snare  \n  arrangei]  alKtut 
the  rim  of  the  Ktalk   within   the   nptiinieti  vmi  of  the  small  piece 


SSft 


Ay   KTUKtOLOaiC  DICTWAARY. 


of  reed.  A  bird  alightiog  upon  the  stalk  will  disturb  thi?  arniD|[f- 
ment;  the  small  piece  of  tvvd,  slippioir  from  its  p\mce^  vill 
release  the  short  stick  od  the  snare;  the  twig  of  er^A^^ool.  in 
strftiehteDinfr  out  after  the  rvleRM*),  will  pull  thv  itoare  with  thr 
bird's  foot  into  the  hollow  stock. 

Usually  a  number  of  tbesr  traps,  somftiiiies  as  many  a-«  irt 
or  twolve,  are  »et  up  in  a  place.  Early  in  the  inomini:  ur  lili' 
in  the  afternoon  is  considered  the  best  trappioff  time.  Puag 
burnt  at  different  si>ot8  on  the  place  is  tbought  tu  attract  the  bird^ 

taldi  bewddlehe  (beodl6he>,  bird  trap,  snare, 
tafdi  wushM,  or  yishW  (yflfl',  yideshM),  I  trap  (Hoare)  binU ' 
ndl.vfli.  sunflower;  H  bits^  alK^tlls,  twisted   horsehair;  I6ki, 
reed;  16<  snare,  loop;  duwdbhilbal,  ^reasewood. 


BOOMERANG. 

The  boomerang  is  nuidr  of  oak  and  whittled  down  to  the  -hafw 
of  a  hattenstick,  when  it  w  heateil  and  Iwnt  over  tbi'  Untv  u> 
nive  it  a  ftli^ht  curve  on  the  t^lged  aide.  la  hunting  rahhitti  it 
IB  hurled  after  the  animal,  the  object  beioK'  to  brvak  itfi  \^gn. 


* 


t8dqfti,  the  boomerang,  or  t^tAqfti  nalUf,  Railinjr  boc^meranji. 

ts&qU  ashl^,  I  uiake  a  boomerang. 

tsAq&l  be6ji»)iq&I  (beMztlqal.  b^gzhdeshqal),  I  hurl  boomerantf. 

lesh  bitq&zhduihqal  (bitq&xtlUqal'.  bitq&zbd[duebq«l).  1  skip  ll 
aloDK  the  ffrouod. 

l^jtsbqiU  Uedzllqal,  tezbd^h(|Al),  I  strike  the  cround. 

Kft'  naibijfshqiU  (nailbidzUq&l,  naAbfjthdefthqAi),  or  gft'  ddUhitftt 
(ndUqal,  iidldeshqAi),  I  strike  a  rabbit. 

g&'  bitq&qQishfiAl  (bitqAqiiy^lqfil,  bitq&qodi.Ycshq&l),  1  strike  it 
between  (its  legs). 

A  toy  ^uu  ia  sometimes  made  by  boys  and  used  to  shoot  iMrdi 
with  stones,  oaiis,  smalt  arrows,  or  bullets.      It  ia  made  of  a 


lyPLKMRKTS  OF   WAR,   ETC. 


zn 


grvoveid  stick  in  the  shape  of  a  xun^  with  a  smalL  bow  attached 
to  its  muzzle,  and  a  strini;  fastened  at  either  end  of  the  bow. 
In  sbootinjT-  this  bowstrinf!  is  passed  orer  a  notch  in  a  wooden 
Irigger.  with  which  the  string  in  released,  aemling  the  miaaile 
forwaril  at  a  j{ood  speed. 

Boys  also  make  rubber  slinffs  of  a  forked  stick  and  a  rubber 
hand  attached  to  a  piece  of  leather  for  shoottui;  birds. 

Similarly,  thi>  slingshot,  consUting  of  a  diamond-shapt>d  piece 
of  leather  to  hold  the  stone,  and  two  cords,  one  of  which  is 
Fttlnaed  in  swinging  it,  is  also  used  in  killing  birds,  or  throwing 
it  tha  sheep  when  herding. 

I     a)b|f  bi>A<liltj|&shi,  (bow  with  which  one  taiHt  it^  toy  gun. 

bijiildzlii.  a  gi-oove. 

bndiahK^  (blid^k^,  bilcletthkf).  I  cut  a  groove  into  it 

ifclgfeh.  it  i>t  cut  out,  or  ahqiiitMl  hA'algl/h,  the  notch  for  the 
bowirtring. 

b^nahAltii^higi,  the  release,  trigger. 

be«JtshtiiAsh  (befijfltqiSzh,  bc«zhd(^i;htqAsh),  I  shoot  with  it 

beAdLshttiAKh  (nC^),  I  shoot  frequently, 

naat^ii,  {tbo  stretcher),  rubber  sling. 

bediiflhi.  slingshot 

(uJi^htn  (nt'tb),  I  throw  the  slingfthot 

MJiKhtrtn  (adzltfrn,  arhdeshtttO,  I  thmw  (put)  the  filingshot 


THE  GUN. 


^rbe  TiMHlt-rn  gun  has  largely  ilisplncpd  the  native 
jWfaiMDK  und  few  Navaho  nr>-  u'ithout  a  sixshooter 
jur  rifle.  ShotgUHH  ait*  not  nmch  in  u^. 
La  iwwderhorn  was  made  of  the  horn  of  a  goat  or 
^H  and  the  opening  eoven-d  with  goatskin,  l^hese 
|kre  no  longer  in  ubi>. 

Worda  have  been  coined  for  the  nrioiis  partit  uf 

4EU0. 


^^^H           S£6                        Afk'  BTHNOLOUK 

■   UJCriOAARV                 ^^^B 

^^^^H             l)e(^ld6,  a  jfuii,  rifle. 

bi'Kh  lichli  neinhqishii;).  iV 

^^^^^1              beiJ^Idd  y&zhJ^,  s  Rixshootcr. 

|)ercu»iluii  CAp. 

^^^^H              be£l(M  niii^ziirii  a  riflt-. 

lwK&'    bihi!«h'&   (bihfi   bi- 

^^^^H               beOldd     iinii^ziei     bivldznos- 

desbal),  I  load  a  ifuu,  I  pot  i 

^^^^H         tULnieif  ihv  bari-i-l  of  a  riflr. 

OLrlndKc  into  tbe  ifiiii. 

^^^^H               bp#l<M  hixA),  tbf  tniiKazinr 

blhinl<th'il   (hihan&'£,    btU- 

^^^B              a  rifle. 

drah'a}).  I  unload,  or  lakf  tht 

^^^^H              bik^bedllt'dhi.  front  s\s\x\. 

rartridifc  out  of  the  barrel. 

^^H              biU«b.HnitfAbi  d«ir  hfieUit^i. 

ntitsh^y&sh  (nnfglEh,  tulesfa- 

^^^^H         rear  sijfhi. 

^sh),  I  «ick  a  trim. 

^^^^H               be^Idtf  b)j&\  thf  huiiiiiifr. 

be^ld^  daiiAki)^  yiUii'.  itr 

^^^^H               befildti  bcAhittntfAK  trififcr. 

click  of  a  irun. 

^^^^H              beSldff  bitslo,  x^n  stock. 

nni'nshe'yesh     (  nni'nfufsb, 

^^^^H              b«€UM  bitn,   tbe  arm  rest 

nnfi'dfshtflsh).  T  leave  thf  Iryi- 

^^^^H          (curve  ill  the  .stocli). 

irer  down. 

^^^^H               bcCldi)  baltlL',  tbe  cartridK** ■ 

fiqishtqftd  tai)!lt4iA,  ai|Ml«eb- 

^^^^              he^XAA    baKA'    bc6qi'DUi)iri. 

t<)&l),   I   pull   tbe  trigger  (ob 

^^^^^B          the  ejector  (lever). 

eiupt^v  eun). 

^^^^H               bvlldtl  bak&*  aqi'nfti  ?QdC% 

dishdftn  (d^ddn,  dfdeKhillUI. 

^^^^H          the  breecb  of  a  gwn. 

1  shoot,   pull   the  tri^jier  on 

^^^^H               Tb«  ejeclur         also   callt^l 

cart  rid  tfe. 

^^^1          be«ld<t  bak&'  qaha  iifli  d^. 

beJ>ld(S  bakfl'  dMiuiji,  au-- 

^^^^H                Thi-    brt'erh    bluck,     be^ldtf 

intlK**  furt>'  calibf>r. 

^^^^H           baR4  fyl'nfh  qa'inftigi,   which 

bejtMd.vitheM  Cvft'ad.  d<>«b 

^^^^^H          extractK  the  cartridjre  init  inln 

^6t),  I  wipe  or  clean  a  ifus- 

^^^^H           the  barrel. 

be^Km  bii]iia.^hfM  (fai(|ii- 

^^^Hr               besh  Kchfi  dosd^n.  a  bnuts 

t*(Vl.    biqfldesht'AH.    I   clean  it 

^^^F            i^hell,  empty  cartrtdtfe.   which 

out  (inside). 

^^H                 ia  also  caltMl  besh  Kchfi  bltitft\ 

blqlbLtdls   (biqa'IMlx.  blql- 

^^^                 the  pocket  of  the  shell. 

desdla),  I  clean  a  ifim  (with  ai 

^^^^ft              be^UM  bakJt'.  a  Kwdf^l  Ahell, 

rod). 

^^^^H           orsiiiiply  do-dfsdrtda.  not  Bred. 

be^ld6  hin£iUtKl  (biral'it^l'-I. 

^^^^H                bt^Mdd  bInAtsI,  a  ramrod. 

hi'i^desLsl),  I  ram  (Heau^  a  <!UH. 

1 

NAVAIIO   HOUSES. 


■^% 


Thf>  primitive  iJwpUintf  of  the  Xavahu  is  describfid   s»  n   mere 
tlu^-ottl^  with  ■  nult>  covorioK  of  a  gmns  and  .vueca  ttut  KPCtiiixl 

with  yucca  cimlK.     Tliis  was  pnteit'd 

by    moans  of  a  lulder.    which    wm^ 

drawn   innide  after  iisc.      Wbeo  a 

ubani^  uf  domicile  was  made  both 

till-  ladder  and  urass  roof  wen-  takf  n 

alontr,  the  latter  beioif  rnlhd  toaether 

in  a  convt^niinit  biindlt-  and   curriiH) 

b.v  a  handle  providtnl  for  this  purpose. 
W'iih  the  ifrowtb  of  the  tribe  this 
primitive  dwellintr  wan  ••ntiri'ly  abiindonod 
and  the  pri'-Hi-nt  types  of  the  luiiran.  modeled 
after  legendary  p.iU4Tos,  were  adopted. 
TImm?  niv  mificrabli'.  uncomely  structures,  in 
Ktribine  contrast  with  the  hiirfa  m'uki*  of 
harmony  and  beauty  exhibited  by  the  Nav- 
ah"  in  htK  beatitifiil  blHiiket  and  attractive 
mlrerwnrk.  Preitumably.  thia  is  due  partly  to  the  nom»lic 
lift)  of  the  Nnraho,  a  trait  w*hirh  hn»  nndonhtedl.v  had  sonic  influ- 
ence ii|HMi  hm  art  as.  well  us  his  dwellinK-  He  lias  neglected,  fur 
inelance.  the  art  of  pottery  niakiiitf  a^  runibiTsuiiie,  whereas  it 
ap|N«I.Hi«tr<)n|cly  to  thi<  iiion*  .sedentary  I'neblo.  and  has  carried  tb« 
art  of  Wfavinjf  to  a  remarkable  tlej;re«  uf  perfection,  insomuch  as  tt 
ia  not  iiiipaireil  by  an  ocatsiunal  duintfe  of  domicile.  ThiiK,  too^ 
tb«-  Navnho  house  huj*  every  mark  of  a  tempomrj*  and  vahieless 
Ntriictiin',  which  is  tWMily  and  i|uickl.v  constnicte^l,  while  atlori]- 
inif  jnst  hufiicient  pnitertion  atcatnHt  the  vehemence  and  aoverity 
of  tbt*  weather.  At  a  very  recent  date,  however,  the  old  tjt'iM* 
of  dwelling  i»  beinu  i>artjy  di^pUir*^)  by  h  more  commodionit  loj; 
or  »4one  Ktructure  of  the  tUt  rmif  tyix*.     While  tbe«4t  are  fur- 


ih^nrl 


;-t2s 


AN  STBSOLOQIC  DICTJOtfARV. 


nished  with  cbair^i,  tables,  and  other  modem  frimitiire.  the  Nar- 
aho  hofoin  disponsRs  with  th<*se  luxuries,  and  is  nmdy  for  orco- 
pation  imniediatfll.v  afU>r  iv*  completion. 

The  Navaho  hoime  is  devoid  of  any  decoration.  SUH,  in  Ihi- 
description  of  the  let;endar>*  protol.v|K>s  of  the  mriouK  hoKans, 
the  Na\iiho  selotrts  all  that  is  fforeeoiut.  splendent  and  pi-Miou.^ 
in  naturt'  for  their  coDStniction.  Thv  poles  of  the  conical  hoiran, 
for  instance,  were  made  of  precious  stones,  such  as  whito  shell, 
turquoise,  abalone,  obsidian  (can  net -con  I),  and  red  etone,  and 
were  five  in  number.  The  interstices  were  lined  with  four  shflrea 
of  white  shell,  and  fonr  of  turquoUe,  and  four  of  abalone  and 
obsidian,  each  corrcspondtnif  with  the  pole  of  the  respective 
stone,  thus  combininif  the  cardinal  colors  of  white,  blue,  yellow 
and  black  into  one  gorgeous  editice.  The  floor,  too,  of  this 
structure  was  laid  with  a  fourfold  ruff  of  obsidian,  abalone,  (or- 
quoisf  and  white  shell,  each  spread  over  the  other  in  the  order 
mentioned,  while  the  door  consistiHl  of  a  ifuadruple  curtais  of 
dawn,  skv-blue,  evening^  twilight  and  darkness.  As  a  matter  of 
course  the  divine  builders  might  increase  ita  size  at  will,  and 
reduce  it  to  a  minimum,  whenever  it  seemed  desirable  to  do  so. 

Similar  prototj'pes  are  mentioned  for  the  other  patterns  in 
vogue  to-day,  as  also  for  some  others  whose  distinctive  featurw 
are  now  added  to  the  ordinary  hofran  in  the  course  of  varioiu 
ceremonies.  And  since  these  details  can  not  be  supplied  upon 
the  modem  stone  or  log  structure,  the  ceremonies  are  ordinarily 
coDduct«d  JQ  a  distinctively  Navaho  hogan,  which  is  built  in 
addition  to  the  modern  structure.  It  is  quite  conceivable  th«a, 
that  originally  the  rubric  required  an  especial  hogan  for  every 
oeremony,  though  at  present  it  is  restricted  to  the  sonralled 
faedtcitif  huf^tf,  sometimes  in  use  at  the  night  and  other  chants. 

Custom  does  not  seem  to  require  a  siwcial  dedicatory  cere- 
mony for  the  hogan,  whether  it  be  for  daily  or  ceremotual  us^ 
It  ta  indeed  good  religion  to  sprinkle  the  cardinal  post*  with 
me«I  or  pollen,  yet  this  may  be  done  by  anyone,  or  rather,  it  is 
the  duty  of  the  head  of  the  famib'  to  do  so,  and  the  hogan  is 


Tavaho  irousss. 


329 


thoB  rcadjr  for  occnpKtion  without  fuithi^r  ado.  The  cuse  of  the 
mttiicitu  Icdffe  fonns  no  rxc^jition  to  this  ruli%  sinct^  the  sprink- 
linir  of  meal  is  porfomMyl  b«forr  the  entrance'  of  th(<  Mnj^rr  into 
the  lude^'-  In  luldttion,  therf>  are  uttier  rit^'.s  whieh  may  be 
inl^Tprel*"*!  r»  iic(iicat«r,v  for  a  spt>cial  nccasion.  Tims,  the 
ionertiou  of  twiffs  of  wild  chero*.  oak  or  sumac,  and  of  the 
poktT*  above  the  lofs  at  the  cai-diaal  points,  arc  evidently  io  the 
natiin-  of  a  dedication  prccwling  a  oi-riniony.  And  the  boiise 
soo'xsthot^h&n  biyto>,  which  bv  soinr  aiithui-s  havL-  \wn  niciiriuned 
ia  support  nf  a  custom  of  huiisn  dedication,  aro  ottly  incidentally 
such,  and  are  eEficatial  to  the  vigil  <do-Iffhl/h)  or  rite  of  bleaninf 
(hochdji).  I*hi8  ceremony  m  performed  fre<iuen(ly.  and  in  one 
and  the  >\ame  hoffan.  t^t  rnnew  tlie  bjessioi;  upon  the  aicnibers  of 
the  family  ;ind  all  their  possefuions,  and  since  some  twejvi-  invo- 
catio&a  (non^)  are  iiuule  upon  the  hojfaii  on  this  occa>^ion,  tbey 
are  rrferred  to  as  house  sonipt.  Mortfover,  it  is  in  aecunlance 
vith  good  custom  to  have  other  ceremonies  [performed  in  a  new 
hv^aii  pn'vious  to  the  invocation  of  the  house  songs.  In  fact^ 
this  cuatom  suirffeKts  that  at  times  th4>  new  hojfan  is  butit  for  the 
purpoRe  of  havitiK  a  dcAiruhle  ceremony  performed.  For,  while 
greater  convenience  makes  a  summer  and  winter  home  desirable 
at  different  points,  and  such  natural  caiUM's  as  scarcity  of  rnufre 
and  water  fr(H|Uently  decide  in  chRnf;in>f  u  location,  this  chanife 
ia  at  times  due  to  an  evil  spell  which  may  haunt  a  vicinit.v. 
Should  this  continue  despite  all  efforts  to  dispel  such  in6ueDce, 
a  new  dwelling  is  erected  in  some  other  locality',  and  its 
occapalioo  inauirurated  with  some  effective  and  purifyini;  cere- 
mony. Similarly,  too,  the  ho^an,  which  has  been  occupied 
by  a  deexased  person,  is  in^^tantly  vacated  and  destroyed,  and  a 
oew  oae  i>rected  in  a  different  locality. 

Tbere  are  two  distinct  clas.s«^  of  residences,  the  Huiumer  and 
iriDter  residence.  The  Hummer  home  is  situate*  near  tin*  fartu, 
while  the  winter  reaidence  is  located  at  some  point  which  otfers 
facilities  For  fuel  as  well  as  ranfff?  for  the  herds.  More  cans 
too,    is   expended    upon   the   dwelling   for   winter,    which  Is  in 


S30 


^A'  STHKOWniC  PlCTloyABY. 


reality*  the  buiite  of  Ibe  faiiiil.v,  with  such  porniAnont  6xtiinw 
u  corrals,  etc.,  utdrd  to  it,  while  t\w  siimnx^r  rvsiilencp  uhea 
resembles  an  uik^  air  camp.  Ordinarily,  then,  the  U>rni  kbp(|i1. 
wiutor  placn,  inilicatcs  thn  pommni'tU  h<tino,  and  kheshi,  sununrr 
place,  a  apot  selectwi  for  liimiioi;  purposes. 

Of  the  varluUK  typi*!*  in  vojjuo  to-day.  the  cunical  shaped  bonn 
is  jfenprally  prcfern-d  hs  (.vpical  and  hotter  suited  for  ordiiwo 
piirpose.s.  and  is  edied  alcKP  de.s'a(.  interlock«l  poiol^,  fn>ni  tbc 
tbive  forkp<l  poli.'H  which  hii]>ik)I'I  the  eatire  Htniotiin'.  Wbt-n  i 
n*?w  hiiifan  has  been  decid*'^i  upon,  the  head  of  the  fiuutly  M.'tKLh 
a  suitable  site,  situate  .some  distaace  from  water,  to  inKiirr  iIk 
purity,  and  tiot  to4)  close  to  red  nnl-billa,  a  pej^t  wry  niucti 
dt-i-ail('d.      Thbt  sdu^   is  cleared  of  briLsh  ami   wtt>cU,  ami  fairl> 


■*^ 


>* 


leveled.  With  tht-  a.tslRtance  of  two  or  thn'e  friends  the  varion 
poleji  needed  in  the  structure  are  then  hewn.  Special  care  is 
taken  in  the  selection  of  ihn^e  sym metrical  forked  iwles,  whose 
length  and  thickness  v-ary  accordint;  to  the  desired  dimensions  of 
the  hotran.  In  addition  to  these,  two  stra.ieht  pules  of  aboot 
the  same  tbickne-ss  and  length  are  cut,  and  a  number  of  hmallt*r 
timber  for  the  sides,  including  two  forked  postH  for  the  door- 
way,  are  added.  All  timbers  are  trimmed  of  the  bark,  the 
umaller  timbers  often  bein^  spliced  in  two,  where  woo<l  is  >icarfr 
and  distant.      These  are  then  left  until  rewly  for  transportatioa. 


TfAVAHO   IIOVSES. 


3S1 


lellios  and  trimniinir,  which  was  fonnerly  done  with  rudo 
iDi[>l<'ni«tnt«,   U  now  done  with  an  ax.  Ami  the  logs  and 

nbers  are  now  tranniMrtcd  by  means  of  woj^ons. 

Thp  dinit-nsions  nf  thx  hr)|^n  arp  thm  nhtainrH  by  placin^f  the 
liorth  Btiil  sunth  p(tle  in  ti'mputury  position,  iind  steppinir  off  an 
l)ual  distatiee  piLst  and  w(«t.  A  circle  within  thp  »EKice  thcfi 
ibtaini.*d  is  now  excavatctl  to  a  depth  of  from  f,ix  to  eiifht  ittrh^'s, 
nd  »  onaivtn  of  eii;1^t  to  twelve  incl>c8  wide  U-ft  all  around.  This 
Repression  forms  the  floor  of  the  hoffan,  whilo  the  mursin  iwrves 
be  doubU'  purpose  of  strenf^theninf;  tlu*  ha^o  for  th<*  polos  and 
ImberHi,  a»  well  as  furnishing  a  shelf  or  recetts  for  depositing 
larioua  household  goods.  Just  outride  the  circumfprence  bolen 
n  dug  at  the  caniinni  points  in  which  to  sink  the  tinibt'rs. 
fhiri  dont>.  the  twu  forked  jmles  for  tht;  north  and  »outh  sides 
ire  rmised,  locked  and  held  in  position,  while  an  a-s-^i^tant  bracett 
heni  with  the  third  forked  timber  from  the  west  side,  tirndy 
orbing  it  under  the  forked  arms  of  tlie  other  two.  The  three 
ulna  tbii-s  firmly  set  in  (he  ground  practically  sup])urt  the  whole 
kwDework.  and  accordingly  studious  cure  is  exerrini^d  to  have 
pe  «rtiM  firmly  clutched  anil  the  ba.^-  securely  snt.  AnolWr 
tmbur  IE  then  placed  from  (he  east  side  and  rest'i  upon  the  south 
K>le.  white  tW  fifth,  or  duninij',  juHt  upiK>sile,  reattt  tipon  (he 
lorth  i««»le.  Th4"  (wo  indes  just  nientiimeil  an^  .vt  fur  enough 
j/mrt  to  form  a  convenient  doom-ay  which  always  faces  fast- 
nuii.  The  four  pules  (taking  the  eastern  |>ol(W  as  one)  form 
be  fnme  or  skeleUm  (»&'di)  of  (he  hogan,  to-wit,  the  easter'n, 
Dutbera.  western  and  northern  pule.  The  Kpuei-s  intervening 
Mwet^D  the  Hve  pole^  aru  tilled  with  smaller  tinibers.  which  rent 
^Be  three  forked  poleA  or  on  each  other.  They  are  set  side 
Ijt  tide«  aa  closely  as  possible,  leaving  only  the  siMce  for  the 
EoorwHjt'  open.  Here  the  two  forked  jmst^  are  tirmly  net  in  the 
ground  ju»i  inKiili*  the  base  of  the  two  ejutern   (xdes,      Whi-n   in 

Sion  the,v  are  at>out  four  feet  high,  with  a  Ntraight  atick 
ng  in  the  forks.  Parallel  with  (hi^  lintel,  and  at  a  point 
t  three  feet  fr<im  (hi*  aiM-x,  another  Nlick  Ih  placet!  horizon- 


SBS 


Ay  ETHNOLOniC  DICTIOKAHY. 


^ 


tftily  across  the  twu  i>aHtern  timbers.  The  since  between  is 
coTerpd  with  snialt  Rttrks  laid  horizontally  across  two  ailditioBal 
Htippurtts,  or  imralk'l  from  lintel  to  cross-stick.  This  forms  tbr 
roof  of  the  doorway,  which  projects  slishtiy  from  the  slopiof 
8ide8  of  the  bojfan,  much  like  a  dormer  wiodow.  The  spac* 
between  the  doorpo«ts  and  the  inclining  eastern  polee,  |60,  ii 
KllotI  with  small  timbent.  The  Kpac^,  however,  bclMrwD  tht 
a{H>x  and  the  tipiK'i'  erusspieoe  of  the  duurwa>'  is  left  nocovered, 
and  forms  lIh*  smoke-bole,  which  fi*e4|uently  is  iveuforced  tt 
the  lower  end  by  a  rude  crjbwork  of  ordinary  sticks  of  wood  lo 
insure  proper  draught. 

The  ci-evioes  which  apjtear  between  the  amall  npri^ht  timl 
are  now  tilled  with  narrow  strips  or  sCxck^  of  wood,  and 
whole  covered  witli  a  layer  of  cedar  bark.  Starting  then  at  tfae 
base,  the  whole  is  walled  up  with  a  senerous  layer  of  i^round  or 
iriitd  to  injure  a  water-  and  wind-proof  structure.  A  ctirtab 
made  of  an  old  blanket  is  fastened  to  one  of  the  postn  for  a  door, 
which  in  cast's  of  Kcrere  stomis  is  doubled  by  an  additiont] 
blanket  attached  to  the  sloping  poles  inside.  The  entry  ioto, 
and  exit  from,  the  hogan  is,  of  course,  made  In  a  stooped  posi- 
tt(m  owing  to  the  small  doorway-.  The  bogan  is  now  rr-ady  far 
oi-cupaucy.  Man>'  obfierve  the  custom  of  sprinkling  cumioeal 
upon  the  posts  at  the  cardinal  points,  or  comply  with  it  ftubev- 
MuenCly  when  it  has  been  forgotten.  A  short  tnx'ocationt  such 
as  hozh4  dol^J,  or  hozh6  Atl,  may  it  be  well  or  bleased,  accom- 
panies the  Rprinkling  of  the  meal.  This  also  applies  to  the 
other  ti'pes  of  the  hogan. 

The  round  hogan.  Another  t^'pe  much  in  demand  is  called 
y&\lahaskh&ni,  under  the  round  (roof),  and  ie  preferred  whta  t 
spaciouK  dwelling  b  desirable,  or  if  long  timbers  arc  not  avail- 
able. Four  forked  timbers  are  firmly  set  into  tbe  ground 
forming  a  square.  Heavy  cross  timbers  resting  in  the  forfe 
north  and  south  support  two  additional  ones  i^trclche*!  eanl  ami 
west,  the  whole  being  the  skeleton  or  framework  (sA'di)  of  the 


VAi-Ano   JI0U8SS. 


333 


The  Nules  nre  walled  up  witti  smalK'r  limbers  sot 
sliirhUy  slnntinff  in  the  (rrouod,  had  ctosn  toscthnr.  with  thoir 
tips  reAtirtfi:  on  th^  cross  timbers.  Tlio  doorway  structure  pro- 
jects in  the  saiii(<  maiinpr  as  with  thc!  pn-ccdinf;  hojjun,  with  the 
roof  resting;  on  ih"  crow  iittihi>r  toward  thf  cast  side.  TIh>  roof 
proper  is  constructed  of  tt'iTaccs  of  Kitiall  tinibt^rs  convorKinx 
into  Hn  opeDinif  nt  the  center,  which  serves  as  a  smoke-bole. 
Thereupon  the  roof  and  sido«  are  covered  with  cedar  bark  and 
dirt  as  with  the  preceding  hogan. 

Tliis  l.vpe  of  bogan  is  Ri-Iected  for  tht  nisfht  chant  whenever 
Ifan  ordiDBry  hoi^n  is  considered  too  Htnall  fur  the  inintinKK  and 
other  rt>quisiti«s  of  this  chaut.  The  Kpociully  built  hogan  is  thnn 
(leUATnated  km  hattjAl  biniy6'  hoi{h&n,  or  thu  hoifan  for  a  ceremony 
toftremoiital  hoifan).  And  while  soioe  do  not  hejuitate  to  occupy 
it  after  the  closo  of  a  corftmony.  others  object  to  its  use  on 
reliffious  grounds,  for  which  reason,  nnd  owing  to  its  dimensions, 
nwny  ceremonial  hoj^aii^  n-mairi  unoccupied. 

tAfuHiirtn,  walled  togs,  designates  the  heptaffonal  or  octagonul 
Htrocturen  which  are  occaffionally  built  in  mountainous  and  other 


r^ 


1^-: 


Vr:.    t-V 


\^i^ 


rict»  where  timber  is  avnilntde.  The  \otty  aro  slightly  hewn 
rn  at  the  anirleN  when*  thoy  cru«K  eaeli  other,  to  obtain  n 
ttrm  lock.  Several  layers  are  built  on  top  of  e«ch  other  to  n 
httghl  of  from  Hve  to  six  fiM>t.  and  support  a  roof  of  the  mtni^ 


834 


AK  trtiNotontr  outiosajiy. 


type  ti»  ill  Ibe  prt^xHliutr  hoi^ftn.  At  the  entrancv  piles  an-  dnvm 
into  the  jfround  on  each  i«i<1e  of  the  whI)  of  timbers  to  bold  tbetr 
iu  position.  A  cros9piec«  ocer  the  otiter  of  tbe  Lwo  puets 
finish«»s  tho  frflmptt'ork  of  thf  rlnor  The  t'reviri>is  betwppn  thi- 
tiiiitM'rs  are  rinsed  with  small  sticks  of  notxl  und  niml-|]lu«-r. 
while  the  roof  is  HnishnI  an  in  the  preceding  t^'pe.  ThiR  hitgin 
Is  the  most  spacioiu  of  Navuho  t^'pe«  since  it  is  devoid  of  nil 
iipriichtft  innide,  Ihoutfh  at  present  many  add  thift  feature. 

The  square  lojrhoiise  vn  coi»|>nrative]y  modem,  and  la 
nateit  It!*  tsfn  t>efkliTn.  htiitsp  uf  logH.      The  tiinljers  arr>  alu^jx* 
trtniiniNl,  and  at  tinie^^   hewn  M|iian',  so  ins  to  uiake  a  onii: 
requirin'.'  very  liUle  plaster  at  the  joints. 

At  a  recent  date  houses  of  stone,  of  a  siaele  sturir  smi  UnI 
rovf,  are  much  in  favor,  and  arc  clcsienated  as  ise  beekhiD,  hoiw 
of  stone.  They  are  built  by  Xavaho  masons  of  native  rock  iuhI 
mod  mortar. 

ShclterSf  called  chnh&'6,  shades,  are  constructed  duHnff  the 
warm  KeaAoii  for  tlu>  sake  of  coiivenienct^  and  shade.     Four  pofite. 


^*-> 


'^V*^- 


mm 


'.     _''.   -  T  *" 


nsiially  forkfxl,  an-  set  into  the  (rrouml  with  eronapieces  stretrhrt) 
from    |K)Ht  to   poftt.      This   framework  \f^  sometinteM  limited 
two,  aod  even  one  forked    (kwI.   to  n-ceii-e  iJie  ends  of  v 


yATABO  nouses. 


SftS 


pRCfK.  which  retit  in  the  branches  of  a  trcH'  or  on  the  irrouod. 
The  lop  und  Kidee  ftre  covei-iyl  with  bouirhK  uf  cciUr  or  pifion, 
utallui  of  rued,  or  dry  Knuts.  or  ti  blRnki't.  A  rapidly  cutistnicted 
hag^ti  or  ^hflur  (boirhJlri  shichMi)  wjtiioliriM's  coii«ist«  of  n  nul« 
frunpwork  uf  small  tiinhrrs  sot  up  aftrr  thp  fiuahion  of  a  conical 
biitnin.  ami  co\-t<n!(l  with  bouKhs  uf  piffun  and  pine  bark.  In 
the  raioy  sBaM)ii  a  riHle  franiewurk  KiipiKirts  a  la,ver  of  branches, 
or  stalks  of  reetl,  aifainst  which  the  si>tt  iqikI  taken  from  the 
tyrfacc  itt  shoveled  from  the  base  np.  AVTxii  dry  the  hard 
planter  ttlford.s  i^iiflicieDt  pmtertK>n  Rgaiu-st  the  sun  nnd  the  Wght 
Hhowers  of  midKummer.  Stwde  is  at  timeii  obtained  by  plontinir 
n«iar  or  piftun  bnitghs  in  a  circh'.  without  any  covering  or  roof, 
and  with  otdy  a  blanket  Kt'cuml  at  the  entrance  (it  beehaha'AV 
Id  journeyini?.  herding  sheiip.  ur  frei>[htinir.  a  wimi -break  or 
eoml  of  cetlar  botitfhs,  erected  on  sonto  sheltered  hillside,  or 
hrlow  a  ahady  tree,  often  Rerv<«  as  a  leniporary  abode  lUnArt^'). 
The  permanent  corral  (un^Jrt^'l  is  usually  constructed  of  jmstB 
M-l  »idr  b>-  side  in  a  circle  near  the  hogati,  and  ts  used  for  pro- 
lerting  tlw>  herds  at  nifrbt.  SiabU'iH  for  the  horses  or  cuttle  are 
sot  built. 

The  eDcloeiirc  for  public  dances  is  erccte*)  after  sundowu,  and 
is  coofitructed  of  cudnr  and  pitlon  boughs,  M-ith  onp  eatrsnoe  in 
th(*  ««Ht.  It  is  therefor  called  ihi&/tl\  circle  of  branches,  or 
itnAahjIn.  dark  circle  of  branches. 

WORDS   REFERRINO   TO  THE   HOUSE. 


klieqaf,  winter  plao«  or  res- 
idence. 

khcshf,  summer  place  or 
residence. 

hoghin.  the  hogan. 

kbCa,  the  house. 

IfhcigyMgu  huifhAn.  thn 
duirout  uf  early  day*. 


MhogyM,  a  modern  cellar. 

UchV  des'af,  int<*rlock«d 
pointj),  the  conical  hogan. 

yA'dahaflkhAni,  i  which  la 
hollowed  lielDw),  niund  hogan, 
which  in  also  calle^l  hoghin 
hij&d  hul6ni.  the  hotfrnn  with 
supiiorts. 


^^^^^^^^^^^^J^  STHyOLOGIC  DICTIOKARY.       ^^^^^ 

^^H              tetmlltnn  (tAldUrTn).   watlcd 

■ 
iQsh  aqftlitrin  hogbftn,  tbr 

^^^^1        logs,  tbo  faoptajroanl  hog«n. 

hogan    n-alltnl    with    dirt   m 

^^^1            tfieblgo    d&'AcUtnn.    (t-iffht 

mud-plasttT. 

^^^^m         wallfi),    or   tseblfo   aqfi^d€nil. 

itniztl',  circle  of  braocbM, 

^^^^^        (eivht  i>iit  toiiether).  the  ucl^- 

a    wind-break    or    corral  of 

^^^^B        onal  boijan. 

branch<'$. 

^^^^H             tA^b^khln,  house  of  stone, 

boghAn  asbll^  ftshtt,  adesh- 

^^^^H         stone    hou8i>,   also   callfd   b^^' 

Ifl),  I  build  a  hogan,   I  tiukf 

^^^^B          nAAtririffi)  behotfhan.  th(^  boican 

a  hogau:  aahl<^.  I  make,  Uklto 

^^^^H         uf  walled  stono. 

u^ed   with  the  \ikrious  tj'pt*. 

^^^^H              tstti  bokhlot  loehuuse. 

thus:  alchf  des'af  asb)^.  1  uu 

^^^^1             hatfi&)  bini.v$*  hoehin,  cer- 

Diakiog  a   conical    hogan,  or 

^^^^m         emontal  boj^in. 

chAhA'6 asbl^.  etc.,  I  ambuiM- 

^^^^B              chAhA'^.  -^)wile,Khi>lt«r,  HUin- 

intf  a  sholter. 

^^^^B         mer  bogan:  also  used  for  ver- 

hatq&l     biniy^'     hasbl\  ur 

^^^^B        anda  or  porch  of  au  AimTican 

batqftl  babasbl\  a  bog>D  btuit 

^^^^1 

for  a  Ct-remony. 

^^^^H             iPbofytfdgo  cbah&'A,  dogout 

batqAl  biDi.v^  bashbf*  (qosM- 

^^^^B         itbelti^r. 

bt\  qod^shbll).  or  hatifU  U- 

^^^^H             hoghAn     shicbfdi,     stacked 

ha»hht*  (bahos^)b!\  bahculnb 

^^^^B        bocan,  dirt  roof  ^belter. 

bfl),  I  trim  for  the  ceremoo;. 

^^^H              T)  becbAhA'4),  tbc  shelter  of 

I  builil  a  cprt-nionial  lodgr. 

^^^^1         bouifhs. 

yibatfiu,  large  inside,  a  »!"■ 

^^^^H             .v&Muhaskh&nijro  ch&hi'lS,  a 

cious  hogan  (for  oeremoiv)- 

^^^^1         round  roof  shelter  (supported 

isin    Kfn^hn^'   (ttfohtr,  1^ 

^^^^B         by    four   posts);   also  cbAbA'A 

deshni}),  I  fell  ■  tree. 

^^^^B         nakhi  bii&tli.  two  upright  shel- 

b£hasht'C»fih     ( baKishfOsh). 

^^^^1         ter,  and   ch&b&'A  dalaf  bijAdi. 

or    bakhigi    b^Jthn«'   (b«M; 

^^^^1          with  but  one  upright.     These 

bfdeshnil),  I  remove  the  bark. 

^^^^1        ar«  also  called  cbAbft'6  shichf* 

trim  a  tog. 

^^^^H         di.     Rtackod     shelter,     which 

tsin     aqAt^hkhdi    <mi|Ukhil. 

^^^^H         usually  have  a  roof  of  braocbeH 

aq&de«hkh&)),  I  split  a  log. 

^^^^^        or  gram. 

t«lD  iqidiahkhoj  (uiidUkhil. 

^^^H             aKlsh^Offh  behoghftn,    bark 

aqfdideshkhJU),   I   chop  a  In? 

^^^^1         covered  hngan  (for  Hummer). 

in  two. 

i 

^^^^^^^^^^^A  VA  HO 

^^^S.            ^^^^^^^^^^^H 

bahMsbf&ih  Im^'aIh^I  (b#t8?l, 

tKin  l)A(iahashg}'?d  (baqahA-         ^^^H 

IbMestBlIK    I   Irini,    chop    tht; 

iryed,   IriliialKKlfsh^itO,    I   ditf         ^^^H 

hark,  ur  l>&haHhtY)Hli  hf^.vhilldd 

out  for  ihf  tinibeni.                         ^^^H 

ib^lftd.bfdeshdliin.orb^hiisb- 

t.siii   oAbidiyishhl  (ndbidiyi-         ^^^H 

fO«b  ben6z  {bizGz.  bfdes^),  I 

K&',  nAbidilde^lilil),  1  raiitu  thu         ^^^H 

^rim  (U-sr)  thr  bark. 

poles.                                                     ^^^H 

■bin  u<<bt»hkbai  (tif^h^^bhal, 

tsIn    ashfA    nnshtqf   (asht'j^         ^^^H 

PRdeehkh&l).  ]  split  >□  strips. 

ti(ltqfi.a>iht*^  ndpshtqlO)  I  places         ^^^^| 

Mn  ■qAAbiii>'  <a(|JUn6\  iu\A- 

tb<>  i>olcK  in  ptwiition.                         ^^^^| 

^cahnn),  I  chop  b  piece  from 

boifhin  bijtd  idaastsl  (adu-         ^^^H 

i^- 

tfiial,  AdadestMl),  1  ttct  the  posts         ^^^H 

^tJiIn  a(|A<1ii«hnA'<aqftdaflAh)<i\ 

(for  the  round  began).                      ^^^^| 

M|ida4(l^■^bnil).    I    hew    pieces 

tAln  n&da'da'ihtqt  (nfida'du-         ^^^| 

from  B  Idt;. 

s^UjH.  nAdH'd»leahtqU),    I    la.v          ^^^^| 

tsin     nrhpjibnA*     ( neh^nft'. 

the  tinibiirs  horizontally.                   ^^^H 

nfludtuiluitt).    I   cut   Htripn  or 

t«iu    nigu   yi-sbtrin     ( nfliro         ^^^^| 

Klicka  of  wood. 

>^trtii,  usifu  riethtnn,  i  wall      ^^^1 

j^^n  .visbt]l!t  (nfyt,  dnibqtil), 

hori7,ontall,v,   I   put   the    roof         ^^^H 

^^unsport  lotfs  (on  my  back 

^^^^1 

»r  in  watfon^ 

tsfn   dA'dishtrin    (di'dftrtn,        ^^H 

chlsb    (tsln^    nnhql^    (nnf.>-f. 

d&*deAhtm).    I   wall   up    with        ^^H 

mliwhiil^)).     I    ptkck    wood    or 

timbent  (for  ih<>    walled   lu^f-         ^^^^| 

touall  Htickh  (for  fuel). 

^^^H 

lidD  (cblzb)  yiahjfl   tfol   be 

si'di,  {which  is  raised),  the         ^^^H 

(tf^hl,  df'flhjflt.  I  pock  loffTtUir 

ifkeleton  or  framework  of  the         ^^^H 

fii*l)  on  my  back  (with  n  cord 

^^^^1 

^^nnib'&  (blneJ'&l,  bldfneah- 

&A'di    haltfUhi.    the   forked        ^^^| 

tinibem  for  the  boi^a.                     ^^^H 

'AI).    I     make    »    mark,    take 

tain  halirtebi,  a  forked  pole.         ^^^H 

nH<a«un>. 

Individually,  the  timbers  of         ^^^H 

nikhldutM-   (nikhidftBe,   ni- 

tlw   conical   bofftn  are  some-        ^^^H 

khldldenbd),    I    pUc«   on   ib« 

tiinea  deAii[nate«l  aa:                           ^^^^| 

Kroimd  for  a  innrk.  1  mark  off. 

shadft'adft    nali,    the    polo        ^^^| 

alclif  wlijiU^  (alcKr  adfitsl. 

from  the  Ronth.                                ^^^H 

alcBf  id^Mfll).  I  lock  tbi<  forks. 

nahokhdHdIb  na'U,  northern.         ^^^| 

^^H         S38                     AX  ETHyOLOQW  DiCTlOSARY.                             1 

^^^^1             fi'fi'ftdfi  Dtt'&i,  the  western. 

1 
atUstrtn,    built  converging- 

^^^^B             ctu&^t(|indff!  [la'Ai,  tht>  pole 

ly,    walled    with   horiaonialty 

^^^^1         froEii  the  ilourway,   the  bbbI- 

laid  Urgi!^ 

^^^^B        era  pole. 

ciillAyP  bidftgi,  rim  of  tin 

^^^^H            bijAd,  tbe  upritthts  (of  the 

smoke- hole. 

^^^B        round  boirari). 

cttiliyf  dahftditTlti,  or  luit- 

^^^H             qA'A'Aji  nAnd'Ahiiri,  the  Mat- 

tTln,    crib-work     around    ttkp 

^^^^H         em  (horizontal)  boani. 

smoke -hole. 

^^^^1              shadA'Aji      iiAiiA'&hiifi,     tU(- 

cli^dtqln  silaff  door-jambi 

^^^^H         (horizontal)  beam  to  thi>  Mmth. 

or  uprights. 

^^^^H             ft'^'ftji  n&a&'&hi^i,  the  (hor- 

^^^^H         izontal)  bi-am  iu  the  west. 

the  lintel. 

^^^^H              nAhokh6sji    aAn&'llhigi,    th«' 

chib«tqin    bakhii    n&itAlhi. 

^^^^H        beam  in  tbe  north. 

roof  beams  over  doorway. 

^^^^B             tiin&'&* .     r4>sti  Tig     horizon- 

cbif^fiti^lln     bagh&di     nao- 

^^H        tally. 

zbfizbi,  doorway-   roof  (bridg- 

^^^H            i'i'A*  (i'&*).   resting  or  pn>- 

ing)- 

^^^^1        jectioe   vertically  or  perpeo- 

ch^Stqln  binlnfligi,  or  c&c 

^^^^1        dicularly. 

Mqln  bij-idi  MnlzhAzbi,  «id'.'» 

^^^H             qani'i',  extends  slanlJofEly. 

of  doorway. 

^^^^H             fatjrahani'i' ,  resting  Against 

dejftstn    battishlfdsh,    piRon 

^^^^K        and  under  (like  a  brace). 

iMirk  00  the  log. 

^^^B              a&'d)  bfdanishnll  (bfdftnTnll, 

de«t8lQ    bakhigi,    tbe   hide    , 

^^^^B         btdadlDcahnIt )    I    place     1  the 

(white  rind  of  piAon). 

^^^^1        small    timbers )   between    tiie 

dillHs  b>akhigi,  gre«n  cedir 

^^^^K         framework. 

bark.                                            | 

^^^B             tsin    b«h^shtnD    (beh^tftii. 

azhf,  dry  bark.                        1 

^^^^1        behid^htni),  I  raise  the  poles. 

dillt(8btzhl\dryoedarbark.    1 

^^^^M            bi^'&di  bfoIzhOzhi,  or  binl- 

dTlkIs  beAzhf ,  with  the  bark 

^^^^B         ofligi,    the    side    timbers    or 

of  cedar.                                         ' 

^^^^B         walla  of  tbe  hogan. 

azhl*    bebeato^.    tbe   dty 

^^^^^             bakh&de  nanzbAzhi,  tbe  roof 

bark  corering. 

^^^^H        (of  round  t^'pefi). 

il,  boughs  of  conifen. 

^^^^1             cKIl&.vf  naoA'Ahi,  crosspiece 

gfid  bi'll,  juniper  boughfl. 

^^^^B         of  tbe  smoke- hole. 

ndishchf  bi'tl,  pine  boughiL 

yAVAUo  aousBti. 


U9 


boffh&a  Mb6iH'iiII,  the  bo- 
jpui  covered  with  dirt. 

R'hAis'nIl.  coveriDg  of  dirt 
too  the  hotfan). 

hofffaAn  daasbdllsh,  or  da'- 
tehdlTh    (dash^kHbh.    di'dish- 
dlish).  ur  ikKAn  (meal),  tcjidldln 
IpvlleD*  beJaaMhdIfsh,  orbeda*- 
llsh,  I  sprinkle  th«  hogan 
pollrn. 
Certain  partA  and  spots  of 
the  hogan  arc  ftometimoa  es- 
pecially dcsipialcd: 
^Ui}-]',  th«  smoke-holn. 
cB^^tqln.  the  exit  or  door. 
dadlnibTiI.  cartain  or  door. 
nAtAtnit  dasAbAlifiri.  a  cluth 
rtirtaio  for  the  door. 

diod^lkhAl,  a  iaoisy)  door 
k^pp  modem  houses). 
^V  hosh&D  bSaahasm'Mi.  eitca- 
I  vated  floor  area  of  the  hogau. 
L  ){^aht<]&\  ground  or  floor. 
^B  boffh&n  bit^itt'fl',  ci-evice  or 
^B^nas  io  the  bugan. 

iii>itrA'ji.  in  a  nook  or  angle, 
(at  ibu  tntHV  of  a  timber,  or 
tbe  spttci-  bdtwuen  the  uprights 
utd  the  wall  of  tbe  bogan). 
TbiiN,  jish  hinLstrt*.  or  banls- 
tli',  the  recfsa  or  n|iac«  re- 
■ervod  fur  tiuvks  at  the  night 
efaaalt  in  the  western  angle  of 
the  bogaa. 


hnnl^'  idas'&bigi,  twigs 
insert«d  in  tbe  crevices  of  tbe 
hogan  at  tbe  cardinal  points. 

kh6n(ke-  (kb6n(Ke*).  tbe 
hearth  or  fireplace. 

biKfji  i'nolkhid,  is  some- 
times tised  for  the  pole  in  tbe 
weat  of  tb«  hogan. 

ntsftrft*,  at  tbe  base  of  the 
westt!ra  pole 

ydnid,  between  tbe  6replace 
and  the  pole  in  tbe  west. 

huaAbft\  around  tbe  fire, 
like  »pace  around  the  tireplace. 

htint)bq&\  designates  the 
caat,  BOvHh  and  north  of  the 
fire. 

y&'alnf,  the  i^pacc  between 
ydntd  and  tbe  fireplace,  just 
west  of  the  fireplace. 

bahlttri' .  at  tbe  base  of  tbe 
door  posts  or  timbers. 

ydn6\  inside  tbe  bogao. 

tFAdi,  outride  the  hogan. 

hoghAn  hinMi,  behind  the 
hogan  4  west). 

bakh&de.  or  bogbAn  bakhA, 
un  top  of  the  hogan. 

hnghin  cHAbun8b6  tcRAbiilS- 
sbd\  cllAhod^h6),  I  sweep 
tbe  hogan. 

bin&hojit'l&l.  a  ceremony  is 
going  nn  in  the  bngan, 

hogh&n  tqan&dshni)  (  Lqais^- 
nll.  t*iaidesb'nU).  1  tear  tbe 
hogan  down. 


A\  ETunoiouif  vwTtoydity. 


b<i|2-liAu  bihu(Ji<(h(i]l  <bibu- 
(Ifoll.  blho<II(}e!fitiitiM,  vr  ho- 
lEhAn  fliHhH<l  (dfHd.  dfdeKhtil). 
I  bum  ihi-  hnfrtin. 

hoKhiii  im  UhlA  ^nJl'llA*.  nit'- 
AdesblAK  I  pull  the  huj^ti 
d(>»Q  with  a  i-ope. 

hojchAn  nH'tishkbiit)  (ufi^unfl- 
khfld,  iiftVlfni'AhkhaM.  1  pull 
thr  hoffflD  apnrt  (by  Hprradinic 
the  poles  out). 

hosfhA'  An.slikhitd  (nnllktiKil. 
BxMtii-siikb&l),  I  destroy  thr 
boifan  (by  tlirowiui;  ihv  puloK 
in  a  heap^. 


huehJln  (bii*lii')atifkh«ia 
fallnn  hotrai)  (which  tft  ia  a 
heap). 

hoghAa  DiVatitkhid.  a  dc- 
Htniyed  bti^n  (fatlfn  Ridf- 
ways), 

hughAn  nlMas,  ht^fan  *hkh 

full  ID. 

hOKc'ffb&n.  a  deserted  bo- 
}fan  (uwin>(  to  di-alh).  Tii^ 
is  al>«>  iismI  for  th**  sitf*  'in 
which  the  riitart  of  a  bumi 
hoeao  are  visible. 

olya'Ke*!.  vacnted  ruins. 


THE  SrDAT<1Ry 


From  tlH>  pn>cedin^  aocount  of  iUv  hti^n  and  ibi  meafpirr 
nishioif  thr  infrrenco  srems  jiu^titiod  tliat  tbr  Navabo  \s  iodiffetvnl 
to  bodily  cleantiness.      Ind«ed.  a  niotlest  fi*w  make  it  a  point  l<> 
M-ash  thcniMclv(>.'4  in  the  mornin2.  and  'procure  ftuch  iDodern  arti- 
clen  AS  soap,  basin  and  towel  for  the  purpose.      It   is  al-so  well 
known  that  occasionally,  say  once  or  tnice  a  week,  the  bead  aiul 
hair  are  thomufrbly  hathetl   with  yucca  sudfi.      The  HaiRHiHceaa* 
roots  of  thin  plant  are  diijf  nut.  cru-shed  to  a  roug^h   fiber,  and 
welt  ishakun  in  a  ba.>iiti  or  bowl  of  watur.  producing  a  very   ricb 
litlwr.    This,  and  the  plant  itself,  are  therefor  called  Ut&lawhOsh, 
aoap.       When  the   hair   has  been  well  soaked,  and    the   lather 
worked  down  to  the  skin,  the  surplui;  water  \h  tlKiroiit^hly  wnintf 
out  by  twiHlin^  tlw  hair  with  the  liaridN.     The  bather  then  thrown 
the  hair  backwai-d  and  exposes  thcni  to  the  suo  tu  dry.  aftpr 
which  they  are  branbed    with  a  whi^k  broom  and  done  up  in  tbf 
usiul  fashiou. 

Not  a  fvw  keep  the  hotfan  neat  and  clean,  reraovinf  all  Hiirptw 


yfAVATiO   HOrsK!^. 


a4i 


id  with  a  broom  niai.)i'  of  a  bunch  of  iiiunntnin  grass,  and 
burnintr  ami  chrowinsr  thr  offal  to  th«*  <lo»f8.  Pelts  aDil  bUnkvtN 
iiwd  for  beddinK  are  occasion all.v  t^pntul  out  on  n  trve  for  airinK. 
ilioiiirh  fr*x]Hitntly  tbe.v  arc  rollwl  up  in  the  morninjf  kikI  put 
asifh"  without  /urthtT  ado.  Acconlinirly,  old  pvltn.  which  have 
tHtounif  iafestcd  with  vermin  anil  lice,  are  dt8i>osu(l  of  at  thti 
Nton^.  Shirts  and  pants,  skirti^  and  jackotfi,  are  worn  by  men 
and  women,  respectively,  until  tht-.v  U'conie  imi>1(>ss,  am)  another 

jttit  i.4  mmiii-  by  t'nrh  indix-idiinl.      Ootlies  ari'  not  wa.-«ht-<I  m  u 


JV<rt)«  BrtXrau 


mlo.  hnt  discarrlMl  when  too  tilth.v.  and  the  wardrobv  onjinarily 
mn:siNls  of  n*hat  apparel  unt'  has  on  bi^  (teiison.  with  an  additional 
ruat  and  \Mi\it^.  jarUel  and  »kirt,  for  festive  occasions. 

Yet,  withal,  the  Naraho  uses  the  Kudalory  with  jtreiiter  fre- 
i(iienc>  than  i<ucb  indifference  to  bixlily  cteanline.ss  mit^ht  warrant, 
and  thortMtjfhIy  enjoys  the  luxurious  pleasures  of  this  primitive 
bath,  wmie  rntinenttn^r  il  a-**  often  as  two  or  tlirit*  iiuus  a  week. 

Hie  Kwrat-h«>us4-  i>r  Nudat«>ry  is  the  eonical  hrjuran  in  niinintur'e, 
with  the  iloorwa.v  stniciun'  omitted.  The  entrance  tu  it  h 
variouftb  placed,  but  niunt  fri'qiiently  i(  faces  westward.  A 
nuniN>r  of  stones,  th<." roughly  Iw-iiled  over  a  fin\  are  rolled  inUi 
the  hut  and  placed  on  the  north  !4ide,  owinj,''  to  the  belief  that. 
roldN  an]  <'Oiij;h  oritrinate  in  the  north,  m^  tlwt  thr  heated  (ftonm, 
placeil  tH>tweeu  the  bathent  and  the  north,  obstruct  their  paana^ d. 
The  bathers  ntrip  to  th**  bn-echcloth  (women  to  the  irakhAl.  or 
hiincluth)  autl  enter,  or  rather  crawl,  into  the  hut.  Thouifh  it£ 
dbnenxioRK  are  fn'^iuently  from  four  to  five  feet  in  diameter, 
and  le»  in  heijifht,  it  i»>  not  unusnal  that  from  ten  to  »ixt««n 
ttatbens  ent^r  the  hut  at  one  time,  a*  a  Inrjre  number  of  bathnrf^ 


B43 


AX   ETHNOLOOIC  DICTIONARY. 


ia  conducive  to  nipkl  persiiiration.  To  obtain  this  object  wtter 
is  at  times  sprinkled  upon  the  stones  after  the  entnuce  has  bfCD 
closed  with  a  blanket  by  the  last  of  the  bathers.  They  renain 
in  this  confinement  as  long  as  twenty  minutes,  and  on  leanof  it 
roll  themselves  in  the  sand  to  remove  the  scales  of  surpliLs  skjo. 
Many  reenter  and  reiH^at  tlie  same  process  several  timee.  lathe 
vicinity  of  streains  the  bathers  Hoally  plaofre  into  the  irat«r, 
otherwise  they  don  their  old  clothes  and  return  home  leaviit£tlK 
hut  undisturbed  for  future  use.  The  effect  of  the  sweat-batb  U 
one  of  momentaiy  drowsiness,  which  ia  soon  followed  by  ooe  of 


<^ 


renewed  vij^r  and  refreshment  Accordingly,  it  is  naed 
in  summer  and  winter,  and  alwa^'s  at  da^'time,  while  in  time  of 
war,  and  at  present  in  exceptional  cases,  it  is  frequented  it 
niffht.  Women,  too,  enjoy  this  bath,  but  alwaj's  alone,  and  DOt 
as  frequently  as  the  men. 

In  accord  with  legendarj-  accounts,  the  sudatory-  often  fi| 
in  the  course  of  various  ceremonie-s.  Thus,  in  the  night  c\ 
a  sudatory  is  erected  at  each  of  the  cardinal  points.  On  foar 
consecutive  days  the  patient  submits  to  the  sweat-bath  in  one  of 
these,  starting  with  the  sudatory  in  the  east,  and  completing  the 
circle  in  the  north  by  way  of  the  south  and  west,   while  tbi 


yAVAno  uovsBs. 


S43 


■incer  decorates  U  with  a  Hirure  reprcseotinir  the  raiubow,  ami 
le  of  vari-colort>d  saods-  In  the  chant  called  tWni'  bfnlcKIji, 
ur  wind  chant,  the  order  is  reversed,  and  the  drawiafi'  is  made 
iiuido  the  hugan,  while  the  patient  is  confined  in  the  .sudatory. 
However,  these  sudstories,  in  deference  to  legendary  prototypes, 
coiKiisi  only  of  tlie  framework  or  poles,  which  an"  covered  with 
pelts  and  blankets  to  receive  the  drawings,  in  lieu  of  the  ordin- 
al:)- covering  of  dirt.  When  the  drawing  of  the  rainbow  has 
been  completed  the  patient  is  released.  Such  Afflictions  as  colds, 
fever,  stiffneaa  and  inertia  are  said  to  be  dispt^lled  by  ihi^  icer- 
vmonial)  bath. 


WORDS. 


tqtche,  or  tqAcbe  baffb&n, 
the  Niidatory. 

tqAchS  ishlfi,  I  built  a  sweat- 
houae.  This  is  also  expreRsed 
by  tqicb^  ndinrihj^  (mlinlji^. 
ndldeafajl*)*  1  build  the  lire 
for  the  sweat-bath,  hence,  tqft- 
che  ndtfUj^t  (he  sweot-house 
is  ready. 

tqich^  dl^iah.  let  im  take  a 
Kweat-batb. 

ts6'  Inll,  it  is  ready. 

tafi*  uhnfl  (tsA'tnll,  adesh- 
nO),  X  place  the  stoocH  in»idn. 

t«iiche  yishA  iyiyi,  deshah, 
I  am  onterinirthe  sweat-bonae. 

tqAcbe  y(^h,  or  yijtf,  we 
will  enter  together. 

(4|&chi^  shiJ4,  we  were  in  the 
».weat- house. 


ttlicbe   ti$t(|l,   I  am   in  the 


t«^'  yantstse  Cvan&tsI,  y<?I- 
de^tel),  I  put  the  stoncA  on  a 
heap  (for  fire). 

tB^nuihgft  (tA^tnilgal,  ts^'  AU 
neshgi'),  I  heat  Ktones. 

ts{'  nigal,  heated  Ktonen. 

tq&che  yish'nA'  (yish'nA', 
desh'ii&'),  I  enter  (crawl  into) 
the  sudatory'. 

tqAchS  sMA,  I  am  (sitting) 
in  the  sudatory. 

tqA  9hAhat<]61  (sbAhAtqAl, 
KhAhadotqlt),  I  uu  perKpirinff. 

hat4i&8ll  »el1  (haxH,  hodnt^J), 
I  perspire  freely. 

t/lftch<^  qanlslida  <i|anAit(I«ll, 
qadeabd&l).  I  leave  the  suda- 
tory. 

i^nh  iilAnunslnlt'  (AttAnatiUMh- 
d?,  AdAmKne^hdaK  I  nib  dirt 
over  my  body. 


t44 


Ajf  STayoLoaic  DJCTioyARv. 


iPab  biD&sh'nfi'  ( blsls'iiA*, 
bId&ih'o&'>.  1  rail  in  tbf  dirt 

l^Rb  ftd^hjl'  1  adishtihja. 
iidfUf'shjI},  I  sprinklo  dirt  over 
myself. 

(tqflihr-dfi)  ts^'  oKo-nshnn 
(cKi&n<th*n1l.  cKiDdR.sh'n51 ).  1 
remove  the  stones  from  the 
sudatory. 

ts^nizll  U\6  biK^shkhfl'  (bi- 
Rit^khn',  biKldeshkbM),  I 
sprinkle  water  on  the  stones 
(with  a  cup  or  vessel)  for 
steam,  or  tf|fi  bik^shkhfid  (bi- 
RMlkhdd.  biRfdL-shkhdO.  I 
itpriukle  it  with  nij'  hand. 

tqAcbP  tqanAAsh'nfl  (tqaisfK- 
'dII,  tfi&tdosh'ni}).  I  tear  down 
the  sudatory. 

tqfl  ben&sh'nA'  ( bettfs'nA*, 
bedesirnft*),  I  plunge  into  the 
water. 

tqO  benftHm&s  (besAmflz,  b^- 
desmAs).  1  roll  in  the  water. 

tqd  akJihcshkhA'  (aKSh^^h- 
khfi\  akfhideshkh&ll.  I  sprinkle 
m>'self  with  water  <with  a  ves- 
ttel),  or  tq6  att6M«bkhAd  (aK«- 
b«shkhad.  aKfhidesbkhil).  I 
sprinkle  water  on  mysplf  with 
my  hands. 

tqtensdzld  (tqR>n^lzId,tqie- 
dlaesdzItK  I  pluntfe  (dive)  into 
the  water. 


Ui&HW  yl^hyvd  ( tqihH' 
ybibwhad.  desbwhal),  I  dirr 
(run)  into  the  water. 

nashbi^  <  nsJ^bi'.  nde«ht)^. 
or  nft'fishkh6'  <n&84lkbd\  u- 
desbkhAl),  T  swim. 

do-□jl*&shkl)<^'da,  I  ean  not 
swim. 

tqAHM*  yisbffd  (tqAhK*  yf- 
eO'.  tqtUtn*  desb«r6').  and  tq»- 
bi8b£y^lt<|l&b1(fd\tqik>leshj[d'l. 
and  tt|fghishtlfsh  (U|»bft)izh, 
tqeedeshtlish),  or  tqAttft'  }'uA^ 
tilsh  CvfUlzh,  de»htifsb),  I 
plunifp  ( fall)  into  the  wadr. 

nash'4)  <n»6'C>l.  ndesh'A)'.  ur 
dA'nat<b'^l(di*ns^'el,  di'mlHti- 
'61),  or  dA'n&'Asbkh^S'  <dA'nsM 
khO*,  dA'ndej«hkb4)l),  I  flwim 
(float). 

qadl<tbjA(qfidtshjA,  qAdtdAth 
jl).  I  strip,  undrew. 

qadish'nj!  (qadLsdzA.  qadl* 
desb'oil),  I  dre»s  airuin. 

adCnAMshtriD     (ad^rift'ijfch- . 
trin,   ad«Dt'di>eshtm).   I  put 
my  clotbea  oa  aj^ln. 

shikb6  bi*n&ttf&8  (brnAsm. 
bi'tld^st^),  I  put  my  mooca- 
Bins  on.  Himitarly.  HfartW. 
i  leffeinffs ).  shitrajl'ie,  ( nr 
pants)  bl'nARfPs. 

Adlnsbkd*  (adinltshkr.  idl- 
dfne8hKt>i),  or  n&ue«Kfls  (n&ai- 
UAz.  ndfoeslUs),  1  cool  off. 


JfA-VAHO  BOVSSS. 


S45 


sbi  «  bi'nAshdft'  (binM^A, 
bVtHldtnhdft}),  I  put  my  abirt 
or  coat  un:  uUo  chalAkho, 
4rMt),  shi  AUo,  (overcoat  or 
oimt>  bi'n&HlulA'. 

twtMllIil  hfikhA.  Rnntl-paint- 
iojr  of  Uw  rainbtjw, 

(4|iile»uTKK  I  bathe  iii.v  hair. 

tt]ililwh6Hh,  latbiT,  Boap. 

IqAUwbOshtqayislikhA'itqn 
yfkhA\  tqadivihkh&t},  I   ninkn 
the  lather. 

tq&Uwbiish  Ui&AHh'oI'  (U|ai- 
^a\\  tiiaiil^fihnrK  1  stir  the 
latber. 

It|4lilwhu8h  haDsbUid  (ban0- 
Iq4,  boilfapsbtiiiU),  I  bunt 
ruolA  <iuiiole>. 

t^liUwhQsh  haiihio'^l  (h&- 
gyf*).    lillitef«hgAl),    1   din   <^>»t- 

p  (root). 

tqilAwhQsb  i|a8bU|f  (liutqA'. 
•nbtqlO.   I   Ukf>  the   root 
out. 

Iq&lflwhfiHb  yistAM  CvlttH**!* 
dentflilK  I  pound  thf>  routH. 

sitsi  nAIUa(Q&lliMl.  ndolUti). 
1  dry  my  bair. 


I- 


BLtfit  t(]6bfi.visbc|&d  ( b&yl- 
Khad,  b&desbqiU ),  I  shake 
wat«r  out  of  in>-  hair. 

nitfll  to^bayishttr  (b£s^nP, 
b&doshnP),  I  wring  my  hair 
out 

sitsf  be^shtTA  (b(>«lStrd\  be- 
d^^shtfoi),  I  tie  my  hair. 

sitsl  yish6  Cvlshe,  d^ho),  1 
bniah,  comb  itiy  hair. 

aital  kTbldeabo  (Ulblsh^hA 
ttlbldi^shot,  I  briiah  my  hnir. 

fiitsl,  or  OtighA  yish^  (yfebc*'. 
dvshlf.  I  cut  my  hair. 

taitrhi  diHhHd  (dfHd.  dld^sh- 
HI),  I  burn  tht^  liair. 

taiK^hi  na^hb^zh  (nt'iF^,  thv 
hair  arc  Hcattcnwl.  The  Nuv- 
ahu  biii-n  the  luiir  after  cut- 
tincr,  'Hj  itiat  they  may  nut  b« 
ftcatti'rcd  to  th)^  winds. 

tsltflii  nd^zt^idd  (ntfA\  scat- 
tered hair. 

Mlffht  nAzhjrd  <nt?[b>.  tuftfl 
of  hair  lyin^r  hf-rn  und  Itit^m. 

btl^bi  nikhldel'4'  (iit^ifet.  tb^ 
hair  is  scatttT^Nl. 

tsitfb&  iiikbldl^lqa<l  infA), 
the  hair  is  gcattArai)  in  pt«0' 
direction. 


STHSOl 


TARY. 


EELIGION. 


The  eUboratn  system  of  roiif^ioiL't  worship  amonfr  th^  NViko 
\etti  them  apiH^ar  at;  a  very  religious  people.  Their  anthropo- 
morphous deities  arc  numerous  and  strikinjirly  democratic,  each 
excelling  in  his  peculiar  sphere  of  independent  actirity  ud 
power.  They  are  describc<l  &»  kind,  boapitable  and  indiisthoos; 
on  the  other  hand  as  fraudulent,  treach«rom,  iinnierciful.  im), 
in  general,  subject  to  passions  and  human  woaknesaea.  Tbtdr 
lives,  to  a  (;rettt  exU'nt,  are  reflected  in  the  social  condition  of 
the  Navaho  a».  for  ini^tonee,  in  the  subordination  to  local  bmd- 
men,  iti  the  ntanner  of  farming,  hunting,  ceremony,  etc..  allot 
which  find  an  explanation  in  prcvions  occurrencef:  in  the  livw  of 
the  holy  ones.  This  is  e«peciall.v  true  of  tb«  ceremonies  or 
chants,  most  of  which  have  been  establishetl  by  tbe  dtyloi.  or 
Holy  ones,  for  re-mo\*ing  evil. 

The  existence  of  evil  is  attributed  to  the  wrath  of  the  dini^>'. 
or  FeoploR,  such  as  the  Animals,  Winds.  Lightnings,  etc.  Modi 
evil,  iliKcajte  and  bodily  injury  is  duo  also  to  secret  agents  of  eril, 
in  const>quence  of  which  the  belief  in  witchcraft,  Kjiells,  dniane) 
and  nhofftiny  of  rvU  is  widely  spread.  Accordingly,  too.  of  tk 
two  fomu>  of  wonhip,  one  against  evil  ^hochftji^,  tbe  other  for 
blessing  (hozhdji).  the  former  is  presumably  in  gre&t^^r  demaw), 
but  is  subordinate  to,  and  alwa>'8  accompanietl  by,  the  latter. 

The  idea  of  h  creator  of  all  things  Is  unknown  to  tbe  Navaho. 
as  ahto  that  of  heaven  or  hell.  Tbe  belief  in  a  life  heiTaftr 
exists,  however,  and  is  a  life  of  happiness  with  the  peoples  of 
the  lower  worlds  amoni;  whom  the  deceased  are  numbered.  Tbe 
deceiased.  in  turn,  may  injure  the  li\-tng. 


Tb«  urerace  Xtvaho  U  loath  to  study  tbe  iaincat«  fabric  of 
hia  ralijrion  and  knows  tittle  of  it  be.vond  ceremonial  i)erforiii- 
aoce.  Tlie  singer  or  shaman,  usually  a  man  of  oxcellont  mem- 
ory, is  eotrustod  with  whati'ver  pertains  to  subjects  of  worship, 
though  probably  no  Btnele  one  i^i  vended  in  all  of  \tn  brancbc>s. 
Moreover,  tbe  knowledge  of  the  legend  which  attaches  to  every 
chant  U  not  a  material  requisite  for  properly  cufKlucting  a  cere- 
mony, though  Urn  lejrend  furnishes  the  clue  for  corrections. 
n  The  following  synopsis,  taken  from  unpublished  legends  in  our 
poanconion,  preaonta  the  most  salient  features  of  \avaho  worship, 
together  with  other  subjects  of  a  religious  character. 

THE   IXiWER   WORLDS. 

Tbe  legends  speak  of  twelve  lower  worlds,  tbe  home  of  various 
Feoplea  (dinl^*^*).  Theae  worlds  were  small  in  sise,  ami  are 
reform]  to  as  cbaiubers  (dahundkhft'),  whtrh  aiv  numbered  as  tbe 
people  jNiss  thruuifh  and  staml  on  tbe  suvt'ral  vaulta.  Tbeir 
*pen-A  in  the  several  worlds,  too,  is  recorded;  hence,  the  roof  or 
vault  of  the  Brst  world  is  called  aAd  hif,  the  Hrst  speech;  the 
vault  of  the  second,  sAd  nakht,  the  second  sjH'^ecli;  sitiiilarly,  sfid 
tqft^  aid  dl,  sAd  ashdlii\  sAd  hastqA\  ttSd  iMAst^^d.  siid  ts^b1,  sfid 
iiaiftt'al,  sAd  noznA,  s&d  liulz&da,  sad  nakhidzAda,  the  third  to 
twelfth  speech,  the  latter  of  which  we  now  occupy. 

Kurtherniore.  these  twelve  worlds  are  subdivided  into  three 
divisions  of  four,  the  tirxt  four  being  refi-rred  teas  nPho-liliiii, 
or  the  dark  world:  the  sutwequent  four  as  nriialchf,  iht«  red 
world,  an<l  the  upper  four  as  nf'hodotrish,  the  bine  work]. 
Some  of  the  chint  legfiidH  (hatq&ltt<^)  begin  wiih  events  in  one 
of  tbeae  thn*e  groups  of  worlds.  In  this  manner  some  speak  of 
fira,  othera  of  eight  wurlds,  etc. 

THK    PKOPLES   OF  THE    DARK    WoHLD. 

The  above  meatione<l  wurlds  are  not  spoken  of  as  having  lieen 
cTRated,  but  nit  ain-wly  existing.  The  lint  world  (sfid  laf)  is 
iuhabit4Ni  by  the  Ant  Feoplu  (wolaxhin  dinA^6')  who  ure  Hul>or' 


a48 


AJf  eririfotoofc  on^TtoyARY. 


dinat^  to  chiefs  or  f»t)okeKtni-n  in  the  east,  noiith,  Hest  Bnd  nortli. 
In  the  second  n-nrli]  <<tfid  nnkhf)  they  Hnd  w6t»'sh<'Kin4li  hutqfn 
and  w6riOAhcK!ndi  e^teAn.  the  Tjocn^it  Man  and  Woman.  IV 
Ihini  uorld  (sfld  tqfl)  brinK  nnttihnhiti'd  all  of  thi-s4>  praple* 
tnivel  Ui  the  fourth  world  (sad  dil  where  ttip  folluwinj;  pi>nMM 
an*  found:  ate^  haxtqln.  First  Man;  ato^  psdzA.  First  Woman: 
at»^  ha-stqln.  FirAt  Mao;  at^  esdcft.  First  M'onian:  at«^  haill. 
the  First  Made;  alt^'d*  haxtf.  S-oond  Madi-:  rU6  n«>hkhf.  First 
lioy;  a.ts6  atUt,  First  Oirl;  and  ntafi  luishkk^,  the  First  An^o'. 
or  Coyote.  First  Man  and  his  pighl  companions  arp  the  fire! 
wifchw  (iilanti').  and  tho  caiifso  of  sickness  and  fata)  diwasn; 

nibit  hodldfzlf,  he  vrbo  oriiritmtcd  with  the  earth,  w  appM 
to  Firet  Man  (at«^  tioKttifii).  The  name  corrcfliwndti  with  tir 
sacred  name  of  the  kit-fox. 

THK    PEOPLES  OF   THE   RED   WORLD. 

The  Peoples  of  the  four  i>rece<lin|f  worlds  aseeml  t<»  tlie  fifih 
worhl  (sAd  ushdlA')  where  they  are  joined  by  wAsa'KIdi  liastiitn 
and  wABa*ttIdt  esdzl.  the  Grtib  Man  and  Woman.  The  sixth 
worl<t  (sSd  hast<|A*)  is  uninhabited.  The  sevenlb  worid  tsCt! 
taostfi^d)  they  found  inhabited  by  Ih**  ni^ltd^i  dinf&V.  the  Oit 
People.  Thuy  aUo  met  nashjdi  hastqin  and  na^hjtfi  eadxi.  thf 
Spider  Mnn  and  Woman.  The  t'At  People  were  adilfrA«hi,  rTrii 
.tihooters  (witches),  who  filled  the  bodies  of  their  neiffhbors  with 
evil  by  shooiinjr.  First  Man  removes  this  power  from  them 
and  makes  it  his  own  propert^v. 

s&d  t«ebf.  the  eifrhth  world,  is  the  home  of  ishS  haatqfn  and 
AahS  eatlzi.  the  .Silt  Man  and  ."^It  Woman,  and  also  nf  haiah* 
cB^zhlni.  the  hi  .ck  hashcH^*,  or  Fireirod.  (In  the  leeend  oP 
witchcraft  the  latter  is  introduced  with  First  Man  and  his  com- 
panions in  Slid  d1.  thr  fonrth  world.;  The  .Ant  People,  of  nhom 
mention  was  nuide  first,  also  find  a  not  hi  r  colony'  of  Ant  Peoplf 
with  whom  they  inmiediately  associate.  The  tHsh  din<^>',  or 
Snake  People,  are  also  introduced  here,  toirclher  with  the  «1« 


^BSLioms. 


JS49 


dindb^fi'.  Yucca  People;  and  qAsh  dini&'^\  Ckctus  People,  d^tso, 
th»*  Biif  Fly.  nikti'tti,  k  bntiitifiil  bini  (Owl),  ami  nifli'  dotllsh, 
li\r  Kit-fox.  First  Man  efectA  the  Krat  hoj;itn  here,  the  type  for 
itto'  prt'si-nt  hojrnn.  IIi^  then  4li-;plays  all  th(^  ntaU'rinI  for  thr 
futiirt!  sacTivil  itiouiitaitiH,  for  t1)4>  ilawii,  tlu-  Mky-bliii',  Ihv  twilii^ht 
Mid  darknusg,  the  httun?  wind^.  rains.  liirhtninfTR,  the  future 
hiAbob^.  and  do  on.  To  eacli  ami  fver>'  oae  \k  prvavuls  soax6  of 
b'lA  pvil  powor,  9o  Ihat  all  are  posac^st'd  of  witchcraft. 

But  hi'  tilnti  (lraijfnKti.^s  varioim  hertiK  a.s  a  rt'iiiflv  for  all  t^vijs, 
poisons  Bad  disvoscs  which  he  has  distribute?*!.  bihI  dc»iifn»tt>s  the 
Kct^n  (praytTslickfl)  and  sarnH«»s  rutn'ssnr.v  to  remofe  them. 
All  of  Ibo  abore  mt-Dtioncd   people-^  tht'rcfor  require  a  sacriKce 

THE   PEOPLKS   OF  THE    BLT'E   WORLD. 

When  First  Mau  aud  his  now  numerous  coinpanionK  entered  sSd 
naflK^af,  the  ninth  world,  they  found  it  in  posfiession  of  the  beau- 
tiful wolttchi  litMt  altstsiiii,  the  ver3'  small  Yellow  Ant,  who 
were  in  communication  with  wolai^Mn  ahj^lsiKi  H/hfn.  the  small 
Black  Ants  of  sAd  nrrnA',  the  u*nth  world.  By  fraudulent  means 
First  Man  anil  ihe  Salt  Man  deprive  them  of  their  various  juices 
or  greMc  (aKi'K  their  only  possession  and  sustenance. 

THE   ELEVENTH    WORLD. 

The  placi-  of  ennTjf^'nce  in  stid  ladz&^la,  the  eleventh  world,  i« 
raJle<l  nii\&*>ignl,  whitish  earth.  The  |>eopl««  of  thiH  world  are 
rrr>'  nuniernuM.  countinif  amontf  their  nunibt-rs  ii  irri>up  of  niwh- 
dAi  dioltV,  Cat  People,  the  Bear  and  I>fer  FnniilieH,  Foxes, 
Raillfers,  Skunks.  Birds,  Ftshrs,  nnil  finally  Wat'T  Monntertt. 
Tlu*  peopU'  of  the  Inml  an'  sutxpiilinnte  tu  the  Biif  VVulf  chiefs 
in  the  ea»l  and  wvH,  while  the  Wildcat  chiefs  an.>  »|>okusmuu  in 
the  northern  and  southern  villaires.  ThoAc  direct  their  subor- 
diuiteH  in  fanuinff  and  the  cliaAi>.  The  domestic  labors  and 
fnitctiottM  are  aAsiKntNl  lo  the  female   portion,  and  all  Hpare  time 


S50 


BTHKOtOOtC  DJCTIONARr. 


is  devoted  to  Turious  Hportjt,  u  the  bouncinfi  stick  frame,  diw. 
hoop  and  pole,  football,  etc. 

This  happy  and  innocent  Itfo  undrrffocR  a  chan^  when  Fiist 
Mao  introduces  generation,  which  until  thi-n  had  been  tinkDoira 
to  tbew  peoples.  An  altercation  between  the  chief  of  the  tact. 
Biff  Wolf  and  his  wife,  orer  the  neglect  of  ber  duties,  ii  the 
cause  of  the  separation  of  all  men  from  the  women.  Aceord- 
in^rl.v.  attqAainAofldir,  whore  the  waters  flow  in  various  directioH, 
the  men  cross  to  the  opposite  8hore  io  boats. 

The  men  now  set  about  their  duties  of  fanning  and  hunting. 
The  domestic  duties  of  cookiuK  and  grinding  com  are  superrised 
by  one  aidle,  an  hermaphrodite.  The  cereiuouial  inetho<l  of 
planting  is  observed  here  for  the  first  time.  Thug  they  had 
the  circle,  the  .square,  the  border,  and  additional  famis.  Hunl- 
iug,  too.  Is  Bccom|)ttnied  by  various  ceremonta)  obsen-anrn. 
Their  leisure  time  was  given  to  amu&cmeuts.  Venereal  excess  k 
punii^hod  imftautly  in  m.\'Hiertous  ways,  though  it  is  al  wa.vs  remored 
by  the  power  of  some  ceremony.  Respect  for  these  is  alsu  tint- 
tically  inculcated  by  making  an  example  of  a  straj'  coyote. 

The  women  oeclect  their  duties  while  the  men  are  thrifty. 
Their  passions  wax  Rtrong,  and  they  become  guilty  of  maaj 
immoralities.  In  seeking  suicide,  many  drown  themselm 
without  having  the  hope  of  resuscitation  by  ceremony.  From 
w^ant  and  starvation  they  are  tinally  driveo  to  plead  fur  mercy, 
after  a  iH>riod  of  about  cine  seasons  of  separation. 

The  reunion  is  the  occasion  for  a  ceremony  of  puritiratioa, 
including  sweat-batKs  (tqAcbd).  The  routine  of  labor  \s  again 
harmoniously  followed  out  as  before  the  separation,  the  woom 
assisting  their  hashands  in  planting  and  hari'esting.  laceet  is 
pointed  out  an  the  cause  of  mental  derangement.  Witchcraft  is 
deftly  punished  hy  First  Man.  and  checked  iu  tliis  numofr. 
Diseases  of  various  kinds,  such  as  hlood-spitting,  etc.,  are  curtd 
by  the  rites.  Dreanis  are  invariably  considered  as  port^-ndtas 
evil.  Presently,  too,  it  occiirrrtl  that  Ht*i*d  diyfni,  the  Holy  Girl, 
a  virgin    <k)Ut'    &tini>,     who    had    be4>n     iniprf'gnatetl    by    wave 


RELIGIOS. 


351 


nntcDowa  strangor,  S«ve  birth  to  a  shapvle»t  i»&«s,  a  ifoiird,  from 
which  spmoK  two  male  childrco.  These  srourd  children  (ad4 
Uhthliii)  mpitlly  attain  [iiaturity  and  do\'elop  a  love  for  retire* 
and  roBiuiaff. 

THE  EMKROEXCE  FROM  THE  LOWER  WORLDS. 

Coyote  of  ihe  wpst,  iiAhotsoi  alUiniilet  m4'i,  who  joined 

tpcopli*  below,  was  an  inquisitive  ft'llow.  It  happeni'd  tliat 
of  the  children  of  U\6  hdlbitOdi  OVatur  Ox)  was  discor- 
I  one  da>'  floating  on  the  waters  near  their  camp.  The 
ote  uaobeervedly  took  possession  of  it,  hidiot;  it  in  his 
^umentH.  Presently  the  waters  from  all  dirt'ctiuntt  tlireateued 
^P  People  with  destruction,  which  is  averted  by  First  Man  who 
harriedb*  creat«d  four  mountains  for  them,  which  he  bids  them 
'Wcend.  The  Turkey  is  charged  with  cheeking  the  rise  of  the 
watrffi,  which  be  does  by  plaeing  Win  tail  in  tlieiii.  But  M'hnn 
the  watere  had  risen  to  the  summit  of  thee^^  muuntainH  the 
Oonnl  children  were  asked  to  assist.  (They  liad  enterml  tlie 
camp  shortly  before  the  flood,  each  carryioK  a  reed  (MtUtso) 
io  his  bind,  oae  taken  from  the  wej^t,  the  other  from  the  east.) 
The  cMer  of  the  two  boys  then  placed  his  reed  on  the  summit 
of  the  mountains,  and  when  the  People  enttired,  the  twelve 
jointa  of  the  reed  increasfd  In  sisse  as  they  ascended  allowing 
them  to  gain  a  couKiderabIc  height.  The  watei-s,  however,  still 
cootiniHHl  to  pursue  them,  so  that  the  reed  of  the  y<umger 
brother  wa*.  placed  just  over  the  other.  Bui  when,  after 
traveling  through  the  twelve  joiuts  of  this  reed  aUo,  the  waters 
continue  to  rise,  their  suspicions  are  finally  turned  toward 
the  indifferent  Coyote.  He  is  searched  by  the  Locust,  and  the 
discovered  child  is  replacetl  on  the  turbulent  watent  which 
immediateb'  became  stationar>'.  The  hard  roof  or  vault  which 
Chey  had  rvAcbed  is  sitcco^fully  pierced  by  the  'V>'olf,  the  Dear, 
the  Badgt^r,  and  linally  by  the  Locust,  who  is  then  sent  to 
tigatr  this  upjKT  world. 


3&S 


AN  STHlfOLOOIC  DICTION  ART. 


H^rt"  tbo  Ijociist  encounters  a  monster  from  the  ftut  wha 
challrnifcs  him  to  pierce  his  mouth  und  rpar  with  arrows.  TTw 
I^ocait,  however,  pierces  his  sidcs^  uffer  reinovinjr  hi**  vittk, 
and  obtains  (losHession  of  the  hiiid.  He  is  forced,  in  turn.  u> 
Dieet  a  Himilar  rlwllenire  from  monsters  in  the  south,  wvsl  uul 
north,  whom  he  defrauds  in  a  like  manner. 

Upon  hi8  returti  to  his  companiona  they  di!«patch  oiaBEtdi, 
Hunch-eye,  and  ts^fiftdeb^,  the  Bighorn,  to  remove  the  mt^n 
ami  timke  thi'  earth  intmhitablr.  The  former  ditehare'''^  txtrm 
tiffhlnings  eat^t  and  west,  the  latter  straiKht  lightnings  norihud 
Houth.  Thr  ensuinj;  rush  and  uproar  of  waters  forcM  thrm  to 
a  ha.st.v  rt'trfal  into  the  uiK'ntn^.  which  is  covcrrd  by  the  weta 
of  the  Spider  Mau  iiud  Wuman.  Aud  when  the  ItuuDlt  hw 
finally  subsided  the  Wind  People  (lilchl'  dini>*)  were  dl-apalehfd 
to  dry  np  the  surface  of  the  earth.  Thereupoo,  the  exit  ii 
made  by  means  of  lailders  which  had  been  mafie  by  Firet  Uta 
for  the  occasion.  The  emer{rence  is  called  hajlnal.  niovimr 
upward. 

THE  TWELFTH  OR  PRESENT  WORLD. 


The  earth  was  small  in  size,  ami  here  and  there  small  bodii« 
of  water  were  obfien'ed.  Some  of  the  people  camped  at  tho 
shores  or  banks  of  these  lakes  and  wore  known  as  tqiba  dinJfe'C 
the  people  at  the  Kiffe  of  the  water:  others  made  huts  of  mud 
(hashtllsbnl,  mud  people):  others  camped  below  a  ledf^  of  rock, 
and  so  on.  each  bein^r  desijfnate<l  by  a  peouliaritj'  of  this  kiad. 
And  when  it  developed  tltat  one  of  their  Dumber  was  mission  t 
search  waa  made  for  him.  He  was  finally  located  in  hajlnal.  tbe 
place  of  emergence,  but  refused  to  leave,  saying'  that  the  ftitun* 
people  of  the  earth  would  return  there.  Thervfur.  the  people 
of  this  earth  inlhokliA  diDf6*6')  return  to  bajinai  after  death. 
The  person  remaininj?  there  sallies  forth  at  times  to  collect  food 
and  piece*  of  broken  potterj*  which  have  been  left  at  the  habitat 
of  the  deceased,  for  he  promised  his  comimnion  to  do  thia. 


THK  CRKATION    OF   THE   VISIBLE   WORLD. 

Tbe  events  after  the  emergence,  as  embodies)  hi  thn  lt*gfndii, 
■n*  eallod  rli.v(nU<li;o  otiflt^d,  it  happened  in  the  holy  way,  or  the 
holy  event/i. 

The  dij'(n  din*'*'.  Holy  People,  then  decided  to  niake  the 
nrth  ft  suitable  dwellinjf  for  its  future  inhabitant*!  (nihokh& 
•iioltVK  Aceordioffly,  after  Fin^t  Man  had  built  the  hnffan 
^bogh&n)  h*"-  created  the  sky,  earth,  sun  uod  moon.  As  a  mate- 
rial he  used  T'vrious  preciou.<4  slones,  ghing  to  each  the  shaiH-  of 
man,  and  hrejtthed  the  spirit  of  life  into  them.  He  also  nreati<d 
anmnier  and  winter,  which  he  aKKif^necl  to  Ibe  earth  (naho.s(lz&n) 
aocl  nicy  (.v&<Iih|il)  rcspeclively, 

Ckbation  or  tmk  Stakk. — hoHhcBSzhini,  tbe  Fircffod,  placed 
tbc  various  coDSteUaiions  in  their  respective  positions.  He  is 
ftlao  accredited  with  blowine  tbe  stars  of  the  milky  way  across 
the  iky.     Such  other  stani  as  he  wished  to  keep  in  reserve  were 

ttered  by  the  Coyote  (ats^  hushkh^)  over  the  heavens.  The 
Navaho.  therefor,  have  no  name-s  fur  many  constellations.  The 
Coyote  plante4l   but  one  ntar  peniianently  in  the  heavens,  which 

therefor  called  niA'i  bis^',  coyote^n  star. 

VwiETABLK  LiFK.-  The  Bacrttl  mountainh  had  been  given 
their  jHwiitiuns  by  First  Man  when  he  iavitinl  the  various  Peu- 
plea  to  contribute  to  the  completion  and  beauty  of  the  earth. 
Acconlinifly,  tbe  various  aniiiials  plunt^'d  the  see<U  of  trees, 
vhrubfi,  plants  iind  firasses.  which  tbey  had  brought  with  them 
from  the  lower  worlds.  Then'upon,  First  Man  breatlu'd  upon 
tbeni  so  that  they,  too,  itiiKhi  nee  and  live.  The  clouds,  wiods 
and  ihnridiT  wen-  plurfd  nri  thr  sky  (yiUlihii})  kii  that  moisture 
mitfht  N*  nuppliei)  and  vegetation  secured. 


I    tbc 
C 


THE   BKAKEHti  OK   THE   SUN    ANU   MOON. 

Wbfn   First  Man  had  made  all  thintfs  for  the  earth  ami  sky, 
^B<l   given   them   Htahilit^v,    he  aeh-rti'd  the  (tourd   children,   of 


8S4 


AN  BTtryOlOOSC  DICTIONABY. 


whom  mention  was  madf  above,  to  carry  the  Hun  and  thp  nwoQ. 
These  he  plactMJ  on  their  left  shoulders,  leanni;  thf  ir  rijfbt  IiumI 
free  to  cnabli>  them  to  <'at  when  trarelinK-  Thirty-two  imiJ* 
(bitqfn)  were  assi^aed  to  the  sun  (jobnoa'al)  for  bis  dail.v  iravfte. 
To  eompenyate  theniselree  troth  the  sun  and  the  moon  (tsrhent 
stipubted  one  human  life  for  every  journey  (naly^he,  pty}. 

First  Man  aliui  placed  plllanf  in  the  east,  south,  west,  Dortb 
and  center  of  the  earth  (bitafs  lairai.  etc.,  white,  bine,  etc,  body 
or  pillar).  And  rai»itif;  Ihi!  sky  (.vAdilqil)  he  pUced  it  as  k  oorer 
over  the  earth,  resting  it  on  the  Bve  pillars  iviyA  oizhii  in) 
y&ya  nizfni,  what  is  below  the  eart-h  aiid  sk}',  pillara  of  the  rartb 
and  sky.) 

He  then  blew  the  sun  (ami  moon)  beyond  the  ocean  Iborizoa). 
And  breathing  over  the  earth  <and  sky)  be  caused  them  to  expatut 
(about  ei>;ht  inches  in  diameter).  And  breathini:  (bfily6l,  blrwl 
the  dawn  1hayolkh&))  toward  the  eaHt  the  sun  rom*  (qayi)  thrrt: 
wherefore,  the  dawn  i»  always  set'n  in  th<'  east.  Since  the  i-artli 
was  small,  however,  the  beat  of  the  sun  at  its  zenith  becainr 
unbearable.  After  four  unsuccessful  trials  the  present  dintni- 
sions  of  the  earth  and  the  distance  of  the  sun  were  retained. 

THE   SEX   OF  THE   PEOPLES. 

