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>/ 



A NEW AND GENERAL 

BIOGRAPHICAL 

DICTIONARY. 



1798, 



VOL. VIII. 



t - 



A , 
NEW AND GENERAL 

BIOGRAPHICAL 

DICTIONARY; 

CONTAINING 

AN HISTORICAL AND CRITICAL ACCOUNT 

OF THE 

LIVES and W^RITINGS 

) >4 / *^ OF THE 

Moft Eminent Perfans 

IN EVERY NATION; 

PARTICULARLY THE BRITISH AND IRISH; 

From the Earlieft Accounts of Time to the prefent Period, 

WHEREIN 

Their remarkabte ' A§t1<%^.- tu^! Sxifferings, 
Their VirVSaI?, PXrtsT, aftH'tfi/tRNiNO, 

ARE ACQlrtlAr^^Y WJPLAYED. 

With a CATAtOGtJfi dfrtb^ir laT;E»AjRY Productions. 



A NEW EDITION, IN FIFTEEN VOLUMES. 

GREATLY ENLARGED AND IMPROVED. 

VOL. VIII. 
LONDON: 

Printed for G. G« and J: Robinson, J. Johnson, J. Nichols, J. Sewill, 

H« L. Garon^k, F. and C. Rivington, )V. Otkioge and Son, 

G. NicoL, £.' Newbxry, Hookham and Carpentzx, 

R. Faulder, W. Chapman and Son, J. Deighton, 

D.Walker, J. Anderson, T. Payne, J. Lowndes, 

P. MAcqjjBEN, J. Walker, T. Egerton, T. 

CADELL,jun.andW.DAVi£8, R.Edwards, 

Vernor and Hood, J. Nunn, Murray 

andHiGHLEY,T. N. Longman, Lee 

and Hurst, and J. White. 

1798- 



THE NEW YORK 
PUBLIC LIBRARY' 

720150 

A8T0R, LENOX AND 
TILDEN FOUNDATIONS 
R 1915 L| 



•• •• 

• • • 

• • • 



•• • • • 



NEW AND GENERAi; ' 

BIOGRAPHICAL piGtIONARY# 



H-* 

HEATH (Benjamin), a lawyer of eaAntnte, and towtti 
cicrk of Exeter, was a celebrated fcholar and an biithor# 
f He wfot^, I. " An Eflay towards a denoonftrative Proof of tte 
^ . iTivine Exiftende, ^^Tf. ^^d* AttjSbU)*S | 'td^.l^ich is pretnifed^ 
X a (hort Defence of iftp:*&r|^imienC c>oA«tf^ i pfiorii 

'l\ 1740.'* This pamphlet jwast^edicat^'d' Jo Dr. Oliver bf.Bathj 
\ and is to be ranked annioiigi^ thf JiWcClidtfences of Dr. Ciarkc's^ 
i or rathei^ Mr. Howe's,. h^otlifisi foe -it iappeal^s to be taken 
rv from Howe's « Living $ei^fe:l\:-:2:r« The, Gafe of thtf 
G)unty of Devon with fefpeft tV the' Consequences of the ne^ 
Excife Duty on Cyder and Perry. PuWiflied by the diredlloa 
of the Comnnittee appointed at a General Meeting of that 
County to fuperintend the Application for the Repeal of that 
Duty, 1765," 4to. To this reprefentation of the Circum-i 
fiances peculiar to Devonfliire, the repeal of the a6l is greatly 
to be afcribed. The piece indeed was confidered as fo well* 
timed a fervice to the public, that Mr. Heath received fome 
honourable notice on account of it at a eencral meeting of th^ 
county. 3. ** Notac five LfcfKones ad Tragicorum Grsecorum 
veterum, iEfchyli, &c.. 1752," 4to; a work which places th6 
author's learning and critical (kill in a very confpicuous light : 
a principal obje A of which was to reftore the metre of th6 
Grecian tragic poets. It is highly valued fby all found critici 
of pur own and foreign countries. The fame folidity of jlidge-t 
ratent apparent in the preceding, diftinguifhed the author's lafl 
produ6tioh ; 4. ''^ A Revifal of Shakfpeare's Text, wherein thd 
alteratfonS introduced 'into it- by the more modern editors and 
^ critics are particularly confidered, 1765," 8vo. It appekrs froni 
the lift of Oxford graduates, that Mr. Benjamin Heath wa« 
created Ii.-C. Lrby.diploma; March 31, I76ar' Tkc brother of 
VtDL.VIIL B. this 



>s 



2 H E C QJLT E T. 

this 9UtI)or| Mr. Thomas Heathy an aldennan of Exeter^ (^utr-i' 
liflied " An Effay towards a n^ Verfion of Job," &c. in 1755. 

HEBENSTREIT (John Ernest), a celebrated phyfician 
and philologcr of Leipfic, was born at Neuenhoff in the dioccfc 
of Neuftadt, in the year 1702. In 1719$ he went to the uni- 
verfity of Jena, but, not finding a fubflftence there, removed 
to L/eipfic. He pafled the greater part of his life in the latter 
uoiverfity, and hnally died there in 1756. Befides his acade* 
9ical and phyfiologtcaf tra^, be poSnOied, in 1739, !• *^^Car« 
men de ufu partium," or Phyfiologia metrica, in 8vo* 2. '* De 
homine fano et aegroto Carmen^ liilens Phyfiologiam, Patholo* 
^ianiy Hygienen^ Therapiam, materiam niedicauii cum prsfa* 
tione de anti^u4 mcdicina." Lreipfic, 1753, 8vo. 3. ''^Ora- 
tio de Antiquitatibus Romanis per Africam repertis," 1733^ 4to. 
4. " Mufeum Richterianum," &c. Leipf, 1743. And, 5. A* 
pofthumous work, entitled, ** Pdia^ologia therapiae,'* Halx, Svo, 
1779. This author had alfo an elder brother, John Chriftian 
Iiebenftreit, who Was a celebrated divine, and prpfoandly verfed 
in the Hebrew language* Emeftt has publiihed an eulogium of 
eachy in his Opufcula Oratoria. 

HECHT (CHIkis^liy»k a oativj^-c^^Hall, and minifter of 
Cflen in Eaft FrieMlaiilf.<Kei^ m\4*9^8;: jijthe age of 52. His 
principal works are, i^/'. Cppioeotatio philogico-critico-exe- 
getica," &c. 2. ** An}if|oita5l*H^riforum inter Judaras in Po- 
Ionia," &c. Befides .thi^lfc *Jb*e*5vr^^^^ Teveral fmaller works ia 
German. He had a Hf(^e;;V;<5*^«?K Kecht, who was the au- 
thor of feveral very Uarried*dif!Srta'HohV/ 

HECQUET (Phiiip), a French phyfician of fingular merit 
and (kill, but a ftrong parti zan of the ufe of warm water and 
of bleeding j for which reafon he was ridiculed by Le Sage in hia 
Gil Bias, under the name of Dr, Sangrado,^ He was born a^ 
Abbeville, in 1661, and praSifed firft in that city, then at Port- 
royal,, and laftly, at Paris. He was not properly/fl/i grado^ for 
Ke tooji: the degree of do£lor in 1697 ; and in 1698 had more 
bufinefs than he could attend. Though attached to the mod 
^mple Qiode of life, be was obliged to keep his carriage, ia 
VIrhich he'Audied with as much attention as iiv.^his clofet. In 
rjif2, he' 'was^ appointed dean of the faculty of medicine, and 
iu^'erihtended th^ publication of a fort of difpenfary, called^ 
*•* iC'JIi'e New Code of Pharmacy,** which was publiflied fome 
t|(n^ afterwards. Hec<|uct vras no lefs zealous in religious mat- 
ters thaii (ludious in hiiown profellion, and is faid never to have 
pVefcribed iii doubtful cafes, without having a previous recourfc 
to prayer. He lived in the mod abftemious manner, and in 
1727 retired to a convent of Carmelites in Paris, where h« 
continued acceflible only to the poor, to whom he was a friend, 
a comforter^ and a father. He died in 17379 at the age of j6. 



HEDELIN.. 3 

Tliis able phyfician publilhefl reveral works, none of them de- 
void of merit. They are thus enumerated, i • ** On the in- 
decency of men-midwives, and the obligation of women to 
nurfe their own children," lamo, 1728. The reafons he ad- 
duces on thefe fubjedls are both moral and phyfical. 2. " A 
Treatife on ihe difpenfations allowed in Lent," 2 vols. 1 2mo. J 705 
and 1715. His own abftemious fyftem inclined him very little 
to allow the neceffity of any indulgence. 3. •* On Digeftioni, 
and the Diforders of the Stomach," 2 vols. i2mo. 4. " Trea- 
tife on the Plague," i2mo. 5. " Novus Medicinal confpeftus," 
two vols. i2mo. 6. ** Theological Medicine," two vols. i2mo, 
7. ** Natural Medicine," ditto. 8. ** De purganda Medicina 
a curarum fordibus," i2mo. 9. " Obfervations on Bleeding in 
the Foot," i2mo. 10. •*, The Virtues of common Water," 
two vols. i2mo. This is the work in which he chiefly fupports 
the doflrines ridiculed by Le Sage. ir. *' The abufe of Purga- 
tives," i2mo. 12. " The roguery of Medicine," in three parts, 
i2mo. 13. "The Medicine, Surgery, and Pharmacy of the 
Poor,*' 3 vols. i2mo ; the beft edition is in 174.2. 14. ** The 
Natural Hiilory of the Convulfions," in whith he very faga* 
cioufly referred the origin of thofe diforders tb roguery in fome, 
a depraved imagination in others, or the confequence of fome 
fccrct malady. The life of this illuftrious phyfician has been 
written at large by M. le Fevre de St. Marc, and is no lefs edi- 
fying to Chriftians than inftru(Si\« to medical ftudents. 
• HEDELIN (Fkancis), at firft an advocate, afterwards an 
ecdefiaftic, and abbe of Aubignac and "Meimac; was born 
at Paris in 1604. Cardinal Richelieu, whofe nephew he 
educated, gave him his two abbeys, and the protedlion of that 
minifter gave him confequence both as a man of the world and 
as an author. He figured by turns as a grammarian, a claflical 
fcholar, a poet, an antiquary, a preacher, and a writer of ro- 
mances; but he was mod known by his book entitled, *' Pra- 
tique du Theatre," and by the quarrels in which his haughty 
and prefumptuous temper engaged him, with fome of the moft 
eminent authors of his time. The great Corneille was one of 
thefe, whofe difguft firft arofe from the entire omiflion of his 
name in the celebrated book above-mentioned. He was alfq 
embroiled, 00 different accounts, with madame Scuderi, Mena^, 
arid Richelet. The warmth of his temper exceeded that of his 
imagination, which was confiderable ; and yet he lived at court 
a good deal in the ftyle of a philof ipher, rifing early to his 
ftudies, folliciting no favours, and aflbciating chiefly with a few 
friends, as unambitious as himfelf. Ho delcribes himfclf as of 
a flcnder conftitution, not capaj)le of taking much exercife, or 
even of applying very imenfely to ftudy, without fuffering from 
it in his health ; yet not attached to any kind of play. «« It is,"* 

B 2 iiys 



f H.E>Il>EQ;G^f R. 

fa)fs te^.^-tppfatiguiiig for thefeeb^nefs. of i^y body, ortoir 

fn^oleot far»the a&ivliy.pf ipy mind-!' The abbe d*Aujbigna9 
fiVed to the-i^^ of *]%, and died at Neroouf$ in 1676U Hi? 
works are, v«/' Pratique duTlieatfe/^ Axnftqrdam, 1717, two 
i^I§, Syo'; alfo in a 4ti? edjtiojn pqbliflued at Paris ; a bopk oC 
<loun.dera)^Ie learnings hut little calculated to infpire or form a 
^nius.. 5^^ V Zenooie/' a tragedy, in profp, compofed accogcd«» - 
ing to the-rijJ^Bf jjid^dovvn ii> Ims " Pratique/' ana a^' complete 
]6rpof oJC^fl]e* total. fnefiiGacY of rules to produce an i^erefiin^ 
arari;ia, being the moft dull and fatiguing performance that was^ 
cVer r^prefepted. The prince of Cohde (aid, on th^ fubjeS a^ 
this tragedy, " We give great credit to the abbe d'Aubigoac fpf 
Kaving fo- exa£l)y followed the rules of Ariftotle, but owe no 
tbanks to the rules of Ariftotle for having made the ^bbe produce 
to! vile a ^pgedy," He wrote a few other tragedies alfo, which, 
are w^rfc, if pofliblc, than Zenobia, j. " Mflcarlde; or tha 
Queen of tlie Fortunate Iflands," a novel. Paris, i666, 2 vols* 
8vo. 4.. " Confcils d'Arifte a Celimene," lamo. 5. " Hifr 
tpire dy tems, ou Relation do Royaume de Coqueterie," i2mo« 
6, ** Terence juftifie,'? i»fcrted in foojie editions of his " Pra- 
tique." 7. " Apologie de Speftacles/' a work of no value. 
A cufious book on fatyis, brutes, and monfters, has. been attr^«> 
biited to him ; but though tM author's name was Hedelin^ he, 
does not appear to have been the fame. 

HEDERlCUS, br HEDERICH (Benjamin), of Hain,or 
Groflcn-hayn, in Mifnia, was born in 1675; His firft puhli* 
cation was an edition of Empedocles ^de Sfphaera, with his owa. 
notes, and the Latin verfion of Septimius Florens, in L7iiy 
f)refden, 4to. He/then publiflied, a " Notitia Audonim,*' 
Jn 8v0| I7i4« His celebrated manual lexicon was publiihed, 
lirft at Leipfic, in 8vo, 1722, and has been republiflied here 
tvith many additions, by Young and Patrick ; but it has fiucc 
been n;uclT more improved by Ernefti, and repubUihed at Leipfic, 
in 1767, Hederich publiflied other lexicons on dif&rent fubjedis^ 
and died in 1748. Ernefti fap of him, that he was a good. 
Biian^ and very laborious, but not a profound 'fcholar in Greeks 
nbr well qualified for compiling a lexicon for the illuftRition o£ 
(j^eek authors. 

. ' ^TEEMSKIRK. See Hemskirk. 
;"i^iDEGGER (John Henry), a proteftant divine of Swit* 
z^rland, born 5it Urfevellon, a' village near Zurich, in 1633. 
He was firft a teacher of Hebrew and philofophy at Heidelberg^ 
tSen of divinity and ecclefiaftical hiftory at.Steinfart ; and laftly, 
of nfiprality and divinity at Zurich, where he died in 160&, 
He publilhed, !• " Exercitationes feleflas; de Hiftoria facri n-^ 
triarchafum," in two volumes, 4to, the firft of which appeared, 
at An)ftQi;dam, iiv 1667, the latter in 1671 ,2. " Deration©' 
^ T * ' ' ftudiorum 



todiollittt bpurcula Mrtni'* &c. l^o, Zurich, 167b. 3/" Tul 
tnulus Tridentini Concilii," Zurich, 1690,410. 4. " Hiftorl^ 
Papatus," Amft. 1698, 410. There is alio afcribefd to him, 
5« A traft, " De peregrinationibus religiofis,*' in 8vo, 1670C 
And, 6. " A Syftem of , Divinity ," Folioj 1700. ; ' 

HEIDEGGER (John James)j was the fon o'f a clei-g^fri^nj 
ftfid a ftativd 6f Zurich in Switxdrlarid, where he marHeH, But 
left his ccittiitry ih cdnfequence of an intrigue. Having hadaii 
opportunity bf vlfrting the principal cities of Europe, . he ac-? 
^uii-ed a taft^ for elegant and rfefined pleafures, whicH, united 
to a ftrong ihclitiation for voluptooufnefs, by degrees (qualified 
him for the management of piiblicamufements.' In 1708, when 
liewa&ilcar 56 years old, he came to England on a negotiatioit 
from the Swife at Zurich ; biit, failitig in his embafly, he en- 
tered as a private foldier in. the guards for p*rdte£lion. By hi? 
fpri^tfy^ Engaging conrerfation> ' and infinuating addrefs, he 
foon worked himfelf' into the good graces of our yoiing people 
irf faftiob ; from wlidm he obtained the appellation of " the 
Swifs count [a]." He had the addrefs to procitre a fubfcription, 
with Which in 1769 he wa^ enabled to furriiA oiit the opera of 
Tfeittyi-is [»}/^ Which was wfitten in Englifl?, and performed ai 
the tjiieen^s theatre iti ihe Haymarket. The tnufic, hbwever^ 
iva« Italian ; that is to far, afrs fd'cQed ffbrA fe vera! operas b^ 
Sbifdndnii Scarlatti-, Steffani^ Gafparini, imcf Afbinoni. Moi| 
of the fongs in ** Thomyris" were excellent, thofe' by Bonon- 
cifii isfp6<biatly : Valeritini,' Margarita, and Mrs/Tofts fun^ in 
It ; and Heidegger by this perforrhafnce alone * was a gainer of 
506 guineas [cj. The judicious remarks he made on feverat 
defers in the conduft of our operas in general, and the hints 
he threw but for impr6ving the entertain m.ents of th$ royal 
th^tre^ f(ti6iif eftabliftied his chara<9:er as a good critic. ; Appeal^ 
•were made to his judgement; and fomc very magnificent and 
d^^m dfecorations, introduictd upon the ftage in cbnfequeilce of 
his advice, gave fu(?h fatisfadlion to George II. vHio was fond 
0t Operas, that, upon being informed to whofe genius^ he w^s 
indebted for thefe improvements, hi§ majefty was pleafed from 
that tirne to countenance hiAi> and he foon obtained the chief 
management pf the Opera-houfe in the Haymarfcet. He then 
undertook to- improve anmher fpecies of tliverfion, not left 
a^eeiWii to the sirtg, vt^hich w;ias the niafqueracle^, and over 
thefe he alwgys prefided at th^ king's theatre. He w^ Ukc^- 



[a} H« 19 twiiee notleed uhdar this title Count.^* 
Iatbe«« TAtlW," N'o$. nizttA i»; and " ^ " 
in Mr. Daiicetnbcra <« Colteftferi 
tees of feveHl^emi^MiU Petfohs deeeaiedi 



iS; and . [b] There W3is . another opcfa of the 

ri of Leti teme name, by Peter Motteux, in 17 ih, , 

leeeafed,'* [cj- «* Thorny rts*» and « .Camilla;'* 

Ua humorous dedl^atioi) of Mr, Hughes't were Both^ revived l^ ^72^: ^i^t neithfr 

ff^yi^o^ of QMu€er," to «♦ tlw Sw»fi thejitilrtt^^f;*, * * • :. '^ • • - 

5 3 wife 



e H^EIDEGOER, 

%ife appointed mafter of the revels. The nobility now careiled 
Aim fo muchy ^nd had fuch an opinion of his tafte, that all 
fplcndid and elegant entertainments given by them upon parti- 
cular occafions, and all private affemblics by fubfcription, were 
fubmitted to his direfiion [d]. " - 

- From the emoluments^ of thcfe feveral employments, he gained 
a regular andconfiderabie income ; amounting, it isfaid, in fome 

Jrears,to 5600I. which-he (pent with, much liberality ; particu* 
arly in the maintenance of perhaps fomewhat too fuxurious a 
-table ; fo that, it may be faid, he raifeid an income, but never a for- 
tune. His foibles, however, if they deferve fohar(h a name, 
were completely -covered by his charity, which was boundlefs. 
After a fuccefsful mafquerade, he has been known to give away 
'feveral hundred pounds at a time, ** You know poor objeds 
^of diftrefs better than I do,"- he would frequently fay to the 
'father of the gentleman who furniflied this anecdote, " Be fo 
kind as to give away this money for me.'' This welUknown 
liberality, perhaps, contributed much to his carrying on that 
j^verfion with fo littk oppofition as he met with. 

" That he was a good judge of mufic, appears from his opera ; 

'but this is all that is known of his mental abilities [b] ; ualefe 

we add, what we have good authority for faying in honour to 

*liis memory, that he walked from Charing-crofs to Temple-bar^ 

and back again ; and when he came home, wrote down every 

'fign on each fide the $trand. 

As to his perfon, though he was tall and well made, it was 
not very plcanng, from an umifual hardnefs of features [f]. But 
he was the firft to joke upon his own uglinefs ; and he once hid 
a wager with the earl of Chefterfield, that, within a certain given 
time, his lordfliip would not be able to produce fo hideous a face 
in all London. After drift fearch, a woman was found, whofe 
features were at firft fight thou8;ht ilronger than Heidegger's ; 
but, upon clapping her head-drels upop himfelf, he was univer- 
fally allowed to have won the wager. Jolly, a weli'^kpown 
taylor, carrying his bill to a noble duke; his grace, for evafion^ 

[d] Thewr'ter of this note haa been AndexptaiiisHei$ieggertoineaii'<aftniQgtt 

favoured with the fight of an amethyft bird from Switzerland, and not (as fome 

IfiuiT box fet in gold* prefented to Het- have fuppofed) the name of an eminent 

degger in 1731, by the duke of Lorrain> perfon > who was a man of parts, and, mt 

afterwards emperor of Germany* which was faid of Petronius, Arbiter Elegaa* 

Ketdegger very highly valued, and be* tiarum.'* 

^neathed to hit executor Lewis Way, efqj [f ] There is a. metzotinto of Heideg* 

of Richmond, and which is now (July ger by J. Faber, 1741, (other copies dated 

17S4) in the poiiefiion of his fon Benja* if4g)nom a paiotiag by Vanloo, a ftilk* 

min Way, efq; ing likeneis, now (17S4) in the pofleifioa 

[x] Pope (Dunciad, I. 2S9.) calls the of Peter Crawfiird, efq.* His face is alfo 

|»ird which attended on the goddefs, introduc(;^4 '^ ^^^^ than one of H^garth^t 

•« —— * g iponfter of a j^U printi. . ' 

$oinetluag b«twixt a Heiaegger aad owl*** - 

- ,. faid. 



M E I D E a O BR. 7 

fMf ^< Damn your ugly (zee, I never w4li piy you till you Winf 
jne an ugHer fipHow than yourfelf!" Joliy bowed and fctired^ 
wrote a letter, and fent it by .a fervant to Heidegger; faying, 
^* his crace wiihed to fee him the next tnorning on particular 
bufineis." Heidegger attended, and Jolly was there to meet 
him; and in confequence, as foon as Heidegger's vUit was over, 
Joily received the ca(h. 

The late facetious duke of Montagu (the memorable con-* 
triver of the bottle conjurer at the theatre in the Haymarkel) 
gave an oiitertainment at the Devil-tavern^ Temple-bar, to fe* 
veral of die nobility and gentry, feleding the mod convivial^ 
^nd a few hard drinkers, who were all in the jrfot. Heid^;gef 
«vas invited, and a few hours after dinner, was made fo dead 
drunk that he was carried out of the . roonv and IM infenfible 
upon a bed. A profound fleep enfued; when the late Mrs« 
Salmon's daughter was introduced, who took a mould from hit 
face in piafter of Paris. From this a mafic wa« inade, andva 
few days before. the next mafquerade (at which the king pcoimfed 
io be prefent, with the countefs of Yarmouth) the diAce made 
application to Heid^ger's valet de chambre, to know what fuit 
flf clothes he w^s likdy to wear ; and then procuring a fimilar 
drefs, and a perfon of the fame (tature, he gave him his io« 
ftru6liQiis. On the evening of the mafquerade, as foon as Mi 
inajefty was feated (who was always known by the condui^or ^f 
the entertainment and the officers of the court, though concealed 
by his drefs from the company) Heidegger, as ufual« ordered the 
muflc to play ** God fave the King ;" but his back was no 
fooner turned, than the falfe Heidegger ordered them' to ftrike 
up *' Chariy over the Water." The whole company were in- 
ftantly thunderftruck, and all the courtiers, not' in the plot, 
were thrown into a itupid confternation. Heidegger flew to the 
mufic-gaUeryy fwore« itamped, and raved, accufed the muficiaas 
of drunkennefs, or of being fet on by fome fecret en^my to 
tuin him. The king and the countefs laughed fo immoderately,- 
that they hazarded a difcovcry. While Heidegger ftayed m the 
gallery, "<5od fave the King" was the tune; but when, after 
fetting matters to rights, he retired to one of the dancing- rooms, 
tp ofefcrye if decorum was kept by the company, the counterf<iit 
ftepping forward, and placing himfelf uiv>n the floor of the 
theatre, juft in fiont of the mufic gallery, called out in a m.d 
aiidible voice, imitating Heidegger, damned them for blo^k- 
heads, had he not juft told them to play " Chariy over the, 
Water?" A paufe enfued ; the muficians, who knew his cha- 
ta&er, in their turn thought him either drunk or mad; but, aa 
lie continued his vociferation, *« Chariy" was played vagayi. 
At this repetition of the fuppofed aifront. Tome of the officers of 
|hc guards, who always attended upon ibefe occafions^ were for 

< B4 afcending 



f J»EXD^E'aX3EK. 

tfeeitdiii9tbei«rfW'i^>^'^^%^^^ tmiiimfirmt^ hatiHk 
j^^ duke of Ciimborlandyvvrho ootiM hanHy conttfai JihnfeUv 
^terpofpc)* The compaiAy- weoe .thmvin inlto great confiifioir. 
^f^ 3haa)«! Shamei'' rdbunded from all fSLjitj and- Heidegger 
IM^ce mbre flew in a violent cage; \o that .part of the theatre facing 
IM galbiyp . Here the;duke.>of. Momaga^ artfullir aiddreffiii| 
iiimlielf to him, told him, ^^ the king was in a Vfiwnt paffion ; 
ti^% hi$ beft^ay was xm go ihfiatitlf And make an apcdogy^ for 
pu'l^nly the xnuficiam were mad, awl aftenmamb to difciiai^' 
theoi.'!- Aln)oft at the (ame.infiaDiryhe oidBrad the filktin* 
fl^S£^*^<) ^9 ^^ fame. The fceae .now became traly domic in 
the circle befoiQ the king. Heidegger had no Sooner made % 

Sate^l apology for.the ii^olenae of- his fladficiaaa, tot thr Mfe 
e.idegger advanced, and, dn* ^ pliiatiVe itane>- oried oi^, i* In^ 
^d, Sire, it Avas not my fa»It,^hiit that devil's in my Ukcnefiu'^ 
jPqOif 'Heidegger .turned ciaurid, flatsd, ftajgtred, giew pale, and 
p$M ^pt'Utter a liiioiid. 5 The duke then humanely whifpwMl 
In tu^ ear che'fnm oiJiissplot^ and the oowiie^fest was ocdefed 
IP take off his ^afk» Her6 ended the frolic ; hut Mm^es^pi 
fwpre he would nevpr. attend any public amufement> if that witck 
ij^p waxi*work xyoman did not:hreak ihe mould, mndioHfe davm 
the msKflc hefose his^ftce [g]» ' -^ ...... 

a Be^ng once at fuppev with a lacge oen^inny, when a 4|»eaioil 
l^a^ debated^ which nation.of Europe had the gMateft ifl^aoity) 
IP the fuxprife of . all-prefent*, he claimed that. chataAer for thd 
$wi6, and aj>pealed to himfelf for the truth of k. <• I W|ft 
WnaSwifs," faid he, f< and^came to England without a faru 
thing, where I have founii means to gain 5000I. a year, ani.^to ' 
jj)end it- ,Now I defy the mod able Engliihman to go to Swit^ 
2(erland, and either to. gain, that income, or to fpcfnd it theve/^ 
iie died Sv^pt. 4, 1741^9 at the advanced age of 90 years^ at hid 
houfe at Richmond m Surrey, where he was buried. He lell 
behind him one natuial dai^ter, mifs^Prnpet, who was mar<« 
jjed Sept. 2, X750, to captain (afterwards fir Pet^r) Deni&[H]; 

. l<^] ^9 this occurrence the fdUo»i»g Of ty«> bo^flieads of Bifrgun4^ Saltan 
imperfed^ fianzasi tranfcribed fron^ the drank both. 

hand- writing of Pope, are fuppofed to re'- Then all like a the Devil ap^ear^d. 

lite. The^ were found on the back of a And ftrait the whole tables of diflies he 

f age containing fome pacrt of his txanfla- deai'd i 

tlon, cither of ^e " Iliad," or «« Odyffey," . Then » friar, then a nun. 

In the BriCiih Mufeum. And then he put on 

A face all the company took for his own. 

xuT. ' .Bven thin«, O falfe Hddeggtrl who wot 
Then he went to the fide-hoard, and caU'4 fo wicked ^ 

*• for much liquor, To let in the Devil ■ 

^^glafs after |;laf3 hiB dnmk quicker and [h] Who died June «, tyyS, Mh^ 



^ckar; 



then v'tce-admha^ of the red.* Sm ] 

So that Hei^gger quoth, molrs of hm ia OtnU M»g« ^7^».9« * 

li»ya filth ^n^toa^i aiS. 



ihrt et AtH sriy^ fdnon^ wa» a haak sit tht tiwtli-^^>«ft cxsrMk 
oi Queen^qiittce^ 'OimAniKihreev whrch fir letter afterwardt 
SsUto die late Dr. Caixn^i^ and ^^ciiafed a feat in Kentyptea^ 
fiiaf}; fitBated iieaft Wefbam, tkm callod Valence, but now (bf 
ksfitbfent pwpritMry tile eiri cyf HiUlboft)ugh) Hill Park. 
'. ^fil^fiCCIUS (JofWN-GoTLi»B), a Uennan lawyer, wai 
tmnmtEi(emb&rg in 16811, aisid. trained in the ftudy of philoi* 
fbpbf and law. He Iweame (m>feifo« of t^hilofoph^ at Hall, ia 
<yM% and <rf law tn 17^81, viith die title of <:ounfdlor. Ig 
Kfa4, he wsufiffvtted'to Franeker; and, three years after, dw 
Ung of: Pmffia influetioed him to accept the law-profeifor(hip at 
Fnaoefeft upon the ^Oder. Here he coniitmed^till 1733^ wheit 
^e fafliir priACe^s^eA" forced him to refiune the chair at Half^ 
-Mkent he reiMiiiid till his death in 1741, although he had 
ttxm^ixmxmoM h€ati DeAitiark^ Holland, Sec. His principal 
v0DTk6<(f(D^4hey Ave nwiverous) are, i. << Anttquitattim Romans 
«viifii'J»rffpTwdetiiiainUI«iftEdhtkim f)^tagn^ TheWftedttioil 
erf wi^ch isidie fiMty poblt fhed ai Ld^rard m 1777, ^' ** ^l^tf^nttf 
J^mChtilis^fecatiduin o^rfem inititotiomifn fc PkndetSarufn,'* 
2 vols. 8vo. 3. " Elementa Philofophiae Rationalis & Mo- 
Ttii$, . foiibuii praantiTa JitftOfi* Philofopliica. '* This is reckoned 
ai'good-abfidgmefit' of logic and nforality. 4. ^< Hiftoria Jurla 
<%vfli%4Romani ae 'Gernoaitici.'^ 5. << El^ftenta JuHi Maturdi 
&*Cent]fitn.'' i.- <* Fundamenia ftyli Culiioris;" a work of 
liii^yomiiy b««mu^ approved, and often reprinted, with notea 
by GtSrvtP and otiiers. Alfo fever^ academk: diflertatiotis upon 
tttfiotis fabjed^. His^ works were puMiflied colledively al 
€9efi6f«a in i744>-aiid fe#nt eight vohimes in quarto. 

HEIMECKEN (Christian Henrv), a child, grtafilye^* 
lci>iated fc^the xwwtderfoHy preitiat^re devekjpement of his fa- 
lettts, was bGwn.at.Lubeck, Feb. 6, 1721, and died there, 
June 27, i725>afrer having difplayed the moft^mazing proofs of 
inidte6taal powers. He couW talk at ten months old, and fcarcely 
liadcompieMd his firft year of life, when he already knew and 
fecited the p»ifl<ripal faiSs corvtained in the five books of Mofes, 
ymkh SMiMst^ of verfes on the creation ; at 13 months he knew 
the hiftory of the Old Teftament, and the New at 14; in hin 
3'oth.montff, the hiftory of the nations of antiquity, geography, 
snatomy, the ufe of maps, and nearly 8©oo Latin words. .Be- 
fore the end of hi^ third year, he was well acquainted with thef 
Inftory of Denmark, and the genealogy of the crowned heads of 
£i]t^e ; in his fourth year, he had learned die do<ftrines of divinity; 
withtbeirproofsfromthoBible; ecckfiaflicalhiftorys tbeinftjtutes; 
fioo hymn^ with their tunes; Sapfalms ; entire diapters of thi^ 
Old and NewToftmnem; 1500 verfes and fentences fpom«r^ 
cfeiit Latin dtaffios; almoft the who)e Orbis Pidlus of Conine* 
nius, ^lienoe he kad c^^ived all his knowledge of the Latin 
iBHiguagey arithmetic J the hiftory of the European empires and 

lungdomst 



to HELNSrUS. 

kingdoms ; cosid point out in the nuqps whtt«wer:phce be vw 
diked for, or. psflea by in. his journies, -and racite all the ancbfit 
and nuxlern hiftorical anecdoies: sdating .to tt« . His ftupendout 
memory caught ami retained every ¥M>fid he waa told : his eier 
adive imagination .ufed, whatever; he- imr:or heaid, inftantly 
to apply fome examples or fentenoes frona the Bible, geograjAy, 
profane or ecckfiaflical hiflory^ the.Orbis Piittis, or from ancient 
claflics. At the court of Denmarki he deUvered twelve fpeechee 
without once faulteriiig; and rniderMrent public ejunatnationa 
on a variety c( fubjeds;. efpecially; the hiftory of Denmark. 
He fpoke German, Latin^;Frencl|;^ akid Low Dutch, and was 
exceedingly good-natured and jwellrbebaved^ but of. a moft ten*- 
derand delicate bodily. conftitutipmvtievei ate any foUd food« 
but chiefly fubfiftcd on nurfes .milk, not being weaned till 
within a very few months of his death, at which time he was 
not quite four years old. There is a differtation on this child, 
publifhed by .M. Martini at Lubeck, in 1730, wHiere the author 
attempts to aiSign the natural caufes for the aftoniflting capacity 
of this great man in embryo, who was juft (hewn to the worlds 
and fhatched away* .... 

HEINSI US (Daniel), a celebrated £cholaran4crttk,,]M!Qr 
feflbr of politics and hiftory at Leyden, and alfo librarian of the 
Hniveriity there, was born at Ghent in Flanders, Majr 1580, of 
an illuftrious family, who had poiTeffed the firft places m the ma«* 
giftracy of that town. He was frequently removed in the 
younger part of his life. He began his ihidies/at the Hague, 
and afterwards went with his parents into Zebnd, where he was 
inftruAed in polite literature and pbilofophy. He compre-- 
bended very well the principles of nKirality and politics, but 
did not relifh logic, and had an unconquerable averfion ta 
gramvnar. • He difcovered early a ftrong propenfity to poetry, 
and began to make verfea^ before he knew any thing of proibdy 
or the rules of art* He compofed a regular elegv, at ten years 
of ag^, upon the death of a play-fellow ; and tnere are fisyeral 
epigrams and little poem&of his, whic^ were written when .he 
was not above twelve, and (hew a great deal of genius and. fa«^ 
cility. 

He is repicfented, however, as having been a very idle boy^ 
and not likely to make any progrefs in Greek and Latin learn- 
ing ; on which account his father fent him, at fourteen years of 
age, to ftudy the law in the univerfity of Franeker«. But from 
that time, as if he had beenv influenced by a fpirit of contradic-. 
tion, nothing would pleafe him but claflics; and he applied him- 
felf there to Greek and Latin authors, aa ofaftinately as he had 
xejeded thein in Zeland. He afterwards removed to Leyden* 
where he became a pupil of Jofeph Scaliger; ^nd wasobiij^ed 
§0 th^ encouragement aud care of that ^at man for the pef^c- 

tioo 



HEINSLUS, If 

Ijon to which he t fm wt w d s «nived in Ktentutey and which at 
file beginning of his life there was fp little reaSan to expeA. 
iie puUiflied an edition of << Silius Italicus," in 1600 ; arfd he 
added to it notes of his own, uritich he called ** Crepundta Silt* 
ana," to (hew that they were written when he was exrremeiy 
young. He was made Greek profeflbr at eighteen, and after- 
ivards fucceeded Scaliger in the profeflbrihip df polttics and hif- 
tory. When he was made librarian to the univerfity, he pro- 
no^nced a Latin oration, afterwards publiihed, in which he 
^icribed the duties of a librarian, and the good order and .con^- 
dition in which a library ifaoyld be kept. He died Feb. 25, 1655, 
after having done great honour to himielf and country by various 
works of ability and learning. He diitingutlhed himfelf as a 
critic by his labours upon Silius Italicus, Theocritus, Hefiod, 
Seneca, Homer, Hefychius, Theophraftus, Clemens Alexan* 
ilrinus, Ovid, Livy, Terence, Horace, Prudentius, Maximus 
T)rriu$, &c. He publiflied two treatifes ** De Satira Horatiana," 
which Balzac affirms to be mafter-pieces in their way. He 
wrote poems in various languages, which have been often printed, 
and always admired. He was the author of feveral profe works, 
fome of which were written in an humorous and fatirical man* 
»cr ; as " Laiis Afini," " Laus Pediculi," &c. 
' The learned have all joined in their praifes of Heinfius. 
Gerard V^flius fays, that he was a very great man ; and calls 
iiim the ornament of the Mufes and the Graces. Caufabon 
admires him equall]r for his parts and learning. Parens calls 
•hrm the Varro of his age. Barthius ranks him with the firft 
writers. Bochart pronounces him a truly great and learned 
man ; and Selden fpeaks of him, as ** tam feveriorum quam 
** amoeniorum literarum fol ;" a light to guide us in our gay as 
well as fevere purfuits in letters. Some however have thought, 
that he was not fo well fonned for criticifm ; and Le Clerc, in 
his account of the Aroftetdam edition of Bentley's " Horace," 
has the following paflage: " £>aniel Heinfius,'' fays he, " was 
doubtlefs a learned man, and. had fpent his life in the ftudy of 
criticifm. Yet, if we may judge by his. Horace, he was by no 
means happy in his conjectures, of which our author Bentley 
haaadmitt«i only one, if my memory does not deceive me ; for 
J cannot recoiled the place where he pafies this judgement of 
Daniel Heinfius. But he fpeaks much more advantageoufly of 
his fon Nioolas Heinfius ; who, though not fo Jearned a man 
as his father, had yet a better tafte for criticifm [ i").*' 

We muft not forget to obferve, that Daniel HeinGas was 
highly honoured abrcHid as well as at home; and received un- 
common marks of refpe£k from foreign potentates. Guftavus 
Adolpiius, king of Sweden, gave him a place among his coun- 

[i] BIW. CU©lf. XXVI. p. 2«a. 
* ' fellors: 



tbek tDffdef if 'b^TMiric.: dndpopetirlNih VilL .^^is foch anwli^ 
niharof liis^iwi tHIettli arid ciiliBiiMnlflit«*l«aiMi^ ^At hte madfc 
hi^ great oSkAf' ' iif he jvrolild .Omd^ to Roiie ; ^^ to te&ufe ifaat 
city mm bad^arifm^"' «s the.pDiitiir'isi!ldd:ii!)^ have cavreSkd 
himfelf. . ; . . 

. HEINSIUS^ (Kicd&As), the fen of DmifAy was hem U 
Le3rdeD in 1620^' and becimie a^ great a Latin pcx^t, and 4 
gnsater critic tb^n his dEnthet*- Hie poems iiave been ifevehii timet 

Cinted ; bift «ke beft edition^isi tteit of Amienkm, r666. SohiP» 
Yc admired them fo mudit'^ t^-ttJiink^hkn Worthy to be called 
V The Syrm of HoUand*y He .'vcrato votes. npon, ai»l gate 
ttdkioits of^.Vtrgil, Oiddy ViIerii^*Ebcdu$, Ciaudian» Prudent 
tlus^ &c« Bcn&y^ in a note- upbn Horace^. '2:Saki yr. jio8i 
calls his edition of .Virgii» ^< «ditio caftifntiffima;" Hi^ C^tc^ 
dian is dedicated^ in a Latin poidm^ toGhriftina qtieeh of'Sw^dbi^i 
Mod his Ovid to Thiu(mis< At im death, whieh happened at the 
Hague in.i6Bi, he difowned all, hist worksi; ahd:cxpr6fliid the 
lltmdi regicet at hairiag left behsm) him fo^manyi^^ Monumenta 
pf his vanity,*' as he csUed ^em. Nicolas Helnfitts .viratf as 
nmdi diftiagoifbed by^fais gHeat employments ia the flatep asM 
was by his parts and learnings All tfic'lealoicd tlf his ktttie fpeak 
vrell of biih ; aibd he is repieftoCfad ai'hawigl Iten pciflwd of 
good cHiaiities as well as great ones. . - / * 

H£L£ (THOAdiAs), hf birth. ah E^liftraan, arrived at tbi 
fingular dimn&ion of being adnrired in.franoe ara.«wrilsriii 
Ihe French language. He was born ixi Gioisccfttrffiire aboiil 
Ihe yeiir .1 740. He be^n his career in the army, arid fet ved in 
Jamaica till the. pdtee \y{ l*j6^» A defifc 1 of feeing the: moil 
femarkaUe patts of Enrope, now.caurisd him into Italyy jwheitt 
be was fa o^tivatod with the boatt^ of the diinate, smd the 
innmnefraUe objeda of liberal ';dmofity wMch prefented them* 
fdveSy.that he continued thc^ fevnral.ysirs;^^ About the yeai 
ifjcf, baring &tis6ed hiscunofity in'Italy, hetut nedhis thought^ 
to France, and wtnt to Pai^isi Theve alfe be ftudlod the ftalfti 
eS the arts, and was paiticulariy attsabve^- tlir the. theatre. At 
lengthr he begaa to IfrrKe- for « the Italian txamody, which Jiut 
principally attraded his notice,., apd wrote w^ confidevabU 
sacceis. The. pieces for that theatre • aat ifttritlen chicfty ik 
French, with French titles and iOrily one or two cfaarifbers iA . 
loilias. He MrrokCf s. **• Le Jugement de Midasy!' oh the <ion^ 
teft between French and Italian mufic, which wgs much apa 
pkmdedw But .his d. ^* Amant jdoux,*' had iltU «more fnctefsf 
3* His tbini piece, .*^ hts EvesethBas im(>rc?vda,^' met.withrffinid 
axceptielis, .o« whteh^he mo^itty Y^itfadrrviii!^aBd.aftea»iaksiK( 
the oorre£tioRa fagi^ftsd^ bioiigbt itioiimard^jn^ apd^d.tMf 
pleafure to find it much apf roved* The^cofx^edics pf this writer 

•/ . ' m 



Up# lis iipl;.e^q^ by the Fi^eiK^ $o be of c^DAinipeisjte ^1:^0 
t^i^f^of^ hi^ jffoip .ailjwa)A IHue; y«t bis di^l^^jf ^^ft^ily^ 
fto9ff4 Wf^Pl9rallevfe4*to^bair# Ibe onerUof |isi4iupe^9|Hl Aw4 
^mppfi^m*^ Mf. J^/^l^died gt P^% of 9 <;oQfuiKipli)iie difovit 
4e^i ifii Pec^iiril^ry 1790 ; and it may poQibly be long before awH 
i^r E^^lMbmao wUl- be fo 4iftiDgl?iihe<i 9» a^mrittr iq the Fi^nclk 
^a^#g9» Wi^ take tbi$ acc^i^ot (rom: Fr^ndi ;mtb«r$, viftxBi 
Vffit0 bis. paxri^^IlIeU) porh^p^k was properly ^^9 qf D^e^ 
. }i£lfKN<A> ibe*- €imprrfs» fi^btbec of- Coi^aiitiiie, and end 
qf tbe. faints of the Rotniib couumiiuony owed'her^oUvation |« 
l^e charms of h^ perfon* Sht wa^'of obfcure origin^ bom zi 
the tittje village of Df^panum 19 Bithynia, whene tk» iirft fi^i^ 
2^ion in which we bear <^ hex w^ thdt of hoftefs of w ion*. 
ConftantH^ Chlbru^ became enamoiired of her, probably ihere^ 
^Bd/tmrripA her; b|it, on being afibqialed with DiocIefi>n in*tb(pl 
^^pi^ divorci^d her to m^ry Tb^om^t daq^tet of tMsQumi'N 
1^ Heroukis*, Thrai^c^ffion of h^r foa lo-tb^oaipire diew bet 
afiaira fspm abfcurity ; iberob^aifiied the title of Aii^i0ft,.ivid waai 
xfiCif^vpi f^cw^. with M tbe. honours.dm to the nKKttfevof am 
eiiip^r^^ Hnt a^ngr virtiie^ riiwtrpd. the afie^ioi) of hie^r foni 
tp, ber> ad4» r^ben; We bei^Ykiae/a xbviftian^ (be alio 'was co»h>. 
^S&ne4 ;^ yf^t ^. did nol fcruple to admoniik him when Ae dif-«. 
sj^proyed'tes fxfiiid. When flie ^KK^ ntffr eighty years oW^ 
flie p]am)edr.<iivir«aiiecuted> JQumey te the Holy Laodi whera • 
ft^ iis- (aid to baire aflifted jM: the difcovery of the true cto& of 
iilhrift, r^ported.by )be ftomaamd to have been accompanied by 
i^ny-mifdc^Ie^. %n tht year 3^89 ^oQn after this difcovery, (he: 
di/ed at the age of 80^ H^na» wherever ihe went, left proofsr 
qf a truly Chilian liberality ; £be relieved the poor, orphans,, 
^jn^ widows; built ohiirches, and. in, all refpedts fliewed herfelf 
worthy of^tbe confidence of her fon,* who fuppo^ted her in thefr 
giipus efforts by »n unlimited peraiiflion to draw upon his trea--> 
fures* At b^ death, he paid her the higheft hpnours, had hex- 
hiody fe^t to Rome tu be deppfited in the tomb of tbeemperoorsy 
aXK} r^ifqd her DiHtive village to the rank of a city, with the .new 
nsm^ of Uele^Op^p She j^ved ber prudence and poiit;ical 
-^FH'd^n) by. the iiiflue»:o ihe always retained over her ioo> and; 
by th^ c^re (he -tQQk. to prevenjt all interference of the half<». 
hiio(ti^r$,oi Conftao^e, foo» of Conft^mius Chlorus and The*. 
o4^^; iyho> being lu^ottgbt into notice after her death, by tho; 
if^udiciws; liberality of tbe emperor, were maflacred by tfaeis 
il^phe^s^as fopn as they fucceoded their fuher in the empire* 
. HS^I^IODORUSi a. native of £mefa in Phosnicia, and biihop 
qf Trices in TheiTaly, fipuiAflted in thei rdgns of TheodofiuS: 
and Arcadius towards the end of the fourth century. In his 
youth he wrote a^ipmance^ by.vvhich be is no^ better known, 

than 



14 HELIODORUS. ^ 

than by his' Albftquent bifhopric of Tricca. It is entitlecf; 
** Ethiopics/* and relates the amours of Theagenes and Charr* 
dea, in ten books. The learned Huetius is of opinion, that 
Heliodonis was among the romance-writers, what Homer was 
cmong the poets [k] ; that is, the fource and model of an infinite 
number of imitations, all inferior to their original. The iSrft 
tdition of the Ethiopics was printed atBafil, 1533, with a dedication 
to the fenate of Nuremberg, prefixed by Vincentius Opfopaeus ; 
who informs us, that a foldier preferved the MS. when the li- 
brary-of Buda was plundered. Bourdelot's potes upon this ro- 
mance are very learned ; and were printed at Paris, in 16 19, with 
Neliodorus's Greek original, and a Latin tranflation, which had 
been publifhed by Staniflaus Warfzewicki, a Polifli knight, (with 
the Greek) at Baiil, in 155!. A notion has prevailed, that a 

frovincial fynod, being feniible how dangerous the reading of 
leliodorus's Ethiopics was, to which the author's rank was 
fuppofed to add great authority, required of the hi (hop, that he 
Aould either burn the book, or refign his dignity ; and that the 
hiffaop chofe the latter. But this ftory is thought to be entirely 
fiibulous; as depending onljr upon' the fingle teftimonyof Ni- 
cephoms, an ecclefiailical hiftorian of great credulity and little 
judgement: not to mention, how diffictut it is to fuppofe, that 
Socrates fhould omit fo memorable a ctrcumftance in the paflage ; 
where he obfcrves, that Heliodorus *< wrote a love-tale in his 
youth, which he entitled, Ethiopicar." Valefius, in his notes 
upon this -paflage, not only rejefts the accotrtit of Ntcephorus as 
a mere fable, but feems inclined to think, that the romance 
itfclf was not written- by HeliOdbrus bifhop of Tricca; of 
which, however, Huetius entertained no doUbt. Some have fan- 
cied, as Opfopaeus and M^landhon, that this romance was in 
reality a true hiftory; but Fabricius thinks this as incredible, as 
that Hcliodorus, according to dthcrt", wrote it originally in the 
Etfafopic tongue. Some again" have afle'rted, that Heliodorus 
was not a Chriftian, from his faying at the* etid 6f his book,* 
that he was a Phoenician, born in thecityof Emefa, and of the 
race of tlie fun ; fince, they fay, it would be madnefs in aChrif- 
tian, and much more in a biihop, to declare, ^ that he was de- 
fcended from that luminary. This objedlion Baylc, who 
ouotes it, anfwers in the following manner: '* It is certain," 
lays he, " that feveral Chriftians in the fourth century men- 
tioned the ancientnefs of their nobility ; why then ihould not we 
believe, that Heliodorus mentioned his> He did not believe that 
his family was really defcended from the fun; but he might 
imagine^ that he fhould diftinguiih it by that mark. This was a 
title, by which bis family had been known a long time, and 

[x] 0c orisio. Fabiil* Rommcnt, f. i%u 

5 which 



HRLMOl^T. 1$ 

iffbich was honburabte to htm: and though thie principle was 
^fe, yet one might infer from it fome confequeiices favourable 
to his family with regard to its antiquity. Such a motive might 
engage a Cnriftian thus to diiUnguifli the nobility of his extrac* 
tion« Add to this, that Heliodorus was not yet a biihop, whea 
he wrote his romance; he was ftill in all the fire of his youth; 
and as he did not put his name to his work, he might with more 
liberty make his diefcent known by the ancient tradition of hitf 
family.'' Bayle refers us, in the coorfe of this folution, to a 
diilbrtation of Balzac at the end of his ^* Socrate Chretien:'* 
-where it is obferved among other things, that St. Jerom makes 
St. Paul to be dcfcended from Agamemnon, and that Synefiua 
boafted his defcent from Hercules. 

fiefides the Ethiopics, Cedrenus tells us of another book of 
Heliodorus, concerning the Philofopher's Stone, or the art of 
tranfmuting metals into gold, which he prefented to Theodofius 
the Great ; and Fabricius has inferted in his ** Bibliotheca 
Gneca," a chemical Greek poem written in Iambic verfe, 
which be had from a MS. in the king of France's library, and 
which carries the name of Heliodorus, bifliop of Tricca; but 
k^ves it very Juftly queftionable, whether it be not a fpurious 
performance. Socrates relates, in the book and chapter above 
cited, that this bilbop introduced the cuftom of depofmg thofe 
minifters ^wbo lay with their wives after ordination; which 
Bayle thinks. a profitable argtim^it in favour of the prelate's 
chaflity; and adds, that he appears from his romance to have 
been a lover of this virti|e. • 

HELLANlCUS of Mitvlene, an ancient Greek hiftorian, 
bora, in the year A. C. 496, twelve years before the birth of 
Herodotus. He wrote a hiftory *^ of the earlieft Kings of va-^ 
rious Nations, and the Founders of Cities ;** which is mentioned 
by feveral ancient authors, but is not eXtant. He lived to the 
age of 85. Hiere was another Hellanicus of much later times, 
who was a Milefian. 

HELMONT (John Baptist van), commonly called Van 
Helmont, from a borough and caftle of that name in Brabant, 
was a perfon of quality, and a man of great learning, efpecially 
in phyfic and natural philofopby^; and born at Bruifels in 1577. 
But, mftead of relating the particulars of his life, we will make • 
him relate them himfeli, as he does in the two introdu^ory chap* 
ters to his works: for obtbing can giye a jufler notion of the 
man, or, indeed, be more entertaining to the curious reader. 

" In the year 1580 [l]," fays he, " a moft miferable one to 
the Low Countries,* my tather died. I, the youngeft and leaft 
eileemed of all my brothers and fillers, was bred a fcholar ; anct 

£l] Ortus M«dicia«i p* 14. Ama. ii^5t< 

ia 



m Aty^t ^!194^ Tv4udhr*nviis to oie the i^di» Ut finiflisd the 
CcXirfe of pbilofophy. ,Uposi (being none admitted to exarains^ 
lions at JuQuvajiQ, bcit io ;i. gOMrji> adid mo&ed with a hood, at 
though the gaFiBent ^ipif>mik,.]czrningf I began to perceive^ 
th9t ihp^ .taking de^rceA ia arts was a piece pf mere mockery' ^ 
and woadf^red ait the fimpHcily of yousg men, iti fancying that 
they hftd learned any thing frofio* ihetr dking profeflbrs. 1 en» 
tei^edt therefore^ into a fevious and honcA examination of my-** 
ieI4 that 1 might know by my oiwn. juckpment^ how nmch I 
wai$ a phllpfopher, ?nd whether 1 had leadly acquired tnitih and 
J^nowledge : but found myfelf altog^wr deflitute, £ive that I 
)iad leamed to wrapglc artificially. Then came I firft to per^ 
ceive, that I knew nothing, oc at leaft that which was not wortll 
knotyingi Natural philofophy feemed to promifc fomelhing of 
kaowled^y to which therefore I joined the fludy of aftronomyi 
I 2ipplied myfelf alfo to logic and the mathematics, by way of, 
Kcr^tion,. when I was wearied with other ftudies; and madft 
^lyfflf a naa^er of £udid.-s Ehswct^ as I did aUb' of Co^ 
pernipws's Tbeo/y De revolutionibns ofbiaai coeieftiuiti r fcat 
9U thefe things wefe of no-aocount with me, becauie they ebn^ 
tftinad Utile truth aiid certiainty; Ettie but a parade of faience 
feUely (o ealledk Finding after aii; thtreiiare^ diatnoiktog w«9 
found, nothing true^ I rcfufed the title of mafte^ of arts^ t£>irgh 
X had fipifiied my courfe; tiawillihgy that profefTors fliould pia^ 
the fool with mc, in declarinic z^^e a mkfter of ihe fevdn arts^ 
when I was confciousktoJDfiy^lf that I knew.nothing*^ 

" A wealthy canonry was promifed me then, *fo that T midit^ 
if I pjeafed,: turn, myfelf to divinity { But (miA Bernard rfffrighted 
iH^e from it, faying^ that ^ I (hould eat the fms of the people/ 
I begged thorefoce of the Lord- Jefus, that he w«uld vouchfafs 
|f» call me to that profeflioh. In whidi I might pleafe him m^rflr 
The Jdfuits began at that .time to teach philofophy at Louvain^ 
ud ooe of » the profeilbrs jexpotmd^d the dir<iuifitions and feerets^ 
of magic. Both thefe leftureB I greedily received'; but ihftead 
^f |riun, I reaped only ftubbi«, and fantaftic ooflceits void* of 
&nie. lathe mean time, kil an. hour (hould pafs without fome 
iKsnefit, I run through fonae writings of the iioidsj thofe«of Se^. 
neca,-affld.efpecially of Epidletucy who pipafed.me exceedlngly.- 
I feemed> in^ moral philoCbphy, to. have isnxnd th^ q^i^int^flPsnce 
of truth, atuidid verily heiieve^.thatthaDyghftoicifo^r^vaniGe* 
in Chrifti^n perfeftion; but I difcowearedJaft^rwsardg in cT'dream^ 
that fioiciftn was an fcmpty and fwolie»<biabblle,, and that by tht» 
ihidy, under the appearance of moderatlpny L bdcame; indeed, 
moft felf-fuffictcnt and haughty. Xaftly, L tuvfted ov*r Mathi- 
qlusand Diofcotides; thinkingiwith myfelf .n^hing dquedly ne*^ 
ceflary for mortal man to know and admire, as the wifdom and 
gOQdoefi of Gq4( iik Vc^tabtes^ to the end that he might not 
" , only 



HELMONT. 17 

bhly crop the frtiit for food, but alfo miilifter of the fame to hit 
other neceiEties. My curiofity being now raifed tjpon this 
branch of ftudy, I enquired, whether there were any book^ 
\7htch delivered the maxims and rule of medicine? for I then 
Suppofed, that medicine was not altogether a mere gift, but 
might be taughtj ^nd delivered by difcipline, like other arts and 
Icienccs : at leaft I thought, if medicine was a good gift coming 
down from «the Father of lights, that it might have> ais an hp« 
man foience, its theorems a^d authors, into whom^ as into Ba-- 
%akei and Aholiab, the fpirit of the Lord had infufed the know* 
le<^e of all dileafes and their caufes, and alfo the knowledge of 
the properties of things. I enquired, I fay, whether ho writer 
^ad defcribed the qualities, properties, applications, and propor- 
tions of vegetables, from the hyfibp even, to the cedar of Li«- 
baaus? A certain profeflbr of medicmti anfwered me,, that 
tkone of thefe things were to be looked for either in Oalen or 
iVvicen, I Was very ready to believe this, ffom the many fruit- 
lefs f^arches 1 ha^d made in books for truth and knowledge befort ; 
however, following my natural bent, which lay to the ftudy o£ 
nature, I read the inftitutions of Fuchfius and Fernelius; in 
whom I knew I hs^d furveyed the whole fcience of medicine, 
as it were in an epitome. Is this, faid 1, fmiling to myfelf, 
the -knowledge or healing ? Is the whole hiftory of natural 
properties thus (but up in elementary qualities? Therefore t 
read the works of Galen twice; of Hippocrates once, whofe 
aphorifms I almoft got by heart; all Avicen; as well as th« 
Greeks, Arabians, .and moderns, to the tune of 6oo authors. 
I read them ferioufly and attentively through ; and tpok down, 
as I went along, whatever Teemed curious, and worthy of at- 
tention ; when at length, reading over my common-place book, 
I was grieved at the pains I had beftowed, and the years I had 

S)ent, in throwing together fuch a mafs of ftuffl Therefore I 
raightway left off all books whatever, all formal difcourfes, 
and empty promifes of the fchools; firmly believing every good 
and perfefl: gift to come down from the Father of lightSi more 
particularly that of medicine. 

" I have attentively furveyed fome foreign nations ; but I 
found the fame fluggilhnefs, in implicitly following the fteps of 
their forefathers, and ignorance among them all. 1 then became 
perfuaded, that the art of healing was a mere impofturc, origin- 
ally fet on foot by the Greeks for filthy lucre's fake; till after- 
vrards the Holy Scriptures informed me better. I confidered, 
that the plague, which then raged at Louvaiji, was a moft 
mxferable difcafe, in which every one forfook the fick ; and 
*iithle(s*helpcrs, diftruftful of their own art, fled more fwiftly 
than the tinl«irned common people, and homely pretenders to 
isfm it. t propofed to myfi^f to dedicate one falutation to the 
Vpi. VIII. C miferable 



i8 H EL MO NT. 

ihifcrable irifeSed; and although then no medicine was- mtile 
known to me but trivial ones, yet God preferved my innooency 
. from fo cruel an enemy, t was not indeed fent for, but went 
of my own accord ; and that not fo much <o help them, which 
I defpaired of doing, as for the fake of learning. All that faw 
me, feemed to be refrefhcd with hope and joy ; and I myfelf, 
being fraught with hope, was perfuaded, that, by the mere free 
gift of God, I fhould fometimes obtain a maftery in the fcience. 
After ten years travel and ftudies from my degree in the art of 
medicine taken at Louvain, being then married, I withdrew 
myfelf, in 1609, to Vilvord ; that being the lefs troubled by 
applications, I might proceed diligently in viewing the king- 
. doms of vegetables, animals, and minerals. I employed myfelf 
. fome years in diemical operations. I fearched into the works . 
of Paracelfus ; and at firft admired and honoured the man, buf 
-at laft was convinced, that nothing but difficulty, obfcurity, and 
■ error, was to be found in him. Thus tired out with fearch 
after fearch, and cmicludtng the ait of medicine to be all deceit 
. and uncertainty, I faid with a forrowful heart, ^ Good God ! 
. how long wilt thou be angry with mortal man, who hitherto has 
. not difclofcd one truth, in healing, to thy fchools ? How long 
wilt thou deny truth to a people confeffing thee, needful in thefe 
days, more than in times pad ? Is the facrifice of M olech pleafing 
to thee ? wilt thou have the lives of the poor, widows, and fa- 
;therlefs children, confecrated to thyfelf, under the moft mifer-* 
table torture of incurable difeafes } ^ How is it, therefore, that 
thou ceafeft not todeftroy fo many families through the uncer- 
.tainty and ignorance of phyficians?* Then I fell on my face, 
and (aid, Oh, Lord, pardon me, if favour towards my neigh- 
bour hath fnatched me away beyond my bounds. Pardon, par- 
don, O Lord, my indifcreet charity; for thou art the radical 
good of goodnefs itielf. Thou haft known my fighs ; and that 
I confefs myfelf to be, to know, to be worth, to be able to do, 
to have, nothing ; and that I atn poor, naked^ empty, vain. 
Give, O Lord, give knowledge fo thy creature, that he may 
afFeftionately know thy creatures ; himfelf firft, other thin» 
betides himfelf, all things, and more than all things, to be^ ul- 
timately in thee.' - . ' 
. " After I had thus eameftly prayed, I fell into a dream ; in 
which, in the fight or view of truth, I faw the whole univerfc, 
as it were, fome chaos or confufed thing withbut form, which 
was almoft a mere nothing. Ajnd from thence I drew the con* 
ceiving of onejword, which did ftgnify to me this' following : 
* Behold thoii, and what things thou feeft, are nothing. • What- 
ever thou daft urge, is lefs than nQthing itfelf in the fight of the 
Moft High. He knoweth all the bounds of things to be done i 
thou at leaft may apply thyfelf to thy owJQ Mety** tn this coo?- 
. , ception 



HELMONT. 19 

€tption there was an inward precept, that I ihould be made a 
phyfician ; and that, fomc time or other, Raphael himfelf 
fhould be given unto me. Forthwith therefore, and for thirty 
whole years after, and their nights following in order, I la- 
boured always to my coft, and often in danger of my life, that 
I might obtain the knowledge of vegetables and minerals, and 
of their natures and properties alfo. Meanwhile, I exercifed 
m^elf in prayer, in reading,^ in a narrow fearch.of things, ia 
lifting my errors, and in writing down what I daily experi- 
eoced. ; At length I knew v^ith Solomon, that I had for the 
moft part hitherto perplexed my fpirit in vain ; and Ifaid, Vain 
is the knowled^ of all things under the fun, vain.are the fearch«- 
ings of the cunous. Whom the Lord Jefus fhall call unto wilL 
dom, he, and no other, ihall come ; yea, he that hath come to 
the top, (ball as yet be able to do very little, unlefs the boun* 
tiful favour of the Lord fhall fhine upon him. Lo, thus havo 
I waxed ripe of age, being become a man ; and now alfo aa 
old man, unprofitable, and unacceptable to God, to whom be 
all honour." 

From the account here given by hiipfelf, it is eafy to con- 
ceive, that Van Helmont, at his firft appearance in the worldj 
would pafs for no better than an enthufialt and a madman. Ho 
certainly had in him a ftrong mixture of both enthufi^fm am} 
msdncfs : neverthelefs he was very acute and very profound, and 
difcovered in many cafes a wonderful penetration and infight 
into nature* By his fkill in phytic, he ]>erformed fuch unex- 
pe&ed cures> tKat he was put into the inquifition, as a man that 
did things beyond the reach of nature. He cleared himfelf be- 
fore the inquifitors ; but, to be more at liberty, retired after- 
wards into Holland: He died Dec. 30, 1644, and the day be- 
fore wrote a letter to a friend at Paris, in which were thefe 
words : " Fraife and glory be to God for evermore, who is 

E leafed to call me out of the world ; and, as I qonje£lure, mv 
fe will not laft above 24 hours. For this dav I find myfelf firft 
aiTaulted by a fever, which, fuch is the weaknefs of my body^ 
muft, I know, finifh me within that fpace." A few days before 
that, he faid to his fon Francis Mercurius Van Helmont, " Take 
all my writings, as well fhofe that are crude and uncorre&eds 
as thofe that are thoroughly purged, and join them together. I 
now commit them to thy care ; finifh and digeft them according 
thy own judgment. It hath fo pleafed the Lord Almighty, who 
attempts all things powerfully, and dirndls all things fwcetly." ^ 
John Caramuel Lobkowiz has given a good account of this 
phyfician and philofophcr in a very few words. " Helmont,** 
lays he, << for I knew the man, was pious, learned, famous : a 
fwom enemy of Galen and Ariftotle. The fick never languiflicd 
long under his hands: being always killed or cured m two or 

C % three 



«• HELOISB. 

Aree days, th \9<at ttnt for chiefly to thoTe who 'vmre gkjiaO 
Wp by other phyficians ; and, to the great grief and indignxtiofl 
iff fuch phyficians, often reftored the patient unexpededly to 
health. His nvorks were publifhed in folio. They are on« 
Continued fatire againft the Peripatetics and Gaknlfts ; very to* 
lumifioiis, but not very profitable for tnftruSion in pbyfic." Hit 
jbn, Francis Mercure> who had fdrpe fame, was faid in his 

^itaph to be, ^< Mil patre inferior/' btit fal&ly* He died in 

"j^atai. 
HELOISEi the concubine, and aftirwaids th« wife, of PcIbv 
Abelard \ a nun, and afterwards pfiorefs of Argeateuil ; and 
taftlyi abbefs of the Paractete, was born about the beginning of 
the lath century. The hiftory of her amour with Aklard hai^ 
rng been already related in our account of hiaa, we refer the 
reiKler to it ; and fhaU content ourfelves here, with giving foifio 
particulars of Heloife, which we have either 4iot meationed at 
tfl^, or but very flightly, under that article. 

This lady has uiually been celebrated for her gccat beauty and, 
her great learning. In the age fhe lived, a young girl with a 
very fmall (hare of erudition, might eafily pafs for a miracle* 
^Ihs however i& not ifaid to derogate from Uekdfe's meat, who 
certainly'defer^res an honourable plact among the very learned 
vomen : as (he was ikilled, not only in the Latia language, birt 
alfo in the Greek and Hebrew. This Abelard ext^eftly dtodares 
in a letter^ which he wrote to the nuns of tlie randete. Ai 
to thofe who afcribe to her a ravifhihg beauty, we oaay Upon 
Irery good grounds prefume them to be miftaken« Abelard muft 
have been^as good a judge of it as any one; he. mtift have had 
more reafon to exaggerate, than to dimini^ tn his account of 
it, yet he contents himfelf with fcying, that " as fiie was not 
the laft of her fex in beauty, fo in letters flie was the #rftt** 
^ Cum per faciem non eflet iniima, per abundantium Htetartna 
erat ftipr^ma :" a very iSat elogium, mppofing her to have beea 
an accomplifted beauty, and by no means confiftent with the 
paffion which Abelard entertained for her. But Abelard*^ poetry 
may account for this fuppofed beauty i« Heloifis : bis verfts wecc^ 
fitted with nothing but love for lier, which, making the name 
of this miAref& to fly all over the wojid, would naturally ocoa^ 
^on perfons to afcribe charms to her, .which natiune had nlH 
given. Her |)aflion, on the other band, was as extcafcigant 
for Abelard ; and h^ encomiums vpon^ him have fet him pec^ 
haps as much too high in the opinion of the women, as fhe mr* 
felf has ftood in the opinion of the men. Take a little of her 
language by way of fpecimen.: ** What wife, what maid, did 
not languiOi for you whei) ablbnt, and was not all in a flame 
with lovcj when you was near i What ^ueen or great lady did 

not 



HELOISE. . - fti 

mat'ztkj toy joys and my bed ? Two qtialitres ytfa haH» feldom 
to be found ahiohg the learnfed, by whicR you could not Fail to 
gain aM women's hearts: poetry, I mean, and mufic. With 
thefe yots unbended your mind after its philofophic labours, arid 
wrote many love verfes, which by their fweetnefs and harmony 
liave caufed them to be fung in every comer of the world, fi> 
^Hit even the illiterate found your praife. And as the gmateft 
part of your fongs celebrated our loves, they havfe fpread m^ 
name to many nations, and kindled there the envy of the wo* 
men againft me/' In the mean time Abehrd was very hahd* 
fome and very accompliihcd ; though probably neither vo hand* 
Ibme nor accomplished as, according to Heloiib, to make evei^ 
woman frantic, who fliould caft her eyes upon him. 

Wiren Abeland confented to marry Heloife, fhe ufcd a thou* 
land arguments to put him out of conceit with the conjugal 
tie, " I know my uncle's temper," faid (he to him ; ** nofc 
thing will appeafe nis rage againft you : and then what glory 
will it be ro me to.be your wife, fince J fhould ruin your rep\u 
tation by it ? What curfe3 have I not f^a<bn to fear, if I rob 
the world of fo bright a liiminary as you arc f What injury fliall 
1 not do the chitrdi ? What forrow Ihali i not give the philo* 
Ibphers ? What a fbame and injury will it be to you, w^hom na» 
ture has formed for the public good, to give yourfelf up entirely 
to a woman i Confider tliefe words of St, Paul, ^ Art thou 
ieofed from a wife, feek not a wife.* And if the counfel of 
this great apoftle, and the exhortations of the holy fathers, canv 
isot i£flbad'e yon from that heavy burden, conflder i|t leail what 
the f^ofopher^ have faid of it. Hear Theophraftus, who. h^ 
proved by lb many reafohsv that a wife man ought not to marry, 
lieaV what Cicero, when he had divorced his wife Terentia, 
anAvered to Hirtius, who propofed a match to hind with hib 
£fter: that * he could hot divide his thou^ts between philofa» 
frfiy and a wife.' Befides, what cdnfi>rmity is thene between 
maid fefvants and fcho1ars\ inkhorns and cr^lcs, books and dif* 
taffs^ peng and fpindles ? How will you be able to hear, in thl> 
midd of philofophical and theological meditations, the cries of 
children, the fongs of nurfts, and the difturbance of houfe-keepu, 
ing?" Afterwards, in the coir^fpondence which fbe kept ujp 
.with him, when {he had renounced the worM many years, and 
engaged in a monadic life, ihe reprefented to him the di(intei«- 
45ftedi^fs of her affedion ; and how flie had neither fought the 
honour of marriage, nor the advantages of a dowry, nor her own 
^teafiire, bm the fingle fatisfa<ftion of poffeffing her dear Abe* 
lard. She tells him, that although the name of wife feems 
more holy Aqd of greater dignity, yet (he was always better 
jplcaiedwith that oi bis i^iftrefs, his cQJRCubioea ox eveaftrum^ 

e 3 petj 



22 H EL O 1 S E. 

pet ; and declares in the mod folemn manner, that (he had* ra- 
ther be the whore of Peter Abelard> than the lawful wife of the 
emperor of the world [n1. " Deum teftem invoco/' fays (he, 
** fi me Auguftus univerU) praefidens mundo matrimonii honore 
dignaretur, totumque mihi orbem confirmaret in perpetuo prae- 
iidendum, charius mihi & dignius videretur tua dici mere- 
TJtix, quam illiiis imperatrix [o]." I know not, fays Bayle, 
how this lady meant ; but we have here one of the moft myfte- 
rious refinements in love. It has been, continues he, for feve« 
ral a^es believed, that marriage deftroys the principal poignancy 
of this fort of fait, and that when a man does a thing by engage- 
ment, duty, and neceflity, as a tafk and drudgery, he no longer 
finds the natural charms of it ; fo that, according to thefe nice 
judges, a man takes a wife ** ad honores," and'not " ad deli- 
cias." " Marriage,'* as Montaigne obfcrves, " has on its fide, 
profit, juftice, honour, and conftancy ; a flat but more univerfal 
plpafure. Love is founded only upon pleafure, which is more 
touching, fprightly, and exquifite ; a pleafure inflamed by dif- 
ficulty. There muft be in it fting and ardour : 'tis no more 
love if without darts and fire. The bounty of the ladies is too 

})rofufe in marriage : it blunts the edge of aSedion and de- 
ire [p]." And this perhaps made a Roman emperor fay to his 
wife, ** Patere me per alias exercere cupiditates meas, nam uxor 
ixomen eft dignitatis, non voluptatis [qJ :" that is, " fuflfer me 
to fatisfy my defies with other women, fpr fpoufe is the name of 
dignity, not of pleafure." 

Heloife died May 17, 1163, about 20 years after her beloved 
Abelard, and was buried in ihis grave. A moft furprifing mi- 
xaci? happened, if we may believe a MS. chronicle of Tours, 
when the fepulchre was opened, in order to lay Heloife's body 
there, viz. ** That Abelard ftretched out his arms to receive her, 
and clofely embraced her :" but fome have ventured to fuppofe, 
that this may be a fiftion. The letters of Heloife, together 
with their anfwers, may be found in Abelard's works, where 
more'rnay be feen of this celebrated amour. Love certainly 
begets much folly and madnefs among the fons of men : yet, 
upon comparing the loves of Abelard and Heloife with the loves 
of the reft of mankind, one (hall be apt to apply to the former, 
what the fervant in the play faid of his matter's younger fon, 
when he compared him with his elder : " Hie vero eft, qui fi 
occeperit amare, ludum jocumque dices fuifle ilium alterum, 
prseut hujus rabies quae dabit :" that is, '** If this frantic fparlC 
mall once take it into his head to be a lover, you will fay thiat 

[n] " Not Cscfar's cmprcfs would I deign To] Abelard. Op. p; 45. 
to prove : [fI Bl&is, Liv. iii. c. 5.. 

No, make me tmftreis to the Bun I [^J /&Hiia Veras apud Soirti^n. ui 

JOTC." PofK. Vit. 

all 



i 



HELVETIUS. 



«3 



all that ^e other has jone is but mere fport and jctt, compared 
with the pranks which he will play [r]." 

HELSHAM (Richard), doaor of phyfic, profeflbrof that 
fcience and of natural philofophy, in the univerfity of Dublin, 
was author of a celebrated courfe of twenty-three ledtures on 
natural philofophy, publiflied, after his death by Dr. Bryan Ro- 
binfon. Thele ledlures were long in high eftimation, pafled 
through feveral cditioiis, and are only fuperfeded now from the 
neceffity of keeping pace in fuch works with the progrefs of dif- 
coyeries. They are clear and plain, though fcientific. 

HELVETIUS (Adrian), a phyfician of Holland, was born 
in 1656. He journeyed to Paris, without any defign of fixing 
there, and only to fee that new world and fell fome- medicines, 
but accident detained him very unexpeftedly. The dyfenlcry 
then prevailed in that city ; and all who applied to him are faid to 
have been infallibly cured. His fuccefs was celebrated ; and Louis 
XIV. ordered him to publifli the remedy, which produced fuch 
certain and furprifing eiFeds. He declared it to be ipecacuanha^ 
and received 1000 louis-d'-ors for the difcovery. He fettled in 
Paris, became phyfician to the dpke of Orleans, and was alio 
made infpe£lor general of the military hofpitals. He died in 
1721, leaving fome works behind him ; the principal of which 
is, <* Traite des Maladies de plus frequentes, & des Remedies 
ipecifiques pour les guerir," 2 vols. 8vo. 

HELVETIUS (John-Claude), fon of the above, was born 
in 1685, and died in 1755. He was firft phyfician to the queen, 
counfeilor of date, and greatly efteemed by the town as well as 
■court. He was, like his father, infpeftor-general of the military 
hofpitals* He was a member of the Academy of Sciences at 
Paris, of the Royal Society in London, and of the Academies of 
Pruifia, Florence, and Bologna. He cured Louis XV. of a 
dangerous diforder, which attacked him at the age of feven years, 
and obtained afterwards the entire confidence of the queen alfo, 
.Whenever he attended as a phyfician, he was regarded as a friend, 
fuch was the goodnefs and benevolence of his character. He 
was particularly attentive to the poor. He was the author of, 
1. " Idee Generale de Teconomie animale, 1722," Svo, 2, 
** Principia Phyfico-Medica, in tyronum Medicinac gratiam con- 
fcripta," 2 vols. Svo. This latter work, though drawn up for 
pupils, may yet be ferviceable to mafters. 

HELVETIUS (CtAUDE Adrian), born at Paris in 1515, 
was fon of the preceding Helvetius. He ftudied under the fa-r 
mous father Poree in the college of Louis the Great, and his 
tutor, difcovering in his compofitions remarkable proofs of ge-, 
^ius^ ^as particularly attentive ta his education* An e^rly s((t 

[r] Tefcnt. SunmA, A£t. ii* Sic, iv^ 

C 4 fociatioii 



te4 HELVETIUS, 

^odation vUli the #its of his tiini» gwrt htm the deffre t6 be* 
come an author, but his principldi unfohunately became tainted 
^ith falfe philofoptiy. He did not ptiblifli any thing till the year 
1758, when he produced his celebrated 600k " de TEfpiit^" which 
Bppeared iirft in One volume 4to., and afterwards in three volumes, 
lamo. This work was very juftly cot^demned by th^p parlia^ 
ment of Paris, cts confining the faculties of man to animal fenfi^ 
bility, and removing at once the reftraints' of vice and the en^ 
couragements to virtue. Attacked in various ways at honie^ cfii 
account of thefe principles, he vifited England in 1764, and the 
next year went into Pnillia, where hte wa» tcccived with ho- 
nourable attention by the king. Wheii he returned into France, 
he led a retired and domeftic Ufe on his e(hte at Vore. At* 
ttched to his wife and ^mily, and ftrohgiy incUhed to benevo^ 
Icncc, he lived there more happily than at Paris, where, as te 
f:^id, he " was obliged to encountet the mortifying fpc6hicle of 
tnifery that he could not relieve." To Marivaux, and M. S^urin,^ 
pftht Preach Academy, he allowed penfions ; that, fn- a private 
benefador, were confiderable [s], merely op the fcdrc of merit; 
which he was anxious to fearch out and to aflift. Yet^ with ^I 
this benevolence of difp'ofition, he Was JftriA in th^ care of bts 
game, and in the exa^on of his feudal rights. He was n^ahro-* 
dliotel to the queen, and, for a time, a farmer^general, btrt 
fluitted that lucrative poft to enjoy hi^ ftudies. When he found 
that he had beftowed his bounty upon unworthy perfonS, or was; 
feproaphed with it, he faid, 'Mt I was king, I^wotdd coined 
them ; but I am only rich, and they are poor, my b^ufmefe there* 
fore is to aid them." Nature had been i;ind to Helvetius, Afe 
had given him a fipe perfon, genius, and a confiitution' vtrhich p^s^ 
mifed lone life. This laft, nowever, he did not attiain, for he 
was attacked by the gout in his head and (lomach, under which 
complaint he languilhed fome little time, and died in Decembdr 
1771. His works were, i. The Treatife <* Dc TEfpit," " on 
die Mind," already mentioned : of which various opinions have 
been entertained. It certainly is one of thofe which endeavour 
to degrade the nature of man, too nearly to that of merp antnuds^ 
and even Voltaire, who. called the authoi^ at one time, k true philo- 
fopher, has laid that it is filled with common place truths, defave^^ 
with great parade, but without methpd, and difgraced by ftori^ 
very unworthy of a philofophical produaion. The ideas of 
viitiie and vice, according to this hook, depend ehiefiy upon 
^Hmate. 2. " Le Bonheqr," or " happinefs," a poem in fix cant 
tos; publiflied after his death, in 17^2, with feme fragments 
of epiftles. His poetical ftyle is ftill more affe£led than his profis^ 
Md though he p^^duces fome fihe yerfesj^ he is more frequently 

[•] To the htmia aoeo, t» tke h&gr i<)O0 livret j near ioo and 150I. fterling. 

^ mar 



HELVICUS. a5 

flrffantl ItMed. His poem on hsippiilkers isadectaniatlony wherelii 
.fee makes that great objed depend, not on vimre, but on the 
oihivation of letters and the arts, 3. ^* De THomme," 2 voli 
8vo. anothek* phflofophical work> not lefs bold thah the firft. 
A favourite paradox^ produced in this book, under a variety df 
different forms^ is-, " that all men are bom with equal talei^ts, 
and owe their genius folely to edncatron." This book is even 
more dangerous than that on the mind, becaufe the ftyle is 
clearer, and the author writes with lefs referve. He-fpeaks fome- 
times of the enemies of what he called philofophy, with an af- 
perity that ill accords with the general mildnefs of his charafter. ^ ^ 
. HELVICUS (Christopher), profefTor of the Greek an4 
Eaftern languages, and 6f divinity, m the univerfity of Giefleft, 
was bom in 1581, at Sprendlingen, a little town near Frank* 
fortj where his father was minifter. He went through his ftu-r 
dies in Marpurg, where he took his degree of M. A. in 1599, 
having tarken his bachelor's in 1595. He was a mod early ge- 
nius; compofed a prodigious Rumber of Greek verfes at 15; 
and was capable of teaching Greek, Hebrew, .and even philo- 
:ibphy, before he was 20. The Hebrew he poilef&d fo entirely, 
Lthat he (poke it as fluently as if it had been nis native language. 
He thorot^ly read th^ Greek authors ; and even ftudied phyfjc 
iFor fomc time, though he had devoted himfelf to the miniftry. 
In 1605, he was chofen to teach Greek and Hebrew, in the col- 
lege which the landgrave had lately eftablifhed at Gieflen ; 
«mi which the year after was converted into an univerfity by the 
emperor, who endowed it with privile^s. Having difchargea 
:fbr five years the feveral duties of his employment with great 
deputation, he was appointed divinity profeiTor in 161 o. He 
marrWd fhis year ; yet continBed as affiduous as evet in the of-* 
ficcs of fcrs profeffionr. A church was oflfered him in Moravia if| 
-f 61 r, «nd a prpfeflbrfliip at Hamburg with a confiderable &u 
pend : hot he refufed both thofe oiFers. In 1613, he took thte 
*^grcc of D. D. at the comAiand of the landgrave ; who fenji 
irim to Frankfort, that he might view the library of the Jews-j^ 
•who had beei;i lately driven away by popular tomwlts. Helvicus, 
fofhd of readri!)g the rabbins, {^lought feveral of their 'books on th^ 
^occafion. He died in the flower of his age, in 1*17 ; and his loft 
W^s bewailed after a very peculiar manner. All the Geiman poets 
jof the Auglburg confeffion compofed elegies, to deplore his im^ 
mdstnrc death. A colleftion was made of his poems, which Wei^ 
.printed with his funeral fermon and fome other pieces, nnd^ 
4pbe title of ^* Cippus IVtemori&lis," by the care of Wincklemah 
<6Heagoe to Helvicus. 

. He was reputed to hav^ had a mcft flcilful and RiethodrCdl 
way of teaching languages. He was 9 good grammarian ; ancj 
publiilied feyeral |r«m^ftrS|^ as Win^ Qifeekj^ Hel^r^w^ Chaldeej^ ' 

Syiiac: 



a6 HEMELAH. 

Syrnic: but /they -were only abridgements. His Hebt^vr z»i 
Latin Lexicons were only, by way of eflfay, calculated for youth. 
He was not only a good grammarian/ but alfo an able chrono* 
logi r. His chronological tables have gone through feveral edi- 
tions, and been greatly efteemed^ though they are not, as' it is 
difficult to conceive they fhould be, quite free from errors. He 
pnbliOied them in 1609, under the title of " Theatrum Hifto- 
rictim* five Chronologiae Syftema Novum, &c." and brought 
them down from th^ beginning of the world to 1612 ; but they 
were afterwards revif^d and continued by John Balthafar Schup* 
pius, fon^in>Iaw to the author, and profeflbr of eloquence an4 
hUt<»rv in the univerfity of Marpurg. Helvicus had projeded 
.wriring a threat number of books ; and it is plain by the books 
}ie ai^nally publifhed, that, had he lived threefcore years, his 
V'ork^ might have made feveral volumes in folio. They are not 
in^eieding enough to make, a particular and minute account of 
them neccffflry : his chronology being the only one, whofe uie 
has ncH been fuperfeded. 

HELYOT (Pierre), perhaps Elliot, properly, as he was of 
Britiih extradion. He was a religious of the Older of Picpus 
near Paris, which is a branch of that of St. Francis. His tame 
is founded on a large work, the toil of twenty-three years> in 
eight volumes quarto, which is, " A Hiftory of Monaftic Or- 
ders, religious and military, and of feoular congregations of 
both fexes," &c. &c. He was born in 1660, and died in 1716. 
His work is full of learned refearch, and more correct than any 
thing on that fubjed which had then appeared.- He was a man 
ef exemplary piety, and a neat, though not elegant, or natural 
writer. 

HEMELAR (JohnJ^ a very kamed man, born at the Hague, 
was a fine poet and orator ; and to be compared, fays Grono^ 
vius [tj, with the Roman Atticus for his probity, tranquillity 
of life, and abfolute difregard of honours and public employ- 
ments. He went to Rome, and fpent fix years in the palace of 
cardinal Cefi. He wrote there a panegyric on pope Clement 
VHL which was fo grapioufly received, that he was offered the 
port of librarian to the Vatican, or a very good benefice. He 
accepted the latter^ and was made a canon in the cathedral at 
Antwerp. Lipfius had a great efleem for him, as appears from 
Jetters he wrote to him. He was Grotius's friend, and publiflieJ 
yerfes to congratulate him on his deliverance from confinement, 
H^ was uncle by the mother's fide to James Golius, the learned 
profeflbr at Ley den, who gained fo v^ a reputation by his pro* 
found knowlec^e in the Oriental languages : but Golius, who 
was a zealous protedant, was greatly difaffeded to him, foi;-. 

[t] Joann. Fred. Grocwv.in Orat. Funeb.. Jacob! GoUi| p, 7. 

having 



HEMSKIRK. 2f 

liaviiig converted his brother Peter to popery. He applied l^ioi;* 
jelf much more to the ftudy of polite literature and to the fc|- 
ence of medals, than to theology, f ^ He publifhed, fays Gro-» 
novius, extremely ufeful commentaries upon the medals of the 
Rbnian emperors, from the time of Julius Ca?f?ir down to Jut 
tinian, taken from the cabinets of Charles Arfchot and Nicholai 
Kocoxius: wherein he conpifely and accurately explains hf 
marks, figures, &c. whatever jsf exquifite, elegant, ^d fuitable 
pr agreeable to the hiftory of thofe times, and the genius of thp 
monarchs, whether the medals in queftion be of gold, filyer, or 
brafs, whether caft or ftruck in that immortaKcity. It is a kind 
of ftorehoufe of medals ; and neverthele^is in this work, froip 
which any other perfon would have expeded prodigious repu- 
tation, our author has been fo modeft as to conceal his name**' 
This work of Hemelar*s, which is in Latin, is not eafily to bip 
met with, yet it has been thrice printed : firft at Antwerp, in 
1614, at the end of a work of James Biaeus ; fecondly, in 1627^ 
4to ; and thirdly, in 1654, folio. The other works of this 
canon are fome Latin poems and orations. He died in i649« 
He is fometimes called Hamelar. 

HEMMINGFORD (Walter de), a regular canon of Gif- 
borough-abbey, near Cleveland in Yorkihire, flouriihed in the 
XI Vth century in the reign of Edward III. He had a ftrong 
genius for learning, which by his induftry was improved to a 
great degree. Hiftory was his particular inclination ; and upon 
this fubjeft it was that hf became an author. He begins front 
the Norman conqueft, and continues to the reign of king Ed- 
ward the lid. from the year of our Lord 1066 to 1308. The 
work is written with great care and exaftnefs, and in a ftylc 
good enough confidering the time. Gale enumerates five copies 
of his hiftory, two at Trinity-college, Cambridge, one at the 
Herald's- office, one in the Cotton library, and one which he had 
himfelf. This author died at Gift)orough in I347* 

HEMSKIRK, or HEEMSKIRK (Martin), an eminent 
painter, was a peafant's fon, and born at a village of that name 
in Holland, in 1498. In his youth he was extremely dull, and 
liothing was expe£ted from him ; but afterwards he became a 
i:orre6l painter, eafy and fruitful in Jiis inventions. He went to 
Rome, and intended to ftay there a long time ; but at the end of 
fhree years, returned to his own country. He fettled at Haer- 
lem, and lived there the remainder of his days. Moft of his 
works were engraved. Vafari gives a particular account of 
ihtrciy commends them, and fays, Michael Angelo was fo 
pleaied with one of the prints, that he bad a mind to colour it. 
Nevierthelefe it is vifible from the prints of Hemlkirk's works, 
fh^t he did not i^nderft^nd the chiaro ofcuro, and that his manner 

'•■■'•■■ ■■'•■ ' ■ ■ ' qf 



a« HEMSTERHUIS. 

lef deffigning Was dty. He died in 15749 tt 76 yews of age 

ii^iif\€: lived much longer than has been thought uibal f^ pamtei%. 

liEMMERLlN or MALLEOLUS (Fttjx), a canon c»f 
Zurich in 1428. He was put in prifoh for fome politital of. 
fence. Two works of his in folio, and in black letter, are much 
fought by fome colleftors of cunofities, one is i. *'♦ Opufcuh 
Varia ; fci licet, dc Nobilitate et rufticitiite dialogus>" &c, a. 
*< Varise obleAationis opufcula ; nempe contra validos mendi- 
cantes contra Beghardo» et Beghinos," &c, Thfey are Written 
with a coarfe kind of humour. 

HEMSTERHUIS (Tibbrius), or Hemfterhufius, one of 
the moft famous critics of his coujjtry, the fon 6f Francis Hemw 
fterhuis, a phyfician, was born at Groningcni Feb. i, 1685. 
After obtaining the rudiments of literature from proper matters, 
and from his father, he became a member of his native univet- 
fity in his fourteenth year, 1598. He there ftudied for fbttifc 
years, and then removed to Leyden^ for the fake of attendin{| 
the leftures of the famous James Perizonius. He Was here fo 
much noticed by the governors of the univferfity, that it was ex- 

fefted he would fucceed James Gronovius as profeffor of Greek, 
lavcrcamp, however, on the vacancy was appointed, throtjgh the 
intrigues, as Ruhnk^nius afferts, of fome who feared, they mi^it 
be eclijjfcd by young Hemfterhuis; who in 1 705, at the age of 
19, was called to Amfterdam, and appointed profcflbr of mas- 
thematics and philofophy. In the former of thefe branches he 
had been a favourite fcholar of the famous John Bernooilli. Irt 
1717, he rewioved to Franeker, on being chofen to fucceed 
Lambert Bos as pr^feflfer of Greek; to which place, in 173*, 
tiras added the prtofeflTorftip of hiftbry. In 1740 he remt)Ved to 
Ley(ten to accept the fame two ph)fe(ror(hips in that univerfity. 
It appears that he was married, becaufe nis father-in*law, J. 
Wild, is mentioned. He died in 1766, having enjoyed to the 
laft the ufe of all his faculties. He publlfli^, i. «* The tht«e 
Wft books of Julius Pollux's Onomafticon," to complete theedi-* 
tion of which, feven bdoks had been finilhed by Lederlin. TWsi 
lippeared at Amfterdam in 1706. On the appearance of thia 
work, he received a letter from Bentley, highly praifing Mni 
for the fervice he had tfiere tendered to his author. But thia 
'Very letter was neatly the caufe of driving him entirely from thfe 
fluay of Greek criticifm : for in it Bentley tranfmitted his own 
conjeftures on the true readings of the paflages cited l^y Pollux 
from comic writers, with particular view to the reftoratioin of 
the metrfe. Hemfterhuis had himfelf attempted the fame, bwl 
•^hen he read the criticifms of Bentley, and faw their aftonifli* 
ing juftnefs, and acutenefs, he was fo hurt at the inferiority <j$ 
his owri*, that he refolved, for the time, never ^in t5o open ^ 
13ieek book. In a month or two this timidity went off], and he 

returned 



HENAULT. 99 

fiMme4 10 ib^e tMm ^ih redoubled vigoiir, deternfiliied to 
lake Beatley for his Qiodelp and to qv2^(ify himrelf, if poiS^le« 
lo rival om wtv^m b« fo gregUy s^lmired. 2. ^^ Sele6l Colloquies 
oi Lnciao, a»4 his Timo«.'* Amft. ^708. 3. " The Plutuf 
of AriAophaneSy widi tbe Scbolia/' various readings and note^^ ' 
Harling^n, 8vo^ 1744- 4* *- Part of an edition of h^cisLn" at 
far as tb^ ja^ft page of the firft voluffise ; it zpj^^ted in 1743 it^ 
^xec voluQies ^i^rto. T|)e extreto^ Qpwi^fs of his proceed^i^ 
'n m^ch QompUiivesl <»f by Gefner and otherSf and wi|s «be rear 
fQn why bp mad^ no further progrefs. 5. " >tot©s. and emW'- 
^tiojQis OQ Xonaphpn Ephefius^" infet ted in the 37—6. volmpea 
of the MifceUanea Crinica of Anaft^rdaijn, with the %natiirQ 
T. S, H. S. 6., <* Some obfervations i^n Chryibftom's iio^ 
m\ly oq^ the £piitle to PhUomon/' fMbjoined to Raphelius's An* 
xi^^tions on the New Teftannentr 7. ^' Inaugural Speeches ont 
Various Qpcai^oQS.'' 9. ^^ There are alfo letters from him t^ 
J. Mi^. Gefner and others," and he gave confideraWe aid to 
J. St. Ber^nardi in ptibUfhing the " Eclogae Thonjse. Magiilri>" 
at LeydeO) in 1757 [v]. Kuhnkepius. Mds up Hemfterhufiu^ 
9e a model of a p^rf<^ critic [x], and iodeed> according to his 
aoxmnt, the. MN»t and variety of hi« knowledge^ and the acute«* 
oefe of his judpi^nt were very extraordinary. 

HENAULT (John p'), » French poet, was the fon of « 
hAcr at Paris, and at fitft a receiver of the taxes, at Eores^ 
Then he travelled into Holland and England^ and was. eoifjEoyc^ 
by the fuperintendant Fouquet, who was his patron. After bia 
return to France, he foon becatne diftinguifhed as one of the 
fined geniufes of bis age ; and gained a prodigious reputation by 
his poetry. His fonnet on the mifcarriage of Mad. de Guerchi 
is looked upon as. a maAer-piece, though it is not written ac- 
cording to the rules of art, and though there happened to be a 
barbarifm in it. He alfo wrote a fatirical poem againit the mi* 
nifter Colbert, which is reckoned by Boileaa among his, bed 
pieces. This was written, by way of revenging the difgrace 
and ruin of his patron Fouquet, which Henault afcribed to Col* 
bert : yet the minider did not zSt upon this occaflon as Riche* 
Ueu would hav& dose, but with more good fenfe* and geaero- 
ix%y ("y]. Beii?g told of this fonnet, which made a great noif^^' 
be afkeM^ *^ Wheiher tbere were any fatirical drokes in it againi^ 
^h^ king '" and being informed there was not, " Then," faid 
bq, *^ I ifaajl not mind it, nor ibew the lead rd*eAtment agaru(^ 
^ author*" H^nii^ult v^as a ^an who loved to i^ne on pleads 
fures, and to.debauch with art and delicacy : and fo far, confi--. 
deringhim as a, poet,.£Qme. allowances might be made* But? 



r 



{;] 



Vrifxx^c Athene Fri£aq|. £»] l^biJmi £lpgiuia. Tib» Hanaftezlmfij,.. 
Sec iM^« Graiuiier. 



fie 1^^ ftrangi^ly wrongheaded in one re%eA ; for He ^rdfefleil 
atheifm, and gloried in it with uncommon afiedation. He went 
to Holland^ on ptirpofe to vifit Spinoza, who neverthelefs did 
not tnuch efleem him.fc Spinoza confidered him probably as one 
€if thofe fafliionable gentry, with which eirery country abounds^ 
who are ready to take up fmgularities in religion, not from ra- 
tional conviSion, but from a pibfligate fpirit of Vain-glory : 
and on this account might be led to defpife the man^ whatever 
he might detelmine of his opinions. Spinoza did not miftake 
liimi if he coniidered him in this light ; for when flcknefs and 
death came to ftare him in the face, things took a very different 
turn* Henault then became a convert, and was for carrying 
matters to the other extreme ; for his confeflbr was forced to 
prevent his receiving the Viaticum or Sacrament, with a halteif 
about his neck,> in the middle of his bed-chamber. This is not 
unfreqUehtly the cafe : men believe or disbelieve, have religioa 
Of none, without ever confulting reafon, but juft ^ conftitutioii 
and humour ,dire£t; and fo it is, that they ufuaily behave ridi^ 
caloufly in whichever fiate we view them. He died in 1682. 
• He had printed at Paris, 1670, in i'2mo. a fmall colle&iotf 
of his worksj under the title of " Oeuvres Diverfes,** or " Mif* 
cellanies :*' containing fonnets, and letters in verfe and proie td 
Sappho^ who was probably the celebrated madam des Houlieres, 
to whom he had the honour to be preceptor. .Among tbefe ii 
the following imitation from this pai&ge in tlie fecotd aft o£ 
&neca*s Thyeftcs : 

*' Illimorsj;ravisincut)at^ 
Qui notus mmis omnibus, 
Ignotus moritur fibi." 
*' Heureux eft Tinconnu, qui ^'eft bien fii cohnoifre t 
II ne voit pas de mal a mourir plus qu'a naitre : 

II s'en va comme il eft venu. 
Mais helas I que la mort fait une horreur extreme i 
A qui meurt de tous trpp connu, 
Et trop peu connu de foy-meme V^ 

That is, " Happy is the obfcdre man, who is well krioirn td 
himfelf i he fees no more harm in dyings than in being born t' 
he leaves the world as he came ihio it. Biit alas ! how ex- 
tremely horrible muft death be to that man^ who dies too much 
known to others, and too little to himfelf 1'* This (hews the 
philofopher as t^^ell as the poet> and is equally diftant front 
atheifm a.nd fuperftition : ** O, fi fie Omnia. "-^HenaUlt had 
tranflated three books of Lucretius 5 but*- his confeflbr having 
raifed in him fcruples and fears, he burnt this work, fo that 
there remains nothing of it, but the firft too lines, which had 
been copied by his, friends. Voltaire fays, that " he would 

' have 

6 



• HENAULT. 31 

hsive gainerf great leputatioti^ had thefe books that were loft been 
pjcferved, and been equal to what we have of this work." 

HENAULT (Charles John *^ Francois), was born tit 
Paris, Feb. 8, 1685. His great grandfather, Rethi Henault^ 
ufed to be of Lewis XHI's party at tennis, and that prince called 
him ** The Baron/' becaufe of a fief which he poflfefled near 
Triel- He had three fons, officers of horfe, who were all killed 
at the fiege of Cafal. John Remi, his father, an efquire, and ioid 
of Moufiy, cotinfellor to the kipg, and fecretary to the council^ 
kept up the honour of the family, and becoming farmer-gene* 
ral, made his fortune. He was honoured with the confidence 
of the count de PoDtchartrain ; and, beirig of a poetical turn, 
had fome ihare in the criticifms which appeared againft Racine'^ 
tragedies. He married the daughter of a rich merchant at Ca* 
iais, and one of her brothers being prefident of that town, en- 
tertained the queen of England, on her landing thefe iq i68o« 
Another brother, counfellor in the parliament of Metz, and (e* 
cretary to the duke of Berry, was affociated with Mr. Crozat in 
the armaments, and, dying unmarried, left a great fortune, to 
fats fitter. 

Young Henault early difcovered a fprightly, benevoleht diC 
pofition, and his penetration and aptnefs foon diftlnguiflied it* 
felf by the fuccefs. of his ftudies. Claude de Lifle, father of the 
celebrated geographer^ gave him the faihe leifons in geography 
and hiftory which he had before given to the duke of Orleans^ 
aftenyards regent. Thefe inftrudions have been printed in feven 
volumes, under the title of " Abridgment of Univerfal Hiftory." 
On quitting college, Henault entered the congregation of the 
oratory, where he foon attached himfelf to the ftudy of eloquence: 
and, on the death of the Abbe Rene, reformer of La Trappe, he 
undertook to pronounce his panegyric, which not meeting the 
approbation of father Maffilon, he quitted the oratory after two 
years, and his father bought for him, of marflial Villeroi, the lieu^ 
' ienan^e des chaffisy and the government of Corbeil. At the mar ftial's 
he formed connexions and even intimate friendihips with many 
of the nobility, and paffed the early part of his life in agreeable 
amufements, and in the livelieft company, without haying his 
Teligious fentiments tainted. He affociated with the wits till the 
difpute between Rouffeau and De la Motte foon gave him a dif- 
guft for thefe trifling focieties. In 1707, he gained the prize 
of eloquence at the French Academy, and another next year, at 
the Academy des jeu» Floraux. About this time, M. Reau- 
mur, who was "his relation, came to Paris, and took leffons in 
geometry under the faqje mafter, Guinee. Henault introduced 
him to the Abbe Bignon, and this was the firft ftep of his illur- 
trious courfe. In I7i3> he brought a tragedy on the ftage, 

under 



32 HENAULT* 

under the difgutfed name of Fufelier. As he Wsb lbif6WQ to tia 
public on]y by fome (lighter pieces^ '* Cornelia the Veftal" SMt 
with no better fuccefs. He therefore locked it up» without print** 
ins* In his old age bis pafHon for tbefe fubjedls revived, and 
Mr. Horace Walpole being at Paris in 1768, and having fcurmed 
a friendftip with him as one of the amiably men of his natioQ^ 
obtained this piece, and had it printed at his prefs at Strawberry- 
liiU, from whenpe a beautiful edition of Lucan had before if- 
fued. In 1751, Mr. Henault, under a borrowed name, brought 
out a fecond tragedy, entitled ^' Marius," which was well 
xeceived and printed. The French biographers, however^ 
doubt whether this was not really by M. Caux, whde name 
it bore. 

He had been admitted counfellor in parliament in 1706, widi 
a difpeafation on account of age, and in 1710, preiident of the 
iirft chamber of inquefts. Thefe important pWes, which ho 
determined to fill in a becoming manner, engaged him in the 
moft fblid ftudies. The excellent work of Mr. Domat charmed 
hisi, and made him eager to go back to the fountain head. He 
fpent feveral years in making himfelf matter of the Roman 
law, the Of dooapces of the French king, their cuftoms, and pub- 
lic law* M. de Morville, procureui^general of the great council, 
being appointed ambaflfador to the Hague in 17 18, engaged H<-> 
sault to accompany him. His perfonal merit foon introduced 
him to the acquaintance of the moft eminent perfonages at that 
time there. The grand penfionary, Heinfius, who, under the 
exterior of Lacedemonian fimplicity, kept up all the baughti- 
jnefs of that people, loft with him all that hauteur which France 
itfelf bad experienced from him in the negociations for th^ treaty 
©f Utrecht. 

The agitation which all France felt by Law's fyftem, and the 
CCHifequent fending of the parliament into exile, was a trial to 
the wife policy of the prefident Henault. His friendfbip for the 
firft prefident^ De Melmes, led him to fecond all the views c£ 
that great magiftrate: he took part in all the negociations, and 
was animated purely by the public good, without any private 
Advantage. On the death of the cardinal du Bois, in 1.723, be 
ilucoeeded in his place at the French Academy. Cardinal Fleury 
recommended him to fucceed himfelf as direSor, and he pro* 
aounced the elo^e of M. de Malezieux. 