TIh-  variouH  Peoples  (ilinf&'$'>  of  the  lower  worlds  an-  coi 
ered  male  nnd  ft^niale.  The  sun  and  moon  are  both  male,  as 
the  tky  ly&dilqil  hastqfa.  the  Sk^'  Man).  The  earth  i^  feniiniae 
(nihottdzAn  es^zA,  the  Earth  Woman).  The  earth  dUbuwlflD* 
ma.v  also  be  considen^  as  mother  of  all,  inflomiich  as  all  ilinf ' 
proceeded  from  it  and  planted  tbi>  various  steeds  then*.  Tln- 
Karth  Woman  (nihoadzAu  esil/A),  however,  a^*  wife  of  the  7^ 
Man  (>'&dilqil  ba.'^ttiln),  is  located  in  iifhojotriah.  tbi*  blue   Miirid. 

Sex  is  also  assijfiied  to  tht-  dawu.  hayolkhdl  har«tMln  and  bajvl- 
khA}  e^Ki,  the  Dawn  Man  and  Woman  (east);  ali^u  to  the  south- 
ern blue  (azure).  nihodfrtflKh  hastqtn  and  nAhodtftTiah  eMzi,  th>' 
Azure  Man  and  Wonun  (south);  and  to  the  twilijtht,  oibotMii 


HEUOIOX. 


S&5 


hastqfn  and  nihotsoi  esdxA,  (4>veDine)  Twilight  Man  and  Woman 
(wrst);  ami  to  darkni«8,  chahalq^l  tiastqtn  and  chahairi^  e.S(]zA, 
U&rknesa  Man  and  Woman  (north). 


i 


THE  CHA^UINCJ   WOMAN. 


troildess  c>sdzAn&dl«>.  thi*  rhaneinK  Woman,  i«  hi'ld  in 
universal  esteem  by  the  Navabo.  She  is  nut  tainted  with  crime, 
though  b>'  miatake  this  ix  done  in  somo  leireod^). 

hA,vnlkha)  hastqfn,  the  Dawn  Man,  and  chahatci^l  esddin,  the 
Darkness  Woman,  f^vn  birth  to  a  daiiffhtor,  which  u-as  found  and 
mrriud  homp  by  First  Man.  When  the  girl  was  of  fair  (frowth 
aha  was  found  to  be  very  beautiful  and  of  (food  s«^nsi-.  And 
whpo  ber  ftwter  parentfi  calird  to  her  in  jest:  *'estlzanAdleh^," 
she  it^adily  answered  the  call  with:  "yfti  what?"  She  was 
therefor  ralliK)  Mwlefinl^lle,  (who  is  become  a  woman,  or  chanued 
into  a  woman),  the  woman  (chanffed). 

At  the  aire  of  ntibiltt>'  a  ci'renion.v  was  iH-rformed  for  her,  and 
her  DiiptiaU  with  the  aun  were  then  wlebrati-d.  (This  cemiiony 
of  nubility  is  to-day  celebratiil  with  such  alterati<ms  as  were 
dcritlftl  uiHHi  on  that  occasion. )  Kxrlusively  ho?.h(tji  (of  hi>ne- 
rliction)  .■soDffH  Were  used  and  the  son^if  of  other  chants  barn>d. 
(Thr  viffil,  or  do-jtfh&xh,  which  must  accompany  every  ceremony 
in  itiH'  by  the  N'avaho.  eonsistx  of  pra^vers  and  aonfps  of  benedic' 

ikm.  lioEhAji. ) 

KThi*  fcocipt.v  of  First  Man  was  ever  a  bunlen  to  her,  so  that 
m  after  this  ceremony  hhe  left  him  and  Iruveicd  to  tlie  wesL 
Hen*  the  hob'  people  of  the  canlioal  [lointa  (Dawu  Man  and 
Woraftn,  etc.)  had  preparKi  a  houae  for  her,  which  in  every 
respect  was  like  to  that  of  the  sun  in  the  eaat.  And  when  she 
vthjtetl  the  various  compartnieutK  in  the  east,  south,  west  and 
north,  she  reappeared  drcAsi'd  in  the  colont  of  these  directions. 
And  n<tiimiiitt  imn'ta  from  the  eastern  comiwrtmi'nt  she  reap- 
(leared  dreased  in  yoli;ai  (white  shell),  wherefore  she  is  also  called 
yol|3i  eMdsin,  or  th*-  white  shell   woman.      As  the  wife  uf  the 


SS6 


^A'  SrUKOLOOIC  mVTlONAHY. 


Klin,  then,  the  wh)t«  shell  woman  is  also  called  esdzAn^le  vsdzl. 
esdzAoAdlo  wodihd,  and  the  sun,  hnr  biuband.  jehona'af  histqln, 
the  Sun  Man,  b,v  whoui  she  has  two  children,  a  boy  and  a  eiri. 

TttK  CRKATIf>N  OF  MAX. 

The  creotioo  of  the  i-arious  iiahokhi  din*'**,  or  the  people  oa 
the  (^arth.  is.  attributed  Ui  eHdzAnftdlo,  and  took  pUcf  at  h^ 
dwellinK  in  tho  west.  Tb»'  Na^mho  ifent4>s  (din***',  clanst  «epe 
created  from  parte  of  her  body.  With  the  skin  wrhicb  sbt- 
removed  from  hpr  breast  she  formed  the  khTya'ftni  clan;  fromlV 
akin  of  her  back,  the  honaiflt&'ni  clan;  and  rt-movinic  a  ptirticle 
of  skin  from  below  her  ritfht  arm  she  made  the  tqodicBIni  chw; 
and  from  below  her  left  arm  thi-  tq6t4oni  clan.  To  each  of  tlir* 
Iiarticles  of  skin  she  added  some  of  the  skin  taken  from  her 
hands,  making  of  each  the  itnatfe  of  a  man,  and  quickenioe  it 
by  chantintr.  And  when  they  ^poke  they  spoke  the  langiia^e  of 
esdzan&dle.  The  animals,  »uch  as  hui-M'f«,  burrog.  sliecp  and 
OOW8,  which  she  made  for  theni.  wen>  not  jri\'cn  to  the  Xarab(». 

She  also  created  the  khisHni,  Pueblo,  the  Mexicans,  and  tbi' 
Americans,  as  also  their  domestic  animaU,  bnt  dispatchot!  them 
all  across  the  oc4>ans — for  when  they  spoke  they  ha*l  a  differeol 
lanii^nn^e. 

Sb-  was  extremely  kind  to  her  children,  promised  Ihi-m  varie- 
satn)  corn,  sec<ts  and  plants  of  all  kinds,  medicines  io  ca^M>  of 
sickness,  precious  stones  (nttfs).  and  her  protection  in  eeoertL 
Therefor,  all  ffood  thinjiTSt  the  mild  rains,  the  ifrowth  of  tlv 
eom,  etc.,  all  are  due  to  her  hennHcent  inflnenc«,  and  come  from 
the  west.  Finally,  she  presented  each  with  a  pet  (H>,  a  beer 
(shfish),  wildcat  (nashdiliK  hnllRnnke  (tfistso).  and  iwrcupine 
(dasAn),  for  their  journey  to  their  present  habitat 

They  arrived  on  the  summil  of  dooKosJfd,  San  Kninci«c« 
Mountains,  accon)|>anied  by  hashcK^H<|ii  and  hash<*h^  hdidhao, 
irenii,  who  deprived  them  of  the  vnlne'l  Ireastires  jfiven  ibem  hr 
esdzfinddle.      They    mo'le   the   first   sacriHce   of   ntHs,    pr»Ti(rti> 


HBUGlOy, 


867 


ittoQeA,  on  that  stimmit.  Thf^y  then  continupd  their  journey^ 
vi«t4><l  the  i*anoii»  «a<;rrd  plR».i.  and  nftiliated  oew  members  to 
ihoir  tribe,  until  tinallj-  they  lived  in  perfect  harmony  with  the 
khU'ftoi,  Pueblo.  The  traces  of  this  tarly  history  an'  to  be 
found  in  the  numerutiK  ruins  uf  the  iNavahu  country. 

THK   MAN-EATERS   OR    MONSTERK. 

The   manner  in  which  the  sun  and   moon-bearers   carry  out 

tbetr  Ihreat  of  tnkJnf;  a  human  life  on  every  jonmey  of  theirs  is 

I    fihowtt  by  the  introduction  of  din4^'   daiy&ni,  mnn-ratinj;    mon- 

j^jlerB.      Simitar  monsters  are  said  to  exist  in  the  Pueblo  legends, 

^vBCP  tliey  flourinhed  when  both  tribes  were  united. 

yeitiio,  the  big  yei,  was  the  son  of  the  Sun  (jt>hona'n(  biy*'). 
Hf  slew  his  victini»  with  various  knives  (bcsh)  which  he  tbrust 
at  tbeni. 


Uvmed  M'ftwi^r-  \  Hel^iytdi. 


deltfyM,  iheyuunir  <biyilzh)  of  tq^hnltsodi,  the  water  monster, 
is  de«cnbed  as  a  plump  but  tieet  iitiadniped  having  two  boms 
on  itii  ftnout. 

IB^  nahall^.  the  monster  crane,  wluch  dwell  on  the  cliffs  of 
iM'bidft'i.  Ihp  winged  rock,  nr  Shiproc-k,  was  made  hy  the  sun 
from  a  white  eagle  (t'Ajilgai)  and  white  thunder  O'nl  jilgaf). 

ta^naghfti,  the  wHtiderini;  Htt.>ne.  wtu  un  offspring  of  one  of  the 
Ui^holiAodi,  water  monsters  of  the  lower  world.  The  three  laat 
mentioned  monsters  were  the  peU  (bUf)  of  the  sun,  who  lowered 
them,  togetlier  with  hi»  son  (.yeitoo),  on  the  summit  of  t«fidxll. 


BTHyOLOGW  OWTiOSARy. 

Mount  Taylor,  ycitito  made  this  his  abode,  whilr  the  otbrn 
Rou>rlit  another  vanta^rp  ffrotinH. 

jfish  ditq&shi,  tbt'  pncbintr  vagina,  was  formed  by  the  riiduiI 
moon  out  of  the  marrow  of  hiimati  bunes.  She  is  lhi>  jmrvntof 
tbt!  folloHJue  monsters,  KivinK  birth  to  them  by  coition  vili 
varioiLH  animate  ami  inanimate  objects: 

Ul^dnhiclzTtqlK,  or  the  one  who  kicki;  from  th4>  cliff,  and  yfite 
iab&i,  the  ;rriiyiith  friant,  Rhi>  conceived  by  tsj^nastq&ni.  a  hni'uf 
stones. 


Water  Hwm. 


binl  ycagli&ni,  who  killed  by  (the  charm  oO  tbeir  eyes,  sttf 
conceived  of  s6t5o  dilqi),  the  bis  dark  star. 

bi>d«h  yeda'i',  the  overwhelminK  vatrina.  who  cntshed  th^ir 
victims  with  this  origan,  she  conceived  ot  qofih  ntoliN,  ran- 
cactiu. 

tse  aqt^ndit,  or  tho  cliffs  which  buimd  to^etbcr  (cni<4hintfK  ^k- 
bore  by  comhini>d  tsenastq&ni  and  tju-ftwh^Ki  iliti)i],  <lark  bouldfr^ 

tthash  naslkh&i,  thi>  pursuini;  (trarkinir)  bear,  uaK  brr  offxprinf 
by  the  mountain. 

In  a  Himilar  manner  she  brintTH  forth: 

i&di  nakhidz&da.  the  tweh'e  ant«*lo(H-»,  by  plants. 
MtbA  dlij-lshi,  the  slicinir  reetU.  by  hilU,  rpods. 


ia^yV  donahAafr,  the  imiisHsablo  crence,  by  teedoKft),  fire- 

saitlk).  th«  ristuK  (whirlwinij)  saad,  by  naUflld,  miubow. 

Fin«Il>-,  tflsh  dudflhi,  Ihe  imt)ftssabie  snake. 

As  the  nAmeft  imply,  most  of  these  monsters  pursued  their 
victims  to  death,  alt,  however,  were  bent  on  the  de-itniction  of 
mankind  to  jfratify  the  sun  and  moon. 


\«  *\ 


Wttltr  Ox. 

Id  addition,  many  tirWs  are  prrsoniHed,  as: 

dichfn   hastqln,   faunirer,  starvation. 
I<l*'i  haitt^ln,  or  tiife'AT,  poverty. 

yAhastqin,  or  yd'Igaf  h&stqin,  lousiness.  Hlthiness:  (some  men- 
tion tqAlawhAiah  liastqin,  cleanliness,  as  a  necessicv). 
!i4',  old  aire,  decrepitude;  bll,  sleepiness,  drowsiness, 
yt^iteo  labA*.  the  big  any  uwl^  and  Asa  na^'^be.  the  be«^t- beetle 
t<i^holt>*4>«li.  a  water  ox;   Iq^H,  a  water  horne. 

The  monsters  usnally  fijrtm'  in  witrhcmft.  and  are  if/i/i'ivi 
i-nemiea  in  distinction  from  fonitrn  or  hiiiutLn  enemies.  Henr**, 
Ibe  special  blackenintf  mentioned  eKewherv  Oim-hdji  jlnl^sh). 


TRE  SLAYERS  OF  THE  ENEMIES  OR  MOKyTKRH. 

The  mother  of  Ihe  .Slayers  of  Enemies  is  the  child  of  .vAdihfil 
haatqin  and  nahosdzAn  esdzfi,  (he  Sky  ami  (larth.  Th<-  nubile 
ceremony  was  not  performed  over  her.  She  was  impregnated. 
however,  by  the  adulterous  Stm,  and  also  concviviMH  of  the  triek- 
lioff  watvr  of  a  fall.      She  ffave  birth  to  two  children,  the  child 


A^'  ethnoloow  dictionary, 

uf  the  Sun  being  callud  ua.v^nezKh&ai,  the  Slayer  of  the  Giuti 
(monsters),  whik-  the  other  answered  the  name  of  tqubajisbcbloi. 
the  Child  of  the  \Vftt*T.  When  ihey  discover  their  descent  in 
early  youth  (he  childn>[i  journey  to  the  sun  in  order  to  enlist  ihr 
aid  of  their  father  in  ridding  the  earth  of  its  iiionst«re.  Tbooch 
the  petition  includes  his  own  ofTsprinif  the  sun  grants  it,  erefi  Id 
the  extent  of  personnlly  killing  his  son  yeitso.  In  turn,  niy&m- 
gh&ni  slays  all  the  monsters  and  thus  obtains  his  name. 

Both  divinities  occur  in  many  of  thy  legends  and  the  corre*- 
ponding  rites,  hence,  Ht<iO  nidlehe,  turned  yellow,  and  Jcyineyiai, 
reared  under  the  ground,  ftre  probably  another  name  for  tbcn. 
The  sand-]MintingH  de.signBted  by  the  four  names.  n&^-^nexghAat. 
tqobajishchlni,  htson&dlehe  and  h\vAtiey&ni,  differ  only  in  color. 
niiydnexghAni,  the  Slayer  of  MunsterK,  ii<  altw  invoked  as  nlba- 
neyAni,  reared  in  the  earth,  or  a,rMyA'i>^y&iii.  reared  under  tb 
ground,  or  n^idigffthi,  the  one  who  cuts.  Thet  Water  child  ti 
also  invoked  as  altsowenAdlehe,  he  who  renews  everything,  tad 
(sowenidlehe,  be  who  is  versed  in  all  things. 

THE   WOMAN    WHO   BECOMES   A    BEAR. 

esdzA  RhdHh  n&dle  is  the  woman  who  subsequentl.v  rhancr* 
into  a  bear,  atfed  di,vfni,  the  holy  girl  previously  refernnl  lu, 
and  described  as  the  mother  of  the  bearers  of  the  auo  and  niooa. 
is  agaio  introduced  as  jikhf^  naazfli,  the  tingling  maid<^n,  or  tin- 
maiden  who  makes  a  noise.  Her  bi-others.  twelve  in  nnnibi^, 
are  gr<^at  hunters.  Eventually  she  marries  the  royoie,  whii  ia 
turn  is  slain  by  some  of  the  neightwrs.  The  coyote  bad  taugbl 
her  how  she  might  change  her  form  into  that  uf  a  bear,  and  in 
this  disguise  she  slab's  her  brothers  with  the  exception  of  ih- 
youngest  who,  at  the  inspiration  of  rs<ls:finAdle,  slii,\-s  her.  IV 
members  of  her  body,  which  he  scatters  in  the  four  dir«linfu>. 
are  changed  into  beans  of  varioiu*  kind». 

THE   FLOOD. 

A  flood  (tq6iiahflA!^khaI.   or  tqftndhoskhai),  destroying  all 
■oimals  and  inhabitants  of  the  earth,  w  attributed   to  the  •w- 


KXLrOION. 


Sfi] 


Tbo  Slnyer  of  tbi!  Monsters  and  his  brother  a^in  journey  to 
the  sun  in  quest  of  riches  which  tlieir  fatht-r  hsd  proniiseil.  Ha 
jniint8  Uiem  on  condition  that  they  sla.v  all  thr  inhahitantH  of  the 
earth  for  him,  which  condition  thi>y  tinall.v  s^grw  U).  Tbt'  sun 
tiwD  caitwo  it  to  hail  and  rain  for  twelve  da^s  and  niiirhts,  so 
that  tbe  waters  covered  the  highest  )>eakH.  The  Hol>'  People 
(dijrfn  din*'**),  however,  had  hurriedly  carried  many  of  the 
tnhabitant<>  of  the  I'arth  to  a  place  of  safet^v,  and  their  descend- 
aotfl  DOW  people  the  (Mirtli.  The  uuters  were  removed  by  the 
beat  of  the  sun*  but  the  trar^es  of  that  flood  arc  yet  vinible 
throutfbout  the  Navaho  country. 


THE  CHANTS. 


Hie  oriKin  of  Navaho  chants  (dahutti&l)  is  more  or  less  a  Kub* 
ject  of  conjecture  and  uncertainty,  thot^fh  the  native  tlieory  is 
tt|  DO  means  favorable  to  their  foreign  oriffin.  But  leaving  the 
^e^tion  of  oritfio  aside,  the  subject  of  Navabo  chants  is,  we 
believe,  Rufhciently  intricate  and  varied  to  be  of  alvsorbin^  inter- 
eat  to  the  lover  of  folklore,  aa  it  in  practically  virgin  soil^  offer- 
ing unlimited  iH^sibiliiiuK.  WundL'rfuJ  results  have  indeed  been 
achieved  by  such  fiiiim'iit  students  as  I)r  W  Mattht^ws,  11.  S.  A., 
and  A  M  Stephen,  whose  published  and  unpubUtthed  wurkH  have 
been  of  valued  axaintance.  Vet  a  glance  at  the  8ubjoini<d  list  of 
chantA  should  suggi-st  that  comitarativoly  little  ha^  as  yet  been 
achieved  by  way  of  offoring  a  comprebensivc  study  of  Navaho 
in>'tbology  which,  in  rt>ttlity,  forms  the  basis  and  ritual  for  the 
etwnts.  since  the  origin  and  motive  of  eaeh  chant  is  based  upon 
^■own  peculiar  legend.  And  it  must  be  a  cause  for  r«gret  that 
rery  few  of  the  ningers  now  living  in  the  tribe  are  conversant 
with  the  chiint  legends  and,  as  a  matter  of  record,  are  ver>' 
i^itferent  to  acciuin>  Huch  information.  In  conseipience,  many 
^ptbe  chants  are  tiecoming  extinct,  and  the  singers  eonversant 
with  legendK,  songs  and  pra.vers  are  fast  disapiHtaring  without  a 
poaNibilit>'  of  filling  Kuch  vai-aneiiw.      It  is  also   well  eHtabllKlunl 


ut 


Ay  EruyoLoa/c  vicrtoyARv. 


that  much  ttinfftug  and  f^orrlniHg  Ir  continnniisly  practiced  b.t  t 
class  of  inferior  and  iKnirant  apprentices,  whom  the  Nivibo 
designate  a.tt  azA  cmfKin)  who  offer  a  mouthful,  implyiiMr  tfatt 
they  make  a  few  prayerstick^  uccomjiaDied  by  a  sodk  or  two. 
Then,  too,  much  of  this  material  is  subject  for  iliapute,  especitll; 
atnons  that  net  of  Ring^ent  who  fabricati^  Ip^pndR  tn  Ruit  their  im 
pret«ntJons.  Hence,  the  extinction  of  the  esisting^  and  mon 
difGcult  chants  i«  conceded  as  inevitable  by  the  remnant  of  conwr- 
vativc  and  studious  members  of  the  chant  lodfires,  for  wont 
of  ])r(tpor  pupils.  Efforts  are  consequently  beinjc  made  to 
obtain  a  complete  account  of  (he  various  lesends  with  a  irtew 
of  RupplementinK  those  already  existinjr,  such  aa  the  nighl 
and  mountain  chnntfi,  by  Or  Matthews. 

The  various  chants  ma>'  properly  bo  divided  into  such  as  do 
not  deal  dirt^ctly  with  the  yei,  or  GodN,  and  such  as  orieinatni 
with  and  from  the  Gods. 

Among  ihe  first  class,  or  earlier  chants,  the  hanelnt^hp.  ur 
movinif  iii>ward,  forms  the  basis  for  the  others,  as  it<  bcffioninc 
is  with  the  lower  worlds,  continuing  with  the  emergence  frnw 
them  up  to  the  time  of  the  creation  and  dispersion  of  tbr  yi. 
The  order  of  tlte  chants  would  be  Hbunt  as  follows: 

The  hanvlnfthe,  or  niovinir  upward,  a  chant  which  in  iti^ 
various  forms  is  ^till  lan(ely  in  demand.  It  is  oft«^-n  desisnited 
as  the  hochAji,  or  ceremony  for  dispelliuif  witchcraft. 

The  anAji,  or  chant  for  dispelling  foreijTn  enemi(«,  morr 
popularly  known  as  nda.  the  «-ar  dance. 

The  yei  lias|(|fniKO,  the  rite  of  the  j^lmen,  which  was  exten- 
sively in  demand  on  raids  and  in  war,  though  at  prt»ent  raret)' 
in  use. 

The  nay^be,  or  rite  for  dispelling  moostem.  This  is  also 
referred  to  as  hochAji  jint^sh,  the  blackeninpr  OjTfttnst  witchss  or 
native  enemies,  in  distinction  to  ati&ji  jint'&sh,  or  the  blackening 
as:ainat  foreign  enemies,  as  the  Utes,  Cnniancbc»,  Americans, 
and  the  like.  The  two  are  war  dances,  though  the  anAji  if 
ordinarily  meant  when  speakini;  of  a  war  dance.      As  both  an 


RBLiniOV. 


868 


bnutchM  of  the  banrtaifebc,  and  the  raon^ttcrs  or  na^'Phc  6ffure 
largely  in  this  rite,  the  designstiuti,  huchdji  jint^fehf  as  implying 
mtJTO  enemies,  in  not  far-fotcbed. 

llie  hozhAji*  ur  renenal,  ami  rite  of  beneiltctton,  is  essealaal 
to  ever>-  Navabo  cbaiit  AccortlinKly,  the  nine  night  coremonies 
«et  one  aifrht  aside  for  thi»  bletisitij;,  which  i«  referred  to  S8  the 
doljrhixh,  or  rifcil,  while  the  fire  and  one  nitfht  ceremonies  sub- 
ac<iu«indy  require  a  special  flet  of  hozh^ji  •wnfifn  for  their  conipl«> 
tion.  Outside  of  \tn  cutmectiun  with  the  chants  it  appear»  as  a 
CMC  aitfht  ceremony  of  hh-wsing  upon  tlie  hof^n,  the  members  of 
the  family,  their  chattel  and  real  estate,  their  crop«  and  occupo- 
lions,  such  as  weavinir  and  Miniriav*  their  propensities  to  tfreed, 
at  the  nubile  ceremony,  or  the  hirth  of  a  child,  the  dedication  of 
a  now  set  of  masks,  for  the  purification  of  the  ceremonial  par- 
aphernalia, in  Fact,  for  almoKt  any  phase  of  domestic  life. 

The  na^dye  Imkh&ji,  a  rit^  for  di^pellini;  the  darts  of  the 
malea,  such  as  lifrhtniog'.  reptiles,  and  the  like. 

The  t<«Alia,  or  awl  chant,  which  is  not  in  vogue.* 

Tbe  nl6a<,  or  bail  chant,  in  aUt>  extinct. 

The  sAts^ji,  or  big  star  chant,  is  still  in  %'ogue. 

Ilie  diii6  bfnlc&Iji,  or  Xavaho  wind  chant,  Is  much  in  use. 
The  winils  an^  personitttxl  and  injurious. 

The  md'iji,  or  coyote  chant,  is  disapiiearing.  Tt>e  ajfli,  or 
rite  for  the  removal  of  mania  and  prostitution,  which  is  part 
of  it,  is  Nlili  in  vt>f[ue. 

The  at»6siji,  or  feather  chant,  is  sometimes  in  demand.      The 

|uijtit*'A,  however,  in  the  ^hniw  of  numerous  ba-skots  buckskins, 
and  the  like  troaaureii,  &h  well  as  the  great  amount  of  labor 
entailed  in  tlx-  preparation  of  numeruuit  pt^yeraticks,  do  not  add 
lo  its  popularity. 

The  tq6B,  or  water  chant,  is  not  menlionod  frequently. 

The  nidzlji.  or  corral  rite,  for  ctirraling  antelope  and  deer,  wuft 

largely  in  use  at  the  chase  at  lanre,  which  has  subsided  at  present 

*A  M  Stopheti  ttivea  on  inlerwt4ny  on'xmnt  of  llio  rnanufaoturw  of 
tlM  Bn>t  moccaHln.    PrMumat>l)'  this  In  th«>  oriiiln  of  the  awl  ctiant. 


364 


A^  jsruyoLonw  DwrtoyAsy. 


The  natftfye  ba'&jl,  or  femftle  braDch  of  the  lishtniDe  cbtut, 
ifi  still  in  vot;uD. 

The  atsA  RqrnTl.  or  .v6*p,  or  rite  for  trapping  <«k1«<  the  cAflc 
or  bood  chant,  is  also  in  dcniantl. 

The  utliLT  chantt>,  which  bef^in  after  those  just  mcDtiooed  (or 
rather  aftt^r  thi>  pniereonoeK  aro  uaually  d^^iffoated  as  (U^inK^i 
oq6^d,  the  happcningii  of  the  Holy  Ooes,  as  they  relate  largeij 
t«  the  3*ei,  i>r  Gods.      These  are: 

The  dzilUfji  jikhft  sh^<ih  nitUe  UtljL;!  haUi&l),  thp  branch  moun- 
tain chant  of  the  maidon  becoming  u  bt>ar,  (the  mountain  chant 
of  Dr  Mattliews).  Thw,  with  the  hoiihAna-.  the  chant  of  beaiit^', 
(relating;  the  nietatnoriihtist^s  of  the  benr  and  copperhead  [  tTlstsoJ, 
by  wbich  Ihey  invtiititu  twu  beautiful  niaidens  into  marriage  with 
them),  are  de^ignat*^  as  aqsbudi^gi  hatq&l,  or  chauls  of  tbr 
aame  (legendary)  branch  which  finally  meet  again. 

1'he  iTdji  (qftfigi),  the  night  chant  bninrh,  or  y^ibichai. 

Th4>  akhJ'shgfin  q&t'igi,  ihe  branch  of  ihi*  claw  dance. 

The  kh&si,  or  feather-shaft  chant,   which  is  often  dehigtii 
MH  b^she,  or  knife  chant,  or  in&ji,  life  chant. 

The  ilxitRfji  na^6ye  (q&tfl),  the  (branch)  of  the  mountain  chint 
of  ttiijfie  sending  forth  darts. 

The  y6m  of  ta^deK'A,  the  bead  or  eagle  chant  of  the  rock  pro- 
montory. This  is  (he  bead  chant  partly  described  in  thf  Ltg^tU 
of  Dr  Matthews,  while  the  y6ee,  or  bead  chant  mentiooed  abore. 
begins  with  the  monster  eagle  of  Shiprork  ibiebid^i). 

The  Iftjl  sin,  or  one  day  song,  which  is  so  calUxl  from  tbr 
legend  in  which  a  person  is  slain  by  a  bear  and  revived  in  oo« 
day.      Tills  is  extinct. 

In  addition  to  these,  the  wolachfji,  or  red  ant  chant,  the  faasb- 
ch^tsobi  thastd^tsohi),  or  big  god  chant,  and  chfshi  bfntcHiji,  or 
Chiricahiia- Apache  wind  chants,  are  much  in  vogue.  The  latter 
is  often  designated  as  the  wbdtsfji,  or  whotaAji,  or  whots^ 
blnlchlji,  the  tooth-gum  wind  chant,  or  by  its  Apacbe  name, 
gola^h&i. 


iiBUoioy, 


8«6 


In  addilion  to  thi*  three  braDcbes  raentiuDetl  fur  llu'  naCAyOt 
or  ttu<  liffbtnine  chant,  ihf  luouutain  chant,  t^u,  lias  several 
nuiftDtB.  Ordinarily  the  dzilUfji  bakhfLJi,  or  inak>  mountain 
chant,  ift  meant  wlu'n  siM^ultinir  *'f  tl)e  niountain  chant  as  stich. 
There  exists,  ulso,  a  dzilklji  ha'Jji,  or  female  mountain  chant, 
and  another  variant  (lesijj-nntcil  ils  ayAzhiji,  or  the  mountain  cliaot 
to  the  »mall  hlr<lK. 

Divination,  as  preparatory  to  various  chants,  is  also  practiced 
in  one  form  or  otlxr.  t>ivinatioD  by  $iKht  (dest^).  or  istar  rcad- 
ine  (s^tt^ji).  consilltit  tilt*  stars  und  such  animals  whose  ni)fhl  is 
very  ntark«<],  an  that  of  the  turkoy  (t^&xbi),  or  maifpie  (fi'4'i). 
Divination  by  touch  (ndllnfji  hatq&l)  consults  the  breeze  and 
wimls  (nh^llfji),  or  aniniaJK  niich  un  the  (iila  rnt>ii.'iter  (tqinlaf). 
Divination  by  hi'uring  (isttiA>  consults  thi>  winds  and  such  uninialK 
wfauM*  tfense  of  buarinjc  is  highly  develot>ed.  as  thai  uf  the  wolf 
(niA^itao),  or  felines  in  general  (nlshd^il 

Of  the  chants  in  eKist4-nce.  some  are  conducted  for  nine  nights, 
otbem  for  Hve,  and  a  fi'W  for  one  niifht  only.  Thnti,  the  night 
chant  (tfdji),  the  mountain  chants  (dziiurji ),  the  wimi  cliant  (dinf^ 
b(n)rHlji),  the  coyote  chant  (niA'iji,  or  ajfli>,  the  feather  clmnt 
(atiiAHtji),  the  water  chant  (t<|6ti<K  the  big  gud  chant  iliashdi^tsohi). 
and  tbs  lightning  chants  Inaf^ye),  are  ainc  night  (naas(^a(  tf^i) 
ceremonies. 

Tlte  head  or  eagle  chant  {y6«;  y^iji),  and  the  ntehfji,  wind 
clttntB,  and  ritns  of  divination,  as  the  big  star  (sAtsriji  and  ndU- 
nfji,  by  touch),  as  well  an  the  pn>stitute.s'  chant  (ajfii,  or  uiA'iji), 
are  also  conducted  for  live  nights  (ashdlA  tfei),  while  tlu'  witch- 
craft cbanl  (hochdji,  or  lianclnit^he)  in  now  always  C4JD<iuct«d  for 
8r«  oights  only,  though  formerly  nine  nights  weiv  require*). 
Similarly,  the  r«d  ant  chant  (wolachlji),  and  the  beauty  chant 
(bothdnH*),  an^  live  night  ceretnonitw. 

The  hozh6ji.  or  blessing,  is  now  a  oni>  night  ceremony,  though 
originally  of  four  niifhts*  duration.  Thi'  knife  or  featlH-r-sliaft 
cbant  <b^lw>.  or  kli&si),  and  the  Chiricahua  wind  chant  (chlshi 
bfolcHlji),  too,  an>  of  one  nights  duration. 


se6 


AN 


mSOLOQIC  DICTIONARY. 


The  list,  while  ftirly  comprehnnsive,  iii&y  possibly  be  incretirf 
by  ftome  extinct  chants,  8iich  as  tho  nfji.  or  oarth  chant,  aad 
others. 


TUK  WAR  DANCB. 

The  90-callixI  war  dance,  oxtcosivcly  io  vofriic  with  thfe  Nirabo 
tu-day,  oriyitiHit^  with  the  nmtber  of  the-  Slayer  of  Monelcn 
(nayi^uez£h&ni)  and  the  Child  of  Water  (tqobajishchfiii).  For. 
it  id  said,  when  (hey  had  kUId  the  mooster  yeitso.  they  carn«d 
his  scalp  as  a  trophy  aad  huof  it  od  a  tre«  previous  to  reportioc 
to  their  mother.  While  relatinf^  to  her  of  the  eocounter  witb 
the  monster  they  swooned  and  la^v  nn conscious,  whereupon*  it  ta 
naitl,  their  mother  prepared  a  concoctloo  from  hertu!  strDck  tff 
tightning.  sprinkU-d  them  with  it,  and  shot  a  spruce  and  ptK 
arrow  over  their  bodies,  thus  revivine  them. 

According^ly,  to-day  this  ceremony  is  eondnctAd  in  cams  (rf 
swooning,  or  weakness  and  indisposition  attribiitod  to  the  rifb* 
of  blood,  or  of  a  Wolent  death  of  man  or  beast,  especially  if  this 
has  occurred  to  a  projrnant  woman,  or  even  to  a  husband  or  father 
during  the  {leriod  of  her  preenancy.  While  no  special  sruos 
Heems  to  be  prescribed,  the  ceremony  is  most  frwiueiitly 
<lucted  in  the  summer  and  fall  of  the  year.  The  sinecrs 
foriuinx  it  are  known  as  the  an&ji,  enemy,  or  war  sinirers.  as  ia 
atldition  to  this  ceremony  they  were  also  in  possession  of  all  tb 
rites  prescribed  for  the  warpath  ami  raids. 

The  t>pecial  features  of  the  war  dance  are  the  carrying  of  Ibf 
rattlestick,  the  dance  of  the  Naraho  girls,  ami  the  blackening  of 
the  patient. 

The  mttJe  consists  of  a  juni|>er  stick  about  a  yard  lonz,  or  ibi' 
length  of  a  coni  held  at  arm's  length  front  the  tip  of  the  Irfl 
hand  to  the  right  nipple.  This  stick  is  held  upright  in  the  left 
hand  the  fist  resting  on  the  knee,  while  with  the  finger-nail  all 
the  right  thumb  incisions  are  made  in  zigzag  form  to  represrat 
a  bow.     As  custom  x'aries,  8ome  of  the  dM  people  supetrising  ih* 


RBUQION. 


S67 


ftinction  iDU.«t  that  the  opi^ninj;  of  the  bow,  or  thp  end  where 
the  bowstrinj;  is  slipped  uver  the  notch,  bu  Diudv  at  tho  upper 
riirht  hand  aiiTier,  whili*  othi>is  rtijiiirc  the  opening  in  the 
opposite,  or  lower  riifht  band  comer. 
Similarly,  tho  tncinion  iiuule  on  thn  n>ar  of 
the  btick,  to  represent  the  queue,  varies  with 
the  openinii  made  for  the  bow.  Such  na 
make  the  opening  of  the  how  in  the  upper 
n^ht  hand  comer  inake  that  of  the  iiuoiie  in 
the  lower  left  hand  comer,  while  the  open- 
ing in  the  lower  ri^ht  hand  corner  of  the  ,; 
how  n^iuires  a  similar  upeniiii?  in  the  upiier 
left  hand  corner  of  tUe  queue.  These  tiKure^ 
tlliulrat*'  the  two  prevailing;  methods. 


V\, 


FrrnA 


Hear 


FrwA 


Rear 


ffrtf  JfMVW. 


Seamd  MtUuid- 


I 


I 


Thia  done  the  Ringer  Applies  ii  mixture  of 
animal  ti«me  to  the  stick  and  btackenfi  it 
with  the  anhes  of  burnt  weeds.  lie  then 
places  a  bundle  of  wei'tls  at  the  [Miint  of  the 
fltick,  io^thi-r  with  a  yellow  tail  feather  of  i  turke.v.  He 
croflwa  the  ba8o  of  the  bundle  with  two  eagle  foatliera,  and 
adds  a  buckskin  thunic  previously  splicet)  in  four  ami  knotttnl 
Willi  the  small  toee  of  deer,  to  danffle  at  its  xide.  The  whole  is 
tben  wnip[ied  and  secured  to  the  Htick  with  sacnxl  buckskin. 
Neifhbora  and  friendH  then  trim  the  stick  with  hair-oord.-<i 
which  at  present  take  the  form  of  vari-colored  calico  bands. 
ThoM  are  ti»l  to  the  stick  betw^fii  the  bundle  of  weeds  and 
the  grip,  in  which  nmnner  it  \h  carried  forth  by  the  patient  Ui  a 
plari-  usually  fumii*  ten  mid   nion-  mlle^  distant,  whnre  the  cere- 


368 


AV  ETHN0LOQ1C  OICTIOSARY. 


mony  is  continued.  In  some  instances  the  licalp  of  ■  diia 
Ampricnn,  Mexican,  Ute  or  Comanche  is  substituted  for  iW 
bunHIp  of  wendft,  thotifirh  at  prenent  ituch  scalpfi  air  in  poMemoa 
of  very  few  iiersoos. 

WORDS. 

a^hAlt.<iin,  the  ntttlestick;  rtlllifs,  orfriU),  juniper. 

Ah6  iUibil  Iii(l<^n1,  stretrhed  (with  a  cord)  from  the  nipplr. 

Kidfnshni  (n^a.'}.  I  stretch  my  arm  oirt. 

bit  ItidfriNhiiT  (nt^^K  I  iiieastire  with  111.V  arm. 

dalafji  bilKidi^nl.  one  arm's  lenjrtb. 

da&lchfKhji  bilkid^i^iii,  thv  lenirth  of  both  arms  Ktirtcbed  out 

anftji  hntqAH.  a  sintrer  of  the  war  rites. 

flctftji,  or  anAji  nd&,  the  war  dance.  The  ceremony  is  n-femd 
tu  by  other  exprt'.ssions  which  occur  later  on. 

hastq6i.  or  itaha»tc|6i,  the  elders  or  oltl   people  whose 
are  ol>serv«l  in  the  cerpaiony. 

hal&shfffln  be  bikhii'f'ull,  or  biKe&Hhcht,  markn  with  fiofer-nail. 

acliid6,  or  acUlji  ahqla  biKIsCtqfi,  in  front  the  bow  is  plaenl. 

■ti^ii  tAiy^l  biKlsA'fi,  in  the  rear  the  tiueue  if  placed. 

aqe^nfi'ti.  the  outlino**  of  the  bow  or  queue;  cHObArt*,  ibe  op»- 
itiK  of  cither;  <)%n  cKAh<)tT,  the  openinj;  is  on  top;  ytgo  cfifr- 
hAlfl'.  the  opening  is  at  the  lower  end.  as  the  case  may  be  vitb 
either  bow  or  queue. 

a»rhi]  biliini'n^hnfl  (biKinriSnII.  bilifndeshnin.  T  mark  Ibe  mtllr. 

tLnh&l  yisbtlA  (»^h)a,  deahtJ^).  I  sn-aKe  the  rattle. 

tU  nashchln  b&itte,  it  is  j^reased  with  mixed  tissues.  Tbi*  9 
a  mixture  of  tallow  of  the  deer  (bt*),  anteIop<*  (jAdi),  biehon 
(deb^t8dt4)fi>.  the  mountain  Hon  <nishdiSit»«),  the  wolf  (tnftitMl. 
the  otter  ( t'i&bA.st^(in  ),  and  the  buffalo  <a>'&ni).  afphU  .n^tM. 
the  rattle,  i»  (theiif  ifreased. 

■cUU  naD&^^>ih,  it  is  then  blackened. 

atrh&l  yisbt'lSsh  (eh^^zh.  deshflsbK  1  blacken  the  rattle. 

ah<|Adedl1d  be,  with  burnt  mixml  weeds  or  their  xtbee.    Ik 


ttSUGION. 


8C9 


herhs  ummI  «n'  tslldllyfsi  (cHlKIIIytsi),  dodtcwoct];  tXd*  nusbi&si, 
smim  cran;  twtahr  (cfae^KhD,  ft  ^Atfebnisb  (wormwood),  and 
tnAikliiU,  wormwood  sitgebrusb. 

HffiM  qndish)^  (qmlishtA,  qadldrshKh,  I  prepare  the  rattle* 
tiam<>I.T,  add  the  wecd.s,  feathers,  t«.«S('l.s,  etc. 

aL'hU  <is!ldlt.d^i)  bfnUh(r6  (biu<^ltr6,  bidfaeshlTAl),  I  tie  the 
veeils  to  the  Rtick,  The  same  w<>eds  as  above  are  used  for  this 
piirpone. 

if\izh\  hUni  UlsdltKoi.  a  turkey's  yellnw  tail  feather. 

at^A  bit»4,  the  eatfle  tail  featht-rs. 

bAdas^nll.  the  ta-ssel,  or  that  wliich  dnneles  on  its  side.  This 
ia  natully  called  akh^^sheSn,  the  small  toes  uf  a  deer  (bi'beh^^h* 
gMstt),  m»  these  are  ns«d  in  making'  the  four  knots  in  the  spliced 
buckskin  (abAni^.  Weed«.  feather  and  tassel  are  tUeu  wreppixl 
and  wound  M-ith  sacred  buckskin  (rloUnK^^i  bil  biKfdesdIz). 

tnUTM  bintigJi.  it  is  earned  wttb  the  hair-cords,  which  are  tied 
lu  the  •'Imfl  of  (he  nttth'. 

bil'iidil  tor  h&ndfti)  .votqfh  the  patient  <or  hi'  ovi>r  whom  we 
siuiT^  carries  it. 

aifliAl  AriAhi'il  (initqA,  a^leslit*)!)),  or  ajrhA)  ri«htq1<fiti)fi.  desht«|f}), 
1  carry  the  mtttestick. 

It»|t.  IT  diji  ftqt,  tli"y  carry  it  to-da.v.  that  is,  it  will  imss  in 
the  neiKhborliiHKi  lo-day.  The  first  day  of  the  ceremony  ia 
therefor  called  aditcif  (4Jit4|f),  he  cArrieft  it  (himself),  it  is  carried 
»wa>-. 

TUE   GIRLS'    DANCE. 

The  carryinjr  f*f  the  rattlestick  from  one  localit.v  to  another  in 
alwa>'s  [mrticipaled  in  by  a  thronK  of  intereKt«d  visitors,  and 
usually  prDc<>(HlA  in  a  frantic  nish.  Arriving  at  ita  destination 
Ibe  faair-conls  an*  n.>raov«l  from  the  shaft  and  dit^tributcd  amouK 
tfaa  resideDts  of  that  localit^v,  who  anxiously  apply  for  them,  aad 
firquootly  weave  thecn  iiito  saddle  bUnketn  aad  small  nwa. 


JSrHA'OJ 


ffrroNART. 


Toward  evvning  an  unlinary  cooking  imt  is  converted  into  i 
dmin  by  thi-owinir  ■  fi>w  pnbbiiK  inlo  it  and  coveriae  ti»  top 
with  a  pitKv  of  £UBt-  or  btickskin,  which  \h  spcurt-t)  around  Ihr 
rim  with  a  cord  or  thonfT-  This  iniprovisixl  drum  is  cuotiauuuslr 
beaten  with  a  stDall  stick  whilu  the  niaiJuo:!)  wlect  a  partner  frcn 
the  tbrouff  of  visitors  to  dance  with.  Married  women  tiv 
excludlHi  from  ihhi  dance,  thoui;h  it  is  parmis^ible  to  select! 
partner  from  anions  the  tiiarricJ  men.  FrKtgiK-ntly  younj;  rarD 
pay  for  the  pxcliLsi\'i>  iirivjh'frt-  of  daucine  with  a  swcetbetrtoi 
favorite  on  each  of  the  tbn'e  nights. 

The  danci'i-s  i>erfomi  in  a  circle,  tbouifh  no  8i*ecift]  order  it 
prertcribed.  Each  maiden,  Htanding  behind  hor  partner,  gmii^ 
his  side  and  coniplrtes  a  eirclo  or  two  with  hini,  reversing  thr 
circle  occasionally  to  avoid  dizKiness.  As  all  iwrticipantf  bun 
and  Rini;  while  in  action  the  whole  ceremony  has  been  popnltH; 
desienated  by  this  feature,  or  a«  the  ndft.  or  ajindl,  they  all  tuna 
Diovine.  the  war  dance,  or  rather  the  girU'  dance  (=uiiibw  dawwli 
After  eonipK-tinn  th^-se  niotion>  sfvenil  tinws  the  ^riri  releaais 
hvr  partner  and.  unleKM  otherwise  »|ipulft'ed,  chargts  a  fw  o( 
lire  to  twenty-tivp  cents  for  the  privilejfc  j;rantcd,  or  an  «i"^ 
anionnt  for  the  privilejic  of  beinjf  released.  The  <lance  is  con- 
tittiied  nnlil  about  midnight  when  tin-  party  disperses  to  retiir. 

On  th*'  following  luornini;  the  rattle  is  ajrnin  t-arriwl  lu  »»«"' 
other  distant  place  iind  is  burne,  not  by  the  patient,  but  by  ow 
acqiiainUxl  with  the  prayers  re<|Uired  for  its  final  deposit,  who, 
thereafter,  takes  charge  of  the  rattle  until  iht'  close  of  the  rerc- 
mony.  In  the  evening  of  tliis  daj*  the  iid&,  or  girls*  dance,  is 
repeatr-d  a.s  on  the  preceiling  night,  and  is  in  turn  ftdlowcJ  oa 
the  thin!  morning  by  the  bearing  of  the  rattle  lu  tlit*  placti  !M.<)M:(«i 
for  the  close  of  the  ceremony.  Here  the  imlient  i«  blackenol 
uboiit  noon. 

WOKU.S. 


i 


iU\i  (bitW),  tlie  night  after  it  has  hern  carried,  d< 
tirst  night  of  the  ceremony. 


nWUGfOJT 


IcUAshJ  dajllKhl/.h,  tnrninfir  tbey  dance;  bttlmslqin  AJiiii, 
twving  no  hiuibeada,  or  unmnrriiHl  >rirls. 

niKhnirdA,  wp  daocod  Isat  nitcbt;  nizhni^Ift,  we  bare  hnd  tbe 
ndft.  or  lht>  citwi'  of  it  wa.s  lu«t  nitrht;  iiizlulfiioUft,  tlieiv  will  bi.> 
H  adfi>,  or  dance,  Ui-iiiEh(,  etc. 

ndi.   the  ffirW  dance,  Uie  war  dance;  ajindA,  they  all  sing 
inir;  nidi'  (nldfi*  «^(6).  we  all  sanjir  nioving»  we  had  a  dance. 

qDojfcIiAsh,  or  bi>jfcItAHh,  slu>  tuma  hini,  that  i&,  be  is  bcr 
partner,  sbe  sbIucIs  bini.  Similarly,  (<lia-'i{!cliOsh,  I  am  lier  ]>nrl- 
Der,  fhe  Beli>cti4  rae;  tenftcbteh  (a-nAzbcHOsb,  £docHVisb>,  be  is  ber 
partner*  or  shieoJluliAbh  (sbwnltzbL-bdish.  ^lufeducUOeb),  1  am  ber 
imrtncr. 
,  bil'tsluhIzh(bil'itAhKlilr.h.  birfdi-shzhlzh).  I  dance  with  him  or  her. 

lenftMhcHOsh  {ii'sht&clidsb,  t^fahclldsb),  I  turn  (dance  with)  him. 

ba'itql,  it  la  carried  for  him;  ba'it4|lli,  hi>  who  carri^H  the 
rattle  for  the  patient,  the  rattli*  bearer. 

ndixA  (pr.  ndTz£.  fut,  ndlduit^l),  tbc.v  iuovmI  {on  the  luoruinif 
(if  fix-  wcund  da^v).  the  *»icind  d«,v  of  the  reroniony. 

biclif>ilin)p,   tbey  nrv  towurd  it  (towai'd  ibi'  final  ptac«),  the 
md  niitbt. 

nan»A  (pr.  n%yfi,  fut.  ndox/^l),  they  moved,  the  thini  da,v,  ortho 
biji.  and  Inst  day  of  the  ceremony. 

jfnt*P:)b  (jinfflbt'fch.  jidlnotlsh),  be  is  blackened,  or  diji 
tahiAft'AgD)  nhinf^sb,  to-day  the  blackeninif  takes  place  (at  noon). 

THE   BLACKENING   OP   THE   PATIKNT. 

At  noon  of  the  third  da^'  the  body  of  the  patient  is  paintwl 
black.  Juniper  brauchlets  (i^l  ni'^li),  with  yarrow  (hazailts^i), 
mcaiiow  rup  (tqAshllchlDy  and  pino  needles  (nishchi  bril)  are  pre- 
rioufily  pulverised,  then  thrown  into  a  bowl  of  wnt^rr,  and  stirred. 
One  of  the  asaistaiita  now  taken  a  dab  of  (liis  mixture  between 
his  fins^ra  'I'd  apiilicfi  it  in  turn  against  tho  sole«,  tlx'  knees,  less, 
cheat,  back*  shoulders,  mouth  and  bead  of  the  pationt,  who  then 
sipe  of  the  mixture  before  bathinj;  hin  whole  body  with  It 
Tbnrenpon,  the  a.<«iatant  chews  some  pennyroyal  (IfA*  nlch1n)and 


DICTION  A  It  y. 


foxtail  grass  (hazaild&'i).  and  holding;  his  baDds  to  the  suo  spat- 
ters the  liquid  ovtsr  tbcin.  He  theo  proceetin  to  press  the  bodj 
of  the  patient,  who  in  seated,  tuiiitns  it  first  one  way,  tbn 
another,  and  repeating  thi>t  fotir  limes.  This  done  hi<t  body  ia 
rubbed  with  sheep  tallow  and  the  nRiial  mixture  of  animal  tiiiiUM, 
after  which  the  asbeH  of  the  above  mentioned  burnt  weeds  m 
spread  uver  the  entire  body,  while  the  fiatient's  face  Is  paioted 
red  with  a  mixture  of  red  clay  nnd  grease,  with  stripes  of  bUck 
drawn  acroHS  the  cheeki^  and  the  entire  chin.  He  in  now  msdr 
to  step,  or  rather  rest  his  feet,  in  dirt  dug-  up  by  a  gopher,  which 
is  held  in  a  blanket  before  him.  putting  first  his  left  then  tbr 
right  foot  into  it.  The  charm,  consisting  of  a  tail  feather  of 
the  roadninner  wrapped  with  i-agle  down  feathers,  is  now  tied 
to  his  hair.  Wrie^tletfi,  too,  made  uf  braided  leaves  of  slenikr 
yucca  (tsAtI  ttlOs\  are  tied  to  his  wrisbt,  while  buckftkin  saddle- 
bags, studded  with  white  beacU  <which  are  purchased  from  thp 
Ut«s),  serve  as  shoulder-bands,  crassing  each  shoulder  to  thf 
hipH.  Finally,  the  bill  of  a  crow  is  secured  to  the  imlm  of  iht 
right  hand,  and  is  ilsmI  in  scratching  the  head,  since  the  lingeii 
arc  not  to  be  used  in  this  manner.  The  patient  remains  n^frtd 
in  lhe.s<<  IrinuningA  throughout  the  afternoon  imd  evening,  ind 
partakes  of  a  plain  gruel  (gdd  Adtn),  after  previously  sahitins 
sun  by  inlmUng  the  tniii'i  ^errth^  that  is,  nccompanying  in 
tlon  with  a  gesture  toward  the  sua. 

As  itsiuhl,  the  da.v  and  ceremony  is  closed  with  the  dance 
the  girls,  after  which  the  singer  removes  the  trimmings  from 
the  patient,  as  also  that  of  the  rattle,  instructing  the  bearer  vt 
it  to  securely  deposit  the  shaft.  This  be  does  amid  pra)-er, 
and  a  secluded  crevice  or  ledge  of  rock  is  selected  for  deposition. 


] 


WORDS. 


jintf^eh,  he  is  blackem-d,  the  blackening, 
diji  zhinfesh,  on  this  da.v  he  is  blackened, 
ba'nd&i  neshfdsh  (nife^sh,    d(noflsh),   the    patient   is   paioi 
black:  nsht^h  (nesht^h,  din^sht^sh),  I  paiol  bim  black. 


D^n 


USLUUOX. 


?Jlil  ni'£)i.  etc,  yitRi|iVl  Uia^kliftK*^  tti<'  Ucrhe  are  criKht'il  ami 

mtwi  niixe<l  with  wattT. 
rtiil  (i&'ajil^  (i|Jt'&jilA,  t|H'»?,htli)inK  tbe  \wrba  arn  prt'imn-il  (fn)m 

t'fiAtV  adajftlA.  hv  nihg  hia  body. 

fii*^^  ftdfshtlA  (wisUUp,  «»lid(ishUfl),  I  nih  my  body. 

hazcildA'i  tfO'  nlchiiiafbtl  jtVall  bon&hozn/.Al,  hoHpuUemehcwod 
KrB£»  anil  |H-nnyruyal. 

beuaaizuhAl  (bcufiauinibsAU  beo&GizdfnosOO.  I  sputter  it  over 
vthing. 

d«M  baKA'   tUnashchlii   bit  be^KhtlfltlA,    Hheep  tallow   mixed 

th  Rninm)  gntuie-s  an>  nibbod  in  (he  i»  rubbed  with  them). 

bebodfltJd  (t>ehodfstJA.  beliftdldoltlA),  he  is  rubbed  in  (with 
):  b(V4hidfltM  (besitlfsUA,  bcfilil'illdollhl),  I  am  nibbe<l  in  with. 

be^htM  (U>.sfittlA.  be^di^.shUft).  I  rub  him  in. 

nishtM  (Dis^ltii,  ndi^shtlA).  I  rub  you  id. 

chl  Hi  bil,  r«l  clay  with  0rea.se. 

na&efsi  billyh,  i^upher^  dirt  (taken  from  a  isrophcr  hilt). 

nahtrtji.  left;    nshntiji  il(h<^),   th4<   n>rht  (foot). 

bVodflltls.  he  st^pa  in  (with  riaht  and  left  foot). 

bfo&st^s  (binist'os,  bVntlMfIs>.  I  uiake  a  step,  place  my  foot 
into  Aonifthinff. 

anAji  <*ltrrt.  the-  charxii  of  the  war  rite. 

nmt>'^dli5xi  bitj^.  the  tail  fi>utht'r  of  a  roadrunner. 

bit^AHJ.  down  feathers  (of  an  f^ajflo). 

I^lalni,  wrifttl^ts  (t^I  t«08  yishblzh.  braided  yucca  leaveay. 

trftlib^ha'AKhj^,  Hhoulder-bands  (made  of  abAni,  buckskin,  or 
Ute  i*a<idl«'  iKK'kets). 

kbe^ii-hldi,  the  scratching  implement:  (jfftge  bjdi^.  crow's  hill), 
johona'af  bizhf  jizhlith.  hi'  intialeH  th<-  nun's  breath, 
johooa'af  biKhl'  yishf/h  (.\  fzlilxb  [bixhUblxhJ,  bizhf  deshlJilO, 
1  draw  the  sun's  breath  inwardly. 

aicliAh»in  nnAxhnlqA,  (he  shaft  is  depoaitnl. 

airh&hfila  nnAn«htq1  (Dii&nt^|fi.  DnAdeahtqll),  I  depofiit  the  ahafL 


N 


k 


AN   ETHyOCOGIC  DiCTtOSAHY. 

(lin^  .VKliAzini  bilnizlulllf^vo  DDftjfUif,  a  person  well  acquaiat«l 
with  the  requirement*  deposils  it- 

t^y&ji  nna'AnfL  thpy  put  thpm  ImIdw  rocks. 

ADDENDA. 

In  atWition  to  the  above  it  was  leftmeH  that  thr  war  dann"  b 
ronductrd  for  Hisp»»lling  fomiirn  enemies  only,  whether  ibey  be 
n-al  or  iinaginBr}'.      If,  accordingly,  in  fancj*  one  is  ptirsunl  by 
foreiirnprs,  such  as  Americans,  Comanchps,  Utes,  I'lieblo,  Oifi- 
dwellers,  or  olhnrs,  and  is  in(lis)>os4>d  on  tbi-<  account,  be  calk 
upon  thf  war  sinyers  lu  destroy  these  enemies.      This  accotuts. 
too,  for  the  custom  of  covetini:  a  luft  of  liair,  a  piACO  of  a  leg 
flrinff,  a  whole  or  the  part  of  a  scalp,  a  piece  of  bone  or  clothinc 
belon^lnif  to  an  Apiiche,  Ute,  or  other  foreigner,  or  purchasiAC 
them  wh<!n  siH»n  at  a  curio  store.      When  these   objects  are  in 
poE>se.sMion  of  a  friend   do  time  and  labor  is  sjiared   to  acfinirt 
portions  of  them  if  desired   for  immediate   iii*.      A  journey  of 
this  kind  is  termed  gtnng  on  the  learpath  (dieb&.  I  wtnl,  orajfl*, 
he  is  on  the  warpath),  and  the  parts  of  the  enemy  rM|iiirAl,  or 
desiffnated  as  desirable  for  the  rattlestirlt.  are  usually  indicated 
by  the  astrolojf<>rs  and  divinators  called  ii|>ori  previously  tu  \xwot 
the  source  of  illness.     \i  succe^isfully  obtaiaijd  the  bon«,  faair, 
mr,  or  <^her  trophy,  is  tied  to  the  horse's  tail  to  aroid  coataili> 
ination,  and  is  hurried  without  delay  to  ita  destination.     Other- 
wise, too,  such  trophies  are  held  at  some  distance  from  one's 
person  while  in  transportation,  beintf  tied  to  a  stick  and  plaoMl 
at  some  distance  from  the  camp,  while  at  home  they  are  hidda 
in  some  distant  hide-«pot  for  future  iiao.      This  \^  a  remnant  of 
an  old   war  ciLstoni   whereby  the  moist  scalp  (tsfzls  dlt^)  wm 
carried  in  a  similar  manner,  and  con  tain  ination,  or  rather  pursait, 
by  the  spirit  of  the  slain,  avoided  by  means  of  the  blackening 
(jint%hK  or  war  dance,  held  soon  after  a  skirmish.     The  m«ii- 
cine  pouch  (jlsh)  of  the  war  sin^rs  were,  therefor.  frcqoent!.v 
provided   with  such  trophies  as  hair,  finger'nail?  and  fin^r-tip* 


HBLlnloTT 


lam  eneiineis 

DMDjr,     I 


e«|]ed  anft  boKdnltl 
tlm  pitriKfte  of  c 


in'  lb'   follftr-btiiii'   of 
iii;tiii>f  their  wur  rites  (ynt 


KHtiildikd). 


At  prt'si'nt  thf  IropKv  is  inwilwi  with  tlii'  bunrllc  of  wcmIr, 
aoti  \m  ttu*  tioal  (la.\  uf  the  cfrt^mtjri.v,  wh**!)  tin-  bl)ick«niijif  of 
^  iwtient  has  tiikvn  placo,  they  arc  carried  out  some  distaDcu 
from  tb><  plact^  of  HnnI  gathcrinx;  anil  dopot^iti^d  upon  tho  jfroiind 
by  the  binuror.  The  throng  surrounds  thi;  tr(ipli.v  at  u  res|M'(-trii] 
difttani^N  while  tho  i^in^er  laUtis  ■  pinch  of  a^hax  and  sprinkliw 
the  troph>'  with  it  (JeshcHj  iyi'nUt,  exhortioH  the  vifiitors  not  to 
^B  upon  it  while  this  is  bvinirdont^.  When  the  pulicut.  tuu,  has 
Sprinklit]  aahit^  upon  it  two  of  tht-  visitors  ritfth  up  and  dischartre 
iheir  fftins  (formerly  ihcir  arroi^s^  upon  thi*  trophy".  Tbt-y  then 
*iiw  tlie  praitirM  of  the  jiatii-nt  in  s|it,vintf  or  rnunihg  the  etiemi/ 
^Hn.  This  is  codcIiuIch]  in  tlH>  I'venintr,  Jiist  bi'furc 
dark,  by  a  general  ctflfbration  uf  victory*.  The  rattle 
bMror,  and  otbt'r  invited  :«inKers  of  the  war  rit«,  indulge 
for  about  iuilf  an  hour  in  yelling  and  riishinjf  at  each 
it  with  firebraiHU,  a  turn  which  U  souu  taken  up  by 

[men  ami   bo>*R   pn*M>nt.     Tlu^  rest  of  the    oifrht  is 
it  in  duncinK  and  merriment. 

hIackttninK  (j>nt*esh)  im  Koitietinies  pi>rfornied  inde- 
pendently of  the  other  features  of  the  war  dance,  and 
ma>'  bo  done  in  the  opeo,  or  in  the  hotfaa,  or  wen  in  a 
modern  hoiwe. 

Fi>r  diMpellinff  native  eneniie:^,  such  as  tlH*  influence  of 
the  monsters  of  the  legends,  and  inniinierable  witches,    7^„^ 
saotber    war    dance,    the    hochAji    jinfdsh,    blackenioK 
HgUDHi  witchcraft,  is  comltietJHl. 

In  ibi*  description  of  the  masks  mention  Iwh  Im-cu  made  of  the 
bow  and  queiu-  a«  emlflematic  of  the  clutlx'»  of  IIk-  Sla.^rr  of 
j^fonsteni  uihI  his  brother.  Fur  similar  traditional  reaaons  the 
^■BiinKN  of  the  bow  and  queue  are  left  upon  on  tlm  raltleMtick. 
Ab  the  Sla^'er  of  MooKteni  or  Knemiea  and  his  brother,  the 
Wat«>r  child,  an>  inseimnible  in  the  dtvtruction  of  i>nemieK.  l.bo 


3T« 


AX   ETHNOLOGtC  lilCTIOAAHy. 


symhcil  of  bow  iind  queue  are  both,  added  to  the  rmttlnticli  ia 
indicatiofr  the  power  of  thoM!  two  cods. 

TOBLIC  EXUIUITIONS  OR  DAKOBR 

Thi>  ni^ht  chant,  and  mmw  of  the  nioimtain  chanU,  oca- 
siunally  dose  with  a  public  exhibition  by  marked  pereocaton, 
which,  however,  is  not  esKential  to  the  chant  but  uptional  with 
the  patient.  When  the  uiifht  chant  is  to  be  closed  privately,  or 
lik*-  any  onlinary  chant,  the  marked  i»ersonator»  perfomi  inadi- 
the  hn^n,  and  the  mountain  chant  is  limited,  in  a  similar  er«-ut, 
to  (ive  niffhu,  with  the  exclusion  of  drum  and  dancer*. 

In  public,  the  personators  perform  in  a  corral,  and  for  the 
mountain  chant,  around  a  himv   Urc  built  in  the  center  of  ihix 


[iLfcL^^iU*.^ 


.v^ 


:^^: 


, /, . 


.fe^^i 


Sr      I 


r-H,-    ■  — 


corral.  «hich  accounts  for  the  r>opular  riame«t  of  the  corral 
fire  (lances  for  tbe^se  two  chant-*.  Thfse  corrals  or  enclcwjns 
arc  made  of  brufthwork.  set  up  after  sunset,  which,  in  the  mcKm- 
tain  chant,  is  done  under  the  direction  of  the  tnaskwl  pet«onator 
of  ha-sheli/thqlt,  the  Speakinjr  fsod,  who  irivea  his  directions  b) 
^restureH  and  his  uHiial  call  only.     The  corral  is  of  the  sanir  shap" 


nSLWlOK 


37 


for  every  public  cxhihition,  and  has  but  one  opening  in  tin' 
east,  thouKh  at  dawu  the  (MicloHure  itt  brokon  at  the  othiPT 
canliual  points  ulso. 

The  persuuatorK  for  the  nisrfat  ciiant  ilinrobf*  lu  tbe.  breechrluut 
■nd  moccasins,  point  tbeir  bodies  %vitb  white  clay,  and  adorn 
tfaenui«lrc«  with  n  silver  belt,  am)  tbt*  ttkin  of  a  kit-fux  lianiflinff  in 
ibcir  rvar.  Each  dons  one  of  tiif  masks,  after  which  they  are 
not  Hlli>wtvl  Ui  speak,  and  enter  th<!  corral  in  siniflf  file,  in  which 
puajtiun  thvy  dauee  tu  the  iM-at  of  a  druin.  They  leave  the  eor- 
n)  aftfr  »ome  time  and  make  wa>'  for  another  set  of  dancera  to 
wbom  they  give  their  imsks  and  re^lia.  ThiH  \s  continued 
until  ilawn  in  anuouoci>d,  after  which  ttie  corral  i»  opened. 

In  the  mountain  cliant  the  i»ersonfttors,  such  as  tht-  two  per- 
forminir  tbe  feat  of  swallowinir  the  arrows,  and  tbe  tire  dancers, 
are  not  marked,  but  disrobe,  ami  pftint  their  bodies  for  protec- 
tion from  tbe  exceseirc  heat.  A  variety  of  lejferdemuin  wu-v  in 
voifue  at  thiii  (lance,  such  ms  the  Krowinic  of  yucca,  tbe  danciue 
porcupine  quill,  and  other  performances,  which  took  up  tbe 
intervals.  Originalb',  cu^stom  required  the  mcssen?er»,  or  meal 
sprinklers,  to  invite  foreivn  tribes  to  coatribiite  with  their  mafic 
for  the  (iccnston.  Joittr  thene  invitations  extended  only  to  the 
alionmns  ttt  the  tribe  whase  insij^nia,  when  they  liatl  such,  were 
borne  to  the  place  of  celebration  by  tite  mesHenKer.  Kventiially, 
much  of  this  formalily  was  dropped,  as  iwrfortiiances  of  mai^c 
are  eX|H>MiHl  to  the  ridicult*  of  the  youmrer  generation,  so  tlial 
invitatlow^  to  the  various  lottih*  of  ineriicine  men  an*  extended 
merely  a4  a  matter  of  courtesy.  The  various  pt^rformances. 
however,  arc  responsible  for  such  desijnuitions  of  the  mountain 
chant  M»  the  t1re  dance,  growing  hashRftn,  or  basbkHn  <lanc«\  etc. . 
jUKt  as  the  nieht  chant  is  sometimra  demtrnated  as  the  yeibichai 
daoci*  from  the  leailmK  prrsonator. 

Ordinarily,  a  ceremony  in  perfomted  over  a  rtinifle  patieot. 
It  [a  pemiiiaible,  however,  to  conduct  a  ceremoni'  for  two 
patientA  nf  the  same  sex,  so  that,  for  inAtance,  a  ceremony  may 
not  Ix-  hi-ld  over  num  and  wife  simultanenuHly.      A  singer  ma^' 


S78 


AX  BTHyotX>GtC  MCTlOyMtV 


conduct  a  cerpnmny  over  his  own  wife,  but  not  for  his  own  bm- 
ptit,  fur  which  lie  miist  call  on  the  services  uf  auotbcr  aagcr. 
In  the  event  of  two  patientit  then*  arc  two  meal  or  polkn 
fipriiiklore  at  the  (uiblic  rxhlbition  in  place  of  the  custotnarj 
siniific  one.  Olbi-r  changes  take  place  in  ihe  varioua  fiungs,  aod 
estieciall.v  in  the  distribution  of  the  pnu'tTsticks.  (Sen  Prayvr- 
sticks). 

The  nijrhl  rhant  is  performed  over  persons  as  well  vi  onr 
the  masks  themwlves.  An  insUnre  of  this  kind  ha.s  \wvn  men- 
tiomn]  in  the  dedication  of  a  new  set  of  masks.  Another  iuslauce 
is  the  puriHcation  of  n  M>t  of  masks  defiled  by  the  death  uf  ilR 
owner,  or  tltat  of  the  [mtient  for  whom  Ihi-  diant  is  conduclnL 
In  this  event  the  masks  nuiy  not  be  used  a^'^sin  unless  tbe  niirbl 
chant,  specifically  its  rigif^  has  been  performed  over  thorn. 

It  ifi  castoinary  that  quests  attendinj?  the  clow  of  a  ceremi»i> 
partake  of  a  repast  at  the  ho^ran  where  it  takes  place.  At  public 
exhibitions  wher'e  the  uinllitude  of  visiting  gnests  is  uouMuily 
large,  this  has  been  abolished,  and  is  now  limited  to  Utr  metk 
which  the  patient  must  provide  for  the  singer  and  his  aMiBtaote. 
At  the  smaller  ceremonies  of  one  and  fire  nights''  duration  nieit* 
are  served  to  the  guests  aftout  midnight.  Accordingly,  ^ 
meal  served  there  is  sometimei^  referred  to  ba  the  cloae  of  i 
ceremony. 

WORDS. 

naAkliaf.  the.v  appear:  or  yei  nakliaf.  the  yei  appear;  ordin# 
dadl/.hlzh,  the  people  dance;  ory^ibichal,  the  yeihiehai  dance;  or 
tMji,  the  night  clunt.  The  latter  refers  to  all  the  ceremonies 
while  the  foniivr  expressions  have  reference  only  to  the  public 
exhibition  and  indicate  that  it  will  take  place. 

Un^hjin  (itn&shjInjiK   the  corral,  or  corral  danc<-.  is  al^i  » 
for  any  exhibition  of  a  public  character. 

alii,  magic  or  Icgenlemain.  The  swallowing  of  the  arrows. 
sprouting  uf  the  yucca,  dancing  feather  or  quill,  are  referrrd  to 
as  alll. 


TtBLlOIOy.  ^^^m         S79 

azhnTdA,  \hey  uu  HruiinU  Hhv  tiri*\  the  lire  danc*. 

dzDKfjI,  [be  mountain  chant. 

Lte,  the  pttnonaUirs.      Usually  the  four  Icadini;  danceis  at 
yeibicViai  hear  this  nanip,  thoimh  it  is  iiIho  aipliefl  to  otlicrs. 

tq6  neiifli,  the  watiT  sprioklfr,  or  clown  at  the  tire  danc». 

bikJ^ltatt)ali,  he  over  wlioni  tiify  sing.  tht>  patient. 

lukbi  biRohutciati.  two  pBtieoto,  wlw  are  usually  indioitef]  by 
the  i4»mi,  aqfdiilAh,  they  so  toffetber. 

do-lffhAxh,  tho  vigil. 

hoshAjTo  n&budk'f,    tfaey   (the   niB.sk.si  should    be   purilled   or 
ifvti  Bjtniin. 

yAluultt'ilyft  lyilliadn^  lfi\&'^  ury&liada'  iy&',  y&hadailIyoly61),  tlif 
<or  feast)  i-H  pn-paiixJ. 

yabada'itfhA  O'^ti&da^  {aklia,  yahadadiyokh^).  it  is  poured  out. 
1^  implied  meaniuK  ia  one*fl  inti>ntion  of  attt^ndin^  the  close  of 
ibe  curemon^'. 

hatqftlfpi  da*ilyj^  (nt^ib),  th(!  Rc-remonial  n^pOAt  (at  tho  clo-<c  of 
thi*  ct-rviuouy). 

bijf.  It's  da>',  the  closing  nig-bt  of  a  cereiiion>'. 

bijfffo  deshaj,  1  will  attend  the  ceremony'. 

The  Choice  or  Selection  of  Chant«  to  be  Performed. 

The  deeisioD  as  to  the  particular  chant  to  be  selected  is  left 
with  the  imlividual.  Owinir  to  the  itrrat  variety-  of  caiute^  for 
disease  and  continued  misforiunc  the  cboice  is  often  a  diffindt 
one.  If  relief  is  nut  obtained  the  ritea  and  cerciuoui<-s  of 
another  chant  should  W-  tmli^tfd  to  wciire  it.  In  this  maniier  a 
fortune  Is  often  spent.  Public  opinion  has  it  that  a  person 
bitten  by  a  snake,  struck  by  liichtninii;,  thrown  from  or  kicked 
by  a  horse,  is  pursued  by  some  uns(-en  power.  The  bite  of  an 
^l,  or  mad  coyote,  continuinl  prostitution,  or  venerual  excess, 
sheep,  failure  of  croith,  sickness  or  death  in  the  famib'  or 
relatioDsbip,  all  portend  some  (tuditfn  intluencu.  This  is  also 
ibc  case  with  dreanis  bearinj;  on  misfortune.     A  prejfnant  wonian 


380 


A.V  BTHyOtOOH:  DiVTtOSARY. 


i>Hpeciall.v  luuHt  pxt-rcisp  the  (rreetei^t  can;  Ktit  she  obsene  uj- 
thine  in  the  sbnpe  of  Tioleaoe.  Tbe  infiuenc«  of  bad  dmiu 
must  b«  removed  duriof;  th«  tioH?  uf  ber  preffiUDcy,  both 
by  herself  and  her  husbftod.  If  this  han  heva  nejflpcted  Uw  dutjr 
devolves  upon  the  rhild,  even  at  an  advanred  ajfe. 

In  such  manner  each  case  is  carefully  diatrnoHed  and  dii 
by  the  family  and  their  relatives  who,  in  addition,  often  oonsolt 
astrotuffers  and  dtvinatorB  for  the  purpose  of  scJectiiMC  the 
appropriate  chant. 

THE   EXPENSES. 

RxiK'nses  vary  according  to  the  nature  of  the  chant  and  agfr^ 
j^to  for  public  exbibitionH  as  high  as  two  hundred  dollars  ud 
tuore.  For  tbe  minor  chants  the  price  consists  of  a  horse,  ccv, 
some  sheep,  calico,  etc.,  accorditig  to  the  means  of  the  patiHtt. 
The  leff<*nds  inculcate*  that  the  thaman  render  hi.t  services  with- 
out com|H>nRntton  in  case  of  need.  A  nominal  price  is  somHinus 
aKked  in  such  instanu's.  though  frequently  assistance  is  refiwd 
entirely.  Friends  ami  relatives  of  the  patient  are.  afc  a  rale, 
asked  to  assist  in  defra^'ing  expenses. 

THE  CEREMOKIAL   HOOAX. 

Ordinarily  the  chant  is  conducted  in  the  bogan  of  tbe  paiienL 

Should  the  liot^aii  prove  too  small  and  inconvenient  (ur  tiw 
proper  conducting  of  tbe  ceremony,  as  in  tbe  mountain  or 
night  cliant,  a  more  spacious  boffau  is  crectctl.  This  is  coat- 
pleted  before  the  arrival  of  the  shaman.  A  ceremony  of  d«di(a- 
cation  of  tbe  bogan  does  not  take  place,  though  the  bead  of  tbe 
family,  or  some  other  |M>rson,  uui>'  sprinkle  tbe  four  poles  tt 
the  cardinal  points  with  pollen.  ITpon  the  completion  of  tbe 
ceremony  the  bognn  may  be  used  for  domestic  purposes. 

Tbe  tqiche,  or  sudatorj',  is  also  a  feature  of  some  chaata. 

boghin  ilya.  the  ordinary  expression  for  the  completed  bogtfi. 
is  also  used  to  designste  that  the  hogan  is  in  readiocw  for  lb( 


TtELIGtOy. 


381 


shaniao.     Locall.v  tbi>.v  ar«  tlesiiroatotl  as  medicine  fodgtv  by  tb« 
whites.     (Seo  Navaho  Houses). 

THE  CHANTER  OR  SHAMAN. 

Thv  tcrni  ]utui&li.  chanter,  iinplieK  that  thp  brarpr  of  this  titlo 
is  convenaot  with  ooc  or  more  of  the  cbaotfi.  its  proscriptionis 
«onifs  and  nKiuisitee.  Hv  is  u  roci^uiced  aiit1iorit.v  uii  the 
requUtt^  cerpmonia)  berhK,  t>arth.i,  paintinj^^,  pmyomticks,  (>tc., 
und  Khoiilil  lie  in  posst^ssion  of  ovi'r.vthinK  nrcessiirj*  for  conduct- 
ing the  chant.  Pt'tsoiis  of  au  esjM-cially  retentive  incniory  and 
natiinil  alprtni'SM  ari>  si>Ipcti)d  as  pupils  b.v  an  i-ldcrly  shaman. 
In  sittue  ifif^taacKs  he  imparls  hiR  knowU<di^L'  to  his  son.  brother 
or  relative,  providi-d  iUvy  show  sonic  inclination  for  attentive 
study,  a«  many  yearf^  of  pAtient  application  and  rehi^rsal  arc 
r»quir«d  for  tbo  aec4!«sary  proficiency.  Tho  pupil  is  ordinarily 
bound  to  n'pa,v  his  preceptor  with  the  feo.s  obtained  from  the 
fiiHt  four  chants  afti>r  his  apprenticeship. 

The  chaalt>r  is  nol  obliged  to  HnswtT  every  call  for  his  sen*ices, 

hut  is  at  liberty  t"  refuse.     The  U-jfends  [>oint  out  that  a  meaion- 

(rer  was  tltHpatt-lied  to  the  home  of  the  cliantvr  whose  services 

wen*  retiuired.     He  placed  a  (rift  before  the  «infrer,  who  in  turn 

passed  it  from  bis  left  foot  upwui-d  over  bis  forehead,   replacinfr 

Ibe   gift  on   hia   right   foot.      He   then  held   it  to  his  mouth, 

tnbntinii  it»i  breath,  after  which  he  appointinl  a  special  day  as 

that  of  his  arrival.      The  messenKer  then  carried  the  pouch  (jUh) 

of  the  chanter  to  the  home  of  the  patient,  announcing  the  day  of 

hia  arrival,   which  was  usually  act  at  four  da>'s.      At  present 

tbt)  lueaseotfer  ufTeni  the  compensation,  dimply  staltutf  tliat   thu 

aervirra  of  the  ehanti^r  are  fuxiuht.     The  chanter  may  then  reftis(% 

but  ordinarily  accepts  upon  tt'itrnin^  the  cause  of  the  disease  and 

th«  condition  of  the  imtient,  anvl  sets  the  time  of  arrival  at  four 

d«ys.     The  chanter  tu^ually  carries  the  pouch  Ijlsh)  t>antonnll3'* 

tbouffh  the  practice  of  dispatching  it  by  the  meaaenger  is  also 

obM*rTftd. 
/ 


88? 


A  A   ETHXOWGJC  DWT!OXARY. 


As  a  rule  women  du  Dot  perform  as  chanters,  ibouifh  sviw 
nre  known  to  bave  done  so.  Many  womeo  are  n-Ml  vcned  ut 
the  tnedicina)  flora  of  the  crumtr)*  and  are  often  consulted. 

Thp  shaman  is  not  always  in  possession  of  the  complete  far- 
■pbcmalia  requirod  in  some  chants.  These  are  then  bomnrtd 
for  the  uccasioD,  and  a  similar  courtesy  is  returned  if  potatblp. 
The  patient  must  furnish  the  eatables  free  of  chartre  to  the 
shaiiLan,  a>i  also  such  calicoes  and  other  incidentals  as  may  t^ 
required  in  the  course  of  the  chant  and  do  not  belong  to  tbr 
Ji*h.  These  incidentals  which,  in  the  hu}{h('li^t'<4>hi  <Big  Gal 
chant),  for  instance,  are  very  numerous,  become  property  of  the 
chanter,  in  addition  t<i  tin*  compi'nsation  previously  sti|iulatr<l. 

While  the  influence  of  the  chanter  is  ft;lt  it  has  ver>  bttJe.  if 
any,  beariue  ou  the  soi'ernntent  of  the  tribe  as  such.  Appu- 
ently,  their  influence  is  due  to  their  (greater 
or  lesser  authorit>'  on  a  ^iven  chant. 
Very  few  of  thf  oxtitine  headmen  are 
chosen  from  the  ranks  of  the  c/mntera. 

THE   POt'CH  OF  THE  CKANTER 

The  jish,  or  |»iuch,  of  the  chanter  con- 
tains all  the  rei|ui!>ites  for  a  jriven  chant. 
With  the  exception  of  the  hozhdji  rit«, 
each  chant  requires  a  specific  jish,  con- 
taininiT  the  necessary  paraphernalia  for 
conducting  the  chant  according  to  tra- 
ditional ritual.  The  term  is  then  applied 
to  the  complete  paraphernalia  which  is 
alwa,vs  carried  in  a  pouch  (jrsh).  This  ia 
an  oblonfT  sack  made  of  dottftk^i.  .«acred 
buckskin,  witli  thongs  made  of  the  same 
material  to  secure  it.  The  contentA  of  the 
pouch  consist  of  feathers,  rattles,  stones. 
pollens,  animal  tissues,  native  herbs,  ochres 


RBLiUlOS. 


38S 


luid  cIh.vk.  ami  aildilional  iwraphf  rimlia  for  BiH>ciHc  chanti^,  some  of 
which  arp  dilfirtili  to  K^quin*.  Tht^  liitbtnintr  chant,  for  insUinrc, 
rHjitires  twn  cane  re«(l»  (IdKatKo^  with  tiuweU  (bizAI),  one  takon 
from  Tatw  (iqAuhA)).  tht*  oihrr  from  lhi>  wi'st  (t)raibi).  Otlifrs 
reqiiin*  arrow-iHiints  (lH.*aVHt'(igi)  which  have  beiin  diHinterrfn]  by 
a  bttdffvr  or  K^oph[^r.  Soni»  call  for  the  ireiiei-ativc  orjfaiiK  of 
the  buffalo,  the  ncrotuni,  otc:  othi*rs  for  arrow -point.1  upon 
which  a  l>r*r  has  uriiuUed,  or  «i  lejwt  troddon.  A  collection  of 
ihitt  kind  is  therefor  niatb  only  after  yiMirs  of  pationt  labor  and 
nwoarch.  nod  io  io  coDs<.'qurn(M<  scrupulously  %fcj;uardod.  When 
Iht-  ahaman  ha>i  diflpa4(>d  of  bift  pouch  before  death  itA  conti'ntA 
are  jfold  by  the  h'.Mi^,  eithor  in  part  or  whok',  as  thn  prolit  ntiiy 
warrant. 

jlsh,  the  mcdicinp  pouch. 

jUh  \iv  bikldcMJizi,  the  wrap  for  ihr  |njuc1i. 

THE  HOI-Y  ONTS8. 


Tlu"  umninT  of  Uie  word  liashcll^  (II0I.V  Oniw) as  t'liiploywl  in 
the  nani>>s  of  .soum  of  the  ^ds  is  not  ut^ncinllv  knowa.  More* 
fis'^Tt  it  i'i  ncK  itcnerally  niade  public  by  the  knowing  ones  who 
ffuanl  its  nicanin<;  a-*  ft  secret. 

hsAhclit^k'ifi,  thi>  Talkinir  liud  of  the  oaAt.  is  the  child  of 
ha.vutkhfcl  ItHHtiiln  nud  hiiyotkliil  csdzA.  of  the  [)nwn  Man  and 
Woman.  hasbcli^bA'Ad,  of  tho  south.  i.s  the  child  of  n&hoda'tTl'^h 
ti|fn  and  nUboilietriNh  e&<]z4.  of  the  Skyblui'  Man  and  WuuuLn. 
hcH^hujchAn  and  ha<lach1shi,  of  the  west,  the  children  of 
n&botKoi  haMt<)ln  and  oihot-w^ti  e^lzA,  of  the  Evcninjr  Twiliirht 
Man  anil  Woman,  chahaliil^l  hnst^iln  and  cliahali)^  osdxfl,  the 
Dorknefls  Man  anil  Woman  broutrht  Torth  anJt'&ni,  (hr  Corn- 
beetle,  and  t)|Aitidl,  ('orn-|Ktllen.  The  spirit  uf  life  (^fcill*) 
haviuK  been  bn>tLtlifd  into  litem,  the  Corn-beetle  (anlt'flnil  wan 
cljarip-d  to  eivf  -pt-ich  or  voice  (beinrf**  to  the  uthera.  When 
they  atti-nipU-d  tu  Hp.>nk.  however,  haMlK-K^)t(jii  could  utter  only 
"  wuubu:**     huMhc)i^hr>|rhAn   and    lwda(-hf!4hl     uttered     "rpkwA, 


Wc 


SS4 


-iA  ETUSOLOOIC  VICTIOXAHY. 


qawd;"  ba-shcMbakhfi  similarly,  Bad  hasbcB^bAlLdt  ^' wo.  wo." 
Amt  wben  it  was  fvunJ  ttmt  th4*y  could  nut  speak,  it  wrk  aaitl  ol 
them.  *'elif&ha»lzi.  it  (the  child)  did  Dot  speak,  or  sttemptiil 
(iin-HUccessfully)  l<>  F(i>eak."  By  an  appn>xi[nate  lUiMtroi^ 
cBo^haadEi  became  hacKA.  or  haAhcHJ,  the  root  dxi  beiofr  dropp«i 
mmplHpty.  Accordiofrly,  bashcK^  dpsii^nates  the  ttpt^KUm  or 
muU  oit«  in  the  KenfM*  Kiven.  It  is  Iwre  rfixlered  with  ^mft, 
ffeuii,  Aolj/  o/ifM,  or  KoiiU!  such  Miiilvalcut. 

Whea  then.'  i^peecbles!*  divinities  wt>r«  leavini;  for  ihe  hdr 
places  they  rnaile  the  imprint  (niR^)  of  their  faces  upon  yoteai. 
whit^  :;helU  dutrtzbi,  tuniiioifie,  and  other  precious  Rtonfts.  At 
pfi'iicrtt  these.  impriDtit  are  represented  by  the  masks. 

THK   MAHKS. 

The  uiifht  cbaut  properly  requires  tweoty-four  masked  per- 
Honators,  though  in  late  years  thlg  number  ha^  b^^n  limited  U) 
fourteen;  the  yeibichni,  six  male  nod  six  female  masks,  «illi 
tt)6ni>nili,  or  water  NprinUler.  The  ina-skH  an-  desi^abxl  v 
jl»h,  pouch,  tbouffli  strictly  speaking  they  arr  niKle.  or  face* 
prints  uf  the  Holy  Ones  (diylai).  The  latler  expn^esion  is  nov 
UHed  to  defii^nate  Ihe  nuuik  of  yucca  which  is  placed  on  tbi* 
patient.  'ITie  rna-sks  uwd  by  ih'-  '/rtnotr*  are  timde  of  doKiSei. 
or  iinwuimded  buckskin,  and  are  colored  and  decorated  anew  f»r 
each  occasion. 


The  foUowind  is  a  list  of  the  personatora: 

haAhch^Jtqir,  or  the  Talkiog  or  the  Directing  God,  so  callinl 
from  his  utiiial  rale  uf  director  or  master  of  ceromonies.  He  '» 
also  referred  to  as  y^ibicbal,  the  irrandfatber  of  tlie  yei,  orgoda 
The  nijfht  chant  is  called  arcordinjriy.  the  tf,-ihii:hai  littncK. 

hashch^ho^hAn,  the  House  God. 

hashch^bakhi',  or  the  Male  (lod,  of  which  there  are  six. 

hashclii^bi'id,  or  the  Female  God,  of  which  there  art*  six. 

t4(6nj^uili,  ur  the  WaU-r  Sprinkler,  who  is  also  called  lu^h- 
chdtbA'i,  the  Gnu'ish  God. 


REUalOH. 


m 


(IzAhudolzhai,  or  zAhadolzh&i,  the  Krinjfixl  Moutli. 

gh&'ftflSltH,  the  Hiinchluck. 

hashcfi&ihKhfni,  tbo  BlHck  God,  or  Fircfrod- 

na.\Tni-z^hfiiii.  Ihf  Slayer  of  the  Kneiiiy,  and 
^tqutnijishchfiii.  ins  brother,  or  the  Child  of  Water. 
ibasbdidot^Abi,  the  Qod  who  Shoots  (t)ie  arrows). 

hadacKlshi,  the  Lashinif  God,  who  lashes  or  whips. 

hoshrliliichfi,  the  Red  (iod. 

basbcU^  idlh^s,  the  Whistling  God. 

The  nioitntain  chant  reqviires  but  one  nt&ske<d  permnator,  rejv 
Knentinj;  hashcK^ltqll,  who  directs  the  constructioQ  of  the  corral 
bjr  Ws  cry.  "wiuihii,*"  and  by  (festuros. 

Tbe  BifT  God  chant  alno  reqiiireH  two  marked  personators  of 
baihcH^tso,  tbe  large  hashcbl^,  and  bowboOqfnAsgai,  or  the  one 
vith  tbe  tlouble  row  of  white  toetb. 

Tbe  coyote  rhaot  (mft^iji)  rN|uireK  haJibcH^HqTi  and  i»hado1xh£ 
(dzlhadulxbiK  the  Frinved  Mouth.     (See  infra.) 

TheAT  c-liantA  are  desijcnated  as  yei  dahulAni,  or  havjiit;  the  yei, 
while  tbe  others  are  8|K>keii  of  ax  yei  ailin,  or  without  the  yei, 
or  masked  pon*i»nator8. 

The  masked  personat^tr  iniitateft  tbe  cry  of  tbe  ffods,  for 
instance,  "  wuuhd,**  of  hashcB^itqil,  etc  Tbe  Hhanian  always 
enjuinH  u[ion  xUv  niaM|ueradeni  not  to  6|>eal(  wtten  wearing  the 
ma^k.  The  reason  for  this  injunction  iii  apparent  from  tbe  above 
i'Xplanaliun,  It  im  also  feannl  lliat  tbe  otfendtnjt  nioatiiierader 
••hould  inevitably  he  visited  by  sonie  miofortune.  To  insure 
■gaiiiarsurh  an  event  eimtom  retinircs  that  the  mamiuerader  blow 
upon  tbe  luaHk  afti>r  reniovinfr  it  For  a  similar  reason  It  was 
prohibiti-Ml  that  niaimed  and  tame  persons  wear  the  niasks,  in  fact, 
only  penwjnH  of  [wrfit't  ph.V(kique  and  health  were  atltnitted.  A 
greater  leniency,  however,  is  gradually  taking  tbe  place  of  this 
ancient  rigor  nolwitlMlatiding  the  futile  protects  on  tbe  part  of 
tbe  belter  and  nwire  consfrvattve  class  of  ahamans. 


386 


AK  BTHItOLOfUr  PIVTIOHAKY. 


THE  DEDICATION  AND  DRE88INtJ  OF  THE  MASKS. 

Thp  majtltH  beinv  a  liken*^^  and  repnywoUlion  of  th*  i^ 
are  sacnK],  and  the  preparation  of  tbeni  is,  therefor,  miantFty 
prcscribtxl  by  ritiial.  ThL-y  should  nut  be  ntade  in  the  bone  is 
one  would  make  an  ordinary  article  of  commerce,  bat  require « 
coremony  in  proirres*  for  their  coastrticlion.  Th^-  conimfTctil 
buckflkin  is  not  admissible  as  material  for  the  mask.  Tb^  hide 
of  a  dfKT,  shot  with  an  arrow  or  bullet,  is  equally  rejivitH].  uil 
is  essential  that  the  animal  bo  nm  down  and  laHSoed,  after  vUeh 
pollen  ij;  placed  upon  lis  tonfciip  and  it  is^ttari:Ied  to  death.  f/it>- 
UAK^i.  the  hide  and  other  parts  of  an  unwounded  deer,  ncnd 
buckskin.)  Th«  places  for  iacision  are  marked  off  with  poll(i) 
through  which  a  li^ht  mark  is  drawn  with  rock  crystal  (tsAfhi- 
dindfni)  and  the  incision  mode  with  a  stone  or  ordinary  knife. 
The  sinnws,  hide,  pollen  iisei)  in  tracinf;  the  lines,  the  rxcrctloas 
of  the  eye.  the  toes,  and  .>aich  parts  as  may  serve  one  or  olfarr 
ceremonial  purpose,  are  preserveil  as  isacred. 

The  rear  of  the  neck  of  the  deer  is  used  for  the  front  or  firr 
of  the  mask.  (Somt'  hold  that  a  doe  skin  is  necessary  for  tiir 
female  nia-^kfl,  thouifb  otbei-s  do  not  make  this  dii^tinctioal 
This  piece  is  fU*ed  to  the  fare  of  the  patient,  the  proper  iM 
beini;  obtAined  by  placing  both  hands  on  it  with  the  thumbs iwl 
index  Hovers  touchine  each  other.  The  circle  thus  madt-  aloiir 
the  extremities  uf  the  hands  and  tinjfers  is  cut  out  after  previouilj 
tracine  the  murk  with  rock  crystal  and  pollen.  The  remould 
of  the  hide  cut  out  are  made  into  thongsi  and  fringed  .4tripi  for 
decoi-alin?  and  tieinjr  the  masks.  The  twck  of  the  mask  is  titteiJ 
and  cut  out  in  the  same  manner,  so  that  ma.sks  ro%-erinir  ^ 
whole  h(tad  are  composed  of  two  halves  one  of  which  odIj'  is 
ri-qnired  for  tlie  face  masks,  as.  fur  instance,  that  uf  the  f 
IFods. 