Hiftory was his favourite ftudy ; not a bare coIleSicm qf dates^ 
Imt a knowledge of the laws and mannen of nations ; to obtaip 
which he drew inftri^Aion from private converfations, a method 
h9 fo ftrongly recomoiends in his preface. After having thu$ 
difcufficd the moft important points of public law, he undertook 
\0 collfift and pul^Ufli the refuk of his inquiries, and he is de* 

fervedly 



HENAULT, S3 

fciVcdly Accounted the firft framet of chronoldgical abridge* 
Inents ; in which, without ilopping at detached fads, he attends 
6nly to thofe which form a chain of events that perfect or alter 
the government and charafter of a . nation, and traces only the 
fprings which exalt or humble a nation, extending or contract- 
ing the fpace it occupies in the world. His work has had the 
fortune of thofe literary phaenomena, where novelty and merit 
United excite minds eager after glory, and fire the ardour of 
young writers to prefs- after a guide whom few can overtake* 
The firft edition of the work, the refult of 40 years readings 
appeared in 1744, under the aufpiccs of the chancellor Daguef- 
feau, with the modeft title of "An Effay." The fuccefs it 
ttiet with furprifed the author. He made continual improvements 
in it, and it has gone through nine editions, and been tranflated 
into Italian, Englifh, and German^ and even into Chinefc. Ai 
the beft writers are not fecure from criticifm, and are indeed the 
only ones that deferve it, the author read to the Academy of 
Belles Lettres a defence of his abridgement* 

All the ages and events of the French nionarchy being pre- 
fent to his mind, and his imagination and memory being a vaft 
theatre whereon he beheld the different moyements and parts of 
the adors in the feveral revolutions, he determined to give a 
fpecimen of what part in his own mind, and to reduce into the 
form of a regular dr^ma, one of the periods of French hiftory^ 
the reign of Francis II. which, though happy only by being 
(hort, appeared to him one of the moft important by its confe- 
^uences, and moft eafy to be confined within a dramatic com- 
pafs. His friend the chancellor highly approved the plan, and 
wifhed it to be printed* It accordingly went through five edi- 
tions ; the harmony of dates and fafts is exaftly obicrved in it^ 
and the paffions interefted without offence to hiftoric truth. 

In 1 755, Henault was chofen an honorary member of the Aca» 
demy of Belles Lettres, having been before elefted into the acade- 
mies of Nanci, Berlin, and Stockholm, The queen alfo appointed 
him fuperintendant of her houfe. His natural fprightlinefs relieved 
her from the ferious attendance on his private morning leftures. 
The qompany of perfonS moft diftinguiflled by their wit and 
^irth, a table more celebrated for the choice of the guefts than, 
Its delicacies, the little comedies fuggefted by wit, and executed 
by reiiedlion, united at his houfe all the pleafures of an agree- 
able and innocent life.. All the members of this ingenious fo- 
ciety contributed to render it pleafing^ and the prefident wat^ 
not inferior to any. He compofed three delightful comedies : 
" La Petite Maifon,^' " Le Jaloiix de Soi-meme," and *< Le 
Reveil d'Epimenifle.** The mbjeft of the laft was the Cretan 
f hilofopttfcr, *vho is pretended to have flept 27 years. He is in- 
troduced fancying that he had flept but oiic nighty and aftoniihed 

Yql. Will. ' |i at 



^4 HENAULT. 

at tbe chaog&in the age of all around him : he nitftal:es his miCr 
trcfs for his mother ; but, difcovering his miAake, offers to 
niarry her,- which (he refufes, though he ftill continues to love 
her. The queen was particularly pleafed with this piece. She 
ordered the prefident to reftore the philofopher's miftrefs to her 
former youth : he introduced Hebe, and this epifode produced 
ain agreeable entertainment. 

He was now in fuch favour with her majefty, that, on the 
place of fuperintendant becoming vacant by the death of M. Ber- 
nard de Conbert, mafter of requefts, and the fuiii he had paid 
for it being loft to his family, llenault folicited it in favour of 
fcveral perfons, till at laft the queen beftowed it on himfelf, an4 
confented that he (hould divide the profits with his predeceflbr's 
•\vidow.-::On the queen's death he held the fame place under the 
dauphinefs. 

A delicate conftitution made him liable to much illnefs, ^hich, 
however, did not interrupt the ferenity of his mind. He made 
feveral journies to the waters of Plombieres: in one of thefe 
he vifited the depofed king Staniflaus at Luneville ; and in ano- 
ther accompanied his friend the marquis de Pauliny, ambaflador 
to Swits^erland, 

In 1763 Henault drew near his end. One morning, after a quiet 
i|iight, he felt an oppreflion, which the faculty pronounced a 
fuSbcating cough. His confeflbr being fent to him, he formed his 
refolution without alarm. He mentioned afterwards, that he re- 
coUeSed having then faid to himfelf, ** What do I regret ?" and 
called to mind that faying of madame d6 Sevigne, "I leave 
here only dying creatures." He received the facraments. It was 
believed the next night would be his laft ; but by noon the next 
day he was out of danger. " Now," faid he, ^' I know what 
death is. It will not be new to me any more " He never fpr- 
got it during the following feven years of his life, which, like 
all the reft, were gentle and calm. Full of gratitude for the 
favours of Providence, refigned to its decrees, offering to the 
author of his being a piire and fincere devotion ; he felt his in- 
firmities without complaining, and perceived a gradual decay witl| 
imabated firmnefs. He died Dec. 24, 1771, in his 86th year. 
He married, in 1714, a daughter of M. le JBas de Montargis, 
keeper of the royal treafure, &c. who died in 1728, without 
leaving any iffue. He treated as his own children, thofe of hi^ 
fitter, who had married, in 1713, the count de Jonfac, and by him 
had three fons and two daughters. The two younger fons were 
killed, one at Bruflels, the other at Lafelt, both at the head of the 
:regiments of which they were coloneig; the eldeft long furvivedji 
and was lieutenant-general and governor of Collioure and Port 
Yendre in Rouflillon. The elder daughter married M. Ic Veneur, 

■ ■ * \ ■ count: 



HENLEY. 3| 

fcount de TilHcres, and died. in 1757 ; the fecotid married the 
marquis d'Aubeterre, ambaffadorto Vienna, Madrid, and Rome. 

HENLEY, (Anthony)j [a], was the fon of fir Robert 
Henley, of the Grange in Hamplhire, defcended froni the Hen* 
leys of Henley in Soriierfetfhire ; of whom fir Andrew Henlejr 
was crfeated a baronet in 1660. This fir Andrew had a fon of 
the fame name> famous for his frolics and profiifion. His feat^ 
called Bramefley, near Hartley- row, in the county of Southamp- 
ton^ was very large and magnificent. He had a great eftate in 
that and the other weftern counties, which was reduced fey him 
to a very fmall one> or to nothingi Sir Robert Henley of the 
Grange, hife uncle, was a man of good fenfe and oeconomy. He 
held the matter's place of the King's-bench court, on' the pleas 
fidc> many years ; and by the profits of it, ^nd good manage- 
ment^ left his fon, Anthony Henley, of the Orange, of whom we 
iiow treat, pofleffed of a very fine« fortune, above 3000I. a year^ 
jpart of which arofe from the ground-rents of Lincoln's-ina- 
fields. 

Anthony Henley was bred at Oxford, where he diftinguifhed 
himfelf by an early relifli for polite learning. He made a great 
proficiency in the ftudy of the dailies, and particularly the anr- 
cient poets, by which he formed a good tafte for poetry, afid 
pra£lifed it with fuccefs. Upon his coming to London, he was 
prejfently deceived into the friendfhip and familiarity of perfons of 
the firft rank, for quality and wit, particularly the earls of Dor- 
fet and Sunderland. The latter had efpecially a great efteem and 
ftSe£lion for him ; and as every one knew what a fecret influ-. 
ence he had on affairs in king William's court, it was thought 
ftrange that Mr. Henley, who had a genius for any thing great, 
as well as any thing gay, did not rife in the ftate, where he 
would have flione as a politician, no lefs than he did at Will's 
and Tom's as a Wit* But the Mufes and pleafure had engaged 
him. He had fomething of the charai^er of Tibullus, and, 
except his extravagance, was ppflefled of all his other qualities , 
his indolence, his gallantry, his wit, his humanity, his genero- 
fity, his learning, his tafte for letters^. There was hardly a 
.contemporary author, who did not experience his bounty. They 
foon found him out, and attacked hinri with their dedications; 
which, though he' knew how to value as they dcferved, were 
always receiv^ed as well as the addreflers could wifh ; and his re- 
turns were made fo handfomely^ that the manner was as grale^ 
ful as the prefent. 

There was, for a long time, a ftrift friendfhip between ^ Mr. 
Henley aod Richard Norton of Southwick in Hampfhire, cf^. 
who was often chofen to reprefent that county. This gentle- 

[♦a} Memoirs of Biuftrious P«foi», tjiZy p. 5^x* 

D 2, masi 



3*5 



HENLEY. 



man had the fame paffion for the Mufes ; 'and the fimnarity 
there was in their pleafiires and ftudies, made that friendfhip 
the more firm and affeftionate. They both lived to a good agg? 
before they married, and perhaps the breach that happened be- 
tween them was one rcafon of their entering both into the ftate 
of matrimony much about the fame time. Mr. Henley married 
Mary youngeft daughter and co-heirefs of the hon. Peregrine 
Bertie, fifter to the countefs Pawlet, with whom he had 30,000!. 
fortune, and by her he left feveral children. Of thefe Anthony, 
the eldeft, died in 1745 > ^"^ Robert, the fecond fon, was created 
baron Henley and lord keeper of the great feal in 1760; be- 
came lord chancellor in 1761 ; and carl of Northington in 

X764. . • 

On becoming a hufband and a father, Mr. Henley relin^ 
qtiiflied his gay mode of life, and confented to be chofen a mem- 
ber of parliament for Andover in 1698 ; after which he was 
conftantly the reprefentative for either Weymouth, or Mel- 
combe Regis, in the county of Dprfet. He was always a zea- , 
lous aflcrtor of liberty in the houfe of commons, and on all 
other occafions conftant to that courfe which has furnifhed Bri- 
tain with fo many patriots ; the greateft inftance of which was, 
his moving in the houfe for an addrefs to her majefty, that fhe^ 
would be gracioufly pleafed to give Mr. Benjamin Iioadly fome 
dignity in the church, for ftrenuoufly afTertingand vindicating the 

imnciples of that revolution which is the foundation of our pre- 
cnt edabliihment in church and ftate. This made him odious 
to all the Jacobites, Nonjurors, and fome others ; and fome im- 
potent endeavours were ufed to have him laid afide in the queen's 
laft parliament ; but he carried his eleSion both at his corporation, 
and afterwards in the houfe of commons. 

Mr. Henley wrote feveral compofitions, thotigh he did not put 
. his name to them ; and very frequently allifted the writers pf the 
■<* Tatler" and " Medley [b]." No man wrote with more wit 
and xnore gaiety. He afFe£lcd a low fimplicity in his writings, 
sivd ill particular was extremely happy in touching the manners 
and paffions of parents and children, mafters and fervants, pea- - 
f^nts and tradefmen, ufing their expreflions fo naturally and 
aptly, that he has very frequently difguifed by it both his merit 
and charaAer. 

His molt darling dlverfion was mufic, of which he was en^ 
tirely mafter ; his opinion was the ftandard of taftc ; and after th« 
Italian mufic was introduced, no opera could be fure of ap* * 
plaufc, till it had received his approbation^ He was fuch an 
admirer of Purcelfs mufic, and the Englilh manner, that he did 

[b] No. XXXI, of " The'Meaiey,^ ifl ]^tic«I«r was hit j aiid femaX «« Tat- 



J 



HENLEY. . 57 

fcot immediately rclifh the Italian ; but his good judgment foon 
threw off that partiality, and he was at laft much attached to it,. 
Whether he compofed bimfelf, we know not ; but he fung with 
art, and played on feveral inftruments with judgment. He 
wrote feveral poems for mufic, and almoft fitiifhed the opera of 
** Alexander'* fet by Purcell. As Mr. Hfenley's tafle inclined him 
to mufic, that of his friend Mr. Norton was led to the drama. He 
had a theatre at Southvyck, where Betterton, Booth, Mills, Wilks, 
Mrs. Barry, Mrs. Bracegirdle, Mrsi Oldfield, and all the firft 
players, were entertained for two or three months in the vacai'- 
tion, and a<5ed comedies and tragedies, in which the owner of 
the houfe had frequently a part. Thefc reprefentations were 
given with complete decorations, mufic, &c. and were eagerly 
attended by company, from the diftance of many miles. Garth - 
in his preface to the Difpenfary, has highly praifed Henley, 
who was his friend; and his death, which happened in IJilp 
was very generally lamented. 

HENLEY (John), better known by the appellation of " Ora«» 
tor Henley," has furnifhed the world [c] with memorials of him* 
felf, which are in fome refpefts worth preferving. He waf 
born at Melton- Mowbray, Leiceilerfliire, Aug. 3, 1792. Hi$ 
father, the rev. Sirtion Henley, and his grand-father, by his mo- 
ther's fide (John Dowel, M. A.) were both vicars of that pa-? 
rifh. His grand-father by his father's fide, John Henley, M. A» 
was like wife a clergyman, reftor of Salmonby and Thetford ii| 
lyincolnlhire. He was educated among the Difienters, and con^ 
formed at the reftoration. Henley was bred up firft in the 
free-fchool of Melton, under Mr. Daffy, a diligent and ex- 
pert grammarian. From this fchool he was removed to that of 
Okeham in Rutland, under Mr. Wright, eminent for his know» 
ledge (jf the Latin, Greek ^nd Hebrew languages. 

He was hence removed, about the age of 17, to St. John's-col* 
lege inCambridge ; where, on his examination by Dr. Gower then 
itiafter, Dr. Lambert, Dr. Edmundfon, and others, he was, he tells 
tis, particularly approved, While an tindergraduat^ at St. John's, 
he wrote a letter to the '* Speftator," dated from that college, 
Feb. 3, l^iZy figned Peter de Ql'^^» abounding with quaintnef$ 
and Uxral wit. He began here to be upeafy ; he was more in^ 
dined to difpute than to aflTent to any points of doSrine, and 
fancied hin^felf able to reform the whoje fyftem of academical 
education. . , 

After he had cpmmenced bachelor of gfts, he was firft deflre4 
by the truflecs of the fc.hool ii) Melton to aflift in, and then to 
take the djreflion of, that fchool ; which he increafed and raife4 
iirom a declining to a flpurifhing cond;tion» He eftabli(b?4 here, 

J[c^ Xn tbe«< Oratorjr T^nfa^tions,** No. }, under t^e fi^itious omt pf W^lMft 



3« 



HENLEY. 



he tells us, a praftjce of improving elocution, by the pul^rUc 
fpeaking of pauages in the claffiqs, morning and afternoon, a$ 
well as orations, &c. Here he was invited by a letter from the 
rev. Mr. Newcome, to be a candidate for a fellowftiip in St. 
John's ; but as he had long been abfent, and therefore leffened 
his perfohal intereft, he 4eclined appearing for it* Here like* 
wife he began his " Univerfal Grammar," and finifhed ten lan- 
guages, with differtations prefixed, as the rhpft ready introduc- 
tion to any tongue whatever. In the beginning of this interval 
Be wrote a poenA on " Efther," which was approved by the 
town, and well received. On the occafion of his " Gram^ 
xnars," Dr. Hutchinfon wrote him a complimentary letter. 

He was ordained a deacon by Dr. Wakp, then biihop of 
I^incoln ^ and after having taken his degree of M. A. was ad- 
mitted to prieft's orders by Dr. Gibfon, his fucceflTor in that fee. 
He did not long confent to reft in the country, but, impatient 
to obtain wealth and fame in London, refigned his offices of 
ifcafter and curate, and entered upon his new career. 
' In town, he produced feveral publications ; a^ a tranflatipn of 
?liny*s " Epiftles," of feveral works of abbe Vertot, of Montfau- 
<?on's ** Italian Travels" in folio, and many other books. His moil 
efficient patron was the earl of Macclesfield, who gave him 4 
benefice in the country, the value of which to a refident woul4 
Jlavc been above Sol. a year ; he had likewife a le&ure in the 
dty ; and, according to his own account, preached more charity-- 
fermons about town, was more nymeroiifly followed, and raifed 
ihore for the poor children, tha?i any other preacher, however 
dignified or diftinguilhed. This popularity, with his ehterprifing 
fpirit, and introducing regular a^ion into the pulpit, were " thq 
true caufes," he fays, " why fome obftruiled his rifing in town, 
from envy, jealoufy, and a difr^lifli of thofe who are not quali- 
fied to be complete fpaniels. For there was no objeftion tc^ 
liis being tofled into a country benefice by the" way of the fea,. 
as far as CJalilee of the Gentiles (like a pendulum (winging one 
tiray as far as the other.)" Not being able to obtain preferment 
in London, and not choofing to return into the country, ha 
itruck out the plan of his Ledure§, or Orations, which he puffej 
}h the moft barefaced manner, as may be feen in the following 
Specimen. 

■ *f That he fhould haye the affiirance to frame a plan| which 
no mortal eyer thought of ; that he fhould fingly execute what 
would fprain a dozen of modern do<ftors of the tribe of Ifla- 
chit ; that he'fliould have fuccefs againft all oppofitioh ; chal- 
lenge his adverfaries to fair difputations, without any offering tq 
difpute with him' ; write, fead, and ftudy I2 hours a day, and 
yet appear as untouched by the yoke, as if he never wore it ; 
(^mpofe three diflertations each week, on all fubjeds, howeve^ 



HENLEY. 39 

iincommon, treated in all lights and manners by himfeU, with- 
out afliftance, as Tome would detradl from him ; teach in one 
year, what fchools and univerfities teach in five ; offer to learpi 
—to fpeak and — to read ; not be terrified by cabals, or me- 
naces, or infults, or the grave nonfenfc of one, or the frothy 
fatire of another ; that he Ihould flill proceed and mature th^s 
bold fcheme, and put the church, and all that, in danger ;-->* 
This man muft be a — a — a — &c. [d]" 

Henley preached on Sundays upon theological matters, and 
en Wednefdays upon all other fciences. He declaimed fome 
years againfl: the greateft perfons, and occafionally, fays Warr 
burton, did iPope that honour* The poet in return thus blazons 
him to Infamy : 

" But, where each fcience lifts its modern type, 
Hiftory her pot. Divinity his pipe. 
While ^roud Philofophy repines to fliow, 
Diflioneft fight ! his breeches rent below ; 
Imbrown'd with native bronze, lo Henley (lands. 
Tuning his voice, and balancing his hands. 
How fluent nonfenfe trickles from his tongue ! i 

How fweet the periods, neither faid, nor fung ! 
Still break the benches, Henley ! with thy drain. 
While Kennet, Hare, and Gibfon preach in vain* 
O great reftorer of the good old ftage. 
Preacher at once, and Zany of thy age ! 
O worthy thou of -Egypt's wife abodes, 
A decent prieft, where monkies were the gods ! . 
But Fate with butchers plac'd thy prieftly ftall. 
Meek modern faith to murder, hack, and maul ; 
And bade thee live to crown Britannia's praife. 
In Toland's, Tindal's, and in Woolfton's days/' 

This ftrange man ftruck medals, which he difperfed as tickets 
to his fubfcribcrs : a ftar rifing to the meridian, with this mottd, 
^* ad fumma;" and below, " Inveniam viam, aut faciam." 
Each auditor paid is. tiis audience was generally compofed of 
the loweft ranks ; and it is well known, that he once colledod 
a vaft number of fhoe-makers, by announcing that, he could 
teach them a fpeedy mode of operation in their bufinefs, vyrhich 
proved only to be, the making of flioes by cutting off the tops 
of ready-made boots. He was aiuthor of a weekly paper of uni- 
intelligible nonfenfe, called " The Hyp Dodor," for which 
fecret fcrvice he had looU a year given him. Henley u fed, every 
Saturday,, to print an advertifeinent in " The Daily. Ad vertifer,^* 
conta^omg an account of the fubje£ls on which h& intended to 

£»] Oratory Tnin&dloas, p. ij^. * 

D 4 difcourfe 



40 HENRY. 

difcourfc in t^e ^nfuing evening, at his Oratory near Lincoln 's- 
. inn-fields. The advertifemcnt had a fort of motto before it, 
which was generally a fneer at fome public tranfaftion of the 
"^preceding week [d], Henley died 061. 14, 1756. In his account 
of himfelf he aflumesthe credit of confiderable learning, and a 
ftrongzeal for knowledge; but, if we may judge from the fpe- 
eimens we have fecfn ot his compofitions, thefe were only the 
boafts of empiricifm. fioth his ftyle and his thoughts are low ; 
'Vanity and cenforioufnefs are the mod confpicuous qualities. 

Orator Henley is a principal figure in two very humorous 
plates of Hogarth ; in one of which he is " chriftening i 
child;*' in the other, called ** The Oratory," hie is reprc* 
fentcd on a fcafFold, a monkey (over whom is written Jmen) by 
his fide ; a box of pills, and ** The Hyp DoSor," lying be- 
iide him. Over his head ** The Oratory: Inveniam viam, aut 
Caciam/' Over the door, " Ingredere ut proficias.'* A parfon 
receiving the money for admiffion. Under him, ** The Trea-» 
fury." A butcher uands as porter. On the left hand, Modefty 
in a cloud ; Folly in a coach ; and a gibbet prepared for Merit ; 
people laughing, On^ marked ^^ The Sgout," introducing a 
puritan divine ie]/ ^ 

^ HENNUYER (John), the biftiop of Lifieux, fo juftly 
celebrated for his humanity at the time of the dreadful maf- 
facre of St. Bartholomew, had been confeflTor to fienry H. of 
France, and biftiop of I<odeve, In the reign of Charles IX, 
when the royal lieutenant of his province communicated to him 
the ortjer to maffacre all the proteftants in the diocefe of Lifieux, 
he did the aft for which he is fo juftly immortalized. H« figne4 
a formal and official oppofitiop to the order ; for which ftriking 
»6l pf clemency, it is wonderful to fay, he was not cenfured 
or perfecuted by the bigotry of the ccuft. The beauty of virtue 
exafted refpeft. He died in 1577, pniverfally |*efp^fted, h^vipg 
gained over more by his mildnefs than any bigot by his fury, . 

HENRY II, (Plantaoenet), king of England, ton of 
GcofFrey Plafitagenet, count of Anjou, and of Matilda, daughter 
of Henry I. was born in 11 32. He was educated chiefly under 
the care of his uncle, the accompliftied Robert earl of Gloucefteri 
at Briftol ; and «!tJnng that period, is faid to have formed his 

[»} tlv> CoMm, one of €forgQ IPs f< Away with the wielded before th^ kmjr^ 

fa;4»ifis, haying, in i74^> preached f i^nA away with the wicked behind Wmj 
mon at 5t. James's, from thjpfe words : His throne it wil blef* 

Take away the wicked frnm before the With rig;htepufnefs, 

Jkio^i »Dd his throne fhall be eiftabiiihed And we ihall know where to find him.** 
in rightcQufnef^}'' it gfvc fo mufh dif- [e] Thi$ defer pf on i» taken from th«. 

f leafure, th?it the do£^or was (IruCk put <* Biographical ^ necdotei of Hogarth,*' 

#f the ViA of chaplains; and the next by Mr. Nich'olsi who doubts, however, 

^iiturjiajr, the following parody of his text whether *' The Oratory** be % gen^nd 

uppMKed as a motto to Healegf*s advertifc* ^rododioa of Hogarth* 



Wat» 



^tjichixient 



HENRY. 41 

attachment to the beautiful Rofamond, daughter. of lord Clif- 
ford, In the long civil conteft between his mother and king 
Stephen, he was too young to take a confpicuous part; but in 
1147 he departed for Normandy, which his father had fecured. 
In 1 149 he returned to England, to affert his claim to the crown, 
«nd went publicly in great fplendor to Scotland, where he received 
knighthood from David ting of Scotland. In 1150, he was 
invefted with the dukedom of Normandy, and in 1151 mar^ 
Tied Eleanor heirefs of Poitou and Guienne. In M53, oa 
the death of Euftace, fon of Stephen, he was folemnly acknow* 
*!edged as fucceflbr to that monarch, whom he aftually fucceeded 
in 1 1 54. He commenced his reign by the redrefs of fevcral 

frievances, renewing the charter of Henry I. and the laws of 
Idward the Confeflbr. He difmilTed the foreign mercenaries, 
reftored the coinage, enforced the laws againft offenders, and 
deftroyed the caftles of the haughty nobles which Stephen had 
imprudently permitted to be built. In 1159,. he carried war 
into France, to enforce his claim, to th^ earldom pf Touloufe; 
but Louis VI I. king of France, throwing himf«lf into that capital, 
he raifed the fiege, and the war was foon terminated by an ac- 
commodation very honourable to Henry. Am ong^iheabufes which 
he was anxious to reform, were the exorbitant power of the 
^^ergy, and the great relaxation of morals then prevalent in that 
order; and the conteft that enfued, proved fatal in 1170 to 
Becket archbifhop of Canterbury, who had been his chanceJJof 
and principal favourite. He was engaged in feveral wars, and 
was generally fuccefsful. Ireland he invaded, and finally ac- 
complifhed the conqueft of it in 1 168. He alfo compelled Wil-* 
liam, king of Scotland, to do homage to him for his dominions,> 
in 1 1 75. The latter part of his life and reign were rendered 
turbulent and unhappy by the frequent rebellions of his font 
aided by the kings of France. He refifted them with various 
fuccefs, but not without much angui/h at their ingratitude; till 
at length, the junftion of his youngeft and favourite fon John, 
in the confederacy againft him, overpowered his patience, and 
is faid to have brought on the fever which proved fatal to him 
in his C7th year, at Chinon in Touraine, A. D. 1 189. Henry 
was diffinguifhed above moft princes by valour, prudence, gencw 
rofity, genius, extent of knowledge, for the time in which he 
lived, flc{ll in the arts of government, conftantly exerted in the 
formation of the moft falutary laws. To count_erbalancc thcfe * 
^reat qualities, he had exceffive pride, immoderate ambition, 
anc) a total wadt of command over his paffions. The life of thii 
prince, written by lord Lyttelton, is well known as an Imports 
ant and valuable piece of Englilh hiltory ; and fully ihews hov^ 
Yfti^ the (ubkSt of it defe^xs to be coounemor^tcd a$ one of 



42 HENRY. 

the ableft, and, in political qualities^ moil diftinguifiied of our 
EncHfli moaarchs. . i 

HENRY IV. (of Bourbon), king of France. The moft 
illuftiious of the French monarchs alfo was a Henry. He was 
born in 155^, in the caftlc of Pau, the capital of Beam, being 
the fon of Antony of Bourbon, king ol Navarre, and Joan 
4!Albret. By his defcent from Robert of Clermont, fifth fon of 
Louis IX. (called St. Louis) he became heir to the crown of 
JFrance* He was educated in a hardy manner ; and from his 
carlieft years c^ve the ftrongeft proofs of an intrepid and noble 
cbara^r. His mother being a protefiant, he was educated 
in that perfuafion, and was for many years the chief of that 
party* Henry was early initiated in war, being prefent at the 
battle of Jarnac, in 1569, when he was only fixteen years of age; 
and be there (hewed great marks of military talent. After the 
peace of St« Germain, in 1570, he was taken to court, and two 
years afterwards married the princefs Margaret of Valois^ 
Mer to Charks IX. It was during the rejoicings for this mar- 
Tiage^ that the horrible maflacre o? St. Bartholomew's eve wa» 
perpetrated by that perfidious and cruel court. The young prince 
of Navarre was kept for three years afterwards a Kind of fiatf^ 
prifoner. He dTcaped in 1576, and put himfelf at the head of 
the Hugonot, or proteftant party, where he expofed •himfelf to 
all the hazards of a civil war, as much as the meaneft foldjer; 
Itarrafled without intermiffion, undergoing the greateft hardlhips^ 
and frequently in want of necefTarles. In 1587, he gained the 
vidoiy of Courtras, where he performed the moft fignal aSs of 
valour. By the death of his mother he became king of Navarre 
m 1572, and king of France by that of Henry III. in 15894 
He did not here fucceed to a quiet throne ; the famous league was 
firong in force againfl: him, while he had few friends, few ilrong 
places^ no money, and a fmall army. His refources were his 
courage and a&ivity. In the year of his acceflion he gained the 
battle of Arques, and that of Ivfy, in 1590. Here it was that 
he made his famous addrefs to his foldiers: << If you lofe your 
ftandards, rally round my white plume; you will always find it 
iji the path of honour and glory." Henry nbw laid fiege tqi 
Paris, which he puihed to great extremities; but, during the 
fiege^ feme conferences were held between the chiefs of the two 
parties, which ended in a kind of accommodation : the kinj^ 
agreed to abjure proteftantifm, which he did at St. Denys, ia 
i593 f ^^^^ which he was crowned at Chartres, and the year 
fcUowing Paris opened her gates to him. In the year 15959 
vas publifhed the celebrated edi£l of Nantes, giving a degrei^ 
of toleration to the proteftants, and much tranouiliity to th^ 
kingdom, till it was revoked with fo mucK impolicy by Louis . 
XI Y. In the fame year he ws^ involve4 ip 9 war with Spain, * 

which 



HENRY. 43 

inrbich continued to 1598. The duke of Mayenne, chief of 
the leaguers, had fubm}tted in 1596, and the duke of Mercceur 
in 1598, after which period his kingdom enjoyed peace, With 
hardly any interruption, till his death. Beloved as Henry wasr 
IP general for his many virtues, and his very conciliating man^ 
ners, the fanatips i^eyer could pardon his former attachment to. 
the proteft^nt caufc, apd alinoft every year produced fame at* 
tempt upon jiis life- One, at length, named Ravaillac, to tha 
great misfortune of prance, fucceeded in his enterprife, and 

fave him, on May 14, l6io, a wound which proved fatal. Ho 
ied in the 57th year of his age, and the 22d of his reign. Hiji^ 
firft marriage with Margaret of Yalois, had been annulled, and 
he married afterguards Mary of Medicis, by whom he left three 
fons and th][ee daughters. There is, perhaps, no prince re- 
corded in hiilory, of whom fo many anecdotes are extant, as o£» 
Henry IV. Moft of them tend to difplay a fmgulai; livelinefs 
and geperofity of charafter, with agoodnefs of heart, whicl^ 
endeared his memory to his countrymen in the ftrongeft manner^ 
till they imbibed an indifcriminatmg antipathy againft all mo-% 
parchs. *^ My wifh is," faid he, " that every peafant in my 
kingdom (hould have a fowl in the pot on Sundays ;" an ex* 

frcffion whigh well illuftrates the benevolence of his difpofition. 
t is ftill more proved by what he faid to his excellent and juftly* 
favoured minifter. Sully, when he was dangeroufly ill in I598» 
^* My friend, I have no fear of death 5 you have feen me bravo 
it in a thoufand inftances ; i)ut I regret lofmg my life before I 
have been able, by governing my fubjeds well, and alleviating 
all the}r burthen^, to demonftrate to them that I love them af 
piy own children." His aftions were conformable to thefe ex* 
jpreffions, and he was continually employed in plans to make his» 
people flourifliing and l^appy. A violent turn for gallantry, and 
fome particular amours, to which he devoted himfelf too much, 
are the chief faults imputed to this prince, whofe virtuiss, adions^ 
and charader, liave given occafion to the only able attempt to- 
wards an epic poem that his country has produced, the Henriade^ 
of Voltaire. It is impoflible even for foreigners to read the hif- ' 
tory of Henry IV. without much intereft; no wonder, therefore,, 
that his countrymen have loved fo much to dwell upon it. 

HENRY (rHiLip), one of the fathers,of Nonconformity [f]^ 
pr, as he was called by fame of his admirers, " the good, the 
Heavenly Mr. Henry," was born at Whitehall, in 1631 ; his fa-> 
ther, John Henry, was page of the back-ftairs to the king's, 
fecond fon, James duke of York. About twelve years old lie 
was admitted into Weftminfter-fchpol, under Mr. Thomas Viiw 
ccnt^ then }}fljfir^ yery diligent in his bufinefs, but who grieved 

tr] the lift' qT Mrr Philip Hwry, by Matthew Henry/ 1765. 

(9 



44 HENRY, 

fo much at the dulnefs of many of his fcholars, that he fill inta' 
a confumption, and was faid to be ** killed with falfc Latin." la 
the regular time, he was taken intb the upper fchool under Dr. 
Bulby, with whom he was a great favourite ; and was employed by 
fcim, with fome others, in collefting materials for that excellent 
Greek grammar which he afterwards publiihed. Soon after the 
civil wars broke oijt, there was a daily morning Icfture, fet up 
at the abbey church, by the afTembly of divines. His pious 
mother requefted Dr» Bufby to give her fon leave to attend this, 
and likewife took him with her every Thurfday to Mr. Cafe's 
Jefture, at St. Martin's : (he took him alfo to the monthly fads 
at St. Margaret's, where the houfe of commons attended ; and 
where the fervice was carried on with great ftriftnefs and fo- 
lemnity, from eight in the morning till four in the evening : in 
thefe, as he himfelf has curioufly exprcfTcd it, he had often 
** fweet meltings of fouK" 

He was elefted from Weftminftcr to Chrift-church Oxford, 
where he was admitted a'ftudent in 1648, and vigoroully applied 
ktmfelf to the proper ftudies of the place. When he had com- 
pleted his mailer's degree, he was entertained in the family of 
i'tdge Pulefton, at Emeral in Flintihirc, to take the care of 
kis fons, and to preach at Worthenbury. He was ordained to 
the work of the miniftry in this place in 1657,, according to the 
known diredory of the affembly of divines, and the commoa . 
isfage of the prefbyterians. He foon after married the only 
daughter and heirefs of Mr. Daniel Mathews, of Broad- oak, 
near Whitchurch, by whom he became pofleflTed of a competent 
eftate. When the king and epifcopacy were reftored, he refufed ' 
to conform; was ejefted, and retired with his family to Broad- 
oak. Here, and in this neighbourhood, he fpent the remainder 
of his life, about twenty-eight years; relieving the poor, em- 
ploying the induftrious, inftruiling the ignorant, and exercifing 
every opportunity of doing good. His moderation in his non- 
conformity was eminent and exemplary ; and upon all occafioiij; 
he bore teftimony againft uncharitable and fchifmatical fepara- 
tion. In church-government, he defired' and wiflied fof apb^ 
¥(hcr's rcduflion of epifcopacy. Jic thought it lawful to join 
in the common-prayer in the public aflemblies ; which, during 
the time of his lilence and reftraint, he conftantly attended with 
his family, with reverence and devotiop. 

Upon the whoje, his char^flcr feems to have been highly ex- 
emplary and praife-wqrthy : and it may be alked, as Dr. Bufby 
afked him, *^ What made him a nonconformift ?" The reafon 
which he principally infifted on was, that he could not fubmlt to 
be re-ordained. He was fo well fatisfied with his call to the 
miniftry, and folemn ordination to it, by the laying on the 
fcijinds of tjie preibyiery, th^t he 4ur(t pot ^0 th^t whicti looked 



! 



HENRY. 45 

like a renunciation of it as null and finful, and vrould at leaft 
be a tacit invalidating and condemning of all his adminiftra-r 
lions. Dcfpairing to fee an accommodation, he kept a meeting 
at Broad-oaK, and preached to a congregation in a barn. 

HENRY (Matthew), an eminent difPenting teacher [oj, 
and a voluminous writer,- was the fon of the foregoing, and born 
in 1662. He continued under his father's eye and care till about 
eighteen ; and had the gieateft advantages of his education from 
him, both in divine and human literature. He was very expert 
in the learned languages, efpecially in the Hebrew, which had 
been made familiar to him from his childhood ; and from firft to 
laft, the ftudy of the fcriptures was his moft delightful employ- 
ment. For further improvement, he was placed in 1680 at. an 
lacaderny at Iflington. He was after wards entered in Gray's- 
inn, for the ftudy of the law ; where he went on with his ufual^ 
diligence, and became acquainted with the civil law, and the mu- 
nicipal law of his own country. His proficiency was foon ob- 
ferved ; and it'was the opinion of thofe who knew him, thlat hi« 
great induftry, quick apprehenfion, tenacious memory, and 
ready utterance, would render him very emurent in that pro«- 
fcflion. But he adhered to his firft refolution of making di- 
vinity his ftudy and bu fine f§,- and attended the mo^ celebrated 
preachers in town; and, as an inftance of his judgement' 
"was beft pleafed with Dr. Stillingfleet for his ferious praSical 
preaching; and with Dr. Tillotfon, for his admirable fermons 
againft popery, at his ledlures at St. Lawrence Jewry. In 
1686, he returned into the Country, and preached feveral time* 
as' a candidate for the miniftry with fuch fuccefs and approbation, 
that the congregation at Chelter invited him to be their paftor. 
To this place he was ordained in 1687, where he lived about 
twenty-fiye years. He had feveral calls from London, which 
he conftantly declined; but was tr laft prevailed on to accept a 
very important and unanimous one from Hackney. He died ia 
1714., at Nantwich, of an apoplecSlio fit, upon, a journey, and 
was interred at Trinity-church in Chefter. 

He was univerfally lamented ; every pulpit of the DifTenteri 
gave notice of the great breach that was made in their church; 
every fermon was a funeral fermon for Mr. Henry. ^The writ- 
ings he publiflied, befides feveral fingle fermons, are, i. '* A 
Qifcourfe concerning the Nature of Schifm, 1689." 2. *' The 
Life of Mr. Philip Henry, 1696." 3. " A Scripture Gate-. 
chifm, 1702." 4. "Family Hymns, 1702." 5. *' The Com- 
inunicanr's Companion, 1704." 6. " Four Difcourfes againft 
Vice and Immorality, 1705." 7. ** A Method for Prayer, 
1710." 8. " Difeftions for daily Communion with God, 17 1 2,** 
9. " £j^polition;^of the Bible/' 5 vols, folio. 

£0] Lift of Matt* Htnrjf hf W, Toof» S7i6« 

HENRY 



4« 



ttRNRY. 



HENRY Robert), author of a WRoiy of feitgtan^ ori # 
licw plan, which has been genferally and highly approved, wa« 
the fon of James Henry, a farmer, at Muirtown in the parifll of 
St. Ninian's, Scotland, and of Jean Galloway his wife, of Stirling-J* 
Ihirc [k]. He was born on Feb. i8, 1718 ; and| hiving early re- 
iblvcd to devote himfelf to a litetrary ptofeflionj was educated 
•firft under a Mr. John Nicholfon, at the pari(h fchool of St. 
Kinian's, and for fome time at the grammar fchool at Stirling. 
He completed his academical ftudles at the univerfity of Edin- 
burgh, and afterwards became mailer of the gramrtiar fchool of 
Annan. He was licenfed to preach on the 27th of March, 1746^ 
and was the firft licentiate of the prefbytery of Aqnan, after its 
credion into a feparate prefbytery. Soon after he receii^ed a 
call from a congregation of prefbyterian diflenters at Carlifle^ 
where he was ordained in November, 1748. In this (lation he 
remained twelve years, and, on the 13th of Auguft, 1760, be- 
came paftor of a diflentin^ congregation in Berwick upon Tweeds 
Here, in 1763, he married the daughter of Mr. Balderfton, a 
furgeon, and though he had no children, enjoyed to the end of* 
his life a large (hare of domeftic happinefs. In' 1768, he wa$ 
removed from Berwick, to be one of the minifters of Edinburgh^ 
and was minifter of the church of the New Grey Friars, from 
that time till November, 1776. He then became colleague- 
minifter in the old church, and in that ftation remained tillhil^ 
death, which happened in November, 1790. The degree of 
Doftor in Divinity was conferred on him by the univerfity of 
Edinburgh, in 1770; and in 17749 he was unanimoufly chofeil 
moderator of the general aflembly of the church of Ivcotland^ 
and is the only perfon on record who obtained that diftin6lioii 
the firft time he was a member of the aflembly. 

It is thought to have been about 1763, that Dr. Henry firft 
conceived the idea of his hiftory of Great Britain ; the plan of 
which is indifputably his own. In every period it arranges, under 
fcvcn diftinft heads, or chapters, i . The civil and military hiftory 
of Great Britain ; 2. The hiftory of religion ; 3. The hiftorjr of 
our conftitution, government, laws, and courts of juftice; 4. The 
jhiftory of learning, of learned men, and of the chief feminaries 
of learning; 5. The hiftory of arts; 6. The hiftory of commerce, 
ibipping, monev, &c. ; and 7. The hiftory of manners, cuftom% 
tec. Under thele heads, w hich extend the province of an hiftorian 

Seatly beyond its ufual limits, and compel him to attend to all 
efe joints uniformly and regularly, every thing 'Curious or in- 
terefting in the hiftory of any country may be comprehended! 
The firft volume of bis hiftory, io quarto, was publiflied ia 
1771, the fecond in 1774, the third in 1777; ^^^ fourth in 1781, 

£■3 Life of Drt Hcuiry, preyed to Vol. VL 4(0, of hit biftofj. 



HENRY. 47 

and the fifth, (which brings down the hiftory to the acceflion of 
Henry VII.) in 1785. The fixth volume, apofthumous work, 
the greater part of which he had prepared for publication before 
his death, appeared in I793» Dr. Henry publilhed his volumes 
originally at his own rifle, and fiifFered for forae time from the 
pialignity of unfair attacks from his own country. The Englifli 
critics were more liberal, and very early allowed to his work 
that merit which has fince ^been univerfally acknowledged. In 
1786, when an odlavo. edition was ititended, Dr, Henry con- 
veyed the property to meflrs. Cadell and Strahan, for the fum 
of (oool. referving to himfelf what remained unfold of the 
quarto edition. His profits on the whole, including this fum^ 
he found to anriount to 3,3001. a ftrong proof of the intrinfic 
merit of the work. The prbfecution of this hiftory had been 
his favourite objefl for almoft thirty years of his life. He had 
iiatjurally a found conftitution, with a more equal and :i larger 
portion of animal fpirits than is commonly poffefled by literary 
men. From the year 1789, his bodily ftrength was fcnfibly 
impaired, yet he perfifted fteadily in preparing his fixth vo- 
lume. 

Henry was naturally fond of fociety, and few men en- 
joyed It more perfeftly, or were capable of contributing fa 
much to the pleafures of fociety. Though his literary puriuits 
inight have been fuppofed to have given him fufficicnt employ- 
ment, he always found time for focial converfation, for thp 
offices of friendfhip, and for objeSs of public utility. Of th^ 
public focieties in Edinburgh, he was always one of the moft 
ufeful and indefatigable members ; and he converfed with the 
ardour, and even U\e gaiety of youth, long after his bodily 
(Irength had yielded to the infirmities of age. His library he left 
to the magiftrates of Linlithgow, &c. under fuch regulations as he 
coHjCeived would tend to form a library calculated to difFufe know- 
ledge and literature in the country. Both as a man, and as an 
ajuthor, he has left a charadler which will, and ought to be 
dlecmed. 

HENRY (David), a writer !n the Gentleman's Marine, 
and an adive manager in the condud of that publication for 
more than half a century, was born in December, 1710, and 
educated as a printer. He found an early friend in' Mr. Cave 
pf St., John's Gate, whofe fitter he married in 1736. Mr. Henry 
^ubliflied, I. in 1772, " The complete Englifli Farmer, or 
a prailical Syftem of Hufbandry," but without a name. This 
was the refult of his attention to a confiderable farm which he 
ocqupied at- Beckenham. 2. ** An hiftorical Account of all the 
Voyagjes round the World," 4 vols; 8vo, 1774. 3. Several 
fmaller works, containing defcriptions of the cuiioiities of Lon- 
don, 



4« 



HERALIDUS* 



don, is the Tower, St* Paul*s, &c. improved by Mm tlifotJgfc 
feveral fucceflive editions. He died on the^ 5th of June, 1792. 

HERACLITUS, a famous philofoph'er of antiquity, and 
founder of a feft, was born at Ephefus, and flouriflied about 
the 69th Olympiad, in the time ot Darius Hyftafpcs [i]. He 
gave early figns of profound wifdom, and was of an exceedingly 
high fpirit. Being defired to take upon him the fuprcme power, 
he flighted it, becaufe the city in his opinion was prepofleiled with 
an ill way of governing. He retired to the temple of Diana, 
and played at dice there with the boys; faying to the Ephefians 
that flood about him, " Worft of men, what do ye wonder at? 
is it not better to do thus, than to govern you ?" Darius wrote 
to this philofopher to come and live with him ; but he refufed 
the monarch's offer, and returned the following rude and info- 
lent anfwer to his letter: " All men living refrain from truth 
and juflice, and purfue unfatiablenefs and vain-glory, by reafoii 
of their folly: but I, having forgot all evil, and (hunning the 
fociety of inbred pride and envy, will never come to the king- 
dom of Perfia, b^ing contented with a little according to my owik 
mind." He is faid to have continually bewailed the wicked livea 
of men, and as often as he came among them to have fallen 
into tears ; in which, by the way, he was not nearfo wife as De- 
xnocritus, who made the follies of men the conftant objcdl of hit 
laughter. At laft, growing into a great, hatred of mankihd, he 
xetired into the 'mountains, and lived there, feeding upon gratis 
and herbs.' But this diet bringing him into a dropfy, he was 
Conftrained to return to the city ; where he aflced the phyficians, 
" Whether they could of a (hower make a drought?" They 
not underftanding his enigmatical manner, which he conftantly 
ufed, he (hut himfelf up in an ox-ftall, hoping that the hydro- 

Eical humours would be extraSed by the warmth of the dungr 
ut this doing him no good, he died at 60 years of age. Hi^ 
Writings gained fo great a reputation, that his followers were • 
called Heraclitians. Laertius fpeaks of a tireatife upon nature, 
divided into three books ; one c^^ncerning the univerfe, the feconrf 
politic, the third theologic. This work he depofited in the 
temple of Diana ; and, as fome affirm, he afFefted to write ob- 
fcurely, that he might only be read by the more ^earned. It is 
related, that Euripides brought this book of Heraditus to So- 
crates to be read ; and afterwards afking his opinion of it, " The 
things," faid Socrates, ** which I underftand in it, are excellent, 
and fo I fuppbfe are thofe which I underftand not ; but they 
require a Deli^n diver." 

HERALDUS (DEsiptRius), .in Fi'ench Herault, a coun- 
fellor of the parliament of Paris, has given good proofs of un.* 

* (1] Diodes Laertittv 



HiRBELOiV 4^ 

common learning by veiy diffetent works. His " Adverfaria,** 
ippearcd in 1599; which little book, if the *^ Scaligcrana" may 
fce credited, ne repented having publifhed. His notes on 
Ter^ullian's ** Apology;" on ** Minutias Foelix," and oji " Ar- 
nobius," have been efteemed. He alfo vvrote notes on Martial's 
•* Epigrams.'* Hediiguifed himfelf under the name of David 
Xfeidhrejrerus, to write a political differtation on the indepeh" 
Hence of kingsj fome time after the death of Henry IV. He 
had a controverfy with Salmafius " de jure Attico ac Romano:'* 
but did not live to finifli what he had written on that fubjeft. 
What he had done, however, was printed in 1650^ He died in 
June 1649. Gu'y Patin fays[K], that " he was looked upon 
as a very learned man, both in the civil kw and in' polite lite* 
tature; and wrote with great facility on any fubje£l he pitched 
on." Daille, fpeaking of fuch proteftant vvfiters asCphqemned 
the executing of Charles I. king of England, quotes the ** Paci-, . 
fique Royal en deuil," by Herault. This author, fon to our 
Defiderius Heraldus, was a minifter in Normandy, when ha 
was called to the fervice of the Walloon-church of London 
imder Charles 1. and Ht was fo zealous a royaliil, that he was 
forced to fly to France, to efcape the fury of the common- 
wealths-^men. He returned to England after the Reftoratioh,' 
ind refumed his ancient employment in the Walloon-church at 
London: fome time after which he obtained a canottfy in the 
cathedral of Canterbury, and enjoyed it till his death, 

HERBELOT (Bartholomew d'), an eminent brientallft 
of France, wai born at Parif Dec. 14> 1625 [l]. When hp 
had gone through claflical literature and philofophy, he applied 
nimlelf to the oriental languages ; and efpecially to the Hebrew,* 
for the Ake of underftanding the original text of the Old Tef* 
tament. After at continual application for feveial years, he 
took a journey to Rome, upon a perftiafion that converfing 
with Armenians, and other Eaftern people who frequented that 
city, would make him ptrkQ. in the knowledge of their languages. 

Here he was particularly efteemed by the cardinals Barberini 
and Grimaldi,^ and contra£led a firm friendlhip with Luca» 
ttolfteiiius ;ind Leo Allatlus, Upoti his return from this jour- 
ney, in which he did not fpend above a year and a half, Fou- 
quet invited him. to his houfe, and feitl<^ on him a pcnfion of 
1500 livrcs. The diferace* of this miAtftcr, which happened 
toon after, did not hinder Herbelet from being preferred to the 
place of interpreter for the .Eaftern languages; beCs^i^e, in 
reality, there wa6 nobody cHe fo fit for it : for Voltaire ftys, *< he 
tvas th« firft among tl^ French who undei'ftood thcm[n;i]/' 

[x} I*ett. Tbto. I. dated Nov. 3, 1 649. ft] Nicefon, Hommtes lUttftr«i Tom. 
D^ate, RepUqiit. a Aim * a eoCtilri, IV. 
p^ft li, c. ax. [Mfl Siidt dc Uiua XtV. Tom. IK 

\i^u Vill. E Some 



$0 HERBELOT. 

Some years after, he took a fecond journey into Italy, whert 
he acquired fo great a reputation, that perfons of the highe(l 
diftindion for their rank and learning folicited his acquaintance* 
The grand duke of Tufcany Ferdinand II. whom he had the 
honour to fee firft at Leghorn, gave him extraordinary marks 
p{ his efteem ; had frequent converfations with him ; and made . 
him promife to vifit him at Florence* Herbelot arrived there 
July 2, 1 666, and was received By a fecretary of (late, who 
conduced him to a houfe prepared for him, where he wai 
entertained with great magnificence, and had a chariot kept for 
his uCj, at the expence of the grand duke. Thefe were very un- 
common honours. But this was not all ; for a library being at 
that time expoled to fale at Florence, the duke defired Herbelot 
to fee It, to examine the MSS. in the oriental languages, and to 
feleA and value the bed: and when this was done, the generoua 
prince made him a prefent of them ; and h was undoubtedly th« 
inoft acceptable prefent he could have made him. 

The diftinftioq with, which he was received by the duke of 
1 ufcany, taught France to know his merit, which had hitherto 
^een but little regarded; and he was afterwards recalled ,an(f 
encouraged by Colbert, who encouraged every thing that might 
do honour to his country. The grand duke was very unwilling 
to let him go^ and even refufed to confent, till he had feen th«^ 
exprefs order of the minifter for his return. When he camf 
to F/ance, the king often did him the honour to converfc 
with him, and gave him a penfion of 1500 livres. Puring 
his ftay in Italy, he began his •* Bibliotheque Orientale, ot^ 
Univerfal Diflionary, containing whatever related to the Know* 
ledge of the Eaftern World " and he finifhed it in France^ 
This work, equally curious and profound, comprifes the fub- 
ftance of a great nuiTiber of Arabic, Perfian,ond Turkifh books, 
which he had read ; and informs us of an infinite number of 
particulars unknown before in Europe. He wrote it at firft in- 
Arabic , and Colbert had a defign to print it at the touvre, 
with a fet of types caft on purpofe. But after the death of that 
minifter, this refolution was waved ^ and Herbelot tranllated hi% 
work into French, in order to render it more univerfally ufe&iL 
He committed it to the.prjefs, but had not the fatisfadion to fee 
ifce impreflion finiilKd; Tur he died Pec. 8> 1699, and it was, 
not publifhed till 1697. It is a large folio. What could not 



be inferied in this work, was digefted by him under the title af 
'* Anthologie:" but this was never, publiflied, any more than *- 
Turkifh, rerfian, Arabian, and Latin didiouary, to which, as 
well to other works, he had given the laft hand. ' 

He was no lefs converfant in the Greek and Latin learnings 
than iti the oriental languages and hi (lory. He was indeed ao 
univerfal fcholar; and, what was very valuable in him, his^ 
5 '- modefty- 



HERBERT. $1 

modefty was equal to his erucijtion, aix! his uncomm#n abiliti^is 
were accompanied with the utmoft probity, piety, charity, and 
ether Chriftian virtues, which he praftifed uniformly throogh 
the courfe of a long life. 

HERBERT (Mary), coiintefs of Pembroke [nI, and a very 
illuftrious female, became wife of Henry earl of Pembroke in 
1576, and lived in the reigns of Elizabeth and James I. Sho 
was alfo the fifter of fir Philip Sidney; whofe <* Arcadia,'* from 
being dedicated to her, was denominated by the author himfelf^ 
** the Countefs of Pembroke*s Arcadia." She was a great encou^ 
rager of letters ; and not only an encourager in others, but a careful 
cultivator of them herfelf. She tranflated from the French a ^ra» 
gcdy, called, " Annjus, 1595,'*. in lamo. She is fuppofed «lfo 
to have made an exa6i tranflation of " David's Pfalms" into Eng*- 
lifli metre ; and fome pfalms by her arc printed in HarringtonV 
" Nugas Antiquae, 1779," in 3 vols. i2nK>.- She died at her 
houfe in Alderfgate-ftreet, London, Sept. ^5, 1621. Ofborn, 
in his memoirs of the reign ©f king James, gives her this cha?-' 
rafter. " She was," fays he, " that fifter of fir Philip »Sidney> 
to whom he addrefled his Arcadia; and of whom he had no 
other advantage, than what he received from the partial bene«» 
volence of fortune in making him a man; (which yet fliedi<^, 
in Tome judgements, recompenfe in beauty) her pen being no- 
thing ftiort of his, as I am ready to atteft,— having feen incom- 
parable letters of her*s. But, left I fhould feem to trefpafs upon 
truth, which few do unfuborned, (as I proteft I am, unlefs by 
her rhetoric) I fhall leaye the world her epitaph, in which th* 
author doth manifeft himfelf a poet in all things but untruth: 

" Underneath this fable hearfe 

Lies the fubje<9: of all verfe : - • 

Sidney's fifter, Pembroke's mother. 

Death ! ere thou kill'ft fuch another. 

Fair, and good, and learn'd, as fhe. 

Time ftiall throw a dart at thee." 

HERBERT (Edward), lord Herbert, of Cherbury in Shrop- 

ihi*e [o], and eminent Englifh writer, was defcended irom a very 

ancient family, and born, 1581, at Montgomery-c^flle in Wales» 

At the age of fourteen, he was entered as a gentleman-commoner 



at Univerfity-college in Oxford, where he laid, fays Woqd, 

" * * he was afr 
terwards. a complete maft€r[p]. From thence he traveljea 



the foundation of that admirable learning, of which he was afr 



abroad, and applied himfelf to military exercifes in foreiga 
countries, by which he became a moft accomplifhed gontlemap. 
After his return he was ximdt Knight Banneret, when princ« 

[n] BiographU Di»iHittcii» {a] Walton's Llf« of Mr. George; Herbert, 

p j Athen. Oxoa. 

E a Henrf 



S± HERBERT. 

ficnry was inftalled Knight of the Garter, July ft, 1603. He 
ivas afterwards one of the counfellors to king James for military 
affairs. Next he wad fent ambailador to Louis XIII. oCFranee, 
to mediate for the relief of the proteftants of that realm, then 
1)efiegedin fever^l parts; but was recalled in July, 1621, on 
account of a difpute. between him and the conftable de Luin^ 
[qJ. Camden informs us, that he had treated the conftablc 
irreverently, " irrevcrenter traSafflet:" but Walton tells us that 
*• he could not fubicft himfelf to a compliance with the hu- 
mours of the duke ae Luines,. who was th^n the great and poww 
erful favourite at court : fo that, upon a complaint to our king, 
he. was called back into England in Tome mfipleafure; but at 
h'% return gave fuch an honourable account of liis employment, 
and fo juftified his comportment to the duke and all the courts 
that he was fuddenly fent back upon the fame embafly/' 

Another writer relates this more particularly. Sir Edward, 
while he was in France, hkd private indrudions from England 
to mediate a peace for the proteftants in France ; and, in cafe of 
a refufal, to ufe certain menaces. Accordingly, being referred 
to de Luines, he delivered to him the mefla^, rcferving his threat- 
enings till he faw how the matter was reliihed. De Luines had 
concealed a gentleman behind the curtain of the reformed religion ; 
who, being an car-witnefs of what paflcd, might relate to his friends 
what little expectations they ought to entertain of the king of 
Engtapd's interceflion. De Luines was very haughty, and would 
needs know what our king had to do in this affair. Sir Edward 
replied^ ** It is not to you, to whom the king my mafter oweth 
an account of his anions ; and for me it is enough that I obey 
him. In the mean time I muft maintain, that my mafter hath 
more reafon to do what he doth, than you to a(k why he doth it. 
Neverthelefs, if you defire me in a gentle fafliion, I (hall ac- 
quaint you farther.** Upon this, de Luines bowing a little^ 
faid, *' Very well.'* The ambaflador then gave him fome rea- 
fons ; to which de' Luines faid, " We will have none of your 
advices.". The ambaflador replied, " that he took that for an 
anfwer, and wsfe forry only, that the affeftion and good-wiH of the 
king his maftet was not niificiently underftood ; and that, fince it 
Was rejeded in that manner, he could do no lefs than fay, that 
the king his mafter knew well enough what to do." ^ De JLuines 
^infwered, *• We are not afraid of you." The ambaflador 
f riling a little, replied^ •• If you had (aid you had not loved us, 
1 (hould have believed you, and given you another anfwer. In 
the mean time all that 1 will iell you more i$, that we know 
very well what we'have to do." De Luines upon this, rifing 
from his chair with a faQiion and countenance a Uttle difcom- 

l%l CiimdtM Apparatitt, ftc* fobjolntd w hii9flfto1«i kc* p. 7s« 



9 



HERBERT. Jj 

Sjfcd, faW, *' By God, if you were not monfieur the amba& 
dor, I know very well how I would ufe you." Sir Edward 
Herbert rifing alfo from his chair, faid, that as he was the king 
of Great Britain's ambaiTador, fo he was alfo a gentleman ; and 
that his fword, whereon he laid his band, fhould give him fatis* 
faiSlion, if he had taken any offence." After which, de Luined 
foaking no reply, the ambaflador went on towards the door, and 
de Luines feeming to accompany him, fir Edward told him, that 
** there was no occaiion to ufe fuch ceremony after fuch language,** 
and fo departed, expedtng to bear farther from him. But no 
meflage being brought from de Luines, he had, in purfuance of 
his inftru^ftions, a ;nore civil audience from the king at Coign;ic ; 
where the marflial of St. Geran told him, that << he had offended 
tfie conftable, and was not in a place of fecurity there :" to 
which he anfwered, that ** he thought himfelf to be in a place 
of fecurity, whcrefoever he had his fword by him." De Luines 
refenting the aiFront, procured Cadinet his brother, duke of 
Chaun, with a train of officers, of whom there was not one» 
as he told king James, but had killed his man, to go as an am*^ 
baflador extraordinary: who mifreprefented the affiur fo much 
to the difadvantage oi fir Edward, that the earl of Carliile, who 
was fent to accommodate the mifunderftanding which might 
arife between the two croiyns, got him recalled; until the gen- 
tleman who ftood behind the curtain, out of a regard to truth 
and honour, related all the circumftances fo, as to make it ap« 
oear, that thou^ de Luines gave the firil affront, yet fir Edward 
had kept hioifelf within the bounds of his inftrudions and 
honour. He afterwards fell on his knees to king James, before 
the duke of Buckingham, requefting, that a trumpeter, if nor 
an herald, might be fent to de Luines, to tell him, that he had 
made a falfe relation of the whole afiair;. and th^t fir Edward 
Herbert would demand fatisfa6lion of him fword in hand* 
The king anfwered, that, he would take it into confideration { 
but de Luines died foon after, and fir Edward was fent agaia 
ambaflador to France [r]. 

In 1625, fir Edward was advanced to the dimity of a baron 
of the kingdom of Ireland, by the title of lord Herbert of 
Caftle-Ifland; and, in 1631, to that of lord Herbert of Cher- 
bury in Shroplhire. After the breaking out of the civil wars, 
he adhered to the parliament; and, Feb. 25, 1644, << had an 
allowance granted him for bis livelihood, naving been fpoiled 
by the king's forces [sj," as Whitelocke fays; or as Wood rc-» 
lates it, *^ received fatisfadion from the members of that houfe^ 
for their caufing Montgomery caftle to be dcmolilhed[T]/' He 
dkd at his houle in Queen-ftreet, London, Aug. ao, 1648 ; aiKl 






<ic. p. K9sa. [t]. Meaorialt of tht Siislifli A^Euift f • |0<|i 



£3 ym 



5+ HERBERT. 

was buried in the chancel of St. GUes's in the Fields, with thW 
infcrtption upon a -flat marble ftone over his grave: " Heic tn- 
humatur corpus Edvardi Herbert equitis Balnei, baronis de Cher* 
l^ury & Caftle-Ifland, audoris libri, cui titulus eft, De Veri- 
tate. Reddor ut herbae, vicefimo die Augufti anno Domini 
1648.;^ 

This noble lord was the author of fome very fiogular and memor 
Jftble works: the firft of which was his book, " De Veritatcy^.** 
which we have feen juft nuentioned in his epitaph. It was printed 
9t Paris in 1624, and rt printed there in 1633; after which it was 
{printed in I^ondon, in 1645, tinder this title; " De Veritate, 
prout diftingmtur a revelatione, a verifimili, a poflibiii^ a felfd. 
Cui operi additi fiint dUo alii tra^tus: primus de caufis erro- 
i?uin; alter de Religione Laici," The defign of it to affert the 
f»^ciency» univerfality, and abfolute* pcrfedion of natural re- 
ligion, with a view to difcard all extraordinary revelation a» 
Iteedlefs; and on this account it is> that he has very juftly been 
ranked among the deifts. A learned and candid author, how- 
evei, has lately publiihed a moft extraordinary anecdote relating 
to him» which, if true, (hews him to have been a moft con- 
C:iefitiouadeift: and this writer feems to confider it as a fzB:* 
He tells us, thai it is taken " from a MS. life of lofd Herbert 
drawn Up from memorials penned by hintfelf, and which is now 
ifl the poffeffiofi of a gentleman of diftinfl-ion [u]." His hook. 
** De Veritate,** was, we ajfc informed, his favourite vrork;, 
f^ as it was written in a noanner fo very different from what 
haid been heretofore written on. that fubjefi, his lordfliip had 
gr«at doubts within himfelf, whether he Ihoold puUifli oria- 
thw fijpprefs it. This the MS. life above-trwntioned, fets forth. 
in his lordfliip's own words; after which it reprefents him 
Helatingthc following furprifing incident, as he tails it. " Being 
thus doubtful in asy chamber," fays lord Heibert, " one fair 
<}ay in the fummer, my cafomcm being open towards the fouth, 
the fun ftiniitg clear, and no wind ftirring, I took my book, 
* De Veritate,* in my hands, and kneeling on my knees, de- 
voutly -faid thefe words: O thou eternal God, author of this 
Ught, whioh now flimes wpon me, and ghrer of all iitward 
ilbimitiations, I do befecch thee, of thine infinite gdodnefs^ 
tpp^dbn a greater requcft than a finiicr ought to make*, I am. 
not fiitttsfied enough, whethev I fkall publrfti this book: if it 
He foe thy glory, I befeech thee give me fome ftgn from 
heaven; if npty. I ftiall fupprefs'ir.' I had no fooner fpoken 
thjSfc wofds, h»t a loud, though yet gentle noife, came forth 
ffOtn the heavens, for it was like nothing on earth, which 
dM fo <iMar and comfort me^ that I took my petition at^ 

£i»]i Uaiid:^ Vleir of DdOMt Wi«r% VoWh f .-469. 

giranted^ 



HERJBERT. 



5S 



ranted, and that I had the fign 1' demanded ; whereupon alfo 
refolved to print my book. iTiis, how ftrartge foever it may 
• feem, I proteft before the eternal God, is true:* neither am I 
any way foperftitioufly deceived herein, firtce I did not only 
clearly hear the noife, but in the fereneft Iky that ever I faW, 
being without all cloud, did, to my thinking, fee the place 
from whence it came." The cdebratcd Gaifendi wrote a con* 
futation of this book, " De Veritate,'* at the defire of Pei- 
refcitis and Elias Diodati, and finiihed it at Aix, without pub* 
lifting it : and when lord Herbert paid him a vifit in Sept. 
1647, <3raflrendi was farprifed to find, that this piece had not 
beenxielivered to him, for he had fent him a, copy : up6n which 
he ordered another copy to be taken of it, which that nobleman 
carried with him to England. It was afterwards publifhed in 
Cjaffendi's works, under the title of ** Ad librum D. Edvardi 
Herberti Angli de Veritate epiftola;" but is imperfeS, fomp 
flieets of the original being loft. 

His " Hiftory of the Life and Reign of Henry VlII/* was 
pubiifted in 1649, a year after his death, and is a work which 
has always been much admired. Nicolfon, in his Englifli 
"** Hiftcrrical Library [xj,'* fays, that lord Herbert " acquitted 
himfelf in this hiftory with the like reputation, as the lord chan- 
cellor Bacon gained by that of Hairy Vllth. For in the public 
and martial part this honourable author has been admirably par- 
ticular and exaft from the beft records that were extant; thpugfi 
as to the ecclefiaftical, he feems to have looked upon it as z 
thing out of his province, and an undertaking rnore propfcr for 
men of another profeffion." In 1663, appeared his book " De 
Religione GerttiKum, errcfnimque apnd eos caufis[yj.** Th« 
firft part was prrinted at London, in 1645; and that year he fent 
the MS. of it to Oerard Voflius, as appears from a letter of his 
lordfhip's, and Voffhrs*s anfwer. Aft Englifli tranflation of this 
work was publifhed in 17^5, under this t^tle: " The ancieni 
Religion of the Gentiles, and Caufeis of their Errors confidered. - 
The Miftakes and Failures of the Heathen Priefts and. wifo 
Men, in their N£)tions of the Deity and Matters of Divine 
Worftip, are examined with regard to fh^ir being deftitute o^ 
Divine Revelation." Lord Herbert wrotts alfo in 1630, ". Ex- 

Seditio Bucfctnghami ducis in Ream infulam," v«^hich was pub- 
flied in 1*6 5:6 ; and *< Occafmnal Verfes," pubiifted iri 1665, 
by his fon Henry Herbert, and dedicated fo EdWard lord Her- 
bert, his grandfon. He Vv^s, hfon the whole, as Wood tell* 
Cis[2], " a perfon well fttidi^d in the arts ahd languages, a good- 
philofophei* and hiftorian, and underftood men as well as books," 

[x] Part I. f. zz6, 1(96, Svo. [y] Clvonim VurerMi!»d Vof. Spift. «r 

Yoffii Epiftofar. [s*] Atbcn. Oxoii. 

E4 'but 



^s.^' 



HERBERT. 



but Chriftian K<>r^holt, <n; secount of his popk ^i De VerkatCy!' 

lias ranked him with Hob^ and Spifiofa, in his diflertatioh/ 
\ entitled, <' De tribus impoftorihus magnis, Edvardo Herbert, 

"^v Thoma Hobbes, & Benfdiflp ^P^^^f^ Liber," printed at Kilo|i 

\ in 1680. 
^ -^ ; HERBERT (Gboroe), an Englilh poet and divine [a]* ^a^ 
b]:other of the precedii^ and borp at Montgoniefy*caltIe if^ 
T^ales, Apr. 3, 1593. *^c was educated ^t Wcftminttcr-fchool ; 
and being a king's fcholar^ was eleded to Trinity*college iii 
'Cambridge, about 1608.^ He took both the degrees in arts, 
and became fellow of his colleee: and in 16x9, wsys chofen 
orator of the univerrity9 which office he held eight years. During 
that time he had leari>ed the Italian, Spani(h, and French lan^ 
guages very perfe<9:ly : hoping, fays his biographer^ that he mighf 
in time, as his predeceflors fir Robert Naunton and fir Francis 
N^therfole had done, obtain the place of fecretary of ftate ^ for 
be was at that time highly edeemed by fhe king and \\i^c xn^ 
eminent of the nobility. This an^ the loye of a courtvcon^r-' 
lation, ^' mixed»" iays tb^ fame ^uthor, *^ witi) a laudable amb^-* 
tion io be fomewhat more than he then was," dre>y him often fron^ 
Cambridge; to attend his majefty, wherever the coyrt was: and the 
king gave him a finecure, wliuch qyeen Elizabeth had formerly 
conferred on fir Philip Sidney, worth abo^t |2ol. per ann. His 
Ambition, however^ was ^ifaj^pointed ; for upon the death of the 
duke of Richinond and the marquis of Hamilton, his hopes of 
court preferment were at an end, and he entered into orders. Jul]c 
1626, he was cpllated to a prebend in the church of Lipcolnj 
and about 1630, he married a lady, who was nearly related to 
the carl of Danby. The fame year, he was induflted into the 
tt&oiy of Bemerton near Salifbury ; where he diicharged the du- 
ties of his fun£l:ion in a mod exemplary manner, ^e have nq 
exad account of the time of his deadi ; hut it is funpofed to have 
happened aboyt 1635. His poems, entitled," The Temple," 
were printed at London in 1635* i2mo; and tiis " Prieft to 
the Temple, or, TTie Country Jrarfoh's Charaiicr and Rules oi^* 
holy Life," was publifhed in 1652. His works h^ve fince been 

?ubli(hed togethei: in a vcjume, i2mo, but aire' novr little read.' 
leverthelefs, he was highly valued by thV hnoft eminent perfons 
of his age. . Dr. Donne inlcribed to him a copy of Latin verfes; 
and lord Bacon dedicated to him h}s •* Tranflation of fome 
Pfalms into Englifli Metre;''. ' ' * ' 

HERBERT (WiLtiAM), c^l of Pembroke, was born at. 
Wilton in Wiltmirej Ajpril 8, 1580, and admitted of Ncw^ol- 
Icge in Oxford in ijj^2» Where he continued'about two yea.i's [b]. 
|n i6oi, be^fucceieded to bis father's honours and eftate; was 

[a] Walton*! tlfe ^ifUthtttt Load. 1^7 $• [a J Ath* Osoa. 

madte- 



H E R B E R Tt 57 

^xunje knight of the guttr in 1604 ; und governor of Portfmouth 
fix vears after. It^ i6a6, he lyas ele£l(3 chancellor of the uni* 
yerhty oi Oxford ; an4 about the fame time made lord fteward. 
of the king's houfhotd. He died fuddenhr at his houfe called 
3aynard's^caille, in London, Aoril lo, 1030; according to tho 
calculation of his nativity, fays Wood, made feveral years be- 
fore by Mr. Thomas Allen, of Glou(:efter«ha]l. Clarendon 
relates, concerning this calculation, that fome confiderable per* 
fons conne^ed with lord Pembroke being met at Maidenhead* 
one of them at fupper drank a health to the lord fteward : upon 
which another faid, that be bolieyed his lordihip was at that time 
yery merry ; for he had now outlived the day, which it had been 

Pgnofticated upoi^ his nativity he would not outlive : but he 
dpne it noiy, for that was his birth-day, which had com- 
pleted his age to 50 years. The next morning, however, they 
received the QQWs of bis death [cj. Whether -the noble hiftD* 
pan really believed this and other aecounts relating to aftrology, 
fipparitions, providential interpofitions, &c. which he has in<» 
jTertedl in his hiftory, we do not prefume to fay : he delivers 
them, howey^, as if he did not a^ualiy difbelieve them. LbnjI 
Pembroke was not only a great favourer of learned and ingenious 
men, but was himfelf learned^ and endued with a confiderable 
ihare of pot^tic genius. All that ^re extant of his produ^ions 
in this way, wpre publiflied with this title : <^ Poems written by 
William earl of Pembroke, &c« many of which are anfwerec) 
by way qf repartee by fir Benjamin Rudyard, with other poems 
written by them occafionally and apart, 1660," 8vo. 

The charader of this noble perfon is not only one of the mod 
funiable in lord Clarendon's hiftory» but is. one of the beft drawn* 
f* He was," fays the great hiftorian, ♦< the mod univerfally be* 
loved and efteemed of any man of that age ; and having a great 
4>iBce in the court, he made the coqrt itfelf better efteemed, and 
more rever^ced in the country : and as he had a great num* 
ber of friends of the beft men, fo no man had ever the confi- 
dence to. avow himfelf to be his enemy. He was a man very 
well bred, and of i^xcellent parts, and a graceful fpeaker upon 
any fubjed, having a good proportion of learning, and a ready 
wit to apply it, and enlarge upon it : of a pleafant and face^ 
tious humbur, and a difpofition affable, generous, and magni«* 
ficent. — He lived many years about the court before in it, and 
never by it 'y being ratner regarded and, efteemed by kine Jam^, 
than loved and favoured-—- ^As be fpent and lived upon his own 
(brtune, fo he ftood upon his own feet, without any other fup« 
port than of his proper virtue and merit.— He was exceedingly 
l^eloved in the coiurt> beca\ife he never defired to get ^at tor 

[c] Hiftt of RebeUion, b. s. 

hil^felf 



s« 



HERBERT. 



himfelF which 'orhisr* laboured for, but was ftill ready n> pro^ 
mote the pretences of worthy men : and he was equally cele^ 
brated in the country, for having received no obligations from 
the court, which might corrupt or fway his ailedions and judg- 
tnent. — He was a great lover of his country, and of the reli- 
gion and juftice which he believed could only fupport it : and 
his friendfhips were only with men of thofe principles, — Sure 
never man was planted in a court who was fitter for that foil, 
or brought better qualities with him to purify that air. Yet hrs 
memory muft not be flattered, that his virtues and good incli- 
nations may be believed : he was no't without fome alloy of vice, 
and without being clouded by great infirmities, which he had in 
too exorbitant a proportion. He indulged to himfelf the plea- 
fores of all kinds, almoft in all excefles. He died exceedingly 
lamented by men of all qualities, &c." 

HERBERT (Thomas), an eminent perfpn of the fame fa- 
mily, was born at York, where his grand-father was an alder- 
wan, and admitted of Jefus-collcge, Oxford, in 1621 [p']t but 
before he took a degree, removed to Trinity-college m Cam- 
fcridge. . He made a fliort ftay there, and then went to- wait 
tipon Williafm earl of Pembroke, recorded in the preceding an- 
tide; who owning him for his kinfman, and intending hi« ad- 
vancement, fcnt him in 1626 to travel, with an allowance to 
bear his charge. He fpent four years in vifrting Afia and Afrrca; 
and then returning, waited on his patron at Baynard's-caftle in 
London. Theearl dying fuddenly, his expeAations of prefer- 
ment were at an end; upon which he left England a fecond 
fime, and vifited fcveral parts of Europe. After his return he 
married, and now being fettled, gave himfelf up to reading and 
writine. In 1634, he publifhed in fo!io, " A Relation of fomc 
Years Travels into Africa and the great Afia, efpecially the Ter- 
ritories of the Perfian Monarchy, and fome Parts of the Orien- 
ts! Indies, and Ifles adjacent." The edition of 1677 is the 
foi>rth, and has fevcral additions. This work was tranflated by 
Wi^uefort into French, with ** An Account of the Revdutiont 
of Siam in 1647, Paris, 1663," in 4to. All the imprdlions 
of Herbert's book are in folio, and adorned with cuts. 
- Upon the breaking out of the civil wars, he adhered to the 
parliitment ; and, by the endeavours of Philip earl of Pembroke/ 
becdme riot only one of the commiffioners of parliament to re- 
fide in thcafmy of ftr Thomas Fairfax, btrt acommiffioner alfa 
to tFea< mkh thofe of the king's party for the furrender of the 
garrifc^ art Oxford. He afterwards attended that earl, efpeci^ 
^\y in Jan. 1646, when he, with other commiffioners', was fcnt 
fronrv «he parliament to the king at Ne^'caftle abotit peace, anrf 
to bring his majefty nearer London, ,\Vhile the king was at 
t*] Ath. OxoB. Vol. il. 

^ i-i ■ Oldenby, 



.HERBERT. 5^ 

Oldefiby, the parfiament commiifioDers, purfiiiktfif to io(buo 
tionsy addreiled themfelved to his majeftyy and defired him f 
difraifs fuch of fats fervanH as were there and had waited on 
him at Oxford: which his. majefly with great reluckance con- 
fented to do. He had taken notice in the mean time of Mr. 
James Harrington, the author of the ** Oceana," and Mr. Tho- 
mas Herhert, who had followed the cotirt from Newcaftle ; and 
being certified of their fobriety and education, was wHJing to re* 
ceive them as grooms of his bedchamber with the others that 
were left him ; whichthe commiifioners approving, they were 
that night admitted. Being thus fettled in that honourable of. 
fice, and in good efteem with his majefty, Herbert continued 
with him when all the reft of the chamber were remcwed ; even 
till his majefty was brought to the block. The king, though 
be f(»ind him, fays Wood, to be' prefbyterianly affeded ; yet 
witial foand him very obfCTvajit and loving, and therefore en* 
tmft^ him with many matters of moment. At the reftoration 
be was made a baronet by Charles IL " for faithfully fervtng 
his royal father during the two laft years of his life ;" as the let* 
ters patent for that purpofe expfefled. He died at his houfe in 
York, March i, i68i-2. 

Befides the travels already mentioned, he wa3 the author of 
other things* He wrote in 1678:^ " Threnodia Carolina^ con* 
taining an hiftorical Account of the two laft Years of the Life 
of King Charles L" and the occajSon of it was this. The par- 
liament having a little before taken into conftderation the np* 
pointing of 7o,oQoL for the funeral of that king, and for m 
Bwnument to be erefted over his grave, fir William Dugdale;, 
then garter king of amis, fcntto our author, living at York, to 
know of him, whether the king had ever . fpofce in his hearing; 
vi?here his body fhoidd be interred. To this fir Thomas Her-* 
bcrt returned a large anfwer, with many ©bfervations coocern-* 
ing his majcfty ; which fir William Dti|[dale being pkafcd withy 
defired him by another letter, to write a treatife of the actions 
and fayings of the kirug, frocn his firft confinensent to his deaths 
and accorcMngly he did fo* He wrote alfo an account of the 
liaft days of that king, which was publrflied by .Wood in the ad 
volume of his " Athena Oxonieitfes.'l At the defire of his 
friend John de Laet of Ley den,, he traniliued fonoe books of his 
" India Occidcntalis :" he affifted alfo fir-William Diigcblc, in 
compiling the third volunlfe of his ^\ Monafticoo AngKcanum*" 
A little before his death, hp gave fcveral MSS, to the public K-* 
brary at Oxford, and others to that belonging to the . cathedral 
at York ; and ih.the A(hmolean Mufeom at Oxford, there are 
feveral collodions of his, ^hich he made from the regifters 
of the archbiihops of York^ given to that fepofitory by in-rWriw 
liam Dogddle* ' , . 

HERBI^ 



«o HERMANN. 

HERBINIUS (Johk), a native 'of Bitfclien in Stlefia/de- 

{uted by the Polifli proteftant churches to thore of Gemnany^ 
loiland, &c. in 1664. This employment leading him to travel, 
he took the opportunity of examining fuch nutters as in-- 
^erefted his curiofity, particularly cataraSs and water-falls, 
wherever they were to be found. Several of his publications 
were on thefe fubjeds; as, i* << De Admirandis Mundi Cata- 
radis/' &c, 4to, Amfterdam, 1678. ^ 2, ** Kiovta fubterranea.'* 

3. <• Terrae motus et quietis examen." He wrote alfo, 4. *< De 
ftatu^Eccleflarium Auguftanasconfeiltonis in Polonia/' 4to, 1670* 
5* '< Tragicocomoedia, et Ludi innocui de Juliano Imperatore 
Apoftata;" &c. He died in 1676, at the age of 44 years only. 

HERITIER (Nicolas iM, a French poet of the laft cen- 
tury. He was nephew to du Vair, a celebrated keeper of the 
feats. His original profefiion was military, but being difabled 
by a wound from a&ual fervice, he bought. the place of ti-ea* 
furer to the French guards. He was afterwards appointed hif- 
toriograpber of France, and died in 1680. He wrote only two 
tragedies, of no great merit, ^* Hercule furieux," and " Clavis,'* 
and a few fugitive poems, fome of which have a- degree of ele^ 
vation, particularly the '< Portrait d'Amaranthe.'^ 

HERITIER (Marie Jeanne l'), de Villandon, was a 
daughter of the preceding, and born at Paris, in 1664. She iof* 
herited a tafte and talent for poetry, and was efteemed alfo for 
the fweetnefs of her manners, and the dignity of, her fenti^ 
ments. * The academy of the ^< Jeux Floraux," received her as 
a member in 1696, and that of the ^* Ricovrati," at Padua iq 
1697. She died at Paris in 1734* Her works are various, in 
profe and v^fet i . *• A Tranilatioijt of Ovid's Epiftles," fix- 
teen of them in verfe. ^ ** La Tour tenebreufe," an Englifli 
tale. 3* << Les Capripes du Deftin," another novel. 4^ 
^* L'avare poni,'' a novel in verfe ; with a few poems of an 
elegiac or complimentary natwCf 

HERMAN (Paul), a celebrated botanift of the 17th cen* 
tury^ and a native of Halle in Saxony. H^ pradifed as a phy- 
fician in the Dutch fettlements at Ceylon, and afterwards ber 
came profeflbr of botany at Leyden. He died in 1695. His 
principal works are, i* << A Catalogue of the Plants in the 
public garden at Leyden/' 8vq, 1687. 2. '< Cynofura Materiae 
Medicse," a vols. 4to. 3. '< Lugauno-Batavas Flores," 1690. 

4. " Paradifus Patavus," 1705. '5. *< Mufeum Zeylanicum,'V 
1717. 

HERMANN (James), a mathematician of Bale, a friend of 
Leibnitz, and much known throughout £urq)e, moft parts of 
which he vifited. He was firit mathematical profeflbr at Padua ; 
from 1724 to 1727, he vtras with the czar Peter L affiftiug him 
in forming an academy; afterwards profelTpr of jpipraiity at 



H E R M A S. et 

BAle, where he died in 1733, at the age of 55. His works are 
various, 'on fubjeds of pure and mixed mathematics. 

HERMANT (Godefroi), a learned and pious do£ior of 
the Sorbonne, and a voluminous author, was born at fieauvais^ 
in 1617, and difplayed early propenlities for learning. Potier 
bifhop and earl of Beaiivais fent nim to the various colleges of 
Paris for education. He obtained a canonry of Beauvais, was 
re&or of the univerfity of Paris in 1646, and died in 1690, 
after being excluded from his canonry and the Sorbonne for 
(bme ecclefiaftical difpute. Hermant had the virtues and defeds 
of a reclufe ftudent, and vrzs much efteemed for his talents and 

fiety, by Tillemont and others of the folitaries at Port Royah 
lis ftyle was noble and majeftic» but fometimea rather inflated. 
His works are numerous: i. *< The Life of St. Athanafius,** 
2 vols. 4to* 2. Thofe of " St. Bafil and Gregory Nazianzen,** 
of the fame extent. 3. " The Life o( St. Chryfoftom," writ- 
ten under the name of Menart. And 4. That of " St. Am- 
brofe/' both in 4to. 5. A tranflation of fome tra£b from St. 
Chryfoftom. 6. Another from St. Bafil. 7. Several polemical 
writings againft the Jefuits, who therefore became his mortal 
enemies, and contrived to interfere with his monumental ho- 
nours after death, by preventing the i^fcription of a very com- 
mendatory epitaph. 8. ** A Defence erf the Church againft 
Labadie.*' 9. «< Index Univerfalis totius juris Ecclefiaftici/' 
folio. lo. ^' Difcours Chretien fur retaUiflement du Bureau 
des pauvrrs de Beauvais/' 1653. A life of him has been pub« 
lilhed by Baillet. 

HERMAS Paftor, or Hermas commonly called the Shepherd, 
was an ancient father of the church, and is generally fuppofed 
to have been the fame whom St. Paul mentions in Rom. xvi. 14* 
He is ranked amoi^ft thofe who are called Apoftolical Fathers, 
from his having lived in the times of the Apoftles : but who he was, 
what he did, and what he fuffere?!, for the fake of Chriftianity, are 
all in a great meafurei if not altogether, unknown to us. He 
iefms to have belonged to the church at Rome, when Clement 
was biihop of it ; that is, according to Dodwell, from the year 
64 or 65 to the year 81 [e]. This circumftance we are able te 
collet from his " Secondf Vifion," of which, he tells us, he 
was commanded to communicate a copy to Clement. What 
his condition was before his eonverfion, we know not; but that 
heWas a man of fome confideration, we may conclude from what 
we read in his " Third Vifion;" where he owns himfelf to have 
been formerly unprofitable to the Lord, upon the account of thofe 
riches, which afterwards he feems to have difpenfed in works of 
charity and beneficence. What he did after his converfion we 

(«] CaviTi Hift; Liter. Vol. I* p* 30. 

inay 



^2 HERMAS. 

Jiave no account ; but that he lived a very ftrift life we may reaU 
ibnabry conjc^bire, fince he is faid to have had feveral extraor* 
dina^y revelations vouchfafed to him, and to have been enn^ 
.ployed in feveral oieflages to the church, both to corre<% theit 
masaecSy and ^o warn them of the trials that were about to 
come upop them. His death, if we may believe the ** Roman 
Martyrology,'* was conformable to his life ; where we read, 
that being ** iliuftrions for his miracles, he at lad offered himfelf 
» worthy facrifice unto God." But upon what grounds this account 
i&eftabliihed, fiarofiius himfelf could not tell us; infomuchthat 
io his ^^ Annah" he durft not once mention the manner of his 
death, but is content lo fay, that ** having undergone many la- 
bours and troubles in the time of the perfecution under Aure- 
liiis, (and that too without any authority) he at laft refted in the 
Lord July the* 26th, which is therefore obferved in commemo- 
ration of him f f]." And here we may obferve a very pleafant 
miftake, ar/d altogether worthy of the*** Roman Marty roldgy.** 
For Hermas, from a book of which we fhall fpeak immediately, 
being fometimcs called by the title of " Paftor, or Shepherd 
fc],'- the martyrologift has very gravely divided the'gdodman 
into two &ints: and they obferve the memorial of Hermas May 
the 9th, and of Paftor July the 26th. 

The book juft mentioned, and for which chiefly we have giveri 
Hermas a place in this work, is, as we have cbferyed, entitled, 
" The Shepherd;** and. is the only remains of this father. An- 
cieots and moderns arc not a little divided in their judgemeiitsr 
of this book [h j. Some there are, and thofe neareft to the time 
when it was written, who put it almoft upon a level with the 
camonical Scriptures. I renaeus quotes it under the very name of 

' Scripture. Origen, though he fometimes moderates his opinion 
of it, lipon the account of thofe who did not think it canonical, 
yet in his <* Comments on the Epiftle to the Romans,'^ gives 
this charadcr of it, that "he thought it to be a moft ufefut 
writing, and was, as he believed, divinely infpired [i]." Eufe- 
bins tells us, that ** though being doubted by fome, it was not 
eftecmed canonical, yet it was by others judged a moft necellary 
hook, and as fuch read publicly in the churches:** and St. Jcromcj, 
having in like manner obferved that it was read in fome churches,** 
makes this remarks upon it, that it " was indeed a very pro-* 
fitmble book [k].** And yet after all we find this fame book, not 
only doubted of by others among the ancient fathers, but flighted 
even by fome of thofe who had elfewhere fpoken well of it. 

•Thus Jerome in his " Comments [l],'* expofes theabfurdity of 



Ju 



i] 



Baron. AnnaU £c^, ad.aqiit 164. [i] Hifl. Ecclef. l.-iii. c. ^. 

*' ' " ''k] Catalog. Script. Ecdcf. 

lJ laHa^ac. i. 14* 



Martyrolog. Rom. ad Maij ix* Se 
h] Lib. iv. Adverf. Haerefc 



that 



HEUMES. 63 

t^t apocryphal book) as he calls it, which in his '^ Catalc^e 
of Writers," he had fo highly applauded. Tertullian, who 
(pake of it decently, if not honourably, while a catholic, re- 
jeSed it with fcorn, after he was turned niontanifl: [m] s anc( 
moft of the other fathers, who have fpoken of it well thein^ 
felvcs, yet plainly enough infinuate, that there were others who 
did not put the fame value upon it. The moderns in general have 
not efleemed it fo highly; and, indeed, as Dupin obfcrves[NJ, 
** whether we confider the manner it is written in, or "the 
matter it contaiiis, it does not appear to merit nuich regard.'* 
The firft part, for it is divided into three, is called ," Vifions," 
and contains many vifions, which are explained to Hermas by a 
woman, who reprefents the church. Thefe vifions regard the 
ftate of the church, and the manners of the Chriftians. The 
fecond, which is the moil ufeful, is called '^ Commands," and 
comprehends many moral and pious in{lru£tions, delivered to 
Hermas by an angel : and the third is called \^ Similitudes.'* 
Mai)y ufeful lelTbns are taught in thefe books, but the vifions, 
allegories, and fimilitudes, are apt to tire; and Hermas. had 
probably been noore agreeable as well as more profitable, if he 
had enforced his precepts with that fimplicity with which the 
apodles themfelves were content. 

The original Greek of this piece is loft, and we have nothing 
but a Latin verfion of it, except fomc fragments preferved ia 
ihe quotations of other authors; which, it is obfervable, are 
fgfficicat to evince the fidelity of this verfion. The beft edition 
of it is that of 1698; where it is to be fouftd among the other 
apoftoUcal fathers, illuftrated with the notes and corrections of 
Cotelarius and JLe Clerc. With them alfo it was tranflated into 
Englifli by archbilhop Wake, and publiflied with a large preli- 
minary difcourfe relating to each father; the bcft edition of 
which tr^nflation is that of 17 10. 

HERMES, an .Egyptian legiflator, prieft, and philofopher, 
lived, as fome think, in the year of the world 207^, in the 
reign of Ninus, after Mofes: and was fo (killed in all profound 
arts and fciences, that he acquired the furname of Trifmegiftus, 
or ** thrtce great." Clemens Alexandrinus has given us an ac- 
count of his writings^ and a catalogue of fome of them ( o] ; 
fuch as, the book containing the Hymns of the Gods ; another. 
** De rationibusvitse regis ;" four more *' De aftrologia,*' that 
U, ** X)e ordine fixarum ftellarum, &c de conjun6lione & iUu* 
npinatione Solis & Lunae; ten mace, entitled, *^ *I?^*Tma," or 
which treat of laws, of the gods, and of the whole do&rineand. 
difcipline of the priefts. Upon the whole, Clemens makes 
Hermes the. author of thirty-^ fix book* .of divinity and phjlo- / 

[m] DsOrtt^«.slf« BePbdlc. €.j|» [m] BibUoth. desAUt. £cc!tff.'Tom.4. / 

f' •*• Jl^l Strom, lib. vi. / 

fophy, / 



• / 



64 M E R M £ S. 

fophy, and fix of phyfic ; fciut they are all lorf. 'fhcrc |oci 
indeed one under his name, whofp title is " Poemahder ;'* birt 
this is agreed by all to be fuppofititiocr$» and Cafaubon imagines 
"it to be written about the beginning 6f the fecond century, b^ 
fbme Platonizing Ghriftian ; who,' to enforce Chrrftianity with 
a better grace up6n PaganS [p], introduces Herrries Trifinc- 
giftus delivering, as it were long befofe, thfe gfeateft part of 
thofe do(ftrines which are coniprifed in the Chriftian's creed. 

This philofopher has ftood exceedingly high in the opinion of 
mankind, ancients as well as moderns ; higher perhaps than h^ 
would hate done if his works had been extant; for there is 
an advantage in being not known too much. Very great things,* 
however^ have been faid of Kim in all ages. Thus Plato tcll^ 
iisfoJI, thatjiewasthe inventor of lettersy of 6rdinafy wtitingj 
and hieroglyphics^ Cicero fays,* that he wa$ governor of £gypty' 
and invented letters, as well as delivered the firft laws to th^ 
people of that country [r]. Suidas fays, thalt he fiourtihedi 
before Pharaoh, and acquired the furname of Trifrndgiftu^, be* 
caufe he gave out fomething ofacular concerning the Trinity.- 
Though the ancients are by no means precife in their encomiums, 
yet they feem to have conceived a wonderful opinion of htm ^ and 
the modems have done the fame. Hermes^ fays Gyfaldus, was 
called Thrice Great, becaufe he was the greateft philofopher, the 
greateft prieft, and the greateft king [s]. Polydore Vergil obferves, 
that he divided the day into twelve hours, from his obfervation of 
a certain animal cohiecrated to Serapis by the Egyptians, which 
made water twelve times a day at a certain interval [xjrfuch 
was his marvellous fagacity and infight into things! Laftly, 
when the/^reat lord chancellor Bacon, endeavoured to do juftice 
to the merits of our James I. he could think of no better means 
for this purpofe, than by comparing him to Hermes Trifme- 
gifius. Thefe are his words addrefled to that king, in the en-« 
trance of his immortal work " De Augmcntis Scientiarum :** 
** Tuae vero majeftati etiam illud accedit, quod in eodem pec-i 
toris tui fcrinio/acrx literae cum profanis recondantur; ade6 ut 
cum Hermete illo Trifmegifto triplicl gloria infigniaris, potef- 
tate regis, illumkiatione facerdotis, eruditionephilofophi:" that 
is, '* but this is peculiar to your majefty, that the treafares of 
faipred as well a$ profane learning are all repofited in your 
royal breaft ; fo that you may juftly be coifipared to that famous 
• Hermes Trifm^iftus of old, i^ho was at once di(lingtii(hed 
by the glory of a king, the illominations of a prieft, and tha 
learning of a philofopher.'* 

. [f ] Excsciuu I. ia Baron. Kwa. tOt [al De Ntfur. tMt. U ttu 
t^] la FMro 41 Pkikb». £t J JM ianat. Rtr. I li. c s* 

HERMO- 



HERMOGENES. 6g 

MERMOGENES, of Tarfus, a Greek rhetorician of the 

fecond century, a remarkable inftance of early maturity and 
early deficiency of talents. At fifteen he taught rhetoric pub- 
licly ; at feventeen he wrote hh art of rhetoric ^ and at twenty^ 
two books TTs^l ih£v, or on oratorical forms: but in his twenty* 
fifth year he loft his memory, and the faculty of fpeech, which 
he never recovered, though he lived to be old. Antiochus the 
fophift, therefore faid of him, *^ that he was an old man in his 
infancy, and an infant in his age.** Of his book on oratory^ 
which confifted of five parts, the firft part only is loft. There 
are extanjt alfo, 2. ** De inventione Oratoria," four books* 
3. '* De formis," above-mentioned. 4. ** Methgdus apti et 
ponderofi generis dicendi." Thefe were publiflied by Aldus in 
1509, with the other Greek rhetoricians, and in two or three 
fubfequent editions. The beft is that of Gafpar Laurentius, 
ptiblirtied at Geneva, in 1614, in 8vo. He flourifhed after 
A. D. 161. 

MERMOGENES, an heretic of the fecond century, was 
a native of Africa, a painter, and ftoic philofopher. He was 
ftill alive in the days of Teriullian, act^ordmg to Fleury, Tille- 
mont makes him nourifti in the year 200 ; but according to Du 
Frefnoy, he did not preach his erroneous opinions concerning 
the origin of the world, and the nature of the foul, till the 
.year 208. He eftabliftied matter as the firft principle, and made 
Idea the mother of all the elements ; for which reafon his fol- 
lowers were commonly called Materiarians. By his aflertion of 
the felf-exiftence and improduSion of matter, he endeavoured to 
give an account (as ftoic philofophers had done before himj of 
the original of evils, and to free God from the imputation of 
them.. He argued thus: God made all things either out of him- 
felf, or out of nothing, or out of pre-exiftent matter. He could 
not make all things out of himfelf, becaufe, himfelf being al- 
ways unmade, he lliould then really have been the maker of 
nothing: and he did not make all out of nothing, becaufe, hieing 
cflentially good, he would have made every thing in the beft 
manner, and fo there could have been no evil in the world : but 
fince there are evils, and thefe could not proceed from the will 
of God, they muft needs rife from the fault of fomething, and 
therefore of the matter out of which things were made. Some 
modern fefls do alfo, at this day, aflert the uncreatednefs of 
matter J but thefe fuppofe, as the (loics did, body to be the only 
.fubftance. Seleucus and Hermias embraced the fame opinion. 
His followers denied the refurreftion, rejeftcd water-baptifm, 
aflerted that angels were compofed of fire and fpirit, and were 
the creators of the foul of man ; and that Chrift, as he afcended, 
divefted himfelf of human natui-e, and left his body in the fun. 
Tertullian has written againft him. 

Vol. VIII, F HEROD 



66 HERO D. 

H£ROD the Great, fo called rather from his power and Ur 
lentSy than his gobdnefs, was a native of Afcalon in Judea, aftiJ 
fhence fometimes called the Afcalonite* He was born feventy 
years before the Chriftian acra, the fon of Antipater an Idumean, 
' Ivho appointed him to the government of Galilee. He at iirft 
embraced the parW of Brutus and Caflius, but, afte> their death, 
that of Antony, oy him he was named, tetrarch, and afterward^, 
by his intereft, king of Judea in the year 40, A. C. After the 
battle of A&iiim, he fo fuccefsfuHy paid his court to Auguftus^ 
that he was by him confirmed in his kingdom. On all occafion^ 
he proved himfelf an able potrttcian, and a good foldier. But 
lie was far from being mafter of his pailions^ and his rage very 
frequently was direftcd againft his own family. Ariftobulus, 
brother to his beloved wife Mariamne, h^r venerable grandfather 
Hyrcanus, and finally fhe herfelf, fell viAims to his jealoufy and 
fury. His keen rcmorfe for her death rendered him afterwards^ 
yet more cruel. He put to death ber mother Alexandra, and 
many others of his family. His own fons Alexander and Arif- 
tobuius, having excited his fufpicions, be deftroyed them aUb, 
'which made Auguftus fay, that it was better to be Herod's hog 
fhan his fon. Among his good adions was the rebuilding of the 
'temple at Jerafalem, which he performed in Aine years^ with 
great magnificence ; and in the time of a famine he fold many 
valuable and curious articles be had coNeded, to relieve the fQ^. 
.ferers. To Auguftus" he paid the litmoft adulation, and even 
divine honours. At the birth of our Saviour, his jealoufy was 
lb much excited by the prophetic intimations of his greatnefs,. 
.that he fiau^htered alt the infants in Bethlehem, in hopes of 
deftroying him among the number. But his tyranny was now 
jiearly at an end, and two or three years after the birth of Chrift h« 
died of a miferable difeafe at the age of more than 70. He had 
.nine or t^n wives, of which number Mariamne was the fecond# 
A little before his death, foured yet more by his acute fuferings, 
he attempted a greater ad of cruelty than any he had performed in 
;his former life. He fent for aU the moft confiderabte perfons ift 
Judea, and ordered that as loon as, he was dead they (bould all be 
mafTacred, that every great family in the country might weep for 
hinri . But this (avage order \yas npt executed. Some have fuppofed 
that he alTumed thecharadler of the Meffiah, and that the perfons 
who adtaitted that claim were thofe called in the gofpel Hero- 
dians. But this is by no- means certain. Herod was the firft 
/who (hook the foundations of the Jewifli government. He ap- 
pointed the high-priefts, and removed them at his pleafore, with« 
but regard to the laws of fucceffion, and he deftroyed the an* 
ihority of the national council. But by his credit wkh Auguf- 
*tus, by his powct, ^nd the yery magnificent buildings he erefted(,. 
iie gave a temporary fpkndor to that Aation. His fon, Herod 
^ * 3 Antipas 



HE ROD IAN. «7 

Antipas fby his fifth wife Cleopatra) was tetrarch of Galilee 
after his death, 

HERODIAN, a Greek hiftorian, who flourilhed under the 
teigns of Severus, Caracalla, Heliogabalus, Alexander, and 
Maximin. His hiftory contains eight books; at the beginning 
of the firft of which he declares, that he will only write of the 
affairs of his own time, fuch as he had either known himfelf, or 
received information of from creditable perfons : and for this he 
was indeed very well qualified, on account of the public em- 
ployments in which he was engaged, for he might boaft of hav- 
ing pafTed through the greateft offices of the ftate. About the 
end of his fecond boolc he acquaints us, that his hiftory fhajl 
comprehend a period of 72 years, and relate the government of 
all the emperors that fucceeded one another, from the reign of 
Marcus Aurelius Antonius the phllofopher, to that of the younger 
Cordianus : and accordingly his eighth book ends with the un- 
worthy flaughter of the two old men Balbinus and Maximin^ 
which was committed on them by the Praetorian foldiers, for the 
fake of advancing Gordian to the throne. 

Herodian may be ranked with the bed hiftorians, and is re* 

^ markable for good faith and freedom of fentiment. His faith; how- 
ever, has been thought by the critics to1)e lefs ftrift when he com^s 
to Alexander and Maximin^ and he has been blamed for \Vant 
of due exaftnefs in chronological notices. His ftyk is neat, 
perfpicuous, and pleafing, occafionally eloquent, particularly in 

. the fpeeches he inferts, which are concife but fuil of acutenefs, 
and importance. Herodian was tranflated into Latin by An-* 
gelus Politianus, and may therefore be read, as the Camde- 
nian profeflTor 6brerved[uJ, either in Greek or Latin ; ** for,** 
fays he, ** I don't know which of the two deferves the greater 

fraife ; Herodian, for writing fo well in his own language, or 
blitian, for tranflating him fo happily, as to make him appear 
like an original in ^ foreign onef* This, however, is paying no 
fmall compliment to Politian ; for Photius [x] t,t\\s us, that He- 
rodian 's ftyle is very elegant and perfpicuous { and adds, to com- 
plete his charafter, that, confidering all the virtues of an hiftorian, 
there are few to whom Herodian ought to give place. Julius 
Capitolinus me'htions Herodian, in his/* Life of Clodius Al- 
bimis," as a good hiftorian ; but accufes him, in his " two 
Maximins," of bearing too hard upon the memory of Alexander 
Severus, and his mother Mammca. This charge however does 
npt feerat to be wpU iupported, and Caufabon and Boeder [y] 
incline to acquit him of it. It is remarkable, that he fpeaks 

[o] Wheat de le^nd. HiA. kt* p« 74. [t] Canf. in notis ad Oupit. in Maxim. 
Caut. 16S4. BcicL fXttht, in H9ro4t 

[x] BibUdtbee. c. 9^, 



F z 



Very 



6Z HERODOTUS. 

very refpeftfuUy of the clemency of Severus, who reigliecl 
fourteen years, without taking away the life of any one, other- 
wife than by the ordinary courfe of juffice; which he notes as 
am inftance very rare, and without example fince the reign of 
Antoninus the philofophcr. As to Mammea, though he juftly 
blames her ill condu£l in the government of the ftate, yet he 

. very much commends her care m the education of her fon ; cf- 
pecially for excluding from him all thofe pefts of courts, which 
flatter the corrupt inclinations of princes, aand cherifh in thensi 
the feeds of vice, and for admitting only peffons that were vir- 
tuous in their lives and of approved behaviour. We arc obliged 
to this hiflorian, as well as to Dion Caflius, for acquainting us 
with the ceremonies which the Pagans ufed at the confecration 
of their emperors. In the beginning of his fourth book he has 

. given us fo particular a defcription of all the funeral honours 
done to the alhes of Severus, which his children tranfported in 
an alabafier cheil from England, that it would be difficult to find 
a relation more exa£l and inftrudive. 