The  two  parts  are  sewenJ  tosrother  with  dokak^i  bitdfd,  sitt* 
of  the  unwounded  deer.  The  sewine  is  done  sunwise  (ahAbiUgo). 
an  with  the  patient  seated   facinfi  east,  the  mask  is  iriade  to  hi* 


nEunioTf, 


S87 


Lhut  direction,  fto  thtt  the  stitchinir  be^inn  At  the  south  f>nd,  ter- 
mintttiue  thp  Heoni  acroHR  the  head  at  the  north  end  or  side.  Tho 
stitches  sre  niMte  with  an  awK  from  right  to  left,  making  an 
ordinarv  winJin-z  Rtitch.  To  obtain  the  proper  shapf  it  is  fitted 
from  tiaie  to  time  over  the  head  of  the  patient,  which  is  dotie 
iritb  all  mutkft  of  a  Mtt,  %»  the  entire  sot  iniist  be  constructed  and 
dedicated  Rimultaneoiutly.  Accordin^b'*  a  number  of  sewers 
are  employed  so  that  the  sowinf;  may  be  completed  on  that 
oitrht.  (If  one  ni^ht  is  not  sufficient  to  complete  the  sewinir, 
eolorinir  ami  dedicating,  tbe  set  is  carried  to  two  and  more  cere- 
mooiea  for  completion.)  Featliers  of  the  bluubird  (d6ti)  and 
yellowbinl  4a,visih8oi)  are  inserted  between  the  two  sections 
alonj;  tho  seam,  all  tips  or  ffrowinff  parts  (nos^l)  of  the  feathers 
extendinjr  the  ssme  way,  or  upwanl.  To  facilitate  sewin?, 
and  to  preserve  the  leather  moist  and  pliable,  hide  and  sinew  am 
occasionally  sprinkled  with  sacred  water  (tq6  alchln,  ttmellintr 
wsterK  which  is  iised  for  no  other  piir|>o8e,  and  is  at  present 
difficult  to  obtain.  Some  spriDir.  the  bubblinjr  of  which  seemed 
iHj'8t»Tioius  f^r  f*'n  water  collected  into  a  hole  on  the  summit  of 
s  fairly  toaceesHthle  rock,  or  similar  water  holes,  «-ere  termed 
holy  or  mntiiinff  imtrr^  %m\  set  aside  for  the  above  purpose.  At 
the  construction  uf  a  new  set  of  masks  the  ninger  iisually  dis- 
(atrbt^  two  of  the  fleet*'.*!  roiiriera  in  opiHwIte  din^ctions  with 
instructiomi  to  hrinir  Kuch  water  by  sumlown  of  tttat  day. 

The  sewtnir  i-oniplfted,  the  ma«kn  ore  in  lum  «lipp«l  over  the 
beail  of  ]tatiiMtt,  and  the  eyes  and  mouth  of  iht?  nuLsk  are  then 
marked  amj  cut  out  in  the  usual  manner  (with  pollen  and  rock 
crystal).  Tbe  eyes  on  most  manks  are  oblonff  and  triantfular, 
with  the  base  of  the  trisn^les  facinj?  each  other.  C>n  some 
ma^ks,  as  thai  tif  tbe  Slayer  of  Monsterx,  and  that  of  the  Water 
child,  the  t<ye)i  are  )i4)uare,  while  the  eyes  and  mouth  of  the 
Talking  (>^ud  Ou.'^hc^^ltqi>  are  <louble  Sfpiares  laid  ajrainxt  each 
other  <binA  and  bir^  aqlsPnlD   with  one  end  of     fi     il  Fi     il 

each  rube  left  op**n.      The  ffreater  number  omit  . . 

the  DCMKT.  which  is  {Niinte<l  im  the  few  miuiriDK  it.  |t I| 


ETHNOG 


ItUTlOSAKY. 


Tbf  mask  is.  then  colored  with  bliie  (adlshtllsh),  blark  llrjbi), 
yelluw  (letsui),  red  (ctu*)  or  while  cia.v  (dlcsli).  bh  the  ritual  doi' 
recinirc 

hoshcP^lUii,  the  Talkinif  God,  is  white,  with  a  corn-pUnt 
extendiiiir  from  hi»  mouth  to  foreheai}. 

ha-'^hcK^hn^rhAi),  tho  Hoiiac  God,  ix  blue. 

hoshcH^bakhd,  the  Mnk'  (iod,  and  hB.shcB^ba'ftd,  the  Fenile 
God,  each  six  iu  number,  ori*  painttnl  blue.  The  female  mask  u 
a  face  mask  and  is  tied  to  the  rear  of  the  head. 

hashcb^hzhlni.  the  Fireg^od,  is  black. 

ba8hcti6lcbj.  the  Reil  Cio<l,  is  red.     This,  too,  ia  a  face  niMk. 

KhAX^kidi,  the  llunchbnck,  and  nftisRidi.  the  Huncheye,  iw 
iht*  ■'lime  mask  of  a  blue  color. 

hndaelifHlu,  the  LoHhing  (iod.  also  requires  a  blue  mask. 

mlyCnei'^lulni.  the  Slayer  of  Monsters,  reiiuires  a  black 
wliilu  ]m  brother,  tqobajlshchlai.  the  Water  child,  calU  fort 
red  mask. 

hashcH^ibfti,  the  Ora.v  God,  or  the  tq6n«nlli.  Water  Siiriiiklvr. 
who  is  uKiially  the  clown  of  the  net,  ia  decorated  ia  blui>. 

zAhaflAJzh&ha,  the  Friuir)Hl  Mouth,  is  colorttl  in  blue  and  mlt 
an  the  ri>rht  lialf  of  his  mask  U  colored  r«l  for  the  hnuicb  of 
the  nif^ht  chant  called  to  thi  roci-it  (tseufjih  uhfreaK  yellow  i> 
subfititiited  for  rtnl  in  ttiat  branch  chant  known  a»  to  the  tf^^ 
(tqaltr&'ji).  Two  masks,  therefor,  belong  to  tbe  set  for  this  fpiA. 
though  the  yellow  and  blue  mask  Ia  disappeariofr  altogether. 

The  base  of  each  mask   is  decorated   with  a  colore*!  line  of 
yellow  and  white  reprciienting  the  dawn  (ha.voJkbil)  and  etinn|^ 
twilight  (n&hotsoi).  ^^| 

.Such  gods  and  mask»  aa  make  use  of  hair  employ  drixilinf 
rain  (nttsAoajIn^  for  this  purpose,  which  is  indicated  along  tki 
top  and  sides  of  the  respective  masks.  Hursehair  {KghAl,  or 
more  definitely,  horsetail  hair  (H  biUU^hAt.  mixed  with  a  tiift  of 
sheep  wool  <deb£  baghA),  U  at  preaent  subutitutod  for  thr 
drix/ling  rain. 

The  jMiinting  done,  the  maxkR  are  lined  up  for  dedication.    Ai 


RKUfitON. 


981 


r 


litp  vigil  takf«  place  on  the  sixth  day  (Hfth  nifrbt>  of  tbp  nieht 
chant  ihi>  ina.«kR,  too,  niiiRt  bo  dediriitMl  thon.  Thiit  is  t4>i'mKl 
tqo  aK11((|4.  Hprin]{lin^  uf  water,  ami  \n  pcrfomiiHl  by  two  buys 
and  two  ifirls,  of  the  airf  of  ten  mid  twflvi*  .vcars.  who  Imvp  not 
•ttaini'<l  lhe>  aiio  of  p(ibi.'rt.v.  Each  of  tho^to  citrricg  a  ffnlhor 
(oditql.  ndi'A),  which  thf>'  dip  into  vt  atitr  and  sprinklp  each  maKit 
with  it.  Thfy  thfm  feed  I'ach  mask  vs'ith  a  pinch  of  Alr«med 
com  ifnu'I  (ncshjlKhi*  previously  pr^'parcd.  'ITiis  is  foltowinl  by 
a  iri-ntral  feast  of  thoM>  pn-sont  at  whirh  thoy  partaki-  of  bread- 
ataffs,  corocake  and  su£H>ts,  providf-d.  bowoi'(>r.  that  some  ben- 
wood  (w&*)  is  obtaiimblc  from  wbicli  to  pr^'parr  a  1«h.  Whenever 
thi»  vaeil  in  not  to  be  had  tht*  ffa-^t  in  omitted,  thoiifirh  in  any 
fvrnl  the  fi^'dinif  of  the  nia.'fks  must  tAki'  place.  The  niA><kfi 
ihcn  Nmakp  (ji.sh  IxidihilyAt,  that  is,  the  singer  preinivs  n  smoke 
fur  them  frnni  mountain  tobucco  (natfo  wfl'^i  and  dzll  ndt^At,  which 
hf  btuwa  up  and  downward  four  tinifs.  fo]lowjn>;  this  by  blowini! 
\hv  »mokt<  toMiinl  each  martk.  The  vitfil  (do-Tj;)iJl/.h)  is  tU-n  con- 
tintM'd  and  is  followr^l  by  a  sacritice  to  tht*  lalkin^f  stom-  (t«eyaj- 
tqiji)  of  a  prayci-stick  the  l«n(rth  of  the  hand,  while  a  similar 
t»crific«*  is  nude  for  the  patient  to  the  shelves  in  thi'  rock 
(taenicintqi).  Ijowevcr,  when  the  doflication  of  thi-  masks  mn 
not  be  completed  in  one  nig'hl,  the  luitinlKhcd  masks  are  ni;ain 
f*xhibit»d  at  the  nisht  cliant  on  some  other  occasion,  which  ia 
repeated  nnlil  the  tledrcation  ha"  been  proi»erly  completed. 

At  the  piihUc  eshihition  at  the  rlow>  of  the  ceremony  the  new 
tK  iKe<l  for  tlw  lirsi  tiirii'.      (See  I*I»ffi*IIation.) 

A  sin^h'  white  feather  (isos  faiKHi).  or  n  tuil  featlter  of  the 
eagle  (atftAtitAo),  atlorns  the  nide  or  centf^r  of  the  ma^k,  which 
featbers  are  more  niunerotiH  on  tfai'  masks  of  tbe  Tnlkin^  and 
HoitiH-  Ootid.  The  Iwse.  and  Mometime*  the  lip  of  tlli^  li>e 
fi!«tb0r,  is  nddition»lly  mlorned  with  thfi^s  of  uwl  (m^nhju^hA), 
yellowbird  (ti^Miitsoi)  or  turkey  feathe^^  (tqlUhitfiAfi).  Al  tinii># 
tbc  eent4.«r  of  tht.s  tiift  is  decitnited  with  a  tnrqiwiae,  bnt  more 
frequently  with  white  clay  (dtf^ith).  which  1*^  .«iubM>i|uentl.\  rcmovid 
and  used  metlieinally  idlr-nh  KA'nll). 


S90 


AN  BTBNOLOQW  mVTlOKARY, 


>Vhereas  tbp  two  bilnlbodidczll,  wbo  originated  with  tha 
world,  oamely.  the  kit-  uatl  yellow  fox  (m&M  do<Tf8h  «nd  xbI£\ 
fitaoi),  are  numbered  witb  the  holy  people,  tbeir  fura  are  employW 
u  collars  atid  decorations  Tur  thv  Deck.  A  inir  of  trach  »  uaed 
for  some  majiks,  as  that  of  the  Firei^od,  of  the  Slay  era,  HuDch* 
buck,  and  Krin>r(-^  Month,  the  heads  of  the  furs  beinjr  crtwed  n 
front  with  the  (atls  AxngWn^r  in  the  rear.  Home  masks,  aft  tka 
Talking  and  House  Gods,  the  Male  (lod,  and  Water  Sprinkltr 
or  Clown,  .substitute  spruce  twifrs  for  the  fox  fur,  while  tbe 
Female  Gods,  the  Whippinf  God,  and  the  Red  God,  emplojr 
no  decoration  about  the  neck.  The  coUar«  are  known  aa  miV 
)it8ui  ilb&,  yellow  fox  collar,  m&'i  dotHshi  ilb&,  kit-fox  collar, 
and  cbO'  Tlh&,  fiprnce  collar.  The  female  niafikfi  are  decuratnj 
at  the  base  with  frineed  rain  (nlts&iujTn),  or  horsehair. 
*  The  mask  of  the  HuDchback  (irbft'AsKIdi)  is  decorated  with  • 
basket  the  bottom  of  which  has  been  cut  out.  The  bottom  of 
the  basket  that  cut  is  decorated  with  £tfr»Mt  liRhtninjr  Utsin 
tTlsh),  while  two  horns  (dS),  similarly  decorated  with  lij^htniaf 
and  downy  feathers,  extend  from  the  interior  in  op|>ositr  diree- 
tiuns  with  pieces  of  red  stooe  (tseichli)  lineal  around  the  rim  of 
the  basket.  The  hoi-ns  represent  ornamental  bnulpiecee  of  can* 
uek-oal  (bu.'ihzhini).  which  at  present,  huivevcr,  are  made  of 
twisted  sheep-  or  buckskin  and  colored  with  blue  (adishtUsh), 
black  (lojfn^  and  white  clay  (diesh).  TTie  ba-tket,  which  in  the 
home  of  the  (rods  is  made  of  cannelcoal,  now  consbta  of  an  ordui- 
nry  native  basket  cut  out  for  the  purpose,  and  belonjrs,  like  the 
masks,  to  the  medicine  ba^  (jL-ih)  of  the  shaman.  The  whole  if 
placed  over  the  mask  as  a  hat  or  covering  (tqiUstqin.  put  on  Ibt- 
forehead),  and  is  removed  after  every  performance.  Similarly, 
bis  hunch,  or  imck.  as  it  is  called  (qe},  biy«&l),  is  nude  anew  for 
each  occasion.  This,  to-daj',  consists  of  a  stuffed  sheep-pelt 
decorated  in  white,  red  and  blue,  or  the  color  of  tbr  rainbow 
(nat^Ud,  with  white,  dsAgai),  nhieh  it  repn'sentj^  Five  wtnte 
latH^l^i)  and  live  red  (ats^lchi)  eagle  tail  featht>r>4  are  inserted 
into  the  pack,   which  is  secured  to  the  back  by  nieuiiN  of  oonU 


npresentinK  simraya  (sh&bitrAI).  Hl<  nnpiKirts  biniself  on  ft 
cmikc  (fish)  Ktid  meika  attrtitjon  by  his  nitnirnfiil  aiahs  of  f,VBMn. 

The  (U'coration  of  KiluulolKhftha,  thv  Frint^ed  Muiith,  ih  Hiiiii- 
lftrl.v  construt;to(]  of  a  boUoiiiUisfi  bxskct.  but  in  plact?  of  the 
boras  of  thf  pn-cudiaK  musk  a  lartfe  triaotrulur  fL-atbur  (tqaiit^Asi, 
fon>b*!a()  feather)  of  horscbair  (Ha-UI)  is  8ub«ititut«d,  and  topped 
with  thrtv:  eagle  feathers  {htMn  iajinii)  wound  with  iajmoIs  of 
irrass  (troz/^1  be  biRfdesiUzi).  Five  rod  feathnrs  (Rts^tchi)  extend 
from  thf  ba^keL  Thie  mask  is  provided  with  curs  ibij&)  and  <«r 
cordfi  (jatf^l).  To  diHtiaKiii^h  the  niaiiks  for  the  two  brancbcB 
of  the  tiivht  cliant.  as  mcutiooed  abov^^  one  is  desitfoat^d  as 
Iscnlji  xihaJolzhAha  bint  Kchf,  the  Frinfred  Mouth  with  the  re>d 
face  for  them  to  the  rocks,  the  other,  tqahfll'ji  zfthuholzh&ha 
binl  htROy  the  Frinf^l  Mouth  with  the  yellow  face  for  Ihem  in 
the  wmtor. 

Since  the  nuuks  represent  the  Kodn  who  aupposetlly  visit  the 
corral  dancine  with  the  pei-sooators  there,  tbe  likeness  should  be 
perfect,  and  tht?  |K-rHonator  should,  in  oonie  dejcree  at  least,  per- 
Aootfy  the  ifod,  carrying  Auch  emblems  of  power  about  his  person 
•a  an<  known  to  btt  thv  ix>.<<i(«sion  of  the  god.  Itence,  the  per- 
flou&tor  carries  those  or  is  decorated  with  them,  as,  for  instance, 
the  drill  in  the  ca84>  of  the  Firegod.  or  the  lafiltes  in  case  of  (he 
WhippiQic  (iud  (hadacHlshil.  Presujiuibty,  too,  tbe  color  of  the 
maftk  indicate*  the  uiaterial  of  which  it  was  made,  8uch  a»  tur- 
(inoJso  for  bliie,  white  shell  for  white,  and  so  on.  In  Rome 
inKlanrcs  ih4'  Itgure^f  on  the  face  of  the  niask  arc  eniblematir  of 
the  e<xl*fi  jHiwer,  or  of  his  |Hculiarity.  Thu5,  llie  lightning  on 
tht*  face  of  the  Slayor  of  Monntftnt  illitslrates  his  vocation,  while 
but  garment  if*  a  covering  of  bows  (altqin  yeluulitf^o  Mizfgo,  ho 
is  clothed  in  a  buwF.  Tbe  )>er8ooalor  also  carries  a  black  stone 
knife  <b«fthdili|f))  and  a  rattle  (baghAl)  of  pifion  (deftt^n^  The 
tnaak  of  the  Water  child  ih  deoorat«l  with  many  queues  to  indi- 
cata  tbe  manner  of  tieing  Uie  hair  (or  the  Hcalp.  8ee  War 
Danoe).  His  body  is  clothe<l  in  qiwuea  (taiyA)  yehadi^<^gc 
■cadgo).  while  his  knife  Ik  maile  of  blur  flint  <beKh  dotnzbi  bibfoh) 


Ay  ETUHOLOaW  DICTIONARY. 


Bod  bis  rmtUv  (baghit)  of  juniper  Urfid).  Both  queue  unci  btm 
are  lefi  oj)«n  lest  Uie  operator  lose  his  pyBsiirht  (cHAhACT  do- 
»q(idzdda,  th«  line  of  the  outlet  U  aot  drawti  tojrctber).  Other 
masks  require  sitniUr  additional  pBrEpheraalia.  which  are  added 
U>  the  mask  when  actuAll.v  in  use.  And,  M-hereas,  the  gods 
remove  these  inaskR  upon  r(>turninsr  to  their  homes^  the  decorm- 
tions  of  fnrs,  feathers,  spruce  or  drawtni;s  are  in  every  iiistBoe# 
removed  from  the  mask  before  boJDi;  replaced  int^^  the  pouc^ 
As  much  time,  labor  and  exiwose  is  required  in  the  ooDstmctkw 
of  a  new  get  of  masks  the  old  ones  are  preserved  as  much  as 
possible,  and  few  of  the  living  .-^ioBera  of  the  tribe  are  coowr- 
KADt  with  the  nH)uired  ritual  preficription.s  for  their  manufsctart. 

These  maska  uKually  Hg:ure  in  the  night  chant  unless  the  public 
exhibition  is  to  be  omitted.  In  the  mountain  chant  the  vuion 
groups  of  dancerii;  perform  masked  or  unnia.sked  in  a  free  for 
all  exhibition.  The  feather  chant  (atsAsiji)  requires  the  Talkiof 
(iod  (hoRhchfittqii)  and  the  Water  Sprinkler  Itqdnenlli),  the  latter 
carrying:  a  large  olla  on  hia  back.  They  dance  within  the  hogta. 
The  TalkioK  Ood  insists  upon  a  corncake  (alkb&d),  which  motf 
be  baked  for  him  and  his  companion  before  he  cumoiences  (u 
dance. 

In  the  coyote  dance,  which  Is  now  extinct,  three  persontton 
of  Talkiuii  God  <.v6ibichai),  the  Fringed  Mouth  (zAhadoUhihai. 
anil  a  Female  Goi]  (.veiba'ml)  api>eHn'd.  It  is  Raid  that  M«' 
Frioved  Mouth  danced  carrying  a  live  kit-fox  (mS'i  dotTtzhi)  la 
hi»  haods.     This  was  done  inside  the  bogan. 

Finally,  at  the  naj^hego  hatqftl,  or  a  Mngiotr  (of  the  Dtgbl 
chant),  the  rjose  of  which  in  conducted  inside  the  hogmn  instead 
of  in  public,  the  VVhippint;  and  Ked  God.s  (hadacHlshi  and  ba^ 
cH6lehl)  ap|>ear  in  the  hogan  inakinj;  liberal  use  of  their  lashca 
The  full  set  of  maHks,  elaborately  decorated,  and  differing'  lo  * 
Kn>at  extent  from  those  used  in  public,  is  employed  thm- 
l>rait  inga  of  these  could  not  be  published  here. 


JtSLIOlON. 


IMITATIONS   OF  THE   NAVAHO   MASKS. 

Owine  io  llw  olsboroU;  ritual  connected  witb  the  construction 
of  the  nia^ks  am)  tlwir  dt^ication  very  few  Ruts  are  extant. 
These  an?,  therefor,  disposed  of  only  with  extreme  reluctancjr, 
ihotiifh  the  courte«>y  of  their  ime  is  readily  (cranteil  to  a  friendly 
ahaman.  For  purposes  of  barter,  and  also  for  |ire-*tijrft,  imita- 
tions of  the  ffenuine  masks  are  made  of  other  than  errriuonitU 
hide.  The  i;t>nuine  mask,  however,  is,  for  obvious  reasons, 
preferred  and  Boujfht  in  the  public  performances. 

ImitattonK  of  the  Navaho  masks  are  u-sed  by  the  ZuRt  in  the 
C^halako  dance.  These  are  made  of  borsebide,  the  mouthpieces 
or  tabes  beinjr  Bttcd  and  Ifn^thened  to  further  greater  conre- 
nisooe  in  uttering  the  usual  cries.  The  Navaho  designate  tlie 
Swlmko  as  "yi^inss,*'  the  tall  yei  or  ffod».  They  are.  moreover, 
frMljr  permitt4-d  to  aasiNt  in  the  HongT*.  which  are  identical  with 
tbow  of  the  N'avaho  ceremonieit.  Indeed,  it  ha^  been  established 
that  the  better  known  ceremonies  of  the  Navabo  are  reproduced 
on  the  ni^ht  of  the  Shalako,  thus  the  dzilkfji  (mountain),  tKji 
(  niirhc),  yAfp  (bead),  hoxh/lnie  (beauty),  etc.  While  the  Navabo 
lanjOMK*  is  used  the  accent  and  difference  in  cadence  of  the  Zufii 
renditioa  doea  not  efface  the  peculiarly  Navaho  origin  of  the 
chantB.  The  y^inss,  or  tall  giants,  who  perform  as  dancers 
throughout  tlie  nitfht  have  b«-eu  cbaQg<-d  or  iidde«l  to  .nitit  the 
ZnHi.  The  tminterrupted  recitation  of  the  songs  of  the  various 
Navaho  chuntA,  which  is  done  sinudtnneously  in  sevt^ral  houses, 
is  also  distinctly  Zuflian.  The  fiict  that  a  month  or  so  after  the 
Shalako  has  tx^en  held,  the  do-tgh&ith,  or  vigil,  must  be  per- 
formed for  the  efiicacy  of  the  .Shalako,  seems  again  to  favor  its 
Natuho  origin.  In  the  upiniun  of  «onie  who  tiave  witncSMi'^l  the 
Shalako,  and  from  inquiries  made,  it  apprars  that  the  Shalako 
originated  sonu^  <)evDnt,v  years  ago,  and  that  the  ihiishiln  (corrmi 
dance,  or  night  chant),  which  the  ZuRi  occasionally  i>erfomi  with 
imitations  of  Navaho  masks,  ut  nf  mori>  reoeoldate.  nami'ly,  after 


394 


A}9   BTJt.VOLOOIC  DlVTIONARY. 


the   returu    From   FuK   Siimaer.      The  opinioa    that   the  Zofii 
learned  arid  borrowed  from  Kavabo  teaebera  is  ritiite  ^enerat. 

While  tho  Navaho  are  permitte<i  to  attt'nd  some  of  the  wn- 
nmnics  of  tho  nciirhborinif  Punblo.  this  is  particularly  irnc  b 
regunJ  to  (ho  .li>mez  trtbc,  nhogi?  sbiuuans  at  times  arc  innlHi 
to  hold  cereriifiiieB  over  Xavaho  iiatients. 

THE   SACRIFICE. 


The  esseuiial  feature  uf  muBt  cbants  is  the  sacriBcc  ibif  All. 
which  is  offered  to  the  divinities.  The  sacriHc^  consists  of 
precious  stones  (q.  v.  iii/ra),  which  are  offered  fiitiifl,v  or  in  eoa- 
n«ctiuii  with  the  praycrstick  and  the  tobacco.  Wbeo  ritud 
requir<>s  that  tho  •^acriticial  stone  be  perforated  (a^hAdMqal),  ii 
with  that  for  tho  Porcupine,  it  is  fastened  tfaroivh  thia  perfon- 
tion  to  the  prayersticb,  otherwise  it  is  placed  itimn  the  latter  and 
tied.  The  mcrificr,  like  the  prayerslick,  is  not  identical  at  e 
chant,  and  the  prtwcriptiunti  Kuvernins  both,  with  refereoi 
kind  and  the  manner  and  place  uf  deposit,  are  very  nunw 

The  tobacco  (n&tfA*)  which  forms  part  of  many  aacri&en 
ordinarily  consists  of  wild  tobacco  <dzl)  nix^6').  This  is  cmmpled 
in  the  hands  (dfnofflsh)  and  placed  in  the  hollow  inttmoAtvi 
rei'd  (I6ka  A(|Ailittin>,  the  bottom  of  which  is  previously  cloarrf 
with  feathers  of  small  birds  \jlv&zb>,  such  as  the  bluebird  <d6li) 
and  yellowbird  (tsfdiltMiI).  It  is  then  Muhnl  with  a  la,ver  of 
pollen,  which  is  inserte«l  with  an  owl  feather,  then  s.yrabotimlh 
litfhted  with  n>ct(  crystal  (tsitfhadlndfni)  and  depoaitc<l  near  iV 
usual  habitat  of  the  divinity*.  In  dedicating  the  oflerins  tbf 
singer  invokes  the  divinittS'  by  its  sacred  name  (see  tiacred  Naoiei 
of  Animals).  The  names  of  the  various  tobaccos  often  indiortr 
to  whom  tliey  art*  offered. 

deb^  o&^6',  bieborn  tobacco  i  <>.r,'/f/v^//i«),  is  offered  to  the  B^^ 
horn  at  the  night  chant;  d]6*i  nA^O*,  ermine  or  weasel  U^woa 
IS  offered  there  to  the  Grmine. 

dinA'A*  n&fA',  or  din^  huneshflgo  binA^d*,  tobacco  for  ahnoii 


SBLIOtOlt. 


896 


lenmu,  «-hicb  is  iil»<>  cMllcd  jitli  n&t^A*,  antt-Iopt-  tobticco  (Lygo- 
I^BUB  ro»trnia\  is  offered  to  the  AnU;lu[K>  at  the  corro]  chant 
nfdzlji). 

ri  bead  cheat  tobacco  (.vAljI  nftt'd')  cunKints  of  Jzll  n&fd* 
catchtii";  shilHb  \\i£(t\  Uair  tobacco  {Trifnilm*  mnrimngh 
tftCd'  wA'I,  {P>iont!ea  Unuijlwa).,  ttisb  oi^O*.  smku  tobacco,  and 
ItsA  nA^d*,  eaifle  tobacco  (  (*'Ui»  longtjloi'a). 

The  BJIlJ^  illhU,vJ!',  or  ttiiiokc  for  le^^(lIle!»,  whirh  is  ]»erformecl 
It  the  coyote  cbaat  (mA'iji  ,  consiBta  of  tht!  fuUuwin^:  nAtf6' 
Johin,  U:mtili*T/a  minor);  dob^  ndt'fi',  jidi  iiit'd',  tHsh  uAt'd', 
IUl*i  oAl^A'.  atsA  oAtfO',  tnenttoned  provioualy;  bP  ttkSi%  deer 
Dbaoco;  deb^  UA  hilcblu,  the  seed  with  th«  odor  of  the  biirhoro; 
jA*  KA  hftlchin.  tht-  se«4)  with  the  odor  of  the  ear;  dzUkhi^tchln, 
dor  of  yoMth;  jlkh^khio,  odor  of  maidenhood;  dinAs  and  diiiAs- 
|o  (I);  deb£  haicHfdi«  scratching  for  the  bighorn;  tfA'dti  iiaytsi, 
AptarontKiu  affmg);  qdsh  bfldfihi,  i^roundsel:  ts^dld^.  four- 
i*clock;  khflt»&itMO,  {liigrtorUt  alhimulut)\  hazAil^'  tMo  (0:  bitna- 
l£tn-,  i£rUiff</nuttt)i  tsiyAalchlo,  piirwe«d,  and  a>'An  ilfighAiii). 
Rnm  are  crushed  with  the  Sagers,  thoroughly  mixed  (altqA- 
tAadxtd),  and  to  insure  effect,  the  secretions  of  the  eyes  of  the 
Ik  and  bighorn  (dxA  and  deb^  ts^tqA^  binA^'anlchln)  mast  be 
idded.  A  pipe  InA^Astsfi)  is  filled  with  this  mixture  and  lighted 
rith  pimk  niadn  of  curnc^b  pith  (dAAtBlnt.  Tho  pipe  is  stcmlosH, 
looical  in  shape,  and  pronded  with  a  bole  in  tbe  bottom  to  drew 
|»  amoke.  When  oeceKwry  they  are  made  of  clay  mixed  with 
trnabed  broken  pottery,  though  frequently  pipes  found  in  old 
tiins  are  made  to  answer.  The  singer  smokes  this  pipe  facing 
last*  and  blows  the  smoke  flrst  downward  to  tht^  earth;  then  to 
he  aky,  in  front  of  himself,  to  his  right,  rear  and  left  side,  and 
Inally  from  above  downwHrtl.  This  is  repeated  io  turn  by  the 
^bnt  and  all  present. 

W" 

r«»hii 


fA'  niy^l  (ablA,  I  have  made  your  wcrifice  (of  lobuou^ 
,  Jlhiah)^,  I  make  a  cigarette  (sacrifioe). 


nAt^ArtsA  bidihifthlA,  I  till  tbo  (ceremoaial)  pipe  with  tobacco. 


%9tl 


AK  ETHyoLoaic  DjrriOKAny. 


THE   PRAYERSTlfK. 


Small  sticks.  vnr>*injf  in  stw  and  color,  are  offprrtl  with  iBp 
sacrifirc  iind  (litiiraliHl  by  prayer,  which  |>oK<)ibl>'  aecotiniA  fur 
tht'  nanip,  pnti/rrstici;  thouirh  the  word  Sct^n  is  not  iiiterpretpd 
that  way.  Siinie  prayerslicks  are  Ihe  widlb  or  lentrth  of  thnec 
finger-tipR  itt\A  hiRf),  sonu"  of  fotir;  others  are  the  lenffth  of  lli*- 
second  joint  of  the  little  finffer,  or  the  span  from  lhi»  bent  iod« 
lintrer  to  the  tip  nf  the  tliiimb,  ami  mi  on.  Tht'.v  art-  color«l 
dark  (dilqO).  white,  yellow,  blue,  black,  apottftd  (Hkhf^hy,  bniwn 
(dlnllxhlnK  r«d  mixeil  with  black  (HcMK  or  sra^-  and  gi 
(disAs).  Some  are  decorated  with  rintrf  abottt  the  neck,  otheff 
with  zigzag  lines  on  the  body  of  the  stick;  aomo  with  cord»  of 
divers  colore  wound  about  them  in  the  ritual  manner  (sunwise), 
and  the  rerorne  (abad&'ji  biUl^tql):  still  others  rM|uire  an  oma- 
nient  like  the  arrow-point  (b^'&stfafiriK  or  soniethin?  rutnilar. 
The  ketlin  for  the  Sun,  for  instance,  is  niade  of  cane  ivetl  rolorrd 
blue  (t^^katso  dotrish).  that  of  the  Moon  of  cane  reed  colored 
white,  that  of  the  bullsnake  or  copperhead  unstw)  of  c«ne  n<A 
coloreil  dark  (l6ttatiH>  dilqTl),  while  the  so-called  track  ftnalte 
(tllsh  dAdtn'),  which  encircles  many  aand  paintintrs,  riHinirps  mtm- 
at  all. 

Very  few  ceremonieR,  such  as  the  hoxhAji,  or  iriu-wal,  anil 
parla  of  the  hochAji,  or  witch  chant,  etc.,  do  dot  require  the 
pra.veratick,  nbile  in  others,  as  in  the  niffht,  mountain,  lijrht- 
nin(r,  find  other  chants,  they  are  v-er>-  numeroiu.  and  an*  maiU 
anew  for  each  occa.sion.  The  nmtertal  to  be  used  in  ihi-ir 
preimration  IR  mimitely  described  by  ritual  ami  tradition. 
Thus,  the  hollow  interuodes  of  the  reod  fisfure  laivel.v  when 
tolwcco,  pollen  and  feathers  are  to  be  iuKerli'd  and  liehtvd  «>'»)- 
bolieally,  or  the  prayersttck  is  made  of  mountain  mahogany 
{ts^t^sdflzi),  wild  cherry  (infi'idA),  juniper  (irAd),  willow  (Rail, 
cherrj'  woods  (dxidz^).  etc.,  which  are  cut  in  rftHom  (lixM 
according  to  prearrlption,  and  usually  in  paint  of  two,  one  nf 


ttKunioir 


3fl1 


which  in  thicker,  ant)  n>|iretwntH  the  male,  while  the  thinner  is  at 
times,  th»ii£^h  nut  alwa.\'s,  proiidiHl  tvith  a  facet  dnci>ruU'tl  with 
eyeii  sad  uioiith  t»  n>pivK<<nt  thi<  female  divinity.  These  are 
desiKnaU^d  uccurdiir^  lu  the  divinity  they  reprei^ent,  as  tho  pray- 
eratick  of  the  badsur,  [Mrcupiuv,  «un,  moon,  earth  or  sky,  and 
8uhHif)iiently  jilaci'd  in  scime  convenient  and  secluded  Apot  where 
it  may  easily  be  found  by  the  divinity. 

Wlien  a  NinKer  cunductH  twu  cen'tDonieesucciH-ditii^eBeh  other 
at  short  intervaln.  be  uKtially  niakt^w  a  sli(;l)t  cliantre  in  the  order 
of  the  prayemticks,  substitutinii:  one  for  uootber.  or  omitUug  a 
lew  Ditfnilicant  one. 

Sixteen  prayerhticks  aiv  latil  in  K^otiiw  of  fotir  each  in  the 
opretnonial  or  sacrificial  basket  at  the  nitflit  chant,  of  which  four 


^. 


^\Sx 


I  :>* 


HacriJkM  Battet. 


are  held  in  the  hand  by  tlie  four  atalUi'.  or  leading  and  initial 
dancem.  while  thf  nmiuininK  twelve  reprejM'Ut  the  otrt*rioj{  of  the 
lent.  In  the  event  of  twu  patii'nt«  thrse  twvlvu  atx''  divided 
tweeu  their  twu  bankets  tfivinn  t^cli  ba<iket  six  pra,venitick». 
A  namber  of  prayersticks  are  occasionally  specified  and  paid 
for  by  iORic  itttientfi,  and  are  conHe4|ueutly  not  preacribisd  at 
every  Aif(ht  chant.      They  number  twenty-two  (which  is  doubled 


t08 


KTitNOKonte  picrroffAsr. 


when  there  niv  two  paticntit)  and  are  tied  toffothpr  in  one  roll. 
From  their  niiinber  they  are  known  as  lit-t'ft  MUii,  many  prajrcF- 
sttcks. 

ttetiftBhchfn  is  a  sample  roll  of  pruyersticks  which  is  kept  by 
some  sinKcrs  to  aid  in  thi>  niakini;  of  the  various  prayenrtick^ 
for  the  chants,  or  oertaio  [wiia  of  the  cbaots  requiriotf  special 
pra,veniticks,  and  tracinr  the  order  in  which  they  should  follou. 
Not  every  Rinfffr  ta  pofwcsst-d  of  thr  •mmplf  roll  a.«t  moKt  of  tbem 
rely  npon  memory  io  preparing  and  ordering  them. 

KeCttn,  the  prayerstick,  or  intcrnode  of  reed.  Some  HutyrM 
k&iUn.  Kniall  arrow;  uthers,  yflaliftlLu,  the  reed  joint  placed  » 
the  hand. 

t&'  bcni'infigi,  the  sacrificial  basket  (in  which  the  pnvvtTstirks 
are  grouped). 

ket'A  I4ni,  many  pra.verH ticks. 

Refiltshchla,  1*011  of  prayersticks,  sample  roll. 


THK  8AND  PATNTING. 


Every  cbaot  nia>'  be  said  to  have  its  own  peculiar  sand  paint- 
ings, or  drawings  on  sand,  which  represent  the  divinity  or  »om^ 
event  in  their  live«  a-<i  relntrd  in  the  legends.  They  are  callnl 
Ikhfi,  the  t'ntry,  or  ihey  (the  goda)  enter  and  go,  Originallj:, 
these  drawings  were  made  by  the  gods  themselves  upon  sprrailf 
desiifnated  b8  naskhft,  o  sewing,  implying  that  the  effig}'  was 
Htitched  upon  some  kind  uf  fabric.  Of  these,  five  are  mentioned: 
the  natikbA.  or  diligf)  na^kbA,  the  dark  spread;  Ke^Jihchf  naKkhi. 
the  red  spottetl  spread;  khin  dstsgal  naskh&,  the  white  house 
spread:  natiV  sis  hlgal,  the  white  feather  belt,  and  nat^  naskbl, 
the  feather  spn-ad.  the  latter  two  of  which  were  in  the  form  ol 
a  belt  These  were  spread  out  for  the  ceremony,  after  which 
they  were  rolled  up  and  carried  to  their  homes  by  the  divinitiet- 
To-day  the  drawing  is  made  upon  a  layer  of  clean  sand  which  is 
carried  in  blankets  into  the  hogan  and  spread  out  there. 

The   colors  are   obtained    with    crushed    sandstone,   eharooalt 


RBLiniOX. 


S99 


ftc.  (see  CulortiK  The  labor  eoUUeJ  is  not  performed 
by  the  Hhuiiftu  but  b^^  AMtstonU  under  his  dirMtioa.  Tb«  bMdi 
of  the  tiirureB  are  pointed  to  the  daonr«j,  or  etst,  frocn  where 
the  godh  suppo«i4xlly  eotvr.  Hence,  too,  the  footprints  and 
trmils  mode  of  colortxl  sand  and  leadiofc  to  the  head  correspond 
to  footprints  coming  from  that  direction.  The  body  <bit^)  of 
the  tigures  is  usually  an  oblone  s-iittre  temunatintc  in  a  loin- 
cloth Urikbit),  which  coven  the  tower  body,  and  is  deconled 
with  Ruch  omanientA  as  the  leffends  require.  The  dre»  (bi  (^ 
or  bchidltfdi),  of  various  descriptions,  like  dark  arrow-points, 
lightnings,  etc.,  is  represented  in  the  oorrespondinK  colors. 
When  completed  tlii'  patient  leaves  his  place  un  the  northwest 
aide  uf  the  lire,  walk.-?  around  the  latter  to  the  south  side,  steps 
into  the  footprints  tad  seaU  himself  upon  the  drawiuff  facinjr  its 
head,  or  the  eut  Appropriate  songs  and  pre>'ers  are  then 
rendered,  after  which  the  patient  returns  to  his  place  in  the 
reversed  order.  The  drawing  \n  then  erased  and  the  sand  carried 
out  in  blankets. 

For  local  afflictions,  and  as  a  mark  of  reverence,  many  apply 
tlie  corresponding  parts  of  the  figure  to  the  afflicted  parts  by 
inhaiina  the  hreath  of  the  drawing. 

An  instance  of  a  tabooed  itaml  painting  is  found  In  the  bead 
chant  and  the  dmwin.r  of  the  eagleK,  whose  claws  an>  omitted 
and  substituted  by  lt6s  ishchtn,  cloud  effect,  whenever  the  draw- 
iug  is  made  during  the  suuuner  monthn. 

POLLEN. 

t<iididia,  pollen,  is  chiefly  supplied  by  corntiieal, 
and  is  carried  in  small  buckskin  pouches.  Sacred 
•iODW.  such  as  rock  crystal,  turHUotso.  and  the  like. 
and  sometimes  animal  fetiehcs,  are  enclosed  with 
the  pollen.  The  eating  of  pcllea  occurs  very  fre- 
quently during  the  ceremonies.  After  taking  a 
pinch  of  it  from  the  pouch  one  blown  toward  the 
■mokv-bole,  and  places  the  pollen  on  the  tongue  ami 


400 


AX  BTHSOLOOJC  DICTIOIfABT. 


bead.  Tht'  )<inffer,  patient,  and  all  pivsent,  stArUnir  from  ewt 
to  south,  wost  and  north,  participate  in  tbr  ord«-r  m«ntioiML 
Pollpn  ifi  Kprinkled  on  the  masks,  the  rBitl<'»,  and  other  panph- 
ernaiia,  on  the  bath,  and  su  on.  Pollen  iH  usM  also  outride 
of  ■  ceremony,  and  singiTR  Hprioklc  it  upon  one  another  vbeo 
meetinfr. 

Pollen  itt  also  called  fi'ninojrlUI  (baodam'si^iidK  shaken  off.  after 
1  live  bird  has  been  imiiicrsi><l  into  it  and  released. 

Sometimes  it  is  bIm  mentioned  ma  aq&dTdin,  pollen,  or  U\^ 
aqfidldin,  Ung  pollen:  tqo  baq&lldfn,  H-nter  pollen. 

Pollen  \s  alRU  f^athen-d  from  plants  and  troes.  t<]?l  bitqftdidln, 
flag  pollen:  tsin  bilq&didln,  pinon  pollen;  tqAdidt  dotffsh.  larfc- 
apur;  tqfididl  dotJIsb  aHdkiin.  barebt^lt;  cbllchlo  bitqikiidio, 
sumac  pollen,  etc 

Other  propamtionB  may  also  be  regarded  as  pollen.  .rfi'nAni- 
ffhfi^l,  |i«wdered  iliisi  from  places  where  the  deer.  ant«Iope.  big- 
horn, etc..  have  stood;  biz&oa.st*ftri,  mouth-crust,  or  hardened 
spittle  of  theve  animals:  biDi>'finlchtn,  the  eye-crust,  taken  fron 
the  cnwt  in  tlieir  eye-socketfi:  a/liAiihi  najthcliln  (!^:  d&*  tqA, 
dew,  taken  from  plants  (oans^). 

U|6taua»thchln,  niix*><l  wiiteix,  ia  used  for  Kiniilar  puri>o««9  u 
pollen.  Originallv,  these  waters  wi-re  »rather«l  itt  nAtfiI))'An<alch(a, 
the  product  of),  Navnho  Mountains:  dotcofisKd.  San  FranriKoo 
Mountains:  deb^ntsa.  San  .Tuan  RanKe:  Islsnajini,  Pelado  Peak; 
tsiidzil.  Mount  Toyloj-;  tq6whAl,  Taos;  tqdaqiedir,  river  forki^  ia 
the  south,  and  fruni  waters  in  the  west  and  north:  from  asshT, 
the  salt  lakes  below  Zufii,  or  rather  from  the  eprinjrs  at  dzil 
bA'id,  the  female  mountain,  and  bakhA*  dzil,  the  mal«  RMimtain. 
at  the  8alt  lakes.  To  this  was  a<lded,  tiiottrAhat'^ .  clo^'  from 
the  bottom  of  water;  tqftdidln.  jKillen;  tqo  bittiftilidin,  wat«r 
polleut  and  tqSt  bibi&didtn,   llatf   pollen. 

Placed  in  jars,  tfaia  mixttire  was  planted  on  the  eiutt  »id«  of 
the  pueblo  by  the  early  khls*^!,  cliff  dwelleni,  or  Pueblo  Indiana, 
and  may  be  found  there  by  ditririntr-  Uiolanaahchtn.  or  wat«r 
mixe<l  with  that  of  the  ocean,  and  t^jobijAzh,  the  child  of  water, 


KKLiniojr. 


401 


taken  from  tbc  vast,  is  also  eall«>d  six&sij'^  bibiA,  the  wat«r  of 
Ibe  ^bsAKi,  by  which  name  the  narty  cliff  dwellent.  or  Puoblo, 
Hesiffiiat*^  tbeniM>lvp«. 

Another  rorsion  is  offiTwl  by  Dr  Matthews'  Leffrtifis^  pnjfc 
ilZ.  Rtatiajr  tluit  tbc  mixturL'  c»nsistH  of  spring,  snnw  BD<i  hiiil 
wateni,  in  adilition  to  wal't^r  taken  from  the  four  cantinal  pointii. 
ThU  is  a  wtdo-ftprvad  opinion. 

tqo  bizhf*.  th(*  ftmni  of  water;  tqobidesbcbf  (bit^^shchl),  water 
I,  art'  ftlAO  used  after  the  mannpr  of  pollen.  <S^e  MiiAk«  for 
WaUT. ) 


THE   RATTLE   AND   DBCM. 

Aa  an  acconipaitimfnt  to  snntr  many  chants  roquin^  a  rattio 
(aghAl).  Thas,  the  mmintain  and  witch  cliaabi  employ  n  bulTalo 
btd«t  rattk'  (a.v&t)i  nifhilti;  tbo  lioxhAnw  (beauty  chant)  PHjuires  the 


liP^  Book. 


Omni  Hdltic 


BldkiturJa. 


badirer  hide  rattli-  (nahfistichfd  ulOiAI);  the  knifi>  chant  (b^«ho)  a 
hoof  rattle  (akh^.sh|;tl  *ithA}),  which  in  mado  of  hoofa  of  the  deer, 
antelope,  hijrhorn.  etc..  whilv  the  bijr  star  chant  (K^tHoji)  ettiployti 
both  the  rawhide  and  trourd  rattlen.  The  nifcht  chant,  with  th(> 
vmriouf)  brancbiw  of  the  wind  chants,  and  the  water  llqi^ic ).  Hi|r 
Uod  aod   feather  (at^iji)  chants.  aJI  employ  the  i^oiirtl   rattle 


409 


JTHVOI 


DWTtOSABV. 


{&di  aehfl.1).  Other  chants,  with  the  exception  of  the  blessinjf 
(hozh6jiK  hoad  ami  fpsther  shaft  (bh&si)  chants,  lutf  the  rawbdr 
rattle  (akhAI  atrb&O- 

The  hide  for  tlic  mttle  is  shappd  ami  sewed  irheti  mutst,  and 
the  haodle  is  plaited  of  the  satne  nialerial  as  the  rattlH.  (Fur 
decot-ationK  Ree  "Use  of  AnimaU  in  Ceremony"  in/nt.)  Small 
pcbblM  of  white  shell,  turquoiw,  abalone,  cannelcoa)  and  red- 
white  8tone  are  inserted  to  produce  a  rattling  Hoiiml.  The  i^urd 
nittle  tH  made  of  a  hollow  gourd  with  a  sticb  attached  for  a 
handle.  It  is  decorated  with  tifurrs  of  the  sua,  moon,  or  soom: 
constellation. 

At  the  close  of  some  ceremonies,  or  when  the  doae  termimlN 
in  public  exhibitions  from  the  Hfth  night  until  the  finish,  ibf 
rattle  is  arcumpanted  by  the  drum.  The  drum  is  thi*  haskrl 
ttimod  down  which  is  beaten  with  a  drumstick  made  of  pltitnl 
yncoa  (see  Basketrj')-  Tmdition  also  mentions  tbe  use  uf  a 
notched  stick  which  was  dra^u  over  the  basket  instead  of  fh^ 
present  drumstick.  The  drum  i**  not  jwrt  of  tht^  medicine  hair 
(jl^h)  but  is  furnished  by  tbe  iwtient.  The  b*>ad,  witch  and  sttr 
chants,  as  well  as  all  one  nisht  ceremonies,  dispense  with  the 
use  of  the  drum. 

t^  yisj^tqfi  Uhe  basket  is  turned  down),  tlte  driuu;  ttiS  dfn 
nlld?,  or  d^g  s^Uffi,  the  basket  in  thro«'n  up,  implying  that  tbe 
ceremony  has  been  abruptly  closed.  Tbe  vioger  at  timet^  rt«rts 
to  thlt  measure  to  enforce  discipline. 


MISCELLANEOUS  PARAPHERNALIA. 

The  followinc  is  a  descriptive  list  of  rariou*  paraphet 
which  form  luirt  of  the  medicine  bag  \JiiA\\)  of  \-arious  cbanta. 


EgUlPMEXT   OF  CHAJTTS. 

The  term  zft'nl)  <o<|ujpment  of  chants)  literally  mean.*  thai 
which  is  put  into  the  mouth,  or  taken  internal1.r,  but  ordinarily 
designates  all  that  is  required   by  a  given  chant  in  the  shape  of 


HKLWiON. 


403 


mrdicinal  he'rbt,  d  o's.  animal  tiwiie>.  Itaimeotj^,  fe-itlici-s.  and 
t\»  likv,  which  the  sinifer  carries  in  Xho  sniall  medicine  poiicheJi 
(u^  j{fthV  Tho  niftke-up  of  this  (Hinipraent  varic>)i  with  oach  clunt, 
anil  ftA  M^vcral  i-(|iii{impntK  arc  at  linif^  carric<l  in  the  Kami*  miti- 
icim-  batf  (jlsb),  the  various  uzejish,  or  medicine  ptmclu's,  ri-tiiiircd 
for  m  giv^ii  citaot  am  tisiully  tii>d  tcvetber  and  inai'k«-d  in  Buuie 
w».v  to  bftt4T  identify  thfin.  Collectively  they  an-  then  known 
■s  zl'tilt,  or  th<!  mwtical  equipment  of  the  chant  tn  which  tbe.r 
are  to  tx'  usi'd. 

jrAff  zi'nll,  or  yfii  halq&l  dl'nil,  the  etiuipment  of  the  bead 
chant.  Thin)  consistit  of  variotiK  tissues  of  sacnnl  animalK.  as  tho 
bMr,  deer,  antelope,  bitfhorn,  mountain  lion,  wolf,  etc.,  which 
are  dried  and  mixed,  h<'iici',  ajri  nashcMn.  mixed  lung  tissue; 
kuA  na-^hcMn,  mixei)  tonkin's;  a^hAs  na.'«hrh1n,  dried  and  mixed 
timip  of  the  gnllel  of  thi-w*  nninials;  hIso  |>owden':il  ntsd  axe. 
aster,  and  ulsA  ae6  nasUchln,  aster  mixed  with  animal  tissue; 
finalb*.  be^tillSs,  ur  aMxAl.  the  whistle,  to  imitate  the  cry  of  the 
lo  and  hawk.      The  whl<;tlo  identifies  tho  entiro  equipment. 

InAji.  or  b^shc  zA'nII,  ei)i)ipnu<nt  of  the  life  or  knife  chant, 
contain!*:  afp  Mch!,  red  medicine;  W  azi^,  ErUfgottuii,  al/iti$m; 
maf  hajlni,  ^romwell:  ayiin  llagh&i,  an  uniilentitied  herb,  which 
ia  niixrd  with  jfiAbllni.  bat  feathers.  To  this  is  added  tho  tf^ 
diofe^.  the  K^rowing  atoae. 

dallKIji  K&'nil.  the  equipment  of  the  mountain  chanty  may  be 
identified  by  ihe  tiear-claw  Htiach«l  to  it,  and  nhould  contain: 
tq^l  bit(|&*IIdin,  cHl-tail  Haif  i>ollen;  shtlfihiiA,  bear  Uwd;  liclifl, 
nd  buflh;  ajce  Heht,  red  me«)icinc;  m&'id&,  wild  cherry,  and 
others.  Another  injuipnient  is  de«ijinati'd  as  ditltUtji  ashdlA  tFC* 
balr|&t  /^'nll,  the  e4)ui|iiueiit  for  the  Hve  night  mountain  chaut, 
which  requires  nadttl^atki,  meal  uf  white  cum,  in  addition  to 
tha  herbs  already  [nenlioned. 

oit^Aye  diyfnKdtfo  Itatii&l  zA'nIl,  the  equipment  of  the  arrow 
abootintf  chant,  maj'  be  idenlifi*il  by  y6  dij6U,  an  olivella  shell. 
futooed  to  it,   and  aboiild  contain  khl^ttA,  liniment,  and  ntlts. 


(^ 


AN  STUSOLOQIC  DlVTlOlfARY. 


precious  stones.  AUo,  l^tsoi,  brimstone;  }^jfa.  ooal;  ^(sbcbL 
red  cla.v;  AdisbtTlsh,  soft  turquoise,  r11  of  which  are  require]  for 
Kaiul  paiiitiiijr^  and  for  coloring  niinieroiis  pra.vt>r-twt}[^. 

hochftji  /.&'nn,  equipnienl  of  the  witchcraft  chant,  includ«: 
tr*'  Dlchto.  pennyroyal;  t'PshchI,  rvd  clay;  tqAdldin,  corn  polipo, 
shaken  from  live  birds;  t>i&f[ha>.]Ind1ni,  rock  crystal;  fol^Hh, 
Uf;htnin£-stnirk  ashes,  and  ntimoroiis  others. 

niA'iji  fA'nW,  the  equipment  of  the  coyote  chant,  reqoirei 
mfi'idfi,  wild  cherry;  Dift'iji  aztf  and  mA'iji  kh^tl6,  coyot*  medi- 
cine and  liniment,  both  of  which  are  made  of  rarious  bertM,  ind 
aj&i,  dried  Itintf  tissue  of  the  sheep. 

anftji  z&'qU,  or  the  y6'\  hafltq1nlki>  zfl'nll,  the  equipment  of  iIk 
war  dance,  requires  o&'6)i.  beans;  tlO'  nlchlu,  penayroyal:  dill 
b^'os'ni*,  herbs  leathered  near  a  tree  struck  by  lightoinff:  fnlfisb, 
charcoal  from  liKhti)inf;--fitruck  tree;  hazalld&,  .<tquirrel  food,  and 
Mtsoi,  brimstone,  tf^shchf,  red  clay,  and  dl^^h,  almogeo,  for 
spottiDK  the  body  of  the  patient 


LINIMENT. 

The  word  kh*tla  Oiniment)  is  probably  derived  from  khf  *tlA. 
the  foot  is  rubbed,  insomuch  as,  in  accordance  with  the  ffpnml 
law  of  butt^  and  ti|M,  the  liniment  is  flrsl  applied  to  thi*  fe^t. 
and  then  upward  to  the  prominent  part»  of  the  intienfa  bi^. 
With  the  exception  of  the  hozhfiji,  or  rit«  of  blesstntr.  each  cbaot 
requires  a  specilic  liniment  which,  therefor,  forms  i»rt  of  the 
eiiuipntent  (zl'nil)  of  the  chant.  The  dried  leaves  of  the  bt'rtK 
used  as  liniment  are  slifrbtly  crushed  between  the  ttnfirers,  added 
to  a  bowl  of  water  an<l  stirred.  In  acconi  with  the  text  of  f^vni 
songs  the  singer  then  tabes  a  pinch  of  the  Mniment  hetueen  his 
Hn^nt  and  riibs  the  patient's  body  with  it  in  the  following  order: 
the  soles,  the  instep,  the  shins,  the  knees,  the  sides,  the  atHlomen. 
the  chest,  the  right  arm  from  the  shoulder  down,  the  bands,  the 
back,  the  left  shoulder,  arm  and  hand,  and  the  sides,  the  back, 
the  front  and  the  top  of  the  bead.     Thereafter,  the  [jatienl  taste* 


RBLIOIOy. 


40S 


of  it  ftt  ttm(*.s,  and  bathes  his  entire  botly  witli  tho  rt>mnanb^, 
commencinif  and  finishing  the  bath  in  the  same  ritual  manner. 
Oocauooallf  such  as  atti-nd  the  ceremony  apply  the  liniment  to 
IbtJtDSelves  in  the  same  manner  as  the  {latient.  and  in  turn  bathe 
th<>ir  children.  The  supply  i>*  then  usually  increased  by  the 
•ddittoo  of  more  water.  As  a  rule,  however,  the  liniment  is 
applied  only  to  the  patient. 

Some  herbs,  designated  as  kh^tlO,  may  be  u.-<od  indiscrimi- 
uately  *t  fkny  chant  which  rtMiuires  the  appearance  of  the  masked 
peraonatom,  ydi  dahuMni,  as  at  the  mountain,  iiiifht,  bcAd  and 
Big  (}od  chants.  UtherH  require  spcciHc  herbs,  which  are  then 
deaifnated  a.^  the  khifetld  nf  that  chant,  though  frequently,  and 
vflpeciAUy  in  tlio  prouress  of  the  chant,  this  designation  is  dropped 
and  tho  herb  i»  merely  referred  to  as  kh^tid,  a  lioimeol. 

tKji  khibtlA,  the  niirht  chant  liniment,  consists  of  cll6lch1n. 
phlux;  billtizhcUr.  thoroujrhwort:  t<|Alcbfn,  a  water  plant:  aze 
ndfit'^zhi,  borseniint;  tqubh&sAkhid,  mouse  ear;  liast^itfi  iNly^I, 
prairie  clover,  and  ts^tqft'  sAkh&di.  Ttliivta  ien^Ua,  some  of  which 
are  u»ed  also  at  otb«r  chants  mentioned  above. 

ybm  khAtlO,  liniment  for  tho  bead  chant,  consists  of  tfA'de 
naylEi,  tumblewt-ed.  which  is  mixed  with  atsA  az^.  eagle  medi- 
cine, Bn«1  atsftrilchin,  aster.     These  are  use*!  oxt^^rnally  only. 

chtshi  bfnlcHlji  khi^tlA.  the  liniment  of  the  Chiricahua  wind 
chant,  reriuirea  L'iAghAnlcSr,  JWfis  anffUMtt/otta. 

hastMtso  ha(t)ill  kh^tJd,  the  linimeat  for  the  Big  God  chant, 
reiiuirefl  lt%  tso,  big  Irares,  and  fttfft  t^M,  slender  leavea,  two 
unidentirtMl  herbs. 

dsItUfji  khAtJ<^,  liniment  for  the  mountain  chant,  includes  cKf 
halchiD  < unidentified),  and  tsiy&nlchin,  or  tsfyA  tfO'd^i,  a  pigweed. 

aoflji  kb^tlA,  liniment  for  the  war  daace,  coosista  of  tsiUi 
wild  mindower,  in  addition  to  UI,  sumac,  and  HA'tda,  mistletoe. 


4U6 


yicTioyAity. 


MEDICIKE. 


It  hu  aIn?Kdy  h(><>n  poiiiteil  out  tlut  sicltDPsa  is  primaribr  dnr 
tc  ttw  majric  influeoce  of  some  diviue  power,  nml  that  tht*  cbantK 
have  been  ordaiiiMl  fur  iUt  removal.  Hence,  all  fe«tare«ofi 
<*hant,  surh  as  thp  prayt^rs,  prnyristicks,  halhs,  wn^lhs,  biw|», 
anil  thf  like,  nta.v  be  consideivil  as  intetfral  [mrts  of  a  remm!)', 
iiis«)inuch  08  sutne  iiiediL-iuefi  can  nut  be  umfff  without  tbem- 
Honever,  as  the  term  azi!  (oiediciue)  in  usually  nut  applied  ia 
lliis  ifvDt'ral  wa.v,  the  preheat  chapter  is  duvoted  only  U>  sucb 
herbs  1151  are  distinctly  set  aside  us  medicinal  by  tht;  chanta,  ■'sch 
of  which,  with  the  p<>.s^ible  exception  of  the  hozhAji,  rit^  of 
bU'^inj;  in  Kouie  of  its  featnn*-i,  ia  in  possewton  of  a  spt'cific 
medicine  for  ^ven  diseflseR.  This  medicine  may  not  prmrr 
effective  in  everj"  instance,  insomuch  as  the  swiirce  uf  disnw,'  Iw* 
not  been  properly  traced,  when  a  second  medicine,  found  io 
another  chant,  becomes  imperative,  a  proe*-ss  which  is  repeated 
until  the  source  ba.s  been  correctb'  traced  and  the  meilicioe  will, 
of  necessity,  prove  effective. 

As  the  medicine.'i  vary  in  number  and  qiulit,v  for  each  chant. 
the>-  are  put  up  in  small  pouches  calleil  a/e  jisli.  meiiiciue  iwuches, 
and  added  to  the  ztuU,  equipment.  The  siiiicer  conductitut  • 
cemmuny  is  always  coffnizant  of  the  requisite  medicines,  which 
He  collects  in  due  season,  while  the  onlinary  N'araho  in  familiir 
with  many  from  hearsay.  The  dried  leaves,  or  powdered  hprhi. 
are  luiually  soaked  in  a  bnwl  nf  water,  which  in  turn  ia  dedlcaUYl 
in  one  way  or  other  by  pra>'er  and  sunjf.  At  times  moghli 
chippe<l  arrow-points  (b^'J^s^flgi ),  of  the  color  correspoodinc 
with  that  of  the  cardinal  puintji,  are  drop|)ed  into  the  bowl  from 
the  four  directions.  The  bull-roarer,  too,  is  dipped  into  it. 
while  the  thong  attached  to  it  is  soaked  with  the  medicine  pr?- 
Tioiis  to  whirling  it.  These  and  similar  objects,  like  the  thunder 
arrow  (t'nr  biKft'),  with  which  the  medirines  are  put  in  touch, 
presumably  add  to  their  efficacy. 


RSLlOIOy. 


m 


Tortoitt  UlitU 
Mtditine  Cup. 


The  medicine  is  freqiienUy  prepared   in  a  special   vessel  set 

widi*^  for  thi^  parpcse  and  called  az^  bi^idlA,   the  medicine  cupL 

Hiifi  cup  is  Bometamcfi  made  of  tortoise  shell 

(trialqti),  or  of  a  irourti  <ad^K  or,  an  ordinary 

Mftben   bowl  iletitt')   U   il<^.      In    these   the 

mMlicine  is  xtirrcd   with  the  Gnffcrs,  or  with  a 

feather,   and  administered   dirertly    from  the 

cup  or  bowl.      Csually  the  sinner  sipg  of  it 

hefore   offeriotf   it   to  th«-   patient.      At  tiroes 

the  medicine  is  not  tatceti  internally,  but  sput- 

tered  over  the  patient  in  the  usual  ritual  man- 

a«r,  a  prorees  extended  also  to  the  parapher- 

crnalia  in  uiie. 

Medicine  9|x>od?  <az4  didltqf),  tof.*.  ar^  i«*ed. 

In  the  b^Khe,  or  knife  chant,  for  insttince,  the 

mediciDe    is    ■dminiatered    by    means   of  two 

Apooos,  called  the  smooth  stick  tglsh  dllkbd), 

and  the  fledged  ittick  (gluU  iHt'&n).     Theiie  are 

about  a  foot  in  lenfrth,  and  are  made  of 
iiiiiuntain  niahotirany  (tHJ^^txlAzi).  which  is 
wotmd  with  yam.  !!bi>ep  wool  or  calico.  The 
amootb  Rttck  in  decorated  with  olivella  »bell 
(yA  dijJSli),  the  lledfexl  Htirk  with  flint  points 
^M^sV-sl'Ajfi),  and  both  are  adomml  with 
plnine^  of  thi-  jfruy  eaglv  (ftl^yAi).  The 
smooth  RtJck  is  eo  callftd  from  its  amouth 
nurfaoe  an<l  blunt  point,  to  distintfuiah  it 
from  thf  other  which  \»  sliifhtl.v  hollowed  or 
flattened  at  the  point.  These  s|K)on£  are 
placp^l  and  lu'ld  [tarallelly  otTr  thi>  mi-dicine 
cup  when  the  medicine  is  (riven  to  the  iMtient. 
The  same  chant  aliw  n^quires  the  two  crane  billh  (dcldA't,  of 

which  one   is  stiirhtty   curviil   and   represt^nt^   tbe   male  crams 

while  the  beak  of  tbe  female  is  Ktiuitrht.     The  dn*<«)nff  (behadlf^*) 


(htird 
.VedtWne  Cup. 


im€  SfMioHf. 


408 


AN    KTHJiOLOGSV   DiCTIOXAity, 


of   the   male   consisU   uf   llint  or  Brruw-points   secured   with  i 
buckskiu  wrap.  t)ut  of  the   female  of  oltvellft  sbt'll  (yOdisdln, 
ya  dljdli).     Thf  butt  ends  are  fle^lued  with  iduines  of  the  jrnj- 
enffle  <ftt8i}'&i).       The  intLTiur  oi  tbe  wrap  is  tilleil  with  iiriouo 
medicines,  stich  as  &x4  Hcbl  and 
az^  hjjin,  inserted  in  a  piece  of 
peod  {\AH\     Thisdrt'ssinK  of 
tbe    crane    bills    is  dune    at    a 
apecial  ceremon.v  which  is  very 
rHrel.v  performed  as  few  of  the 
livintr  siniEera  are  familiar  with 
the  prayf^rs.     Hence,  allowance 
is  made  for  a  scHrcit,v  of  crane 
hills  so  that  one  of  the  sand- 
hill craue  (del),  with  that  of  the 
twiifbill  crane  (tq^jiuolnA^),  or 
the  blue    heron   <tqfiltr6'haU't, 
may  be  employed,  if  bills  of  the 
male  and  female  sandhill  crane 
can  not  be  had.      The  illustra- 
tion   shows  a   female    saodhill 
crane  bill  in  male  attire,  while 
the  curved  bill  is  that  uf  a  blue 
heron  in  female  attire.     In  the 
progress  of  the  trhnnt  they  are 
placed  bt'fore  the  patient  tof^ether  with  the  charm,  the  medtcioe 
cup  and  the  two  medicine  sjKions,  whereupon  the  patient  nciU» 
verbatim  with  tlie  singer  the  cti^hoyatq^i*  or  prater  to  the  god*- 


Vrant  /US*. 


A  partial  li^t  of  medicines  is  herewith  iriveo. 

tr^ji  az^,  riii-dicine  for  the  niuht  chant,  consists  of  tqAhoIchMil, 
rattleweed;  aze  Iddil^^hi,  rockcreas,  and  others. 

dzUUIji  azl^,  medicine  for  the  nmimtain  chant,  consintn,  amofil 
others,  of  cKTl  na'AtrAi,  virifinia  creeper. 


RKLIOtOK 


anAji  niA,  medicine  for  the  war  Uanc»,  is  made  up  of  gM 
'4li.  red  cedar:  baztSilUd*,  yarrow;  aishchi  bi^A,  pifiuu  leaves, 
d  Ui&zhllchlu,  mt'ftdow  rue,  which  arc  taken  internally,  whilv 
r.aiKUi,  a  uriMW,  with  tM'  nlchln,  pentiyroya),  art;  chcw«d  and 
tttten^d  ujkon  the  patient  (jft'Wgn  benAhiizhnfyAl). 

oU^6y&  a?.^,  medicine   for  the  ItKhtninir  chants,   varies  with 

the  aeveml  branches  of  this  chant.      %x6  bd'&de,  hipine,  aod  as4 

.Ude  Uo,    raitlpiweed.  arft  used  in  the  nAftMy^  hnilji,  thi-  chant 

fcntale  shooters;  fu6  tukhA*^  and  aze  hnkhAV  Lho,   tioth  male 

icincs,  are  used  in  the  nMt'AyA   bakliAji,  chant  uf  thi<  male 

ten,  while  d^Tllilji  naA^tt)^  hatti&l  be  az4,  or  medicine  for 

mountain  chant  of  arrow  shooting,  consiatH  of  azd  mAokIsi 

ax^  aft^lfl^i)  and  ax^  (jA'offisi  nt^tAiKi,  £nog<ma, 

wolarhfji  ax(!  (wAlAehf  bohochf^ji  az6),  modictne  for  ant  witcb- 
oraft.  rDi)uirL's  wolAchldfi,  an  Kriogonuniy  and  bis  nddcbl.  Erio- 
gonum  /(Un'ru/iifvm,  witll  bla  udOcld  bA'Adc,  Erloyortum  tniorO' 
thfevMt  both  of  which  are  previously  boiled. 

mA'iji  azd.   medicioo  for  the  coyote  chant,  is  also  called  ajfli 
ax^.  or  medicine  for  lewd  men  and  women,     azti  nichfn,  pc'pi>er- 
iiiint;  mA'isl^i^i,  a  8ri'eft'''ewood:   nia'idA,  wild  cherry,  and  othtirs, 
^an-  mentiontti  as  niA'Iji  uzi'. 

^H  hochAji  azlf.  medicine  for  the  witchcraft  chant,  arc  too  numctr- 
^BuA  to  mention,  the  list  ccmiprtsinir  |*artM  uf  moRt  of  the  indite- 
^noiis  plants  and  trees,  which  are  uswl  in  one  way  or  uther  at  the 
numeroun  bram-hi^  of  lhi>^  chnnt. 


k 


It  ia,  of  conr»p,  impoir^ible  U^  enter  bere  into  the  details  of 
rvery  article  umiI  at  the  niimi'rous  ceremonies.      Smie  fi^w  have 

erefur  been  selected  at  random  and  ui-v  k^rouped  under  separate 
Allied  ^iuhject^,  on  the  law  uf  bittts  and  tipe,  the  preasinir 
of  the  limbs,  lefrordemain,  and  others,  are  also  treated  here. 

Sackki>  Clat  ani*  Prkc-iods  Stok». — ClayK,  nnima)  tiHsuea 
UKed  as  grease,  and  precious  stonen.  are  U-siially  af«atKiivd  to  tbe 
ttiuipment  (xA'nIl)  and  are  wrapped  in  small  pouches  of  buckskin 


410 


^.v  srasoLOGic  DtcnogAMY. 


or  clfjtb  mud  then  deaiffBBled  aeeordiar  Id  tkeir 


9vA 


•r«:  tqihr&lmn.  rlajr  taken  from  wamm  acrad  wpha^,  for  iattuR, 
one  near  aalt  l&ke  brlow  Zufii:  ittrah.  ateacea  or  wlsle  d^ 
ffntberrd  at  imme  Mcrvd  locality;  oi  atii,  •  cfay  ^tlKrad  at  tin 
•aerrd  upot  (probably  the  ricioity  of  PneMo  Boail^  faiiT,  mIi 
from  line  of  aereral  salt  lakn;  dil\  rcJdle  or  red  cky:  dtflMsk, 
dtiai  from  the  mctmI  tnouoUins;  diilMi  IMk.  dirt  fmco  tlir 
ftaU,  which  is  not  sacrtd  but  i»ed  as  aa  ahaoriieot  wbea  rttoal 
pTMcribea  einens. 

Clay  mixed  with  fiTc«w,  or  at  least  an  ingrcdiettt  of  ncnd 
animal  tinsue,  U  larfely  used  in  daubinc  aod  paiatinf  the  bod; 
of  tbtf  pati'^Qt.  ThiN  iiacrAt)  tallow  or  ^rcaM  ia  eaJiMl  tSV  nuh- 
chin,  niixiNJ  greiiso  or  tallow.  (Cf.  also  EqinpaKot  of  tbr  bead 
chant.)  atnAAhjIfih  nashcbfiif  dried  liv«r-ba^  mixture,  is  used  is 
piilmunary  troubles.  The  bull-roarer  aod  Ihoo^ ,  and  the  faidr 
rattle,  ik  frequeutl.v  rubbed  with  sacred  tallow.  <Compare  alito 
ManlcK.  the  War  Dance,  the  Moccasin  Game,  aod  Colors.} 

By  niris,  haril  ffootis,  such  stones  as  y&l^al.  whit<^  shell;  do- 
tffshi,  turquoise;  dlch!H,  abalone  shell,  and  b4sluhIoi.  obudian 
or  cannrlcoal,  are  ordinarily  meant,  though  sometimes  ts^chll. 
rtil-u'lilt4*  Kti>rii'.  i.H  also  Inchidiil.  Other  prtH-ious  stoaes  an- 
tHdiiliailliulltii,  rock  cryKlal:  IqAdsf^'^li,  pi-arl;  yG  dasdlsi,  or  yf) 
itljAli.  olivf^lla  shell:  otrts  aH()&8'a(,  or  ottls  oashchln.  a  mixture 
of  vari-colorwl  stooes. 

rr«'ciouM  MtonrM  arc  frpqupntly  employed  in  connection  with 
thi'  pni,vt>rHtick  as  n  t«crilic<>,  thouf^h  many  sacrifices  are  tnadi 
uf  precious  !«li>iu'K  imly.  As  a  stone  i<4  asBigned  to  each  cardinti 
point,  color  frequently  represents  the  stones,  for  instance,  in  the 
Hirures  of  sand  iwintinifs,  where  the  (farmeots  and  paraphcnialii 
are  drawn  in  colored  sand  instead  of  the  oritriDal  white  sbtU, 
turquoise,  etc.  Rock  crystal  is  lardcly  employed  in  traciojf 
incisions,  in  divination  (destl.  Ktar  reading;-),  for  symbolic  li^biiBC 
of  Kacrilirial  Hmokc,  as  a  charm,  and  othcrwiae. 

A  small  (Htuch.  about  tlie  len^h  of  the  inidd](>  finger.  ralM 
iui4,    meiUcine,    or   d/llttiith.    sHcred    moimtain   dost.  Is   held   la 


BEUOIOy. 


411 


Ibe  luinU  dimov  the  rccitiU  of  Icki'oHs  porlninin^  to  the  hozbAji, 
or  rite  of  blKsinir,  aa  wi>ll  wt  (liiiiuif  the  uuuicroiis  perfonnaocnt 
of  vigils  <{lo-Ijrhilzh»  of  this  riU-.  It  consists  vf  five  wntp6  or 
\mg»  of  aacrud  buckskin  (duKikdi)  into  uhicb  pircioua  stones  and 
rock  crystal  arc  inserted  or  sewed,  togetht^r  with  diist  gathered 
from  tin  various  it^ncrvil  mountains.  The  Hve  h^gR  art>  then 
wrapped  with  sacred  bui^kskiii.  The  rifcils  can  not  be  conducted 
properly  withnul  this  pouch. 

nAyint'7.i!\An\  bib^b.  llu-  knife  of  tlie  Slik>'er  of  Enemies, 
which  is  rarioitslf  called  q&l,  the  club,  or  Uwh,  the 
kaife,  or  b^bqAl,  club-knife,  is  au  oblong,  tiat  stone 
with  a  sliKhtly  beveled,  blunt  rdRf,  and  i«  used  by 
the  pfrsoniitorfi  of  the  Sla,ver  and  of  the  Water  child 
(t(|6baimhchlni)  in  uniavelinK  and  cuttine.  ns  well  as 
in  the  prewtintf  of  tho  limbA.  It  is  the  synkbol  of 
thew  two  cods.  £im/«. 

CaaaMfi. — ^The  charm,  oUr6  lit  is  fastened^  coQsiatB  of  feathers 

i),  arrow-points  ^b^'Asffl^n).    turquoise  <dolFtzhi\    olirella 

(yd  dijdil),  and  the  like  object*,  wbieb  are  secured  to  a 

»relock  of  the  patient  in  the  courfio  of  nome  ceremonies.      By 

ime  they  are  worn  even  after  the  ceremony,  when  tht  charm  is 

Mffiiated  as  dij'fn  iH-iiOtf^holilIlxTn  eltfA,  or  a  mark  indicative  of 

holy  rite.      Aocordini;  to  ritual,  small  arr>>w-]H>ints(bfo'£stfIlif(i), 

be  worn  as  a  charui.   must  have  been  uo<*artbed  by  a  jropber. 

iniilar  rei;ulation><  ufovem  the  use  of  other  objects  am  cbarnts. 

Pknnxo  or  ruts,  LiMBH.--The  pretwinK  of  the  limbs  is  per- 
inaed  at  nmay  ceremonies  and  with  various  objects.  As  the 
text  of  the  soni;  may  require,  the  object  is  pressed  in  succession 
to  the  soles,  the  instep,  the  fibula  and  ulna,  the  knee,  the  femur, 
abdomen  and  chest  of  the  patient;  thence  to  the  ri^ht  shoulder, 
_ann  awl  elbow,  the  top  and  tulm  of  the  ri^fbt  band,  and  buck  to 
riffbt  sbouliier  aeain;  from  here  to  the  back,  thence  to  the 
shoulder,  ami  and  elbow,  the  top  and  iiolm  of  the  left  hood, 
affaio  to  the  left  sbuulder:   linally  it  is  presaal  to  the 


BTHyOl 


DICTIONARY. 


or  cloth  an<I  thrn  de8iiJrnaU>d  srconliof;  to  tbeir  contents.  Soeb 
are:  tqAhFAha^,  c[a.v  taken  from  some  sacrrd  spring,  for  infitaatt, 
one  near  salt  lake  below  Ziini:  <ll@sh,  almogen  or  whitf  daj 
irtttht^rrd  at  t^omc  sacred  locality':  ni  s6l&.  a  clay  (Fathered  at  this 
sacred  .sjiot  ^probably  the  vicinity  of  Pueblo  Bonito);  ishV,  lalt 
from  one  of  »ereral  salt  lakes;  cbi',  reddle  or  red  cl%)':  di^IIMsh, 
dust  from  the  Racrod  nioimtains;  dAAKftdi  tj^Ah,  dirt  from  the 
field,  which  is  not  sacred  but  oaed  as  an  absorbent  when  ritual 
prescribes  cmcsis. 

Clay  mixed  with  Kreaife,  or  at  least  an  innredieot  of  lacred 
animal  tissue,  is  lan^ely  used  in  daubinff  and  painliDff  the  t>ody 
of  the  patient.  This  sacml  tallow  or  grea-te  is  called  tfi'  owb- 
chfn,  mixed  fcrease  or  tallow.  (Cf.  also  Equipment  of  the  bead 
etumt.)  atH^shjInh  nanhchln,  dried  liver-hoif  niixture.  Is  used  ia 
pulmonary  troubles.  The  bull-roarer  and  thong,  and  the  bidr 
rattle,  is  frefjuently  rubbed  with  sacred  tallow.  (Compare  also 
Masks,  the  'War  Dance,  the  Moccasin  Game,  and  Colors.) 

By  ntlls,  hanl  >;ood.s,  such  stones  as  y6ljfa(,  white  ahell;  do- 
tKshi,  turquoise;  dlchfti,  abalone  shell,  and  bAahzhlni,  obsidian 
or  cannelroa),  are  ordinarily  meant,  thoujrh  sometimes  tsffJchtl. 
red-white  stone,  is  also  inehKled.  Other  precious  stones  arr 
tMA;fliailfndlni,  rock  cryRtal;  tqOdslK'dli,  pearl;  yO  dasilfni,  or  .r& 
illj6li.  olivella  shell:  ntlls  altq&s'af.  or  ntfls  nashchlu.  a  mixturr 
of  vari-colore^l  stones. 

PreciouK  Ktonea  are  frequently  employed  in  connection  with 
the  prayerstick  as  a  sacrilice,  thoujrh  many  sacrifices  are  nmle 
of  precious  sbmcK  only.  As  a  stone  is  assigned  lo  each  cardinal 
point,  color  frequently  repre«entR  the  stones,  for  instanoe,  in  Hoe. 
fifures  of  Rand  paintinjrs.  where  the  }farnieDl«  and  paraph<'roalii 
are  drawn  in  colored  sand  instead  of  the  oriifioal  white  shell, 
turquoise,  etc.  Rock  crystal  iit  largely  employed  in  tracinjr 
incisions,  in  divination  <dest1.  star  reading),  for  symbolic  lightinir 
of  sacrificial  -smoke,  as  a  charm,  and  otherwise. 

A  small  pouch,  about  the  length  of  the  middle  finger,  called 
nstf,    medicine,    or  dKlll^xh,   sacred    mountain   dust,   is    held   la 


BEumov. 


411 


llw  Imnd  dtiriDi;  Ihu  nniiuU  of  lt!f;<>nds  ptMlaininf!  l<>  \hv  liozliAji, 
ritt!  of  blesttiutf,  as  null  9a  dmiitif  tbo  uiiiui;ruiiij  purfurniaDces 
"of  I'ijfiU  ((iii-lulii/.h)  of  ih\s<  rite-  It  consists  of  tive  wraps  or 
bajfH  of  tmcriH]  biiclukiD  (doltHNi)  into  which  precious  stontrs  and 
rock  crystal  aro  inserted  or  st>w»l,  tof^ethor  with  <liuit  {gathered 
from  the  VBi-iouH  sacred  mountains.  The  tivc  bajfH  art-  then 
wr«p|»od  nith  8Acri-d  buckKkin.  The  viifils  can  not  be  c<jnduot«d 
propcrl)'  without  this  pouch. 

Dfty^oezuhini  bib^Ah,  ihi?  kaife  of  the  Slayer  of  Ktiomies, 
which  is  variously  called  q&l,  the  club,  or  bcsh,  the 
koifi'!,  or  b6sbqAl,  club-knife,  is  an  oblong,  tlat  stone 
with  a  <tli(;htly  boveled,  blunt  til|^',  and  i.^  ufwd  by 
the  iK-rsonaiors  of  the  Sla.ver  and  of  the  Water  child 
<lq6hajiahchfni>  in  unravelinijr  and  cuttinfc.  as  wnll  an 
in  the  prcwKinff  of  thii  limbs.  It  Ls  the  sytiilx)!  of 
ih.^M'  two  irods.  A'jH/t 

Crarma. — The  charm,  oltFA  (it  is  rfistflani\  con»ist8  of  feathers 
(mUAe),  arrow-points  (b#H'6sfO)ri),  turquoise  (dotftzhi^  olivella 
abidl  (yO  dlj61i),  and  tl>e  like  objtrcts,  which  ace  secun-d  to  a 
forutock  of  the  patient  in  the  course  of  bohk!  ceremonies.  By 
Donic  they  are  worn  even  aft«r  the  ceremony,  when  Che  charm  is 
df-ftifnated  a*  djyfn  beqCK^holdflzhi  eltfA,  or  a  mark  indicative  of 
ft  holy  rite.  Accordinir  tn  ritual,  siuall  nrr.iw-points  (b<^.s'r8t'AsiK 
to  be  worn  as  a  obami.  must  lime  be<'n  unearthed  by  a  gopher. 
Similar  regulations  (govern  the  un*  of  other  objects  as  charms. 

PuanKO  or  the  Limrh. — 'llie  pressinj;  of  the  limbs  Is  per- 
formed at  many  ceromonies  and  with  various  objects.  As  tbp 
X»%i  of  tbe  Kon^  may  require,  the  object  is  pre?«Ked  in  Kuccessiun 
to  tbe  solee.  the  in<>U)p.  tbe  tibula  and  ulna,  the  knee,  the  femur, 
abdomen  aad  chest  of  the  i>atieiit;  tlience  to  ih*-  v'xuhK  shoulder, 
arm  and  elbow,  the  top  and  palm  of  the  riffht  hand,  and  back  to 
r'^tfae  riifht  shoulder  a^ln;  fnun  hiire  to  thi'  iMck,  Ihenee  to  the 
:>ft  shoulder,  niiu  and  elbow,  the  top  and  lulm  of  (he  left  liand, 
aod   back  axuin  to  tbe  loft  shoulder;   tinnlly  it  is  preaied  b>  the 


SOIOOIC  DICTION ABY. 

side,  froat,  rear  and  top  of  the  pationtV  head,  after  which  tbr 
siDfTcr  or  asHJstant  concludeK  by  inakinjr  a  paKS  with  the  Dbjfd 
across  the  patient's  mouth,  from  right  to  left,  and  inre  vrrM. 
Objects  iistd  in  presiinir  are  the  arrow-points,  tbe  knife  of  the 
Slayer,  the  bull-roarer,  herbs  employed  for  dressinsr  (cfifl  »).  and 
others.  After  each  pressure  the  Ringer  or  asRiatarvt  niific»;  the 
object  toward  the  smoke- hole  (clillAy I')  and  blows  upon  it  (y^yAl. 
he  blows  it  away).  In  tbe  witch  chant  (hochftji)  a  crow  feather 
is  dipped  iuto  tbe  ashes  of  tbe  fireplace  uud  tbe  ashes  are  simi- 
larly blown  throuffb  tbe  smoke-hule  by  all  present, 

(da^tstsod,  the  pre«$inf|r  or  stretcbint!'  of  tbe  limbs;  bAs'teVfigi 
I'da'tst^Ad,  tbe  pressiojr  with  the  arrow-points;  nfda%tJod,  I  press 
your  limbs. 

bhKAk,  the  straighten infT  of  the  limbs;  aakfts  (lIUz.  adesKAs).  1 
straightea.  This  \s  performed  by  woDien  upon  the  maiden  at  the 
nubility  ceremony  much  io  tbe  same  manner  as  the  preaeinff. 

UsK  OP  Birds  and  Ammau>4  in  CEBSuOTiT.' — qiaft  bit^,  lire 
feathers,  arc  so  called  because  they  are  plucked  from  live  eaiftea 
(atsA  daqin&ffo).  These  are  ordinarily  meant  when  reference  ii^ 
made  to  the  use  of  feathers. 

at<4  bits^,  tail  feathers  of  the  eajj-le,  are  also  obtained  from 
live  eafifles. 

at^slRo.  the  larfTo  downy  eagle  feathers:  atti/tstBo  tXtiX,  the  cord 
to  which  a  large  do^^ny  eagle  feather  is  attached,  is  used  io 
tieing  sacred  knota. 

oadzMldzi  bitsd,  the  (ail  of  the  roadninner,  is  employed 
as  a  charm. 

gigfe  bits^,  the  tail  feathers  of  the  crow,  are  extensively  used 
in  tbe  witch  and  other  cliants  a.«  a  fan  or  brush  for  expelUog 
evil  spirits.  The  singer  makes  passes  with  them  on  all  sides  of 
the  patient  and  in  conformity  with  the  text  of  the  songs. 
Feathers  taken  from  tbe  bundle  are  then  distributed  among  those 
present  to  be  used  in  blowing  off  tbe  asbefl.  Crow  feathers  an> 
also  inserted  into  the  throat  to  produce  emesis  at  some  ceremonies- 


RKUGION. 


413 


gftffA  nlchfni  <odorouH  of  the  crow),  dosi^ates  the  tiiK  (bidft') 
or  beak  of  tho  cruw  used  ul  the  war  daoce  (anAji^ 

daftAn  bag-hfl,  porcupine  quills,  decorate  the  handle  of  the  hide 
rattle:  da^n  bit^;^,  porcupine  tail,  of  which  a  particle  is  added 
to  the  tneilicinc  to  remove  the  spell  of  the  porcupine;  da^Ula 
bitf&h,  ashes  of  porcupine  quills,  nre  employed  in  coloring  the 
patient 

nahashcBfd  bikli4,  a  bade:er*B  foot,  in  »Re<l  in  presnin^  the 
limbs;  oabashclild  hakh&uii  badt^r  hide,  or  a>'tDi  and  b^gashi 
bakhigi,  buffalo  and  cow  hides,  are  employed  in  making  rattles, 
which  are  i-ftlled  respectively:  nahashcUfd,  ayl^ni  and  akhAI  aghM, 
badger,  butfalo  and  rawhide  rattlen. 

to&bft'miVi  and  cha  bakhA^i,  miiHkrai  and  bearer  fur,  with 
porcupine  quillH.  decorate  the  basi>  of  the  rattle  Just  abore  ita 
baadle,  while  a.v&ni  or  ti^^rashi  bitti^,  buffalo-  or  cow-tail  hair« 
are  attached  to  the  end  of  the  handle. 

debj  taAtt)&*  bid^,  a  horn  of  the  bighorn,  tn  which  the  sacred 
lallow  or  fal  Is  preserved. 

bizidll,  blood  collected  from  the  mouth  of  sacred  animals. 

■q/fsttA,  a  mixture  obtained  at  the  copulation,  or  from  the 
penU  of  the  bufTato  or  bat. 

bl*  bit^fd  benlUhkhAd,  tlie  seam  of  deer  sinew,  for  which  aacred 
sinew  <duliaK^t  bit^fd,  or  bf  bit<J&tilld,  temio  AcM/ii*)  i»  used. 

CouuRfl. — zS  detly^,  a  collar  of  otter  Kkin,  to  which  a  whistle 
of  oane-reed  is  atlachiHl,  is  used  at  public  cxbibttian»  of  the  night 
cbaat.  Collars  made  of  sprticef  the  skin  of  the  yellow  and  kit- 
fox,  or  consisting  of  a  large  downy  eagle  feather,  are  requinnl 
if)  the  decoration  of  the  maslcK.  Hence:  ctid'  tlbt,  a  npruce 
oolliir;  mt'i  dotllKbi  ilbA,  kit^fox  collar;  niA'ilts4i  llbA,  yellow 
fox  collar;  at^sbto  bllbA,  its  collar  is  made  of  a  large  downy 
•i«le  feather. 

Some  add  the  fur  of  the  ermine  (dl6'i>  to  the  decoration  of 
the  mask. 

Sifon.DEK-BAKiw  avu  WaffnTem. — gightbaatfT.  ahoulder- 
baads,  are  maile  of  fwcred  buckskin  (dolUIUi)  adorned  with  daws 


414 


AK  KTIINOLOOTO  DICriOSARY. 


(akh^litrilti,  clHW-f(K>t<>(l)  And  arrow-|x>intA  ft>^fl>.f;f('jffi^  and  an> 
placed  over  tbe  riicbt  and  left  fihoiilder  of  the  patient  in  t)» 
witch  (hocbAji)  and  liithtniriir  (ntUUffiyct  chants.  These  chuta 
alfto  require  the  wrist-band«  O&tsin  oas^'),  which  lire  placed  over 
tbe  wriKt«  of  tlie  patient.  Tbey  nn-  made  uf  tbe  same  iniiU'nil 
aA  the  sbouKlei'-hanils.  but  aru  lU'curated  with  claws  uf  the  forv- 
fe'L't  (nl&shglln,  linf^r-clawsK 

UsF.  or  Plants  ix  CERKunsr.- — In  addition  lo  the  we  of 
medicinal  plants,  various  nittcleB  are  constructed  of  berbft,  »hrobi 
and  trees. 

The  Bi't-i.-RoARKR. — Tbe  prt^criptions  jroveminif  tbe  con- 
struction of  the  bull-roarer  (ts(n  di'nl,  tbe  ifroAninj;  i«lic)c)  %n 
Vf.Ts  minute  in  detail.  It  is  elliptical  inithapt*  and 
made  of  pine  woo<l  riven  by  lif;htnin>r  (odishchl 
bd'OR'nD.  llH  front  is  mounted  by  eye.^  (binft) 
and  a  month  of  turquoise  (dotMzhiX  the  rear  by  a 
piece  of  abalone  shell  (dTchfli),  to  serve  as  its  pil- 
low (bit«r&l).  The  whole  is  then  covered  with 
yucca  pitch  (t«izt  bi}^),  liKbtDinX'Struck  pitch 
(bfl'6so!'  bij#),  and  charcoal  (fathered  from  a  tree 
Rtruclc  by  liffhtnlns  (rnlt'f^sh).  A  thong  made  of 
bijfhoro  or  sacred  buckskin  is  attached  through  a 
hole  in  the  butt  end  aroimd  which,  too,  it  is  wound 
when  not  in  use.  Tbe  bull-roarer  is  placed  in  the 
medicine  bowl  and  the  tbons  is  soaked  with  the 
medicine  by  one  of  the  assistants.  He  then  encir- 
cleji  tbe  hoifan  once  or  twice  and  violently  whirls  fiwW-» 
tbe  roarer,  during  which  tiuie  all  remain  in  Hileuce  wiltun- 
Ui>on  returninir  to  the  hotfaii  the  tboti^  is  wrapped  atMut  tU  ia 
which  shape  the  bnll-rourer  is  then  use<l  for  [iressintr  the  limbs. 
The  front  (bitq^lK  indicateid  by  the  eyes  anil  mouth,  is  always 
pressed  toward  the  limb.  Finally  the  patient  uses  the  bull-roarer 
in  blowinx  the  ashers  iriHtcHd  of  the  crow  feathers  used  by  otherv 


Wrt-DrfW. 