Though we have confidered Herodian hitherto as an hidoriail 
only, yet Suidas informs us, that he wrote many other books, 
which have not been preferved from the ruins of time. Herodian 
was publiihed by Henry Stephens, in 1581, 4to; by Boeder 
at Strasbourg in 1662, 8vo; and by Hudfon at Oxford, in 1669, 
Svo* The lateft edition, with a prodigious quantity of notes 
variorum,, is that Irmifch, in two large volumes, 8vo, publiflied 
at Leipfic in 1789. 

HERODOTUS, an ancient Greek hiftorian of Halicarnaffua' 
in Carta, was born in the firft year of the 74th Olympiad; that 

• is, about 484 years before Chrift[z]. This time of his birth 
is fixed by a paflage in Aulus Gellius, Book xv. chap. 23. which 

r makes Hellanicus 65, Herodus 53, and Thucydides 40 years 
old, at the commencement of the Peloponnefian war. The 
name of his father was Lyxes, of his mother, Dryo. The city 
of Halicarnaffus being at that time under the tyranny of Lyg- 
fJamis, grandfon of Artemifia queen of Catia, Herodotus quitted 
his country, and retired to Samos; whence he travelled over 
Egypt, Greece, Italy, &c. and in his travels acquired the know* 
ledge of the hiftory and origin of many nations. He then 
began to digeft the materials he had collefted into order, and 
compofed that hiftory, which bus preferved his name amongft 
men ever fince. He wrote it in the ifle of Samos, according 
to the general opinion [a]; but the elder Pliny is of another 
mind, artd aflSrms it to have been writtfen at Thurium, a towa 
in that part of Italy then called Magna Grsecia, whither Hero- 
liotus had retired with an Athenian colony, and where he is 

[«] Smdas la voc« 'H^9lh9U [a] Hift. Nat. L xll. c. 4. 

' ^ - fuppofed 



HERODOTUS. 69 

fnppofed to have died, not however before he had returned into 
his own country, and by his influence expelled the tyrant Lyg- 
damis. Ax Samos he ftudied the Ionic dialed, in which he 
wrote, his native diale£l being Doric. Lucian informs us [b], 
that when Herodotus left Carja to go into Greece, he began to 
confider with himfelf, what he fhould do to obtain celebrity and 
lading fame, in the moft expeditious way, and with as little 
trouble as pofGble. His hiflory, he prefumed, would eadly 
procure him fan^ie, and raife his name among the Grecians, in 
If hofe favour it was written : but then he forefaw, that it would 
be very tedious, if aot endlefs, to go through the feveral cities 
of Greece, and recite it to each refpeftive city ; to the Athe- 
nians, Corinthians, Argives, Lacedaemonians, &c. He thought 
it moft proper therefore to take the opportunity of their aflem- 
bling all together; and accordingly recited his work at tho 
Olympic games, which rendered him more famous than even 
tjiofe who had obtained the prizes. None were ignorant of 
his name, nor was there a fingle perfon in Greece, who had 
not either feen him at the Olympic games, or heard thofe fpeak 
€lf him who had feen him there; fo that wherever he came, 
the people pointed to him with their fingers, fayipg, " This 
is that Herodotus, who has written- the J^erfian wars in th^ 
Ionic diale£i: ; this is he who has celebrated our yidlories," 

His work is divided into nine books, which, accojrding to th<p 
computation of Dionyfius HalicarnafTenfis, contain the moft re- 
markable occurrences within a period of 240 years ; from the 
r^ign of Cyrus the firft king of rerfia, to that of Xerj^es, wheu 
the hiftorian was living. Thefe nine books are called after the 
nine Mufts, each jpf which is diftinguiflied by the najne of s| 
Mufe : and this has given birth to two difquifitions among th^ 
learned, firft, whether they were fo called by Herodotus himfelf ; 
and fecgndly, for what reafon they were fo called. As to the 
firft, it is generally agreed that Herodotus did not impofe thefQ. 
ijames himfelf; but it is not agreed why they were impofed by. 
others. Lucian, in the place referred to above, tells us, that 
thofe names were given them by the Grecians at the Olympic 
games, when they were firft recited, as the b^ft compliment that, 
could be paid the man who had taken pains to dci them fo much, 
honour. Others have thought,, that the pame of Mufes haye 
been fixed uppn them by way of reproach, and wer^ defigned to . 
intimate, that Herodotus, inftead of true hiftory, had written ^. 
great deal of fable. But be this as it will : with regard, to the 
truth of his hiftory, it is well known that he has been accufed by 
feveral authors. Thucydides is fuppofed to have bad him itt 

[»] Opera, Tom* h p. 571. Amft, 16S7, 



7<y HERO»OT0S. 

his eye, though he only fpeaks of authors in genenl^ when he 
bjamcs thofe hiftories which were written for no otiier end l>ut 
to divert the reader [c]. Strabo accufe's Herodbtus pirticiilarlf 
of this fault, and fays, that he trifles very agreeably, interweayins 
extraordinary events with his narration, by way of ornament [djT 
Juvenal likewtfe aims at him in that memorable paffiige; 
" . .1 credituf olim 

Velificatus Athos, & quicquid Graecia mendax 

Audet In hiftoria."-: — 

But none have ventured to attack him with fo much fiea^om ai* 
Plutarch, who conceived a warm refentment againft Hiirf, for 
cafting an odmm upon his countrymen the Thebans. This ht 
owns to have been the motive to his writing thitt little tfeatifc^ 
to be found in his works, " Of the Malignity of Herodotus [e] ;" 
in which he accufes the hiftorian, fays La Mothe leVayerj.of 
hiving malicioufly taxed the honour, not only of. the Thebans^ 
and Corinthians, but almoltrall the Greeks, out of partiality to 
the Medes, and in order to laife the glory of his coimtry higher 
in the perfon of Artenrifia queen of HalicamaflTus ; whofe heroic 
d^ions in the battle of Salamis he fo exaggerates, that thiiprin^ 
Ctfs alone takes up the gr^teft part of the narration. PIutarcH 
iildeed confeiTes, that it is one of the bcft written afrtd moft 
agreeable pieces that can be read; b^it adds, that amidft the 
charms of his narrative, he makes his readers fwallow the poHbn 
of detraSion; and he compares thfe malignity he imputes to" 
him, to cantharidcs covered with rofes. Some think Plutarch's 
criticifm is written with all the ill-nature which he afcrlbes t9 
Herodotus: but, fays the author juft cited, " I have too much 
veneration for that worthy mailer of Trajan, to be fully fatisfied 
with fuch an anfwcr ; and, to fay the truth, it is hard to confidcr, 
|fow Herodotus fpeaks of Themiftocles, efpecially in his Urania, 
where he accufes him of rapines and fccrct correfpondcnce with 
the Perfians, without believing that Plutarch had reafons for 
what he faid." Herodotus, however, has not wanted perfons to 
defend him : Aldus Mantrtius, Joachim Camcrarius, and Henry 
Stephens, have written apologies for him ; and anjong other things^ 
have very juftly obferved, Camerarius in particidar, that he feldom 
relates any thing of doubtful credit, but produces the authority on 
which his narration is grounded ; and if he has no certain au^* 
thority to fix it upon, ufes always the tenfts, <« ut ferunt, ut 
ego audiyi, &c." And for fear he (hoold be miftaken when he^ 
relates any thing wonderful, he declares ♦exprefsly of a parti* 
cular in his <* Polyhymnia," wh?it he defires may .be applied tOt 

rtj thucyd. Hift. 1. |. [d] Geograph. I. xtli. 



HERODOTUS. 7* 

tislufbny in general, that ^ though he thinks it right fo rektd 
vrhat he has heard, yet he is far from believing, or delivering a$ 
true and well-grounded fafls, all which he relates [f]." As for 
thofe relations, fuch as feeing the fun on the northern fide of the 
heavens, and other things which were fuppofed to be natural 
wonders among the ancients, and- nade him pafs for a fabulous 
writer, it is well known^ that Qiodern voyages and difcoveries 
have abundantly confirmed the truth of many of them. 

Befides this hiftory, he. promifed, in two places of his firft 
hockf to write another of AflTyria: but tliis, fays Yoflius, was 
never fiai(hed, at leaft not pub)iflied; otherwife it would have 
been mentioned probably by fomeof the ancient writers. Not 
but Ariftotle, fays he, has blamed Herodotus for faying, that 
*^ an eagle drank during the fiege of Nineveh, *' becaufe that 
bird was known never to drink [o] ;" which paffiige, not being 
found in the nine books extant, has made fome imagine, that 
Ariftotle took it from the hiftory of AfTyria. But this is hardly 
a fufiicient proof; not to mention, that where Ariftotle mentioiii 
this miftake, fome read Hefiod inftead of Herodotus. There is 
afcribed alfo to Herodotus a ** Life of Homer," which is ufuall)^ 
printed at the end of his works ; but, *a$ Vollius obferves, there 
is no probability that this was written by the hiftorian^ beicaulb 
ihe author of that life does not agree with him about the tim^ 
when the poet lived ; for he (ays, that Homer flouriftied about 
168 years after the Trojan war, and 622 years before Xerxes'i 
expedition into Greece ; but Herodotus in his <' Euterpe" afSrihss 
that Homer and Hefiod preceded him 400 years, and confer 
quently flouriftied a much longer time after the taking of Troy 
[h]* Befides^ the ftyle of this piece is very different from that 
of Herodotus ; and the author mentions fevtral things of Hbmer^ 
which do not at all agree with what the ancients have faid of 
that poet. 

Herodotus wrote in the Ipnic diale6l, and his ftyle and mannel* 
have ever been admired by all readers of tafte. Cicero, in his 
fecond book, " De Oratore," fays, that " he is fovery eloquent 
and flowing, that he pleafed him exceedingly;" and in his 
<* Brutus," that ^ his Itylc is free from all harmnefs, and glides 
along like the waters of a ftill river." He calls him alio the 
Father of Hiftory ; becaufe he was, if not the firft biftorian^ 
the firft who brought hiftory to that degree of perfedlion. Quin* 
tilian has given the fame judgement of Herodotus. '^ Befides 
the flowing fweetnefs of his ftyle, even the dialed^ he ufes lias 
a peculiar grace, and feiems to expiefs the harmony of num-t^ 

[y] Poly V.C.I 51, sad CawcnrtiProcfli* [»] Vide Xylandri Aa&olA^iict lii 
M Herodotum. Plutarcham dc viu Honcxi. 

[• j Hift. Aaittal. 1. vlil. c. it» 

F4 kCVSm 



*}% HEROPHlLUS. 

bcrs- Many,** fays he, «♦ have written hiftory well ; but every 
body owns, that there are two hiftorians preferable to the reft, 
though extremely different from each othcr^ Thucydides is 
clofe, concife, and fometimes even crowded in his .fentences ; 
Herodotus is fweet, copious, and exuberant. Thucydides is^ 
more proper for men of warm paQions ; Herodotus for thofe of 
a fedater turn. Thucydides excels in orations: Herodotus in 
narrations* The one is more forcible ; the other more agree-r 
able [i]}/' Dionyfius of Halicarnaflus fays, that Herodotus is 
the model of the Ionic dialed, as Thucydides is of the Attic ; 
and in his comparifon of thefe tvny hiftorians, gives almoft 
throughout, the preference to Herodotus. But this determina-^ 
tion, we think, will depend a good deal upon the tempers and 
views of thofe who read thefe hiftorians ; they, who feek chiefly 

Sleafure and entertainment, will probamy like Herodotus the 
eft ; but they who would reap the fniits wnich juft hiftory always 
affords, will find their ends more completely anhvered by reading 
Thucydides, There have been feveral editions of Herodotus j 
two by Henry Stephens, in 1570 and 1592; one by Gale at 
J/Ondon in 1079; and one by Gronovius at Leyden in 1715. 
But the bcft is that of Weflclihgius, publiftied at Amfter^ 
dam in 1763. There is alfo an elegant edition in duodecimo^ 
publiifaed at Glafgow. The hiftory of Herodptus has been 
twice tranflated into Englifti, once oy Littlebury, in two vols. 
8vo, without notes: the fecond time by Mr. ^eloe, in four 
VoU, with piany ufe&I and entertaining remarks. There is alfo 
an excellent Krench tranllation, by M. Larcher, with very 
karned notes. 

HEROPHILUSof Chalcedon, an ancient phyfician,. flou- 
riflied almoft five hundred years before Chrift. Cicero, Pliny,i 
and Piutarch mention him. Fallopius ftys, that he was the 
greater anatomift, and underftood the ftruSure of the human 
body better, a(id liiade more difcoveries therein than Erafiftra-. 
tus his cotemporary. He is alfo faid to have difcovered the lac- 
teal veflels ; and gave names to the various parts of the body,, 
which they retain to this day. He was a great lover of botany, 
as well as phyfic and furgery ; and is faid to have made fome 
confiderable improvement in each of thcm^ Galen calls him a 
confummate phyftcian, anda very great anatomift; and fays, that 
thefe two. great an^tomifts difTefled many human bodies at Alex- 
andria in Egypt ; TertuHian fays 6^0^ and caHs him ^* Herophi- 
}us ilfe Mcdicus aut Lanius;" as they are faid to have difleacd 
condemned c^uninals aliv^. He is faid alfo to have difcovered 
the nerves, and their ufe. He makes three forts of them; the 
firft tq coavey feafatioD, the fecood to move the bones, and th^ 

[i] InAit. prat, h w. & x^ ' " 

. - n - , third 



HERRING. 73 

third the murdes. He alfo mentions the optic nerves, the re*' 
tina, and the tunica arachnoides, and choroides ; the ladeais, 
mefenteric glands, and the glandulae prpftatse; and is the firft 
Aat wrote any thing di(lin6lly with exadnefs on the piilfe* 

HERRERA TORDESILLAS (Antonio de), a Spanilh 
biftorian of great fame ; firft fecretary to Vefpafian Gonzs^a, 
viceroy of Naples, and afterwards grand hiftoriographer of India^ 
with a confiderable penfion under Philip II. He did not receive 
his money unearned, but publiihed a general hiftory of India 
from 1492 to 1554^ in four volumes, folio. A very (Iiort time, 
before his death he received from Philip IV. the appointment of 
Secretary of ftate. He died in 1625, at the age of 60. His 
hiftory of India is>a very curious work, carried to a great detail^ 
and chargeable wim no defe&s, except too great a love for the 
marvellous, a degn^e of national vanity, and too great inflation 
in the ftyle. He publiftied alfo a general hiftory of Spain, from 
1554 to 15989 which has been lefs efteemed than the other 
work. It is in three volumes, folio. 

HERRERAS (Ferdinand de), a poet of Seville, remark* 
able for elegance of ftyle, aiid facility of verfiiication. He pub«^ 
liflied lyric and heroic poetry in 1582; and fome works in profe, 
as, I. " A Life of fir Thomas More." 2. *< An Account of 
the War in Cyprus, and the Battle of Lepanto." 3. *< Netea 
on Garcilaflb de la Vega." 

HERRING (Dr. Thomas), was the fon of the Rev. John 
Herritig, reftor of Walfoken, in Norfolk ; at which place he 
was born, 1693. He was educated at Wifbech fchool, in the* 
Jfle of Ely; and at Jefus-collcge in Cambridge, where he* was 
entered 1710. He was chofen fellow of Corpus Chrifti col- 
lege in' 17 16 ; and continued a tutor there upwards of feven years. 
He entered into prieft's orders in 17199 aqd was fucceffively* 
minifter of Great Shelford, Stow cum Qui, and Trinity in 
Cambridge. In 1722, Fleetwood bifliop of Ely made him 
his chaplain, and foon after prefented him to Rettindon ia 
Eflex, and to the reftory of Barly in Hertfordftiire. In 1726, 
the hon. fociety of Lincoln's-Inn chofe him their preacher; 
and, about the fame time, he took his doSor's degree, and wa» 
appointed chaplain in ordinary to his majefty. In Z73I) he -wzs 
prefented to the rc6tory of Blechinglcy in Surrey ; and towards 
the clofe of the year, promoted to the deanery of Rochcftcr. 
In 1737, he was confecrated biftiop of Bangor; and in 1743, 
tranflated to the archiepifcopal fee of York, oq the demife of 
Dr. Blackburn. 

When the rebellion broke out in Scotland, and the High- 
landers defeated the king's troops at Prefton-pans, the archbtfhop 
contributed njuch to remove the general panic, and awaken the 
^ion from its lethargy^ J^ convened the nobilfty, geatry^ 
. .< and 



74f HER5ENT. 

and chrgf of ht5 dtoeefe, acid addrefled tbem iW a ^ob!e wtiit 
a;)imated fpeech*; which had fuch an eSaSt upon his auditpry^- 
tkat a Aibfcription enfised to the amotint of 40^00!. and thct 
example was fOccefsfuHy followed by the nation in genera). Ont 
the death of Dn Potter, in i747> he was tranflated to the fee of 
Canterbury. In 175 J, he was feized with a violent fever,, 
which brought him to the brink of the grave ; and though he didr 
ip fome meafure recover, yet from ihat time he might be ratbei^ 
fi^d to laflgut(h>* than to live. Me retired to Croydon, declined^ 
ajil public buftnefs, and faw little other company thaa his xehi^ 
Clons and particular friends. 

After languiihing about four years, he expired March 13, 
^757 9 ^^^> agreeably to the exprefs direi^ioA of Jiis will, was 
interred in a private manner, in the vault Of Croydon church, 
^e expended upwards of 6000I. in repairiiw and adorning the 
palaces and gardens of Lambeth and Croyaon. He poifeiled 
the.virtue^ of public and private life m a moft eminent degree^ 
and was a true friend to civil and religious liberty. 
. In 1763^ a volume of his ** Sermons on public Occafions" 
was printed, which bear the itrongeft marks of unafFeded piety 
and beneVokpce ;• and the profits of the edition were given to 
the treafurer of #ie London Infirmary> for the ufe of that cha« 
rity. There Is. ioferted in the preface an elegy, facred to hia 
memory, by the Rev. Mr. Fawkes. A volume of his *< Let- 
ter^" has alfo been ptiblilhed by the Rev. Mr. Duncom^e. 

HERSENT (Charies), or Herfan, a Freru:h divine, knowii 
chiefly for a violent fatire which he wrote againil cardinal Riche-* 
lieu, under the feigned name of Optatus Gallus, whjch, having 
heen condemned and burnt by the parliament of Paris, is be« 
come venr fcarce, and therefare fells at from 60 to 100 livres, 
among French colle6lofs. It is entitled, << Optati Galli de 
(^vendo Schifmate,^ Liber Paroeneticus,'* and was publifliedjtt 
Paris in 1640, in 8vo. There is, however a counterfeit edition, 
|)earing the fame date, which is diAinguifted from the true bv a 
very few differences, as ftifitriorum for fuperioref in p. 7, occ. 
|n this book the author maintained that the Galilean church wai 
in danger of feparating. from Rome, like the Englifh, and ftre- 
nuoufly maintained the fupremacy of the pope. , The cardinal 
employed three or four writers to anfwer this anonymous aflail- 
a^t, but the author in the mean time retired to Rome, where 
aifter a tinie his YU>Ience and indifcretion involved him with the 
inquifmon; on. fome points refpeding the doSrine of grace^ 
which he handled in a ^* Panegyric on St. Louis." He was cited> 
refufed t6..a|>pear, and was excommunicated* He therefore re- 
turned to France, where he died in *i66o. There are extant alfo 
^y him, a paraphrafe on Solomon's Song, in profe, puUifted in 
(635; fome funenl oratiopn, fenponsi^ »ad attacks againft tho 

congregation 



HERVEY. fs 

CQBgwgatioii' of the Oratory, yufhith h« held quitted; Wkh a few 
other pieces. His chief promotion was that of cltancellor to the 
- church of Metz. 

HERVEY (James), an Englifli divine of exemplary virtue^ 
and piety, was born at Hardingflone, in Northamptonlhire, ik 
X714; had his^ education at 'the grammar-fcbotil at Northampw 
ton> and at Lincoln-college in Oxford. After a sefidence o^ 
fcven years, he left the univerfity ; and became, in 1736, curate 
to his father, then polTeiTed of the living of Wedon-Faveli* He 
i¥as afterwards curate at Biddeford, and feverai other places in the 
Weft. In 1750, at his father's death, he fucceeded to the livings 
of Wefton and Collingtree $ which being within five miles of each 
other, he attended alternately With, his culr^te, till his ill healtli 
confined him to Wefton. Here he afterwards conftsmtly refided^: 
and diligently purliied his labours both in hts minifterial office, 
and in hb ftudy, as long as poffible, under the difadvantage of 
a weak conftitution. He died on Chriftmas-di^,. 1758, m hie 
forty-fifth year. His charity was remarkable. It was alwaye 
his defire to die juft even with the world, and to be, as he- called 
k, his own executor. His fund- almofl expired with his life; 
what little remained he defired might be gtven in wacm clothinjf 
to the poor, in that fevere feafoa*^ In point of learnijQg, though 
not in the firft clafs of fcholars, he was ht from beiisg deficientii 
He was mafter of the three learned languages, and wdl read ia 
the dailies. But for a more minute aecouftt of every part of 
his charad:er, we muft refer the reader to his life, prefi^«to hie 
f* Letters," publiihed in two vdmnes, 8vo. 

His other writings are, i, " Meditations and Contempla-* 
tions: containing Meditations among the Tombs; Reile6tione 
on a Flower Garden; and a Defcanton Creation, 1746," 8vo. 
He fold the copy, after it had pafled through fcveral editions ; 
which fale, and the profits of the former impreflions, amounted 
to about 700I. The whole of this he ggve in charity ; faying, 
that as Providence had blefled his attempt, he thoui^ht himfelf 
bound to relieve his fellow-creatures with it. 2. •* Contempla- 
tions on the Night and Starry Heavens ; and a Winter Piece^ 
J747/' 8vo. Both thefe have been turned into blank verfe, ii\ 
imitation of Dr.- Young's *< Night Thoughts,'' by Mr. New., 
Comb. 3. " Remarks on Lord Bolingbrbke's Letters on the 
Study and Ufe of Hiftory, fo far as they relate to the Hiftory of 
tlie Old Teftament, &c. in a Letter to a Lady of Quality, 1753,*^ 
8vo. 4. ** Theron and Afpafio ; or, a Series of Dialogues and 
Letters on the moft important Subjeds, 1755," 3 vols. 8vo. 
Oome of the principal points which he endeavours to illuftrate 
in this work, are the following: the beauty and excellence of 
the Scriptures; the ruin and depravity of human nature; its 
^ppy re^oyer^ founded Oft the atonement^ and effe&ed by the 

$j[>irit 



76- 



HERVEY. 



Spirit of Chrift. But the grand article is, the imputed rigjitcouf- ' 
iiefs of Chrift; his notion of which has been cenfured, andat- 
tacked by fevend writers. He introduces moft of his dialogues 
with defcriptions of fome of the moft delightful fcenes of the 
creation. To diverfify the work, fhort (ketches of philofophy 
are alfo occalionally introduced, eafy to be underftood, and cal* 
culated to entertain the imagination, as well as improve the 
heart. 5. Some *' Sermons," the third edition publiflied after 
his death, 1759. 6. An edition of " Jenks's Meditations, 1757," 
with a ftrong recommendatory preface. 7. A recommendatory 
preface to ** Burnham's pious Memorials," publiftied in I753» 
§vo. 8. ** Eleven Letters to Wefley." 9. " Letters to Lady 
Frances Shirley, 1782," 8vo. In the younger part of his life 
he wrote fome copies of verfes, which fliewed no contemptible 
genius for poetry ; but thefe were fuppreffed by his own defire. 

HERVEY (Augustus John), third carl of Briftol, fecond 
fon of John lord Hervey, by Mary daughter of brigadier-ge- 
neral Lapell, was born Mav 19, 1724. Choofing a maritime 
life, he paffed through the luboriinate ftations, and was a lieu^ 
tenant in the year 1744* I" the fame year he iirft faw mifs 
Chudleigh at the houfe of Mrs. Hanmer, her aunt, in Hamp-p 
fliire; where they were privately married, Aug. 4, in that year* 
A few days after, Mr. Hervey was obliged to embark fo^r Ja- 
maica in vice-admiral Davers's fleet. At his return his lady and 
he lived together, and were cpufidered by their relations as man 
and wife. In January, I747f he was advanced to the rank of 
poft-captain ; and in the fame year his lady brought him a fon, 
though (he continued a maid of honour to the year 1764. This 
circumftancegaveoccafion to the following enigmatical epigram 
by the b^e lord Chefterfield. 

<< A wife, whom yet no hufband dares to name, 
A mother, whom no children dare to claim ; 
All this is true, but it may yet be faid. 
This wife, this mother, ftill remains a maid,'* 

Soon after this event, a coolnefs arofe between captain Hervey 
and his wife, which increafed till they both became dedrous of 
a reparation. In Jan, 1747, he was appointed tp command the 
Princeffa, and ferved in the Mediterranean under admirals Med- 
ley and Byng: and after the peace, in Jan, 17521 he obtained 
the Phoenix of 22 guns. In the courfe of two wars, the cou- 
rage, zeal, and aftivity,.of captain Hervey. were diftinguifhed ia 
the Mediterranean, off Breft, at the Havannah, and in other 
places. During the fame period, he w^s gradually advanced to 
the command 01 a 74 gun (hip ; and, at the peace in J763, he 
was appointed one of the grooms of the bed-chamber to the 
King. In 1 77 1 he wa$ credited one of the lords of the admi- 
ralty j and in 1775, on the death of his "brother, without iffue, 

he 



HERVEY. 77 

lie became earl of Brifto]^ after having reprefented the borough 
of St. Edmund's Bury in four parliaments. He isow refigned 
his places^ and was created an admiral. In the beginning of the 
American war, captain Hervey was a (Irenuous advocate for the 
meafures of the miniftry; but changing his politics in the year 
1778, continued to the end of it as violent an opponent^ 'not 
without very (Iriking appearances of inconfiftency^ on feveral 
occafions. He died in 1779> wheiv his titles, and as much of 
his eAate as he could not leave away, devolved to hts brother the 
biihop of Derry> as he left no legitimate heir. The affair of 
his marriage, which attraded much public notice at the time^ 
■was briefly thus: — After nine years of preparation, his wife^ 
who had long lived with the duke of itingfton, obtained her 
fuit in the comnK)ns, in 1768, by which it was decidedithat 
their marriage never had been legale and was vpid. She thea 
was married to the duke of Kingfton, in 1769. But, it appear-* 
ing afterwards that the deciiion had been fraudulently obtained, 
ihe was indi£led in 1775 for bigamy, tried in the houfe of peers^ 
and found guilty, but as a peerefs, was difchargcd from corporal 
punifliment. The following well- drawn character of lord 
Briftol, written by a contemporary peer in the fea-fervice^ 
feems to judify the infertion of his name in this place ; though 
there can be no doubt that it is in fon>e degree heightened by per« 
fonal partiality ; and the chara£ler of a good officer is too com^^ 
mon in our navy to demand particular notice. 

^* The adlive zeal and diligent affiduity with which the earl 
of Briflol ferved^ had for fome years impaired a conftitutioi) 
naturally ilrong, by expofln^ it to the unwholefomenefe of va* 
riety of climates, and the mfirmities incident to couftant fa<-> 
tigue of body and anxiety of mind. His fanfihr, hi» friends, 
his profeflion^ and his country, loft him in the 50th year of his 
age. 

" The detail of the merits of fuch a man cannot be uniiv*. 
terefting, either to the piofeffion he adorned, or the country 
which he ferved, and the remembrance of his virtues muft be 
pleafing to thofe who were honoured with his efteem ; as every 
hour and every fltuation of his life aiForded frefli opportunities for 
the exercife of fuch virtues, they were beft known to ihofe who 
faw him moft. But however ftrong and perfeS their impreffion,^ 
they can be but inadequately dcfcribed, by one who long en- 
joyed the happinefs of his friendihip, and advantage of his 
example, and muft ever lament the privation of his (bciety. 

" He engaged in the fea-fervice when he was ten years old j 
the quicknels of his parts, the decifion of his temper, the ex 
cellency of his underftanding, the adivity of his mind, the ea- 
gernefs of his ambition, his indefatigable induftry, his unremit« 
ting diligence, his cortedt and extenfive memory, his ready and 

accurate^ 



7« 



H E R V E y. 



jKTCurate judgement, the promptitude, clearnefs, and arrange- 
ment with which his ideas were formed, and the happy perfpi- 
cuity with which they were expreffed, were advantages peculiar 
tohimfelf; his eariy education under captain William rlervcy, 
and admiral Byng, (two of the beft officers of their time) with 
his conftant employment in adive feri'ice from his firft going to 
fea, till the dofe of the laft war[K], had furnifhed ample 
matter for experience, frorft which his penetrating genius, and 

1*uft obfervation, had deduced that extenfive and fjrftematic know- 
edge of minute circumflances and important principles, which 
•is neccffary to form an expert feaman and a ihining officer: 
^ith the moft confummate profeffional fkill, he poffeflcd the moll 
perfeft courage that ever fortified an heart, or brightened a dha* 
rafter; he lOved enterprife, he was cool in danger, colleded in * 
didrefs, decided in difficulties, ready and judicious in his expe- 
jdients, and perfevering in his determinations ; his orders in the 
* -moft critical fituations, and for the moft various objeSs, were 
jlelivered with a firmnefsand precifion, which fpake a confidence 

J"n their propriety, and facility in their execution, that enfured 
I prompt and fuccefsful obedience in thofe to whom they wece ' 
tddrefled* 

** Such was his ch^raSer as an officer, which made him de- 
fenredly confpicuous in a profeffion, as honourable to the indi- 
vidual, as important to the public : nor was he without thofe 
Ju^lificatiqns and abilities, which could give full weight to the 
tuation in which his rank and connexions had placed him in 
civil life; his early entrance into his profeffion had indeed de- 
prived him of the advantages of a claffical education ; this defe£l 
Uras however more than glanced by the lefs ornamental, but 
more folid inftrudion of the fchool he ftudied in : as a member 
of parliament, be was an eloquent, though not a correA fpeaker: 
thofe who differed from him ifi politics, confefled the extent of 
his knowledge, the variety of his information, and the force of 
%is reafoning, at the fame time that they admined the ingenuity 
■-^ith which he applied them to the fuppert of his opinions. 

** He was not more eminent for thofe talents by which m 
country is ferved, than diftinguilhed by thofe qualities which 
render a man ufeful, refpefted, efteemed, and beloved irj- fociety. 
In the general intercourfe of the world, he was an accomplifhed- 
gentleman, and agreeable co^npanjon; his manners were noble 
as his birth, and engaging as his difpofition ; he was humane^ 
heneyolent, compaffionate, and generous; his humanity was 
confpicuous in his profeffion ; when exercifed towards the Tea- 
men, the fenfibility and attention of a commander they adored^ 
was the moft flattering relief that could be afforded to the fuf- 

fr] ^hts was ^tteo ia rySo^ 

ferings 



H E S H U S I tJ S. 79 

ISeriflgs or dlftrcflfes of thofc who fcrved with hitn ; when excited 
towards her enemies, it did honour to his country, by exei^pli- 
fjifig in the mod ftriking manner, that generofity which is the 
peculiar chara£lerUtic, and moft diftinguiihed virtue of a brave^ 
free, and enlightened people. In other fituations his liberality 
Was cxtenfive Without oftentation, and generally beftowed where 
it would be tnoft felt and lead feen, upon modeft merit, and 
iilent dtftrefs ; his friendihips were warm, and permanent be«- 
yond the grave, extending their influence to thofe who (hared 
the affections, or enjoyed the patronage of their objeds. His 
^refcntment was open, and his forgivcnefs fincere; it was the 
:eife£l, perhaps the weaknefs, of an excellent mind, that with 
him, an injury which he had forgiven, was as ftrong a claiip 
to hisprotedion, as a favour received'could be to his gratitude. 

" This bright pifture is not without its (hades ; he had faults; 
the i'mpetuofity of his nature, and the eagernefs with which he 
purfued his objei^s, carried him fometimes to lengths not juftifi« 
able; and the high opinion he juftly entertained of his own parts, 
made him 'too e;»ftly the dupe and prey of interefted and defigning 
perfons, whom his cooler judgment would have detefted and de- 
fpifed, had they not had cunning enough to difcover and flatter 
his vanity, and fuflicient art to avail thcmfelves of abilities which 
they did not poflFefs. — But let it be remembered, that his failings 
were thoTe of a warm temper^ and unguarded drfpofition ^ his 
virtues thofe of an heart formed for every thing amiable in pri- 
vate, every thing great in public life." 

HERWART, or HERVART (John Frederic), chan- 
cellor of Bavaria at tiie beginning of the feventcenth century, 
and of a noble fii^ily in Augfburg^ publifhed fome works in 
which his learning was more difplaycd than his genius, in fup- 
porting the moft extravagant fyllems. Thefe are, i. ** Chro- 
nolo^a nova et vera," two parts, 4to, 1622 and 1626. 2. <^ Ad-> 
miranda Ethicae Theological Myfteria propalata, dc antiouif- 
Ihna veterum nationum luperftitione, qua lapis Magnes pro Deo 
habitus colebatur.'- Monach. 1626, in 4to. It was here fup- 
ported, as the title intimates, that the ancient Egyptians wor- 
ihipped the magoet, &c. 3. " An Apology for the Emperor 
Louis of Bavaria, atgainft the falihoodsof Bzovius." 

HESHUSIUS (TiLLEMANNUs), a German proteftant theo- 
logian, born at Wefel in the dutchy of Cleves, in 1526. He 
taught theology in fcveral cities of Germany, ^ut was of fo 
turbulent a fpirit as to be' exiled almoft from every one. He 
died at the age of 62, in 1588. His works are, t. "Com- 
mentaries on ihe Pfakns." 2. " On Ifaiah." ^. " On all 
the Epiftles of St. P^uJ." 4.. " A Treatifc P.O. Julfifiaition and 
the Lord's Supper." 5. <* Sexcenti errores, pleni Blafphemiis 
in Deum, quos RomaAa pbmificiaq[Ue Ecclelia contra Deum 

furentcr 



to HESIOD. 

furenter defend!!," This is fcarce. 6. Other miicellaneoQS 

productions. 

HESIOD, a very ancient Greek poet, but whether contem- 
porary with, or older or younger than Homer, is not yet agreed 
among the learned ; nor is there light enough in antiquity to fetile 
the point exa£Uy. His father, as he tells us[l], was an inha- 
bitant of Cuma, in one of the iEolian ifles, now called Taio 
Nova; and removed from thence to Afcra, a village of Boeotia 
at the foot of mount Helicon, where Hefiod was probably born, 
and called, as he often is, Afcraeus from it. Of what quality 
his father was, is no where (aid ; but that he was driven by 
misfortunes from Cuma to Afcra, Hefiod himfelf informs us» 
His father feems to have profpered better at Afcra, than he did 
in his own country ; yet Hefiod could arrive at no higher for- 
tune, than keeping ot fheep at the top of Helicon. Here the 
Mufes met with him, and received him into their fcrvicc. To this 
account, which is to be found in the beginning of his <* Gene- 
ratio Deorum," Ovid alludes in thefe two lines: 

'** Nee mihi funt vifae Clio, Cliufque forores, 
Servanti pecudes vallibus, Afcra, tuis." 

Nor Clio nor her fifters have I feen, 

As Hefiod faw them in the Afcrasan gi*een. 

Upon the death of the father, an eftate was left, which ought 
. to have been equally divided ^between the two brothers Hefiod 
and Pe.rfes ; but Perfes defrauded him in the divifion, by cor- 
. rupting the judges. Hefiod was fo far from refenting this in- 
juitice, that he exprefles a concern for thofe poor miftaken mor- 
tals who place^ their happinefs in riches only, even at the ex- 
. pence of their virtue. He lets us know, that he was not only 
. above want, but capable of afiifting his brother in time of need; 
which he often did, though he had been fo ill ufed by him. 
The laft circumftance he mentions relating to himfelf, is his 
conqued in a poetical contention. Archldamas king of Euboea, 
. had inftituted funeral games in honour of his own memory, 
which his fons afterwards took care to have performed. Herp 
Hefiod was a competitor for the prize in poetry, . and won a 
tripod, which he confecrated to the Mufes. Plutarch, in his 
** Banquet of the Seven Wife Men," makes Periander give an 
account of the poetical contention at Chalcis, in which He(iod 
and Homer are made antagonifts. Hefiod was the conqueror, 
and dedicated the tripod, which he received for his viftory, to the 
Mufes, with this inicription : 

** This Hefiod vows to th' Heliconian nine. 
In Chalcis won from Homer the diviiie." 

[x.1 Opera et dies* 

We 



iHESIOD. «i 

"We are told, that Philip of Macedon and his fon Alexander 
had a difpute on this fubjedl. The prince declared in favoi^r 
of Homer; his father told him, *' that the prize had been given 
to Hefiodj" and aflced him, whether ** he had never feeri tl\« 
verfes Hefiod had infcribed upon the tripos, and dedicated to the 
Mufes on mount Helicon ?" Alexander allowed it; but faid, that 
Hefiod " might well get the better, when kings were not the 
judges, but ignorant pl(Highmen and fuftics/* The authority of 
thefe Feliations is however queftioned by learned men ; efpecially 
by fuch as will not allow thefe two poets to have been contem* 
poraries, but make Hefiod between thirty and forty year$ the 
older of the two, 

Hefiod, having entered himfclf into the Jervicc of the Mufirt, 
drfcdntinued the.paftoral life, and applied himfelf to the ftudy dt 
arts and kariing. When he was grown old, for it is agreed by 
all that he lived to a very great age, he removed to Locris, a toMi 
aboi^t the fartie diftance from Pamaflus, as Afcra was from Ho- 
Jicon. The ftory of his death, as told by Solon in Plularohf* 
«* Banquet j('' is very retnarkdJc. The man with whom^Hefiod 
Jived at Locris, a Klilefian born, raviflied a maid in the .feme 
rhoufe: and though Hefiod was jcntirely ignorant of the fad, yet 
'being malicioufiy accufed to her brothers as an accomplice, btx 
'Was injurioufly flain with the r^viflier, and thrown with him 
into the Tea. It is added, that when the inhabitants of the place 
heard ctf the crime, they drowned the perpetrators, and burned 
their houfes. We have the knowledge of fome few monu* 
.^ent«, which were fraihed in honour of this poet, Paufajpiias, 
in his Boeotics, informs us, that his countrymen the Boeo- 
tians^ eire^led to him an image with a harp in his hand; and 
relates in another place, that there was likewife a ftatue of Hefiod 
in the temple of Jupiter Olympicus.' Urfinus and Soilfard havte 
jexhibited a breau with a head, a trunk without a head, and a 
-gem -of him ; and Urfinus fays, that there is a ftatue of brafs of 
•Wm in the public college at Conftantinople. The ** Theogony" 
•atid ** Works and Days," are the only undoubted pieces of this 
.-poetuow extaht: though it is fiippcrfed, that thefe poems have not 
^efcended perfeft and finifhed to the prefent times. The "The* 
i^ny, or-Gcneration of the Gods," Fabricius \.h] rnakes indit 
putably the work of Hefiod; ** nor is it to be doubted," adds 
ne,-^< that Pythagoras took it for his, who feigned that he Csw 
in bell the foul of Hefiod tied in chains to a .brafs 'pillar, tix 
what he had written concerning the nature of the Gods." Tha 
doubtlefs was the poem, which gave Herodotus occalion |o fay, 
that Hefi<Jd and. Momer were the firft who. introduced a Thci^ 
ogony among the Grecians; the firft who gave names to the 

, . [l] BiWioth. Graec. V. !• 

Vol. VIII. G Go*?, 



tt HESSELS. 

Godfi, alcribed to them honours and arts, and gave particular 
defcriptions of their pcrfons. The " Works and Days" of 
Hefiod, Plutarch aflures us, were ufed to be fung to the harp. 
Virgil has (hewn great refpc^l to this poet^ and taken occafion 
to pay a very high compliment to him : 

,-. ** Hos tibi dant calanbos, en accipe, MuCx, 

Afcrseo quos ante feni ; quibus ille folebat 
Cantando rigidas deducere montibus ornus," 

He was indeed much obliged to him, and propofed him as his 
pattern in his Georgics, though in truth he has greatly excelled 
him* There is alfo in the works of Hefiod a large fragment 
©f another poem, called the " Shield of Hercules," which fome 
have afcribed to hinfi, and fome l;iave reje£led. Manilius [mJ 
has given a. high charafter of this poet and his works. Hein- 

* iius in the preface to his edition of Hefiod remarks, that among 
all the poets, he fcarce knew any but Homer and Hefiod, who 
could reprefent nature in her true native drefs ; and tells us, that 
nature had begun and perfeded at the fame, time her work iq 

. thefe two poet;5, whom for that very reafon he makes no fcruple 
to call Divine. In generaU the merit of Hefiod has not been 

ceftimated fo highly ; and it is certain that, when compared with 

.Homer, he muft pafs for a very moderate poet: though in defining 
their different degrees of merit, it may perhaps be but reafonable 
to confider the different fubjefts, on which the genius of each was 

omployed. A good edition of Heflod^s works was publifhed by 
Le Clerc at Amfterdam, in 1701. Robinfon's in 4to, publiflied 
at Oxford in 1737, is alfo eileemed; but the bed at prefent is 
Loefner's in 8vo, Leipfic, 1778. 

HESSELS (John), or Heffelius, a celebrated profeffor of 
^theology at Louvain, where he was born in the year 1522. 
Being fent as a legate to the council of Trent, he greatly diftin>- 
guiihed himfelf by his profound erudition. He wa^ particu- 
larly converfant in the works of St. Auftin and St. Jerom, and 
Was more remarkable for judgement than for eloquence. After 
having been afllii^ed by the {lone, he died of an apoplexy at the 
^.early age of 44, in the year 1566, and was buried in the church 
<if St. Peter at Louvain, of which he was a canon. He wrote 
a great number of controverfial works againft the proteftant^, 
which in his time were much efteemed, Alfo, i. " Com- 
mentaries on St. Matthew, and feveral of the Epiftles." 2. ** A 
famous Catechifm," containing a vaft mafs of moral and theolo- 
gical learning. His epitaph &ys, ** H«refes fuo tempore graf- 
iantes turn vWi voce, tum editis libris ftrenue profligavit." "The 
hcrefies which were fpreadihg in his time he (toutly defeate4 

[m] In Ailrooom* 

kanh 



H E V E L I U S. 8| 

both by fpeeches and books/' Which means no more than th^^t 
he wrote ablv againft the reformers. 

HESYCHIUS, a celebrated grammarian of Alexandria; 
ivhom Ifaac Cafaubon Vias declared to be,,in his opinion, of all 
the ancient critics, whofe remains are extant, the moft learned and 
inftrudive, for thofe who would apply themfelv^s in earned to the 
' iludy of the Greek language. Who or what Hefyjchius was, and 
indeed at what time precifely he lived, are circumftances which 
there is not light enough in antiquity to determine; as Fabri# 
cius himfelf owns [n], who has laboured abundantly about thenti. 
He has left us a learned lexicon or vocabulary of Greek words, 
from which w^ipay perceive, that he was a Chriftian, or, at leaft, 
that he had a thorough and intimate knowledge of Chriftianity ; 
for he has inferted in his work the names of the apoftles, evan* 
gelifts, and prophets, as well as of thofe ancient writers who 
have commented upon them. Some fav, that he was a difcipio 
of Gregory of Nazianzen, and that he was extremely well 
yerfed in the Sacred Scriptures: and Sixtus Sinenfis is of opi^ 
nion that he ought to be placed about the end of the fourth ccn^ 
tury. The firft edition of Hefychius's lexicon was pullfhed in . 
folio byv Aldus at Venice in 151 3 ; then appeared one by Schre# 
velius, at Leyden in 4to, in 1668, in Greek only. The befli 
edition is in two volumes, folio ; the firft publifhed by Alberti al 
JL^eyden in 1746; the ftcond, completed by Ruhnkenius, after 
the death of Alberti, and publiflied in 1766. This is a com- 
plete and excellent edition, abounding in learned and ufeful 
^otes. It is reckoned one of the beft editions exifting of any 
ancient author. But, after all the labours of the acuteft men, 
much yet remains to be correfted and difcovered in this work. 

Julius Scaliger has fpoken with great contempt of Hefychius. 
and calls him a frivolous author, who has nothing that is good 
in him: " but," fays Baillet, " I believe this critic i$ very An- 
gular in his' opinion. His fon Jofeph on the contrary declares, 
that Hefychius is a very good author, thoygh we have nothing 
left of him but an epitome, and though his citations are loit 
beyond recovery. Merig Cafaubon alfo eftcems him a moft 
excellent grammarian ; and Menage calls him the mod learned 
pf all the makers of diilionaries. Well therefore might Bar- 
thiu» pronounce it as he does, a moft unpardonable crime [ol* 
in him who took upon him to epitomize Hefychius, and to (e- 
parate from the vocabulary the teftimonies of ancient authors." 

HEVELIUS (JoHNJ, or Hevelke, a celebrated aftroopme^ 
and mathematician, was born at Dantzick, Jan. 28, 161 1. Hi< 
parents, who w^re of rank and fortune, gave him a liberal edu- 
cation; in which he difcovered early a propenfity to natural 

[v] BiUlothr Qrcc* IV* f. 540, Ire.. [oj Jii^emens Uca Sjawnt, Tom. Ilf 

C z philofophy 



§4 H E V E L I U S. 

philofophy and aftrcnoriiy. He ftudied mathematics under Peter 
Crugerus,. in which he made a wonderful progrefs; and learned 
itfo to draw, to engrave, and to work both in wood and iron in 
fuch a manner, as to be able to frame mechanical inftmments. 
In 1630, he fet out upon his travels, in which he fpent four 
years, paffing through HolFand, England, France, 'and Germany ; 
and upon his return was fo taken up with civil affairs, that he 
Was obliged to intermit his ftudies for fome years. Mean while, 
liis matter Cnjgcpus, knowing well the force of his genius, and 
entertaining no fmall expeftations from him, ufed all the means 
lie could devife to bring him back to aftronomy ; and fucceeded 
to well, that, in 1639, Hevelins began to apply himfelf entirely 
to it. He confidered very wifely, that hypothefes, however they 
inay'flicw the ingenuity of their inventors, are of but little ufe 
]in the promotion of real knowledge ; and that fafts are the orily 
jfbundation, on which any fdid fcience can be raifed. He there- 
fore began his application by buifding an obfervatory upon the 
top of his houfe, which he furniflied with inftruments^for mak- 
ing the moft accurate obfervations. He conftrufted excellent 
jtelefcopes* himfelf, and'begari his obfervations with the moon, 
jwhqfe various phafes and fpots he noted very accurately; ** with 
ja view,** as he fays, " of taking lunar eel ipfes with greater ex- 
adnefsfp], and removing thofe difficulties, which frequently 
jarife for want of being able to fettle more precifely the quan- 
tity of an eclipfe.'" When he had finiOied his courfe of obfer- 
'vations, and prepared a great nurrtber of fine engravings upon 
copper with his own hands, he publiflied his work at Dantzick, 
^047, under the title of, " Selenographia, five, Lunae defcriptio; 
^tque accurata tarn macularnm ejus quam motuum diverforum, 
Jaliarumque omnium vicifTitudinum phafiumque, telefcopii o^e 
'deprehenfarum, delineatio :'* to which he added, by way of ap- 
pendix, the phafes of the oth€r> planets, as they are feen through 
.the telefcope, with obfervations upon them, upon the fpots Of 
.the Sun and Jupiter in particular; all engraved by brmfeif upon 
,cojpper, and di(lin6lly placed before the eyes of the reader. At 
•the entrance of this work there is a handfome mezzotinto of 
Tiinifelf by Falek, as he then was in his 36th year, with an en- 
comium in Latin verfc engraved under it ; which, as we take it 
to contain no more than is ftriftly due to his merit, is here 
'given for the entertainment of the reader: the verfes are baWi 
.cxiough, but the compliment was well deferved: 

** Contemplare yirum, qui coeli fydera primus, 
, .,,. Quae vidit, fculpGt; mente raanuque valens* 
JHadenus ut nemo: quodteftareris, Alhafen ; 

Si ill vivis effes, tu, Galilaee, quoque, 

• ExprefliLxiCBU) Faleki celebecfima dextra 

Hevelium, patriae nobile fidus humi/' 

[p] VrgtCxt, aa Sclenograp, AftCt 



HEVELIUS. g| 

After this, Helvetjus continued to make his obfervatiofts upon. t}>^ 
heavens, and to publifli, from time to time, whjitcver he though^ 
oight tend to the advancement of aftronomy. In 1654, he 

. jjubUChed two epiftles : one to the famous aftronomer Ricciolu^ 
*^ De motu Lun^ libratorio ;** another to the no lefs famou| 
Bulialdus, " De utriufque luminaris defedu " In 1656, a dif? 
fertation *^ De natura Saturni faciei, ejufque phifibiis certa pe^ 
riodb xedeuntibtjs." In 1661, *« Mercurius in fole vifus/* I^ 
1662, <* Hlftoriola de nova ftella in collo Ceti." In 16651 
** Prodromus Goraeticus, or the Hiftory of a Comet, whjch ap-^ 
peared in 1664." In 1666, " The Hiftory of another. ComcC 
which appeared in 1665;" and, in i668, ** Cometographia, co; 
snetarum naturam, & omnium a mundo condito hifto^-iam exb^r 
bens." He fent copies of this vvork to feveral men^ber^ of th^ 
Royal Society at London, and among the reft to Hooke; whon^ 
lyc mention particularly, becaufe of a very warm difpute whicfi 
this p;refent accidentally opcafioned foori after between thefe phi- 
lofophers. In return for the " Cometpgraphia," Hooke fenj 
Heveliu^ a defcription of 'the dioptric telefcoge,. with an aceouni 
of the manner of ufing it ; and at the fame time r6Commehdq4 
it to him, as greatly preferable to telefcopes with plain fights. 
This ^ve rife to the aifputc between them ; the point of whicft 
was, " whi^tb^r diftan,ces and altitudes could be t^kgri with p|ala 
fi^ts any nearer than to a minute.*' Hook^ ajTerted that they 
CQuld not; but that, with an inftrument of a fpan radiuis, by tl^ 
help of a telefcope, they might be determined to the cxaane^ 
of a fecond. Hevelius, on the other hand, infifted, that>, bv 
the advantage of a good eye and long ufe, he was able with his 
inftruments to come up even to that exa£^neis ; and appealing 
to experience and fafts, fent by way of challenge eight diftancej?^ 
each between two different ftars, to be examined by Iiooke« 
Thus the affair refted for fome time with outward decency,, bjai 
not without fome inward enmity between the parties. la 1.673. 
Hevelius publiflied the firft part of his *' Machina Coeleftis/* a« 
a fpecicnen of the exa<^ncls both of his inftruments aind ob-j 

♦ fer\^ations ; 'and fent feveral copies as prefents to his friends ic^ 
England, but omitted Hooke. Thisi it is fuppofed, occafioned 
Hooke to print, in 1674, ** Anjmadverfions on the firft part p? 
the Machina Coeleftis;" in which he treated Hevelius with a verjf 
magifterial air, and threw out feveral unhandfome refleSion^. 
which were greatly refented; and the difpute grew; afterwards Ic^ . 
public, and rofe to fuch a height, that, io 167.9, Halley went* 
at the requeft of the Royal Society, to exainine |>oth the inftru- 
ments and the obfervations made with them. Halley gavq ^ 
favourable judgement of both, in a letter tp :jH^yehys ;', an4 
Hooke rhahagedthe controverfy fo ill,"t1iat: lie was univerfally* 
iondenmejj, though^ the. pteference has/ince be^ jiYcn.tpteli^-i 
G 3 ' " fcopic 



1^ H E V E L I U S' 

fcopic (igKts, tTcvelius, however, could not be prevailed with 
\o make ufe of them: whether he thought himfelf too experi- 
enced to be informed by a young aftronomer, as he Coniidered 
Hooke; or whether, having made fo many obfervations with- 
Iplain fights, he was unwilling to alter his method, left he might 
brine their exaSnefs into queftion ; or whether, being by long 
praftice accuftomcd to the ufe of them, and not thoroughly appre- 
f^ending the ufe of the other, nor well underftanding the difference, 
i$ Uncertain. Befides THatley's letter, Hevelius received many 
ethers in hjs favour, which he took the opportunity of inferring 
among the aftronomical obfervatioris in his " Annus Climadie* 
ricus," printed in 1685. In a long preface prefixed to thii 
1»^crk, he fpoke with more confidence and greater indignation 
than he had done before; and particularly exclaimed againft 
Hooke'S dogmatical and magifterial manner of aflTumine a kind 
6f diStztOTwip over hirn. This revived the difpute; and caufed 
feveral learned meh to engage in it. The book itfelf being fent 
to the Royal Society, an account was given of it at their requeft 
by Dr. Wallis; who, amonjg othef things took notice, that 
•* HeveUus*S obfervations had been mifreprefented, fince it ap- 
ptZTcd from this book, that he could diftinguifh by plain fights 
to a fmall part of a minute.** About the fame time, Molyneux 
alfo wrote a letter to the fociety, in vindication of Hevelius 
againft Hooke 's " Anirtiadverfions." Hoofee drew up an an* 
fwer to this letter, which was read likewife before the fociety; 
wherein he obferved, *' that he was not the aggreflbr, and denied 
that he had intended to depreciate Hevelius." 

In 1679, Hevelius had publiflied the fecond part of hh 
*' Machina Coeleftis.;" but the fame year, while he was at a feat 
in the country, he had the misfortune to have his houfe at Dant- 
Jiick burnt down. By this calamity he is faid to have fuftained 
fevei'al thoufand pounds damage ; having not only his obfervatory 
and all his valuable inftruments and aftronomical apparatus de- 
ftroyed, but alfo a great number of copies of his " Machinal 
Coeleftis;'* which accident has made this fecond part very fcarce,^ 
and confequently very dear. In 1690, were publifhed a defcrip-*'** 
lion of the heavens, called, " Firmamentum Sobiefcianum,** in 
honour of John III. king of Poland; and ** Prodromus aftro- 
J^omias, ic siovx tabular folares, una cum catalogo fixarum,'* 
in which he lays dowh the neCeflary preliminaries for taking an 
exaft catalogue of the ftars. Both thefe works however were 
fofthumons; for Hevelius died January 28, 16871 which was 
the day of his birth, on which he entered upon his 77th year. 
He was a man greatly efteemed by his countrymen, not only on 
account of hisJkiil in aftronomy, but as an excellent and worthy 
snagtftrate. He was made a burgomafter of Dantzick ; which 
eftcc he is (aid to have txecuted with the utmoft integrity and 

applaiife. 



HEUSINGER. "87 



^pplaufe. He was alfo very highly efteemed by foreigners; an(| 
not only by foreigners (killed in aftrdnomy and the fciences, but 
by foreign princes and potentates : as appears abundantly cvidenf 
from a colleftion of their letters, which were printed at Dant* 
zicjk in 1683. 

HEURNIUS (John), a celebrated phyfician, born at Utrecht 
in 1543. After having made himfelf mafter of every thing bc^ 
longing to his art at Louvain, Paris, Padua, Turin, he was in-, 
vited to Leyden to be profeflbr there. He is faid to have becrt 
the firft in this place who taught anatomy by leftures upon humaii 
foodies. He died of the ftone in i6oi. There are feveral of his 

Jrodu£i:ions extant, but the moft capital is, " A Treatife upoii 
)iforders of the Head.** It is, fays Julius Scaliger, "as much 
fuperior to his other works, as the head is fuperior to other parts 
of the body ;" but Scaliger's praifes as well as hiscenfqres were 
for the moft part extravagant. Heurnius publifhed Hippocrateg 
in Greek and Latin, with explanatory commentaries, which have 
Undergone many editions: the fourth was at Amfterdam, 1688, 
in i2mo. Gerrard Voflius calls him fummum Medicum; and 
fays, that he was his mafter in Jcientta natnrali. His works 
were publifhed in ^folio at Leyden in 1658. He had a fon named 
Otto, who alfo obtained fome celebrity* 

HEUSINGER, (John Michael}, a celebrated Saxon di- 
vine and fcholar, was born in September, 1690, at Sundcrhaufen 
in Thuringia [qJ. He ftudied at home and at Gotha, whea 
having determined for the ckrical profeflion, he removed in 
1708 to Halle. Hertce, after a ftort ftay, he went to Jena, 
where he purfued his theological ftudies under the celebrated 
Buddeus, and his' philological under Danzius. Iii 171 1, he re- 
turned to Halle ; but, being obliged by ill health to change the 
air, he took a literary tour to Eifcnach, Caflel, Marpurg, and' 
Gieflen. At the latter of thefe places he fettled, and took ptipiU* 
in 1715 ; but in 1722, undertook the care of a fchool at llau- 
bach. In 1730 he was appointed a profeflbr at Gotha, where 
he remained til! 1738, when by particular invitation he gave up 
that fituation for a fimilar one of more prpfit at Eifenach. Heu-' 
finger was married, and had a fon and two daughters. He died itf 
March,' 1 75 1 . This philologer is highly praifed by his biographer 
for learning, piety, good temper, and found judgement. He 
publifhed feveral editions of claffical books; as, ** Julianas Cse-* 
fars," with notes, GotHa, 1736. " ^fop's Fables," in Greek; 
"Ph^drus." "Three Orations of Cicero,'* " ComcHits Nepos,**' 
Eifenach, 1747, and others ; befides feveral valuable editions of 
modern philological works. 'His original prcduAioni cdnfift 

[<^1 Hailei^e Vilis Phllo). noftr* «t. el^riff. Tom. I. ' ' \ 

* G 4 c>iie9y 



chiefly of stcadetnicalprolufioAs aad difputations^ of which hiji 
biographer gives a long lift, 

, HEUSINGER (James FRBDERfCKJ, was a nephew of the 
iqxm^Vy under vvhom he made his principal Audits at Gotha [yc^ 
Re was born in 1719, at Ufingen in Wetteravia, near Eifenach; 
aind, when prepared by bis uncle for academica^l le^ores, com* 
pletjjd bis education at Jena. There, after fome time, he begaa 
to teach philology, and continued his leftufes for fix vears; but: 
in 1750 removed to Wolfenbuttel, where he was at nrft fecond 
ipafterof the principalfchool ; but in 1759 became head maftcr. 
Thefe fituations he filled with thegreateft credit; being a good 
grammarian, a/ound critic, and an admirable interpreter of 
Orcek and Latin authors. He died in 1778, having made hinfe- 
felf famous by feveral very learned publications ; irhe chief of 
>y.hich are, i* " A Speciq^ien of ObfervatioAS on the Aj^x ana 
]pie6lfa of Sophocles," 1746, at Jena. 2. " An edition of Plu* 
tirch on Education, with the Verfion of X^aader correftedt 
and his own Annotations,*' Leipfic, 174^. This trafl:, how^ 
ever, Wyttenbach pronounces to be one of thofe that are falfel^ 
Ulcribed to Piutardi. 3^ " Flavii Mallii Theodorir, de metri* 
fiber v" from old mamifcriptis, This wa-s printed in- 4tQ> at 
Wolfenbuttel, in 1759. J. F. Hciifin^r was twice niarrif^ 
. and left a fon,* who is alfo a man of learning. 

HEYLIN (Dr. Peter), an Englifh divine, dcfcended from 
an ancient familjr at Pentric-Heylin in Mbnt^omcryfliire, was 
bora at Burford in Oxfordfhire, Nov. 29, 1600 [s]. In 1613, 
ne was entered of Hart- hall in Oxford, and two years afte^ 
chofen a demy of Magdalen college. He had> while at fchool^ 
given a fpecimen of his genius for dramatic poetry, in a tragi* 
comedy on the wars and fate of Troy; ananow compofed a 
'tragedy, entitled, " Spurius,** which was fo approved by his fo* 
ciety, that the prefident, Dr. Langton, ordered it to be afted In 
Sis apartments. After this, he' read cofmographical leAiyes ia 
the college, which being a. very unufual thing, and he very con* 
V;erfant in that branch of fctence, fo much recommended him to» 
the fociety, that He was chofen fellow in. 161:9. In 1621, he 

fblithed his ** Kficfocofmus, or Defcription of the World;'* 
ichief materials of which were the kftures juft mej:\tioned» 
was <Xniverfa}ly approved, and fo fpcedily fold, that, in 1624,- 
it wts-reprinted ita the feme fize, but with confiderable additions^ 
smd again pf»^fentcd to pjiuce Charles, to whom it had been de— 
ihcated; It was foon after put into the hands of the kiqg, who>' 
l^m^d at firrf greatly pleafed with- it; till meeting with a pafw 
Ufg/i 'm it, wheare fleylin gave precedency to the French king^ 



K 



Attu OxQA» Barnard's Life of HeyUn, p. 7f. ' ' 

and 



/ I 

Mi4 ftyl^d £raace tk^ mgco ftmoui^ kiqg(iQ«i, he'toQk fi^ much 
offence, that hp ordqre^ tbe lor4*"keepcr to iupprcfs the boolR 
Vkyixi^f, to make his peac« with the king, decUrcd thai the 
error, in one of the exc;cgtk)nablp jpajlages^ wzb entirely tht 
pxiotcr'Srf who had put ;> inftead qt wj^; and that when kf 
mmielf taentioned the precedency, of ^ France before EoglaoJ> 
bf did not fpe^k of England^ a3 it then (lpo4 augmented by 
Scotland, and befides be took wiuti he did fay from Caaiden't 
Remains. James was hereby f^tUfied, and Hfiylia tocj; canei, 
GO th^ qthex bandj that the whole claufe, whi((h gave fo o^ucilL 
4if|^ifl^ ftkould be left ouJt in all future imprefllons. The WQifc 
tya& afierwards fuccefEvely enlarged^ till it became a g£«at fglioi 
and* has.fince been often reprinted in tliat Hze. 

In i6iJ5, he went over to France, where he continued abqi^ 
jBx: weeks, and took down in writing an aqcountof his journey; 
the original manufcript of which he gave to hi$ friend lord Dan- 
vers, bnt kept a copy for himfelf, which was publiihed about 
y> ye^rs after. In April, 1627, he anfwered, fro fcrmay upoii 
ihefe two qijieilions : i . " An ecclefia unquam fuerit invifibilis?" 

. ^* Whether the church was ever invifible?" 2. " An eccle* 
Ca poflit trrajre?" ** Whether the church can ej:r ?** both 
which determining in the affirmative, a great clapiour was raife4 
ag^nfi him as a papift, or at leafl a favourer of popbry. Woo4 
fays, tha^ Prideaux; the divinity-profeflpr, " fell foul upon him 
for it, c^ling him Bellarminian, Pontifician, , and I know npt 
what." Heylin was not eafy under the charge of being po- 
pilkly aife£led; foir which reafon, to clear himfclf from that 
imputation, he took an opportunity, in preaching before th^ 
king on John ivr 20. of declaring vehemently againft fome of 
the errors and corruptions of the Romifli chuTch. In 1628, 
lor^ Oativers, then earl of Danby, recommended him to Laudi 
then bifliop of Bath and Wells \ by whofe intereft alfo, in 16291 

- he was made one of the chaplains in ordinary to his* maj<ifty. 
On AQ-Sunday 1630, he preached before the. univerfity of 
Oxford at St. Mary's on Matth, xiii. 25. whence he took oc- 
cafion to deliver his fentiments very freely in regard to an a^air 
which at firft fight had a fpecious appearance of promoting the 
honour and emolument of the ecclcliaftical flate, but was in' 
reality a mofi iniquitous fcheme, injurious to the laity, and 
of no fervice where it was pretended to avail. This was a 
feoSincnt^ that fome dedgning perlbns had obtained, for the 
buying in of impropriations; but Heylin, feeing through tho 
dilgvife, cxpofed very cfearly the knavery of .the defigners. 
About this time he refigned his fellowlhip, having been married 
near two years.; in concealing which marriage he a£ted very 
imftatutabhr, not to fay diibofieftly, nor didiiu: fiicnd* attempt 
to juiiify nim for U. 

In 



si 



H E Y L IN. 



In 1-631, he publiflicd his " Hiftory of that moft fatnons 
Sftint and Soldier of Jefus Chrift, St. George of Cappadocia^ 
fcc. to which he fubjoined, the Inftitution of the moft Noble 
Order of St. George, named the Garter ;*' &c. which work he 
prefented to his majefty, to whom he was introdticed by Laud, 
then laifed to the fee of London. It was gracioufly received by 
the king, and Heylin foon after reaped the fruits of it : for in 
Oft. 1 63 1 he was prefented to the reflory of Heramingford in 
•Huntingdonihire, to a prebend of Weftminfter in November fol- 
lowthg) and (hortly after to the reSory of Houghton in the bi- 
fbopric of Durham, worth near 400I. per annum, in April 1633, 
he was created D. D. and gave frefh offence to the divinity-pro- 
feflbr Prideaux by the queftions he put up ; which were, i . " W he- 
ther the church hath authority m determining controverfics of 
faith?" 2. "Whether the church hath authority of interpreting 
the Sacred Scripttires?** 3. " Whether the church hath authority 
6f appointing rites and ceremonies?" Of all \yhich he main* 
tRined the alffirmative. Prideaux, however, in the courfe of this 
difpute, is faid to have laid down fome teuets, which gave as 
much offence to Laud, who was chancellor of Oxford, and to 
the king, whom Laud informed of theni, as Heylin's'had given 
to him ; as, " That the church was a mere chimera"-r-** That it 
did not teach nor determine any thing." — " That controverfics 
had better be referred to univerfities than to Tthe church, and 
might be decided by the literati there, even though bifhops were 
laid afide." Heylin afterwards found an opportunity of re* 
vcnging himfclf on Prideaux, for the rough treatment he had 
received from him. This divine, we are told, had delivered a lec- 
ture on the fabbath, fomewhat freer than fuited the rigid orthor 
doxy of the times ; of which, however, not nauch notice was 
taken* But fhorily after, when the king, by publifhing the 
book of fports on Sundays, had raifed a violent outcry through- 
out the nation againft himfelf and Laud, Heylin tranflated this 
leflure into Englifh, andpubliihed it with a preface in 1633-4, 
to the great vexation of Prideaux, who hereby fuffered much 
in the efteem and affcdion of the puritans. 

Williams, bifhop of Lincoln and dean of Weftminfter, hav- 
ing incurred the king's and Laud's difpleafure, was now fuf- 
pended and imprifoned, whereupon Heylin was made treafurer 
of the church of Weftminfter in 1637 ; and was alfo p;-erented 
by the prebendaries, his^ brethren, to the reftory of Iflip near 
Oxford. This he exchanged in 1638, for that of South- Warn- 
borough in Hampfhire ; and the fame year was made one of the 
juftices of the peace for that county. In 1639, he was em- 
ployed by Laud to tranflate the Scotch liturgy into Latin ; and 
was chofenby the celkge-oif Weftminfter their clerk, to repre- 
fent them in convocation. But the feafop wa» cooJmng on, when 

men 



tlEYLlN. ^i 

Iheh of his principles had reafon to be afraid. A cloud was gsi«* 
thered, which threatened to overwhelm all who, like him, had 
diftinguifhed themfelves as champions for royal or ecclefiadicat 
prerogative. To fhelter himfelf therefore from the impending 
ftorm, he withdrew from the metropolis, where he had long bafkel 
in the fun-(hine of a court, to his parfonagc ; but not thinking him- 
felf fecure there, retreated foon after to Oxford, then garrifonei 
by the king, and the feat of his refidcnce. On this the parlia- 
ikient voted him a delinquent, and difpatched an order to their 
committee at PortfmoiJth, to fequeftcr his whole eftate, and 
fcize upon his goods. In confeqUtnce of this feverc decree, he 
tvas deprived of his moft curious and valuable library, it being 
carried with his houlhold furniture to that town, fie was em- 
J>loyed by the king at Oxford to write a periodical paper, whicb 
Was publifhed weekly in that city, entitled " Mercurius Auli- 
<njs;" but in 1645, when the king's aiFairs became defperate, and 
the ** Mercurius Aulicus" no longer fupportcd, he quitted Ox- 
fordi and wandered from place to place, himfelf and his fami!/ 
reduced to the utmoft ftraits. At Winchefter he ftayed for a 
while with his wife, &c. but that city being at length delivered 
up to the parliament, he was forced to remove again. In 1648, 
he went to Minfter-Lovel in Oxfordfhire, the feat of his elder 
brother, which he farmed for the fix or feven years following 
of his nephew colonel Heylin, and fpent much of his time in 
IVriting. On quitting this farm, he went to Abingdon in Berk<!> , ' 

fhire, where he alfo employed himfelf much in compofing trea- 
tifes, which he publifhed from time to time* Upgn the Kefto- 
ration of Charles II. he was reftored to all his fpiritualities, 
and undoubtedly expefted from that prince fome very eminent 
dignity in the church, as he had heroically exerted himfelf in 
behalf of it, as well as of the crown ; and endured fo much cm 
that account, during their fufFering condition. Here, however, 
he was utterly difappointed^ being never rai fed above the fub- 
deanery of Wcftminfter. This was matter of great vexation to 
him, and of wonder to many others, who did not fufficiently 
confider the qualities of the man ; which though well fuited to 
the tool* of a party, wefe not the fitted recommendations to pre- 
ferment, or mofk proper for an eminent ecclefiaflicat flation. 
He died May 8, 1662, and was interred before his own flail, 
within the choir of the abbey. 

Wood has given the charafter of him, and tells us, that he 
was *' a perfon endowed with fingular gifts, of a Iharp and 
pregnant wit, folid and clear judgement. In his younger years 
he was accounted an excellent poet, but very conceited and prag- 
matical ; in his elder, a better hiftoriait, a noted preacher, and a 
ready extemporaneous fpeaker. He had a tenacious memory i 

b a miracle. He yr^s % bold and undaunted man among his i 

friends 



9> HEY WO 6 b. 

£pt«n<Js,aiid foes, though of -a^ very- mean port and prefoncc ; ,and 
Ijherefore by (omc of them he was accounted too high andprouq 
|or his funSion. A conftant affertor of the church's right and 
tiiie king's prerogative ; a fevcre and vigorous pppofer of rebels 
^drchirmatic3. In fome things too much a party-man to be 
^hiftorian, and equally an enemy to popery and puritanifm.** 
Jlis. writings are numerous, but not very valuable; and altnoft 
the only work by Which he is at prefent known, is his " Cof- 
iROgraphyy". which, however, is in no very high efteem, being 
luperfeded by publications abundantly fuperior in the kind. 

HAYWOOD (John), an admired Englifc poet and jefter of 
ijustime, was born in London, and educated at Oxford : but th^ 
jl^verity of an acadi^mical life npt fuiting his gay and airy tein- 
jer, be retired to his i^ative placp, and became known to all the 
Xficn of wit, and efpecially to fur Thomas More,, vith whom Tic 
waj5 very familiar. He was one of the firft who wr9te Englift^ 
plays ; and is said to have been very well (killed ia vocal antf in- 
flruniental mufic. He found means to become a favourite with 
llenry VIII. and was well rewarded bv that monarch, for ther 
fiirth and quicknefs of his conceits. He wa3 aftervKards equall]^ 
valued by queen Mary, and had often the honour to difplay hi^ 
•^it and humour before her; which he diJ, it feems^ ^veh wher» 
ihe lay languifbing on her death-bed. After jhe deceafe of thatf 
princefs, being a bigoted papifl, and finding the proteftant reli- 
gion likely to prevail under queen Elizabethj he e^itered intp. 
a voluntary exile, and Went and fettled at Mechlin in Brabant, 
ti^here he died in 1565. He wrote feveral plays; " A Dialogue 
in. verfe concerning Engllfli Proverbs;" "500 Epigrams;" 
" The 3pider and Fly, a Parable, 1556," in a pretty thick 410. 
f cfore the title of this laft work is his figure given, from head 
to foot, printed from a wooden cut, with a fur gown, on his 
head a round cap, his chin and lips clofe fhaved, and a dagger 
hanging at his girdle. There are 77 chapters in this work, atthc 
ginning of each of which is the portrait of the author, either 
ftanding or fitting before a (able, with, a book on itj and a win- 
dow near it hung round with gobwebs, flies, and fpiders. 
What would the prefent age fay of an author,, whofe bopk 
Ihould be fo fiill of himfelf ? He left two fons, bot^l eminent 
men : the eldeft of whom, Ellis Heywood, was born in Lon- 
don, and educated at All-fouls-college in Oxford, of which he 
waseleded fidlc^w in 1547- Afterwards he travelled into France 
and Italy; continued fome dme at Florence, under the patron* 
age of cardinal Pole ; and became fuch an exaft mafter of the 
Italian tongue, that he wrote a book in that language, entitledj^ 
*' II Moro,V 8vo, Fiienzp. 1556. He then went to Ar^twerp>' 
and thence tp Lpuyain, wliere he died in the 12th year after his 
entrance into the fociety of the Jefuits; which was about 1572J 
^5 HEYWOOD 



HEY WOOD. ^1 

HEYWOOD (Jasper), the younger fon of John aboyemcn- 
tioned, was born in London about 1535, and educated at Merton- 
college in Oxford ; of which he was chofen fellow, bat obliged 
to refign, for fear of expulfion, on account of his immoralities, i|k 
1558. He was then elefted fellow of All-fouls, but left the urii* 
verfity, and foon after England. In 1561, he became a popifh 
prieft^ and jhe year after, being at Rome, was entered among th« 
'Jcfuits. After he had paffed two years in tLe ftudy of divinity, hb 
-was fent to Dilingin Switzerland; whence being called away by 
pope Gregory Xill. in 158 1, he was fent into Enghnd, where he 
was appointed provmcial of the Jcfuits. After many peregrina- 
tions, he died at Naples in 1597. Before he left England the firft 
time, he trariflatcd three tragedies of Seneca; and wrote ** Variotis 
•Poems and Devices ;" fome of which are printed in a book, 
entitled, " The Paradife of Dainty Devices, 1573," 4^^* 

HEYWOOD (Thomas), an ador, and a writer of plays, 
in the reigns of queen Elizabeth, James I. and Charles I. fejs 
not had the time of his birth and death recorded. Winftanley 
Tays, he was one of the moft voluminous writers of his age: and, 
in a preface to orie of his plays, he tells us, that it wasonc pre* 
ferved out 6f 22o ; of which number only 24 now remain. He 
tKfplayedtnuch learning in his " ASor's Vindication ;" but what 
tank he held on the ftage none of his biographers have informed 
us. Langbajne obferves of him, that he was a general fcholar 
and tolerable linguift, as his tranflations from Lucian, Erafmus, 
and from other Latin as well as Italian authors, fufficiehtly 
fhew: the wits and poets, however, have always held him 
cheap. 

HEYWOOD (Eliza), a moft voluminous female writer, 
•was the daughter of a tradefman in London, and died in 1756, 
aged about 63. Her genius leading her to novel-writing, Ihfe^ 
tf)ok Mrs. Mauley's " Atalantis" for her model, and produced 
" The Court of Ariman;a," " The New Utopia," with other 
pieces of a like kind. The loofenefs of thefe work$ were the 
oftenfible reafon of Pope for putting her into his " Ehinciad;*' 
but it is moft probable, that fome provocation of a private and per- 
fonal nature was the real motive to it. She feemed, however, to 
be convinced of her error ; fince, in the numerous volumes ftfe 
publfftied afterwards, ftie generally appealed a votary of virtue, 
and prelerved more puritv and delicacy of fentiment. Her 
latter writings are,,i. "The Fenriale Speflator," 4 vols. 2. 
«* Epiftles for the Ladies," 2 vols. 3. " Fortunate Foundling," 
1 vol. 4. ** Adventures of Nature^' i vol. 5. " Hiftory of 
Betfey Thoughtlefs," 4 vols. 6. ** Jentiy and Jemmy Jeflamy," 
3 vols. 7. "^Invifible Spy," 2 vols. 8, " Hufl)and and Wife," 
a vols, all in limo ; and a pamphlet, entitled, ** A'Plrefent for 
a SeifvanrMald," - 

•When 



94 H I C K E S. 

When young, fhe attempted dramatic poetry, but with no 

treat fuccefs; none of her plays being either much approved at 
rft, or revived afterwards. She had alfo an inclination for the 
theatre as a performer, and viras on the ftage at Dublin in 1715. 
Jt would be natural to impute gallantry to fuch a woman, yet 
nothing criminal was ever laid to her charge. On the contrary, 
ihe is reprefented as not only good«natured, affable, lively, and 
entertaining, but as a woman alfo of flridt decorum, delicacy, and 
prudence ; whatever errors, from a gaiety and vivacity of fpirit, 
flie might have committed in her younger years. 

HICKES (George), an Englifli divine, of uncommon'abili- 
ties and learning, was born June 20, 164a, at Newfham in York^ 
ihire, where his parents were fettled on a very large farm* He was 
fen t to the grammar-fchool at North AUerton, and thence in 1659, 
to St. Johh's-college in Oxford. Soon after the RefVoration, he 
removed to Magdalen-college, from thence to Magdalen-hall ; and 
at length, in 1664, was chofen fellow of Lincoln-coHege, taking 
the degree of M. A. the year after. June 1666, he was admitted 
into orders, became a public tutor, and difcfaarged that office with 
great reputation, for feven years. Being then in a bad flate of 
health, he was advifed to ramble about the country: upon which 
fir George Wheeler, who had been his pupil, and hadconc^ve4 
a filial aifedion for him, invited him to accompany him in his 
travels. They fet out in 0£l. 1673, and made the tour of 
France ; after which they parted, Hickes being obliged to return 
to take his degree of B. D. At Paris, where he ftaid a confix 
derable time, he became acquainted with Mr. Henry Juftell, 
who in confidence told him many fecret affairs; particularly that 
of the intended revocation of the edi£t of Nantes, and of a de- 
fign in Holland and England to fet ailde the family of the Stuarts* 
lie committed to him alfo his father's MS. of the *< Codex 
canonum ecclefiae univerfalis/' to be prefented in his name tpf 
the univerfity of Oxford. 

After his return home, in May, 1675, he took the degree 
jufl mentioned, being about that time rector of St. Ebbe^s 
church in Oxford; and, in Sept. 1676, was made chaplain to the 
duke of Lauderdale. In May 1677, ^'^ grace being to be made 
high-commifFioner of Scotland, took his chaplain with him into 
that kingdom ; and, in April 1678, fent him up to court, with 
Di;. Burnet, archbifhop of Glafgow, to lay before the king the; 
proceedings in Scotland. He returned the month following, 
and was defired by Sharp, archbp. of St. Andrew's, to accept 
the degree of D. D. in t^iat univerfity, as a teflimony of his 
and his country's great efteem for him, whigh requefl the duke 
of Lauderdale approving, Hickes was dignified in a full convo* 
cation : and aftervvards, when he returned with his patron into 
England, the afchbiihop, in his own name, and that of all his 

brethrenj 



HICKES. 95 

brethren, prefentedhitn with i8 volumes of Labbe's << Coun* 
cik," as an acknowledgement of his fcrvices to that church. 

In Sept. 1679, he married; and, Dec. following, was created 
D. D. at Oxford. In March, 1679*80, the king promoted him 
to a prebend of Worceftcr: and, in Auguft, he was prefented 
by Sancroft, archbifliop of Canterbury, to the vicarage of All- 
hatlows Barking, near the Tower of London. In Dec. 1681, he 
was made chaplain in ordinary to the king ; and, in Aug. 1683, 
dean of Worcefter. The bifhopric of Briftol was vacant the 
next year, and Hickes, it is faid, might have had it if he would : 
but, miffing his opportunity, the king died, and he loft his proC- 
pe^ of advancement ; for though his church principles were 
very high, yet he had diftinguiihed himfelf too much by his zeal 
againft popery, to be any favourite with James II. In May, r 686, 
he left the vicarage of Barking, and went to fettle on his dean- 
ery ; the bifhop of Worcefter having offered him the rcftory of 
Ail-church, not far from that city, which he accepted. 

Upon the Revolution in 1688, Dr. Hickes with many others^ 
re&hng to take the oaths of allegiance, fell under fufpenllon in 
Augufi, 1689, and was deprived the February following. He con- 
tinued, however, in pofleffion till the beginning of May ; when 
reading in the Gazette, that the deanery of Worcefter was granted 
to Talbot, afterwards biftiop of Oxford, Salift)ury, and Durham 
fucceffively, he immediately drew up in his own hand-writing a 
claim of right to it, dire&ed to all the members of that church; 
and, in 1691, affixed it over the great entrance into the choir, 
that none of them might plead ignprance in that particular. 
The earl of Nottingham, then fecretary of ftate, called it " Dr. 
Hickes's Manifefto againft Government;" and it has fmce been 
publiffied by Dr. Francis Lee, in the appendix to his " Life 
of Mr. Kettlewell," with this title,. " The Proteftation of Dr. 
George Hickes, and Claim of Right, fixed up in the Cathedral 
Church of Worcefter." Expefting hereupon the refentment of 
the government, he privately withdrew to London, where he 
abfconded for many years; till. May 1699, when lord Somers^ 
then chancellor, out of regard to his uncommon abilities, pro- 
cured an zSt of council, by which the attorney-geneml was or- 
dered to caufe a Noli Profequi to be entered to all proceedings 
againft him. 

' Soon after their deprivation, archbp. Sancroft and his col- 
leagues began to confider about luaintaining and continuing the 
epifcopal Aicceffion among thofe who adhered to them ; and, 
having refolved upon it, they fent Dr. Hickes pver, with a lift 
of the deprived clergy, to confer with king James about that 
matter. The doSor fct out in May, 1693, and going by the 
way of Holland^ made it fix weeks before he arrived at Sjt. 
Germains. He had feveral audiences of the king, who complied 

with 



S5 HICKES. 

with all Ire afted ; am! woold have Toon rcttrrned to England, 
but was detained feme months by an ague and fever. He af- 
tivcd in Febniary, and on the eve of St. Matthias, the confc- 
, crations wete performed by Dr. Lloyd bifhop of Norwich, Dr. 
Turner bifhop of Ely, and Dr. White bifliop of Peterborough, 
at the biftiop of Peterborough's lodgings in the Rev. Mr. Giffard's 
hoirie, Souritgate. Hickes was confecrated fuffragan bifliop of 
Thetford, and WagftafFe fuffVagan of Ipfwich: at which fo- 
lemnity Henry earl of Clarendon is faid to haye been prefent. 
it has indeed been averred, that Hickes was once difpofcri 
to take the oaths, in order to fave his preferments ; but , riiis 
is not probaWe. He was a man very ftrift in his princi- 
ples of morality; and what he was convinced was his duty, he 
clofely adhered to, choofing to fufFer any thing rather than violate 
his confcience. Some years before he died, he was grievoully 
toMiented with the ftonc ; and at length his conftitution, though 
naturally ftrong, gave way to that diuemper, Dec. 15, 1715,111 
*his 74th year. 

Ehr. Hickes was a man of tiniverfal learning ; but his temper, 
fituation, and connexions were fuch, as to fufifcr him to leave 
us but few monuments of it, that are worth remembering: fdr 
though he wrote a great deal, the greateft part confifts of con- 
troverfial nieces on politics and religion, which are generally 
thrown aude after they have been once read, and are very un- 
worthy to employ almoft the whole time of a man of real parts 
and learning, as he certainly v^s. He was particularly (kilful 
in the old Northern languages, and in antiquities, and has given 
us fome works on thele fubjefts, which will be valued when 
allTils other writings are forgotten. He was deeply read in the 
primitive fathers of the church, whom he confidered as the beft 
expofitors of Scripture; and as no one better underftood the 
ddSrine, worfhip, conltitutidn, and difcipUne of the Catholic 
church in the firft ages of Chriftianity, fo it was his utmoft 
ambition afn^ endeavour to prove thechuroh of England perfedlly 
conformable to them. 

The principal works of Dr. Hickqs afe'the three foHorvving: 
|. ** Inftitutiones Grammaticas Anglo-Sax onicas & Msefo-Go- 
thicSe. Grammiitica Iflandica JRundphi Jonae. Catalogues 
librorum Septentrionalium. Accedit £dwardi Bernardr Etymcr* 
logicum Britannicum, Oxon. 1689," 410, itifcribed to ardhbifhop 
Saneroft. While the dean was writrn^ the preface to this book, 
the(-e were great difputes in the houfe ofcommons, and throughoift 
the kingdom, about the 'original contrafft; which occafioned him 
to irifert therein the ancient coronation* oath of our Saxbn kings, 
to (hew, v;^hat was not very neccflary, that there is not the leaft 
•footftcp of any fuch cotitraS. 2. <^ Antiquse literaturas Sep- 
tentfionaUs libri duo: qttorom primus C* Hickeiii S.T.t^. 

X^inguarum 



HICKES. 



97 



Llnguarum Vetemm Septentrionalium ^faunim gmmtnatico^ 
criticum & Archaeologicum, qufdem de antiquse literatune Sep-^ 
tentrionalis utilitate diflertatioaem epiftolarum, & Andreas Foun- 
taine equitis aurati humifmata Saxonica& Dand-Saxonica, com* 
pleftitur: alter continet Humfredi War^leii librorum Vcterum 
Septentrionalium, qui in Ang^is Bibliothecis extant, catalogum 
hiftorico-cfiticum, ncc non multorum vcterum codicum Septen- 
trionalium alibi extantium notitiatn, cum totius operis fex in- 
dicibus, Oxon, ^T^S/' folio. Foreigners as wetl as EngUfh- 
men, who had any r^lilh for antiquities, have juftly admired 
this fplendid and laborious work. The great duke of Tufcany't 
envoy fent a copy of it to his mafter, which his highnefs look* 
ing into, and finding full of ftrange charaders, called a council 
of the Dottiy and commanded them to perufe and give him an 
account of* They did fo, and reported it to be an excellent 
work, and that they believed the author to be a man of a parti« 
cular head; for this was the envoy's compliment to Hickes^ 
when he went to him with a prefent from his mafter. 3. Two 
volumes of Sermons [t], moft of which were never before 

printed^ 



[t] He puUiAed alfo many fnalltr 
works* moft of them cooUnoycrfiaU The 
firft was 4. << A Letter Tent from beyond the 
Seas to one of the chief Minifters of the 
Nonconforming Party, Ike. 1674}*^ which 
vras afterwards refrlnted in 26S4, under 
the title of, « The Judgement of an an- 
onymous WriOer concerning theie follow- 
ing Particulars: firft, a Law for difsbling 
a Papift to inherit the Crown | fecondlyj 
the Execution of penal Laws againft Pro- 
teftant DifTenters ; thirdly, a Bill of Com- 
jl^rehenfion: all briefly difcufl^d in t Let- 
ttr, fent from beyond the Seas to a Dif- 
Renter ten Years ago." This letter was 
In reality an anfwci' to his elder brother 
Mr. John Hickes, a Diifenting minifter> 
bred up in Crom well's tin^e at the college 
of Dublin; whom the do€tot always en- 
ideavoured to convince of his errors* but 
without fuccefs. John perfifted in them 
to his death, and at laft fuffered from hit 
rebellion under the duke of Monmooths 
though, upon the 6o6toe*i unwearied ap- 
plication, the king would have granted 
htm his Hfe, but that he had b^en falfdy 
informed, that this Mr. Hickes was tbie 
perfon who advifed the duke of Mon- 
tnouth to take upon him the tide of king. 
5. " Ravillac Redivivus, beiijg a Narrative 
of the iace Ttial of Mr. Tames Mitchel, 
a Conventicle Preacher, who was executed 
Jan. 1 8, 1677, for an Attempt on the 
Perfon of the Axchbifliop of St. Aadrew^s* 



Vol. VIII. 



i^.» 6. « The Spirit of Popery fpea]c« 
ing out of the Mouths of fanatical l^o<- 
tedants: or> the laft Speeches of Mr* 
John Kid and Mr. John King, ewo Pref- 
byterian Minifters, who were executed for 
high Treafon at Edinburgh, on Aug. 14^ 
1679.** Thefe pieces were pubtiflted in 
1680, and they were occaftoned by his at- 
tendance on the duke of Lauderdale ia 
quality of chaplain. The fpirit of fac- 
tioOf however, made them much ready 
and did the author confiderable fervice 
with feveral great perfonaget, and even 
with the king. 7. « Jovian ^ or^ an An« 
fwer to Julian the Apoftate;* printed 
twice in 1683, 8vo. This is an ingenioua 
and Ifjarned traflin defence of paffive obe- 
dience and non-refiftance^ againft the cele* 
brated Samuel Johnfon, the author of 
«« Julian." 8. « The Cafe of Infant 
Bftptifm, 16S) }** printed in the fecond 
ToL of the " London Cafes, 1685," in 
4to. 9. <« Speculum beatae Virglnis, a 
Difcoorfe oft Luke i. 28. of the due Praife 
and Honour of the Virgin Mary, by a trae 
C«th^i€oftheChurch of England, i6l^6.** 
10. " An Apologetical Vindication of th^ 
Church of England, in Anfwer to her Ad- 
verfaries, who reproach her with the Eng- 
liiOi Herefies and Schifms, 1686," 410; 
reprinted* with many additions, a large 
preface, and an appendix of ♦< Papers re* 
lating to the Schifms of the Church of 
Komc, X706," 8vo. II. *»The cele- 



H 



brace4 



98 



HIBRO. 



printed, with a preface by Mr.. Spinckcs, i/ijr 8vo* After 
his death was publiflied pother volume of his Sermons^ ^ith 
fome pieces relating to fchifm, feparation, &c. Befides the 
ivorks enumerated here and in the note, there are many pre- 
ifaces and recommendations written by him, at the earneft re- 
iqueft of others, either authors or editors. But an account of 
thefe would be neither important in itfelf^ ntfr materially illuf- 
trative of hi^ character, 

HIERp I. king of Syracufe, whofe viflorles at the Olympic 
and Pythian gaimes were celebrated by Pindar, fucceeded his 
trother Gelort, but by no means emulated his virtijes. Though, 
towards the end of his reign, his intimacy with Simonides, 
Pindar, Epicharmua, and other learned men, whom he invited 
to his court, had confiderably foftened his manners. At firft he 



t)rated Stdry of the Theban Legion no 
Fable: id Anf^*cr to the Obje€^ions of 
pr. Gilbert Burnet'* Preface to his Tranf- 
^ation of La^iaatius de mordbos perfecu* 
torum, with fome Remarks on his Dif- 
courfe of Perfecution ;'* written in 1687, 
^nttJiDt p^bliihed till I7I4» for reafons 
given in the preface. 12. " Reflections 
upon a Letter- out ef the Country .to a 
Member of this prcfent Parliament, oc* 
cafioned by a Letter to a Member of the 
Houfe of Commons, concerning the BI- 
ifhops lately in the Tower, a^d now under 
Sufpenfion, 1689." The author of the 
letter, to which thefe reflexions are an 
anfwer, was generally prefumed to be Dr. 
Burnet; though that notion was after- 
wards contradiCled. 13. " A Letter to 
the Author of a late Paper, entitled, A 
Vindication of the Divines of the Church 
of England, &c. in Defence of the Hiftory 
of paflive Obedience, 1689." The au- 
thor of the «< Vindication" was Dr. Fow- 
ler, bifliop of Gloucefler, though his name 
tvas not to it. 14. ** A Word to the Wa- 
vering, in Anfwer to Dr. Gilbert Burnet's 
Enquiry into the prefent State of Affairs, 
1689.** 15. *< An Apology for the new 
Separation, in a Letter to Dr. Sharp, 
Archbifliop of York, &c. 169X*" 16. 
** A Vindication of fome among ourfelves 
againft the falfe Principles of Dr. Sher-* 
lock, &c. 1691." 17. Some Difcourfes 
«n Dr. Burnet and Dr. TiUotfon, occa- 
fioned by the late Funeral Sermon of the 
former upon the latter, 1695." It is rc- 
jnarkable, that in this piece Hickes has 
not fcrupled to call TiUotfon an Atheifl ; 
Which may ferve to convince the reader, 
that no talents, natural or acquired, can 
fecure a man from fanaticifm, whofe 
zeal is under no reAraint from re^fon* 



18. «* The Pretences of the Prince of 
Wates examined and rcjefted, &c. 1701.** 

19. A letter in the ** Fhilofophical Tranf- 
anions,** .entitled, '< Epiftola viii Rev. 
D. G . Hickcfii S. T. P. ad D. Hans Sloane, 
M.D. & S. R. Seer, de varia ledione in- 
fcriptionis, quae in ftatua Tagis exaratur 
per quatuor alphabeta Hetrufca/' %o» 
« Several Letters which pafled between 
Dr. G. Hickes and a Popifli Prieft, &c# 
I705." The perfon, on whofe account 
this b^ok was publiflied, was the lady 
Theophila Nelfon, wife of Robert Nelfon» 
efq} 21. " A fecond Collection ofcon- 
troverflal Letters, relating to the Church 
of England and dfe Church of Rome, as 
they pafled between Dr. G. Hickes and 
an honourable Lady, 1710." This lady 
was the lady Gratiana Carew of Hadcomb 
in Devonfliire. zz, ** Two Treatifes j 
one of the Chriflian Priefthood, the other, 
of the Dignity of the Epifcopal Or^ler, 
againft a book entitled. The Rights af 
the Chriflian Church.** The third edi- 
tion in 17119 enlarged into two volumes, 
8vo. 23. " A feafonable and modefl 
Apology in behalf of the Rev. Dr. Hlckea 
and other Nonjurors, in a Letter to Tho- 
mas Wife, D.D. 1710." 24. " A Vin- 
dication of Dr. Hickes, and the Author 
of the feafonable and modeft Apology, 
from the Refleaions of Dr. Wife, Sec* 
1712." 25. «< Two Letters to Robert 
^elfon, Efq; relating to Bifliop Bull;** 
publiflied in Builds life. 26. '* Some 
Queries propofed to civil, canon, and 
common Lawyers, 17x2;** printed after 
feveral editions, in 17 14, with another 
title, ** Seafonable Queries relating to the 
Birth and Birth-righc of a certain Per- 
fon.*' 

was 



trstf hated for his violence and avarice;; as much a&^Gdon' had 
been beloved for mildnefs and equity. His brother Thrafydasua 
he endeavotired to remove by giving him a dangerous commaadf. 
againft the Crotoniatae. Thrafydjeus, fufpeSing the defign^ 
refufed to go. Hence arofe a difagreement, and the brothet 
took refuge in the court of Theron, king of Agrigentum* Hot* 
tilities were commenced on both fides, but by the mediatioaof 
Theron, the brothers were reconciled, and peace eftablifhed. 
After the death of Theron, hU A>n and fucceflor Thralydseui 
made war againft Hiero, which, ended in the defeat and depofal 
of the former. Hiero died in 461^ A. C, and was fucceeded 
by his brother Thrafybulus* 

HIERO II. a prince of eminent virtues, and defcended froitn 
the Gelon mentioned in the preceding article* But his mother 
was of flavifti extradion, for which reafon his father Hierocles 
had once determined to expofe the child. Hiero^ as he grew 
up, wasdiftinguifhedfor a fine countenance, a graceful and robuft 
perfon, and noble ftature, with great excellence in all military 
exercifes ; he was affable and polite in converfation, of ftri(X 
integrity in bufmefs, and of great moderation in comnaand. 
For thefe merits,, he was greatly favoured and admired by Pyr- 
rhus. He was about thirty years of age when the Syracuiar* 
foldiers, without the confent of the citizens, raifed him to the 
chief command civil and military, which appointment the citir 
zens, though difpleafed at the right of nomination afllimed by 
the army, unanimoufly confirmed. Seven years after this cyGnt^ 
and in the year 068 A. C. he wa^ declared king by all the citi- 
zens of Syracufe, and afterwards by all the cities of Sicily^ thea 
in alliance againft Carthage. But foon after the Syracufans 
and Carthaginians united againft the Romans, on the brealc* 
ing out of the firft Punic war. The Roman conful Applus 
Claudius, coming into Sicily to aid the Mamertines, beueged 
by the Carthaginians in Meffina, Hiero gave him battle befbie 
that city, and performed prodigies of valour, hut could not refiff 
the fortune and courage of Ramc The Carthaginians alfb were 
defeated foon after ; and their power in Sicily was fo broken, 
that Hiero thought it prudent to make peace w:ith the Romans, 
This happened in 263 A. C. and from that time to his deaths, 
which was near 50 years, he continued the faithful friend and 
ally of Rome. He thtjs preferved his country in peace, of 
which advantage he made the wifeft and moft benevolent ufe, by 
encouraging the arts^ and endeavouring to render his people 
happy. Archimedes, the celebrated mathematician, was related 
to him, and he felt the greateft fatisfaftion in examining the 
proofs of his genius, and giving him oceaflon to difplay Xhtm^ 
Hiero was magnificent in every things in building palaces, arfe-*. 
nals^ templesj^ and ihips* Of the latter^ he cayied one to b^ 

H 2 built. 



lOO H I E R O C L C S. 

built^ v^lch for magnitude and w#rkmattfhip fur{hifled everf 
thing that was ever attempted in ancient times. It proved, how- 
ever^ too large for any port in Sicily, and he prerented it to 
Ptolemy king of. Egypt^ probably Philadelphus. Hiero died in 
the year 215, A. ۥ at the age of more than ninety ; his fubjedy 
regretted him as a father, lie was fucceeded by an unworthy 
grandfon, named Hieronymus. 

HIEROCLES; a great perfecutor of the Chriftians in the 
beginning of the fourm century, was at firft prefident of Bithy* 
nia, and afterwards governor of Alexandria: in both whicb 
fituations he aded very furiouily againft the Chriftians. Lac- 
tantius relates, that at the time he was teaching rhetoric in Bi« 
thynia, and the Chriftian church under perfecution, two authors 
fet themfelves to infult apd trample upon the truth that was op- 
preiTed. One of thefe writers was a philofopher, who managed 
10 very ill, that although he had the magiurate to fupport bis 
arguments, his work was defpifed and foon negleded. << There 
was another," fays Ladantius, meaning Hierocles, ** who wrote 
more (harply upon the fubjed. He was then one of the judges, 
and had been the chief promoter of the bloody perfecution, 
which the Chriftians fullered under the emperor Dioclefian: 
but not contented with crufbing them by his power, he endea- 
voured alfo to deftroy them' with his pen. For he compofed two 
fmall books, not indeed profefledly againft the Chriftians, left 
he ftiould feem to inveign againft them as an enemy ; but ad- 
drefled to the Chriftians, that he might be thought to advife 
them kindly as a friend [u]." Though Ladantius has not men- 
tioned the name of Hierocles in this pairage,.^et it may be put 
paft all doubt, that he meant him: for fpealcmg of this author 
a little further, he fays, << Aufus eft libros fuos nefarios, ab 
Dei hoftes (p(XaX9i9«r annotare ^" that is, he had the afliirance to 
intitle his abominable and impious books, Lovers of Troth* 
Now Eufebius wrote a book, which is ftill extant, againft thefe 
two books of Hierocles, and, together with his name, has pro- 
duced their title at full length ; Aoyoi (p^\o^K'f^^€is tspos Kpi^i^vhs 
[x], i. e. " Sermones veri amantes ad Chriftianos:" which cir- 
cumftance, joined to the account given by both Eufebius and 
Ladantius of thefe Aoyo* f iXaX7j6«f, proves beyond all reply, 
that the writer Laftantius fpoke of, was no other than Hie- 
rocles. 

In thefe books Hierocles, as we learn from the writings of 
thefe fathers, and from the fragments preferved of him by 
Eufebius, endeavoured to prove, that the Holy Scripture is falfc, 
by ftiewing it to be inconftftent with itfelf. He infifted upon 



K 



Inftit. Divin. 1. v. c. «• ' 

£uf€b« DeuK Evacg. p* iii| IK. 

fome 



HIEROCLES^ loi 

fome points, which feemed to him to contradi£l each other; and 
he coUeded (o many peculiarities relating to Chriftianitv, that, 
as Laflantius fays, he may well appear to have been a Chriflian 
himfelf. He abufed Peter and Paul, and the other difciples, as 
though' they had been the contrivers of the cheat; and yet he 
confefled at the fame time, that they wanted (kill and learning, 
for that fome of them gained their livelihood by filhing. He 
afferted alfo, that Chrift himfelf being banifhed by the Jews, 
afiembled 900 men, at the head of whom he robbed and plun- 
dered the country: and to evade the confequcnce of Chrift's 
miracles, which he did not deny, but imputed to magic, he pre- 
tended to prove, that Apollonius had performed fuch or even greater 
wonders. Eufebius undertook, in his book againft Hierocles, 
to confute the latter part of this work; but, as Cave fajrsryl, 
^' he has done it very indiiFerently, his confutation being kttle 
more than a bare running over of Philoftratus's Life of ApoU 
lonius." Ladantius did not defign to make a particular anlwer 
to Hierocles ; for he is fo far from following him clofely, that 
he never anfwers diredly any oUedion tranfcribed from his 
books. His defign was, to eftablim the foundations of the gof- 
pel, and to ruin thofe of Paganifm ; and he thought, as he telts 
us, that this would be anfwering at once ail that the adverfaries 
of Chridianity had publifhed, or would publifh for the future* 

It is reported by Eufebius, that the martyr ^defius, tranf- 
ported with an holy zeal, ventured to approach Hierocles, while 
lie was prefiding at, the trial of fome ChriftiaBS of Alexandria^ 
and to give him a box on the ear ; upbraiding him at the fame 
time with his infamous cruelty. The remains of Hierocles 
were colleded into one vol. 8vo, by bi{hop Pearfon, and pub« 
Hflied at London in 1654^ with a learned diflertation upon him 
$ind his writings prefixed* 

HIEROCLES, a Platonic philofopher of the fifth century, 
taught at Alexandria with great reputation, and was admired for 
the ftrength of his mind, and the. beauty and noblenefs of bis 
expreilions. He wrote feven books upon Providence and Fate, 
and dedicated them to the philofopher Olympiodorus, who by 
his embaflies dad the Romans great fervices, under the emperors 
Honorius and Theodofius the younger. Thefe books however 
are loft ; and all we know of them is bv the extrads, which are 
to be met with in Photius. This philofopher milrried only with 
3 defign to have children, as did alfo his difciple Theofebius; 
which ihews us, that the mod celebrated Platonic philofophers 
Ivere perfiiaded, that thefe were the true rules and real bounds 
of matrimony ; ai^d that all beyond thefe limits was a diforder, 
or at leail a licentioufj^efs, in which wife men ought not to in- 

[y] Hiftor« iAuxn. Tom. I. p. 344. Xiit 1741OW 

H 3 dulge 



?02 HIERONYMUS. 

Aulge themfclves. Thus Theofebius, finding that his wife Was 
barren, made a ring of chaftity, and gave it her. " Formerly,^* 
faid he to her, ** I made you a prefent of a ring of generation j 
but now I givt you a ring which will help you to lead a conti- 
nent life. You may continue with me if you pleafe, and if 
you can contain yourfelf ; but if you do not like this condition, 
you may marry another man. I confent to it ; and the only 
favour 1 beg of you is, that we may part friends.** This Pho- 
titis relates, who tells us alfo, that (he accepted the ofFer ; but 
whether thp former or latter offer, we know not. Hierocles 
wrote alfo " A Commentary upon the Golden Verfes of Pyr 
thagoras," which is«ftill extant, and has feveral times been pub- 
lished with thofe verfes. 