■s 

Fiitiilace. 


The  Fire-Drili..— Flint  ruck  ^tHMMi) 
is  soiDetinu-s  employed  iu  striking;  fire. 
The  firp-<lrill  (wolttA),  coosistiovr  of  a  tin* 
derbox  of  cottonwootj  and  «  drill  (nlLyls, 
or  dilyfzi.  the  whirl;  or,  hofrfshi,  tWdrill< 
stick;  or,  Im'oISA,  the  igniter),  is  at  prcs- 
not  used  in  igniting  the  HrK  at  the  fire 
c«rBinoii>'  (actiMldoljc).      Cf.  Fire. 

The  iVtKKR!*,    Ckrkhomal   Unravkuno  or  IIooi-m,   rtct. — 
The  pokera  (h«4De»hff(shi),  four  io   number,  rvpri^sent   four  bail- 
or copp«rhead  snakes  (tristw),  who  lay  with 
their  hoadfl  to  the  fire  at  the  cardinal  points. 
Hence,  the  sticks  of  piflon  (destiHn)  used  as 
pokors   are   hewn    from   branches    pointing 
eaiit,  Houth,  west  and  north,  in  which  respec- 
tive  positions   they  are   placed  around  the 
fir*   with   their    butt    ends    [lointins   to   it. 
This  if  done  on  four  successive  days  during 
the  iritch  chant,  after  which  they  are  deposited  in  the  branches 
of  MMne  tree  with  their  tips  (nosi^l)  pointing  northward. 

Io  connection  with  them  the  ySibitsAzi  filtqfid.  or  Kfkfiholtqfid 
skt,  fireplace  yucca  for  unravelinif  and  Htcppin^,  are  used. 
Tbeae.  too.  are  four  io  number,  and  made 
ol  four  wide  leAvesof  yuccA(yei  bit«Azf>, 
intertwiniHl  in  the  shapif  of  a  star.  One 
of  them  ia  placed  aside  of  each  poker, 
where  thi-y  renwio  during  the  entire  fire 
ceremony  <acK(dIdolj@).  after  which  the 
patient  is  made  to  encircle  the  fire  by 
ftteppinf  aucceaaively  on  eftch  knot,  bes:ia> 
niag  with  th<>  one  in  (he  east,  and  6niRhincr 

at  the  north  knot      Two  of  those  in  attendance  now   hop  over 
the  flra,  «teppintr  from  the  knot  in  the  east  to  that  ou  the  «-«t 

C*d  from  the  knot  on  the  south  to  that  on  the  north  side 
lire.      Thereupon  the  singer  unstips   the   knotA  and  the 


Yueta  titar. 


'Ay    BTHSOUJUir  VJCTJOyAUi. 

yucca  U  carried  to  some  8eclmled  spot. 

Unraveling:  <6)t4ifttl,  wAltqid)  U  done  with  nnmcrouB  ofajoctt. 
Thus  with  thp  hoop  (tsAK^A-*)  made  of  spruco,  or  with  sitiHll  buoFs 
(ts&tjiU  yAirhf  olhiAd),  whirh  art!  imih)  nt  tb<^  witch  chant  (hochAji). 
The  latter  are  five  ftqiuin;  hoops,  vnr:\ine  in  size,  anil  marfo  of 
BiiiuBc  (KI),  chok^cherry  (tlzliiz/l),  wild  chorr>'  (nii'idft)  and  scrub 
oak  (di^cUll),  (lifforent  twijfs  botntr  used  for  the  four  succeantt 
da>-s.  A  bunch  of  (rmnia  irrassitrd'  na^tqAsi),  jitt^obrush  (Mcld*^. 
wat«rcn'8S  Itqt&ikhAl),  dodi^rwpod  (t»il  HflyUil,  and  thf  likv,  k 
secured  to  the  cornprs  of  each  hoop  by  an  ordinary'  slipknot 

KHHHtt 


made  with  the  downy  feather  cord  (atd^stHo  tl'dl).  The  larirvit 
in  sizo  is  placed  about  the  foet  of  the  patient,  who  is  seated  witb 
cocked  knees;  the  next  about  the  knee^;  the  third  about  thr 
abdomen;  tb«  fourth  about  tho  chest;  the  tif1.h  and  sniaileit 
hoop  t>ncircles  the  head.  Thereupon  the  sin^r  uuAlipH  each 
knot,  and  weeds  and  h«K>|is  are  carried  out. 

The  wide  hoops  (ts&bas  ntqdlifri)  are  larifiT  in  RiKe.  hut  mtdf 
of  the  same  material  as  the  precetliogt  with  the  difference  that 

OD  each  of  four  succeedioff  days  one  of  five  hoops  is  made  k'f 
sumac,  chokecherry,  wild  cherry,  scrub  oak,  with  the  additional 
one  of  spruce.  Thene  are  placed  on  the  outside  with  the  one  of 
flprure  next  to  the  hoean.  the  others  following  in  the  order  men- 
tioned.     On  the  tirHt  da.v  they  are  lined  up  on  the  east  «ide  of 


Hsuniojr. 


41 


thi<  ho]?an;  on  ihc  following  day  on  tht>  south  fli<]i';  nii  the  thirtl 
tlay  on  the  n-pst  side,  nnd  finishing  the  crromnn.v  on  the  fourth 
day  on  thp  north  side.  Two  feathers  <nditqf>,  repre-tentinti:  lighl- 
ninir  UtslnltriHh),  ore  M>t  croHsinff  each  other  in  front  of  each 
boop.  The  putient  followtd  by  the  singer  i*Ass  throufch  each 
hoop,  which  ifi  then  unraveled  by  the  latter. 

The  unniveliQtc  of  wreaths  (cBll  Altq&d)  i^t  kIno  a  feature  of 
this  chant.  Strips  cut  with  a  claw  of  the  shoulder-band  from 
wide-lRafnl  yucca  {uftr.t  nt  (tfli)  arft  tied  together  (beJ^stl'rt')  and 
then  braided  at  intervals  (bitq&t'A'  deshbfzh)  with  from  two  to 
nine  bnmlleR  (naAst'af  dAdijol)  of  wefHla.  The  knot  employed  ik 
a  ^inifle  twist  and  turn  around  the  bundle  ?<tifticient  to  hoUl  it  in 
place.  The  purttouators  of  the  Sla.ver  and  Water  child  ai-cure  a 
wreath  each  to  (be  i^ole«.  in^^tep,  lower  and  up|>er  \eg  of  the 
patient:  then  to  hi^  hips,  chei^t  and  back;'  one  to  the  anus  and 
hands,  adding  the  final  one  to  the  forehead.  The  latter  wreath 
is  diatinguifihod  by  two  turkey  feathers  (tq&zhi  bits^)  to  which 
an  dlivella  shell  (yd  dlj6li)  h  attached.  This  done,  the  Slater 
and  hiA  Brother  proceed  to  cut  the  wivatlts  with  their  kiiivisi 
(nAy^uezffhAni  bib^h)  from  foot  to  head,  after  which  each  sinifle 
knot  (bitq&t*&*  deithblxh)  is  severed,  and  the  weedit  sprinkled  over 
the  patient,  or,  hia  limbt  are  pressed  with  theni.  Finally,  the 
weeds  are  cut  inti>  small  frajfments  and  then  depiKiiled  in  aonie 
unfrequentiMJ  spot  with  their  liph  [loiiitint!  northward. 

Cnravelintf  is  iK>rforraed  in  a  Kimilar  manner  with  the  apruce 
(lr«aa  (cfiA*  l^,  or  cHd'  bi'^),  a  conical  fthaped  covering  made  of 
Npnice  twi^:  with  the  dreas  of  w<'eds  (cHll  A),  a  wrap  made  of 
weeda;  and  with  the  nta«k  of  yucca  (nikAhe). 

OKarMosiAi.  Ratiis. — In  the  wit«h  chant  a  hath  (tqltdldoffis) 
ia  prepared  m  a  basket.  Two  leaves  of  yucca  (tsAxf  bid^,  )K»rn- 
leafed  yucca,  or  t^Azf  tada,  alender  yucca)  are  stirred  in  a  baaket 
of  water  by  two  a88i.*t1ants,  one  holdiuK^  the  tips  of  the  leaves, 
while  the  other  wtiirU  the  bait  enda  t>etwe«n  hiA  handa.  The 
lather  produced  is  si>rinkletl  with  a  line  of  |Mj|len  frum  north  to 


41S 


AN  BTHyOLOatV  JHCTtOSARY. 


south,  ihfD  crossed  by  a  Hne  from  west  to  east,  from  which 
point  th#  jtint^pr  dnws  a  circlfl  around  the  four  points  of  ibr 
cross.  Within  Bach  block  of  the  pncirclin)  crofts  anuLhiT  »muUcr 
crofu  h  drawn  with  pollen,  atlvr  which  thci  patipat  bstbce  Ui 
body.  (Women  concfttl  thcniBelves  bvhiml  a  curt&in  held  by 
female  assistantj!.)     ('f.  also  tho  Siulatory* 

Incense. — -Inconse  O'A'fllfll  "f*.  '^i*t  which  If  plaoi'^  before  it 
patient)  consists  of  herbs  liktt  ayin  iU^h&i  and  dahidiUi.  iiuud 
with  bat  hair  O&Ab&ni'',  or  of  ainl>pr  (t>iej«^>,  and  a  stone  called 
tsC  bij^kfaa],  the  fumes  of  which  are  inhaled  by  th«  patieal 
The  incenae  la  sprinkk-d  over  live  coaU  raked  from  the  fire,  im) 
to  facilitate  inhalinie  a  blanket  is  drawn  over  the  iwtient. 

Thr  Law  of  BriTs  ixn  Tiw. — Tliti^  law  of  huttx  and  tips 
obtains  with  iin\iir>'ing^  rt'^nlarity  in  a  number  of  cer^moniil 
IHirupliernalia.  The  mannur  in  which  the  twi^g  arc  wovra  in 
the  basket,  or  of  applying  medicines,  and  of  pressinjf  thir  Hmht, 
the  position  of  the  lifrurcs  in  the  sand  painting,  or  of  the  eyv 
and  mouth  of  the  bull-roarer,  are  but  instances  of  this  la«. 
With  feathers,  herbtt  and  sticks^,  iised  ceremontally.  this  law  is 
strictly  obsen*ed,  and  is  referred  to  as  nos^J^  or  dinoB^I.  tbr 
erowin^  {lari  or  tip  of  a  feather  or  plant.  Thus,  the  fealben 
an:  inserted  with  the  tip  cxti^ndiDX  from  the  seam  of  the  fuaak. 
or  from  the  cei-emonial  ciKarette,  and  plants  are  employed  tvA 
deposited  with  due  reference  to  the  tip  and  butt  ends. 

Bows  AND  AftBOWs. — ^The  snuill  bow  la^f  yAzh)  of  spmoe, 
and  the  arrows  of  pine  (ndishchfKd)  and  spruce  (cfi&'Kft),  are  dtt- 
patched  over  the  hoffitn  at  the  HKhtniuir  and  witch  chants.  Tbry 
arw  also  designated  as  ma'i  bilndzfzi,  arrows  for  dir^patching  the 
coyote. 

SrBKAiw.— -The  patient  is  always  seated  on  a  spread  of  buck- 
skin or  a  piece  of  calico,  upon  which,  too,  medicines,  featbrrt, 
and  other  paraphernalia,  are  depoeite^l  in  the  pro(rre-<»  t>f  a  cere- 
mony. The8«  spreads,  called  nilkh&d,  or  b^^nlikhAi  (which  is 
spread  out),  are  iriven  in  pa.viuent  to  the  sinj^er  after  tb 


RELWIOy, 


419 


of  A  ceremoDy.  Btfth  biickskia  (abAoi)  and  calico  <tprptulK  may 
be  used  by  him  for  th«  smaller  medicine  poucUvN  (hz^  dubi/.l8), 
or  for  thongs  and  cords  to  tie  them  sinffly  and  collectiroly  (jlsb 
MdBtfd),  thontcs  for  the  mediciaes  of  a  chant,  and  az^  bldtitTul, 
thongs  for  the  medicine  bags).  With  the  exception  of  the  baff 
containini;  the  sacred  mouotain  dust  (dzllt^zh  bizfs),  nil  smaller 
tmg&  mny  be  made  of  spreads,  as:  atJIs  bizfe,  bag^  with  the  stones; 
tqidldln  bizls,  pollen  bau;  &t^6s  bizfs.  wrap  for  tht>  feathers, 
aad  so  oo. 

TiiR  Mkshksueiw,  Lkokbdbuain,  ktc. — dUA  DlnOi,  sprinklers 
of  pollen,  are  the  mefiReiidrfrs  srnt  out  on  thi»  fifth  day  to  invite 
•iotrere  of  other  rites  to  attend  the  cloaing*  exhibitions.  Oninn* 
ally  Ihey  wen*  sent  to  forvign  trilws  also,  a  feature  which  has 
been  disoontintipd  loofT  since.  After  sprinkling  the  pollen  upon 
the  bead  of  the  iuvit4'<l  eucst*  the  latter  otfcred  the  niesseuvur 
Mime  object  in  token  of  his  acceptance.  As  the  sinters  to-ila.v 
are  invited  for  pnblir  ent<;rtain- 
muol,  Ibvy  usually  carry  tli«ir 
nuakst  rattJes,  whistles,  paraph- 
emalia  (called  alll,  ntAgic.  or  pow- 
er), and  the  like,  with  them.  Thus, 
•i  tbe  fire  dance  (dzIllHji),  various 
Iciperdemain  (alfl)  was,  until  ver>' 
recently,  stiU  in  vogue;  for  in- 
•lance,  the  dancintr  porcupine 
quills,  the  growing  of  the  yucca 
or  com,  bathing  the  bands  in  hot 
pitch,  walking  on  cactus,  produc- 
tion of  5eld  rats,  gophers,  and 
the  like,  performaaceB  to  whieh 
titlln  attention  is  pai<l  at  present. 
The  illusion  of  swalluwing  the 
arrow  is  madf  pus'^ible  by  the 
B^a  of  a  hollow  sunflower  stalk. 


Arrattf  fnr  fftPoUdwCnip. 


490 


Ay  BTHKOLOOIC  DlCTlOKARY. 


point  are  ffradiull.v  and  slowly  hidden.  Th*»  alii,  or  legsrdpnuiij, 
was  deposited  in  the  medicine  lodge  (nlll  b&hug^h&n)  and  women 
were  not  pemiitted  (o  enter  and  see  them.  Tbe.v  were,  Iberefor, 
covered  and  if,  |>erchance,  un  ioquiHitive  female  H-ascaogbtb 
the  act  of  euzine  upon  them,  she  wan  forced  to  enter  the  ooml 
and  to  dance,  nilly  willy.  The  di^fi-race  attached  lo  this  cfaastiw- 
ment  effectively  checked  a  repetition  on  the  part  of  other  n-om«o. 
Otherwise  women  did  not  perform  a.<t  dancers,  exeeptioir  thr 
caiw  of  yuun^  yirls  wbu  hail  voluntarily  learned  to  dauoe. 


WORDii. 


at8&l$,  the  eroups  of  daDcers  enteiinsr  the  corral. 

(|ln&  bl  ishid,  or  qinft  ashl^  (l^thla,  a*ieshHU,  I  animate  it 

ihi&shjin,  tbo  corral  (dance),  or  azhnldA  (they  move  around  tbe 
tire),  the  lire  dance:  iikhA,  they  enter;  AOkhal,  the  daocen  are 
now  inside  the  corral;  dln^  daAlzhlzh,  they  dance:  women  do  ul 
perform,   hut  their  part^i  are  taken  by  men  dres8ed  as  womeo. 

fish,  the  two  enter,  namely,  the  man  and  woman  who  eol^r 
the  bc^mn  at  sunset  of  the  last  day  of  the  nijc^ht  chaot.  afvr 
joumeyinff  from  sunrise  over  a  course  of  about  a  mile. 

yil'ish,  the  gods  npi>ear,  or  Kdd  yi'i'lsh,  to-day  the  gall 
appear,  this  is  the  tiual  da)'  (of  night  chant).  Three  masked 
persooators,  ^irthcKl  with  skins  of  kit-fox,  their  bodies  p&ioted 
with  white  cla.v  (diesh)  and  charcoal  (feiih),  and  representiu:  tlu> 
Talkioff  GckI  (luLshclititqil).  the  Shooting  God  (hashcbMlt'dhiK 
and  the  Frintred  Mouth  (zAhAdolzhAi),  visit  the  neighborhood  in 
search  of  contributions  of  cotfec,  flour,  tobacco,  and  the  like,  for 
the  linat  festiviticH.  Being  masked,  the  Talking  Ood  alone  U 
penuitted  to  niako  their  presence  knotvn  by  his  crUl  of  ^^u-u-u-bd." 
l*hey  do  not  tarry  ver.v  long  but  move  quickly  from  camp  to 
camp. 

bijf,  the  close  of  a  ceremony;  tskhiiro  biniljl,  we  dote  to- 
morrow; dl  hadzi,  there  are  four  more  nights  of  ceremony,  the 
Bfth  da^'  of  a  nine  night  ceremony. 

dO'Igh&zh,  the  vigil,  or  blessing  of  the  paraphernalia. 


. 


RELIGlOir. 


4S1 


hatq&l,  A  chant;  liatqili,  a  singer;  sin,  a  sonif;  biytn,  his  or 
ita  lonff;   tffijfsln,  one  of  tbo  songs  of  thi'  night  chant 

nftht^shi,  the  ceremony  or  chant  of  which  one  has  nmde  a 
spt'cialt.v,  n^ligioiis  customs  and  beliefs,  as  ndahaghaigi  hiSdinsin 
{offe),  I  respect  the  old  cimtoms  and  beliefs;  dobU'illdft,  he  dis> 
raapecta  and  rldicult^s  them. 

i'honUhtqAI  <&'hoDft<|al,  fi'hodlDesht<)filK  I  begin  a  tnngLjig. 

&'hunTt4|ftl,  the  ceremony  begnn. 

qQftslUi&i  (quiiitfl',  <|0(lnshl&)),  or  n&qiin.sb}&(nftqftltsa',  nihodesb- 
MU),  or  qodtshU  (qodAsft',  ciodesfal&l),  I  invito  a  singer.  Hence, 
bodagbA*  (qotleyi',  qocKigftl),  the  ceremony  is  in  progress;  bodB6&', 
or  a&bodisi  o^^,  1  return  from  the  invitation,  1  have  askod  him 
to  sing;  oabaM  (aobuoiyftK  be  is  cooducling  a  ceremony. 

nAbuQshtq&t  (nohdntqal,  nohodesht^dl),  I  close  the  Mnging  or 
eereooay;  oohdntqfti,  tbe  ceremony  is  over  with;  noboghA' 
(nohQlSiyil,  nohodog&l),  or  nobojltq&l  (nohAr.hnt«|Jil,  n^huzhdotqU), 
the  ceremony  is  closed. 

do-nadAda,  no  admission,  or  kb6ji  do-njagb&da,  no  admission 
here. 

hdnadsiD  (b6ne«dE!n,  bodfoesdzll),  I  bewitch  him;  ninsdzln 
(nfnesdKln,  ndtnesdnt).  1  bewitch  you;  b6nodzIn,  ho  bewitched 
him  (evil  eye). 

suiTA,  he  put  it  into  my  mouth,  be  performed  the  ceremony 
over  mo;  haz^tfft',  be  (Mtrformed  over  him. 

naikbel,  they  appear,  tbe  y^ibicbui  will  take  place. 

nfthuoshtt  (nohQ^,  nohodesbUll),  I  performed  tbe  ceremony 
10  reapoiiM  to  an  invitation. 

KAtsu  islf&n,  tbe  big  arrow  fledged,  arrow  for  swallowing  car- 
ried  by  tht?  atsiJS  (dancers)  at  tiie  ilnftshjlo,  or  corral  dance. 


49S 


A^'  ETltKOtOGW  DICTIOKARY. 


SOCIOLOGY. 


CrVIL  ECONOMT. 

Socially  the  Navaho  are  not  distini^iiished  by  classes  of 
and  common  poople.  Thpy  uro  not  subject  to  the  rulp  off 
chief,  or  to  that  of  hereditary  chiefs.  Their  cbie^  are  not  ck 
from  one  specitic  clan  possessinjr  such  a  distinction,  but  %i*  taken 
from  all  clanfi,  as  socially  they  are  all  rqiial.  And  as  a  Krouine 
democracy  prevails  tho  chiefs  or  he-admen  are  chosen  from  ^ 
rank  and  tilo.  hoMini;  their  position  by  popular  choice,  and  u 
long  as  they  till  it  satisfactorily. 

In  the  earlier  days  the  tribe  was  represented  by  twelve  cbflfl 
who,  in  council  asscmblod,  were  subject  to  four  spokesman, 
whoae  eloquence  and  discretion  entitled  them  to  the  choiot. 
This  was,  moreover,  in  accord  with  the  legendary  organizatioo 
of  the  lower  worlds,  in  which  a  chief  was  assigned  to  the  car- 
dinal points  with  the  priority  of  rank  in  favor  of  the  chief  of 
the  east.  There  as  here,  all  matters  of  importance,  of  war  sDd 
peace,  life  and  death,  were  submitted  to  the  council  of  the  chieb 
for  decision.  And  though  some  chiefs  by  dint  of  eloqueoce  uid 
their  personality  exercised  such  a  right  individtially.  the  author- 
ity  of  the  others,  or  sub-chiefs,  was  never  impaired  thereby  in 
their  various  districts  where  they  enforced  the  injunctions  o( 
the  council. 

The  installation  of  a  new  chief  was  not  accompttoied  by  i 
religious  ceremony,  though  the  deposition  of  an  unsatisfactoTY 
chief  was  at  times  followed  by  a  feast  at  which  the  new  cbiff 
was  formally  installed.     It  would  seem,  too,  that  the  goventmeot 


of  tfao  tribe  WII8  nol,  as  a  rule,  eotruslrd  to  thp  singers,  or  nied- 
ictne  iu«n«  uiiIcas  tbfy  showed  uuusual  Bbtlit>'  and  peaceful  dis- 
poeitiutis.  Ou  nid*  Hiid  in  war  the  singer  always  acconipanicil 
iho  jiarti',  porforniing  tho  ceremonies  and  ritt-s  previoiwly  to  fts 
well  as  dnrins  and  after  an  eneaj^ment  with  the  eDeni.v.  And 
as  many  raidinj;  parties  o1U>n  forniinl  indepi-nHently  of  the  tribp 
as  siirh.  or  without  the  bnowlctlgo  of  its  Iroding  hi'odnicn,  tt  was 
of  no  infreiiiient  uocurrenoe  that  st»nie  prctt'iitioiis  and  amhitioiis 
sio2«r  ioaii/urated  such  raids  to  the  dctrimeot  of  the  tribe  at 
lanre.  Hence,  to  check  ^uch  influt^nc^s,  the  oece8»it.v  watt  felt 
of  tilling  the  ranks  of  th''  chiof5i  with  men  mahin?  tio  profession 
of  siofrin^.  nnlffw  they  showed  unuxual  consistency. 

Ti>'da>'  the  tribe  is  representei)  by  a  lar^fe  niiiiil)er  of  head- 
men whom*  authority  i»  coiifinf^  within  the  limits  of  a  small 
district.  Accunliiitfly.  the  more  pupulat*^>ti  dintriots  arc  each 
represented  by  a  buadmau  chosen  by  the  consent  of  the  people 
of  hia  di^rict,  and  approved  and  recouni»Hl  by  the  other  head- 
man of  the  tribe  (and  now  K-enerally  by  the  aj^rent).  The  heulman 
directs,  for  instance,  in  nuitl«r«  iwrtainin^  to  agriculture,  taking 
out  ditchffi,  or  clearin£  and  breakinjc  new  soil.  He  is  arbiter 
in  niatters  of  ilispute  for  the  people  of  his  district,  whose  inlen'St 
he  also  repre.sents  at  the  counciln  (and  with  the  agent).  In  mat- 
tera  of  in)portanc«  to  the  tribe  the  headmen  of  the  various 
diatricts  convene  in  council.  At  these  tratherindrft  each  headman 
voicM  his  opinion,  arKumenU  are  produced  pro  nnd  con,  until 
iKHnr  Biitisfactory  scdution  is  agreed  np<ra,  which  from  the  cnun- 
oil  is  carried  to  the  knowledge  of  the  peo|>le  at  large  through 
the  headmen.  (At  present  such  ffatherings  occasionally  take  place 
at  the  agencieH,  and  are  coavokt>d  by  the  agent,  who  also  nfe- 
guards  the  observance  of  law  and  order.)  It  may  be  said,  too, 
that  tbe  Xavaho  in  general  caiwo  very  little  disturbance.  In  fact, 
tra  trace  of  the  early  warlike  spirit  remains.  Tlu*  chiefs  of  war 
of  earlier  tiroi^s  have  entirely  disappeared.  Slavery,  too,  aa  a 
riH-iprocity  nieiwure,  is  not  upheld  any  longer,  'llie  tilave  was 
forced  to  labor  for  bi»  captor  by  Hgricullure,  herding,  and  erery- 


4S4 


AX  ETHKOLOaW  DtCTtOSARY. 


thini;  arduous.  Female  slaves  were  not  taught  the  art  of  wMriB|r. 
which  was  the  Mcrcd  tnut  of  Navaho  women.  In  additioa,  ttM 
c-aptor  luijrht  take  the  life  of  his  slave,  sell  or  dispoac*  of  him  it 
will,  and  ui>on  the  death  of  his  mastor  the  slave  was  dispatfhf<d 
immediately  after  the  burial  was  performed.  This  condition  no 
loneer  prevails,  thouffh  ocitasionally  one  heant  meDtioD  nude  of 
nieinbere  of  other  tribes  who  are  held  as  sUves.  There  uv, 
however,  no  instances  on  record  in  which  a  Xavabo  wa»  Bubjectnl 
to  slavery  by  hi?*  own  trib<*inen. 

The  euKtom  of  performinir  a  ceremony  for  the  benefit  of  th** 
headmen  has  now  entirely  disapiieared.  In  the  early  days  thp 
vigil  ceremony  (do-ig^hftzh)  was  held  four  times  during  the  reifii 
uf  a  headman  to  protect  hiiii  from  misfortune  and  iniiubonJias- 
tion.  This  feature  has  vanished,  as  well  as  that  of  distioeuitbiDC 
the  headmen  by  a  special  mark,  such  as  a  cootlier  robe,  an  arrav- 
imint  tied  to  the  ipieue  <b^-s'6st'Qj;i  be^stfl^ni),  or  an  agate  (huk- 
huniy^')  or  feather  (at^As)  instead. 

naf&ni,  or  binant^f,  the  headman:  nant'ft.  a  S(>eaker,  spokt^nas, 
ho;ch4ji  oafA,  a  peaceful  chief,  the  chief  in  time  of  peace, 
hashkh^ji  nat*A,  a  war  chief,  a  warlike  chief. 
ana'&l.vA,  reappointed,  or  nribidcltqi.  confirmed  or  reappointrd 
to  a  position  fnio<lem  words). 


THE   OENTILE   SYRTKM. 


* 


The  Navaho  are  divided  into  numerous  claos  or  gentes  formiDiT 
a  bond  of  union  and  n'latiomihi|»  bttweeu  members  of  the  am* 
clan,  as  well  as  between  tbo«e  of  afHliated  clan».  The  uinies  of 
these  clans  are  entirely  locative  or  topi^raphical.  not  exclitdioc 
names  of  an  apparently  toteinic  chamctcr,  such  08  the  bear,  or 
turkey  people,  since  in  such  instances  the  localit}'  in  wliicb  tliHi 
peoples  were  found  was  suggestive  of  the  clan  name.  In  fact, 
toteniie  name»,  or  even  traces  of  an  early  totemism,  have  oei 
been  discovered,  and  are  flatly  rejected  bj-  the  Navaho.  Sww* 
eland,  indeed,   rejtord  certain  animals,  such  as  the  be^r  (shiiU. 


tOLOGY. 


the  porcupine  (dusAni),  tlie  bulUuuke  vr  copiwiht-'sU  (tfistoA),  llie 
WL^ai»el  (dl&^iK  au<l  tbe  uouuUiii  lion  (nnsbdditsvK  as  l.'!^l>ecittl  |>e(9 
of  tboir  ctaii  (IL,  pot:  bill,  JaU,  their  pet).  Yet  tbew  were 
afl»itfoud  to  tbe  rt^^iwcliv^  clan^  nftvr  tbeir  creatjoo,  and  have  at 
no  tiiut<  been  ^^nibbMiiatic  of  the  clan,  or  iu  an>'  wU^-  atfi^ctMl  its 
nonieoclature.  Accordingly,  too,  tho  custom  of  Rinbluzuning 
ibeir  shields  ur  rob<>8  with  clao  totunis,  as  the  Navaho  hod  occa- 
sioD  to  ubserve  with  the  Zuilt  and  other  Ptioblo  tribeti,  never  wan 
in  voitue  with  tbeiii,  and  was  ever  rejected  as  of  distinctly  Pueblo 
tr»dition.  And  tbe  custom,  too,  of  sparing  the  coyote,  luiwks, 
aoakea,  some  specint  of  bear,  etc.,  has  f^vijently  no  bearing  on 
the  subject,  since  that  h  done  for  religious  rcaKons. 

With  thr  large  number  of  existing  clans  to-dii.v  it  is  not  at  all 
surprising  that  accounts  of  their  origin,  and  incidentally  of  their 
affiliation  and  aHsignmeot  to  various  groups,  are  at  great  variance. 
The  accountii  of  their  origin  are,  of  courm,  legendary,  and  differ 
with  various  authorities,  who  are  often  not  free  from  the  ap|iari-nt 
df.sire  of  creating  an  eponymous  ancestry,  or  rather,  eponymoiLs 
localities  and  peoples,  in  support  of  the  preistige  which  their  own 
clan  should  enjoy.  And  as  the-t>e  accuunls  are  fitted  into  tbe 
numerous  chant  legends  the  confusion  is  by  no  meoos  letisened. 
Still,  these  accounts  agrei-  on  Ibe  one  iK>inti  that  the  numerieat 
increase  of  the  clans  is  not  due  to  a  process  of  segmentation  of 
exiHting  clanft,  but  to  one  of  wloption  of  new  iteoples  which  were 
met  in  the  course  of  tbe  journey  to  the  present  habitat  uf  tlte 
tribe.  Accitnlingly,  tht*  phrutry  is  eliminated,  in  fact,  it  is 
unknown  to  tbe  Navabo.  who  makes  nu  such  dLttinctiun.  Each 
dan,  therefor,  forms  a  twiMratt>  whole,  which  is  aocialb'  tbe 
of  others  with  whom  it  is  perchMiio*'  iitKliat«1  by  consan- 
guinity or  adoption.  Naturally,  this  atfiliation  or  relstionshlp 
cansetl  some  clans  to  be  groujH'd  with  earlier,  ur  nuclear  elans, 
which  gives  ttu*  latter  occasionally  a  phratral  dtstinction. 

Tbe  relationship  between  tbe  olans  was,  according  tu  tbe 
accounts,  e^stabltsbed  either  by  intermarriage,  or  by  oloaing  a 
friendship  with  new  and   strange  tribes  or  clans  as  soon  as  they 


UcTIOKASr. 

met.  Wbf>]ievf<r  mental  deran^ptnrnt  was  oubfM-quent  to  Roch 
riutrriaireK  there  could  be  iiu  questiuo  of  the  prohibitive  (lefm> 
of  cunaanifiiinit.v.  find  the  ticcefiRit.v  of  inti>rnmrria^e  with  dud- 
related  clan»  wan  odcv  for  alt  established.  ExoffaniouB  marriasM, 
too,  were  not  uDcomnion,  especially  durinij-  that  iwriod  in  which. 
accordinfr  to  thoir  tradition,  the  Navaho  and  Piteblo  trihfia  lirvd 
as  one,  and  the  utsve  clans  thus  fonnod  were  adopttnl  by  the  hw- 
banrs  cliiii  and  aftiliatrd  to  his  group  of  related  clans.  IV 
tribes  were,  of  course,  destro.vcd  by  thv  flood  of  Nai-abo  tradi- 
tion. A  nucleus,  liowerer,  of  a  new  tribe  had  been  xared  by 
divine  intervention,  so  that  repreKenlatives  of  the  unjrinal  claoi 
still  remained.  These  formed  new  tie»i  with  the  Pueblo  I^HA 
other  tribes  as  a  result  of  connibinajfe  with  slav'es  and  rapiin^' 
the  descendants  of  which  subsequently  waxe<l  sullietpntly  strong 
to  fomi  new  clans  and  assert  their  indciH-ndence  of  their  captois. 
And  since  their  relationship  with  clans  affiliated  to  that  of  their 
captors  is  not  sufficiently  w'ell  established  to  be  beyond  dispuip, 
they  are  numerically  strong  to-da.v  owing  to  thoir  limited  reli- 
Cionship.  Strangely  enough,  some  of  the  post-dilurial  accessions, 
such  as  the  Jcmez,  Zia  and  ITtc  clans,  coindde  both  in  name  and 
affiliation  with  the  original  clans  adopted  by  the  Navaho  from 
these  tribes.  These  latter,  ht^wcvor,  are  not  rcgardinl  as  capciru 
clans,  like  the  more  recent  additions,  as  their  relationship  with 
all  the  clans  of  their  group  is  never  disputed.  And,  since  the 
various  bands  of  Pueblo  rpfugeea  and  captives  entered  the  tribe 
at  different  periods,  and  even  among  the  so-called  ante-dilutiil 
clans  Hcan'ely  one  is  without  historical  data  tracing  its  origin  aod 
recent  progress,  the  original  accounta  are  now  generally  emtKl- 
lished  with  modem  historical  data,  which  is  usually  the  tru.->t  ot 
some  intelligent  representative  of  the  clan. 

Hut,  withal,  the  question  of  consangninit^v  is  paramount  in  the 
gentile  system.  Though,  properly  sfHaking,  there  \s  no  phritry, 
the  naclcar.  or  adopting  clan,  often  enjoys  phrairal  dtstinrtioD 
by  choice  of  the  aub-gentes,  who  sometime*^  refer  to  them.sel^'cs 
by  their  phratral  connection,   as,   for  instance,   the  t/iotlottftitbi 


RocioLonr. 


427 


^eo 


mAMdeKhKl?:hnr,  the  Jutnez  of  the  alkaline  water  cUn,  or,  the 
khlyA^iii  shtUh  dinffi'i^*,  the  boar  clan  of  the  khlyA'tni,  thiin  indi- 
cating' their  cunsang'niDit.v  hy  aduptiun.  Double  clan  names, 
howerer.  indicate  adoption  by  onn  of  the  two  clans,  as  will  be 
so«n  lattir,  and  the  guasi-phratral  connection  is  therefor,  aa  a 
rul«,  not  indicated  in  this  niaaoer. 

Among  the  clans  four  claim  the  distinction  of  originating 
din'ctly  from  the  person  of  eedz&nidle,  the  Changing  Woman. 
The  khiyfl'ftni  were  created  from  the  skin  which  she  removed 
from  her  bnast,  wherefore  their  nanto  is  »^aid  to  signify,  ''those 
mado  of  her  breast'^  In  like  manner,  the  hunaghA'nl.  or  "they 
who  were  made  of  her  back,"  were  created  from  the  skin  which 
hxiRened  fnmi  her  back,  while  the  tqodiclilni,  "bitter  water 
people,"  and  the  tqdt^Anl,  "big  water  people,"  are  so  calk-d 
because  uf  their  creation  from  lite  sv^eat  (or  skin)  gathered  from 
below  her  right  and  left  arm  rei>pectivel,v.  Thits  she  formed 
the  nuoloua  of  the  tribe  to  which  she  prcaonted  the  pets  above 
mentioned,  Bml  dispatched  them  to  this  earth.  In  the  course  of 
tbia  joiirnej'  they  met  with  other  holy  peoples  like  themsi^lves 
with  whom  they  made  friendship  or  ascertained  their  rclationiihip. 

But  while  the  following  list  doea  not  propose  to  present  the 
clans  in  the  order  in  which  they  may  have  entered  the  tribe,  an 
«ndeavor  has  been  made  to  present  a  reliable  cla.<vtficrttl<m  of  the 
related  clans  as  they  exist  to-day.  The  clan  right  is  exercised 
In  the  first  instance  by  the  mother,  hence,  all  her  children  tielong 
to  her  clan.  In  addition,  intermarriage  with  the  clan^  affiliated 
with  bora  is  prohibited,  which  prohibition  altio  extends  to  the 
father's  clan  and  those  related  to  it.  This  prohibitive  degree 
was  formerly  also  extended  to  the  arhole  group  of  the  grand* 
fatber*s  clan,  but  is  now  generally  disregardeil  and  limited  to 
the  two  groups  io  which  the  fathor*8  and  mother's  clan  happen 
to  be  affiliated. 

The  various  groups  are  indicated  by  roman  lettent  preceding 
the  nuclear,  or  ma<tt  important  clan  of  the  group. 


HI 

Ay  BTHHOLOfilC  M^^^ARY.       ^^^^H 

^^H 

khiyft'&ni,  people  formed  of  ber  breafit.                     ^^ 

^^H 

tq^liogftnl,  people  of 

h.  dzlh?&d   din^'g*.   or  dzll 

^^H 

the  white  valley. 

tfftnf,  at  thf  base  or  lower 

^^H 

u^tso   diBJ^'6\    biff 

side  of  the  mountain  peo- 

^^H 

medicioc  pouplo. 
bitHni,  leaf   people. 
Some   derive   this 
from  bitqAt'&ti!.  they 

ple. 

6.  8h&shdioi6'6\bearpeople. 

7.  tq&zhi    dln«'«\    tnrk«j- 
people. 

8.  nadft  dinA'^\  com  peopk 

■ 

who  pft!»od  alonfr  the 
side  of  the  cafion. 

9.   kbIy&'A\  where  the  houM 
stand  (up,  or  on  hiffaX 

^^m      n. 

hoDagh&'nl,  the  people 

formed  of  her  back.               ^H 

^^H 

dziltf&'nl,    the   peo- 

were   accredited   to  ti^^ 

^^H 

ple  at  the  base,  or  in 

(Croup). 

^^^H 

the     rincon    of    a 

13.   tq&nesz&'nl,  poles  Btruns 

^^H 

mountain. 

out  at  the  water  people. 

^^B 

tqofi&Dl  <tqofiq4ni). 

U.   hashk1lbad;:AA,  wher?  tir 

^^^1 

water    is    dose   by. 

yucca  is  stnmfr  out. 

^^H 

(The    dzUo&hodfhil 

16.   Dlhob&nl,     lifht  •  colon*d 

^H 

are  now  extinct,  but 

soil  people.                        J 

^^M 

tqodicHfnl,   people  of 

the  bitter  water  (i.   e..  fonnwl     1 

^^H 

of  the  sweat  of  her  ritfht  nnii). 

^^B 

bt'bitq6nl,  people  of 

The  next  two  are  usauiniw' 

^^H 

the     deer     water 

to  the  preceding  clui. 

^^H 

^^H 

(country). 

tain  sahhAdnl,   peo- 
ple at  the  lone  tree. 
tq6     bazhnA'&zhi, 
where  two  went  for 
watpr. 

21.  mfi'ideshfffzhnl,     coyd' 
pass,   or   Jemex    peopl''- 

22.  tTfiffi.  fluffy,  or  (fraas-niil 
people,  tiecause  they  wotc 
mats  of  grass  and  yucca 

^^H 

tqO    dottAzhi,    alka- 
tinp  water. 

T^tor  these  were  ideoti' 
cal  with  the  Zia  people. 

1 

430 


ETHNOLOGW  DIVTIOyART. 


Vn.  4S.  tslnajIoT,  the  black  streab  of  wood  peofUe,  beaisp 
they  Uirived  on  a  black  stalk  Kromwcll.  called  izt 
bajlni.  In  addition,  their  ouuatry  was  covered  vitli 
a  dark  soiland  inidcrbriiRb,  which  from  a  distaou- 
resembled  a  black  streak  a^zainisl  the  horizon.  Utfoct, 
tbey  were  knows  as  the  dark  streak  of  wood  people. 


4fl.  tfilshchi  (trsftsh. 
chl),  the  red  left- 
ies, becaiifio  the 
soil  of  tbeir  coun- 
try was  a  briiibt 
red,  sod  its  peo- 
ple strongly  built, 
and  left-handed. 

44.  khin  (ichfiil,  the 
people  of  the  red 
houses. 

45.  deshchliil,  at  the 
bend  of  the  red 
rock  (people). 


4B.  trfxi  Mni,  many  goaU,bni 
this  is  a  modero  clan. 
sometimes  refe-rred  tou 
the  red  ffoatis. 

47.  ts^nababUnl.  tbe  same  i» 
39. 

48.  k&'U  the  willows,  becatisr 
they  made  many  lh>tln. 
prayersticks,  of  willo». 
Bfi  they  are  made  to- 
da.v. 

49.  t\^  j&bdni,  at  tbe  jrv 
cotton  woods. 

50.  nAdfi'A',  tbe  irte  elan. 


Vin.    61.  tq&chTnl,  the  people  of  the  red  soil,  or  country. 


52.  nanOiihf^r.hl,  hiack 
across,  because  of 
their  mode  of  cut- 
ting their  hair 
short  at  the  fore- 
bead,  and  spotting 
their     faces     with 


black  paint.  Tbe  Zvflt 
clao. 
53.  khio  Hchini,  same  as  41- 
The  red  boose  people  srf 
identical  with  the  Sao 
Juan  Pueblo. 


IX.    54.   tsenjfkhlnl,  the  people  of  the  black  bottMa. 

55.  tsendzfttfloi,  those  two  holy  peoplea  lived  b 

of     the     yellow  dark  and  yellow  bousca. 

houses,    as    these  Those  living  in  tbe  dark 


Iwnaee,  or  the  half  of  the 
villKgre  which  woh  dark  or 
black,  were  of  a  dark 
complexion,  whiU*  thosf; 
livinic  in  yellow  houses 
worn  light,  or  blotKJ, 
hf^nce  the  names. 


fill.  Aahtnit  the  salt  people,  or 
those  of  Ihii  place  covered 
with  salt  ur  alkali. 

fi7.  debi  lizhfiii.  San  Felipe, 
a  modem  clan. 

58.  mfi'i4lt«hKlzhn[,  another 
ftroup  of  the  Jeniez  clan. 


Various  tnfonuante  oJTer  Iranfdations  of  the  clan  names  which 
art  irreatly  at  variance.  However,  after  coi)<ftdiinu  the  works 
of  eminent  authorities  on  the  gentile  system,  such  as  those  of 
Dr  W  Matthews,  A  M  Stephen,  and  of  others,  and  compitring 
them  with  additional  data  obtained  from  representative  author- 
ities in  thi>  tribe,  the  pri'flent  translationR  are  thought,  to  be  fairly 
reliable.  As  wat*  .suggested  previuiuily,  there  are  udditiuoal 
elans  assigned  to  some  groujis,  or  to  specific  clans,  whn84>  rela- 
tionship, however,  is  not  entirely  beyood  dispute.  Thus,  the 
Iq4b4ha  of  group  V  claim  the  nftaesbfdzhi,  or  Zuni,  and  the 
dzilgfai,  or  Whit«  Mountain  Aiwche,  as  relatives,  in  addition  to 
fiuch  spurions  rtans  as  the  ns'sl  Itm'Aha),  at  the  dip  of  the  moun- 
tain, and  the  na'astx  diii*>\  or  tl»e  wanderers  (cliff-dwellers). 
Similar  claiio  are  thosi>  deseemling  from  captives  taken  from 
the  chfshi,  Chirncahua  .\poclie;  nak^tfd',  Piiita;  dil^h^'l^,  Mohave; 
iyAkhlni,  Hopi;  bA.vodj:In.  Paints*;  nashgili  din£>\  Mescalero 
Apache,  etc.,  which  are  fairly  wr>l|  distribitt<^  nniong  the  older 
Navabo  clans.  At  prrM^nt  aew  clans  are  not  added,  and  the 
distinction  betwei^i  stave  and  Navaho  clans  is  practically  nominal, 
a«  the  title  of  the  former  to  clanship  is  of  long  slaitding  and  well 
tbiished.  Yet.  while  the  adopting  clan  as  a  rule  acknowledge 
a  tie  of  con.<«anguiQit.v  with  the  a<lopt»d  ur  captured  clan,  this  is 
not  alwa>'8  done  by  the  clans  affiliated  to  the  adopting  clan. 
ConAequenlly,  inU^marriages  b*^tween  raptivc  claiLs  and  tho*M> 
aiffiliateJ  to  their  captor  sometimo  take  place,  yet  nut  without 


488 


A2k'  ETFiXOLOOlC  DICTIONARY, 


criticism  from  the  older  Navabo  cUds,  wbo  ftJitiit  Ibp  rcUtiMo 
ship,  and  winb  tb«ir  tradilions  observeil. 

Somrtimes  double  clan  Dames  are  met  n-ith.  rs  the  deibcUai 
bit^'nT,  or  tfa-shchf  hi^A'nf,  which  indicate*  that  the  bKi'nldu 
adopted  tni*lft  of  the  dcshchlni  and  tTa-shchf  dans,  whom  th«  lalt«r 
had  discarded.  Hence,  they  were  deshchlni  and  iTaHbchf.  respeo- 
tively,  by  birth,  but  bt^'nl  by  adoption.  Their  descendante, 
however,  refer  to  themselve»  as  belonifintr  to  tbe  bif&'nl,  awJ 
reject  the  claims  of  their  protrenitore.  Accordingly,  their  affilia- 
tion is  disputed,  and  they  »ro  refpiTe<l  Ua  a»  A\ni  doMhoxIni,  U» 
doubtful  clans,  or  persons  of  a  doubtful  clan.  Such  inataocM 
are  few,  however,  and  il  is  generally  acknowledged  that  a  mem- 
ber is  added  to  the  clan  by  birth  only.  Moreover,  the  clan  can 
not  now  diftown  its  members,  as  any  effort  io  this  direction  is 
thwarted  by  tbe  other  cImis. 

The  clan  always  enforces  its  riKhl  to  if*  members  airatiul 
other  clans.  An  instance  of  tbi't  ina.v  be  found  in  a  ctLstooi. 
which  in  jwrt  is  Btill  observed.  Tpun  the  diuth  of  her  hunhand 
general  good  custom  required  the  widow  to  marry  his  brothrr, 
or  some  dune  relative  uf  her  late  hutibaoil.  In  the  event  of  morv 
than  one  brother  she  was  at  liberty  to  choose  among  them,  which 
ahe  did  in  the  following  manner:  Some  lime  after  tbe  death  of 
her  husband  she  matle  two  carrying  baskets  (tslzis),  one  of  which 
she  titled  with  cornnieal  (for  preparing  mu«<h,  tqA'ndK  the  other 
with  |iaper-bread  (As^£*),  and  placed  tu-o  boughs  uf  wild  grapi* 
(duidzS')  and  redbush  (Hchfl),  in  tbe  form  of  a  cross,  over  thf 
whole.  She  then  proceeded  with  the  baskets  to  the  hogan  of  tbe 
desirable  part}'  and  placed  them  some  distance  from  it,  so  tiiat  tbaST 
might  be  gathered  and  their  contents  consumed  by  the  famil)'. 
This  done  she  returned  to  her  home.  Subsequently,  after  four 
ilayH.  the  husband-elect  fitrtppe<]  off  his  ganuenls,  and  taking  hi^ 
bow  attd  arrows,  proceeded  to  place  them  in  the  bogao  of  the 
widow,  where  he  slept  that  night.  On  the  following  morninn 
both  washed  themselvpf*  in  a  Kml  of  yucca  suds,  and  eombed 
one   another's   hair,    which   concluded    tbe    marriage   ceremony. 


4S3 


jtutuilarly.  a  widuwur  currit^d  bih  buw  aad  arrows  to  the  liutise  of 
I  desirable  ivlAtive  of  hi»  laU«  «'if«,  offerioje  and  coiicludin);  niAr- 
rifttfe  ID  the  sanie  niauner.  But  when  it  was  tbouffbt  desirable 
|<i  evade  th\s  dut,v.  a>  in  tbe  case  of  a  laree  femily,  or  utborwise, 
Ihe  clan  was  iMiged  to  inform  thi^  widow,  or  widower,  of  the 
peliKibilit)'  of  the  desiruhli'  [>urt>'.  tbiis  gratitin^  tbeiti  liberty  to 
cbootw  amoQK  other  clans.  Moreover,  this  protestation  muKt  pn- 
't*slv  the  foniiol  and  public  request  for  luarriutce  made  by  tbe 
ktdow  or  widower  in  the  manner  above  indicat«l,  lest  the  parl^- 
^bcMcn  be  forced  to  submit.  (Polyffainy  ta  sUll  permissible, 
|iolynndri»ii)  was  always  avoi<l«l  as  a«luUerous.)  Accordingly, 
llie  THTiod  of  widowhood  waw  ext^-imled  to  two  years  to  ifive 
^ilde  time  for  coiisidcratioti.  Tbii)  |>ertud  is  still  obser\-ed  by 
konie.  thoutfb  tbe  cuHtutn  of  earryinir  the  basket><  and  the  bow 
|u»d  arrows  hns  entin^ly  di^pix-arixl.  The  clans  also  assert  their 
traditional  rifchts,  holdinic  tbe  widow  until  she  obtainfi  her  releaw 
•itbur  by  tnurrtiiKe  (and  divorec)  or  by  their  consent.  In  tbe 
IBfveot  of  a  refusal  other  clans  avoid  her,  though  such  a  release  is 
ttt  present  often  purchased  by  sexual  intercourse  with  one  or 
Other  clan  ndativc  of  the  drreased,  after  which  all  obli^fations 
are  considered  fulKlled. 

For  othi-r  f^vvXs  vf  ihe  if'ntile  system  »v*'  feuds,  marrtajirt*  and 
jBortuary  customs,  and  othei-  artirles. 

^Hp  addition,  it  is  rcpn'hensible  to  marry  a  woman  with  whom 
one  lioh  concludetl  a  friendly  relationship  by  freqiieDt  visits  and 
rndearinir  terms  (Uti-  jintk'o,  when  one  ha^i  calltnl  her  frit^nd),  an 
i»  t>i|uivali-nl  to  rtinHaujcuinit.v  with  ber. 

WORDS. 

Ii^in<fe>',  or  t'a  dAutl<|&'i  dinf^*^*.  tht-  various  clan»;   biki 
\i).   hi^   relativef)  (eliin«ini«'n):  aJkl^  odif.  ur  dalaf  diri^'ijfi  nil, 
tht-  twd  clans  an*  re)uh-d. 

i|at1sh  dini&>*  iilt,  or  <lft  dfi  nA'6  nil  f   to  which  clan  do  you 
lirlon^f   al  diti^>*  oshH.  1  ti(>l(ini[  to  Uiat  clan,   or  shi  tJiftbiiha 
I.  1  aDi  a  tq&hAha. 


434 


AS  gTUyOLOOIC  DlCTIOHAaY. 


shi)  oqUbclitchln,  we  riy-  of  the  same  cUd  (related):  jrvbcbbii. 
related  asoeodins,  namely,  the  fntber*»  and  motber'ji  clini; 
n^Esbdeflhghdith,  he  mBrrii>d  back  ioio  the  cIbd  of  bis  (jMcawd 
wifp  (or  htLtband):  cHAnit'i,  thi«  privilege  of  doing^  this;  Kc^njfledi, 
adultery  with  relative  or  related  clansman. 

K£  cRict(|anflin8,  it  tfl  im[)o»«ible  tu  dtsovo  a  clao  relative,  or 
ctiie  ftoirt,  it  is  useless  to  turn  a  member  out. 


KINSHIP. 

Xavaho  tribal  s(>ciet.v  is  based  primarily  u|Nm  kinship  arifiiDy 
from  clan  affiliation,  as  each  person  \»,  a  member  of  the  tribe  b; 
reason  of  his  or  hor  afliliation  Lo  one  of  the  numerous  AeDtca 
This  kinship  is  tirmly  established  and  well  boown  to  the  trih>>  u 
Inrjre,  and  -^iomo  sort  of  govt-rnment  was  introduced  lar^ljr  b> 
maintain  the  rights  and  reciprocal  duties  of  kinship,  as  in  tin- 
case  of  feudfl  and  criminal  offenAc  against  any  clan  memb^-r.  Tbr 
gens,  or  clan,  thus  forms  one  large  farnily  within  the  tritv.  tbn 
imiU  of  which  are  linked  together  by  one  conmmn  pareata(*L 
Even  connubial  vows  do  not  ftevcr  the  bonds  of  coasangniotal 
kindred  arising  from  clan  affiliation,  Mnc«  the  clan  n«v«r  losi^ 
it*  right  to  one  of  it«  mi^mhcrs. 

Accordingly,  too,  terms  which  are  used  to  designate  real  coa- 
sanguineal  kindred,  such  as  my  brother,  uncle,  Htster  or  anot, 
are  promiscuously  used  in  designating  clan  kinship  as  well,  and 
incidentally  indicate  the  social  relation  io  regard  to  nuitrimoto' 
which  these  connanguineal  bonds  enjoin. 

The  present  list  contAins  the  nam^n  of  the  lineal  a^cendantK 
and  descendants,  which  are  given  in  the  pereonal  form.  The 
collateral  lines  of  brother  and  sister,  father  and  mother,  show 
many  identical  names  and  a  tendency  to  reduce  the  remotcaw 
in  relationship.  Neither  is  it  customary  to  duplicate  Mnuij 
the  designation  of  remote  relationship,  though  this  is  tt 
done  by  way  of  exactitude,  as  shizhAY'  hizh^'  bid^xM  biylih 
biter,  my  fathers  father's  sister's  son's  daughter,  instead  of  the 
generic  term  shinAli. 


^^^^^^^^^K^                     ^^^^^f              '^l 

KtiUtivc  Hire  la  diffirf-ntiated 

in  »ome  instances,  oa  with  the              ^^| 

foiuiKi^r  and  ulUpr  brother  and  sister.     No  8|H-oial  lerm  I'xists  Ui               ^^| 

dc»Uniat<^  llit<  fin^tburu,  or  eldest  child.     The  niothor  titiiially              ^^M 

dMtifnates  her  child  in  torms  not  in  use  by  the  fiiiher.                               ^^M 

WORDS.                                                             ^M 

shI,  fii^lf. 

or  sisElkli,  my  cousin,   for  my              ^^M 

sIiixMT,     or    8hilii&.     my 

svcond  coiisiut  orshid^Khe,  my              ^^| 

father. 

younfrer  »iatAr,  for  my  moth-              ^^| 

■JiU^V*.  th«-  father. 

er's  aunt*s  dftUfchter,  etc.                         ^^M 

haxh^'C',  or  bizhi*^'.  biK  or 

shid&'i,  my  uncle  (mother's               ^^| 

her  father. 

brother).                                                  ^^M 

tthaniA,  my  mother. 

shaK^'i,  my  aunt  (mother's              ^^M 

bantA,  ur  qamA,  bin  or  her 

Kistcr,   who  is  frequently  ad-               ^^M 

iimlhtT. 

dressed  as  shamA.  ni.v  mother).               ^^M 

shinAli,  my  paternal  crand- 

shibizhi,  my  uncle  and  autit               ^^| 

^renta,    in.v   paternal   aoces- 

(paternal).     ^hizh^V,  my  ^th-               ^^M 

lora.       The    entire    collateral 

er,  is  also  applied  instead  of              ^^M 

line  is  n^ft-rn>d  to  as  flhinftli 

Hhibfxhi.    nv>'    pntnrnal    unch^,               ^^| 

(pi.   hhiti&likb*!),  snch  us  m> 

much    like    iht:    prccmlinj^.              ^^M 

tfrani)  uncle     or    a  n  n  t ,     etc. , 

shin&Ii  is  also  applied  for  my               ^^M 

thouifb  for  these  and  remoter 

father's  uncle  or  aunt;  ftizddi,               ^^H 

kindred  such  terms  tu*  sit^fli, 

ray  father's  niece,  etc.                           ^^M 

m.v  yonn^er  brother,  etc.,  «r» 

fiirMi,  my  cotuin  (both  male              ^^M 

emiiloyivl. 

and  fi'mate).                                               ^^M 

Khicbat.  my  maternal  jrraiid- 

Hhflntt'a.Hh,  my  coiwinfmnle).               ^^M 

father:  sbicbA.    u.v    iiintemal 

Frequently    other    ti*rms    are              ^^M 

Knuidmotbor.  or  my  maternal 

usol.  such  as  sMnai.  my  broth-               ^^M 

aneeatorN and  kindred,    shin&li 

CT  (older  than  selfK  ^hidl^xhe.              ^^M 

ia  sIm  iim<<1  to  deaiifiiate  thia 

my   younifer  fliNter.      Second              ^^M 

of^latcral    lino,    thuntfh  more 

or  third  couxinftam  nol«^SIM>c-              ^^M 

freijuentlji'     termH    deniKiotf 

iaily  defljirnated,  but  are  called              ^^M 

cioarr    rel«tionHhi|i    an*    em- 

AttsHi.    my   ycungiT   bruthur;               ^^H 

ployml,   Kuch   an   .Khid&'i,    iii,\ 

shid^zhu,  my  younger  Muter,               ^^M 

uouIk,  for  no*  molhurV  uncle. 

reflpuctivuly.    Some,  however,              ^^M 

436 


A,\   KTiiSOUtHW  DICTSOHARY. 


note  a  diiitinclion  for  thi* 
descendaTiteuf  H  maternal  HunU 
thii!*,  8hicti^\  m.v  claut;hter, 
{ti>Kieiiatt>»  uiy  atiDt's  son's 
ilauffhter;  abidjl\  Diy  nephew, 
my  aunt's  rlau:?ht<*r'.s  child  rr-n. 

shfoai,  my  hrotht*r  {older 
than  self). 

siisdi.  my  younger  brother. 

sh&di,  toy  sister  (older  than 

(M-lf). 

idiid^zhe,  my  .vount^er  sister. 

fiiUfs,  my  brother  (aUfs.  the 
brutlier;  haktii',  his  brutlwr), 
tod  shili*.  my  sister  (halt*,  hix 
sUter),  «re  employed  promU- 
ciioiisly  for  younger  and  older 
brothers  ami  Kist^rs,  respec- 
tively. 

shani&  yAichi,  my  niece,  or 
spceifieally,  my  si.«tter*K  daui^h* 
ter. 

shidA',  my  nephew  and  nietu- 
(desJKiitilineboth  bnHher^and 
Aister's  children). 

shtblKhi,  my  nephew's  child- 
ren. 

Rhiy<*,  my  sod. 

ay6*,  the  sou. 

qay^%  or  biyS\  his  son. 

biytcb,  her  son,  or  little 
one,  a  term  not  employed  by 
the  father  of  the  child. 

Mt»r,  m.v  dauKhter. 


bitsf.  hiK  daughter. 

shtcBfl^*,  my  datijfhter,  U 
used  by  the  mother  and  oth^n) 
referrinii  to  the  girl. 

sib<6f,  my  dauirbler-*  or 
win's  child,  tframlchild. 

sitsiVkh^y^  my  frrandchUiln-n 
and  their  descendants. 

tihi  haij^,  who  wi*nt  fi^rtk 
tui^*tlK>r.  or  dalai  aiiolcltUI. 
bt>m  from  one,  roUtives,  kin- 
dred. Or,  intermgslivdy: 
dft*  e&k  huj^i^h  itf^r  or.  i)i' 
dalaf  aqulchUish  i^^t  arr  tibf 
two)  rc-lat4-d  (in  any  wayH 

da  bizh^'^*.  his  n-«l  fatbi-r. 

bizhd  illni.  bis  stepfatlwr. 

.VFFIXITV. 

ahAy^  (sluy^,  s1taA>-f),  iu> 
»oo-in-law,  the  <ami*  tron]  tl^ 
iKnatioK  al»o  my  bn^her-  and 
sister- in -law. 

shizhA'Ad,  my  daiiKhter-iD- 
law. 

shAdanf,  my  father- in -lav. 
or,  promisciiotutly,  also  for 
son-in-law,  as  bAdanf.  his  son- 
in-law.  or.  linally,  for  the  i^- 
laU-ral  line,  aa  b&daaf,  oiy 
wife's  uncle  or  nephew,  elt. 

duish'fni  Idoyish'fniK  whom 
I  do  not  look  upon,  my  molh- 
er-in-law. 


WAR. 

The  life  of  tho  oftriy  Navaho  was  one  uf  continuous  war  and 
rapinn.  ibc  ooiifbhorinR  Pueblo  and  Mpxiciin  villages  tisiinll.v 
Iwinfr  their  vietintH.  This  mode  of  life  noctwflitahH)  a  constant 
ehanjre  of  domicile,  and  uiade  the  piiisiiit  of  native  indastnen 
prartirnll.v  iiitixiKKihle,  fu*  sin-nuuiis  activity  in  war  ([a\e  u'a.v  to 
coRiparativi-  indolence  in  time  of  peace.  Yet,  like  most  of  the 
Plains  Indianrt,  the  Navalio  wax  welt  inured  to  the  vtciiwitiHleit  of 
climftte  and  povprty,  tm  the  warrior  must  needs  bend  all  his 
enprffifA  on  coiuttant  eKercise,  pri\*Atinn  and  endtiranre,  qualitieft 
which  were  dwiwive  factors  in  pritnitive  Harfiire.  Tliix  li-aitiinp 
was  beitun  curly  in  life.  Iufant<  were  bathed  in  tlie  vnow  for 
the  purpose  of  hardeniut;'  Ihuni  to  the  conataiit  chancre  of  climate, 
Boya  and  youths  were  urired  to  continuoits  exercise  in  runninir* 
do<ltfinii,  the  iii^e  of  the  shield  and  spear,  in  shooting,  cunnitis. 
and  everj-  artitice  known  to  the  more  evpL'ri<'nced  warriorn. 
Tbfir  diet  wia  nwrngvir,  eonsistinfr  wholly  of  corn  and  veniKon.  or 
of  QBCulnnt  berbfi  when  com  was  wnntinK.  ntid  water  to  furnish 
the  wherewith  to  drink. 

Wlu-n  at  leisure  and  peace  thi-  tribe  roamed  over  an  extensive 
territory,  the  Becurit.v  of  which  wa*«  insured  to  some  extent  by 

itinelB  pUoed  on  gii&rt\  at  ronspicuoun  elevationK.  whos4> 
dut,v  it  waH  to  sijfnal  by  ftnioke  or  Hre.  The  ^ijfnal  iriven  it 
would  chanKi-  ita  habitat,  ils  it  wa^  preferred  to  avoid  an  encoun- 
K»r  tinleNK  practically  certain  of  vtctorj-.  Apimrently  no  B)>ct-tal 
uodc  of  signals  existed  for  the  variona  neiiibborini;  tritieN,  and 
atlnrkh  were  usually  and  preferably  made  upon  isolated  bands  of 
eii«mi«a,  or  miftit<tpectine  settlements,  opp'Ttunities  for  which 
were  very  favorabln  amonjir  the  Hctttcn^  Pueblo. 

The  most  experienced  hiMidnmo  was  choAen  leader  in  an  enjifafe- 
ment.  thouirh  in  the  beat  of  Inttle  each  warrior  insured  his  own 
wfeiy.  An  action  was  always  begun  with  much  clamor  and  a 
charier  ou  horae.  bringing  shield  and  Kpear  into  pla>'.  At  close 
rmnj^e  bow  and  arrow  were  elTectiveI>'  used,  though  iiuite  fre- 
i|a«ntb'  rvftiav  wins  Nought  in  n  luuit>-  retreiU. 


4»e 


^.V   ETHKOLOOJC   htCTtONAItW 


Kuidiair  [Mittics  vrrrc  usually  fonninl  of  small  baadii  u  thu 
method  insufHl  krt^r  dividf^nrls  to  tbo  nicnil>ers  of  the  ptrty, 
In  war  and  on  raidH,  however,  thr  party  must  tic  joini-d  tty  i 
Rinj^cr  <if  the  war  rxie  (.vSihnKUiftiiKe)  tu  celebrate  Uie  victuriffla 
deeds  of  the  n'ar  icods.  snch  ok  th«*  Sla.ver  uf  Enprnies.  th'  sua 
and  mooD,  etc. 

An  enemy  wns  tHiMlly  scalptsl  without  previou'^  tortun',  hut 
if  poasible,  he  was  made  captive,  as  raids  ami  war  were  umlcr 
taken  to  iacreaac  the  number  of  slaves  in  onc*s  possosNoo.  In 
addition,  too,  the  moist  sealp  must  be  cHrrled  at  the  und  of  a  polr. 
and  kept  some  distance  from  the  ho^n  until  the  effects  of  thr 
liitfht  of  blotx]  miifht  be  n<m<ived  b.v  the  war  dance  (anftji  jiaf^h>. 
after  which  the  fspear  or  belt  was  decorated  with  (hem.  lo  thr 
event  of  the  death  of  a  warrior  from  wonnds  ivceived  in  actml 
combat,  the  capti^'es  made  by  him  were  billed  over  hia  grave. 

Aiiionjf  ntMjjhlKirins:  tribes,  the  I'tes,  Aparhe  (White  Muun- 
tain),  Muscalero  and  Coiuanche  Indians  were  most  dreade>i 
enemies. 

WORDS. 


nashb&'  {nsl^bB,  iSdeshbfl'), 
I  jto  to  war,  I  go  lo  raid. 

hasbkh^ji,  the  war  chief. 

y^iKS,  or  yeihastqfnlKe*  the 
war  ritPS  and  eones- 

ylsnA',  booty,  a  captive. 

yishn^'  (s^tnii',  deshn^i),  I 
take  boot}'^,  make  a  captive. 

8hi<!Un^',  (sidisnft',  shidldol- 
u^l),  I  was  nuide  captive  hs 
him. 

hatsfzlsqash'&tqil'fi,  qadesh'- 
tX\  I  scalp  an  enemy. 

tsTzIa  dxxXf:,  the  froafa  scalp. 

nfiltqd,  a  slave. 

nnltq{^  s^lT,  T  become,  or 
was  made  a  slave. 


nalt(i(!  iaht«  (s^li.  desblO). 
I  make  a  slave  of  him,  I  Mp- 
tur(*d  him. 

nSl'Ai  ifthM  (sl^lf.  deshlell.  I 
make  him  slave. 

b&yodsln  isbM,  I  make  ■ 
I'aiuto  of  him,  reduce  him  to 
slavery. 

bllyodKin,     Paiute,    is 
used  to  desifi'nate  lilave. 

atqiVfeh'r  <nf*),  I  c 
him  la  slave). 

ntqlnsbT  (nfii!),  or  atqfBshtf 

(atiifnishla,      atqlodesUft).     I 
puuLsb  you. 

atq^<vsh)A  (atql'f^hla,  atql- 
de»hltt).  I  chastise  him. 


ml 


\i9 


FEUPS. 

Quarrels  Bnion^r  npijihboi'R  and  members  of  Jifforent  clanit  an^ 
commoo.  An  amicabU-  st'llk-ini'iit  is  often  reached  privatL-l.v  and 
by  representative  mombcrR  of  the  disputinir  claiiit.  In  some 
infitanccs  a  case  muy  be  submitttx)  to  a  neutral  party,  us  is  now 
lTKf\iivnt\y  limit*  before  thi*  biwrd  of  IntUnn  judcosestabtishfd  by 
ihe  IVparttnt^tit  nf  Indian  AlTiiirs,  thoiij^h  an  nnoltirial  Mftt]fni(^nt 
is  much  pri'ferred. 

The  Navnbo  pxact  a  life  for  a  life,  and  in  the  case  of  a  oiurder 
thi>  I'i'hUives  and  elan&nien  of  thr  dreeaxt^tl  exart  tlic  pi'nally. 
Kuraierly  this  prnalt^'  wu.s  uiu>it  arbitrary,  tlie  firice  f  xuclvd  uun- 
sUtioi;  of  ulmost  the  entire  neatth  vf  ahells.  stuues,  earriovs, 
hidnt  of  lynx  and  otter,  etc.,  of  the  offendinif  clan.  I^ater, 
horses  and  cattle  were  exacted,  and  n  penally  to  the  value  of  five 
and  more  horsef^  for  a  woman,  and  thri'e  or  four  for  a  murdered 
man.  was  levied  upon  the  utTender.  At  jiresent  this  crime  is 
eqitalixed  on  a  sitnilar  basis  or  the  utremlere  turned  over  to  the 
State  authorities.  Still  it  is  by  no  meaai^  of  fretiuent  occurrence, 
and  the  iKifitiun  of  the  wife  (taken  from  an  outside  clan)  is  one 
iif  comparative  Hecuhty,  which  in  no  umall  degree  i.s  due  to  the 
severity  with  which  justice  ir  visited  upon  an  offender.  Utber 
crimes,  such  as  rai>e.  adultery,  deliberate  slauKbter,  or  purloio- 
ioc  of  cattle,  and  damage  to  another's  prapert}'.  arc  often  the 
occaition  of  atrtfe  and  conteniiun.  resultinpr  in  hard  wonlf).  blows 
and  bodily  injury.  Drunk4*nnt-8A,  unltuss  carried  on  habitually, 
\$  refftrded  lightly.  Ofl'i-ns4>s  given  in  drunkenneisa  are  not  taken 
soriously  aa  a  rule,  and  damages  done  are  repaired  or  paid  with 
admirable  ('(|uanimit.v. 

For  ncigbborinK  tribes,  ^uch  as  the  ZuBi  and  Uopi,  the  Nar- 
abo  cherish  a  sense  of  oatuml  supi^riorit^'  in  addition  to  a  tra- 
ditional contempt  for  the  latter  tribe.  The  American,  though 
not  e<iual  to  the  Navaho  in  rank,  is  renpected  according  Co 
deportment,  while  the  Mexioin.  wiiii  few  exceptions,  comes  ia 


^^^B         440                      Ay  BTBMtWair 

DtCTiONASr.               ^^^^ 

^^^^H         for  ft  considi-nibl<'  ^hnn-  of  pateniuliKni.      Together  with  otfatr     | 

^^^^H        tribes  the  Kax'aho  ithare  n  iretiiun« 

coDtenipt  for  the  ofijrro. 

^^^^H              List  of  words  aixl    phraatw  hi: 

ariug  on  subjects  of  disrate, 

^^^^H         ErbilmtJuti  nod  criaie. 

^^^^B              &naciiii'&hi.  a  juclirr,  Ii>dian 

KhayAhdj<!^ll.  hi'  KUf;[»cts  m. 

^^^^B         and  Aiiiericaa. 

ayuifsetfo   ay^holi,  a  frri 

^^^^^             <lo  Al'fda  (it  isnH  done),  it  w 

fiitspicioin    person,    be   looks 

^^^^H          furbiddon,    af^nitt   thr    law. 

rer>'  much  a.'tkance. 

^^^^B         Tbp  word  law  or  laws  has  no 

bahifri   idAshisbdontl  afrio 

^^^^B          cqtiivRlent   in    N'avaho  ami 

ayrthoM,  he  siwi>(?cto  otfaers  of 

^^^^H          [Mtru phrased  b,v  some  such  cx- 

wishing  hioi  injury. 

^^^^B          presj^ion  as  thJR.  or  by  wunlft 

bi^'ocHfJ,  he  lieK,  urbiocBtd, 

^^^^B         like  t«ill,  comiiiand,  Wasbinir- 

lt*8  a  li<*,  be  lie«.                ^| 
alffhAhi^^iet'A',  an  arjrmtii'M^ 

^^^^H          ton  or  the  aj^'nt  says,  etc. 

^^H                RhA.v&'nd6t11,    I'll     place 

do-haghAhodet*Ani.  ttierf  i^ 

^^^^H          boforc    a    jiidet>    ur    arhit^'r. 

no  iiiK^tion  al>out  it;  alui  axi 

^^^^H          hnai£  it  to  court. 

for  I  arffiie. 

^^^^B               naqaAshf^yDtlltJ,  lie  will  set- 

biyot'fiil  beb^nlkhiei  tiiohi- 

^^^^B          tie       for  u». 

bAdzl^^*.   cansbt   in  a  li<'  tbi- 

^^^^B                j^huAsbf^yodtll,  be   will   ru>t- 

KWeat  ran  down  tiis  facv. 

^^^^B                arbitrate  for 

cHJgo  dAdiVifhAl,  he  conWnt 

^^^^H              dotlA  difihnl.  I  op|M)JU>  it. 

!M'p  straight. 

^^^^B              <lodA  dIdoniJ  n^fb,  he  would 

l)infa>go    dilichf    (self),   hi!^ 

^^^^B         have  oppas(Hl. 

face     ri*dtlen(Hl,     lii>     Ua'thcl 
visibly. 

^^^^H               tAtde8>'Is,  I  am  frightened. 

^^^^B         alarmed. 

>-ihodIle^\  he  »axarr««t«l 

^^^^B              tsfddlyis,  he  is  alarmed. 

awAlyft   S4)t«if,    and    put    in 

^^^^B               bix(!t^6dq4Syili(miich  mouth). 

jail. 

^^^^B          be  is  agape,  amazed,  sr«'atl.v 

bahdfri  i^^i  ylnsdlC,  he  » 

^^^H         surprised. 

bent  on  meannnsa. 

^^^^B              Ayuh^sbJl.  I  havp  a  »uspic- 

bah&gi.orbigliah&tf  i  iri.»h^. 

^^^^B                     suspect. 

I  am  mean,  conunit  an  oUtna*.  ' 

^^^^K               ba>6bo8hlI,  I  ttuspect  him  of. 

inBict  injury.                        ^^ 

qoia^KJslhi.  uii  unriMHuoablf 

a;^'6it'a*tfu  aseezlii  Ailxtn,  bv       ■ 

Itersun. 

wbo   "'bivaks    biii    avrk**    tn       ■ 

doyi  (li^'inrtzln,   h*-  i«  war- 

report ^oniothirig.                           H 

like,  r|uarrclBonip. 

fldtAo,  a  fTOKsip,  tatt;-bi>«n?r^^l 

do  -  B«bo<ifiRliii&Vc'tf>ila,      a  n 

(lit  a  bi?  fly).                           ^^| 

impUcablt*  porHoa. 

dobind)  bwl»AdKi  i^itda  ione 

■(tfdi.vii-t1.  tlif.v  uvoid   igicb 

ran  not  spi'uk  in  bis  pr«>«nce>t 

other,    do    nut    louk    at    oni- 

uotruRtworthy. 

nnolhwr. 

do-bilhojdlni*  i^ipda.  be  c«d- 

alHMrni,     w<>     liate    racb 

noi   kfep  a  sfcret,    or  conti- 

olhor. 

donee. 

Hi|ljoIft,  ht'  liatcs  anothrr. 

la  Atii.  \nUi6l   Dibodl^l  <tt 

luikldlt'ft,  h<>  hccii^(hI  hint  of 

takes  a  ditU'rent  front),  a  con- 

Komcthini.''. 

flicting;  report  or  talp,  aiiibiif- 

ulclifd.    he    wurks    airain.st 

UUILS. 

another,  hv  is  jealous  of  him. 

dahazbff     niA'iK^     naifbA, 

HUtUtklDg. 

tbc-re's  a  siiinpl*'  of  a  coyotel 

altfa  acHlibdUkA',  bn  alioD- 

nntru:*twortbi-. 

att'd  a  friend. 

Ufld  ife  ba^hnf,   (ril   Apeak 

B.v6itfc>t^aiD^,  backbiting. 

or  am  ready  to  speak  now),  I 

I'vil  spfftkinj:. 

uni  anxious  fur  np.vfs. 

a>-6it^a>iri>  dfidsS^i  hAlni',  ht* 

t'a  bwbozlai,  it  is  appaivntt 

•«pr^>ai.lK  false  tvportft. 

be  ia  candid.  upriKbU 

1^0dr|Aln(ti  hAlnl'.  he   inakHs 

do^bilbwhAsinda,    anibif- 

np  fabw*  ri'porls. 

uoiifl.     doubtful,     iinreliablci; 

daM  o.vl)iiEi  ^(Vjonfli  hAlnl'. 

alfin  iiMxl  for  xtiddt^nly  dJKBp- 

bin  tvportH  are  his  uhii  iiialjt'- 

pt-^rins. 

up. 

do    cUr&da,    iu>    dut«^     not 

4qolnf}  C^yi  nngh^  (ht<  ifm-^ 

apprrtriat*-,  iinapprcciativf*. 

onl.v  fur  HoiiR'thlDif  to  happen). 

naiitthtiilti.  I  advint*. 

an  aAritaU>r. 

biiiAnUjln    duya^hAilu,    tbe 

1         sydi^H'tco  atq&'   nahalnr,   it 

advice  is  fooliah.                         ^^M 

■    tel«-lx'an>r,   who  causoti  bani 

l?Blffi>i  ntsfkbim,    h«  i[\vw      V 

fcelinffit  aniiifiir  frit-ndft  by  hix 

iDitch  tbiiiiKbt  tn  a  Aiibject.  a       1 

_     tfuesip. 

ilvep  tbiaktT.                               ^^J 

^^^^ 

^^^J 

442 


A^   KTliSOLOOJC  iJirTlOXAftr. 


yiuA'sad  bcu&utqln  <Ufe's 
K'onis  with  T  wlvisn),  my  nH- 
vicf  U  biised  on  experieDW, 
gotM\  ailvicp. 

blnlntilsil,  111*  has  Dcrrc, 
hackboHP. 

bitht>xh<$.  aurecable  id  man- 
ner, or  yahot'^'.  a^ivoabto; 
also  iis4s)  of  boing'satufactory 
to  butb  dispiitinK'  parties. 

bftliH-shn!',  I  praise,  ailniire 
him. 

Aodi  ytetcfdasetqf.  h«  Is  non- 
commitUil. 

bAqAlii^*,  he  16  occontuilit- 
tin^f. 

do  tsfl  Adll'lda.  be  is  not 
hftsty,  hut  Hpi^hs  the  matter 
well.  Also,  he  takes  it 
easy. 

ai)tnsfn.  1  Oi^ree  with,  am 
of  the  same  opinion. 

do  shit'intda,  I  do  not  admit 
that. 

dabadsfijfi,  hi^  answer, 
which  is  used  to  express 
abidiuff  by  another's  decision. 

bldi.v^Kb^,  1  am  prejudiced 
airainst  him. 

faf^isi  bendilA.  he  talks  or 
does  biK,  a  atuclt  up  person, 
"too  smart.-' 

do  bil'iltda,  very  arbitmry. 
assumintf  in  umiuier. 


aydi'ishtf^  nlzlo,  be  gi\'Gs 
him.<elf  airs,  bluHterioe  ptr 
son. 

boholnfii;i  ^aitfisi  bewlili. 
a  domineerinj;  penton.  onp 
wbt)  **  rich's  the  hi^h  bi»r>p  " 

hi'idlh-Ml,  a  bubbler,  nutf^, 
boisleruius  fellow. 

I^&t'f''  hul6,  be  is  mna 
(also  iLsed  of  an  unruly  horw'- 

t'insi  baAtr^*  &dln,  ho  ii 
kind,  of  nn  even  temper. 

yicliT'  n&Ashilll',  I  have  t 
presentiment,  anticipate  tivu- 
ble. 

e^i^ihnf  (fA  odisbDO.  I 
merely  remarked,  I  wu  fool- 
ing. 

do  hoftfjiro  AdiKtnUU',  you 
misunderstood  me,  a  nmuD- 
ders  landing. 

bil'iqffebQnsIn,  I  infonn  him. 
ac(|uaint  him  of;  also,  I  im 
acquainted  with. 

do-joodlll'i'fi&da,  he  is  tu- 
reliable.  a  prevaricator,  it 
looks  suspicious. 

BhfkajUqfl.  he  pumped  nic- 

b^^elt&iyl),  be  pumjjs  otbeni, 
ntakioK  a  practice  of  luimp- 
\ng  others. 

ak^dinL  dislike,  he  dislike*, 
hates  him. 

tiik^  &c|idiBh&  {gn  aronnd 
him).  I  avoid  him. 


^^P^P  nihish'A,    1    intiniiclate 

^do  bffihozlnti  there  ia  no              ^^M 

J*OlL 

clue  to  the  deed.                                  ^H 

ail   yf&hiLshtt'*,    I    fri|;ht<Mi, 

.V&dhalyd,     he    is    careful,              ^^M 

iulimidalL-  .vuti. 

discivet.                                                   ^^M 

•Infshiidel,  rapo,  I  rope. 

bAAhash^'H  (n^)«),  I  am  care-              ^^M 

nil  liiiisU]^!,  I  rapt*  you. 

^M 

.viyisiif,  hi>  killfx),  an  aasas- 

b3ahul.vA,  have  caret                          ^^M 

fiin,  ■  iimnipr. 

do- thill halyida,   Ik-   is   very               ^^M 

diltUlAh)l8lit*&\   t   coniniit  a 

careless.                                                            ^^M 

crinio. 

sbishiU^  (nfiL>).  I  don't  care,                ^H 

ftJishtfi,  1  cuuiiiijt  uJiiller.v, 

it  is  IminateriAl  to  mel                           ^H 

na^lisM^},  I  cotiiniit  adiilter,v 

httint^shtl    (ba'Dsfs^d,    ba'-               ^H 

ndeshtlO,     I    (cei    him     ioto              ^H 

with  you. 

trouble.                                                   ^^M 

Mn:iln,  1  am  jealous  of. 

iiftin^sht^    (nu'nsfsflH,     n&'-               ^^H 

.VfibAsTn.  nhMiie. 

ndeshtll).    I   niak«  dlfiicuUiea               ^^M 

^^K  bK>-&ai£f.    m«hained,    be    is 

Tor  him.                                                  ^^M 

^moaned. 

qayk'   iiodJsq^  (qayi'    qo*              ^H 

\t*yktnisln^  I  mu  ashamed 

d^lqlz.    i|a>'A'    qodldi^sqh),    I               ^^M 

of  Diyaelf. 

run  the  blutf  on  him.                             ^^| 

ttvn&sh'o^    (ttCDAsdsfi),    I 

oi^'A'     qodiaq^s    <i|(h1<^I<)Iz,               ^H 

nveiijif,  get  even. 

qodid^^sqls),  I  run  the  blutf  on               ^^M 

k£    Duoridlf.    1    have   a|>olo- 

^^M 

Ipixud,  made  Tri^nds  ajfaiii. 

t^o  bAbodottI,   he  does  not              ^H 

M    ttlUllia?.kh^,     I     am    id 

worry  over  it.                                        ^^M 

doubt,    aot   cl»ar   as   to    the 

t?o  shihodoai  (ntfjfe),  it  does             ^H 

coiiMo  to  be  tjikt'd. 

not  worry  nie.                                        ^^M 

nUh  bihj/lsh  dol&f    <whjd, 

f»  trillrshnf  {niA),  I  do  not              ^H 

pasted,    glwtl     to),    ilo    you 

worry  for  it.                                          ^^M 

doubt  m>'  frieml'ihipt 

dohalyfida,  he  b  childish.                 ^^M 

hoxhAji   jilf.    he   hiu   made 

en  (l6Ahalyll<!u.  or  fA  bfni              ^U 

friuadM     aiiraiD;    alno,     he     ia 

Adin.  be  ha»>  uo  brains.                            ^^M 

(flow)  peaceable. 

^4  shil  q6y9,  1  am  alarmed,             ^H 

Kobt^^.  Btrai£ht«nod  out, 

fri«ht«ii«d.                                             ^H 

■  coniproniise  was  made. 

bdlahcfal'     aidishchl,     Hdl-             ^M 

bfdil'A*,   he  U  undecided. 

deahohiJ),  1  coax  him.                           ^^M 

Ui 


AN  SraXOLOGIC  VICTKty.MiY. 


bkh&nilishDKdtnTiI.  bikhin 
(liilv^liiilt),  talk  swevt.  »*uuiiTvd 
wunLs;  I  (xmx.  for  lostance.  a 
prisoner,  or  borw. 

IskhAn  (lidliill.  yon  ntnsl 
OBC  □toer  lBnifua>;a  than  horp- 
tttforv. 

ya'inll,  one  wboarrestH.  tbo 
modorn  dopiit^v  sheriff. 

kh<^n(l7:In.  or  k  hon  h  /• '  nl 
(Dt''i&),  I  am  his  friond,  I  a«»o- 


ciate  with  biiii. 

bi;;eii6l<^'  Uni  n«iD,  I  UB 
anxioibi  to  sec  him  die.  om 
who  awaits  with  inipatifnai 
the  dnith  of  another. 

tsln.  a  club. 

n&nfthqAl  (nan^biAl.  udtotsk- 
qfll\  I  strikv  with  a  club. 

nAnnshi|ftl  (nann6K|«l.  dHI- 
Q&fih()Ah.  T  ht>at  yon  witb  t 
club. 


SWEARING. 

The  Navdho  KWi-an-  whi'n  angry  or  excitfil.  and  ai  a  turn  «( 
fortuni-.  .\bti.sf  is  heaped  upon  a  burse,  a  dunce,  or  an  iotitP 
diotr  doif,  and  the  like.  Women  are  jiista.^  bristling  and  volubJr 
as  the  men,  if  not  more  so,  anil  iiae  the  .tamo  delicious  tvl 
forcefdi  Innffiiatr*'.  Ak  b  rule,  however,  the  child  is  nut  abim^. 
but  treated  with  all  f;entIeDe-»  aod  utmost  K-oienc)',  and  tbr 
affection  of  Rome  jfrown  men  and  women  for  their  parenls  if> 
truly  touching. 

Navaho  imprt'K:ations  are  harmless  cxprtiwioiiB  and  ainall> 
refer  to  tbinu^  tabooed.  Iieliuhtful  iinitatiotitt  of  AmericMi 
«xplo«tive!4  are  not  infrequent,  sucha'^:  '''Ssu!  ilod  ilem  git)  »!* 
or.  "you  dan  nun  de  bid!",  tbouKh  many  are  unaware  of  thrir 
meaninfT. 

WORDS. 

sb&sh,  sbA»<h  (bear):  tfisb,  trish  (snaki-):  ui^'i.  m£'i  It-oyotel.or 
similar  imprecations,  oftcu  precede  a  Iod^  line  of  vicoroti!> 
UnfTuaee. 

Khfiah    kh^yad^,    from   the  shAfih     bd'Ad.    yuu    fi'oialr 

bear's  deni  Inarl 

ohAMh    bakhfi'l.     you     malt*  i>hAAh  bitatchfni.  \uu  hrar'« 

bear!  children! 


^^^^^^^^^^"              SUCIOLOU                     ^^^"          443               ^H 

W       Jishch&dfi,  disinU^rnMl! 

)>hf'iil,  abttse.                                      ^^M 

jihhchAdA  niS'i,  you  Amn- 

hosblshkhl^,  1  am  an^ry.                    ^^M 

iprriHi  coyot*"! 

ha-shkbi^,  uu^ry.                                 ^^M 

ul',  «i)ileil  U)  the  name  or 
iimlMiction.  is  wiuivaleiit  tu 

ashtf^sh  (ul';&>,  1  ifnash  luy              ^H 
tfeth.                                                           ^H 

our  dftmn^^l. 

nii'i  nf.  you  darnni-d  coyote! 

from  the  npther  vrurM  driiNl 
royoU"! 

yiusdi^r,  I  abuse  him.                       ^^M 
ya-Kilzr,  I  abutted  bim.                       ^^M 
8ge6xt\  I  have  abiuwd.                        ^^M 
yi!4h'f(netf>.or»6'td.defthm             ^M 

rUlndofih.  go  to  h — I 
rtilmliUili^'u.  with  a  similar 

rHfndi,    rttlridi,    eh<»«l,    i»r 

ttx»h    bizdde,    out    of    the              ^H 
luuutb  of  a  snake,  or,  you  ex-              ^H 
povtorntiou  of  a  snake!    shAsh              ^^M 

carcaKi! 

(bear),    mA'i   (coyote).    hVhA'i               ^^M 

dAdi!Ai;n     (Knf,     you     tiare 

Idour).  ar«   used   in  a  similar             ^^M 

your  ti«rvi'  tu  sa.v. 

nmmxcr,  a.H  also  cHftidi  bixi^li',               ^^H 

iMfli^,  get  out,  you  talk  liki* 

yoti  spittie  of  a  yhost  or  car*              ^^M 

ft  fool! 

cass!  tqti^  bix^de,  you  cast*              ^H 

dAdo  (ttdot  Antlni.  ftUip! 

out  of  poverty!  dirhfa  bizl^ie,               ^^M 

t^l(»  dtnftii,  don't  nay  llmt. 

you  (mstout  of  hunKcrl                            ^^M 

don't  Ulk  so! 

.Similarly.  U\i^  khtfy&'d<6.              ^H 

hil  hodijAli.  you  hlockht^ad! 

you  are  surely  an  apparition              ^^M 

dfldo  biniy^hpfrubAnfthachf', 

from    the    land    of    |K)vi<rl^v!              ^^M 

he    inakt^M    niuch    ndo    (fufls) 

dichfn    kbl}y&'d^,     from    the               ^^M 

atKMil  ufitbinK, 

laud  uf  buoger!  ttlsh  kbJ^^-A*-               ^^M 

biubAchf  (aizahAcbr,    I 

di^,    from    thf    land    of    the               ^^M 

Kwcar),  he  is  abusive,  Hw^ars. 

flnakta!    cDlndi    kh^yA'd^,               ^H 

do-bi^illdn,  u*  h1m>  used  for 

from  the  land  of  thn  departed  t              ^^| 

•bust  re. 

aln<i  that  of  the  bvar»  Aogn  or              ^^| 

q6'1d,  I  cursed  hiiti,  ubuw. 

cuyutti.                                                         ^^M 

qfieadal,   I  ciirm^   him  for 

Another  t'ariation  is;  tTbh              ^^M 

good. 

biaed6iffi,  you^re  just  like  Ibn              ^H 

y4*qQffs4.U!.    I    L'Ursod     him 

npittle  of  a  Hnake.  or  a  ruyotfi,               ^^H 

"np,"  or  "HiTbt  and  left" 

bear.  <lofr,  iihost,  utc.                              ^^H 

KTHX01 


"JOXARy. 


shfish  hir^  Ktfii6*  nnft,  g&t 
ioto  the  moath  of  a  bear, 
(snake,  coyote,  etc.) 

Or,  intorroffator.v.  as: 
lectiA)  bize  ffdaft'lsb  do  an&'da, 
.why  don't  you  crawl  iato  the 
mouth  of  a  dog,  etc. 

cHTnd)tf|Adib'iKL     likD     one 


from  the  nether  worlds,  Uk« 
ad 1 

cBloditqflfro  dtni,  or  HiaU, 
go  to  h — -! 

ited'hiinfisi,  or  il^i'ho- 
ctilndi,  o  r  itM'  bu?>hkhA)ifru 
ciiaswords,  abiute,  iniprpca- 
tions. 


MARRIAGE  AND  BIRTH  CUSTOMS. 

At  the  afje  of  ii(ibilit,v  n  ceremony  is  conducted  for  the  nuUpn 
which  in  substance  rnnjiistR  in  pn-ssing  and  molding  her  liud>. 
Tbia  compluU^^,  the  women  bathe  her  body,  after  which  !«be  i> 
told  to  run  toward  the  east  and  back  to  the  hogan  airalo.  wben- 
tho  bath  in  repeaUnI,  her  hair  is,  combed,  and  h<>r  body  is  spcAttd 
with  white  clay  (diesh)  from  nAa^lA.  The  two  songs  acc(Hnraii;- 
ing  the  run  to  the  east,  and  the  spotting  with  clay,  are  rfarntial 
to  the  ceremony,  and  are  taken  fi'oin  the  rite  of  blessing  (hozbftji). 
Recently  the  eating  of  tbe  corttcake  (alkliAdt  has  been  atlded. 
Should  marriairc  precede  the  nubilit.v  ceremony,  as  it  sometiuKi 
does,  the  wrenmny  is  then  jierfunned  after  the  lirsl  men&triiaiiun- 

A  youth  desiring  a  maiden  in  ituirriage  asks  another  (osutUjr 
bis  uncle  or  close  relative,  or,  if  an  outsider,  some  friend  of 
prominence)  to  intercede  for  him  with  the  parents  of  the  iriH. 
This  party,  accompanied  by  the  father  or  mother  of  lU-  boj^. 
visit  the  girl's  parents,  and  after  due  explanations  have  bera 
exchanged,  offer  the  customary  gift  Ul'ilf).  This  gift  is  usually 
in  tbe  shape  of  fi-oiu  tea  to  tifteen  horswf  or  tliuir  eijuii-ah-til,  or 
in  proportion  to  the  wealth  and  social  standing  of  both  familii«> 
It  is  not  tbe  price  paid  for  tbe  girl,  but  a  gift  sanctioned  by 
tradition,  as  the  Navabo  do  not  sell  their  children.  Ponneriy. 
ten  horse*  were  considered  a  proper  gift,  and  a  gift  of  twelw 
horses,  inlro<luced   lat^M-.  was  prohibited  ibahAdald)  for  rvligio* 


ROCIOLOOY. 