HIERONYMUS, or as he is commonly called, Jerom [z1, 
a very celebrated father of the church, was born of Chnftian 
parents at Strido, a town fituated upon the confines of Pannonia 
and Dalmatia, about 329. His father Eufebius, who was a 
man ©f rank arid fubftance, took the greateft care of his edu- 
cation ; and, after grounding him well in the language of his 
own country, fent him to Rome, where he was placed under 

' the beft matters in every branch of literature. Donatus, well 
known for his " Commentaries upon Virgil and Terence," wa$ 
his mafter in grammar, as Jerom himfelf tells us [a] : and under 
^is mafter he made a prodigious progrefs in every thing relating 
to the belles lettres. He had alfo mafters in rhetoric, Hebrew, 

• and in divinity^ who conducted him through all parts of learn- 
ing, facred and profane; through hi ftory, antiquity, the know- 
ledge of languages, and of the difcipline and dodUines of the 
various fefts in philofophy; fo that he might fay of himfelf, as 
he afterwards did, with fome reafoh, " Ego philofophus, rhetor. 

{rammaticus, dialefticus, Hebrasus, Graecus, Latinus, &c.'* 
le was particularly careful to accomplifh himfelf in rhetoric, 
or the art of fpeaking, becaufe, as Erafmus fays [b], he had 
obferved, that the generality of Chriftians were defpifed as a 
rpde illiterate fet of people; on which account he thought, that 
the unconverted part of the world would fooner be drawn over 
to Chriftianity, if it were but fet off and enforced in a manner 
fuitable to the dignity arid majefty of it: *' Sperans futurum," 
fays Erafmus, '* ut plures facris literis deledlarentur, ^fi quis 
theologiae majeftatem ^dignitate fermonis asquaflet. '* But 
though he was fo c6nverfant with profane learning in his 
youjth, he renounced k entirely afterwards, and did all he could 
to make others renounce it alfo ; for he relates a vifion, whiclt 

Cave's Hift. Liter. Vol. I. p. 267. Oxon. 1740. 

Apologk I. adv. RufF. 

Hieronymi VitaabOEra^o praefi*. <jj)erib, Bafil* 1526, 

■■■„■''-■■ he- 



HIERONYMUS. 103 

he pretended was given to him, '* in which he was dragged to 
the tribunal of Chrift, and terribly threatened, and even fcourged, 
for the grievous fin of reading fecular and profane writers, 
Cicero, Virgil, and Horace, whonn for that re^fon he refolved 
never to take into his hands any more." If Jerom, as an Ita- 
lian Ciceronian facetioufly obferved upon this paflage, was 
whipped for being a Ciceronian, that is, for writing altogether 
in the ftyle and manner of Cicero, he fufFered what he did not 
deferve, and might have pleaded Not guilty: in the mean time,, 
as a certain authpr remarks [c], Jerom " was a very good 
writer for the time in which he lived;" and we may add, would 
not in any time have been reckoned a bad one. 

When he had finiihed his education at Rome^ and reaped all 
the fruits which books and good matters could afford, he re- 
folved^ for his further improvement, to travel. He had a mind, 
fays Erafmus, to imitate Pythagoras, Plato, ApoUonius, and 
other great men, who vifited foreign countries for the fake of 
enlarging and perfefting that knowledge abroad, which they 
had acquired by ftudy and ' application at home. After being 
baptized therefore at Rome, when ^n adult, he made thp tour o( 
Gaul ; and ft^iyed a long time in every city through which he 
pafled, that he might have opportunity and leifure to e^^amine 
the public libraries, and to vifit the men of letters, with which 
that country then abounded. He {laid fo long at Treveris, that 
he tranfcribed with his own hand a large volume of Hilary's 
concerning Synods, which feme time after he ordered to be fent 
to him in the deferts of Syria. From hence he went to Aqui- 
leia, where he became firft acquainted with Ruffinus, who was 
a prelbyter in that town, and with whom he contrafted an inti- 
mate friendfhip. When he had travelled as long as he thought 
expedient, and feen every thing that was curious and worth his 
notice, he returned to Rome,; where he began to deliberate with 
himfelf, what courfe of life he {hould take. Study and retire- 
ment were what he moft defired, and he had colledled an ex* 
ceilent library of books; but Rome, he thought, would not be 
a proper place to refide in : it was not only too noify and tumul- 
tuous for him, but as yet had too much of the old leaven of Pa-r 
ganifm in it. He had objeftions likewife againft his own 
country, Dalmatia, whofe inhabitants he represents, in one of 
his epittles,' as entirely funk in fenfiiality and hixury, regardlefs . 
of every thing that was gpod and praife-worthy, and gradually 
approaching to a ftate of barbarifm : ** in mea patria rufticitatis 
vernacula,"' f^ys he, *^ deus venter eft, & \n diem vivitur; & 
fandior eft ille, qui ditior eft." Aft^r a confultation therefore 
^ith' his friends, he determined to retire into fome very renioi§ 

fc] jQmn-« Remarks on fodefiaftical Hlftory, V»l, II. p. zz^t 

U 4 region I 



104. HIERONYMUS. 

region ; and therefore leaving his ■ country, parents, ru|](ftance^ 
and taking nothing with hiin but his books, and as much money 
as would be fufficient for his journey, he fet off from Italy for 
the Eaftern parts of the world, naving paiTed through Dal- 
matia, Thrace, and fome provinces of Afia Minor, his firft care 
was to pay a vifit to Jerufalem ; for in thofe days fuch a journey 
was confidered as a neceflary zGt of religion, and. Encumbent 
upon all who were in a condition to take it; and a manrwould 
have had Imt a low reputation for piety, who had ncK vifited the! 
holy ground, and adored the blefled footfteps of his Saviour. 
From Jerufalem he went to Antioch, where he Tell into a danger* 
ous fit of illncfs; but haying the good fortune to recover from it, 
he left Antioch^ and fet forward in gueft of fome more retired 
habitation; and after rambling over leveral cities and countries^ 
I with all which he was diffatisned on account of thecuftoms and 
manners of the people, he fettled at lad in a mod frightful defert 
of Syriaj which was fcarcely inhabited by any thing but wild 
beafts. This however was no obje£tion to Jerom : it was rather 
a recommendation of the place to him ; for, fays Erafmus, '< he. 
thoiight it better to cohabit with wild beads and wild men, than 
with fuch fort of Chriftians as were ufuall)r founjl in great cities ; 
men half Pagan, half Chriftian; Chriftians in nothing morci 
than in name." 

He was in his 31ft year, when he entered upon this mon^ftic 
courfe of life ; and he carried it, by his own pradice, to lihat 
height of perfedion, which he ever after enforced upon others 
fo zealoufly by precept. He divided all his time between devo* 
tion and ftudy: he exercifed himfelf much in watchin^s an4 
fadings; flept little, eat lefs, and hardly allowed himfelf any 
jecreation. He applied himfelf very feverely to the dudy of the 
Holy Scriptures, which he is faid to have gotten by heart ; as 
well as to the dudy of the Oriental languages, which he confi- 
dered as the only keys that could let him into their true fenfe anc^ 
rneaning* After he had fpent four years in this dreadful fitu- 
ation, and laborious way of life, his health grew fo impaired, 
that he was obliged to return to Antioch: where the church at 
that time was divided by faSions, Melctius, Paulinus, and Vi* 
talis all claiming a right^to the bifljopric of that place. Jerom 
being a Ton of the church of Rome, where he was baptized, 
would not efpoufe any party, till he knew the fenfe of his own 
church upon this conteded right. Accordingly, he wrote to 
|]famafv&, then bifhop of Rome, to know whom he mud con-* 
fider as the. lawful bifliop of Antioch; and upon Damafus's 
naming Paulinus, Jerom acknowledged him as fuch, and was 
ordained a pried by him in 378. 

From this time his reputation for piety and learning began to 
foreatf al^ToajjIj anjl be known in the world, He we;H foon after 
' . to 



HIBRONYMU8. 



»oS 



to Gonfta^tinopky whefc he fpent a good deal of time with Gre- 
gory Naztanzen ; whom he did not difdain to call his mafter, 
and owned, that of him he learned the right method of ex- 
pounding the Holy ScriptureSf Afterwards, in 382, he went 
to Rome' with Paulinus, bifliop of Antioch, and Epiphanius, 
Ibiihop of Salamis in the ifle of Cyprus ; where he foon became 
known to Damafus, and was made his fecretary. He acquitted 
himfelf in this poll very well, and yet found time to compofe 
fcveral works. Upon the death of Damafus, which happened 
in 385, he began to entertain thoughts of travelling again to the 
Ealt; to which he was moved chiefly by the difhirbances and 
vexations he met with from the Origenifts, or followers of 
Qrigen, at Rome, For thefe, when they had in vain endea- 
voured, fays Cave, to draw him over to their p^rty, raifed infa- 
mous reports and calumnies againft him. They charged him^ 
among other things, with a criminal paflion for one Paula, an 
eminent matron, in whofe houfe he had lodged during his reii- 
jience at Rome, and who was as illuftrious for her piety as for 
the fplendor of her birth, and the dignity of her rank. For 
riiefe and other reafons he was determined to quit Rome, and 
jiccordingly embarked for the Eaft in Auguft 385, attended by 
ii great number of monks and ladies, whom he liad perfuaded to 
embrace the afcetic way of life. He failed to Cyprus, where 
tie paid a vifit to Epiphanius; and arrived afterwards at Antioch^ 
|vhefe he was kindly received by his friend Paulinus. Froin 
Antioch he went to Jerufalem; and the year following from 
Jenifalem into Egypt, Here he vifited feveral monafteries: but 
findi](jg to his great griefs the monks every where infatuated with 
the errors of Origen, he returned to Bethlehem, a town near 
Jerufalem, that he might be at liberty to cherifii and propagate 
his own opinions, without any difturbance or interruption from 
^road [dj. i 

[d] This whole peregnnadon is parti- darentque Gon(]liam» ut lum ad Protei co- 

cularly related by himfelf, in one of his lumnas, fed ad lonae portum navigarem ; 

{»ieces againft Rufiinus; and, as it is very hunc enim fugientium Sc Ouiatorum, 

chara^riftic, aad fliews much of his fpi- ilium iecuri hominis efle awfam| maliti 

rit and manner of Wnting, we think it per Maljcas & Cycladas Cymm pergeie, 

may not be difagreeable to the reader to fee ubi fufceptus a yenerabili Epifcopo Epipha* 

it in his own language. <' Vis nofTe profec- nio, cujus tu teftimonio gloriaris: vent 

tii^ais mese de urbe ordinem i Narrabo bre- Antiochuimy ubi fruitus fum communi^Ae 

yjter. Menfe Augufto, fiantibus Btefiis, pontificxs confefibrifque Pauknij & dc« 

cumfandoVin(:entio pfefbytero, et adolef. du^us ab eo, media hieme Se £igore gra« 

cente fratre, & aliis monachisyqui nunc Hie. viS^imo, intravi Ffieroiblymam. Vid! muha 

rofolymae commusmtur, aavim in Romano miracula ; 6c que priua ad me faaoa, pertu* 

portu fecurus afceodi^maxima me fandoruxQ lerat, oculorum indicio compro|>avi. Inde 

frequentia ptofcquente. Veni Rhegium: contendi ^gyptum: ludravi n^onaiferia 

in ScyllKO littore paalulum fteti; ubi Nitriae; & inter fan^iorum choros afpides 

yeteres didici fabulas, Sf prascipitem faU latere peifptKi. Prottnus concitQ grada 

lacis Ulixis curfum, & Syrenwum cantica, Bethlehem mam rcvet'fus fum^ i|bi ado« 

^ infatiabilem Charybdis voraginem. Cum- ravi praefepe Sc incunabula Salvatpris, &c.** 

Que mihi accolae iUius loci multa narraient, ApoL 3. Ady* Ru^inMi 

Kit 



io6 HIERONYMU8. 



» 



/ 



He had now fixed upon Bethlehem, as th« propereft place of 
ibode for him, and bed accommodated to that eourfeof life which 
he intf nded to purfue ; and was no fooner arrived here, than he 
met with Paula^ and other ladies of quality, who had followed 
letfis from Rome, with the fame view of devoting themfelves ta 
iimonafttc lifCr His fame for learning and piety was indeed fa 
very extenfive, that numbers of both fexes flocked from all 
|iarts and diAances, to be trained up under him, and to form 
their manner of living according to his inftru^ions. This 
moved the pious Paula to found four mlonafteries ; three for the 
iifit qS feftiales, over which flie herfelf prefided, and one for 
Biak^, which was committed to Jerom. Here he enjoyed al! 
that repofe which he had long defired; and he laboured abun- 
dantly, as well for the^ fouls committed to his care, as in com- 
jpa&ng great and ufeful works. He had enjoyed this repofe 
piobably to the end of his life, if Origenifm had not prevailed 
Jo mightily in thofe parts : but, as Jerom had an abhorrence for 
every thing that looked like herefy, it was impoffible for him to 
CDoatinue paffive, while thefe afps, as he calls them above, were 
iofinuating their deadly poifon into all who had the misfortune 
to fall in their way* This engaged him in terrible wars with 
Jobrr, biihop of Jerufalero, and Ruffinus of Aquileia, which 
Jafled many years. Ruffinus and Jerom had of old been intimate 
friends ; but Ruffinus having of late years fettled in the neighs 
Ivourhood of Jerufalem, and efpoufed the part of the Origehifts, 
the cmnity between them was oa that account the more bitter. 
Jerom had alfo feveral other quarrels upon his hands ; for a^ 
Ircrefy was to receive no quarter from this faint, fo his righteous 
fouiwas perpetually vexed from one quarter or another. In 
41 Oy when Rome was befieged by the Goths, many fled from 
thence to Jerufalem and the Holy Land, and were kindly received 
by Jerom into his monaftery. He died in 420, which was the 
91ft year of his age; and is faid to have preferved his vivacity 
and vigour to the laft. 

Erafmus, who wrote his life, and gave the firft edition of his 
works in 1526, fays, that he was ** undoubtedly the greateft fcholar, 
thegreateft orator, and the greateft divine, that Chriftianity had 
then produced [e]." Suppofing this true, as perhaps it is, may we 
not wonder at Erafmus for his partiality to Jerom^ and his pre- 

J'ndrces againft Origen ? Origen, fays Jortin [f], ** was very 
earned a^d ingenious, and indefatigably induftrious : his whole 
life from his early years was fpent in examining, teaching, and 
explaining the Scriptures, to which he joined the ftudy of phi- 
lofophy and polite literature." So much, woyld Erafmus reply, 
may be fairly faid of Jerom. But Origen '^ was humble, modeft, 

J[b] Erafm. £pI^ L «• lo* [f] Remarks on £9def. Hift. VoL |I. p. 234. 

and 
I 



,HIERONYMU$. 107 

jittdl patient under great injuries and cruel treatmentV which 
^cannot be fo fairly faid of Jerom ; who, it is well known, 
was of a temper juft the reverfe of this, Jerom, fays a late 
noble author [g], was " an impqdent and fcurrilous Hunga- 
rian, and wrote againft his adveirfaries with all the ferocity 
of a modern huflar ; " which, though the language of an 
cnem^, is not advanced altogether without reafon ; for let us 
only hear what a friend would fay. Cave, in particular, never 
yet was charged with want of juftice to the fathers, and there- 
fore may reafonably be fuppofed to fpeak the tn,ith, when the 
account is difadvantageous to the party concerned. Jerom, 
fays this hiftorian pf the ecclefiaftical writers [h], *^ was, with 
Erafmus's leave, a hot and furious man, who had no command 
at all over his pailions. When he was once provoked, he 
treated his adverfaries in therougheft manner, and did not even 
abftain.from inveftive and fatire: witnefs what he has writtea 
againft Ruffinus, who was formerly his friend; againft John, 
bifhop of Jerufalem, Jovinian, Vigilantius, and others. Upon 
the flighteft provocation, he grew exceffively abufive, and threw 
out all the ill language he could rake together, tota convUiorum 
plujlra €V(mity without/ the leaft regard to the fituation, rank, 
learning, and other circumftances, of the perfons he had to 
do with. And what wonder," fays Cave, *^ when it is commoxi 
with him to treat even St. Paul himfelf in very harfh and info* 
lent terms? charging him, as he does, with folecifms in lan- 
guage, falfe expreffions, and a vulgar ufe of words?" We do 
not quote this with any view of detraSing from the real merit 
of Jerom, but only to note the partiality of Erafmus, in de- 
fending, as he does very ftrenuoulJy, this moft exceptionable 
part of his charafter, his want of candour and fpirit of 
periecution ; to which Erafmus himfelf was fo averfe, that he 
has ever been highly praifed by proteftants, and as highly diC» 
praifed by papifts, for placing all his glory in moderation, 

Jerom was as exceptionable in many parts of his literary cha- 
rafter, as he w^s in his moral, whatever Erafmus or his pane- 
gyrifts may have faid to the contrary: inftead of an orator, he 
was rather a declaimer; and, though he undertook to tranflatc 
ib many things out of Greek and Hebrew, he was not accu- 
rately (killed in either of thofe languages ; and did not reafon 
clearly, confiftently, and precifely, upon any fubjed. This 
has been fhewn in part already by Le Clerc, in a book entitled, 
^* Qiiaeftiones Hieronymianac," printed at Amfterdam in 1700, 
by way of critique upon the Benediftine edition of his works. 
In the mean time we arc ready to acknowledge, that the writ- 

[g] Bolingbroke's Philofophical Works, Efiay it, Seft. 41. 
-[hJ Hift. Liter. Tom. I. p. 2618. 

ing8 



lot HIFFERMAN. 

ings of Jerom ave ufeful, and deferve to be read by all who have 
jiny regard for facred antiquity. They have many ufes in com"^ 
men with other writings of ecclefiaftical authors, and many pectt-* 
iiar to themfelves* The writings of Jerom teach us the do£trines, 
the rites, the manners, and the learning of the age in which he 
lived ; and thcfc alfo we learn from the writings of other fathers. 
But the peculiar ufe of Jerom s works is, i, 1 heir exhibiting to 
vs more fragments of the ancient Greek tranflators of the Bible, 
than the works of any other father; 2. Their informing us of 
the opinions which the Jews of that age had of the (ignification 
of many Hebrew words, and of the fenfe and meaning they 
put upon many paffages in the OldTeftament; and, 3. Their 
conveying to us the opinion of Jerom himfelf ; who, thotigh he 
muft always be read with caution^ on account of his declamatory 
and hyperbolical (lyle, and the liberties he allowed himfelf of 
feigning and prevaricating upon certain occafions, will perhaps, 
upon the whole, be found to have had more judgement as well 
as more learning than any father who went before him. 

There have been feveral editions of his works: the firft, as 
we have obferved above, by Erafmus at Bafil in 15516, which, 
we may add» was dedicated to Warham, archbiOipp of Canter- 
bury ; the laft at Paris in4i693, by a Benedi^line monk, whom 
JLe Clerc, in the book above-mentioned, has fliewn not to have 
been perfedly qualified for the work he undertook, though his 
edition is reckoned the beft that has been given. 

HIFFERMAN (Paul), a minor author of the prefent cen- 
tury» much patronized and befriended by Garrick, was born in 
the county of Dublin in 17I9> and educated for a popifli prieft, 
firft in Ireland, and afterwards, for many years, in France. Yet 
after all, he took his degree of batchelor in phyfic, and returned 
to Dublin that he might pradife in th^ line. Indolence, how? 
ever, prevented his .application to that or any profeffion, and he 
came to London about I753> where he fubfifted very fcantily and 
idly, as an author, for the remainder of his life; producing fe^ 
veral works, but none of any great merit, and living in a mean 
manner, chiefly by the contributions of his friends, and by various 
not very honourable expedients. He was a tolerable fcholar, 
but his charader was fingular and eccentric, and though feve^ai 
>vere entertained by his oddities, none could give him their 
efteem. He lived, however, with fome of ihe moft celebrated 
men of his time, Foote, Garrick, Murphy, GoWfmith, Kelly, 
BickerftafF, who tolerated his faults, and occafiohally fupplied 
his neceffities. One of his peculiar fancies was to keep the 
place of his lodging a fecret, which he did fo completely, that he 
refufed to difclofe it even when dying, to a friend who Supported 
him, and a£tually received his lait contributions through the 
channel of the J^dford cofiee-bpufe. When he died, which 

was 



H I O G I N S< 16^ 

was in June, t^^^y it vrzs dtfeovered that he had lodged in one 
of the obfcure courts near St. Martin's-lanc. Dr. Hifferman^ 
as he was ufually called, was author of the following works. 
I. ** The Ticklers," a fet of periodical and political paperSf 
publiflied in Dublin about 1750. 2, " The Tuner," a let of 

Eeriodical papers, publiflied in London in 1753. 3- ** Mifcel- 
mies in prole and verfe,'* 1754. 4. ** The Ladies Choice,** 
a dramatic petite piece^ aftedat Covent-garden in 1759, 5* ** '^'^^ 
Wilhes of a free People," a dramatic poem, 1761. 6. <* The 
New Hippocrates," a farce, afled at Drury-lanc in 1761, but 
not publiined. 7. ** The Earl of Warwick," a tragedy, from 
the French of La Harpe, 1764. 8. " Dramatic Genius," an 
effay, in five books, 1770. 9. " The Philofophic Whim," a 
farce, 1774- 10. " The Heroine 'of the Cave," a tragedy, left 
unfinilhed by Henry Jones, author of the " Earl of Eflex,'* 
completed by Hiffcrman, and afted at Drury-lane in 1774. 

HIGDEN (Ralph), one of our early chroniclers, who died 
in 1363, was the author of a work, often confulted by Englilh 
hiftorians, called the " Polychronicon." The exa£l title of it 
is, " Radulphi Higdeni polychronici libri vii. ex Anglico in 
Latinum converfi, a Johannc Trevifa, et editi cura Gulielmi 
Caxtoni.". The bed edition is a folio, printed in 1642. It is 
chiefly a compilation, and extends from Adam to the year 1357. 
The part that is entirely original, is only in the laft book ; but 
the whole is formed with fuch judgment, that it is refpeded, 
and often cited as an original work. 

HIGGINS, or HIGINS (John), one of the principal 
writers in the fourth edition of that early coUedion of poetical 
narratives, M The Mirror for Magiftrates:" and a man, as it 
appears from his Ihare in that work, of confiderable talents in 
poetry, for his time. Higgins lived at Win (ham in Somerfet- 
ihire [i], was a clergyman, educated at Oxford, and was engaged 
in the inftrudion of youth. He compiled, 1. The ** Flofculi of 
Terence," on the plan of ajormer colleSion by Udal, matter of 
Eton. 2. He publiflied alfo, *< Holcot's Di^lionaire, newly 
€orre6led, amended, fe^ in order, and enlarged, with many names 
of men, townes, beaftes, fowles, &c. by which you may find 
the Latine or French name of any Engliihe worde you will. 
By John Higgins, late Student in Oxforde." Printed for 
Aiarftie, in folio, 1572. 3. " The Nomenclator of Adrian 
Junius," tranflated into Englifli, in conjundion with Abrabarrx 
Fleming, and publiflied at London for Newberie and Durham, 
in 1585, in 8vo. From the dedication to this book he feems to 
have been connected with the fchool of Ilminfter, a neighbouring 
town in Somerfetfliire. He appears to have been living fo late 

£1] liVartwj's HiAory of Poetry, Vol. llh chap. 3a. 

as 



tto HIGGONS. 

as the year 1602 ; for in that year he publiflied, 4. Ah' anffveci* 
fa a work of controverfy by one William Perkins, concerning 
Chrift's defcent to Hell, which was dated at Winfliam. The 
former editions of the ** Mirror for Magiftrates," were pub- 
li(hed in 1563, 1571, and I574» His edition appeared in 1587* 
The dedication is dated a year earlier. In this he wrote a new 
indudlion in the oSave ftanza, and without ailillance from friends 
began a new feries of hiftories, from Albanadt the youngeft fon 
of Brutus, and the firft king of Albanie, or Scotland, to the 
emperor Caracalla* There were alfo a few additions by other 
writers, in the poems relating to Britifh perfonages after the 
Conqueft. 

HIGGONS (Sir Thomas), fon of Dr. Thomas Higgons, 
fome time redor of Weftburgh in Shropfhire [k], was born in 
that county; became a commoner of St. Alban's-hall in the be- 
ginning of 1638, at the age of 14; when he was put under the 
tuition of Mr. Edward Corbet, fellow of Merton-college, and 
lodged in the chamber under him in that hoiife. Leaving the 
iiniverfity without a degree^ he retired to his native country. 
He married the widow of Robert carl of Effex; and 'deli vered 
an oration at her funeral, Sept. 16, 1656. *' Oratione funebri, 
a marito ipfo, more prifco laudata fuit," is part of this lady's 

Sitaph. rie married, fecondly, Bridget daughter of Sir Bevil 
reenvjll of Stow, and fifter to John earl of Bath ; and removed 
to Grewell in Hampftiire ; was eledled a burgefs for Malmfbury 
in 1658, and for New Windfor in 1661. His fervices to the 
crown were rewarded with a penfion of 500I. a year, and gifts 
to the amount of 4000I. [l]. He was afterwards knighted ^ 
znd in 1669, was feut envoy extraordinary to inveft John George 

[k] Nichols's ScldOt CoUeftion of was in the right, for our trade aad fove- 

Foenis, Vol. V. p. 42. rcignty of the feas are dependent on eacb 

[l] "King Charles II. fold Dunkirk other; they muft live or die together. 

tt> Louis XIV. and gave him Engliih oak But what a recompenfe do you think he 

enough to build the very fleet that after- met with for his fidelity ? really fuch x 

wards attacked and defeated one of ours in one as I would hardly have believed, had 

Bantry Bay on the coaft of Ireland. This I been told of it by any perfon but his own 

^tsmeinmind of thef^efight of a gen- fon, the late Mr. Bevil Higgons, whofe 

tleman, who had been ibme time envoy works, both in profe and verfe^ have made 

ftom the king to the princes and dates of him known to all the men of letters in 

Italy, and who, in his return home, made Britain^ and whofe attachment to the fa- 

tiie coaft of France his road j in order to mily of Stuart, eves to his dying day, 

he as ufeful to his country as pofUble, puts his veracity In this point out of dif« 

and to his fovereign too, as he thought, pute. The recompenfe was a fevere r&- 

Ift his audience of the king, he told his primand from the king, as the forerunnec 

majefty, that the French, were hard at to the laying him aiide, for talking of 

work, building xncn of war in feveral things which his ma]efty told him it was 

of their ports, and that fuch a hafty in- not his hufmefs to meddle with." I for* 

crcafe of the naval power of France could get (fays Mr. Nichols) from which of the 

40t but threaten England's fovexeignty of political writers between 17^^ and*K74Q» 

the feas, and confet^uently. portend de- this anecdote was tranfcribed j aoft pro* 

ftcu^qa t» hef ^^^ The geotlemaa babl^ « The CrafcfmaA/^ 

dtikc 



HiOGONS. Ill 

4uke of Saxony with the order of the Garter. About four yetam 
after, he was fent enyoy to Vienna, where he continued three 
years. In 1685 he wasele£led burgefs for St. Germain's, ■** being 
then," fays Wood, ** accounted a loyal and accompli (hed per- 
fon, and a great lover of the regular clergy." He died fuddenly, 
of an apoplexy, in the King's-bench courts having been fura- 
inoned there as a witn^fs, Nov. 24, 1691 ; and was buried ia 
Winchefter cathedral near the relics of his firft wife. His lite- 
rary produdions are, i. ** A Panegyric to the King, 1660," 
folio. 2% " The Funeral Oration on his firil Lady, 1656,^ 
3. " The Hiftory of Ifoof Baffa, 1684." He alfo tranilated 
into Englifli, " The Venetian Triumph ;'* for which he was 
complimented by Waller, in his Poems; who has alfo addreflfed 
«i poem to Mrs- Higgons. Mr. Granger, who ftiles Sir Tbonskas 
^* a gentleman of great merit," was favoured by the dutcheft 
dowager of Portland with a MS. copy of his Oration; aad 
concludes, from the great fcarcity of thSat pamphlet, that ** the 
copies of it were, for certain reaions, induftrioufly coUeSed and 
deltroyed, though few pieces of this kind have lefs deferved ta 
perifli. The countefs of Eilbx had a greatnefs of mind which 
enabled her to bear the whole weight of infamy which was 
tlirown upon her ; but it was, neverthelefs, attended with a de- 
licacy and fenfibility of honour which poifoned all her enjoy* 
fnents« Mr. Higgons had faid much, and I think much to the 
purpofe, in her vindication; and was himfelf fully convinced 
from the tenor of her life, and the words which fhe Ipoke at the 
awful clofe of it, that fhe was perfeftly innocent, — In reading 
this interefting oration, I fancied myfelf Handing by the grave of 
injured innocence and beauty ; was fenfibly touched with the 
pious affeftion of the tendereft and bed of hufbands doing pub- 
lic and folemn juftice to an amiable and worthy woman, who 
had been grofsly and publicly defamed. Nor could I withhold 
the tribute of a tear ;. a tribute which, I am confident, was paid 
at her interment by every one who loved virtue, and was not 
deftitute of the feelings of humanity. This is what I imme- 
diately wrote upon reading the oration* If I am wrong in xxxj 
opinion, the benevolent reader, I am fure, will forgive me. It is 
not the firft time that my heart has got the better of my judge- 
ment." " I am not afraid," Mr. Nichols adds, " of being 
cenfured for having tranfcribed this beautiful paflage." 

HIGGONS (Bevjl), younger fon of Sir Thomas [mj, (and 
|irft coufin to the late earl of Granville) by Bridget his fecond 
wife ; at the age of fixteen, became a commoner of St. John's- 
college, Oxford, in Lent term 1686; and went afterwards to 
Cambridge, and then to the Middle Temple. Wood enuqje* 

[m\ Nkh^s'8 ScUa Colleton of Poems, Vol, I. p. 128. 

rates 



irstfesfive of his poems. He wrote feme others; and wa^tita 
author of a tragedy, entitled, *' The Generous Conqueror, ot 
the Timely Difcovcry," adcd at Drury-Iane, and printed in 
4to, 1702 [k]. He was a fteady adherent to the caufe of the 
exiled fs^ily ; and accompanied king James into France, where 
he maintained his wit and good-humour undeprefled by bis mis<^ 
fortunes. He publifhed a poem ** on the reace of Utrecht." 
On the publication of bifliop Burnet's '* Hiftory of his own 
Tiixies,*' he wrote fome ftridures on it, in a volume entitled, 
^< Hiftorical and Critical Remarks;'* the fecond edition of 
which was printed in 8vo, 1727 ; and, in the fame year, pub^ 
lifted " A (hort View of the Englifli Hiftory with RefleSions^ 

g^litical, hiftorical, civil, phyfical, and moral ; on the Hpigns of the 
ings ; their CharaSers, and Manners ; their Succeflionsto the 
Throne, and other remarkable Incidents to the Revolution i688. 
Drawn from authentic Memoirs and MSS.'* ** Thefe papers,'* 
he tells us in his preface, " lay covered with duft 36 years, till 
every perfon concerned in the tranfa&ions mentioned were re^ 
moved from the ftage." 

HIGHMORE (Joseph), an eminent painter [o], was born 
in the pariih of St. James, Garlickhithe, London, June 13, 
1692, being the third fon of Mr. Edward ^ighmore [n], a coal- 
merchant in Thames-ftreet. Having fuch an early and ftrong 
inclination to paintjng, that he could think of nothing elfe with 
pleafure, his father endeavoured to gratify him in a propofal to 
his uncle, who was ferjeant- painter to king William, and with 
whom Mr. (afterward Sir Jamfes) ThornhiU [qJ had. ferved his 
apprenticelhip. But this was afterwards for good reafons de- 
clined, and he was articled as clerk to an attorney, July 18, 1707 ; 
but fo much againft his own declared inclination, that in about 
three years he began to form refolutions of indulging his natural 
difbofition to his favourite art, having continually employed his 
leiture hours in deiigning, and in the fiudy of geometry, per* 
fpeSive, architefture, and anatomy, but without any inftruAors 
except books. He had afterwards an opportunity of improving 
himfelf in anatomy, by attending the leaures of Mr. Chefelden^ 
befides entering himfelf at the Painter's Academy in Great 
Queen-ftreet, where he drew ten years, and had the honour to 
be particularly noticed by fir Godfrey Kneller, who diftinguiflied 
him by the name of " the Young Lawyer." On June 13, 17 f4i 

[n] See the prologue to this tragedy in arms» as mentioned in thi 1* Ocntleman^t 

lord Lanfdowne*i Poems, p. 22a Magazine for 1772/* p. 449. 

fol Gent. Mag. i-'So, p. 176. [q.] The Highmores and TberahlUt 

p J His grandfather, Abraham, who were conneded by xnaniage^ Edward, tbe 

was iirft coufin to Nathaniel, the celebrated uncle of fir James, marrying Sulanna, the 

phyftcian, being a lieutenant-colonel in daughter of Nathaniel Highmore, reftor 0/ 

the royal fervice, had, in return far his PurCe CandeU^ 00liiltil^, G&ts to the 

lofles, an honourable Augmcntaxlon to his phyficiant 

2 hit 



HIGH MO RE. 113 

his clerkfliip expired; and on March 26, 1715, he began paint- 
ing as a profeffion, and fettled in the city. In the fame year 
Dr. Brook Taylor pnblifhed his " Linear PerfpecSlive: qx, a 
new Method of reprefenting juftly all Manner of Objedls as 
they appear to the Eye, in all Situations." On this complete 
and iiniverfal theory our artift grounded his fubfequent pradice ; 
and it has been generally allowed, that few, if any, of the pro- 
feffion at that time, were fo thoroughly matters of that excellent, 
but intricate fyftem. In 17 16, he married Mifs Sufanna Hiller, 
daughter and heirefs of Mr. Anthony Hiller, of Effingham ia 
Surrey; a young lady in every refpeft worthy of his choice. 
For Mr. Chefelden's Anatomy of the Human Body, publiflied 
in 1722, he made drawings from the real fubje6bB at the time, of 
diffedlion, two of which were engraved for that work, and ap- 
pear, but without his name, in tables xii. and xiii. In the 
fame year, on the exhibition of ** The Confcious Lovers," 
written by Sir Richard Steele, Mr. Highmore addrefled a letter 
to the author, on the limits of filial obedience, pointing out a 
material defeft in the charafter of Bevil, with that clearnefs ftnd 
precifion for which, in converfation and writing, }ie was always 
remarkable, as the pencil by no means engrofled his whole at- 
tention [r]. His reputation and bufinefs increafing, he took 
a more confpicuous ftation, by removing to a houfe in Lincoln's- 
Inn-fields, in March 1723-4; and an opportunity foon offered* 
of introducing him advantageoufly to the nobility, &c. from his 
bein^ defired, by Mr. Pine the engraver, to maKe th« drawings 
for his prints of the Knights of the Bath, on the revival of that 
order, in 1725. In confequence of this, feveral of the Knights 
had their portraits alfo by the fame hand, fome of them whole 
lengths ; and the duke of Richmond, in particular, was attended 
"by his three efquires, "v^ith a perfpedtive view of king Henry 
the VI Ith's chapel. This capital pidlure is now at Godwood. 
The artift was alfo fent for to St. James's, by George I. to paint 
the portrait of the late duke of Cumberland, from which Smitl^ 
fcraped a mezzotinto. 

In 1728, Mr.HawkinsBrowne,thenof Lincoln's-Inn,whohad 
always a juft fenfe of Hi^hmore's talents and abilities, addrefled to 
him a poetical epiftle ** On Defign and Beauty ;'* and, fome years 
after, an elegant Latin Ode, bo^h now collefted in his poems 
[s]. In the fummer of 1732, Mr. Highmore vifited the con- 
tinent, in company with Dr. Pemberton, Mr. Benj. Robins, 
and two other friends, chiefly with a view of feeing the gallery 
of piftures belonging to the eieftor Palatine at Dulfcldorp, col- 

[r] This he allowed to be publiflied, [s] Sec the latter, with a tranilatxon, ia 
for the firft time, in the *< Gentleman's the " Gentleman's Magaxine for 1768,*? 
Magazine for 1762,*' p. 404- P« 39*« 

Vol. Vin. I kaed 



114 HIGHMORE. 

Icftcd by loibens, and fiippofed to be the beft in Europe. At Ant^ 
werp alfo he had peculiar pleafure in contemplating the works of 
his favourite mafter. In their return they vifited the principal 
towns in Holland. In 1734, he made a like excurlion, but 
alone, to Paris, where he received great civilities from fome of 
his countrymen, particularly the duke of Kingfton, Dr. Hick- 
man (his tutor), Robert Knight, efq; (the late cafhier), &c. 
Here he had the fatisfaftion of being fhewn, by cardinal de 
Polignac, his famous group of antique ftatues, the court of 
Lycomedes, then juft brought from Rome, and fince purchafed 
by the king of Pruflia, and deftroyed at Charlottenbourg, in 
1760, by the Ruffians. In 1742, he had the honour to paint 
the late prince and princefs of Wales, for the duke of Saxe 
Crotha ; as he did fome years after, the late queen of Denmark, 
for that court. The publication of Pamela, in 1744, gave 
fife to a Tet of paintings by Mr. Highmore, which were en- 
graved by two French engravers, and publifhed by fubfcription, 
m 1745. In the fame year he painted the only original of the 
late General Wolfe, then about 18. His Pamela introduced 
him to the atquajntance and friendfliip of the excellent author, 
whofe pi6lure he drew, and for whom he painted the only ori- 
ginal of Dr. Young. In 1750 he had the great misfortune to 
Jofe his excellent wife. On the firft inftitution of the Academy 
9f Painting, Sculpture, &cc. in 1753, he was elefted one of 
the profeiTors; an honour, which, on account of his many avo- 
cations, he defired to decline. In 1754 he publifhed, ** A cri- 
tical Examination of thofe two Paintings [by Rubens] on the 
cieling of the Banqueting-Koufe at Whitehall, in which Archi-v 
tefture is introduced, fo far as relates to Perfpe6live ; together 
tvith the DifcufTion of a Queflion which has been the Subjeft of 
t)ebate among Painters:" printed in 4to, for Nourfe. In the 
folution of this queflion, he proved that Rubens, and feverar cither 
great painters, were miftaken in the praSice, and Mr. Kirby, 
and feveral other authors, in the theory and pra£lice: and in the 
eighteenth vojume of the " Monthly Review," he animadverted 
(anonymoufly) on Mr. Kirby 's unwarrantable treatment of Mr. 
Ware, and detefted and expofed his errors, even where he exults 
in his own fuperior fcience. Of the many portraits which Mr. 
Highmore painted, in an extenfive pradice of 46 years, (of which 
feveral have been engraved) it is impoflible and ufelefs to difcufs 
particulars. Some of the moft capital in the hiftorical branch, 
which was then much lefs cultivated than it is at prefent, fliall 
only be mentioned, viz. " Hagar ^nd Iflimael," a prefent to 
the Foundling-hofpital : " The Good Samaritan," painted for 
Mr. Shepherd of Campfey A(h: ** The finding of Mofes,'' 
purcha/ed at his fale by colonel (now general) Lifter: " The 
Harlowe Fanjily," as defcribed in " ClariiTa/' now in the pof-^ 

fefEon 



HIGH'MOBLE. 115 

felHon of Thomas Watkinfoti Payler, efq; at He(!en In Kent: 
** Clarifla,"the portrait mentioned in that work: ** The Graces 
unveiling Nature," drawn by memory from Rubens: "The 
Cleme^ntina of Grandifon/* and "the Queen-mother of Edward 
IV. with her younger Son, &c. in Weftminfter-abbey ;" the 
three laft in the pofleflion of his fon. 

In 1761, on the marriage of his daughter to the Rev. Mr. 
Duncombe, fon to one of his oldeft friends, he took a refolutiqn 
of retiring from bufinefs, and difpofing of his coUeftion of pic- 
tures, which he did by auftion, in March, 1762; and foon after 
removed to the houfe of his fon-in-Iaw at Canterbury, where he 
pafled the remainder of his life, without ever revifiting the metro- 
polis. But though he had laid down the pencil, he never wanted 
employment: fo afiive and vigorous was his mind, that, with a 
conftitutional flow of fpirits, and a relifh for inftruftive fociety, 
he was ** never lefs alone than when alone ;" and, befides his 
profeflional purfuits (abovementioned), to philofophy, both na- 
tural and moral, and alfo divinity, he laudably dedicated his 
time and attention. No man had more clcarnefs and precifion 
of ideas, or a more ardent defire to know the truth ; and, when 
known, confcientioufly to purfue it. With ftrong paffions, 
ever guided by the ftrideft virtue, he had a tender, fufceptible 
heart, always open to the diftreftes of his fellow-creatures, and 
always ready to relieve them. His capital work of the literary 
kind was his " Practice of Perfpeftive, on the Principles of 
Dr. Brook Taylor, &c." written many years before, but not 
publiftied till 1763, when it was printed for Nourfe, in one 
vol. 4to. This not only evinced 'his fcientific knowledge of the 
fdbjed, but removed, by its perfpicuity, the only objeftion that 
can be made to the fyftem of Dr. Taylor. It accordingly re- 
ceived, from his friends and the intelligent public, the applaufes 
it defer ved. In 1765, he publilhed (without his name) " Ob- 
feryations on a Pamphlet intituled, * Chriftianity not founded on 
Argument,^ [by Dodwell];'* in which, after {hewing that it is 
a continued irony, and lamenting that fo ample a field fliould be 
offered the author of it for the difplay of his fophiftry, he gives 
up creeds, articles, and catechifms, as out-works raifed by fal- 
lible men, and, confining himfelf to the defence of the Gofpel, 
orcitadtl, fhews, that pure primitive Chriftianity, though af- 
faulted by infidels, will ever remain impregnable. His. opinion 
of Rubens may be feen in the Gent. Mag. for 1766, p. 353, 
under the title of " Remarks on fome Paflages in Mr. Webb's 
* Enquiry into the Beauties of Painting, &c." In the fame 
year he publilhed, with only his initials, " J. H." two fmall 
volumes of ** Effays, moral, religious,' and mifcellaneous ; with 
a tranflation in. Profe of Mr. Browne's Latin Poem on the Im- 
mortality of the Soul," fele6:ed from a hirge numbtr written at 

I 2 bis 



1 r6 H I G H M O R E. 

his leifure, at different periods of his life. " As ftrch/* fays 
Dr. Hawkefworth [t], •* they do the aathor great credit. They 
are not excurfions of fancy, but efforts of thought, and indu- 
bitable indications of a vigorous and active mind." In the Gent. 
Mag. for 1769,. p. 287, he communicated ** A naioral and ob- 
vious Manner of conftrufting Sun-dials^ deduced from the Sitti-> 

.ation and Motion of the Earth with refpefl: to the Sun^" ex- 
plained by a fcheme: and in that for 177^5, p. 526, his remarks 
on colouring, fuggefted by way of a note on the " Epiftle to an 
eminent Painter," will fhew that his talents were by no means 
impaired at the age of 86. He retained them, indeed, to the 
laft, and had even ftrength and fpirit fufficient to enable him to 
ride out daily on horfcback, the fommer before he died. A 

.ilrong conftitution, habitual temperance, and conftant attention 
to his health in youth as well as In age, prolonged his life, and 
preferred his faculties to his 88th year, when he gradually ceafed 
to breaihe; and, as k were, fell afleep, on March 3, 1780. 
He was interred in the fcjuth aifle of Canterbury cathedral [u],. 
leaving one fon, Anthony, educated in his own profeflion ; and 
a daughter J Sufanna, mentioned above. 

His abilities as a paint«r appear in his works, which will not 
only be admired by his contemporaries, but by their pofterity ; as 
his tirHs, like thofe of Rubens and Vandyck, inftead of being 
impaired^ are improved by time, which fome of them have now* 
withftood abdve 60 years. His idea of beauty, when he indulged 
his fancy, was of the higheft kindj and his knowledge of per- 
fpeftive gave him great advantages in femily-jMeces, of which 
he painted more than any ©he of his time. He could take a 
likenefs by memory as well as by a fitting, as appears by his 
pifture of the duke of Lorrain (the late emperor), which Faber 
engraved ; and thofe of king George U. (in York aflembly*- 
room) ; Queen Caroline, the two Mifs Gunnings, &c. Like 
many ot)ier great painters, he had *^ a poet for his friend," in the 
late Mr. Browne; to which may be added, a poem addrefled ta 
him«in 1726, by th? Rev. Mr. Bunce, at that time of Trioity- 
hall, Cambridge, who fucceeded Mr. Highmore,, and in 1780, 
was vicar of St. Stephen's near Canterbury. 

HIGHMORE (NaTvHaniel), a native of Fordingbridge, in 
Hampihirej a celebrated anatomift, and the firft in this country 
who wrote " a Syfteroatical Treatife on the Stru6lure of the 
Human Body/' He made many difcoveries in Natural Hiftory 
and Anatomy ; the maxillary Jinusy in p^ticular, is called from 
his name. Antrum Highmorianunu He Jias left the following 

[t] In his Review of them, Oent. was printed ia Gent. Mag. X7S0, p. 144 » 
Mag. Vol. XXXV. p., 238. and vevics to him kj Mr. JBuoce, in p»> 

[v] "A Thought at his Grave,'' 19 j. 

works,. 



HILAR I us. 117 

w^Oflc's, I. " Corporis Humani difquifitio Anatomica,", folio, 
1651. 2. " The Hiflory of Generation." 3. ** De Paflione 
Hyfterica," 8vo, 1660. Highmore died March 21, 1684, at 
the age of 71. 

HILARIUS, or HILARY, an ancient father of the Chrif- 
tian church, who flourKhed in the fourth century, wa« born, as 
St. Jerom tells us, at Poifliers in France ; but in what year, is nt t 
any where mentioned. His parents were of rank and fubftance, 
and had him liberally educated in the Pagan religion, which 
they themfelves profelfed, and which Hilary -did not forfake till 
mapy years after he was grown up ; when reflefting, as Dupjn 
fays, upon the grofs errors of Paganifm, be was by little and 
little condnded to the truth, and at laft confirmed in it by read' 
irig the Holy Scriptures. After he was perfediy inflrtiSed in 
the Chriftian religion, he was baptized, together with his wife 
and daughter, who were alfo converted with him. He was ad- 
vanced to the bifhopric of Poiftiers in 355, as Baronius fixes it; 
though Cave [x] fees no reafon why 'he might not be made 
bifhop of that place fome years before. As foon as he was 
raifed to this dignity, he became a mod zealous champion of 
the^orthodox faith, and diftinguifhed himfelf particularly againft 
the Arians, whofe daSrines were at that time gaining ground 
in France. In 356, he was fent by Conftantius to fupport the 
party of Athanafius at the iynod of Beterra, or Beziers, againft 
Saturninus biihop of Aries, who had juft before been excom- 
municated by the biftiops of France; but Satgrninus intrigued 
with fo much art againft him, that he prevailed with the em- 
peror, who was then at Milan, to order him to be banifhci 
Accordingly, Hilary was banifhed to Phrygia, where he conti- 
nued four years, and applied him.felf during that time to the 
compofingof feveral works. He wrote 'his twelve books upon 
the Trinity, which Cave calls *^ a iwble work," and which 
have been fo much admired by the orthodo)^ believers* He 
wrote alfo '^ A Treatife concerning Synods," which he addrefled 
to the bifliops of France ; wherein he explains to them the 
fenfe of the Eaftern churches t3pon the dodrine of the Tri- 
nity, and alfo their manner of holding councils. This treatife 
was drawn «p by Hilary, after the council of Ancyra in 358, 
whofe canons he fets forth in.it; and before, the councils of 
Rimini and Seleucia, which were called in the beginning of 
359, Some time after he w^s fent. to the council of Seleucia, 
where he defended the GalUcan biftop^ frorp the imputation of 
Sabellianifm, which the Arians had fixed upon them; and 
boldly afferted the found and orthodox faith of the Wefteca 
biihops. He was fo favourably received, ^nd fo much refpet^cd 

r^J Hiftor. liter. Tom. v p. 213. Oxpn. J^4«* 

J 3 H 



ii8 HILARIUS. 

by this conncil, that they admitted him as one who (hould give 
in his opinion, and aflift in a determination among their bifhops; 
but finding the greater part of them to be Arian, he would not 
aft. Neverthelefs he continued at Seleucia, till the council was 
over; when, feeing the orthodox faith in the utmoft peril, he 
fpllowcd the deputies of the council to Conftantinople, and pe* 
litioned the emperor for leave to difpute publicly with the Arians, 
The Arians, perceiving what a powerful adverfary they were 
likely to find in Hilary, contrived to have him fent to France, 
whither pafling through Italy he arrived in 360, without being 
abfolved in the mean time from the fentence of banifhment. 
However, after the catholic biihops had recovered their ufual 
liberty and authority under Julian the Apoftate, Hilary affembled 
feveral councils in France, to re-eftablifli the ancient orthodox 
faith, and to condemn the determinations of the fynods of Ri- 
riiini and Seleucia. He condemned Saturn inns biihop of Aries, 
but pardoned thofe who acknowledged their error; and, in 
Ihort, he exerted himfelf fo heartily in this great affair, that, as 
Sulpicius Severus fays, it was agreed on all hands, that France 
ivas in a great meafure freed from Arianifm by the fingle influr 
cnce and endeavours of Hilary. He extended his care likewife 
i>n this account to Italy and foreign churches, and was partico- 
cularly qualified, as Ruffinus obferves, to recover men from the 
error of their ways, becaufe he was ^^ vir natura lenis, placidiis, 
fimulque cruditus, & ad perfuadendum commodiflimus:" ** art 
teccllent obfervation," fays the candid Dupin, ** and very pro- 
per leflbn of inftru£lion to all who are employed in the conver-f 
iion of Heretics." - 

About 367, Hilary had another opportunity of diftinguifhing 
his zeal againft Arianifm, The emperor Valentinian coming 
to Milan, iflued an edi6!, by which he obliged all to acknow- 
ledge Auxentius for their, bifliop. Hilary, perfuaded that Aux^ 
eniius wa^ in his heart an Arian, prefented a petition to the 
emperor, in which he declared Auxentius to be a blafphemer, 
whofe opinions were oppofite to thofe of the church. Upon this 
the emperor ordered Hilary and Auxentius to difpute publicly ; 
where Auxentius, after many fubtleties and evafive fhifts to 
prevent being depofed from his bifhopric, was forced to own, 
that Jefus Chrift *^ was indeed God, of the fame fubftance 
and divinity with the Father." The emperor believed this pro- 
fcflion fiBcere, and embraced his communion ; but Hilary con- 
tinued ftill to call him an heretic, and mod wicked prevaricator 
with God and man ; on which account he was ordered to depart 
from Milan, as one who difturbed the peace of the chutch. 
Hilary died the latter end of this year, aftef many ftruggles and 
endeavours to fupport the catholic faith. His works have been 
publifhed feveral tiiiie^ : birt the laft and bbft edition of them 

was 



r 



HILDEBERt. 119 

was given by the Benediftines in 1693 at Paris. Of his twelve 
books upon the Trinity, Jerom has fpokcn thus: " Hilariua, 
ineorum confeffor temporum & epifcopus, duodecim Quinti- 
liani Ubros & ftylo imitatus eft & numero[Y]." And Erafmus, 
in the preface to that edition which he gave of Hilary's works, 
fays, that in thefe books he leems to have taken pains to fliew, 
** quicquid ingenio, quicquid eloquentia, quicquid facrarura 
literarum cognitione poflet/* He was likewife a man of great 
piety as well as abilities and learning, of which the ancient 
author of his life, attributed to t'ortunatus, has given lis this 
inftance. He tells us, that when Hilary went to Phrygia into 
banifhment, leaving his wife and daughter behind him at Poic- 
tiers, he had a vifion, which informed him, that a young man 
of great wealth and power wanted to marry his daughter ; but 
that Hilary prevented the match by his prayers, in which he 
earneftly begged, that fhe might only be married to Jefus Chrift. 
The author adds, that after his return from exile, upon her ex- 
prefling an inclination to be married, Hilary prayed the Lord 
again, to take her from this vain world to iiimfelf: the refult of 
which was, it is faid, that the young lady, as well as her mother^ 
whom we muft fuppofe to . have been upon this occafion too 
much in her intereft, died in a very fhort time after, A (lory of 
this kind proves at leaft the opinion held of the perfon of whom 
it is told. 

HILARIUS, another Romifli faint of that name, who was 
of Aries. He was born in 401, of rich and noble parents, and 
educated under St. Honoratus abbot of Lerins. When Hono- 
ratus was promoted to the fee of Aries, Hilarius, afterwards his 
fficceflTor, attended him. When he was himfelf promoted to 
that dignity, he held feveral councils, and prefided iii that at 
Rome in 441. In confequence of fome falfe accufations, he 
was partly degraded by pope Leo, but his merit was afterwards 
fully perceived by that prelate. He died at the age of 48, yet 
worn out by his ecclefraftical labours. He has the higheft cha- 
rader for piety, and all virtues. His works are, I. " Homi- 
lies," under the name of Eufebius of Emefa. 2. " The Life 
of St. Honoratus," his predecefTor.. 3. Various fmaller works* 
The former Hilary is the perfon moll known by the name ot 
St. Hilary. 

HILDEBERT, bifhop of Mans, and afterwards archbifhop 
of Tours, in the 12th century, was born at Lavardin, a town ia 
France, He is faid by Bayle to have led a very diffolute lifq^ 
before he was raifed to the epifcopal charafter. Ivo bifliop of 
Chartres, reproached him in the following terms : " Some of 
rile moft ancient perfons of the church of Mans, .who fay they 

[y] Epift. ad Mag. Tofia. U. p. 328, 

I 4 ' arc 



120 HILDEBERT. 

arc very well acquainted with your former way of living, aflert, 
that you indulged yourfelf.in fenfual pleafiires to that degree, 
that after you was made an archdeacon, you ufed to lie with a 
whole tribe of concubines, by whom you have had many boys 
and girls [z]." Hildebert, however, was a man of great learn- 
ing, as well as merit in many refpc6ls. Maimbourg commends 
him highly, calls him theiblefled Hildebert, and aflerts him to 
have been one of the mod holy and moft learned prelates, the 
Gallican church ever had. " We have fome letters," fays he, 
** and other beautiful works of his in the colleSion of the fa- 
thers. St. Bernard ftyles him the excellent pontiff and chief 
fupport of the church; whom. the moft celebrated writers men- 
tion with great elogium, and whofe holinefs God himfelf was 
pleafed to fliew, and to honour by the miracles which were per- 
formed at his tomb. And on this occafion, to do his memory 
the juftice it deferves, I think my felf obliged to obferve, that 
they who, on the credit of a letter of Ivo of Chartres, have 
afferted the diflblutenefs of his life, when he was made bifhop 
of Mans, have entirely miftaken him for another ; being mifled 
by the ijifcription of that letter [a], in which they found Ilde- 
berio inftead of Aldeberto, as the ancient manufcripts read it." 
But Maimbourg's criticifm, which is taken from Juret's ** Notes 
on Ivo of Chartres's Life," has not availed at all in Hildebcrt's 
favour ; fince it is well known, that no other perfon who was 
raifed from an archdeacon to a bifhop, was elefted bifhop of 
Mans in Ivo's time, but Hildebert. 

Maimbourg relates afterwards, that Hildebert was tranflated 
from the bifliopric of Mans to the archbilhopric of Tours by 
pope Honorius II. in 1125; and obferves, that this prelate, 
finding king Lewis the Big to have given two canonfliips in his 
diocefe during the vacancy of that fee, went himfelf to court to 
tnake his humble reprefentations to the king. His majefty heard 
him ; but, as he would not be fatisfied with the fentence that 
was given, and demanded a canonical judgement, all the income 
of his archbilhopric was feized upon, on account of his obfti- 
uacy. This made him have recourfe to the -moft humble peti- 
tions; and he recommended his cafe to a bifhop, for whom the 
king had a great efleem. *' I do not write to you," fays he, 
** with a defign to complain of the king's proceedings againft me ; 
nor to roufe yoii by my expoftulation ; nor to raife clamours, 
troubles, feditions, and florms againft the Lord's Anointed; nor 
to demand, tljat the feverities and cenfures of the church be 
made ufe of againft him. Far from it ; I only beg of you, that 
by your kind and charitable offices, you would prevail upon his 
majefty, not to exert the weapons of his anger and indignation^ 

[9] Ito's Letter the 27th. ' [a] Hift. du LatheraaUme, Uv. ii. p. 192. 

againft 



# 



HILDESLEY- 121 

againft a poor bifhop, full of years, and who dcfires nothing but 
reftTB]." 

Hildfebert wrote a very pointed letter againft the court of Rome. 
The defer! ption he gives of the vices of that court, is very- 
lively and elegant ; and we find as lively and elegant a tranfla* 
tion of it, in French, by M. du Pleflis Mornay, in his ** MyC- 
tere d'Iniquite." He was only bifliop of Mans when he wrote 
that letter; but when he wrote another to pope Honorius II. 
complaining that all the caufes were carried to Rome by way cf, 
appeal, he was archbifliop of Tours* He wrote alfo a defcripuoa 
of Rome in Latin verfe, which ends with thefe two lines: 

*' Urbs felix, fi vel Dominis urbs ilia careret, 
Vel Dominis effet turpe carere fide." 

That is, 
** Happy city, if it had no mafters; or ii it were fcandalous 
for thofe mafters to be unfaithful/* 

HILDESLEY (Mark), a truly primitive prieft and bilhop, 
was fon of Mark Hildefley, redlor of Houghton and Witton ia 
the county of 'Huntingdon, who died about 1724 or 1725, whea 
the living was offered to his fon by fir John Barnard, to hold on 
terms for a minor, which he declined, ^e was born at Marfton, 
in the county of Kent, 1698, educated at the Charter-houfe, at 
nineteen removed to Trinity-college, Cambridge, whereof he 
was elefted fellow in 1723. In 1724 he was appointed White- 
hall preacher by biftiop Gibfon; in 1 731 prefented by his col* 
lege to the vicarage ot Hitchin, and in 1535 to the neighbour- 
ing reSory of Holwell in the county of Bedford, by R. Rad- 
clifFc^, Efq; who had a fingular refpedl for his many amiable 
and engaging qualities, and always called kirn father Hildefley. 
This reftory he retained with the mafterfhip of an hofpital fn 
Durham, given him by the bilhop of that fee, after his promo- 
tion to the fee of Sodor and Man. lie diftinguiflied himfelf 
by a diligent attendance on the duties of his extenfive parifh, 
which had been much negledied by his predeceflbr, took his 
conftant rounds in vifuing his pariihioners 00th in town and 
country, and preaching alternately with his curate at both liv- 
ings; and every Friday evening in the year at feven, inftruded 
and catechifed the younger part in the church, and on Good 
Fridays ditlributed books to them. He generally preached from 
memory or (hort notes, and at a vifitation at Baldock, delivered 
the whole difcourfe to the clergy from memory, with a very 
agreeable addrefs. His conftant attention to the duties of his 
funftion, and his inability to keep a cUrate before he had Hoi- 
well, impaired his weakly conftiiution. He beftowed great 

Tb] HUd* Eplft. vi. ttpud Lucam Dacfaerium, Tom. XIII. . 

expcncc. 



iZ2 HILL. 

tXpencCf foon after his inftitution, on his Ticaragc-houfe, which 
was before a poor mean dwelling; and he took four or fix fcleft 
boarders into his houfe for inftrudion. His exemplary condu<!3; 
in this humble ftation recommended him to the duke of Athol 
as a fit fucceffor to the worthy bifhop Wilfon, whofe noble de- 
fign of printing a tranflation of the whole Bible in the Manks 
language he brought to the moft happy conchifion, immediately 
ifter his confecration in 1755, and died within ten days of its 
Completion, of a paralytic itroke, Dec. 7, 1772. He was bu- 
tied, according to his defire, as near to his predeceflbr as poffible. 
His farewel fermon at Hitchin drew tears from all who heard 
it; and when he vifited the parifli two years after, on his return 
to England from his fee, he recognized affedtionately the mean- 
cft of his friends and catechumens. He preached another alFec- 
Itonate difcourfe to them, and when he left the town, the ftreets 
were crouded with multitudes to pay him every mark of reve- 
rence, which he returned with equal kindnefs, 

HILL (Joseph), an Englifii divine, fampus chiefly for hav- 
ing publiftied, in 1676, an edition of Schrevelius's Greek lexicon, 
augmented with 8oco words, and purged of as many faults. 
He was born at Leeds in 1624, educated at St. JohnVcoUege, 
Cambridge, where he took his degrees, and was afterwards 
chofen fellow of Magdalen-college in that univerffty. He im- 
bibed the puritanical doflrines, and was prodlor during the pre- 
valence of that party in 1659. After the Reftoration, he refufed 
to conform, and was therefore ejeded in 1662. He then tra- 
velled through France and Germany, and pafTed two years at 
Leyden. In 1667, he was chofen paftor of the Englifli con- 
gregation at Middleburg.; but, after a time, refigned that fitu- 
ation and returned to England. He finally fettled at Rotterdam, 
where he continued till his death, which happened in 1707. 

HILL (William), author of fome learned notes, gram- 
matical, critical, and geographical, on Dionyfius Periegetes; 
which were publifhed in London in 1688, after his death. He 
had been a fellow of Merton-college, Oxford, and was after- 
wards matter of a fchoul in Dublin. He died in 1667. To 
his notes are fubjoined maps, with an explanation of them, and 
geographical inititutes for young ftudents. The edition is com- 
mon, and has the text of Dionyfius. from H. Stephens, and 
the commentary of Euftathius. 

- HILL (Aaron), a poet ; was the eldeft fim of George Hill, 
of Malmefbury-Abbey in Wiltlliire, and was born in Beaufort- 
buildings, London, Feb. 10, 1685. He was fent to Weftmin- 
fter-fchool, which, however, he left, on account of family diftrefs, 
occafioned by his father's mifmanagement, at fourteen years 
of age. Shortly after he formed a refolution pf paying a vifit 
to his relation lord Paget, then ambaflador at Conftaminople ; 

and 



HILL. ^ 123 

and accordingly embarked for that place, March 2, 1700. 
When he arrived, lord Paget received him with much furprife, 
. as well as pleafure ; wondering, that a perfon fo young fhould 
run the hazard of fiich a voyage, to vifit a relation whom he 
only knew by charafter. The ambaflador immediately pro- 
vided for him a very learned ecclefiaftic in his own houfe; and, 
under his tuition, fent him to travel, fo that he had an x)p- 
portunity of feeing: Egypf> Paleftine, and a great part of the 
feaft, WitM lord Paget he returned home about 1703, and in 
his journey faw moft of the courts in Europe. A few years after, 
he was defired to accompany Sir William Wentworth, who was 
then going to make the tour of Europe ; and with him he tra- 
velled two or three years. About 1709, he publifhed his firft 
poem, entitled, ** Camiilus,'* in honour of the earl of Peter- 
borough, who had been general in Spain : and being the fame 
year made mafter of the theatre in Drury-lane, he wrote his firft 
tragedy, " Elfrid, or the Fair Inconftant," at the defire of the 
famous adlor Booth, which he began, and completed in a little 
more than a week. In 1 710, he was mafter of the opera-houfe 
fin the Hay-market ; and then wrote an opera called " Rinaldo," 
which met with great fuccefs, and was the firft that Handel com- 
pofed after he came to England. His genius feems to have 
been beft adapted to the bufinefs of the ftage ; and while he held 
the management, he conduced both the theatres to the fatisfac- 
tion of the public; but, having fome miiunderftanding with the 
lord-chamberlain, he relinquif^cd it in a few months. 

But Hill was not only a poet, he was alfo a great projeSor. 
Among the Harleian MbS. 7524, is a letter from him to the lord- 
treafurer, dated April 12, 1714, on a Aibjeft by which " thp 
nation might gain a million annually." In I7IS> he undertook 
to make an oil, as fweet as that from olives, of the beech- nuts, 
and obtained a patent for the purpofe : but, from fome caufe or 
other, the undertaking came to nothing. In 1716, he wrote 
another tragedy, called ** The Fatal Vifion, or the Fail of Siam:*' 
to which he prefixed this motto out of Horace, 

'^ I not for vulgar admiration write : 
To be well read, not much, is my delight." 
About 17 1 8, he wrote a poem, called " The Northern Star," 
upon the aftions of the czar Peter the Great ; and feveral years 
after was complimented with a gold medal from the emprefs 
Catherine, according to the czar's defire before his death. He 
was alfo to have written his life from papers of the czar's, which 
were to have been fent to him : but the death of the czarina, 
quickly after, prevented it. In 1728, he made a journey to 
the North of Scotland, where he had been about two years be- 
fore j having contra£l^d with the York-buildings company, con- 
cerning 






184 HILL. 

ccrning many woods of great extent in that kingdom, for timber 
ifor the ufcs of the navy. He found feme difficulties in thi* 
affair : for when the trees were by his order^chained together 
into floats, the Highlanders refufed to venture thenifelves on 
them down the river Spey, till he firft went himfelf to convince 
them there was no danger. In this paffage he found a great 
obftacle in the rocks, on which he ordered fires to be made 
when the river was low, and great quantities of water to be 
thrown; by which means they were broken to pieces, and 
^ thrown down, fo that the paflage became eafy for the floats. 
This project, however, like the former, came to nothing ; upon 
which, after a (lay of feveral months in the Highlands, he 
quitted Scotland, and went to York. In that retirement in the 
North, he wrote a poem, called ** The Progrefs of Wit, being 
a Caveat for the ufe of an eminent Writer.'* This was in- 
tended for Pope, who had been the aggrelTor in the " Dunciad," 
and, as HilFs friends fay, was made very uneafy by it. The 
firft eight lines are. as follows: 

*' Tuneful Alexis, on the Thame's fair fide. 
The ladies'play-thing, and the Mufes pride, 
With merit popular, with wit polite, 
Eafy though vain, and elegant though light: 
Defiring and defcrving others praife, 
Poorly accepts a fame he ne'er repays: 
Unborn to cherifh, fneakingly approves. 
And wants the foul to fpread the worth he loves." 

In 1731, he met the greateft (hock afflifiion ever gave him, 
though it is faid he was born to combat it in all its fhapes : and 
^ that was in the lofs of a wife, to whom he had been married 

twenty years. She was the only daughter of Edmund Morris, 
efq; of Stratford in Elfex, by whpm he had nine children, and 
alfo a handfome fortune. He wrote the following epitaph for a 
monument he defigned to ereft over grave : ^ 

" Enough, cold ftone! fuffice her long-lov'd name; 
Words are too weak to pay her virtue's claim. 
1'cmples, and tombs, and tongues fliall wafte away, 
And power's vain pomp in mould'ring duft decay. 
But ere mankind a wife more perfeS fee, 
Eternity, O Time! (hall bury thee." 

It would not be a fmall taflc to enumerate all his produftions in 
poetry and profe. Four volumes have been publiflied, in 8vo, fince 
his death ; but they have never been in much favour with the pub- 
lic, and we cannot undertake to make them fo. AfFeftation both 
in the thoughts, and in the manner of exprefling them, rather 
than want of genius, may account for their imperfeft fuccefs. 
His laft produftion was a tragedy called ** Mcrope,"' taken from 
i^ ^ / Voltaire, 

f 



HILL. 125 

Voltaire, which was brought upon the ftage in Drury-Iane hj 
Garrick. There are fome lines in the beginning of it, which 
may be confidered as a prophecy of his own approaching dif- 
foiution : 

" Cover'd in fortune's (hade, I reft reclin'd: 

My griefs all filent ; and my joys refign'd. 

With patient eye life's evening gloom furvey : 

Nor (hake th* owt-haftening fands, nor bid them (lay. 

Yet while from life my fetting profpefls fly, 

Fain would my mind's weak offspring (hun to die, &c."^ 

He died Feb. 8, 1750, as it is faid, in the very minute of th^ 
earthquake, after enduring a twelvemonth's torment of body with 
great calmnefs and refignation. He was interred in the fame 
grave with his wife, in the great cloiller of Weftminfter-abbey* 
The following judgement of A. Hill, is found enough for us 
to adopt [c]. " His charafier," it is faid, " feems to have been 

» almoft as Angular as his adventures. Born of a good family, and 
endowed with fome natural talents, he might perhaps have ar- 
rived at that eminence, to which he afpired, could he have con- 
fined himfelf to any fingle purfuit. But he was oce of thofc 
enterprifing fpirits, that attempt every thing; and, for want of 
difcerning their proper province, bring nothing to perfeftion. 
He travelled much, read much, and wrote much; and all, as it 
(hould feem, to very little purpofe. His intimate acquaintance 
with the moft eminent perfons of an age fo fruitful in Beaux 
Efprits inflamed his natural ardour to diftingui(h himfelf in the 
fielles Letters. He fancied that he was deftined to be a great 
poet; and the high compliments he received from one that was 
really fuch (namely, Mr. Pope) confirmed him in that error. — 
From poetry to mufic the paflage was natural and eafy : but front 
compofing dramas, to be fet to the extracting oil from beech- 
nuts, was a tranfition quite peculiar to fuch a verfatile genius 
as Hill." 

HILL (Sir JoHNJ^an Engllfh writer, and moft extraordinary 
chara6ler[D], was the fon of a Mr. Theophilus Hill, a cler- 
gyman of Peterborough or Spalding, and born about the year 
1716. He was bred an apothecary, and fet up in St. Martin V 
lane, Weftminfter; but marrying early, and wit! out a fortune 
on either fide, he was obliged to look round for other refonrces 

•than his profeflion. Having, therefore, in his apprenticefhip, 
attended the botanical le6lures, which, are periodically given 
under the patronage of the apothecary's company, and being 
poflTelTed of quick natural parts, he fdon made himfelf acquainted 
with the theoretical, as well as pradical parts of botany; after 



H 



Memoirs of the Life of Handel, p. 80. 

Annustl Regifter, for the year 1775.— Biographia Draxnatica. * 

• which. 



126 HILL. 

^ which, being recommended to the late duke of Richmond and 
lord Petre, he was by them employed in the infpeflion and ar- 
rangement of their botanic gardens. Affifted by the liberality 
of thefe noblemen, he executed a fcheme of travelling over 
feveral parts of this kingdom, to gather fome of the moft rare 
and uncommon plants, accounts of which he afterwards pub- 
lifhed by fubfcription. But, after great refearches, and the ex- 
ertion of uncommon induftry, which he poirelTed in a peculiar 
degree, this undertaking turned out by no means adequate either 
to his merits or expeftations. 

The ftage next prefented itfelf, as a foil in which genius 
might (land a chance of flourifhing: but this plan proved like- 
wife abortive; and, after two or three unfuccefsful attempts at 
the Hay-market and Covent-garden, he was obliged to relinquifh 
all pretenfions to the fock and bulkin, and apply again to hi^ 
botanical enquiries, and his bufinefs as an apothecary. In the 
courfe of thefe purfuits, he was introduced to the acquaintance 
of Martin Folkes and Henry Baker, efqrs. both of the Royal 
Society, and through them to. the literary world; where he was 
received and entertained on every occafion with much candour 
and friendly warmth : in fliort, he was confidered by them as a 
young man of great natural and acquired knowledge, struggling 
agairift the tide of misfortune, and in this view pitied and en- 
couraged. 

At length, about 1746, (at which time he had the trifling ap- 
pointment of apothecary to one or two regiments in the Savoy) 
he tranflatcd from the Greek a fmall traft of Theophraftus, 
** On Gems," which he publifhed by fubfcription ; and this, 
being well executed, procured him friends, reputation, and 
money. Encouraged by this fuccefs, he engaged in works of 
greater extent and importance. The firit he undertook, was 
" A General Natural Hiftory," 3 vols, folio. He next engaged 
in conjun6^ion "with George Lewis Scott, efq. for a " Supple- 
ment to Chambers's Didionary." At the fame time he under- 
took the " Britifli Magazine;*' and, when engaged in thefe and 
a number of other works, fome of which feemed to require a 
man's whole attention, he carried on a daily elTay under the title 
of " Infpeftor." Notwithftanding all this employment, he was 
a conftant attendant upon every place of public amufement ; 
where he collefted, by wholefale, a great variety of private in- 
trigue, and perfonal fcandal, which he as freely retailed again to* 
the public/ in his " Infpeftors" and " Magazines." It would 
make a folio, inftead of an article in this work, were we to trace 
Dr. Hill (for he had now obtained a diploma from the college 
of St. Andrew's, in Scotland) through all his various purfuits in 
life. Let it fuffice to fay, that from this fuccefsful period, he 
commenced a pjajo of jfalhion, kept his equipage, drelled^ went 
I into 



H I L L. 



127 



into all polite compaRies, laughed at the drier ftudjes, and in 
every refpeft claimed the charafter of a man of ban ton* His 
writings fupported him in all this for a time ; and, notwith- 
(landing the graver part of them were only compilations, and 
the lighter part fiich as could produce no great copy-money, 
yet there is no doubt that he made, for feveral years, a co.nfider- 
able income. 

But the difpofition of Dr, Hill was greatly changed with his 
circumflances : from being humble and diffident, he had become 
vain and felf-frtfficient : there appeared in him a pride, which was 
perpetually claiming a more thao ordinary homage ; and a vindic- 
tive fpirit, which could never forgive the refufal of it. Hence his 
writings abounded with attacks on the underftandings, morals, or 
. peculiarities of others, defcending.even to perfonal abufe and fcur- 
rility. 'i'his licence of his pen engaged him frequently in difputes 
and quarrels; and an Irilh gentleman, fuppofed to be ridiculed ia 
an ** Infpeftor," proceeded fo far as even to cane him, in the 
public gardens at Ranelagh. He had a paper war with Wood- 
ward the comedian ; was engaged with Henry Fielding in the 
affair of Elizabeth Canning; and concerned in a conteft with 
the Royal Society.' He attacked this body, firft in a pamphlet, 
entitled, " A Dilfertation on Royal Societies;" and afterwards 
in a 4to volume, called " A Review of the Works of the 
Royal Society." The latter work was ulhered into the world 
with an abufive dedication to Martin Folkes ; againft whom, 
and Mr. Baker above-mentioned, his early patrons, the weight 
of his malignity was aimed. The caufe of both thefe pro'duo- 
tions was the difcouragement he met with, when he was defirous 
to offer himfclf as a candidate for admittance into that Society. 

By perfonal abufe, malignant altercation, proud and infolent; 
behaviour, together with the flovenlinefs and inaccuracy of care- 
lefs and hafly produdlions, he wrote himfelf out of repute both 
with bookfellers and the town; and, after fome time, funk ia 
the eftimation of the public, nearly as faft as he had rifen. He 
found, however, as ufual, refources in his own invention. He 
applied himfelf to the preparation of certain fimple medicines : 
namely, " the EiTence of Water-dock ; Tinfture of Valerian; 
Peroral Balfam of Honey ; and Tincture of Bardana,*' The 
w^ell-known (implicity of thefe preparations, led \\ z public to 
judge favourably of their efFe61:s; they had a rapid fale, and once 
more enabled the doftor to live in fplendor. 

Soon after the publication of the firft of thefe medicines, he 
obtained the patronage of the earl of Bute ; under which, he 
publifhed a very pompous and voluminous botanical work, en- 
titled, ** A Syftem of Botany." To wind up the whole of fo 
extraordinary a life, having, a year or two before his death, 
prefented an elegant fet of his botanical works to tjie king of 

Sweden, 



128 HILL. 

Sweden, that monarch invefted him with one of the orders of 
his court, in confequence of which he aflumed the title of Sir 
John. He died Nov. 1775, of the gout, though he profefied to - 
cure it in others. As to his literary charafter, and the rank 
of merit in which, his writings ought to ftand, Hill's greateft 
enemies could not deny that he was mafter of confiderable abi- 
lities, and an amazing quicknefs of parts. The rapidity of hi^ 
pen was ever afti)nifhing, and we have been credibly informed, 
that he has been known to receive, within one yey, no lefs than 
1500I. for the works of his own fmgle hand; which, as he was 
never in fuch eftimation'as to be entitled to any extraordinary 
price for his copies, is, we believe, at leaft three times as much 
as ever was made by any one writer in the fame period of time. 
But, had he written much lefs, his works would probably have 
been much more read. The vaft variety of Tubjedts he handled, 
certainly required fuch a fund of univerfal knowledge, and fuch 
a boundlefs genius, as were never, perhaps, known to centre 
in any one man ; and it is not therefore to be wondered, if, in 
.regard to fome, he appears very inaccurate, in fome very fuper- 
ficial, and, in others, ahogether inadequate to the talk he had 
undertaken. His works on philofophical fubjefts, feemed moft 
likely to have procured him fame, had he allowed himfelf time 
to digeft the knowledge he pofTefled, or preferved that regard to 
veracity which the relation of fcientific fafls fo rigidly demands. 
,His novels, of which he has written many, fuch as ** The Hiftory 
of Mr. Lovell," (ingwhich he had endeavoured to perfuade the 
world he had given the detail of his own life) " The Adventures 
of a Creole," " The Life of Lady Frail," &c. have, in fome * 
parts of them, incidents not difagreeably related, but the moft of 
them are no more than narratives of private intrigues; containing 
throughout, the groffeft calumnies, and endeavouring to blacken 
and undermine the private charaders of many refpeilable and 
amiable perfonages. In his ** EflTays," which are by much the 
beft of his writings, there is, in general, a livelinefs of* imagi- 
nation, and adroitnefs in the manner of extending, perhaps fome 
very trivial thought: which, at firft, is pleafing enough, and 
may by many be miftaken for wit ; but, on a nearer exami- 
nation, will be found to lofe much of its value. A continued 
ufe of fmart fliort periods, bold afier'tions, and bolder egotifms, 
produces a tranfient efFed, but feldom tempts the fpedator to take 
a fecond glance.- The utmoft that can be faid of Hill is, that he 
had talents, but that, in general, he either greatly mifapplied them,* 
or moft miferably hackneyed them for profit. As a drama- 
tic writer he ftands in no eftimation, nor has he been known 
in that view by any thing but^ three very infignificant pieces : 
namely, i. " Orpheus," an opera, 1740. 2. " The Critical 
Miftutc," a farce, publilhed in 1754, but notafted, 3. *LThe 

Rout/* 



HILL. 189 

Rout/* a farce, 1 754. Some fmart epigrams by Garrick and others, 
on his joint occupations of poet and phyfician, will be remem* 
l>ered longer than his own dramas. Some of them run thus; 

^* For.phyfic and forces, his equal there fcajrce is. 
His farces are phyfic, his phyfic a farce is." 

Another^ 
** Thou eflence of dock, of valerian, and fage. 
At once the difgrace and the peft of this age. 
The worft that we wifli thee, for all thy vile crimes, 
. Is to take thy own phyfic, and read thy own rhymcSt'* 
Anfwer, 
The wilh muft be in form revers'd 

To fuit the do£lor*s crimes ; 
For if he takes his phyfic firft. 
He'll never read his rhymes !" 

HILL (Robert), a man remarkable for his perfeverance and 
talent in learning many languages by the aid of books alone, 
^nd that under every difadvantage of laborious occupation and 
extreme poverty. His extraordinary charaSer was made known 
to the world by Mr. Spence in 1757, who, in order to promote 
a fubfcription for him, publiflied a comparifon between him and 
the famous Magliabecchi, with a ihort life of each [e], From 
this account it appears that he was born January il, 1699, at 
Mifwell near Tring, in Hertfordlhire \ that he was bred a taylor, 
which trade and that of a ftay- maker, he priidifed throughout 
life, fometimes adding to them that of a 'fchool matter. He was 
three times married, gnd the increafe of his family, with the 
extravagance of his fecond wife, kept him always in great pe- 
nury. He worked in general, or taught by day, and ftudied by 
night; in which way he acquired the Latin, Greek, and He- 
brew languages, with a good knowledge of arithmetic. As h(j 
could proceed only as he accidentally picked up books in a very 
cheap way, his progrefs was flow, but by his unremitting dili^ 
gence, very fteady. According to his own account, he was 
feven years acquiring Latin, twice as much in learning Greek, 
l>ut Hebrew h^ found fo eafy, that it coft him little time. He 
wrote, I. Remarks on Berkeley's <* EfTay on Spirit." 2. " The 
Charafier of a Jew." 3. " Criticifms on Job," He was a 
modeft fenfible man, fond of ftudying the Scriptures, and a 
zealous member of the Church of England, He died at Buck- 
ixigham, in July, 1777, after having been confined to his bed 
about a year and a half. During this time, he employed the 
hours in which he was able to fit up; in his favourite lludy of 
the Old Teftament in Hebrew, which he frequently faid, now 

[e] This traft was reprinted in Dodflcy's two volumes of •• Fugitive Pieccf,*' ii| 
9961. The aIno^nt of the fubfcriptions there ftated is only S9I. 19$. 

Vol.. VJJI. K. moro 



ijo HINCKLEY. 

motie thiamaid him for the troiiUc he had tafeeii td acfimroithe 
lipgaagcu ft is probable, that the notice into which he was 
brought by Mr* Spence fecured him afterwards, from the extre- 
mities of poverty* 

HILLEL the Elder, one of the Jewifh dofiors of tfie Mifchna, 
flouriflied about 30 vears before the Chriftian sera, and lived ta 
an advanced age. He was born of an illuftrioas Jewifh family 
in Babylon^ but was made prefident of the Sanhedrim at Jeru- 
ialem, which dignity remained in his family for fix generations*. 
He defended the oral traditions of the Jews, which he firft re- 
duced into order in fix Sedarim or treatifes. He took great pains 
to procure an accurate text of the Bible* 

HILLEL, the Prince, great grandfon of Judas Hakkado(h» 
and one of the principal writers of the Gemara, or comment on 
the Mifchna. He flouriihed in the middle of the fourth century* 

HILLIARD (Nicholas), acelebrated Englifli painter, who 
drew Mary queen of Scots in water-*colours, when flie was but 
18 years of ags; wherein he fucceeded to admiration, and 
^ined a general applaufe* Hc^ was goldfinith,. carver, and 
portrait-painter to queen Elizabeth, whofe pidure he drew 
feveral times ; particularly once, when he made a whole length 
of her, fitting pn her throne. Donne has celebrated this painter 
in a poem, called ** The Storm ;" where he fays, 

I< An hand, an eye. 
By Hilliard drawn, is worth an hiftory.'* 

HIMERIUS, a Greek fophift and grammarian, who f!ou- 
riflied under the emperors Conftantius and Julian, and was liv- 
ing after the death of the latter, in the year 363. He was a na- 
tive of Prufias in Bithynia, and a rival of Anatolius and Proaene- 
fius, after whofe death he eftabliihed himfelf in the fchool of 
rhetoric at Athens. Eunapius, who writes fome account of him, 
commends his ftyle, which was formed on that of Ariftides. He 
delighted in making clandeftine attacks upon the Chriftians. 
Photius defcribes his declamations, and gives fome extraSs; 
but a copy of them has been found, and an edition was promlfed 
by Wernfdorf. 

• HINCKLEY (John), fon of Robert Hinckley of Coton in 
WarwickfliirefF], was born in that county in 1617. His pa- 
rents being puritanically inclined, he was bred in that perfuaiion 
under Mr. Vynes,. a celebrated fchoolmafter of Hinckley. In Mid- 
fummer or April term, 1634, he was admitted a ftudent in St. 
Alban's-halU under the tuition of Mr* Robert Sayer; but before 
he became B* A. was converted, by the preaching of Dr. Went- 
worth, from the opinions he had imbibed in infancy* 

£r} iMdfk^ Hiftory of Aikoa-Flamvile and BurUch. 

About 



HIPPARCHIA. . .131 

^oul the time be had completed the degree of M. A. he 
entered into orders, was patronized by the family of Purefoy of 
Wadley near Fajingdon, Berks; vicar of Colelbilt in that 
county, afterwards of Drayton in Leiceflerfhire, on the pre- 
fentation of George Purefoy, efq; in 1662, redlor of Northfield 
in Worcefterfliire ; and in 1679, B. and D. D. He died April 
13, 1691, and was buried in the chancel of Northfield churchy 
where feveral epitaphs record part of the hiftory of his family. 
' The publications of Dr. Hinckley are, I. ** Four Sermons; 
viz^ I. at the Affizes at Reading; a. at Abingdon ; 3. and 4* at 
Oxford, 1657," 8vo; 2, ** Matrimonial Inftrudionto Perfons 
of Honour,** printed with the " Four Sermons,'* 3. " Epif- 
tola veridica ad homines pXairqeJIeijovlas^ 1 650," 4to, (reprinted 
in his ** Fafciculus Literarum'*). 4. <* Oratio pro ftatu Eccle^ 
fiae fliiSuantis," printed with art. 3. 5. " Sermon at the Fu- 
neral of George Purefoy the Elder, of Wadley in Berks, efq; 
•who was buried by his Anceftors at Drayton in Leicefterfhire, 
21 April, i66i ; 1661," 410. 6. " A Perfuafive to Conformity, 
by Way of Letter to the Diflentlng Brethren, 1670," 8vo. 8. 
** Fafciculus Literarum; or, Letters on feveral OccafionsfG], 
1680," Svo- 

HINCMAR, orHINCMARUS, a celebrated archbifliop of 
Rheims, to which fee he was advanced in 845. He was bred 
in the mo^aftery of St. Denys, which, with the abbe Hilduin, 
he laboured to reform. When he became a blfliop, he proved a 
zealous defender of the rights of the Gallican church ; but is 
thought to hstve proceeded rather too warmly againft a monk 
named Godefcalcus, whofe opinions were condemned as unor- 
thodox. The latter days of Hincmar were difturbed by the in- 
curfions of the Normans, which drove him from his metropo- 
litan city ; and he died at Epernei in 882. The beft edition of 
his work is that publiflicd by P. Sirmond, in 1645, which amounts 
to two volumes. He wrote on various fubjefts of hiftory and 
dmnity ; and difplayed abundant learning in theology and juriC- 
prudence; but his ftyle was harfh and barbarous, difgraced by 
all the faults of his time. 

HIPPARCHIA, a celebrated lady of antiquity [h], was bom 
at Maronea, a city of Thrace, and fiouriftied in the time of 

[g] Tho firft half part of this book fecond letter, particularly iignifying hia 

comtaina Letters between Mr. Baxter and difcontent both of Hinckley and his book. 

Dr. Hinckley, wherein many things arc The reafon of the publication of thefe 

difcaifed which axe repeatcfd in Baxter's Letters five years after their firft penning, 

''Plea for the Nonconfbrmifh.** There was occaiioned by that mean and fcomikl 

are four in number, written by each, and account which Baxter had given in many 

our author*s third Letter was written foon of his writings of Hinckley's Letters : the 

after Baxter's booki * Of Church Divifions'* laft of which Letters was anfwered by Bax- 

came forth ; he having not only obliquely ter in his third, ** Of the Caufe of Peacf » 

^eaed on, but let &11 direA and down- &c.'* 
»ight ezpieffions agjainft Dr. Hinckley*s [r] Diogen. laot devit. Ph. lib* vL 

K 2 Alexander; 



132 • HIPPARCHUS. 

.'Alexander. She addifled herfelf to philofophy, and was fo 
charmed with the difcourfcs of the cynic Crates, that (he was de- 
termined at all events to marry him. She was courted by a great 
many lovers, who were handfome men, and diftinguifhed by 
their rank and riches; and her relations preffed her to choofe an 
hufband from thefe. But fhe anfwered, that (he had fiifficiently 
confidered the affair, and was perfuaded no one could be richer 
and handfomer than Crates; and that, if they would not marry 
her to him, fhe would ftab herfelf. Upon this her friends had 
rccourfe to Crates himfe)f,' and defired him to exert all his elo- 
quence, and to ufe all his authority with this maid to cure her of 
her pafTion. He did fo; but fhe ftill continued obflinate and 
refolved. At laft, finding arguments inefFedual, he difplayed 
Iiis poverty before her: he (hewed her his crooked back, his 
cloak, his bag; and told her, that (he could not be his wife, 
without leading fuch a life as his fefl: prefcribed. She declaied 
herfelf infinitely pleafed with the propofal, and took the habit 
of the order. She loved Crates to fuch a degree, that (he ram- 
bled every where, and went to entertainments with him ; though 
this was what the other Grecian ladies never did. Nay, (he did 
not even fcruple to pay him conjugal duty in the open (Ireets: 
for, as Apuleius relates, he led her for that purpofe to the 
portico, which was one of the moft (lately public buildings 
in Athens, and where the greateft number of people conti- 
nually reforted. It was one of the tenets of the Stoics, not 
to be afhamed of any thing that was natural, under which pre- 
tence they allowed themfclves thus to. infult the public morals. 
Hipparchip, wrote fome things, which have not been tranfmitted 
down to us: among which were "Tragedies; Philofophical 
Hypothefes, or Suppofitions ; fome Reafonings and Queftions 
propofed to Theodo/us, fnrnamed the Atheift.** She once dined 
with Thebdorns at Lyfimachus's honfe, and propofed a fubtle 
objeftion to him, which he only refuted by aft ion: (he faid, 
** If I rho4ild commit the fame a£lion, which you had lawfully 
committed, I could not be charged with committing an unlawful 
aftion. Now if you Ihould beat yourfelf, you would aft law- 
fully ; if therefore I (hould beat you, I could not be charged 
with committing an unlawful aftion." Theodorus did not lofe 
time in anfwering like a logician, but, to (hew her that different 
objefts, circumftances, and conneftions, make different aftions; 
went immediately up to her, and pulled open her clothes. But 
Hipparchia was too well trained a Stoic to be difconcerted by a 
little indecency, and continued the difpute without alarm. 

HIPPARCHUS, one of the. fons of Pififtratus monarch of 
Athens, who, after the death of his father, in the year 528, 
A. C. reigned jointly with his brother Hippias. Thefe young 
men inherited the love of letters from their father, protefted 

5 and 



HIPPARCHUS. 133 

and rewarded ingenious and learned men, fuch as Simonides, 
and others ; and might long have retained their power, had not 
Hipparchus given an affront to the filter of a fpiritcd young man* 
This youth was Harmodius, for whonwHipparchus, according 
to the manners of thofe times, had c6t^»ived a paflion. Being 
flighted by Harmodius, he took occafiop to revenge himfelf by 
turning his fifter out of a public ceremony of religion, where 
flie was walking in proceflion. Exafperated at this infult, Har- 
modius, with his friend Ariftogiton, confpired againft Hippar- 
chus, whom they flew in the year 514, A. C. As this aftion led 
to the deftruftion of the ufurped monarchical power of the Pifif- 
tratidae, tl^e Athenians, with true Republican fpirit, always 
highly honoured the memory of Harmodius and Arifl:ogiton. 
His brother Hippias reigned tyrannically after his death, and 
was expelled in about three years. 

HIPPARCHUS, a celebrated ancient aftronomer, was born, 
as Strabo and Suidas inforni us, at Nice in Bithyni^, and flou- 
riflied between the 154th and the 163d Olympiads ; that is. be- 
tween 160 and 125 before the birth of Chrift. That he nou- 
rifhed within this period, we have as ftrpng a proof aS can be 
defired ; fince it is taken from the aftronpmical obfervations he 
made in that fpace of time. Hipparchus is fuppofed to have 
been the firfl:, who from vague and fcattered obfervations re- 
duced aflronomy into a fcience, and profecuted the ftudy of it 
fyftematically [i]. Pliny mentions him very often, and always in 
terms of high commendation. He was the firft, as that author tells 
us, who attempted to take the number of the fixed ftars, ** rem,*' 
fays he, " Deo improbam[K] :" and his catalogue is preferved 
in Ptolemy's ^* Almageft," where they are all noted according 
to their longitudes and apparent magnitudes. Pliny places him 
amongft thofe men of a fublime genius, who, by foretelling the 
eclipfes, taught mankind, that they ought not to be frightened 
at thefe phaenomena. Thales was the firft among the Greeks, 
who could difcover when there was to be an ecHpfe. Sulpitiu* 
Gallus among the Romans began to fucceed in this kind of pre-' 
diftion ; and gave an eflay of his flcill very feafonably, the day 
before a battle was fought. ** After them Jl]," fays Pliny, 
*' came Hipparchus, who foretold the courfe of the fun and 
moon for 600 years, calculated according to the different manner 
of reckoning the inonths, days, and hours ufed by feveral na- 
tions, and for the different fituations of places." He admires 
him for taking an account of all the ftars, ^nd for acquainting 
us with their fituations and magnitudes: for by thefe meaps, fays 
he, pofterity will be able to dilcover, not only whethd^they are 
born and die, but alfo whether they change their places, and 

[1] Hift. Natur. Ub. ii. c. 26. [k] Lib. vii. 5, [l] Lib, ii. c. 12, 

K 3 whether 



tS4 HIPPOCHATES. 

whether they increare or decreafc. Hipparchus is alfo memo- 
rable for being the firft whodifcovered the preceflion of the equi- 
noxes, or a very flow apparent motion of the fixed ftars from 
weft to eaft, by which in a great number of years they will per- 
form a complete revolution. 

The firft obfervations he made were in the ifle of Rhodes^ 
which gained him the .n^me Rhodius, and has made fome noo- 
derns imagine, that there were two ancient aftronomers of that 
name: afterwards he cultivated this fcience in Bithynia and 
Alexandria only. One of his works is ftill extant, namel)^ his 
^* Commentary upon Aratus's Phxnomena," It is properly a ~ 
.Cfiticifm upon Aratus ; for Hipparchus charges him with having 
pilundered Eudoxus's books* and tranfcribed even thofe obfervations 
in which Eudoxus was miftaken. He mjakes the fame remarks 
^gainft Aratus the grammarian, who wrote ** A Commentary on i 

Aratus's Phaenomena." Peter ViSorius is the firft who publUhed I 

this ** Commentary" of Hipparchus, Petavius gave afterwards | 

a more correal edition of it : to which he added a Latin tranfla* v | 

tion made by himfelf. Hipparchus compc^fed feveral other i \ 

works [m], of which honourable mention is made by man^ 
writers of antiquity ; and upon the whole, it is unlverfally 
agreed, rfiat aftronomy is greatly obliged to him for laying ori- 
ginally that rational and folid foundation, on which all fucceed* 
ing proCefTors of this fcience have built their improvejments^ 

HIPPIAS. See Hipparchus. 

HIPPOCRATES, the father of phyfic and prince of phy- 
ficians, was born in the ifland of Cos, in fhe nrft year of the 
8oth Olympiad, or A. C. 460, and flouriftied at the timeof the 
Peloponr;eiian w^r. He was the firft man we know of, who laid 
down precepts concerning phyfic ; apd was fuppofed to defcend 
from Hercules and iEfculapius. He was firft a pupil <>f his own 
father Heraclides, then of Herodicus, then of Gorgias of Leon^ 
tinum the orator, and according to fome, of Dcmocritus of 
Abdera [n]. After being inftfuSed in phyfic and all the liberal 
arts, and lofing his parents, he left his own country : but what 
were his motives, authors are xiot agreed. Some fay, that he 
was obliged to fly for burning the library in Cnidus, of which he 
Shad Jbeen appointed the keeper [o]. This Pliny relates frona 
Varro, and ialfigns alfothe motive which induced him to commit fo 
atrocious an aS; namely^ that, j«' having tranfcribed from ancient 
bodks every thing relating to his own art, he might, by deftroying 
ihem afterwards, pafs the better for an original himfelf [p]." So- 
lanus, jmjior, a writer of uncertain age, whofelife of Hippocrates 
|vas pujt>liljied by Fabricius^ jells us, that he was divinely ady 



{mJ Voflius de Scient Mathem. p. i6o* fo] 



T^etzes Chili t4. p. 139. 
Plio. Nat. m. lib. xxm- 1. 



l3aoni^4 



HIPPOCRATES. isS 

tnonifccd in a dfeam, to go and fettle in Tbeflkly; tfs'Galetl, 
we know, pretended fincc to be led to the ftudy of phyfic by 'a dreaifa 
v^hich happened to his father. Be thi$ as it will', it is certain 
that he left Cos, and prsa£iifed phyfic all over Greece; wh^re he 
•was fo much admired for his (kill, as to be fcnt for publicl/witJi 
£uryphon, a man fupertor to him in years, toPerdiccaSking df 
Macedonia, who was then thought to be confomptive. But 
Hippocrates, as foon as he arrived, pronounced the diforder to 
»be eotire^y mental, as it reaily was found to be. For upon thfe 
^eath of his father Alexander, Perdiccas fell in love with Phila^, 
fiis father's miftrefs; and this Hippocrates -difcerning by the 
^reat change her prefence always wrought upon him, foon ^- 
feSed a -cure, which one would Aink might «afily have bedn 
<effe£ied without the help of fuch a phyfician, or even of aiiy 
phyfician. He was alfo entreated by the people of Abdera, 
^o come and cure Democritus of a fuppOfed madnefs. Their 
^pi(lle4o him on this nccafion is to be found in moll of the edi* 
Tlons df his works; and, as it is curious, and gives a Juft and ' 
full idea <jf his very extenfive fame, we will here prdent it to 
^^le Teader in a tranflation. 

" Our city, Hippocrates, is in very great danger, tt^ethisr 
•with that perfon, who, we hoped, would ever have been a great 
k>rnatiient and fdpport to it. But now, O ye gods! it is much to 
i)e fea^d, that we fhall only be capable of envying others, fince 
he through extraordinary ftudy and learning, by which he gained 
-it, is^fal&n into itcknefs ; fothat it is much td be feared, diat-if 
Democritus become toad, our city will become defolate. For 
Ite ts. got to fuch a pitch, that he entirely forgets himfelf, watches 
day and night, laughs at all things little and great, efteeming 
Chem as nothing, and fpends his whole life in this frantic man^ 
xier. One marries a wife; another trades; another pleads ; ani* 
other performs the office of a magiftrate, goeth on an embafly, 
is chc^cn officer by the people, is put down, falls fick, is wound^, 
<lies. He laughs at all thefe, obferving fome to look difcon* 
tented, others pleafed: moreover, he enquires what i$ doneia 
the infernal places, and writes of them: he affirms the air to be 
€uN of images, afid fays, he underdands the language of birds* 
RiCng in the night, he often fings to himfelf; and fays, that h^ 
ffometimes travels to the infinity of things, and that there are 
innumerable Democritufes like him: thus, together with his 
mind, he deftroyeth his body. Thefe are the things whidi vve 
fear, Hippocrates: thefe are the' things which trouble uf 
tCome therefore quickly, and preferve us by your advice, and 
-defpife us not, for we are not inconfiderable ; and if you r^ftore 
fiim, you (hall not fail either of money or fame. Though you 
prefer learning t)efore wealth, yet accept of the latter, which 
fi&tiho <>^«d to y<m ingctsiX abundance, if our city were all 

JK4 gold. 



1^6 



HIPPOCRATfiS* 



gold, we would give it to r^ore Democritus to health : w^ 
think our laws are fick j Hippocrates : come, then, beft of men^ 
and cure a moft ^excellent perfon. Thou wilt not come as a 
phyfician, but as a guardian of all Ionia, to encompafs us with 
a facrcd wall* Thou wilt not cure a man^ but a city, a Ian* 
guifliing feliate, and prevent its diflblution : thus becoming our 
lawgiver, judge, magiftrate^ aild preferver.. To this purpofe tve 
expeA thee, Hippocrates : all thcfe, if you come, you will be 
to us* tt is not a fmgle obfcure city, but all Greece, which 
befeccheth thee to preferve the body of wifdom. Imagine^ that 
Learning herfelf comes on this embafly to thee, beggings that 
thou wilt free her from this danger^ Wifdom is certainly nearly 
allied to every one, but efpecially to us^ who dwell fo near hen 
Know for certain, that the next age will own itfelf much ob- 
liged to thee, if ihou defert not Democritus, for the truth which 
he is capable of communicating to all* Thou art allied toiEf»- 
culapius by thy family, and by thy art : he is defcended from 
the brother of Hercules, from whom came Abderas, whofe 
tiame, as you have heard, our city bears: wherefore even to him 
will the cure of Democritus be acceptable. Since therefore^ Hip^ 
jpocrates, you fee a moft excellent perfon falling into madnefs, and 
a whole people into diftrefs, haften, we befeech you, to us. It 
is ftrangjfe, that the exuberance of goo^ (hould become a difeafe: 
that .Democritus, by how much he excelled others in acutenefs 
of wifdom, fhould fo much the fooner fall into madnefs, while 
the ordinary unlearned people of Abdera enjoy their wits as for- 
merly : and that even they, who before were efteemed fooliflij 
ihould now be moft capable of difcerning the indifpofition of 
the wifeft perfon. Come, therefore, and bring along with yoil 
.^fculapius, and Epione the daughter of Hercules, and her 
children, who went in the expedition againft Troy : bring with 
you receipts and lemedies againft ficknefs: as the earth plenti-. 
fully affords fruits, roots, herbs, and flowers, to cure madnefs, 
ihe can never do it more happily than now> for the recovery of 
t)emocritUB» Farewell.'*. 

Hippocrates, after writing an anfwet to this letter from the 
fenate of Abdera, in which he commended th«ir love of wifdom 
and wife men, went; but upon his arrival, inftead of finding 
JDemocritus mad, declared that he found all his fellow-citizens 
fo, and him the only man in his fenfes. He heard many lec- 
tures, and learned much philofophy from him; which has made 
Celfus and others imagine, that Hippocrates was the difciple of 
Democritus, though it is probable they never faw each other till 
this intervie:vv, vvhich was occafioncd by thcAbderites* Hip- 
pocrates had alfo public invitations, to other countries. Thus 
when a plague attacked the Illy-rians and the Paeonians, the kings 
of thofe countries begged of him to come to their relief i, he 
' ^ did 



HIPPOCRATES* 137 

did not go, but learning from the meflenger? the courfe of the 
winds there, he concluded, that the diftemper would come to 
Athens; and, foretelling what would happen, applied himfelf 
to take care of the city and the ftudents. He was indeed fuch a 
lover of Greece, that when his fame had reached as far as 
Perfia, and upon that account Artaxerxes had intreated him by 
his governor of the Hellefpont, to come to him, upon an offer of 
great rewards, he refufed to leave it. He alfo delivered his own 
country from a war with the Athenians, that was juft ready to 
break out, by prevailing with the Theflalians to come to their 
affiftance: for which he received very great honours from the 
Coans. The Athenians klfo conferred great honours upon him s 
they admitted him next to Hercules in the Eleufmian ceremo- 
nies ; gave him the freedom of the city ; and voted a public 
maintenance for him and his family in the Prytanaeum, or 
council-houfe at Athens, where none were maintained at the 
public charge, bot fuch as had done (ignal fervice to the (late 
He died among the Lariflseans about the time that Democritus 
is faid to have died ; fome fay, in his 90th year, others in his 
85th, others in his 104th, ami others in his 109th. He was 
buried between Gyrton and Larifla, where his monument is 
Ihewn even to this day. It would be endlefs to tranfcribe the 
fine things that have been* faid of him, or to relate theTionours 
that have been done to his memory. His countrymen the Coans 
kept his. birth-day as a feftival ; and indeed no wonder that he 
fliould have divine honours paid him, fince, on account of his 
wonderful (kill and forefight in this art, he paffed with the Gre^ 
cians for a God. He taught his art, as he praftifed it, with 
great candour and liberality j fo that Mac r obi us had reafon to 
fay, that he knew not how to deceive any more than to be de- 
ceived [qJ- We have already had occafion to mention one fpe- 
cimen of his open and ingenuous temper under the article of 
Celfus; but to give a larger view of it, we will here fubjoin his 
oath, which is a curio(ity with which the Engli(h reader will 
not be difpleafed. 

Thf OATH of Hippocrates. 