447 


At  present  tbo  poorer  classes  offer  as  little  as  one  ant) 
two  boma. 

When  the  gift  ur  Xgi  has  boon  decided  upon  a  date  is  sot  at 
which  thf  fiuiiily  of  tlio  bridogrooni  will  apiH-iir  ut  the  hoeaii  of 
his  bride  (say  after  tiro  or  ten  days).  Navabo  decorum  does  not 
permit  of  r tsits  to  thi?  betrothed,  nor  is  it  in  accord  with  ^rood 
laittp  to  look  upon  or  show  familiarity  with  the  mother  of  the 
gir]  asked  in  marrinf^.  Ilrnre  the  soeuil  taboo  phiced  upon 
the  huslmnd  and  his  itiother-in-law,  who  is  therefor  called 
do'jrolui,  she  who  nta.v  not  be  seen. 

In  families  of  some  means  the  most  eluborato  preparations  are 
made  for  a  suitable  festivity;  the  boys  folks  jrather  the  horses 
and  .<ttiptilat«'d  gifis,  while  the  tn^rs  people  prepare  the  meats 
and  all  thin]?s  reiiuired  at  the  wedding.  Townrd  evening  of  the 
appointed  day  the  imrty  of  the  bridegroom  arrive  with  the  horses 
and  gifts  at  the  hogao  of  the  bride,  and  both  bride  and  brido- 
irroom  are  dressed,  according  to  mean.s,  in  their  best  clothes,  and 
decorated  with  heads  and  silverware.  (The  old  ciiRttim  of  placing 
a  buckskin,  or  the  skin  of  a  wildcat,  upon  the  bride,  of  which 
like  was  deprived  by  the  youth's  parents  upon  her  entry  into  tho 
hogan.  hm  now  disappeared.) 

Thi*  bridegroom  is  tirst  to  enter  the  hounn,  which  he  does  by 
ceeding  around  the  south  side   of  ihe  tiri<  to  the  nurthwcst 

e,  where  be  is  soatcd  uiwn  blankets  spread  then-  fur  the 
couple.  I'reflrutJy  the  father  or  uncle  of  the  bride  conducts  her 
to  bis  side  over  the  Htune  ritual  course  (shibiUd).  and  she  is 
8<«ted  to  the  right  of  the  brid*>grooni.  slightly  tit  the  reiir  of 
him.  Friends  and  relatives  now  file  in  and  seat  themsolvoH  on 
•ither  side-  At  the  hogan  they  find  all  in  readiness  for  a  good 
meal,  as  well  as  a  small  jar  with  water  (t«|6shjC  >'ixhi)  and  a 
gourd  la<lli'  (Ad(!')  fur  the  washing.  The  women,  too,  have  pre- 
pared a  plain  cornmeal  gruel  (t<|A'"It  if^l  idln,  no  cedar  porridge) 
in  a  new  biL<iket,  or  one  which  lias  not  served  a  ceremonial  pur- 
pose. This  they  place  before  the  couple  with  the  closed  seam 
(bidl  ftstTffnt)  pointing  eastward.      ITpon  thb  gruel  the   father 


^. 


448 


AN  KTHXULOQiC  liWTIOKARY. 


of  the  l)ridf*  now  draws  a  [int>  with  pollen  of  white  com  <aadA(pi 
bitqA<lldIa)  fi-oiii  the  rloKe«l  .sf«iii  in  the  vnsi  to  the  west  end  of 
the  bttsket  aud  back  aeaio  to  the  ea^t,  and  uoother  Vine  crucuaair 
thi8  with  pollen  uf  .yellow  com  (nadUtsoi  bitqAdidia)  frnm  eoutb 
to  north  and  tieck  to  ftouth  aeaio.  Finally,  be  draws  a  circle 
with  the  yellow  iwllt'n  uround  tht  whole,  th'^lnninK  «t  the  clowd 
seam  in  thi?  oast,  and  also  coiupk'ting  the  circle  tht-re.  There- 
ui>uii  hv  plact-s  the  Imllo  and  water  jar  before  the  bride  whu  dips 
wster  with  the  ladle  and  pours  it  over  the  bridefrroom'a  hands 
while  be  washes  them  Ibilla  t'l^dsitrls),  and  he  then  perfonm  ■ 
like  office  for  her.  The  ba-skot  with  eruel  is  now  turned  towiH 
them  so  that  the  c1oai-<I  ^eam  faces  thv  couple.  The  brideicroom 
then  takes  u  pinch  of  the  porridge  with  hit  tin^era  jusi  wbptv 
the  line  of  |H>llen  touches  the  cirale  of  the  east  side.  He  eaif 
this  one  pinch,  and  the  bride  dip^  with  her  finders  from  the  sainr 
place.  lie  then  takes  in  succession  a  pinch  from  the  5outb. 
we«t  and  north  sides,  where  the  lino**  of  pollen  tt»tK-h  the  cirrle, 
the  bride's  Hnecrs  followinff  his.  This  practicmlly  conclodefl  the 
DuirriaKe  ceremony,  and  now  a  iceuenil  summons  to  eat  in  irireo 
Ui  the  ^ueitts.  Subsequent  to  the  meal  (or  the  eating  of  thf 
porrtdfre)  ireneral  stttlsfHctioD  is  displayed  hy  rubbinjr  one's  limb* 
with  the  liiinilK  and  acri>nk|mnyinv  this  aetiori  by  some  kntiun 
invocation  to  esdzfinldle,  the  Sun.  Moon,  She-  and  He- Rains,  and 
the  divinities  in  ireneral.  Tbi^  is  followed  by  expressions  of 
rejoicing  at  the  happy  event,  and  of  ^toikI  and  jaound  advice  lo 
the   newlywwis. 

It  is  optional  with  the  married  couple  to  consume  the  cuutrnl» 
uf  the  bosket  or  to  join  in  the  general  feaslinj;,  Ab  the  gmrl 
is  jmssetl  to  the  visitiDg  iTUesKt^  when  the  couple  so  desires  cusLoin 
Kraduully  iutroduced  two  methtKls  of  decidiotf  the  ownership  uf 
the  liosket.  The  more  conservative  opinion  aaeign>i  the  basket 
Ui  the  bride's  mother  {  who.  of  course,  can  not  be  present ),  inao- 
much  as  »he  part«i  with  her  own  lle^h  ami  bliHx).  The  other 
grants  it  t4>  the  bridegroom's  parents,  itnd  by  mutiul  afen*enieiU 
be  w|k>  dn>ve  up  the  hurHi<ii  mIwhj^'s  vonKinned  the  last  portion  of 


SOCTOLOOr. 


446 


the  porriiijff.  nniJ  eventually  prewots  tht*  basket  to  the  boy^s 
parcQtA.  H«  IB  therefor  said  to  win  thi^  basket,  and  aomo  desii;- 
iiat«  a  basket  thus  obtained  aH  tAk''  naobdni,  the  basket  won  (at 
ibe  weddiuK>. 

Henceforth  the  taboo  between  husband  and  inuther-in-law  is 
ilrictly  observed,  and  friends  «nd  neiuhbois  assiduously  assist  in 
fcnardinfr  this  injunction.  In  the  aKsence  of  the  husband  tht^ 
mother  pa^'s  her  daughter  an  occaKimial  visit,  and  in  general  the 
vifo  is  not  subject  to  inaltrealinent  uwinir  tu  the  interest  shotvn 
her  by  clansmeu  and  relatives.  The  ancient  ciistoni  by  which 
brolhora-in-Uw  deprived  a  hiMt^nd  at  wUl  of  wife,  properti' 
and  home,  in  at  present  on  the  wane. 

Marriage  between  cousins  and  close  relatives,  or  between 
menilu'i'!*  of  clans  related  lo  one  another,  are  not  viewed  favor- 

_  ably,  and  are  prohibited  by  the  nioro  rouservative  clans.     <Cf. 

HjPtntitr  system.)  To  obviate  distt  nsioti  and  to  insure  conjugal 
fidelity  recourse  is  had  to  tnarrisgi"  with  (he  sisters  of  one's  wife, 
ft  course  which  is  favorably  viewed  by  the  wife's  parents  if  the 
!M>n-in-law  prove  induKtrinus  and  dceent  otherwise.  In  ihi**  event, 
however,  the  marriage  ceremony  ma.v  not  take  phice,  but  the 
second  and  third  wives  are  added  to  the  tirst  without  ceremony 
<baiiAh(rllf)Oi.  she  is  given  tu  him  in  adtlition  to  t\u-  other,  a  wife's 
Slitter).  Others  seemingly  avoid  the  tabou  placetl  u|H)n  thn 
mother -in -law  by  m:irr.\  ing  the  widow  or  divoned  woman,  and 
adding  her  daughters  us  wives  in  due  couKe  of  time.  This,  loo, 
ia  done  without  the  ceremony,  which  can  only  be  had  for  a 
virgin,  ihoitifh  u  dix'orc^^d  nuin  may  reiulily  re(x>al  it.  The  so- 
called  cUAn6'i,  or  privilege  of  marrying  the  sister  of  a  den-osed 
wife,  wan  also  eonci<ded  to  the  widow  in  regard  to  the  brothera 
of  her  Ute  husband,  and  many  art-  Ktill  faithful  to  this  custom. 

Divorce  is  n-adily  obtnincd,  with  or  without  mutual  consent, 
and  is  often  due  lo  inierfereiice  on  tlw  part  of  clansmen  and 
relatives  as  iibove  mentioned,  but  also  to  mutual  infidelity,  as 
adultery  Is  anything  but  unronmion.  (Freipient  recummoe  of 
divorce  on  the  |mrt  of  the  wife,  and  Hulw«|Uenl  fourth,  or  even 


44« 


,iA'  ETnXOLOQW   DlCTIOyARY. 


uf  the  bride  now  draws  a  lioe  witli  pollen  of  white  corn  foMiAleu 
bitqAdldm)  from  the  cIomhI  sefttn  iu  tb<>  e«st  to  tbi*  wost  end  of 
the  basket  and  back  afrain  to  the  east,  and  another  line  crossioe 
this  with  pollen  uf  .vcllow  com  (nad&it«<ti  biti|ddldin)  from  sottltt 
to  north  and  hack  to  ftouih  agitin.  Finally,  be  drawa  a  cirde 
with  thi>  yullow  pollen  around  the  whole,  bt'ifinnin^  at  thp  cJoerd 
»paiii  ill  the  ea^l,  and  aUo  cuiiipletjng  the  circle  there.  Tbcrv- 
upon  he  plac4>s  the  ladle  and  water  jar  before  the  bride  who  dtj»> 
water  with  the  ladle  and  poun>  it  over  the  bridegroom's  baiid» 
while  be  washes  them  (hfila  tiiMsiglsK  and  he  then  perfomu  t 
like  ofBce  for  her.  The  baskr-t  with  gniel  is  now  turned  toward 
them  so  that  the  closed  seam  faces  the  couple.  The  bride^froom 
then  takes  a  pinch  of  the  porridge  with  liis  finders  Just  whcrt 
the  line  of  pollen  touches  the  circle  of  the  east  side.  He  cats 
this  on«  pinch,  aud  the  bride  dipK  with  her  linjrerK  from  the  moir 
place.  He  then  take^s  in  succession  a  pinch  from  tlte  south. 
west  and  north  sides,  where  the  lines  of  pollen  touch  tbe  circle, 
the  bride's  lingers  following  his.  This  pmctirally  concliMies  thp 
marriage  ceremony,  and  now  a  general  siimmons  to  eat  i»  given 
to  the  gueMfi.  Subsi*quent  to  the  meal  (or  the  eating  of  tfar 
porridge)  general  aati^faction  in  diHplayed  by  nibbiog  one>  limbs 
witli  the  hnnds  auil  uceonipan.vinv  this  action  by  some  linuVD 
invocation  to  pMlicAn&dle,  the  Sun,  Moon,  She-  and  He-Kaios,  and 
the  divinities  in  general.  This  is  followed  by  expressions  •»/ 
rejoicing  at  the  happy  event,  and  of  good  and  »oiind  ailviei.'  to 
the   newlyweds. 

It  is  optional  with  the  niarrii^  couple  to  consumo  th<'  oonlrnls 
uf  the  bosket  or  to  joio  in  the  general  feaeting.  As  the  gruel 
IK  [lassed  to  the  visiting  guej«t£  when  tbi*  cuiiph*  so  desires  ctKtoin 
gradually  intnxluced  two  methodn  of  deciding  the  ownership  of 
the  basket.  Tbi>  more  conservative  opinion  aasigii.«(  the  htwkH 
U\  the  brideV  mother  (  who,  of  conrHC,  can  not  be  prewnt),  inso- 
much afl  .<ihe  lurtti  with  her  own  flesh  an<l  blooil.  The  other 
grants  it  U>  the  bride^nwnrK  |la^ent^,  Hnd  b.v  uiutiial  agn-emetii 
he  who  drove  up  thi-  horses  alwa^vs  cousnmv>d  the  lant  |K>riiuo  uf 


sorroLnor. 


449 


yffo 


the  porridifo,  ami  eventiially  prcsiMits  tho  basket  to  the  bo.v'a 
[nreotK.  lie  is  therefor  said  to  win  tbt'  basket,  and  some  desi^- 
oato  a  bafiket  thus  ohtaineil  as  t^*  naobltni,  th<>  hoskot  won  (at 
tho  woddinif). 

UoDcefurth  tho  taboo  b«twcen  husband  and  mother- in-)a»'  is 
strictly  obtorTf-d,  and  friends  and  neiebbor;  assidiiottsl.v  nAHJ-tt  in 
inurdinf;  this  injunction.      In  the  atisence  of  the   husband  the 

ihi<r  im^s  her  daughter  an  occasional  visit,  ami  in  tfenemi  the 
irife  is  not  subject  to  maltreatment  oirinif  to  the  interest  shown 
her  by  clannmen  and  relatives.  The  ancient  custom  by  which 
brotbers-in-lftM'  deprived  a  h\isbaud  at  will  of  wife,  propi'rt.v 
and  home,  is  at  present  on  the  wane. 

Marriaffe  between  coiwins  and  close  relalivi"*?,  or  between 
mrjubers  of  clans  relatetl  to  one  another,  are  not  viewed  favor- 
ably, and  are  prohibited  by  the  more  consi-rvative  clans.  <Cf. 
0«dtlle  system. )  To  obviate  diss  nsion  and  to  insure  conjiiiral 
6delil,v  recourse  is  hnd  !■>  inarriatce  with  tho  listers  of  oqr's  M-ife, 
a  course  which  is  favornbly  viewed  by  the  wifp's  parents  if  the 
fion-in'law  prove  indiwtriDUsantl  deeent  otherwise.  In  this  event, 
bowevvr.  the  marriage  ct^reniony  mn,v  not  take  place,  but  the 
seoood  and  third  wiveit  are  added  tu  tlie  flrst  without  cerenion>' 
(baoihojlfif!,  she  in  ifiven  to  him  in  atldition  to  the  other,  a  wift^'s 
ai.'«ter).  Others  ^eeminicly  avoid  the  taboo  placed  uiK>n  tho 
iuotiier>in*law  by  msrryine  the  widow  ur  divorced  woman,  and 
addinjr  her  daufrhters  as  wives  in  due  course  of  time.  This,  too, 
ia  done  without  the  ceremonv.  which  can  only  bo  had  for  a 
riniin,  thouvl)  u  divorced  man  may  i-eadily  reja'at  it.  The  so- 
calloi)  cUftn&'i.  or  privilet^e  of  [oarr^'iog  the  sistvr  of  a  deceas(>d 
wiffl.  was  also  conceded  to  the  widow  in  reiirard  to  the  brothers 
o1  facr  Uu  buaband,  and  many  are  still  faithful  to  thiK  custom. 

Divorce  is  remltiv  obtainni,  witli  Dr  without  mutual  conaool, 
and  i»  often  due  iti  interference  on  the  part  of  clansmen  aod 
ralativvft  as  above  mentioned,  bul  also  tit  mutiud  inlldelity.  as 
adultery  is  an.vtliinir  but  unctmuuun.  (Frequent  n>currenc«  of 
divorcv  on  the  [lart  of  the  wifi*.  and  subsetiuenl  fourth,  or  even 


460 


^.V   KTilSOUXitC  t)J<rJO.VAHi\ 


ftccoDd  niurriat;i>,  is  akin  to  proHtitiition.)  No  fiiuDciiU  difficul- 
ties are  in>'olviHl  ia  ihv  ticpanitiun  as  the  property  line  is  stricU]t 
drawn  antl  each  |»rt.v  Ims  its  own  property.  The  chililn>n  belom 
to  the  iiiothiT,  whose  ivlativt^  frequently  take  pt»s'^ssi<tn  vt  ibtttt 
in  early  youth  imles*  otherwise  stipulatwl. 

Virfrinity  and  rolihncv  arc  not  practicrH.  Adultery,  it  Hsutl, 
waH  punished  by  the  early  Navaho  with  ampntation  uf  the  rar. 
eye  ui-  nose  liifter  thf  tiiHitner  uf  llie  Aparhe),  whili*.  (•riijiaall.T, 
anipiitatioD  uf  the  bn'asts  and  vH>rina  was  tnQictiHl,  but  proTMl 
too  fatal  to  be  continued.  With  the  advent  of  th«  AmeHcM 
liko  cufttoms  were  eliminated,  and  at  pre.«4<nt  retaliation  ordirorv 
seem  lo  be  the  only  nieasilivs  taken  by  the  offended  part}'.  A 
Iwavy  line  of  horse-s  and  cattle  is  levied  u|Ki[i  the  crime  of  rmpai 
and  is  always  exac^ted  by  the  relatives  (clanstiiPD)  of  the  rictim. 
MiKlern  vices,  like  abortion,  race  suicide,  nnJ  infanticide,  ttt 
not  \*^ry  cointiion  with  them,  indeed,  a  steady  increase  of  isiw 
is  most  desirable  with  the  greater  |x>rt)on  tif  the  Xavabo. 

Durinff  the  period  of  pri'»;nancy  the  hiishnnd  seeks  divine  aid 
throuifh  occasional  performances  of  the  rite  of  blefwin^  (hozhfiji). 
and  both  husbimd  and  wife  mrefnlly  avoid  the  siKht  of  blood  hr 
violence.  Tin-  birth  of  a  child  is  the  orrasii>n  of  a  joyful  pilh- 
eritiff  uf  frientls  and  nvij^bbom.  A  singer  is  called  upon  lo 
as»ii.«t  with  select  sont^i  of  blessintE  (hozh^ji).  but  does  not  act  is 
accoucbetir,  as  assistaace.  if  needed,  u  rendered  by  fetnale 
neijichhors.  The  laburinj;  woman  i.s  placed  in  a  »ittin(r  pontion, 
and  is  supported  by  means  of  a  stout  cord  suspended  from  nae 
of  the  beams,  and  passed  under  her  arms  and  about  her  waist 
Hence  the  popular  reference  to  the  suspended  cord  when  speakioi; 
of  childbirth.  The  event  is  heralded  with  much  tauntinK  and 
jokinfT  between  men  and  women,  and  the  advent  of  twin*  is 
alwa>'s  a  source  of  genuine  pride  and  elation  on  the  part  of  the 
pareotfi,  who  accept  of  tbeia  as  a  signal  disttoctton  of  dirioe 
fovar,  and  deHifrnalc  them  as  auch  <diyfn  quflndSl,  a  double  dirinft 
gift).  Subsef|uently  every  elToK  is  made  to  preserve  their  lives, 
and  the  ceremonies  are  even  more  frequontly  invoked  than  aftcf 


socioioo  r. 


«&1 


birth  of  B  single  child.  Couwiiiiently  it  is  untrue  llinl 
th«  Navnlio  diHpatch  one  of  twins.  (Aproirae  of  this,  the  event 
of  Iwiu  colts  in  viewed  ntt  %n  evil  omen,  <iUDdzfni;o  it*^,  and  both 
tiuri'  Hnd  coltM  nre  kiltiil.      Kut  »o  with  the  Kt>Rt.  cotv  or  ^heep.  i 

A  properly  born  child  which  (tivrs  no  siffn  of  Itfo  by  -inund 
or  cr>'in>r  (d»-hnilzliei,  volceh'ss)  is  not  rveutroized  by  it^s  p^rt-nts 
us  iielnn^inv  to  the  living  (nahokldl  dinl&'A*):  ctmKi*f|m*nUy  It  ia 
quickly  depositi-d  in  the  branches  of  u  tn>e  pointinjr  northward 
(nilholcbdsji  nfihos^)  and  left  there.  Thisiftilone  most  frequently 
al  prvnuttnre  births  (n&<^l)<  which  occasionally  occur,  as  in  thur 
event  the  fetus  showR  little  or  no  life.  In  either  event,  bon-- 
erer,  whon  the  infant  has  given  Higna  of  lifu  by  crying  or  sound 
tfaiMlzliKi)  it  is  immediately  recogonizod  by  the  pan^iits  (da  t[fi,  it 
is  theirs),  and  subsequent  death  i<  Hl«*a.us  folluwe^l  try  the  four 
dnys*  mourning,  and  the  child  is  put  away  like  any  other  mortal. 
(Cf.  Navabo  Cradles  and  Mortuary  Oaionis.)  A  repetition  of 
pn-mature  birlh'^  port4>nds  rvil  and  necessitates  piiritication  of 
the  mother's  womb  through  the  witch  chant  (hocliAji). 

The  mother  always  snckh's  her  child,  and  nurses  performing 
this  oflioe  are  extremely  unconinion. 


WORDS  liEKKKi^lXU  TO 

dxilkhl^,  a  youth. 

jlkht^,  a  niaidim. 

kbli  Adini.  a  virgin  4one  who 
liati  DO  husband),  which  is 
also  ased  tu  designate  a  widow. 

ba'ld  Adini,  de.sitfnate>>  a 
widower.  UflUttlly  widowers 
■re  dcsigniitt'd  as  bizhA  naghA, 
going  alone. 

khin&ldA  (khinAMJA,  khin- 
duiail),  or  khinjildi-  (kbio- 
dslsdi,  khinzhdoKUh.  the  iintt 
fnenM!4. 


MAHRIAOK  AND  BIBTfl. 

chAyin,  designates  the 
menses  or  menstruation  there- 
after. 

khinasdft  iLsually  indicateK 
the  performanee  of  the  nubile 
ceremony. 

igy^  (asgyfi,  adogy4^),  the 
marriage  (derived  frtini  ishii^ 
(iLii^y*^,  udeslwi^K  I  marry. 

nft'ishqj^  (naa^y^,  Dadefilu|(t), 
I  marry  you. 

dan&khA,  the  uuptin)  diab. 


451 


AN  ETHA'OLOOJO  DWTtOHARY. 


dandklifln  rifldidfl  (lit.  let  iw 
«it  the  porridge),  let  us  attend 
tho  iiiiptiRU. 

\Akhx  tqAdidli)  aln&OsQll  (lit. 
the  polleo  U  crossed  in  the 
basket),  the  pornd>;e  is  re^dy. 

Iqadidtn  hTd7Utd*(hidz1hjW, 
bInlulttiA'K  (lit.  tlie  pollen 
porridfre  is  eatvn),  (he  nuptial 
cerumooy  is  takinir  place. 

bitsis,   her  limbs  and  body. 

asHs  (fUils.  adfiiktl^),  T  mold 
or  stmighten  the  limbs,  wbich 
ia  perforniod  by  women. 

osh'tl  (I'U,  id6sh11>.  copulam 
habere. 

adishl^  (adfla,  adeshl^t,  or 
adideshtt^l),  T  commit  adultery. 

do-alchlda,  she  is  barren. 

yiatali,  conception, or,  aome- 
tinies,  awEif  Bhidfo^^  birth  is 
approachinjz'. 

uwie  quns6d  (qanl^od.  qa- 
dtncs6)),  I  conduct  the  birth 
ceremony,  or  attend  it.  This 
term  also  indicates  a  woman 
in  childbirth. 

trol  iiitl',  the  hantrine  cord, 
or  tfut  Dalf$\  the  cord  is  fast- 
ened around  her,  or  sis  nAltV, 
the  girdle  put  around  her, 
term!)  which  are  used  to  des- 
ignate the  approach  of  birth. 
Hence,  the  woman  is  in  labor. 


VtAA'is  inilchf,  she  is  no* 
coniiaed. 

aKbchf*  laKb^lchi,  adesbchll), 
I  iirivc  birth  to  a  child. 

awt&  qAttizb.  or  simpl) 
qftUIzh  (lit  fell  out),  the  rfaiM 
wa.'*  horn. 

au'if)  biyahil,  the  plaocota. 

ajisbchffro  tt  dslstqf,  the 
afterpain. 

shIlt'A'  (shihTAd.  »hldo)f40, 
]  five  suck  to  a  child. 

idishedd  iftd^eod.  m 

desht?6l>,  I  wean  a  child. 

shiyftzh,  my   little  one. 
child. 

shiy£\  m.v  son. 

sitor,  my  daughter. 

shaillchfni,  my  children. 

nakhishchln,  twins. 

hasUifo  ofits^i,  the  Gnt 
man;  hastqfn  akhMe,  the  next 
man,  in  case  of  twin  boy*. 

ats^  ishcMni,  the  (irsi  bom, 
and  akhede  isbchloi,  tbesecood 
born,  in  case  of  twin  girU. 

y^tqA'ashkhi,  a  bastard. 

bo^vasln,  shame,  shameful. 

ba>&nslii  (ba^-ftnizT,  ba)-i- 
dfnesfl),  I  have  some  shame, 
or  I  am  ashamed. 

oni  sA'fi,  or  ouf  d$3'i,  he  ii 
jealous. 

n&);hahunahtq^  ( nigfaahu- 
nishtqf,  n&ffhahodeshtqfl).  X 
win  your  wife*s  aflectiona. 


nchA*i    { shi    DcbA'i ),     my 
property. 


dolRtil,  or  sIsUAd,  stiucuze! 
taku  care!   (said  to  cbilUrvD). 


MORTUART  CUSTOMS. 

Tbv  obserraooe  of  the  traditiuna]  custunis  at  the  burial  of  a 
Navabo  dmnlvra  upoD  tno  or  four  niournoi's.  of  whom  one  is  a 
Duar  relativv  or  clansmaa,  while  the  others  are  takcu  from  athli- 
ated  claoa,  eucb  as  that  of  the  father,  wife  or  htutband  of  the 
deoMsed.  In  the  early  days  one  or  more  slaves,  accordtnfr  to 
the  wealth  of  the  iletwased,  were  forced  to  accompany  the  corpsn, 
and  wore  killed  over  tlie  (;rave  and  left.  In  deference  to  the 
twelve  (;bi<^fs  of  the  tribn  the  number  of  mourners  was  set  at 
twelve,  tbouffh  at  pret«ent  the  usual  number  is  four  and  less. 

The  mourners  appoiol  one  of  their  number  master  of  cere* 
monies,  whose  duty  it  is  to  f^iard  over  the  exact  observance  of 
all  traditional  customs.  He  then  directs  one  of  the  four  to 
select  a  site  for  interment,  which  ordinarily  is  a  crevice  of  a 
rocki  or  some  secluded  spot  on  the  mountain  side  offering  ample 
facilities  for  covering  the  corpse  securely  *nd  quickly. 

l*reviausl>-  to  enterinji  the  hoKan,  or  approachinff  the  spot 
where  the  corpse  lft>',  the  mourners  must  disrobe  to  the  hreech- 
clotb  and  untie  their  hair,  to  avoid  contamination  with  a  dead 
pemoD.  They  then  buthe  the  corpse  thorounbly,  and  clothe  it 
aa  for  a  festive  occasion.  The  face  is  painted,  the  hair  dressed, 
new  {garments  and  calicont  are  purchased,  bolts,  ring's,  bracelets, 
ami  other  silver  ornnment<),  are  nicely  polished,  the  beads  are 
waahed.  buffalo  robes,  ruffs,  blankets,  and  any  other  valuable 
poMenion  of  the  deceased,  are  motle  reaily  to  be  deposited  in 
the  frave  with  the  corpse.  Tbiji  insures  the  deceased  a  kind 
reception  in  the  nether  world. 

The  corpse  is  then  transferred  to  the  place  of  tnterrornt. 
Thi-  burden.  wrap^H^d  in  a  blanket,  wa.s  placed  on  the  shoulders 
of  two  tdavcs,    while  at  present  it  is  carried  by  the  muurnera 


454 


AK  BTSyOlOQlC  DIOTJONABY. 


* 


udIcsi  other  urrRaffetnents  cad  be  made  with  outsiders,  which  » 
preferred  in  every  instance.  Durinjf  the  prof'*^ssion  any  chaoet 
traveler  is  bailed  and  warned  of  the  presence  of  a  coriae.  Oit 
tit  the  tnotirners  usualb-  irives  the  sij^db)  by  prescotinjr  his  bult 
to  the  tmveler  and  facing  the  proceeaiun,  lueanuhile  beckoiut( 
with  his  hands  over  his  shoulder  to  chanife  the  course  of  bii 
journey.  The  desire<)  effect  is  al  ways  ubtai  tied.  The  procosMoo 
proceeds  in  silence.  The  mourners  shotUd  not  indulf^  in  nnim- 
ewur>*  conversation,  they  should  not  expectorate,  nor  Inm  in 
the  direction  Irvversed  by  the  corpse,  but  complete  a  circle 
l>efore  prooeedinif.  They  must  use  the  utmost  care  not  to  tun 
a  Ktone  on  iIk  side,  but  replace  it  immediately  to  its  former  poah 
tion,  as  any  offense  at'ainst  these  traditioue  may  be  visited 
subsequent  and  sudden  death. 

The  position  which  the  corpse  should  take  in  the  gn^v  i 
moot*>il  question.      Some  wuuhl   have  it  that  the  CMfpse  be  liid 
uD  its  side  with  the  head  in  the  north  and  facine^  west,  wbeoob 
the   Navabo  urijfiuated.      Otlurn  place  this  oriitiu  in  ibf  nortb. 
wherefore  the   corpse   facrs  north   with  the  head   in  the  nA. 
Others,  in  recent  limes,  pay  no  attention  to  such  disputes.    0»« 
in  position,  tlie  corpse  is  decorated  Rn<]  covered  with  heads,  belt*, 
silvi-rware,  blankets  and   nit^s,  over  which  n  ^kreni-nnis  loyiT  of 
dirt,  sticks  and  stone  is  built  tii  protect  it  from  disturbance  b) 
wild  animals.      Usually  these  »ervic(«  were  performed  by  slavn, 
who  were  dispatched  after  completintr  their  work,  so  ttut  their 
mast*.'r  niiuht  enjoy   their  services  in   tlie   world  U-ywod.     Thf 
burial  completed,  shovels,  S|?ade8,  mattocks,  or  any  tool  used  in 
the  work,  are  broken  and  thrown  upon  the  grnve  where  they  tre 
left  and  nevi>r  touched  apiin.      The  mourners  then   complete  t 
circle  and  n-turn  io  the  family  in  skip  and  )>op  fashion,  careftiilf 
avoiding  all  contact  with  brush  or  cat:lii.H,  a.>i  this  mi^ht  do. 
the  spirit  in  iU  Bitfbt  to  the  otlnir  world. 

On  recuterintr  the  hotran  they  bathe  tluor  boilies  again,  asi 
now  remain  in  monrnlne'  for  four  cons4'cutive  days 
family  of  the  deceased.      The  family,   which   baa  been 


I'ei]  ta  takf  foot) 


a  I 


Thi 


demise,  U  dow  k 
fast,  by  tbe  wt^v.  extentlf*  oven  to  babv*.  who  are  uot  jjiveu  suck 
lUtU  »ftvr  the  rettn-n  of  tlu'  hiii-i«l  piuty.  If  this  bo  iinii^iiully 
dcUyed  wooil  ashes  is  npplird  to  thf  face  of  the  child,  or  rnthor 
to  its  forehead,  before  ffivinK  it  suck,  w'hir.h  will  g^mn]  it  n^^iiiKt 
ibo  nu1ic4>  of  the  ilt-ad.  On  the  whole,  a  prompt  and  early 
burial  is  de<4tnibtL<,  both  lu  rid  the  fninily  of  thi'  ilan^er  of  con- 
tniuiuatioii,  an  well  as  to  teriiiinut^^  tin'  fast  tLs  early  as  possible. 
The  faKt  and  mouroiDR  are  not  oblitfftlory  with  the  fHiiiily  iiieiii- 
ber  who  ha^  not  been  present  at  the  death  and  has  not  viewed 
the  corpse.  U»nce,  It  is  p4>rnwtsibto  upon  notice  of  a  dt-ath  not 
to  Bpproaeh  the  scene  in  order  to  eviule  this  obligatiou. 

The  four  dajs  of  mourning  beiri"  with  IIm*  niirht  folluwing 
the  dcmiiw,  or  with  the  ver>'  night  iu  which  it  occurred.  In 
deference  to  the  spirit  of  tlte  deceam-d  the  mourners  and  family 
abstain  fruin  unnecessary  conver^^ation,  frnm  their  usual  !«port«, 
from  travel  and  labor.  They  arise  at  dnwn.  and  leave  the  hofran 
nnb'  when  neee^isit^'  coini>eIs  them,  hut  alwayR  in  cominny  of  the 
maflter  of  ceremonies.  Moreover,  the  sentry  on  g^uard,  by  the 
nsoal  KiKnul,  keeps  the  if^ith  line,  or  the  path  from  the  hoifan 
lu  the  grave,  ojH^n  during  the^e  four  days,  in  which  the  spirit  of 
the  deceased  makes  il«  journey  to  the  lower  worlds.  Hut  on  the 
momine  following  the  fourth  night  the  mourners  again  bathe 
themselves,  nil  memt»pr*  of  the  family  iniitJUing  thi'ir  <-xample. 
After  a  brief  nioumiiig  and  wailing  the  ceremony  is  concluded, 
and  the  deceased  is  nothing  more  than  u  spirit,  whose  influence 
ia  to  be  dreaded. 

In  moHt  inatanceti  care  is  taken  to  remove  the  dying  from  the 
hogsa.  In  the  event,  however,  of  a  death  within  a  hogan,  the 
eut  aide,  or  doorway,  ii^  closed,  and  an  opening  is  nuule  in  the 
nortli  side  through  which  the  corpse  is  carried  out  for  btiriid. 
Tbc  bogan  is  then  burnt  and  leveled  to  the  ground,  while  the 
earthen  putM  used  in  cleaning  (he  corpse,  or  cooking  utensils,  are 
tarukrn  thtre  nitd  then.  Ordinaril.v,  too,  the  liuest  ridinff  aninnil 
in  pii^Mrian  of  the  late  owner  is  saddled  near  the  grave  and 


AH   BTUyOLOOlC  mCTJOVARY. 

unlesB  other  urniDffeiiietits  crd  bp  nude  with  outsiders,  which  u 
preferred  io  overy  instauce.  Duritiir  the  procession  iiti,v  rhtooe 
traveler  is  bailed  and  wnrtied  of  the  preseace  of  a  corpse.  Oot 
of  the  rDotirners  uAuallj  eires  i\w  gisnal  by  preaeotinf  his  b»ck 
to  thp  traveler  and  facing;  the  pro«!*-9«ion,  iiu*an«'hiie  beckonioi; 
with  his  hands  over  his  shoulder  to  change  the  course  of  his 
journey.  The  <)e-fiir(>d  effect  is  alwa^-s  obtained.  The  prooession 
pnM:eeds  in  silence.  The  mourners  should  not  indulge  In  oonK- 
essar.v  conversation,  they  should  not  expectorate,  nor  turn  ia 
the  direction  traversed  by  the  corpse*  but  complete  a  ciftU 
before  proceeding.  They  must  use  the  utmost  care  not  to  turn 
a  stone  on  itn  side,  but  replace  it  immediately  to  its  former  pcei- 
tion,  as  any  offense  against  these  traditions  ma>'  b(«  visited  by 
subsequent  and  sudden  death. 

The  position  which  the  corpse  should  take  in  the  grave  xs  > 
moot^l  quejttion.  Some  would  have  it  that  the  corpse  be  Itiil 
on  its  Hide  ujih  the  bead  in  the  north  and  facing  west.  wbeDrr 
the  Navaho  ni'iiciriated.  <.)t)'era  pUce  this  origin  in  iht-  north, 
wherefore  the  corpse  fact-s  north  with  the  head  in  thi*  east 
OlherR,  in  recent  time.s,  pn^v  no  attention  to  such  difipitles.  Oon> 
in  |>usition,  the  corpse  is  decorated  und  covered  with  beads,  belt*, 
silverware,  blanketif  and  rugs,  over  which  a  t^eneruat  la.vt.T  of 
dirt,  sticks  and  stone  is  built  to  protect  it  from  disturbance  by 
wild  animals.  Usually  tlicne  services  were  performed  b.v  nlives, 
who  were  dispatched  after  completing  their  work,  xo  that  their 
niflsti-r  might  enjoy  Iheir  sorvici's  in  the  world  iK-yonil.  The 
burial  complet«-d,  shovels,  spades,  mattocks,  or  any  tind  used  to 
the  work,  are  broken  and  thrown  upon  the  grave  where  they  are 
left  and  never  touched  again.  The  mourners  then  comi^ete  a 
circle  and  return  to  the  family  in  skip  and  hop  fashion,  carefully 
avoiding  all  contact  with  brush  or  cuetiLs,  as  this  might  iU-la>' 
the  spirit  in  its  flight  to  the  other  world. 

On   reenterinif  the  hogan  they  bathe  their  bfjiJics  again,  an 
now   remain  in  mournintr  for  four   consecutive  da^n   with   the 
family  of  the  doceaned.      The  hmily.   which  ba»  been   fasting 


RocioLoay. 


458 


KJticc.  tbi'  ili'mlsR,  is  DOW  atloweU  to  taki>  foot)  ami  tJrink.  Thift 
faiii,  by  the  wa>",  uxtumjs  eveu  to  babes,  wbo  an;  uot  piven  suck 
iiiilil  after  thf  n'tnrti  of  Ibi-  burial  parly.  If  this  bf  uausually 
dela^'i'i]  wikhI  aAlitfs  in  applit'il  to  tbr  fat'«  of  tln'  child,  or  rathiT 
to  its  forehead,  bi^foi-i^  trivinjif  it  siirk,  which  will  jftianl  it  a^in.u 
the  malice  of  the  dead.  On  tbc  whole,  a  prompt  ami  early 
btirial  is  dnitrablc,  both  to  rid  iho  family  of  thv  danger  of  con- 
tamioKtioii,  as,  well  a^  U^  terminaU*  the  foKt  as  i-arly  as  poR^ible. 
Thu  fii^t  and  nioui'nintc  are  nul  abliii^lory  M'itb  the  faiiiily  Qii;m* 
ber  who  ha8  not  been  present  at  tbe  death  and  has  not  vi«>w<Hl 
the  corpse.  Hence,  it  is  pertniviible  upon  notice  of  a  death  not 
to  approach  the  scene  in  order  tn  cMide  this  obligation. 

Tho  four  da,VK  of  niottrnin(r  ^x'lri'i  with  lh4-  ni^ht.  following 
the  demise,  or  with  the  very  iiiubt  in  wUirh  it  occurrwj.  In 
defvrifoce  to  tbe  spirit  of  tbe  dewa^ied  the  niouroers  ami  family 
ahsiAin  from  unnecessary  convoi-sation,  from  their  luinal  imports, 
from  travel  and  labor.  They  arise  at  dawn,  and  leave  the  hogan 
onb  when  necessity  comjH'ls  them,  but  always  in  o<iin|inn>  nf  the 
ma.<t4>r  of  ccremonioR.  Moreover,  the  sentry  on  gnarrl,  by  tbe 
iisiirI  signal,  keeps  the  J^ath  linf^  or  the  (lath  from  tbe  hogan 
to  thi-  grave,  iPiM-n  during  these  four  days,  in  which  the  spirit  of 
tbe  decea.M.-d  makes  \\s  ioum<-y  to  Ibe  lower  worlds.  I5ut  on  tbe 
morning  following  the  fourth  night  the  moumeni  again  twthe 
tbemselvcA,  all  members  of  the  family  imitating  their  example. 
After  a  brief  mourning  and  wailing  the  ceremon.v  in  concluded. 
and  the  deceased  is  nothing  mon-  than  a  Kptrit.  whose  influence 
ifl  to  be  dn'a<led. 

In  moat  instances  care  is  taken  to  remove  tlie  dying  from  tbe 
boffAfi.  In  tb«  event,  howijver.  of  a  death  within  a  hogon,  tbe 
ewtt  aide,  or  doorwny,  is  closed,  and  an  opening  in  made  in  the 
north  side  thniugh  nhieb  the  corpse  is  carried  out  for  burial. 
The  bogun  ib  tlien  burnt  and  leveled  to  tbe  grunnd,  while  the 
cttrtlien  pot»  um*<I  in  cleaning  thi'  conwe,  or  cooking  utensils,  are 
broken  there  and  then.  Ordinarily,  too,  the  tinrnt  riding  animal 
in   possession   of  the   Inte  owner  i^  naddled   near  tbe  grave  and 


448 


Ay   ETtiyOLOGlV  OtCTlONABY. 


uf  the  bridt'  doh-  dmws  a  line  with  pollpD  of  white  cam  liudUgii 
bitq&^IIJin)  from  the  closed  seam  in  tho  mst  to  tb«  west  cod  of 
the  basket  trtd  back  airaiu  to  the  ea.'<t.  and  another  Uoe  crosAiajr 
this  with  p<:>)h-i)  uf  yellow  corn  (nad&Hsoi  bitii^Idin)  fn>m  south 
to  north  and  hack  to  south  again.  Finally,  be  draws  a  drclii 
with  the  yellow  pollen  around  the  whole,  bejfinninf;  at  iherlowd 
seam  in  the  eHHl,  and  also  coni|>letin^  the  circle  there.  There- 
il|>oii  he  placi-s  the  ladle  and  wat4>r  jar  licfore  the  bride  who  dips 
water  with  the  ladle  and  pours  it  over  the  bridepr room's  bandN 
while  he  washes  them  (hdla  tfjAdsTglg),  and  he  then  perform*  ft 
like  office  for  her.  The  basket  with  jrniel  is  now  tiirnMl  toward 
thrni  so  that  the  ciowd  seam  faces  the  conple.  'Hip  brid«'(rroora 
then  lakes  a  jijiich  of  the  porridge  with  his  tiiigm  just  whrn- 
the  line  of  pollen  louchos  the  circle  of  the  eftxt  side.  He  eati 
this  one  pincb,  and  the  bride  dip^  with  her  fiiitcers  from  tbemitH- 
place.  lie  then  takes  in  miccefation  a  (linch  from  the  soiith, 
west  and  north  sides,  \vh»re  the  lines  of  pollen  touch  the  cird«^. 
the  bride*A  finj^em  followitiff  his.  Thii;  practically  conrlndentbe 
marriage  ceremony,  and  now  a  (feneral  summons  to  eat  in  pTwi 
to  the  jTuests.  Subsequent  to  the  meal  (or  the  eatinjr  of  Uie 
porridge)  ^neral  Ratisfactiun  i^:  ili^playrd  by  rubbine  one's  limbi 
with  thi-  bandK  and  acconipaiiyin!;  this  action  by  some  knovrn 
invocation  to  twIzAnidle,  the  Sun.  Moon,  She-  and  He-Raias,  ami 
the  divinities  in  xeneral.  Thw  is  followed  by  i-xpression*  of 
n-joicintf  at  the  happy  event,  and  of  ifood  and  sound  advice  to 
the  newlyweds. 

It  is  optional  with  the  married  couple  to  ronkumc  the  cuntenlv 
uf  the  basket  or  to  join  in  the  general  feasting.  As  ibe  gniel 
IB  [ittssed  to  the  visiting  guests  when  the  conph'  so  desinti  citstum 
gradiiftlly  introduced  two  niethiKlR  of  dpci<Mng  the  ownrrshipof 
tin-  basket.  The  more  conservative  opinion  assigns  th«-  h»«ikft 
to  the  bride's  mother  (  who,  of  course,  can  not  be  present^  inso^ 
much  aA  she  part«  with  her  own  flesh  and  blood.  The  oth»r 
grants  it  tii  the  bridegrouniV  [Nirenl>'.  and  b.^  niut4uii  atfreemt-nt 
he  wIhi  drtive  itp  thr  horst«  alwa.vs  consumed  the  laKt  |Rirtion  uf 


SOC20LOQV. 


440 


'ETi 


Ihe  porriiJffB.  and  pveDt»iill.v  presonls  the  basket  to  the  boy's 
ptreots.  He  U  therefor  >taid  to  wiu  the  basket,  and  some  desJif- 
mle  »  b&cket  ihiis  DbtaiDBd  as  t^*  DBol^dni,  the  basket  won  (at 
Iho  w(>t1i)ioi;). 

HcQCcforth  the  taboo  between  husband  and  niothpr-in-law  ia 
Rtrictly  observed,  and  friendti  and  neighbor*  assiduously  assist  in 
leuttrdin);  thiK  iujutiction.  In  the  absence  of  the  husband  the 
mother  pa.vs  her  dau^-hter  an  occasiunal  visit,  and  in  funeral  the 
irife  is  not  subject  to  maltreatment  owinir  to  the  interest  shown 
hfr  by  clansmen  and  relatives.  The  ancient  custom  by  which 
brothen-io-law  deprived  a  bimband  at  will  of  wife,  property 
and  home,  is  at  present  on  the  wane. 

Atarria^e  between  cousins  and  close  relatives,  or  between 
members  of  clans  related  to  one  another,  are  not  viewed  favor- 
aMf,  and  are  prohibited  by  the  more  conservative  clans.  (Cf. 
tile  system.)  To  obviste  diss  nsion  and  to  insure  conjiitral 
Helity  recourse  ia  had  U*  marriage  with  the  siscers  of  one's  wife, 
a  course  which  is  favorably  viewitl  liy  the  wife's  parents  if  the 
son-in-law  prove  indn->irious  and  decent  otherwisi-.  In  this  event, 
however,  tlic  marriatre  cereuion.v  nia^v  nt>t  take  place,  but  the 
second  and  third  wives  are  ad<Ietl  to  the  first  without  ceremony 
(banAholtq^,  sh**  in  ifiven  to  him  in  addition  to  the  otht>r.  a  wifeV 
sister).  Others  weminjfly  avoid  thi-  (atxio  plnced  upon  ihe 
mother-in-law  by  marrying  the  widow  or  divorced  womau,  and 
aildinK  lier  dauffhters  as  wives  in  due  course  of  time.  This,  too, 
ia  done  without  the  ceremony,  which  can  only  be  had  for  a 
vinrin,  thoutrh  ti  divMrc<>(l  unin  ma.v  readily  reiK-at  il.  The  so- 
called  cH#<ni'i,  or  privilege  (»f  marrying  the  sister  of  a  dec4'8st>d 
wife,  was  also  conceded  to  th**  widow  in  rvsard  to  the  brothers 
of  her  laif  hmbatid.  atid  many  arc  still  faithful  to  this  custom. 

Divorce  is  readily  obtnined,  with  or  without  mutual  conaeot, 
and  is  ofti^n  due  to  ioterrerence  on  the  pari  of  claucnen  and 
relatives  as  above  uwntioued,  but  also  to  mutual  intidelity,  aa 
adultery  is  anythitiiit  but  imconunon.  (FnHiuent  n*currenoe  of 
divorc«  on  the  i>art  of  the  wife,  and  subsei|uenl  fourth,  or  even 


Ay  BTtfyOLOfiJV  DUTJOHAKY 


.secoDii  iimrrinjfL-,  i.s  akin  to  prtKiiiJtntion.)  No  HiimociAl  ilifEnd- 
ties  are  iuvolved  id  thu  M<pttratiuu  as  tbe  property  liav  is  stricU.t 
drawn  and  e«ch  portv  1ia.t  iu  own  properly.  The  children  beloBf 
to  th*--  iiiotber,  vihos4>  tvlativ<'«t  frfijiiently  lake  pttuMfssioo  of  t 
ill  oarly  youth  tinlciis  otherwLsp  !!itipu)nt<i*cl. 

Virfrinit^'  and  celibacv  arc  not  practiced.  Adultery,  it  isnid. 
WHS  piinishiHi  hy  tbu  early  Xaraho  with  amputation  of  the  mt. 
eye  or  oose  (sftpr  the  niannvr  of  the  Apache),  while.  oriiiiMiU,v, 
ntiipittatioD  of  th<.>  breasts  nod  vatfina  wiu«  inflict«d,  but  pruvml 
too  fatal  to  be  contioued.  With  the  advent  of  the  Americaii 
like  ciuttonis  were  olimioatcd,  and  at  present  retaliation  ordirorcr 
aeeni  to  be  the  only  measures  taken  by  the  offended  jmrtjt'.  A 
heavy  Rne  of  hnDM'R  and  cattle  is  levietl  u[)on  the  crime  of  rtpn, 
and  is  always  exacted  by  the  relatives  (clansmen)  of  th«  victim. 
Modern  vici>!t.  like  abortion,  race  suicide,  and  infanticide,  arr 
not  very  contmon  with  them,  iudttNl,  a  Mea«)y  iucreaati  of  taw 
is  most  desirable  with  the  (jrcater  portion  of  the  Navkbo. 

Diirtntr  the  iR-riotl  of  preirnancy  the  husband  seeks  divine  aid 
ihroufrh  occasional  performances  of  the  rite  of  blessing  ihoxhAji). 
and  both  husltand  und  wife  carefully  avoid  the  Bitrht  of  t^lood  by 
\iolence.      TIm>  birth  of  a  child  is  the  occasion  of  a  joyful  ifBtb- 
erinu  of   friends  and   neiirhbors,      A  sinjrer   is   called   upon  to 
assii»tt  with  select  roditk  of  bles»intf  (bochlVjiK  but  doea  not  act  w 
accoucheur,    as    assistance,    if   needed,    u   rendered    by    female 
ueifchbors.      The  laborinip  woman  ts  placed  in  a  sittinj;  poeution. 
and  is  supported  by  means  of  a  stout  cotU  suspended  from  om 
of  the  bcamK.  and   passed   under  her  arms  and  about  her 
Heocti  the  popular  rofercnr^  to  the  suspendtnl  cord  wbeo  a 
of  childbirth.     The  event  is  heralded  with  much  taunttiitE  at^ 
jokinflf  between    men   and    women,  and   the  advent  of  twiai  b 
ttlwa>'s  a  source  of  genuine  pride  and  elation  on  the  part  of  tbft 
parents,  who  acce|)t  of  them  as  a  si^al  distinction   of  divine 
favor,  and  designate  them  as  snch  (diyln  naAad^l,  a  double  dirt 
^ift).     Subsciiuently  every  effort  is  made  to  pn»crvc  ttieir  livi 
and  the  oeromonies  are  even  more  frequently  invoked  tfaftn  aft 


SOCIOLOUY. 


m 


the  birth  uf  ■  aiaiflf*  child.  ConrH!4|it*^ntly  it  is  untrue  thiit 
tho  Navaho  ilinpatcli  one  of  twia.s.  (Apmpus  of  thift^  die  event 
of  tirin  colUi  is  viewed  as  an  evil  onicn,  iiondzfnKo  it^^,  itnd  both 
man-  mid  colts  are  killed.      Nut  ho  with  tiio  euat.  cove  or  Hheeii.  ^ 

A  properly  born  child  uhicb  k'^'*'^  ut>  s\^i\  of  lifr  h^*  snnml 
or  cryint?  (du-btulzliKi.  X'oiceletss)  is  not  nvoKQiKed  b.v  itt  parrnls 
as  bt-lonirine  (o  the  living  (nahokliA  dinf&'C*');  con«p()m*nt.l,v  it  is 
quickly  fii'positi'il  in  xW-  hi-Hnches  <if  n  Iri-i*  pointing;  northward 
luAhokbdsji  nAhos^)  and  left  (brre.  Thiti  Is  done  most  f  rcqiieutly 
at  iireitiHittn'  births  (q&'el),  uhicb  oerohionally  ueenr.  aH  in  tliat 
erent  the  fetus  shows  little  or  no  life.  In  either  event,  how- 
evpr,  when  the  infant  htt>>  ffiveu  siirnK  of  lifu  by  cryintf  or  8ound 
7Xxe\\  it  is  inin)ediHt*>ly  recogonizeil  by  the  parents  (da  qA.  it 

lh«-in*K  and  subsequent  d»-ath  is  always  followed  by  tln^  four 
days^  mtnirninKt  nnil  the  child  is  put  away  like  any  other  niurtal. 
<Cf.  Navaho  Cradles  and  Mortiiary  i'ustonis.)  A  repetition  of 
pn-niatiin-  btrtli»  ptirteiidn  evil  and  neces$itat*>s  purification  of 
the  imnhur's  womb  through  the  witch  chant  (hoch/^ji). 

The  mother  always  sickles  her  child,  and  nurxes  perfornunff 
thia  office  are  extremely  tinconunon. 


WORDS  KEFEBRIXO  TO 

dzDkhjfe.  a  youth. 

jlkh^,  a  maiden. 

khJi  ^lloi.  a  virtfin  tone  who 
h*'<  no  hiuhand),  which  itt 
aim)  UHed  to  <lesiffnat<>  a  widow. 

ba'id  ddini,  desiiruates  a 
widower.  Usualb*  widowers 
are  desitfnnted  b-k  bizhll  riu^hjl, 
ifoini;  alouf. 

khiii&ldA  (khinAMJi.  kbin- 
dukU^).  or  khinjildft'  (khin- 
dsfstli,  ktiinithdohUlK  tin-  first 
inen(«BH. 


MARRIAOE  AXD  BIRTH. 

cbAyln,  deaiirnates  the 
menses  or  menstruation  then>- 
tifter. 

khiiiasdA  UKiially  indicated 
the  i>erformance  of  the  nubile 
ceremony. 

xgyi  (asfi-y^,  adofnr^),  the 
marriage  (dvriveil  from  iabq^ 
(■(USyJV,  adejihcid).  I  marry. 

nft'i>ihqj^  (nafU^y^,  nadeshi|ll), 
I  niarry  you. 

daiilUcha,  the  oiiptial  diah. 


461 


STHyOLOOIC  DrCTIOyARY. 


daD&khfiD  ilftdiiJI)  <lit.  let  us 
pst  thn  porridfre).  Ipt  us  attend 
tbe  Qiiptials. 

U^bl  tqflcfidfn  ahi&dBnII  (lit. 
tbr  poUt'D  is  crossed  io  tbe 
basket),  tho  porndse  is  ready. 

tqndidln  bldzllbii^  (bldzftt^A', 
bfzdolisA"),  (lit.  the  pollen 
jKirridgi*  is  eatun),  tbe  Diipttal 
ceremony  is  taking  place. 

bit^ls,   her  Jiuibs  and  body. 

askis  (fkas,  adcsk£s),  I  uiold 
or  straighten  the  limbs,  which 
is  performed  by  women. 

osh'U  (111,  id^hlt),  copulam 
habere. 

adishlj^  (adlla.  ade.shl^l,  or 
adidesbMt)*  I  commit  adultery. 

do-atchlda,  she  is  barren. 

yistsA,  conception,  or,  some- 
timea^  awA  shidl'nd*,  birth  is 
approachin};. 

awife  qan.<>A(l  (qanty&d.  qa- 
dfnesdlK  I  conduct  tbe  birtb 
ooremony,  or  atti^nd  it.  This 
term  also  indicates  a  woman 
in  childbirth. 

tM  nfttT,  tbe  twntrintr  cord, 
or  tFo)  n£h*6\  the  coni  is  fast- 
ened around  her,  or  sis  nfi^A', 
the  git^le  pt)t  around  her, 
terms  wbicb  are  used  to  des- 
iKnate  tbe  approach  of  birth. 
Hence,  the  woman  is  in  labor. 


Rfld'ie   inilcbl,    she  is  no* 
conllned. 

asbcbl'  (ash«tcb!,od4«bch»). 
I  give  birth  t(i  a  child. 

awi:  qfitilxh,  or  Eimpb 
qftttlzh  (lit.  fell  out),  the  child 
was  bom. 

aw»  biyaJaf.  tbe  placenta. 

ajishcbfg'o    t^A    dsL^I,  ibe 
afterpaio. 

shllf6'  (sbiW6a,  shidoK*!), 
I  give  suck  l4>  a  child. 

AdisUe6d  (aat^sbtfAd.  idl- 
deshtfAl),  I  wean  a  child. 

sbiy&zh,  my  little  one,  mjr 
chUd. 

8hijF'^\  my  son. 

sitsf,  my  daughter. 

sbailchfni,  my  children. 

nakhishchtn,  twins. 

hastqln     osls^di.    tbe 
man;  hastqlo  akh^de,  the  nexl 
man,  in  ca.-ie  of  twin  lx>y*. 

at*»(^  i.sbch!ni.  the  lirst  bom, 
and  akh^o  isbcbloi.  the  second 
bora,  in  case  of  twin  girls. 

ydtq&'asbkhi,  a  basUnl. 

bayasin,  «ibamt.',  shamefni 

ba^'&nsln  (baj-AuizT.  bayi- 
dfnesll).  I  have  some  shanK, 
or  I  am  ashamed. 

onl  s&'a,  or  ont  ilSyA,  be  il 
jealous. 

D&ghahunshtii^     <  nAgbabu 
nifihtqi.    n&ffbahodeshtq^), 
win  your  wife's  affections. 


4fiS 


ach6't    (shi     ncb&''i),     my 
property. 


dolkM,  or  slskil^,  siiueezel 
take  caret   (said  to  children). 


MORTUARY  CUSTOMS. 

The  observaoce  uf  the  traditional  custDiiis  ul  the  burial  of  a 
Navaho  devolvcB  upoD  two  or  four  aiouroers,  of  whom  oqc  is  « 
neur  rt^lative  or  claDsmRD,  white  the  others  are  taken  from  alRli- 
at«>d  clans,  such  as  that  of  the  father,  wife  or  husband  of  the 
deoeased.  Id  the  early  days  oae  or  more  slaves,  according  to 
the  wealth  of  the  deceased,  were  forced  to  accompany  the  corpse, 
and  were  killed  over  the  jfrave  and  left.  In  deference  to  the 
twelve  chiefs  of  the  tribe  the  nuinbftr  of  tnuurners  wati  .set  at 
twelve,  though  at  present  the  unubI  number  is  four  and  less. 

Tb«  monrnera  appoint  one  of  their  number  master  of  cere- 
monies, whose  dutj'  it  is  to  ^lard  over  the  exact  observance  of 
all  traditional  customs.  He  then  directs;  one  of  the  four  to 
select  a  .site  for  interment,  which  ordinarily  Ls  ■  crevice  of  a 
roek,  or  some  secluded  spot  on  the  mountain  side  offerini;  ample 
facilities  for  coverinff  the  corpse  securely  and  quickly. 

Previously  to  enterini;  the  hojfan,  or  approaching  the  spot 
where  the  corpse  la.y,  the  mourners  must  dttrobe  to  the  breech- 
cloth  and  untie  their  hair,  to  avoid  contamination  with  a  dead 
person.  They  then  bathe  the  corpse  thorouffhiy.  and  clothe  it 
EA  for  a  festive  occasion.  The  face  is  painted,  the  hair  dressed, 
new  jrarmcnts  and  calicoes  am  purchased,  Ix'lts,  rinirs,  bracelets, 
and  other  silver  ornaments,  are  nicely  polished,  the  beads  are 
wished,  btitfalo  robes,  rufrs,  blankets,  and  any  other  valuable 
poeaeMiion  of  the  deceased,  are  made  ready  to  be  deposited  in 
the  ffrave  with  the  corpse.  This  insures  the  deceased  a  kind 
reception  in  the  neth»-r  world. 

The  corpse  is  then  transferred  to  the  place  of  interment. 
The  burden,  wrapped  in  a  blanki't^  was  placed  on  the  shoulders 
of  two  itlavi^,    while  at   present  it  is  carried  by  the  mournent 


454 


Alf  STBNOLOGIC  DK2T10JH ABY. 


unleaji  other  arrangenients  can  be  made  with  outflidors,  which  u 
prefprred  in  every  instance,  niiring-  the  procession  any  chiim 
traveler  is  liailcd  ftntl  wnrni'd  of  ihe  presence  of  a  forpse.  Om 
of  the  mourners  usually  inves  the  siirnal  by  presenting  his  back 
to  the  traveler  and  facing  the  procession,  tneanvi'hile  beckonitf 
with  his  hands  over  bis  shoulder  to  change  the  course  of  hii 
journey.  The  desire<I  effect  \a  always  obtained.  The  prooeanon 
proceeds  in  silence.  The  monmers  nhoiild  not  indulfre  in  annec- 
fssury  conversation,  ihvy  should  not  expectorate,  nor  turn  b 
the  direction  traversed  by  the  corpse,  but  oomplete  a  circle 
before  procoeding.  They  must  use  the  utmost  care  not  to  turn 
a  stone  on  its  side,  but  ruplacf  it  immediati^ly  to  its  furmt^r  poai- 
tiou,  as  auy  offense  HKaiust  tbe.se  traditions  may  be  visited  tgr 
subsequent  and  sudden  death. 

The  position  which  the  corpse  should  take  in  the  grave  »■ 
mooteil  question.  .Sime  would  liave  it  tliat  the  corpse  be  laid 
OD  its  side  with  thp  bead  in  the  north  and  facing  west,  wbuDci- 
the  Xa\aho  originated.  OtlLTs  pUcv  this  unsiu  tn  IIm-  north. 
wherefore  the  cor]i»M>  facis  north  with  the  head  in  thL>  east. 
Others,  in  rvcirnl  tiuie^t.  pay  uo  attention  to  such  dJNpules.  OdM' 
in  |>osition,  the  corpse  is  decorated  and  covered)  with  beads,  briti. 
silverware,  hlnnkirts  and  rug»i,  over  which  n  ^'enrrons  layrr of 
dirt,  sticks  und  stone  is  built  to  protect  it  from  dislurbanw  bjr 
wild  aniinals.  Usually  these  services  were  performc*]  by  slam, 
who  were  dispatched  after  completing  their  work,  so  titat  their 
master  might  enjoy  their  service*  in  the  world  beyond.  Tk- 
burial  complet<!d,  shovels,  spades,  mattocks,  or  any  n>ol  used  in 
the  work,  are  broken  and  thrown  upon  the  grave  whore  they  art 
left  and  never  touched  again.  The  mourners  thnn  complete  a 
cin^le  am]  n-turn  to  the  family  in  skip  and  hop  fashion,  carpfull; 
avoiding  all  contact  nilh  brush  w  cactus,  as  this  might  dc 
the  spirit  in  its  flight  to  the  other  world. 

On  reentering  the  hogan  they  bathe  their  bodies  iMphin,  a 
now  remain  in  mourning  for  four  consecutive  days  with  t 
family   of  the  deceased.      Tim   family,   which  has   he4>n   fa.'tti 


sovjoum  r. 


455 


since  thf  di>mi»e,  is  now  allowed  to  taki*  food  And  drink.  ThU 
fast,  by  the  waj*.  f>xl<L<Dds  ovod  to  babes,  who  aro  not  ^fivL-a  suck 
until  afliT  ihc  n'tiirn  nf  the  hiirliil  party.  If  this  hi*  urifUJitalty 
tletajrc<l  wood  ashes  is  appliod  to  tbi'  fac*  of  the  child,  or  rather 
to  ils  fopBhead,  before  giving  it  suck,  wbirii  will  iriian]  it  afir«iii6t 
the  malice  of  the  dead.  On  the  whole,  a  prompt  and  early 
burial  i*  de^i^lble,  both  to  rid  the  family  of  thr  dantft-r  of  con- 
t«mina(ion,  as  well  as  to  t^^rminnt*?  iho  fa-^t  as  i-arly  as  po«»iible. 
Tht'  fast  anri  mouminff  ar<>  not  obligatory  wUii  tlx*  family  mrtn- 
ber  who  has  not  btM>n  jircsent  at  thi>  diwth  and  baK  not  viewn) 
the  corpse.  U^nce,  it  is  pt'rniissible  tiiiun  notice  of  a  death  not 
to  R|»proiicti  the  scone  in  order  lue\-wle  this  obligation. 

The  four  dtt.v»  of  mourninii:  bexin  with  the  oitrht  following 
the  demiiu*,  or  with  the  very  ni^ht  iu  which  it  ocrorrctt.  In 
deference  (o  the  spirit  of  the  deoeam-d  the  mourners  and  family 
ahslain  fnim  imneccKsar>'  conversation,  from  their  usual  simrts, 
from  travel  and  Utwr.  Thry  arise  at  dawn,  and  li-ave  the  ho^an 
onb'  when  nece.'isit.v  compels  them,  but  alwaj's  iu  company  of  (he 
master  of  ceremonies.  Moreover,  the  sentry  on  Kuanl,  by  the 
usual  sitrnnl,  keeps  the  (f€at/i  linf,  or  the  path  from  the  hoiran 
lo  the  ffrave,  open  dnrintr  these  four  dnyn,  in  which  the  spirit  of 
the  d«cea.«t4vl  maki-s  its  journi'y  to  the  lower  worlds.  But  on  the 
morning  followiniir  the  fourth  night  the  nmumers  again  tnthe 
themselves,  all  members  of  the  family  imitating  their  example. 
.\fter  a  l>ri«'f  moumitig  and  wHiling  the  ceremony  ts  concluded, 
and  the  deceased  is  tiothlntf  mon;  than  a  spirit,  w-hose  influence 
is  to  be  dn-a<]i-d. 

In  moHt  instances  care  is  taken  to  remove  the  dying  from  the 
hogan.  In  thf  event,  however,  of  a  death  within  a  hogan,  the 
east  side,  or  doorway,  h  closed,  and  un  opening  in  made  in  the 
north  side  thniugh  which  the  oort>se  is  vurned  out  for  burial. 
The  hogan  in  then  burnt  and  leveled  to  the  ground,  wlule  the 
earthen  pots  UHe<l  in  cleaning  the  corp64\  or  cooking  utenaUa,  are 
broken  there  and  then.     Ordinnrily,  ttw,  the  Hnest  riding  animnl 

Kaion  (if  the  lute  owner  i^  i«addle«l   near  the  grave  and 


4fi6 


AN   BTHyOLOOlC  DtCTtOSARY, 


killed  and  left  to  rot  Kortucrly  tlie  Bnimal  was  Btmi{rl«l  u^ 
tWn  killed,  wliile  ut  pri'sent  it  1.4  shut.  Saddles  and  bknkelB, 
too,  wcrt!  furuierly  left  tu  decay,  while  at  prcseut  the  prnsutiM 
is  taken  to  break  and  cut  them  to  pieces. 

Mourning  was  prohibited  in  the  case  of  a  warrior  dying  frosi 
th«>  effect*  of  wounds  rtceived  in  actual  warfarp,  owinjitnth? 
belii-f  that  di-ath  might  overtake  the  uioui-ners  in  a  similar  man- 
ner. The  warrior  n^tains  bis  rank  and  prowess  even  in  tfar 
nether  worlds.  The  fallen  foe  is  his  slave,  who  must  serve  hiii) 
beyond,  hence  they  were  buried  near  by»  so  that  the  spirits  belo* 
miiiht  recofrnize  tbem  as  such.  On  the  other  hand,  weapons  ind 
the  shield  were  scruindously  barred  front  the  irrave,  as  tbcj 
miftht  intimidate  those  spirit«.  whereas  an  unarmed  warrior^ 
n^adily  etdistt'd  in  the  rank  and  tile  of  that  army.  Ileoce,  knil 
arrow-pointfl,  and  evcrythintr  suirffostiTC  of  a  weapon,  ia 
fruin  the  ornaments  and  barn*d  from  tbu  t;rave  even  to-day 

Good  custom  atsu  required  a  la|iMe  of  U-.n  to  twi'nt>'  daji 
before  a  division  of  the  property*  of  the  deceased  was  made. 
This,  as  well  as  8ome  of  the  castoms  above  described,  are  do( 
alwa^'g  observed. 


WORDS    REFERRINU   TO    Bl'RlAL. 


dalstql,  t ha t  w hich  lies 
there,  the  corpse. 

cUludi  s^t<il,  is  used,  prob- 
ably of  an  uoidentilied  corpse. 

yO'Iila'i  (i'ufda'ili'i),  he  who 
put«  it  aside,  the  mourner. 

yWdInf',  where  it  is  put 
away,  the  (fra^e. 

jishchft,  the  K^Bve. 

nchfiig'i,  or  naly^he,  the 
goods  or  ware  put  into  the 
grave. 

do-fid&da,  they  do  not  cat, 
the  fast. 


duhiHHltiiin,  Lhey  have  regard 
or  respect. 

hoKA',   the  burnt  ruins  (of 
hogan). 

clitndi,  a  spirit. 

cH1ndit4i&',  the  lower  worU. 
world  of  spirits. 

yihah&l    cKindi!    behold!  a 
veiMi«l  (pot,  etc.)  of  a  spirit! 

biz^jitq^,    it   (the    hotw)  is 
stran|r](Hl. 

bilnijtlni,  it  ts  struck  (witlk 
a  stone,  etc.) 

cUmdi   it>ah    behalkUdi. 
broken  burial  shovel. 


yacca  blanket  was  occasionally  braided  with  rabbit  fur  and,  as  a 
rulp,  providtx]  with  haodli-s  of  braided  >'ucea  un  the  sides  and 
«nd8  to  better  enable  one  in  drawing  it  dune  to  the  body. 

taftzt,  y ticca. 

trS'    N-J^HIiili   yb.(M\    tliP 
blanket  woven  of  Kras8. 

Siibsniucntly,  more  substan- 
tial buckskin  suits  were  substi- 
IuUmI  for  the  yucca  fabric. 
tbuu<fh  th«  buckttkin  suit  was 
■•x|ti^ii.'«iTe,  as  wvll  tniincd  skins 
were  bartered  from  lht>  l^tea. 
The  accent iwnying  illiistratioti 
Bbows  a  huctukin  ahirt  with 
frinifOA    nloni;    the    fronts    tlie 


468 


AA  ETimOLOGlC  DICTJOHAMY. 


shoulders  anil  sleeves,  as  well  as  tbe  sides  and  lower  eod  of 
the  shirt,  which  was  worn  over  the  p&oU.  Buckskin  or  »De« 
waA  tLsed  as  thread,  while  the  frintfes  were  cut  aft^^r  sewios  tht 
strips  into  the  «enitis.  Thonff*^,  which  w»?re  ev4*ntuall.v'  displaced 
by  braJM  buttons  obtained  from  the  Vtes,  wpre  used  in  fastftiinf 
the  shirt  in  front.  These  shirta  were  either  gn>y  or  the  nalnnl 
color  of  buck(<kin,  or  dywl  yellow  and  red. 

With  thu  irttrotluction  of  wool  and  weavins  tii(^  blue  and  nd 
striped  shirts  illustrated  on  patfe  'HH  were  added  iv  the  mea^ 
apparel. 

Another  shirt  which,  like  the  preceding,  was  orif^Qslly  bor- 
rowed from  the  Pueblo,  whs  still  in  vojjih'  not  so  verj-  maaj' 
years  a^o.  It  wan  wovi^n  of  wool  yarn  in  llu>  ^Iiape  of  a  womui's 
dress,  but  provided  with  a  loDgitudiual  slit  in  the  oeoter  for  the 
purpose  of  passiaj;  it  over  the  head.  It  was  entirely  black  in 
color  and  the  only  decoration  was  a  tassel  in  each  corner.  When 
too  tilthy  it  could  be  washed  and  mdyed,  and  from  it**  varied  a* 
in  wearing  it  either  side  out.  or  turning  the  front  to  rearal  will. 
it  was  called  k  u&hu^i,  or  bil  lizhfn  le  oAhofUli.  the  black  dre^^ 
shirt  which  may  be  worn  either  side  up.  As  the  surface  of  the 
shirt  WBA  ver>-  rough  (ditfild),  which  it  was  impossible  to  obviate 
even  by  a  loose  weave  (Tlxhdligo  istlrt),  a  fur  collar  made  of  wild- 
cat skiu  (noshddi  bakh&gi)  wa»  added  and  tied  with  buckskia 
thongs.  The  front  side^  of  tho  shirt  were  folded  inwardly  and 
overlapped  by  the  rear,  in  which  fashion  it  was  held  close  to  ibt 
body  by  means  of  a  cord  tied  around  the  waist,  fteiqiite  this 
precaution  the  wind  hud  free  acci'ss  to  it,  wherefore  tbc  morr 
fauuioroiL^  dubbed  it  a*  AkftlanAlKi.  or  the  shirt  which  flnp<;  in  the 
wind.  It  was  worn  in  addition  to  and  over  the  orduury  wool 
or  calico  shirt,  and  Konie  did  not  despirie  to  alort*  it  away  ilmU- 
sIstfiflRi  for  fefilive  ui-t.-asiona.  At  pru>«nt  it  baa  diMap)>eaivd 
entirely. 

riie  si>.ralled  big  shir)  was  tnnile  iif  four-ply  buckskin  gluni 
with  piU.'ih.  and  was  impeuetruble  to  the  thrust  of  8p4>ar  ur  arnm. 


SOriOLOOY. 


449 


I 


the  porrid^,  and  ev(?ntttally  preiwnts  th<>  twAkot  to  the  boy*a 
pftrante.  lie  is  tbercfur  said  to  wiu  the  basket,  and  some  dt-sitr- 
Bate  a  baskv-i  IhiiR  obtained  ua  tdft*  iiaob&ni,  the  basket  won  (at 
the  wiHldioir). 

Ht-Dcefui'tU  tbf>  taboo  between  husband  and  niother-in-la«v  ia 
atrictl.v  obsorrpd.  and  friends  nnd  neitrbbors  nssiduouRly  ns-vist  in 
irttardine  this  injunction.  In  thi>  ubsimca  of  the  faiisbaod  the 
motbi^r  i>a,v»  ber  daughit*r  an  occasiuiiul  viftit,  and  in  (r«ni*ra1  (he 
wife  is  not  subjpcl  to  malttvutment  owinir  to  Ibe  interest  shown 
her  by  clan.'«mfn  and  relative;?.  The  ancient  ciistoni  by  wliic^h 
brothers-in-law  deprived  a  hustwnd  at  will  of  wife,  propert.v 
and  home,  i»  at  present  on  the  wane. 

^larriatfc  between  cousins  und  eluHC  relative-^,  or  between 
members  of  clans  related  to  one  another,  are  not  riewcd  faror- 
ably,  and  ure  prohibited  by  tW  more  rouser\'aUve  clans.  (Cf. 
0«atil6  ayst^ni. )  To  obviate  di);s  nsion  and  to  insure  conjn|r(il 
ftdeJity  recoiir«e  is  hud  to  niarriaire  with  ihe  nistent  of  one's  wife, 
■  course  which  is  favorably  viewed  by  thf  wife's  twrcnts  if  the 
Aon-in-law  prove  indii'*trioii«  and  decent  otherwise.  In  thii  event, 
however,  the  nmrrin^*  ceremony  t[iii.v  n<it  take  place,  Init  the 
>nd  and  third  wives  are  added  to  the  lirst  without  ceremony 
iih<iltqi^,  she  i.s  ffiven  to  him  in  addition  lotlieutber,  a  u'ife*n 
•r).  Others  seemingly  avoid  the  taboo  placed  upon  the 
mciUwr-iu-law  b>-  mnrryini;  the  widnw  ur  dirorM-d  woman,  and 
Bildinn  her  daufrhlcrs  a-t  wives  in  due  courae  of  time.  This,  too, 
ia  done  without  the  ceremony,  which  can  only  be  had  for  a 
virtfin.  thoii\rh  a  divorced  man  iirny  readily  re|H*at  it.  The  so- 
calleii  uHftn&'i,  or  itriviletfc  i>f  marryinf;  (he  sifter  of  a  deciwed 
wife,  was  also  conceded  to  the  widow  in  reirard  to  the  brotliers 
of  ber  Utv  hiiaband,  antl  many  are  hIiII  faithfid  to  thi«  ciutoni. 

Divorce  is  readily  obUiintMl,  wiih  or  without  mutual  conB4nt, 
and  is  often  due  to  interference  un  tlu>  jiarl  of  clauKmen  and 
tvlativcfi  aft  above  mentioned,  but  also  to  mutual  intidelit^*,  an 
adultery  is  anythinif  but  iwcommon.  (Frequent  recurrence  of 
divorce  on  the  part  of  the  wife,  and  subeaquvnt  fourth,  or  even 


450 


Ay   BTItyOLOOIC  Om'iOSAHY. 


Recoiul  iiiiiiTtaifo,  is  nkin  1u  pro^titutiun.)  No  finaDctal  diffinil- 
tics  are  involvod  ta  tbt>  sfpurnciuD  as  the  pro|»erty  Iidp  is  rtric^ 
dren'n  and  nach  pArt.v  has  it<  own  property.  Tbo  childrea  belone 
Ui  tbt?  tiiotlicr,  whuHtr  tvlativi-s  fiv4iuentl.v  take  jxisKeHHiun  of  tlipm 
in  «irly  youtli  milpas  otht-rwiNe  stipiilaliHl. 

Vintinity  and  tvlibacv  are  not  practice*.!.  Adultery,  it  Uuid, 
u'as  piinUhtHl  by  tbe  early  Navabo  with  amptitatioo  of  tb«*  mt, 
rye  or  nose  imiter  thf  niniint*r  <>f  lb**  Apaclie),  while.  orif^nall.v. 
anipiitatioD  of  the  breasts  and  viiKina  was  iudtcted.  but  pruvvH 
too  fatal  tu  be  coDtiaued.  \Viih  llie  advent  of  the  Ametiou 
like  customs  rere  eliminated,  and  at  present  retnliatioa  ordiraror 
seerii  to  be  the  only  nieasurvs  taken  by  ibe  otieuded  part}',  k 
heavy  Bne  of  hordes  and  cattle  is  lfvi«il  iii^on  the  crime  of  rape, 
aiM)  is  alwa.vs  exacted  by  the  relatives  (clan-smen)  of  the  virtim. 
Modern  vio's.  like  ubortina,  race  siiicide,  and  infanticide,  %vt 
not  ver>-  ccmmun  with  them,  iniliH><l,  a  Kti>a4ly  increase  of  mae 
is  most  desirable  with  the  tn'enler  purtiuQ  of  the  Na^'abo. 

Duriuif  the  period  of  prej/nancy  the  husband  seeks  dinne  ud 
throuiffa  occasional  performances  of  the  rite  of  blessini;  tbozhdji), 
and  both  husband  and  wife  carffiilly  avoid  the  sisht  of  Mood  hf 
violence.  Tbt?  birth  of  a  child  is  the  occA-^inn  of  a  joyful  ^i^ 
erina:  of  frii-nds  and  nrrtehhors.  A  sinjrer  is  called  upon  to 
assist  with  select  sonirs  of  blesning  (huKh^ji).  btit  doee  not  act  u 
accunchetir,  us  assistance,  if  needetl,  bt  rendered  by  fcoulf 
ueishbors.  The  laborinir  woman  is  placed  in  a  sittine  pusitioo. 
and  is  supportpd  by  means  of  a  stout  cord  snspeikded  from  ooe 
of  the  beams,  and  passed  under  her  arms  and  about  her  wa'm. 
Hence  the  popular  reference  to  the  suspended  cord  when  speakuv 
of  childbirth.  The  event  is  heralded  with  much  tauntini;  and 
jokin>r  between  men  and  women,  anil  the  advent  of  twioa  it 
always  a  source  of  genuine  pride  and  elation  on  the  part  of  the 
pareot£,  who  accept  of  tliein  as  a  sifinal  dUtinction  of  dirins 
favor,  and  designate  then)  as  such  (diyln  qAAndA,  a  double  diri 
flrift).  Subsequently  every  effort  is  made  to  preserve  their  lives, 
and  the  ceremonies  are  even  more  frequently  invoked  than  aha 


socroLony. 


4M 


the  birth  uf  &  sinifle  cbilJ.  CoQ.sur|ticntly  it  is  uiitrtie  that 
tho  Navnbo  dJspfttch  one  of  twinK.  (Aprupos  of  this,  the  ovont 
of  twto  colta  is  viewed  as  an  evil  omen,  (londzfnifo  if^,  and  both 
ntAFi-  and  roltii  an<  killed.      Not  ko  with  tlie  ^oat.  '-oh-  or  tihi^f^p,! 

A  propt-rl.v  burn  child  wliich  jfivt's  du  aiifn  of  life  bj  sound 
or  cryinir  (di)-hadMiff),  voicelctss)  is  not  rcuugniztxl  b.v  itrt  [nif  nts 
fm  bt'lon^nnif  to  the  li^nnK  (nahokhH  diiif^'^');  cotisetiueiilJy  it  is 
niiickl.v  dciw.-iitt^l  it)  the  bi-unches  of  a  tn-e  pointiojr  Dorthivard 
(oAhokhdsji  iidho^el)  and  left  thore.  This  ia  done  most  frt-qiiently 
at  pn>niatiire  births  (qfi'r-l),  which  occasionally'  ucciir.  us  in  that 
t!Vi*ot  the  fetiis  showH  little  or  do  life.  In  cither  rvent,  how- 
over,  irben  th«?  infant  ha^  (flvoQ  fi\gn»  of  life  by  cr>injr  or  sound 
Ihadzfiffi)  it  i.s  imint><liat4>ly  r<'cog'ODii»d  b.v  the  puivnts  (da  i\ft,  it 
18  ibi'ira),  ami  subsequent  dpRth  i»  always  foltuweil  by  tb*-  four 
dayA*  niourninjr,  and  tlw  child  is  put  away  liko  any  other  tnorta). 
<Cf.  Navaho  Cradles  and  Mortuary  Customs.)  A  repetition  of 
pn-mnture  hirthtf  pnrt4Mids  pvil  and  ncceJ%itat«<A  pnrilicaiion  of 
Um*  niitlhcr's  womb  throiiKb  tlic  witch  chant  (hochftji). 

'Ilu-  niiitber  aIn'ayK  suckles  her  child,  and  nur>«s  perfomiin^f 
office  are  exln>nicly  unconitnon. 


WORUS  RKFKRRIXd  TO 

dsTlkhi^,  a  youth. 

jlkb^,  u  maiden. 

k)iA  Adlni.  a  virifin  (oikt  who 
has  no  hut^baud),  which  is 
aU(i  u;«ihI  to  dejiiitnate  n  widow, 

ba'&d  Atlini,  detiiirnatett  a 
wiiluwer.  I'sually  wi<low<«ra 
are  deattrnnlud  an  bizHA  na^hA, 
ifointr  alone. 

kliinildA  (khin&.Kd&,  khin- 
doldllK  or  klunjildft*  (kbin- 
dhlMM,  khinzhdold&l).  tlie  lirst 
m<-nM>«. 


SIABBIAfJK  ANTi  BIRTU. 

chf^ylu,  doaignaleg  the 
menses  or  iiuMiKtniation  there- 
afUr. 

khinaadi  ttMtially  indicat*^ 
the  performoncfi  of  the  nubile 
ceremony. 

iiry^  (aHtry^,  adoKy^).  the 
riMrrinfEc  (derivetl  from  lahiif 
^as^yti.  adeahq^K  I  marry. 

D&'iKhq^  (naa^yC,  nadexbci^'l, 
I  ituirry  you. 

(lanAkhd,  the  nuptial  dish. 


Ay   ETUyuLOtiJC  DlfTiOXAKY. 


secoDi)  iimiTiuifir,  is  akin  ii>  pruMtitiitiun.)  No  IJiutncial  ditficol- 
ti«9  are  iurolvvJ  iu  the  ^^eiwratiou  t»  the  prop<frty  line  is  strictly 
drawn  and  each  party  has  its  own  property'.  The  chUiipon  belon* 
to  th»'  niotbei',  whose  relatives  fn-quenily  lake  possession  of  thnn 
in  Mirty  .votith  untp%<  othtrwiso  stipulattHl. 

VIrjnnit.v  ami  Fi^libucv  are  not  practiced.  Adulter)',  it  is  said. 
was  pwrnbinl  by  tbt*  vitrly  Navaho  with  ampulatiou  of  the  ear. 
i>ye  or  nose  (after  the  niiLiinur  of  the  AiwcheK  while,  orijirinaUjri 
ampulatiou  of  the  breasts  and  vniriDa  whs  inflictetl,  but  pronid 
too  fatal  to  be  cnntinned.  With  the  advent  of  the  Aaeriran 
like  ciLsturns  were  t-liniinatrd,  and  at  pnvtent  retnliatiou  ordirortf 
sefiii  tc)  be  the  (inly  iiicasurw  taki-n  by  the  iilTrmled  part}'-  A 
heavy  fine  uf  horses  and  cattle  is  levied  upon  the  crime  of  rape, 
and  is  alwa.VM  exacted  by  the  ndnlives  (claDsmeo)  uf  the  rictim 
Modern  nces.  like  abortion,  i-ace  snictde,  and  infaDticide,  arr 
not  very  common  with  them,  indeed,  a  iiteady  increase  of  iwK 
is  most  desirable  with  the  ifroater  portion  of  the  Na%'sho. 

r>ui*inir  the  period  of  pr>>i;nancy  the  huMband  seeks  divine  aid 
ihrouifh  occasional  performances  of  the  rite  of  blessing  (bozbAji). 
and  both  husband  and  wife  carefully  avoid  the  Kteht  of  blood  b; 
violence.  The  birth  of  a  ehild  is  the  oecofiion  of  a  joyful  galb- 
erinif  of  friends  and  neighbors.  A  tsiaieer  ts  called  npoo  to 
assist  with  select  sontpi  of  blewiinff  (hozh^ji).  but  does  not  act  ■) 
acconchetir,  as  n5tslstAnce,  if  needed,  is  rendered  hy  (tnmk 
aeij^hbors.  The  laborinir  woman  is  placed  in  a  sitting  poeituni. 
and  h  supiKirted  by  means  of  a  stout  cord  suspendod  from  one 
of  the  beams,  and  passed  under  her  arnLS  and  alx)ut  her  wii»1. 
Hence  the  popular  reference  to  the  suspended  cord  wh«n  apeakioC 
of  childbirth.  The  event  is  heralded  wiUi  much  taunting  and 
jokins  between  men  and  women,  and  the  advent  of  twias  ii 
always  a  source  of  genuine  pride  and  elation  on  the  part  of 
iwrentfl,  who  accept  of  them  as  a  sij^iftl  distinction  of  divint 
feror,  and  dosienate  them  as  such  {diyfn  <i&AodA,  a  double  divina 
gift).  Sub8equentl.v  every  effort  is  made  to  preserve  their  liviSi 
and  the  ceremonies  are  even  more  frequently  invoked  than  aftt 


HormtttfiY. 


4st 


tW  birth  uf  a  atujite  child.  Con'teiinently  it  is  nntnte  that 
tho  NnvHbo  dUp&tch  one  of  twins,  (Aiiropas  of  this,  th^  rvcnt 
of  twio  colta  is  \'iewo<l  as  aq  evil  omen,  qondxfngo  if^,  ami  both 
m&ri>  And  rolu  nn^  ktllrd.      Not  »to  with  thn  ^ont,  pok  or  ^bpoii.^ 

A  pruiM'rly  burn  (.-hilJ  which  ifive^  nu  BtK"  of  (if*;  h>'  sound 
or  crj'injr  Ulo-had7.fi^.  voiceli'Mi)  is  not  rrcogoiaed  by  itR  imrt-nlA 
Ks  U'lonifinif  to  the  Itvine  (nahokhfl.  dinf&'i^');  consequently  it  is 
■juickly  dei»o.Hitt*tl  in  tlie  branches  "f  a  Ir*^  pointintr  oortliward 
(oAhokhdAJi  iiihos^l)  Hiirl  left  there.  This  is  done  most  freqiu-nil.v 
at  prcMuntiire  births  (qA'fU,  which  ovcaNionally  occur,  as  in  that 
errnt  the  fetus  shows  littJe  or  no  life.  In  either  i-vent,  how< 
over,  when  thn  infant  has  ffivcn  nifgnu  of  life  by  crying  or  sound 
(hadztiiri)  it  is  iiniiiediat«-ly  n'^ofroDized  by  the  parents  <dik  i|^,  it 
ta  iheira),  and  Hubsetinent  d(*nth  i.^  always  fuljuwi'd  by  th**  four 
days*  moumins,  and  the  child  is  put  awny  like  any  other  moi-tal. 
tCf.  Navabo  Cradles  and  Mortuary  Customs.)  A  repetition  of 
pri'miitiin-  hirtb'i  portends  rvil  iind  necessitates  piintlcation  of 
the  mother's  womb  throiijfb  the  wiich  chant  (hiK-tiftji). 

The  ini*ther  always  Atiekh%  Iter  child,  and  nurses  performing 
this  office  are  cxtn-nH-ly  ttnconinion. 


WoKliS  BEFKBRINU  TO 

dKllkhi^,  a  youth. 

jlkh^,  a  maiden. 

kliTt  fttllni.  a  virgin  (one  who 
hat-  DO  husband),  which  ut 
OM*d  Ui  de>iiu:nHti'  a  wiJuw. 
lit]  Adini,  desiirnateK  n 
irUlower.  CauHlly  nndowcrs 
ore  elnsiifnaled  a^i  bizliA  na^h&, 
Koinir  alone. 

khio&ldi  (khinasdA,  khin- 
doldU).  or  khinjildi'  (kbiti- 
dflMlA,  khinxhdoldU).  the  lirst 
metiM>«. 


MAKRIAOK  AKn  BIRTH. 

cbriyin,  deaignatcs  the 
menses  or  iiuMistruatiou  Uiere- 
nftvr. 

khioasdi  usually  indicates 
the  jM'rformanee  of  the  oubllo 
ceremony. 

i|cy^  <AKffy6,  nAogy^),  the 
marriase  (dertvud  from  isbql^ 
ias^y^.  adeahq^K  I  marry. 

nA'ishqe  (uns/y^,  naJeshiil^K 
I  marry  you. 

dntiAkhfi,  tho  Duptiai  diah. 


464 


AN  STHyOLOGW  DlCTIOyAJtV. 


wri»t-)fuan)  are  worn  bjr  many  men  as  a  rrmindcr  of  b.v-goiw> 
da^'S.  Dot,  B«  the  Navahu  apFH'ars  to-da.r.  bu  may  bp  «k«tcbi'd 
abont  as  follows: 

Tht-  hair  is  drawn  sDioothly  lo  the  back  of  tlw  htwd  by  nicaos 
of  a  whuk  briwm  made  of  a  bunch  of  monntaio  gmsa.  Heir  tt 
is  done  up  into  a  romimct  club  or  tiueiie  and  tied  with  a  white 
woolen  cord  so  as  to  give  it  the  Hhape  of  an  hour-glass.  A  boMl 
or  two  of  torquoiBe,  or  other  fthell,  aometinies  decorates  the  hair- 


Uatr  Hnom. 


cord.  Quite  a  ntimber  now  wear  the  hair  cropped  off  Id 
stmight  liiir,  about  an  inch  belnw  the  par.  A  red  silk  sash,  or 
vari-colorod  kerchief,  is  «orn  as  a  tiirl>an  ab»iiit  the  forehfwl, 
■nd  ia  often  decorated  with  turquoise  and  silver  omameoUi. 
The  brood-brimmed  western  hat.  usually  of  black  or  trray  rolor, 
has.  however,  displaced  the  hfadbiind  k»  i«onie  extent. 

They  all  have  the  lobes  of  their  cai-^  pierced,  and  from  tbem 
are  dangling  ear-|»endantB,  made  either  of  a  tiat  piece  of  polished 
tuniiioise,  or  a  Huiall  string  of  thin  disks  of  iuri|Uoise.  or  of  gnoil- 
sizcd  silver  rings,  some  of  which  have  one  or  more  loosely  sliding 
beads  strung  iijKjn  them.  These  silver  earrings  are  sor 
of  a  pri'tty  generous  siae  aud  weight,  »o  that  when  ridinrr 
are  often  turned  up  over  the  auricle,  as  the  joUing  of  the  horaeV 
gait  cause  them  to  jerk  uncomfortably  at  the  tobea.  About  ibeir 
necks  the.v  wear  strands  of  beads,  either  of  coral,  tarquoise,  or 
red,  white  aud  black  stoueK  nnd  shells,  or  heavy  necklacm  of 
silver  beads,  and  other  oruainent^t  of  their  own  make. 