' " J fwear by Apollo the phyfician, by iEfcvrlapius, by his 
daughters Hygeia and Panacea, and by all the Gods and God- 
deflfes, that, to -the heft of my power and judgement, I will 
faithfully obferve this oath and obligation. The mafter that has 
inftrudled me in the art, I will efteem as my parents; and fup- 
ply, as occalion may require, with the comforts and neceflaries 
of life* His children I will regard as my own brothers ; and if 
Ibey de(ire to learn, I will inftrud them in the fame art, without 

[qj Somniam Sctp» U i. 



138 



HI HE. 



any reward or obligation. The precepts, the explanations, and 
<%vhat€ver elfe belongs to the art, I will communicate to my 
own children, to the children of my mafter, to fuch othfer pupils 
AS have fubfcribed the Phyfician's Oath, and to no other perfons* 
My patients fliall be treated by me, to the beft of my pow«r 
and judgement, in the mod falutary manner, withotit any in- 
jury or violence: neither will I be prevailed upon by another to 
adminifter pernicious phyfic, or be the author of foch advice 
inyfelf : nor will I recommend to women a peflTary to procure 
abortion: but will live and praSife chaftely and religioufly* 
Cutting for the ftonc I will not meddle with, but will leave it to th^ 
operators in that way. Whatever houfe i am fent for to attend^ 
1 will always make the patient's good my principal aim, avoiding 
Sis much aspollfible all voluntary injury and corruption, efpicially 
all venereal matters, whether among men or women, bond or 
•free. And vrtiatever I fee or hear in the courfe of a cure, or 
otherwife, relating io the affairs of life, nobody Ihall ever know 
it, if it ought to remain a fecret. May I be prafperou« in life 
and bufmefs, and for ever honoured and eileemed by all men^ 
as I obferve this folemn oath : aod may the reverfe of aU this be 
«y portion, if I violate it, and forfwear myfdlf." ^- 

liis works have often been printed in fepanate ■pieces, a^s welt 
tas together ; and amongft them this Oath, whidh has been much 
admired, and commented on by feveral pei^fons ^ by Meibomitis 
in particular, who publifhed it by itfelf in 4.10, at Leyden> i'645. 

lilPPONAX, an Ephefian fatiric poet, whoflourifhed in the 
•60th Olympiad, that is, about 540 years before the Chriftiaii 
-aera. He was fo remarkably ugly and deformed, that certain 
|>ainters and fcuiptors amufed themfelves by difplaying reprefen- 
tations of him to public ridicule. Caricatures were probably ndt 
<ommon^in thofe days; for Hippopax was fo offended at the 
infult, that heexercifed againft the offenders all the force of his 
fatyric vein ; and, as it is faid, with fuch effed, that two df 
them, fcuiptors x)f Chios, Bupalns and Anthernus, hanged thern*- 
felves. But Pliny contradids the (lory ; Hift. Nat. xxxvi. 5. 
Hipponax is faid to be the inventor of the fcazontic verfe, 
which is an iambic, terminating widi a fpondee, inftead of an 
iambic foot, 

HIRE (Philip de la), an eminent French ma^hematidati 
and^ronomer, was born at Paiis, March 18, 1640 [r]« His 
£ither Laurence^ who was painter in ordinary to the king, pro- 
iieilbr in the academy of painting and fculpture, and much celo- 
l>rated in his tine, intended Mm aifo for tbe fame occupation i 
and with thsit view taught him the principles df de6gn, and fuch 
Srauoches of mathematics as lielated to thofe afts; but dksd^ wfaw 
c 

[t] MicttODy HttOtaK 21}»ilttd^ Tom. y« 



H I R £• 13^ 

ftiilipwas no more than 17, Falling afterwards fnto an HI 
habit of body, he projcaed a journey into Italy ; which he con- 
ceived might contribute not lefs to the recovery of his health, 
than tobring him to perfeftion in his art. He fet out iii 1660, 
and was not deceived in his expedations; for he foon found him* 
felf well enough to contemplate the remains of antiquity, with 
which Italy sfbounds. He applied himfelf alfo to geometry, to 
which he had indeed more propenfity than to painting, and which 
foon -afterwards engrofled him entirely. The retired manner in 
which 1||B fpent his time in Italy, very much fuited his difpofi* 
tion ; and he would willingly have continued longer in that 
country, but for the importimity of his mother, who prevailed 
jupon hrm to return, after an abience of about four years. 

Being again fettled in Paris, he continued his mathematical 
ftudies, applying himfelf to them -with the utmoft intenfe- 
nefs: and he afterwards publifhed works, which gained him fo 
much reputation, that he was made a member of the academy 
of Sciences in 1678. The minifter Colbert having formed a 
defign of a better chart or map of the kingdom than any which 
bad hitherto been taken, de la Hire was nominated, with Picard, 
to make the neceflary obfervations. He went to Bretagne in 
1679, to Guyenne in 1680, to Calais and Dunkirk in 1681, 
and into Provence in 1682. In thefe peregrinations he did 
not confine his attention to their main objefl, but philofo- 
phized upon every thing that occurred, and particularly upon the 
variations of the magnetic needle, upon refraAions, and upon 
the height of mountains, as determined by the barometer. In 
1683, he was employed in continuing the meridian line, which 
Picard had begun in 1669. De la Hire continued it to the 
north of Paris, while Caffini pufhcd it on to the fouth : but 
Colbert dying the fame year, the work was left unfiniihed. He 
was next employed, with other geometricians of the academy, 
in taking the neceflary levels for thofe grand aquedufts, which 
Louis 'XIV. was about to make. v 

Geometry, however, did not take up all his time and labour; 
he employed himfelf upon other branches of mathematics and 
jphilofophy. Even painting itfelf, which he may feem to have 
.difcarded fo long ago, had a place in thofe hours which he fet 
apart for amufement. The great number of works which he 
publiflied, together with^ his continual employments as profefTor 
of the Royal College and of the Academy of Architeftirre, to 
.which places b.is great merit bad raifed him, give us a vaft idea 
of the labours he underwent. His days were always fpent in 
/ludy, his nights very often in aftronomical obfervations ; and he 
Seldom fought any other relief from his labours, but a change 
.of one for another. He was twice married, and had eight chil* 
ijren. He had the e^eripr politeaef$^ ,circumipe£Uon^ and pru« 

dence 



14© H O A D L Y. 

drnce of Italy, for which country he had a fmgular regard ; and 
on this account appeared in the eyes of the French, too referved, 
and retired into himfelf. Neverthele/s, he was a very honeft 
difinterefted man, and a good Chriftian. He died April 21, 
1718, aged 78. 

He was the author, as we have faid, of a vaft number oif 
works: the principal of which are thefe : " Nouvelle Methode 
•n Geometric pour les feftions des fuperficies coniques & cylin- 
driques, 1673," 4to. 2. " De la Cycloide, 1677," i2mo. 3. 
** Nouveaux Elemens des fedions coniques : les lieux Geome* 
triques: la conftruftion ou efFeftion des equations, 1679, i2mo» 
4. " La Gnomonique, &c. i682," i2mo. 5* " Sedlioncs 
Conicae in novem. libros diftributae, 1655,'* folio. This was 
confidered as an original work, and gained the author a great 
reputation .all over Europe. 6. ** Tabulae Aftronomicse, 1687, 
and 1702," 4to. 7. *' Veterum Mathematicorum Opera, Grasce 
& Latine pleraque nunc primum edita, 1693," folio. This 
edition had been begun by M.Thevenot; who dying, the care of 
finifhing it was committed to de la Hire, It ihews that the 
author's ftrong application to mathematical and aftronomical 
ftudies, had not hindered him from acquiring a very competent 
knowledge of the Greek tongue. Befides thefe. and .other fmaller 
Works, there are a vaft number of his pieces fcattered up and 
down in journals, and particularly in the *' Memoirs of the 
Academy of Sciences,'* M. de Fohtenelle wrofe an eulogium 
upon him. 

HISCAM, or HISJAM, the fifteenth caliph of the race of 
Ommiades, and the fourth fon of Abdalmelech, fucceedeJ his 
brother Jczid II. in the year 723. His moft confpicuous adlions 
were thofe of vanquishing Khacam of Turkeftan, and making 
war againft the emperor Leo the Ifauriari, and Conftantine Co- 
pronymus. He died in 743, after a reign of 19 years. He 
was ftudioufly fplendid in his apparel, and always was attended 
by a train of 600 camels, employed to carry his wardrobe. The 
Greek hiftorians call him Ifam. 

HOADLY (Benjamin), a prelate of uncommon ta- 
lents, was the. fon of the Rev. Samuel Hoadley, who kept a 
private fchool many years, and was afterwards mafter of the 
public gramrnar-fchool at Norwich. He was born at Wefter- 
ham in Kent, Nov. 14, 1676. His academical education he had 
at Catharine-hall in Cambridge, where he was entered in 1692, 
and afterwards became a fellow of that fociety. In 1706, he 
publilhed " Some Remarks on E)r., Atterbury's Sermon at the 
Funeral of Mr. Ben net ;" and two years afterwards " Excep- 
tions'* againft another Sermon by the fame author, on the power 
of "Charity to cover Sin." In 1709, a difpute arofe between 
thefe combatants, concerning the dodrine of non-refiftance, 

occa- 



HOADLY. 141 

occafioned by a work of Jloadly's, entitled, " The Meafures of 
Obedience; feme pofitions in which Atterbury endeavoured to 
confute in a Latin Sermon, preached that year before the London 
clergy. Hoadly fignalized himfelf fo eminently in this debate, 
that the houfe of Common^ gave him a particular mark of 
their regard, by reprefenting in an addrefs to the queen, the 
fignal fervices he had done X6 the caufe of civil and religious 
liberty. At this time, when his principles were unpopular, and 
•the fury of party virulence let loofe upon him, Mrs. Rowland 
fpontaneoufly prefented him to the reftory of Streatham in 
Surry. Soon after the acceffion of George I, his abilities and 
attachment were properly regarded ; and he was made bifliop of 
Bangor in 17 15, which fee, however, from an appreBenfion of 
party fury, as was faid, he never vifited, but ftill remained in 
town, preaching againil what he confidered as the inveterate 
errors of the clergy. Among other difcourfes he made at this 
crifis, one was upon thefe words, " My kingdom is not of this 
world:" which, producing the famous Bangorian controverfy, 
as it was called, employed the prefs for many years. .The 
manner in which he explained the text was, that the clergy had 
no pretenfions to any temporal "jurifdiftion^; but this was an- 
fwered with great vehemence by Dr. Snape; and, in the courfe 
of the debate, the argument infenfibly changed, from the rights 
of the clergy to that of princes, in the .government of the 
church. Biihop Hoadly ftrenuoufly maintained, that temporal 
princes had a right to govern in ecclefiaftical polities. His moft 
able opponent vvas the celebrated William Law, who> in fome 
material points, may be faid to have gained a complete viftory. 
He was afterwards involved in another difpute with Dr. Hare, 
upon the nature of prayer: he maintained, that a calm, rational, 
and difpaffionate manner of offering up our prayers to heaven, 
was the moft acceptable method of addrefs. Hare, on the con- 
trary, infifted, that the fervour of zeal was what added merit 
.^tp the facrifice; and that prayer, without warmth, and without 
coming from the heart, was of no avail. This difpute, like the 
former, for a time excited many opponents, but has long fub- 
fided. From the bifhopric of Bangor, he was tranflated fuccef- 
fively to thofe of Hereford, Salifbury, and Winchefter, of which 
laft fee he continued biflit^p more than 26 years. 

A monument is ereded to his memory in the weft ifle of the 
cathedral at Winchefter. The infcription is in Latin, drawn 
up by himfelf. The principal contents and dates as follows: 
*' He was the fon of Samuel Hoadly, a pren)yter of the church 
of England, and for itiany years inftru6tor of a private fchool, 
and afterwards of the public fchool at Norwich; and of Martha 
Pickering, daughter of the Rev. Benjamin Pickering, born at 
Weflerbam in Kent, Nov. 14, 1676. Admitted into Catharine- 
hall, 



14* HGADLY. 

hall, Cambridgr, 1692; of which hall he was afterwards cho(e9 
a. fellow. Afternoon leAurer for ten years at St. Mildred in the 
Poultry, London, from 1701. Reaor of St. Peter's ]^oor, 
London, for 16 years, from 1704, Alfo reSor of Streatham in 
Surrey, for 13 years, from 1710. Confecrated bifhop of Bant- 
gor, March 18, 17 15. Confirmed bilhop ot Hereford, Nov* 

g, I-721. Confirmed ^biihop of Salifburv, 0&.. 19, 1723,. 
Mifirmed bilhop of Winchelter, Sept. 20, 1734. His firft 
wife was Sarah Curtis, by whom he had two fons, Benjamin, 
M. D. and John, LL. D. chancellor of the dioccfe of Win^ 
cheder. His fecond wife was Mary Newey, daughter of the 
Rev. Dr, John Newey, dean of Chichefter. He died April 17, 
1761, aged 85. On a fmall tablet underneath, are thefe words: 
<^ Patri amantiflimo, verae religionis ac libertatis publicae vindici, 
dfi fe, de patria, de genere humano optime merito, bocmarmor 
pofuit J. Hpadly, filius fuperftes." 

His conftaiu motto was, " Veritas & Patria.*' 

As a writer, he poffeffed uncommon talents; his greateft de- 
fcft was in his ftyle, extending his periods to a (Bfagreeable 
length, for which rope has thus recorded him: 

" Swift for clofer ftyle. 

But Hoadly for a period of a mile." 

In- his chara£^r, he -was naturally facetious, cafy, and com-^ 
plying, fond of company, from which however he would fre- 
quently retire, for the purpofes of ftudy or devotion ; happy in 
every place, but peculiarly fo in his own family, where he took 
all opportunities of inftrudling by his influe|^ce and by example.. 
In his tenets he was far from adhering ftri6lly to the do&rines of 
the church ; fo far, indeed, that it is a little to be wondered on 
what principles he continued throughout life to profefs conformity* 
But as he took great latitude himfelf, fo he Was ready alfo to 
allow it to others. His do£lrine, that fincerity is fufficient for 
acceptance, whatever be the nature of opinions, is favourable to 
fuch indulgence, but far from defeniible on the genuine princi- 
ples of Chriftianity [s]. He was of courfe in high favour with 
all who wifhed to mould religion according to their owir imagi* 
nations. 

It would far exceed the limits of our page to name all the 
pamphlets and trads which bifhop Hoadly wr(9te ; but a complete 
catalogue of them may be found at the end of the life written by 
his fon the chancellor, which is copied alfo in the " Biographia 
Britannica." The admirable Ode of Akenfide, there alfo in- 

[•] ArchbUhop Seeker one day, at his tians, replied, <<vlf they were, it was cefw 
table, when the Monthly Reviewers were tainly * feciuidum nium Winton/* 
(aid, by odc of the coapany> to be Chrif- 

ferted^ 



H O A D L Y. i43r 

ferted, reflefts equal honour on the poet and the bifcop. The 
following humbler tribute, written foon after his death, is lefe 
gpnerally known : 

" While Fortune fmiles, let Pride's vain minions claim 

From Wilton's hand their fcanty fhare of fame: 

From Parian ftatues let their names be fought. 

How well the Patriot liv'd, or Hero fought. ^ 

No proud inferiptions Hoadley's worth demands. 

On firmer grounds its furer bafis (lands. 

Wh^ fails the fculptur'd urn, the breathing Iwft 

Sinks down to ruin, mouldering in the duft. 

Thy works, illuftrious Hoadly, fliall furvive. 

And there embalm'd thy honour'd name (hall live: 

The latffft ages there fliall wondering find 

How great thy learning, and how^pure thy mind/' 

HOADLY (Bbnjamin), M D, eldeft fon of the bifhop of 
Wincheftcr, was born Feb. lo, 1705-6, in Broad-ftreet, edu- 
cated, as was his younger brother, at Dr, Newcome's at Hack«* 
ney, and Benet-collegc, Cambridge; being admitted penfioner 
April 8, 1722, under archbifhop Herring, then tutor there, 
wrehe took a degree in phyfic in 1727 ; and, particularly ap* 
plying. to mathematical and philofophical ftudies, was well knowa 
(atong with the learned and ingenious do£lors David Hartley 
and Davies, both late of fiath, who with him compofed the 
whole clafs) to make a greater progrefs under the blind profeffoc 
Saunderfon than any ftudent then in the univerfity. When his 
late majefty was at Cambridge ih April 1728, he was upon the 
itft of perfohs to be created do6lors of phyfic: but either by- 
chance or management, his name was not found in the laft lift; 
and he had not his degree of M. D. till about a month after, by 
a particular mandamus. Through this tranfadlion it appeared, 
that Dr. Snape had not forgotten or forgiven the name of Hoad- 
ley; for he not only behaved to him with great ill-manners, but 
obftru£led him in it as much as lay in his powrer. He was 
F. R- S. very young, and had the honour of being made known 
to the learned world as a philofophef , by " A Letter from the 
Rev. Dr. Samuel Clarke to Mr. Benjamin Hoadly, F. R. S. 
occafioned by the prefcnt Controverfy among the Mathematicians 
concerning the Proportion of Velocity and Force in Bodies in 
Motion." He was made regiftrar of Hereford while his father 
filled tlM fee; and was appointed phyfician to his majefty's 
hoiifliold fo early as June 9, 1742. It is remarkable, that he 
was for fome years phyfician to both the royal houfliolds ; hav- 
ing been appointed to that of the prince of Wales, Jan. 4, 
1745.6, in the place of Dr. Lamotte, a Scotch phyfician, whom 
Ae prince had himfelf ordered to be ftruck out of the lift, on 

fome 



144 H O A D L Y. 

Jbme imprudent behaviour at the Smyrna-coffee-boufe at the time 
of the rebellion in 1745. The appointment was attended with 
fome circumftances of particular honour to Dr. Hoadley. This, 
happening at a time when the two branches of the royal family 
were not on good terms, is a ftrong teftimony in favour of Dr. 
Hoadley. He is faid to have filled thefe pofts with fingular ho-r 
noun He married, i. Elizabeth daughter of Henry Betts, efq; 
of SuflFolk, gounfellor at law, by whom he had one fon, Benjamin, 
that died an infant, 2. Anne, daughter and co-heirefs of the 
honourable general Armftrong, by whom he left no iffue. He 
died in the life- time of his father, Aug. 10, 1757, at his houKb 
at Chclfea, fince fir Richard Glyn's, which he had built ten 
years before. He publifhed, i. ** Three Letters on the Organs 
of Refpiraiion, read at the Royal College of Phyficians, Lon-» 
don, A. D. 1737, being ihe Gulftonian leftures for that Year, 
To which is added,, an Appendix, containing Remarks on fome 
Experiments of Dr. Houfton, publifhed in the TranfaSions of 
the Royal Society for the Year 1736, by Benjamin Hoadly, 
M. D. Fellow of the College of Phyficians, and of the Royal 
Society, London, 1740," 4to, 2, " Oratio Anniverfaria in 
Theatro Coll. Medicor. Londinenfium, ex Harveii inftituto ha* 
bita die 18^ Oft. A. D. 1742, a Benj. Hoadly, M. D. ColK 
Med. & S. R. S. 1742," efteemed a very elegant piece of Latin* 
3. " The Sufpicious Huftand, a, Comedy." 4, <* Obfervations 
on a Series of EleSrical Experiments, by Dr. Hpadley and Mr, 
Wilfon, F. R. S. 1756," 410. The doflor was, in his private 
charadler, an amiable humane man, and an agreeable fprightly 
companion. In his profeffioa, he was learned and judicious ; 
and, as a writer, there needs no' furrher teftimony to be borne 
to his merit, than the very pleafing comedy he has left hehincl 
him, which, whenever reprefented, continually affords frefli 
pleafure to the audience. It is hardly neceflary to mention to any 
one, the leaft converfant with theatri'cal affairs, that we meaa 
*' The Sufpicious Hufband, a Comedy, 1747," 8vo, 

HOADLY (John), LL D. This gentleman was the youngefl- 
fon of Dr. Benjamin Hoadly, bifhop of Winchefter. He was 
born in Broad-ftreet, OcS. 8, I7M> and educated at Mr. New- 
come's fchool in Hackney, .where he gained great applaufe by 
Performing the p?Tt of Phocyas in " The Siege of Damafcus.*' 
In June 1730, he was admitted at Corpus-Chrifti college in 
Cambridge, and about the fame time at the Temple,- miending 
to ftudy the law. This 'defign, ho\yever, he foon abrodoned ; 
for in the next year we find he had relinquifhed all thoughts of 
the law as a profeffioq. He took the degree of LL. B. in 1735 ; 
and, on the 29th of November following, was appointed chan-? 
cellor of Winchefter, ordained deacon by his father, -Dec. 7, 
ajad priefl the 2xft of the fame month. |i« was immediately 

i:cceivc4 



HOADLY. 145 

received into the prince of Wales's houfliold as his cbaptain^ a$ 
he afterwards was in that of the princefs dowager, May 6». 

175'- 

His feveral prefernients he received in the following order qi 
time: the reflory of Michelmerft, March 8, 1^37; that of 
Wroughton in Wiltfhire, Sept. 8, 1737; and that of Alresford^ 
and a prebend of Winchefter, 29th of November in the' fame 
year. On June 9, 1743, he was inftituted to the redlory of St. 
Mary near Southampton, and on Dec. 16, 1746, collated to 
that of Overton. He had the honour to be the firft perfon on 
whorTi archbiihop Herring conferred the degree of a do£tor. 
In May, 1760, he was appointed to the mafterfhip of St. Crofs; 
and all thefc prefertnents he enjoyed until his death, except the 
living of Wroughton, and the prebend of Winchefter. He 
wrote fomc Poems in ** Dodfley*s Colleaion," and is fup- 
pofed very materially to have affifted his brother in ** The Suf- 
picious Hufband." He likcwife publiftied an edition of hig 
father's works in 3 vols, folio. After living to the age of 64, 
the delight of his friends, he died March 16, 1776, and witii 
him the name of Hoadly became extinft. He was the author 
of five dramas: I. "The Contraft," a comedy, aSed at Lin- 
colnVinn-fields, 1731, but not printed. 2. " Love's Revenge/' 
a paftoral, 1737. 3. " Phoebe,** another paftoral, 1748. 4. 
«* Jeptha," an oratorio, 1737. 5. And another, entitled, ** The 
Force of Truth," 1764' He'alfo rcvifed Lillo's " Arden ©C 
Feverftiam ;" and wrote the fifth aft of Miller's " Mahomet." 
He left feveral dramatic works in MS. behind him; and, among 
the reft, " The Houfe-keeper, a Farce," on the plan of " High 
Life below Siairs," in favour of which piece it was rejefted by 
Mr. Gar rick, together with a tragedy on a religious fubjeS, 
So great, however, was the doftor's fondnefs for theatrkal exhi- 
bitions, that no vifitors were ever long in his houfe before they 
were folicited to accept a part in fome interlude or other. He 
himftlf, with Garrick and Hogarth, once performed a laugh- 
able parody on ^ the fcene in "Julius Casfar," where the ghoft 
appears to Brutus, Hogarth perforated the fpeSre ; but fo un- 
retentive was his memory, that, although his fpeech confifted 
only of a few lines, lie was unable to get them by heart. At 
laft they hit on the following expedient in his favour. The 
verfes he was to deliver were written in fuch large letters on the 
outfide of an illuminated paper lanthorn, that he cpuld read 
them when he entered with it in his hand on the ftage. Hogarth 
prepared the play-bill on this occafion, with charaSeriftic orna- 
ments. The original drawing is ftill preferved, and we could 
wifti it were engraved: as the flighteft ucetch from the defign of 
fo grotefque a painter, would be welcome to the colledors oi 
bis works. 

vot.vin. h Dr; 



146 H O B B E S. 

Or. Hoadly*5 tragedy wasea the fltory of lord Cromwell, and 
he once ihtenJed to give it to the Aage. In a letter dated June 
^7, 1765, he fays, ** My affair with Mr. Garrick is coining 
upon the carpet again ;" Aug. i, 1765, he thus apologizes to 
Mr. Bowycr, to whom he intended to prcfent the copy-right : 
** Your kind concern, &c. demanded an earlier acknowledge- 
ment, had I not delayed till an abfolute anfwer came from my 
fi-iend David Garrick with his fixed refolution never more ' to 
ftriit and fret his hour Upon the ftage again.' This decree has 
linhinged my fchemes with regard to lord CromWell, for nothing 
but the concurrence of fo many circumftances in my favour (his 
entire difinterefted friendfliip for me and the good do£lor^s me- 
mory ; Mrs. Hoadly's bringing on a piece of the do£lor's at 
the fame time ; the ftory of mine being on a religious fubje£l, 
ice. aiid the peailiar advantage of David's unparalleled per- 
formatice in it), could liave perfuaded me to break through the 
prudery of my profeflion, a^id (in my ftation in the churchj pro- 
duce a play upon the ftage." , 

• HOBBES, or HOBBS (Thomas), was born at Malmfbury in 
Wiltfhlre, April 5, 1588, his father being minifter of that town. 
The Spanifh Armada was then upon the.coaft of England; and 
his mother is faid to have been fo frighted at the alarm which It 
occafioned, that fhe was brought to bed of him before her time 

[TJ. After having made a confiderable progrefs in the learned 
anguages at fchool, he was fent, in 1603, to Magdalen-hall in 
Oxford; and, in 1608, by the recommendation of the prin- 
cipal, taken into the family of the right honourable William 
Cavendifh lord Hardwicke, foon after created earl of Devon- 
fhire, as tutor to his fon William lord Cavendifh. Hobbes in- 
gratiated himfelf fo efFeftually with this young nobleman, and 
■with the peer his father, that he was fent abroad with him on 
his travels in 1610, and made the tour of France and Italy. 
Upon his return with lord Cavendifh, he became known to per- 
fons of the highefl: rank, and eminently diflinguiihed for their 
abilities and learning. The chancellor Bacon admitted him to 
a great degree of familiarity, and is faid to have made ufe of 
his pen, for tranflating fome of his works into Latin. He was 
likewife much in favour with lord Herbert of Cherbury; and 
the celebrated Ben Jonfon had fuch an efteem for him, that he 
revifed the firfl work which he publifhcd, viz. his ** Englifh 
Tranflation of the Hillory of Thucydides." This Hobbes un- 
dertook, as he tells us himfelf, " with an honefl view of pre- 
venting, if poffible, thofe difturbandes, in which he was appre- 
hcnfive his country would be involved, by fhewing in the hiftory 

[t] Thomse Hobbes Malmlburienfig rita, a felpfo confer! pta, &c. Vk« Hobbi- 
tnm Au£tariiim, <»•. Hiftorla tt Anciqultatet Oxomenfes) ice. 

of 



H O B B £ S« i^yi 

of th€ Pelpponnefian war, the fatal confequences of intedine 
troubles." This has always been eftecmed one of the beft tranf* 
lations that we have of any Greek writer 5 and the author him- 
ielf fuperintended the maps and indexes. But while he medi* 
tated this defign, bis patron the earl of Devonfliire died In 1626; 
and in 1628, the year his work was publiihed, his fon died alfo.' 
This lofs affe£bd him to fuch a degree, that he very willingly 
accepted an ofFer of going abroad a fecond time with the fon of 
Sir Gerrafe Clifton, whom he accordingly accompanied into 
France, and (laid there fome time. But while he continuecl 
there, he was folicited to return to England, and to refume his 
concern for the hqpe^ of that family, to which he had attached 
himielf fo early, and owed fo many and fo great obligations* 

In 1 63 1, the countefs dowager of Devenfhire was defiroua 
of placing the young earl under his care, who was then about 
the affe of 13. This was very fuitable to his inclinations, and 
he discharged that truft with great fidelity and diligence. la 
i^34> he republifhed his tranflation of Thucydides, and pre^ 
fixed to it a dedication 'to that yoUng nobleman, in which he 
gives a high chara£i;er of his father, and reprefents in the (Irong- 
eft terms his obligations to that illuftrious family. The fame 
year he accompanied his noble pupil to Paris, where he applied 
his vacant hours to natural philoibphy, and more efpecially to 
mechanifm, and the caufes of animal motion. He had frequeilt 
converfations upon thefe YubjeAs with father Merfenne, a man 
defervedly famous, who kept up a correfpondence with almoit 
all the learned in Europe. From Paris he attended his pupil 
into Italy, and at Pifa became known to Galileo, who commu- 
nicated to him his notions very freely. After having ferfn all 
that was remarkable in that country, he returned ill 1637 '^^^^ 
the earl of Devonfliire into England. The. troubles In Scotland 
• now grew high ; and, as popular difcontent is always conta- 
gious, began to fpread themfelves fouthward, and to threaten^ 
difturbance throughout the kingdom. Hobbes, feeing this, 
thought he might do goodfcrvice, by turning hipifclf to politics, 
and cpmpofing fomething by way of antidote to the peftilential 
pinions which then prevailed. This engaged him to commit 
to paper certain nrincipl^s, obfervations, and remarks, out of 
which hecompoled his bopk " Pe CivQ,!! and which grew up 
afterwards into that fyfteni which he called his ^^ Leviathan.^' 

Not long .^fter the. meeting of the long parliament Nov. J, 
2640, w^hen^l things fell into.coafufion, he withdrew, for the 
lake of living in qyicU to Pariisi; where he affociated hinjelf 
with thofe learned men,, >vhO| under the proteftion of cardinal 
Richelieu, fought, by conferring their notions together, to pro- 
mote dvery kind of ufeful knowledge. He had not been long 
ttecre^^wMa^y.vUKfcjQcl offif^p&of bis f^i^nd Merfeiwxey be bf- 
fc * L z ' came 



t49 



H O B B E S. 



came known to Des Cartes, and afterwards held a correTpon-* 
dence with him upon mathematical fubjeAs, as appears from the 
tetters of Hobbes publifhed in the worfcs of Des Cartes. But 
when that philofopher printed afterwards his " Meditations,** 
wherein he attempted to eftablifh points of the higheft confe- 
^wence from innate ideas, Hobbes took the liberty of diffenting 
from him; as did alfo Gaifendi, with whom Hobbes contraAea 
t very clbfe friendfhip, which was not interrupted till the death 
ift the former. In 1642, he printed a few copies of his book 
^* De Civc," which raifed him many adverfarids, by whom he 
^s charged with inftilHng principles of a dangerous tendency. 
Immediately after the appearance of this book, Des Cartes gave 
this judgement upon it to a friend: " I am of opinion," fays he, 
ftrjy ** that the author of the book • De Cive,' is the fame perfon 
trfio wrote the third objcdlion againft my * Meditations/ I 
think him a much greater mailer of morality, than of meta- 
j^hyfics or natural philofophy ; though I can by no means ap- 
prove of his principles or maxims, which are very bad and ex- 
tremely dangerous, becaufc they fuppofe all men to be wicked, 
or give them occafion to be To. His whole dcfign is to write in 
&vour of monarchy, which might be done te more advantage 
tftan he has done, upon maxims mote virtuous and folid. He 
tas wrote likewife greatly to the diiadvantage of the church and 
the Roman Catholic religion, to that if he is not particularly 
Imported by fome pow^erful intereft, I do not fee how he can 
ercape having his book ccnfured," The learned Conringius 
fx] cenfures him very roughly for boafting in regard to this per- 
ibrmance, ** that though phyfics were a new (cience, yet civil 
philofophy was ftlll newer, fince it could not be ftyled older than 
Ais book * De Cfve:' whereas," fays Conringius, •* there is no- 
thing good in that work of his, that was not always known/* 

Among many illuftrious perfons, who upon the fhipwreck of 
Ac royal cawfe retired to France for fafety, was fir Charles Ca* 
tendilh, brother to the duke of Newcaftle ; and this gentleman, 
•cJng (killed in every branch of mathematics, proved a conftant 
friend and patron to Hobbes, who, by embarking in 1645 in a 
<ontroverfy about the quadrature of the circle, was grown fo 
famous, that in 1647 he was recommended to inftrud Charles 
prince of Wales, afterwards Charles II. in that kind of learn- 
ing. His Care in the difcharge of this office, gained him the 
efteem of that prince in a very great degree: and though he af- 
terwards withdrew hi^ public favour jfrom Hobbes, on account 
Qf his writings, yet he always retained a fenfe of the fervices 
he had done him; (hewed him various marks of hts favour, 
aftet he was reftored to his dominions ; and, as fome lay, had 

t«I X{tt. lUn. 4m Catt. TatB. Hit ^ fo|ir - f»}P»OMI.Pw<wt(<)v-<>'k 

hi. 



HOBBES, 149 

his piduie banging in his clofet. This year alfo was prfmed ui 
Holland, by the care of M. Sorbiere, a fecond and more com* 
plete edition of his book '' De Cive," to which are prefixed^ 
two Latin letters to the editor^ one by Gaflendi, the other hj 
Merfenne, in commendation of it. While Hdbbes was thUf 
employe(^ at Paris^ he was attacked by a violent fit of illneifi 
which brought him fo low, that his friends began to deijpair of 
his recovery. Among thofe who vifited him in this weak coii* 
dition, was his friend merfenne ; who, taking this for a favour* 
able opportunity, began, after a few general compliments of 
cpndolence, to mention the power of the church of Rome t^ 
JTorgive fins: but Hobbes immediately replied, " Father, all 
thefe matters I have debated with myfelf long ago. Such kind 
of bufmefs would be troublefome to me now ^ and you can en^ 
tertaln me on fubjeds more agreeable: when did you foe Mr« 
GaiTendi ?" Merfenne eafily underftood his, meaning, and^ 
without troubling him any farther, fuffered the conversation Uk 
turn upon general topics. Yet fome days afterwards, when Dr. 
CofinSi afterwards bifhop of Durham^ came to pray with him^ 
|ie very readily accepted the propofal, and received the (acra* 
ment at his hands, according to the forms appointed by tbt 
church of England. 

In 1650, was publifhed at London a fmall treatife by jHoUiesf^ 
entitled, " Human Nature/* and another, " De corpora poli*- 
tico, or, of the Elements of the Law.*' The latter was pre^ 
fented to GaiTendi, and read by him a few months before hia 
death ; who is faid (irft to have kifled it, and then to have deli» 
vered his opinion of it in thefe words: ^* This treatife is indeed 
fmall in bulk, but in my judgement the very marrow of fcience." 
All this time Hobbes had been digefting with great pains his re*- 
^Isgious, political, and moral principles into a complete fyflem, 
which he called the *' Leviathan," and which was printed ia 
Bnglilh at London iu that and the year following. He caufed a 
copy of it, very fairly written on vellum, to be prefented tO 
Charles 11 but after that monarch was informed, that the Eng* 
lifh divines cnniidered it as a very bad book, and tending to fub«» 
vert both religion and civil government, he is faid to have with'^ 
drawn his countenance from the author, and by the mar<}uis (^ 
Ormond to have forbidden him to come into his prefence. Afttr 
the publication of his ** Leviatfian/' Hobbes returned to England^ 
and oalTed the fummer commonly at his patron the earl of D^* 
vonfnire's feat in Derbylhire, and his wmters in town ; where 
he had for his intimate friends fome of the greateft men of. 
the age; fuch as Dr. Harvey, Selden, Cowley, &c» Itt 16^4$ 
he publifhed his" Letter upon Liberty and Neceffity," which 
occafioned a long controverfy between him and Bnimhall^ btibM 
q{ I^ondond^ry. About tins time h<i began tha contioverff 

X/J with 



ts^ , H O B B E S. 

^ith WalHs, tlic mathcmatfcal profcflbr-at Oxford," M^Uicli laftc^ , 
as long as Hobbf s lived, and in which he had the tnisfortun* 
to have all the mathematicians againft him. It is indeed fatdv 
tiiathe came too late to this ftudy, to excel ih it; andthatj 
^ough for a time he maintained his credit, while he was con* 
tent to proceed in the fame track whh others, and to reafon in th^ 
•ccuftomed manner from the eftablifhed principles of the fcicnce^^ 
y« wh^ he began to digrefs into new paths, and fet up for a 
reformer, inventor, and improver of geometry, he loft hiftifeff 
fextremely. But notwithftanding thcfe debates took up much of 
his time, yet he publilhed feveral philofophical treatifes in' 
JLatin. 

' Such were his occupatiorts till 1660, when upon the king'? 
reftoration he quitted the country, and came up to London • 
He was at Salifbury-houfe with his patror, when the kJng paff; 
ing by one day accidentally faw him. He fent for him, gave 
tiim his hand to kifs, enquired kindly after his health and cir- 
cumftances; and fome time after direfted Cooper, the celc- 
brated miniature-painter, to take his portrait. His majcft^ 
likewife afforded him another private audience, fpoke' t^ 
tiim very kindly, affured him of his prote6lion, and icttled k 
penfion upon him of lool. per annum out of his priVv'purfei 
Vet this did not render him entirely fafe; for, in 1666, liis 
*« Leviathan," and tieatife '* De Cive," were cenfured by par^ 
liament, which alarmed him much; as did alfo the bringing of 
a bin into th* houfe of commons to punifh athcifm and profane-^ 
licfs. When this ftorm was a little blown over, he began t6 
think of procuring a beautiful edition of his pieces that were 
in Latin ; but finding this imprafticable in England, he cau/cd 
it to be undertaken abroad, where they were publiflied in 1668^^ 
4to, from the prefsof John Bleau* In 1669, he was vifited by 
Coimo de Medicis, then .prince, afterwards duke of Tufcanyi 
who gave him ample marks of his efteem ; and having received 
. his pifture, and a complete colleflion of his writings, caufed 
ilhem to be depofited, the former among his curiofities, the latter 
in his library at Florence. Similar vifits he received from feveral 
foreign ambafladors, and other ftrangers of diftinftion ; who were 
curious to fee a perfon, whofe fingular opinions and numeroiis 
writings' had made fo much noife all over Europe. In 1672, he 
wrote his own life in Latin verfe, when, as he obferves, he had 
completed his 84th vear: and, in 1674, he publiflied in Englifh 
verfe four books 01 Homer's " OdyflTey,*' which were fo well 
received, that it encouraged him to undertake the whole ** Iliad^ 
and " Odyffey," which he likewife performed, and publiflied in 
1675. Thefe were not the firft fpecimens of his poetic genius, 
which he had given to the public: he had publiflied many years 
before, about 1637, a Latin poem entitled, " De Mirabtlibus 

Peccij 



HOBBES. I si 

^' ♦ , * ' . • • r 

Pecci, or, Of the Wonders of the Peak." But his poetry is 
below criticifm, and has been long exploded. I^ 1674, he tooj;;^ 
his leave of London, and went to fpend the remainder 9f hi^ 
days in Dcrbyfhire; where however he did not jremain in- 
a6live, notwithftanding his advanced age, but pubiifhe4 fronx 
time to time feveral pieces to be found in the collection of \i\%^ 
works, namely, in 1676, his ** Difputc with Laney biihopof ply^ 
concerning Liberty and Neceflity ;" in 1678, his " Decaiperoi^ 
Phyfiologicum, or, Ten Dialogues of Natural Philofopby i'* tqi 
which he added a book, entitled, ** A Dialogue between a Phi^ 
lofopher and a Student of the Common Law of England.'* 
June 1679, he fent another book, entitled, " Behemoth, or^, 
A Hiftory of the Civil Wars from 1640 to 1660," to an\emi-^ 
nent bopkfeller, with a letter fetting forth the reafons for hj^ 
communication of it, as well as for the requeft he then made^ 
that he would not publiffi it till a proper occafion ofFered, The 
book however was publilhed as foon as he was dead, ao<l 
the letter along with it ; of which we fliall give an extradi, fce^ 
^aufe it is curious. — ** I would fain have publiflied my Dialogue 
of the; Civil Wars of England long ago, and to that end I pre» 
fented it to his majefty ; and fome dbys after, when I thoi^ht 
he had read it, I humbly befought him to let me print it. ^ut 
his majefty, though he heard me gracioufly, yet he flatly refufed^ 
to have |t publiflied : therefore \ brought away the book, and 

rve you leave to take a copy of it ; which when you had done, 
gave the original to an nonourahle and learned friend, whp 
about a year after died. The king knows better, an4 is more 
concerned in publilhing of books than I am; and therefore X 
dare not venuire to appear in the bufinels, left I (hould offend' 
him. Therefore I pray you not to meddle in the bufinefs.* 
* Rather than to be thought any way to further or countenance the 
printing, I would be content to lofe twenty times the value of 
what you can expefl to gain by it. I pray do not take it ill ; it 
may be I may live to fend you fomewhat elfe as vendible as that,) 
and without offence. ' I am, &c." However he did not live to'; 
fend his bookfeller any thing more, this being the laft piece that 
went from himJTelf : for, Odiober following, he was afflided 
with a fuppreflion of urine; and his phyfician plainly told him,, 
that he had little hopes of curing him. Nov. 20, the earl of 
Devonftiire removing from Chatfworth to another feat called 
Hardwick, Hobbes obftinately perfifted in defiring that he might 
be carried too, though this could no way be done, but by laying, 
hjm upon a feather-bed. He was not much difcompofed with 
his journey, yet within a week after loft, by a ftroke 6f thc^ 
pairy,"the ufe of his fpeech, and of his right fide entirely; in 
which condition he remained for fome days, taking little nou- 
riibmcQt, and ileeping much, fometimes endeavouring to fpeak, 

L 4 but 



J5« H O B B E Sv 

but not being able. He died Dec. 4., 16799 in his gii yean 
Wood tells us, that after his phyfician gave him no hopcs of a 
cure, he faid, " Then I fhall be glad to find a hole to creep out 
6f the world at." He obfervcs alfo, that his not de firing a mi- 
cider, to receive the facrament before he died, ought in charity 
to be imputed to his being fo fuddenly feized, and afterward^ 
deprived of his fenfes ; the rather, becaufe the earl of Devon- 
ftire*s chaplain declared, that within the two laft years of his 
life he had often^ received the facrament from his hands with 
fccroing devotion. 

. . He was a man of prodigious capacity, and went to thcbottom 
of whatever he vpdertook to examine; his genius was lively and 
^netrating,but,at the fame tithe, be was ftudious and indefatigable 
in his enquiries. Con&)t;ring his ^reat age, he was a man of no 
Veiyextenfive reading. Homer, Virgil, T hucydides, and Euclid, 
'tvtie authors with whom he was moft delighted. He ufed to 
fay upon this fubjedl, that ** if he had read as much as others, 
he (hould have been as ignorant as they." As to his charafter 
and tnanners, they are thus defcribed by Dr. White Kennet, in 
his " Memoirs of the Cavendifb Family [y]." ** The earl of 
pevonihire,*' fay$ he, " for his whole life entertained Mr^ 
jiobbes in his family, as his old tutor rather than as his friend 
dr confident* He let him live undec his roof in eafe and plenty, 
and in his own v^ray, without n^aking ufe of him in any public^ 
6t fo much as donaeftic aiFairs* He would often exprefs an ab<» 
horrence of fome of his principles in policy and religion ; and 
both he and his lady would frequently put off the mention of his 
^anie, and fiiy, * H^ was a humourill, and nobody could ae* 
Count for him.' There is a tradition in the fsimily of the man* 
ners and cuftoms of Mr. Hobbes fomewhat pbfervabie. His 
profefled rule of health was to dedicate the morning tohis exer* 
cife, and the afternoon to his ftudies. At his firft rifing, there* 
fore, he walked out, and climbed any hill within his reach ; or, 
if the weather was not dry, he fatigued himfelf within doors by 
fome exercife or other, to be in a fweat: recommending that 
praftice upon this opinion, that an old man had more moidure 
than heat, and therefore by fuch motion heat was to be acmiired, 
and mofilure expelled. After this he took a comfortable break- 
jbft; and then went round the lodgings to wait upon the earl, 
the countefs, and the children, and any confiderable flrangers^ 
paying fome Ihprt addreflfes to all of them. He kept thefe 
founds till about twelve o'clock, when he had a little dinner pro<^ 
Tided for him* yphich he eat always by himfelf without cere* 
fhony. Soon after dinner he retired to his {tudy, and had hi$ 
^a^idlc with ten or twelve pipe$ of tp|>acco laid by him^ tbei^ 



1^ 



HOBBES. 15J 

fhutting his door, he fell. to fmoaking, thinkings and writintf 
for feveral hours. He retained a friend or two at court, ani 
tfpecially the lord Arlington, to proted^ him if occafion (hould 
require. He ufed to fay, that it was lawful to make ufe of ill 
initruments tQ do ourfelves good : *. If I were cad," fays he, 
* into a deep pit, and the devil ihould put down hisclovien foot, 
I would take hold of it to be drawn out by it.' Towards tho 
end of his life he had very few books, and thofe he read but very 
litt4e; thinking he was now able only to digeft what he had for«» 
'merly fed upon. If company came to vidt him, he would be 
free in difcourfe till he was preiTed or contradi£led ; and then ho 
had the infirmities of being (hort and peevifli, and referring to 
his writings for better fatisfaflion. His friends, who had tho 
liberty of introducing ftrangers to him, made thefe terms witfc 
them before their admiflion, that they (hould not difpute with 
the old man, nor contradift him." 

After mentioning the apprehenfions Hobbes was under, when 
the parliament cenuired his book, and the methods he took to 
efcape perfecution, Dr. Kennet proceeds in the following terms i 
*^ It is not much to be doubted, that upon this occafion h^ begad 
to make a more open (hew of religion and church communion* 
He now frequented the chapel, joined in the fervice^ and was 
generally a partaker of the holy facrament : and whenever any 
ftrangers in converfation with him feemed to queftion his belief^ 
he would always appeal to his conformity in divine ferVices, and 
referred them to the chaplain for a teilimony of it. Others 
thought it a mere compliance to the orders of the family, and 
obferved, that in city and country he never went to any parifll 
church; and even in the chapel upon Sundays, he went out after 

{»rayers, and turned his back upon the fermon ; and when any 
riend a(ked the reafon of it, he gave no other but this^ < they 
could teach him nothing, but what he knew. ' He did not con* 
ceal his hatred to the clergy ; but it was vifible that the hatred 
V^as owing to his fear of their civil intereft and power. He 
had often a jealoufy, that the biihops would burn him : and of 
all the bench he was moil afraid of the hi (hop of Sarum, be-« 
caufe he had moft oilended him; thinking every man's fptrit to 
be remembrance and revenge. After the Reftoration, he watched 
all opportunities to ingratiate himfelf with the king and his 
prime miniders; and l(X>ked upon his penfion to be more valu- 
able, as an earneft of favour and protedion, than tipon any other 
account. His following courfe of life was to be free from dan« 
gcr. He could not endure to be left in an empty houfe. Wheiw 
ever the earl removed he would go along with him, even to hia 
laft ftage, from Chatfworth to Hardwick. When he was in a 
yery weak condition, he dared not to be left behind, but made 
bf$ yf^y liDon a fpathef^bed in a coach> though he furvived tho 

journey 



154 HOBBE& 

}oumey but a few days. He could not bear any dtfcouffp 6f 
ceathy and feemed to cad ofF all thoughts of it: he delighted to 
reckon upon longer life. The winter before he died, he made d 
warm coat, which he faid muft lad him three years, and theri 
be would have fuch another. In his laft ficknefs his frequent 
ifueitions were, Whether bis difeafe was curable? and when in- 
timations were given that he might have eafe, but no remedy, 
ke ufed this expreflion, * I fhall be glad to find a hole to creep 
out of the world at ;' which are reported to have been his laft 
fenfible words ; and his lying fome days following in a filent 
ftupefa£tion, did feem owing to his mind more than to his body. 
The only thought of death, that he appeared to entertain in time 
of health, was to take care of fome infcription on his grave. 
He would foiFer foifte friends to didate an epitaph, among which 
he was beft pleaied with this humour, ^ This is the true philo^ 
fopher's ftone, &c." 

After this account of Hobbes, which, though undoubtedly 
true in the main, feems rather tpo ftrongly coloured, it will be 
l>ut jufttce to fubjoiQ what lord Clarendon has faid of him. 
This noble pcrfon,' during his banifliment, wrote a book in 
1670, which wa« printed fix years after at Oxford with this 
title, *• A brief View of the dangerous and pernicious Errors 
to Church and State in Mr. Hobbes's Book, intituled, Levia^ 
than.*' In the introdudion the earl obffjrVes, that Mr. Hobbes's 
*< Leviathan" ^^ contains in it good learning of all kinds, politely 
extra^d, and very wittily and cunningly digefted in a ver;^ 
commendable, and in a vigorous and pleafant ilyle: and that 
Mr. Hobbes himfelf was a man of excellent parts, of great 
wit, fome reading, and fomewhat more thinking ; one who has 
fpent many years in foreign parts and obfervations ; underftands 
the learped as well as the modern languages ; hath long had the 
reputation of a great philofc^her and mathematician ; and in 
his age hath had converfation with very many worthy and extra- 
ordinary men: to which it may be, if he had been more in- 
dulgent in the more vigorous pait of his life, it might have had 
greater influence upon the temper of his mind; whereas age 
feldom fubmits to thefe queftions, enqiiiries, and contradictions, 
which the laws and liberty of converfation require. And it hath 
been always a lamentation among Mr. Hobbes^s friends, that he 
fpent too much time in thinking, and too little in exercifmg 
thofe thoughts in the company of other men of the fame, or of 
$s good faculties ; for want whereof his natural conftitution, 
W^th age, contraded fuch a morofity, that doubting and contra* 
dialing men were never grateful to him. In a word, Mr. 
Hobbes is one of the mod ancient acquaintance I have in the 
world; and of whom I have always had a great elleem, as ^ 
m^n^ who, befides his eminent parts, leafningy and knowledge, 

hath 



H O B B E S. 155 

?.afh Been always looked upon as a man of probity, and of a IffSi 
free from fcandal/' 

There have been few pcrfons, whofe writings have had a inor9 
pernicious influence in fpreading irreligion and infidelity th^n thofe 
bf Hobbes; and yet none of his trcatifes are direiily tevetied 
againft reveakd religion. He fometimcs aflTeAs to feeak with 
veneration of the facred writings, and exprefsly declares, thaf 
though the laws of nature are not laws, as they proceed frqni 
nature, yet " as they are given by Ood in Holy Scripture, they 
are properly caHed laws ; for the Holy Scripture is the voice of 
God, firling all things by the greateft right [z].'* But though 
he feems here to make the laws of Scripture the hiws of God^ 
and to derive their' fonce from his fupreme authority, yetelfe* 
'fvhere he fuppofes them to have no authority, but what they de- 
rive- from the prince or civil power. He fometimes feems t<l 
acknowledge infpiration to be a fupernatural gift, and th^ imme* 
Idiate hand of God : at other times he treats the pretence to it as 
a fign of madnefs, and reprefcnts God's fpeaking to the prophets 
in a dreanj, to be no more than the prophets dreaming that Ood 
fpake unto them. He afferts, thai we have no affui:ance of the 
certainty of Scripture, but the authority of the church [a]^ and 
this he refolves into the authority of the commonwealth; and 
declares, that til' the fovereign ruler had prefcribed them, •* tho 
precepts of Scripture were not obligatory laws, but only eouniet 
br advice, which he that was counselled might without in|iiitice 
l-efiife to obferve, and beipg contrary to the laws could not with- 
out injuftice obferve;-* that the word of the interprrtcr of Scrips 
tpre is the word of God, and that the fovereign inagiftrate it 
the interpreter of Scripture, and of all doftrines, to whofe 
authority we muft ftand. Nay, he carries it fo far a$ to pro- 
nounce [b], that Ghriftians are bound in confcience to otney tb« 
laws of an infidel king in matte« of religion ; that ^* thought 
is free, but when it conies to confeifSon of faith, the priviite icafon 
xnuft fubmit to the public, that b to fay, to God's lieutenant.!^ 
Accordingly he allows the fubjeft, being commanded by the 
fovereign, to deny Chrift in words, holding the faith of him firmly 
in his heart ; it being in this ** not he, that denieth Chrift before 
men, but his governor and the laws of his country." In the mean 
time he acknowledges the exiftence of God [c], and that we 
inuft of neceflity afcribe the efFefts we behold to the eternal 
power of all powers, and caufe of all caufes; and he reproachaj 
thofe ^s abfurd, who call the worid, or the foul of the world, 
God. ' But then he denies that we know any thing n^orc of him 
than that he exifts, and feems plainly to make him corporeal i 

Ih Cl^, c ill. (; J3, [b] Vc Cive, c, 17. l.e«itffaiii, p, 169^ 

Ltf'aAiikf f « 194. %%u 284. 

W i*vi*rfM»n, p. 238. 27U. 

for 



n 



u* 



HOPBES. 



(br he^ztS-fmSf that urbatevtr is not body h nothing at. all* 
And though he fomctimcs feems to acknowledge religion and its 
fi^ig^i0nii, and that there is an honour and worihip due to 
Cod ; prayer, thankfgivings, oblations, &c. yet he advances 
^rincipfe^y which evidently tend to fubvett all religion, Th^ 
9eCOti|it ht gives of it is this, that ** from the fear of powei: 
invifibl«r/ieigned by the mind^ or imagined from- tales, publicly 
allowed, jH-ifeth religion; not allowed, iuperftition :'* and he 
. I^foives religion into things which he bimfelf derides, namely, 
V opinions of ghofts, ignorance of fecond c^ufesy devotion to 
Tdrhat fnen<<ear,. afid taking of things cafual for p^ognoftics." Hq 
tak#$ pjMn«.in oiany places to prove man a rieceflary agent, anci 
openly derides the do^rine of a future flate: for he fays, that the 
beiief of :a foture ftate aft^r death, ** is a belief grounded upon 
lither J9^?s fiiying, thal-they knew it fupernat\irally ; or,4hat they 
knew thpre,that knew them, that kn«w others that knew it fuper- 
iipturally*" But it is not revealed religion only, of which Hobb^a 
maliif slight ; he goes farther, as will appear by running over ^ 
yw.rnoft oif his maximsi He afferts, " that, by the law of 
Mtute, every man hath a right ta all things, and over all perfons| 
(Mfld that the natural condition of man is a Aate of war, a war 
#f:all{in^ againft all men: that there is no way fo reafonabl<9 
for. »ny man^ as by force or wiles to gain a maftery over all 
Mhrc peiibns that he can, till he lees no other power ilrong 
foou^ to endanger him ; that the <:ivil laws are the onl v rules 
of good and evil, juft and unjuft, honed and diftoneit; an4 
tb»t^ ^i^ecdently to fuch laws, every adton is in its own na^ 
ture iodtflTerent; that there is nothing goqd or evil in itfelf, npir 
My^commpn laws conftituting what is naturally jikd and unjuil i 
that all tlungs are meafured by what every man judgeth fit, where 
there i^ no civil government, aqd by the laws of (ociety, where 
there is : that the power of the fovereign is abfolute, and that 
he is not bouod by any compa£h with his fubj^fts: that nothing 
the fovereign can do to the kibjed, can properly be called inju-- 
fiousor wrong; and that the king's word is fudicient to take 
any thing from the fubjeft if need be, and that the king is judge 
of that need/' This fcheme evidently ftrikes at the foundation 
p{ all religion, natural and revealed. It tends not only to fub« 
yert the authority of Scripture, but to deftroy God's moral go- 
vernment of the world. It confounds the natural differences of 
good and evil, virtue and vice. It deftroy s the bed principles 
pf the hyman nature; and iiiftead of that innate benevolence, 
and focial difpofition which ihould unite men together, fuppofes 
^H men to be naturally in a ilate of war with one another. It 
lercfts an abfolute tyrannjr in the ftate and church which it con- 
founds, and makes the will of the prince or governing power 
the fole ftandaid of right and wrong. • i; 



HOBB E S. 157 

. Such principles in religion and pjolitics would, as it tna^ 
be imagined, raife a man adverfaries. Hobbes accordingljF 
was attacked by many confiderable perfons, and, what may 
feent more ftrange, by fiich as wrote againft each other. For 
inftance, Harrington in his "Oceana, falls very often orl 
Hobbes ; and fo does fir Robert Filmer iji his " Obfervations 
concerning the Original of Government." We have already 
mentioned Bramhail and Clarendon ; the former argued with 
great actitenefs againft that part of his fyftem, which relates to 
Mberty and neceflity, and afterwards attacked the whole in a 
piece, called ** The Catching of the Leviathan,*' ptbliflied itt 
1685; in which he undertakes to demonftrate out of Hobbes'k 
own works, that no man, who is thoroughly an Hobbift, can be 
** a good Chriftian, or a good commonwealih's man, or recon- 
cile himfelf to himfelf." Tenifon, afterwards archbifhop of 
Canterbury, gave a fummary view of Hobbes's principles, in a 
book, called " The Creed of Mr, Hobbes exammed, 1670;*' to 
which wc may add the iwo.dialofi;ues of Dr. Eachard betweea 
Timothy and rhilautus, and Dr. Parker's book, entitled, «* Dif- 
putationes dc Deo & Divina Providentia." Dr. Henry More 
nas aifo in different parts^ of his works canvaiTed and refuted 
feveral pofitions of Hobbes ; and the philofopher of MalmeC- 
bury is faid to have been fo ingenuous as to own, that ** when- 
ever he difcovered his own philofophy to be unfiiftainable, he 
would embrace the opinions of Dr. More." But the two 
greateft works againft him were, Cumberland's book ** De le- 
gibus Naturae," and Cudworth*s " Intelleftual Syftem:'* for 
thefe authors do not employ themfelves about his peculiar whim- 
lies, or in vindicating revealed religion from his exceptions and 
cavils, but endeavour to eftablifh the great principles of all re- 
ligion and morality, which his fcheme tended to fubvert, and 
to (hew, that they have a real foundation in reafon and nature. 

There is one peculiarity related of Hobbes, which we have 
not yet mentioned in the courfe of our account of him, but with 
which it (hall be clofed : it is, that he was afraid of appa- 
ritions and fpirits. His friends indeed have called this a fable 
[dJ. " He was falfely accufed," fay they, " by fome, of being 
afraid to be alone, becaufe he was afraid of fpedres and appa- 
ritions; vain bugbears of fools, which he had chafed away by 
the light of his philofophy." They do not however deny, ibar 
he was afraid of being alone ; they only infmuate, that it was 
for fear of being aifaflinated, In the mean time, Bayle ob« 
ferves, that Hobbes*s principles of philofophy were not proper ta 
rid him from the fear of apparitions or fpirits ( e] : *' a man," 
fays he, *• would not only be very ra(h, but alfo very extrava* 

[o] Vita Hobbtsy pt io6. [t] Art, HOBBES^ note n. 

gant. 



i5« 



HOCHSTETTER. 



(int» who fliould pretend to prove, that there never was an/ 

Strfon that imagined he faw a fpe^ire ; and I do not think that 
e mod obftinate unbelievers have maintained this. AH that 
they fay amounts to no itiore, than that the perfons^ who have 
Aought thenrfelves eye^witneflea of the apparitions of fpirits^ 
had mfturbed imaginations. They confefs then^ that there are 
certain places in our bralin, that being affeded in a certain man- 
ner excite the image of an ohjcSt, which has no real exigence 
out of ourfelves; and make the man, whofe brain is thus modi<« 
£^, believe he fees at two paces diftance a frightful fpe£tre, a 
fcobgoblin, a threatening •phantom. The like happens in the 
lieads of the mod incredulous, either in their fleep, or in the 
paroxyfms of a violent fever. Will thev maintain after this, 
that it is impoilible for a man awake, and not in a delirium, to 
feceive in certain places of his brain^ an impreflion almoft like 
that, which by the laws of nature is connedted with the appear- 
ance of a phantom? If they are forced to acknowledge that this 
is poifible, they cannot promife that a fpedre will never appear 
to them ; that is, that they (hall never, when awake, believe 
they fee either a man or a bead, when they are alone in a cham-» 
bcr. Hobbes then might believe, that a certain combination of 
atoms, agitated in his brain, might expofe him to fuch a vifion ; 
though he was perfuaded, that neither an angel nor the foul of a 
dead man was to be concerned in it. He was timorous to the 
laft degree, and confequently had reafon to diftrud his imagina- 
tion, when he was alone in a chamber in the night ; for, in fpite 
of him, the lem^mbrance of what he had read and heard con« 
ceming apparitions would revive, though he was not perfuaded 
of the reality of any fuch things. Thefe images, joined with 
the timoroufnefs of his temper, might play him an unlucky 
trick : and it is certain, that a man as incredulous as he was, 
but of greater courage, would be aftonifhed to think he faw one^ 
whom he knew to be dead, enter into his chamber. Thefe ap- 
paritions in dreams are very frequent, whether a man believes 
the immortality of the foul or not. Suppoflng they ihould once 
liappen to an incredulous man awake, as they do frequently in 
bis deep, we allow that he would be afraid, though he had never 
fo much courage: and therefore for a ftronger reafon we ought 
to believe, that Hobbes would have been terribly aiFrighted 
' at it." 

HOCHSTETTER (Andrew, Adam), a protedant divine, 
l^orn at Tubingen, in 1688, and fucceflively profeflbr of elo* 
^uence, of moral philofophy, and of divinity in that univerfity; 
4)f which finally he became refior. He died at the fame place 
in April,. 1717. His principal works are, i. <* Collegium Puf- 
fcp,dorfianum." 2^ " De Fedo Expiationis, et Hirco Azazel.** 

. 3. " De 



H O D Y. 159 

3, " Dc Conradinoi ultimo ex Suevis ducc." 4. " Dc rebut 
Elbigenfibus/' His hiftorical works are in mod efteem. 

HODGES (Nathaniel), an Englifli phyfician [f], was 
the fon of Dr. Thomas Hodges, dean of Herefoid, of 
whom there are three printed iermons* He was educated 
in Weftminfter-fchool, and became a ftudent of Chrifl^church, 
Oxford, in 1648. In 1651 and 1654, he took the degrees 
of B. and M. A. and, in 1659, accumulated the degrees of 
B. and M. D. He fettled in London, and continued there dur* 
ing the plague in 1665: by which, fays Wood, he obtained a 
great name and practice among the citizens, and was in 1672 
made fellow of the College of Phyficians* Neverthelefs, he 
afterwards fell into unfortunate ciocumftances, and was confined 
for debt in Ludgate prifon, where he died in 1684. His body 
was interred in the church of St. Stephen's, Walbrook, London^ 
where a monument^, is ereded to him. He is author of two 
works: i. *^ Vindiciae Medicinse & Medicorum :" " An Apo- 
logy for the Profeffion and Profeflbrs of Phyfic, &c. 1660," 8vo. * 
2. " AOIMOAOriA : five, peftis nuperae apud populum 
Londinenfem graflantis narratio hiftorica,'' 1672, 8vo. A tranf* 
lation of it into Englifli was printed at London in 1720, 8vo, 
under the following title : " Loimologia, or, an Hidorical Ac* 
count of the Plague of London in 1665, with precautionary Di- 
teftions agaiuft the like Contagion. By Nath. Hodges, M. D, 
and Fellow of the College of Phyficians, who refided in th<^ 
City all that Time. To which is ackled, an EiTay on the different 
Caufes of Peftilential Difeafes, and how they become contagious* 
With Remarks on the Infe(3:ion now in France, and the moft 
probable Means to prevent its fpreading here. By John Quincy> 
M. D." In 1721, there was printed at London, in 8vo, *• A 
Colledlion 01 very valuable and fcarce Pieces relating to the lai| 
Plague in 1665;" among which is " An Account pf the firft 
Rife, Progrefs, Symptoms, and Cure of the Plague, beine thp 
Subftance of a Letter from Dr. Hodges to a Perfon of Quabt 
lity, dated from his Houfe in Watling Street, May the 8th, 
1 666/' The author of the preface to this colle£lion calls our 
author <' a faithful hiftorian and diligent phyfician ;" 4ind tells 
us, that <' he may be reckoned among the belt obfervers in any 
agje of phyfic, and has given us a true pi^lure of the plague in 
his own time." 

HODY (Humphrey), an eminent Englifli divine [g], ivas 
born Jan. i, 1659, at Odcombe in the county of Somerfet, of 
which place his father was re£tor. He difcovered wliile a boy» 



I 



r1 Athen. Oxon. Vol. ii. de Gr«cls iUoftribus haiffxw Qrarcae Io« 



De vita & fcriptts Hum. Hodii ftauntoribusi 'ftc» 
rodo, p. 5> 6. Prefixed to his book. 



a vafl 



i6o H O D Y. 

a vaft propcnfity to learning ; and, in 1676, was adthitted Into 
Wadham -col lege, Oxford, of which he was chofeh fellow in 
1684.' When he was but 21, he puWiflied his ** DiflTertation 
againft Arifteas*s Hiftory of the Seventy-two Interpreters/* 
*rhe fubftanoe of that hiftory of Ariftcas, concerning the 72 
Greek interpreters of the Bible, is this : Ptolemy Philadelphus, 
Icing of Egypt, and fonnder of the noble library at Alexandria, 
being defirous of enriching that library with all forts of books, 
committed the care of it to Demetrius Phalareus, a noble Athe- 
nian then living in his court. Demetrius being informed, in 
the courfe of his enquiries, of the Law of Mofes among the 
Jews^ a quainted the king with it; who thereupon fignified his^ 
pleafure,.that a copy of that book, which was then only in He- 
brew, (hould be fcnt for from Jerufalem, with interpreters from 
the fame place to tranflate it into Greek, A deputation was 
accordingly fcnt to Eleazar the high-prieft of the Jews at Jeru- 
falem; who fent a copy of the Hebrew original, and 72 inter- 
preters, fix out of each of the twelve tribes, to tranflate it into 
Greek. When they were come to Egypt, the king caufed them 
Vo be condu£ted into the ifland of Pharos near Alexandria, in 
apartments prepared for them, where they completed their tranf- . 
lattQn in 72 days. Such is the ftory told by Arifteas, who is faid 
to be one of king Ptolemy's court. Hody (hews that it is the 
invention of fome Hellenilt Jew; that it is full of anachrqnifms , 
and grofs blunders; and, in fliort, was written on purpofe to 
recommend and give greater authority to the Creek verfion of 
the Old Teftament, which from this ftory hath received the name 
of the Septuagint. This ditrertation was received with the 
btgheft applaufe by all the learned, except Ifaac Voffius. Charles 

. du Frefne fpoke highly of it in his obfervations on the " Chro-* 
nicon Pafchale," publiflied in 1688 ; and Menage, in his notes 
upon the fecond edition of " Diogenes Laertius,'* gave Hody 
the titles of ** eruditillimus, dodiflimus, elegantiffimus, &c." 
but VofRus alone was greatly didatisfied with it. He had cfpoufed 
the contrary opinion, and could not bear that fuch a boy as 
Hody (hould prefume to contend with one of his age and repu- 
tation for letters. He publiflied therefore an Appendix to hiV 
*f Obfervations on Pomp nius Mela," and fubjoined an anfwer 

^to this diflTertation of Hody's; in which, -however, he did not 
enter inuch into the argument, but contents himfelf with treat- 
ing Hody very contempiuoufly, vouchfafing him no better title 
than Juvenis Oxonienfis, and fometimes ufinga great deal worfe 
language. When Voflius WaS aflced afterwards, what induced 
him to treat a young man of promiflng hopes, and who had 
certainly deferved vfcli of the republic of letters, fo very harflily, 
he anfwered, that he had received fome time before a rude Latin, 
tpiftle from Oxford^ of which he lufpeded Hody to be the 
I author; 



HODY. i6r 

author ; and that this had made him deal more feverely with him, 
than he fhould otherwife have done. Vofliushad indeed reeeived 
fijch a letter; but it was written, according to the aflertion of 
Creech, the tranflator of Lucretius, without Hody's knowledge or 
approbation. When Hody publilhed his " Differtation, &c." he 
told the reader in his preface, that he had three other books pre- 
pared upon the Hebrew Text, and Greek Verfion,; but he was 
now fo entirely drawn away from thefc ftudies by other engage- 
ments, that he could not find tin\e to complete his work, and 
to anfwer the obje6lions of Voffius, till more than twenty 
years after. In 1704, he publiftied it altogether, with this 
title, " De Bibliorum textibus originalibus, verfionibus Gra^cis, 
& Latina Vulgata, libri IV. &c." The firft book contains his 
diflertatibn againft Arifl:eas*s hiftpry, which is here reprinted with 
improvements, and an anfwer to Voflius's obje6lions. In the 
fecond he treats of the true authors of the Greek verfion, called 
the Septuagint ; of the time when, and the reafons why, jt was 
undertaken, and of the manner in which it was performed. 
The third is a hiftory of the Hebrew text, the Septuagint verfion, 
and of the Latin Vulgate ; (hewing the authority of each in dif- 
ferent ages-, and that the Hebrew text hath been always moft 
cfteemed and valued. In the fourth he gives an account of the 
. reft of the Greek vexfions, namely, thofe of Symniachus, Aquila, 
^nd Theodotion; of Origen's " Hexapla," and other ancient 
editions; and fubjoins lifts of the books of the Bible at diflferer«|^ 
times, which exhibit a concife, but full and clea,r view, of the 
canon of Holy Scripture. — Upon the whole, he thinks it pro- 
bable, that the Greek verfion, called the Septuagint, vras done in 
^ the time of the two Ptolemies, Xagus and Philadelphus; and that 
it was not done by order of king Ptolemy, or under the direftion 
. of Demetrius Phalereus, in order to be depofited in tne Alex- 
andrine library, but by Hellenift Jews for the ufe of their own 
countrymen. ' 

In 1689, he wrote the **' Prolegomena'" to John Malela's 
** Chronicle" printed at Oxford ; and the year after was made 
chaplain to Stillingfleet biihop of Worcefter, being tutor to his 
fon at Wadham- college. The deprivation of the bifliops, who 
had refufed the oaths to king William and queen Mary, engaged 
him in a controverfy with Dod well, who had till now been his 
friend, and had fpoken hahdfomely and afFeSionately of him', ia 
his ** Diflertations upon Irenaeus," printed in 1689. The pieces 
Hody publiflied on this occafion were, in 1691, " The Unrca- 
fonablenefs of a Separation from the new Biftiops: or, a Trea- 
tife out of Ecclefiaftical Hiftory, fl>ewing, that although a biftiop 
was unjuftly deprived, neither he nor the church ever made a 
ieparation, if the fucceflbr was not an heretic, Tranflated out of 
Vol. VIII. M ^ 



an slftcieni tisaou^Tcripi ia the public library at Ostford [it].'' H& 
tranflated it afterwards into Latin^ and pre£xed to it fome piece* 
out of ecclefiaftical antiquity, relating to the fame fubjeS* 
Dodwell ptibiifhing aa anfwcr to it, entitled^ ^* A Vindication 
of the deprived Biihppsj" &c. in 1692; Hody replied, in a trea* ^ 
life which he ftyledy ** The Cafe of Sees vacant by an unjtifl: or 
uocanonicid Deprivatioti dated; in Anfwer to a Piece intituled^ 
A Vindication of th^ deprived Biihops, &c. Together with, 
the feveral Pamphlets publiibed as Anfwers to the Barocciaa 
Treatife, 1693." The part he ailed in this coMtroverfy re- 
commended him fo powerfully to Tillotfon, who had fucceeded 
Sancroft in the fee of Canterbury, that he made him hiaidomef* 
tic chaplain in May, 1694. Here he drew up his diflfertatioa 
*^ concerning the RefurreSion of the famq Body," which he 
dedicated to Stillingfleet, whofe chaplain he had been from 1690* 
Tillotfon dying November following, he was continued chap- 
lain by Tenifon his fucceflbr; who foon after gave him thd 
refiory of Chart near Canterbury^ vacant by the death of Whar- 
ton» This, before he was collated^ he exchanged for the 
united parilhes of St. Michael's Royal and St. Martin's Vin« 
try, in London, being indituted to thefe in Aug. 1695. In 
1096, at the command of Tenifon, he wrote " Animadverfions^ 
on Two Pamphlets lately publiflied by Mr. CoUiejr, &c." 
When fir William Perkins and fir John Friend were executed 
that year for the alTaflination-plot, Collier, Cook, and Snatt, 
three nonjuring clergymen, formally pronounced upon them 
the abfolution of the church, as it {lands in the office, for the 
vifitation of the fick, and accompanied this ceremony with a 
folemn impofition of hands. For this imprudent a6lion they 
were not only indi£ted, but.alfo the archbiOiops and biihops pub-* 
liihed " A Declaration of their Senfe concerning thoTe irregular 
and fcandalous Proceedings." Snatt and Cook were caft into 
prifon. Collier abfconded, and from his privacy pui>li{hed two 
pamphlets to vindicate his own, and his brethren's condu£l ; the 
one called, " A Defence of the Abfolution given by Sir Wil* 
Ham Perkins at the Placd of Execution v* the pther, " A Vin- 
dication thereof, occafioned by a Paper, intituled, A Declara- 
tlon of the Senfe of the Archoifliops and Biihops, &c." in an- 
fwer to which Hody publiflied the " Animadverfions" above- 
mentioned. 

March, 1698, he was appointed r.egius profeflbr of Greek 
in th^ univeriity of Oxford ; and inflituted to the archdea-*. 
conry of Oxford in 1704. In 1701, he bore a part in the con- 
troverfy about the convocation^ and publiflied upon that occa- 
iion, ^* A Hifcory of Englifli Councils and Coiivocations> and 

[hJ One of tl^e Baiocdjin MSS. 

of 



HOESCHfiLIUS. 165 

©f the Clergy's fitting in Parliatnent,' in trhich is dlfo cothpre- 
hended the Hiftory of Parliaments, with an Account of our 
ancient Laws." He died Jan. 20, 1706, and was buried in the 
chapel belonging to Wadham*college> where he had received his 
education, and to which he had been a benefaftor : for, in order 
to enccmrage the ftudy of the Greek and Hebrew languages, of 
lirhich he Was fo great a mafter himfelf, he founded in that coU 
lege ten fcholarlhips of lol. each ; and appointed, that five of 
the fchdars fhotild apply thettlfelves to the ftudy of the Hebrew, 
and five to the ftudy of the Greek language. He left behind 
him in MS. ** An Account of thofe learned Grecians, who re- 
tired to. Italy, before and after the taking of Conftantinople by 
the Tprks, and reftored the Greek Tongue and Learning in thefe 
Weftern Parts of the World." It was publifhed in 1742, by 
Dr. S. Jebb, undet this title, *' De Graecis illuflribus linguae 
GraDcae literarumque humatliorum inftauratoribus, eorum vitid, 
fcriptis, & elogiis libri duo. E. Codd. potiflimum MSS. aliif- 
due authenticis ejufdem sfevi monimentis deprothpfit Humfredus 
Hodius, S. T. P. haud ita pridem Regius Profeffor & Archidia- 
conus Oxon." 

HOE (Matthias t>t HoftHflGc), of a noble family at Vi- 
enna, was born Feb. ^4, 1580. After being eight years fuper- 
intendant of Plaven in Saxony, he took holy orders at Prague in 
1611. In 1613 he left Prague, and was appointed principal 
Drcacher to the eleftor of Saxony at Dfefden ^ and there he died 
March 4, 1645. He was a ftrertuous Luthefah, and wrote with zeal 
againft Calvinifts as well as Papifts. His works, which are very 
numerous both in Latin and German, are not at this day much 
cfleemed, or indeed known. Their titles, however, are given 
by the writer of his life, and among them we find, ** Solida de- 
teftatio Papa* et Calviniftarutn,** 4to. " Apologia pro B. Lu- 
thero contra Lampadium,*' 4to, LeipfiCj 161 1. *' Philofophiae 
Airiftotelicae, paries tres." " Septem verborum Chrifti explica- 
tio.'* The greater part of his tradls appear evidently, fr6m their 
titles, to be cofitroverfial. 

HOELTZLINUS (jEREMtAs), a philologer borri at Nu-' 
remberg, but fettled at Leyden, and beft known by his edition of 
Apolionius Rhodius, which was publifhed there in i64r. This 
edition is generally efteemed; but Ruhnkenius, iii his fecond 
Epiftola Critica, calls the editor ** tetricum et ineptum Apollo- 
iiii Comtnentatorem ;** and his commentary has been cenfured alfo 
by other learned men. He publifhed in 1628, a German tranf- 
lation of the Pfalms, which has the credit of being accurate. 
He died in 1641. 

HOESCHELIUS (David), a learned German, was born at 
Augfburg in 1556 ; and fpent his life in teaching the youth in the 
college of St. Anne, of whic)i he was made principal, by the 

M 2 magiftrates 



i64 HOFFMAN. 

itiagiftrates of Augfburg, in 1 593. They made him their library-- 
keeper alfo, and he acquitted himfelf incomparably well in this 
poft : for he collefted a great number of MSS. and printed 
books, efpecially Greek, and alfo of the beft authors and the 
baft editions, with which he enriched their library. Neither did 
he let the MSS* lie there, as a treafurc buried under ground ; but 
publiflied the moil fcarce and curious of them, to which he added 
his own notes. His publications were very numerous, among 
which were editions of the following authors, or at lead of fome 
part of their works; Origen, Philo Judseus, Bafil, Gregory of 
Nyffen, Gregory of Nazianzen, Chryfoftom, Hori Apollinis 
Hieroglyphica, Appian, Photius, Procopius, Anna Comnena, 
&c. To fome. of thefe he made Lalin tranflations, while he 
publiflied others in Greek only, with the additibn of his own 
notes. Huetius has commended him [ij, not only for the pains 
he took to difcov^i* old manufcripts, but alfo for his (kill and abi- 
lity in tranflating them. He compofed, and publiflied in 1595^ 
^* A Catalogue of the Greek MSS. in the Augfl)urg library,'' 
which, for the judgement and order with which it is drawn up^ 
is reckoned a mafterpicce in its kind. He may juftly be ranked 
among thofe who contributed to the revival of good learning in 
Europe : for, befides thefe labours for the public, he attended his 
college clofely ; and not only produced very good fcholars, but fuch 
a number erf them^ that he is faid to have furniflied the bar with 
one thoufand< and the church with two thoufand young men. 
He died at Augfl)urg in 1617, much lamented; for he was a 
man of good as well as great qualities^ and therefore not lefs be^ 
loved than admired. 

HOFFMAN (Mau|II€e), a phyfician, was bom of a good 
family, at Furftenwalde, in the eleftorate of Brandenbburg, 
Sept. 20, 1 62 1 [k] ; and was driven early from his native coun- 
try by the plague, and alfo by the war that followed it. His pa- 
rents, having little idea of letters or fciences, contented them- 
felves with having him taujght writing and arithmetic ; but Hoff- 
man's tafte for books and ftudy made him very impatient under 
this confined inftrufiion, and he was refolved, at all events, to 
be a fcholar. He firft gained over his mother to his fcheme ; 
but ftie died when he was only 15. This, however, fortunately 
proved no impediment to his purpofe ; for the fchoolmafter of 
Furftenwalde, to Which place after many removals he had now re- . 
turned, was fo touched witji his good natural abilities and ftrpng- 
(lirpofition for learning, that he was at the pains of inftrudltng 
him in fecret. His father, convinced at length of his very 
uncommon talents, permitted him to follow *his inclinations; and^ 



[ 



i] De Claris interprctibus, p. 229^ 

KJ XiceroJk, Hoouxies Ului^ies, Tom. XVt* 



m 



HOFFMAN. . j6s 

in 1637, fent bim to ftudy in the college of Cologne. Famine 
and the plague drove kim from hence to Kopnik, where he bu- 
ried hi« fattier ; and, in 1638, he went to Akdorf, to an uncle 
by his mother's fide, who was a profefTor of phyfic. Here he 
finifhecl his ftudies in claffical learning and phiiofophy, and then 
applied himfelf, with the utmott ardour, to phyfic. In 1641, 
when he had made fome progrefs, he went to the univerfity of 
Padua, which then abounded with men very learned in all fciences. 
Anatomy and botany were the great objeds of his purfuit ; and 
he became very deeply (killed in both. Bartholin tells us, that 
Hoffman, having diflTefted a turkey-cock [l], difcovered the 
panacretic dufl:, and (hewed it to Verfungus, a celebrated ana- 
tomiftof Padua, with whom he lodged; who, taking the hint 
from thence, demonftrated afterwards the fame veflel in the 
human body. When he had been at Padua about three years, he 
returned to Altdorf, to a(fift his uncle, now growing infirm, in 
his bufmefs; and taking the degree of doftor, he applied himfelf 
very diligently to pra<Sice, in which he had abundant fuccefs, and 
acquired great fame. In 1648, he was made profeffor extraor- . 
dinary in anatomy and furgery ; in 1649, profeffor of phyfic, 
and foon after member of the college of phyficians; in 165^, 
profeflbr of botany, and direftor of the phyfic-garden. He 
acquitted himfelf very ably in thefe various employments, not 
njegleding in the mean time the bufinefs of his profeflion; in 
which his reputation was fo high and extenfive, that many 
princes of Germany appointed him their phyfician. He died of 
an apoplexy in 1.698, aged 76, after having publifhed feveral 
botanical works, and married three wives, by whom he had 
eighteen children. His works are, i. *' Altdorfi delicias hor- 
tenfes," 4to, 1677. 2. " Appendijc ad Catalogum, Plantarum 
horten(ium," 4to, 1691. 3. " Deliciae filveftres/' 4x0, i6jy, 
4m ** Florilegium Altdorfinum,'* 4to, 1676, &c. 

HOFFMAN (John Maurice), fon of the former by his 
firft wife, was born at Altdorf in 1653; and fent to fchool at 
Herfzpruck, where having acquired a competent knowledge of 
the Greek and Latin tongues, he returned to his father at Altdorf 
at 16, and ftudied (irft phiiofophy, and then phyfic. He went 
afterwards .to Frankfort upon the Oder, and propofed to vifit the 
United Provinces and England ; hut being prevented by the wars, 
he went to Padua, where he fliKlied two years. Then making a 
lour of part of Italy, he returned to Altdorf, in 1674, and was 
admitted to the degree of M. D. He fpent two years in per- 
fedingthe knowledge he had acquired; and then, m 1677, was 
made profelTor extraordinary in phyfic, which title, in 1681, 
wafi changed to that of profeffor in ordinary. He now applied 

£x] Anatotnia lUnovjita, L lU. c« xlii; . ' 

M 3 himfelf 



i66 HOFFMAN. 

himfelf carneftly to the praSice of phyfic ; and in procefs of 
time his fame was fpread fo far, that he was fought by per- 
fons of the firft rank. Oeorge Frederic, marquis of Anfpach, 
of the houfe of Brandenbourg, chofe him in 1695 for his phy- 
fician ; and about the latter end of the year, Hoffman attended 
this prince into Italy, and renewed his acquaintance with the 
learned there. Upon' the death of his father in 16981 he was 
chofen to fucceed him in his places of botanic profeiTor and di- 
reflor of the phyfic garden. He was elcSed alfo the fame year 
reflor of the univerfity of Altdorf ; a poft, which he had occu- 
pied in 1686. He loft his great friend and patron, the marquis 
of Anfpach, in 1703; but found the fame kindnefs from his 
fucceifor William Frederic, who preiled him fo earneftly to come 
nearer him, and made him withal fuch advantageous offers, that 
Hoffman in 1713 removed from Ahdorf to Anfpach, where he 
died in 1727. He had married a wife in 1681, by whom he had 
five children. He publilhed alfo fome botanical books, which 
are highly eftecmcd, and " De differentiis alimentorum," 4to, 
.1677, &c. 

HOFFMAN (FREDEiiiCK), an eminent phyfician, was born 
at Hall near Magdeburg, in 1660; took a doftor of phyfic's 
degree in 1681 ; was made profeffor of phyfic at Hall in 1693; 
and filled the chair till hi^ death, which happened in 1742.* 
His works were colledled at' Geneva in fix large folios, 
J748 — 1754: and there are doubtlefs tilings good and cu- 
rious in this colleftion: but there are many frivolous, and 
many very frequently repeated. Notwithftanding the imper^ 
feSions of fo enormous a mafs, Hoffman has defervedly been 
reckoned among the bcft writers in phyfic. The moft remarks- 
able circumftances of his life are, his journey into Holland and 
England, where he became intimately acquainted with Paul 
Herman and Robert Boyle ; his never taking »ny fees, as he 
was fupported by an annual ftipend; and his curing thofe great 

E?rfonages the emprefs, the emperor Charles VI. and Frederic I. 
ing of Pruffia, of inveterate difeafes« To thefe may be 
added, that he firft taught that acid and mineral waters might 
be taken with milk, with fafety and advantage, which phyficians 
before had generally reckoned pernicious ; that he firft difcovered 
the virtues of the Seltzer and Lauchftad waters, in preventing and 
curing ftubborn difeafes; and that he prepared and recommended 
an acid cathartic fait from the waters of Sedlic, which, was^ com- 
monly ufed in Germany. He fuYvived his 8oth y^r» 

HOFFMAN (Daniel), a Lutheran minifter, fiiperintendant 
and profeffor at Helmftad, was the author of an idle controverfy 
towards the end of the i6th century. He ftarted fome difficulties 
about fubfcribing the Concord, and refufed to concur with Dr. 
Andreas in defence of this confellion. He would not acknow- 
ledge 



' HOFFMAN. 167 

ledge tlic ubiquity, but only that the body of Jefus Chrift was 

S^refent in a great many places ; this difpute though laid afleep 
bon after, left a fpirit of curiofity and contradiSion upon 
peoples minds, fo that in a little time they began to difagree 
and argue very warmly upon feveral other points, Hoffman 
being always at the head of the party. Among other things it 
was argued, whether philofophy was to be allowed in theological 
controverfies, and how far. Hoffman and Be?ta wrote a^inft 
each other upon the fubjeft of' the Holy Eucharift. Hoffman 
accufed Hunnius, an eminent Lutheran minifter, for having 
mifreprefcnted the book of the Concord 1, for here, fays Hoffman, 
the c^ufe of eleSion is not made to depend upon the qualifica- 
tions of the perfon elefted ; but Hunnius, fays he, and Mylius 
^flert, that the decree of election is founded upon the forefight 
of faith« Hunnius and ]^lylius caufed Hoffman to be condemned 
at a meeting of their divines in 1593, and threatened him with 
excommunication, if he did not comply. The year following, 
lloffman publifhed an apology againft their cenfure. Hofpinian 
gives the detail of this controverfy : he obferves, that fome di- 
vines of Leipfic, Jena, and Wittemburg, would have had Hoff- 
man publickly cenfured as a Calvinid, and fuch a heretic as was 
fiDt fit to be converfed with ; others, who were more moderate, 
were for admonifhing him by way of letter before they came to 
extremities: this latter expedient was approved, and Hunnius 
wrote to him in the name of all his brethren. Hoffman's apo- 
logy was an anfwer to this letter, in which he gives the reafons 
for refufing to comply with the divines of Wittemburg, and pre- 
tends to (hew that tney were grofsly miftaken in feveral articles of 
faith. ' He muft not be confounded with Melchhr Hoffman^ a fa- 
natic of the 1 6th century, who died in prifon at Strafburgh. 
There was alfo a Gafper Haffman (the name being common), 
a celebrated prpfeffor of medicine at Altdorf; who was born at 
Gdtha in 1572, and died in 1649; and who left behind him 
many medical works [m^. 

HOFFMAN (John James)- Of this laborious compiler very 
little is related ; the periods of his birth and death are both un- 
known. He was a native of Bale ; but his great work, the 
** Lexicon Univerfale Hiftorico-Geographico-Poetico-Philofo- 
phico-PoHtico-Philologicum," was firft publifticd at Geneva, in 
1677, in two volumes, folio. This being received by the learned 
with great avidity, he pubWflied, a few years-after, a fupplement; 
which was alfo rapidly fold off. In 1698, fome of the. principal 
|)ookfellers at Leyden, encouraged by this fuccefs of the work, 
and haying received from the author all his fubfequent colle6lions, 
and many other additions from various learned men, digefted the 

[m] L'advocaC* 

M 4 whole. 



i6g HOGARTH. 

whole, with the fupplctnerit. Into one alphabet, fl[nd publiflicdiit 
in four volumes, folio. In this form it is now known as a moil 
ufeful book of reference, and finds a place in every learned li- 
brarv. For this edition the author alfo wrote a new preface. 

HOGARTH (William), a truly great and original geni^is 
[n]j is faid by^ Dr. Burn, to ha'^e been the defcendant of a fa- 
mily originally from Kirkby Thore in Weftmoreland., His 
grandfather, a plain yeoman, poffeiTed a fmall tenement in the 
vale of Bampton, a village about fifteen miles north of Kendal 
in that county, and had three fons. The eldeft affifted his fa- 
ther in farming, and fucc^eded to his little freehold. The 
fecond fettled in Troutbeck, a village eight miles north-weft of 
Kendal, and was remarkable for his talent at provincial poetry. 
The third, Richard, educated at St. Bee's, who had j)een ^ 
fchoolmafter in the fame county, went early to Londop, whefc 
he was employed as a corredor of the prefs, and appears to have 
beejfi a man of fome learning; a didionary in Latin andEnglifb, 
which he compofed for the ufe of fchools, being ftill extant in 
manufcript. He married in London ; and kept a fchool [o] in 
Ship court, in the Old Bailey. The fubjeA of the prefent ar- 
ticle, and his fitters Mary and Anne, are believed to have been 
the only produS of the marriage, 

William Hogarth was born in 1697, or 1698, in the parifli 
of St. N artin, Ludgate, The outfet of his life, ho\^ver, w^s 
unprorpifing, " He was bound," fays Mr, Walpole, " to a 
mean engrayer of arms on plate." Hogarth probably chofe this 
occupation, as it r.equired fome ikill in drawing, to which his 
genius was particularly turned, and which he contrived aflidu- 
oufly to cultivate. . His mafter, it fince appears, was Mr, Ellis 
Gamble, a filverfmith of eminence, who refided in Cranbourn- 
ftreet, Leicefter-fields. In this profeffion it is not unufual to. 
bind apprentices to the fingle branch of engraving arms and 
cyphers on every fpecies of meta} ; and in that particular de- 
partment of the bufinefs young Hogarth was placed; ** but, 
before his time was expired, he fglt the iippulfe of genius, and 
that it direSed him to painting." . 

During his apprcnticefhip, he fet out one Sunday, with tvyp 
or three companions, on an excurfion to Highgate. The. wea- 
ther being hot, they went into a public-houfe, where they had 
not been long, before a quarrel arofe between fome per fons in 
the fame room. One of the difput^nts ftruck the other on the 
head with a quart pot, and cut him very much. The blood 
running down thp man's face^ together with the agony of the 

[n] Nichols's Biographical Anecdotes fchool, under the title of «< Differtationes 

bf Hogarth, 1782. Grammaticales ; five Examen Ofto pirtium 

"o] He publiihed, in 1712, a volume Oratiohis, interrogatorium & refpohforium^ 

' tin exercifes, for the ufe of Jjiis own AAg)o-LatinmD,'' SyOv 

Ivov^nd;! 



of Lai 



HOGARTH. 169 

• 

•It/oundy which haddiftortcd his features into a moft hideous gtin, 
p^efentcd Hogarth, who (hewed himfclf thus early <* apprifed of 
the mode Nature had intended he fhould purfue," with too 
laughable a fubje<Sl to be overlooked. He dre^ out his pencil, 
and produced on the fpot one of the nnoft hidicrous figures that 
ever was feen. What rendered this piece the more valuable was, 
that it exhibited an exa£l likenefs of the man, with the portrait 
of his antagonift, and the figures in caricature of the principal 
perfons gathered round him* 

How long he continued in obfcurity we cannot exaftly learn; 
j^ut the firft piece in which he dii^inguifhed himfelf as a painter, 
is fuppofed to have been a reprefentation of Wanftead Aflembly. 
The figures in it, we are told, were drawn from the life, and 
without any circumftances of burlefque. The faces are faid to 
have been extremely like, and the colouring rather better than in 
fouaye of his late and more highly finiihed performances. *From 
the date pf the earlieft plate that can be afcertained to be the 
work of Hogarth, it may be prefumed that he began buiinefs, 
on his own account, at lead a3 early as 1720. 

His firft employment feems to have been the engraving of 
arms and (hopobills. Th^ ne^t ftep was to defign and furniih 
pUtes for bpokfellers; and here we are fortunately fiipplied with 
daties. Thirteen folio prints, with his name to each, appeared 
In Aubry de la Motraye's Travels, in 1723 ; feven fmaller prints 
for Apuleius' Golden Afs, in 1724; fifteen head-pieces to 
Beaver's Military Punifhments of the Ancients, five frontif* 
pieces for the tranflation of CalTandra, in five volumes, i2mo, 
1725; feventeen cuts for a duodecimo edition of Hudibras, 
(with Butler's head) in 1726; two for Perfeus and Andro- 
fncda, in 1730; two for Milton [the date uncertain j ; and a 
variety of others between 1726 and 1733. Mr. Bowles, at th^ 
B}ack Horfe in Cornhill, was one of his earlieft patrons, who 
paid him very low prices His next friend in that line was 
.Mr. Bhilip Overton, who rewarded him fomewhat better for 
his labour and ingenuity. 

There are ftill many family pifiures by Hogarth exifting, in 
the ftyle of ferious converfation-pieccs. What the prices of his 
portraits were, Mr. Nichols ftrove in vain todifcover; but he 
iufpeded that they were originally very low, as the perfons who 
were beft acquainted with them chofe to be filent on the fubjeft. 
At Rivenhall, in EiTex, the feat of Mr. Weftern, is a family- 
pi6lure, by Hogarth, of Mr. Weftern and his mother, chancellor 
jioadly, archdeacon Charles Plumptre, the Rev. Mr .•Cole of 
Milton near Cambridge, and Mr. Henry Taylor the curate 
thcrc,»i736. In the gallery of Mr. Cole of Milton, was alfq 
fL whole length pifture of Mr. Weftern by Hogarth, a ftriking 
iref^mblance* He is drawn fitting in^ his fellow«^ommpner> 

habit. 



170, HOGARTH. 

lujibit, and fquare cap inrith i gold taflel, in his chamber gt Cla)^ 
hall, over the arch towards the river; and theartift, asthechim^ 
ney could not be cxpreffed, has drawn a cat litting near it, 
agreeable to his humour, to fliew the fituation : Mr. Weftern's 
mother, whofe portrait is in the converfation -piece at RjvenhaH, 
was a daughter of fir Anthony Shirley. 

It was Hogarth's cuftom to (ketch oi^t on the fpot any remark- 
able face which particularly ftruck him, and of which he wilhed 
to prefcrve the remeipbrance. A gentleman ftill living aflerts, 
that being once with him at the Bedford cofFee-houfe, he ob-: 
ferved him drawing fomething with a ^pencil on his naiL En-, 
quiring what had been his employment, he was (hewn a whim- 
lical countenance of a perfon who was then at a fmall dis- 
tance. 

It^ happened in the early part of Hogarth's life, that a noble-* 
man who was uncommonly ugly and deformed, came to fit 
to him for his piSure. It was executed with a (kill that did 
honour to the artift's abilities ; but the iikenefs was rigidly ob^ 
ferved, without even the necefiary attention to compliment 0^ 
flattery. The peer, difgu(ted at this counterpart of his dear felf, 
never once thought of paying for a refiedor that would onty 
infult him with his deformities. Some time was fufferbd to. 
elapfe before the artift applied for his money ; but afterwards 
many applications' were made by him (who had then no need of 
a banker) for payment, but without fuccefs« The painter, how^ 
ever, at laft hit upon an expedient, which he knew muft alarm the 
jiobleman's pride, and by that means anfwer his purpofe. It was 
couched io the following card: <' Mr. Hogarth's dutiful pefpeAs 
to lord '■'■■' ■ ; finding that he does not mean to have the pidure; 
tvhich was drawn for him, is informed again of Mr. H.'s necef- 
fity for the money ; if, therefore, his lordfhip does oot fend for 
it in three days, it will be difpofed of, with the addition of a 
tail, and fome other little appendages, to Mr. Hare, the famous 
wild-beaft man ; Mn H. having given that gentleman a condi* 
tional promife of it for an exhibition*pi£ture, on his lofd(hip*s 
refufal." This intimation had the defired efFe6t. The pi&ure 
was fent home, and committed to the (lames. 

Mr. Walpole has remarked, that if our artift ** indulged his 
fpirit of ridicule in perfonalities, it never proceeded beyonti 
(ketches and drawings,*^' and wonders ** that he never, without 
intention, delivered the very features of any identical perfon.'* 
But this elegant writer, who may be faid to have received his 
education in a court, had perhaps few opportunities of acquaint* 
ance among the low popular chara£kers with which Hogarth 
occafionally peopled his fcenes. The friend who contributed 
this remark, was aflTur^d by an ancient gentleman of unqueftion* 
able veracity and acutenefs of remark, that almoft all Ihe per- 

fAoageS 



^ 



HOGARTH. 171 

fonages who attended the levee of the Rake were undoubted por* 
traits; and that in " Southwark Fair," and the ** Modern Mid* 
night Converfation," as many more were difcoverable, In the 
former plate he pointed out EiTex the dancing-mafter ; and in 
the latter, as well as in the fecond plate to the ** Rake's Progrcfs,'' 
Figg the prize-fighter. He mentioned fcvcral others by name,; 
from his immediate knowledge both of the painter's defign and 
the charafters reprefented ; but the reft of the particulars by 
which he fupported his aflertions, have efcaped the memory of 
our informant. While Hogarth was painting the ** Rake's rro- 
grefs," he had a fummer refidence at Ifleworth ; and never failed 
to queftion the company who came to fee thefe piftures, if they 
knew for whom one or another figure was defigned. When they 
gueifed wrongly, he fet them right. 

The duke of Leeds has an original fcene in- the B^gar's 
Opera, painted by Hogarth. It is that in which Lucy and Poliy * 
are on their knees, before their refpe<9;ive fathers, to intercede 
for the life of the hero of the piece. All the figures are either 
known or (uppbfed to be portraits. If we are not mifinformed, 
the late fir Thomas Robinfon (better known perhaps by the name 
of Tong fir Thomas) is (landing in one of the fide-boxes. Mac- 
heath, unlike his fpnice reprefentative on our prefent ftage, ts 
a douching bully ; and Polly appears happily difencumbered of 
fuch a hoop as the daughter of Peachum within the reach of \ 
youngfer memories has worn. The duke gave 35I. for this pifture 
at Mr. Rich's audion. Another copy of the fame fcene was bought 
by the late fir William Saunderfon ; and is now in the poflefiion 
of fir Harry Gough. Mr. Walpole has a picture of a fcene 
in the fame piece, where Macheath is going to execution. 
In this alfo the likeneffes of Walker and mifs Fenton, after- 
wards dutchefs of Bolton^ (the original Macheath and Polly) are 
preferved* . 

In the year 1726, when the affair of Mary Tofts, the rabbit- 
breeder of Godalming, engaged the public attention, a few of 
the principal furgeons fubfcribed their guinea a-piece to Hogarth, 
for an engraving from a ludicrous (ketch he had made on that 
very popular fubjeS. This plate, amongft other portraits, con- 
tains that of St. Andre, then anatomift to the royal houfhold, 
and in high credit as a furgeon. 

In 1727, Hogarth agreed with Morris, an upholfterer, to 
furnifh him with a defign on caovas, reprefenting the clement 
of earth, as a pattern for tapeftry. .The work not being per.- 
formed to the fatisfaSion of Morris, he refufed to pay for it ; 
and the artift, by a fuit at law, recovered the money. 

In J730, Hogarth married the only daughter of fir James 
Thornhill, by whom he had no child. This union, indeed, was . 
a (lolen one, and confecjuently without the approbation of fir 

James, 



I7« HOGARTH. 

JS^tmes, who, co^fidering the youth of his daughter, then barclf 
jSy and the (lender finances of her huiband, as yet an obfcure 
artift, was not eafily reconciled to the match. Soon after this 
period, however, he, began his *< Harlot's Progrefs[p] ;" and 
was advifed by lady ThornhiU to have fome of the fcenes in it 
placed in the way of his fathcr-in-Iaw* Accordingly, one 
morning early, Mrs. Hogarth undertook to convey feveral of 
them into his dining-rroom. When he arofe, he enquire4 
whence they came ; and being told by whom they were intro- 
duced, he cried out, *^ Very well ; the man who can fiirnifii 
reprefentations like thjefe, can alfo maintain a wife without 9 
portion." Hedefigned this remark as an excufe for keeping his 
purfe- firings clofe ; but, foon after, became both reconciled and 
generous to the young people. An allegorical cieiing by fir 
James ThornhiU is at the houfe of the late Mr. Huggins, at 
jHeadly Park, Hants. The fubje.61 of it is the ftory of Zephynis 
aiid Flora; and the figure of a fatyr and fome others were 
painted by Hogarth. 

In 1732, he ventured to attack Mr. Pope, in a plate called 
** The Man of Tafte;" containing a view of the gate of Bur- 
lington-houfe ; with Pope white-wafhing it, and befpattering 
^he duke of Chandos's coach. This plate was intended as a 
fatire on the tranflator of Homer, Mr. Kent the architeft, and 
the earl of Burlington. It was fortunate for Hogarth that he 
efcaped the lafh of the firft. Either Hogarth's obfcurity at ' 
that time was his proteftion, or the bard was too prudent to 
fcx^fperate $, painter who had already given fuch proof of his 
abilities for fatire. What muft he have felt who could complain 
of the " piftured fhape" prefixed to ** Gulliveriana,*' ff Pope 
Alexander's Supremacy and Infallibility examined," &c. by 
Ducket, and other pieces, had fuch ap artift as Hogarth under- 
taken to exprefs a certain tranfadlion recorded by Gibber ? 

Soon after his marriage, Hogarth had fummer lodgings at 
South- Lambeth ; and, being intimate with Mr. Tyers, contrie 
buted to the improvement of The Spring Gardens at Vauxhall, 
by the hint of embellifhing them with paintings, fome of which 
were the fuggeftions of his own truly comic pencil. For his 
afliflance, Mr. Tyers gratefully prefented him with a gold ticket 
of admiflion for himfelf and his friends^ infcribed 

IN PERPETUAM BENEFICII,MEMORIAM. 

This ticket remained in the pofTefTion of his widow, and was 
by hec opcafionally employed. 

In 1733* his genius became confpicuoufly known. The thir^ 
fcene of hi,s ** Harlot's Progrefs," introduced him to the notice 

[r] The coffin la the U& plate is mfcvibed Sept. z, 1731* * 

of 



it 6G A AT Hi tn 

«f the gr€at. At a board of treafury which was held a day or 
two after the appearance of that print, a copy of it was (hewn 
by one of the lords, as containhig^ among otner excellencies, k 
ftriking likenefs of fir John Gonfon. It gave univerfal fatrs- 
fadion ; from the treafury each lord repaired to the priht-fliop 
for a copy of it, and Hogarth rofe completely into fame. 

The ingenious abbe du Bos has often complained, that nof 
hiftory-painter of his time went through a feries of a*aions, and 
thus, like an hiftorian, painted the fucceflive fortune of an hero^ 
from the cradle to the grave. What Du Bos wilhed to* fee done^ 
Hogarth performed. He launches out his young adventurer a 
fimple girl upon the town, and conduflis her through all the vi- 
ciffitudes of wretchednefs to a premature death. This was 

tainting to the underftanding and to the heart ; none had ever 
efore made the pencil fubfervient to the purpofes of morality 
and inftrudion ; a book like this is fitted to every foil and every 
obferver, and he that runs may read. Nor was the fuccefs of 
Hogarth confined to his figures. One of his excellencies con- 
fitted in what may be termed the furniture of his pieces ; for as 
in fublime and hiftorical reprefentations the fewer trivial circum- 
ftances are permitted to divide the fpeftator's attention from the 
principal figures, the greater is their force; fo in fcenes copied 
from familiar life, a proper variety of little domeftic images 
contributes to throw a degree of verifimilitude o'n the whole. 
*« The Rake's levee-room,*' fays Mr. Walpole, ** the nobleman's 
dining-room, the apartments of the hufband and wife in Mar- 
riage a la Mode, the alderman's parlour, the bed-chamber, and 
many others, are the hiftory of the manners of the age." The 
novelty and excellence of Hogarth's performances foon tempted 
the needy artift and print dealer to avail themfelves of his defigns, 
and rob him of the advantages which he was entitled to derive 
from them. This was particularly the cafe with the " Midnight 
Converfation," the •* Harlot's" and « Rake's Progreffes," and 
others of his early works. To put a ftop to depredations like 
thefe on the property of himfelf and others, and to fecure the 
emoluments refulting from his own labours, as Mr. Walpole ob-r 
ferves, he applied to the legillature, and obtained an z& of par- 
liament, 8 George II. chap. 38, to veft an exclufive right in de- 
figners and engravers, and to reftrain the multiplying of copies 
of their works without the confent of the artift. This ftatute 
was drawn by his friend Mr. Huggins, who took for his model 
the eighth of Queen Anne, in favour of literary property ; but 
it was not fo accurately executed as entirely to remedy the evil ; 
for, in z caufe founded on it, which came before lord Hardwicke 
in chancery, that excellent lawyer determined, that no aflignee^ 
claiming under an aflignment from the original inventor, could 
sake any benefit by it. Hogarth^ immediately after the pafilog of 

Ihc 



174 HOGARTH. 

the aA, pobliihed a fm&ll prints with emblematical devicesy and ai» 
infcription expreffing his gratitude to the three branches of the 
Itgifiature. Smalt copies of the ** Rake's Progrefs,*' were pub- 
lifted by bis permiflion. ^ 

In i745> Hogarth fold about twenty of his capital pidures 
by au&ion ; and in the fame year acmiired additional reputation 
hy the fix prints of *^ Marriage a la Mode/' which may be re- 
garded as the ground- work of a novel called "The Marriage 
Aa," by Dr, Shebbeare, and of « The Clandeftine Marriage." 

Hogarth had projefted a *' Happy Marriage," by way of 
counterpart to his " Marriage a la Mode." A defign for the 
firft of his intended fix plates he had iketched out in colours; 
and the following is as accurate an account of it ^s could be 
fumifhed by a gentleman who, k>ng ago, enjoyed only a few 
Kiinutes (ight of fo great a curiofity. The time fuppofed Was 
immediately after the return of the parties from church. The 
firene lay in the hall of an antiquated country mandon. On 
one fide, the married couple were reprefented fitting. Behind 
them was a group of their yomig friends of both fexes, in the 
a& of breaking bride-cake over their heads. In front appeared 
the father of the young lady, grafping a bumpei*, and drinking, • 
with a feeming roar of exultation, to the future happinefs of her and 
her hufband. By his fide was a table covered with refrefhments. 
Jollity rather than politenefs was the defignation of his chara£^er» 
Under the fcreen of the hall, feveral ruftic muficians in grotefque 
attitudes, together with fervants, tenants, &c, were arranged. 
Through the arch by which the room was entered, the eye was 
led along a paiTage into the kitchen, which afforded a glimpfe of 
facejrdotal kixury. Before the dripping-pan ftood a well-fed 
divine, in his gown and caffock, with his watch in his hand, 
giving dire&icns to a cook, drefled all in white, who was cfn* 
ployed in bailing a haunch of venifon. Among the faces of 
the principal figures, none but that of the young kdy was com* 
pletely finiftied. Hogarth had been often reproached for his ina- 
bility to' impart grace and dignity to his heroines* The bride 
was therefore oKant to vindicate his pencil from fo degrading 
an imputation. The effort, however, was unfuccefsful. The 
girl was certainly pretty ; but her features, if we may ufe the 
term, were uneducated. She might have attraded notice as a 
chambermaid, but would have failed to extort applaufe as 9 
woman of fafhion. The clergyman and his culinaty afibciate 
were more laboured than any other parts of the ptdure. It is na- 
tural for us to dwell longefl: on that divifion of a fubjeft which is 
naoft congenial to our private feelings. The painter fat down 
with a refolution to delineate beauty improved by art; but feems, 
as ufual, to have deviated into meannefs ; or could not help neg- 
letting his original purpofe, tq luxuriate in fuch ideas as his 

iituation 



MOGARTll. 175 

fituahoo in early life had fitted hkn to exprefs* He found him* 
kltf in ibort^ out of his element in the parlour^ and therefore 
haftened, in queft of eafe and amufement^ to the kitchen fire* 
Qutrchilly with more force than delicacy, once obferved of him^ 
that he only painted the backfide of nature. It muft be allowed, 
that fuch an artift, however excelleht in his walk, was better 

2ualified to reprefent the low-born parent, than the royal pre- 
srver of a foundling. 
Soon after the peace of Aix la Chapellc, he went over to 
france^ and was taken into cuftody at Calais, while he was 
drawing the gate' of that town, a circumftance which he has re« 
corded in his pi£lurc, entitled, << O the Roaft Beef of Old 
England Kv publifhed March 26, 1749* He was aSually car- 
ried before the governor as a fpy, and, after a very drift exa- 
mination, committed a prifoner to Granfire, his landlord, on his 
promife that Hoearth fhould not go out of his houfe till he 
was to embark ror England. Soon after this period he pur- 
chafed a fmall houfe at Chifwick ; where he ufually pailtd the 
greateft part of the fummer feafon, yet not without occaflonal 
vifits to his houfe in Leicefter-fields; 

In 17539 he appeared to the world in the charader of an au- 
thor, and publiined a 4to volume, entitled, " The Analvfis 
of Beauty, written with a View of fixing the fluftuating" Ideas 
of Tafte." In this performance he fliews, by a variety ofexam- 
ples, that a curve is the line of beauty, and that round fwelUng 
figures are moft pleafing to the eye ; and the truth of his opinion 
has been countenanced by fubfequent writers on the fubjea. In 
this work, the leading idea of which was hieroglyph ically thrown 
out in a frontifpiece to his works in 1745, he acknowledges 
himfelf indebted to his friends for a/fiftance, and particularly to 
one gentleman for his correftions and amendments of at lead 
a third part of the wording* This friend was Dr. Benjamin . 
Hoadly the phyfician, who carried on the work to about the 
third part, fchap. ix«) and then, through indifpofition, declined the 
friendly pflSce with regret. Mr.' Hogarth applied to his neigh- 
bour, Mr. Ralph ; but it is impoflible for two fuch perfons to 
agree, both alike vain and pofitive. He proceeded no further 
than about a fheet, and they liien parted friends, and feem to 
have continued fuch. The kind oiflSce of finifliing the work, 
and fuperintending the publication^ was laflly taken up by Dr. 
Morell, who went through the remainder of the book. The 
preface was in like manner correfted by the Rev. Mr. Townley. 
The family of Hogarth rejoiced when the laft flieet of the 
'^ Analyfis" was printed off; as the frequent difputes he had with 
his coadjutors, in the progrefs of the work, did not much har- 
monize his difpofition. This work waaitranflated into German 
hj Mr. Mylins, when in England, under the author's infpedion; 

and 



176 rtOGARTH. 

and the franflation'was printed in London, price five dollar^^ 
A new and correft edition was ih X754, propofcd for publicatiort 
at Berlin, by Ch. Pr* Vok, with an explanatioir of Mr. Ho- 
garth's fatirical prints, tranflated from the French ; and an Ita* 
Itan tranflation was puhliihed at Leghorn in 1761. 

Hogarth had one failing in common with moft people who 
attain wealth z^d eminence withotit the aid of liberal education. 
He afFe£led to defpife every kind of knowledge which he did hot 
po(Tcfs. Having eftablifhed his fame with little or no obligation 
to literature, be either conceived it to be needlfcfs, or decried it 
becaufe it lay out of his reach. His fentiments, in fhort, re- 
lembled thofe of Jack Cade, who pronounced fentence on the 
clerk of Chatham, becaufe he could write and, read. Till, in 
evil hour, this celebrated artift cbmmenced author, and was 
tJbliged to employ the friends already mentioned to correft his 
*^ An^lyfis of Beauty," he did not feem to have difcovered that 
even fpelling was a necelfary qualification; and yet he had ven- 
tured to ridicule the late Mr. Rich's deficiency as to .this parti- 
cular, in a note which lies before the Rake whofe play is refufed- 
while he remains in confinement for debt. Before the time 
of which we are now fpeaking, one of eur artift's common topics 
of declamation, was the ufeleflTnefs of books to a man of hi^ 
profeflSon. In " Beer-ftreet, among other volumes configned by* 
him to the paftry-cook,'we find " TurnbuU on Ancient Painting," 
Ik treatife which Hogarth (hould have been able to underftand, 
before he ventured to condemn. Garrick himfiplf, however, 
Was not mor^ duftile to flattery. A word in favour of " Sigil- 
dunda," might have commanded a proof print, or forced att 
original (ketch out of odr artift's hand^. The perfon who fup- 
plied this remark owed one of Hogarth's fcarceft performances* 
to the (uccefs of a compliment, which might have feemed ex- 
travagant even to fir Godfrey Kneller. 

The following well-authenticated ftory will alfo ferve to (hew- 
fcow much more eafy it is to deteS ill-placed or hyperbolical 
sidntation refpedling others, than when applied to ourfclves. 
Hogarth being at dinner with the celebrated Chefelden, and 
fome other company, was told that Mr. John Freke, furgeon 
of St. BarthoUimew's hofpital, a ?ew evehjngs before at Dick's 
coffee-houfe, had aflerted that Greene was as eminent in compo- 
fition as Handel. " That fellow Freke,'* replied Hogarth, " is 
always Ihooting his bolt abfurdly one way or another! Handel is 
jr giant in mufic^ Greene only a light Florimel kind of z com- 

P^fer." — " Ay,"faid the informant, " but at the fame time Mr, 
reke declared you were as good a portrait-painter as Vandyck." 
— <♦ Thereht was in the right," adds Hogarth :' <* and fo by G— 
I am^ give xne my timof and let me choofe my fubjeft!" 

Hogarth 



HOGARTH. J.77 

. Hogarth was the meft abfent of men. . . At table he would- 
fometiraes turn round his chair as if he had finifhed eating, and" 
as fuddenly would return it, and commence his meal againv 
I may add, that he orjce directed a letter to Dr. H6adly> thus,—- 
'^'To the Do6lor at Chelfea.'* This epiftle, however, by goo* 
luck, did not mifcarry; and waspreferved by the late chancellor* 
of Winchefter, as a pleafant memorial of his fFiend's extraor- 
dinary inattention. Another remarkable inftance of Hogarth's 
abfence was related by one of his intimate friends. Soon after 
he fet up his carriage, he had occafion to pay a vifit to the 
lord-mayor (Mr. Beckford). When he went, the. weather was 
fine; but bufinefs detained him till a violent (hower of rain came 
on. He was let out of the manfion-houfe by a different door 
from^that at which he entered; andy feeing the rain, began im- 
mediately to call for a hackney-coach. Not one was to be met 
with on any of the neighbouring ftands; and the artift fallied 
forth to brave the ftorm, and atlually reached Leicefter- fields 
without beftowing a thought on his own carriage, till Mrs. Ho-" 
garth (furprffsjd to fee him fo wet and fplafhedj afked him where 
he had left it. 

A fpecipEien of Hogarth's propeofity to nierrimcnt, on the 
moft trivial occafions, is obfcrvable in one of his cards requeft- 
ing the company of Dr. Arnold King to dine with him at the 
^itre. Within a circle, tfj which a knife and fork are the fup- 
porters, the written part is contained. In the centre is drawn 
a pye, with a mitre on the top of it; and the invitation con- 
cludes with the following fport on three of the Grfcek letters — 
fo Eta Beta PL The reft of the infcription is not very accu - 
rately fpelt. A quibble by Hoganh is furely as refpedable as 
a conundrum by Swift. 

In one of the early exhibitions at Springi-Gardens, a very 
picafmg fmall pifture by H<^arth made its firft appearance. It 
wa» painted for the earl of Charlemont, in whoie colleSion it 
remains; and was entitled, ** Picquet, or Virtue in Danger," 
and fliews us a young lady, who, during a tete-d-teiej had juft 
loft all her money to a handfome officer of her own age. He 
is represented in the a£l of returning her a handful of bank- 
bills, with the hope of exchanging them for a fofter acquifitipn, 
and more delicate plunder. On the chipiney-piece a watchrcafe 
and a figure of Time over it, with this motto— NUNC. Ho- 
garth has caught his heroine during this monient of hefitation, 
this ftruggle with herfelf, and has marked her feelings with un- 
common fuccefs. 

In the " Mifer's Feaft," Mr. Hogarth thought proper to pil- 
lory i(ir Ifaac Shard, 3 gentleman proverbially avaricious. Hear- 
ing this, the fon of fir Ifaac, the late Ifaac Pacitus Shard, efq; 
a young man of fpirit^ juft returned, from his travels^ called at 

Vol.. Vlll. N the 



t7% 



HOGARTH. 



the painter*s to fee the pifture; aiid tman|; the reft, afking the 
Cicerone" whether that odd figure was intended for any parti* 
cular perfon;" on his replying, «* that it was thought to be very- 
like one fir Ifaac Shard;" he immediately drew his fword, and 
ifafhed the canvas. Hogarth appeared inftantly in great wratFl ; 
to whom Mn Shard calmly juuified what he had done, faying, 
" that this was a very unwarrantable licence; that he was the 
injured party's fon, and that he was ready to defend any fuit at 
law ;** which, however, was never inftituted. 

About 1757, his brother-in-law, Mr. Thornhill, refigned the 
place of king's feijeant painter in favour of Mr. Hogarth. 
** The lafl memorable event in our artid's life," as Mr. Walpole 
obferves, ** was his quarrel with Mr. Wilkes, in which, if Mr. 
Hogarth did not comnrience direft hoftilities on the latter, he at 
leaft obliquely gave the firft offence, by an attack on the friends 
and party of that gentleman. .This conduft was the more fur- 
priflng, as he had all his life avoided dipping his pencil in poli- 
tical contefts, and had early refufed a very lucrative offer that 
was made, to engage him m a fet of prints againft the head of 
a court-party. Without entering into the merits of the caufe, 
Idiallonlv ftate the faS. In September, 1762, Mr. Hogarth 
publiflied nis print of * The Times/ It was anfwered by Mr. 
Wilkes in a levere * North Briton.* On this the painter exhi-^ 
bited the caricatura of the writer. Mr. Churchill, the poet^ 
then engaged in the war, and^ wrote his * Epiftle to Hogarth,' 
not the brightfift of his works, arid in which the fevereft Urokes 
fell oil a defe£t that the painter had neither caufed npr could 
amend— his age ; and which, however, viras neither remarkable . 
nor decrepit; much lefs had it impaired his talents, as appeared 
by his having compqfed but fix months before, one of his moft 
capital works, thefatire on the Methodifls. In revengb for this 
epiflle, Hogarth caricatured Churchill, under the form of a ca- 
nonical bear, with a club and a pot of porter — fcf vituld tu itg-^ 
nu5 i£ hie — never did two angry men of their abilities throw muci 
with lefs dexterity. 

<* When Mr. Wilkes was the fecond time brought from the 
Tower to Wcftminfter-hall, Mr. Hogarth ikulked behind in a 
corner of the gallery of th&court of Common Pleas ; and while 
the chief juftice\Fratt, with the eloquence and courage of old 
Rome,, was enforcing the great principles of Magna Charta, 
and the Englifh conftitution, while e\rery breaft from him caught 
\he holy flame of liberty, the paiiitcr* was wholly employed in 
caricaturing the perfon of the mart* while all the reft of his fel- 
low-citizens were animated in his caufe, for they knew it to be 
their own caufe, that of their country, and of its laws. It was 
declared to be fo a few hours after by the unanimous fentence of 
tfie judges of that courtj AOd they were all prcfent. ^ 

^« The 



HOGAKTH, tig 

I 

« The |)rfnt4)f Mr, Wilkes was foon" after puMMfie3, *dttwi 
from the life hy William Hogarth. It muft be allowed to be arf 
excellent compound ciricatura, or a caricatura of what naturd 
h:|d already caricatured. Tknow but ohe fliort apology that can 
be made for this gentleman^ or, to fpeak more properly, fdr thd 
perfon of Mr. Wilkes. It is, that he did not make himfelf, zxik 
and that he never was foKcitOus about the cafe of hi^s fouf^ a§ 
Shakefpeal^ calls it, only fo far aS to keep it clean 'and in heiihhr 
I never heard that he once hung over the g^affy ftrfcafti, like'anJSr 
other Narcfflus, admiring the iiiagc in it, nor that he ever rfolc 
an amorous look at his counterfeit in a fide rturrotir. ' His form; 
fuch as it is, ought to give him no pain, becaufe it is capable of 
giving pleafure to others. I fancy he finds himfelf tolerably 
happy in the clay-cottage, to vvhich he is tenant fot life, becauft 
he has learnt to keep it in good order. While the (hare of 
health and animal fpirits^ which heaven has given him, fhafl 
hold out, I can fcarcely imagine he will be one motnent peevifli 
about the outfide of fo precarious, fo temporary tf habitation, or 
will even be brought to own, ingenium Galba niak habitat. Mm* 
fieur e/fmalhgi. 

" Mr. Churchill was exafperated at this ^rfbnal aftack on 
his frierrd. He foon after publiflied - the * Epiftle to Willianil 
Hogarth,* and' took for the motto, uf pi^ra poefisi Mr. Hoi- 
garth^s revenge againft the pdet terminated in vamping u^ an olfl 
priiit of a pug-dog^and' a bear, which he publrfhed under the tiil6 
bf « The Bmifer C. Churchill (once the RSevd. !/ in the charac- 
ter of a RulTian Hercules, &c." 

At the time when thefe hoftilities were carrying on in aifaanna: 
fo virulent and difgraceful to all the parlies, Hogarth v<ras vifibljr 
declining in kis health. In 176^2, he complained of an inward 
pain, which, continuing, brought on a general decay that proved^ 
incurable foj. This laft' ye^r of hiis life he employed in re- 
touching his plates, with the afliftance of feveral engravers 
whom he took with him'to Chifwick. Oift. 25, 1764^ he Wa^ 

CO It^jaybf #(irthobfervmg, thatin ber, 1764, the^ compiler of tiif articte 

*< I&dcpcttdence," a pbem which was aoc took oc^caflon to lament that 
f ubU&ed by ChuccfaUI ttU the laft week « «*-• Searge had the hiwSky tear, 

of September, 1764, he confiders his an- For Hogarth ihed, efcap'd the generous ^|r^ 

tagonift as a departed Qe&iua: Qi feeling Pity, when' again it fiowM 

«< Hogarth would draw him (Envy flaail F«t Gli«rQh^*< fate. lU can we bear tit 

allow) loft r 

j&*'ento theliiti wis Hogakth uvino Qf Fancy*a fewin^hora oftimb cloft 

Kow.*' ' allyM • , . 

How Uctle did tile fportiTe&drLftlinagitei lb energy of thO\tgh^ ^biigk diflbra^t 
that the po^ircr of pleaiing wat fo feon to path* . 

ceafe in both \ Hogarth died in foar weoks They (ought fot %pe | Tho^glb jniiif 
after the publication of this potem| and paffionsfwayM -^ 

CharcbiU furvived luth b\it nioe'days. In The Hying aitifts, let A« f*&end wtquIl' 

XoijDc lines ivtiich ^iftrr £ji»a<fi4 WNoreoft* Uakftjtbcir iM«i»y I*' 

N a conveyed* 



t8o HOGARTH; 

conveyed fr^m thciiceto Leiccfter-fields, ift a vtry Wtak con€f-* 
lion, yet remarkably chcs^rful ; and, receiving ap agreeable letter 
from the. Ajm^ican Pr. Franklin, drew up a rough draught of 
^n anfwer to it; but going to bed, h^ was feized with a yomit- 
ing, upon which he rung his bell with fuch violence^ that he 
Vroke it, and expired about two hours afterwards. His difor* 
^er was an aneurifm ; and his corpfe was interred in the church-^ 
-yard at Chifwick» where a monument is eredled to his me^ 
tnoryt wit4i an infcription by his friend Mr. Garrick* 
«. It may be tjuly obferved of Hogarth, that all his powers of 
delighting w^e retrained to his pencil. Having rarely been 
admitted into polite circles, none of his (harp corners had been 
Tubbed off, fo that he continued to th^ laft a grofs uncultivated 
man. Th^ flighted contracTidion tranfported him into rage* 
To fome •confidence jn himfelf he was certainly entiiled ; for, 
MS a comic painter, he could have claimed no honour that would 
fiot raoft readily have. been allowed him; but he was at once 
unprincipled and variable it) his political conduA and attach* 
jments. He is alfo faid to Jiaye beheld the rifing eminence and 
popiflarity of fir Jofliua Reynolds with a degree of envy; and, 
if we afenot mlfrnfornifd) frequently fpoke with afperity both 
pf him ai^d bis perforaeiances. Juftice, howcveti, obliges us to 
;idd, that oyr artift w^s liberal, hofpitable» and: tjhe mpA punc- 
tual of paytiiafters ; fo that, in fpitc of the emoluments . his 
;w4Kks had procured to him, he left but an inconfiderable fortune 
to his widpw> His plates indeed ^yvere fuch refources to her at 
could not fpeedily be exhauiled.. Some of his domeftks had 
lived smny y^rs in his fervic^, a circumflance that always re- 
41e£tsr c;^edit pn a m^tr. Of moft of thefe he painted ftrong 
JlikenefTes, op acaQVn^ which, was left in Mrs. Hog^rth^s poiTef- 
fion. . . , 

. :. His widow bad.alfo a .fK>rtrait of her hufband^.and an excel- 
lent bud of hi|n. by RoubilUa<r> 9 iftrong refemblance; and one 
of his brO(her-in-laTy IVfr. 'fjMnhijl, tpuch refcmbfing tb^ 
countenance of Mrs. Hogarth. Several of his portrait^ alio 
remained in her poffeffion, but at. her death were difperfed. 

Of Hogarth's fmallcr plates many wete dedroyed. When. he 

wanted a apiece of copper on a fudden, he would take any plate 

'•fiom which he had already worked oifF fuch a number of im- 

^refllons as he fuppofed he (hould fell. He then fent it to b« 

effaced, beat out, or othcrWife altered to his prefent purpofe. 

* The plates which remained in his pofleffion were fecurcd to 

rhlks* Hogarth by hi$ will, dated Aug. 12, 1764^ chargeable 

^th an annuity of Sol. to his fider Anne, who furvived him. 

JIN^nf on tlie death of his other fider, Ihe left off the bufmefs 

i^ which ibe ws(S eupg&d, he kindly took her home, and gene* 

wmHy fuppoxted her, making her, at the fame time, ufeful in 

!. ... the 



HOGARTH. ttt- 

ilic difpofel of his prints. Want of tendcrnefs and'lIberaHtjr 
vo his relations was not among the failings of Hogartli. t 

In- the year 1745, one Launcelot Burton was appointed navaL 
officer at Deal. Hogarth had feen him hf accident ; and on ar 
piece of paper, previoufly imprefled by a plain copper-plate^ 
drew his figure with a pen in imitation of a coarfc etching. He 
was reprefented on a lean Canterbury hack, with a bottle ftick# 
ing out of hfs pocket ; and underneath was an infcription, inti-* 
mating that he was going down to take ppflefiion of his place.- 
. This was inclofed to him in a letter ; and fome of his frifndSf 
who were in the fecret, protefted the drawing to be a print wbich> 
they had feen expofed to fale at the (hops in London; acircum)* 
ftance that put him in a violent paifion, during whiqh he wrote ati 
abufive letter to Hogarth, whofe name was fubfcribed to tht 
work. Btit, after- poor Burton's tormentors had kept him in: 
fufpenfe throughoutan uneafy three weeks; they proved to him 
that it was no engi^aving, but a fketch with a pen and. ink. i^e 
then became fo perfeSly reconciled to his reiemblance, that he 
fliewed it with, exultation to admiral Veraon, and all the reft of 
his friends. In 1753, Hogarth returning with a friend. from -» 
vifit toMr.Rich^ at Cowley, flopped his chartoty and got put^* 
Wng (Iruck by a large drawing (with a cosA) on the wall of aa^ 
alehoufe. He immediately made a (ketch of it with triumph^, 
it was a St. George and the Dragon, all in (Iraight lines. 

Hogarth made one ei&y in fculpttire.' He wanted a fign to 
diftinguifh his houfe in Leicefter-fields; and thinking none morej^ 
proper than the Golden Head, he out of a mafe of cork made, 
up of feveral thicknefles compacted together, carved a buft of 
Vandyck, which he gilt and placed over his door* It decayed^ 
and was fucceeded by a head in plaifter, which in its torn was 
fupplied by a head of fir Ifaac Newton. Hc^arth alfo modelled 
another Tefemblance of Vandyck in clay ; which has alfo periflied. 
His works, as his elegant biographer has well obferved, are 
hiy hiftory ; and the curious are highly indebted to. Mr. Walpole 
ibr a catalogue of his prints, drawn up from his own valuable 
collection, in 1771. Bnt as neither that catalogue,, nor hi» 
appendix to it in 1780, have given the whole of Mr.. Hogarth'^ 
labours, Mr. Nichols, including Mn Walpole's catalogue,. haS: 
, endeavoured, from later difcoveries of our artift's pcints in other 
colledions, to arrange them in chronological order. There are 
three large piftures by Hogarth, over the altar in the church of 
St. Mary RedclifFat Briitol. Mr.^ Forrefl;, of York- buildings,. 
is in poiTeflion of a (ketch in oii of our Saviour (4efignedas a 
pattern for painted glafe) ; aqd feveral draw:ings, defcripiive of 
the incidents that happened during a five days tour by land and| 
water. The parties were Melfrs. Hogarth, Thornhill (fon of the 
W^ fir James)^ Scott (an ingenious landfcape^paiiit^r of thac 
^. . ' . N J namejif 



i»i HOLBEIN- 

nplaie},' TodRtll, and Fomft. They fet cut at midnight,^ at^a 
moment's wamiagy from the Bedford* Arms tavern, with each a 
ihitt in hit pocket. They had all their particular departments. 
Hogarth and Scott made the drawings; Thornhili the map; 
ToSiail faithfully difcharged the joint otBcos of treafitrer and ca^- 
lerer ; and Forreft wrote the journal. They were out five days 
oidy^ and on tfaefecond night after their return, the book was 
produced, bound, gilt, and lettered, and read at the fame tavern 
to the members of the club then prefent. Mr. Forreft has alfo 
drawings of two of the members, remarkable . fat men, in ludi* 
omis fmiations. Etchings from all thefe have been inade, and 
the foamal has been printed. A very entertaining work, by Mr. 
lohii beltnd, entitled, ^« Ho^rth illuftrami," was.publiihed by 
Ml^rs. Bc^dell, in 179^ and has Ance beennsprinted. It con- 
tains 4he fmall plates originally engiaved for a paltry work called, 
^^'-Hogaifth moralized," and an exafi account of all his prints. 
Since <faat, have appeared, ^' GrapUc illuftrations of H^rth, 
irom PiSures, Drawings, and fcarce Prints, in the poifeflion of 
Samuel IkielaiuL" &M»e curious articles were contained in this 
mAvmt* A fupplemoitary volume to ** Ho^^arth illuftrated," is 
now ^romifed, which is to contain, the ongmal manufcr tpt of 
the Anidyfis, with' the firft ^iketches of the figures. 2. A Sup* 
flkijsecitflo 'Ae Anaiyfis, ncfver publifhed. |. Original Memo* 
nnda. •4. Materials for his own. Life, &c. 

HOUBEIN (Jo«n), better known by his German name 
HiMis Hdbetn, a mbft exceiient painter, was bom at iBafil in 
S^rit^ei^landin 1496, as many fay ; though Charles Patin places 
iiis birth three years earlier [r], fuppofing it very improbable 
that he could -have 'arrived at fuch maturity of judgement and 

rtfe&t6tiin painting, .ashe fliewed in the years 1514 and I5i6> 
he had bften bomfo late as 1498. He learned the rudiments 
0{ his art from his father Joha^Holbetn, who was a painter, and 
bad reinoved from Augfbsi^Jto JBafil ; but the fupenodty of his 
genius Toon raifed him above (bis mailer. He painted our Sa* 
tiour^s Paffion in the town-houfe of fiafil ; and alfo in the fiih« 
market of the fame town, a Dance of Peafants, and Death's 
Panee^ Thefe |>ieces wer^ es^ceedingly ftriking to the curious ; 
amd the great Erafmus was fo zfkA&i .with them, that he re« 

Suiftedof hfcn to4irawhis piduc0,ahd was ever aft^r his friend, 
iilbein, in (he mean time,.. though a great genius and fine anift, 
)iad no elegance Of delicacy of manners, but was given to wine 
and revelling company ; for which he met with the following 
gentle rebuke fromi Eraimus^ W^isn Erafmus wrote his ^* Mo* 
riae JEncomfum," or ^^ Panegyric upon Folly," h^fent. a copy of 
^ to Hans Holbein, who was fo pleafec) wjtfi the feyeral delorip* 

'W mtsi Mf fi«lhcBii i Car. Fstin^ pi6|x« Sinfim Moris ^t^mio, B^Of 

pom 



HOLBEIN. yf 2 

tions of folly there given, that he defigned them all in the tnargio; 
find where he had not room to draw the whole figuresi polled a 
piece of paper to the leaves. ^ He then returnea the book to 
£rafinus, who feeing that he had Te]prefented an amorous fooji 
by the figure of a tat Dutch lover,, hugging his bottle and hi^ 
lafs, wrote under it,/' Hans Holbein,** and fo fent it t^cktp 
the painter. Holbein, however, to be revenged of him, drew 
the pi&ure of Eiafmus for a mufly groper, who bufied himfeif 
in fcraping together old MSS. and antiquities, and wrote under 
it « Adagia." 

It.is faid, that an Englifh nobleman, who accidentally faw 
fome of Holbein's performances at Bafil, invited him tO'COfoe 
to England, where nis art was in high e&eem^ and promtfe4 
him great things from the encouragement he would be furetn 
meet with from Henry VIH, ; but Holbein was too much en* 
gaged in his pleafures to liften to fo advantageous a propoQti* 
A few years after, however, moved by the neccflitics to which 
an increafed family and his own mifmanaeement had reduced 
him, as well as by the perfuafions of his mend Erafinus, wh9 
told him how improper a, country his own was to do Jufticeft^ 
his merit, he confented to go to England: and he conieoted the 
more readily, having a termagant for his wife. In his jounwjr 
thither he Itayed fome days at Strafl>urg, and applying, as it i^ 
faid, to a very great mafier in ths^ city for work, w.as taken in^ 
;and ordered to give a fpecimen of his flcilL Holbein finifhed n 
piece with great care, and painted a fly upon the moft emineiA 
fdxt of it ; after which he withdrew privily in the abfence of his 
nntfter, and purfued his journey, without laying «ny thing tp 
any body. When the pamter returned home, he was.aftoniihed 
at the beauty and elegance of the drawing ; and efpecially at the 
fly,, which, upon his firft calling his eye upon it, he fo far took 
for a real fly, that he endeavoured to remove it with his land. 
'He fent all over the city for his journeyman, who was noitr 
milling; but after many enquiries, found that he had been thitf 
deceived bv the famous Holbein. 

After almoft begging his way to England, as Patin tells ui^ 
he foupd an eafy admittance to the lord-chancellor, fir Thomas 
More : for he had brought with him Erafmus's pi£lure, and 
Jetters recommendatory from him to that great man. Sir Tho* 
,mas received him with all the joy imaginable, and kept him ia 
his houfe between two and three years ^ during whicn time hr 
.4rew fir Thomas's pidure, and thofe of many of his friend 
.and relations. One day Holbein happening to mention xlm 
nobleman who had fome y^ars ago invited him to England, fir 
Thomas . was very folicitous to Jcnow. who he was. Holbein 
replied, that he had indeed forgot his title^ but remembered his 
' ii»ce fo mill that h^tbodght be qwU dra^ birlik^iaif } ^)^thi« 

N4 b^. 



ti!^ 



HOLBEIN. 



he did fo very ftrongly, that the nobfeman, it is faid, was itrtme* 
diatc'ly known by it. The chancellor, hiaving now fiifficicntly 
furniflied and enriched his apartments with IHolbeia's prodtic* 
tionSf was determined to introduce him to Henry VIII. which 
he did in this manner. ^ He invited the king to an entertainment, 
and hung up all Holbein's pieces, difpofed in the beft order, and 
in the beft ligh(, in the great hall of his honfe. TKeking, upon 
his firft entrance, wasfo charmed with the fight of them, that 
he aflced, ** Whether fuch an artift were now alive, and to be 
had for money ?" Upon which fir Thomas prefented Holbein 
to th,e king, who immediately took him into his fervice, and 
Jjrought him into great efte6m with the nobility of the |;ing- 
dom. The king from time to time manifefted the great 
value he had for him, and upon the death of queen Jane, 
his third v. ife, fent him into Flanders, to draw the piflure of 
♦hcdutchefs dowager of Milan, widow to Francis Sforza, whoni 
the emperor Charles V. had recommenced to him for a fourth 
mfe; but the king's defedl ion from the fee of Rome happening 
about that time, he rather chofe to match with a Proteftant 

Srinceft. Cromwell, then his prim^ minifter (for fir Thoma$ 
lore had been renwved, and beheaded), propofed Anne of Clevcs 
to hini ; fait the king was not inclined to the match, till her 
pii^ure, which Holbein had-alfo drawn, was prefented to him. 
1 here, as lord Herbert of Chefbury fays, fhe was reprefented 
fo very fine apd iph^rmjng, t))at fke jking immediately refolved 
|o marry her. 

In England Holbein drew a vaft number of adnr^irable por»- 
traiis; among others, thofe of Henry VII. and Henry VIII. 
on the wall of the palace at Whitehall, which perilhed with it 
ivhen it was burnt, though fome endeavours were made to re* 
move that part of the wall on which the piftures were drawn. 
There happened, however, an affair in England, which might hav^ 
been fatal to Holbein, if the king had not prote6led him. On the 
^report of his charaAer, a nobleman of the firft quality came one 
day to fee him, when he was drawing a figure after the life. 
Holbein begged his lordfhip to defer the honour of hi3 yifit^o 
another day; which t)ie nobleman taking for an affront, broke 
open the door, and yery rudely went up ftairs. Holbein, hearing 
a noife,>came out of his chamber ; and meeting the lord at his 
^dOQf . fi^i into a violent paHion, and puihed htm backwards froni 
fhetoppf fhe ftairs to thrbpttom^ Confiderjng, however, im- 
fncdiately ^hat he had don^, he efcaped from the tumult he had 
iraifed) ahd made the beft of his way io the king. The noble* 
niany mpoh ^rtf though not fo much as he pretended, was 
f here foon aftjer him ; and upon opening his grievance, the king 
ordered Holbein to a(k pardon for his offence. Bi^t this only 
l^fjt^ted ibe no(>Iem9n tlie inofe^ wl^O wo^ld nol lie fatisfied 

• '"" " " " " ■ ' m\i 



HOLBERG. iJ8$ 

with lefs than his life ; upon which the king flernly replied, 
** My lord, you have not now to do with Holbein, but with me; 
whatever puniihment 'you may contrive by way of revenge 
againft him, fhall afluredly be inflided upon yourfelf ; remerh^ 
ber, pray my lord, that I can, whenever I pleafe, make feven 
lords of feven ploiUghmen^ but | jcannot make one Holbein even 
of feven lords/' • . 

We cannot undertake to give a lift of Holbein's works, but 
fuch a one may be fpund prefixed to the edition of the " Morias 
Encomium," quoted above. There is alfo the life of Holbein 
at large, with two prints of him, very unlike each other; the 
one drawn when he was very young, the other when he was 45 
years of age. The judgement which du Frefnoy has pafled on 
this painter is, that ** he wa? wonderfully knowing, and had 
certainly been of the firft form of painters, had he travelled into 
Italy; iince nothing can be laid to his charge, but only that he 
had a Gothic gufto." fie declares, that Holbein perfomied 
better than Raphael [sj ; and that he had feen a portrait of his 
painting, with which one of Titian's could not come into.com* 
petitionV* ^< It is ama^^ing to think," fays de Piles[T], *« that 
SL man born in Switzerland, and who had never been in Italy^ 
Ihould have fo good a tafte, and fo fme a genius for painting.'^ 
Frederic Zucchero, who travelled over England in 1574, was 
greatly furprifed at the fight of Holbein's MK)rks, and faid, that 
<*'they were not inferior* to either Raphael's or Titjan's/' Hp 
painted alike in every ^ manner; in frefco, in water-colours, in 
oil, and in miniature. He wa;5 eminent alfo for a rich vein of 
invention, very confpicuotis in a multitude of defigns, which he ' 
made for gravers, fculptors, jewellers, &c. He had the fame 
fmgularity, which Plii^y mentions of Turpilius a Roman, 
namely, that of painting with his left hand. He died of the 
plague at London in 1554; and at his lodgings in Whitehall,, 
where he bad lived from (he tim^ xk^t the king became his 
patron. 

HOLBpRG (LotJis de), a Danifh hiftorian, lawyer, and 
poet; was born at pergen in Norway, in the year 1685. Hia 
family is faid by fome to have been low, by others noble ; but it 
is agreed that he commenced life in very poor circumftances, 
and picked up hi$ education in his travels through various parts 
of Europe, where he fubfifted either by charity, or by hisper- 
fonal efforts of yariops kinds. On his return to Copenhagen, 
he found means to be appointed aflelfor of the confiftory court, 
which place afforded him a competent fubfiftence. He then wai 
able to indulge his genius, and produced ieveral woiiks^ wbicii 



fft 



Art of Pafnting, by Dryden, p. *35, »36. Lm4. 1716. 



>S6 HOLDJEJl. 

gave him great cdd>rity. AmoDgtHefcarefooiecomcdIesya volume 
of which has been tranflated imo French. He wrote arlfo a hif* 
tory of Denmark, in 3 vols. 410, whicff h^s been cdnfidered as 
the bdV that hitherto has been produced,, though rather minute jitid 
unintereftips^. Two volumes of " Moral Tlwyghts;" and a work 
entitled, " JThe Danifli Speflator," were produced by him: and 
he is generally confidered as the author of the "Iter fubterraneiim 
of Klimius," a fatirical romance, /omething in the ftyle of Gulli* 
ver's Travels. Mod of thefe have been tranflated alfo into Ger* 
' man, and are much efteemed in that country. By his publications^ 
and his place of afieflbr, he had oeconomy enough to amafs a con^ 
ii<jerable fortune, and even in his life gave 70,000 crowns to 
the univerfity of Zealand, for the education ofyoiuig nobleflei 
thinking it right that as his wealth had. been acquired by litera* 
ture, it fliould be employed in its fuppoi t. This munificence 
obtained him the title of bacon. At his death, which happened 
in 1754, he left alfo a fond of 16,000 crowns to pprtion out a 
certain mimber of young women, fele&cd from the families of 
citizens in Copenhagen. 

HOLDEN (Hehiiv), an Englifli divine', who took the degrer 
ef dodor at Paris, and lived there .till bis death in 1662. He 
died equally regretted for his ftrld. probity, and his profound- 
croditiofi. We have not an exa£l htftory x>t .him .; but it is proi- 
baU& that being a Roman catholic, he had received his educa^ 
tion altogelher m France, Tiiere are tbrep works by him, one 
of which, I. ** Analyfis Fidei," was reprinted by Barbou in 
1766, and contains a brief fummary of the whole oeconomy of 
faith, its principles and motives, with their applicatipn to con- 
troverfialqueftions. It i^ confidered as argumentative and foMnd. 
a. " Marginal Nptes on the New Teftament," in 1 vols, i^mo^ 
publiflied at Paris in 1660. 3. **^A Letter concerning Mn 
White's Treatife, De Medio Animarum ftatu," in^4to, Paris, 
i66i. He argued from his own fources more tbm he CQm* 
piled. 

HOLDER fWiiwAM), a learned and philofophical Eng- 
Kflmiaii [u j, was born in Nottinghamihire, educated in Pem«* 
broke-hall, Cambridge, and, in 1642, became rector of fitech- 
jngdon of Oxford. In 1660, he proceeded D. D» was afterwards 
icanon of Ely, fellow of the Royal Society, canon of St. Paul's, 
fttb^dean of the royal chapel, and fub-almoner to his majefty% 
fie was very accompliflied, and a gvcat virtuofo. He gaineil 
particular celebrity by teaching, a young gentleman of diftinSionj^ 
Wf\^ was txMrn deaf and dumb, to fpeak, an attempt at that time 
unprecedented. This gentleman's name was Alexander Popham, 
fon of colonel Edward Popham, who was fome time an admijral 

m Atben. Oxoni Vol.JU • * .. 



HOLDSWDRTH. 187 

h^Ait fecvice of t)ie lone p^tUamont. The cure was performed 
by him in his houfe at BTechingdon, in 1659; butPophsun lofing 
vtbdi he had been taugt^t by Holder, after he was called home ta 
his friends, was fent to ur. Wallis, who broDght him to his 
fipiBech.a&ain. On this fubje& Holder pubtiihed a book, enti- 
^d, ** The Elements of Speech ; an Euay of Inquiry into the 
natural Produ&ion of Letters: with an Appendix concerning 
Perfons that are deaf and dumb, 1669," 8vo, In the appendix 
he relates, how foon, and by what methods, he brought ropham 
to fpeak. In 1678, he puhliihed, il(i4to, ^' A Supplement to* 
the Philofophical Tranfadions of July,. 1670, with fome Re» 
fle&ions on Dr. Wallis's Letter there inferted." This was 
written to claim the glory of having taught Popham* to fpeak» 
which Wallis in the letter there mentioned had claimed to him* 
felf : upon which the dodor foon after publiihed, ** A Defence 
of the Koyal Society and the Philofophical Tranfadjons, parti* 
cularly thofe of July, 1670, in Anfwer to the. Cavils of Dr, 
William Holder, 1678," 4to, Holder was (killed in the theory 
and praSice of mufic, and wrote, " A Treatife of the natural 
Grounds and Principles of Harmony, 1694," 8vo. He wrote 
alfo ** A Difcourfe concerning Time, with Application of the 
natural Day, lunar Month, and folar Year, &c. 1694/' 8vo. 
He died at Amen Coroer in London^ Jan« 24, 1696-7, and was 
buried in St. Paul's. 

HOLDSWORTH (Edward)^ a very polite and eleeant 
ichoIar[xl, was born about 1688, and trained at Winchefter* 
jfchod. He was..thence ele&ed demy of Magdalen^college, 
Oxford, in July, 1705; took the degree 'ofM. A. in April, 
1711 ; became a coUege-mtor, andhadmany pupils. In 17159 
when he was to be chofen into a fellowfliip, he refigned his 
demy&ip, and left the cidlege, becaule unwillins to iwear al-^ 
k^iance to the new government. The remaini^r of his life 
was fpent in travelling with young noblemen and gentlemen as a 
tutor: ^ i74ir ^nd 1744, he was at Rome in this capacity. He 
died of a fever at lord Digby's houfe at Coleihill in Warwick-* 
Ifairc, Dec* 30, 1747. He was the author of the ^< Mufcipula,'- 
a jK>Qm,.eft^med a mafter-piece in its kind, and of which there 
isagoMKl'ElDgliih tranflation. by Dr. John Hoadly, in Vol. V. 
of ^^Dodfley's JMifcellanies." He was the author alfo of a 
diflertatioii^ entitled, ^* Pbarfalia and Philippi; or the two Phi-* 
lipplin Virgil's Georges attempted to be explained and recon**^ 
jieti^4 to Hiwry, 1741/' 4to; afid of <^ Remarks and Diflertationf 
QO Virgil; with fome otli^ir cl^ca) Ohfejvations, publiflied 
witk ftveral Notes and additional Remarks by Mr. Spence, 1 768,** 
^to* *l4r« %ence ipeaks of him in his Polymetis, ^s one whq 

underftoo4 



ttt HOLJNSHED. 

iindcrdood Virgil in a more sndfterly manner, than any perfon 
he ever knew^ 

HOLINSHED (Raphael), an Englifh hiftorian, and fa* 
tnous for the Chronicles that go under his name, was defcended 
fromafami)y, which lived at Bofcly in Chefliire: but neither 
the place nor time of his birth, nor fcarcely any other circum-» 
itances of his life, are known. Some fay, he had an univerfrty 
education, and was a clergyman; while others, denying thisj 
affirm, that he was (leward to Thomas Burdett, of Bromcote in 
the coonty of Warwick, efij. . Be this as it will, he s^pears to have 
been a man of confiderable learning, and to have a head particu- 
larly turned for hiftory. His ** Chronicles" were firft pubiilbe<t 
in 1577, ^^ ^ ^^'** f'^l'o; and then^ in 1587 in three, the two 
firft cA which are commonly bound together. In this fecond edi« 
tion, leveral fheets were caltrated in the fecond and third vohimesj 
becaufe there were paflTages in them difagreeable to queen Eliza* 
beth and her miniftry : but the caltrations have lince been reprinted 
apart. Holinihed was not the fole author or compiler of this 
vrork, but was aififted in it by fevcral other writers. The firft 
Tolume opens with " An Hiftorical Defcription of the Ifland 
4>f Britaine, in three Books," by William Harrifon: and then, 
•• ITie Hiftone of England, from the Time that it was firft 
inhabited, until the Time that it was lad conquered," by {I* 
Holinflied. The fecond volume contains, ** The Defcription, 
Conqtiefl', Inhabitati^on, and troublefome Eftate of Ireland; 
particularly the Defcription of that Kingdom:" by Richard 
Stanihurft. ^^ The Conqueft of Ireland, tranfkted from the 
Latin of Giraldus Cambrenfis," by John Hooker, alias Vowell, 
of Esieter, gent. *^ The Chronicles of Ireland, beginning 
where Giraldus did end, contintied untill the Year 1509, from 
Philip Flatfcurie, Henrie of Marleborow, Edmund Campian,'^ 
6cc. by R. Holinihed; and fcom thence to 1586, by R. Sta- 
nihurft and J. Hooker. *< The Defcription of Scotland, tranf- 
lated from the Latin of Heftor Boethius," by R. H. or W. H. 
•* The Hiftorie of Scotland, conteining the Beginning, In* 
creafe. Proceedings, Continuance, Ads and Government of 
the Scottiib Nation, from the Original thereof unto the Yeere 
1571," gathered by Raphael Hpiinfhed; and continued from 
1571 to 1586, by Francis Botevillcy alias Thin, and others. 
The third volume begins at " Duke Wjj-lliara the Norman, com** 
nionly called the Conqueror; and defcends by Degrees of Yeeres 
to all the Kings and Queenes of England," Firft compiled by* 
R. Holinflied, and by him extended to 1577; augmented ^^ 
continued to 1586, by John Stow, Fr. Thin, Abraham Fleming, 
and others. The time of this hiftorian's death isuaknowh ; bo^ 
it appears from his will, which Hearne prefixed to his edition 
pi C^^amden's " Annals/* that it-happened hetwecn'iisyS and 1582. 

A^ 



HOLLArR;^^ 189 

. As for his coadjutors; rHanifon- was ircdat Wcftminfter- 
School, fcnt from thence to Oxford, became chaplain to fir 
William Brooke, who preferred, him, and. died in 159^.' 
Hooker was uncle to the famous Richard Hooker, and born at 
Exeter about 1524: was educated at Ojtford, and afterwards 
travelled into Germany, where at Cologne he took a degree in 
law. Next he went to Strafburg, and fojourned with Petar 
Martyr, who inftrudled him in divinity. Then returning home, 
he married and fettled in his native place ; where he became a 
principal citizen, and was fent up as a reprefcntative, to the par- 
liament holden at Weftminfter in 1571. He died in j6ci [a], 
after having publifhed feveral works of various kinds. Wc 
know nothing of Botevile; only that Hearne[B] ftyles him 
^* a man of great learning and judgenient, and a wonderful 
lover of antiquities.^' 

HOLLAR, or HOLLARD (Wentzkl, or WENCEstAUs), 
a moft admired engraver, was born at Prague in JBohemia, in 
1607. He was at firft inftruded in fchool-learning, and after- 
wards put to the profeffion of the law ; but not relifhing that 
purfuit, and his family being ruined when Prague was taken 
and plundered in i6i9[c1, lo that they could not provide for 
him as had been propofed, he removed from thence in 1627* 
During his abode in feveral towns in Germany, he applied him^ 
felf to drawing and defigning, to copying the pi 6lures of feveral 
great artifts, taking geometrical and perfpe£live views and 
draughts of cities, towns, and countries, by land and water; 
wherein at length he grew fo excellent, efpecially for his land- 
fcapes in miniature, as not to be outdone in beauty gnd delicacy 
by any artift of his time. He was but eighteen , when the firft fpc- 
cimens of his art appeared; and the connoilteurs in his works 
have obferved, that he infcribed the earlieft of them with only 
a cypher of four letters, which, as they explain it, was intended 
for the initials of, " Wenceflaus Hollar Pragenfis excudit/' He 
e«iployed himfelf chiefly in copying heads and portraits, fome- 
times from Rembrandt, Henzelman,. Fa;lix Biler, 'and other 
eminent artifts ; but his little delicate views of Strafburgh, Co- 
logne, Mentz, Bonn, Frankfort, and other towns along the Rhine, 
Danube, Necker> &c. got him much reputation; and when 
Howard, cart of Arundel, was fent ambamdor to the emperor 
Ferdinand IT. in 1636, he was fo highly pleafed with his 
performances, that he admitted him. into his retinue. Hollar 
attended his lordibip from Cologne to the emperor's court, and 
an this progrefs made feveral draughts arfi prints of the places 
through which they travelled. He took that view of Wurtz- 



[a] Athen. Oxon, Vol. I. [b] Praefot. ad C»md. AnraX, 

cj Uh^i Hxtiin by Virtue, X«od. 1.745. 



burg. 



1^0 Holla r. 

knrg, under whfch is written, " Hollar dclincayit, in legationc 
Arundeliana ad Imperatorem." He the.n made alfo a'curiou^' 
large drawing, with the pen and pencil, of the city of Prague, whicl)| 
gave great fatisfaftion to his patron, then upon the fpot. 

After lord Arundel had fintihed his n^otiations in Germany, 
he returned to England, and brought Hollar with him : where, 
however, he was not fo entirely confined to his lordlhip's fervicCj 

. but that he had the liberty to accept of employment from others. 
Accordingly, we foon find him to have been engaged by the 
printfellers; and Peter Stent, one of the moft eminent among 

• them, prevailed upon him to make an ample view or profpe^ 
of and from the tbwn of Greenwich, which he finrflied in two 
plates, 1637 ; the carlieft dat^ of his works in this kingdom* ' Iii 
1638, appeared his elegant profpeft about Richmond; at which 
time he finifted alfo fevcral curious plates from the fine paintings 
in the Arundelian coUeSion. In the midft of this employment, 
arrived Mary de Medicis the queen-mother of France, to vifit 
' her daughter Henrietta Maria queen of England ; and with her 
an hiftorian, who recorded the particulars of her journey and 
entry into this kingdom. His work, written in French, wai 
printed at London m 1639; and adorned with feverd portraits 
of the royal family, etched for the purpofe by the hand of Hol- 
lar. The fame year was publifhed the portrait of his patron'the 
tarl of Arundel on horfeback ; and afterwards he etched another 
of him in armour, and feveral views of bis country f(bt at Aid- ' 
brough in Surrey. In 1640, he feems to have been introduced 
into the fervice of the royal family, to give the prince of Wales 
fome tafte in the art of defigning ; and it is intimated, that either 
"before the eruption of the civil wars, or at leaft before he was 
driven by them abroad, he was in the fervice of the duke of 
York. This year appeared his beautiful fet of figures in 28 
plates, entitled, " Ofnatus Muliebris Anglicanus,° and con- 
taining the feveral habitis of Englifli women of all ranks or de- 
J;rees : they are reprefented at full lenjgth, and have rendered hinpl 
iamous among the lovers of engraving. In 1641, were pub- 
lifhed his prints of king Charles and his queen: but now thd 
civil wars being broke out, and his patron the earl of Arundel 
leaving the kingdom to attend upon the <jueen and the prih- 
cefs Mary, Hollar was left to lupport himfelf.' He applied 
himfelf clofely to his bufinefs, and puWiflicd other parts of hrs 
works, after Holbein, Vandyck, &c. efpecially the portraits of 
feveral perfons of quality of both fexes,*minifters of ftate^ 
commanders of the artny, learned and eminent*autbors;'mor6 
efpecially another fet 01 two of female habits in divers nation^ 
in Europe. Whether he grew obnoxious, as an adherent to the 
earl of Arundel, or as a malignant for drawing fo many portraits 
of the royal party, is not exprcfely faid: but now it f^emshe 

was 



If O t Cr A R. 19* 

T^as molelied;' and driven to iike flicker under tlie'pfoteaioti of 
one or more of them, till they were defeated^ and he taken pri- 
foner of war with them, upon the furrender of their garrifon.at 
Bafing-houfe in Hamplhire. This happened on Oft. 14, i$45; 
but Hollar, either making his efcape, or otherwife (Ataining 
his liberty, went over to the continent after the earl of Arundel, 
who refided at Antwerp with his family, and had tranfported 
thither his moft valuable coUe^kion of piftures. 

He remained at Antwerp feveral years, copying from his pa- 
tron's coUeftion, and working for printfellers, bookfellers, and 
publifhers; but fecms to have cultivated no intereft among men 
of fortune and curiofity in the art, to difpofe of them by fub- 
fcription, or otherwife moft to his advantage. In 1647 and 
1648, he etched eight or ten of the painters* heads with his own, 
with various other curious pieces, as the pifture of Charles L 
foon after his death, and of feveral of the Royalifts ; and in the 
three following years, many portraits and landfcapes after Breugr 
hill, Elfheiroer, and Teniers, with the triumphs of death. 
He etched alfo Charles II. ftanding, with emblems; and alf(^ 

fmbli&ed a print of James duke of York, astat. 18, ann. 165 r» 
rom a pidufe draiWn of him when he vrHs in Flanders, bf 
Teniers. He was' more punftuat in his dates than moft oxhei 
<?ngravers, which have afforded very agreeable lights and direc- 
tions, both gs to his own perfonal hiftory and pcrtormances, and. 
tothofc'of many others. At laft, cither not meeting with en-» 
couragenient enough to keep him longer abroad, or invited bj^ 
feveral ipagniflcent and coftiy works propofed or preparing ia 
JEnglanid, wherein I)is ornamental hand might be employed more 
to his advantage, he returned hither in 1652. Here he afters 
wards executed fome of the moft confiderable of his publica* 
tions: .but what is very ftrange, though he was an artift fuperidt 
io alcaoft moft others in genius as well as afliduity, yet he had the 
p^cpliar fate to work here, as he. had done abroad, ftill.in a ftate 
of iubordination, and more, to the profit of other people thati 
himfelf. Notwithftanding his pentirious pay, he is laid to have 
contracted a voluntary afie£lion to 'his extraordinary labour; 
fo far, that he fpent almoft two-thirds of his time at it, and 
would not fuffer himfelf to be drawn or difengaged from it, till 
his hour-glafs had run tp the laft moment propofed. Thus he 
weiit oh in full bufinefs, till the reftoration of Charles II. 
brought home many of his friends, and him into frefli views of 
cmpjoyment. It was but two years after that memorable epocha, 
that'Evelyn publiihed his " Sculptura, or the Hiftory and Art 
of Chalcography and engraving in Copper :" in which he gave 
• thjf following very honourable account of Hollar. " Wincefl 
iaus Hollar," lays he, " a gentleman of Bohemia, comes in the 
next phce: not that he is not before znoft of the xeft for hfs 
I choice 



19* HOLLAR. 

choice and ^rcat induftry, for we rank them' very promifcOouCjr 
both as to time and pre-eminence, but to bring up the rear of 
the Germans with a deferving perfon, whofe indefatigable works 
in aqua fortjs do infinitely recommend themfelves by the excel- 
lent choice which he hath made of the rare things furnifhed out 
of the Arundelian colleAion, and from moft of the heft hands 
and defigns : for fuch were thofe of L. da Vinci, Fr. Parmenfis, 
Titian, Julio Romano, A. Mantegna, Corregio, Perino del 
Vaga, Raphael iJrbin, Seb. del Piombo, Palma, Albert Durer, 
Hans Holbein, Vandyck, Rubens, Breughel, Baflan, Eliheimer, 
Brower, Artois, and divers other mafters of prime note, whofe 
drawings and paintings he hath faithfully copied ; befides feveral 
books of landscapes, towns, folemnittes, hiftories, heads, beads, 
fowls, infe£ls, vefTels, and other fignal pieces, not omitting what 
he hath etched after De Cleyn, l^^r. Streter, and Dankerty, for 
fir Robert Stapletori's * Juvenal,* Mr. Rofs's ' Silius Italicus,* 
* Polyglotta Biblia,* * The Monafticon,' firft and fecond part, 
Mr. Uugdale's * St. PauKs,' and * Survey of Warwickfliire,* with 
other innumerable frontifpieces, and things by him publifhed 
and done after the life ; and to be on th^t account more valued 
and efleemed, than where there has been more curiofity about 
chimeras, and things which are not in nature: fo that of Mr-j 
Hollar's works we may jnitly pronounce, there is not a more 
ufeful and inftru(9:ive coUeSion to be made." 

Some of the .firft things Hollar performed after the Refloratiofif 
were, " A Map of Jerufalem;** " The Jewifti Sacrifice in So. 
lomon's Temple ;" ** Maps of England, Middlefex^ &c." ""View 
pf St. George's Hofpital at Windfor ;" " The Gate of John of 
Jerufalem near London;** and many animals, fruits, flowers, 
and infefts, after Barlow and others: many heads of nobles^ 
bifliops, judges, and great men j feveral profpefts about Lon- 
doiVi and London itfelf, as well before the great fire, as after its 
^uin and rebuilding: though the calamities of the fire and plague 
in 1.665 are thought to have reduced him to fiich difficulties, .as 
he could never entirely vanquifh. He was afterwards fent t(» 
Tangier in Africa, in quality of his majefty's defigner, to take 
the various profpeSs there of the garrifon, town, fortifications, 
and the circumjacent views of the country: and- many of his 
drawings upon the fpot, dated 1669, ftill prcferved in the li- 
brary of the late fir Hans Sloane, were within three or four years 
after made public, upon feme of which Hollar, ftyles iiimfelf 
** Stenographus Regis." After his return to England, he wa^ 
varioufly employed, in finifliing his views of Tangier for pub- 
lication, and taking feveral draughts at and about Windfor in 
1 67 1, with many rcprefentations in honour of the knights of the 
garter. About 1672, he travelled northward, and drew views 
of Jt^incoln^ Southwell, Newark^ and York Minfter; and af- 



MOLLIS. 193 

>er wards was engaged in etching of towns, caftles, chufches, ai;4 
their feneftral figures, arms^&c. beddes tombs, tnonumeotsdeffigios 
with their infcnptions, &c, in fuch numbers as it would almoll 
be endlefs to enumerate. Few artids have been aUe to imitate his 
works; for which reafon many. lovers of the art, and all tl;^ 
curious, both at home and abroad, have, from his time to ours, be^a 
fond and even zealous to colle£l them. But how liberalToev^r tbe|r 
might be in the purchafe of his performances, the performer hicor 
felt, it feems, was fo incompetently rewarded for thcfm, that hf 
could not, now in his old age, keep himfelf free from the incurq* 
brances of debt; though it is viQble, that he was varioiHl]^ anfl 
dofely ernployed to a mort time before his death, ^ut as many 
of his plates are dated that year, in the very beginning of whic^ 
he died, it is probable they were fomewhat antedated by hiou 
that the fculptures might appear of the (ame date with the bod^ 
in which they were printed: that is, in "Thoroton's Antiqui^ 
ties of NottinghamUiire." Some of them appear unfioifhed; 
and the 501ft page, which is entirely blank, was probably left fo 
for 9 plate to be fupplied. When he was upon toe ver^ of hij; 
7qth ye^r, he had the misfortune to have an execution at his houie 
in G^rdiner's-lane, Weftminfter : he defired only the liberty b^ 
{lying in his bed, and that he might not be removed to any othef 
jprifon 1>nt his grave. Whether this was granted him or not, "i^ 
/C9Anot fay; l?ut he died March 28, 1677, and, as appears fron^ 
the parifli regifter of St. Margaret's, was buried m the New 
Chapel Yard, near the place of his death. Noble and valuable 
JU the monuments were which Hollar had raifed for other^, none 
was ere6led for him : nor has any perfon propped ^u epit^p^ 
worthy of the fame and merits of the artift^ 

HOLLIS (Thomas), eftj; of Corfcombe in Dorfetlhire; f 
gcntleiman whofe " Memoirs" were printed in two fplendid vo- 
lumt^, 4to, 1780, with a confiderable number of plates by Bar-r 

^ tolo2:zi, Bafire, and other engravers of eminence, and an ad« 

inirablje profile of himfelf in the frontifpiece rp]. He Mras born 
in London, April 14, 1720; and fent to fchool, firft at New* 

^ poit in Shropmire, and afterwards at St. Alban's. At 14, hf 

wu ient to Amfterdam, to learn the Dutch and French lao« 

^ giiages, writing, and accompts ; ftayed there about fifteen months, 

^nd then returned to his father, with whom he continued till his 

; death in 1735. fo give him a liberal education, fuitable to the 

ample foruine he was to inherit, his guardian put him under 
the tuition of profeflbr Ward, whofe piSure Mr. Hollis pre-. 

I fented to the Britiifh Mufeum; and, in honour of his father and 

^ardif n^ he caufed to be infcribed round a valuable diamond 

f fmg, Mnpno/yn^n fatrh tutorifque. He profeffed^himielf a dip- 

[d] Aaecdotei of Bowycr, by Nlcholsi p. 402, 59^. 

Vol. VIII. O ' fcnter} 



'w^ 



194 H O LL IS. 

fentcr ; and from Dr. Fofter and others of that perfuafion, im- 
bibed that ardent love of liberty, and freedom of fentiment, 
which ftrongly marked his charader. In Feb, 1739-40, he 
took chambers in Lincoln's- Inn, find w^s admitted a layv^-ftudent ; 
but does not appear ever to have applied to the law, as a pro- 
feflion. He refided there till Ju||r, 1748^ when he fet out on 
his travels for the firft time; and pafTed through Holland, Auf- 
trian and French Flanders, part ot* France, Switzerland, Savoy, 
and part of Italy, returning through Provence, Britanny, &c. to 
Paris. His fellow-traveller was Thomas Brand, efq; of the 
^ Hyde in Eflex, who was his particular friend. His fecond tour 
commencedin July 16, 1750; and extended through Holland to 
Embden, Bremen, Hamburg, the principal cities on the north and 
caft fide of Germany, the fell of Italy, Sicily, and Malta, Lorrain, 
&c. The journals of both his tours are (aid to be in being. 

^On his return home, he attempted to get into parliament ; 
but, not being able to efFe£l this without fome fmall appearance 
of bribery, he turned his thoughts entirely to other objefts. He 
began a colleftion of books and medals; " for the purpofe," it 
,is faid, " of illuftrating and upholding liberty, preferving th^ 
memory of its champions, rendering tyranny and its abettors 
odious, extending art and fcience, and keeping alive the honou| 
due to their patrons and proteftors." Among his benefadions 
to foreign libraries, none is more remarkable than that of tWo 
large coUeSions of valuable books to the public library of Berne ; 
which were prefentcd anonymoufly as by *^ an Engiifhman, ^ 
lover of liberty, his country, and its excellent conftitution, ^s 
reftored at the happy Revolution." Switzerland, Geneva, Ve- 
nice, Leyden, Sweden, RuiTia, &c. 'fhared his favours, Hi^ 
benefaftions to Harvard -college commenced in 1758, and were 
continued to the amount of 1400I. His liberality to indivi^ 
duals, as well as to public focieties, cannot be fpecified here j 
but muft be fought in the " Memoirs" above-mentioned; Aug, . 
1770, he carried into execution a plan, which he had formed 
five years before, of retiring into Dorfetfhire; and there, [ft ^ 
field near his refidence at Corfcombe, dropped down and died of 
an apoplexy, on New-year's-day, 1774. The character of thi$ 
fingular perfon was given, fome time before, In one of the pub- 
lic prints, as follows : " Thomas Hollis is a man poffefled of a 
large fortune : above half of which he devotes to charities, Vo the 
encouragement of genius, and to the fupport and defejace of 
liberty. His ftudious hours are devoted to the fearch of noble 
^uthorSjp hidden by the ruft of time ; and to do their virtues 
juftice, by brightening their adlions for the review of the public* 
w herever he meets the man of letters, he is fure to affift him t 
and, were I to defcribe in paint tbi§ illuftrious .'citizen of the 

world, ' 



) . 



( ■ 



HOLMES. 155 



world, I would depid him leading by the hands Genius and 

- . / liiftreffed Virtue to the temple of Reward." 

If Mr. Holiis had any relations, his private afFeftions wertf; 

./ . not as eminent as his public fpirit, for he left the whole of hi« 

fortune to his friend T. Brand, efq; who, on that account, took*, 
the name of Holiis, and was -as violent a zealot for liberty as) 
his patron. In 1764, Mr. ttollis fent to Sidney-college, Cam- 
bridge, where Cromwell was educated, an original portrait of , 

^ ^^-^ him by Cooper ; and, a fire' happening at his lodgings in Bed- 
ford-ftreet, in J761, he calmly walked out, taking an original' 
pidure of Milton only in his hand, A new edition of " To* 
hmd's Life of Milton" was pdblilhed under hisdireflion, in 1761 ; 
and, in 1763, he gave an accurate edition of <^ Algernon Syd-* 
ney's Difcourfes on Government," on which the pains and ex-' 
pence he beftowed are almoft incredible. He meditated alfo an 
editioh of Andrew' Marvell ; but did not complete it. In order 
to preferve the memory of thofe patriotic heroes whom he mod 
admired, he called many of the farms and fields in his eflate iat 
Porfcoml)e by their names:, and, in the middle of one of thefc' 
fields, not far from his houfe, he ordered his corpfe to be depQ« ' 
fited it! ^ grave ten feet (deep, and the field to be immediately; 
ploughed over, that no trace of his burial-place might remain* 
Another of his fingularlties was, to obferve his nomitial birth- 
^y always, without any regard to the change of ftyle. He 
would not be offended with being charged with fingularities ; 
he\^wned, that he afFefted them : ** the idea of fingularity," fays 

■ he, " by way of fhield^ I try by all means to hold out," JBy 

\ we^l^efJhifU: that is, againft thofe who would otherwife. breaK ' 

y ' ^^./iC^^ipon hts^^me, cuftoms, and way of living. 

f'l • y^ HOLMES (GeorgeJ, born at Skipton in Craiyen, Yorkfliire 

£e], became about 1695 clerk to William Petyt, efq; keeper of 
the records at the Tower; and continued near fixty fears deputy 
to Mr. Petyt, Mr. fopham, and Mr. Polhill. On the death 
of Mr. Pe^yt, which happened 06i. 9, 1707, Mr. Holmes was, 
on. account of his fingular abilities and induftry, appointed by 
lord Halifax (then prefulent of a committee of the houfe of 
lords) to methodize and dfgeft the Records depofited in the 
Tower, at a yearly falary of aool. which was continued to his 
iJ^th, Feb, 16, 1748-9, in the 87th year of his age. He was 
alfd barrack-mafter of the Tower. He married a daughter of 
Mr. Marfliall, an eminent fword-cutler in Fleet-ftreet, by whom 
be had an only fon George, who was bred at Eton, and was 
clerk under his father, but died, aged 25, many years before 
iiim. Holmes re-publi(hed the (irft 17 volumes [f] of Rymer's 

[p] Ajiecdocet of Bowyer, by Nichols, fhd leveiiteen' volume^ wa$ fold for lOo*" 
f7« gviireas. ? -f- the- pwfacc to- the •* A^\ 

f} Beibrc Aitlccojid edition, a &t of Regla, I7»fy** 8to* > 

■■*■'■ P > «< Feeders," 




^ 



19^ HOLSTENIUS. 

•* Fordcra,*'' in 1727. His curious collieaions of books, prints^ 
mnd coins, &c. were fold by au£lion in 1749. His portrait was. 
fngraved by the Society 01 Antiquaries, with this infcription: 
^* Vera effigies Gxorgii Holmes generofi, r. s. s. & tabularii 
piblici in Turre Londinenfi Vicecuftodis; quo munere annos 
circiter lx fumma (ide & dilig^ntia perfundus, xiv kalend. 
Mart. A. D, mdCcxlviii, aptatis fuae lxxxvii,. fatodemum 
conceilit. In fratris fui erga fe meritorum teflimonium banc tabu«« 
lam sociETAS aktiopariorum Londini, cujuscocnmoda fen)* 
per proofiovit, fumptu fuo acri incidendum curavit, MDCCXtiX. 
R. Van Bleeck, p, 1743. G. Vertue del. & fculp." — In Strypc's 
London, 1754, VoL I. p. 746, is a* fac fimile of an anti^uie 
ixifcription over the little door next to the cloifter in the Temple 
church* It was in old Saxon capital letters^ engraved wkbin 
9jSi half- circle ; denoting the year when the church was dedicated, 
aind by whom, namely^ Heraclius the patriarch of the church of 
the Holy Refurredion in Jerufalem; and to whom, namely, the 
Blefled Virgin ; and the indulgence of 40 days pardon to fuch 
wiio, according to the penance enjoined them, reforted thither 
yearly. This mfcription, which was fcarcely legible, and in 
1695 was entirely broken by the workmen^ having been exa£kly 
tranfcribed by Mr. Holmes, was by him communicated to Strype* 
Mrs. Holmes out-lived her huftand, and received of governnient 
aooL for his MSS. about the records, which were depofited and 
remain in his office to this day. 

HOLSTENIUS, or HOLSTEIN (Lucas), an ingenious 
and learned German, w:as born at Hamburg in 1596 ; and after 
a liberal education in his own country, went to France, and 
itayed fome time at Paris, where he diftinguiflied himfclf by 
uncommon i»rts and learning. From thence he'went to Rome, 
and attached/himfelf to cardinal Francis Barberini; who took 
him under bts'proCe£lion, and recommended him to favour. He 
was honoured by three popes; Urban VIII. Innocent X. and 
Alexander VII. The hrft gave him a tanonry of St. Peter's; 
the fecond made him librarian of the Vatican ; and the third fent 
him, in 1665, to ChriAina of Sweden, whofe formal profeffioil 
of the Catholic faith he received at Infpruck. He fpent his 
life inftudy, and died at Rome in 1661, aged 65 years. Car- 
^nil Barberini^ whom he made his heir, caufed a monument 
of msirbte to be ere£led over his grave, with a Latin infcrip* 
tion much to his honour. He was very learned both in fa* 
cred and profane antiquity, had a very exad and critical dif- 
cernment, and wrote with the utmoft purity and elegance. He 
was not the author of any great works : what he did chie% con- 
ned of notes and diflertations, which have been highly efteemed . 
for tbr judgement and preciiion with which they are drawn up« 
ScKBie (X tteie were publifli^ by himfelf ; but the greater paK 



HOLT. 197 

were communicaled after his death, and inferted i>y*hi$ YtienBl 
in their editions of authors, 6r other works that would admit 
them. Though Holftenius/eems to have been a grave ttian, yet 
there is a bon-mot in the Menagiana rol, which fhews'iome 
mirth and a great deal of ready wit. Ditputing one day with 
fome vehemence againd two learned men at his patron carding 
Barberini's table, he had the misfortune to break wmd backwards* 
The cardinal fmiled ; and the company could not forbear laugh-, 
ing.out. Holftenius, however, not t e leaft difconcerted, turneft 
himfelf to the cardinal, and faid, ** I may very Well upon tliB 
occafion apply to your (eminence this of Virgil, — ^Tu das epuUii 
accumbere divum — ^but not the following— Ventorumque facit 
tempeftatumque potentem :" nobody fufpeSing in the mean tim^ 
that it was not Ventorum, but Nimborum, in Virril. His noten 
Und emendations upon Eufebius's book againft Hierocles|^ upon 
Porphyry's " Life of Pythagoras," upon Apollonius's " Argonao- 
tics," upon the fragments of Demophilus, Democrates, Secundus, 
and Salluftius the philofopher, upon Stephanus Byzantinus i!e 
' 'Urblbus, &c. are known to all the learned, and to be found in the 
beft editions of thofe authors. He wrote a ** Differtatioh upon 
the Life and Writings of Porphyry," whigh is printed wiHi his 
n6teson Porphyry's <* Life of Pythagoras;" and other diflerta* 
tionsof his are inferted in Gracvius^ ^< CoUedion of.Romaa 
Antiquities," and elfewhere. 

Wemuftnot forget to obferve, that Holftenius wasborn.ri 
the Lutheran religion ; but afterwards embraced the Roman Cz» 
tholic, at the intercefllon of Sirmond the Jefuit^ who had tht 
honour to make a convert of him. 

HOLT (Sir John), knight, lord chief juftice df the court it 
King's-bench, in the reign of king William [h], was foh of 
fir Thomas Holt, kniglit, ferjeant at law; and born at Thame 
in Oxfordfliire, 1642. He was educated at Abingdon-fchool, 
while his father, was recorder of that town; and afterwaxtls be- 
/came a gentleman-commoner of Oriel-college, Oxford. ^In 
1658, he entered himfelf of GrayVlnn, before he took aide* 
gree; fome time after which he was called to the bar, where hfe 
attended conftantly, and foon became a very eminent *arriftcr. 
In the reign of James IL he was made recorder df Londoiif 
which office he difcharged with much applaufe for about a year 
and a half; but refufing to give his hand towards aboliilhing the 
tell, and to expound the law according to the kitig*s defign, be 
was removed from his place. In 1006, he was called to thik 
degree of a ferjeant at lavy^, with many others. On the arrival ot 
the- prince of Orange, be was chbfen a member ■ of the coiiven« 
don parliament ;<aud appointed one of the managers fortlie^cofflb^ • 



J 9$ 



H O L T. 



inons at the conferences held with the lords, about the abdication 
knd the vacancy of the throne. He had here an bpportunity of dif*- 
playing his abilities J and as foon as the government was fettled, 
ne was made lord chief juftice of the court of KingVbench, and 
admitted into the king's privy-council. 

In 1700, when lord Somers parted with the great feal, king 
William prefled .chief juftice Holt to accept of it : but he replied, 
that he never had but one chancery caufe in his life, which he loft ; 
and confequently could not think himfelf fitly qualified for fo 
jgreat a trim. He continued in his poft 22 years, and main- 
tained it with* great reputation for fteadinefs, integrity, and com- 
plete knowledge in his profeffion. He applied himfelf with 
great aftiduity to the fundlions of his important oflice. He was 
jperfe£l maftcr of^ the 'common lawfil; and, as his judgement 
was moft folid. His capacity vaft, and undenftanding moft clear. 
To he had a firmnefs of mind, and fuch a degree of refolution, as 
never could he brought to fwerve in the leaft from wh^t he thought . 
'to be law and juftice. Upon great occafions he (hewed an in- 
trepid zeal in iiflerting the authority of the law ; for he ventured 
to incur the indignation of both houfes of parliament, by turns, 
when he thought the law was with him. Several cafes of the 
utmoft importance, and highly afFefling the lives, rights, liber- 
ties, and property of the people, came in judgement before 
him. There was a remarkable clearnefs and perfpicuity of ideas 
ifl his definitions; a diftind arrangement of them in the analyfis 
of his arguments ; and the real and natural difference of thing? 
was made moft perceptible and obvious, when he diftinguiftied 
between matters which bore a falfe refemblance to each 
other. Having thus rightly formed his premifes, he fcarce 
ever efred in his conclufions; his arguments were inftruc- 
,tive and convincing, and, his integrity would not fuffer him to 
deviate from judgement and truth, in compliance to his prince, 
or, as obferved before, to either houfe of parliament. They 
are moft of them faithfully and judicioufly reported by that emi- 
Jnent lawyer, chief juftice Raymojid. His integrity and up- 
Vtghtnefs as a judge, are celebrated by the author of the ** Tat- 
ler," No." 14, under the noble charadler of Verus the magiftrate. 
There happened in the time of this chief juftice, a riot in 
*Holborn, oceafioned by a wicked praftice then prevailing, of 
decoying young perfons of both {gxgs to the plantations. The 
perfons fo decpyed they kept prifoners in a houfe in Holborn, 
^jU they could find a'n opportunity of ft}ippihg them off; which 
*J[)eihg difcovered, the enraged. populace were going to pull dowji 
, 'the houfe.. Noti^ce ,of this b^ejng fent to Whitehall, a party of 
Jthe guards were commanded to. march to the place; but they 

/., ; [1] Burnet's HJAory, vol. ii. p. 543. . 



HOLYDAY. 19^ 

firft fent an ofEcer to the chief juftice to acquaint hitn :with thp 
defign, and to defire him to fend fome of his people to attend 
the foldiers, in order to give it the belter countenance. The 
officer having delivered his meflage, Holt faid to him, " Suppofe 
the populace (hould not djfperfe at your appearance, what are 
you to do then?** " Sir," anfwe^ed the officer, •* we haveror- 
ders to fire upon them." " Have you, Sir? (replied Holt) the'^i 
take notice of what I fay ; if there be one man killed, and you 
are tried before me, I will take care that you, and ^very foldier 
of your party, fhall be hanged. Sir, (added he) go back to thofe 
who fent you, and acquaint them, that no officer of mine (hall 
attend foldiers ; and let them know at the fame time, that the 
laws of this kingdom are not to be executed by the fword: thefe 
matters belong to the civil power, and you have nothing to dp 
with them." Upon this, the chief juftice ordering his tipftaye^ 
with a few conftables to attend him, vi^ent himfeif in perfon to 
the place where the tumult was; expoftulatejl with the molj,; 
.affiired tbem that juftice fhould be done upon the perfons who 
w^ere the objefts of their indignation : and thus they all difperfed 
quietly. 

He married Anne, daughter of fir John Cropley, bart. whom 
he left without iffiie ; and died in March, 1709, after a Jong 
lingering illnefs, in his 68th year. The following Reports 
w^ere publilhed by himfeif, in 1708, with fome notes of hisowa 
upon them : " A Report of divers Cafes in Pleas of the CrowJi, 
. adjudged and determined, in the Reign of the late King Charles 
the Second^ with Direftions for Juftices of the Peace, and others, 
coIleSed by Sir John Keyling, Knight, late Lord Chief Juftigs 
of his Majefty*s Court ot King*s-bench, from the original Ma* 
nufcript under his own Hand. To which is added, The Report 
'of three modern Cafes, viz. Armftrong and Lifle; the King 
and Plummer ; the Queen and Mawgridge." 

HOLYDAY (Barten),. an ingenious and learned Englifli 
diving was the fon of a taylojf in Oxford, and born there iabout 
1593 [k]. He was entered early into Chrift-church, in the 
time of Dr. Ravis, his relation and patron, by whom he was 
chofen ftudeht ; and, in 1615, he took orders. He was before 
noticed for his ikill in poetry and Oratory, and now diftinguiflied 
himfeif fo much by his eloquence and popularity as a preacher, 
that he had two benefices conferred on him in the diocefe of 
Oxford. In 161 8, he went as chaplain to fir Francis Stewart, 
when he accompanied the count Gundamore to Spain, in which 
journey Holyday behaved in fo facetious and pleafant a manner, 
that the count was greatly pleafed with him. Afterwards he be- 
came chaplain to the king, and was promoted to the archdea- 

[k] Athen. ©xon. Vol. II. 

. - ' ' O 4 ' conry 



260 HOLYOAKE. 

itmfj 6f tJbtfbrd before 1626. In 1642, he was msule adoAor 
of divinity by tnsndatnus at Oxford ; near which place he iheltered 
hirhfelf during the 4]tne of the rebellion. When the Royal party 
declined, he fo far fided with the prevailing powers, as to undergo 
iht examination of the Triers, in order to be induced into the 
ttCtoty of Chilton in Berkshire ; for he had loft his livings, and 
^e profits of his archdeaconry, and could not well bear poverty 
and diffrefs. This drew upon him much cenfure from his own 

Srty ; fome of whom, however, fays Wood, commended him, 
ice be had thus made provifion for a fecond wife he had lately 
tnatried. After the Reftoration he quitted this living, and re* 
iuTtttd to Ilfley neat Oxford, to live on his archdeaconry ; and 
had he not aAed a temporizing part, it was faid he mighvhavia 
1>^en raifed to a fee, or fome rich deanery. His poetry, how* 
tyftTf got him a name in thofe days, and he ftood fair for pre* 
fcrihcnt: his philofophy alfo, difcovered in his book " De 
Anima,** and his well-languaged fermons, fays Wood, fpeak 
him eminent in his generation, knd ihew him to have traced the 
rdugh parts of learning, as well as the pleafa^t paths of poetry. 
He died at Ilfley, Oet. 2, 1 661 • 

His works confift of twenty fermons, publilh^ at different 
times: ** Technogaiilia, or the Marriage of Arts, a Com^dy^ 
1630;"* this was afted by fome Oxford fcholars at Woodftock 
in 1621, before king James, who is faid not to have reliihedit 
mX all: *' Philofophiae polito-barbarse fpecimen, in quo & 
Aniiha & ejus habitibus intelledualibus quxftiones aliquot Itbrfs 
dtiobus illuftrantur, 1633,*' 4to. — ** Survey of the World, in 
itn Books, ia Poem, 1601," 8vo. But the work he is known 
and efteemed for now, is his " Tranflation of the Satires of 
Juvenal and Perfius;" for though his poetry is but indifferent, 
yet his tranflation is allowed to be fatithful, and his notes good« 
TheTecpnd edition of his ** Perfius," was publiihed in. 16x6; 
«hd the fourth at the end of the ** Satires of. Juvenal illuftrated 
with Notes and &:ulptures, t673>" folio* L>ryden, in the de* 
dication of his '< Tranflation of Juvenal and rerfius,*' snakes 
tht following critique upon our author's performance. ** If," 
fays he, '* rendering the exa£l fenfe of thefe authors, almoft line ' 
for line, had been our bufmefs, Barten Holyday had done it ai« 
ready to our hands ; and by the help of his learned notes and 
illutlrations, not only Juvenal and Perfius, but (what is ytt more 
obfcure) his own verfes might be underftood." Speaking a little 
further on, of clofe and literal translation, he fays, that ^' Ho- 
lyday, who made this way his choice, feized the meaning of 
Juv6nal, but the poetry has always efcaped him." 

HOLYOAKE (Francis), a learned EnglifhmaA, meiki6r* 
able for having made an ^^ Etymological Didionary of Latia 
Woidsj^" was born at Nether Whitacre, in Warwickihire, about 

xs67f 



HO MB ERG. 201 

1567, and ftudied in the univerfity of Oxford about 1582; but 
h docs not appear that ever he took a degree. He taught fchool 
. atOxfordy and in his own country [l]; and became rcftorof 
Southam in Wanvickfliire, 1604. He was elefted a member 
of the convocation of the clergy in the firft year of Charles the 
Firft's reign ; and afterwards in the civil wars, fuffered extremely 
for his attachment to that king. He died in 1653, and wai 
buried at Warwick. His " Uidioniry'* was firft jprinted in 
1606, 4to; and the fourth edition in 1633, augmented, was de«* 
dicated to Laud, then bifhop of London. He fubfcribed him* 
fclf in Latin,' " Francifcus de facra quercu.** 

He had a fon, Thoihas, bom at Soiiiham in 16x6, arid aftet^ 
Vrards a ftudent in Queen's-college, Oxford, ivhere he took thfe 
degrees in arts. Then he became a captain in behalf of the 
king, and did fuch fervice, that, ftrarige as it hiay feem> he wai 
made doftor of divinity. After the fur render of Oxfdrd, hfe 
retired into his own country; and obtaining a licence, pradiceA 
phyflc till the Reftoration with good fuccefs, Then taking or- 
ders, he Was prefented by lord Leigh to the reftory of Whit- 
na(h, near Warwick, and afterwards obtained other good pre* 
ferments. He died in 1675, and left a " DiSicinsfry, Engli'fh 
and Latin, and Latin and Ehglifh/' which ivas |)ubliflied ih 
1677, ''^ ^ ^^^S^ ^'^^^"'^ foYio, Before it are prefixed ti^o fepiftles{ 
one by the author's fon, Charles Holyoake 6{ the Inrler-t^mple^ 
dedicating; the work to Foulke lord Brook, who in 1674, had 
conferrecfthe donative of Breambiir in Hatapfliire; another bjr 
Dr. Barlow bifhop of Lincoln, cbntaining many things of the 
work and its author. " This DiSionary, however," as Woofl 
* obferves, ** is made upon the foiindation laid by his father." 

HOMBERG (William), a celebrated cherhift. Was bbrh 
at Batavia in the ifland of Java, Jan. 3, 1652, the fon of John 
Homberff, a Saxon gentleman, governor of the arfenal of that 
place [mj. His father at firft put him into the army, but fooii 
after quitting the fervice of the Dutch, arid a military life, 
brought him to Amfterdam, where he fettled. He was nb\4r 
educated, by paternal indulgence, at Jena and Leipfic for th^ 
law, and was received as an advocate in 1674, at Magdebourg. 
But the fciehces feduced him from the laW; in his walks he be- 
came a botanift, and in his nocturnal rambles an aftrohomer. 
An intimacy with Otto de Gueficke, who lived at Magdebourg, 
completed his converfion, and he reTblved to abandon his firft 
proitflion. Otto, though fond of niyftery, "confented to com- 
municate his knowledge to fo promifing a pupil ; but as his 
friends continued to prefs him to be conftant to the law, he ere 
long quitted Magdebourg^ and«weht into Italy. At Padua, and 

(&] AdiA. OkVn. y^I. XL [li] Etbge j^ FoifuiftU^, frc 

^ > . Bologna, 



202 MOM BE R a 

Bologna, he purfued his favourite ftudies, particularly medicine 
anatomy, botany, and chemiftry. One of his firft efforts in tb« 
:latter fcience, was the complete difcovery of the properties of 
the Bologna ftone, and its phofphoric appearahce after calcination, 
which Cafciarolo had firit obierved. The efforts of Homberg, 
in feveral fcientific enquiries, were purfued at Rome, in France, 
in England with the great Boyle, and afterward in Holland and 
Germany. With Baldwin and Kunckel he here purfued the 
fubje£l of Phofphorus. Not' yet fatisfied with travelling iti 
foarch of knowledge, he vifited the mines of Saxony, Hungary, 
Bohemia, and Sweden. Having materially imprpved himfelf, 
and at the fame time affifted the progrefs ot chemiftry at Stock- 
holm, he returned to Holland, and thence revifited France, 
■where he was quickly noticed by Colbert, By this interpofition, 
jhe was prevailed upon to quit his intention oi returning to HoU 
land to marry, according to the defii'e of his father, and fixed 
himfelf in France. This ftep alfo alienated him from his reli- 
gion. He renounced the Proteftant communion in 1682, and 
thus lofing all conne£lion with his family, became dependent on 
Louis XIV. and his minifter. This, however, after the death 
of Colbert, in 1683, became a very miferable and ftarving de- 
,'peiidence; men of learning and fcience were negledled as much 
as before they had been patronized; and Homberg, in 1687, 
left Paris for Rome, and took up the profeffion of phyfic. He 
now purfued and perfedted his difcoveries on Phofphorus, and 
profecuted his difcoveries in pneumatics, and other branches of 
natural philofophy. Finding, after fome time, that the learned 
were again patronized at Paris, he returned there in 1690, and 
entered into the academy of fciences under the protection of. 
M. de Bignon. He now refumed the ftudy of chemiftry, but 
found his finances too limited to carry on his experiments as he 
wiflicd, till he had the good fortune to be appointed chemift to 
the duke of Orleans, afterwards regent. In this fituation he 
was fupplied with the moft perfect apparatus, and all materials 
for fcientific inveftigation. Among other Tnltruments, the large 
burning mirror of Tfchimaus was gWen to his care, and he made 
with it the moft interefting experiments, on the combuftibility of 
^old, and other fubftances. In examining the nature of borax, he" 
difcovered the fedative (alt, and traced feveral remarkable proper- 
ties of tliat produdlion. Pleafed with the refearches of his che- 
inift, the duke of Orleans*in 1704, appointed him his firft phy- 
iipian. About the fame time he was ftrongly folicited by the ' 
eledlor Palatine to fettle in his dominions, but he was too much 
attached to his prefent patron to quit Paris, and was befides not 
without an inclinatioa of a niOre tender kind for mademoifellc 
Dodart, daughter to the celebrated phyficijfn of that name. He 
married her in 1 708, though bithej[to much averfe to matrimony ; 

buV 



HOME. 4d^ 

\)Mt enjoyed the benefit of his change of ientiments only feven 
years, being attacked in 1715 with a dyfentery, of which he 
died in September of that year. 

Homberg was indefatigable in application^ and his manners 
were mild and focial. Though his conftitution was not robuft 
he was rather addided to pleafure, and was glad to forget his 
fatigues in the charms of good company. He did not publifli 
any complete work, the produftions he has left being only 
memoirs in the volumes of the academy. 

HOME (David), a proteftant minifter of a diftinguiflied 
family in Scotland, but educated in France, where he pafled the 
chief part of his life. James I. employed him to reconcile the 
differences between Tilenus and du Moulin, on the fubjefl: of 
juftification ; and, if poUible, to reconcile the Proteftants through- 
out Europe to one fingle form of doftrine; but this was found 
impracticable. The chief work of this Home is, his i. *^ Apo- 
logia Bafilica; feu Machiavelli ingenium examinatum," 410, 
1626. There are attributed to him alfo, 2. " Le contr' Aflaf- 
fin, ou reponfe a TApologie des Jefuites," Geneve, 161 2, 8vo. 
'3. ** L'Affaflinat du Koi, ou maximes du Viel de la Montagne, 
pratiquees en la perfonne de defunt Henri le Grand," 8vo, 161 7. 
rie is alfo the author of feveral compofitions in the ** Delicias 
Poetarum Scotorum.*' The times of his birth and death are 
. not known. 

HOME (Henry), lord Kaimes, was one of the very few who, 
to great legal knowledge, added a confiderable Ihare of polite 
literature [n]. He arrived at the higheft rank, to which a 
lawyer could attain in his country, and he has left to the 
world fuch literary produflions as will authorize his friends to 
place Tiirn, if not in the higheft, yet much above the loweft 
clafs of elegant and accomplilhed writers. 

Scotland has the honour to claim his birth, and in the fame 
country we are informed he received l:is education. Adopting 
the law for his profeflTon, he foon became eminent in it. His 
firft work was in the line of his profeflion, and was compofed 
in the year 1745. It wa« entitled, " Eflays upon feveral Sub- 
je£ls concerning Britifh Antiquities, viz. i. Introdudion of the 
Feudal Law into Scotland ; 2. Conftitution of Parliament ; 3. 
Honour, Dignity; 4. Succeflion or Defcent, with an Appendix 
upon Hereditary and Indefeafible Right;" and was printed in the 
. Year 1746, In the preface to this performance, he fays, *^ To 
bur late troubles the public is indebted foi the following papers, 
if they be of value to create a debt. After many difconlolate 
hours, the author took courage to think of fome ftudy that might 
^n fome meafure relieve his diftrefled mind. A connexion with 

[n] Burop. Magazine, November, 1790^ 

-• the 



«d4 HOME. 

the caiure 0^ otilr violent and unhap{^y dtAfenfiohs, Ied( him nattt« 
"^lly to the following fpiiculations, Which he tiovr gives to the 
public ; anxioufly wifliing to raife a fpirit in his countiVmeo df 
fearching into their antiquities, thofe effiecially whicn regard 
'the law and conftitution, being ferioufly convinced that nothing 
will more contribute than this ftudy to eradiciite a fet of poli- 
tical opinions, which, tending to break the peace df fociety,. 
Iiave been pernicious to this ifland. If thefe papers have the 
efled intended, it is well ^ if noty thdy may at lead fetve to bear 
teftimony of fome degree of firmnefs m the author, who, amidft 
the calamities of a civil war, gave not his country for loft; biit 
trufting to a good caufe, and to the prevalence of good fenfe 
among his counfrynien, was able to conlpofe his nifnd to 'ftudy, 
and to deal in fpeculations which are not comnoonly reliftied 
'but in tihies of the greateft tranquillity." 

His next Work was op a very different fubjea, and was piib- 
^lifhed in the year 1751. It was called, " fefiays on the Prin* 
'ciples of Morality and Natural Religion,*' 8vo, and wias re* 
ceived by the public with confiderable approbation. On the oil 
'of February, 1752, he was advanced to the Bench, and took 
his feat as one of the Lords of Seifion, iTnder the title of lord 
iCaimesf. 

The duty of an advocate being now ovcfr, lord Kaimes foui^ 
. leifure to comnkmicat'e to the world the refult of his ftudies. IK 
/I759 he i)ubli(hed his " Hiftorical Law," 8Vo; and in 1760, 
•* The Principles of Equity,** in folio. In both thefe works he 
aimed to unite the principles of policy and philofdphy with thofo 
of jurifprudence, and to treat the law rather as a rational fyftein, 
fit for the attention of the ftudious in general, than an intricater 
and myfteripus purfuit, folely confined to the profeflbrs of the 
fcience, and it may be afTerted that in thefe defigns be Was not 
unfuccefsful. ; 

Two years afterwards, in 1762, he produced " Elements 6f 
Cfiticifm," in 3 vols. 8vo, a work which has paffed through , 
ftveral editions with the higheft approbation. In 17^7, Se 
was one of the Lords of Seflion who, in the famous Douglas 
caufe, gave judgement in favour of the fon of lady Jane. 
After a confiderable • interval, lord Kaimes refumed his pea 
and publiflied " The Gentleman Fanttcr, being an Attempt 
xt improve Agriculture, by fufejeSing it to the Teft of ra- 
tional Principles," 8vo, 1777; ^^^ *l**s was fucceedcd hf 
" Loofe Hints upon Education, chiefly concerning the Culture 
of the Heart," 8vo, 1781*, His laft publication was the refvJt 
'of great refearch and unwearied application, and muft be dU 
lowed, if not a complete wArk itfelf, fofurnifli the moft valu- 
able materials for The Hiftory of Man, which it profefies it 
to trace, fip mddeftly ftyles it only ^< Skeichesj" and indeed it 

I witt 



HO^l^R* jj5aj 



'Will baisdiv be confideredl in any other light tfiao a comtson^. 
place book. Coniidered in that ppint of view, it is entitled^ 
to the warmed pcaife. It is ufeful and entertaining^ and con*, 
tains fads and leafo^ings v$rhich Yyill both amufe and inftni£t» 
and which deferve the attention equally of the legiflator and the^ 
goIiticiaDy the nporalift and the divine. 

At lengtht after a life ufefuUy fpcnt In the fervice of the 
world, having been feveral years the fenior Lord of Seifion, 
Joed Kaiipes di^, Dec* 26 ^ V^^> leaving to the world a proof 
ttuUi an, attentipn to the abflruieft branches of learning is not in- 
compatible with the ipore pkaftng purfuits of tafte and polity 
literatuvei. . . ^ 

HOM]^R» the moft ancient of the Greek poets extant, haa^' 
been <;aUed th^ father of poetry. As much as he has celebrated, 
the praifes of others, hje has been fo very modeft about hirafelf, 
that we dp not £104 the leaft mention of him throughout his^^ 
poems: fp that where he was born, who were his parents, at 
whajt exa£t pieriod he lived, and almoil every circumAance of hit. 
\i{^ vemain at this day in a great meafure, if not altogether, . 
ui^liowcv* The moft copious account we have of the life of 
lioi^Qkei^ is that which ^oes under the n^me of Herodotus, and is 
ufually printedi vs^i^h his hiftory : and though it is generally fup^ 
poied to be fpurious, yet as it is ancient, was made ufe of by 
dtrabp, an4 exhibits that idea which the later Greeks, and the 
Romans in the age of Auguftus, entertained of Homer, we mui^ 
conleut odiirfelves with giving an abftrad of it. 

A man of Magnefia, whofe name was Menalippus, went to 
fettle at Cuma^ where he married the daughter of a citizen 
called Homyres, and had by her a daughter callod Critheis., , The 
father and mother dying, the young woman was left tinder the 
tuition of CleoQiax her father's friend ; and, fufFering herfelf to 
he deluded, was got with child. The guardian, though his 
care had not prevented the misfortune, was however willing to 
conceal i^; and therefore /ent Critheis to Smyrna. Critheis 
being near her tinie, went one day to a feftival, which the town 
of Smyrna was celebrating on the banks of the river Meles ; 
where her pains coming , upon her, (be was delivered of 
Homer, whoin (he called Meleflgenes, becaufe he was born on 
the hanks of that river. Having nothing to maintain her, ihe 
was forced to fpin : and a -man of Smyrna called Phemius, who 
taught literature and mufic, having often feen Critheis, who 
lodged near him, and being pleafed with her houfewifery , tqpk her 
into his houCe to fipin the wool he received from his ichokirs for 
their fchooling. Here fhe behaved herfelf fo mudeftly and dif. 
creetly, that Phen^ius married her, and adopted her fon, in whom 
hf diioover^ s^ wopilerful genius, and the heft natural dtfpo* 
fi^Qft ia th« worUk Aftev the d«ath of Phemius and Critheis, 
I Homer 



2o6 HOMER. 

Homer fucceeded to his father-in-law's fortune and fchool ; ari(| 
was admired not only by the inhabitaifits, of Smyrna, but by. 
Grangers, who reforted from all parts to that place of trade. 
A Ihip-mafter called Mentes, who was a man of lyit, very 
learned, and a lover of poetry, was fo pleafed with Homer, that 
Jie followed him clofcly, and perfuaded him to leave his fchool,. 
and to travel with him. Homer, whofe mind was then em- 
ployed upon his poem of the *' Iliad," and who thought it of 
great confecjuence to fee the places of which he fhould have 
occafion to treat, embraced the opportunity. He embarked 
with Mentes, and during their feveral voyages, never failed 
carefully to note down all that he thought worth obferving. 
He travelled into Egypt, whence he brought into Greece the 
names of their gods, and the chief ceremonies of their wprfhipij 
He vifited Africa and Spain, in his return from which places he 
touch&d at Ithaca, and was there much troubled with a rheum 
falling upon his eyes. Mentes being in hafte to vifit Leucadia 
his native country, left Homer well recommended to Mentor, 
one of the chief men of the ifland of Ithacaj^ who took all pof- 
fible care of him. There Homer was informed of many things 
relating to Ulyfles, which he afterwards made ufe of in com- 
pofing his ** OdyflTey." Mcntejs returning to Ithaca, found 
Homer cured. They embarked together; and after much time 
fpent in vifiting the coafts of Peloponnefus and the iflands, they 
arrived at Colophon, where Homer was again troubled with the 
defluxion upon his eyes, which proved fo violent, that he is faid 
tb have loft his fight [o]. This misfortune made him refolve ta 
return to Smyrna, where he finiihed fiis " Iliad." Son^e time 
after, the ill poftUre of his affairs obliged him to go to Cumze,^' 
where he hoped to have found fome relief. He flayed by the 
way at a place called the New Wall, which -was th6 refidence' 
of a colony from Cumae. There he lodged in the houfe of an 
armourer called Tichius, and recited fome hymns he had mad^i 
in honour of the Gods, and his poem of Amphiaraus*s expedition^ 
againft Thebes. After'ftaying here fome time and being' greatly 
admired, he went to Cumae; and palling through Lariira,"h6 
wrote the epitaph of Midas, king ot Phrygia, theh newly dead. 
At Cumae he was received with extraordinary joy, and his poems 
highly applauded; but when he propofed to immortalize their* 
town,' if they would allow him a falary, he waS anfwered, that * 
** there would be no end of maintaining all the 'O/xiopoi or* 
Blind Meri," and hehce got the name of Homer. l**ronri Cumasf^ 
he went to Phoc^a, where he recited his verfes in piiblfc affem-' 

[o] The bllndnefs of Homer has been in a book, bearing the quaint title of C»- 
ednteftedi by UrcpA authors, and particu*. ratio eaci Hhmtru If he was bUn4 at all>' 
l^ly by a icholar.jiaated .Mnas Pf^iiim^ • it /wds pMbi^ QS0y iaextreoM old stfe^ * 

• 5 blies^ 



HOMER. 207 

Wies. Here one Theftorides a fchootmafter offered to maintairi 
him, if he would fuffer him to tranfcribe his verfes: which 
Homer complying with through tr.ere neceflity, the fchoolmafter 
privily withdrew to Chios, and there grew rich with Homer's 
poems, while Homer at Phocaea hardly earned bis bread by re*. 
peating them. 

Obtaining however at laft fome intimation of the fchoolmafter^ 
he refolved to find him out ; and landing near that place, he was 
received by one Glaucus a fliepherd, at whofe door he was 
near being worried by dogs; and carried by him to his maftar 
at BoliiTus, who, admiring his knowledge, intruded him with 
the education of his children. Here his praife began to get 
abroad, and the fchoolmafter hearing of him fled before him. 
He' removed fome time after to Chios, where he fet up a fchool 
of poetry, gained a competent fortune, married a wife, and had 
two daughters ; one of which died young, arid the other was 
married to his patron at BoliiTus. Here he compofed his 
** Odyffcy," and inferted the names of thofe to whom he had 
been mpft obliged, as Mentes, Phemius, Mentor, and rcfolving 
to vifit Athens, he made honourable mention of that city, to 
difpofe the Athenians for a kind reception of him. But as he 
. went, the (hip put in at Samos, where he continued the whole . 
winter, fmging at the houfes bf great men, with a train of bpy!^ 
after him. In the fpring he went on board again, in order to 
profecute his journey to Athens ; but landing by the way at 
Chios, he fell lick, died, and was buried on the fea-fhore. 

This is the moft regular life we have of Homer; and though 
probably but little of it is exaflly true, yet it has this advantage 
over all other accounts which remain of him, that it is within 
the compafs of probability. The only inconteftablc works, 
which Homer has left behind him, are the ** Iliad," and the 
^* Odyffey." The " Batrachomyomachia," or, " Battle of the 
Frogs and Mice," has been difputed, but yet is allowed to be his 
by many authors. The Hymns have been doubted alfo,.and 
attributed by the fcholiafts to Cynaethus the rhapfodift: but 
neither Thucydides, Lucian, nor Paufanias, have fcrupled to • 
cite them as genuine. We have the authority of the two for- 
mer, for that to Apollo ; and of the laft for a " Hymn to Ceres," 
of which he has givifen us a fragment. The whole hymn has been 
lately found by Matthasi at Mofcow, and was publifhed by Ruhnke- 
nius in 1 782, at Leyden. A good tranflation has fince been given 
by Mr. Hole. The Hymn to Mars is objeded againft; and like- 
wife the firft to Minerva. The " Hymn to Venus" has many of 
its lines copied by Virgil, in the interview between -Sneas and 
that goddefs in the firft ** iEnfeid." But whether thefe Hymns arc 
Homer's or not, they were always judged to be nearly as ancient, 
if not of the f^me age with him* Many other pieces were afcribed 
' , to 



soS HOMER. 

to him : " Epigrams," the « Margit©?," the " CccTopes," the 
*^ Deftru&ion of Oechalia," and feueral more. Time may 
here have prevailed over Homer, by leaving only the o:kmes of 
thefe works, as niemorials that fuch were once in being ; but 
while the ** Iliad" and " Odyfley" remain, he fecms like z 
leader, -who, though he may have failed in a ikirmiih or two, 
has carried a vidlory, for which he will pafs in triumph through 
all future ages. 