Tbe  upper  part  of  the  body  is  covered  by  a  short  abiri  of 
bright-coloml  calico,  to  which  breeches  of  the  same  material,  or 
manta.,  are  added.     C-oats,  vests  and  pants  of  American  style  anl 


}rioLooy. 


make,  esiwcially  corduroys,  are  Dot  infrequeot,  aiul  arc  worn 
over  the  loose  hrfoch>^»  of  light  cloth.  Belts,  consisting  of  laitie 
silver  disks  of  silver  sininB'  uimn  »  strip  of  leather,  are  worn  by 
both  men  and  n'oiniMi,  though  the  men  usually  ffirth  tbem*)el \'es 
iritb  a  leather  cartrid(;e  bell  nnd  sixshooter.  S<ime  of  the  older 
QieDf  loo,  may  often  be  aocn  with  a  leather  bos'  strutifr  over  their 
shoulder  and  huoRini;  over  the  left  hip.  This  is  used  for  small 
articles,  such  as  iitatches,  tobacco,  pockelknifo,  ami  the  like. 

On  their  feet  are  low  nioccflniwi,  dyed  a  dull  reddtsh>browti 
or  block,  and  soled  with  rauhide.  Footless  stockinffs,  which 
leave  the  tot^  nnd  forefoot  free,  are  worn  with  the  moccasins  by 
many  iiK'n,  in  sdilitiun  to  leather  le^KiOfP^t  ur  iL'^^grtD^s  of  biick- 
ttkiu,  which  are  fastened  beluw  the  kneoK  with  the  garters  or 
cord.  In  winter  the  foot  and  moccasin  is  protected  by  a  kind 
of  overshoe  consistini!*  of  frreen  sheep-  or  kidskina,  which  are 
aecured  to  the  foot  with  the  woolly  side  turned  in. 

Thnugli  the  bow  and  arrow,  lance  and  shield,  were  fonnerly 
part  of  the  costume  of  the  Nuvalio  warrior,  the  lireamis  which 
have  DOW  replaced  tltein  are  but  omanu-nttil  adilitions. 

There  ia  no  difference  in  the  summer  and  winter  dress,  and 
the  blanket  is  worn  summer  and  winter  as  a  mantle.  The  more 
profrrt>^sive  Xavaho  do  not  disdain  the  white  man's  frarb  in  all 
its  detail",  and  the  Navaho  in  genera)  take  willingly  to  the  white 
man's  dresa. 

The  women  dresr.  the  luir  like  the  men  but  never  wear  a  head- 
twrnl.  Their  ears,  too,  are  pierced,  but  they  do  not  wear  ear- 
rings. Beside  their  bead  necklaces,  which  are  like  those  vf  the 
men,  they  wpar  n  number  of  silver  bracelets,  rin^,  etc.  They 
wear  long  calico  skirta,  and  u.<vi<  the  same  kind  of  shirt  or  tunic 
and  robe  as  the  men,  though  the  latter  are  usually  of  brighter 
colors.  About  the  waist  is  wound  a  long  red  saah,  or  the  stiver 
belt.  The  inuccaMin,  too,  is  of  the  same  shape  like  the  mns^ 
with  slightly  higher  uppers.  On  festive  occasions  or  jouroe^'S 
UKMxaaiD  is  supplenientM]  by  the  legging-wnip,  consisting  of 


4«« 


BTHSOlOm 


iKARY. 


&  buckskin   wound  in   retrulur  folds  around  tbi^  lower  loj{,  fmai 
uikle  to  knee,  where  it  is  secured  with  pieces  of  buckskin. 

The  children  arc  dressed  about  the  same  an  the  adults,  ool)' 
their  garments  are  smaller  in  size,  and  often  very  scanL 

WOKDS. 


it,  a  shirt,  dress,  clothefi. 

ft  tso,  a  coat,  overcoat 

tTftjr'A,  panta. 

chttI<^kho{Sp.),  orda'ndish- 
<\6*\,  a  vi'st. 

khi^ndAt^dsi,  shoes. 

kb^ndote'dsi  on^zj,  boots. 

kb^tqil,  a  souk  or  stocking. 

esdzHu  bi'*,  wonian'.s  <l  refis, 
skirt,  etc. 

akhU  j-ifitl^,  leather  leg- 
gings. 

akhU  yistJjt  Asht^^Dbfnsh- 
gy('»h  (Asbee'iiblnltfizb,  &shtf«'. 
ttbfdeshjTl&h).  I  cut  the  leather 
for  leg^nf^. 

yo  nkhfni  (yolcWni),  or 
y&  t^lui  lafraijf  i,  silver  buttons. 

£  bil  da'naxiifligi,  clothes 
buttun.t, 

bojflkihoJzu,  a  buttonhole. 

bilda'nrAtfh'a  (bildA'ns&». 
bitdfi'Ddesh'al),  1  button  it. 

hi^hideaddn,  tijrhl  Httinir 
clothes. 


beltatllt'^tu,  clothes. 

ohinbfi  &dlD,  spotlws. 

chlnba  ftdin  go  «aW,  I 
clean.se  It. 

chlnbii  t<iaa&Mt;I>t  (bfiliias^ 
gfs,  but^|ade.<*Kl5>.  I  wa>ib  din 
off. 

chin  bfiisbatf  (b&bild*>.  bi- 
doshd&),  or  bAish^iVl  (hAhifAil. 
bAdesbfAl).  1  wipe  dirt  uff 
Ui'om  silver,  clutbea). 

a  ntgo  slltsJVs,  turmd  ia^idf 
out. 

fttq^l  sIltM'is,  an  apron. 

cfiA'  ddhaskh&ni.  a  rouad 
hat 

cW  Iftbftiffi,  a  trray  hat. 

clia*  Kzhfuiffi,  a  black 
< modern)  bat. 

cBft'  bij&nM  hulAni,  a  Ott- 
»eled  headband. 

cha'  dft'dijihiiri  UUck>>ra 
silk  headband. 

clIA'  istrinlfi,  a  frrcklrd 
beadband,  etc 


8OC1OL00Y. 


4B7 


BEDDINU. 


The  PArly  beddins*  consisted  of  a  round  mat  of  trra^  woven 
nunw^Mtc,  which  wa^i  iL'ted   in  connectioo   with  the  ffrass  blanket. 
Buckskin,  buffalo  robes,  and  sheep-pelts, 
hftve  lonj;  since  superseded  this  grafts  niat, 
Mid    at    present    the    «he«p-pe)t    is   used 
almost  excluitivvly.     These  are  spread  out 
on    thn    floor    of    the    hogan,    and    men. 
women  am)  children  retire  here,  wrapped 
in  their  blankets,  with  a  Haddle,  coat  or 
conveaient  bundle  ns  a  pillow.      Ameri- 
can  beds  and   inattressesi  tuo,  are  UKcd  Ywxa  H<U. 
by  some. 

WORDS. 


yfttq^l  (yaAtq^l,  which  liefi 
noder),  bedding. 

lid'  .VHtf|^,  tbp  crniss  mat, 

shAbikl^Ko  yUtr6*  (bitq&dA- 
deshbizh,  braided),  woven 
Hunwisf. 

ibAni  yAtqtfl.  buckskin  bed- 
diniT- 

yAUi^l    (deb^    hakh&KJ    yA- 


tq^l),  sheep-pelt  bedding. 

ft>-AD  iiyaM^,  buffalo  robe 
beddinif. 

tsVil,  a  pillow. 

tfiAskhC,  a  (modern)  bed. 

bakh&daiitq^,  a  bedstead. 

nJlshkhAd,  or  ndlkhfiKo  di- 
neflfabi^,  ril  spread  out  and 
retire. 


NAVAIIO   CRADLES. 

AVImo  a  child  is  born  Iqftlhsh)  it  is  wrapped  in  a  sheep-pelt 
<jtii}A).  woolly  aide  in,  and  placed  between  the  Hreplace  and  west 
aide  of  the  hojfan  at  the  npot  designate*!  as  hunfibA'ji.  The  old 
women  (s&ni)  of  the  neiehborhood  then  make  a  rude  canopy  or 
abetter  of  ct^dB^  (uAdK  or  other  pliable  tmuj^hn,  with  which  to 
cover  the  h<*nd  of  the  child  and  protect  it  from  sparks  of  Uie  tire. 
Thifl  cuopy,  called  biullkldl,  or  benllRldi  (face  cover),  cooaista 


4«8 


Ay  BTHyoiOQlC  DICTlONABr. 


of  threo  boMr<t,  one  M  a  baso   resCinjf  oo   iSo  iprouiKl  (IK  tl»>- 

second  (2)  placed  upright  and  attAcbed  with  cords  to  the  end^  of 

the  Hrst,   whilt-  the    third  ('A)  rxteods 

as  a  brace  from  upri^fht  to  base,  and 

is  si'cured  wjtli  cordfi  ut  thi'  fi-titcr  of 

the*  upright  bow  and  oentt^r  of  bow  at 

base.     A  cord  (4)  stretched  from  end 

to  end  of  thf  how  at  the  twiso  completes 

this  temporary  canop.v.  which   is  held 

in  pouition  b,v  the  weight  of  the  child 

renting  on   this  cord.      A    blanket   or  F»t^  Vavtr  Oodit. 

cloth,  aod  in  wealthier  families  a  tanncnJ  ifoabskin,  is  thrown  oTvr 

this  framework  to  insure  aeainst  injurs*   from  the  sparks  of  thr 

fireplace.      It  i^  of  interest  that  the  legends  desiginal*"^  the  Bntt, 

or  bow  at  the  base,  aR  fthait«iA  (a  word  of  no  special   meaaing); 

the  seoond,  or  upright  bow.  as  nattflllil  (rainbow);  the  third,  or 

brace,  as  natnllld  dg6di  (the  cuned  rainbow). 

aw£  binlkfdi,  face  cover. 

The  object  of  improvisinf;  this  rude  crvdle  ta  obviously  to 
protect  the  frail  and  t^-nder  (dltf/Ui)  limbs 
of  the  newborn  babe;  hcnoe  it  Is  employed 
for  the  lint  twenty-live  days  after  its  birth. 
The  cradle  i-<t  now  supplemented  by  a  small 
blanket  for  a  pillow,  ami  a  harder  founda- 
tion in  the  shupe  of  twijfs,  which  are  peeled 
of  their  bnrk,  luf-ed  together  with  four 
strings,  and  plnced  under  the  child,  which 
stilt  occupies  the  place  in  the  hogan  men- 
tioned in  the  preceding  imrogmph.  This 
second  cradle  is  known  as: 

ttw^t^l  yislMnigi,  the  laced 
cradle. 


The  laced  twig  cradle  is  employed  for  about  two  months  aad 


lMH»d  Orvdk. 

Vi\  iMT^n\,  laced  twigs. 
bit»iy&  sllt-iAs.  the  pilU 


SOClOKHiY. 


469 


Si 


then  displaced  by  a  third  t.vpo.  which  is  employed  for  a  period 

of  anuthtir  month  or  so,  and  finally  makes  v-ay  for  tbi^  cradle 

proper,  or  fourth  t,vpe.     The  bottom  of  thift 

cradlo  consists  of  n  <intfle  boiin),  which  nccottnts 

for  Its  name,  aw^tsal  bi  &7.4,  the  whole  cradle. 

while  the  hoard  on  the  final  cradle  is  split  in 

two  ami  tlien  laced  toj^cther,  so  that  it  is  siifti- 

cii'titly  (Icsi^nated  by  awitt^ut.  the  cradlf.     As 

both  t.vpos  are  similar  io  coostniction,  and  are 

tnmilarly  used,  the  following  applies  to  both, 

with  «uch  exceptions  as  are  not«d. 

The  wood  imed  for  the  various  parth  of  the 
cradio  i»  such  as  mH.v  be  easily  hewn  to  tlu- 
desired  thinue-sK;  hence,  cottunwood  (tls),  pine  WhtU  I'mdU. 
(odishchf).  willow  <KaUtsA),  weepinff  willow  <tlB  t^6s),  and  piBun 
(destiilri),  are  ordinarily  employed,  ihoiit;h  recently  Home  avail 
tlumselTea  of  Ixwrds  from  a  coffee  or  dry  jfoods  box.  However, 
Uw  wood  of  a  tiiH"  riven  by  li^htninc.  or  broken  by  the  winds, 
or  af^DSt  which  a  bear  has  rubbed  himself,  i<t  never  URed  for 
the  cradle,  as  that  may  prove  iDJurioiis  (bahidzld),  henct^: 

tslo  bA'^'nr,  or  InP  blndifl,,  or  VaV  bldl- 
USn^  a  tree  riven  by  Huhtnin^. 

nlyfil  tain  IfthidSntyizhi,  or  tsln  ntyfll 
qa,v1dxtiii,  or  iifyAl  bltidFA'i,  a  tree  curved 
or  broken  by  th**  winds. 

tbinh  y^s'nithi.  or  shiUh  blndVi,  or  shAsh 
bldltsfo,  a  tK'ar's  tre<>,  or  which  he  has  uiwhI 
ill  rubbing. 


V 


'W' 


The  nppi-r  part  of  the  btwnti^  in  cut  out 
in  the  Ahajte  of  a  fruKtruni,  which  tfives 
them  an  appearance  akin  to  a  loti){  tiootjaek.  Cradk, 

Aorofvt  the  width  of  the  board,  on  the  bottom  aitle,  a  narrow 
Ntrip  >B  ailded  which,  together  with  the  snull  blanket  head-nuM 
( tfil'41)  on  the  up|H-r  side,  in  aecureil   with  lh(int;s  Ihroujfh  holw 


470 


Ay  BTHSOLOQIC  ItWTlONAaT. 


provided  for  this  purt>ose  id  the  boards  mnd  strip.      (All  tboD(« 
U!»ed  far  lacint;  niid  the  loops  are  of  buckskin,  or  tannal  goat- 
skin if  Availubte,  otherwise  of  wool  cord.)      A  small  hole  is  pro- 
vided iu  the  lowpr  part  of  th«  third   t,vpo  of  cradle  to  allow  for 
a  passage  gf  the  urine,  a  provisioo  which  in   thi;   fourth  type  is 
malntaioed  b.v  lacine  the   boards  looseb'  in   four  places  in  the 
cf^nt*r.      A   foot-rest  In   th**  shape  of  a  rounded  or  trianipilu 
board  is  lashed  to  the  lower  part  of  the  crodh',  and   tbr  suien  of 
the  boards  are  provided  with  eight  holes  each,  with  two  botes  in 
the  footboard,  to  receive  the  lacing  loops  inBerted  attersatel]r,<0 
tliut  the  first  loop  is  passed  through  the  first  and  third  holes,  thr 
Kecood  through  the  second  and  fourth  boles,  and  »u  oo  down  the 
line.      Above  these  lacinj;  loop  holed  two  additional   holef^  «nr 
bored  to  receive  the  bows  for  the 
canopy.       Those    bowa   are    con- 
structed of  thin  and  smoothened 
scrub  oak,  cedar,  or  other  conve- 
nient  wood,    four   of    which    ire  Canopy  tUmx. 
laced  together  with  four  buckskin  thones  to  fomi  a  single  bow. 
and   then  tied  loosely  to  the  cradle  to  allow  of  a  free  movement 
back  and  forth   when   insjM'cting  the  child.      The  bow  in  UfW  oa 
the  third  cradle  is  transferred  by  many  to  thi>  linal  cradle.     ( 
employ  a  single  wide  or  two  fairly  wide  bows  at  present.) 

The  single  decoi-ativr  feature  of  the  cradle  consists  in  a  taaerl 
of  fringed  buckskin  (now  leather),  which  is  knotted  and  pawed 
through  the  hole  in  the  upper  corner  of  the  board.s.  A  Mttittf 
of  turguoi,se  (dotlt/hi)  was  in»«rted  near  this  t«*.wl  when  ibe 
ooeupant  was  a  boy,  with  a  setting  of  white  shell  (ydtgaO  for  a 
girl.      Silver  button>i  have  now  displaced  this  setting. 

The  bottom  of  the  cradle  is  then  lined  with  the  plushy  bark 
of  tlie  diff-rosf  which,  from  its  use  in  the  cradle,  Ls  identical  id 
name  (aw<^t^l.  This  word  originally  designated  the  receptacle 
in  which  to  lay  the  infant  to  be  carried  on  the  back).  A  »mal! 
blanket  is  laid  over  this  bark,  the  child  placed  upon  it,  and  th» 
ends  of  the  blanket  securely  fastened  about  it-4  1imh<),  leariaf 


SOCIOLOGY. 


47! 


only  its  hcwl  visible,  which  rests  upon  a  blanket  or  cloth  pillaw 
<bitsi>A  sllts^)  plac4?4)  over  tht>  boad-rBise  (terftl).  The  child  is 
now  stnipiHH)  Ui  thf  cradle  by  iiie»iis  of  (he  taciiip  cord,  which 
is  passed  from  thf  upper  rieht  hand  loop  dowa  the  line  ia  zi^zaK 
fashioD,  and  tinally  through  Ibe  loop  od  the  foottward.  (In  t^'i>e 
So.  3  the  lacinK  and  carryinjj  cords  are  frequently  not  Uiud, 
thotij^h  holra  are  provided  for  the  lat^injr  loops.)     A  clotli  ur,  in 


«■ 


;% 


r--^  :*,y^ 


Woman  vHh  Owfle. 


weallhicr  families,  a  piece  of  well  tanned  jroatakin,  covers  the 
bow  and  iipiht  |mr1  of  the  rradli',  and  in  secured  to  its  sides  near 
the  base  of  tin-  bow.  This  caiiup.v  atfoi\ls  both  shelter  and  pro- 
tection, ami  □m.v  bo  raisi-d  or  louered  at  will. 

Tbt>  three  types  of  cradle  Hrst  mentioned  are  diKcarde<l  sft«r 
UM  and  nuuie  anon-  for  each  ocouiioD.  The  fourth  t>'pe,  bow* 
ever,   i*  preawrved    for  future  iwe   whenever  a  child  han   been 


471 


AX  STffXOlOQiC  DICTIONARY, 


0UeoeMfnll.v  weaueii  front  it.  Some,  therefor,  desiieutte  it  u 
awAttiil  yoyi'ndlrlA,  the  cradle  id  which  it  utevr  up,  in  idditioo 
to  RwfbtiiiAl,  (hi'  crddl*'.  mii!  awrf't-iSl  HqftHfJfl,  th*"  cr«dlp<in  « 
the  hoards  Rtrikc^  each  othf^r  bccnuse  thp.v  are  losbnl  IO| 
loosely).  When  death  overtaken  the  child  in  sn^'  cradle  no 
further  use  ir  had  for  it  as  it  is  injurious  (bahAdztd),  and  the 
cnidle  is  then  burietl  with  the  child.  Previously,  howevrr,  tU 
knots  are  untied,  the  thones  washed,  and  all  parts  of  the  cruilF 
are  plHced  near  the  child  in  itfi  ^rave. 

The  convenience  of  the  cradle  may  bo  i^teaned  from  its  Tvied 
use.  At  bunie  it  nitt>'  be  leaned  ai^inst  the  waits  of  the  bogu, 
or  placed  anywhere  under  the  direct  and  constant  superrisicia 
of  the  mother.  When  astride,  .she  places  the  cradle  with  the 
child  across  her  lap  over  the  pomuiel  of  the  saddle,  while  afoot 
slie  may  re»l  the  cradle  in  hf^r  arma,  or  slip  it  over  her  back  aod 
carrj'  it  by  means  of  the  carrying  cord  attached  to  the  sides  of 
the  cradle  and  paReied  over  her  foreheait  and  shoulders.  No 
attempt  has  therefor  been  made  to  substitute  foreign  proluctb 
for  the  native  contrivance. 

To  remove  the  poRKibitit,v  of  harm 
fn>iii  other  children,  or  the  bite  of 
red  ants,  some  parents  construct  a 
swing  in  which  to  lay  the  cradle. 
This  is  a  flat  board  punctured  at  the 
comers  with  two  hoU«  each  to  receive 
the  cords,  one  of  which  is  tied  at 
each  comer.  Two  long  cords  are 
then  passed  below  the  board  aod 
secured  there  with  the  remnant  of 
cord  at  each  comer,  while  the  four 
ends  of  the  long  cords  are  brought 
together  over  the  writer  of  the  swing 
and  tied  there  in  a  knot.  To  this 
knot  another  cord  is  attached  and 
the  swing  suspended  from  a  beam  in  liiHag. 


aOCIOLOQY, 


473 


the  hoKan,  or  the  limb  of  a  tree  outside,  boyom)  the  reach  of 
ohildron  and  verxnio.  Occfisiooally  the  mother  t^vvs  it  a  swing, 
ind  may  thtu  go  about  her  work  unduntnrbed.  The  sn-tng  is 
oiled  awt6  odabA}!,  baby  swiosr,  or  dahidlklifl  bi  nd&biU,  the 
<iuspeiided  swins  with  tho  cradle. 

In  le^ndar^'  descriiitionH  the  two  boards  id  the  rear  of  the 
cradle  are  constructed  of  t/i&lilqll,  rlark  wat«r.  They  are  held 
in  position  by  a  piece  of  tqftltr^'ji  iiatj^llld  A>:6di,  a  curved  rain- 
bow at  the  bottom  (of  water).  The  foot-rest  is  cooBtructed  of 
tihAbttM*  jilehl,  basic  Run-red,  in  shape  similar  to  the  pre-seut 
type.  The  decorative  fringefl  at  the  top  of  each  board  were 
Diade  of  ntts&uajio.  dark  rain  stri^ks.  The  four  stavL«  or  bows 
of  the  canopy  were  laced  with  natijflid  hleaf,  white  rainbow; 
nal^lld  dotflsh,  blue  rainbow;  natillkl  \lVi6],  yellow  rainbow, 
and  nat^llH  ditqll,  dark  rainbow;  and  the  bow  itself,  constructed 
of  ha,vo}khil,  the  dawn;  n&hodaitllsh,  the  skyblue;  nfihotfiol,  the 
ereoiDK  twilight,  and  chahaht^l,  darkness.  The  lacine  loops, 
eight  in  number,  consisted  of  nlts&tFOI,  raiDrays;  the  bitqdldffi 
bit'idl6isi,  or  lacinK  cord  for  the  front,  of  atsfnltrish,  zigzag 
litfhtninir.  and  the  beofiljfdi,  or  carrying  cord,  of  shdbitfAl,  suo- 

ys. 


IM^' 


WORDS. 


awAtiil.  baby-bed. 

Bw^l^il.cliff-i-ose,  Coiranift 
Mfj-ictina;   order  Umactar. 

tsiD  D^h^8hj1,  boards. 

bikhf^tfa  aetqAni,  (which  In 
uoder  its  feet),  footboard. 

aw^t^Al  bitfAl,  (baby-bed 
atriag),  lacing  Ktring. 

awA  ben&ljfdi,  (with  wliich 
the  baby  is  carried),  carrying 
00  rd. 


awj^  biuiKfdi.  bow  or  can- 
opy of  the  cradle, 

aw^tdil  bitrft  M-t'iAni.  the 
brace  in  rear  of  cradle. 

tsl'&t  pillow. 

awifetiiill  biahr,  bark  of  the 
cliflf-rose. 

biaikldeltHAs,  (face  cover- 
ing), piece  of  buckakin  oaed 
to  oover  child. 


474 


^.v  smsouMW  DicTioyAity, 


Ht>,  I  make  a  cmdlp. 

aw(6t«al  nitHhjid  (nasb^ljid, 
iiajl(MihjilK  I  carry  a  cradle 
<on  the  bock). 

awj^ttiill  nasliUie  (nan^tUif. 
oadesblcii^]),  I  carry  a  cradlo 
i'tti  amis). 

awt&t^l  iiashkhn  inasAkhS, 
naflhkha  do),  I  caro*  ft  crBiIlo 
(empty). 

awit-uiANMhidi^hliM  (dfkhd, 
dideshkh&l),  1  bao>;  up  the 
rraille  (empt,v). 

awf^iiAl  dAhidishtq^  <dfhq1. 
didenhlq^) ),  I  hanf  up  the 
rraillr  (  nith  child). 

aw^ttal  tti'  DitiiHht«)6  (nUtqi, 
oideshtqi>)),  I  lay  tbt>  cradle 
down  on  the  (^rotuid  (with  the 
child  in  it). 

(iwf6t^l  dI'  ninishkhA  (ni- 
D^khiV  ndrshkh&l),  I  Ia.v  the 
cradle  down  on  the  ground 
(piiipty). 


aw^tsal  nadislK^  (dlul.  Ji- 
destf)^),  I  tp&n  the  cndlr 
airainst  sometbintr. 

ftwit-tidl  bildi^htTO  UUWtt, 
dide-flhtnU),  I  lacp  the  cradle. 

awAt^l  Ee>«b'&<l  (K^ti, 
Rcdesh'AM.  1  unlace  the  cradl*. 

awtf>t^ll  tiizhr  dinishqlsh 
(dinf>'Izh.  dineshqlsh),  1  rub 
the  bark. 

aw^t^l  biKhrylUb6nasbM. 
I  iimke  the  bark  of  the  difl- 
roHe  soft, 

aw<^t>m  bitA*  bldashtfA 
idas^hrO,  dadeshtrdl).  I  put 
the  i^tringK  un  the  cradle. 

aw^  bit^  biyishtqJ^  (ylHqI. 
dt^bti^t),  I  put  the  baby  >i> 
its  cradle. 

aw£  bitMl  biqa.sbtq0  (qil- 
tqt.  qadeshtqtiO,  I  take  tbr 
baby  uut  of  it«  cradli*. 

awf^t^l  shanikht.  brioj;  m 
thi'  cradlo  (empty). 

awA  sh&nhqe,  give,  bring 
me  the  baby  (bed  and  all). 


THE  GUArtE. 

The  huntini;  of  deer,  antelope  ami  elk  was  always  conduct* 
with  many  rite.s  under  tbe  guidance  of  a  shaman.      AcoordincLv 
w**  Hiid  the  followiuif  rites: 

nidi^l  hanf,  the  corral  hunt  rit*-'. 
[lashdfliKf^.  the  rite  of  the  wildcat 
iriHlfidK^,  the  rit«*  uf  the  biillKnake. 
imtl'l^itfioK^,  the  wulf  rite. 


so(:ioLoor. 


475 


ThcsD  rites  are  at  preflont  not  strictly  obRRrved,  ami  ihc  preft- 
CDce  of  a  chant«r  is  out  rtKiuired.  However,  some  of  the  ancit.>nt 
customs  are  still  obserrmj.  A  corral,  for  instance,  servini?  as 
a  canip  for  the  huDtinir  ijurty,  i»  built  with  the  lir^placv  in  ihv 
west  of  it.  Such  soiiifs  and  prayers  as  may  be  known  to  t\» 
hunl4-r!i  should  b(t  recltod,  aftor  whir.h  thoy  procpml  in  sinjtrli^  tile 
until  ready  lo  disperse  in  bands  of  two,  or  singj.v,  and  return  lo 
the  camp  at  dusk.  Jokinff  ami  ^raniblintr.  or  leaving  the  corral 
UDii«c«ssarily,  are  forbidden.  The  booty  is  divided  between  the 
huDtcrs,  the  hide  usually  becoming  prop^rt^'  of  thv  person  tirsl 
aiffhting  the  eanie,  unless  otherwise  agi-eed  to. 

OwincT  to  wanton  slauffhtor  and  incrnasinc  snttlAmcnt  gnmo  is 
not  very  plentiful,  hut^  nutwiihsUndlng  thr>  f^me  laws  Lo  the 
ooDtmry,  hunting  parties  often  luako  raids  and  kill  deor 
merely  for  the  hide  and  stnew. 

Various  methods  were  observed  ia  the  early  da^vs  in  huotins 
drrr.  ant«-lopp  and  elk.  A  lar^c  corral,  oiKoinfr  to  the  rai^t.  was 
built  of  shrubbery  and  the  frame  driven  into  it  and  »lftU2btere<l. 
Traces  of  th«se  corrals  may  still  be  found  in  rarious  localities. 

A  pit,  covered  with  brush  and  K^^^^t  was  RUDietitne.s  concealed 
behind  an  artilicial  fence,  which  the  eame  was  forced  to  take, 
and  thus  bi-  entrapiH'd  and  Nlautrhti'riMl  in  tht*  pit  beyond. 
Another  method  wes  to  dit;  a  pit,  or  series  of  pits,  in  a  ziKx»u 
row,  each  pit  heins  tibuut  six  feet  in  depth  and  covered  with 
bnt.sh  and  a  lii(ht  layer  of  jfround.  A  slroug,  pointed  stake, 
attout  live  ft4>t  in  height,  was  planted  in  the  contor  of  each  pit, 
and  transfixed  the  prey  as  it  fell  inUi  it. 

(ratne  was  i<>8s  f  [-equently  raptured  by  Betting  Hre  to  the  under- 
brush around  a  place  of  concealment  and  foroins  the  frlirhtrned 
aninial  within  convenient  range  of  a  bowshot. 

Stalking,  too,  was  known.  Tl)i>  skin  of  a  deer  or  untelope 
is  fastened  around  the  shoulders,  drawing  >ta  Iw^l  close  over 
that  of  the  stalker,  whoso  body  is  smeared  with  da^'.  The 
stalker  holds  two  small  slicks  in  hia  hands  to  OKHiHt  in  walking 
in  a  Mtoo|)ed  position.     Bow  aud  quiver  (or  gun )  am  slung  under 


47e 


AN  BTHKOLOGJC  OlCTtONAHY. 


hift  bell.r,  while  the  headgear  in  ■rraoffed  so  u  t<>  roabU>  thf 
stalker  to  throw  back  th«^  »kin  ami  antlers,  and  dtapocumber  him- 
8o)f  for  an  opportune  Rhot 

Any  one  of  these  methods  was  permissible  in  securing  hid« 
and  Kinew  for  cfreinonial  tiur[His(^s.  though  the  ritual  nmnntTof 
dispatcbinK  the  animal  by  stranKliii);,  instead  of  wouDdinjr  it. 
must  be  observed. 

When  a  bear  has  been  killed  pollen  is  strewn  from  chin  to 
butt  alon^f  the  Ktomni-h,  and  on  iff  arms  and  lojpt.  The  iocUioa 
is  iitadc  alont?  these  lines  and  the  pelt  removed.  The  b«»t  por- 
tions of  the  venisoo  arc  thi^n  severed,  carried  home,  and  laid 
RBido  in  a  heap.  A  sacriBce,  consinting^  of  b&shzhlni  (cannelcnlt, 
or  other  ntfU  (precious  stones),  nixl  prajer,  is  made  oier  tbr 
venison,  after  which  it  may  l>e  consumed.  As  a  rule,  howrirr, 
the  bear  is  avoided. 

Radi;ei-s.  prairie  dogs,  rabbits,  mountain  mts,  and  the  like. 
are  shot  with  bow  and  arrow  or  kdq-  Kabbitfi  and  mts  wen 
also  trappt-d  in  a  stone-trap.  Prairie  dotps  are  sometimes  decoded 
by  means  of  a  stnall  mirror  reflected  into  their  burrow,  bliodine 
the  animal.  This  moment  is  chosen  to  pierce  it  with  a  barbed 
arrow.  In  the  vicinity  of  water  they  are  oftfn  floode<l.  Tbf 
drownine  dog,  which  comes  to  the  opening  of  the  burrow  for 
breath,  ie  quickly  snatchwl  by  the  neck  and  killed  with  a  stone. 
Floods  cauwd  by  the  overflow  of  arruyos  in  the  niin.v  aeasuo 
usually  attract  a  number  of  Navaho  in  search  of  hapless  pnirie 

flogs, 

Kabbit^  are  run  down  in  the  snow  en  horse  or  afoot.  A  |iari>' 
combining  in  the  summer  time  for  a  rabbit  chast*  will  fitnu  i 
ianro  circle,  driving  the  rabbits  to  the  center,  whftre  they  ar* 
clubbed  to  death. 

Kagle-s  were  decoyed  by  iiieans  of  n  rabbit  dummy,  which  <ra« 
worked  forth  and  back  by  means  of  a  string  attached  to  it.  llw 
hunters,  concealed  in  a  pit  covered  with  sticks  and  weeda,  usually 
•elect  a  place  much  frequented  by  eagles  for  tbeir  operation- 
The  bird  is  caught  by  its  feet  and  neck  and  pulled   tntu  the  {hL 


.^tii 


SOCIOLOOY. 


477 


The  beak  is  Aled  with  a  stone,  kikI  the  down  and  tail  featheni 
are  plucked.  If  other  eagles  are  in  siffht  he  is  put  aside,  and 
released  nith  the  others  who  havo  imdergooe  the  same  treatinrnt. 
Feathers  obtained  io  this  manner  are  known  as  Ijvt?  ffsthers  <qini 
atti^).      The  eagle  hunt  alwa^u  requires  simi^  and  prajb^r. 

Squirrels,   turkeys,   mountain  sheep  and   porcupine   are   also 
hunted  at  times.      Birds  were  uj^uall.v  ensnared. 


wuKlJS. 


dinr,  jr^ine. 

bt'  hashzh^,  or  bAkh&.shzh^, 
I  hunt  deer;  also  jddi,  ante- 
lope; dzi^.  (-Ok;  deb^ts^tqA. 
biicbom:  liazaf,  Miuirr^-l;  dl6- 
dzIttrai,pineM]uirrel;  tslditlni. 
ffround  squirrel;  dlQ,  prairie 
Aog\  tqizhe,  turkey;  das&ni, 
porcupine;  nahaahrHM,  bad- 
(fer. 

tHdtfyJht  ha8h/.b^.  ur  haush- 
(qi\  I  hunt  for  bear. 

irA'tAo.  or  bt'  shflaaAtrhA.  T 
run  jackrabbitA  or  d«er  down. 

Iibi<  sliAnoAtfbd,  1  run  lht>iu 
down  with  a  horw. 

bt'  sfilfl.  I  mpmi  »  deer. 

nd1x$  na.ihxli^,  I  bunt  si- 
lently' II  <.Tcep  upon). 

bt'  baiia>h'n&',  I  crawl  upon 
a  deer. 

bt'  bil'fdpHhdfl',  I  .qhiKjt  n 
deer  (with  a  eiin). 

|[A'  dislKlf^\  or  yishkhA,  1 
shoot  a  rabbit  with  an 
arrow. 


bt'  bikfnshxliA.  I  found  a 
deer  on  the  hunt. 

bt'  Rtfhif,  or  lyfilqr,  I  kiIl*Hl 
a  deer. 

bt'  As^l  (s£si),  I  missed  s 
deer. 

nl)iena.shi,  1  walk  with 
piecL\s;  i.  e,  I  cut  and  put  the 
strips  aaide.  (The  venison 
was  cut  into  strips,  hung  in 
ft  ti-ee,  and  covered  with  a 
hide  until  it  niitrht  be  re- 
moved). 

alK(^ns4^yA,  I  have  linished 
cutting,  or  alt^o  ndiiff^tb,  or 
niyflglsb,  I  have  cut  tt  all. 

dA'nashJ>lir'.  I  liave  put  (the 
meat)  on  bigb  (in  a  tree). 

nikhfniyr,  or  uanithid*,  I 
carry  the  meat  home  (afoot 
or  on  horse). 

nidztn.  building  I'orniU, 
RorraliinK  the  game. 

rh&Ki'V'.  a  pit. 

oliAK<^nd«  (ch^klnd^).  falling 
into  the  pit,  trapping  game 
in  pits. 


AS   ETHNOUHilC   DtCTJOA'AHV. 


Au&haM.  btiruiae  arouDii, 
smokinjf  tho  j(ame  out. 

beHA',  with  the  antlen. 
KtalkintT- 

j^i  detqcl.  ontolopL'  antlers. 

bftU'  naKhe&'  (iift1st'&. 
odesh'at,  or  ndesb^al),  I  put 
on  i\w  antlers. 


oaaxtTie    niAzh6,   hunt  bjr 
round-up  {of  rabbJU). 

atad  aql'nl),  or  qB'Mifon, 
(pulling  to)  ea^le  trapping. 

Od,  eaifltr  trappii^r,  and  tbe- 
ceremonies  in  cocnoclion  vith 
it 


NAVAUO   GAMES. 

Amiiwroent  and  pa«tinu>,  but  above  all,  a  means  of  iranil 
i.'i  furnished  l).v  the  various  jranies,  fur  the  iXavaho  is  a  jiaasif 
^nibler.  and  hiit  ^mcs  of  ilexteritj'  anil  ehan(!x^  have  no  inti 
unless  a  .stake  is  to  be  won.  Indeed,  some  of  tbe  modom  owl 
frames  are  nn interesting,  and  the  fact,  surprisinK  to  him.  that 
time  is  spent  at  cards  for  mere  aniusenieut 

Most  of  the  native  (fames  are  now  not  ircnerally  in  nse,  iwirh 
as  the  hoop  and  pole,  various  ball  iramos,  dice,  with  the  excrp- 
tioQ  of  stick  dice,  though  many  a^ain  are  fond  of  the  moccasio 
game,  and  in  some  districts  also  of  arcliery.  Modem  carrls  hare 
largely  displnred  tho»e  games,  though  their  present  knowledge 
of  cards  is  limited  to  two  games,  called  inoute  and  coon  can.  tt 
which  some  are  very  ski11e<l. 

Native  iniui'-s,  as  a  rule,  are  surroimded  with  leg«odaf> 
accounts,  called  b&si  hanf.  le^iends  of  ;nunc8,  in  which  the  orijpn 
of  the  game  and  its  rules  are  laid  down. 


bfis,  the  games  in  general. 

iAni  hanf,  the  legends  of 
the  games. 

dfikha.  a  square,  tbe  play- 
ing card, 

qaTofh.    which  are  drawn 


out,  from  the  manner  in  which 
the  cards  are  luraoU  up  in  tbe 
gaooe  of  nionte. 

(neznA)  ddhiji,  the  (ten)  eafda 
are  held,  tbe  frame  of  coon 
can. 


lOLonY. 


Ttw  namea  for  the  cards 
Spaatsh  words: 

biBdOs.  clubs. 

dia,  diamuDda. 

«UU)a,  spades. 
'  gAh&s,  lu'arts. 

Is,  tho  aru;  Oh  febftda,  the 
aee  of  spades;  ft8  bAttdAti,  aco 
of  dube,  and  so  on  for  the 
othur  spots. 

al  d66  (atdAfl),  the  two  spot. 

('[li'iKi  <?tbflda),  the  three 
^of  Hpades). 

dfiei.  thr  four  spot. 

a»hdl&'i|;i,  Ihv  fivu  spot. 

ha^tillnisi,  the  six  spot,  or 
Afeif'sbAdaK  the  six  <of  .spades). 


and   spots  are  mofiCl^'   corrupted 

tsfistii^diiri,  or  sode,  the 
seven  r^pot. 

Rifrht  t»  tL'n  are  iniHsin^  in 
these  two  gfameit,  huncc  thei' 
are  not  nietitioni><l. 

sAda.  tbii  jack. 

R  {sblda>,  the  queea  (of 
spades). 

zh€,  the  kins. 

Ala  dftkhdd,  I  played  out 
diamonds, 

Ala  fshtef  I  made  diamonds 
(1  am  playiog  fur  a  diamond 
riiii)- 


UAMES  OF   DICK. 

Th*!  iram4>  of  dice  known  as  dAkhft  tsostfl^di.  or  seven  card, 
nut  in  vu(;ue  at  prostnit,  but  \s  iiicntionod  frequently  in  the 
le^rends  as  the  pastime  of  the  Holy  People.  In  earlier  da.vs 
vnrioua  sets  of  these  dice  were  carried  in  the  leather  shoulder 
poiirh,  which  Uj-day  is  used  for  totMcco  und  other  (rirti-s,  and  the 
faaMket  wnkI  in  .shnkiti^'  the  diet*  wax  carrier]  below  tht'  arm. 

The  dice  wen'  cut  of  mountain 
niaho^ny  or  black  frreasewuod 
twifrs,  about  tlw-  leutflh  of  the 
fecund  joint  of  the  index  linger, 
amy  an  inch  lont   by  one-<|uarter  "***• 

inch  wide,  and  the  stick  tiatumed  on  one  Aide,  rsiially.  how- 
ever, they  were  made  in  tho  shape  of  a  dlink,  about  one-half  inch 
in  diameter.      The  set  consiRt«d   of  seven  chips,  .tix  of  which 


480 


Alf  ETfjyoLOfilC  DWTIOHARY, 


were  colored  black  on  oue  Hide,  and  whiti*,  or  the  natiml  gdIdt 
of  the  wood,  on  the  other,  while  the  seventh  wan  colored  black 
on  0Q<'  and  red  on  the  other  side.  These  seven  weiv  fihak«-D  ii 
the  bAAket  and  thrown  tipwanl,  with  the  winoiDtf  count  s«  followi; 
Six  whit«  imd  the  seventh  red  is  desiirnated  hoffi,  all  wbiti'. 
and  wins  (aiil)ft;  six  black  and  the  serentb  red  also  wins,  aad  e 
called  hichf,  the  redV  <cunnt).  Likewise,  six  black  with  red 
duwn  (or  seven  black)  is  hochf,  all  reil,  and  a  winning  count,  jnsl 

iOOOODO 
•  oo  oooo 

00  D  D  C  C  D 

Wc*. 

a»  fiix  white  and  the  rod  down  (or  six  white  and  one  black) 
bicbf,  the  r»l^»  (count),  and  wins.     Other  combinations  of  white. 
red  and  black  did  not  score. 

The  number  of  points  was  decided  before  the  srune  unlfss 
one  wished  to  stake  his  fortune  on  a  single  throw. 

Another  ^ame  of  dice  wat  called  athbH  and  was  played  with 
four  rounded  (nfyls)  sticks,  each  four  fimrers  wide  (or  loncV 
One  end  or  lip  uf  the  sticks  was  colored  black  and  the  stick  v«fi 
kuuw[i  by  the  color  next  to  the  tip.  The  body  of  the  sticks  wis 
painted  yellow  and  blue,  blue  and  yellow,  while  and  red.  red 
and  white,  respectively.  These  sticks  were  thrust  acrainst  t 
blanket  suspended  above  the  players,  the  first  two  <itick<i  being 
thrown  in  succeiiision  by  either  opponent,  and  the  tinal  two 
togettier.  In  reboundinj;  from  the  blanket  the  sticks  fell  into  a 
basket  tilled  with  sand,  which  accounts  for  the  name,  asbbn,  it 
falls  Iteavily  (and  does  not  move  on  the  sand).  Counts  weiT  made 
only  when  the  sticks  wer«  crossed  in  falling.  a$  remarks  tlkv 


indicat4>:  "shi  akhJl,  I'm  on  top/'  or  "ni  a.vA  shi  akhft, 
e  bi'low,  Vm  00  top."  When  nosucceesful  the  vordict 
was:  "AtaaqilnilmdII,  thc.v  arc  side  by  side,"  or  "adzl',  missed." 
ThU  tbrowinif  wii<)  continued  UDtil  a  point  was  scored  bjr  crossinif 
the  opp4>nrDt'fi  atiek. 

A  variant  of  th«>  pr(>c«<liutr  Gratiie  oweH  its  variotK  desifDatioiifl 
U>  the  dice  employp<l,  beinfr  known  as  nl^rhi,  wAzhi,  Ui^li  and 
Isli.  Tht'st'  were  four  .sticks  or  dice  four  lingers  «-itIe  (torip). 
two  of  which,  n^zhi  and  tq^li,  were  tiat,  the  otlH^r  two  round. 
D&ihi  was  thn  "white  stJck;''  w6zbi.  black  on  the  front  with  blue 
rear;  tq^li,  "the  one  with  ibe  breast,"  t«eca«i*e  of  its  black  front 
with  a  fl«tt*mwl  hark,  and  tsfi,  "the  one  with  the  head,"  whirh 
was  black,  the  body  or  lower  part  of  the  stick  bcine  colored 
bine.  The  dice  were  di.^tributed,  each  opponent  taking  a  round 
and  a  flMttemn)  one.  Thejte  wrrn  shaken  in  a  basket  and  thriut 
against  the  suspended  blanket  and  caught  in  the  iMtikct  again, 
lh>?  ubjtxt  being  to  haw  them  crossed  in  falling,  as  in  the  prv>- 
ooding  gamu. 

tali  l)4ndit'Ash.  let  us  pla.v  the  black  head,  and  su  un  of  the 
titber  sticks. 

A  gaiMi'  of  stick  dice  is  fnHjuEmll.v  plaj'iil  tiy  Navalni  wotiien 
around  a  eirde  of  forty  stones.  Three  billets  of  wood  are  thrown 
upon  a  flat  stone  in  the  center  uf  this  circle,  so  that  they  will 
rebound  from  a  «nsp*'ndrd  hiaitkei  mkI  fall  within  the  rircJ« 
around  which  the  gamblers  are  seated.  Small  twigs  placed 
between  the  stones  an-  used  a><  counters,  and  moved  back  and 
forth  according  to  the  fortunes  uf  the  game.  The  winning  count 
b  forty,  the  winner  taking  the  stakes  deposited  under  the  stone 
ID  the  ceoter.  The  circle  is  diviiliHl  into  four  gixiuits  of  tnn 
<iich.  with  nn  op«mitig  left  tH-twwn.  or  al  the  rni-dinnl  points, 
and  the  scoring  twigs  ure  placed  nt  the  opening  tit-xt  lo  th** 
player.  The  billets  may  U<  ttattt-mHl  an  tine  side  and  ntundi^ 
on  the  other,  or  slightly  round<Ml  on  both  sides,  in  which  cast- 
they  are  colored  with  two  and  three  black  baoda  in  watc*r  color 
In  distinguish  (hem.     Accordingly,  when  al)  flat  side*  are  lurnMl 


482 


AX  STilNOLOQlC   OlOTIOJfAHY. 


up,  thp  count  is  tive  points,  while  ftll   round  sides  up  licore*  tea 
counts'.     Siititlirly.  all  three  tmnds  up  count  leu,  sll  two  budi 


ItvHnrinij  Stirk  (fume. 

count  five;  cue  two  haiiil  with  luo  three  band,  or  fie  rfrta, 
count  throe,  etc.  PoitttH  are  loRt  by  dmpptnf^  th(>  sticlcx  outsidr 
thf  stone  pirclp. 

Thf  gama  is  not  played  after  suuKut,  and  is  a  woman's  i:im>- 

tsfdlt  <from  txln  dit.   stick  tsin,    ibe    billet,    or   stick 

robouud^),  stick   dice.      Sonio  dice, 
also  use  tfti^dlK  but  incorrectly.  qflatq{n,  the  opi*ninir  in  the 

Ls^nnstT,  circle  of  stones.  circle. 

9OOP  AND  POLK. 

A  favorite  iNiKlimc  of  the  Navabo, 
which  at  present  U  rarely  witnessed, 
was  the  hoop  and  |io]e  iranie.  The 
hoop  was  wound  with  hide  or  buck- 
skin, iind  ranffcd  from  one  to  Hix  and 
II  half  inches  in  diameter.  It  was 
rolled  over  a  courso  east  and  west^, 
and    till-    pole   thrust  at    it   whi>n    in  /Am|i. 


Pf; 


)r,y 


mutum  in  an  trffurt  to  piurct>  the  u|>uniiiif.  o\ 
The  polo  WM  dccorntetl  with  tUungs  of  buck- 
skin, am\  count*  were  taken  a^  lhe»ic  ^trinffs, 
rallt-<l  turkey  feet,  lay  tumtss  the  hoop.  The 
ouniher  of  points  t^>  be  scored  vraa  decided 
apon  before  the  ^amc.  The  foltouinK  tianu>!> 
tthnw  the  Vftrietj.'  of  poiet,  used. 

nA'AzhAzh,  it  is  bndKod.  the  polo,  the  (nuiie 
of  buup  and  pole. 

nfl'JLKh^jzh  aqAdestTftni.  the  pole  which  is 
lashed  toifelher.  wheti  two  sticks  wen-  lashed 
with  biickskia. 

nft'iVichdxh  dllkh<5'i,  the  polished  or  slick 
|H>te,  H  sinifle  stick  with  a  sinj^le  buckskin 
thonif  attncliiMt  l^i  llw  gn\^,  or  hutl  i-nd,  with 
two  thongs  secured  at  the  tip.  or  strikine 
end.  /''■'«- 

nfi*Axh/^/.h  ditTAi,  the  fliifTy  pole,  which  wa»  profusely  rlre<ira' 
ted  with  tltoii;fs  Htid  cUwa  of  variuns  aoiinalK. 

nftVueliA/li  dilkhi^',  tho  smooth  poU-.     Thi**  was  n  mitall  slick 
Hbrnit  the  len^h  of  an  arm.  and  the  hoop  ibted  with  it  was  tiinil- 


larly  Kuiall  in  size,  urdy  an  inch  in  diametei-.  This  btntii  wtis 
trundh^l  touui-d  m  iimrked  line,  while  tlii*  pole  was  thru-t  at  it 
in  a  jitoopcd  fmsition. 

b&s,  the  hoop. 

ti|Ashe  khf^,  tlie  turkey  fe^^  hurkftkin  thonjr»>  in  centi*r  of  iwle^ 


4»4 


AS  ETHSOLOitK-   tUCTIOyARV. 


biK(desi]l)E,    the    lashed     pttk'.    the    buckskin    IbsU^   sruuaii 
the  two  stiokft. 

hdlutKd.  the  hand  strinff.  Attacheil  to  the  hutt  end,  or  har 
alchAIntrnl,  tl>c  stnktnj!'  cord  At  thi*  tip  uf  thf  |ki1p. 


HALL   RA(*E. 

The  iniiiiv  of  ball  nicv  waif  playvd  in  the  cooler  wnm  of 
HpHnj;  and  fall,  t>iu  has  now  practically  disappeared.  It  cod* 
Histml  in  kickinjr  a  stnall  round  Mick  ovrr  a  coiirsK  pirrioiisljr 
atriftsi  upon  tf.v  the  cunb'siin^  parlifS.  L'.sually  iht.'  bi^t  runavrN 
vfptv  Bflcetisl  Ii.v  both  parties,  lut  a  distancp  of  Aomc  milrs  wu 
urdiuiril.v  stipuluti^d.  Thr  stick  must  bn  kicki*d  and  touL'hrd 
only  uith  tlie  foot,  m>  tlmt  in  thi>  I'vent  uf  its  fulllni;  into  a  brusb 
of  cnctuB,  the  foot  must  be  u&wl  iti  i-pmovinu  it.  Should  Ibi- 
loading  ranuor  mifis  a  kick  his  partner,  or  portneni,  strove  to 
pass  It  to  him  in  ninninf?,  tht>  objrct  being  to  reach  the  opposite 
f^oal  Hrsl.  The  ninnfrs  alwa>'K  fitnpptvl  to  tho  broi^chcloth,  if^ 
is  done  in  foot  racintr  tu-da,v. 

IIoi-He  anil  fout  nicin^  have  lonff  since  dibpUcfd  the  Imil  rart>. 
Chicken  pulling,  too,  is  a  sport  much  enjoyed  by  tbe  Navabo. 
It  is  tciven  by  the  traders,  who  otTer  prizes  of  five  and  ten  dollan) 
to  the  horaenia])  who  xuccoeds  in  extricating  a  livi-  or  df-ad 
chick4>n,  or  dummy,  buried  in  the  frround.  The  ridera  fcalli>|» 
at  full  speed,  leaning  over  the  saddle,  and  endeavor  to  jerk  tbe 
chicken  from  its  grave.  The  victor  must  return  the  trophy  to 
tbe  putnrn  of  the  sport,  an  eirort  which  nxiially  ends  In  a  UvHy 
Kcrin  image. 

d'Al'fs.  hall  race,  also  cuIImI  fdi'fe. 
d'Ol'K  bAnaldi^l,  they  pla.ved  biill  race. 
nah6qai.  chicken,  the  chicken  pulling. 


HALL  OAMR. 

Tbe  American  game  of  ba;«ehalt  i^  at  present  known  as  aqr^ 
j61,vedi,  the  roumliug.  or  running  an>und,  a  oanie  wfatrh 


soctoij)oy 


48i» 


il'ivpn  to  A  tf«mR  of  htll  still  (lUvoil  sumo  twrnly  y**ttr»  wjo,  urnl 
niniilar  to  baseball.  TIih  ?ani«  wrm  plnytyl  un  b  li»-ltl  with  four 
baspft  Iftid  otil  in  thf>  form  of  a  s<|iinre.  The  bat  ii>«vl  wtm  thr 
rnrvtH)  .shinny  st'wU  held  al  iIh!  knotty  end.  Thi>  hntl  wbk  nindr 
uf  llif  soft  cliff-rtpsi'  bark,  or  rapi.  cnvcrisl  with  buckskin,  hoiwp- 
hidi*  itr  jfoat&kiD.  Tbc  iiitcber  Ihrow,  or  retliur  howli'«l,  tht*  bull 
to  the  batter,  th«  catcher  rutiirnliii;  it.  Four  AtrikcH  wpre 
iillowi'd  the  iddividimt  hiittf  r  aftrr  which  ihi-  side  was  iviiird. 
SovitbI  butsiiicn  niiffht  opposn  the  pitclii-r  sitiiullaiit'oiLsly  ami 
strike  at  the  twll  from  either  sido,  or  in  thi*  i>V(*nt  uf  two  or 
threp  Hlrikes.  the  buttf^r  ina,v  n'tire  ami  await  n  better  upportu- 
Dit>-  to  hit  tht'  bntl.  If  sticcessfn),  tht>  botKitutn  run  to  tht*  tniKc 
at  the  %'&Ht  corner,  from  which  ]>oint  he  cnnip|pt«-d  ttw  circuit 
by  way  of  tho  stmih.  wt-st  and  nnrtli 
bases.  The  baseman  n  n  d  Helders 
Hlationetl  lK-tw(>en  tlu*  basi-K  must  ffathpr 
Ibe  Imtled  ball  and  strike  tht-  nmniT. 
or  tutich  him  with  it  hIuU-  running  to 
a  base.  The  nmnnr  niiicht  dotluL*. 
jump  or  leave  the  baHe  lint!  at  will  to  '  ' 

•void  beiDtr  Rtnick  or  touched  w-ith  the  ball,  in  which  event  the 
side  was  rutired.      At  pn^Rent  this  ;iume  is  not  pla^vi-d. 

aquDJiSlyudi.  ball  frame.  boAkb&li,  the  tnit. 

joj,  a  ball.  n^'ilyet).  th**frnBl.  the  north 

mxht*,  the  bark.  hnae. 

awiblAll.  cliiT-rwe.  MjeHl'niiAlnf,  the  pitcher. 

HIDDEN    HAIA.   liAMK. 


ie  inime  uf  hidinj;  tlH>  ball  m  In-ttcr  known  a»  ihtt  niurcaNin 
Ipimt'  from  the  inipurluul  part  which  llu-  m(>ci.'a»iri  pla.v}t  in  i|. 
It  furniAhofl  an  innocent  piL<ilinu-  for  thf  looif  winter  numthi*,  and 
bi  plH^-ed  only  at  ni^ht  in  that  wnsi^in.  Accurdinjf  to  leicendary 
accounts  it  wa.s  lirsi  playnl  b>  the  p«-«>ple  (or  animaJM)  of  thr  da.v 
and  nitfbt  for  the  puriHiseof  ileridinc  whi^thera  dlffen-nee  betW4M->n 


480 


AH  ETilSOlOaK'  MVTJOSARY. 


day  and  night  ithoiitd  pxut.  As  the  cont«^  wka  intemiptAl  bj 
Iht'  rUt'  of  diiwti  Knd  the  sun,  the  quosti»n  was  ncv<*r  «M^tt)t^.  in 
consrfinenee  of  which  tho  niifht  ftlwajrs  8ucce<*ds  the  'Uj'. 

The  rhii'f  features  of  the  j:unio  are  the  hiirj-lnfr  "f  fmir  moc- 
casini^,  allowing  <jnl.v  the  tip  uf  tht'ir  iip|>ers  to  tfxtoad  atmrt-  ib- 
Kruund.  A  sinull  iK?hbln  \%  hiddeu  in  one  uf  tho  moccasias.  u4 
its  pic-wiice  j{«eNt«l  ut  by  the  op|>u$)Dvr  p»rty.  who  win  or 
ns  they  siipci'i?d  or  fail  in  locAtiniT  it.  One  hinidred  nod  (wiT 
siirk^i  lire  inei)  in  roiitititif;,  thi-  total  niunlvr  of  which  nia<4  be 
won  by  one  of  the  porties  befofL'  the  stake  can  be  ^ibered  in. 

The  various  details  of  the  irante  are  well  islahlishiHl  and  ruy 
numerous.      To  preclude  fraud,  for  instftoce,   the  moccasins  an 
exclianfired.   nnd    pluctnl   alternntoly   in  a  line  ruoninff  east  tad 
West,  so   tliat   nu   two   iiKKrouHinb  belunisiiiK  Xn  fine  set  of  pb.r«n 
nrc  set  side  b>'  «ide.     To  decide  the  "ina,"  or  lirst  chow*  at 
liiding  the   bull,  a  bicolorcd  stick,  or  a  pla^ving  card,  or  a  mad. 
iH  tossed   in   the  air,   earh   \\ti.Tiy   ndertin^  its  rolor  preniHwl;. 
The  winnei-s  then  conceal  tbeir  luovenienl^i  iMibind  a  blanket  cur- 
tain, antl  hide  the  ball  in  one  of  the   inurcaAins,  after  which  all 
an'  covered  and  tightly  packed  with  dirt.      A  smnll  stick,  aboai 
eight  inches  long,  is  ase<l  ae  an  indicator  in  striking   the  inooa- 
sin.      Three   chances  are    alhuvod,    the   moccasin    strtick    N-ior 
nnearthe<t  after  i^ach  gui'S.s  to  nbow  tluit  it  la  empty.      When  the 
player  has  staked  all  chances  on  one  gutws  only,   bi*  loses  tea 
points  if  uiLsuccessful.      This   niethoil.    howerer,    is    uot  oftn 
resorted  to.  as  it  is  reckless  gambling.      Usually   two  and  ihfw 
chanceM  are  taken,  and   the  coiiot^  vtiry  accordingly,  six  poinU 
being  lost  for  two,  and  four  points  for  every  three  titutuccessfnl 
att*'mplA.       The  ball   remains  in  pn&se.fsion  until   ibe  op[Hi«iQ£ 
team  succeeds  in  locating  it,  when  the  same  proems  ifl  repcatrd 
by  the  winner  until  one  of  the  two  teams  lias  lort  all  of  om* 
hundred  and  two  counters.      As  the  counta  of  four,  atx  and  (ro 
will  even  up  at  a  hundred,  the  reiuftiniog  two  strips  ore  giwa 
the  value  of  these  three  counts,  or  a.s  much  aa  may  be  de«in-d. 
M  tint  they  e^iual  either  four,  six  or  ten  counts,  as  th«^  player 


i 


Rtake-i  his  fortune  on  onci  two  or  tlirec  chanceH.  The»e  twu 
ICJHinUjrs  uro  callutl  thi*  ^ninthiiothtTs,  wlali^  thi'  otbi^rN  buvt;  uo 
ntimes.  THh  cutint4>rs  ai-e  inade  i>r  yucca,  tbt!  liitMiil  leaf  of 
whii^b  is  cut  into  uiirniH'  slmiiLis.  The  stako  raiiui'-s  frnin  twenty- 
fivv  ct•nt^  upwBi-d,  uiu)  it  U  nut  uniiMial  (hut  a  wltnle  iii>:ht  i» 
Hiwiit  on  GDC  sinfiflt^  vkuic.  If  at  dawn  tbf  ffaiiip  is  calli'd,  the 
titab<^  ifi  returned  to  Hw  owner,  but.  if  it  i»  di!cid(Hl  to  linish  th« 
inime  aftrr  sunrise,  thr  pluyirs  niu^t  paint  th<'ir  fares  bintrk  by 
running  a  lini'  with  charcoal  jii»<t  bvUnv  the  uyra*  a$  is  pn^scribvil 
by  the  lejfood. 

This  iratne  nia.v  l>e  played  duriiij;  tha  itit^rvaU  of  any  cere- 
mony, pxceplinsf  that  of  the  renewal  (hozhftji),  iind  is  interrupti^d 
only  in  the  course  of  actual  Kiniring  or  sand  imintin}?. 

WORTHS, 
kh^shjl'  (or  kh/'  shi]**,   the  tera  made  of  yiieca. 


inocca-xins  are  lined  up),  the 
moerttflin  (ranie. 

cUt^tiiln,  the  doorway,  the 
rooccnsin  next  to  tlu'  duor. 

cKi{>ltt(|in  ha,  the  one  next 
lo  iho  doorwny  inuceasjn. 

utuftfA'.  the  baae  of  tbv  west 
pole  of  tht?  hojran,  tlu-  ni(»ccA- 
tiin  wi'nt. 

nlsdrd'liS,  the  one  nv\\  tu 
thi*  wei^t  moccu^in. 

kh^t'^K,  ^lK)e  strintfH,  cuua- 


tqolafihtfAiihi,  which  tflidpR 
away,  the  hall. 

ImllltsW,  the  iitriker  or 
indiculor. 

ya'itt'^',  it  is  tiisseil  up.  the 
stick,  card  or  cwin  uswl  fur 
thiH  pur)>oae. 

kha^hdilt,  it's  herel 

bi.vr  Min,  it  iiu*t  here! 

bi('h6'i.  (he  t^mndmotheni, 
two  roiintera  which  arn  ttlwa.vs 
played  lust. 


SfflNNY. 

Thi>  Lninio  of  Hhinny  ia  mentioned  ia  aontp  IcffondM  as  played 
by  tltf  divinities,  but  ia  txil  uftin  wiln(^M>d  at  prrMent.  'Hie 
object  WW  to  put  the  ball  over  an  opponent**)  line  previoosly 
ftfireivl  vipun.     A  ba^  NlmiHtl  ball,  Kuinetitupj*  enclo^ioa  ■  Kinaller 


-^    '■^- 


iLijoic  incrioxARy. 

one  of  buckskin,  wbs  used,  Atui  ihv  hnll  struck  wiUi  lht>  ennwl 
Hid  of  K  ^tick  ur  bat.      It  ts  kI'iII   plnyM  by  school  ctiitHivii,  in 


tihifiny  >S(idt«  and  BttO. 


■dilitiun  to  sucb  niutJero  famoM  ait  marbli-:*,  top  Bpinnmii.  ud 
tbp  like. 


ndashdilkb&l,  sfaitiiij'. 
jol,  thf>  ball. 


bfAkhili,      the     <>biDD) 
stick. 


ARCHERY. 

The  name  of  <<bootii)ff  at  ati  arrow  \»  vtill  to  vosne  in 
ilLstrictj;.  Another  mtthod  ot  plnying^  it,  but  which  ha» 
entirely  disappeared,  vrma  called  "sliootinfr  at  the  yncca."  1 
ball  waK  made  uf  bark  and  wunnd  with  yucca  to  which  a  stick  of 
Bcrub-oak  was  attAcbed  by  moans  of  a  yucca  cord  to  fprr 
momt-ndini  to  thtr  li^ht  bttlK  This  v.a&  thrown  in  the  air  ind 
the  archers  discharged  tbcir  arrows  ul  it  as  !«oon  as  the  ball 
drawn  downward  by  tb«>  weight  of  the  stick. 

rAk!'  old6,  shooting  at  the  arrow. 

nfuliKht^A*  <n«iHKh^A'.  nadldcshl^A*),  I  play  nrrow  shuotinir> 


THE   CAT'S  CKAOLE. 

Thf   cat's  cradle   is   played    by   children  during   tbc   wrai*P 
months  when  the  Spider  Peopln.  to  nlioni  il  is  attribiiteil,  arr  it 


SOCIAL  rrsTOMn. 


480 


w 


ta  obJQct  is  (Mtensibly  to  inliicatn  th<>  cliildivn  by  rivi*tinff 
(liuir  «tt«ntiun.  and  to  sup|i).v  tbi<m  with  aa  inncwittit  ucctipatioa. 


^' 


na'iUM,  th<'  cal%  cnulle 
(nA'ashtfA,  I  weave  rontinu- 
onaly^. 

Tbe  riiftircs  niiuteai'v  iisunll.v 
those  of  cou8l<-ilittioua: 

sAtfu),  morniiifr  or  freninf 
kr,  or  ont>  of  the  lintt  riiair- 
nitiiHt'. 

(hastqtn  sAUiif,  fii't  ajar. 
iUl.v<»ho.  rioiailt^s. 
a&  HUii,  many  Rt&m. 
»6hAtdI,  piitcUiiitr  start. 
itA  bid^  hul'^tl^  th<^  hornt^l 
'■• 
Or  ti^rns  of  aninmis: 
trtah,  snake, 
mi'i,  coyote. 

mi'i  ahiftyilAtrb&H.  coyot4« 
riinnintf  in  o|>iK><<ltpHirectioiK. 
najthfti    dicHfzhi.     bornfd 


li.:bi- 


nw^i>bjA,  thi*  owl. 
And  other  ligiirps: 

atsfnltriKh.     ziKziiir 
niny. 

«Uql,  bow. 

ku.'',  arrow. 

IcdsXshchln.  clotid  effect. 

affl'.  nest. 

hQ<;hdn  dalol  v&%  a  single 
hogftn. 

alt^fihoghin,  double  hot{aa. 

din^,  a  man. 

chfzh  joy^ti,  wood  carrier. 

sis,  a  wontan's  bell. 

MsIr,    .sniul)    stoiiiiu-h    uf    a 
sbfep. 

Ayfd,  Htcmuni  M-itb  ribi^ 

whA      >i<^z1ui,      H     NtaDdinii 
tooth. 

whAshtytiihi.  a  bent  ttK>tb. 


SOCIAL   CUSTOMS. 


BARTER 


I       (■■» 


ten>iive  tiiuln  wai*  I'Arried  on  In  thp  i^i'ly  '\h,\»  with  ihe 
l*ii<^bi)>  and  uiIut  ni)tfrhtH>ririif  trihi'i*.  aM  wtti)  as  with  the  Mi'x* 
iiiin-'i  later  on,  and  conm!«ted  ohiellv  in  exchanging  ihi*  !iera|ii>!> 
']  )«ddlc  hhirikotfl  for  buffalo  rntn'K,   bridliw,  bt-aili*  and  tur- 
t|iioim-.     Tht*  valiif  of  tiionfy  was  not  known,  and  ill*  usf  in  tnule 


4«0 


^.V  STUXOlVtilC   OWTlOyAHY. 


probably  datt\s  back  to  the  piirly  sixticit,  or  th?  time  of  the  dril 
war,  iiK  would  a|)iM'itr  fmni  llii-  oli)  liveuml  tt'n  «'nl  [inpiT  Miin. 
the  rmnu's  for  ivhirh  have  survived  id  those  for  the  nirkel  inl 
dime  »r  till-  pn-wnt  (Uy.  Siil>Ri'(|iu'ntJy.  cou.'<tant  iDti-rrnHrw 
and  ti-ntlo  with  the  Mexicans  mudc  the  introduction  of  ooiits  xtrj 
jrenernl.  mi  that  il  is  not  surprisinff  thai  the  namiis  for  the  ouiv 
■re  borrow***!  and  rorriiplpd  from  the  Spani'^h.  At  prpwnl  mnnM 
has  set  ihi'  stnndaril  of  rshic  for  everythinir  piirchaswl.  Still* 
bi-udK  ntid  tiirfji)(»»e  an*  fn<i]i)eritly  exchiin^ed  for  caltlt>.  drer 
Kkios.  hluiiktits.  etc.,  which  nrc  4*stiniiit(>d  ni-'corditiK  tu  qiittitf. 
The  aticieot  custom  of  pxactin<r  a  Rtipiihited  niiiMim  for  a  criai- 
inal  olTrnRc  nirainKt  a  clansiituu  is  still  in  vovruo. 

As  A  rnle  iho  Nnvuho  is  a  libi-ml  spt-nd.^r,  and  by  no  ntoarw 
alow  in  drivin;  a  irood  barcrain.  The  native  products,  eh  wooJ, 
cattle,  sheep,  ptHon  nuts,  nilvenvan^,  blanki<tii,  baskets,  etc.,  arr 
at  present  easily  exclutnc^d  «t  the  various  tradinif  i>*»^ls  "f  tbi* 
(HMHitry  for  money,  nierrhundise,  and  forei^>n  pnNturLs  |reni*rally. 

nalyd  bAhoi^hdn,  a  store.  nalyi  yt,  s^d&hi,  a  trader. 


cone. 

Coin  and  paper  money  are  now  quite  eeiieral  and  are  cat 
in  modern  pnckethofiks.  or  in  the  belt,  or  wnijiped  and  ti»-d  in  a 
strip  of  calico  and  carried  in  the  pocket.  larger  amouDtM  art 
freipioutly  buried  in  the  ground  for  fjreater  security*.  SiUvr 
dollars  are  preferred  to  paiwr  note^,  as  the  Xavaho  are  not  familiar 
with  the  n.'^spectirc  value  of  the  latter  unless  tt  be  pointed  out  la 
tlwMn.  

RentAo  (Sp.  centavo).  n  one  cent  piece. 

Htso,  a  nickel  or  five  cent  piece.  Lilerall^'i  the  yellow  paper 
refcrrinif  to  the  old  five  cent  paper  note. 

dahif  dotftsb,  n  dime,  or  ten  cent  piece.  Originally  the  blip- 
ten  Cf'ul  papiT  note. 

dalnf  yA\  iSp.  ud  real),  twelve  cents.  At  pnwent  this  t>Kpm< 
aion  is  rarely  lued,  though  fonncrly  it  was  fre'imntly  a  substi- 
tute for  (he  present  dime,  and  an  e(|uivalent  for  it. 


aOClAL  CUSTOMS. 


401 


fffnui  {Sp.  quiniK!),  Gftven  cealn. 

tiakbi  yil  (Sp.  dos  rwilt?**,  iwy  bite,  or  twpDty-fiv<>  cuts. 
Siniilarty.  df  yA\,  four  biu<.  or  the  half-<loiUr:  YatsUii  yft],  six 
i>r  siivcnty-Hre  crnts. 

>D  (Sp.  pi'Koy,  one  ilollur,  ibnujufh:  nczn&  yAl,  ten  bits,  or  ■ 
dullar  Rml  u  i[iiiirt«>r:  nnkbidxAda  yul,  Iwetve  bits,  ur  a  dullar  and 
a  balf,  but  bdso  dl'rb&'A  h&<ti|A  yil,  one  dollar  aud  six  bits,  or  a 
dollar  nnd  iK'Vpnty-ljvc  ct-uls,  whiU>  biso  dubu'i  nakhi  yitl,  a  dol- 
lar and  two  hitA.  ift  ftjsu  iis«?d  for  a  dollar  and  t»v«ty-fivo  cents. 
L  nakhi  dotifsb  (two  blup  on&RK   twinty  rcnfi,  and  so  un  with 

[  three,  four,  etc.,  dimis,  exeeptin;  the  Uatf-dullars,  etc.,  as  noted 
I  abovi>.  Similarly  with  the  dollam.  ari  nakhi  b^so  dubfi'i  htu^tiiA 
^■il.  two  dullur^  nnd  seventy' -live  ci'iits, 

^^  The  Bvc  dulUr  utitt*  in  voruetimua  design at«d  os  nsbdlaijci,  a 
Wvvr,  the  otht^r«  as  nfzuAiiiui.  h  t*.>n.  iind  niulfiiiKi,  a  twciit,v  dol- 
lar note.  Thc»e  are  also  used  to  desiifn^te  the  gold  coins  (ola, 
irold). 

Siiiall  change  in  dinif'^  and  niikfls,  ijimrtfrs  and  half-ilollars, 
are  frequently  desijrnatcd  by  y&l  (y&lijEi),  as  yil  idin,  I  have  no 
L     sinat)  chan^. 

^B  Private  coin,  such  as  is  used  by  some  traders,  is  called  be«h 
^^ihi,  small  or  chipitpd  moni'y.  vr  b^  bisKA,  dried  or  ern|><»rftt4'<l 
^^Bion<>y,  or  be»hkhA£i,  leather  mone>\ 


nnhiwhni  (DahAlQi.  nShidt«^h- 
ilK  t  piiiTha'ie,  buy 'tr  s«'ll  it. 

nftyiflnl,  he  bought  or  Hold 
it. 

do-Dabanfdft,  thi-y  don't  Holt 
<ri'.  thiiv  in  not  a  !>ton>, 

bA'Uf  (bA'Azli,  h«-Ailoli<lK  it 

4ta  an  and  so. 

((fiff^  bA'ilf,  nhiit  IS  th<>  price 

>f  itr 

dukwi  bll'ii/l!,  what  did  yoti 
pa}'  for  itf   what  did  it  costf 


do-ilida,  il  i»  worthluAn.  or 
too  cheap. 

asbdU  bn'iiriiij^  nalo.  I  until 
souivlliinif  costiiiir  tive  dullara, 

dukwi  iiIeI,  how  murh  have 
I  leftt 

nakhi  yAl  idxl,  there  are 
still  twenty -five  cent*  due 
you. 

tttMA'ilA,  he  hliM?ds  a  pi'taon 
(for  inuni*y),  otwf  who  i-xtorts 
money. 


492 


AN  BTBNOlOniC  O/OTlOTfAHr. 


1  louktHJ  tht'  goodn  over,  I  get 
pnci'ft  or  riiintatiooRon  ffoodH. 
AH,  nkh^l  yistl^  liKhfJ^'tihlnsh- 
>-feh  (ashtV''nhftish.vi^s1i,  BsbfC- 
abMc»K.v!^h),  1  prici'd  a  pair 
of  leffffioirs  ibtit  ditl  not  bu>' 
thfm). 

atflATshlJ    (atdl'iy^U.    atM- 


t1i.resbt^H,  I  I'xtorl  moory. 

&M  hflj^',    unittsL  rliibhii 
togrther    in     pa.vmpnl    for  a 
thinif. 

Di<|inanid^,  i>r  liionnlilf' 
( biiiAaiil^.  bimiilfmiHA' ),  wc 
dean>d  this  on  thi*  tranMc(jr>D. 
or  t*rtai|oyfii  dAitqidr^bchl 
(otfGe),  tht'  yiRKl  wrut  plentiful. 


The  profoj«iuDal  be^ffirar  is  unknown  to  the  Navahu,  tad 
instances  in  whirh  an  individual  makes  a  livelihood  by  bt'tgiue 
from  his  tribesmen  an?  indepil  ffw.  Assistancf  is  otfi'n*d  to 
uufortunate  paujx'n'.  nhile  nu  attention  is  paid  to  lhi>  idler. 

Acqtiainlfincc  and  friendship  with  trhitea  offers  many  focUitita 
for  askioi;  favors  and  accommudatjtins. 


adAkhcdi,  a  be{;g:ar. 

adAshkhi^d  (adt^^hkhj^d.  adi- 
deHhkhn).  1  bvg  unci-asinKly 
(a  person  who  does  not  hesitate 
to  ask  another  for  the  use  of 
anything,  such  as  for  money^ 
a  wa^n,  horn?,  etc.) 

tq^T  bakhA^.  and  Ui^'i 
bjt^,  povert.v  and  miscrj' 
personiHed,  male  and  female. 


Ui^T  li&qodishchf.   he 
born  to  be  poor,  one  who  lirts 
from  hand  tn  mouth. 

tq«6T  qfiye,  he  Is  notei)  for 
his  poverty. 

bit  '|6ye,  be  is  noted  for 
his  sleepiness  and  laKinetvS.  hr 
can  boast  uf  nothiniF  Ixit  pov- 
erty and  sleep. 


BORROWIN(J. 


. 


People  burrow  extensively  from  one  anulher.  An  exoesMvr 
interest  is  charged  on  lonn-'i  of  numey.  the  u-«ual  rate  beiotf  up 
to  tn'ent.v-five  cents  per  month  on  the  dollar.  A  horse,  belt, 
bridle,  bracelet,  or  anylhinjr  of  value,  i«  offered  in  security  and 
forfeited  in  de^uit  of  pa.vment.      The   Navaho  lender  ia  uaually 


HOCJAt  CTSrOMS. 


tDexoiiible,  und  a)wa>*»  claims  the  fiecurit^r  al  tbe  expii'ation  of 
the  time  limit 

To  ubtain  mone,v  anil  iiiir-cliniKlise  uiiicfa  of  thuir  silv4>r-  and 
omamental  warn  is  |«wncd  at  thv  stores  for  a  limited  number  of 
da>'8.  A  n>A^unnlil('  intf  rost  i.s  ehiir^ud  wjtli  a  siH'uriiy.  ufti^n 
non(>  at  all,  ro  that  [lawiiinK  with  the  trader  is  usually  preferred. 


shahftntsJ^,  trust  mv  for  thi&l 
(from  nalia^Uid,  nHluit«I,  na- 
hadestsL  1  tnist  you). 

shiilift'fi*  (tiiiluiil'A'.  ntU).  I 
owe  him  <or  yoiiK 

slinliiijM  (pr.  (ilmhujtl,  Khalia- 
dojit),  he  advanced  to  me. 

atft^d  iah'i  <nl'»),  I  borrow 
it 

do  shfda,  it  is  not  mine. 

nltf4  i€^,  it  is  borrowed. 

atA4^  na<ih'A  (niiA'A,  nash'ado, 
or  ndefth'al),  I  borrow  (a  dol- 
lar t>r  wajEori,  etc.)  Other 
roolfi  are  similarly  twed:  ats^ 
nH>«htM^,  I  horn^iw  a  borw; 
uBAhtql,  a  flhovel;  nantA^,  a 
«<addlp  blanket:  nlush]4^.  a  rope; 
iiaHtiJB,  Krain;  nashnfl.  »6TeraJ 
iibjeetn,  etc. 

ats^  na'nsh'^,  I  lend  you  a 
dollar,  or  simply,  na'n^h'ji 
(na^n&'S.  nadcHh'aO.  I  lend  yoii 
a  saddlt».  4Slh>  infra  forothvi- 
r^ioli*.) 

nansb'A  (nin&^.  iiadei-b'^K 
I  Kive  jou  a  dollar  <m«  otiwr 
roota  below). 


Infiitqai,  added  to  it,  inter- 
cat. 

nA'uii''  ideetsdt,  V\\  cbarse 
you  this  rate  of  interest  (from 
nftlnA*  i>tsdd ,  nfllnA'  thdOd , 
oAini*  iiiestsdl). 

nan&ili>sbdlel.  Til  pay  you 
this  interest  (form  nanA'nAhdl^, 
nan&n>thdlA,  nan4deHitdtt^t.  I 
pay  you  in  return). 

natiAniih'&  I  nnnAnfl'A.  na- 
ndesh'^l).  I  return  the  saddle 
to  you.  (For  other  roots  cf. 
pawn  infra.) 

ll'nahAxtA,  or  A'Azl&itft.  or 
&Vel&.  or  A'aabaxnll,  pawni<d 
lj;ooiis. 

&'nnAhlA  (a'nulfl,  a'ndeshlt^t), 
1  place  a  rope  or  atrand  of 
(H>adH  in  pawn. 

&'nnsht«]1  (it'nriltiA,  A'ndrfth- 
tiillt.  I  iMiwti  my  wriNtlet 
Nbilt^eA-).  or  hatbnml. 

rnn4)-&<d*nni'fi,d'nd(«ball. 
I  pawn  ro.v  saddle. 

A^nnHJitq^  (&*niilttif,  A*ndt4b- 
Ulfi\),  I  pawn  ni,v  borM-. 


494 


Ah'  STHNOLOGir  DtCTIOXAKr, 


tsAs),  I  pawn  ni.v  sndJIr  blanket. 

A'Dnshj^  (ft'iiijii.  fi'ndcshjO, 
I  pnnii  my  Niw  am)  arrow 
(ka-,  nkt\i). 

u^nnshofl  (d*n^nll,  ti*D<Jesb- 
nft),  I  pawu  my  boads. 

nfi'nnsh)^,  I  (Miwn  a  ro|>o  to 
you,  etc.  of  t-hf*  other  nxits,  ae 
in  the  preceding  examples. 

ndlxfil  bfthn^'A.  iir  ndlMd 
hanahtmfl'&'  (ntfik),  it  is  in  pawn 
fur  a  nii>iith. 

q[]  hoiia'A,  it  is  in  pawn  for 
a  time  (or,  for  iustance,  he  is 
in  jail  for  a  certain  lenirth  of 
tim«). 

diikwi»1i  qU  hAiiind'A,  for 
bow  many  dnj's  did  you  put 
il  ia  pawn  f 

qll  b^nnk'k  (baninA'li).  1 
pawn  it  for  so  nmny  da>'¥>. 

qll  .\'4nnfiS.  he  inivp  him  so 
many  da>'s  on  it. 

S'^'i\  or  hA'fl^'A',  it*s  mm 
has  Mt,  the  pawn  is  run  out. 

yO  S^'^'^hV  (lei'trS,  Sid^sh- 
'Alt,  I  Insl  my  piLwned  beads,  or 

yd  ha'ifeVsh'fl' ,  time  is  up 
on  my  bc^fi.  or 

sitM  ^g^V  (sitfUl  ri1'A, 
sitA  S^'ido'^l),  or  sit^  hr'ft'd'ft' 
<sit^a  bielTd,  sitflft  bH?'ido'£l), 
my  time  is  up.' 


ba)chAn&bul'&'(ln«bAoUio(ft. 
ha^'hftnJthiHJot'il).  I  extend  Itv 
time  on  a  p«wn. 

Ill)  baehinfleft'  (bAKUoU'i. 
baKhAndotfAl),  I  rpwivpd  a  fp« 
mure  days  on  my  pawa.  or 

qll  bfni.f&'  (btuptt.  bim'- 
do^al),  time  was  extendtsi. 

qA'ftsbdl^  (ql'uMhdU.  q&i- 
d«shdl^),  I  rpideem  anything 
(out  of  pawn). 

yo  iianllshdU-  (qanisbdli. 
qiSndeshdIfU),  I  hmIwid  m> 
boads,  or  a  whip,  etc.  <Cf. 
other  roots,  with  tqil,  &,  tq4. 
nil.  etc.) 

^ItbOi  dfna'fi,  or  ha|EhioE'&. 
thvt  sun  is  at  or  beyood  thf 
)H>int  .siipidatiH),  that  is,  a 
debt  is  due  uow. 

finchf|f' ,  he  is  clow,  h*-  will 
exact    a    debt,     be     will 
extend  the  time. 

do-bfni'sIi'Sda.  I  cau  not 
afTord  to  puy. 

C'aakhi  hndl&a  adishnf  ladl* 
nid,  adfdesbnil).  I  frraot^  a 
loan  tfratJs,  as  t^fnahHs  ahadr* 
al,  lend  me  a  wafpoa,  or  H 
Khfldlltqi'l.  lend  me  a  hone: 
t^kbi  hodlAa  ndi»hnf,  you 
may  hav(>  it  (or.  I  t^ll  you 
that  yon  nuo'  have  it  withoiii 
paying  for  it.  but  return  it  to 
me  afterwards). 


■n 


mciA  r.  crrsTox. 


495 


Vllaklii  hofllda  shulinf,  Inml 
me  this*  let  me  ibu  it! 


flnshrhr  <nl*B),  I  win  not 
or  will  out  part  with  iU  hrnoe, 
Anr.hr,  he  it  stintry- 


InKubonliuat^  children  wcro  formt-rly  suhdued  by 

llin  ush;  of  the  l>ii|;nhoo,  fmir  of  which  were  attiu-htMl 

to  a  beam  of  the  hojfun.      Tht\v  wovo  tniulo  of  sumac 

Iki.    chUchlnl,  and   in  shnpe  like 

^^M^^^^^^    that  of  the  accompany inff  illti5;tra- 

^^^^^^^^^    tioDs.     The  owIr  (n(^shjR),  us  they 

■  wcrt)   calksl,    were    usually    hunic 

■  I  up  in  the  ci'eninfr  whm,  favorM 
I  K  by  the  scant  illiitiiiDaUun  of  the 
I  ■  hoi^n,  ttu>  fancy  of  a  chihl  mi^irht 
I          I                 easily  bo  IihI  to  beliiirp  that  the 

■  I  oh)  siltinir  there  should  carry  tl 

H  ^  ot).      Fr-ei]uent  lUeiition  of  th«  owl 

W        A  i^  (he  mischievous  spirit  of  the 

"^  lejreiidB  fo9ter«<l  this  belief.     The 

Unyab'tn  CM.        ...  ,  »>>«.! 

hnjrftijoo  is  at  ppcj^ent  mrelysi-en.  ''"(itww  on- 

Similar  allusions  were  nude  to  the  leffeudary  ydltso,  or  y£l 
LbJi't.  hig  or  jrmy  koiLs,  cnnnitml><,  who  ]ireyei)  upon  Riitall  child- 
r<>ti.  A  Mirvit-al  is  probably  found  in  the  expression,  dolk/U. 
Hipieeze,  wheni'Vi-r  ii  f^hild  i8  in  danger. 

Ky  wri,v  of  hyperlHile  a  foolli^h  ehild  or  peraon  is  often  called 
nushjA  (nifeflhjtl),  owl,  or  n^hjfttso,  bijr  owl,  afi  this  bird  U 
a  i7ood  Hffnre  of  fitupidit>'.  d\g^  tAo,  you  biff  dnnce,  or  y^Itso, 
or  ylJltM}  lAbA',  you  hiK  jrmy  foul,  an<  used  on  similar  occaaionc. 
be<-ause  the  yeiisu,  or  yel  Jfiti&'i,  Kra>'  ^'odn,  figure  a;*  very  awk- 
ward iiunsonH  iu  tbe  Ii-'Kend-^,  aud  are  now  fci^'^'O  ^^  role  of 
cluwnA  and  dunooa  aiuonji  the  peraonatorH  at  dances. 

CARVINa. 

The  Navaho  do  not  prnctice  car^  iuir  in  either  Kton«  or  wood, 
nor  il(>  they  reprasent  their  detlltss  in  effi^fy  for  the  anitiaenient  of 


49« 


AS'   KTHNOLOQJC   mCTIOSAHY. 


ibfir  cbildrvn,  or  similar  purposes.      DclIs  sud  iii»0€«  of  »chw 

ftnimals,   hownvor,  arc  at  times  carvnl  in  cotUmwood  for  ttn- 

tnoiiial  piirtMiw's.  which  suffjfestJ*  a  iHwsihIp  motivf  frtr  th?  soda! 

lubiMi  ))lac4-(l   OD  soiiit>  of  thcni.      Wht-ti  tht>  doath  of  a  snake,  ■ 

iltick,  a  chicken,  n  buar,  a  duj;.  or  a  pip,  and 

of  a  child.  ha»  hci*n  nitai^iVHti  by  a  prcgnaoi 

wonrno,  or  by  hiT  husband  durini;  hor  prenr- 

nnrtcy,  or  have  bcfii  nl  Any  tiiiio  kilbtl  by 

them,   and    Riibocqiiently    iiidt.spn<iitton   and 

airknrsR  nvortake.s   the   wonun   or  birr  off-     ■  »'• 

Hpring,  a  Ringvr  is  called  upon  to  remove 

such  a  cauw  by  pi-rforniinir  wrtain  fi^ntiin'K 

u(  a  Kiven  rilti  uvt>r  hur.      In  ih^-  snake  rite 

(na^6ye    bakhflji),    for   instance,   the   sinG:er 

carves  the  imajro  of  the  species  of  snake,  the 

rattler,  fur  iriHtanoe,  which   presumably   has 

CBiiRTtl  the  sickness,  and  aft<<r  placing  it  on 

the  affected  ]>»rt^  of  the  patient's  body,  the  !*^- 

image  is  detKmiled  into  Ihti  hole  of  that  nnake.  together  with  thi- 

prayerstick   made  for  it.      Similarly,  the   inia£e  of  the  bear  i> 

deposited   in  the  den  of  a   bear,  and   that  of  a  coyote  Intn  thf 

coyote's  den.      The   imafre.  of  the  dog  is  carried 

to  an  open  finid,  barren  of  bni.th  and  trcf^.  which 

has  not  been  used  as  »  thoroughfare  (qa<lohotfdji, 

or  KfhnnestlAji.  an  open  Held).      Here  it  is  placed 

on   tlte  ground    with   the  snout   pointing  in   the 

direc'tioii  of  ts^yi'i,  a  cafion  near  Ia»^  Turreones. 

The  aw^shchln,  or  dolls,  the  binJVlft,   pig,  xa6fn, 

the  eat.  and   nabAqai.  the  chicken,  are  drpasited 

in  any  of  the  nuuieroiis  cliff  dwellings  or  mins 

(nivA'Kf^d.    nlyA'Kj^go,    underground    placet  with 

which  the  Navaho  country  abounds.     The  pra>'erK 

accompanying  tlie  application  of  these  four  iniages 

■re   recited   in  h    forei^u  langtiage,  but  the   fact  iWJt. 

that  di>srendanta  of  Hupi  cUn^  are  usually  called  upon  to  raakr 


SOCIAL  i-rsnuts. 


4B7 


tbe  dolls  and  iiuaures.  ami  teciU*  the  prnyurs,  would  sutru^'St  that 
Um'  Laiijfiiaifn  and  th**  ciLstuin  it^^lf,  as  ndapt'^l  to  thi;  Navaho,  is 
of  rpcpnt  ititrtKliictiiin  and  nf  Hopi  orii^'m.  TJif  accompanyini; 
ntiiNt  rations  rei>n'S4'nt  the  dull  and  duck  with  Ibeir  pray erstic Its. 

aw^hcbli),  a  Hop!  doll. 

tflRh  qadalt^tfifo,  the  llbeopss  of  a  >uiakc  Similarly,  shflsh, 
bifiAd^,  iMrhfl)  qadah*^f;o.  etc. 

tTish  qadahf^  ajldl^.  the  imatfe  of  a  snake  is  made  (at  tho 
OM¥n)on.vK 

nlyaKeji,  depositor^'  in  a  rliff  dnrllioir. 


I 


COmiHXN«    AND   SNEEZINU. 


Coiijrhinfr  and   !(nf>{>xinjr  are  often   indications  at  a   cold   or 
iodifiposicion. 


dtskbiSe  <of(t),  I  couKh. 

dl8kh6s  <diKkb08,  dldet>- 
khAs),  I  cough. 

dnkh^lfi.  a  conifh. 

dokbdd  shildilnfi'  (shtdolnA\ 
flhtdldutni').  I  Iiave  a  cold. 


hadl^khes  (hadi^skhiVx,  hadt- 
dfskhAii).  T  cough  (out). 

AdiiiAhodishkhft  Ue»K  1 
hawk. 

chAtHah  (ch^tlT^h).  phlpfrm. 

habil.vildiHliiit  (luttMf.v»<IInid. 
hatslvft  dtdcfihnU).  I  sneeze. 


HPITTIN'O. 

People  ttpit  anywhere.  Ordinarily  no  signifirance  attaches  to 
apittinu,  but  at  times  the  leavf«  of  ceilar  ur  junip«*r  are  chi^wod 
and  spit  out  for  better  luck.  as»  for  instance,  into  the  face  of  a 
boJky  htirm.  Mnlicinea  are  often  Apiitti'rml  over  the  paraphof' 
nalia  and  ttte*  patient  during  some  ceremonies.  On  ttie  other 
hand,  it  is  rt-prebon^ihK'  U*  wa»ili  bi-aiU  destintx)  for  the  grave 
with  watt'r  {tourefl  from  the  mutith.  Spitting  of  bluod  i.>t  tiaually 
cause  lor  aUnn. 


KTHSOLOGIC  VirTloyARY. 


WOKDS. 


shS,  spittle. 

adlsho  (adfzh^.  lUldraliA' )  I 
expixtorate,  8pil. 

sMuM  clishfA'  (iitfi&K  I  <-x- 
puctorate  skilUiillA'  (without 
spraying). 

shizM  aiRhcBfMnfife),  1  semi 
it  iu  a  stt-eak,  or  pufl*  it  out. 

BhiKhA  binllsAl  (hedtiydl.  tK>- 
(IIilt's<M>,  I  sputter. 

dUbd'  (ut't&).  I  sputter  upvu. 

( hnnfji )  uAuttA)  (nau^ydl, 
iKlin^(>)),  I  blow  (it)  into  Ium 

fftO!. 

chAiHsh  (lahidiRA,  cxpectn- 
rato  phlpirm. 