Homer had the fubltmeft, and moft univerfal genius, that the 
world has ever feen; and though it is art extravagance of enthu* 
fiafm to fay as fome of the Greeks did, that all knowledge may be 
found in his writings, his knowledge was certainly very ext^n^' 
five, and no man could have a deeper infight into the feelings and 
paflions of human nature. He reprefents gr^at things with fuch 
fubKmitv, and inferior obje£ts with fuch propriety, that he alws^ys 
makes tne one admirable, and the other pleafing. Strabo, whc^ 
authority in geography is i^difptitable, aUtires us, that Homer hai 
defcribedthe places and countries, of which be gives an 'account 
"^ith fiich accuracy, that no man can imagine who has not leen 
them, and no man can obferve without admiration and aftoijifh- 
inent. His poems mz}f juftly be compared with that (hield of dir 
frine workmanihip, fo inimitably reprefented in the i8fh bpok pf 
the <* Iliad;" where we have exaift images of all the a^icH^ pf 
war and employments of peace, and are entertained with a dis^ 
lightful view of the univerfe.. ** Homer," fays fir William 
Temple, *^ was without doubt the mod upiverf^l genius that 
has been known in the world, and Virgil the ijdo(l ^compliibed. 
To the firft muft be allowed the moft fertile invention, the 
richeft vein, the moft general knowledge, and the moft lively 
expreffions: to the laft the moft noble ideas, the jufteft inftitu* 
tion, the wifeft condud, and the choiceft .elocution. To fpeak 
in the painters' terms, we find in the works of Homer the moft 
fpirit, force, and life; in thofe of Virgil, the beft deiign, the 
trueft proportions, and the greajeft grace. The colouring of 
.both feems equal, and indeed in both is admirable. Homer had 
more fire and rapture, Virgil more light and fiyeefnefs; or %t 
leaft the poetical fire was more raging in the one, but clearer 
in the other; which makes the firft more amazing, and ^e latter 
more agreeable. The pre was richer in the one, but in the other 
more refined, and better allayed to make up excellent work. 
Upon the whole," fays he, " I think it muft be confeffed, thai 
Homer was of the two, and perhaps of all others, the vafteft» 
the fublimeft, and the moft vvonderful genius; and that he has 
been generally fo efteemed, there cannot be a greater teftimqny 
givenf than what b^s been by fpme obferved, d^al iji^ot qjaXy th^ 
greateft mafters have found the heft and trueft jprinciples of all 
their fciences and arts in him ; but ti^at the npbleft ^^^litQi^s h^v^ 

.derived 



HOMER. 209 

derived from him the original of their feveral races, though it b^ 
hardly yet agreed, whether his ftory be true or a fiftion. la 
fhort, thefe two immo^-tal peets miift be allowed to have fo much 
excelled in their kinds, as to have exceeded all comparifon, to 
' have even extinguifhed emulation, and in a manner confined 
true poetry, not only to their two languages, but to their very 
p.erfons." 

In the mean time Homer has had his enemies; and it is cer- 
tain, that Plato banifhed his writings from his commonwealth, 
which fome would fix as a blemifti upon* the memory of the 
poet. But the true reafon, why Plato would not fufFer the 
poems of Horner to be in the hands of the fubjefts of that go- 
vernment, was, becaufe he did not efteem the common people 
to be capable readers of them. They would be apt to pervert 
his meaning, and have wrong notions of God and religion, by- 
taking his bold and beautiful allegories in a literal fenfe. Plato 
frequently declares, that he loves and admires him as the heft,' 
the moft pleafent, and the divined of all poets, and ftudioufly 
imitates his figurative and myftical way of writing : and though 
he forbad his works, to be read in public, yet he would never be 
-■without them in his clofet. But the moft memorable enemy to 
the merits of Homer was Zoilus, a fnarling critic, who fre- 
quented the court of Ptolemy Philadelphus, king of Egypt. 
This fellow wrote ill-natured notes upon his poems, but re- 
ceived no encouragement from that prince ; on the contrary, he 
became univerfally hated for his pains, and was at length put, 
as fome fay, to a moft miferable death. 

It muft not be forgotten, that though Homer's poems were 
at firft publiftied all in one piece, and not divided into books, 
yet every one not being able to purchafe them entire, they \vere 
circulated in feparate pieces ; and each of thofe pieces took its name 
from the contents, as, " The Battle of the Ships ;" *' The 
Death of Dolon ;" " The Valour of Agamemnon;'* <* The 
.Grot of Calypfo ;" " The Slaughter of the Wooers," and the 
like; nor were thefe entitled books, but rhapfoflies, as they 
•were afterwards called, when they were divided into books. 
Homer's poems were not known entire in Greece before the 
time of Lycurgus; whither that law-giver being in Ionia car- 
ried them, after he had taken the pains to tranfcribe them froni 
perfeft copies with his own hands. This may be called the 
firft edition of .Homer that appeared in Greece, and the time of 
its appearing there was about 120 years before Rome was built, 
that is, about 200 years after the time of Homer. It has been 
faid, that the f' Iliad" and " Odyfley" were not compofed by 
Homer in their prefent form, but only in feparate little poems, 
which being put together and connefted afterwards by fome other 
perfon, make the entire works they now appear; but this is fo 

Vol. VIII. P cxtravagaat 



iiis HON EST IS. 

extravagant z conceity ffc'at it fcarcely (fcferved to he ffien* 
tioned. 

HOMMEL (Charles Frederick), a lawyer^ philologcf, 
gnd hiftorian of Leipfic, was Born in the year 172a. He pub- 
lillied his firft work in 1743, which was a traS in 4to. i. " De 
Legum civiliwm et naturarlinm Natura." 2. •' Obledaoienta 

J[uns Feudalis, five Gramroaticac Obfcrvationes JHS rei cliente- 
aris, et j^ntiquitates Germanicas, varie illuftrantds," 1755. Thi» 
Vas alfo in quarto, and tends, as wcU as his other works, ta 
prove the pleafing qualities and the acutcnefs of his mind. 3^ 
«* Literatura Juris,'* 8vo, 1761. 4. *< Jurifprudentk numifma- 
tibus illuftrata, nee non ligillis,. gemmrs, aliifque pifluris ve- 
tuftls varie exornata/' 8vo, 1763. 5. *"♦ Corpus juris civifis, 
cum notis variorum," 8vo, 1768. 6. *' Patingencila Rbrorum 
juris vetertim," &c. 3 torn. 8vo, 1768I, He publifted fomef 
finalter trails, but thcfe arc the mod impbrtaw. Hommel died 
ki 1781. 

HONDERKOETER(Melchior), a Dutch pamter, born 
at Utrecht in 1636. His particular excellence confifted in re- 
prefenting ammals, and above* all birds, whofe plumage he imi- 
tated in the moft perfqSl manner. His touch is firm and bok), 
his colouring rich and mellow. His pi£lures are particularly 
cfteemed in Holland^ where they bear a high price, and having 
been diligently coHedlcd there, arc^lefs known in oth«jr countries. 
lie (Tied in 1695. 

HONDIUS (Jesse), bom at Wackcrne, a fmall town in 
JFlanders, in ^563, died in 161 j. He was a felf-tai^ht en- 
graver both on copper and ivory, and a-^ letter-foundter ; in all 
•which branches he attained great excellence. He fhidied geo*- 
graphy alfo, and in 1607 pwblifhcd a work entitled, " Defcrip- 
tro Geographka orbis terrarum," in folio. 

HONE (George Paul), a lawyer of Nuremberg, where he 
was born in 1662. He became counfellor to the duke of Mei- 
nungeuy andbailli of Gobourg^ at which place he died in 1747* 
His works are chiefly thefe: i. ** Iter Juridfcum, per Belgium, 
Angliam, Galliam, Italiam." 2. ** Lexicon Topographicum 
Franconiae/' 3. ♦* Hiftory of the Dutchy of Saxe-Cobourg,"^ 
in German. 4. " Thoughts on *e Suppreflion of Mendicity/' 
in the fame language, 

HONESTIS ( Petti Tjs DE),r or Petrus Damiani, Cr 
called from his brother Damian, whom he always confidered a^ 
a father, was an Italian,^ born at Ravenna in 1006. He took 
up the monadic life at the monaftery of St. Andrew,, near 
Abella, and was foon diftinguifhed for his exemplary piety. 
About the year 1057, he was created cardinal and b^fliop of 
Oilia by pope Stephen, though averfe to afluming thofe digni- 
ties. In the year 1059 he was^ employed by pope Nicolas If. 



ii reduce the church of Milan to the rule ,of ,cdiKacy, a matter 
fef no ftnaU difficulty; and the conteft ran fo high, that Peter y/a$ 
once iiSf danger of lofing his l,ife. He had,' however, th^ addred 
to gain over the archbiihop Gui4o> and this zi fcngth fucceeded 
b\ the objeA of his miifliioh, and returned^ in triumph to Rome* 
DifgWled with the lives of the Roman clergy, and unwilling there- 
fore to live auiong them, he abdicilfted his bifh^'pric in io6i, and 
retired to a folitary U/e. tn the foljowi pg year^ however/ he^vai 
called by the p6pe froni his folitude; and empfoyed on a mii&oil 
in France; In 1069 he fferiuaded the emperor Henry to relin- 
fulfil the proje£t he had formd:d of divoi'cing his wife, aud in i ojz- 
be was eii ployed to reconcile RaVenna to t^ fee of Ron&e^ 
He fucceeded in the undertakiiig/ hut died fbe fame year, on 
his return, at the age of 66 J His works were numerous, hut 
ace not at this day much known or valued, but they ai^ eh^me* 
rated at large by Cave|]o]. ^ Among them are eight :bbo]cs a^ 
epiftles, addreffed.to the different orders of clergy, to princes^ 
and to laymen ; feveral lives of faints, and a' niimaer 0/ tlieatiles 
on vaa^ious fubjedf. His wcgrks wtx6 pti&liflied altogether six, 
Rome, in threie volumes, by Cajctan. 

HONOkATUS, bilhop of Marfeilles, flouriihed about .the 
year4^o. He was, according to Gennadius, who celebrated' 
him, a man of ready and abundant elO'queilce. He publiiheS 
manv homilies, fome delivered in ailr extemporary inanper,.c^e£8 
regularly com)iofed ^ in which his objed was to confute itm 
dreams of heretics,' and exhort hiis hearers to piety. He wrote 
ftlfo lives of many eminent feaders of the church, of which .lib 
<rtie 15 extant, except his life at St. Hilary of Arte*. 

HONOR! US I. a pope and a poet. He fucceeded BohifaC* 
V. in the year 626, and died in 638. He was undoubtedly ad?^ 
diSed to tfei herefy of the Monothelftes, though fome writetd 
have laboured earneftly to acquit hfm of the. charge. There is 
;ftill extant by him/ an epigram ah the apoflles' fookihg ujp^'ioto 
heaven fr], ^nd eight epiftles. 

HON T AN (the Baron t)^), was a native of Gafcony, :in 
•the feventeenth century/ and is principally k^iown* by his travels 
in North America, which, however/ are written in an embar* 
railed and barbarous ftyle^ confounding truth and Wifehood, dls« 
ifiguring names, and difguifing fafts. Tfhey contain 'fome 
.epifodesof pure fi£iion, particularly the narrative of ihe voyage 
up the long river, which is fuppofed to be of equal authority 
^with the voyage to Lilliput. He defcribes, neverthelefs, ^^i(^, 
*fomefuccefs, the generar face of the country, and the difpofi- 
tion, cufioms, goveruHient, -and other particulars of the i habi- 
'tants. There is an edition of his travels pubHthedat Aoift^fidaoi 

,0]- Hlftoiia UttnMria, fee. %u p. -6 10. £p] JttbUotb, ?4tiun, TKiL%t^m 



214 HOOGEVEEN. 

in 1705, in 2 Vols. i2mo. He began his career in CanaJa as* ' 
common foldier^ was raifed to the rank of an officer, went to 
Newfoundland in the quality of royal lieutenartt, there quarrelled 
with the governor, was broken, and retired firft in Portugal^ 
and finally to Denmark. 

HOOFT (Petrus Cornelius van), a Dutch poet and 
hiftoriani but principally eminent in the latter capacity, was 
born at Amflerdam in 158 1. He was honoured by Louis XI 1 1, 
with a ribband ojf the order of St. Michael, probably in confe- 
quence of his hiftory of H^nry IV. Frederic Henry prince of 
Orange being dead, Hooft was preparing to attend his funeral, * 
when he was himfelf taken violently ill and died in 1647. His 
Works confift of, i. " Epigrams, Comedies, and other Poems.** 
2; *^ The Hiftory of the. Low Countries, from the Abdication 
of Charles V. to the year 1598.'* A good edition of it ap- 

Glared in the year 1703, in two vols^ folio. 3. " A Hiftory of 
enryJV. ot France," in Latin. 4. " A Tranflation of Ta- 
titus into Dutch," very highly efteemed in that country. To 
iamiiiarjze the ftyle of His author completely to his mind, he i% 
faid to have read all the extant works of Tacitus fifty two times. 
^ . HOOGEVEEN (Henry), a very celebrated Dutch philologer, 
jwas born at Leyden in the latter end of January, i7i2[Qji 
-His parents i were poor, but of great probity; and, had it not 
iieen for.a very laudable ambition in his father to make his fon 
31 fchblary the obfcurity of a mechanical trade would probably 
i-ave concealed his powers through life. At ten years of age he 
'Jwas fcnt to fchool, but, for a confiderable time, gave not the 
flighteft proof of talents for literature, fo completely deprefled 
jcyas he l)y the, wanton tyranny of a fevere mafter. When at 
•length he was removed into another clafs, and was under a 
^milder teacher, his powers began to expand, and took the lead 
t^mong thofe of his ftanding, inftead of holding an inferior 
pljice. So early as at fifteen, he began the tafk of teaching 
others, to alleviate the expences of his parents, being now 
^highly qualified for fuch an undertaking. He was employed in 
;teaching the inferior clafles of the fchool to which he ftill be- 
•longed. While he was yet employed in his ftudies, he loft Jiis 
♦father ; but this misfortune rather redoubled his efforts than fub- 
;dued his fpirit. In 1732', before he had exceeded his twentieth 
year, he obtained the appointment of co-re£lor (or under mafter) 
•at Gorcum. Within nine months the magiftrates of the city of 
, VWoerden gave him an appointment there which induced him to 
-think of matrimony. He married in March, 1733, and began the 
care of this fchool in May the fame year. By this wife, who died 
.10^1738, he had three fons and two daughters. In the fame year, 

. {'<Li Harlcs de vitif philolo^^orum noto aetate clarlB^morumi t. iv. p. 114. 



HOOGEVEEN. ai^ 

he was foHcited by the magiftrates of Culembou'rg to undertake 
the care of their fchool, to which, with much i'elu<ftance in leaving' 
his former fituation, he at length confcnted. Here he took a 

' fecond wife, tvho produced him eight children; and here, not- 
withftandirig follicitations from other places,, he continued for- 
jfeveral years. At length, much fatigued by. iriceffant attentioat 
to a great number of fcholars, he went in 1745 to Breda, on 4 
more liberal appointment. The vfery next year, Breda being har-' 
rafled by a French invafion, Hoogeveeir was obliged to fend his 
colleftion of books to Leyden, and literary puriuits were at'a 

. ftand. He remained, however, iixteen years at Breda, and had 
determined there to end his days, but Providence .decided other- 
wife. The hnalice and turbulence of a perfont who . had .taken 
up fome unreafonable caufe of offence agaitift him, inclined 
him to leave Breda. His intention being known, he was libe- 
rally invited to Dort, whither he transferred his refidence in 
1 761. From this place, after living there three years, he 
was in a manner forced away by the importunity and liberality 
of the city of Delft. On his firft arrival there, he encountered 
fome difficulties from calumny and malice, but he weathered the 
ftorm, and remained there the remainder of his life in peace and 
honour. He died about Nov. i, 1794, leaving fome furviving 
children by both his marriages. ; 

His works are, !• An edition of " Vigerus de Idiotifmis 
Linguae Grascas," publilhed at Leyden in 1743, and feveral 
times republifhed. His improvements to this ,wofk are of the- 
higheft value. 2. ** An Inaugural Speech at Culembourg," in 
J738. 3. An Alcaic Ode to the people of Culembourg, " De 
Inundatione feliciter averruncata." 4. *^ An Elegiac Poem," in 
defence of poets, againft Plato ; and feveral other occafional 
pieces, few of which are publiflied. 5. *' Dodrina particu- 
larum Linguae Graecae," 2 vols, 4to, 1769. This great work, the 
foundation of his well-earned fame, is executed with a prodigious 
abundance of learning, and has been approved and received 
throughout Europe. He followed Devarius profeiTedly to a 
certain point, but went far beyond hiih in copioufnefs ^nd fa-- 
gacity. A very ufeful abridgement of this work, the only fault 
of which is too great prolixity, was publiflied at Delfau in the 
year 1782, by Schiitz. This edition will be found more ufeful 
to the young ftudent than the vaft work on which it is founded, 
as more eafily purchafed, and more eafily read. A poflhumous 
work of this author, entitled, ** Di£lionarium Analogicum 
Gnecum," is now printing at the univerfity-prefs in Cambridge, 
and will be accompanied with the life of the author, by one of 
his fons, who has fuccceded him as re<9:or of the fchool at Delf^» 
Unfortunately, we could not wait for 'the information whichi 
this life may be expedcd to contain. 

^ P3 ^P^^Z 



ii4 HO OKE. 

HOOOSTRATEN (David vAm), t pfT>fe(H>f 6f tfte b He^ 
Ifcttres, wtsbofn at Rotterdam in 1658, and died at Amfterdam iff 
1724. Iri the evening of Noy; 13, thtre fiddcnly ar ft fo thicjp 
s mift; th^t he loft h.is way, and \6\l into a canal. *||e was ^oit 
tikeh out ; but th^ coldnefs of the water» and the fright from 
idle faH, ]^ought on fo ftrong ^n pppreflion upon ihe bread, that 
he died in cig*lt days after. TnW a/c of his, I. " L^tiri 
J^eems/' 2. " Flcmifti- Poems." 3. *? A Flemifl? and Latin 
Diiftiohary." 4. *f Notj^ upon G. Nepos and Tcrpnc ." 5I 
** An Edition -of Ph*drtis,** for tjic prince of ifaflauj 4to, ii^ 
iiuiUtJon of the Dcjphin** edition?. 0. A §nc piittion of •/ }mi 
QUI BroukKu&us*s Poems.'l 

HOjOGUE(B.omain hu), a Putdi dd^gner apd engraver^ 
#ho flourifhed towards the clbfe of jhe laft century. Jie had 9 
lively imagination, by which be waj fothetimfcg )ed aftrajr; anj 
his works ibuft be yfewed with fome allowance for incorreA- 
jEiefs of defign, apd ihjjudicious choice of fubjei^ts; which were 
in general of an allegorical caft, or diltinguifl^ed by a kind of 
low caricature; His works arc'^hiefly extant Jh certain editior^ 
of bobks, for which he was eniplOye^; as, i. Plates for th^ 
Old and New Teftaiiient, in folio; puUi'lhed by Bafnage in i7P4i 
». Pbtes to " the Academy of the Art of yi/reftling,-- ill 
Dutch, 1674, and in French, in 1712. 3. .Hates to the Bible^ 
i^ith Dutcn fexplatiatibrtt.' 4. Pfatcs for the Egyptian Hieirol 
glypMcs, Ainften^mi 1735, fmall folio, c. Plates to Fooi ^ 
taine's Fables, in 2 vols, gvo, 1685. 6'. To fioccace, 16951 
a vols. ' 8vb. 7. To the Talcs of the Queen of NaVarrt. 8. 
To the " Cent Nouvelles nouvrHes," 1701, 2 vob. 3vo. Such 
6f his plaM as are to be met With, fepirate from the work^ t^ 
^hich they \)clorig, bear ji h^her pVice. 

HOOKE (RoAert), an cihinetit Engliih mathematician ^ 
philofopheir, was (oh of Mr. John ^ookr, miniJlcf bf FreAi^ 
water ip the Ifle of .Wight, and born* there July l^', 1635 [R}i 
lie was defiened for the church; but b<?ing bf a Weakly coitftU 
jution, apd very Aibjed to ihe hcad-ich, all thoughts of thaf 
nature' were laid afide. Thus left to himfclf, the boy followed 
the bent of his gi^^ius, whkh led him to mechanics; and era- 
bloyed his time in miking little toys, which he did with won* 
cerful art and dexterity. For itiftance,. feeing an old braft x:lodt 
taken t6 plec:es', he fiiade k Wooden tme thttt wouM §0 : he mad^ 
likewife a fmall l]hip about a yard long, /itiy Ihaped^ mafted, an^ 




Ruber's de&th^ idiich happened in 1648, as he had alfo a tttfii fbt 



[a] iifpof Hooke, pcduced to hb PofthnaiDiu mrks, load, vjos^ ibtf^ 

drawin^^ 



r 



H Q Q K E. f i| 

drawing, he was placed with fir Peter Lely; but the fmell of ' 
the oil-colours increafed his head-achs, and he quttjted paintii^ 
in a very fliort time. Afterwards he was kindly takep by Dr» 
Bufby into hi^ boufe, and fupported there, whiU he attended 
Weftminfter-fchpoL Here, he not only acquired the Greek ana 
Latin, together witli an infight into Hebrew and other Oriental 
languages, but alfo made himfelf mafter 'of a good f^a^t of 
« Euclid's Elements [s]." Wood tells us, that while he liv.ec| 
with Dr, Bufby, he *^ learned of his owo accord to play twenty 
leflbns on the drgin ; and invented thirty feveral ways of flying:} 
as himielf and Dr. Wilkins of Wadham-cbllege have reported/^* 
About 1653, he went to Chrift-churcb, Qjcford, andia 1655 
was introduced to the Philofophical Society there; where, dif- 
covering his mechanic genius, he was firft employed to aSiIl 
Dr. Willis in his operations of chemiftry, and afterwards fecomy 
mended to Mr. Boyle, whom he ferved many years in the fame 
capjjcity. He was alfo inftru<aed about this time by Pr. $qx]^ 
Ward, Savilian profeflbr of afl:n«nomy, in that fcience; an4 
from henceforward diftinguiftied himfelf by many noble inyen*- 
tions and improvements of the mechanic kind* |je inventi^ 
feveral aftrqnomical inftruments for paaking obferyations botk 
9t fea and land ; 9nd was particularly fervioeable to Boyl^, ia 
completing the air-pump* Wood tells us, that he alfo explgined 
5< Euclid's Elements," and '< Des Cartes's Philofophy," tp Boylp, 
Nov. 1662, fir Robert Moray, then prefidcn]t, propofed: him fof 
curator of experiments to the Royal Society. He was unani« 
moufly accepted, and it was ordered, that Poyle Ihould have the 
ihanks of the fociety, for difeenfing with him for their ufe ; 
and that he fhould come and (It among them, and both bring ii| 
every day three or four of his own experiments, and take care 
of fuch others, as ihould be mentioned to him by the fociety. 
He executed this ofSce fo much to their fatisfa£lion, that whea 
that body was eftablifhed by the royal charter, his name was ih 
the lift of thofe, who were firft nominated' by the council, Mzy 
20, 1663; and he was admitted accordingly^ Jun^ 3, with » 
peculiar exemption from all payments. Sept. 28, of the fame 
year, he was nominated by Clarei\don, chancellor of Oxfor^^ 
for the degree of M.A. and Q£t. 19 f it was ojrdered, that thi^ 
jcepofitory of the Royal Society ihould be committed to his cars 
[tJ, the white gallery in Grciham-coU^e being appointed for 
that ufe. May, 1664, he begun to read ^he aftronomical ledpic ^ 
at Greftiam for the profeiTor Dr. Pope, then in Italy ; and the 
fame year was made profeiFor of mechanics to the Royal Society 
by fir John Cutler, with a ialary of $qL per annum, which thp^ 

[s] Athen. Oxon. of the pxojfcflgn of Cfdhain-CQUfge, p. 

J[t] WM's Life of Hooke la Elites sii, X74» 

P4 gfintltman. 



«i6 HOOKE. 

gentleman, the founder, fettled upon him for life. Jan. il, 
1664-5, he was ele<Sled by that fociety curator of experiments 
for life, with an additional falary of 30I. per annum to fir John 
Cutler's annuity, fettled on him ** pro tempore:" and, March 
following, was eleftcd profeffor of geometry in Greftiam-col- 
lege. . ' 

In 1665, he publiflied in folio, his " Micr<^raphia, or fome 
Philofophical Defcriptions of minute Bodies, made by magnify- 
ing Glafles, with Obfervations and Enquiries thereupon:" and 
>he fame year, during the recefs of the Royal Society on account 
of the plague, attended Dr. Wilkins and other ingenious gen- 
tlemen into Surrey, where they made fevcral experiments. Sept. 
39, 1666, he produced a plan of his own for rebuilding the city 
of London, then deftroyed by the great fire ; which was fo ap- 
proved by the lord-mayor and court of aldermen, fome of whom 
were prefent at the fociety w^hen it was produced, that he was 
appointed city-furveyor, although his defign was not carried 
into execution. It is faid, that by one part of this plan, .all the 
chief ftreets, as from Leaden-hall corner- to Newgate, and the 
like, were to have been built in regular lines, all the other crofs 
iftreets to have turned out of them at right angles ; and all the 
churches, public buildings, market-places, &c. to have been 
fixed in proper and convenient places. Th^ re-building of the 
city, according to the a6l of parliament, requiring ^n able per- 
fon to fet out the ground to the feveral proprietors, Ho6ke was 
pitched upon, as we have faid, for one of the city furveyors, and 
Oliver a glafs painter for the other. In this employment he ac- 
quired the greateft part^f that eftate of which he died poflefFed ; .as 
^appeared fufficiently evident from a large iron cheft of money found 
after his death, locked down with a key in it, and a date of the 
time, which fhewed it to have been fo Ihut up for above thirty 
^ears. 

In 1668, Hevelius, the famous aftronomer at Dantzick, pre- 
fented a copy of his " Cometographia" to Hooke, in acknow- 
ledgement for an hand fome compliment, which Hooke had made 
him on account of his " Selenographia,^* printed in 1647; and 
Hooke in return fent Hevelius a defcription of the dioptric 
telefcope, with an account of his manner of ufing it, and 
recommended it to him as preferable to thofef with plain fights. 
This circumftance gave rife to a great difpute between them, 
in which many learned men afterwards engaged, and which 
Hooke fo managed, as ta be univerfally condemned, though it . 
has fince been agreedj that he had the beft fide of the queftion. 
•In 1 671, he attacked fir Ifaac Newton's ^* New Theory of 
Light and Colours;" where, though he was forced to fubmit in 
irefpeft to the argutnent,.he is faid to have come off with a better 
jreputation than in the former inftance. The Royjtl Society 
• ; . • ., having 



, HOOKE. %iy 

liaving begun their meetings at Grefham-college, in Nov. 1674^ 
tiie committee in December allowed him 40I to ered a turret 
over part of his lodgings, for trying his inftniments, and making 
aftronomical obfervations : and the year following, hcpiiblifhed 
** A Defcription of Telefcopes, and fome other Inftruments, 
made by R. H. with a Poftfcript," complaining of fome injuf- 
•tice done him by Oldenburg, the piiblilher of the " Philofo- 
phical Tranfaftions," in regard to Ms invention of pendQlum 
^vatches. This charge drew him into a difpute with that gen* 
tleman, which ended in a declaration of the Royal Society ia 
their fecretary's favour. Oldenburg dying in Aug. 1677, Hookc 
ivas appointed to fupply his place, and began to takq minutes at 
the meeting in 06tober ; but did not publiih the " Tranfad:ions.'* . 
^oon after this, he grew more referved than formerly; and 
though he read his Cutleri an lectures, and often made experi- 
mentSy and (hewed new inventions before the Royal Society^ 
yet he feldom left any account of them to be entered in their 
regifters; defigning, as he faid, to fit them for himfelf, and 
make them public, which however he never performed. In 
J 686, when fii* Ifaac Newton's Principra were publifhed, he 
laid claim to his difcovery concerning the force and aSion of 
gravity, which was warmly refented by that great plulofopher, 
Hooke was in truth a great inventor and difcovercr, but fo 
very ambitious, that he would fain have been thought the only- 
man who could invent and difcover. This made him frequently 
lay claim to other people's inventions and difcpveries ; tn which, 
however, as well as in the prefent cafe, the point was generally 
carried againft him. 

In 1687, his brother's daughter, Mrs. Grace Hooke, who 
had lived with him feveral years, died ; and he was fo affefted 
with grief at her death, that he hardly ever recovered it, but 
was obferved from that time to grow lefs a£live, more melan- 
choly, and, if that conld be, more cynical than ever. At the 
fame time a chancery- fuit, in which he was concerned with fir 
John Cutler, on account of his falary for reading the Cutleriaa 
ledlures, made him very uneafy, and increafed his diforder. 
In 1691, he vyas employed in forming the plan of the hofpital 
near Hoxton, founded by-Afk alderman' of London fu], who 
appointed archbilhop Til lot fon one of his execut(^rs; and in De- 
cember, the fame year, Hooke was created M. D. by a warrant 
from that prelate. July 18, 1696, iiis chancery-fnit for fir John 
Cutler's falary was determined in hib favour, to his incxprelliblc' 
fatisfadion. His joy on that occafion was found in his diary thus 
expr^ffed: " Domshwjissa; that is, Dco Optimo Maximo (it 
honor, laus, gloria, in faecula faeculorum. Amen. 1 was born on this 

{u] Bircti's IJfe of TillotCoo, 

day 



2ia H O Q K E. 

day of July, 1635, and God has given mc a new birth: may T 
never forget his mercies to mc! wbilft he gives me breath, may 
] praife him!" The fame year, an order was granted to him 
for repeating moft of his experiments, at the expence of the 
Koyal Society^ upon a promtfe of his (inilbing the accounts^ 
obfervationSy and deduAions from them> and of perfe£ltng the 
dcfciiption of all the ihftniments contrived by him; but his in- 
creafing iilnefs and general decay rendered him unaUe to per- 
form it. He continued feme years in this wafting condition ; " 
and thus languifhing, till he was quite emaciated, he died March 
3, 1702, at his lodgings in Greiham- college, and was buried in 
St. Hden's church, Biftiopfgate-ftrect, his corpfe being attended 
by all thp members of the Royal Society then in London. 

The writer of his life, to which we have all along referred, 
lias given the folkrwing chara£ier of him, which, though not an 
amiable one^ jfeems to be drawn with candour and impartiality* 
He was in perfon but a defpicable figure ; fliort of iiature, very 
tcrooked, pale, lean, and of a meagre afped, with dark brown hair» 
very long', and having over his face, uncut, and lank. Suitable 
to this perfon, his temper was penurious, melancholy, mtfiruftful, 
amd jealous; which qualities increafed upon him with his years. 
He fet OU4 in his youth with a collegiate or rather a monaflic 
teclufenefs, and afterwards led the life of a cynical hermit ; 
icarcely sdiowing himielf neceflaries, notwithftandmg the great 
increafe of his fortunes after the fire in London. He declared 
fometimes, that lie had a great pnojefi in his head, as to the 
difpofal of his eftate, for the advancement of natural know- 
ledge, and to promote the ends and defigns for which the Royal 
Society was inftituted; to build a handfome fabric for the fociety's 
life, with a library, repoiitcvy, laboratory, and <^er conveniences 
for making experiments; and to found and endow a phyfico^ 
mechanic Ie6lure lik^e that of fur John Cutler. But though he 
was often folicited by his friends to pQt his defigns down ih 
writing, and make his will as to the difpofal of his eftate, yet 
he could never be prevailed on to do it, but died without any 
will that could be found. In like manner, with refped to his 
philofophical treafiiies, when he firft became known to the 
learned world, he was very communicative of his inventions ^nd 
ttifcoveries, but afterwards grew clofe and xeferved to a fault; 
aUedging for an excufe, that fome perfons chattenged his difco- 
series for their own, aud took occaiion from his hints to perfe£t 
what he |iad not finiflied. For this reafon he would fuggeft nothings 
till he had time to perfefl it liimfelf ; fi> that many things are 
loft which he aftirmed be .knew% though he w^ not fuppofed to 
know every thing which he aiBrmed. For inftance, not many 
weeks before his death, he told Mr. Waller and others, that 
he knew a certain and infaiUble naethod of difcpv^ring the 

longitude 



H0OKE. 



«'? 



]f^gitMM at fed I yet it is evi4em^ tliat his friends diftrufied 
liis afleveration of this difcovery; a,nd how little credit was 
then given to it in general, appears from Waller's own account. 
,•• Hooke^" fays he, *^ fuflfering this inventidn to be undifco* 
vered to tiie laft, gave fome peifons ca^fe to queAiop^ whether 
)ie was afitt the poifeflbr ef it ^ and to doubt, whether what m 
theory feemed vety promifing, would anfwer when pat in prac« 
tice. Others indeed more fcvcrely judged, th t it was only a 
kind of bQafting in him to a^it that, which had not been per- 
formed^ though atteoipted by many.*' Thus ftood the opinioa 
pf tb^ world at his <)eath) and nothing has fince appeared to 
filter itv In the religic^us part of his chara^r he was fo far 
^^xdmplaryi that he always fxprcffed a great reneraiion for 
the -Deity ; and feldom received any remarkable benefit in life, 
or madfe any confidefa,]>le difcovery in nature, or invented any 
ufeful CJokitrivance, or found out any difficult problem, without 
ietting down fai^ acknowledgement to God, as many places in 
)iis diary plainly Ihpw. He frequently ftudicd the facrcd writ** 
logs in the ori;^nais; for he was acquainted with the ancient 
languages, as well as with all the parts of mathematics. ^* To 
j^cniokide/' fays Waller, " all his errors and biemifties were 
Wiore than m»die amends for by the greatnisfs and extent of his 
ihatluml aiijd acquired parts, and more than common if not won** 
jderitil fagattityy in diving into the moft hidden fecrets of nature, 
|ind in contriving proper methods of forcing her to confefs the 
truth, py driving and pursuing the Proteus through all her 
phanges to her Ic^ and utmofl receffes*— There needs no other 
^roof of this, than the great number of experiments he made, 
\vith the contrivances iof them, amounting to fome hundreds ; 
^is new and uieftd inftruments and inventions, which were nu- 
ineirotisi his admirable fic)lity and cl^amefs in explaining the 
phoenomena of nature, and demonftiating his aflertions; hkr 
nappy talent in adapting theories to. the phaenomena obferved, 
and contrivipg eafy and plain, not pompous and amuimg, expe- 
rimems to beck and prove thofe theories; proceeding from ob- 
lervationsto theorjes, and fVom theories to farther trials, which 
he aiferted to be the tnoft proper method to fucceed in the inter- 
jpretation of nature. For thde his happy qualification's he was 
iinich reipbded by the tnok learned phtlofepers at home and 
abroad ; arid as Svith all his failures he may be reckoned among 
^hejgreat inen of the laft age, lb had he been free from ttem, 
p6ilH>ly he might have ftood in the front." 
' His papers being {)at by his friends into the hands of Hichaid 
Waller, efq; fecretkry to the Rjoyal Society, that gentleman 
coUeded fiich as he thought worthy of the prefs, and publi(hed 
ithem under the title of his '* Poilbumous Works," in 1705, to 
jvhidi be prefixed an 4M;eoiiBt -of hiailife, in loUo. 
r .. . ..... . - w HOOKE 



J20 HOOKER. 

, HOOKE (Nathaniel), celebrated for a " Roman Hifl:oi*y,'' 
died in 1764, but we know not at what age; as indeed few par- 
ticulars of him are recorded, though he is faid, " from 1723 till 
his death, to have enjoyed the confidence and patronage of men, 
not lefs diftinguilhed by virtue than by titles [x]." The firft 
particular that occurs of him is from a letter to lord Oxford, 
dated Od. 17, 1722; by which it appears, that, having been 
*' feized with the late epidemical diilemper of. endeavouring to 
te rich," meaning the South-fea infatuation, " he was in fome 
meafupe happy to find himfelf at that inftant juft worth nothing.'* 
Some time after, however, he. was recommended to Sarah, 
dutchefs of Marlborough, who prefented him with 5000I. the 
condition of which donation was exprefsly, that he the feid 
Hookc (hould aid and alfift her the faid dutchefs in (drawing up 
and digefting " An Account of the Condudl of the Dowager 
Dutchefs of Marlborough, from her firft coming to Court, to 
the Year ijio." This was done, and the work was pubUfhed 
in 1742, 8vo; but, foon after, fhe took occafion, as was u foal 
with her, to quarrel with him ; " becaufe,'* finding her without 
religion, " he attempted," as fhe affirmed, ** to convert her to 
popery." ' Hooke was a Myftic and Qi^iietift, and a warm dif- 
ciple of Fenclon. It was he who brought a Catholic prieft to 
take Pope's confeffion upon his death-bed ;* the prieft had 
fcarcely departed, . when Bolingbroke, coming in, flew into a 
great paffion upon the occafion. 

The ^* Roman Hiftory" of Hooke was firft publifhed in 4 vols. 
4to; the firft in 1733, the fecond in 1745, the third in 1764, 
and the fourth in 1771 ; from the building of Rome to the ruin 
of the commonwealth. In 17^8, *he publiflied " Obfervations 
on four pieces upon the Roman Senate," among which were 
thofe of Middleton and^Chapman , and was anfwered in an 
anonymous pamphlet, entitled, " A Short Review of Mr. 
.Hooke's Obiervations, &c. concerning the Roman Senate, and 
the Character of Dionyfius of HalicarnafTus, 1758," 8vo. But 
the author of this was Edward Spelman, efq; who was then pub- 
liftiing an Englilh iranflation of Dionyfius. Hooke publilhed 
alfo a tranflation of *• Ramfay's Travels of Cyrus." 

HOOKER (Richard), an eminent Englifti divine, and au- 
thor of an excellent work, entitled, " The Laws of Ecclefiafr 
tical Polity, in eight Books," was born at Heavy-tree near 
Exeter, in 1553 [y], or, as Wood fays, about the time of 
Eafter, 1554. His parents, not being rich, intended him for 
a trade ; but his fchoolmafter at Exeter prevailed with them to 
continue him at fchool [zj, affuring them, that his natural en^ 



[:l 



Anecdotes of Bowyer by Nichols, p. 394, 594. [y] Atb. Oxdn. 

Life of Hotter j)y Walton, pr^ftxgi^o tis yiCvks, . , 



dowment^ 



oowmfents and learning were both fo remarkable, that he miift 
of neceflity be tak^n notice of, and that God would provide him 
fbme patron who would free them from any future care or charge 
about him. Accordingly his uncle John Hooker, who was then 
chamberlain of the town, began to regard him ; and being 
known to Jewell, made a vifit to that prelate at Salifbury foon 
after, and *^ befought him for charity's fake to look favourably 
npon a poor nepheW of his, whom nature had fitted for a fcholar; 
but the eftate of his parents was fo narrow, that they were un- 
able to give him the advantage of learning ; and that the biihop 
therefore would become his patron, and prevent him from being 
a tradefman, for he was a boy of remarkable hopes." The 
bifliop examined into his merits, found him to be what the 
unjcle-had reprefented him, and took him henceforward under 
his proteSion. He got him admitted, in 1567, one of the 
clerks of .Corpus-chrifti college in Oxford, and fettled a penfion 
on him ; which, with the contributions of his uncle, afforded him a 
very comfortable fubfiftence. In 157 1 , Hooker had the misfortune 
to lofe his patron, together with his. penfion. Providence, how- 
ever, raifed him up two other patrons, in Dr. Cole, then pre- 
fident of the college, and Dr. Edwyn Sandys, bifhop of Lon- 
don, and afterwards archbifhop of York. To the latter of 
thefe JeWell had recommended him fo efFedlually before his 
death, that though of Cambridge himfelf, he immediately re- 
folved to fend his fon Edwyn to Oxford, to be pupil to Hooker, 
who yet vvas not much older ; for, faid he, " I will have a 
tutor for my fon, that (hall teach him learning by inftruiStion, 
and virtue by example." Hooker had'alfo another confiderable 
pupil, namely, George Cranmer, grand nephew to Cranmer 
the archbifhop and martyr ; with whom, as well as with Sandys, 
he cultivated a ftridl and lading friendfhip. 

In 1577, he was ele6ted fellow of his college ; and about two 
years after, being well (killed in. the Oriental languages, was 
appointed deputy-profelfor of Hebrew, in the room of a gen- 
tleman who was difordered in his fenfes. In 1581, he entered 
into orders; and foon after, being appointed, to preach at St. 
Paul's-crofs in London, was fo unhappy as to be drawn into a 
moft unfortunate marriage; of which, as it is one of the moft 
memorable circumftancesof his life, we fhall here'give the par- 
ticulars as they are related by Walton. There was then belong- 
ing to the church of St. Paul's, a houfe called the Shunamites 
houfe, fet apart for the reception and entertainment of the 
preachers at St. Paul's-crofs, two days before, and one day after, 
the fermon. That houfe was then kept by Mr. John Church- 
man, formerly a fubfl:antial draper in Watling-ftreet, but now 
reduced to poverty. ^Walton fays, that Churchman was a. perfon 
of virtue., but that he cannot fay quite fo much of his wife. To this 

houfe 



hotrle Hooker came from Oxford fo wet and weary, that he «ra# 
nfraid he (hould not be able to perform his duty the Sunday fol* , 
lowing: Mrs. Churchmai), however, hurfed him fo well, that 
he prefcntly recovered from the iH effeds of hfs jour«ey. For 
this he was very thankful ; fo much indeed that/ as Walton ex-^' 
prefies it, he thought; himfelf bound in confci'enCe to believe all 
flie faid ; fo the good man came to be perfuaded by hery ^^ that 
fce hafd a very tender conftitution ; and that it was beft for him 
to have a wife, that might prote a nurfe to him ; fuch a. one as 
might both prolong his life, and make it more comfortable; and 
lixcha one me could and would fKovide for him, if he thought 
fit to marry.** Ho6ker, not confidering, " that the children of, 
Ais world are wiier in their generation than the children of , 
li^t/' and fearing no guile, beeaufe he mii^nt none, gave her 
a povwr to choofe a wife for him ; proimifii^, upon a fair fum- 
mons, to fetiini to London, and accept of her dioke, which 
lie did in that or the year following, rlow, fays 'WsClton^ the 
wife provided for him was her dafighter Joan, wlia brought ium 
neither beauty nor portion ; and for her tonditiohs, they were 
tea like that wife's which Solomon cotmane^ to a dripping* 
houk ; that is, fays Wood, fte wai " a ctownift fifty woman, 
and withal a mere Xantippe." 

« Hooker, now driven from ^his college^ remained Without pi'e- 
ferment, and fupported himfelf as well as he ^ould, till the 
latter end of 1584,- wheri he was prefehted by John Cheny, efq; 
to the redory of Drayton Beauchamp in Buckinghamlhire, 
where he led an uncomfortable life with his wife Joan for sibout 
• year. In this fituation he received a vifit from hisfribnds 
and pupils Sandys and Cranmer, who fottod him with a Horaiee 
in his hand, tending his fmaU jillotment of (heep in a comnij^ 
field; which he told them he was forced to do, becaufe his fer- 
vent was gone home to dine, and aflift his Wife in the houihold 
iiufmdfs. When the ferVant returned and relesKfed him, his 
pupils attended him to hts houfe, where their beft entertainment 
was his quiet company, which was prefently denied them, for 
•Richard was called to rock the cradle, and theireft of their wel- 
come was fo like this, that they ftayed but till the next morning, 
which was long enough to difcover and pity their tutor's condi- 
lion.* At their return to Londfon, Sandys acquainted his father 
-with Hooker's deplorable ftate | who thereupon entered fo heai^ 
tily into his concerns, that he got him to-be made mafter of the 
Temple in 1585, This, though a fine piece of preferment, 
'Was not fo fuitable to Hooker's temper, as the retirement of 
a living in the country, where he might be free from noife ; nor 
did he accept of it without relu3ance. At the time when 
'Hooker was chofen mafter of the Temple, one Walter Travers 
was afternoon-ledurer there; a man of learning and good 

manners^ 



H O K e Rs 423 

tttihtt^rt, it IS fald, but ordaihed by the prefbytery of Antwerp, 
and warmly attached to the Geneva government. Trax'ers hki 
tome hopes df fetttng tip this government in the Temple, and 
for that purpofe endeavoured to be. mafter of jt ; but not fuc- 
teeding, gave Hooker all the oppofitian he could in his fermons,- 
ttiany of which were about the doftrine, difcipline, and cere- 
monies of the church; infomuch that they conftantly withftood 
each other to the face: for, as fomebody laid pleafantJy, " The 
forenoon fermdn fpake Canterbury, and the aftcmo<wi Geneva.'' 
The oppofition bec'ame fo vifible, and the confequences fo datt- 
geious, efpecially in that place, that archbp. Whitgift caufe4 
Travers to be fiienced by the high commiilion court. Upon 
■that", Travers prefented his fupplication to the privy council, 
which being without efFed, he made it public. This obliged 
Hooker to publifli an anfwer, which was infcfibed to the afcb- 
bifhop, and procured him as much reverence and refpcft ffom 
fome^ is it did negleft and hatred from others. In order 
therefore to undeceive and win thefe, he entered upon his fa- 
mous work " Of the Laws of Ecclefmftical Polity ;*' and biJ 
the foundation and plan of it, while he was at the Temple- 
But he found the Temple no fit place to finifli what he had there 
defigned ; and therefore intreated the ardibifhop to remove hka 
to fome quieter fituation in the following letter. 

** My lord, When I loft the freedom of my cell, whicfr was 
my college, yet I found fome degree of it in my quiet country 
parfonage. But I «m weary of the noife and oppofitrons of this 
place'; and indeed God and nature did not intend me for con^ 
tentions, but for ftudy and quietnefs. And, my lord, my parti- 
cular contefts here with Mr. Travers have proved the more un- 
pleafant to me, becaufe I believe him to be a good man ; and 
that belief hath occafioned me to examine mine own confcience 
concerning his opinions. And to fatisfy that, I have confulted 
the Holy Scripture, and other laws both human and divine, 
whether the confcience of him, and others of his judgement^ 
ought to be fo far complied with by us, as to alter out frame of 
church government, our manner of God's worfhip, our praifing 
and praying to him, and our eftablifhed ceremonies, as often as 
' their tender confcienoes Ihall require us. And in this examina- 
tion I have not only fatisfied myfelf, but have began a treatife, 
in which I intend the fatisfaflion of others, by a demonftration 
of the reafonablenefs of our Laws of Ecclefiaftical Polity. — But, 
'my lord, I fhall never be able to finiih what I have begun, un- 
lefs I be removed into fome quiet parfonage, where I may fee 
God's bleflings fpring out of my mother earth, and eat my own 
bread in peace and privacy ; a place, where I may without dif- 
turbance meditate my approaching mortality, and that great 

account 



224 HOOKER. 

account* which all flefh mud give at the bfl: day to the God or 

allfpirits." 

Upon this application he was prefented, in 1591, to the rec- 
tory of Bofcomb in Wihftiire ; and, July the fame year, to the 
prebend of NetTier-Haven in the church of Sarum, of which he 
was alfo made fub-dean; At Bofcomb he iiniibed four books, 
which were entered into the regifter-book at Stationers- hall, 
March, 1592, but not printed till 159a.. In 1595, he quitted 
Bofcomb, and was prefented by queen Elizabeth to the reflory 
€>f Bilhop's-Bourne in Kent, where he fpent the remainder of 
his life. In this place he compofed the fifth book of his ** Ecf- 
cjefiatlical Polily," which was dedicated to the archbiihop, and 
publilhed by itfelf in 1597. He finifhed there the 6th, 7th, and 
8th books of that learned work ; but whether we have them 
genuine, and as left by himfelf hath been a matter of much 
difpute. Some time after he caught cold, in a paiTage by water 
between London and Gravefend, which drew upon him an ilU 
nefs, that put ^n end to his life, when he was only in his 47th 
year. He died Nov. 2, 1600. His illnefs was fevere and lin- 
gering; he continued, notwithftanding, his ftudies to the laft. 
He ftrove particularly to finifh his " Ecclefialtical Polity;'' and 
faid often to a friend, who vifited him daily, that " he did not 
beg a long life of God for any other reafon, but to live to finifh 
the three rcmakning books of Polity; ai.d then, Lord, let thy 
fervant depart in peace," which was his ufual expreffion. A 
few days before his death, his houfe was robbed ; of which 
having notice, he aiked, " are my books and written papers fafer" 
And being anfwered, that they were, " then," faid he, " it 
matters not, for no other lofs can trouble me." 

But whatever value Hooker himfelf might put upon his books 
of " Ecclefiaftical Polity," he could not give them more efteem 
than has been paid by the general judgement of mankind. 
They have been admired for the foundnefs of reafoning, 
which runs through them, and the prodigious extent of learn- 
ing they every where difcover; and the author has . univerfally 
acquired from them the honourable titles of " the Judicious," 
and " the Learned." When James I. afcended the throne of 
England, he is faid to have aiked Whitgift for his friend Mr, 
Hooker, from whofe books of *' Ecclefiaitical Polity" he had 
fo much profited ; and being informed by the archbiihop that 
he died a year before the queen, he expreffed the greateft dif- 
appointment, and the deispeft concern. Charles L it is well 
known, earneftly recommended the reading of Hooker's books 
to his fon ; and they have ever fince been held in the higheil 
-veneration and efteern by all. An anecdote is preferved by the 
writer of his life, which, if true, ihews that his fame was by no ' 
means confined to his own country, but travelled abroad j and fo 
6 . for 



HOOPER. 225 

" fiir and fo loudly^ that it reached even the ears of the pope him* 
feif. Cardinal Men and Dr. Stapletoni though both in Italf 
when his books were publifhed, were vet fo aiFeSed with tht 
fame of them, that they contrived to nave them fent for ; and 
after reading them, are faid to have told the pope, then Clement 
VIII. that " though his hplinefs had not yet met with an Eng-^ 
lilh booki as he was pleafed to fay, whole writer deferved tm 
name of an author, yet there now appeared a wonder to tbemi 
and fo they did not doubt it would appear to his holtnefsi if it 
was in Latin ; which was, that * a pure obfcure £n^U(h ^rleft 
had written four fuch books of Law and Church Polity, in fo 
majeftic a ftyle, and with fuch cl^ar demonftrations of reafon^** 
that in all their readings the^ had not met with an^ thing that 
exceeded him." This begetting in the pope a defire to know 
the contents, Stapleton read to him the firit book in Latin ; upoa 
which the pope laid, *^ there is no learning that this man hath 
not fearched into; nothing too hard for hit uiiderftandin& 
This man indeed deferves the name of an author. His books 
will ^t jevereiice by age ; for there is in Th«m fuch Iceds of 
eternity, that if the reft be like this» thev fKall conttnu* till tht 
laft fire (hall devour all learning:*' all which, whether the popt 
faid it or no, we take to be ftriftly true. 

Befides the eight books of <' Ecclefiaftkal Polity," and. hit 
anfwer to Travers's ** Supplication," there am fome fermons of 
his in being, which have been conefled and printed with hit 
Avorkr in folio. A^ oftavo edition has lately appeared at Oxford* 

HOOPER (Dr. Obo&ge), an eminent EngliOi divine, was 
born at Grimley in Worcefterfliirei aboQt 1640, and educated 
in grammar and claflical learning at Weftminfter^lchoo}, where 
he was a king*s fcholar. From thence he became a ftudent of 
Chrift-church in Oxford, in 1656 Fa], where he took his de^ 
grees at the regular times; and dttlinguiflied himfelf above his 
contemporaries by his fuperior knowledge in philofophy, mathe* 
matics, Greek and Rcxnan antiquities, and the Oriental ]an«> 
guages. In 1672, he became chaplain to Morley biihop of 
Winchefter; and not long after to archbiAiop Sheldon, wh<> 
begged that favour of the bilhop of Winchefter, and who in 
1675 gave htm the redory of Lambeth, and afterwards the pre* 
centorfhip of Exeter. In 1677, he commenced D. D. and the 
fame year, being made almoner to the princefs of Orange, h^ 
went over to Holland, where, at the requeft of her royal high* 
nefs, he regulated her chapel according to the ufage of the 
church of England. After one year*^ attendance, he repafled 
the fea, in order to complete his marriage, the treaty for which 
bad been fet onfoot before his departure* This done, he went 

VouVIIL Q. «• 



226 HOOPER. 

Ixack to her Higkoefty who had obtained a promife front htm t0 
^hat purpofe; but, after a Azy of about eight months, (he con- 
fented to let him return home. In 16809 he was offered the divi^ 

. jntty-profeiforfhip at Oxford, which he declined ^ but was made 
king's chaplain abom the fame time. In 1685, by the king's 
qptiimand, he attended the duke of Monmouth, and had much 
free converfation with him in the Tower, both the evening be- 
fore, and' the day of h>s execution. The following year he 
took ^ {hare in the popifh controverfy, and wrote a treatife^ 
Irhich will be mentioned prefently witn his works. In x69rf 
he fucceeded Dr. Sharp in the deanery of Canterbury. As he 
Derer made the leaft application for preferment, queen Mary 
furprifed him with this offer, when the king her hgfband waa^ 
•bfent in Holland. He was made chaplain to their majefties 
the fame year* In 1698, when a preceptor waschofen for the 
duke of Gloticefier, though both the royal parents of that prince 
l^reflTed earneftly to have Hooper [b], and no pretence of any 
i^bjedion was ever made aRainlt him, yet the king named biihop 
fiurnet for that &rvice« In 170K, he was cbofen prolocutor to 
ihe lower houfe of. convocation s and the fame year was offered 
the pritnac^ of Ireland by the earl of Rochefter, then lord lieu« 
tenant. The year after jthe acceflion of -Anne to the throne, he 
tras nominated to the biiChopric ,of St« Afajph. This he accepted, 
though agalinft his inclination ; and in half a year after, receiving 
ft like command to reikiove to that of Bath and \yellsy he ear-r 
tieftly requdkd her majeftv to difpenfe with the order, not onlf 
on account of the fudden charge ot fuch a tranfiatioo, as vvell as 
a retuSmce to remove, but alfo in regard to his friend Dr. 
itmny the deprived biihop of that place, for whom he begged 

/the-bifhopric. The queen readily complied with Hooper's re* 
l|ueft; but the offer beijig declined by Kenn, Hooper at his 

. importunity yielded to become his fucceffor. He fat in the fee 
of Bsuh and Wells twenty-^four years and fix months; and, in 
1927, di^d at Barkley in Somerfet(hire» whither he fometimes 
fetired; and was interred, in purfuance of his own requ^, in 
the cathedral of Wells^ under a fnarble monument with a Latia 
infcriptioh. - 

's Beftdes eight fermons, he puhlifhed feveral books in his life- 
dme^ and left feveral MSS. behind him^ fome of which. he per* 
mitted to be printed^ The following is a catalogue of both. t. 
5* The Church of England free from the Imputation of Popery, 
§682.*' 2. '^A fair and methodical Difcuflion of the iiritand 
great Contrpyerfy between the Church of England and the 
.Church of Romei concerning the Infallible Guide: in three 
Difcourfesi*' The two firft of thefe were liccnfcd by* Dr. 

[s] Boyer's Hift* of Q^im Aa|BB, uoder that yeu* 

Mortice, 
2 



I 



j 



H O P E R^ 227 

Mofrice, in 1687, but the laft was never printed; 3. <* The 
Parfon's Cafe under the prefent Land*Tax, recomntended in a 
Lettel- to a Member of the Houfe of CommonSi 1689." ' 4* 
** A Difcourfe concerning Lent, in two Partd. The firft, an 
hiftorical Account of its Obfervation : the fecond, an'EfTay con* 
ceming its Oridnal. This fubdivided into two Repartitions^ 
whereof the firft is preparatory, and (hewn that moft of our. 
Chriftian Ordinances are derived from the Jews ; and the fecond 
conjeduHes, that Lent is of the fame Original, 1694.'^ 5. A 
Paper in the " Philofophical Tranfafiions for Oft. 1699, cnti* 
tied, ** A Calculaiionof the Credibility of Human Tcttimony.*' 
6. "New Danger of Preftytery, 1737.** 7. "Marks of a 
defencelefs Caufe.** 8. •* A Narrative of the Proceedings of 
the lower Houfe of Convocation from Feb. 10, 1700, to Jiin0 
*5> i7ot> vindicated." 9. " Dc Valentinianonim Haerefi cpn- 
jeSurse, quibus illius origo ex ^gyptiaca Theologia deducitur^ 
171 1 " 104/* An Inquiry into the State of the ancient Mea^ 
fures, the Attic, the Roman, and efpecially the Jewifh. With 
an Af^endix concerning our old Englifli Money and Meafuref 
of Content, 1721." xi. " D^ Patriarchsc Jacobi Benedidione 
Gen. 49, conjeflurse,*' publifhed by the Rev. Mn Hunt of 
Hart-hall in Oxford, with a preface and notes, according to the 
biihop'sdiredions to the editor, a little before his death. The 
•MSS. before. mentioned are the two following: I. " A Latin 
Sermon, preached in 1672, when he took the degree of B. D* 
and, 2. " A Latin Tra6il on Divorce." A beautiful edition of 
his whole works was printed at Oxford, I757f folio. 

HOPER, or HOOPER (John), memorable for being a martyr 
in the Proteftant caufe, was born in Somerfetihire, and bred at 
Oxford [c ). He took a batchelor's degree in 1518 ; and^ as ii 
reported^ was of the fraternity of Ciftercians, commonly called 
White Monks: but, beings weary of the order, he returned to 
Oxford, where, as the Catholics fay,, he was poifoned with ~ 
Lutheran principles, and became, in their language, a heretic. 
At the time when the ftatute of the Six Articles came out, he left 
avhat he had ; and by fome means got to be chaplain and (leward 
to ftr John Arundely who was afterwards put to death with the 
prote£tor in king Edward ^s days: but,beingaifcoveredtobeaPro* 
teftant, he was obliged to quit his employment, and fly into France* 
After ftaying there for fome time in a difagreeable fituation, hr 
returned to England, and lived with a gentleman of the name of 
Saintlow. But at length being fought for, and dreading to be 
apprehended, he difguifed himfelf in a mariner's habit, mada 
himfelf mailer of a boat, and failed to Ireland. Thence hf 
went to Switzerland;^ wh^rc be^^ became acquaiated with EulUar 

{«} AtbcB. Oxqa» 



ta« HOORNBEECK. 

tjttf tdidzT and fucceflbr of Zuinglius, and where, fays Fox; 
l»y hiscounfet and dodrine, be married a wife who was a Bur« 
gjundiaa, and applied very ftudiouflv to the Hebrew tongue [d ]• 
On the acceiu^n of Edward Vi. he returned to his native 
country, ftttled in London, and became a frequent and popular 

£ readier. When Bonner was to be deprived of his bifhopric, 
e was onaof hi* accufers; which, no doubt, would recom* 
mend htm as an acceptable facrifice in the following bloody reign. 
By the intereft of the earl of Warwick, he was nominated and 
deAed bifliop of Gloucefter; but when he came to be confe- 
cratod or invefted by archbtfliop Cranmer and bifliop Ridley,- he 
vefufed to wear a canonical habit, and was thereupon put under 
confinement. But, thefe ceremonies being difpenfeid.with by 
die king's authority, he was confccraled bifliop of the srfopefaid 
fiecy in 1550; and about two years after, he had the bifliopric 
of Woicefter given to him, to .keep in commendam with* the 
fbniier. He now preached often, vifited his diocefff, kept great 
iiofeitality for the poor, and was beloved by many. ' But in the 
ferlecution under Mary, being then near (ixty .years of age^ and 
teftifing to recant his opinionst he was burned in the city of 
C3oucefler» and foSered death with admirable conftancy . 
. He was a man of good abilities, and- great learning, and pub* 
Itihed many writingi, fome of which are to be found in John 
For's.book of the *< A&s and Monuments of the Church.^ 

HOORNBEECK (John), an illuftrious profefibr of divinity 
in the univ^-iities of Utrecht and Leyden, was born at Haerlein 
in 161 7, and ftudied there till he was fixteen [b]. Then he 
was fent to Leyden, and afterwards in 1635 went tgi^ftudy at 
Utrecht^ In 1032, he was admitted a. mini fler, went to per- 
form the functions of his office fecretly at Cologne; and waf 
never difecMifaged by the dangers to which he wa$ exposed, in a 
city where moft of the inhabitants were zealous papifts. He 
returned to HoUand in 1643^ and that year was made D. D< 
Tlie proofs be gave of his great lear-ning were fuch» that he tiiras 
chofen in 1644 to fill the chair of divinity profeflbr at Utrecht { 
and the next year was made minifter in ordinary of the church 
in that city. However difficult the fundions of thefe two tm*' 
ployments were, yet he acquitted himfclf in them with great 
diligence almoft t«n vears. As a paftor, he often vifited the 
members of his church: he encouraged the pious, inflrudedtha 
ignorant, reproved the wicked, refuted the' .heretics, comforted 
the afflided, refreflied the fick, ftrengthened the weak* cheared 
the drooping, aflifted the poor. As a profeflbr^ he took at 
much care of the ftudents in divinity, as if they had been hif 
%wn chtldre»t he 4|(ed ^o read not only ipublic^fb^ies^ but 

[d] AA. Si Man. £ccM i»bs«ai« <S55» £x] Bayid^Dia. 

^^ «V«i 



} 



f 



HOPICINS. i29 

^vcn private ones, for them ; and to hold ordirmy anfl extraofi- - 
'dinary difputations. He was chofen to exercife the fame cm>- 
ploymentff at Leyden, which he had at Utrecht, and acceptecl 
them. in 1654. He died in 166.6; and though he was but forty^ 
nine years of age, yet confidering his labours it Is ratherm 
matter a( wonder that he lived fo long, than that he died R^ 
foon. He published a great number of works; didadical, pou 
lemical, praftical, hiftorical, ami oratorical. He underilood 
hiany languages, both ancient and modern; th^ Latin, Gredc, 
Hebrew, Chaldaic, Syriac, Rabbinical, Dutch, German, Eng- 
li(h, French, Italian^ and fome little of Arabic and Spanifll. 
He never depatrted one inch from the moft ftrift orthodoxy; and 
was ndt lefs commendable for his integrity, than for his parts 
and learning. Bayle feems.to have exhibited him in hisUtO- 
tionary, as the complete model of a good pallor and dnrinityu' 
profeflbr. He married at Utrecht in 1650 ; and left two (bn«. 
HOPKINS (EzEKiELJ, a learned and worthy prelate, expe- 
rienced a fate extremely Angular [f]. He was born at Sandford 
in Devonfliire,iWherthis father was curate; became choirifter af 
Magdalen-college, Oxford, in 1649 ; at the age of about dx^ceu, 
he was ufheir of the fchool adjoining, being already B. A. ; he was 
chaplain of the college whenM. A. ; and would hare been felloWj 
had his county •qualified him. AH this time he lired and was eduk 
cated under Prefbyterian^and Independent difcipline; and about 
the time of the Reftoration became affiftaiit to Dr. Spurfiow of 
Hackney. He was afterwards •ele^Jked preacher at one of dif 
city churches ; but the biffaop of London refufed to. admit him, 
as he was a popular preacher among the Fanatics* He then 

' obtained St. Mary's churrch at Exeter, was countenanced by 
bilhop Ward, and much admired for the comelinefs of. his pfe* 
fon and elegance 'of preaching. The lord Robartes in parti- 
cular (afterwards earl of Trurcr) was fo pleafed with him, tha|; 
he gave him his daughter Araminta in marri^g^r, took htm as his 
chaplain to Ireland in 1669, gave him the deaneiy of Raphoe, 
and recommended him fo eife<5ually to his fucceffor lord Berkeley^ 
that he was confecrated bilhop of |taphoe, OS. 27, 1671, and 
tranflated to Londonderry in 1681. Driven thence- by the forces 
ander the earl of Tyrconnel, in 1688, he retired into England, 
and was eleded minifter of Aldermanbury in Sept^ 1689, where 
he died. June 19, 1690, he pubKftied fi%^ fingle fermons, after^ 
wards incorporated in two vobimes ; ♦^ An Expoiition of the 
Ten Commandments, 169a," 4to, wirh his portrait; and an 

' ^* Expofition of the Lord's Prayer, 1691." 

HOPKINS (Chahlis), fon of the hiAop of Londdnderry, 
fOiB bom at Exeter; but, his lather being taken chaplain to 

0^3 Ixclandj 



930 HOPKINS. 

Ireland, he received the early part of his education at Trinity* 
College, Dublin ; and afterwards was a ftudent at Cambridge 
[cl. On the rebellion in Ireland in 1688, he returned thither, 
and exerted his early valour in the caftife of his country, religion, 
and liberty. When public tranquillity was reftored, he came 
Igatn into England, and fornned an acquaintance with gentle? 
men of the bcft wit, whofe age and genius were moft agreeahtc 
to his own. In 1694 he publifhed fomc " Epiftolary Poems 
and Tranflations," which may be fcen in NichoU's ** Seleft 
Collection;" and in 1695 he fhew^d his genius as a dramatic 
writer, by ** I^yrrhus king of Egypt," a tragedy, to whicH Con- 

frevis wrote the epitoguc; He publilhed alfo in that year, ** The 
liflory of Love," a connexion of fcledt fables from ** Ovid's 
Metamorphofes, 1695;" which, by the fwcctnefs of his num- 
bers and cafinefs of his thoughts, proctired him confiderable re- 
putation. With Dryden in particular he became a great favour* 
ite. He afterwards publifhed the ** Art of Lrove," which, Jacob 
fays, added to his fame, and happily l^rought him acquainted 
with the earl of Dorfet, and other pcrfons of diftinftion, who 
Were fond of his company^ through the agrceablenefs of his 
temper, and the pleafantry of his converfation. It was in hi$ 
power to have made his fortune in any fcenc of life; but he 
was always more ready to ferve others than mindful of his own 
affairs ; and by the exccffcs of hard drinking, and too paffionate 
an addition to women, he died a martyr to the caufe in the 
36th year of his age." Mo Nichols h^% preferved in his col- 
le&ion an admir^ible hymn, ^' written about an hour before his 
death, when in great pain." His ^* Court-Profpedl," in which 
many of the principal nobility are very handiomely compli- 
niented, is called by Jacob •* an excellent piece ;'* and of his 
other poems he adds, ** that they are all remarkable for the 
purity of their didlion, and the* harmony of their numbers/^ 
Mr. Hopkins was alfo the author of two other tragedies;* 
^f Boadicea Queen of Britain, 1697 ;" and " Friendfhip im- 
proved, or the Female Warrior,'* with a humourous prologue, 
comparing a poet to a merchant, a comparifon which will hol4 
in moft particulars except that of accu'mulating wealth. The 
S|Uthor, who was at Londonderry when this tragedy came out, 
i^fcribed it to Edward Coke of Norfolk, efq; in a dedication 
remarkably modeft and pathetic. It is d^ted Nov. i, 1699, 
and concludes, " I now begin to experience how much the mind 
may be influenced by the hody. My Mufe is confined, at pre- 
sent, to a weak and fickly tenement ; and the winter feafon wiH 
go near to overbear her, together with her houfhold. There are 
porms and tempefts to beat her down, or frofts to bind t^i: up 

I0) ^ishM&^S^itSt CoUeaton of fotm^ V^K U> f. iS}/ 



HOPKINS; z^i 

«nd kilHiier ; and (he has no friend oh her fide but youth ta 
bear her through ; If that can fuftain the attack, and hold out 
till fpring con^s to rdievc me, one ufe I (hall ipake of farther 
life fliall be to (hew how njuch I am. Sir, your moft devoted 
hun^ble fervant, C# HoPKIlir?.- ' 

His feelings were but too accurate ; hf^ died in the courfa of 
that winter. . - 

HOPKINS (John), another Ton of the bilbc^pf London- 
derry, was born Jan. i, 1^75 [hI. Like his elder brother, 
his poetry turned prlnqpaliy on tuhj^Ss of Love; like him 
too, his profpefts in life appear to have terminated unfor-' 
tunately. He publifhed, in 1698, ^* The Triumphs of Peace, 
or the Glories of NaCTau ; a Pindaric poem occafioned by the 
conclufion of the peace between the Confederacy and France; 
Written at the time of his grace the duke of Ormond's entrance 
into Dublin." *' The defign of this poem," the author fays iii 
his preface, '' begins, after the method of Pindar, to one great 
man, and rifes to another; iirft touches the duke, then cele-» 
brates the aftions of the king, and fo returns to the praifes of the 
duke again.*' In the feme year he publi(hed ** The* ViSory of 
-^Dcath; or the Fall of J3eauty; a Vifionary Pindaric Poem, 
occa(ioned by the cvcr-to-be-deplored Death of the Right Ho- 
nourable the Lady Cutts," 8vo. But the principal perlbrmanccr 
of T. Hopkins was <* Amafia, or the Works of the Mu(es, a 
colleftion of Poems in 3 vols. 1700.*' Each of thefe little 
volumes is divided into three books, and eagh book is infcribed 
to fume beautiful patronefs, amongft whom the dutchefs of 
. Grafton (lands foremoft. The laft book is infcribed " To the 
memory of Amafia," whom he addrefles throughout thefe vo-: 
lumes, in the charader of Sylvius. There is a vein of fcriouf- 
ne(s, if not of poetry, runs through the whole performance*. 
Many of Ovid's ftories are very decently imitated; *^ moft of 
them," he fays, ** have been very wcir performed by my bro- 
ther, and publifhed fome years fmce ; mme.wei*^ written in an» 
other kingdom before I knew of his.** In one of his dedica* 
tions he tells the lady Olympia Robartes, >* Your ladyihip's 
father, the late earl of Radnor, when governor of Ireland, was 
the kind patron to mine : he raifed him to the firft fteps by which 
he afterwards afcended to the dignities he bore ; to thofe, whic^h 
rendered his labours more confpicvous, and fet in a more advan- 
tageous light thofe living nierits, which now make his memory 
beloved. Thefe, and yet greater temporal honours, your fa- 
mily heaped on him, by niaking even me in fome fort related 
and allied to you, by his inter-marriage with your fifter thejady 
Araminta. Hoiy imprudent a vanity is it in me to boail a 

[m] KIc1kdU*s Selea C^lkaipn of Pocn^, VioiL XZ» p» 329. 

0,4 father 



«3« HO RATI US. 

father fo nwritbrtous! bow may I be alhamed to prove myfelf 
his fan, by poetry, that only q^ualification he fo much excelled 
in, but yet efteemed no excellence. I bring but a bad proof of 
birth, laying my claim in that only thing he would not own. 
Thefe are, however, Madam, but the produds of immaturor 
years: and riper age, may^ I hope, bring forth more folid 
works." We have never feen any other of his writings ; nor 
have been* able to colleA any fanher particulars of his life: but 
there is a portrait of him, under his poetical name of Sylvius. 

HORAPOLXO, or HORUS APOLLO, a grammarian, 
according to Suidas, of Panoplus in Egypt, who taught firft at 
Alexandria, and then at Conftantinopie, under the reign of 
Theodofius. Thei^e are extant under his name two booka 
** concernti^ the Hicoroglyphics of the Egyptians," which 
Aldus firft publi(hed*in Greek in 1505, folio. They have often 
b^n republiihed fmce, with a Latin verfion and notes; but the 
beil edition is that by Cornelius de Pauw at Utrecht, in 4toi 
Mean while there are many Horapollos of antiquity ; and it is 
not certain, that the grammarian of Alexandria was the author 
'6f thefe hooks. Suidas does not afcribc them to him ; and Fa<^ 
bricius U of opinion, that they belong rather to another Horus 
Apollo of more ancient ftanding, who wrote upon Hierogly- 
phics in the li^iyptian lai^age, and from whofe work an extrad 
rather than a verfion has been made of thefe two books in Greek,' 
The reafons of Fabricius for fo thinking, may be feen in the firft 
Tolume of his ^* Bibliotheca Grseca." 

HORATIU$ (QjiiNTUs Flaccus), an ancient Roman poet, 
who flourifhed in the ag^ of Auguftus, was bom at Venouumf 
a town of Apulia, or of Lucama[r]; for he htmfelf does not 
determine which. His 'birth day fell on Dec. 8, U» C, 68o» 
when L» Cotta and L« Manlius Torquatus were conruls[Kj ; 
and about 65 years before Chrift* He ftayed in the place of 
his birth till he was ten years old, and was than removed to 
Rome: for though his father was no more than the fon of a freed- 
aoan, and a tax-gatherer, nor hirnfeJf very learned, yet being a 
a!^n of good fenfe, he knew the neceflity of i^ruAing his (on 
bv fomething more than bare advice. He removed him to 
Home, therefore, for the opportunity of fetting before him tho. 
examples of all forts of perfons, and ihewing him what bdia-« 
viour he (hould imitate, and what he (hould avoid: fpurring 
him on all the while to this imitation, by pointing out the good 
•ffcfts of virtue, and the ill effe^ls ctf vice, ♦This Horace him* 
fclf tells usTlJ^ in a paflTage where heailudcs to the old man m^ 
Terence, who exprefles iimilar notions. << I ufe him," iays he^ 
faking of his fon, <^ to look upon the lives of others, as ufoa 

(i] Sa(, f, Lib* Pb (k} 04. ai. UK I [»} Sat 4- Ub. i. 

' ,., a mirror i 



HOKATIUS. ^33 

m mirror ; and from their conduA to tak« a pattern for Iris owtt. 
Do this, ihun that ; this is praifi^- worthy, that to be blamed."" 
** Cunfuefacio: infpicere, tanqnam in fpectilum, in vitas omnium 
jubeo, atque ex aliis, fumere exemplum fibi. Hoc facito, h6c 
fugito: hoc laudi eft, hoc vitio datur [m].*' Mean time, Horace 
did not want the beft mafters that Rome could afford ; and when 
he was about eighteen, was fent to Athens, where he completed 
what his father had fo well begun, and acquired all the accom- 
pliihments tt^at 'polite learning, and a liberal education could 
bc&ovr. 

Brutus about this time going to Macedonia, as he paflctf 
through Athens, tookfevcral young gentlemen to the army with 
him ; and Horace, now grown up, and qualified to fet out into 
the world, among the reft. Brutus made him a tribune: but it 
is probable, that this general was pretty much ftraightened for 
officers and foldiers at that time, otherwife we fhall not eafily 
account for his advancing Horace. He would hardly make him 
an officer for his wit; and for courage he certainly was notdif- 
tinguiflied, as the event (hewed at the battle of Philippi, where 
he leit the field and fled, after he had fliamefully flung away his 
ihield. This memorable circumftance of his life he mentioned 
himfelf, in an Ode to his friend Pompeius Varus, who was with, 
him in the fame battle of Philippi, and accpmpanied him in his 
flight: 

*< Tecum Philippos, & celerem fugam 

Senfi, relifta non bene parmula:**' 
If indeed we are to underftand this ferioufly, and not rather a$ 
a compliment to the prowefs of Auguftus and his arms. How* 
ever, though running away might pofllbly fave his life, it could 
not fecure his fortune, which he forfeited ; for, being on the. 
weaker fide, it became with thofe of others a prey to the con- 
queror. Thus reduced to want he applied himfelf to poetry,; 
in which he focceeded fo well, that he foon made himfelf known 
to fomc of the greateft men in Rome [n], Virgil, as he has 
told us, was the firft that recommended him to Maecenas; and 
this celebrated patron of learning and learned men grew fo fon(| 
of him, that he became a fuitor for him to Auguftus, and fuc- 
cecxled in having his eftate reftored. Auguftus was highly pleafetl 
with his merit suid addrefs, admitted him to a clofe familiarity 
with him in his private hours, and afterwards made him no fmafl 
offers of preferment. The poet had the greafnefs of mind to 
fefufe them ail ; and the prince was generous enough not to 
be oflisnded at his freedom in fo doing. He muft have been, 
what his writings every where fpeak him to have been, very in^ 
4ifie]peat as to vain and ofteotatious living, and the pride of a 

court. 



a34 H OR AT I US, 

eonrtf torcTuTe a place fo honourable and advantageous as that 
of fecretary to Auguflus* £ut the life he loved beft, and lived 
as much as he could, was the very reverfe of a court life; a life 
of retirement and fiudy, free from the noife of hurry and am* 
bitimi ; for he feems not ferious, when he repcefents himfelf as 
fond of change: 

•* Romse Tibur amo ventofns, Tibure Romam/* 

as it was his peculiar talent to make his fatire agreeable, by 
feeming to rally himfelf when he meant to ccnfure others. 

jSomo time after, when Horace was about twenty-fix years of 
age, Auguftus found it neceflary to make peace with Antony, 
that they might the better deftroy young Pompey their common 
enemy ; and for this end perfons were fcnt to Brundufium as 
deputies, to conclude the treaty between them. Maecenas going 
on Caefar's part, Horace, Virgil, and fome others, accompanied 
him thither : and Horace has defcribed the iourney in a moft en«* 
tertaining and humorous manner, in the fifth Satire of his firfl 
|>ook. This happened in Pollio's confuHhip, who was about 
that time writing a hiftory of the civil wars for the laft twenty 
years ; which occafioned Horace to addrpfs the firft Ode of the 
fecond book to him, and to reprefent the many inconvenience^ 
Jo which fuch a work mud neceffarily expofe him, 
** Periculofae plenum opus aleac 
TraSas, & incedis per ignes 
Suppofitoscineri dolofo:" 

jwftly imagining, it might ruin him with Auguftus, if he men» 
ttoned the true caufes of the civil war between Caefar and 
Pompey, and their motives For beginning it. Dacier, in his. 
life of Horace, feems to have fixed happily enough the time of 
his writing fome Odes and Epiftlcs, and Bcntley has gone yet 
further in the fame defign. From them it appears, that before 
he was thirty years of age, he had introduced Aimfelf to the* 
acquaintance of the moft confiderable perfons in Rome; of 
inrhich this Ode to Pollio miay furnifh a proof: for his merit 
muft have been well known, and his reputation well-eftablifhed, 
before he tould take the liberty he has there done with one of 
Pbllio's high charafter: and he was fo great a mafter in the 
fcience of men and manners, that he would not have taken it, 
if it had been in any degree improper. 

His love for retirement increafing with his age, he at laft. 
refolved upon it altogether. For fome years he was only at 
Rome in the fpring, pafling the fummer in the country, and the 
winter at Tarentum. In his retirement he gave himfelf fo en- 
tirely up to eafe, that he could not be prevailed on to undertake 
any great work, though he was ftrongly folicited to it : never, 
tbelefs, his gratitude to Auguftos calkd upon him fometimes to 

fing 



HORATIUS. »35 

fiing Ws triumphs over Pompcy and Antony, or theviftoriom 
exploits of Tiberius and Drutus* His " Cacmen fasculare" hi: 
compofed at the ^xprefs command of Auguftus; and to oblige 
him, wrote alfo the firft epiftl^ of the fecond book. That prince 
had kindly reproached him with having faid fo little of him in 
his writings; and aflced him in a letter written on f his pccafion, 
^f whether he thought it would difgra^e him with pofterity, if hp 
ihould fccm to have been intimate with him?" upon which h^ 
";iddre(red the epiftle juft mentioiied to himfo]. 

Horace embraced the Epicurean philolophy for the greateft 
part of his life; bijt at the latter end of it, feems to have kaned 
^ little towards the Stoic. He was of a cheerful temper, fond 
of cafe and libertv, and went pretty far into the gallantries of 
his times, till age ftole in upon his amours [p]. He feems now 
to have maftered his palfions, and to have lived in an undifturbe4 
and philofophical tranquillity; fo that his life in general was, 
as he defcribes it — " Secretum iter, ^ fallentis femita vitae.'* 
While he was thus enjoying the fweets of retirement, his be- 
loved friend and patron Maecenas died; and this incident is fup« 
pofed to have touched him fo fenfibly, that he did notTurvive 
it longenougli to lament him in an elegy. He had before de?» 
cl^red, upon a dangerous fit of illnefs, whiich had attacked Ma;-* 
Cenas, that \f be went, he would not ftay behind him [qj, 
, <* Illc dies utramque 

Ducet niinam: non ego perfidum 

Dixi facramentum; ibimus, ibimuS| 

Utcunque precedes, fupremum 

Carpere iter comites parati/^ 

Whether the lofs pf his friend and patron contributed to Iborteti 
hU life, or whether he was attacked by fome diAemper immediately 
filfterwards, is uncertain: but he died Nov. 17, as Maecenas did, 
according to Dk), in the beeinning of that month. This happened 
in the year of Rome 740^ in that of Horace 57, and about 
pight years before ^hrift. He was buried near Maecenas's tomb, 
and declared jn his laft words Auguftus his heir; the violence 
pf h|s d^fteqiper being fuch, that he was not able to fign his 
will. |n his pf rfon he was very (hort and corpulent, as we 
learn ffom a fragment of a letter of Auguftus's to him, prc- 
ferved in hjis life% Suetonius: where the emperor compares hiin 
to the book h« fent him, which was a little ihort thick volume. 
He was gray-haired about forty ; fubjefl to fore eyes, which made 
him ufe but little exercife; and of a conftitution probably not the 
})eit, by it$ beipg unable to iupport him to a more advanced age, 
fhough he feems to have managed it with very great care* 

[o] Hmti^yilU » §»^((^ ('} Q^ f* Lib. iv. {<| Od. 17. Lib. ii. 

Confident 



236 



HORNE. 



Confident of immortal fame from his works, ts all allow fie 
very joftly might be, he has thus cxprefled hi« indtfFerencc 
to any magnificent funeral rites, or fruitlefs forfows for his 
'rfeath, (Od. jcx. b. ii.) 

" Abfint inani funcrc nxnix 

Luftufque turpes, & qucrimonise : 

Coropcfce clamorem, ac fepulchri 
Mitte fupervacuos honores." 

** Mourn not, no friendly drops muft fall^ 

No fighs attend my funeral, 

Thofe common deaths may crave : 

Let no difgraceful grief appear. 

Nor damp my glory with a tear, 

And fpare the ufelefs honours of a grave/' 

Creech. 
HORNE (Ceorge), bifliop of Norwich, was born Nov. f , 
•1730, at Otham near Maiditone^in Kent, where his faither, the 
Rev- Samuel Home, was redorfRj. Of four fons and three 
daughters he was the fecond fon, and his education was, com- 
menced at home, under the inftrudion of his father. At thir- 
teen, having made a good proficiency, he was fent to fchool at 
Maidftone, under the Rev. Dcodatus Bye, a map of good prin- 
ciples, and at little more than fifteen, being. eleAed to a Maid- 
ftonc fcholarfliip at Univerfity-xoUege., Oxford, he went there 
to refide. He .was fo much approved at his college, that about 
the time when he took his batchelor s degree, in confequence of 
ft ftrong recommendation from that* place, he was ele^ed to a 
Kentifh fellowfhip at Magdalen. His ftudies early were directed 
'to Hebrew, and to facred literature, and by fome imimates of 
whom he had a high opinion, he was led to cortfidcr, and in pai't 
to adopt, the dodtrines of Hutchinfon. Mr. Jones, who has 
written his We,* with the ieal of a fong-tried a«kl fteady friend, 
contends that he never approved the verbal and etymological crJ- 
ticifms of that authot, but only that philofophy of nature which 
he thought dcducible from the fcriptures, and which Mr. Jones 
himfelf prefers to the principles of Newton. ' It will be bed to 
give the account of this author in his own words. 
• " It has been hinted to me, that Dr. Home had embraced a 
fort of philofophy in the early part of his life, which hd fdurid 
yeafon to give up towards the latter end of it. Before it can be 
judged how far this may be true, a neccflary diftinftron is to be 
made. I do not recolle£l that his writings any where difcovcr a 

!)rdfeffed attachment to the Hebrew criticifms of Mr- Hqtchiil- 
on i and I could prove abundantly from bis private letters lb 

[n] JMcTslittttf Hcfraci ^, r79j, • • • ^^ 

myfclf 



r 



HORNE. «37 

Bftjrfelir,* that he was no friend to the ufe of fijch eviilence, cither 
in philofophy or divinity ; but that he ever renounced or di(bc- 
fieved that philofophy, which alTerts the true agency oi nature^ 
and the refpeftive ufes of the elements^ or that he did not always 
admire, and fo far as he thought it prudent, infift'upon it, and 
recomniend it, is not true [si. "' The biographer then proceeds 
to explain what Dr. Home did believe; and fo far as his opinions 
tended only to aifert in natural philofophy the agency of an athe- 
tial fluid, or fome material caufe in producing gravity and other 
attraftions, we conceive that they were juft, and coincident with 
what has been conjeftured at leaft, if not proved, by the New- 
tonians of the prefent day. But if he proceeded to a fuppofed 
analogy between materia! and immaterial things, ^^nd compared 
the agency of the Son and Holy Ghoft to that of light and air 
in the natural world, it wUl furely be thought that he went (with 
his moil refpeSable and pious encomiaft) upon very nncertain 
and fanciful, not to fay, prefumptuotfs grounds j which, with the 
iitmoft efteem both for^him and the able writer in queftion^ we 
think it neceffary to fugecft. 

Whatever, in thcfc i^eculative points, the opinions of Mr, 
Home might be, there is no doubt that he was, both now and 
throughout his life, a good and valuable man^ a fincere chriilian 
in thought and in aAion, and finally, in aU refpedls worthy of 
the preferment he obtained. Some of his earlieft publications 
confided, however, of attacks upon the Newtonian, and de- 
fences of the Hutchinfonian fyftem of phyfiology, as will be 
feen when we enunierate his works. After a due ajtid (ludious 
preparation fop orders, Mr, Home was admitted to them at 
Oxford, on IVinity Sunday, I753> and foon after preached his 
firft {sfinon for his friend Jones, at Finedon in Northampton- 
fliire* A ihott latnc after, he preached in London with fuch fuc- 
cefs, that a pei-fon, eminent himfelf for the fame talent, pro- 
n^KUHred him, without exception, the bcft. preacher in England. 

Mr. Home, as he proceeded in life, was foinetimes attacked 
as an Hutdiinfohian, and took «p the pen occafionally in jufti- 
ftcalion of himfelf a&d others. He entered into the controverfy 
about collating the Hebrew text, and took his part againft Dr*. 
Kennicott. About the year 1756, he had planned and begun to 
execute his Commentary on the Pfalms, whith he had not com* 
pleted and publiibcd till twenty years after. It was a work in 
which he always proceeded with pleafure, but on which he do** 
lightad to dwell aod meditate. The charafler-and conduct of 
Mr. Home were fo much app-roved Tn the college to which he 
bel«m^, that on a vaci^iey happening in the year 1768, he was 
defied pi^fident of that foeicty. Nearly at the fattie time he 

\ • 1 I married 



»3« 



HORNS. 



married the daugtiier of Philip Burton^ efq; of Eltham in Ktntf 
by M^hom he hacHhree daughters. The public fituation of Mr* 
Home now made it prrper for him to proceed to the degree of 
doAor in divinity ; and be was alfo appointed one of the chaplains 
to the king* In 1776^ Dr. Home was ek£led vice-chancellor 
of the univerfity of Ojiford, which office he held for the cuf-^ 
tomary period of four years* In this fituation be became known 
to lora Norths thechanceUor» and thus> it is probable, prepared 
the way to his fubfequent elevation. In 1781, the very year 
aifter the expiration of his office^ he was made dean of Canter^ 
bury, when he would willingly have relinquiihed his cares at 
Oxford, to reflde altogether in his native county of Kent ; but 
yielded to the judgement of a prudent friend who advifed him to 
letain his lltuation at Magdalep. In 1789, on the tranflation 
of bifliop Bagot to St. Afaph, Dr. Home was advanced to the 
f pifcopal^ dignity, and fucceeded him in the fee of Norwich. 
Unhappily, though he was no more than fifty*nine, he had 
alxeady begun to fuSer much from infirmities. ** Alas!" faid 
he, obfervii.g the large flight of fteps which lead into the palace 
of Norwich, " I am come to thefe fteps at a time of life when I 
can neither go up them, nor down them with fafety." It hap- 
pened confequently, that the church could not long be benefited 
by his piety and zeal. Even the charge which he compofed for 
bis primary vifitation at Norvvich, he was unable to deliver^ and 
it was printed *^ as intended to have been delivered." From two 
vifits to Bath he bad received fenfible benefit, and was meditate 
ing a third in theatiiumn of I79[» which he had been requeued 
aot to delay too long. ' He did, however, delay it too long, and 
was vifited by a paralytic itroke on the road to that place. He 
completed his journey, though very ill; and for a Oiort time 
vt^s fo far recovered as to wsuk daily to the pump-room ; but the 
hopes of bis friends and family were of ihort duration, for, on 
the 17th of January, 1792, in the 62d year of hi$ age, his death 
afforded an edifying example of chriftian refignation and hope ;, 
and he was buried at Eltham in Kent, with a commendatory 
but very juft epitaph, which is alfo put up in the cathedral at 
Norwich. 

It cannot often fall to the lot of the biographer to record ^ 
man fo blamelefs ia character and cpndud as bifliop Home* 
Whatever might be hjs peculiar opinions on fome points, he 
was undoubtedly a fii^cere and exemplary chriftian; and. as a 
fcholar, a writer, and a preacher, a man of no ordinary quali* 
fications. The cheerfulnefs of his difpofition is often marked by^ 
the vivacity of his writings, and the goodnefs of his heart if 
every where confpicuous in them. So far was he froip any tine** 
fure of covetoufncfs, that he laid up nothing from his prefer- 
xsicDXs in the chusch. If be wasno lo&r at the year's end he was 

perfedly 



HORNE. 239 

perfe£lly iktkfied. What he gave awajr was beftoweif with Co 
much fecrefy, that it was fuppofed by lorne perfonsto be little; 
but^ after his death/ when the penficniersy to whom he had been 
^ conftaat benefador, rofe up to look about them for fome other 
ifupporty it began to be known who, and how many they were* 
The works of biihoj) Home amount to a good many articles, 
^ which we fliali notice in chronological order, i. ** The The- 
ology and Philofophy in Cicero's Somnium Scipionis explained ; 
or a brief attempt to demonftrate that the Newtonian Syftem is 
fttk&ly agreeable to the notions of the wifeft Ancients, and 
that mathematical Principles are the only fur^ ones," 8vo, Lond. 
1751. 2. ^' A fair, candid, and impartial State of the Cafe 
between Sir Ifaac Newton and Mr* Hutchinfon," &c. 8vo, 
Oxford, 1753- 3* ^' Spicileguim Sbuckfordianum ; or aNofe* 
gay for the Cfritics," &c. i2mo, Lond. 1754. 4. " Chrift and 
the Holy Ghofi the fupporters of the fpiritual Life,".&c. two 
fermons preached before the univerfity of Oxford, 8vo, 1755* 

5. ** The Almighty juftified in Judgement," a fermon, 1756, 

6. *' An Apology for certain Gentlenien in the Uniyerfity of 
Oxford, afperfed in a late anonymous Pamphlet," 8vo, 1756. 

7. " A View of Mr. Kennicott's Method of correSling the 
Hebrew Text," &c. 8vo. Oxford, 1760. 8. *^ Coniideratioiis 
on the Life and Death of St. John the Baptift," 8vo, Oxfoid, 
.1772* This.pleafing tra£l contained the fubftance of fe^verai 
fermons preached annually at Magdalen-college in Oxford, the- 
courfe of which had commenced, in I755« A fecond edition in 
I2mo, was publiihed at Oxford in I777» 9* ^^ Confiderations 
on the projeded Reformation of the Church of England. In. a 
Letter to the RightHon. Lord North. By a Clergyman," 4to, 
London, 1772. xo. " A Commentary on the.Book of Pfalms," 
&c. &c. 4to, Oxford, 2 vols. 1776. Reprinted in 8vo, in 1778, 
and three times (ince. With what fatisfa£lion this good man 
compo&d this pious work, .may beft be jiuiged from the follow^ 
ing paflTage in his preface. ** Could the author flatter himfelf 
that any one would have half the pleafure in reading the f5lbw« 
ing expofition, which he hath had in writing it, he. would not 
fear the lofs of his labbur. The employment detached hitn 
from the buftle and hurry of life, the din of politics, and the 
noife of folly. Vanity and vexation flew away for a feafon, 
care and difquietude came not near his dwelling. He arofe 
freih as the -morning to his talk; the filence of the- night invited 
him to purfue it; and he can truly fay that food and reft wex9 
mot preferred before it. Every pfaim improved infinitely on his 
acquainiance with it, and no one gave him uneafmefs but the lail ; 
for then he grieved that his work was done. Happier hours 
than thofe which have been fpent in thefe meditations* on the 
ibngs of Sion,.he never expcQ^^JU^t^ ia,.tiu| world. Vecy 

pleafantly 



24o H O R N E C K. 

prefently did they ptfs, ^nd move fmoothly and fwiftly $Xong% 
fpr when thiis engaged he counted no time. They are gone, ^t 
have left a reVifh and a fragrance on the mind, and the remetfi'^ 
brance of them is fwcet." ii. "A Letter to Adam Smith, 
LL. D. on the Life, Death; and Philofophy of David Hume, 
efq. By one of the People called Chriftians," i2mo, Oxford, 
1777. • 12. ** Dif<;ourfes on feverar SubjeSs and Occafions,** 
ft vols. 8vo, Oxford, 1779. Thcfe fetmons have gone through 
five editions. 13. ** Letters on Infidelity," i2mo, Oxford, 
1784. 14. " The Duty of contending for the Faith," Jude, 
ver. 3. preached at' the primary Vifitation of the moft Reverend 
John Lord Archbifhop of Canterbury, July t, 1786. To which 
is fubjoined, a Difcourfc on the Trinity in Unity, Matth. 
xxviii. 19." 4to, 1786. Thefe fermons, with fourteen others 
preached on particular occafions, and all publiflied feparately, 
ivere collefted into one volume, 8vo, at Oxford, in 1795- The 
two have alfo been publiOied in i2mo, by the fociety for pro-, 
motine Chriftian Knowledge, and are among the books diitri- 
butcd bvthat fociely, 15. " A Letter^to the Rev. Dr. Prieftley, 
by an Undergraduate," Oxford, 1787. 16. " Obfervations 
oh the Cafe of the Proteftant Diflenters, with Reference to 
the Corporation and Teft A£ls/' 8vo, Oxford, 1790. 17. 
'* Charge intended to have been delivered to the Clergy of 
Norwich, at the primary Vifitation," 4to, 1791. 18. ** Dif- 
courfes on feveral Sybjefls and Occafions," 8vo, vol. 3, and 4, 
Oxford, 1 794;. a pofthumous publication. The four volumes 
Jiave fince-been rep ri n te d in an -umferm^edttion. Befides thefe, 
tntght be enumerated feveral occafional papers in different peri*^ 
odical publications,, but particularly the papers figned Z. in the 
*' Olla Podrida," a periodical work, condu£ked by Mn T. 
Monro, then batchelor of arts, and a demy of Magdalen*coU 
lege, Oxford. But We leave thefe particulars to be fp^cified by 
thofe who (hall write the life of the venerable bifliop on a larger 
fcale. 

HORNECK (Dr. Anthony}, an Englifli divine, was born 
at Baccharack, a town in the Lower Palatinate, in 1641 fr]. 
His father was recorder or fecretary of that town, a ft rift Pro- 
teftant ; and the doftor was brought up in the fame manner, 
though fome, we find, afferted that he was originally a Papift* 
He was defigned for the (acred miniftry from his birth, and firft 
fent to Heidelberg, where he ftudied divinity under Spanheim, 
afterwards profe(u)r at Leyden. When he was nineteen, he 
ca|ne"over to England, and was entered of Queen's-college, in 
Oxford, Dec. 1063; of which, by the intereft of Barlow, then 
J^rQvoft of that college, and afterwards bifliop of Lincoln, he 

£t] i4i if Ifalipftk i)f iMfluip Kiddo, p. 3. . 

was 



iras mide <jhapJahi fotJii aftfef ftis adifiidiofi. He was irtcohJ)(^ 
rated M. A. frntn the ttttivfefffty of Witferhbeig, Dec. iwj; 
and not long after made view or Atlhallows ih Oxford, ft living 
in the gift of Lincoln-college. Here he cohfihued twd years, 
*nd was then taken into the family of the duke of Albemarle; 
in quality 6f tutor tb his foh lord Torrington. The duke pre- 
fetited him to the re<ftory of Doulton in Devonfhire, and pro- 
cured him alfo a pre'bend in the ch«fch of iDititf.^ Ih 1089, 
before he married, he tvcnt tiver into Germany to lee hi^ fVlends, 
where he was much ^mired as a preacher, and \yas entertained 
with graat refpeft at the court of the eledor Palatine. At hiS 
return in 1671, he was chofen preacher in the Savoy, where hfe 
continued to officiate till he died. This however was but poor 
maintenance, the falary being fmall as well as precarious, and 
he continued in mean circumftances for fome years after the 
^Revolution \ till, as Kidder fays> it pteafed God to raife up a friend, 
who conctmed himfelf on his behalf, namely, the lord admiral 
Ruifel, afterwards earl of Orfbrd. Before he went to fea, lord 
RuiTel waited on the queen to take leave ; and when he was with 
her, begged of her, that (he " would be pleafed to beftow fome 
preferment on Dr. Horneck." The queen told him, that flife 
*• could not at prefent think of any way of preferring the do£tor ;*' 
and with thig anfwer the admiral was difmifled. Some time after, 
the queen related what had parted to archbifhop Tillotfon ; and 
addcd> that fhe ** was anticrus left the admiral fhould think 
her too unconcerned oft the dolor's behalf." Confulting with. 
him therefore what was to be done, Tillotfon advifed her ta 
promife him the nejtt prebend of Weilniinfter that fliould happen 
to become void. Thfe the queen did, and lived to make good 
her word In 1693/ In 1681, he had commenced D. D.' at Cam- 
bridge, and was afterwards made chaplain to king William and 
qtieen Mary. His prebend at Exeter lying at a great diftance 
from him, he refigned it: and Sept. 1694, was admitted to it 
prebend in the church of Wells, to which he Was prefented b^ 
KkMer, biftiop of Bath and Wells. It was no very profitable 
thing ; a'nd if It had beeny he would havfe enjoyed but little of 
it, firice he died fo foon afier as Jan. 1696, and in his 56th yeaj-*. 
His body being operfed, it appeared at once what was the c^auft 
of hii death. Both his ureters were flopped; the one by a ftone 
that entered the top of the ureter with a fharp end ; the uppet 
jpart of which was thick, and much too large to enter any far- 
ther ^ ttte other by (tones of much lefs firmnefs and confiftence. 
He Was interred in Weftminfter-abbey, where a monument, 
with an hiandfome infcription upon it, wa^ erdited to his m^v. 
m^rvi 

He was, fays Kidd^ri a man of very good k^ing, and ha'd 
f bod fkill in th« languages. He Had applied InmUtf to the 

Vol. VIII. R . Arabic 



S4a HORNECK, 

Arabic from his youth, and retained it to his death* He hadF 
great (kill in the Hebrew likewife ; nor was his (kill limited t<»- 
the Biblical Hebrew only, but he was alfo a great mafter in the 
Rabbinical. He was a moft diligent and indefatigable reader 
of the Scriptures in the original languages: << ^cras literal 
tra£lavit indefeffo ftudio,'^ fays his tutor Spanheim of hini ; and 
adds, that he was then of an elevated wit, of which he gave a 
fpecimen ii> 1659, ^Y publicly defending ** A Diflertation upon 
the Vow of Jephthah concerning the facrifice of his Daughter.** 
He had great (kill in ecclefiaftical hiftory, in controverHal and 
cafuillical divinity; and it is faid, that few men were fo fre* 
qucntly confulted in cafes of confcience as Dr. Horneck. As 
to his padoral care in all its branches, he is fet forth as one of 
the greatefl; examples that ever lived'. ^^ He had 'the zeal, the 
fpirit, the courage of John the Baptift," fays Kidder, ** and 
durd reprove a great man; and perhaps that man lived not, 
that vvas more confcientious in this matter. I very well knew 
a great man," fays the bi(hop, *' and peer of the realm, from 
whom he had juil expedations of preferment ; but this was fo 
far from flopping his mouth, that he reproved him to his face,, 
upon a very critical affair. He miffed of his preferment indeed, 
bat faved his own foul. This freedom," continues the goocf 
bifhop, *^ made his acquaintance znd friendfhip very defirable by 
every good man, that would be better. He would in him be 
very fure of a friend, that would not fuffer fin upon him* I 
may fay of him, what Pliny fays of Corellius Rufus, whofe 
death he laments^ ' ami(i mese vitas teftem^ &c.' ' I have lofl 
a faithful witnefs of my life ;' and may add what he faid upon 
that occafion to his friend Calvifius, ' vereor ne negligentius 
vivam,' * 1 am afraid* left for the time to come I (hould live 
more carelefsly," 

He vvas the author of fermons, and many works of the reli- 

fious kind ; but befides thefe, he tranllated out of German into 
Inglifh, " A wonderful Story or Narrative of certain Swedifh 
Writers," printed in Glanvil's " Sadducifmus Triumphatus ;" 
in the fecond edition of which book is a ** Preface to the Won- 
derful Story," with an addition of a ^* new Relation from Swe- 
den," tranllated by him out of German. He tranllated likewife 
from French into Englifh, ** An Antidote again ft a carelefs 
IndiiFerency in Matters of Religion ; in Oppofitioi> to thofe 
who believe that all Religions are alike, and that it imports not 
what Men profefs." This was printed at London in 1693, 
with an Introdudion written by himfelf. He collefted and 
publifhed " Some Difcourfes, Sermons, and Remains of Mr.. 
Jofeph Giahvn," in 168 1. He wrote likewife, in conjunction 
rwith Dr. Gilbert Burnet, " The laft Confeflion, Prayers, and 
Mediutions of Lieutenant John Stern, delivered by him on the 

Cart, 



HORROX. Z43 

Cart, immediately before his Execution, to Dr. Burnet* to- 
gether with the laft Confeflion of George Boroflcy, figned by 
him in the Prifon, and fealed up in the Lieutenant's racquet. 
With which an Account is given of their Deportment, both in 
the Prifon, and at the Place of their Execution, which was in 
the Pall-mall, on the loth of March, in the fame place in which 
they had murdered Thomas Thynne, Efq; on the I2th of Fe- 
bruary before, in i68i/' This was publiftied at £ondon, in 
folio, 1682. 