KAd  IwnAbnnddl  (nahuafjNM, 
nahiidfnf'iiAt),  I  sprinkle  vith 
juniper. 

m  habfhidUkh^s  ( babfh 
deskbes.  habfludokhtel.  I  spil 
(coiiKht  bUxMl. 

dll  iiAhIdl5iA  (qahidezo,  (|t- 
hidldpif^t),  I  cxiMH^tnrmfcc  blood 
<iM  clots). 

dit  iifthidisbt*  (qahidJily'. 
i|uludld(^li&'  >,  I  Hpit  blood. 

dll  qabidistsfiM  ^qabidcti&i, 
il^hidldcstMs),  I  <tpit  (f  xtrtrtl 
blood. 

ti&ehkbOi  (tiM^khai,  Adeab- 
kbO),  [  vomit. 


FT^yELLATiON. 


1^ 


Children   are    rarely   cha-stisin),    but    jji'nemlly     tn*Bted 
coosiftcrate  kiD()n&'«  and  affection  by  both  fatber  and  muthrr. 

Flaicellation  iL'^iially  occurs  at  the  ceremony  of  iititiation  duhns 
the  niKbt  chant  when,  on  the  day  precedint;  the  public  donee,  or 
the  second  last  day  of  the  chant,  the  two  perttonators  of  y^ibiehai. 
or  hn-shrH^  dAdi.  ami  of  hiu^hcH^ba'ad.  a)>p*^r.  to  allou  th«'  unini- 
tiated to  at;  thr  god*.  Kach  individual  Navaho,  wheibt-r  b*).r  or 
girl.  Hhuidd  be  initiated  four  tiinee  in  life,  twirp  at  niffhl.  awl 
twice  at  daj'tinie.  As  the  initiatiiin  o(in.HLsts  in  looking  u|M>n  the 
nuutks  and  |M>i-Kunatore  it  follows  that  four  ditf^'tvul  M*ti>  oi 
niaMkM  must  be  sfcii  to  conipl.v  with  thi.^  duty,  and  viewinir  the 
same  AtH  at  four  dilTi-rent  chants  or  ucea<4ioi)<i  ii^  not  ■tiitficirnl. 
As  the  ^nie  set  of  niaaka*  however,  is  used  frequently,  it  is  «• 
unimual  tlial  ■lome  time  elattsei*  tiefore  an  4ipportunit.v  is  hwl  oi 
secinir  four  different  aetA.      Acconlinffly.   many  are  atlvanml  ia 


>'farK  U'farp  tht»  is  doiu*.  Thi>  practice-  |irt»iunuibt,v  Ktiiuulatas 
retspuct  fur  boly  thitiifs,  as  child  rfu  below  mx  and  svveii  yeare 
»n'  (lOt  [K'nnitti^J  l<>  uiiness  the  Cfrpimmy.  Ai  home  they  are 
ofu-n  tohl  tliat  tho  yri.  or  pcrvonatnrs  at  m  (Unco,  are  liriofc 
gods,  which  illusion  is  n>tnnv4^  AKS(K>n  a8  they  *rv  able  to  speak 
coheroDtly.  On  the  da.v  nieotioned  the  two  ifods  an?  OKked  to 
whip  ihi;  children  brought  fnr  iniliution.  TIh>  IxiyR  strip  to  Ibu 
bnH>cbcloth  and  lino  up  in  a  row.  whili'  the  gir\s  take  position 
behind  them.  All  an-  told  not  to  look  up.  but  to  await  events 
with  ilown4^a<«t  cyt's.  The  y^ibirhai  then  approarhefi  each  one 
iodindiially.  each  hny  and  pirl  riKini;  in  turn,  and  sprinkN-s  their 
shins,  le^s,  front  and  back  over  each  Hlujiilder,  and  their*  out' 
atn'tehed  arms,  with  jMilleii,  aft*'r  which  the  Female  (tod  iw.vhi.'s 
t«ch  child  right  mill  left  over  the  parts  strewn  with  pollen, 
accoropaayintf  each  stroke  of  the  yucca  lash  with  his  usual  cry 
of  wii'iS.  ThU  lathif))*  i)^  tlw-  (^rcflsimi  of  iniich  baiit^'riiitr  and 
lautfhlor  by  the  audience,  who  petition  for  luird  or  light  strokes, 
as  they  wish  thi'  novice  to  Ih'  punished.  The  hanl  >ttn>ke  calls 
for  its  roTcrao.  and  'v^  usually  followeil  by  a  mere  tap,  ttbile  the 
light  stroke  ts  bniuu-ht  down  with  all  furre  Rvailahle. 

The  girls,  however,  are  not  whippwl.  Inntead,  the  Whippini? 
Uod  presscfi  an  ear  of  white  nnd  yellow  corn,  wrapped  with 
apruc«.  affftiost  thf>  solott  of  thi>ir  feet,  the  shins,  legs,  hrenst« 
hack,  shoulders,  amiK.  nnd  foroliead.  accompanying  earh  pressure 
with  his  custoumry  rry.  Then-uimn  the  personaton*  reiriove 
their  masks,  uml  Itie  yeitwHil  then  holds  his  Italr-mank  to  i^eh 
ami  every  child,  tilting  it  to  thi-ir  eyes  with  his  usual  call.  This 
<lone,  all  are  told  (o  look  up,  and  never  to  forget  the  gods — when 
tbry  behold  tlu?  smiling  focvH  uf  two  well-known  Navuhu.  The 
ceremony  is  then  closed  with  the  sprinkling  of  pollen  upon  the 
masks,  which  ench  boy  and  girl  dfM's  by  dropping  the  pollen 
over  tbf!  center  uf  the  face,  around  the  eytw  and  nmuth  of  the 
mask.  All  an;  then  admoni»heil  not  !•>  I>etray  w^bit  they  have 
■<«<i<n  to  the  uniiiitial*^l. 

A  rt-p«titiim  of  thix  takeK  plact>  st  night  inside  the  hogao  for 


A.y   KTBSOHMtii 


TA  K  y. 


such  Rs  lack  om-^  of  fuur  iaitiatiuns.     Th«  iuitJatvd  are  Bxcludn) 
froDi  this  coreinony  (io  the  ovvnioK). 

WORIi.S. 


j-^i  t)ud2l)tst'>,  iht'y  ispf  ibi' 
ypi,  looking  at  ihi>  ffotis,  thi* 
initiation. 

.Y<>ibicbai.  the  fi-amlfntlHT 
uf  the  yei,  who  is  also  called 

hnshrBi^  dAdi,  from  his  call. 
do,  dd,,  thoiiifh  suniu  hold  tliHt 
ihf  tJ)6n(>nni,  or  wat^r  sprink- 
litr,  |H!rfuriiis  the  whippiuK* 

hashcM  bA'tUl,  or  .v^ittft'Ad, 
the  fentale  jfod,  who  is  iiupur- 
tHiiiated  by  a  man. 

b^6ti<r|l!4,  tlio  la-sli.  which  is 
mode  of  yucca  strips  (t*idz}K 

adistAqIs  ( n^tp ),  X  whip 
him. 

y^i  yisf  (yfsT,  yidosfi),  or 
yehi.  the  initiated,  one  who 
knuwH  the  yei. 

y^i  qasf,  or  hcHlKisI  ^h^st, 
tiodosfl),  he  knows  ih©  yei,  h** 
is  initiat«>d. 


(tAPINU. 

Ciapiue  indicates  itleepinew  and  wearine.<A.  The  niffht  is  fiv- 
qiiontly  «iieot  in  amiiHenicnt,  conversation,  or  atti^ndintt  *»»* 
ccremuny,  and  it  is  not  imiisiial  that  two,  three  and  iiion*  nights 
succt'inl  each  other  in  IhiB  manner.  The  loss  of  slo*-p  is  wnu- 
times  made  up  for  dnrinff  the  day,  thouKb  oa  a  rule  the  da^' 
out  spent  in  sleeping.  Ordinarily,  too,  the  raintly  rist-^alcU 
or  SDiirise,  and  retires  after  dark. 


y^i  hitsAkhJ^.  the  xnnJ- 
cUilOn-n  of  the  yi*i  (the  ehild- 
ren  at  actiuil  ioitiatioD). 

jUh  b«n&dajihi[  (han&^lailhii, 
hanada-shdiyohii),  the  mub 
are  sprinkled. 

jlsh  ItaniishiiT  (han&iy^t. 
hanSdi^'^shnt),  I  Kphnkle  pul- 
luD  upon  the  iiia»ks. 

yadidi'nil  dajUchl  (dajilrbt, 
dazhdolchf),  the  ioceh.'io  u 
inhaled  (in  connection  vilb 
the  Hprinklin^  of  pi>tlvn). 

yadldl'nll  yishchi  l,vLsbrfaft. 
deshcbt),  I  inhale  (smell)  Ux 
iuceuse. 

y£go  D^nHsql",  strike  bin 
hard! 

ha/hA^ci  nAnKAQls,  f^rib 
him  liirhtly  lla|i  him  onlyV 

ye'i'dbh.  the  tuo  yei  apiwar. 
tltat  is,  the  Aecoud  last  day  of 
the  chant. 


^^^^^^^^K                                                                            501                   1 

^^^^^^^P                                                                                                             \ 

\        MhhcM'  iuiMshcho)  nfi^.  T 

a<I(ne.4hyit).  I  take  n  nnp. 

1    tP^ft,  yon'n. 

ttii&'nsdzTr)   (tsiensdzld.  t^i^- 

r         hUiistri  thIliilKf,  hUdfiirsItK 

di^xU).  I  wnki^  up. 

1  am  slii'p.v. 

nA'ishchiifili     ( nd'ishjfhaxh. 

bll.  sleepiness,  dronfiini'ss. 

nS'idfshn'hflRh),   I   full   Bstpe[i 

nUaashubiYsh  (iit'f&).   I   fall 

aeain. 

asli^ep,  I  nod. 

ndrni<^hiihiisli(ntfi&),  I  sleep 

t         nfiV'^hqjt<ili(na')'U«irish,  oiii- 

ftotind,    I    sleep    far   intu   the 

(l^hnftshK  1  noH,   fnll  nslis'p. 

mnrmng. 

BNluiltHh  (n(^)&),    I   KiRPp. 

ndishd&  <ndlsil;tfi'.  mJideNh- 

ishiilsh  (!h)ilith,  {{|i>slii|ii8h). 

dttl).  I  ifet  up.  arise. 

[      t  slet'p. 

□di'^h'n^  (ndi.sh'nA'',  ndldesh- 

(st»^)    Unsbyll    Un(>sb.vl), 

'u4'),  I  crawl  out.  arise. 

DREAMS. 

No  sp<*riftl  sipiifli'iincr  attaches  to  finorinir,    or  tnlkintr   and 

walkinjf   in   sleep.    Iiiit    had    dreums    iisunllv   imlicato   some   evil 

inlluencp,  for  wliioh  a  n-im^iy  is 

Koiitfht  in  tlie  renewal  ceruninny. 

A  fr(K>d  diiinni  |>nrtciids  nuthini; 

evil. 

WORDS.                                                                      1 

mhtit    I11<|9.    ft<l(;:stH|ftl ).    I 

shihfl  IxUiashnP  (b^tjb^.shnf. 

snon-. 

hihodeshnrt.    ur    niUM^li    lia- 

nddil^Ashi,  a  idrapwalker. 

hashnl',  I  relate  my  dn<ani. 

1         nft<lisl)vn'i>^h  <ntfi('>.  I  »-ulk  in 
'     nU'cp. 

Khibfl,  or  nai^t^K  hAnali^h- 

nt  (hanaboHfmir.  bnnahoili^h- 

iSilisliirriKh  (ndiKh^Aiih,   tkll- 

nl'l,  I  relnti*  my  dn>ani. 

deshtrfixh).   I   walk  or  KcreAtn 

do  Uoxh^  iKhtidshda.   I  did 

in  shiep. 

not  sleep  well. 

sItitlyaAhtiii  (nt*^t.  or  *iu&- 

Hhihfi  qJAhnhh  (t\fiti\zh,  i)f- 

>'adf»l)tql  'nt'it'i,  I  Inik  in  Nli'cp. 

ili>shnii«b).  I  do  not  ^Icep  well 

nainf'l  (na.v^ypl.  na'id^sil).  I 

(1  am  ruhbivl  of  aUwp).                               | 

^     dn-ain,  havtf  a  dix>ani. 

tihibll    (liKbilUd     (q^ldlnd.                   j 

shibU  ylcHA  (>fchi|iVl,  u  bad 

il(deshdl4iK  I  am  ili!itt>rt»il  in 

!     driiini. 

my   KJiTp  (ni,v'    ulefp    U   t^ni 

sliihU  yfxhfVii.  a  tftHxi  dream. 

from  me). 

502 


Ay  KTll.\(lUiiiH-   tfl 


S'Aur. 


The  N'ftviilio  bavf  no  lutrinf.".  'V\%v.\  iirinaU*  an>'»li«r\-  tfai-jr 
hai)p«-n  to  bp,  niul  whm  >ik-k  tln'.v  defi-CDtr  tiu  «anil  c*i-ru«'l  I'l 
ttu-  sitlf  of  the  Iwddinx  and  rciiiovitl  aftprnanlM. 

ai^liHMh  (asti^llxh.  &  IvsUMiiih).  biUzh,  ur  slfsb.  urinv. 

I  urinate.  chfl,  bichfl.  ordtirv. 

usbcht  lAshi'chil,  a<U-sbch1)),  chfl  bAboj^hdn,  latrini?^  n- 

I  diifecate.  U'r-clo@et  ttiiodcrn). 


LAUOHUfU. 

Tliti  Nft\'abo  IBllKh^  n'hcn  he  is  ploaspd  aud  h<ipp.v.  id  hct.  hr  i> 
niucb  tfiruu  lo  iuujrtiU-r.  Tbe  obji-cl  of  uiucb  uf  liis  eouverwitioB 
In  to  produce  lauffhttT.  which  is  trite  itUo  of  tbe  aiitic»  uf  tbr 
Wnt*'r  SprinkltT  ut  the  oisrht  chant,  ami  of  much  of  Oh*  li'K*'n1'** 
iiiain  which  formerly  was  in  vonrue  there. 


.visbdI6  (.vishdld.  di-shdtO). 
I  laiit;h. 

antUhdlA  (ntfi§ ),  I  laiif h 
aluud. 

ba.vishi)IO<balHbdlA.  twdf^b- 
dlO).  I  lauifb  at  it 

clildiDKhdlA  ( cRfdinshdlA. 
cbklUle»ibdl6),  I  chuckle  to 
myself. 

d\6  nslD  (Q^f&).  or  UUlluasfn 
(nt^B'*.  I  SMiilc. 

bLshil  buzb^.  1  um  content, 
happy,  or  b&shU  nAbozbA,  or 
blUbli  hCin^al  <ut*i&).  I  am 
Itappy  iind  content. 

lit  AfM,  funny  ihttitfH,  antiot. 


WCIUU8. 

U  a^htll  <nt^).  I  do  aoUcs. 

lit  flnfiii,  H  jolciT. 

QiyA.bodilt<|(r,     funnj'    re- 
marks. 

ni,v&hudtshtqi,   ur  ti  diitlnl 
(nfi&),  1  make  funny  n'lnarlui. 

ttix&tialA'  (n^te),  I  mimic. 

beitit^,  with  its  voice,  mim- 
icry. 

did  shInAdA  (nt'i&>,  I  chuckU 
vt'ilh  lauKhlcr. 

dlA  shihlKbi  (dlA   •<hiM>m^ 
■ltd    ihtdnff^H.     I     ro«,r    m\\ 
la  lighter. 

bidIA  tiainil'l  (ntv).  he  trig' 
ffleo.  ohucklpH. 


aOCUL  CUSTOMH. 


SOS 


LYlN*i   ANL>  STEALING. 

i.vintr  IM  i|iiib'  K*'<ipnil  hikI  is  n>s<frt('<l  to  fur  slmost  any  tiillt*. 
I'aivnli-  runioiistnilf  wiih  tlwir  i-hiltlryn  for  telUiiif  the  untruth, 
yt-l  otUm  seek  wnne  plmisiblc  prett'xt  to  covtr  their  own  defect. 
t^tAti'nif'ntA  tnwU-  mrv  often  t«kcn  for  what  tht^y  arc  M'oith,  or 
nithiT  with  some  sttxpicioD,  until  they  can  be  veriGed  or  dis- 
pn)Vi^tl.  while  conHtK-iirc  and  candor  an-  aluayn  due  to  well-trioil 
friends.  Fiilsv  ^tateuu■ut£  and  lies  are  acknowlcd>ccd  with  as 
P(|iui1  Kfaoe  as  they  are  made  or  told,  since  that  in  nianly- 

St«alintE,  or  ratlu>r  appropriatiiifi-  loose  pro|H>rty.  too,  siMuld 
bv  done  in  rhi*  propi-r  manner.  The  Navaho,  as  a  nile,  is  a 
jiMkI  thief,  or  n<mi'  at  all.  Hence,  one's  propertjt*  is  safe  with 
im,  whenever  hi>  has  c<msi>nted  to  tuke  it»  cbarjfe. 

perty  loot  va  t"^  t/riff*ti4t,  and  bvlont^  tu  the  liutler  unless 


liocHfd  <nt^i&,  or  yfclild,  yid^shctilt),  I  t4>ll  a  lie. 
nshrBId  (.vfcBid.  yid(?shfHll),  I  say  an  untruth,  I  lie. 
du-shioirliida,  I  tell  the  truth,  1  do  nut  lie. 
lio'ilftdzai   {do-dtrd/Jiri)   qashnfda  (qQeshnlda,    qode^hnlda).    I 
Hpeak  the  truth,  do  not  utter  falsehoods. 

I      cftAhftish'*'  (cRohuylfe'ii,  cHohodiyosh'il),  I  tell  it,  tell  the  truth. 
)     do  d&dicilf(i  cHohutKh'A'<la,  I  do  no(  KjK-ak  falauly. 
4UUni.  it  is  true  (dini  dishnt,  J  as.sert  it). 


WordH  with    Reference  Ui  Steallug. 


Ansh'l  lAnlt'T.  adfnesh'Tll.  I 
Kteal.  pilfer,  ruKtIr  (cattle),  etc. 

H  nish'f.  11  nJ^'T.  H  dfne^h'fl. 
I  'tt^-al  or  nistlf  k  h»>rw»;  Kim- 
iilarly ,  hfs<»  { ni o ney ► :  yal 
IfKniall  money »:  tX&.  (hajk): 
be^ldlri  (hlanketK),  etc 

ali'htn  nt*h'f.  or  alrhfn  yo'- 
\\hi\Ui6  4yo'fKi|I.  yoA«)e<.lit<i<^Jl, 


I  steal,  or  carry  off  a  child. 

Anlihi.  a  thief,  one  who  has 
Ktolen. 

anrfhi  btMiRh.^<<l  IbiMMrl. 
brKndesh<liO,  I  iinb  a  thit^f. 
cntx'h  him  in  the  act 

anffht  qadinKh'1  (qadinnh't, 
qadldeHh'lO,  I  look  or  himt 
for  a  thief. 


&0i 


Ay   KTHSOLOfiir  DtfTlOXARV. 


II  :vo'Lst6s  (3-oilf>6,  y6dflr6- 
Ids),  T  <irivr  n  horse  off  {take 
him  far  unutbi^r). 

It  .vo'ish'tf«h  (,vot?j[h,  yoA- 
(li'sh'IsbK  I  drive  «  couple  of 
hitrs»»s  away. 

a  .vodDsiVl  (yoinlyOd.  yv&- 
dfn(!.sdt>,  I  herd  tht'in  olf. 

n  y^)Ai)»hkb&a  (yoatillkhid. 
yudtifiifKhtihAl),  I  run  a  hunch 
of  four  and  rnori'  horses  off. 

tl  yo'nshcbqfi  (.vofinilchqfl. 
yoidfncshrhriiil),  I  i^"  »  niim- 
Ikt  of  horses  off. 

yu'iy&,  it  went  aNtraj',  bul 
s  hay  6'i  I  y  e d    ( shay mj^laeh fid , 


i(hn\tHidoId);h(i)),  it  \mf,  Wn 
(Irivpn  off  (by  another). 

ndf^h't  (nd.^n,  DilhMilll, 
I  bidv  it  aH-a.v,  abscond  it, 
such  &s  H  ndfsht,  I  bidi-  a 
hnrs^*  off  ibT'so.  inoneyralehia, 
children:  dia^.  kcvp  a  puraoa 
hiddfo:  or,  bfso  ItyV  ndlibl. 
I  biu-y  money ;  or,  beildU 
hi  odtKht.  I  conc^  It  uwIpt 
my  blanket,  etc.) 

yATishnil  Oft*i}*tiII,  ji'- 
idtyi^hnt}),  I  i>iit  him  ia,  I 
arn'Kt  hiiiu 

ya'lTnH,  a  (modem)  depoQ 
sheriff. 


PROSTITUTIUX. 

As  a  rule  no  Ucen^io  is  allowed  younsr  ffiri^  prerioiis  ti)  thnr 
niarria};*'.  Married  women  fi'e()uently  offer  thpm.selves  as  tbef 
would  for  a  small  compensation,  tboujfh  less  frequentb'  with  the 
knowUnlffe  of  their  husbands.  Some  parents  offer  their  dau^hten 
to  whiten  in  marriage  and  otherwise. 

yishtqAih  <ntfjfe),  rem  habwr 
cum  muliere. 


nljfln).  n  prostitute. 

khfyA  zezfni.  a  public 
(American)  woman  (as  sef'U  in 
our  towns). 

tfg  ntmhai,  busy  at  nl^fbt. 
the  prostitute. 

a.shjrt  (nf^y.  or  khInhA  s^xT 
(nt'6>.  or  tl"e  nasbi  ine»^,  I 
prtMttitute  myself. 

BshKiM  (oH^liJ^I,  adt^AbUrt). 
I  practice  fornicalioo. 

oshil  (i'i»,  id<«sh1J>.  copn. 
lani  babera. 


Similar  words  an*:  yishUd 
(«^Ued.  deshlHl).  or  aqfiOiRH, 
conjungere;  att(nn»ht<i^  (bM- 
nnlshtqf.  aKfndeshti)I>.  accuni- 
bcre,  or  r|&«tin.'«hKr  U|8tJinA»b- 
Ked,  iiadlnvMhRlJ).  ur  iiadrnHh- 
ch^  ((|udin^«hchA.  igadlne^b- 
chA),  Reorlari,  Rcort&tor. 

nil  tinl-«ihd4i|  (nit  niSdf*l,   lul 
iidesbilil),  rapcre  (miitun). 


SOCIAL  CrSTOMA. 


505 


3AHTATIOX. 

'»prc  do  not  «R]brw  when  mectine  «ach  other,  thonjrh  a 
wing  fluii  i*i  ofu-n  ^*!a  to  t-mbrmce  hU  jfrmy-hurMl  moihtir. 
HHndshakiQK  appears  to  be  quite  ^fii»TBl  al  the  pre.sont  da>', 
whilr  aboriifinally  an  embrace,  or  ■  mere  exehui|rf<  of  grttiitigt 
WHS  the  usual  iona  of  mlutatioD.  Tbe  kin  is  not  traditional, 
but  has  bo«D  boiTow«d  from  tb<>  vhil«s. 

El  WORDS. 

binlUbchTd  (bmshJ^chld,  binftdfj^bchll),  I  embrace  him. 
nlna.<ihchld.  I  embrac4>  you. 
nin&slinl  (nnAs^ol,  nnidpahnO.  I  emhraop  (sqni't>z<>)  yoa. 
■  nzea&Hhcbid  (nz&f^bld,  nsMeahchll).  or  nKT'n&shol  <nz^nl, 
nsMesbnJK  I  embrace,  or  throw  m.v  hands  around  your  neck. 
az&n«htV  <azine«ht'A,  autdfoeshfilt).  t  bim  him. 
nsinsh^i',  I  kiss  you. 
f   niUK^  dtshnf  (nlAKi^  di>shnf.    nl&ttA   dldeshol),    1    touch  your 
huiiil,  shake  hands. 
I  alike  dishtif,  I  shake  liaods  wtLb  him. 

^^    nfll&haDS\  qilflhudzA.  bow  ilu  you  do,  how  are  you  I 


HCARIFIOATION. 


ScarificatioD  ia  practiced  by  so-called  beau  shooters  in  extract- 
IntE  »toae«,  pebbles,  and  tbe  like,  which,  presumably,  have  been 
inJAcf'd  by  w'ittihes.  A  smalt  incision  i>t  made  with  a  piece  of 
bmki'n  iflsAA  and  the  objvctionablti  partide  drawn  out  by  iiuckin£ 
the  wound.      Body  marks  and  tattouinit  are  not  practiced. 


I 

^V  aqfhojiicyAib    (nf^K    he    ift 
viit,  hf  cut  him. 

aq  ft4  hid  iffy  4^8h,  I  am  cut 
a<|Tnftlury^HhUi|irt(irIzh,  aqf- 
^i'mIikI^IiK  I  cut  you. 


WOItDH. 


atl^Ashtfy^h  tMil'fjrlzh,  aqi- 
d4^heiah).  I  out  him. 

tt|6zls,  a  bottle,  piMW  of 
tflus. 

adllgAahi,  a  baan  xhooter. 


ftOfl 


Ay   ETHNOLOGIC  MCTJOSARY. 


Kiick  out. 

aqSishnfl  (Rqfi.v^iill.  ^t^di- 
ycshnft)-  I  t'xtraci,  Ktick  uiil. 

ftntT,  a  witch. 

beMllfrlUhi,  (be  pftrtidp 
injpcti'il  into  thr  .^ihrn. 

nisb^isb  tniihotf^h.  ttdesh- 
gfifth),  I  fihoot  into  .vou. 

adishgfish  (nt'i6K  I  Kbo(}t 
into  him. 


((odfnh^h  inHf^,  br  sboois 
into  bim. 

sbtdishgdith.  h«-  Abix>(]i  inlu 
aie. 

btKe^sbcU  4  biKldai>hciil). 
bod.v  marks,  tattoo. 

yishcW  <nfi6»,  I  n-ddcu 
myself. 

lUliHbrbf  <&<le.shvhl.  i(llil<^b 
cbl),  or  AdeeshW  (tdiids'oi, 
ftdlde«h'nt).  I  iwint  mymrif  ml. 


SMdKING. 

Smoking  is  cnjo.vfd  by  both  men  and  ftom«>n,  and  boys  eartjr 
acquin*  ihi*  tmbit.  Smoking  btfurvs  lun^ely  in  c«>n>iuonie5  in  the 
sbape  of  A  «ncrificial  ciKar«>1te  or  i>ipe.  which  is  liifhted  qym- 
bolically  with  rock  crystal.  Pipes  with  and  without  a  stem  •«• 
mentioned  in  ceremnnies  and  tegendft,  tbottgh  thi'  Navaho.  with 
few  exception.^,  do  not  use  a  piix-.  Inntcoil,  they  smoke  cigw- 
etti^R  niado  of  fort'ij^  tubacco,  wrapped  in  pnprr  or  combusk*. 
Usually  the  Htnoki>  is  inbalnl.  Chewing;,  too.  has  been  intn^ 
duced  very  recently. 


nilf6',  tobacco. 

n&^Asta^,  a  pipe. 

nalUhe6*  (na'ti^O*.  nadush- 
t?a',  or  tideshtfA'),  \  snioki*. 

dibisb)^  (dThflA,  d)d(-.^hb>l». 
1  make  n  ciirarette. 

d4t'«  (d6t?An),  cornbusks. 
ciifarettt:  pup«r. 

n&fo'  diKhtMd  <dma\  df- 

di'shlM]),  I  liifbl  a  ciffarott''. 

nktd"  bil'iscKsi,  ready  nuule. 
bouyht  ciicarett«^ 


WORDS. 

Mljchtlu,  (Spanish  ciinirro\ 
H  ciffar. 

binshfKbiltzhll,  biridcshfl). 
or  biris<lsf  (biJ'^wlsl,  bind*!*- 
dsl),  or  bii'isAJ  (biJ'fyol.  hil- 
ide^AlK  1  iohali>,  I  draw  my 
brrath  <or  Kiiiokt*)  inwanll,v. 

akCd'  ntfls,  (hard   tobaccot. 
pliij;  tobacco. 

nkSt'     yish'£).     1     ch«v 
tobacco. 


HOVUL  CVSTOMti. 


Wl 


THE  TABOO. 


Tho  term  bahftdzid,  "it  is  fi'*red  ur  iiijurioas,"  is  applied  to 
anythiDtc  which  shoiiM  bt'  ivoideil  or  JremleU  as  contrao'  to 
troo«l  tmdition. 

Fisht»  UCt)  Biiii  anitimla  liviiijr  in  whUt  (tqahrU'din^V)  are 
mil  cnteD,  ihuii^h  lb>-  sht-ll  uf  thv  turtk'  (tsiHbi^l  and  eliitHlagliili) 
lit  used  in  iiinkiDe  beads  iyii),  and  tb«  skios  (bakh&ifi)  of  th« 
ottvr  (tqAt>fih)istq1o  [t<i&b4ist(|iu]K  the  beaver  (chB)^  and  of  tb« 
mnskrat  (tiiibd*mft*i).  Arc  iisei)  in  thf  mabe  of  tht-  lu'adj^f^r. 
Ducks  (nil'i^ti}  are  classed  with  tinh.  RggUi  too,  are  not  fica- 
entl.v  Ration. 

CiiHtoni  dopH  nnt  Haoction  whiHtlinjjr  after  dark.  T)k>  sin^nK 
uf  Mitnt>  native  air  takt-s  its  place  and  b:  rEMHuiiriiendcH)  tu  thoee 
ridinif  alone  atter  ilurk.  and  doiii'  in  a  subdued  voice.  DurioK 
till*  8un)nier  months  tb*'  use  of  chants  and  li,vnutA  belon^in^  to 
the  winter  season  is  not  aiutpicioua.  The  cflt*>i  cradle  is  made 
onI,v  in  the  winter  months  when  the  spiders  are  at  rest  Siml* 
larly,  the  gnnie  of  kt^shjj'  (mocraKin  ^raniet  is  consii^nixt  tn  the 
winter  season  wben  (he  originators  of  thv  trame,  the  bear,  (ludtfer, 
porcupine,  etc.,  hibernate. 

The  babAdxid.  or  taboo,  is  also  placed  upon  the  narrative  of 
the  lejfendfl  <lnrinff  the  summer  munlhs.  at  lea>st  of  such  portions 
which  relate  t«i  the  emerirence  and  the  peoples  there,  c^nseijuently 
which  relate  to  the  thunder,  li^^htninf,'',  hawk<),  etc.  Portiims  of 
and  iiaiDtin^M  iiermissible  in  winter  an  elunj^ed  in  the 
summer  to  avoid  the  wrath  of  the  holy  ones.  Similarly,  some 
chants  are  aHsi^iied  tu  the  winter  tuonths  excluj<ively.  the  aeasoD 
upeiunif  usually  after  the  liret  frost.  Tbiv  ia  the  caau  with  tbe 
nig^ht  and  mountain  chantJt.  The  novice  ia,  therefor,  uanalt}' 
taught  durinc  the  Ions  winter  montbi.  Gambling  ceaiieH  during 
ihi'  actual  ceremony,  though  il  Is  |M>rmitt4'd  diirinir  the  intt'rvals, 
excepting  the  ho/.bAji.  One  should  not  >^tep  on  or  walk  uernNs 
a  sand  iwinlintc.  but  walk  around   it  ■funwiiMP'  (iti&l'iKt^iru).  which 


\y  KTUSOLonw  dictionary. 


shunlil  rIso  be  oh^on't^d  in  cntoiinif  or  leaving  tho  hosan  duriun 
an  actual  pprfomuQCo.  A  mDf>  nifrht  ceremony  is  iadcfiniuly 
inlf'rriiplfMl  hikI  |Histpnnivl  upon  nolirc  of  the  (naluinl  or  vioVnl) 
death  of  n  ni'ar  n-Iathe  or  faiiiil.v  member.  Tbe  ilolivrrauw  \A 
a  wife  or  daiiKhtcr  also  iiiternipls  a  chanl.  An  frror  matip  t)y 
the  shaman  in  the  recitation  of  some  of  tbe  pro.vers  make*  tb- 
coDtinuaoce  of  the  ceremony  impoK^ible.  'I*he  ixiti^at  should 
avoid  the  siffht  of  blood  and  the  killinif  of  animals.  A  nta]iki<d 
personiitor  should  not  speak  wbi-n  wearinf;  the  masks. 

Except  in  tbe  ea^e  of  serious  harm  or  fatal  contingency.  « 
lK>ar,  stiakCf  wildcat,  coyoU^  or  eagle  shuiihl  not  bt*  killed,  tbiw 
Hniiimls  being  dispuk'hed  in  other  waA-s.  As  a  rule  a  buar  is  put 
killed  but  avoided.  The  meal  consbtlini;  of  bear  meal  diukI  Iw 
preceded  by  a  ceremony.  Tbe  easrl^  »'**  •ttracted  by  a  hail 
laid  near  a  pit  in  which  the  hunter  was  concealed.  After  pinck- 
ing  it.s  featlu-ra  the  bini  wa>f  n-leased.  A  bait  attached  to  ihi' 
trigger  of  a  rifle  by  a  striug  is  often  used  in  dispatching  thf 
eager  coyote.-  while  the  rattleKnake  is  avoided  or  fanne^l  a'ii<If. 
One  Mhould  never  H]>|ironeh,  much  less  touch  a  carcass  (chlndi)  of 
an.v  kind.  Accordingly,  a  corpse  is  touched  ouly  wbeu  uccesaily 
requires,  and  by  persons  not  betotigiag  to  tbe  ininii-<iiate  r*!*- 
tionnhip  of  the  dectfiastvl.  The  burial  took  place  by  stavMt  »bo 
were  killed  over  the  grave,  together  with  the  best  hone  belong- 
ing to  tbe  deceu^.  The  house  and  some  of  the  personaJ  prop- 
erty of  a  deceaseil  |>en;on  are  destroyed.  Instrument*  uw-d  for 
burial  are  broken  over  the  grave  and  left.  Pols  uud  cookiog 
uleusil*  are  also  destroyed.  The  family  of  tbe  decvasiHj  rvumins 
in  mourning  for  four  days,  abstaining  from  all  unnece^isao 
labor,  visits  and  conversntton.  In  general  a  ror|)8(*  is  dreaded 
anil  not  touched,  and  care  is  taken  to  avoid  the  path  from  the 
hognn  to  the  grave. 

Labor  ceased  during  tbe  eclipse  of  the  sun.  and  travel  was 
usually  interruptetl  during  such  an  occurrence.  Similarly,  the 
household  WAS  aroused  from  sleep  and  the  fussing  of  thr  ecUpM 
of  the  moi>n  wntchiKl  in  sili'uce. 


SOCiAl.  ffSTOM.s. 


fiOft 


A  form  of  tbe  Uhou.  liiil  which  in  .suiiii;  sbapeN  U  ilisHppear- 
iuir,  iiiitfht  be  dL«crtbed  as  tht*  feiir  of  ereod,  Wbile  tb^  char- 
iUbie  person  Uv4>s  to  a  good  ulJ  ast>.  tbu  miser  and  boarder  of 
woaltli,  who  are  not  open  to  better  promptines,  are  usually  vis- 
itifl  with  misfortiint'.  Tbo  ■■xiirt'ssion,  uUrxhnl'Iltl,  wonhl  seem 
to  siKnif^'  /tf  hfoptfti  con/ittuoH/th/,  aad  is  applit-d  to  ihf  inorJi- 
nate  etv(<i\  for  wealth,  ptisei'ssious.  family  increajtc,  weatinj;,  and 
iinint<>rrupled  chantinj;.  As  a  rule,  therefor,  the  chantt^r  per- 
foriiiei)  ihu  linzbftji.  or  benitltotion,  for  himself  in  lbi>  summer 
so  tliat  he  mijrht  perform  mnn.v  rites  throiit;hoMt  thi'  winter, 
when  he  affnin  performs  the  same  rite  for  protection  in  the  sum- 
nier.  Good  authorities  would  have  it  that  the  hjnnhet  known  an 
hnirhnftritQl.  or  the  slit-weave,  was  occasionally  woven  to  prevent 
the  okeiiro.  or  overdone  M'euvintf. 

liiterniarriaifc  between  closely  related  cUnsmen.  as  also  cohabi- 
tation with  members  of  reiat<>d  rianft,  is  not  permitted. 

The  bant,  if  it  is  to  be  successful,  should  be  conducted  accord* 
injT  iw  prescribed  ceremonial  custom. 

WARN  I  NO. 

A  journey  In  fnMiuently  omitttxl  or  postponed  owinj;  to  the 
belchinif  or  noise  of  the  trachea,  the  nuiNe  or  the  ringinf;  of  the 
ear,  all  of  which  are  omens  of  misfortune.  From  the  fullowinir 
expressions  it  wuiild  appear  that  they  are  ascribed  to  tbe  iofliienca 
of  the  spirit'  ill  the  nether  worlds. 

Kifih.  K&Mh.  it  la  frroumi,  ffronndl 

shidolKAxh.  (I  am  boini;  ground),  a  notne  in  tbe  trachra. 
doHhtnida,  do-Khfnida,   I  ha\'ii  no  deaire,  (tesire!  or,  chintll 
t4)lLli  do  shfnid&fi,  I  have  no  denire  to  iro  to  hidl. 

shichf'dutiiil".  a  noUe  in  my  nose;  shij<*  dolKfs,  my  ear  ring*. 


TRANSPORTATION. 

Previous  to  the  introduction  of  the  wa^n  loada  were  carriod 
on  the  horoe,  or  on  ottv'^  own  back,  roetbods  which  are  larirely 


filU 


srHfiotX 


rioNAJtr. 


in  use  to-ilii,v.  The  burd<>n  is  iisiia]l.v  lafthcd  to  tbe  rrarof  tfap 
Roddle,  or  is  sdjiisttol  on  tbe  hnrsf.  or  t)urrti  after  thi>  imanrr  of 
pack-MiiliIlcs.  OfcasiotiBlly  Ibi-  Niivaho  inrr.v  stotiu  ami  tinibet 
on  their  tMirks,  thu  loti'l  rt'Stiusf  iip«}D  the  loins,  Ihe  bod.r  bpot 
well  forwanl.  At  itttu^  a  Alinff  Ik  niad*^  of  tb>>  Maoket  and  itw 
bundle  rarried  fiver  tbe  forehead  ur  chest,  in  which  fashioo,  Im>, 
tbe  women  tisiialty  carr>'  tbe  wicker  b<itlle.  A  I'arr^'injt  franv. 
winsinicted  for  teiinmrar.v  iiw  in  thi-  early  dnys.  is  now  scarwiy 
remembered,  as  tbe  carryinc  basket,  or  bead  bair  (tslxis).  wv 
more  convenient.  The  temi'oniry  carryinir  b&<^k*'t,  made  of 
eoatskiu.  for  coIU'ctinff  yucca  fruit,  has  been  referred  to  *1»- 
where,  while  thr  mode  of  onrrylnj;  infant^  is  fully  explainM  in 
tbe  article  on  the  cradle.  The  use  of  the  ivagon,  too,  and  niti^f 
wnnln  referring  to  transportation,  will  be  foimd  under  Ihisiml 
the  other  releMint  litlBs  just  nieationed.  TnuiS{>ortatiun  hy 
water  has  been  m('utiorie<l  iti  the  lint  of  word.^  referrion'  to  water. 
At  present  the  Xavaho  are  eniployixl  in  hauling;  frt'ijfbl.  car- 
ryinjf  United  States  mail,  as  couriers,  etc.,  and  are  iLsually  willing 
to  imdertake  anytbin((  for  which  horse  or  wa^oo  m*,v  be  of 

aervice- 

* 

y}»bcliil  (nithcUU,  de>chcUil),  I  leap,  I  pack  wood  under  tn.v 
arm;  q^shchfi'  (qfnshchA,  qfdesbchn),  T  curry  it  walking.  tK 
(sin  hehe.thcliA',  1  carry  a  loj;  bt'low  my  arm. 

naltsiAs  nay^he,  a  mail  carrier.  Fur  other  words  referring  ta 
tranportaion  cf.  Wa^on,  Modem  Tmplenienl*:,  etc. 


WEEPING. 

l*ain.  miHf<u*tuue,  and  Kometiuieji  joy.  eauRP  wrcpinjp.  The 
Kick  weep  for  pain.  and.  >tiuiiUrly.  team  are  .shed  at  the  dt-atb  oi 
a  friend  or  relative.  The  lass  of  a  child  is  a  source  of  imm  am* 
weeping  to  a  mother  long  after,  whereas  the  nuTliDi;  of  agnl 
parents  and  childrt>ii  after  a  long  absence  brinjr*  forth  imrH  erf 
genuine  joy. 

yiMhcbft'  (ylchS'.  deslic-bft').  1  wifp. 


SOCIAL  rVisTOMs. 


61  ( 


I 


ait£.shchfl'  (nfife).  1  weep  ooRtiiiuoiii!il.v,  loiKlly. 

(snUshch*  <tsl  M^cUi*.  IslMeshchi').  I  ww|i  fretiiuotb'. 

cbiilisbwA  (chA«lJ^sh»i.  chAdidt^shw^),  I  whloe. 

chddllwA,  he  wliinvH. 

nchil(li.<)f  (nfhil<H*si.  nrhfiflii]<^sl),  I  sob. 

dish'nf  (n^ipt,  I  jfrouo. 

WmSTIJNO. 


WhistlitMF  altmclis  the  <ipiritit.  kdcI  is  therefor  avoiflpd  aft«r 
(lark.  Othcr"is<'.  too,  it  is  not  ifrncmlly  in  vo^riii'.  Popular 
airs.  Iiiki'ii  from  well-known  rhnnl.s,  an>  tistiall.v  siihstititli-f),  Btid 
nix*  fn>qiiL>ntl.v  bnrnniiMl  on  tlii>  ri'tiirn  honif  aftor  ilurk. 

Whb^Uiotf  is  done  at  tb(>  war  daoce,  however,  ami  a  whi^^lW 
for  lh»  purpose  of  imtlAtinj;  thf  cry  of  the  easlo  U  in  uw  at  the 
bend  chant,  while  anotlMT  is  prt'srrihod  for  th<>  witch  chant 
^hncliAji).  The  nncimi  rustoin  of  timing  the  f^rinding  of  com 
at  th(>  war  danei*  by  mrtans  of  a  Huti'  mttAc  of  tht^  Htalk  of  the 
sunflower,  and  provided  with  four  keys,  in  niBntioneil  ba  a  tradi- 
tion only.  The  whiBtlu  in  nsi>  at  the  beud  chant  is  niad<>  of  tht* 
Ipk  bone  of  a  jack-rabbit  killed  by  an  eaifle.  Thi.s  b*  spliced,  and 
romovinff  the  marrow,  n  piece  of  the  inner  car  of  the  jaok-rabbit 
bi  laid  between  the  two  pieces  of  bone  and  wound  with  Mnew. 
When  dry  th**  whi»ttl<^  pnxltiroR  a  ithrill,  pieiTinjr  ^oiind. 


WORDS. 


IiMhOI  (liltxAl.  fdldesAl).  I 
w  lii^tlc. 

uA'UHitA  I  iki'IiI^mA.  liA'idl- 
AfsA),  I  whistle. 

dllnl'.  a  flute. 

dadllriln^ie.  they  itsed  to 
)>lu.v  the  lliite. 

AdfdlAt.  the  llnte. 

Adi<«btAI  (adUdl.  ad[def<h}6n. 

I  pta.V  the  flute. 


ndlyfli,  suafiowcr  (ittalk  of 
about  un  arm*ii  lenirth,  witli 
four  hok-s  for  key*). 

befrtiUtji,  or  al»i'  zAi,  the 
whiHtle.  vtkglv  whiMtle,  lued 
in  the  head  cliant. 

athA'xdl  be'^dtHhnf  IbeiVlfnid. 
bei'*dldesb'nfl>.  1  call  with  the 
whi<!tl»  <«t  the  beail  or  witch 
chant). 


51S 


AN   HTUlfOLOOJC'  DWTIONABY. 


gA'tfio  bikhftzlKixli.  jack- 
rabbit  tilna. 

gA'lso  bijiS,  tho  inner  iiart 
of  the  ear  lobe  of  iack-rabbit. 

UId  alUiA'dtallzbOzb,  tbe 
bone  spliced  into  with  a  knife. 

ahqAMlnishAsb  (aUqA'df- 
nTshOHh,  attq^'dineahtishK  1 
splice  vertically  (with  a  knife). 

Similarly,  aHqA^diniiibdlfid 
{aHqAMInildlad,  ahqA'diti^h- 
diftl),  I  tear  vertically. 

aHqA*d!DJshn<^'  (altqAMl- 
Bfhi6\  aHrifl'dlDi^hnm,  I  fell 
it  in  two  with  a  knife. 


aNq&Mfnishkbl)  (altiiUVll 
uUkbal.  aJtqiMin^bkU&l),  I 
chop  it  in  two. 

alKfDishAsh  ( allUnUh&ch. 
aIl£Idin6»hAsh).  1  splice. 

a]KlnlKlm.V(alK1ni)n«\  aUO^ 
dtnejibnll).  1  splice. 

altUnishkhril  ( alKtmlkhil, 
alkidfneshkb&l).  1  aplice. 

aiklnishdlml  { slEfnUdl&d, 
afkidfiK^shdUtK  I  splice  (irart 
in  two. 

naidfso  (nffb),  or  idiKhal 
InVA),  I  hum  a  tune. 


^       IKDEX.              ^^^^^^^^^H 

■   AiiAutNK.  tRk  Ml.  sn.  va.  410.  im.  mi. 

AnlRulii.Mcrcd  DAOMMof.  ITIrf  Mff.                           ^^^| 

■     AMamcn,  dlicase  of.  Iti. 

Aolnwi  Uhm.  3b;.  «a  sa.  4i»                                ^^H 

I     AlwrUun.  K.  «U 

AnLW.                                                                              ^^m 

■     Mrtitin.  no. 

Ani  P«opl«.  MT.  HA.                                                                 ^^M 

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Anl.  *irallDwlD<of.  IM.                                                   ^^^H 

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Aniliill  Sir  Wt                                                                ^^H 

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AnUi^-i.  V?tf.                                                                         ^^H 

AnUdQte.  MB.                                                                     ^^H 

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AnilEn  (TS.                                                                       ^^H 

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Apai-bcs  of  Mavato.  M,  M.                                          ^^H 

^^HEm  bi  war.  or. 

.ipAvUns  /Mfimlitlwm   IM                                                     ^^H 

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AptoiWVf.  HI.  III.                                                                 ^^^1 

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JjrfojjupinM  /«Miofito«».  IM.                                                  ^^^H 

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Apoplexr    IIM.                                                                           ^^H 

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A|>parrl .  Mt                                                                               ^^H 

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Appctllc  f*.                                                                             ^^H 

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Apple   IM                                                                          ^^1 

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Ap|)r«BUr«1ilp.  IS.  l*iL                                               ^^H 

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Apiicut.  igs.                                                                ^^H 

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J^milMHtJ.].  W.                                                             ^^H 

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.«raM«.  lirT.                                                                         ^^H 

£r«Um  rananmnU.  IBT.                                                               ^^^| 

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<fe«Mi  AMftwW.  1V7.                                                         ^^H 

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Arbltnuon.  Mo.                                                        ^^H 

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1                                              ^^B 

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'•aha.  no.                                                      ^^H 

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i^i  Imeuurr)  n,  HA                                    ^^^1 

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Armw  iiianr.  SIK.                                                         ^^H 

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mu  1              n  191.  ua                                            ^^H 

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Arrun    .                    IW                                                               ^^^1 

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Arrow  «it-3lKbiencr  >IA                                                 ^^^1 

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^^H 

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111  Hit  tu                                                             ^^H 

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Aapen. ».  iw                                                              ^^M 

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AMAMin  Mil.  ua.                                                        ^^H 

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AM«r.  iri  Ilk  IM.  4«.                                                ^^H 

AM. 

4|iif  MnncfiM,  m.                                                                  ^^^H 

At! 

3gi«Mfu<.  IM.  IM.                                                                   ^^H 

An:                                           i^^Hlor   IM 

jiitBliiri;r,  O.  ni.  »L                                                     ^^H 

A"  .                                        1.1    »H 

JMnMoinv  a                                                  ^^^1 

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ffiiJMiiiiir  III  r  ail.  IB  Ml.                                       ^^B 

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HftTTT"""  U'                                                    ^^H 

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mVSNPi  ISk                                                                                ^^^^H 

A'K                            -1 

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Anniat.BH                                                            ^^M 

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Aniuiiin.  .>  71                                                                  ^^^H 

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Angri.  tin. 

A*l  vtiani.  IM.                                                                  ^^^H 

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AiLec   lit.                                                                          ^^^1 

Ainre  Man  aad  Wonaa.  tbt.                                        ^^^M 

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B:>  :  :  :•  tl4.  9«  MOiBi.sn.  4tl. 

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uukvt.  i7i.ma.aM>f««>9.  mulMi.w;.  itT- 

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7111.301. 

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^^^^B                CaitlcntsInK,  IsrSM 

<_'hirl>-atiu«  •  Altar tt«.  tIT.               ^^H 

^^^^B                Cauac  of  dl»(-a«r.  M&  JK. 

(.'bilirdhua'Apacttc  rlMI.  tfl.       ^^^fl 

^^^^H                 (VnnofAtM,  m. 

('biiicabua-JkiiacAr  wind  rbaatl^^H 

^^^^B              ctdar.  11.  flo.  tw.  ao.  st.  3ta  «&  mt.  nr. 

^^^^I               Ccaarasb«B.aD&ias.iOT,*R>sti. 

«6.                                                             ^^H 

^^^^B               C«Ubacr. ««. 

cbokc  cbMTT,  nr.  ti  i.  tN.           ^H 

^^^B            ctUi.wn. 

Chronic  dl»eai>c  m                      ^^H 

^^^^B                 CViuAnM  MMtitln.  191. 

Ctiuska  Kftncv.  Si.                        ^^B 

^^^^H                 CcnauR. 

^^B 

^^^^^B                 CCRier  of  nnb  atid  »kv.  3^  M. 

Ci«mttc.  «.  IM.  tia.  am        ^^^^H 

^^^H               CcoUpedc.  I«ft  I7t: 

Ciiuh. )«.  ftfL                   ^^^H 

^^^^^1                 C^ntttvm  anrmK.  IM. 

ciocti  bur.  leB,                     ^^^H 

^^^^^1                 ftrf»fgrTHM  parrt/»Hv».  IH.  m 

cinch  loom.  M».                      ^^^^M 

^^^^^B                 C«r«inoiilal  bukei  (»•«  buket).  cn. 

Clif'lv  farm.  M.  Xk>                ^^^^B 

^^^^H                   Orrmonlzl  halta.  »&.  34). 

Ciri'lenf  branct>e*.  SB            ^^^^^B 

^^^^^H                 Oercmontal  farm.  ML 

Clrclr  of  time,  »                                         I 

^^^^^H                    Oerunonlil  (raai-ins,  SM. 

ruirm. » 

^^^^^B                 CrrcnunUI  buKiin.  IK  IS.  Ml 

^^^^H                 Ucrcmontal  timttbcmnlla.  Sn.  sa.  9B. 

aaa.Bt.at  i»4f<«*«..aD.MLM.«> , 

^^^^^B                 CeremonUl  tiulators.  StI 

Clan  aailatloD.  l>«.                              1 

^^^^B                Ccr«inonr.  a&  ra.  lOB.  in.  ut.  I8D.  ML  M. 

Clan  rWttL  itr.  «t  OI.                ^^ 

^^^^B                 sn.  ia<.iB«.]HiiM. -uawT.  an. 

Claninaa.  MB.  4Sii. «.  «a.           ^H 

^^^^H               Ccrctnonr.  cloac  of.  hb. 

Claai>-kntf  c  )««.                      ^^^H 

^^^^^1                 CcrcnwDV  for  Hocan.  aft. 

Claw.  411.  It;.                         ^^^H 

^^^^^B                 CVKtnunr  povipoDcfl.  II. 

Claw  dance.  V«.                    ^^^H 

^^^^^B               Ccrcmonr  nupendc^l.  3)0. 

Clar. «».  K3.  in.  Mil  Bft        ^^^H 

^^^^^1                 Orreinonr.  ilrae  (or.  MS. 

Clay  nwon.  »a.                     ^^^H 

^^^^H                  C*mu.  mpecl/tmot.  IKI.  IM. 

Clay  tttb««,  sn.                      ^^^H 

^^^^^B                 Cbanire  In  crr«tiionr,  SW. »:. 

CinnllRVM^  llD.lHei               ^^^^B 

^^^^^H                 Cbanse  of  domicile,  m  UT 

m\                              ^^^^H 

^^^^^H                 Cluiuie  of  uane.  tl9. 

VimttMt  UamM/olla.  MT          ^^^H 

^^^^^M               Oiaiwlnx  Woman.  1B&  4f;. 

^^^^H               Cbant.  SB.  flS.  li»,  ih.  im  wr.  Mi.  mi  Out. 

cim  dweller,  u  m  mt               ^H 

^^^^fl                 Chant  Ircendi.  Ml.  Ml.  tH. 

nindw«ll«n'  w^atcr.  Wl.            ^^B 

^^^^^U                 Ctaani  Itnlnent.  Mr/  mv. 

riifldwriunr  «a.                     ^^B 

^^^^H                 Chant  Ibdrr.  ML 

i!lia  moaaton.  Wk                 ^^^H 

^^^^H                 Cliani  mth  and  wlibituc  m^.ML 

ciinroM.  ItT.                      ^^^H 

^^^^H                Cham  with  mashed  penonator.  Wb. 

CUB-TOW  barb.  ITU,  «k         ^^^^B 

^^^^^B               Chanter  {»n  stimr.  ahamani,  sn.  Kv. 

i.'lltnaie.  1^.                            ^^^^H 

^^^^H                Chainurat  jar  lOl. 

I'lHiiJil'' '  h;ui(«,  U.               ^^^^^H 

^^^^H                Chaiit>ed  tiaad.  luo. 

Cl<x  k.  W.  TTO.                               ^^^H 

^^^^^B                Character,  ft. 

Cloor  of  remnooT.  K  STL  Xit^^H 

^^^^1                Cbarcmtl,aB.mSTi.«&WI. 

UO.  Ml.                                    ^^B 

^^^^H               Charcoal,  llsbtnlni  atnicfc.  tot. 

CloMd  rin  on  Imakn.  Ma.  M:,  Mj^^ 

W    Close  10  waicr  people,  m. 

COmboeUe.  ba 

H 

1      CloUws.HI.15T.  (B. 

Oonvcake.  an.  at.  HL 

^^^^1 

■    Cloihins  a  coipae.  ttS. 

ODmcolkMS. 

^^^1 

■  aood. «».«». 

Com  bDsklDff.  104. 

^^^^1 

r  oood  esoci.  «&  n.  «•,  na.  tt>. 

OomaMl.  Uft  ft  Jwf. 

^^^H 

aown.  »79.  3IR.  ML 

OomiDcal  «nwL  (M. 

^^^H 

CtoiHkiiKe.  111. 

Oomiaeal.  tprlnkllDc  of.  3*>.  *i^ 

^^^M 

II      CWnM  .V««-Xfiri««nHu.  IM. 

Com  people.  (M. 

^^^H 

Coal.  ai. «. «,  00.  m 

Corn  ptih.  MS. 

^^^H 

CoaX  •arttiem,  m 

Com  pollen  (••■•  pollvn).  UL 

^^^^1 

CkmtMD. 

Com  wbUkcF.  tlT.  «IB. 

^^^^M 

OoclUcbtir.  1t&  180. 

Corus.  1  Ifl. 

^^^^M 

OoeonlBo,  m. 

CoriMr,  118.  US. 

^^^H 

Oodr  ot  alitDAia.  OT. 

oomL  u.  isT.  m.  aao.  nk 

^^^H 

Oollee.  *M. 

Comi  ducc.  8S6. »».  an.  4A 

^^^^1 

Oofleemlll.  nnt. 

Oorrml  medlclDe,  iiB. 

^^^^1 

CoRee  |>l»Dt.  IS. 

Oemu  ntc.  as.  NS,  474. 

^^^1 

Oobabiiatlon.  90t. 

CorTiM.a. 

^^^^M 

Cplleil  b.i»k«t.  tM. 

C'orinMfa  aurM.  Ill,  iM. 

^^^H 

Com.  M.  TTO.  Tt.  »\  wo.  Ml. 

Cotd.%.  ll«.Ml. 

cxwiDoicDar.  A- 

^^^1 

Oustume.  M?  lo  tan. 

^^^^M 

roitivUr*.  IM. 

COIIOD.  m.  TTL 

^^^H 

Cultc.  U* 

Outumuilt.  111. 

^^^^1 

Collar  3an.  lis,  ISA. 

Ootu>Dwoo<i.)i.n.<tt.«s.  >«.  iH  tn. 

til.              ^^M 

Oollir-bonc  of  mean.  tTS. 

«a.  •& 

^^^H 

CWmwAo.  IIDl 

Cowb.  Ml.  «T. 

^^^H 

Otinr.  IB^Mw..  W,  Tl   in.  UT.  IM.  ITl.  IM. 

Council.  An. 

^^^^1 

mSl  tns.  OK  as.  MX  a»i.  SM, ».  'W4.  WB. 

Oountcra.  7T.  tm. «. 

^^^H 

iia  tu.  wi.  MO. 

OOUOUnc.  TT.  in,  MO.  «!.  «!■.  «L 

^^^^1 

Coluinas  of  IWbt.  a& 

OouTler.  WT.  &ia 

^^^H 

Oonunctie,  MB.  ML  ITfc  OB. 

ODW.M. 

^^^^1 

vommdn  poOUv.  iM. 

OMMMla  JfoicaM.  m. 

^^^H 

Conb.  7k  Ml.  HI.  •«.  09.  ««• 

Cow  dune.  M& 

^^^H 

C>«iDet.«V 

Cowlkk.  Ml 

^^^^1 

Cknnpu*  (m«  cardlna]  poioui). 

Coyotv.  tt.  M.  as.  i«x  in.  tm  S1>.  Ml. 

^^M 

Compomiloa  of  alncn.  3K>.  M- 

»3>.  MX  tift.  4M. 

^^^H 

CmnpleUiic  t  circle.  «M. 

Corote  cluni.  Sfll.  3ia.  IM.  M(- 

^^^H 

rvKwoWfw.  ll».  in.  IM. 

Ooyotc  (luni  cgulpincni.  4M. 

^^^H 

COI>L'll.»l, 

CQrotr.  killltiii  of.  tea 

^^^^1 

Ooni  bi.  eii.ait 

Ooyote  invOI<'ln«.  «M 

^^^1 

OonroMruvr.  tM 

Ooirole  of  tlir  wfmX.  IKI 

^^^^M 

OonttdeiK-c.  fid. 

Oo  JOtr  «Diokc,  MS. 

^^^^M 

GonAaenurnt.  lOT.  III. 

Ooroto'B  (uther  (coDsUllatton).  tl 

^^^^M 

ConBnemcnt  medlcloc.  110. 

Oorou'M  Miar.  M.  IB. 

^^^H 

(lonlcal  ttocao.  SH.  VX 

Oradle.  «T  #1  M«. 

^^^H 

Uofilfcr.  aa. 

OrwHe^bond  loom.  MA 

^^^^1 

^■kutwsl  adelttr  lU.  M». 

Oradle.  mode  of  carnrlnc.  ni. 

^^^H 

^^^bMBVUiUty.  10.  IK.  -at.  lai.  «H  •!  MV. 

OnUDP.  tlL 

^^^H 

^bBMrrattHB.  »i. 

cnuic.  1W.  in. 

^^^^1 

CURMIUtlofL  39.  tt.  ■■.  Mil  W. 

Craoc  bUl.  m. ««. 

^^^H 

OOBStlVttUon.  IW. 

Cnsy.m 

^^^H 

Oancu-aciltm  ot  tauk.  Ul 

cr«»tloD.n& 

^^^^M 

OmuclouincMof  dlMsav.  m. 

Creation  o(  clao*.  Oh  itn. 

^^^H 

Oonirmpi.  Itt.  «M.  MX 

Crealloo  of  Ban.  IM. 

^^^^H 

Oontenu  ot  tnedlrlne  puurb.  lOB,  9«f, 

creation  of  sun, «. 

^^^^^^1 

Oootrlvanrv.  mudrrn.  tm.  IMl 

Orcator,  SL 

^^^^^^1 

CoRTcrBilloa.  too. 

Creator  of  all  UiIiwb.  Ma 

^^^^1 

OooklnK-  Xt.1 

OrwdnlUT.  los- 

^^^^1 

cmiLinM  t>->>-  tn^tn. wm. 

□r«»c«nt.  tL 

^^^^1 

Cooking  titenatt*.  tl&  •(•. 

Crcru   Its. 

^^^H 

IXruacujL  470. 

(*nbi>rorli.an. 

^^^^1 

Ooofwra  bs«k.  taa 

cruiwt.  lae. 

^^^1 

Odotmt.  m.  fH.  m  fi*.  hi.  hh. 

OrtBM.tN.Hai 

^^^^1 

CdtverlMaA.  in.  isi.  ny  «&. 

CilBaaa.n. 

^^^^M 

OopulAiioB  Dliiarr.  III. 

omaano. 

^^^H 

UonJ  bead  m. 

OTdH  of  Iiullcn.  IW.  tIB. 

^^^H 

Oonl.  ML  ML  Ma  sntL  na 

CronbeaM. «.  «fc  ML  HI. 

^^^^1 

CtorArfciiUw  naiMfiM.  lU.  tsa. 

croawBlc.  tm. 

^^^H 

OMU  tSO.  KM.  Kft.  tU  «  Mg..  «D.  ■!.  MT. 

Omi  aillch.  Mt. 

^^^H 

«T.  fW 

CVvMa  Hanwi*.  lia 

1 

B 

J 

^^H          618                   ^^^                                   ^^^^^^^H 

^^^H            Orow.  tW.  171 

r>T                .r  mir^aala  SP  3ft     ^| 

^^^H           Crow  Mti. 

ir                .  f  poticry  a«  xcsK  ^H 

^^^^H              Ontw  lc4ibifr*  (I'll.  lit.  «AI   M( 

'!  prarcmick  na        ^^M 

^^^^1              Cnw'aral. 

OstvrauiiD  ul  r4i'.i--                         ^^B 

^^^H              CnKlblp.Ka.  NT. 

Oeeorailonnf  •bicici                       ^^M 

^^^H              Cr^et/tr.^)y 

DccvrjUOD  lit  vpa;«l    tv                     ^^B 

^^^H              Oninil>le  XH.  «D. 

Uei-orum   is>.  HT.                              ^^M 

^^^H              Cktipi-cr 

Dci-orliur.  4'B.                                 ^^1 

^^^^H             Onuixsl  tMueri'  m 

D«^ll<:«u-}D>.-l  rioon   n^  mi           ^^M 

^^^^B             Cnsbnl  laliAw.  tia. 

DciIlrarl.itiufm41.II     «H   ^«           ._^^B 

^^^^B           ctmwiIk  aitfflfiM.  li*. 

ticpt   i^<   1"          "--  -i^-   ^  '^i^^l 

^^^^H             C^nwto  n^«.  IK 

Dvrr  ■                                            ^^^^B 

^^^H               CutmrMta.tm 

tWrr                                                          ^^^^B 

^^^H             ORditeed.  Ilk  \t&. 

Urrr                                                 ^^^H 

^^^^m            Canal  m.  ts7. 

^^^H 

^^^H            Oop.  no. ». 

Ocui  '■                              ^^^^H 

^^^H             rorrAai,  iM.  IW  Sil.  IM  M3 

li^pt-iiuMin  *                                                ^^^H 

^^^H             CbthIiui,  *u. 

DcllKcranr'-                                      ^^H 

^^^H               Cart.nln.  AM.  at  4I&  *&B. 

Deman^l                       ■>"           ^^^^H 

^^^^M                 Cuania  wMMJtfto.  187. 

DaDwr.i'                                   ^^^^H 

^^^H            cuaiom.  41.  no.  Mu.  m   s%>.  ».  s»  aw. 

D«ncR"i"Tu  -'  n              ^^^^H 

^^^^m              wti.Ki.  491.  w  1-A  tt!  m  iw  in  iw 

DctMtfi-si.  sn.  iix  «M  n:  tia.«I^H 

^^^H                      ISL  MO.  UB  (4  *(«. 

Dcpualt  In  gnxc.  l^8.                     ^H 

^^^^H                 PfWpfJWw.  MP. 

DrpiMllof  pr.i]rcr»tiik  »i  -nr       ^H 

Dei'i^inoBuf  >-tiU-t*,  *a-                  ^H 

^^^H               DaiC.«Wmv..M4- 

DarMiKcmcni.  meni-ii  tii'               ^^| 

^^^^H               DamMTG  to  properly,  4>* 

Dc*ertr<l  boran.  Ski-                            ^^| 

^^^H            DftDcar.  aott  nw.  »h,  iu. 

Dcaim   Tl.  n.  CST  Sift  SU.  a&'  K    ^H 

^^^H             Dftwlnc.  a»  3Tt .  STK,  aaf. 

OcaUo  <jt  lM»k*t.  St                       ^^1 

^^^^H               IMncllW  porcupine  anlll.  S7>  4IU 

Dnlvn  in  alircr  9TT,  9U,  an           ^^| 

^^^^H                Oftadnc  nlKic  SS. 

De»irti>  iiiin  nf  bocaii  W.       ^^^^B 

^^^H               D&odruff.  107, 1 13 

Dew.  «i.                                  j^^^H 

^^^H              Dark.  M.  r«  M  offM. 

Dlavmnal  wmtk,  SM.               ^^^^^I 

^^^^H              Dark  cloiMl.  tb. 

Oianondfbaiic.  n.s«i-          ^^^^H 

^^^B              Uu-k  Bvk.  it;. 

DiamoiHl  vreare.  aa                ^^^^H 

^^^H              Ouk  Ice.  Hi. 

DiarrtHM.  tat                           ^^^H 

^^^H               0«rk  llffht,  MX  iO. 

tiK'v  sti  Ski,  nu.                   ^^^H 

^^^^1              Uuk  mirare.  II. 

D(>-«  tfaaie  of  uAM.  kli                ^^I 

^^^H             Dukmin-M. 

Dlccffanieof  MLrtc  .wt.      ^^^M 

^^^^B             Dark  now,  iTt. )~ 

Die.  iroa  $7)1  an                  ^^^M 

^^^^H              Dark  tbuDder.  n. 

I^^^H 

^^^H                Dark  wUti.  M. 

Dtmenclou  of  bocaa.  an          ^^^^H 

^^^H                Dark«orld.t&.TS.Mt, 

D)ttiMUt"ii  nf  •uil4<nrr.  ail           ^^H 

^^^B                narkitM*,  B&ISI  )!•.>& 

trio*  makmUimi,  a»                                ^^M 

^^^H                Dirkneu  Mui.  kU.  KB. 

Dti>hthrrta    IdTv'av*.    III.                ^H 

^^^^H                  IlarWncM  Womui.  M. 

Dl|>|Kr.  vn.                                            ^^H 

^^^^H                  Oaiur^  Mtramoaian.  nt. 

Dipiniu  -Mr^Mg,                        ^^^^^H 

^^^H             Dawn,  n  S8.  aa,  S&.  m  sw.  m.  an. 

DIlnnliK  allfvll.  Bla.llk            ^^^^^H 

^^^H              Dawn  rmbcr.  M. 

/iii'irr-.i  im                          ^^^HH 

^^^B               Dawa  Man,  >M.  asi,  HB. 

»ll-r<  '                    -•>.    I*T   »u   mW 

^^^^H              Dawn  Wonao.  W*.  SB. 

tin                    LM  «a  n 

^^^^B               Da;  ana  nlclii.  Uutttuikn  «1.  ml 

mcc<.;,  ..-.  .^^...luDsat.  u<r«*«^^^ 

^^^H                Daylli[tiI.>N.W. 

Dirvi'tion  iron  And  wlih  ibr  «^^H 

^^^^^K                Day       ititi  we«k.  M  H  fv. 

BUTl'WlM'  37.                                      ^^1 

^^^^H               Day.  prUKipal  paru  of.  in  a* 

Uln  (Evm  tbc  Beid   4l>'.                  ^^M 

^^^^B                Days  at  mtaantaa.  4M. 

ttlt^iVtMv                                                     ^^M 

^^^H               DeafiMw.  tor.  lU. 

ULkiqsiu^  "nr  •  nawiv   lai             ^^| 

^^^^1                 D«;tili.  Ii»  I(Wl 

DlKaor    Kii  im  3M  sai  i;ft  i«    ^^1 

^^^H                   Dcalb  line   iM  4U. 

DUEakc    mul«ro.  Iirl_                         ^^U 

^^^^^1                 De-4111       it  warrior  IS- 

UlMaarorbonte  Ua                       ^H 

^^^^H                Duili  of  thrMin  an<l  otixiH 

DlHmc«.«n                              ^H 

^^^^B                DcrrmlMrr.  U. 

Dbtic*.  iia                              ^H 

^^^^H               Decimal  ■Tateni.  IB. 

lii«k  in                                     ^H 

^^^^B               DecoraUoB.  aw. 

DtHk  ■tlrer  S0                                    ^^1 

^^^^H               DecoraUoD  of  arrow,  ii*. 

olH>at<niiitf  arrow  Bimr  «t  STtt.^H 

^^^^B               Dcmrniloii  of  cap.  *ei. 

DtopMlilun.  M.                            ^^M 

^^^^H               DeooratluDuf  cradle,  tn^ 

OUVKWHi'H)  (if  mcilinnr  iHwh  ^^H 

^^^^B               DworaUon  of  trar*.  (M. 

uinmw.  lai.                            ^H 

^^^^B               Diooraiion  of  bowan.  an. 

Dlsrcflpect  m.                            ^^B 

^^^^B               Decocatlon  of  makfc.  IM.  Mi  w  •*v.,  m. 

piamwiw  ii»                     ^^^^B 

IXIWX. 


519 


BS.  IM.M3. 
;.  73.  74. 
M. 

trouhle.  tO».  lis. 
on.  365.  410. 
>r.  374.  sax 

ta.  character  of.  346.  mh. 
M,  indaeDi-e  of.  loCi. 

of  lower  worlds.  35. 

of  property.  4.% 
.  4S3.  449. 

IS.  i(je. 

I.S33. 

187.  !1(). 

eed.  ItT,  tW,  360.  41«. 
:.  437. 

ft  ffV:  175.  SIS,  &1.  411.  490 

.44. 

r.  38.  332.  330.  380. 

\gare.  VS. 

;:lan  names.  437,  4HJ 

diamond  UKare.  ^'ij. 

llvlne  Klft.  4.VI. 

row  of  wblte  leuih  (ma^k),  ^M-'i. 

square  (flBuret.  i-'ii. 

weave,  SM. 

il  (l;in.  43*. 

S-li,  3.17. 

fiMthercortt,  ti3  iKi, 

weavi;.  !44.  St-V 

toftfnmi.  IR7. 

Dj-.  Ifi7. 

shead  (ftuM.  mi. 

re.  31. 

I.  71.  S71I, 

316,  .150.  S7».  rn]!, 

Bl.  39a.  4(r7.  4U(t.  kW>. 

r  herbs,  41*.  417. 

1[  of  irane  hi  IN  (riTi-inmn  '    1  •■ 
.1,  ^17,  aiH.  437. 
K  sii|i|il)'.  40. 

K   VL-KMCt,  319. 

iirratn.  W.W. 

IIK. 

i.">. :«.  .VI, 

lit   M. 

ic-is.  ;Vi9. 

;i.  i'W.  w.".,  ;i7M  ■■■:;  n'l   i  ■: 

nodtrn.  !7ii. 

t.k.  -iW).  mv  ■?.>:    I  ■,' 

nnt-nn,  117    l;Ki 

H),  i;;i  SIS.  iMi   If-    ■■■. 

I'll   im. 

I"ile.  of  ln^k'.LTi   .til 
III  ■:•■  ti",! 


Iver.  ■.Tl. 
iKiii.  i:i;    i.u 
K   |irirnilni'      ?. 

,  Hr    [lltlr/  .... 

*;.i-'  -r,    -m    .'II    .m:; 

t.".; .'  -..J    i;-;    ii-   iij 
fiaiii  I  ■■'  IpimiI  .  Ii.uii  " 
f.i'Jvr    ;(1f;     !I  .      ■: .' 
li 

-;irhi-r  i  riU.n     i     ; 


Eavte  food.  tis. 

Kavle  monster.  S5I. 

Eagle  trapping.  IST.  IIS.  476.  SOA. 

E^agle  trapping  rite.  MM. 

Eagle  wblttUe.  511. 

Ea.r  luf  riiUMtelJailon).  43. 

Earache.  io7. 

Earache  medlcioe.  lit. 

Eaririird  Siii. 

Karniiirklne  S.>8. 

Earring.  2tti.  3  Jl.  I.1t>.  W4.  4S. 

H^JJTlll,  »<,  .XWi.  353. 

KiTltl  corJ,  32i. 

Earth,  mother  of  all  living.  S9.  XH. 

l^iartb.  sex  of.  35. 

Earth,  shape  of.  35.  33. 

Earttlguake.aa 

Kanli  Woin.in  r,4,S5B. 

t:anhen  bowl,  -Jiij,  »SJ.  4in. 

Earthen  pot.  4!i^. 

Earthen  spoon,  lis.  las. 

t^rtlidnwari'.«8T,  SW. 

Upline  JItf, 'ii.L 

b:iLtincpqlleD.39e. 

EaTe:idropplnir,  flS. 

ffrMnon/ffinum  RmlowtUi.  IW. 

KrBo.M. 

Et-'lipw.  41.  an*.  508. 

E.gg.  W£.  5U7 

KKrel  ISI.  ]7». 

ElThrrsld^hoe.  SBft. 

F.lHoW.i  k-Fiittti.TS, 

EiraliL'/on.SB. 

Rlcl'inant   41. 

eitfrt^niti  w«rlil.M8. 

EllL  I3)(.  l4^l,  ;»in,  3ie,  38S. 

Embers.,  «i.  SVi  3IS.  ais,  S74, 

Emblai^urLLne',  ti,V 

Knitirn'c.50&, 

Em,THi;iire,:iR,   r.  176.  9I9.WI.35S  S5S,36». 

Kmery  |iai>er.  57.1. 

KmesiM  »«.  41i. 

Knili>siire  liasUut.  3W. 

Kiulusurc  Htfure,  ii3. 

KniliFsure  (iif  branches).  .'05,  STiS. 

l-.lli!  inlt'dLbil   :^lV.  ^Iti. 

Ktiiluranrc.  WT 

KnL'r.iv<na.  er.".,  ■-'"i. 

Enirrfils,  ^I'i. 

Kiiir.iil-.  i(<""ii.  313. 

Kiiiraiin  111  ^hy.  35. 

Kiiii-.iiiif  10  HuilaliirK,  341. 

/■.'inil-rhini  KiviilrntilU .  ISB. 

Kt'fif'it'ii  ft  I  t'iii'f<tf/i,  IMfl,  403, 

f'filiMutn.    W 

Kpoii  niiiusanctt»irv.  ii.V 

Flt-iutliilKMi  ■jfchaiua»«».4<>t»/w./.  (i«i  «». 

A'vni'n*'  nn     )W, 

»ii(. '■'■«  tfivnllmi-   1MH. 

f,iii'„.a<im.  115.  11«,  SBTi.  KNI. 

t'.iuHi--n»m  iiliiliini.  1 1.V  I(I3. 

/■:ii:-i-iii>'rii  fagrirulilluili.  «*. 

hi  i-''i--i"iiii  micrnthf'iiii    HW 

/'   'j-uij-'iiii  lUl'-ii'uiM.  1>C, 

]<:imllle'  W4     11 

Km     ii'tiano,  r***. 

"Kt.  Uk-lli  h    rhs  :!l>1  pf  i-nj..  iiW    «7. 
/W.'.in.j'/^,  .^^5,  ;)tti.  1*7.  418. 

K.>.i>|ih»vii>.  triiutilesof.  iiiV.  ill 
KtMii<>1<>iri    Hureau  of.  «t. 


■ 

sS^^^^^^^^^^^TvoBx  ^^^^^^^^^B 

^^^B 

JftwwrtMrtwiii  imni»ri<im  IM. 

PlEwr   VtL                                                   ^^H 

^^^^^^H 

nipk«rM«.  n.M» 

Pttfld.  n?.                                      ^^H 

^^^^^^^B 

mrMfa  lniMMit.  Mt. 

PMU  ni  «1M  V.  3Da                      ^H 

^^^^^^^B 

KnperaUar.  sat.  no.  tia. 

Plffare.  BT.  Ma  Mh  at                ^^1 

^^^^^H 

£t«iUtii  prlairMe.  iiL 

Pmra  of  cat-a  cndle.  in.          ^H 

^^^^^^^M 

Krealiv  but.  *i.  m 

Pile  tai.T7yta.t3t  WL             ^^M 

^^^^^^^M 

BTcmiff  twUlclit.  lA.  tK 

riUcrec  work.  Ml                         ^^1 

^^^^^^B 

ET«nliv  TwIUiIit  Han  anu  Womaa,  M. 

PUUilaraa.  in.                                ^Tj 

^^^^^^^M 

CTcrluUnir  P»'  IM. 

Ptm^twa  nv<M/a.  IIL  l».  ■«.  tO.  Had 

^^^^^^^H 

EVU.3KI. 

Pine.  «a                                                J 

^^^^^^B 

Evil  *h<Mt«r  MM 

Plncvr-mark  (food),  )0V-                 ^^H 

^^^^^^B 

Evil  •prll.  1I& 

PInccr  mraAurr.  TX,                             ^^H 

^^^^^^^1 

Exemption  Trom  maumlnK,  4i&. 

Pinffcr-nalt  MO.                                ^^H 

^^^^^^1 

ExbibiUan.  pabltc.  «>. 

Pinrerllp  mcamre.  TS.                      ^^H 

^^^^^^^1 

Exitorbuket.  »4. 

Fire.  w.  u  t/  MQ.,  ra.  im.  4iai       ^^H 

^^^^^^H 

Eiliof  hocKO.  SA, 

Flrcarma.  MI.  ML                             ^^1 

^^^^^^K 

Rill,  line  of.  Mt. 

Plrebntum.  tn.                               ^H 

^^^^^^^m 

Exor&iDou*  mairUjr^M.  uD' 

Fire  cercm«ny  at.  Ilk                   ^^1 

^^^^^^m 

ExorrlMac.  Sol 

Pirc  Juice  »«.  ST7.  II*.  NO.           ^H 

^^^^^^^M 

Bipectorailoo.  iM.  W!.  W. 

KIrc  duiccr.  M.  xn.                         ^^H 

^^^^^^B 

ExptdlUon  of  IHO.  m. 

Pire-drUI.  M  ^  m«.,  St.  lt&            ^^ 

^^^^^^1 

Expeiuw  ot  ctuiDi.  BO,  tn. 

Plrccod.tt.  ««.•«.  ML  ■LHa.MlkMI.  1 

^^^^^^^1 

Explotuilwi  of  paUcnt.  we. 

Plrctfod  cake,  na                                  1 

^^^^^^B 

ExUdci  cbinm.  Kt.  Bw. 

Fire  of  cofiBiellaiiob.  It                           1 

^^^^^^^M 

Esusriliut  vu>D«H  beau.  «ic.  HAu 

PlreiJace  Xi  rx  «ll                                   J 

^^^^^^^^^ 

Extr^-trlbAl  poiteiT.  Mt. 

Firrirood  OA.                                         ^^M 

^^^^^^^^^^1 

Eye-cnut.  MOl 

PtrwumenL  M.                                 ^^^| 

^^^^^^^^^ 

Ere  oa  b«U-nwrer.  fit 

Plrfti  Anyry.  M  ML                         ^^H 

^^^^^^^H^ 

Eye  oa  tnakk.  SBT. 

Pint 'bom.  MB.                                 ^^H 

^^^^^^H 

Eye.  remrdy  far.  III. 

Fim  Boy.  ML                                   ^H 

^^^1 

Eyewater.  IM. 

Pint  OtrL  ML                                   ^^B 
nr«  boaan.  SM                          ^^B 

^^^^^^^M 

Pack  <xtTKB  oiiJLtM.K.  MR. 

pir»tMad«.«L                           ^H 

^^^^^^^B 

race  mask.  9».9m.tm 

Pint  Uaa.  ISI.  ML  MB.  Ma  w.  «■.  fl 

^^^^^^B 

Pk*  palntlac.  n  «n.  401^  4*7. 

MI.S8L 

^^^^^^B 

hc«  prlni.  IM. 

Pint  Wcaoan.  ML 

^^^^^^B 

Facet  90  praycntkk.  m. 

Piah.  IM.  iiL  ITT.  im  ni.  Mt.  aoT. 

^^^^^^B 

Pacalty.  words  rcfenlDfio.W«(M«..HBl 

Plab  monater.  M. 

^^^^^^V 

Pall.  n. 

Flvefinnn  (o«i.).  iv;. 

^^^^^^ 

Pall«D  fo«.  4iA. 

Five  nlsbt  cemnoiir.  MLML 

^^^^^^^ 

Faiar  Dutlow.  IIS.  tM 

Plied  nar.  14 

^^^F 

Palic  waliaowcr.  IIIl  IK. 

PIU«)lailun.  HL30CI.                       ^H 

^^H 

Pxmily  appelUlion.  lit. 

Flacirl*  iiK  ifrl                                ^^H 

^^^B 

Pamlly  incrrxM.  IM. 

Fla«  pollen  «00,  «n                             ^^H 

^^H 

t^rm.»».mt,ma. 

Flaab  llchtnlmr  W  tn.                    ^^B 

^^H 

Pu-miiMt,  ML  8«.  na 

PlaUrun-  ML                                     ^^B 

^^^B 

PftMIIW.  M4. 

PUtulencr.  tat.                                ^^M 

^^H 

Pawn.  as. 

Flax.  IM                                                   ^^B 

^^^i 

Pcaltier.  ISS.  ISi.  »:.  3M,3BD^  Hll.  iWI  3UA 

Fl>yUw.  8UL  KB.                                   ^^B 

^^B 

KK.  MS.  411  H  Mf..  IIT.  «8.  W.  tfll-  Ml. 

Kleabanc.  iWS.                                   ^^M 

^^^L^^ 

Feat DcT  chant.  173.  K.  MS.  «il. 

Kledired  lUck  wood.  M?.                 ^^H 

^^^^^^L 

rcaU)cr<:liarv.  III. 

FictchinK.  am                                ^^B 

^^^^^^^M 

Pcatber  cord.  ill. 

Flint.  «B.  aiL  IIL                                ^^B 

^^^^^^^M 

Peaiber  o(  Orion,  bfar.  ibuDit«r,  U.  M. 

Plut  hnlfe.  wn.                             ^H 

^^^^^^B 

Pvatbrr-iihaft  cbxni.  tb*  Ml 

Flint  rock.  ii\                                ^^B 

^^^^^^^m 

rcatbeml  oip.  IM.  Ml 

Flood.  lU.KULfM.                             ^H 

^^^^^H 

PeiturM.  M. 

Ploodlnc  pralrte  dos*.  nL              ^^H 

^^^^^^H 

Frtiruarr.  Ml 

Ploor,  ML  SI.                                    ^^H 

^^^^^^B 

Pec.  STaMl.  M.II& 

Plan- ML                                                ^^B 

^^^^^V 

Pct^lInK  Uic  tnaak.  SB. 

Fioui  «n                                   ^^B 

^^^^^^B 

Pehne.  t«>,  aa&. 

Fluflr  fuLc.  MIl                                     ^^H 

^^^^F 

Pemilc  dancer.  Mo. 

Flufl>  weaic.  ML                             ^^B 

^^^H 

Omalc  CKM.  m  IM.  M.  MO.  Ml  HB. 

Flute. «,  ail.                                     ^^B 

^^^M 

Pcmat«  itiiser.  SM. 

riy.  tOL                                         ^^B 

^^^B 

Pctnate  tlave.  Ml. 

Flylac.  IM.                                    ^H 

^^^1 

Peracntailga.  tlT. 

Plylac  >nske.  IIL                          ^H 

^^^B 

ftntmiimltiMB.mO. 

Foam.  101.                                      ^H 

^^^B 

Prtlcb.  an 

Foe.  ML                                               ^^B 

^^H 

read.  •»*<««. 

Folded  acma  pvoplc.  (Ml  OO,  ML^^H 

^ 

Pcver.  Hft 

Food.  IV.IS.  9(Mf(M«„X«.tl*.^^H 

/.YDJSA-.                                                 521 

i. 

Ulla  monster.  IS8^  ITT.  SBK. 

ILSSOl 

Gilia.  lOH. 

•ease.  III. 

f/UJaa/r^fi  tiara.  114. 

se.  lie. 

M/ia  tomoiHara.  3B5. 

Lf.  primltlTC.  iJb.  Ka 

Qlrla'  dance.  SBS.  aW.  371. 

ce.  481 

Ulrls'  Dames.  ISI. 

-ap.  Ma 

r.irtb  I4it 

r.w.ss. 

iJln^ndulirsitcJILnir,  IOBl 

I  CDemles.  X«.  sa.  SH. 

ni»<>s.  &i  i»i^i&. 

1  trltw.  37S.  41».  iU. 

Globe,  thr  Uc 

ra  Xeo-Xtxtfoita.  108. 

Qiave.  CK.  350. 

m. 

ritU'COM.  xn. 

10. 

aiun/rrhtia  Itpidota.  103. 

lion  of  clans.  lU.  427. 

6'fiaMoUiim  iiprfnoflH.  IK. 

^Uance  Agcncj,  St. 

Onat.  l«e. 

imner.  S3  ai  lat,  S5T.  3M. 

Ooat.  rts. 

ci<K:k.  lae.  aa& 

Ooat  milk.  AM. 

1; 

Hi.*:ii  niliinif.SiT  tSB. 

1  Brrias.  ISU.  STt. 

Uiiaiskiii   Ml,  .i(«.;iii.  ae.  STU.  Wfl.  4TD.  4TI. 

vurk  of  hosan.  331. 

<i<i3!.4ldn  ^;tskl■'t.  i^4t  tq. 

'.  115.  iNy. 

Oualskin  riipe,.lM. 

IK.  4S. 

OodB.  :«l.  3U.  3H3  XSl. 

ting.  131.  51.1. 

Uoddard.  Pllay  Earl.  71 

.to. 

Goitre,  108. 

neat,  ill 

Uold.  65. 

Khlp.  4&'>.  133. 

(kiliten  rod.  IW.  130.  304. 

H.  isa. 

OooHe.  wild.  173. 

.  4.S7.  4.VI, 

Utiii-it'-j^ni-.s?,    i.'i.  197. 

J  Houtb.  tK>.  ;tK.v  3w*.  :t9i.  nse.  4«j. 

HinlUl.T   177.  iWl  411, 

d  rain. 300 

(lopber's  din.  37*. 

U.  Ul. 

liOMip.  KM.  4tl. 

»n  bull-roarer.  Hi. 

Uourd.llH.  417. 

ML 

(}our(l  Children.  SJi.  Va. 

Ml. 

Courd  dipper.  *8H. 

!<■/«(/.. JT). 

Oourd  ladle,  tw.  447,  IIH. 

il.  154. 

Gourd  rauie.  4*il  rl  ura. 

^3a>. 

(lourd.  wild.  AH. 

liar.  300. 4.W 

(lout  tonic.  113. 

lire.  3tH. 

Oovernment.  3t.  IM,  143.  lol.  m.  IS'.  170. 

(iiivemmem,  tribal,  4J*.  4ffl.  434, 

,HuiA  piNNATjroi.iA.  m:i. 

(Jrai-e.  ^ilJ■tnK.  £>'. 

illB.  311,  I7:j.  t7H.  4Hfi.  .VIT. 

(Jraln,  2«i. 

eiieiiit.  47I-. 

<iram.t  kTUs-s.  IU1.  360.  41A. 

rail.  -iti.  I7:k 

( Jriin.iry,  ai7. 

wild.  i;:i. 

liriiTidmothtr  counter*.  4M7. 

.  oi.;uii.  i'\ 

( ;r:ii>t.'vini-.  2i'l. 

.  SKI.  ilM. 

lir.iiH-.  wild.  ill. 

.  1 1 1 .  Ml. 

(Jrass.  :ii!.  inii,  :i"k(. 

1  (laHy    ixr. 

iir;>s,'>  f;tl.ri''!*.  4.'>T, 

-HO. 

( ir^L.Hnhi't'itT,  \Ki.  171. 

nt.  .Irfi 

i;r,i>>  m.ti.  ;i-,'7. 

.  IM.  ^.'^1. 

i;r.iss  shot".  Hn  :»w,:iii. 

.  4tw. 

lir.isN  (.i>Nei.  :fiH. 

Iiiiim,  iist. 

1  ir.ivi-.  4.'i:t  -f  »-!(. 

Htrinti.  -HV. 

<ir.»v<'!.  r.-i. 

in   lot). 

1  ir.ivy.  2111. 

mri  iHm-'i.  II.i.  lit.". 

lir.ty  .■nUnnwoud!.  iH'ni'le.  4.V. 

tiii-ii  :i.v> 

i;[\iy  iMttIc  feather,  »i>;,  Hw. 

.-*,   lil  rt  ..., 

i;r,iy  lii.il.  »*i  :WH, 

n,  1!3.  ii.'i 

'ir.iy  Kri-asrwimil,  IHJ. 

■  sy-iii-iii    ll'l  -'  -■;■ 

iJr^iy  n.lliT,  ii'. 

tl'liliMl  ii.itrii'^    i:ui ■'  »... 

1  it .kyisli  k'i.ini.  :i.Vt. 

iini,  ll.'i 

<  itj/inK,  ^■ 

nl'.wn  111. ml.,  r    ;n    .■!.. 

liriM'-f  :(7i. 

ntiiHii  >,ii  II    :  \i    :u    ■>  , 

lir.MMWiKHl  ii>l.v.-k),  :e.  llfl.  117.  l>o.  *IK, 

f.  '•:. 

ii:i  i:.".,  ai.".  ;ii«,  :tsi.  4<».  ijb. 

»■  i'.i. 

iJrc.-.l.  riM. 

rss.  U'.i 

lilVfll     7i. 

l|.    Il'.l     III       N. 

(in-i'ii  roril.  *«  'I  f'li. 

,p.ti  In-     ."^l 

Ilrvrii  ilyc.  £Ct 

^^^K             S22                ^^^P                                                          ^^^1 

^^^^^^H                   Ureen  Int.  ITT. 

Bead  ol  w**tt0.  aSL                           ^^1 

^^^^^H                   Oreea  tbkrtl.  ITT. 

Bcad-nUae.  MB.  tfO.                       ^^B 

^^^^^H                   Orccn*  no. 

HradatalL  Kt.  SIL                          ^^M 

^^^^^m                 Urcrtlnc  ihf^  mn.  in. 

Heald.  m.  Ml.  Ml.  MS.  Ml.  Ml      ^^H 

^^^^B              aren.  tn. 

nealiOcIODir    im                             ^^H 

^^^^H              oiiddicw. 

tleannc  fairultr  Of.  SB.                 ^^H 

^^^^H              onddiecftkff.SDB.aR.  wBLim 

Heannc  dinnaUoa  br-  a&         ^^H 

^^^^B                 OrUMie  atone,  an.  tl«. 

Heanborn.  HA  lit.                      ^H 

^^^^H               orindttir.B9.XM.aa.auL  Ml. 

UeAI.97.  U.ML                                     ^H 

^^^^H                  Ortndaune.  M.  ml 

Baaud  Moae.  HI.                               B 

^^^^H                cmaaiu.  to. 

UtSTnu,  U>c.  ».  MB,                              I 

^^^^^H                  Uroauilniifik-k.  ti4. 

HeaTena.  InltabKanu  of.  iir.       ^^M 

^^^^^H                    Orciin«el1.  iro.  UO. 

^^^^^^H                      Oroure  »«.iiii  ■liur.  tOT. 

lIcdKe  b/MOp.  IH                                ^^H 

^^^^^^H                    Omuni)  ''hrrr)-.  m 

Hr>lK«  mustard   laLaa.              ^^H 

^^^^^H                    (IniuoilH-i   im,  Ma 

Heilretio*  graat.  HH                            ^^^| 

^^^^^^H 

llcir.  SB.                                               ^^B 

^^^^^H                    Urowinc  corn. 

HtUiAim  l/popnii.  U9.  BB.             ^^B 

^^^^^H                  Urovinii  mn  («*  butt).  Wt. 

//rUdaiAM,  is;.                          ^^H 

^^^^^H                    (Irnwliut  atone.  M.  KB. 

H<iix.  aea.                              ^^B 

^^^^^^H                    Urowliw  race*.  ITT.  lift 

acii.  S44.                                ^^B 

^^^^^B 

Belmet.  MSi                                 ^^B 

^^^^^H                  limb  Mm  And  WoKun.  sm 

Hemattie  &.                                   ^^H 

^^^^^m                  unici.  9U6.  m.  13). 

Hemp  rope,  si  L                            ^^H 

^^^^^B                    Uuin.  too.  tat. 

HfVtktra  »r«<-fn|J<i.  IW                    ^^H 

^^^^^H                  Uim.  t«rt>o(.  sn.3)S. 

Hepiaional  hoiao.  Stt.                ^^H 

^^^^^H                    Oannr*ack.  na  XM. 

BeralA.  u».                                     ^^H 

Herd    SI                                                             B 

nerdlQK   ST.  40.                                              I 

^^^^^H                    Q jwuiD.  OB.  MAl 

Berniitpbrndltc.  ITS.  BB.  Ma          ^J 

Hr.ntin.4T  UH.                               ^^B 

^^^^^B                         HAORAMr>Kl;  UD. 

HcTcriitT.ua.                            ^^B 

^^^^^H                    Harktwrrr.  am.  STt. 

Herrera</«».).  ITI.                         ^^B 

^^^^H                              U. 

Bewctt.  Edcar  U.  at                  ^^H 

^^^^^B                    Hall  chanu  asB. 

Be  wbb  cuta.  tax                        ^^^ 

^^^^^H                    Hall 

Hr  wbo  ta  reraed  lo  all  tbitwv  m    1 

^^^^H                   Uairbatb.  nsu. 

He  wbo  reuewa  alt  tbtnca.  ia>             1 

^^^^H                     tIairMTiBb.  III.  mtlBL 

He  who  luracd  viUo*.  SilL               1 

^^^^H                Hair^ord.a.  an.  aflKwi. 

He  wbo  waa  ronB  la  tlw  eartb.  Ml 

^^^^^H                     llAlr^ord  loom.  »M. 

Be  wbo  was  reared  andvr  vrowaCJfl 

^^^^H                   Balr.  drcutoc  of.  Mi.  lU.  ot. 

Blddeo  ball  ■>»«.  «a.                >^H 

^^^^H                 UaliDiu  MountKio.  ii:. 

Hide  aa.  Nt.                              ^^B 

^^^^H                UMio.  X7. 

Hide  niUe.  401,410.411.               ^^M 

^^^^H                       HUBKtn-,  M0L  r>.  TTB. 

Htetorr-KL                                   ^^B 

^^^^^B                   Bandlc.  r;*.  IW. 

Babble.  IM.su.                              ^H 

^^^^^H                     Bandleof  ra(tl«,  M 

Hoe,  aai  MT.                                   3 

^^^^^H                       BaiMllihakinK,  hO. 

Horaa-  W.  M.  a>.  BR    SB.  BB  KIIH 

^^^^^^H                        Hardened  buckaktn.  tdi. 

sr rfnrt.Mft  ao.  SO.  aaa,  lie  ufl 

^^^^H                       Hard  «n>d,  SL  tS.  110.  IM.  CK  MO.  Ht.  SO. 

CKK                                                                       1 

^^^^H                                    aiH. 

Hoc* potato,  isa                             M 

^^^^B                     Harebell.  IH  tCD, 

Holnler.  MDi                                    ^^fl 

^^^^H                     Hatc  3ktn«  IMIUiu.  » 

Holy  ercDia.  SB.                            ^^H 

^^^^H                   BarncM.  Ut. 

Holy  oirl.  su.  m                       ^^B 

^^^^B                    Harrow.  «r. 

Holy  on».  Ma.  m.  aw.             ^H 

^^^^H                    BarresLm. 

Holy  People.  MB.  Ml.  «m            ^^B 

^^^^H                  i/Mtciiv.  MB  ao. 

ir«M0AaM4  ctaa.  aaa  4tT           ^H 

^^^^^B                 tf«*M-fl<i  duicc.  srr. 

Hoof  rattle.  «>l                            ^^H 

^^^^^                  Hat.  m  toa. 

HnnfK  an  fliL  tM.  lit.  BB.  «■.   ^^B 

^^H                        Hatred.  Ml. 

Hoop  and  pole  Uabm).  IBBk  XL  <AB 

^^M                        HaniiMi.  iH.  )a>L. 

HopL  Sta.  BB.  ».  4aT.                               ■ 

^^H                         Bawh.  UT. !»,  iTi.  im.  am. 

Hav4clan.  4n.  BBk                                  ■ 

^^B                               Hawk  (food),  to,  taL 

HopI  doU.  401.                                         ■ 

^^^^^                      HaokloR.  BO. 

aopipot->a                             ■ 

^^^^K                     Hay.  eo).  Ml 

Bopl  vlllare.  IBf.                                B 

^^^^H                     Rarfark.  m 

HoppUlc.  11&.  IM.                                       B 

^^^^H                   Hndftchc  lOT.  Ill 

ffdrdraip  >ttaAw>.  ia»                     ^ 

^^^^B                Headiwiia.  isei  is. 

Honsoa.aB. 

^^^^H                     BemdccAT.  ■&  laOL  W. 

KorlaoBUilv  Krt[>Ml  bUalvet.  tBL 

^^^^H                     Hcftdman  (•*«  rblrfl.  S»  ML 

HonLnLSBP.                                         J 

^^^^^^B                        Bead  maak.  SA 

HorabMA.  IBB.                                     ■ 

INDEX. 


523 


d  monster.  tSi.SST. 
d  toad.  iiB.tsi. 

.  \a  *t  MQ..  Mt.  4S9.  *tC.  UB.  MO. 
creation  of.  3S0. 
dtseases.  IM. 
aesb.  tn.Sll. 
ar-  lOA. 
balr.  4T,  HI.  140.  an.  3H.3sa.  388.  soil. 

bide.  317.  3S8. 
mint.  iBI.IOft. 
race.  I.M  «M. 
ralslnit.  ^37.  i5H. 
ia.  IBS. 

.-ia  iVrightii.  IM. 
*B  Tank.  -V. 

(nvhoiran).  40,  RST  «f  (A/..  35.V 
.  dedication.  3-29. 
<Jod.  S.'W.  3(Q,  384,  3W,  SHB.  .*«>. 
M  un  blsb  i>eoplc.  43K. 
Mins.  ssa 

iiiiif  after  dark.  .Ml. 
ilngblrd.  iti. 
ilngbird  fuod  ihol.).  \u. 
lock.  ix>4. 
1.  300. 

il>ack.  106.  SN-'i.  :)MH  :<»>. 
i-L'ytr.  3!U.  3W< 
.T  monster,  XH. 
nK.  3IB.  -Xta.  ITl.  .'i>i9. 
.nd.  I  IK. 
TO. 

».  44. 

ipliobla.  107. 
tout  frit.  IfW. 
bole.  4W. 

'  ft  ten. 
4B3. 

Inatliin,  4<),  t'fi. 

i-jifil  rim  on  li.if.Ui'i.  -.iiv 

Lion  of  m^t.sk.  inti. 

ralUy.  :i."-i. 

jtalile  iri-vii  f  iiiiiiiMiT.  :(,Vi. 

Aaljle  Mijikf  niunsii'i    .c/.i 

meiits.  iiii'ik-rii,  i>(i7.  -flw. 

ml■nI^.  .-.iiiniv  lii. 

m*"nl.s,  miiviriif.  Jill. 

mcni.'-.  « iji>c1,  'li. 

■|am  f  'if  I  iTitti'iii  V    In; 

i-aiiiiii    III.  Ii.'> 

Me.  r.'i,  H.".  .'ml. 

..  r.i. 

iliif  ili^e.i^e    iii;    |i".> 

l.lt 'JKH 

ttuwi  I  .  ''il 

I  All.iirs   J  ii  IMF'  ]i>'  II :  <>'    t.:  i 

1  riir  r.iri;    1-t 

I   JUllk'I'S     Jt<  i.ll  'I      .1      I..-'! 


"."I ; 


itiir 

!•-■ 

1.  -zi-: 

■s.'--.   : 

»i>ii 

nil        l<>. 

■tl-  ■■ 

■.-"■.1   1. 

trj 

"■1 :'  ■ 

lii\ 

Hi 

III  1 

■  1  -ri- 

iiik' 1 

ll    I'l 

rii   ' 

.nil  - 

ii«  ^ 

Inhaltne  snn's  breath.  87!.  S73. 

Initiation  ceremonr.  498.  500. 

Initiation  of  sltiKer.  43. 

Inaerbark.  lie.  MS. 

Iniiects.  164  et  lea. 

Inside  tturfare  seam  shoe.  307. 

InBiffnla.  377. 

Insomnia.  110. 

Installation  of  cblef.  4Xi. 

Intercession.  446. 

Interest  on  loans.  4Bi. 

IntermanlaKe.  MO.  4:S.  4J7.  481,  44B.  aOB. 

Interment.  4A3  «(  Km?. 

Intemode  (of  reed).  384,  396. 

InterruptioQ  of  teremony.  .VJ8. 

Intersection  In  basket  design.  SBi. 

In  the  rincon  people.  401. 

Intimidation.  443. 

Intoxicants.  S17. 

InviHible  stitch.  307. 

Invitation.  3NI.  419.  431. 

Invocation.  43.  W. 

/ris.  191. 

Irish  mail.  373. 

Iron.  ftS.  65.  235.  MB.  S73.  *7*.  J7H.  iTS   31S 

Iron  hoe.  Me. 
Iron  ore.  65. 
Iron -wood.  IHH. 
Irony.  12M, 
Irrlsatlun.  33,  i64. 
Inlniflass.  <>4. 
Itch.  108. 110.  nil. 
lU'h  remedy.  199. 

jAl'KKT.  66, 

Jackralitiii.  uh,  lii.'i.  51I. 
January.  :m. 
Jar.  4<ii>. 

Jaybird,  im. 

Ji-.ilou.sy.  n;. 

Jtilyi.ikf.  Uiii. 

Jriiu-i!,  Lll,  31»1. 

■lenif^  I  liill.  iifi.  127.  42M,  429.  431. 

JtTkfd  me;ti.  I'il  am. 

Jel  I'lai  k.  £111.  ■,'l."i,  24«  >l  itq, 

.ffHtlry,  iHl. 

.[nn.-iin  wfcd.  IW. 

■lith.  :i;i  ;iHi,  :w3.  :tuii.  un. 

.Piiiiii  rir  ■-*((. 

jiikiiit;.  I,''!,  iT.v 

.Imirncy.  II  I.  '■*». 

Jiiii'i'.  :<ltt. 

.hil>.  :<\> 

.liimipitin   I*' 

.liirii-.  :.!>. 

.iiiiii'in'rry.  i*. 

.liiiiilK.1     ;il.    II-,'.  -jai,   274.  2KI.  3">l.  ;)88.  371. 

:(wj  :mi  w:. 
/i,Hii.rriit  ••■  t-t-lrHliilif,  2:K. 
Jii-iiic.  i:(u. 

liKKiiHENK.  2711. 

K.'lUr,  2711. 

K  l-iyn-iiii  i.iip.  Wl. 

A  All/''  ■ini  I'Liii.  ;L'«,  427.  4S*. 

Klll-vllil'.  r24.  k'M  rt  »ni. 

Kiss.  .-iiL-i. 

Kii  ('arsiiii  >  invasion,  34. 

Kil  I.ii,  1411.  17.'i.  3IH.  349.  3B0.  SH 


^^^H           524              ^^^^^                                      ^^^^^^^^^B 

^^^^H              Klfrfei  nrilu-.  ax  4IE 

LUbtiuar.«<f  Mf..  Si.  MB.  M&  nnn 

^^^^m             Kit  fMt  sMn.  177,  WL 

SK.an.  (IT.                                        Q 

^^^^H            KBcadlnc,  an. 

Uxbtniiii  cbant.  IH  «n.  mi.  Sb  at.  m. 

^^^^H            Knift.  17.  n.  til.  tm  sn.  Hk,  ifB,  *!•. 

Wl 

^^^^^H 

Uiibtulnc  chant  ninlj'BietiL  Ht. 

^^^^H               Knile  rbam.  SH,  «M.  WT. 

UittiinlBB  cbant  <  r«iiuJe>.  JM. 

^^^^^H              Knife  of  Slairei'v.fli.ui.io.  «rT. 

Ltghinliic  i-h;iDt  ■inllrlnr.  «n. 

^^^^^B             KniitliMr  ta.  aao, 

U«l)iOlo«  iDounl»lli  rhant.  IM 

^^^^H               Knoi,  at.  iiin.  )15. 411^  tli, 

LiKhinKvirok*'.  IIT 

^^^^^^H                Knawlcdre.  n. 

Ltobtnlnx  aimrh  aabca.  Ml. 

^^^^^m                Knawlftige  i>l  iile>.  KM 

Llsbualnc  Birui-k  cbarcoal.  11*. 

^^^^^H                 KnuwlcilKC       ntnvcr.  O..  Klft 

LU[htnlnx«irtii'k  i>li<:b  IN 

^^^^^H               Knarkir*.  mraturr.  n. 

LLrbtnlnotrurli  irrr.  MD. 

^^^^^B                jnvMJfaKd  <T<M*fMi>al«  4*tf  i^mmtMi.  in. 

Liirbuila«  «inick  wood.  *i( 

Lln«  dnvios  on  kukI.  ?I. 

^^^^^1                    LAiCRD  FOI  J;  »a 

Udc  of  tllr.  S!B.  3H,  STk 

^^^^^H              Licw4  twiK  crAdlc  «*. 

Umfmn.  IM 

^^^^^H              LadsK  cunl,  471. 

Unlmeni.  lit,  lift.  IM.ni.  •&«••*«« 

^^^^^H                 L.arlniM(>Dp.  IV>, 

UniH.jai. 

^^^^^H              taddrr,  srr.  19«. 

Um«;«i. 

^^^^H                 l^dlr  »0. 

UnvMoov.  tl.                                  ^^m 

^^^^H                lakr  Atbxbun.  W. 

UpanM.M.                                         ^^B 

^^^^^B               l.dini>.  tfi*. 

Uittern.  IK                                       ^^M 

^^^^^^B                rjunba'  ((uartcrs.  )■!. 

IMhotptrmmii.  IKX                                      ^^^H 

^^^^^B                  Lamp,  «i. «.  7?).  STI. 

UtilcColiirado  RlrcT.a.lH.           ^^H 

^^^^^^B                bamtirrs,  IS& 

Ltvc  riul»  ll!*.                                         ^^H 

^^^^H 

Li*<!  fcaiher.  Ill  A  m*.                     ^^H 

^^^^^^H                rjandmark,  SB. 

Urer.  >a                                            ^^H 

^^^^^H              CAad  Moure.  ML 

Ltrer-bu  Bliiurc  lia                  ^^H 

^^^^H           Luaiiuc.«.nB.aM. 

Livinc  zrrow  ptMvlc,  on               ^^H 

^^^^^H              lAacoasft.  BMdr  of.  in. 

LUard.  IK.  r^                               ^^H 

^^^^^H                Uiird,  lift. 

Loko.  Wi  t  Ht'                               ^^H 

^^^^H                Lartil. 

Local  n«m««.  imWm«.                   ^^H 

^^^^^1                [^rkipur.  IVT.  «nn. 

Locust.  IM.  SM.  13S.                                 ^^ 

^^^^^H                (.AHHulns.  itN.  Si«, 

LdCiuM  Kan  anil  WoimD-  Ma.                 1 

^^^^^1                  Lalber.  SO,  tin. 

Lodrc.  STT                                             J 

^^^^H                LauHiw.  f».  SOI 

Lor  STL                                               ^H 

^^^^^H               liiih.  ynoca.  lo).  3W 

L«KbOU*e.  tt<                                                ^^H 

^^^^^B              Lttuctit«r, «».  Ka. 

Lotnciixti  «n  luintlnr,  tM.             ^^^M 

^^^^^^H                Liiva. 

1.011*  <rrr  [h.-»iiIc.  41N.                              ^^^H 

^^^^^1                             BT,  4M 

LonrltDdlual  stitch.  SR.                  ^^H 

^^^^^1                Law  of  battand  Up  (w  botO.  tM.  4lA 

Loom,  m  95.  ar.  ML  na           ^H 

^^^^^^1                Leadiur  dancer.  VTi.  SK. 

Loom  pole.  MS.                                   ^^H 

^^^^^^H                Lc«f  i«M>id«.  m. 

Loom  rope.  OS.  BK.                         ^^H 

^^^^^H                  Le«lhrr  tM.  ST3.  181.  SH. 

Loop.  aiT.                                      ^^H 

^^^^^H                I^atbcTwork.  Si  i  *l  «m. 

Looped  strtoB.  OB.                           ^^H 

^^^^^B                Left  Httuti  en. 

XoiAtoaAM  wHM/<pMa.  i«t                 ^H 

^^^^^1                L«rt 

LMTomonva.  wb.                         ^^H 

^^^^B                Left  wtDd.  M. 

Loat  vrvpertr.  MS.                             ^^H 

^^^^H                Usend.  Wi.  M.  >TI.  tSE.  SW,  MT,  m.  SU.  HO. 

Liraae  (•«  lire).                                  ^^B 

^^^^H                  IBI.  am.  *n.  Wf.  t;3.  f7».  tw.  trr.  ia&. 

LouK'XIllrr.  ink                               ^^B 

^^^^^B              Lcc«odB.  Xavalio.  br  l^t.  Matibcw*.  ai. 

LouHMan,m.                              ^^H 

^^^^H                  ».  3M.  «ti. 

t,4>U«lti«aa.  Ufl.                                        ^^^1 

^^^^^B               L«v«Tdeni,ai[i.  sn,  tiu.  Op.  un. 

I.ni>Fr.  iSi.                                               3^1 

^^^^P                 Leninr-  tSA.  CM.  *».  M6. 

Loiter  worbl.  IfT.  MB.  M7  «J  ••«    ai'H 

^^^^h                    LevdtlK  cord.  MB.  Wl 

MB.  4tl                                                           J 

^^^^^k              Leopard,  ito. 

Lukai'huxal  Mountxltut,  St.             ^^J 

^^^^^^H                Lrtiiilimm  mtomlamam.  W 

Lun«  tUiue.  KM                                  ^^H 

^^^^H                 LefiUfiphn.  in. 

LupttM    1«.  KB.                                      ^^B 

^^^^^H                 l^wdnckv.  rem«dy  far.  «■ 
^^^^H                 Lk-c.  108.  ITO.  Ml. 

£«ptoM.im                            ^H 

^^^^H               LIcchm.  an. 

uriDC.  tw.  ML                             ^^H 

^^^^H                LkUcn.  KH. 

Lriu.  If*                                       ^^^B 

^^^^^B            Lir«  c  buiu  Mi. 

LrnKbldf.  «>•                                    ^^H 

^^^^^H              titt  cbaoi  cuulpD«Di.  ten 

^^^1 

^^^^^B                I.lf«  twr»fi«r.  MB.  SM 

UAnic.  sn.  tin.                           ^^H 

^^^^^B                Ll(«  medicine. 

Maittc  Indumcc,  tua                       ^^H 

^^^^H                         ie. 

UactHi^.  lU.  m                                  ^^B 

^^^^^^H                Lli[bK«tPT«d  *ol)  iwoi'le.  IIK. 

Hatlrarrirr.5ia                                ^^H 

^^^^^^^^^  iivoisx^^^^^^^^^^ftS^^^^^^B 

u*.Ur.  itn  am 

UrutrtlKcr.  ITT  3»\.  tti                                                           ^^^M 

Mai"  lUti.  ITT. 

Metlcan.  11.  M.  «.  »l    m  lO.  Ml.  MB.  ttl,                       ^^H 

H»ieOaa.im.tm.tm. 

SM.  117.  Ml.  171.  MB.  MR.  4*T.  M^  MO                                 ^^M 

M&llow   IM.  II& 

Ucskan  cUn.  IM.                                                        ^^H 

MuiiMi*  m 

Haxicait  dollar,  m.  tX.                                                   ^^H 

NollrH'  rriNu.  Ka.  »l. 

Mrxlcan.  oM.  IM                                                               ^^^1 

Man ■« Alius  4nlroaJx  ML 

Hrdrannut  MT.                                                              ^^H 

l(»ti-«4>iiii«  ath.  177. 

HtfSIOA.  lUML                                                                         J^^^l 

MKn-r^ler.  39  T. 

^^H 

Uanc  iiikM-of.  n. 

MUn-ktlon.  M                                                                     ^^^H 

MkuliMffbur.  OB. 

^^H 

Hurr  «aau  cUn.  Wl. 

MllnUKie.                                                                          ^^^1 

MABr  bocan  people.  ML 

Mllfal).  ILV  l»                                                                         ^^H 

NdDT  prarct^UcUk  ML 

Milk.  «M.  »a                                                                       ^^^1 

MamudlBK.  VfJ 

Milk              n.V  l«t                                                           ^^H 

tUwbim,  plajtDC.  M- 

Mllk>ci.-d.  11*  ItA  tMt                                                      ^^^1 

ltar<cb.asL 

Hllkr  var.  ».  M  MS                                                   ^^H 

llUi«OM.  INT. 

Ulll>lutlC    WT.  tl«.                                                                               ^^^1 

lUrlpow  Ulr   l<i. 

^^H 

liBrkiDK.  r«.amsn. 

UlaeraiA.  St «.                                                                 ^^H 

tUTTUre  crmnonr.  Btt.  BL  IS.  HR.  m. 

Minint.  u.  n.  tra                                                 ^^H 

H*rtiagr  ruMuat.  m  IM  rf  m^. 

MlMtMtt.  IM.                                                                      ^^H 

Hamwv  rlli-  tM 

Mlnue.  w,  iL                                                        ^^H 

Manb  wrm.  m. 

HLaer.MK                                                                   ^^H 

MMk.  K.  ».  I4U.  iw.  m,  tat.  m.  t!%.  m* 

M                                                                                                     ^^H 

•«MV..>«  "•*«..  NKI,  im,  MM. 

MiHOrluv   191                                                                              ^^^H 

Hukci)  per«i>n«i«r.  «»  SO.  an,  ui.  uh 

M>i>uii<l<-r)iian'liti«.  Ml.                                                          ^^^H 

iiM. 

MKt'^n.x'iif,  Wl                                                                   ^^^H 

MiMinry   tM. 

Mixed  vairn.  Aoa.                                                           ^^^H 

Muiier  o(  rrr«a)onl«>.  MB. 

MiH-ruln.  IM.  XM  tax  >■.  IIA  MS.  M».  MB,                       ^^H 

MAich.W«(Mv..  IH. 

^H 

Mains,  fM.  OR 

M<»'>  Aiin  drtonittiin  iif.  Mfc                                                ^^^H 

Mallhi-»».Ur  W..  U.  a  A.M.  B.  A  MIX 

U<K-ra*ln  ernme.  3i  77  311.  m.  Uf.                                  ^^H 

Ml.  at.  KI.MI.  3B>.  Ml.  Cll.  ai 

UMculn  a»klnc.  auo. 

MftllMk.  Ml.  MH. 

UncUttr-Uni.  Ml.  IM.  I'M 

MJitIro*,  IK. 

UAdcnUon.  ML 

Mar   Hi 

Uabarr  l-Ud.  Ml. 

MCikluw-Kr^an.  Wl. 

Wolsiurc.  ML 

Mra<1->«  lurk.  I«l.  IM. 

Mold.  ri.  ML 

Ucadnv  Iirople.  MB. 

HoMlwUwiKMlf.ML 

M««dow  ni«.  tifc  IM.  Kl.  Wft 

Male.  lUL 

M«al  m  ccmnanr,  tn. 

Moiuo  kllv«r.  fA. 

H«ftl  iwiaUrr.  tn.  m 

MeMl<9i.  ><■  111. 

Uimey.  MTi 

Mniaiir^  rt  M  jna  Ml  me  MB.  Mn,  Ml. 

Nonnrlliip  |i«a[iW.  ML 

t79.  I«l,  Mt   HD. 

Mvnih  9m  :» 

Urat.  IML 

Monaier.  IM  171.  BI  MT.XTL 

Medicine.  IM.  ItT.  I1B.  MT.  MB-  BiL  ML  *■. 

Monalcr  raalr  ur  fratM.  IM.  MT. 

ITS  rf  *M  .  «K  lUI.  II  *. 

Monalcrvltii  kicks  (r«Bi  thcrllfl.  MB 

M«<JI<-Jnc-  bowl.  «K.  IM. 

Miia«t«r  *li»  kill*  fry  the  ch.trin  of  ih« 

Mrdli-ln<-ru|>  117.  WT,  Ok 

cr«  Ma. 

Meilli'lni- luOcr  UN.  »-l    1X1 

Honu.  ITK                                                                          ^ 

Mrdlrlnr  Bii'n  (m^  tiatlrr).  a. 

Moon,  n  SH.  MB.  m  MR.  IM. 

^laAkiac  poiKb  or  imk.  k».  ni.  ski,  m. 

Uoaa  bfurr  sr.  il.  IB,  Ml.  m. 

^^Hn  IM:  loi.  400.  M.  no.  IIK 

Moon.  d«aiti  ut.  *l. 

^HlPUrlnc  ivnan,  in;  wk 

Moon,  mitw  and  vAwm.  li  •*  n«. 

■    Mvdii-inc  ■«!«,  III. 

Hood.  imranUck  of.  Ml 

■      Mc)»n    *>tl    M7 

Mmmi.  aas  flf .  lU. 

■     MeJicd  lallo*  tUl 

M"-— •"'  M<- 

1     iira   n*nKa  of.  til  «f  •■). 

M                    r. «. 

P     JfMKHlarit  ffttbtm.  ISA. 

.M                      4aUiW.II 

aCcOatnulllBtl,  IM,  MS. 

Mi-im-n    IS 

HMtAi  dcmvrnent.  Ma  tm. 

MnnitfNi  IML  III 

MtmitdiM.  lu.  m. 

Mumliur  aur,  K  B 

MeacAlrro  Atwchc  Indtoo.  IM. 

M»r<lAUi  H.  MlMl 

MffTalKTB  ApB^bc  IndUn  cJikn,  (SI. 

M<H-tiir  A.  U..  R. 

Maul.  m. 

HonuuT  matoBi.  ni  IM  «  n*..  ni.  W. 

Maul  a*i.  va 

Mm*.  tM.  as.  Mt 

Manic.  M.  KA  ML  »«. 

MotharlB-lftv  h:,  Ml 

K    Uawor.  tf. 

H«mt  TBVtor.  M.  Mi.  ttk 

^^H           &2A                     ^^~                                       ^^^^^^^^1 

^^^^^B             lilounialn.si.«l  tlM9.,aig. 

Kcrtlle,  woodMt.  «l.  fltf.                    ^* 

^^^^^H              Hountun.  animals  i>(.  tat  ft  **«. 

NctCTU.  *«». 

^^^^H              Uuuiiuin  chiuii,  3M.  SW.  176  3TT.  a*.  Mi, 

Neplivw.  iiu. 

^^^^H                     3IO.  mMOLUA 

K«nr(MIB«W.  1 IV. 

^^^^^^1              MoanulD  tbiuit  Mjulpment.  «as. 

Nvtbu-  world,  ti*. 

^^^^^^H              Huuiitsln  rbani  llnliDctii,  Mli. 

Nettle  lODL 

^^^^^H               MunntAln  rhiiiii  fnvlUlnc.  tc«. 

.Vmrwj^To  )»i>«'.  1.  1W7, 

^^^^^H              Muuiiuiiiffr^M.  IMA  :ui. 

N«^w  Jer>«r  tea.  H*.  iK. 

^^^^^H               Mnaiii;!!!!  Hini,  in  tii  4tf-. 

A-(ra»«a.  IM. 

^^^^^H                Mutmuiln  lion  akin  Ul 

Nltfbi  SB. 

^^^^^^H              Uuuntuin  lion  Bkli]  rap,  Ml. 

NlKbtcbanL  1*3.  JM.  «!?.  SR  ■LM.fl| 

^^^^^B              HouDtnln  nialuicany.  IW.  m.  iia.  na  SM. 

>i3.  HM  STR.  377.  am.  »L  m.  ai.  aL  ■! 

^^^^^1                m.  W7.  ru 

Jan.  h>i  tt».  uu  «R  vw.  sot  idc 

^^^^^1             aCMinuin.  oebthMriuc.  i» 

NIcbtrh^KI  llnlmraL  lUE. 

^^^^H             llounuln  nc«.  t« 

NlcAt  i-baat  innlicint.  ««. 

^^^^^B             MuunuUn  tobacco.  Mi. 

NWbt  cbaat  to  tbr  rwb.  V& 

^^^^^H             Mnuniicur.oi. 

Nisbt  L-taant  to  ibv  water.  Ml 

^^^^^^B 

NUIHKiarr-.  III. 

^^^^H               M«utnliu[.  Ul.  l»Wnq..ec«<l 

WtohtJibaoe.  Ku, 

^^^^^^1               Uourninc  dove.  no. 

Niiir  nlcbi  o^mnunr.  3M.  Ml.  UK 

^^^^^H                         u\ 

St>  •  nUr  Iw*  plain  mivlt.  SOL  M7. 

^^^^^H                   MnUM'  rplnTcd.  71 

Nomidk  life.  3s;. 

^^^^^H                 Uousrcir.  IM   «oa. 

Nonb  star  U. 

^^^^^1               Moutb  i>I  tNiU-rmrcr.  411. 

Kome  of  cuiiBlelUllou.  O. 

^^^^^H               Uouib  «t  Bircam.  30. 

Na»<-I>u[.  131 

^^^^^H               Uoult)  (>n  BiAali.  an. 

Ntwr  ltler<llnr  MB. 

^^^^H                MOTinc  uiiward.  m. 

HoM  blerdlnc,  ren«di  for  lit 

^^^^H              aSorinf  upward  diuii  IS* 

HoMUanble.  IIS. 

^^^^H               Mmui  («v  llopi).  sa. 

Hdl^Cd  cUrk.  m. 

^^^^^H              hl«<iui  rodTauon.  U. 

Nov*rabcr.  W. 

^^^^^1              Mud.  m,  atK. 

Nwmc.  nx. 

^^^^^1 

HuMUtr  cereiDOW.  S(R.  HO.  Ma  MK  tl 

^^^^^H               Mad  i>ro)>i?.  3U,  «m 

««. 

^^^^H                                 »4. 

Horlcar  danB.  tMy  4N. 

^^^^^^H                Murdtn*.  pcnultr  for.  mi 

Number.  70  «f  mc- 

^^^^H                  MuRb.  tM.  KO.  jjy 

Humberuf  S^iiaho.  M 

^^^^^H                Mushroom.  Ki. 

Ilutabcr  uf  ^ttrois.  XTT  Kv 

^^^^^^M                 MiKikinrlirti.  iD& 

Mumber  uf  i>t  jj;*'''''''''^'  MS. 

^^^^^H                  Muohrat  fur 

Number  i>f  wiirld*  J& 

^^^^^1                  Uu.ikTat  livadMnd.  M. 

Ku  HiTala.  TM  f  r  <nr. 

^^^^^H                             tiU. 

Nurw   Ul. 

^^^^^^H                  MuBluclic.  no. 

Nunknv.  tf  1.  UO^ 

^^^^H                UutllailoB.  tit. 

NuL  Sir 

^^^^H             Huiion.tM.  tiiWMo. 

^^^^B                Muiton  UllAW.  IH. 

OAK.  IK  MOl  Sia  MB 

^^^^H                                   ».  ITH. 

oats.  no.  Mi. 

OMtdlaa.  sn.  ihk 

^^^^^1              Nadir 

Obatctrlc*^  lOT. 

^^^^B                 Nail.  1B».  310. 

Ocean.  M.1U.SM. 

^^^^H               NimliuracUlil.  Il». 

Oc«ai>  water.  «D. 

^^^^H                Narrntlvc  ft  tcvend.  SOT. 

OeAtxM'nw.  lie. 

^^^^^^H                                        alftHwm,  |9t. 

Orluv.  «8.  fX>.  MS.  Ml. 

^^^^^H                  AiMfHTlimwi  oMwMHB.  iin. 

Ocbrv.  blue.  Ht. 

^^^^H               NxtiTc  rnrmiM,  tt«  tat.  via. 

Of bre.  yelUiw.  A 

^^^^^H                Nallvp  Raica  of  ib<t  Pat-tflc  States.  Br  H. 

Octaiuiuil  bunn.  MB. 

^^^^^^P                     H.  &:m<-nifi.  n. 

Oclotwr  SK 

^^^^^^1                  Natui'.il  |>hrnomeiu.  tX  1&. 

Odor.A 

^^^^^H 

tiriM/Aira,  HO, 

^^^^^^1                Niivaho.  mcanlnc  at  word,  n«/Mf. 

UHaI.  Sil. 

^^^^^H              Navabii.  onlMwraphr  of.  n«f  **«. 

Oil  Rk 

^^^^^B                Navatta,  prMiUDriaiionof  WTird  tUtlnq. 

OU  ^rovDtais.  OL 

^^^^^1                NaraBoblaukct.  ttitlMg. 

Old  ace.  MO- 

^^^^^1              Nuvabo  houaea.  m. 

Old  folk.  lt».MK. 

^^^^^H              Navsibo  MuanWu.  W. 

Old  roid.  Ml. 

^^^^^H              Navalio          rhaoi.  an 

OlA»nittb.  t:i. 

^^^^H                N«<kla<:c.  »ltvcr.  fTT,  tTB.  sui.  «M. 

oiivcUa  aoi.  va.  uu.  wl  iia  iir 

^^^^^B              NMdie.  n*,  no.  no. 

OllvelUrbiu-ni.  4SI. 

^^^^H               N«cdl«.  dantlTtf.  Ok  ws. 

Olla.  a»t 

^^^^^1                Ncvdle.  knItUU.SU. 

Omen.  i.M.li'1  Sitt. 

^^^^H                K««>lle.  Mccl.  taft. 

One  (Uf  wnc  cbant.  Mt. 

^^^^                           rynsx.                                nf7 

^^^^^^^KcerciBaay.  Sdi.  Ml  WI. 

PoKh. ».  IM.  III. 

^^^^^^^^K 

Pesfb  ktcw.  MB 

l^mBaiifl^.  WD. 

PrADUl.  IM 

Opm  tirid  nb. 

Peart,  till. 

^   mwDlnf  ItiNkir.lLaa. 

Pabbltf.  «.  (B.  KM.  to.  ML 

ft  iipcnlni  In  Ixiw  and  (locnc  MT. 

A<ru  tiHcmfi/oM*  «n. 

H  UucDtlu  IIIK.  3TL 

PwUdoPe^ik.U.  ioa 

Bopcnliw  of  c«mu.  tn. 

Pell.  Ml. 

■  l4M«tta.UI.  IH. 

Ptiulty.  sa 

VonlM.an. 

p«ad*ni.  T'l.  m.  Ml 

"     OnoMV.  in. 

Pvnnrcru*.  Ii^  in. 

Oruwe  4r<!.  Bl.  ML  HH. 

Pcnnrruy.il.  itr;.  im.  tn.  K*4.  M* 

B  Orlrni^il  rajr.  tA 

B  Oririn  of  cUtiB.  Oft.  4tT. 

/VaXdnuM*.  iWl 

P««Hil«.  MB  W  Mgt 

Penpl*  »i  the  e<l(«  of  water.  BSt,  MR 

<       Orlctn  of  (be  name  N^vabo.  by  Kdvaj'  I^ 

PeupW  at  tbe  cud  of  Ibr  brdd .  n 

U«welt.  M. 

People  formed  of  her  ii^ck  «I7.  MK 

Urton.  a 

People  (omrd  at  ber  brcjiL  MI.  MB 

Clmnicnt.  m  f».  «e&. 

PMi>le  of  itie  eartb.  sM.s3a.su. 

SrOdpfar*  (M«f.).  KB. 

People  of  tbe  wbtte  vsU«r,  ML 

OnMM<«  MOWMl.  isr. 

Pepper,  m  m. 

oner.  iM.  m.  in.  uf.  tm. 

Pepper.  Dr.  Uml  B-  Ml. 

^  txicr  BcadbaiK],  ML 

Pvpver-SFUM.  im. 

■  Mleraktn  collar  4l>. 

Pvppermlni.  sou.  tco. 

H  OtcB.  lv:.K«.  Tl«. 

PerldoL  «, «« 

^faOMpMnr  »Ju<k«-iri,J»i 

PfiTU.b^r)'.  s»a, 

^■HBBBH  *r4Ttn«,  m   HT.W 

perauna.  n^iiReit  cif.  ilL 

^BoH^^^Vtllir  riick  VCapin,  IS,  «fti 

Pi^riwiial  nanm.  Il1t«f  mq. 

VovnvtiM.  n.  AM.  Mk 

Pcr>plr»UoD.  1 1 1 .  SM. 

■  c>Tcr«l>rlinln«  VKfloA  Biouler.JStL 

PcriplrsUOiil  nl  feel.  116 

■  (Ml.  UH,  in.MBH«B. 

Pet.  SU.  MT,  ML  UT. 

■  Owl  f«tttll«r.  SB.  Mt.  Ml 

■  Owl  Mu  Bnd  WaauL  laa. 

pttitoc  r. «.  m. 

■  omU.mi.ta^ 

Pctriaed.  BL  V,  OL 

■   OonenDliK  Wl 

ftmtUa  titam-Nl—t.  m. 

K  osidiMd  •iiv«r.  rrt,  rrr. 

Pbuw  <4  noon.  11  «f  mv.                           ^^^_ 

■  a^u^pit.  111.  un.  m. 

PbcBufAinout)  berba,  im                           ^^^^| 

jK 

Pblox.  «a.                                                  ^^^M 

'     Pjui*  <tnciuart). 'n. 

Pkck.  ■•. 

Psck-«4dt«.  IM. 

n«r«4MHfpw»  >nrf|OTwm.  t»L                      ^^^1 

PaluieO  cup.  111.  IBL 

PalnUDf .  MB. 

PalniliMr  of  aa«k.  SM. 

Phrairv.  4ift,  -ML                                            ^^^H 

t*alulr   »t.  «. 

nw»^U  tamt*4>liUa.  IS.                                  ^^^H 

PaluU  tUll.  Ml. 

nvMTie  in.                                      ^^^1 

HUAdto  Pwk.  M. 

PbT>i<  1*1).  Auerleui.  lUL                          ^^^H 

ntlpiutlou.  lA 

llcbins  fnili.  fliL                                      ^^^M 

Paper  Mu.  Ml.  win. 

PW  )«.  iM,                                           ^^H 

Pa^t  brMd.  DT.  tirit  Ml 

Plywcod.  1 A  ML  ML  (OL                              ^^^H 

l'.kt>crc)ar,kH. 

PIlMr  of  sSr-  M^  IM.                                      ^^H 

iitMT  moBcr.  WI.  Ml 

Pltlow    WM   ITI.                                                             ^^^H 

PuilMosrain.  )&. 

PlUoK  ul  inOJ-rowtr.  II 1.                          ^^^H 

p.^npbn^sU&.  ccrcnvnUl.  u  if  h«. 

PlniJi.  Ml                                                    ^^^1 

I'arawi.  «>. 

Pima  rlM.  lis                                            ^^H 

P.uTbr4l  com.  tD& 

pioipiK  im.  no  lis.                                 ^^H 

PorxDlf.  Ml. 

Plmplc  niMtldiM  (Mi.  lU.  lift.  LK            ^^^U 

l-UHlnll,  »•. 

rinr.  Il.u.  M  IMIU  MBl                            ^^^I 

t*.uiliii«.  im 

Pine  atruw.  lUL                                             ^^^H 

pMU.r«t  tlf«   U7. 

Pinrcuin   BK  MI                                                ^^^^| 

pAidrniUUin.  Ma 

Pine  nrrill*.  STI                                                    ^^^H 

p«iirtii  «,Mt  ii«.MiiMt  SIS.  sn.m.vm 

Pine  wan  <M«pHBlil  SIS.                               ^^^1 

AH.  111.  fta. 

piBin.n.«.  iii»>.  MLBT.ai.  lu.  ML         ■ 

Pailrti  I.  nuab«r  at.  137.  v;. 

nnoa  buiwr.  in.                                        ^^^H 

Pailvnt.  poMUoB  o(.  ik 

puow  rum.  wn.                                     ^^^H 

pAironTMlc.  INi 

Plnon  leaTM.  K»                                      ^^^H 

PAUiiL-b,  Ilk.  MB. 

naa«ttuLBa.tii.M:.                          ^^H 

I'.auiwr.  -Hit. 

riML  POltCB.  «U                                                       ^^H 

Hawn.  imHttt. 

naoaafo.  ml                                        ^^^H 

Pea.lta. 

Pipe,  ST.  ML  aOL                                            ^^H 

^^^^^    r»2s       ^^^^^^g^irfDKx.                       ^^^H 

^^^^B           PtLsar. 

Pr>in«i]«iffhunilnc.  fTiL                   ^^H 

^^^^^B            Pliab3Lr>. 

Pnyer   UR.  iti.  e;,  tTL.  VO.               ^^H 

^^^^B               IMtrli   ^>.  t<a,  IDS.  11*.  4H. 

rnir«r>tk-k.  «.  ISO.  1ST.  IM   ITI.  m  m 

^^^^H              Plu  tier  em. 

m.  MB.  tn.  aaa.  BM.  M  •(  M4  .  d'l  « 

^^^^H 

Pravrr  to  tlir  it<»1a   IK,  IB.  •». 

^^^^^^H               Flam,  names  of,  ltlO*t  n^. 

Pm  lou*  stunc    KX    BK.  Ml.  »«  Mi  n 

^^^^H             I'll  irap.  m 

KSriaro,    41(1.  til   fn. 

^^^^H             Plain  mraci.  rrt.  MT. 

PrecUKu  Monc  monnlMln.  1ST. 

^^^^^B              Plaiai  Initlans.  la,  CR 

PncWUttoQ.  U 

^^^^^H              PUiilnr  sx.  ST, 

PreBiuDTT.  sai  x)&  an.  w  NB,       ^ 

^^^^^B                       m>. 

ITCjDdlM.  HtB.                                                 ^^B 

^^^^^H            Pi^uii  111  cereuonr.  Ill  W  mv. 

PrcButure  Urtk,  Si.                       ^^B 

^^^^H            Piani  mu  »i.  He.  ii«. 

Pr— liMT  or  tta«  umtH.  an.  tti.  ii<.  t^^ 

^^^^^m            Plani.  ani<]«oiiac4.  wi.  iPt. 

nicUiw  ra«Un  nonwr.  ■■. 

^^^^^B              Pl4ni;itn.  in. 

PrteUvpevr  ia(.aii. 

^^^^H              PUntlnK.  B.  HI.  MMas. 

PrtmruM.  lU,  ib&. 

^^^^^^H              Plaiitlnc,  rvrcuonlal  mftkod  of,  Ibl. 

Prtvatkut    4ST 

^^^^^B                PUntlns  Mirk.  Mft,  KH. 

Protlui'iUm  of  rau,  coptirrA,  rt£.,  itB 

^^^^^B                Planter,  au. 

ProbibiiKc  (lc»rceainBkarTl&ce.4<LM. 

^^^^H           ruiF.  t»- 

Pronxed  <rap.  tfl  «« 

^^^^^B                                       3)3. 

Pronooiu.  Iibl 

^^^^H              PleUde*.  8H  41. 

PitiiMuui»i(an.  M. 

^^^^H             Plicr*.  r;a. 

ProvcrtT.  ■&.  ttm                          ^_ 

^^^^H             Plow .  »T.  nt 

ProtKity.  dlvUloa  «l,  m                ^^H 

^^^^H             PlonisK.  »&. 

^^^^^B             Plug  lobnrco.  SOU, 

PrMtiiniioo.  an.  uo.  km.               ^^H 

^^^^H              Plumed  mtnic  lis.  Ito^ 

PTMUtaUoDciianLlM.aflB.             ^^H 

^^^^^H              pnennonu.  KB. 

Proio4ype  of  kOOML  a*.                    ^* 

^^^^^fl               Pockei. 

Provision  OB  Joam«r.  m.  tm.  ni.  It 

^^^^^fl               PwkvitKKik.iao. 

d.  sn, 

^^^^^1                 PDTkrtknlfp.  XA 

Prunr,  IW. 

^^^^^H                Polaun.  lun   iKt.  MB. 

/Vor«(M  tttKiiJImn,  lOL  ML 

^^^^^H              PulKin  Irr.  ita. 

Pwbertr.  »* 

^^^^^m            PDkvr.  M,  an.  w.  II& 

Pnblli;  danrr  and  exHlblUoD.  A  <1T  B^ 

^^^^H            Pole.  as&Ht.  ail. 

aua  3K.  am.  aai,  ana 

^^^^^^H              Pole,  mcaaaml,  Ti. 

poebio.  B.  SI.  lu  im.  in.  BM.  asL  flK.  ■ 

^^^^^H             Poles  struiw  oat  at  tbe  waiervceple.  tm. 

an,  an.  »r.  m .  aw.  M7.  jfin  «7.  SM.  ■ 

^^^^H            poiiBii.t».a>i, 

«a  M.  tab.  «B,  4V.  IK 

^^^^H             Potlsbrd  puk.  ffiS. 

Pi*eMo  BoBlto,  4W.                             ^^B 

^^^^H            PuiiFu.  in.  ivT.  at,  »7,  SB.  m.  »>.  sw. 

PlMblo  lc««lld .  SU.                                 ^^H 

^^^^H                      3BI.  aw.  so  (J  Mtt..  MM.  IIT.  HBi  fit.  «B. 

PocMo  TUUtM.  tune*  of.  lati.  O).  ^^B 

^^^^H                 Pollvnbas. !«:  tKL 

Pufls.aiu.                                                1 

^^^^^B               Pollen  nnialOer.  II9l 

pDlmDauT  dtMSiMe.  W!.  \QS.  <KL             J 

^^^^^H             Paljandr1«Bi.  UB. 

Pntp.  tis.                                          ^^B 

^^^^H               Poljcvnr   lll>.*SI.  419. 

PuiTcnscdstooe.  A                       ^^H 

^^^^^H              PvpuUtion.  s. 

puma.  w.  iw.  ITS.                             ^^B 

^^^^^H                fotmlur.  I1K. 

PumpkiD  IM.  »l                                 ^^B 

^^^^^^               Porcapiiiv-         174.  iw.  SM.aM.Ub. 

Pttncb.  Iron.  >n.  m                           ^^^| 

^^^^^H               ForcupltM  CTMui*ll>il»n.  M 

Punk.  «B.  au.                                       ^H 

^^^^H             i>orcDi>lnv<f«od).>lt. 

pupil,  tt.  BBI.  UK.                                     ^H 

^^^^H               PorcDirine  qnlll.  3tB.  aog.  «ia. 

PatiOcaUoa.  ssu.3n.aK                 ^^B 

^^^^H                 PDrrMcc.  KH.  «B-  a».  tti.  MT.  MB. 

PuiiniulUK.  t».  OK                            ^^B 

^^^^H               PoaL  to.  S4a. 

Pun4e.  n.  m                               ^H 

^^^^H           1*01,  t»  saoL  ta.  »T.  Mt,  ats  sm 

PtM-did.  I»                                               ^^B 

^^^^^B           pduu.  en. »«.  tia 

Pub.  KB.  Iia                                              ^^B 

^^^^^H                 Pot'OruH).  S70. 

Pure.M.IV.                                         ^^B 

^^^^^H               PatrtttUta.  tir. 

^^^H 

^^^^H                 Potter.  (KS  tfU.  «K 

iac-411.  ISA  m.                          ^^H 

^^^^^H               Pot[«rr  Ai. 

^^^^^H             Poller;  i»aklnff.9a*/««v..M.>ST. 

giwBliw  s>^.  iw                           ^^B 

^^^^^B              Pottery  maicrlU  ««. 

QiunnUu*'.  ><n.                               ^^H 

^^^^^B               PtMiIUce. 

4JuarT«i.  iw  "f  M«-                         ^^H 

^^^^^B                PducU.  0U. 

QuaiTpkr  Indian,  la                         ^^H 

^^^^^H                Poucb  of  cbantvr  <«m  mvdlrlne  paaxh). 

ijuart  J.  B4.                                          ^^B 

^^^^H 

Quartitte,  (B.                                       ^^H 

^^^^^H                 Pouch 

OwrciM.  MB.                                              ^^^fl 

^^^^^V                pDtpriy.  390.  tn, 

Queue.  B9.  SI.  SI                                      ^^B 

^^^^^^H                  Puwdr thorn.  SS. 

Queue  IWnr«.  lU.  BK,  BTt.                 ^^H 

^^^^B                  PralrU:  <.-|ovrr.  W,  Ml. 

Quln.  I«L  SM.                                      ^^B 

^^^^^B               Prulrlv  dos.  141  l»,  lit 

qnlver.  IW.  Ml.                                   ^^B 

RtMnrr,  Itl   l79.Mt 
KaIiIiU  rluiuiur.  rai 
Rabhli  Igr,  OJ. 
(Ul>bll  liiui{.4n. 
Rao.  M 
Kmce  auirMe.  IHL 

iui<iiti«.  K1.  ta.  aa.  an  «i  «K. 

RdUn.«ai(Mo,M.  SM.a>a 

KAiniMiw.  Mff  M«..  tti.va.sia.s3ii.lM>,  Ml 

lUiunt.1.  tT.stt 

■Uin-vsier. «. 

IUI1C.«H. 

IUt>«.  Mt.  H&.  laoi 

iUa|i,  SO). 

Rat,  HI.  IMk  »*. 

KuitV   IS  »l.  Ml  «».  *n.  111. 
lUiUr  Ijcarrr.  Sim.  aril.  JtTt  SM. 
R^Lttltr  of  ilrcr  Uirs  MI. 
lUltli?  nod.  IK 
lUUlrxiUllc.  lift.  rnt.  EOS. 
KaUlc  mli^k.  300. 

luiiu-  •'■-rd.  ia>. )«.  ua.  4091 
itiLHindc  iw.  tfiu.io&.aoB,  «ia.sn. 

lUwUdenxKuSll. 

Iter  lev  md«D  n>d.  I  ik.  IN. 

>  Tor  taattt.  nt.  HV. 
r.  WJT. 
>varr  of  aan  an^  OMon,  *l. 
.MLatt.BMa(Mff. 

1  *n(.  «n. 
Red  >ni  rbut.  SM. 
K«il  Ix-ar  roiMiclUiloi).  41 
R«ll»ii>h.  la 

icci  .-ui  u  m  71)  KB.  sn.  ffis.  tOL  «ia 
R«d  iiyc  ai.  «a.aM. 

Hnl  bottfic  [KNipk-  «Kt. 
Keil  l«flln  cl&n.  I3X  m 
Hcuncdldac.  ILV 
KcdpcMier.  im 
Rca  rock  bead  iwavle.  au 

H«lt  KUll.  >t0. 

Kcd  M>U  iwoptc.  4«X 
Kcil  aUMke.  aVO. 

Hnl  Mrlt«4  ahlrt,  »W.  tm. 

Ura-wMir  «ian«.  M.  «l.  M.  4*0. 

Krd  wurtd,  )&.  T3.  MT  M. 

Ilcddle.  4UI. 

llcMl.  t«.  Ml,  IH  m  40*. 

f(«e<l  Arrow -BbaTL  IIB. 

Heed  pcoDOc  «t 

KM>d  ahAf I.  IMl 

Kcfoerr.M. 

ilctftUve*.  llOiiM. 4ta 

ItclBilvu  naBCAor  (B. 

ti«iK  r4miiy.saa»T, 

IteUKlon.  ■»  »l.  ».  aie«i  M«..  «fc 
ICellKl<>u*rltMW:l«raf  niMMe.  tamttt.. 

wrj. 
KcniKirtasiB.  4M. 
Itvineilr,  41,  |»I*4**Q.,  IIKfMQ.  W.Mr 

Itcmovlnv  Kual.  lis 

UepBltlnr  •  Bboc.  v;.  »M 

KetH>ri.   IndlJU  t'tttamltaliMiFr'a.  of  M*. 

to. 

Report.  I.laul-  Junca  H.  )llim|aaR  tTl. 
Rvvort  on  tba  i4aulb«rM.   A.  F.  tluulv- 
Iter  SL 


Rcpuie*.iu«i«M,  tra. 

BcscrvitUoa.  Bfe«  uf.  S>«4  mq. 

BcBCnrolr.  IB  M* 

BMIdaoce.  S. 

ECMPKi  farMrrmaDr,  SU.  M. 

BMHKlUllnn.  Ka 

Bci»Bloa  of  nrn  and  *<iau>L  SBft 

KbewnAUam.  lUU.  114.  ML 

JMmi.  vimuMi^.  in. 

Mkm*  UuUmOtm^Mt.  I A 

JH*«f.  lOH. 

Kiev.  tvi. 
Rtdinc.  <i).  148 
Rlftr.  SM. 
Rtnd.  »■. 
Rin«  (40  ati.  na. 

Rln4t  iiruunil  tuii.  91. 
RliDiliur  of  '-he  cdt,  lOL 
niDCVOrB.  IU& 

uuttftr  m>4  moDswr.  ■& 

Bite.  Kits.  Kt.  471.  (71 

Bittui.  M  xa.  sa. 

BiTCT.ai 

BMul-niniMr,  U».  STt.  III. 

BOUL  tic 

Rout  on  tuck,  nt- 
Roaailnir  nr».  soa 

BoblD.  ini. 

RciL-k  alum.  SM. 

Bockcnw.  II&  in.  UL 

Bock  crrvUL  a.  n.  W.  ML  M-  «L  4IC 

BOO. 
Bvck  «rr»ui  luaU.  ■!. 
BdCtt  Usftrd.  IM 
Rock  MM  VfOpl«,  4n. 
Ri>[-k«all.  ai.tlS. 
RiMih  *iiiti&ur.  ML 
Ruckj  Uautiuln  indlMu,  M.ai 

Bodrat.  HI. 
RoU-<:%lu  lriKX«).  9W. 
Bonui  tiroM.  Ml. 
ltoaf<irilof«a.M. 
Sooi.  tH. 
IUrpv.IW.VW.ll4. 
Itovcbrtili'.  tHk 
xmi  rmahri.  isi 

RMtn.  ■UKl*.  IIS. 

H •—  niMi. 

F;  'dnc.  in. 

[.  .    «7. 

|[,.  "I  I  i'i.i.-4n.m 

R,.-,iri   I:. 11    r«. 

KuhbiiK.  na. 
Uubb<>f  lAUH.  Itt. 
■nbbcr  tunc.  aSK 
Mkbr.M. 
BOB.  Ml.*** 
Kiita.  n.  3a  aan.  ML 
VOTur.ail. 

Bun.  M.  m- 

Biiwultiy  u)  enBBiT  iliitrn.  aTlt 
RsbbIo*  vat.  lOa. 

Buab-cruK  laa,  lai. 
BuMrikn  tautle.  in. 


I 


Smctei  klood.  US. 


^^^^r      530                   ^^^                                         ^^^^^^^B 

^^^^^H           socrtd  bacicHkin  an.  a«,  an.  AM.  an  in 

s<-&ii>.8AMB.aT«.aN.  m. 

^^^^^H 

Houpinc- laa. 

^^^^^H              SicreOclav.KVi 

Scar,  no,  sii. 

^^^^^H               8a«rwl  knui. 

Scanbev.  ItH. 

^^^^^H             Sm'i«<i  mounutn  auM.  no.  in. 

Scanocauon.  aock 

^^^^^H              Sacrvd  mounuin  duu  bac.  iiu.  iiv. 

Scu-tet.lB. 

^^^^^H              tecred  nwaauicui.  H,  W.  las.  s&i.  iw.  lU. 

sclMon.aaai 

^^^^^H              8w:r<nInamepfuiliu]t.UB.inf<Mv..m. 

ScoiTlan,  a.  lOB,  171. 

^^^^^^H                 Sacred  l>U4'e.  J97. 

Sc-orvlon  coiwtclUlkiiL  44 

^^^^^H               tecrvdMnrw.  sm,  41X. 

Scrajwr.  a»7- 

^^^^^H                 Sacred  «(onr,  DM. 

Scraplnc  atkk,  atit.  aoa 

^^^^^^H                8acr«t  laiiaw,  Oil 

ScratrblBC  Implemcni.  an.  t:* 

^^^^^^H               Surv^l  uii«<* 

Scrcecb  owl.  178. 

^^^^^^H               SAcrrd  wAicr.  ><:. 

Si-rulv                                                   ^^^1 

^^^^H            sacnnce.  lui.  m  in.  ml  m  sa.  ■&  n. 

St-rub^k.ll.OK  IAICX«&41«.    ^^H 

^^^^^H                aai.  4ii>.  1TIL 

ScytiK.  MB.  an                           ^^H 

^^^^^H              SscrtlUc  lo  the  bcKr.  si  t. 

seuLiae.                                 ^^H 

^^^^^H              lUcnOcc  lo  ttie  sbclvM  In  tiw  rock.  ma. 

seumLaiL                                    ^^H 

^^^^^^H                Sacnilrv  to  ttac  Ulklu  ttoiM.  m. 

Svcond  Made.  *m.                        ^^H 

^^^^^^H                Sacntiiiai  taskvi.  Wt. 

Secret  name.  iiii.                             ^^^H 

^^^^^^H                Sacrliuul  iiioiuM.90. 

Serretkm  u(  tbe  c|«.  an.                  ^^^H 

^^^^^H                Saddle.  iWM  ««,.  iw.  tM. 

Security.  N*.                                   ^^^| 

^^^^^H                SaddlGbA«,  itt,n. 

S«r>l.  3i«.sas.                                        ^^H 

^^^^^^H               Saddle  blanket.  140,  tM.  Sun,  aan.  UA.  tiki 

Kenl  fooda.  US.                                              ^^^H 

^^^^^H               Saddle  bOTve.  t.U.  4A0. 

Acdna  tbc  md«  40a.  hoo.                 ^^^M 

^^^^H               SMe.  IM. 

3clci:tH>Dorcbaat.Bni                     ^^^H 

^^^^^H             sa«chni»h.  St.  lib,  no.  its.  en.  a»,  «i& 

SclUnjT  Wl.                                               ^^^1 

^^^^^^H                Sutchru»h  bark.  flK 

sciT«drc. »«.  antL                        ^^B 

^^^^^H                Sajrehrukh  knotla  people.  Wi 

AkJMiio  Dotxfbuit.  181.                        ^^H 

^^^^^H              salllor  txMincivir.ftM. 

BenalUH  brier,  ilknt.                   ^^H 

^^^^^H                Halira.  m.  m. 

acnunci.  437.                                ^^H 

^^^^^1              S^Ira  ffhircce.  m.  »M.  KR.  SH.  SDB. 

Separation  of  men  aod  moimen.  WtHla^M 

^^^^H                AifTCta  XM. 

September.  9V.                                              M 

^^^^^H             Salt,  lit,  aoB.  sia,  lit,  ti;. 

Senile  .v.ivatM>.  aaa.                                ■ 

^^^^^H              Salt  lake.  tKi 

Servlrv  nrrrr.  tW.  til.                                  ■ 

^^^^^H              tteli  >Un  and  Wonan.  Si&  a«»i 

Scums  of  rlns.  IM.                             ^^^H 

^^^^H            S*li  people.  (31 

Sataemcouaaft.                             ^^H 

^^^^^^H              Sail.  ■acred.lKi. 

Seitlement  of  dlapuia*.  4n            ^^^| 

^^^^^H               Saltoeed.  lU. 

Seren  card  (amc.  WT.                        ^^^| 

^^^^^^H               i^alied  duu|>llnrB.  >^ 

Smming.1M.SKrf>v-.'».*m.»t.  m     W 

^^^^^H                halted  griddle  cxke.  Ml 

Sewtnc  needle.  SIO.                                     ■ 

^^^^^^H                Salutaiton  sa&. 

Sex  of  cartb  and  vky-  aS-  aM.                    H 

^^^^^^^B                  Salnllns  the  Min.  STl. 

Sex  of  Peoples.  B&4.                                         ■ 

^^^^^^^^K                  !laiBia  taitceolata,  IVl. 

Sex  of  «un  aud  muun.  X,                       ^^^M 

^^^^^^H                Sample  roll  of  prarcrsttcka.  IK 

SestuI  Iniercourac.  43S,                      ^^^H 

^^^^^H                San  FYancitiCo  Mounuina.  SB.  tl>.  au.  IM. 

Sbadc.  40.  XH.  SSS.                                 ^^H 

^^^^^B 

Stiadow.  40.                                          ^^H 

^^^^^B                San  Felipe  cUn.  in. 

SHacffy  blanket  MC  M^                   ^^H 

^^^^^H              San  Juan  ageocr.  H. 

Sbalako  dance,  an  «r  m«-                ^^^| 

^^^^^^H                Sao  Juan  MouDUlnv.  M.  NO. 

Sbanaa.  41.  iw.  177. 8»i.  m  aoa.  4?t       V 

^^^^^H                San  Juan  Klver.  31.  MM. 

snamanof  <Hber  trtbea.SM.                    J 

^^^^^H              Sand.  IB.  «e.  tio.  >%  sub. 

Sbume.  4ts.                                         ^^^H 

^^^^^H                                         iT^ne.  I«U.  MK 

Sbankef,  H«.                                       ^^^H 

^^^^^B                »jiud  t>3iniing.  u,  w  ».  T4.  UT.  IM,  IftT. 

sbdi>e  ■rti.  trz.                                ^^^M 

^^^^^1                           171.  a«i.  380.  aw.  3«.  410.  «»T.  107. 

Shai>e  qI  eiirib.  a&                            ^^^H 

^^^^^^H                Sandpaper,  tii. 

Shavl.  94(S.  »4A                                              ^^^1 

^^^^^m               Sandatune.  red.  Oa.  tT4.  f%  SCCl. 

Sbearitw.  07.  IS8.                                  ^^^1 

^^^^^H                9a»d>lonn.  40.  UrfMtt, 

.4bear«.  tH.  STS                                        ^^H 

^^^^^H              Sandwort.  ISI. 

Sbnrp.  143.  XH  «f  mo.                              ^^^H 

^^^^^^H                Santa  Clara  Indlaoti.  tk 

Sbcei>  Malnn.  BUI.                                  ^^^H 

^^^^^H                Santa  Fe 

Sbcrp  corral.  aU).                                   ^^^^| 

^^^^^^H                Sap»uckcr. 

Sbcep.  creation  of.  aSA.                    ^^^1 

^^^^^H                Mrvotdfu*.  itq. 

Bhecp^tp  94.  as.  aa                  ^^H 

^^^^^H                Sub.  numao  «.  ■«.  HS.  III. 

Sbccpduiit.  iia.aB&                    ^^H 

^^^^^M              Saab  loom.  »w. 

Sbeep-bcftd.  Iia.                              ^^H 

^^^^H              Satellite.  U. 

8h«epii«lt.  tw.  asa  in.                 ^^H 

^^^^^^H              Sanaac*-  n*- 

Hbee^-pelt  baskeu  IW  H  m«.          ^^H 

^^^^^H              Saril*b««be.  IBI.ITI. 

Rbtep  ntalnc.  107.  tffli                      ^^H 

^^^^^H               Scabl>ard.  *Kil 

^beepskln.  aa7.ffn.Ha                 ^^H 

^^^^^H               scabbf. 

sbccpokta  f  bocs.  IT.                       ^^^H 

INDEX. 


081 


8liee»  wool.  MB. 

SbMt  Uvlitnlnff,  00.  Stt.  M.  tis 

SbcU.  507. 

sbcu  bead.  an.  taa. 

Sbelter.  4a  SH.  SM. 

Shield.  SIT.  tt&,  IIT.  4H.  las. 
Sliteld.  decoraUon  of.  4L 

Stalnnr.  *BJ. 

Stalnoy  sUck.  «S,  48& 

Slilprock.  S9T.  aM. 

Shiprock  utencr.  m. 

Slitrt.  M8.  «H. 

ShtiE.  fori'lirn..  31iJ. 

&ti"cinj.kIne..l!LV 

Shoe,  abeepakln.  47. 

Shoe.  mow.  4T. 

Shoe,  wooden.  4T. 

Shoe.  ruccA.  MB. 

ShootlDs  erll.  Ma 

Staootlnr  Ood.  SK.  410. 

Sbootlnff  atar.  4&. 

Shotcua.  US. 

Shi'iil<]i-r-tiani). Sn.  4ia •( m«.. 417. 

tdhoulili-rbldilcMB. 

ShuulUvrblaili;  hoe.  MS. 

Ml  uulcVt^r  110  uc  b .  OS,  4B.  479. 

SboTci.  mt. 

MraiUia.l9t. 

Shrut).  SSS. 

ShDtUe.  Ml.  Mt.  »?,  Ha 

Sickle.  Ml 

Slcknew.  I«  «t  mo-.  MC  S«8.  MB.  4M. 

Side  hoe.  MB. 

Slf  Uiv.  Ml 

Slffhlss.  Ml. 

SUrht.  M. 

Slffht,  dlvlnaUon  br,  MB. 

MlKna.liiiir.  nr  U7.4M.  465. 

SlBTierAof  ireatf.  US. 

.•iil'nt  l>»ii\ihlni.  184.  ' 

Sllkweed,  111.  lie.  ISt. 

Silver.  M  tt  M«.,  ISO.  ar:. 

Silver  diut.  t». 

Silver  ornsmcni.  2H4. 453.  in. 

fliiveranjlis  firin  an;. 

f^UverHin  i  ilLinr.  ?ti  ^^  «ra. 

HiniMon   r.j«ut.  Jaiiici  i\  .  tts.  tJl. 

.Sinew.  IM,  aOCk  *».  SIO.  31tl,  3I9.  4o8.  511. 

Sinir,  1S3. 

.Slnfer.  it.  M.  flO.  lOS.  t(r7.  tas.  I9S.  M7   Ml 

ara.  MT.  97S,  Ml.  SOT.  <IT.  1S3.  40,  *TS.  4M 

SInrlnr.  106.  Mf.  SOT. 
MjiffmbrU-um  incirum.  ^lv. 
tUiyritu-hium  murronnlum.  Its. 

HUl.'  .Jt  JJl'll.lll     .ItlH, 

fiLxibuiricr  :i|*.3M. 
SU*  iif  ijrajersUck,  3W1. 
Skclii.xi^  tIJ 

Hhticion  .j|  tiyffBn,  :ki. 
SkllLei.llXWAUOi'.SSii  sii). 
Hktini'iaic  *M. 
Sklnwr  (iiiff.  1T7.   TM. 
Skunk.  <W.  Its.  IT.S.  MIH. 
Sky.  35.  .HI,  M.!aa. 
Skrbtuc.  Ill  .w.  ISP.  rtis.  sib 
Skybluf  .M;in.  3K3. 
SkyhlUf  WiiinAn.  lIKt 
Sky  i-ortt.  sa. 


Skr  Mu.  M.  M>. 

Slave.  »B.«a.<M.4a.4n,4g|,4M.ML 

SUTeclaiu.4H,4n. 

SUrerr.ai 

Slayer  of  KnemlM  or  Moatcr^  Mi  Mil 

MO,  »f.  MB.  MB.  MB.  an.  MB.  Ma  M.  ai. 

4I7.4R 

8i«d.aia 
Sleepiiv.fioa 

sicndei-silvcrtHlllb.  tn. 

Sliclns  r<^cMl  monster.  IHk 

Ming.  3?«. 

SULnrsbot.  TS^'SK 

siii-weare,  MT.see. 

small  blrda.  i.r*l7S,»t. 

SmaU  change.  4B1. 

Small  hoop,  «W. 

SniJllpoi.  ]inttttQ..UM,  KB.  IIA 

Htiii-iJ,  facultynfiMi 

Siijellltiic  wutcr.  HT. 

Sneltinf .  tn  ■ 

Smith.  lU. 

Smithy,  ta. 

SDloAf.  S7.  130. 

!^moh«-boic-.  *>\  'ff.  na  aaai  4U; 

Hmi^klne. «;.  »n.4^.  MB,41IIHNL 

Smooth  cap,  MH  ML 

Smooth  pole,  MB. 

Smooth  ttick  Bpoon.  Htn. 

Smoothco,  fflS.  IM. 

Snake.  IH.  178.  Ml.  MB.  MB.  M«.  4BL 

Snake  bite.  lOJ,  IIT. 

Snake  Mte  remedy.  I& 

Snake  flcnre,  an 

Snake  People.  •«. 

Snake  rite.  MB, 

siiiiri!-,  aw. 

.'vnet-Jtlna,  **<. 

Sni;t.'7ciB*«d,  IHT.MIL 

Snipe.  lao.  ITS. 

SDorlnr.  SOI. 

Snout  of  bear.  4S. 

tinow.  4T  «f  Mff. 

Snowbatb,4T.  4aT. 

Snowbird.  IBl.nl 

Snowdrift.  M. 

SnowBboe.  47. 

Snowstorm.  4T. 

Snow  water.  401. 

Snuff,  IIS. 

Snuff,  tall  Ibot.h  lis. 

s,..,ui-.  '>■■.  r^ti.Mi.  Ma 

.S.c)rj;i]  eiiualilv.  4M. 
Koda  pop,  S17. 
Soil.  M4.  MBl 

.•lola»tim,  SOO. 

SOM.T  ■.'.  I.  ■;:.".  ST».M4. 
Jiulc,  Sri,. 
Solid.  74  «(  M«. 
HoUdaoo  ittmoraUt.  181 
Solstice.  37. 
.■nmthvf  .iffur,  ins, 

teu  AIL  lift  m.  IK  171.  m.  m  4"^ 
SiitxM,tf.fllLik. 

Soul.  BT.  asB. 
Soup.  SIO.  til,  til 
SowthlsUe.  IIMH. 
Span.Tt. 


^^^^^TS^^^^^^^^^                     ^^^^^^^^H 

^^^^H                SfAQlUt.  3.         ».  Itl 

SuR  nf  rriititrllallOTI.  «.                      ^^H 

^^^^m           StaiU«k.  K: 

Slahr.  tTD  4m.  iW.  vr.                                ^^H 

^^^^^M            fitanlsta  lnr<>n«^.  tM.  ts&. 

Stalhlna.  (TV                                         ^^H 

^^^^^^H             !tpuiDUk  Uiiu<UK«. 

Stammer.  M.                                         ^^^H 

^^^^^m              Spanlab  ovrdlt.  tKT. 

SlARii>  ■lecl.TI&                                      ^^^1 

^^^^^H             SpuRi.  110 

Kl-  Afulr«<>>  erv9*.  «l.                      ^^H 

^^^^^1               Spear.  RUt.  4».  «H.  MA. 

.SirnKirM  fi<i*<u*f{jM<i.  It;.                         ^^H 

^^^^B              Spcrklnl,  llll- 

Star    <!frHv.ttl.  tacMOi                    ^^H 

^^^^H              Sprcktol  rann.  tM. 

Star  crealluDDf.aM                             ^^H 

^^^^^H             tii>««uUr  Irunorc.  AS. 

Sur  reailtnr.  Ul.  A  4ia                   ^^H 

^^^^H            Hiweefa.  tn,  is.  tn 

Starwort.  Idl.                                       ^^H 

^^^^^H            SpcecbleM  oae*.  >M. 

Kuic  autlMrlUea.  taoi                      ^^H 

^^^^H             8peU.Mll. 

Sieallac.Mi.                                     ^^S 

^^^^^B              ttNbrar«M  mam§U/M«.  IM. 

»i«iiL4e,aK.                                         ^ 

^^^^B            Spkliui.  n. 

^•toincd  comimiel.  aSi                          J 

^^^^H          Sffidcr.  lOT,  rTt.  »T. 

8i«^i  M.  tas.  aoB.                               ^^H 

^^^^^H            Sf)ld«r  Oviiicr  iM. )«. 

Ami  fliBt.  C7.                                             ^^^1 

^^^^H             Sfi(d«rM;inani1  Woonao  tM.  au.  «ll 

Strrl  atanpL.  tl&                                        ^^^| 

^^^^^H             Si>li1cr  itivdklnc.  tu. 

Stcllitr  irnincncr.  43.                                    f 

^^^^H               Kptdcr  neb.  lOT. 

Siepbcn  A.  M  .  aft  ann.  am.  IH.  0.           J 

^^^^H               Biilndlc.  X«.  OB. 

sini|>inr.  410.                                     ^^J 

^^^^H               Sptodir  allclt,  m 

Stew.  «».  ana,  mo  tii.                    ^^^B 

^^^^H            SvlanlnK.  sad.  ST. 

sti<k  sn. !i(i  ov  sn. :a. BR. ■;. aC^H 

^^^^^^B             SilJnninr-vlir'l  tM. 

Sllrkdtre,  «l 

^^^^^H            Spiral  tw^km  rope,  tfi.  tSB.  a& 

Slick   tneaBurlBir.  Tl 

^^^^H               Rl>lnt.t:TtI.fi(S. 

Slick.  ailrrtDc.  ai8.  tip.  ao.  as  ^  WL 

^^^^H           si>intof  iifc.36J.aA 

stiflan*.  log^  sa. 

^^^^^1               typlttlc.  «W. 

KiUw.  rcm«ar  for.  iit. 

^^^^^1               (iplUlnv.  tv.. 

SUrrliw  aUck.  fia.  tut.  nu.  tan.  ao.  DL 

^^^^^1               StHUInti  MiXHl.  «:. 

pUtcli.a9s,aoawj«iir. 

^^^^^^H            Sfmkomaii.  to. 

fiuKklnt.  le. 

^^^^H             Spoon,  III.  Stft.»lMeL 

Sioniach  trouble.  114- 

^^^^^^B              a^oroboif  trwtaMdnu. 

stune.  «•  tt  t0V:  aLtt.  aio.  3M.  aao,  mi.at^ 

m.tn.aaL 

^^^^H             Seart.SSCL 

SUme  aa.  MBi  IB. 

^^^^H               Brntlcd.flB. 

OUMt  d(ak.  aui.                                      ^^ 

^^^^^^H             spotted  thunder.  SI. 

Stone  rtic-  477.                                            ^^^| 

^^^^^^H             SiMtied  wlod,  n. 

Slonc  SLnt.  07.                                            ^^H 

^^^^H             Hpout.  »T. 

SlODc  tiDuar.  m                                       ^^H 

^^^^H             Siirato.  111. 

Ston«linpteneni  aai.                       ^^H 

^^^^H              Bprcad.  aw.  41& 

Stone  knife,  at.  &B.  aoL  am.              ^^B 

^^^^H           sprinc.  at  OH.  n. 

Stone  quarry.  U.                              ^^H 

^^^^^H             Sortn*.  ascrcd.  ITB. 

Stone  m*UL«(.  lit.                            ^^B 

^^^^^1             sprtnr  water.  «Di. 

StODeaecdsroBiwcll.  Iia^  m           ^^B 

^^^^^H             svrlDkllns  of  Mlm.  ntk 

StoDC  trap.  470.                                  ^^H 

^^^^^H              Si>iittk)inw  u(  liu.-«ii*c.  t\»~ 

Store.  r».  T7t,  t:;^                                     ^^H 

^^^^^1              SviinkllD«  of  tutlca.  1U>,  ItT  4I«.  «W,  4«>. 

HtorlDt.  MT.  4m.                               ^^B 

^^^^H 

Stnnn  iA«r  •««..  SS#f  aag.                    ^^H 

^^^^^^H              Sprtnkllns  cf  water,  asi. 

Stove  ST.                                                ^^H 

^^^^H              ^irlnklliur  of  weed*.  <i;. 

Stralcht  liahialoK.  atft.                       ^^H 

^^^^^^B              Spracc. 

Stmiirlinc.  aM.ise.iaN.                     ^^B 

^^^^^B              Spmce  arrow. 

SIraw.  au.                                             ^^B 

^^^^^H              S^ruicboir   IIK 

Strlciurc  10.                                   ^^H 

^^^^B              Sprarc  rolUr.  80(1  414. 

strife.  4aai                                  ^^B 

^^^^^H              npmirt  dr«at. 

HirlMn«  fldck.  (■.                           ^^B 

^^^^^^H                Spmi:«  brtop.  tIB. 

Striped.  Oi.                                       ^^M 

^^^^^H               SiKir. 

Sirlprd  urnnder. «                           ^^M 

^^^^H             spuntr.  iia.  IH>. 

Sirlprd  wind.  m.                                 ^^H 

^^^^^^H              Hpurlouactanit  43t. 

Strurk  by  ttttiinlnir.  flK  •!>                ^^H 

^^^^H           BputMrtiur.  an,  sra.  •":.  «m.  «n. 

SUidii  of  reilKloa,  m:.                       ^^B 

^^^^B            Spy.  tw, 

Mj,  tvr.                                             ^^B 

^^^^^^H              Sqaar*  (Oforcj.  I&). 

Suilalnry.  Id.  flB.  SU  «f  taq..  Wt           ^^H 

^^^^^H              Squarr  fami  Wl 

Hud*  grucca.  a4^                                   ^^B 

^^^^^^H              Square  bnop,  4U, 

Huru'.  tl7.                                                   ^^B 

^^^^H             B<iuaab  in.  SH.  tti,  isr. 

iUicarH^anc  IK  MO.                             ^^H 

^^^^^H              9uaaah-bii«.  IM. 

Sucar-melOiL  HI.                                 ^^H 

^^^^^H              Squaw  daa<^«  (m*  rirla'  danced 

Sulrtde,  aSQ.                                          ^^" 

^^^^B              SdUirrvl.  141 

Sumac-  iH.  «Dl  av.  a».  «D.  «:.  aa.  nt 

^^^^H          tiutiit,  sas. 

aaa,  40&.  4I&  «. 

^^^^H             Kurked  iio4ran.SH.  .'W. 

tMimar  Drrrr.  an. 

J 

^^^^^^^^^^^^r?SS^^^^^^^^^^^s3^^^^^B 

Sasuc  pdcb-ochrc,  hSl 

Ta.lloir.  m.  «.  STi.  )iA  STL                                               ^^H 

HuniiK  pollen.  400. 

TlllOWdUCOM.  StiL                                                                 ^^^1 

SuniniFr.  a.Utl  m«..  »>. 

Tallow  in  tbe  bide.  SIX.                                                    ^^H 

Summer  >iiliB«la.  M. 

T«lluw  roll*.Stll.                                                               ^^H 

5iumncr  chanis,  W. 

Tab  color.  St.                                                                   ^^H 

}tviiiHi«r  bmun,  391,  B\ 

'Vuuuiw.  aoL                                                    ^^H 

Sumner  [okleDcc.  UT.  sn. 

TMM.m.ioa                                                ^^B 

Sun.  n.  ««.  SU.  S3»,  35).  ut.  ua. ««. 

TAr-4iilal:i.  IV7.                                                                          ^^^H 

Sunlwarvr.  St.  41.  US.  UT.  HO. 

TuiMw-i.  Ad.  m  na.  t4«.  M7.  soA                             ^^H 

Aantiumt.  fT. 

Taaic.  ML                                                                            ^^^| 

San<4kc.Mfl. 

TkiIoo.  ;t,  SiA.                                                                           ^^H 

SaatiAf.Sttlttq. 

Taufilinit,  ^O.                                                                  ^^^M 

Sun.  Oralti  of.  II 

l>a.  iiLiM-sn.                                                    ^^H 

flan,  [tirtMiionto  AKd  fr«n.S7,HU. 

Tcr:   1T3,                                                                                      ^^H 

Saailrloil.)uR,fli. 

TrUima  ItatUa  jW.  |%                                                     ^^H 

AUL  l-<-llpK  of.  tl. 

TtioaU  wruuW.  Itt.                                                          ^^^| 

Sva  baJv.  r.  OL 

Temper.  171.                                                               ^^^| 

anntlKbi.  fl.  tti. 

Tempcraiuro.  AS  M  wg.                                               ^^H 

Sun  Mjd  XMt,  SMI. 

TVMo  At*iUtt  of  <iv«r.  4IS.                                              ^^H 

Sun    |ii,i|irrntlckor3M. 

IVwa  InUUii.  (4.  •&.  n.                                               ^^H 

Honrar.  tl.  ttt.  lot. 

TeiAH  reiuer.  W.                                                     ^^^| 

Suiuiw.  ai.  Ju.  Ml 

TriilU  rahrii.-.  m,                                                           ^^H 

suiiaet.  sa.  aa 

TpiiIIc  Indtuirr,  »l  ti  m^.                                             ^^^| 

Sua.  BM  of.  Ht. 

rAti/rj^fnun  fimMtrl.  IWT.                                                       ^^H 

(btiuitrokc.  ST. 

Tli.iv.'M.                                                                                     ^^H 

Sun  InilL  »l. 

The  NftTkbo  Sbocmakrr.  A.  U  SUpbcB.                    ^^M 

Sunwlw.  3T  MV  U.  m.  «.  3M,  MB.  M7.  Htl. 

an.                                                              ^^H 

an. 

77i>IJ*pi.«>u)  ITrMW.  III.  UB.                                        ^^H 

.Sunflower,  m,  jbi.  4ia,  ml 

Tn^r.kiMuKfv.  lUA.                                                            ^^H 

SuppIIm.  tOT. 

TtiU-k  mnllcliM  4»e<.>.  lUb                                             ^^H 

1  jBTf  ue.  14  #(  MV. 

TlOorpt.  I«.                                                                       ^^H 

HAKfiuv  MttL  an.  «t. 

Tbow.  iNL  ■».  nv.  no,  KB.  ni  Ml.  M.                   ^H 

rKrtvfT.n.  m.  III.  Ill, 

«i4, 4»L4A&iaa.47A'm.                                    ^^H 

9a>pl''fnti,4«i,  HS. 

Tborn  «ppi«.  190.                                                  ^^H 

Stupe  ndcO  conl.  tXX 

Tbt)m-lmih.  IT*.                                                               ^^^H 

SwAllow.  HO. 

Tbunnwbwort.  UA,  U&                                         ^^H 

Swalluvlns  apKlvr.  etc..  remMlr.  IIA. 

Tboufftt.  VT.                                                         ^^H 

Sw4llowinc  ib«  Arrow,  sn.  (IK 

TbrMd.am                                                                      ^^H 

Swamplnc,  IM. 

Tbr*e  ear*.  Xtt.                                                                ^^^| 

.SwMilka.  flSt  tIB. 

Tbrve  tkd  (foodl.m                                                     ^^^| 

SwMinnr.  IM. 

ThrcshLaff.  ML                                                                 ^^^^H 

S»:al-tMtll.S4l.  WL 

TbcoaL  Pore,  loa                                                              ^^H 

swrep.  nn  aa 

Tbumb.  Ml  Ml                                                           ^^H 

Sweeitrrad.  Wr. 

Tttuodcr.  IS.  eoU  Mfl.,  Ml.  Ma.                                        ^^1 

siiMi  iwuio,  in. 

Tbunder  arrow,  too.                                                  ^^^| 

SweUIW,  IIL 

Tb  a  niter  totutelUUan.  O.                                         ^^^| 

llwiaunlu. ««.  H.  Ml. 

Ttine.  toll].  IT.  M                                                        ^^H 

SwItlC.  471. 

Tin  can.  ii(L                                                               ^^H 

Swuuuinc.MB. 

71awar«.  Wi.  m.                                                       ^^^1 

SriBbal.  ttl.rTS.iii 

llnneta  luitiuna.  fT.                                                    ^^^| 

Srmbolk  color  U 

TiniUr  «.                                                                 ^^H 

Sytnbolk:  Ilfhuiliiir.  SM.  410. 

TimicrtMS.  itt,  tt,                                                     ^^^H 

flymboJUtn.  rcllcloiM.  SU). 

TiogKu*  ii»l*l«n.  MO.                                                ^^^1 

l^p.  MT.  lU.  IIT.  4U.                                                                ^^H 

SjpliUte.iaR.lia. 

nimouae.  lAL                                                                           ^^^H 

Hjruv.  lift 

l^Md.  laa.  ITT.                                                       ^^B 

Toad  nas  iM.                                                       ^^H 

Taboo,  ti.  mk  mt,  ui.  ns.  m.  no.  au. 

TOMlotMl,  m.                                                      ^^M 

■a,  m,  MS.  4a).  i»  HI.  Hi.  4i:  4it  t64. 

Totwro  m.  «n.Ml'fMg-.  MLMMl                              ^^H 

171.  MB.  arr.  SOB. 

Tabacco  worm.  ITT.                                                         ^^^| 

Tube.  M«[.. ». 

T»e  nine.  jm.                                                                ^^H 

Tack.  141,  na 

Toiwa.  itSl                                                                 ^^H 

IlKk.  w««ieB.  JTf. 

Toole  utreml.  IH.                                                       ^^M 

T«din>«.  »i.  m.  im 

TDoU  tor  borUl.  lot                                                  ^^H 

T«a  of  <rutiai«IUUa«.  H- 

Took,  nodeni.  Mi^  ml                                         ^^m 

Tallamxn.  ito. 

Toailiwbw.  IMl                                                          ^^H 

Tciuna  oo«.  m.  IK  im  a>.  tti,  ■■.  K. 

TMtbwke  uedlclne.  111.                                               ^^H 

HM.  Mi.  MMMN.  <aO-  4Hl  IM 

TKHb-nn  Bwdh-lB*  US'                                      ^^H 

Tilklu  tn  «tf«p.  ML 

ToMb^vm  wind  cbuii.  ML                                      ^^^H 

T«ll  Vlaau.  M. 

1\ip  KplRntntf .  4M.                                                     ^^H 

K 

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^^^^^^3a4         ^^^^^^^/tSb^^^^^^^^^^^B 

^^^^B               TnrclL  tlL, 

Twiir                                         ^^1 

^^^^H                Twriotae.ltT.17t.Kl. 

Twi*  insericd.  x!a.  an                ^^M 

^^^^^1               Tortolvc  vIicU.  a-n.  ivr. 

TwlKMU  cnne.  iH  MIL                    ^^M 

^^^^^H                ToHinnaoolii.  IWL 

Twlf  sIluttK.SST                                   ^^M 

^^^^^B                IVttMnlsui .  at 

TwlllCllI.  M,  kl.  SI.  Iia                        ^^V 

^^^^^H                  Tourli.  dlvloAIIon  Iry  SOL 

Twliurltt  Han  aiid  WumatL  ■&                1 

^^^^^H                  Tourb.  tiCXlHvt<l.»ftlK»i. 

Twtn.  4Sa                                             J 

^^^^^1                    To««t,  SKI. 

Twia  Mlta.  4&I                                    ^^H 

^^^^H                 TetnuttMa,  IW. 

Twtn  rock  peofie.  tm                   ^^H 

^^^^^B               rMrawHdlc  MrtM.  IS. 

Twine.  Mft                                          ^^H 

^^^^H               riMmMiirfla  wMfftM.  114.  IK. 

rvpAit  lari/Ma.  aoa.                       ^^M 

^^^^^1                Toir  CUD.  XM. 

^^^^M 

^^^^B             r«ortM-<ii<  rj»s.  xw. «;. 

Hmrkkii^  4U  Mi,                              ^^1 

^^^^^B              T^oUo^  cUo.  m.  or. 

Tnilr.  Hi                                                          J 

^^^^^1              Track,  airur*  of.  sn. 

QiiJiff  Inlor  of  rock  ti(«|ii(_  3JC        ^^J 

^^^^^1                Tractdnff  bc«r.  IM 

ttniler  vorklK.  U                               ^^H 

^^^^^H                TracMuK  monaler.  IMl 

UnilcrirrauiMl  water,  tt.                     ^^^| 

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l*nltm  SUicM  NaUonal   ttneaiB.  n» 

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Unlverae.  Sa. 

^^^^^H 

Dnravelttur  rk  t«.is*  ill  iisrf««.ir 

^^^^^1             Tnii  of  beautr  a. 

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^^^^^B              Trail  of  rUflbow.  OL 

Upper.  ib<L  an.  m. 

^^^^^H              Trail  of  ran  and  notn.  K,  aU- 

Upper*.  n&  aoi,  aa.  u. 

^^^^^H              TralatiMr  of  warrior,  4>T. 

Upper  wtarld.  Kl. 

^^^^H             Tr«iuvortauoii.  MB.  tw.  ssi.  an.  iM  wA 

Upricbi.  fls.  nv.  Ml.  tai                ^H 

^^^^^H              TraMponailon  uf  >  can«e.  IM. 

Unne.  m.                                            ^^B 

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Ur»a  major,  44.                                   ^^^ 

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11,7.                                                                            1 

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^^J 

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Van-i!Ait>rci1  sLoae.  ito.                   ^^H 

^^^^H           Tree  as.  n&-  xsa. 

ViTlentMl  bead  moaaoin.  1A       ^^B 

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Vault  uiHkj.n.  an                                 1 

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V'uuH  ol  lower  wurlil*.  IK,                   ^^J 

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v'ctfi-i.ibic  (ir<'  SI  *r>Ai.                ^^^1 

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VexrUUcm.  OB.  t^:  SHI                       ^^H 

^^^^H              TMtMl  luiins.  tr.  IH. 

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^^^^^H                 TriMvt  ptojiiini:  t>\.  7K~ 

Venison  SH.  ti3.  UT.                         ^^H 

^^^^^^B                  TH/nf'wni  rrraetfAmtmii,  IfO- 

VrrifriM.Ky.                                       ^^H 

^^^^^B                Trinkvt.  T» 

Virbtwliin  rariJoMw.  114.                         ^^H 

^^^^H                Trophy.  MO.  K4.lt7&«M. 

^^^B 

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I'Uvriwm,  IHI                                                ^^W 

^^^^^^B                Tumor. 

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^^^^^H              IMnlcbaRADce.  II. 

vidi.  an  ma.  3^  iffl.  »&  aft  tu,  ■&  ML  1 

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village,  an.  S49.                                           1 

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VloIeDce.  iai                                          ■ 

^^^^H              TuriierIeatber.UV.ttLae7.BMiL  IK- 401.401 

VlrTlfl.HltSS».4«Bi                                 ^J 

^^^^^B              Turkei  fecu  W. 

Virvinla  creeiwr.  apl,  tiK.                 ^^M 

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v'irirlti'*  t>uwer  iir.                        ^^H 

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Vitaliiy  ini|>.iirnl.  ml                     ^^H 

^^^^^^B                Tumlnir  a  ■iooc.  at. 

Vok^nte  arUTllf.  St                            ^^H 

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Vomltlur.  rvmedr  for.  IH              ^^H 

^^^^^B                          M,  !BB,  ««.  41)1.  no.  114.  4M.  4^1.  «n. 

^^^H 

^^^^^H                Turqnottc  I'tiamn.  411. 

Wauiko.  M  rf  aog.                              ^^^| 

^^^^^H                l'ur<|U»lH<'  aiDUDtalD.  IM. 

waron.  iu.n8,amia.               ^^^| 

^^^^^B               Tunic.                11 1. 161.  itn. 

Wallliw.  41UL                                       ^^B 

^^^^H            Tunii!do*«  lao.  us. 

Walalrlolh   400.                                           ^^^B 

^^^^^B              Twc«ser.  MB.  IM. 

WdlklOtf.  IM                                                   ^^B 

^^^^H             Tvclfili  irorid.  ma. 

Walkliut  In  alccv.  »1.                           ^^B 

^^^^^H                Twelve  uniclope  moiutcra.  KB. 

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wind  break.  S& 

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WinUmlll.  14. 
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WlDirleM  Inncct*.  I4T  tt  Mf. 

Wlantnit  of  a  ttubet.  Mb. 

WinnuH  tea. 

Winter.  ».  5H  •(  XQ.,  SH. 

Wlni«ruilinals  U. 

Winter  binU,  uv 

Wtnieri:tianui.S(!i. 

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Wtnler  reiiiil«iu-v,  SW: 

Wirr.  J».  n<,  fMttw.  wi    IIP. 

Wirt   ultvrr.  IM. 

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IIT.  Illi.  UI.&1I, 
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Woman,  nainca  of.  t»1. 

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WooMB'a  dren.  a«6,  MB.  mt.  mo. 

Woin»ii'«  ioduvtry.  iBih  nt, 

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Wood,  tm  K*. 

WooJbwI.  ail. 

Wood  Dint.  n. 

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Wooden  aboe.  *7,  Stl, 

Wood«o  tutic.  tn. 

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Woor-«mnd.  MB. 

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Wool  itnish.  an 

Wool -card.  B& 

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Wnmwooil  Kurrbruali.  ll«,aiBi 

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Yucca  baaliet.  Wb. 
YiKCa  baib.  It.  Ma 
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Yucca  knwk.  BB. 
TwaaconL»r. 
Tncca  fruit  sia  m 
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