HORNI US (George), profeflTor of hiftory at Leyden, was 
born in the Palatinate, and died at Leyden in 1670, He was 
a little maniacal towards the end of his life; which diforder was 
fuppofed to be occafioned by the lofs of 6000 florins, he had 
entrufted with an alchemift at the Hague. His chief works are, 
I. " Hiftoria Ecclefiaftica-ad ann. 1666." This has been well 
cfteemed. 2. '' De Originibus Americanis, 1652," 8vo. 3- 
** Geographia Vetus & Nova." 4. " Orbis Politicus.** 5. 
Hiftoria Philolbphix," in feven books, 4to, 1655. He was a 
man of vaft reaKling, rather than great parts. - 

HORROX (Jeremiah), an Englifh aftronomer, and me- 
morable for being the firft, from the beginning of the world, 
who had obferved the paflage of Venus over the Sun's diflc, was 
born at Toxteth in Lancafhire, about 16 19 [u]. From ^ fchool 
in the' country, where he acauired grammar-learning, he was 
fent to Emanuel-college in Cambridge, and there fpent fome 
time in academical ftudies. About 1633, he began with real 
earneftnefs to ftudy aftronomy : but living at that time with his 
father at Toxteth, in very moderate circumftances, and being 
deftitute of books and other afliftances for the profecution of 
this ftudy, he could not make any confiderable progrefs. He 
fpent fome of his firft years in ftudying the writings of Lanf- 
bergius, of which he repented and complained afterwards; neg- 
leding in the mean time the more valuable and profitable works 
of Tycho Brahe, Kepler, and other excellent aftronomers. In 
1636, he contrafted an acquaintance with Mr. William Crab- 
tree of Broughton near Manchefter, and was engaged in the 
fame ftudies ; but living at a confiderable diftance from each 
other, they could have little correfpondence except by letters, 
Thefe, however, they frequently exchanged, communicating 
their obfervations to one another ; and they fometimes confulted 
Mr. Samuel Fofter, profeflbr of aftronomy at Grefham-college 
in London. Horrox, having now obtained a companion in his 
ftudies, aflumed new fpirits. rrocuring aftronomicai inftruments 
and books, he applied himfelf to make obfervatiotis ; and by 
Crabtree's advice,^ laid afide Lanibergius, whofe tahl^ he found 

[t] WallU*s EpiftoU Nuncupatoik, prefixed to Hetrax^s Op«tt FsftbmiMb 

" Rz crroncou% 



144 H O R S L E Y. 

* 

erroneous) tnd his hypothrfes iheotiftftent. He was ptirfuiing 
kii ftudiei with great vigour and'Aiccefs, when he wafr cut off 
by a fudden death, Jan. 3, 1640-1. 

What wc have of his wriiings is fuflScient to (bew, how treat 
t. lofs the world had of hira. He had juft finiflicd his " Venus 
in Sble vifa^" a Htde before his death. He made his obferva- 
Xx0i^s upon this new and extraordinary phenomenon at Hool 
Irtaf. LivcPj>QQl ; but they • did not appear till 1662, when 
Hcvelius publiihed them at Dantzick, with fome worJles of his 
•wn, under this title, " Mercurius in Sole vifiiy Geibni anno 
i66i, Maij^, cum aliis quibufdam rerum coeleftium obferva- 
tionibus rarifque phaenomenis» Cui annexa ed Venus in Sole 
fariter vtfa anno 1639, Nov. 24, &c " Befidcs this work he 
had begua another, in which hepropofed thefe two tilings: firft, 
K> refute Lanfbergius's hypothefes, and to (hew, how inconfift- 
ent tbey.were with each other and tlic heavens; and, fecondlyi 
to draw up a new fyftemof aftronomy, agreeably to the heavens, 
from his own obfervations and thofe of others; retaining for 
the moft part the Keplerian hypothefes, but changing, the num- 
bers 2is obfervations required. Wallis, from whofe " Epiftola 
Nuncupatoria" we have extraSed thefe memoirs of Horrox, 
publiAed fbme of his papers in 1673, under the title of ** Opera 
Fofthtima :" others were cairied into Ireland by his brother 
Jonas H^rox, who had purfuod the fjime iludiesy and died 
there, by which means they were loft: and others came into 
the bands of Mr. Jeremiah Shakerly,^ who, by the aiSftance 
0f diem, formed his ^^ Britifb Tables/' publtihed at London in 
1653: which laft papers, after Shakerfy's voyage to the Eaft- 
Indies, where he died^ are iaid to have remained in the poifef- 
ffon of a bodcfeJler, till they were deftroyed by the great fire at 
London in 1666* 

HORSLEY (John), author of a very learned and excellent 
work, entitled, *^ Britannia Romana," by which only he is 
known, is fuppofed to have been a native of Northumberland, 
where,, at a village called Loi»g^Horfley,. near Morpeth, the 
family, in all probabi'lity, originated. This parent (toek, if 
(vtch it was, ia now UA in the Withertngtons, by the marrii^e 
of the heirefs of Long-Horfley, about the middle of this cen- 
tury > with. a perfdn of that name. We know only of two other 
branches; oi» fefttkdi in.Yoricfhire, the other in the Weil, frotn 
which la^bteT) w^ underifamd the prefent karned bifht^ of Esot 
cheftec to.tnnw fprung[u]: but the.faranchefi have been fo tong 

[u] I?r. Pficftlj^, vAth bis ofi?M acco- fetW Was. indeed a dHTentefi h^t not a 

racy of hi(lorical aflertlQn» has fai4. tlut jniniAei: j tKe father ch»nge4 voluntarUy* 

the Ather aftd grandfatli^bf the hithbp^ v^ItK Mkcfdox, aftfervWrd? bflta>p of W(»« 

Were dilTenting aiinifters. The truth is, ccfter, in early youth, and the grandfather, 

that the: £ttHtar oi ttit failhap was a clei^-i kibe 'n UStf aoosdei aif0' i« our commu- 

a)aa of the cl^urch of Englandi bis graodr aioi^ 

• ' feparated 



H O R S T f U S. i4j 

(tptrattdy that they caniiot trac« their relatipnfhip td etichcyfhear* 
}ohn Horftey was educated in the pqbJic grannmar-fchaol at Nen^*. 
caftle, wad afterwards in Scotland, where he took a <ile;^ee; h^ 
was finally fettJed at Morpeth » and is Aiid, in Hutdiia&Ni'l 
view of Northumberland [kJ, to have been paftor to ^ diffenting 
congregation in that place. The fame author adds, frona Kan*- 
dall's tnanufcripts, that he 4ied in I73?» whioh was the (aiav 
year in which hi6 great work appeared; but the Umiti is, as 
we learn from the journals of the time, that hie died Dec. n^ 
i73f ; a fliort time before the publication of his book. He wai 
a fellow of the Royal Society. A few lette/s from him ,t0 Roger 
Gale, efq; on antiquarian fubjedls, are inferted in Uutchinfon'^ 
book [y] : they are all dated in 1729. His " Britadfuaia Roman**^ 
givds a lull and learned account of the remains and veftiges of 
the Romans in Britain. It is divided into three hooks; the firil 
containing '* the Hiftory of all the Roman TraftfaSians in Bri*. 
tain, with an account of their legionary and auxiliary force! 
employed here, and a Determination of the Sution^^fr Iineavi 
vaIU\ alfo a large Defcription of the Roman Walk, With Maps 
of the fame, laid down from a geometrical SurVey," Thf 
fecond book contains, " a complete Colle<5tiori oi the Roman 
Infcriptions and Sculptures, which have hitherto been difcb* 
vered in Britain, with the Letters engraved in their proper 
ihape, and proportionate fize, and the reading placed under 
each ; as alfo an hiftorical account of them, with explanatory 
and critical obfervations." The third book contains, ** the 
Roman Geography of Britain, in which are given the originalf 
of Ptolemy, Antonini Itinerarium, the Notitia, the anonymous 
Ravennas, and Peutinger's Table, fo far as they, relate to this 
Ifland, with particular EiTays on each of thofe ancient Authors^ 
and the feveral Places in Britain mentioned by^thcm," with ta- 
bles, indexes, &:c. Such is the author's own account in his title-- 
page ; and the learned of all countries have teftified that the 
accuracy of the execution has equalled the excellence of the plan. 
HORSTIUS (James), an eminent phyfician, was born ait 
Torgau in 1537 ; and took the degree of M. D. in the univerfity 
of Frankfort on the Oder, in 1562. He was offered the placq 
of public phyfician in feveral places ; and he exercifed it fuc* 
eeifively at Sagan and Suidnitz in Silefia, and at Iglaw in Mo- 
ravia, till 1580, when he was made phyfician in ordinary to the 
airchduke of Auftria: and four years after, quitting that place,' 
he was promoted to the medical profefforfhip in the univerfity of 
Hclmftadt, The oration he delivered at his inftaHation, ♦* De 
remoris diicentium medicinara & earum lemediis^' that is, 
^ Of the Diftculties which attend the Study of Phyfic, and thte 
Means to r^pipv^ them^" is a very good one f^ and prin^ with 

[?J Vol. ii. ^ S99i. {»] At Vol. i. p. 49,4«> * ^^ 



24^ 



H O R S T I U S. 



his *• Epiftola Philorophicae & Medicinales, Lipf. 1 596 [x],"8vo. 
Upon cnterii g on this poft, hediflineuinied himfelf by one ob* 
fcrvancc, which was thought a great lingularity: he joined devo- 
tion to the praftice of phyfic. He always prayed to God to blefs 
his prefcriptions ; and he publifhed a form of prayer upon this 
fubjefl, which he prefented to the univerfity. It is eafy to 
conceive, that no book of devotion ever fold worfe than this, 
tvhich Hofftius toinpofed for the ufe of phyficians: it muft, 
however, be obferved to their honour, that feveral of them gave 
him thanks for publifhing thefe prayers, and confeflcd that their 
art flood very much in need of God's afliftance. He acquitted 
himfelf worthily in his funfiions, and publifhed fome books, 
which kept up the reputation he had already acquired. It muft 
not be diflembled, that he publifhed a " Dilfertation upon the 
Golden Tooth of a Child in Silefia ;** concerning which he dif- 
fered himfelf to be egregioufly impofed upon. This golden 
tooth was a thorough impofture, contrived for the fake of getting 
money ; and Van Dale has related in what manner the cheat was 
difcovered, Horftius, in the mean time, took it for a great 
prodigy, which ought to be a comfort to thofe Chriflians, who 
were opprefTed by the Turks ; as certainly foreboding the down* 
fal of the Ottoman empire. He was not, however^ the only 
one who made himfelf ridiculous by writing about this golden 
tooth ; others did the fame : and they may ferve as a leffon of 
raiition to the curious enquirers into nature, to make themfelves 
fure of the real exiftence of things, before they attempt to ex- 
plain their caufes. Horftius's diflertation Was publifhed at 
Leipfic in 1595, 8vo, with another piece of his writing, " Dc 
^oSambulis," or ** Concerning thofe who walk in their 
fleep." 

He died about i6co. He married Kis firft wife in 1562, by 
whom he had ten children ; and lofing her in 1585, he married a 
fecond two years after. If the religion of this phyfician had 
been hfs tindlured with fuperftition, and his philofophy lefs cr&r 
riulous, he would have efcaped fome ridicule. 

HORSTIUS (George), nephew of the preceding, gained 
fuch a reputation in the praSice of phyfic, that he was ufually 
called the iEfculapius of Germany. He was born at Torgau in 
1578 [a], admitted M. A. at Wittemberg in 1601, and M. D. 
at Bafil in l6c6. He was profeflbr of phyfic in feveral places, 
and at laft, in 1622, accepted the place of firft phyfician to the 
•city of Ulm, which he held as long as he lived. He took 
a wife in 1615, and loft her in 1634. He married a fecond in 
June, 1635, and died of the gout in Auguft, 1636. He pub- 
lifhed many books, fome upon ufeful, fome upon curious fub- 
jeds,. which hav^ been much efteemed. Among thefe were, 

[s] liftdeniiu RcnoT^tus, p. 485, Fa] Idndenlas Kenoratua, p. 359. 

" D« 



HORTENSIUS. 247 

^ Dc tucnda fanitate, 1648," i2mo. ** Dc tucnda fanitate 
iludioforum & literatorum, 1648," i2tno. ** De caufi^ fimi- 
litudmis & diiGmilitudinis in foetu, refpedu parentum^ &c. 
1619," 4to. ^ DiiTe'rtatio de natura amoris, addkis refolu* 
tionibus de cura furoris amatoriiy de philtrts, at^e de pulfu 
amantium, 161 1," 410, &c. Befides two daughters, he left fouf 
fons by his firft Mrife ; three of whom wer^ phyficians, the other* 
an apothecary. Two of the phyficians, John-Danki, and Gre- 
gory, were alfo authors. 

HORTENSIUS (Quintus), a Romsm orator, the coHtem* 
porary and rival of Cicero, fo far his fenior, that he was an 
eftabliflied pleader fome time before the appearance ©f the 
latter. He pleaded his firft caufe at the age of .nineteen, in the 
confulflii'p of L, Licinius Craflus, and Q. Mutius Scevola, 94 
years before the Chriftian sra, Cicero being then in his twelfth 
year. This early effort was crowned with great fuccefs, and he 
continued throughout hiisHfc a very favourite orator. His ene- 
mies, however, reprefented hts^aSion as extravagant, and gave 
him the name of Horien^^ from a celebrated dancer of that 
time. He proceeded alfo in the line of public honours, was mili- 
tary tribune, praetor, and, in the year 68, A. C. conful, together 
with Q. Caecilius Metellus. He was an eminent member of 
the college of augurs, and was the perfon who elefted Cicero 
into that body, being fw«rn to prefent a man of proper dignity. 
fiy him alfo Cicero was there, inaugurated, for which reafon,^ 
iays that author, it was my duty to regard him as a parent* 
He died in the year 49 A. C. and Cicero, to whom the news of 
that event was brought when he was at Rhodes, in his return 
from Cilicia, has left a moft eloquent eulogy and lamentation 
upon him, in the opening of his celebrated treatife on orators^ 
entitled Brutus. " I confidered him," fays that writer, " not, 
as many fuppofed, in the light of an adverfary, or one who 
robbed me of any praife, but, as a companion and fharer in my 
glorious labour. It was miach more honourable to have fuch an 
opponent^ than to ftand unrivalled ; more efpecially as neither 
his career was impeded by me, nor mine by him ; but each, on the 
contrary, was always ready to aflift the other by communication, 
advice, and kindnefs.'* If, however, Cicero was fincere in his 
attachment, it was furmifed that Hortenfius was not, and this 
is even infinuated in one of the epiftles of Cicero. Hortenfius 
amafled ^reat wealth, but lived at the fame time in a fpfendid 
and liberal rnanner ; and it is faid that at his death his cellars 
were found ftocJced with 10,090 hogfteads of wine. His ora* 
tions have all perifhed^ but it was the opinion of Quintillian, 
that they did not in perufal anfwer to the fame he obtained by 
fpeaking them. Hortenfius muft have been fixty-four at the 
time of his death. 

R4 HORTEN* 



24^ 



HOSPIKIAN. 



. HOETENWUS {L^umr), g phiWng^r, « writer of 
v^rfeiy ^nd a hiildrian^ His rtal n%nn« is unknown ; be took 
tluU of Hortetifiut^ eiehef bcc9ufe his father wsa ^ gai^deitcf , or 
because bis bmily namo fignified gardener. . He wga bofn at 
Mootf<wrt, in the tenitor)? of Utrecht, in the year isox, *nd. 
ftudied At Lauvain. Hoptenfius was for kv^r4 yearsi re<3i^r e^f 
the ichool at Naardefiy and when that city \ya9 taken in the year 
157^, he would have fallen a fi^crifice to the military fury, bad 
he not been preferved by the gratitude of one who. had been his 
pupiU His death hapfened. at Naarden, in 1577- There are 
QXtant by him, beGdes fatires, epithalaoiia) and other Latia. 
poems» tie following works: i. Seven books, ** De bello Gerr 
Qcianicoi^" under Charles V. 8vo. 2. ** De tumuUu Anabaptifr 
Utruna," folio, 3, ** De Seceifionibus Ultrajadinia," folio. 
4, Comoientariea on the fix firlt books of the ^neidy and 
on Luc^Q. 5. Notes on four Comedies of Ariitophanos. 

HOaiUS (Stanislaus), cardinal, was born at Cracow in 
Poland, in 1503^ of low parents, but being well educated, was, 
dfter taking his degrees, fo much diftinguiihed, as to he ad- 
mitted into the PoliOi fenate. He was here.diftinguilhed by the 
aciitenefs .of his genius, the retentivene£s of his memory^ and 
other accomplifhrnents mental and perfonal ; and was advanced 
fiices^ely to the places of Secretary to the kiog, canon of 
Cracow, biihop of Culm, and biihop of WarnDria. He wa$ 
jjuxt.by.the pope Pius IV. to engage tha emperot Eerdinaiadto 
continqe tho council of Trent, and the en^eror was (o cbarnaed 
ivith. his eloquence and addrefs thai he gra&ied- whatever ho 
s^ed. Pius thfio made him a cardinal, and employed htm aa 
bifi Ittgattt, IQ open and prefide at the oounciL HdGus was a 
jealous advocate for the Komilh chii(ch» and defended k ably 
botk in fp^Qches and writings ; the latter of which amounted to- 
t«ira folio vohimes, and were often printed di:uing his life. He 
died in the year I57<;^ at the age of 7$, and was buried in the 
chuirch of St. Lawrence, from which he took his title as car- 
dinal. By his will he left his library to the univerfity of Cracow, 
with an annual fum to provide tor its fupport and increafe* 
Among his works, the chief are, i. '< Confeffio Catholicae fidei ;'* 
faid to have been reprinted, in vau^ious languages, thirty- four ximea. 
a» ^* De Comnnunione fub utraque fpecic.'-' 3. ". De fecerdo* 
tttmconjugio.*' 4.. *^ De Mi ifi vulgar i Jiiigua celebnmda^'* £ec. 
^ia works wen firft colleAively publifked at Cologne in ^sS^* 

HOSPINIAN (RoDOi^^HUsJ, a learned Swifs writer^ who 
fesidered prodigioua fendoe to the Proteftant caufe, was born al 
Aitdoif ne^ Zurich, wheiie iue &ther was mimfter, in 1547 
[9]. He began bis ftudies at Zurich, ui^der -the disei^ion oi 

[b] Bayle's Dia. 

. ~ tWolfius, 



H0SfPINJAN; «4^ 

Wolfius, hia unick by hii moAer^ liife; and made a vaft pro-' 
gre(&. Lofing his father in 1563, he found an affedJonate ' 
patron in hia god£8t;her Rodolplvas Guaherus. He left Zurichr 
ih IS^5» ii* order to vifit the other u-niverGties ; and fpent 
foone time in Marpurg and Heidelberg. He was afterwards 
f Eecall«d, and re<;eived into the miniftiy in 1568, and the year 

after t<X)k a wife, by whoni he had fourteen children j nev^rthe-. 
lefs, when fh^ died in 161 2, he married a fecond. They wer© 
both good women, and made him very happy. The fame yeai* 
alfo, 15^9, he obtained the freedona of the city; and was made 
proviforof the abbey fchool in 1571. Though his fchool and 
his cure engroffcd £b much of his time, he had yet the courage 
to undertake a noble work of vaft extent : and that was, <* An 
Hiftory of the Errors of Popery." He confidcFcd, that tho 
Papifts> when defeated by the holy Scfiptures, had recourfe t<» 
tradition; were for ever boafting of their antiquity, anddefpi(fed 
Ac proteftants for being modern. To «feprive them of this plea^ 
he was determined to fcarch into the rife and pr^^refs of th« 
Popifti rites and ceremonies; and to examine by what gradations 
Ihe trudi, which had been taught by Chrift and his apoftles, had 
given way to iitnovations. The circumftance, which firft fug- 
gefledthis thought was, his falling accidentally into converfation 
in a. country alehotife with a landlord, who was fo filly as to ima-' 
sine, that the monadic life came immediately from Paradife. 
He couid not connpkte his work, Agreeably to the plan he had 
deawa out ; but h& piibliftied fome confiderable parts of it, as, 
I. *' De TempHs: hoc eft, de origine, progreffii, ufu, & abufii 
"Temploruro, ac omnino rerum onfinium ad Templa pertineiuium.' 
1J&7," folio. 2. " De Monachis: feu de origine Sc progreflu 
moriachatus^ ordinum monafticorum, 1588," folio. 3." Dc 
Fcliis Judaeovum & Ethnicoruin : hoc eftj de origine, progreffb, 
Gesemoniis,. & ritibus feftofum dienim }udasorum,'Graecorum, 
Romanorum, Turcarum, & Indianorum, 1592," folio; 4. 
*^ Fefta Chriftiaaorum,'* &c. 1593, folio. 5. " Hiftoria Sacra- 
mentaria: hoc eft, Hbri qutnque de Coenae Dominicas prima in- 
ftitutionc, ejufque vcro ufu & abufu, in primaevaecclefia ; necnon 
dc origine, progreffu, ce/emoniis, & ritibus Miflse, Tranfub- 
ilantiationis, & aliorum pene in^dnitorum errorum, quibus 6oena& 
prima inftitutio horribiliter in papatu poUuta & profanata eft,'* 
159^^ folio* 6, ** Pars altera: de origine progrefTu contro- 
nerfffl facramentarise de Ccena Domini inter Lutheranos, Ubi- 
i}ttiftas, &.Orthodoxo», quos Zuinglianos feu Calviniftas vocant,^ 
^xorte ab aama 1517 ufque ad 1602^ dedud^, 1602," folio. 
Thefc are all of them paints of his great work, which he en- 
Isrged in fiicceeding editions, and acMed confutations of the ar* 
guments of fiellarmin, Baronius, and Gretfer. What he ptib« 
HS^e^^on the Ei^chariH, and ^no^her W(>rk, entitled^ << Cohcor«. 
- ' * dia 



150 HOSPITAL. 

dia Di(corsy &c. printed into 1607^ exafperated the Lutberarm 
in a high degree; and they wrote agaioft him very abuflvely.^ 
He did not publiih any anfwer, though he had alnioft finiihed 
one, but turned his arms againft the Jefuits; and publilhed 
'^ Hidoria Jefuitica: hoc eft, de origine, regulis, conftitution* 
ibus, privilegiis, incrementis, progrefliiy ic propagattone ordinis 
Jefuitarum. Item, de eorum doltSj fraudibus, impoilurisy ne- 
fariis facinoribuSt cnientis con(iliis» falfa qiUH|ue^ feditiofay & 
langutnoienta dodlrina, 1619," folio. 

Thefe are his works ; and they juftly gained htm high repu- 
tation^ a« they did alfo good preferment* He was appointed, 
archdeacon of Caroline church in 1588; and, in 1594, minifter 
of the abbey-church. - He was deprived of his fight for near a 

Car by a catarad, yet continued to prcacb as ufual, and was 
ppily couched in 1613. In 1623, being 76 years of age, he 
grew childiih ; and fo continued till his deaths which happened 
in i626» The public entertained fo high an opinion of his 
learning from his writings, that he was exhorted from all quar-^ 
ters to refute Baronius's *' Annals ;" arid no one was thought to 
bave greater abilities for the taik. A new edition of his work& 
was publi filed at Geneva, 1681, in feven thin volumes, folio. 

HOSPITAL (MiCHEt DE L% chancellor of France, was 
the fon of a phyfician, and born at Aigueper£e in Auvergne, in 
the year 1505* His father fent him to iludy in the moft cele<- 
hrated univerfities of France and Italy, where he diftinguiflied 
himfelf at once by his genius for literature, and for bufinefs./ 
Having diligently ftudied jurifprudence, he was quickly advanced 
to very honourable pofts; being fucceffively auditor of the Rota 
at Rome, counfellor in the parliament of Paris, ambaflador at 
the council of Trent when transferred to Bdiogna, and finally 
fuperintendant of the royal finances in France. His merits in 
this poft were of the mod (ingular and exalted kind. By a fe^ 
vere ceconomy, he laboured to reftore the royal treafure, exhaufted 
by the prodigality of the king, Henry II. and the diftioneft 
avarice of his favourites; he defied the enmity of thofe whofe 
profits he deftroyed, and was himfelf fo rigidly difinterefted, that 
after five or fix years continuance in this place, he was unable ^ 
to give a portion to his daughter, and the deficiency was fupplied 
by the liberality of the foyereign. On the death of Henry, in 
1559, the cardinal of Lorraine, then at the head of affairs, 
introduced I'Hofpital into tiie council of ftate. Hence he was^ 
removed by Margaret of Valois, who took him into Savoy, as 
her chancellor. But the confufions of France foon made it ne- 
ceflary to recal a man of fuch firmnefs and undaunted integrity* 
In the midft of faSion and fury, he was advanced to the high 
office of chancellor of that kingdom, where he maintained hi^ 
foQ., like a philofopher who was fuperior to fear, or any fpecies 

of 



HOSPITAL. 251 

©f weaknefs. At the breaking out of the confpiracy of Am- 
boife, in 15609 and on all Other occafions, he was the advocate 
for mercy and reconciliation ; and by the cdiGt of Romorantin, 
prevented the eftablifhment of the inquifition in France. It was 
perhaps for reafons of this kind, rather than from any folid proofs 
that the violent Romanifts accufed him of being a concealed Pro- 
teftant; forgetting that by fuch fufpicions they paid the higheft 
compliment to the fpirit of Proteftantifm. The queen, Catherine 
of Medicis, who had contributed to the elevation of THofpital, 
being too violent to approve his pacific meafures, excluded him 
from the council of war ; on which he retired to his country-houfe 
at Vignai near Eftampes. Some days after, when the feals were 
demanded of bim, he refigned them without regret, faying, that 
•* the affairs of the world were too corrupt for him to meddle 
with them." In lettered eafe, amufing himfelf with Latin 
poetry, and a feleft fociely of friends, he truly enjoyed his 
retreat, till his happinefs was interrupted by the atn)cious day d[ 
St. Bartholomew, in 1572. Of this difgraceful event, he thought 
as poller ity has thought ; but, though his friends conceived 
it probable that he might be included in the profcription, he 
difdained t0 feek his fafety by flight. So firm was he, that whea 
a party of horfemen aduaily advanced to his houfe, though with- 
out orders, for the horrid purpofe of mafTacrcing him, he refufed 
to clofe his gates: " If the fmall one,'* faid he, " will not admit 
them, throw open the large ;" and he was preferved only by 
the arrival of another party, with exprefs orders from the king 
to declare that he was not among the profcribed. The perfons 
who made the lifts, it was added, pardoned him the oppofi-* 
tion he had always made to their projeds. *^ I did not know," 
faid he coldly, without any change of countenance, << th^ I had 
done any thing to deferve either de^th or pardon." His motto 
is faid to have been 

Si fraSus illabatur orhis 

Impavidum ferient ruinas, 

and certainly no perfon ever had a better right to afTume that 
fublime device. This excellent magiftrate, and truly great 
rnan, died in 1573, at the age of 68 years. It has been thought 
that his portrait refembles the antique heads of Ariftotle. There 
are extant by him, i. ** Latin Poems," 8vo, 1732, publifhed 
at Amfterdam. They are fiot without merit, but Chapelain 
extolled them much, too highly, when he compared the author 
to Horace. His fUle is manly, but fometimes dilFufe. 2. 
** Speeches delivered in the Meeting of the States at Orleans." 
As an orator he fhines much lefs than as a pOet. 3. <* Memoirs, 
containing Treaties of Peace," &c. &c. It is faid that he had alfo 
projeded a hiftory of his own time in Latin, but this he did 
not execute* He left only ozKe child, a daughter, married to 

Robert 



Sit HOSPITAL. 

Robert Hurault, whofe children aided the name of PHt^fpital jTd 
fimt of their father ; but ttui tnalcMin« of this famHy alfo wa« 
rxtinft in 1706. Nevcrthelefs, the memory of the chance 11 or 
has received the higheft honours within a few years of the prefent 
tinne. In 1777, the abbe Remi pronounced a panegyric upon 
Wm, which was crowned in the French academy ; and, in the 
fame year, Louis XVI.^cre^ed a ftatue of white marble id him. 
For a man fa fond of juftice, no one ever fufiered fo much in- 
jufttce as that unfortunate monarch. 

HOSPITAL (William-Francis-Aktont, marquis d« 
L*), ft great mathematician of France, was born of another 
branch of the fame family in 1661. He was a geometrician 
almoil from his infancy; for one day being at the dukede 
Rohtm>, where fome able mathematicians were fpeaking of ^ 
problem of Pafchal's, which appeared to them extremely diffi- 
cult, he ventured to fay, that he believed he could folve it. Th<fy 
were amazed at what appeared fuch unpardonable priefumption 
in a boy of fifteen, for he was then no more; neverthelefs, in a 
few days he fent them the folution. He entered early into the 
army, yet always preferved his love for the mathematics, and 
Audied them even in his tent; whither he ufed to retire, it is 
faid, rot only to ftudy, but alfo to conceal his application to 
ftudy: for in thofedays, to be too knowing in the fciences was 
thought to derogate from nobility; and a foldier of quality, to 
j>referve his dignity, was in fome meafure obliged to hide his 
attainments of this kind. De THofpital did this very well, and 
Vfzs never fufpedled of being a great mathematician. He was a 
captain of horfe ; but, being extremely (hort-fighted, and ex- 
posed on that account to perpetual inconveniences and errors, 
nc at length quitted the army, and applied himfelf entirely to his 
favourite amufement. He contracted a friendfhip with Mal- 
branche, judging by his ** Recherche de la verite,** thkt he muft 
be an excellent guide in the fciences; and he took his opinion 
upon all occafions. Hi« abilities and knowledge were no longer 
ft fecret; and at the age of 32 he gave a public folution of pro- 
blems, drawn from the deepeft geometry, which had been pro- 
pofcd to mathematicians in the Ads of Leipfic. In 1693, he 
was received an honorary member of the Academy of fciences 
at Paris; and published a work upon fir Ifaac Newton's calcu- 
lations, entitled, ** L'Analyfe des infinimens petits," He was 
the firft in France who wrote on this fubjeft : and on this ac^ 
count was regarded alwioft as a prodigy. He eugaged afterwards 
in another work of the mathematical kind, in which he in* 
l^luded <* Les Sefclionea coniqucs, Ics Lieux gfidmetriques, k 
Co«ftru£l5oB des Equation*," and " Une Theorie des CcHirhcc. 
pnechaniques:" but^a little before he had finifljed it, he was feized. 
vitb a k\tr, of which be died Feb. 2, 1^04, aged 49. It was 

publifliqd[ 



• 

publvAed after his di^ath. He is reprefcntcd to have been a very 
worthy, honeft, eftiniable nwn. 

HOTMAIL (Fra>icis), in Latin Motomanus, a learned 
french civilian, was. born in 1524 |c], at Paris, where his fa- 
mily, originally of Breflau in Silefia, had llouriQied for fome 
time. He made fo rapid a progrefs in the belles lettres, that at 
tlie age of fifteen, he was fent to Orleans to ftudy the civil law,. 
and in three years was received dodlor in that faculty. Hi& 
father, a counfellor in parliament, had already defigned hiiii 
for that employment; and therefore fent for him home, and. 
placed him at tl^ bar. But Hotman was foon difpleafed with, 
the chicanery of the ceurt, and applied himfclf vigoroufly to the. 
ftudy of the Roman law ai^ polite literature. At the age of 
twenty-three, he v/as chofen to read public leftures in the fchools 
of Paris : but, reli(hing the opinions of Luther, on account of 
which many perfons were put to death in France, and finding that 
he could not profefs them at Paris, he went to Lyons the year 
after; that is, in 1548. Having now nothing to expecl from 
his father, who was greatly irritated at the change ot his reli- 
gion, he left France, and retired to Geneva; where he lived 
fome time in. Calvin's houfe. From hence he went to Laufanne, 
whire the magiftrates of Bern gave him the place of profeifor 
of polite literature. He publimed there fome books, which, 
howeveF, young as he was, weire not his firft publications; and 
married a French gentlewoman, who had alfo retired thither on 
account erf" religion* His naerit was fo univerfally known, that 
t^e migjiftrates of Strafburg offered him a profelforfhip of civil 
law; which he accepted, and held till I56l, Mean time, while 
he was difcharging the funclions of this place, he received invi- 
tations from the duke of PrufTia, the landgrave of Heffe, the 
dukes of Saxony, and even from queen Elizabeth of England^ 
but did not accept them. He did not refufe, however, to go to 
ihe court of the king of Navarre, at the beginning of the trou- 
bles; and he went twice into Germany, to defirc afliftance of 
Ferdinand, in the name of the princes of the blood, and even in 
tht name of the queen-rnother. The fpeech he made at the 
diet of BVankfcm is published. Upon his return to Strafburg^ 
he was prevailed upon- to go and teach civil law at Valence; 
which he did with fuch fuccefs^ that he raifed the reputation of 
that u-niverfiiy. . Three years after he went to be profeiTor at 
jBourg?»K by the invitation of Maigaret of , France, fifter of 
Henry II. .but Iqft that city in about five months, and retired to 
Or}e<(n$ Xq the feeadt of the party, who made great ufe of his 
advice. The peace w4^ich was made a month after, did not pre^ 
vent. Jikint frQm apprehending the return of the iiorm: upon 



[9I B»ylie*s-Dl^«**Nic«nui, Homn^ Ulruilfes, T«pa« XI, 



which 



454 HOT MAN. 

which accQuht he retired to Sancerre, and there wrote an cjt- 
cellent book, " Dc Confolatione/' which his fon publiftied aftdr 
his death. He returned afterwards to his profcflbrftip at Bourges, 
where he was very near being killed in the maffacre of 1572: 
but luckily efcaping, he left France, with a full refolution never 
to return thither ; and went to Geneva, where he read lectures 
upon the civil law. Some time after he went to Bafil, and there 
alfo taught civil law. He was fo pleafed with this fituation, that 
be refufed great offers from the prince of Orange and the States- 
General, who would have drawn him to Leyden. The phgae 
having obliged him to leave Bafil, he retired to Montbeliard, 
where he loft his wife; and went afterwards to live with her fitters 
at Geneva. He returned once mo«^to Bafil, and there died iii 
1590, of a dropfy, which had kept him conftantly in a ftate of 
indifbofition for .fix years before. During this, he revifed and 
digefted his works for a new edition ; and they were publifhed 
at Geneva in iS99f in '^ vols, folio, with his life prefixed by 
Neveletus Dofchnis. The two firft contain treatifes upon the 
civil law ; the third, pieces relating to the government of France^ 
and the right of fucceflion ; five books of Roman antiquities ; 
commentaries upon Tully's ** Orations and Epiftles;" notes 
upon Caefar's " Commentaries," &c. His " Franco-Gallia," 
Of, " Account of the free State of France," has been tranflated 
into Englifh by lord Molefworth, author of " The Account of 
Denmark." He publifhed alfo feveral other articles without 
his name; but, being of the controverfial kind, thejr were pro- 
bably not thought of confequence enough to be revived in the 
collection of his works. 

He was one of thofe who would never confent to be painted ; 
but we are told, that his pidure was taken while he was in his 
laft agony. His integrity, firninefs, and piety, are highly ex- 
tolled by the author of his life ; yet, if Baudouin may be be- 
lieved (whom however it is more reafonable not to believe, as 
he was his antagonift in religious opinions) he was guilty of fome 
very great enormities [d]. From the defire of money which he 
difcovers in his dedications^ and the means he ufed to extort it 
from the great, fome have fuppofed him to be avaricious : but it 
muft be remembered, that he loft his all when he changed his 
religion, and had no fupplies but what arofe from reading lec- 
tures; for it does not appear that his wife brought him a for- 
tune. It is very probable, however, that his ledures would have 
been fuflScient for hi? fubfiftence; but he was bewitched with 
fchemes of finding out the philofopher's ftone, and we firiS him 
lamenting to a friend in his laft illnefs, that he had fquandered 
away his fubftance upon this hopeful proje6l. It is certain^ 

£d] RdTponf. idCklm&BcsamproFnuicifcoBaMiuiio.. 

therefore^. 



H O T T 1 N 6 E R. iss 

tlierefore, he had his weaknefles, though he was one of the 

greateft civilians France ever produced. 

HOTTINGER (John-Henry), a very learned writer, and 
famous for his (kill in the Oriental languages, was born at 
Zurich in Switzerland, in 1620 [e]. He had a particular talent 
for learning languages; and the progrefs he made in his firft 
iludies gave fuch promifing hopes, that it was refolved he (hould 
-be fent to ftudy in foreign countries, at the public expence. He 
began his travels in 1638, and went to Geneva, where he ftudied 
two months under Fr. Spanheim. Then he went into France, 
and thence into Holland; and fixed at Groningen, where he 
ftudied divinity under Gomarus and Alting, and Arabic under 
Pafor, Here he intended to have remained ; but being very de* 
firous of improving himfelf in the Oriental languages, lie went 
in 1639 to Leyden, to be tutor to the children of Golius, who 
was the beft (killed in thofe languages of any man in the world. 
JBy the inflru6lions of Golius, he improved greatly in the know* 
ledge of Arabic, and alfo by the afliitance of a Turk, who hap- 
pened to be at Leyden. Befides thefe advantages, Golius had 
a fine coUeSion of Arabic books and MSS. from which Hot- 
tinger was fufFered to copy what he pleafed, during the fourteen 
months he ftaid at Leyden. In 1 641, he was offered, at the 
recommendation of Golius, the place of chaplain to the am- 
baffador of the States-General to Conftantinople ; and he would 
gladly have attended him, as fuch a journey would have co-ope- 
rated wonderfully with his grand defign of perfeding himfelf in 
the Eaftern languages : but the magidrates of Zurich did not 
confent to it: they chofe rather to recall him, in order to* em- 
ploy him for the glory and advantage of their public fchools. 
They permitted him firft, however, to vifit England ; and the 
inftant he returned from that country, they appointed him pro- 
fefforof ecclefiaftical hiftory; and a year after, in 1643, gavei 
him two profeflbrfhips, that of catechetical divinity, and that of 
the Oriental tongues. 

He married at twenty-two, and began to publi(h books at 
twenty.four. New profe(ror(hips were beftowed upon him in 
1653, and he was admitted into the college of canons. In 1655^ 
the eleftor Palatine, defirous to reftore the credit of his univer- 
fity of Jleidelberg, obtained leave of the fenate of Zurich for 
Hottinger to go there, on condition that he (hould return at the 
end of three years : but before he fet out for that city, he went 
to Bafil, and there took the degree of D. D. He arrived at 
Heidelberg the fame year, and was gracioufly received in that 
city. Beiides the profe(ror(hip of divinity of the Old Tefta- 
ment^ and the Oriental tongues, he was appointed principal of 

[i] Nice^ji, Hommes lUuibres, Tom* yiU.«*BayU*< Dia. 

4 the 



^56 H O t T I N B R. 

the Collegium Sapientise. Ht Teas redor '<»f ihfe uiiveriity the 
year following, and wrote a book conGcrnii^ the re-uftion <jf 
the Lutherans and Calvinidsj which he did ft) j^leafe the ele'dor, 
^ho was rather zealous in that aflFair: but p&rty-animofities, and 
. that itch of difputation fo natiiral to mankind, rendered his per- 
formance inejFedual. Hottinger accompanied this prince to the 
cledoral diet of Frankfort in 1658, and there hs|d a conference 
with Job Ludolf, It is well known) that Ludolf had ac- 
<][uired a yaft kapwledgc of Ethiopia 4 and he, in conjunflioh 
with Hottinger, concerted rncafures for fending itito Africa 
fonje perfons fkilled in the Oriental tongue*, who might make 
exa£i enquiries concerning the ftate of the Chriftian religion in 
that part of the world. He was not recalled to Zurich till 1661, 
his fuperiors at the ele6lor's e^neft requeft having prolonged the 
term of yeans for which they lent him: and he then returned, 
honoured by the ^leftor with the title of Ecclefiaftical-coun* 
fellor. 

Many employments were immediately conferred an him: 
among the rell, he was eleSed prefident of the commifTionei^ 
who were to revifc the German tranllatiori of the Bible. A 
civil war breaking out in Switzerland in 1664, he was fent into 
Holland on ftate afFaifs. Many univcrfitiei would willingly have 
drawn Hottinger to them, but were not able. That of Leyden 
offered him a profeflbrlhip of divinity^ in 1667; but* not 
obtaining leave of his fuperiors^ he refufed it. The Dutch 
W6re not dilheartened at this refufal, but infifted that he ihould 
be lent them : upon which. the magiftrates of Zurie confented, 
in complaifanoe to the Hates of Holbnd^ who had interefted 
themfdves in this affair. As he was preparing for this journey, 
he unfortunately loft his life, June 5, 1067^ in the river whicli 
palfes through Zurich. He went into a boat, with his .wife, 
three children, his brother- in-law, a friend^ and a matd-ferv^nt, 
in order to go and let out tipon leafe ati eftate which he had two 
leagues from Zurich. The boat ftriking againft a pier, which 
lay under water, overfet :, upon, wl^ich Hottinger, his brother- 
in-law, and friend,. efcaped by fwiraflnirtg. But when they looked 
upon the women and children, and faw the danger they were 
in, they jumped back into the water: the event of which was^ 
4that Hottinger, his friend, and three children loft their lives, 
while his wife, hi» brother*in*law, and fervant^roaid were favi^« 
His wife was the only daughter of HuidriC, minifter of Zurich, 
a man oi very great learning, arwl brought him fevenal chil- 
dren: for befides the three who were drowned with hitn, and 
thofe who died before, he left four fons and two daughters. 

He began to be author, as we have obferved, at twenty-four^ 
and he feems to have been fo pleafed with that charafier, that 
he was afterwards iot ever |}ubUihing bo^sa^ Bayle fays, *^ ij: 

wajs 



H O T T I N G E R. 257 

was not very difficult for him to do this, fince he was very labo- 
rious and blefledwith a very happy memory:'* but in faying this 
he feems to imply an infmuation againft his parts and judgement. 
It is neverthelefs furprifing, that a man, who had pofleffed fo 
many academical employments, was interrupted with fo many 
vifits, (for every body came to fee him, and confulted him as an 
oracle) and was engaged, as he was, in a correfpondence with 
all the literati of Europe, (hould have found time to write more 
than forty volumes, elpecially when it is confidered, that he did 
not reach fifty years of age. We fhall mention fome of the 
moil confiderable of his works; and thofe pafticularly, as being 
the moft intcrefting, which relate to Oriental literature, i. 
** Exercitationes Anti-Moriniana?, de Pentateucho SamaritanO, 
&c. 1644," 4to. Morin had alTerted, in the ftrongeft manner, 
the authenticity of the Samaritan Pentateuch ; which he pre- 
ferred to the Hebrew text, upon a pretence that this had been 
corrupted by the Jews; and it was to cpmbat this opinion, that 
Hotringer wrote thefe Exercitations. This work, though the 
firft, is, in the judgement of father Simon, one of the bed he 
wrote ; and if he had never written any thing more, it is pro-*^ 
■bable that he would have left higher notions of his abilities: for' 
certainly it was no fm'all enterprife for him, fo early in life, to 
attack, on ^ very delicate and knotty fubjeft, and with fuppofed 
fuccefs too, one of the moft learned men in Europe at thattimc- 
The next works we Ihall mention relate immediately to Ori- 
ental affairs ; and may always be of ufe, although we fhould 
confider him as a mere colleftor. '2. •* Thef?.urus Philologicus, 
feu clavis fcripturae, qua quicquid fere Orientalium, Hcbraeoruni 
.maxime & Arabum, habent nrionumenta de religione ejufque 
variis fpeciebus, Judaifmo, Samaritanifrtio, Munammedifmo, 
Gentilifmo, de theologia &c theologis, vcrbo Dei, &c. breviter 
& aphoriftice ita referatur & aperitur, ut muhiplex inde ad 
philologiae & theologise ftudiofos fruftus rejundare poffit, 1649,'* 
4(0. There was a fecond edition in 1649, in 4to, "in 
qua Samaritica, Arabica, Syriaca fuis quacque nativis cha- 
radleribus exprimuntur." 3. ** Hiftoria OrientalTs, quas ex 
variis Orientalium monumentis collefta agit, primo, de Mu- 
hammedifmo, ejufque caufis tum^procreagtibus turn confervan- 
tibus; fecundo, de Saracenifmo, feu religione veterurh Arabum: 
tertio, de Chaldaifmo, feu fuperftitione Nabataeornm, Chaldas- 
orum, Charranaeorum: quarto, de ftatu Chriftianorum & Judas- 
orum tempore orti & nati Muhammedanifmi : quinto, de variis 
inter ipfbs Muhammedanos circa religionis dogmata & admi- 
niftrationem fententiis, fchifmatis, & hasrefibus excitatis, &c. 
165 1," 4to. No man was better qualified to write on Oriental 
affairs than Hottinger, as he was (killed in moft of the languages 
which were anciently, as well as at prefent, fpoken in the Eaft; 
, V€L. VIII. S namely. 



258 



MOUBIGANT. 



namely, the Hebrew, Syriac, Chaldee, Xrabic, Turkifli, Perflat*^ 
and Coptic; 4. " Promptuariuni, five Bibliotheca Orientalts, 
exhibens catalogum five centurias aliquot tarn audiorum, quam 
librortim.Hebrakorum, Syriaconim, Arabiconim, -flBgyptiaco- 
nim : addita mantifla Bibliothecarum aliquot Europa*aruni, 1 658/^ 
^.to. Baillet does not fpeak very advantageouily of this work of 
nottinger, whom he accufcs of not being Very accurate in any 
of his compofitions: and indeed his want of accuracy is a point 
pretty well agreed on by both Papifts and Proteftants. 5. " Ety- 
mologicon Orientale, five Lexicon Harmonicum Heptaglotton, 
&c. 1 66 1," 4x6, The feven languages contained in this Lex- 
icon are, the Hebrew, Chaldee, Syriac, Arabic, Samaritan, Ethi* 
opic, and Rabbinical. 

Thefe arc the principal, if not the only works of Hottinger, 
which are of any ufe : and they are by far more valuable for con* 
tttining materials of a curious nature, and which were before 
only acceflible to perfons fkilled in Orient;^! laoguages, than for 
any ingenuity, accuracy, or judgement in the writer. If the 
' reader is particularly defirous of feeing an exaft catalogue of 
the works of this laborious man, he may confult the " Rblio- 
thecaTigurina;" or the Latin life of Jiottinger, publilhed by 
Heidegger at Zurich, 1667: in either of which places he will 
find them all drawn up and digeiled into regular order. We 
cannot help repeating, that the number of thetn is aftoniibing. 
' HOUBlGANT (Charles Francis), a pious and learned 
tranflator of the Hebrew Scriptures, and commentator on them^ 
was born at Paris in 1686. He was a prieft of the congregation 
named the oratory ; and being, by the misfortune of deafnels, de- 
prived of the chief comforts ot fociety, dddided himfelf the 
more earneftly to books, in which he found his conftant confo- 
lation. Of a difpofition naturally benevolent, with great firm* 
nefs of foul, goodnefs of temper, and politenefs of manners, h«f 
was held in very general eftimation, and received honours and 
rewards from the pope (Bened. XIV.) and from his countrymen, 
which he had never thought of foliciting. Though his income wasP 
but fmall, he dedicated a part of ft to found a fchool near Chan-* 
tilly ; and the purity of his judgement, joined to the ftrength of 
his memory, enabled 4iim to carry on his literary labours to a 
very advanced age. Even when his faculties had declined, and 
were further injured by the accident of a fall, the very fight of 
a book, that well known confoler of all his cares, reftored him 
to peace and rationality* He died in 1783, at the advanced age 
of 98. His works, for which he was no lefs efl:eeriicd in foreign 
countries than in his own, were chiefly thefe: i. An edition of 
the Hebrew Bible^ with a Latin Vcrfion and notes, puWilhed at 
Paris in 1753, in 4 vols, folio. This is the molt valuable and 
important work of the author, and contains the Hebrew text 

corre&ed 



tcattSk^ by the founileft rules of criticiroit a Latin verfion, and 
.uf^ful notes: and prefixed toeach book is a very learned preface. 
Benedia XIV. who juftly appreciated the value and difficphy of 
the work, honoured the author with a m^al, and fomc othtf 
marks of approbation ; and the clergy of his own country, un* 
folicited, conferred a penfion on him. 2. A Latin tranflation of 
the Pfalter, from the Hebrew, i2mo, 1746. 3. Another oY the 
Old Teftament at large, in 1753, in 8 vols, 8vo. 4. " Racincs 
Hebraiques, 1732/' ovo. 5. *'. Exaraen du PJautier.des Capu- 
chins," i2mo. 6. A French tranflation of an En^lifh work, 
by one Forbes, entitled, " Thoughts on Natural Religion." f. 
Moft of the works of Charles Leflie trarrilatcd, 8vo, Paris, 1776, 
Father Houbigant is faid alfo to have left £ev<ual works in m»* 
nufcript, whichi from the excellence of thofc he publilhed, mxf 
)^ conjeSured to be well deferving of the prefs. 

HOV£D]£N (Roger pe), an Englifli hiftortxn who floti« 
liflicid in the reign of Henry IL He was borii at York, of A 
good family, and lived beyond the year 1204, but the exa& 
periods of his bitth and death are not known^ He is faid to 
have had fome fituation in the family of Henry II. and to have 
been employed by that monarch in confidential fervices, fuoh afi 
vifiting monafteries. ' He was by profeffion a lawyer, but, Uke 
other lawyers of that time, in the church, and alio a profefibr of 
theoV^gy at Oxford. After the death of Henry, he applied \ivd^ 
felf diligently to the writing of hiftory, and compofed annals, which 
he commenced at 731, the period where Bede left off, and con^ 
tinned to the third year of king John. Thefe annals were iirft 
publi{hed by Saville among the Hiftorici Anglici, in 1595, and 
reprinted at Frankfort in 1601, folio* They are in two books. 
Leland fays of him [f], '^ If we confider his diligence, his 
knowledge of antiquity, and his religious ftridnefs of veracity, he 
mgy be confidercd as having furpaffed, not only the riide hifto* 
rians of the preceding ages, but even what could have be^n e3C- 
pe^ed of himfelf. if to that fidelity, which is the firft qualitjf 
of a hiftorian, he had joined a little more elegance of Latia 
ilyle, he might have ftood the firft among the authors of that 
jclafs.*' Voffius fays, that he wrote alfo a hiftory of the North- 
umbrian kings [o], and a life of Thomas a Beckett Edward the 
Third caufed a diligent fearch to be made for the works ot 
Hoveden, when he was endeavouring to afcertain his title to the 
jcrown ot Scotland. Sayilie bears the fame teftimony to his fide* 
lity th^t we have (een given by Leland. 

. HOUGH (John), biihop of Wbrcefter, tnemofable for the 
noble itand he made when prefident of Magdalen-college in Ox* 
ford, againft James IL was born in Mid&fex> in x650* He 

fr 1 De Scri^toribus Britannicis, cap. %^ |^ at^ 
Gj Qe Hiftoricia latinU, 1« ii. cap. 56. 



s6o HOUGI^ 

Was brought up at Birmingham in Warwickfhire, and thence 
rcn)Oved to Magdalen-college, Oxford, in 1669 ; of which, ift 
1675, he was elefted fellow. Upon the breaking out of the 
Popifti plot, in 1679, his chamber was fearched on a fufpicion 
that he correfponded with one of that religion ; but nothing was 
difco\'credagainftliim; and, in 1681, being appointed doraeftic 
chaplain to the duke of Ormond, chanceil6r of the univerfity, 
but then lord lieutenant of Ireland, he attended his patron to 
Dublin. No vacancies, as we fuppofe, of any confequence 
happening, he returned the year after, unpreferred, to England ; 
where, in 1685, he was collated to a prebend in the church of 
. Worcefter fH]. In April, 1687, he was ftatutably eleded prefi- 
dent of his college by a majority of the fellows, after they had 
TtjtfXed a mandamus from James II. in behalf of Anthony Far- 
mer, M. A, of that houfe ; but he was foon removed from his 
prefidentihip by the ecclefiaftical commiffioners, and Parkei* 
bifliop of Oxford put into his place. But when the prince of 
Orange declared his intention of coming to England, Magda- 
len- college was reftored to its rights, and Hough to his prefi- 
dentfliipf i]. " It is difputable," fays a certain writer, ** whe- 
ther he fliewed greater courage and conftancy, or prudence arid 
temper, in the management of fo important a conteft with a 
ipifguided crown; and whether he difplayed a greater loye of 
the lihcrties of his country, in baffling the inftruments of an 
illegal ecclefiaftical commiflion, or integrity and confcience in 
adhering fo firmly to the ftatutes of his college, and his own 
oath, in oppofition to all the artifices as well as menaces of an 
jaibivrary court ; in his engaging by his weighty influence the 
jmembers of that- learned body to aft unanimoufly; and in con- 
.firming by his own example, their refolutions to facrifice their 
intereft to their duty on that great occafion.'* 

After the Revolution, he was' nominated by king William, in 
April, 1690, to the bifhopric of Oxford[Kj; and tranflated to 
the fee of Litchfield and Coventry in Aug. 1699. On the death 
of Tenifon, in 1715, the archbiihopric of Canterbury was 
offered to him, the acceptance of which he is faid to have declined 
out of modefly [l] ; but, upon the deceafe of bifhop Lloyd, 
Hough fucceeded him in the fee of Worcefler, Sept. 17I7- 
He was a great benefaftor wherever he came. When he re- 
moved from the fee of Oxford to that of Litchfield and Co- 
ventry, he did not merely repair, but almoft rebuild as well as 
adorn the epifcopal houfe at Ecclelhall ; andi upon his tranfla- 
tion to the fee of Worcefter, he rebuilt fo great a part of the 
epifcopal palace there^ and made fuch improvements in his other 



[h] Willis's Account of the Cathc- John Hough, p. 6. 

lis, Vol. 11, p. 437. fKl Athen. Oxon. 

[i] Seme Acc>»uat cf the Lift of Pr. . [i.J Some Accovwt^ 9eCt p, 19. 



fkzf. 



'1 



• HO-ULIERES. i6t 

feat, the caftle of Hartlebury, that he is fuppofed to have ex- 
pended upon both thefe houfes at lead 7000I. Thefe fchemes 
were executed with fo nice a judgement, that he left little to be 
done by any of his fucceflbrs towards perfefting either of thofe epif- 
copal fefidences; except the founding of a library at Hartlebury, 
which bifliop Hurd Jias with great and laudable liberality accom* 
plilhed. He was not many years under 70, when he entered 
upon the fee of Worcefter ; yet he lived upwards of 26 yearg 
bifhop of that place.* A little before his death, he wrote a letter 
to his friend lord Digby, where we find the following remark- 
able words: ** I am weak and forgetful — In other refpedls I 
have eafe to a degree beyond what I durft have thought on, 
when years began to multiply upon me. I wait contentedly 
for a deliverance out of this life into a better, in hunible confi« 
dence, that by the mercy of God, through the merits of his Son, 
I fliall (land at the refurreflion on his right-hand. And when 

Jou, my lord, have ended thofe days which are to come, which 
pray may be many and comfortable, as innocently and as ex- 
emplary as thofe which are paffed, I doubt not of our meeting 
in that ftate, where the joys are unfpeakable, and will always 
endure." He died March 8, 1743, having extended his age to 
the beginning of his 93d year, and almoft to complete the 53d 
year of his epifcopate. 

HOULIERES (Antonietta de la Garde des), of all 
the French ladies who have ftudied poetry, has fucceeded the 
beft; for her verfes ftill continue to be more read than thofe of. 
any other of her fex. She was born at Paris in 1638, had all 
the charms of her fex, and wit enough to fhine in the age of 
Louis XIV. Her tafte for poetry was cultivated by the cele* 
brated poet Henault, who isWaid to have intruded her in all he 
knew, or imagined he knew. She did her matter great honour ; 
but the misfortune was, fhe not only imitated him m his poetry, 
but alio in his irreligion ; for her verfes favour ftrongly of epi* 
cureanifm. She compofed in all ways ; epigrams, odes, eclogues, 
tragedies ; but fucceeded beft in the idyllium or paftoral, which 
fome affirm (he carried to perfeSion. She died at Paris in 1694, 
and left a daughter of her own name, who had fome talent for 
poetry, but inferior to that of her mother. The firft verfes^ 
however, compofed by this lady, bore away the prize at the 
French academy ; which was highly to her honour, if it be true, 
^s is reported, that Fontenelle wrote at the fame time, and upon 
the fame fubjedl. She was a member of the academy of the 
Ricovrati of radua, as was her mother, who was alfo of that of 
Aries. She died at Paris in 1 718. The works of th«ft two 
ladies were colleflively publiihed in 1:747, in 9 vols, i)mo« 
Several maxims of the elder of thefe ladies are touch cited by 
^jrcncb writers f «i, that on gaming, « On couimf ncc par etra 

S 3 dupe. 



2j6z HOWARD. 

dupe, on finit par 4trc fripdn." People begin dupes, and en<f 
rogues And that on feii-love: ** Nul n'eft content de fa for- 
tune, ni mecontent de fon efprit." No one is fatisfied with his 
fortune, or diiTatisfied with his talents. 

HOUTEVILLE (Claude Francis), a native of Paris, 
vr-^? eighteen years a member of the congregation called the 
Oratory/ and afterwards fecretary to cardinal Dubois, by whom 
he was much efieemed. He was appointed, in 1 742, ^perpetual 
fecretary to the French academy, but did nor long enjoy his pre- 
ferment, for he died the fame year, being about fifty-four years 
old. He publifhed a work, entitled, ** La verite de la Religion 
Chretienne prouvee par les faits," the latter editions of which 
are far fuperior td the firft. There are few important objections 
which have been bnnight againft Chriftianity, even fmce his 
time, to which he has not furnilhed a found reply; but he had 
written in an afieAed and epigrammatic ftyle, which being juftly 
expofed by the abbe des Fontaines, he went over his work with 
great care, and removed m\.ft of the objeftions. 

HOWARD (Henry), earl of Surrey, was the eldeft fon of 
Thomas duke ot Norfolk [mJ. We cannot precifely fix the 
timet>f his birth, but in all probability it v^as about 1520, as 
he was educated with Henry Fitzroy, a natural fon of Henry 
Vni. who was born about that time. This favourite fon of 
the king'$ wascreated earl of Richmond ; and, as Leland informs 
us, hada fpirit turned to martial affairs, was mafter of the lan- 
guages, and difplayed an excellent tafte in polite literature ; all 
which talents were undoubtedly improved by the mutual inter- 
courfe and emulation between him and his noble companion. 
The place of their (hidies and divtrfions at home, was Windfor- 
caftle; which is the fcenc of many of Howard's poems en his 
miftrefs Geraldine, the moft celebrated beauty of her time. 
They went together to Paris, and jointly purfued thofe ftudies' 
and recreations in France, which they nrft cultivatfed in Eng- 
land. The duke of Richmond died foon after their return, 
about the year 1536. 

After the death of his friend, which be did not foon forget, 
having loll in him not only a congenial foul but a brother, (as 
Sichmond had jud been united to his fiAer lady Mary Howard) 
this young nobleman feems to have turned his thoughts chiefly to 
the bufinefs of the 6eld, where he diftinguiihed himfelf by a fupe- 
rior courage and conduA. He was prefent in ahnoS all the great 
adions of Henry's reign, and his name is renowned in its tour- 
naments. It is not known at what period his travels took place,, 
but he travelled like a hero of romance, proclaiming the charma 
of his miftrefs Geraldine, and &pporting them with the weapons 

. . ' Lul Wii]poit*s CatalBBue oS'pahle %^\3^ir%^ 

,. -of 



HOWARD* 263 

of knight-errantfy. Hiftoiy has not recorded. the xeal name of 
the fair Geraldir^e, but it has been very happily conjeftured, 
by the prefent earl of Orford, that fhe was tl^e lady Elizabeth 
Fitzgerald, fecond daughter of the earl of Kildare ; fo that her 
poetical title very clofely reprefents her real name. He com- 
manded at the famous battle of Flodden-field, in which he gave 
fuch extraordinary proofs of his gallantry, that he was foon after 
created earl of Surrey. In an expedition of his own, he was 
unfortunate. Endeavouring to cut off a convoy to Boulogne, h^ 
was defeated; a difgrace which he foon repaired, by gaining many 
advantages over the enemy. To this fingle inftance of ill fuc- 
cefs, fome afcribe his lofs of the king's favour. Others, with 
more (hew of probability, aflign his difgrace to the king's jea- , 
loufy of his very brilliant chara(Jter, and a fufpicion of his de- 
figning to wed the princefs Mary, and thereby afpiring to the 
crown. The earl of Surrey, however, upon a very frivolous 

f>retence of having been guilty of treafon, was, after all his 
ervices to his prince and country, .left to the trial of a common 
jury; who, in compliance with the king's pailions^ bringing him 
in guilty, he was foon after beheaded on Tower-hill. Tj^^c- 
culation was only that he had faid, " the king was ill-ad^Bfcj'* 
and that he had quartered certain royal arms with his own ;^!ich 
be proved, by the teftimony of the heralds, to belong to his family. 
. He was the firft of the Englifh nobility who had any familiar 
intercourfe with the Mufes; and far furpaffed his contemporaries 
in purity- of language, and harmony of numbers. Puttenham, 
in his Art of Englilh Poetry, fays, " That fir Thomas Wyat, 
and Henry earl of Surrey, were the two chieftains, who, having 
travelled into Italy, and there tafted the fweet and (lately mea- 
fures and ftyle of the Italian poetry, greatly poli(hed our rude 
^nd homely manner of vulgar poetry, from what it had been 
. before : and therefore may be juftly called, the reformers of our 
Engli(h poetry and ftyle." There has hardly been a poet of note 
fince this nobleman's time, who hath not paid fome refpeft to 
his memory. Sir Philip Sidney, Churchyard, Drayton, Dryden, 
Fenton, Pope, and many other authors, have given their tefti- 
monies to his merits; but it will be fu(ficient to quote a few 
beautiful lines from Pope's " Windfor Foreft," where the p(^ 
^rtfuUy applies the prai(es of Surrey to lord Lanfdown^ ^ 

** Here noble Surrey felt the facred rage, 
Surrey, the Granville of a former age. 
Matchlefs his pen, vi£lorious was his lance, 
JBdd in the lifts, and graceful in the dance. 
In the fame (hades the Cupids tuned his lyre. 
To the fame notes of love and foft defire : 
Fair Geraldine, bright objeft of his vow, - 
iThen fiU'd the groves, as'-heav'nly Mira nov^." 

S4 Hi,. 



264 



HOWARD. 



His poems, together with feme others of his famous contem^ 
poraries, were publifhcd in one vol, 8vo, London, 1717. They 
have been rcpublifhed lately in the general colleaion of the 
Britljh PoetSf printed under the care of Dr. Anderfon at Edin- 
burgh ; with the exception of his two books of the TEncid, the 
fecond and fourth, wherein he gave the firft fpecimen of Englifh 
blank verfe. Thefe are fo very fcarce, that they could not be 
procured for that edition; but will foon be republifhed, with his 
other poems, under the direftion of a very eminent critic in Eng- 
lifli poetry. The charafter of Surrey, as drawn by Mr. Warton, 
in his hiftory of Englifh poetry, mnft not be omitted. " In the 
Sonnets of Surrey," fays that clafTical and able critic, " we are fiir- 
prifed to find nothing of that metaphyfical caft, which marks the 
Jtalian poets, his fuppofed mafters, especially Petrarch. Surrey's 
fentiments are for the moft part natural and unaffefted; arifing 
from his' own feelings, and diftated by the prefent circumftances. 
His poetry is alike unembarralTed by learned allufions, or elaborate 
conceits. If he copies Petrarch, it is in Petrarch's beft man- 
ner, where he defcends from his Platonic abftraSions, his re- 
fi nffli ents of paflion, his exaggerated compliments, and his play 
u|^Boppo(ite fentiments, into a track of tendernefs, fimplicity, 
anlThature. Surrey, for his juftnefs of thought, correflnefs of 
ftyle, and purity of expreflion, may Juftly be pronounced the 
firft Englifh clamcal poet. He unquefrionably is the firfl polite 
writer of love-verfes m our language." It may be a^ded that, as 
the inventor of blank verfe, he beflowed a prefent of inefli- 
mable value upon his country. He gave the enchanted fpear 
with which Milton was enabled to unhorfe the epic poets of all 
countries. 

HOWARD (Sir Robert), an Englifh writer of fome abi- 
Hties and learning, was a younger fon of Thomas earl of Berl^- 
fhire, and educated at Magdalen- college in Oxford [nJ. During 
the civil war, he fuffered with his family, who adhered to Charles 
I. but at the Reftoration was made a knight, and chofen for 
Stockbridgc in Hampihire, to ferve in the parliament which 
began in May, 1661. He was afterwards made auditor of the 
exchequer, and was reckoned a creattire of Charles II. >vhom 
4he monarch advanced on account of his faithful fervices, in 
fajoling the parliament for money. In 1679, he was chofen to. 
lerve in parliaipent for Caftle-Rifing in Norfolk: and re-ele£led 
for the fame place in 1688. He was a flrong advocate for the 
Revolution, and became fo fiery and paffionate an abhorrer of 
the nonjurors, that he difclaimed all manner of converfation and 
intercourfc with perfons of that defcription. His obflinacy and 
|)ride procured him many enemies, and among them the d^^ 

[v] Atben. Qjton. 

of 



HOWARD. «65 

of Buckingham ; who intended to have expofed him under the 
name of Bilboa in the ** Rehearfal," but afterwards altered his 
refolution, and levelled his ridicule at a much greater name, 
under that of Bayes, He was fo extremely pofitive, and fo furc 
of being in the right upon every fubjeil^ that ShadwelJ the poet, 
though a man of the fame principles, could not help ridiculing 
him in his comedy of the Sullen Lovers, under the charaSer of 
fir Pofitive At-all. In the fame play there is a lady Vaine, a 
^courtezan, which the wits then underftood to be the miftrefs of 
fir Robert ; .whom he afterwards married. He publiflied, !• 
Poems and plays. 2. " The Hiftory of the Reigns of Edward 
and Richard II. with Reflexions and Charadlers of their chief 
Minifters and Favourites ; alfo a Comparifon of thefe Princes 
with Edward I. and III. 1690," 8vo. 3. ^< A letter to Mr. 
Samuel Johnfon, occafioned by a fcurrilous pamphlet, entitled, 
Animadverfions on Mr. Johnfon's Anfwer to Jovian, 1692," 
8vo. 4. " The Hiftory of Religion, 1694," 8vo. 5. << The 
fourth book of Virgil tranflated, 1660," 8vo. 6. *< Statius's 
Achilleis tranflated, 1660,^' 8vo. 

There was an Edward Howard, efq; likewife, a defcendant 
of the fame family,' who expofed himfelf to the feverity df our 
fatirifts, by writing bad plays* 

HOWARD (John),, the indefatigable friend of the poor and 
unfortunate, was born at Hackney, in the year 1 726. His father, 
who kept a carpet warehoufe in Long-lane, Smithfield, dying 
while he was very young, left him to the care of guardians, by 
whom he was apprenticed to a wholefale grocer in the city of 
London [o]. His conftitution appearing too weak for atteft- 
tion to trade, and his father having left him, and an only fifter, 
in circumftances which placed them above the riecellity of pur- 
fuing it, he bought out the remainder of his indentures before 
the time, and took a tour in France and Italy. On his return, 
he lodged .at the houfe of a Mts. Lardeau, a widow, in Stoke- 
Newington, where he was fo carefully attended by the lady, that 
though Ihe was many years older than himfelf, he formed an 
attachment to her, and in 1752 made her his wife. She was 
poffeifed of a fmall fortune, which he generoufly prefented to her 
fifter. She lived, however, only three years after their union, 
and he was a fincere mourner for her lo(s. About this time he 
became a fellow of the Royal Society, and, in 1756, being de- 
firous to view the ftate of Lifbon after the dreadful earthquake, 
he embarked for that city. In this voyage, the Hanover frigate, 
in which he failed, was taken by a French privateer, and the in- 
conveniences which hefufFered during his fubfequent confinement 
^n France, are fuppofed to have awakened his fympathies with 

[q] Mr. Newnbam, gran4£itlier to alderaym Newnhaai^ 

peculiar 



ia6« HOWARD. 

peculiar ftiength in favour of prifoners, and to hav^ given ri^ 
to his plans for rendering prifons lefs pernicious to health* |t i^ 
Aippofed, that after his reieafe, h^ made the tour of Italy. Qn 
his return, he fixed himfelf at Brokenhurft, a retired and pl^a-; 
fant villa near Lymington, in the New Foreft. Mr. Howard 
married a fecund time in 1758 ; but this lady, a daughter of a 
Mr. Leeds, of CroAton in Cambridgefliire, died in child-bed 
of her only child, a fon, in the year 1765. Either before, or 
foon after the death of his fecond wife, he left Lymington, and 
purchafed an eftate at Cardington, near Bedford, adjoining to 
that of his relation Mr. Whitbread. Here he much conciliated 
the poor by giving them employment, building them cottages» 
and other a&s of benevolence ; and regularly attended the con- 

Eegations of diflfenters at Bedford, being of that perfviafion. 
i$ time was alfo a good deal occupied by the education of his 
only fon, a talk for which he is faid to have been little qualified. 
With all his benevolence of heart, he is alferted to have been dif- 
pofed to a rigid feverity of difcipline, arifing probably from a 
very drift fenfe of reftitude, but not well calculated to form a 
tender mind to advantage. In 1773, he ferved the office of 
ilieriiF, which as he has faid himfelf, " brought the diftrefs of 
prifoners more immediately under his notice," and led to his 
benevolent def^gn of vifiting the gaols and other places of confine- 
2nent throughout England, fgr the fake of procuring alleviation 
to the miferies of the fufferers. In 1774, trufting to his intereft 
among the fedaries at Bedford, he offered himfelf as a candidate 
for that borough, but was jiot returned; and endeavouring to 
gain htsfoat by petition, was unfuccefsful. He w.as, however,t 
in the fame year, examined before the houfe of commons, on 
the fubjeft of the piifons, and received the thanks of the houfe 
for his attention to them. Thus encouraged, he completed his 
^infpeftion of the Britifb prifons, and extended his views even to 
foreign countries. He travelled with this defign, three times 
through France, four through Germany, five through Holland, 
twice throitgh Italy, onee in Spain and Portugal, and once alfo 
throtigh the northern flates, and Turkey. Theie excurfions were 
taken between the years 1775 and 1787. In the mean time^ 
his fjfler died, and left him a conQderable property, which he 
regarded as the gift of Providence to pronwte his humane de« 
figns, and applied accordingly. He publiflied alfo in 17773^ 
«* The StJ^te of the Prifons in England and Wales, with preli- 
minary Obfervations, and an Account.of fome Foreign Prifons,'* 
dedicated to the Houfe of Commons; in 4to. In 1780, he 
publiibed an appendix to this book, with' the narrative of his 
travels in Italy; and in 1784, republiihi^d it^ extending hi^ ac-* 
count to many other countries. About this time, his benevo- 
lence had £0 much attracted ti^^ public attention^ that a large 

fubfcriptioEi 



HOWARD. S67 

fubfcrfptien was made for the purpofe of ercQIng a ftafue to hit 
honour ; but he was too modeft and fmcere to accept of fuch « 
tribute, and wrote himfelf to the fubfcribers to put a flop X6 it. 
** Have I not one friend in England," he faid, when he firft 
heard of the defign, " that would put a flop to fuch a proceed* 
ing?" In 1789, he publifhed <* An Account of the principal 
Lazarettos ih Europe, with various Papers relative to the Plague, 
together with further Obfervaiions on fome foreign Prifons and 
Hofjpitals; and additional remarks on the prefent State of thofe 
in Great Britain and Ireland." He had publifhed alfo, In 1780, 
a tranflation of a French account of the Baftile ; and, in 1789, 
the duke of Tufcany's ncW code of civil law, with an Engliih 
tranflation. 

In his book on Lazarettos, he had announced his intention of 
revifiting Ruilia, Turkey, and fome other countries, and extend*'' 
ing his tour in the Eaft. ** I am not infenfible,'* fays he, ** of 
the dangers that muft attend fuch a journey. Truiling, how- 
ever, in the proteftion of that kind Providence which has hi* 
therto preferved me, I calmly and cheerfully commit myfelf to 
the difpofal of unerring wifdom. Should it pleafe God to cut 
off my life in the prolecution of this defign, let nqt my con- 
duft be uncandidly imputed to rafhnefs or enthufiafm, but to a 
ferious, deliberate conviftion, that I am purfuing the path of 
duty ; and to a fincere deftrc of being made an inftrumcnt of 
more extenfive ufefulnefs to my fellow-creatures, than could be 
expefted in the narrower circle of a retired life." He did ac- 
tually fall a facrifice to this defign ; for in vifiting a fick patient 
at Cherf6n, who had a malignant epidemic fever, he caught the 
diftemper, and died, Jan. 20, 1790. 

Mr, Howard was, in his own habits of life, rigidly temperate, 
and even abftemious ; fobfifting entirely, at one time, on pota- 
toes; at another, chiefly on tea and bread and butter; of courfe, 
not mixing in convivial fociety, nor accepting invitations to 
f>uWtc repafts. His labours have certainly had the admirable 
effed of drawing the attention of this country to the regulation 
of public prifons. In many places his improvements have been 
adopted, and perhaps in all our gaols fome advantage has been 
derived, from them. We may hope that thefe plans will termi- 
nate in fuch general regulations, as will make judicial confine- 
ment, inftead of the means of confirming and increafing depra- 
vity, (as it has been too generally) the fuccefsful inftruincnt of 
amendment in morality, and acquiring habits of induftry. 
While the few criminals, and probably very few, who may be 
too depraved for amendment, will be compelled to be beneficial 
to the community by their labour; and, being advantageoufly 
fituated in point of health, may fuflFer nothing more than that 
.refltaint which is neceflary for the fak^of fociety, add that ex- 
ertion 



268 HOW E. 

rrtion wWch thty ought never to have abandoned. Confidered 
as the firft mover of thefc im^rtant plans, Howard will always 
be honoured with the gratitude of his country : and his monu- 
mcnty lately ere^ed in ot. Paul's cathedral, is a proof that this 
gratitude is not inert. The monument is at the fame time, a 
noble proof of the (kill and genius of the artift, Mr. Bacon, 
and reprefents Mr. Howard in a Roman drefs, with a look and 
attitude expreffive of benevolence and activity, holding in one 
band a fcroU of plans for the improvement of prifons, hofpitats, 
&c. and in the other a key^ while he is trampling on chains 
and fetters* The epitaph is too long to be infcrted, and contains, 
indeed, a flcctch of his life ; but concludes in words which we 
alfo heartily adopt: " He trod an open, but utifreqnented path, 
to immortality, in the ardent and unremitted exercife of Chrif- 
tbn charity: may this tribute to his fame excite an emulation 
of his truly glorious atchievements!" 

HOWL (John, efq;j was the younger brother of fir Scroop 
Howe, of a good family in Nottinghamlhire [p]. In the conven- 
tioji-parliament, which met at Weftminiter, Jan. 22, 1688-9, 
he ferved for Cirencerter, and was conftantly chofen for that 
borough, or as a knight of the (hire for the county of Glou- 
cefter, in the three laft parliaments of king William, and in the 
three firft of queen Anne. In 1696, he was a ftrenuous advo- 
cate for fir John Fenwick; and his pleading in behalf of that 
unfortunate gentleman, (hews his extenfive knowledge of the 
laws, and averfion to unconftitutional meafures. In 1699, 
ivhen the army was reduced, it was principally in confideration 
of Mr. Howe's remonftrances, that the houfe of commons 
agreed to allow half-pay to the difbanded officers; and' when 
the partition -treaty was afterwards under the confideration of 
that houfe, he exprefled his fentiments of it in fuch terms, 
that king William declared, that if it were not for the dif- 

Krity of their rank, he would demand fatisfaflion with the 
ord. At the acceffion of queen Anne, he was fworn of 
of her privy-council, April 21, 1702; and, on June 7 fol- 
lowing, conftituted vice-admiral of the county of Gloucefter. 
Before the end of that year, Jan. 4, 170^-3, he was conftituted 
paymafter-general of her majefty's guards and garrifons. " Ho 
fecmed to be pleafed with, and joined in the Revolution, and 
was made vice-chamberlain to queen Mary ; but having aflced 
a grant, which was refufed him, and given to lord Portland, 
he fell from the court, and was all that teign the moft violent 
and open antagonift king William had in the houfe. A great 
enemy to foreigners fetth'ng in England 5 moft claufes in afts 
againft them being brought in by him. He is indefatigable in 

(o] Nichols's Select Collection of Poems, Vol. I. p. a^Pj.. Vol VW, p. 285, 

whatever 



HOWELL. 269 

whatever he undertakes; witnefs the old Eaft-lndia company, 
whofe caufe he maintained till he fixed it Ujpon as fure a foot as 
the new; even when they thought themlelves pad recovery. 
He lives up to what his vifible elTate ca»i afford ; yet purchafes, 
indead of running in debt. He is endued with good natural 
parts, attended with an unaccountable boldncfs; daring to fay 
what he pleafcs, and will be heard out; fo that he pafleth with 
fome for the (hrew of the houfe. On the queen's acceflion to 
the throne, he was made a privy-counfellor, and paymafter of 
the guards and garrifons. He is a tall, thin, pale-faced man, 
with a very wild look; brave in his perfun* bold in expreffing 
himfelf, a violent enemy, a fure friend, and feems to be always 
in a hurry. Near fifty years old." Such is the charaQer given 
of this gentleman by Macky, in 1703, A new privy-council 
being fettled, May 10, 1708, according to aft of pariiatnetit, 
relating to the union of the two kingdoms, he was, among the 
other great officers, fworn into it. He continued paymafter of 
the guards and garrifons till after the acceflion of George I. 
who appointed Mr. Walpole to fucceed him, in Sept, 23, 
1714; the privy-council being alfo diflblved, and a new one ap* 
pointed to meet on Oft. i following, he was left out.pf the lift. 
Retiring to his feat at Stowell in Gloucefterfhire, he died there 
in 1 72 1, and was buried in the chancel of the church of 
Stowell. 

Mr. Howe was author of *^ A panegyric on King William,** 
and of feveral fongs and little poems; and is introduced in 
Swift's celebrated ballad, "On the Game of Traffic," He 
married Mary, daughter and co-heir of Humphrey Baikerville, 
of PantrylJos in Hereford (hi re, efq; widow of fir Edward Mor* 
gan, of Laternam in Monmouthlhlre, bart. by whom he was 
father to the firft lord Chedworth. 

HOWELL ( Iames), an Englifti writer [p], was the fon of 
Thomas Howell, miniller of Abernant in Caermarthenftiirc, 
and born about 1596. He was fent to the free-fchool at Here- 
ford; and entered of Jefus-college, Oxford, in i6io. His elder 
brother Thomas Howell was already a fellow of that fociety, af- 
terwards king's chaplain, and was nominated in 1644 to the fee of 
Briftol. James Howell, having taken the degree of B. A. in 1613, 
left college, and removed to London ; for being, fays Wood, " a 
pure cadet, a true Cofmopolite, not born to land, leafe, houfe, 
or office, he had his fortune to make ; and bc^ng withal not fo 
much inclined to a fcdentary.as an aftive life, this fituation 
pleafed him bcft, as moft lik<*ly to anfwer his views." The 
firft employment he obtained was that of fteward to a glafs-houfc 
in Broad-ftrcet, which was procured for him by Hr Robert 

[r] Atbtn. Oson. 

Manfel, 



870 HOWELL. 

Manfel, who was principally concerned in it* The firo* 

prietors of this work, intent upon improving the manufafloiy^ 
came to a refolution to fend an agent abroad, who fliould 
procure the bed materials and workmen ; and they made choice 
of Howell for this purpofe, who fetting off in 1619, vifited 
feveral of the principal places in Holland, Flanders, Finance, 
Spain, and Italy. Dec. 1621, he returned to London; haying 
executed the purpofe of his mifnon very well, and particularly 
having acquired a inaAerly knowledge in the modern languages. 
" Thank God," fays he, " I have this fruit of my foreign tjra- 
irels, that I can pray unto him every day of the week in a fepa^ 
rate language, and upon Sunday in feven [oj*'' 

Soon after his returif, he <}tiit^ed his {leward(hip of the glafs- 
houfe ; and having experienced the pleafures of travelUnjg, laid 
his plan for more employments of the fame kind. In 1022, he 
was fent into Spain, to recover a rich Engliih (hip, feized by the 
^iperoy of Sardinia for his matter's ufe, on pretence of its havii^ 
prohibited goods on board. In 1623, ddring his abfence abroad, 
he was chofen fellow of Jefus-college in Oxford, upon the new 
foundation of fir Eubule Theloal : for he had taken unremitting 
care to cultivate his intereft in that fj^ciety. He tells fir Eubule, 
in his lett#of thanks to him, that he ** will referve hiis fellow- 
ihip, and lay it by as a good warm garment againft rough weather, 
if any fall on him :" in which he was followed by Prior, who 
alledged the fame reafon for keeping his fellowfhip at St. John's- 
college in Cambridge. Howell returned to England in 1624; 
and was foon after appointed fecretary to lord Scrope, afterwards 
earl of Sunderland, who was niade lord-prefident of the North. 
This office carried him to York ; and while he refided there, 
the corporation df i^ichmond, without any application from 
himfelf, and againft feveral competitors, chofe him one of their 
feprefentatives, in the parliament which began in 1627. In 1632, 
he went as fecretary to Robert earl of Leicefter, ambaflador ex- 
traordinary from Charles I. to the court of Denmark, on occa- 
fion of the death of the queen dowager, who was grandmother 
to that king: and there gave proofs of his oratorical talents, in 
feveral Latin fpeeches before the king of Denmark, and other 
princes of Germany. After his return to England, his fortune 
proved more unftable than ever: for, except an inconfiderable 
affair, on which he was difpatched lo Orleans in France by fecre- 
tary Windebank in 1635, he^was for fome years deftitutcjaf any 
employment. At laft, in 1639, he went to Ireland, aod was well 
received by lord Strafford, the h)rd-lieutenant, who had before 
made him very warm profeffions of kindnefs. The lieutenant em- 
ployed him as an affiftant-clerk upon fome bufinefs to Edinburgh^ 

[qj HowcU'» Utters, Vol. I, 

6 $xii 



it OWE EL* 471 

tiid afterwards ^d London ; but- his rifing hopes: were httnad by 
the unhappy fatfe which foon overtook the earl of StrafBord, la 
1640^ he was difpatched upon fome bufinefs to France; and th« 
faitte year was made clerk of the council, which poft was th« 
moft fixed in point of refidence, and the moft permanent in it« 
nature, that he had ever enjoyed. But his royal mafter, hav^ 
ing departed from his palace at Whitehall, was not able to fecure 
his continuance long in it : for, in 1643, bet^ come to London 
tjport fome bufinefs of his own, all his papers were feized bra 
feomnaittee of the parliament, his perfon fecured, and, in a few 
days after, he was committed clofe prifoner to the Fleet. This 
at leaft he himfelf makes th« caufe of his imprifonment : but 
Wood infinuates, that he was thrown into prifon, for debts 
conirafted through bis own extravagance ; and indeed fome of 
bis oWn letters give room enough to fufped it, Bm wh^eTtnr 
Was the caufe^ he bore it cheerfully ; among many proofs of 
which the following epitaph upon himfelf is one,. 

*' Here lies entomb'd a walking thing, 
Whom Fortune with the ftates did fling 
Between thcfe walls. Why? afk not that: 
That blind whore doth flie knows not what.'^* 

He had now no refource except his pen: and he applied }\im^ 
felf therefor^ wholly to write and tranflate books* This work 
he managed fo well, that it brought him a comfortable fub- 
iiftence, during his long ftay in that prifon, where be was 
confined till fome time after the king's death ; and as he got 
nothing by his difcharge but hi^ liberty, he was obliged to con-^ 
tinue the fame employment afterwards. His numerous pro^ 
dui&ions, written rather out of neceffity than choice, (hew, how- 
ever," a readinefs of wit, and an exuberant fancy. Though 
always a firm Royalift, he does not feem to. have approved the 
m^afures purfued by Buckingham, Laud, and Strafford; and 
Was far from approving the impofition of (hip-money, and the 
policy of creating and muhiplying monopolies. Yet the unbri- 
dled infolence and outrages of the Republican governors fo much 
dlfgu(ted him, that he was not difpleafed when Oliver alTumed 
the fovereign power under the title of protestor ; and in this 
light he addreffed him on that occafion in a fpeech, which (liall 
be mentioned prefently. His behaviour under Cromwell's ty- 
ranny was no more than prudential, and was fo confidered ; for 
Charles 11, at his reftoration, thought him worthy of his notice 
and favour: and his former poft under the council being other- 
wif^^ifpofed of, a new place was created, by the grant of which 
he became the firft hiftoriographer royal in England. He died 
Nov. 1666, and was interred in the Temple-church, London, 
where a monument was erecSed to his memory, with the follow^ 

^ ing 



272 HOWELL. 

ing infcription ; which was taken down when the church Prus 
repaired in 1683, and has not fince been replaced. ^* Ja* 
cobus Howell Cambro^BritannuSy Regius Hiftoriographus in 
Anglia primus, qui poft varios peregrinationes tandem naturs 
curfum peregit, fatur annorum & famse; domi forifque hue 
ufque erraticusy hie fixus 1666." 

His works were numerous, i. " Dodona's Grove, or, The 
Vocal Foreft, 1640/* a. "The Vote:" a poem, prefented to 
the king on New-year's day, 1641. 3. " InftruSions for for- 
raine Travell : fliewing by what Courfe, and in what compafs 
i>f Time, one may take an txaSt Survey of the Kingdomes and 
States of Chriftendome, and arrive to the pradlical Knowledge 
of the Languages to good Purpofe, i64;2.'* Dedicated to Prince 
Charles. Reprinted in 1650, with additions. Thefe works were 
publifhed before he was thrown into prifon. 4. " Cafual Dif- 
oourfesand Interlocutions between Patricius and Peregrin, touch- 
ing the DiftraiSions of the Times." Written foon after the 
Battle of Edgehill, and the firil book publifhed in Vindication 
of the king. 5. " MerOurius Hibernicus: or, a Difcourfe of the 
Irifli Mafiacre, 1644." 6. " Parables refleftineon the Times, 
1644." 7^ ** England's Tears for the prefent Vvars, &c. 1644." 
8. " PreKiminence and Pedigree of Parliaments, 1644." 9. 
** Vindication of fome Paflages refleding upon him in Mr. 
Prynne's Book, called The Popifli Royal Favourite, 1644." 10. 
•* Epidolae Ho-Elianae :" " Familiar Letters Domeftic and 
Foreign, divided into fundry SeSions, partly hiftorical, partly 
political, partly philofophical, 1645." Another colleQion was 
publifhed in 1647 ; and both thefe, with the addition of a third;, 
came out in 1650. A few additional letters appeared in fome 
fubfequent editions : of which the eleventh was printed in 8vo, 
1754. It is not, indeed, to be wondered, that thefe letters 
have run through fo many editions ; fince they not only contain 
much of the hiftory of his own times, but are alfo interfperfed 
with many pleafant ftories properly introduced and applied. It 
cannot be denied, that he has given way frequently to very low 
Witticifms, the moft unpardonable inftance of which is, his re- 
niark upon Charles the Firft's death, where he fays, " I will at- 
tend with patience how England will thrive, now that flie is let 
blood in the Bafilical vein, and cured as they fay of. the king's 
evil:" but it may be faid, that he was led into this manner by 
the humour of the times. Wood relates, it does not appear on 
what authority, that " many of thefe letters were never written 
before the author of them was. in the Fleet, as he pretends they 
were, but only feigned and purpofely publifhed to gain money 
to relieve his neceffities :" be this as it will, he allows that they 
•* give a tolerable hiflory of thofe times," which if true is very 
fil^cient to recommend them. 

I Thefe 



HOWELL. 273 

Thefe letters are almoft thfe only work of Howell that is 
how regarded: the reft are very obfcure. But we fhall pro-« 
ceed in the account. it. " A Nodlurnal Progrefs: or, a 
Perambulation of moft Countries in Chriftendom^ performed 
in one Night by ilrength of Imagination^ 1645." 12. 
•* Luftra Ludoviei: or the Life of Lewis XIIL King of 
France, &c."' 13. ^* An Account of the deplorable State of 
England in 1647, ^^" 1647. 14. •< Letter to Lord Pembroke 
concerning the Times, and the fad Condition both of Prince and 
iPeople, 1647/' 15. •« Bella Scot- Anglica : A Brief of all the 
Battles betwixt England and Scotland, from all Times to this 
prefenti 1648." xo. " Corollary declaring the Gaufes, whereby 
the Scot is come of late Years to be fo heightened in his Spirits.'* 
17. *' The Inftruments of a King: or^ a (hort Difcourfe of the 
Sword, Crown, and Sceptre, &c. 1648." 18. " Winter* 
JDream, 1649." 19. " A Trance^ or News from Hell, brought 
firft to Town by Mercurius Acheronticus, 1649." 20. ** In- 
quifition after Blood, &c. 1649." 21. " Vificui, or Dialogue 
between Soul and Body, 1651." 22. ** Survey of the Signory 
of Venice, &c. 1651." 23. " Somefober Infpeftions made into 
the Carriage and Confults of the late long Parliament, wheteby 
occafion is taken to fpeak of Parliaments in former Times, and 
of Magna Charta ; with fome Reflexions upon Government in 
general, 1653*" Dedicated to Oliver lord prote£ior, whom he 
Compares to Charles Marte], and compliments in language much 
beyond the truth, arid the fentiments of his own heart* The 
fourth edition of this book came out in 1660, with feveral-ad- 
ditions. 24. " Hiftory of the W^rs of Jerufalem epitomifed/* 
25. " Ah, Ha; Tumulus, Thalamus: twt) Counter- Poems: 
the firft an Elegy on Edward late Earl of Dorfet : the fecond an 
Epithalamium to the Marquis of Dorchefter, 1653." 26. *• The 
German Diet': or Balance of Europe, &c. 1653," folio. The 
author's portrait at whole length is fet before the title* 27.- 
** Parthenopeia 1 or, the Hiftory of Naples, &c.. 1654." 28* 
** Londinopolis, 1657.1' A fliort difcourfe, fays Wood, moftly 
taken from Stowe's •* Survey of London," 29. " Difcourfe of 
the Empire, and of the Eledion of the King of the Romans', 
1658.'' 30. " Lexicon- Tetraglotton : An Englifli -French- 
Italian-Spanifti Didionary, &c. 1660." 31. " A Cordial for the 
Cavaliers, 1 66 1 ." Anfwered immediately by fir Roger L*Eftrange, 
in a book entitled, ** A Caveat for the Cavaliers: replied to by 
Mr. Howell, in the next article. 32. " Some fober Infpe6lion» 
made into thofe Ingredients that went to the Gompofition of a 
late Cordial for the Cavaliers^ i66i.^' 33* "A French Grammar, 
&c." 34. " The Parley of Beafts, &c. 1660." 35. " The 
fecond Part of cafual Difcourfes and Interlocutions between 
Patricius and Peregrin, &c. j66x.*' 36, ." Twelve Trcatife* 

Vol. VIIL * T ot 



^74 H O 2 I £ K. 

of the late Revolution^* 1661/' 37. *^ New EngUfl) Cfammaf 
for Foreigners to learn EngliHi: with a Grtoimar for the Sf^^ 
xlifliand Caftilian Tongue » with fpecial Remarks on the Pontu^* 
guefe Dialed^ for the fenricc of her Maiefty, i66a/' 38* 
" Difcourfe concerning the Precedency of Kings,n663/* 39. 
^* Poems:" collcaed and pubUfhed bv ferjeant-major P. F. that 
is^ Payne Fiflier, who had been poet-Iaureat to Cromwell. The 
editor tells us. That his author Howell " may be called the 
prodigy of the age for the variety of his volumes; for there hath 
paSed the prefs above forty of his works on various fubje^iSf 
ufeful not only to the prefent times, but to all pofterity. And 
ii is to be obferved,'* fays he, " that in all his writings there is 
fometh'mg dill new, either in the matter, method, or fancy, ami 
in an untrocUcn tra£l." He publifhed next, 40. " A Treatife 
concerning Amhafladors, 1664.*' 41. " Concctnijt^ the fur;x?nder 
ot' Dunkirk, that it was done upon good Grounds, 1664," 

Befides thefe original works, he tranilated feveral fromfooreiga 
languages; as, i. *^ St. Paul's late Progrefs upon Earth about a 
Divercc betwixt Chrift and the Church of Rome, by reafon of 
her DilTolutencfs and Exceifes, &c» 1644." The author oS 
this book publifhed it about 1642, and was forced to fly from 
Rome on that account* He withdrew in the company, and 
under the conduA of one, who pietended friendfihip for him ; 
but who betrayed him at Avignon, where he was firft hanged and 
then burnt. 2. " A Venetian Looking-glafs : or, a Letter 
written very lately from London to Cardinal Barberini at Rome, 
bv a Venetian Clariflimo, touching the prefent Oiftempers in 
England, 1648." 3. " An exaft Hiftory of the late Revo- 
lutions in Naples, &c. 1650/' 4. " A Letter of Advice from 
the prime Statefmen of Florence, how England may come to 
herfelf again, 1659." All thefe were tranflated from the Italian. 
He tranflated alfo from the French, " The Nuptials of Peleua 
and Thetis, &c. 1654;*^ and from the Spanifli, " The Procefs 
and Plead'mgs in the Court of Spain, upon the Death of Anthony 
Afcham, Refident for the Parliament of England, &c. 1651." 

Laftly, he publiflied, in 1649-, " The late. King's Declara- 
tion in Latin, French, and*Englifli :" and in 1 751, " Cottoni 
Pofthuma, or divers choice Pieces of thai renowned Antiquary 
Sr Robert Cotton, Knight and Baronet,*' in 8vo. 
. HOZIER rPiERRE d'), a man famous in his time, and even 
celebrated by Boileau, for his flcill in genealogies, was born of a 
good family at Marfeilles, in 1592, and bred to military fervice; 
but verv early applied himfelf with great zeal to that ftudy for 
which ne became fo famous. By his probity as well as talents, 
he obtained the confidence of Louis XIH. and XIV. and en- 
joyed the benefii of their favour in feveral lucrative and ho- 
nourable pofts* After riiing through feveral appointments,^ fuch 

as 



HUBER. tjs 

^ judge of arms/ in 1641, and certifier of titles in 1641, he 
\vas a^buited in 1654 to fhe council of ftate. He died at Faris 
ifi i66o. Hozier was author of a hifiojy of Britany^ in folio^ 
and of inaiw genealogical tables. 

HUARTE (JohnJ, a native of French Navanc, though he 
is ufually fuppofed to be a Spaniard, lived in the 17th cen- 
tury. He gamed great fame by a work which he publiihed in 
Spani(b» upon a very curious and interefting fubjed* The title 
of it runs thus ! '' Examen de ingenios para bs Sciencias, &c* 
Or, . an examination of fuch gentufe^, as are fit for acquiring 
the fciences, and were born fuch : wherein, by marvellous ana 
ufeful fecrets, drawn from true philofophy both natural dAd di- 
vine, are (hewn the gifts and differisnt abilities found in men, and 
for what kind of ftudy the genius of every man is adapted in 
fuch a manner, that whoever (hall read this book attentively, 
will difcover the properties of his own genius, and be able to 
make choice of that fcience in which he will make the greateft 
improvement." This book has been tranflated into feveral lan- 
guages, and gone through feveral impreflions. It was tranflated into 
Italian, and publiihed at Venice in 1582; at lead the dedication 
of that tranflation bears this date. It was tranflated into French 
by Gabriel Chappuis in 1580; but there is a better French ver- 
(wn than this by Savinien d'Alquic, printed at Amfterdam in 
167a. He has taken in the additions inferted by Huarte in the 
laft edition of his book, which are confideral)le both in quality 
and quantity. It has been tranflated alfo into Latin, and ladly, 
into Englifh. This very admired audidr has be^n highly ex- 
tolled for acutenefs and fubtlety, and undoubtedly had a great 
fliare of thefe qualities: Bayle however thinks, that ** it would 
not be prudent for 4iny perfon to rely either on his maxims or au- 
thorities; for," fays he, •' he is not to be truftcd on either of thefe 
heads, and his hypothefes are frequently chimerical, efpecially 
when he pretends to teach the formalities to be obferved by tho(e 
who would beget children of a virtuous turn of mind. There are, 
in this part of his book, a great many particulars repugnant to 
modefly: and he deferves cenfure for publifhing, as a genuine 
. and authentic piece, a pretended letter of Lentulus the proconful 
from Jerufalem to the Roman fenate, wherein a portrait is given 
of Jefus Chriit, a defcription of his fhape and ftature, the colouj^ 
of his hair, the qualities of his beard, &c." 

HUBER (Ulric), a native of Dockum in the Dutch terri- 
tories, was lamous as a lawyer, an hifl:orian, and a philologer. 
He was born in 1635; and became profeflbr at Franeker, and 

[ afterwards at Lewarde. He publiflied, i. in i66a. Seven Dif*- 

fcrtationa, ** De genuina aetate Afly riorum, et regno Medorum.'* 

i Alfo, 2. A treatife, ** De Jure civitatis." 3. " Jurifprudentia 

# • Frifiaca." 4. <* Specimen Philofophiae civilis." 5. " Inftitu- 
^ ' T a tiones 



5 



lyS 



HUBERT. 



tioncs HHtoriae civilis :*' and fcveral other worlcs. From i66if 
he was engaged in violent cdntroverfy with Perizonius, on fome 
points of jurifprudence, and on his work laft-rtentioned, the 
*' Inftitutiones hiftorise civilis." He died in 1694. The dif- 
pute with Perizonius was Carried on with fufficient fcurritity on 
both fides. 

HUBER (ZachArias), Ton of the former, iJorn at Ffa- 
nekeri Ih 1669; and afterwards advanced to the fame pro- 
feflbrfhips. He publiflied in 1690, i, A Diflertation, ** Dc 
Ycro fcnfu atqtie interpretatione, legis IX. D. de lege Pompeia, 
de parricidis/' Franeker, 4to. 2. Alfo, " Diflertationum libri * 
tres, quibus explicantur &c. feleda juris public!, facri, pri- 
vatique capita." Franeker, 1702. He died [r] in 1732. 

HUBER (Mary), a voluminous female author, born at Ge- 
ftc*a, in 1710, died at Lyons in 1753. Her principal works 
are thefe that follow, i. ** Le monde fou, pr6fer6 au monde 
Sage," 1 73 1 — 1744> >n Svo* 2* " Le Syftcme des Theologiens 
anciens ct modernes, fur Tetat des amcs feparees des corps," 1 2mo, 
'73' — '739* 3* ** Suite du memc ouvrage, fervant de reponfc 
a M^Rlichat,** i2ilio^ 1731 — 1739. 4. " R^dudion du Spec- 
tateur Anglois." This was an abridgement of the Speftator, 
and appeared in 1753, in fix parts, duodecimo; but did not 
fucceed* 5. " Lettres fur la Religion eflentielle a Thomme,** 
1739 — 1754. Mary Huber was a Proteftant, and this latter 
work in particular, was attacked by the divines of the Romifh 
communion. She had wit and knowledge, but was fometimes 
obfcure, from wanting the talent to develope her own ideas* 

HUBERT (Matthew), a celebrated French preacher, con- 
temporary with Bourdaloue, whom, indeed, he could not rivals 
but was ilcilful enough to pleafe ; being efteemed by him one of 
the firft preachers of the time. He was a prieft of the congre* 
gation of the Oratory, and no lefs remarkable for his gentle 
piety, and profound humility than for his eloquence. He excelled 
confequenily rather in the touching ftyle of the facred, than the 
vivid manner of the temporal oratpr. He was ufed to fay, that hid 
brother Maflillon was fit to preach to the matters, and himfelf to 
the Servants* He died in 17 17, at the age of 77 ; after difplay* 
ing his powers in the provinces, in the capital, ahd at court. 
* Eight years after his dealh> in 1725, his fermons were publiflied 
at Paris, in 6 vols. t2mo, and 'were much approved by all per- 
foYis of piety and tafte. " His manner of reafoning," fays his 
editor, father Monteuil, •* had not that drynefs which frequently 
deftroys the efFeft of a difcourfe ; nor did he employ that ftudied 
elocution which frequently enervates the ftyle by an excefs of 
polifli." The beft composition in thefe volumes^ is the funeral 

I»3 SaxirOnomaft. Voi. V. p. 597* 

oration 



HUDSON. 277 

oration on Mary of Auftria. As a trait of his humility, it is 
Related, that, on being told by a perfon in a large cbmpany, that 
they had be«n fellovv-dudents ; he replied, " I cannot eafily 
forget it, iinqe you not only lent me books, but gave me 
i:lothes " . . 

HUBNER (John), a native of Lufatia, or, according to 
fome authorities, of Torgau in Saxony, highly celebrated for hjs 
flcill in hiftory, geography, and genealogy, was born in i668- 
His worjks- were chiefly written in the foirm of queftion and 
anfwer, and fo popular in Germany, that his introduilioa 
to geography went through a vaft number of editions in that 
country, and has been tranflated intoEnglifli, French, and other 
languages. They are calculated rather for the inftru(iion pf the 
ignorant, than the fatisfaftion of the learned ; but are well exe*- 
jcuted in their way, Hubner was profeflTor of geography at Leipfic^ 
and reiSor of the fchool at Hamburgh, in which city he died in 
1 73 1. His queftions on modern and ancient geography, were 
publifhed at Leipfic in 1693, in 8vo, under the title of <* Kurtze 
Fragen aus der newen und alten Geographie." He publiihed, 
0.. in 1697, and feveral fubfequent years?, in ten volumes, iimilar 
queftions on political hiftory, entitled, ** Kurtze Fragen ans 
der' Politifchen Hiftorie, bis ;&um Aufgang des Siebenzendep 
faeculi." 3. His next work was. Genealogical Tables, with ge-» 
nealogical queftions fubjoined, 1708, &c. 4. Supplem^ents to 
the preceding works. ^^ Lexicons, refembling our Gazetteers^ 
for the aid of common life, entitled, " Staats, Zeituiigs, und 
Converfations-Lexico." 6. A Genealogical Le^^icoq^ 7, 
^' Bibiiotheca Hiftorica Hamburgenfis," Leipfic, 1715. And, 
8. ** Mufeum Geographicum." The two laft were more 
iefteemed by the learned than any of his other works. 

HUDSOIf (Captain Henry], an eminent Englifh navigator, 
\vho flourifhed in high fame in the beginning of tjie laft century. 
Where he was born and educated, we have no certain account ; 
nor have we of any private circumftances of his life. The 
^uftom of difcovering foreign countries for the benefit of 
trade, not dying with queen Elizabeth, in whofe reign it had 
been zealoufly purfued, Hudfon, among others, attempted to 
find out a paliage by the north to Japan and China. His firft 
voyage was in 1607, at the charge of fome London merchants ; « 
and his fipft attempt was for the norih-eaft paflage to the Indies. 
He departed therefore on the firft of May ; and after various 
adventures through icy feas, and regions intenfely cold, returned 
to England, and arrived in the Thames, Sept, 15. The year 
folloyving he undertook a fecond voyage fpr difppvering the fame 
pafTage/ and accordingly fet fail with fifteen perfons only^ April 
22 ; biit pot fucceeding, returned homeward^, and arrived s^ 
Gravefend, or^ 4"g- ^!^* What we aipe to think of the veracity 

Ts of 



878 



HUDSON. 



of his jccoonts, <nay be doi]A>ted, when we find in his journal of 
this voyage, the naention of t mermaid, which he fays was feen 
when they were about 76 degrees north latitude. Thcfe are 
his words, '* The 15th of June, one of our company look- 
ing overboard faw a mermaid, and caHing up fome of the com- 
pany to fee her, one more came up, and (he was then crme 
clo(c to the fliip's fide, looking earncftly on the men [s]. Spon 
after a fea came and overturned her. From the navel upwartfe 
hex back and Ijrcafts were like a woman's, her body as big 2ts 
(me of us, her ikin very white, and long blaclc hair hanging 
down behind. In her going down thev faw her tail, like the • 
tail of a porpoQS, and fpeck^d like macltarel.*' In this inftance 
lie was at lead credulous, for he does not fay thtt he faw it him- 
fclf- 

Not dilbeartened by his former unfuccefsfnl voyages, he un- 
dertook again, in 1609, a third voyage to the fame parts, for fur- 
ther difcoveries; and was fitted out by the Dutch Eaft- India 
company. He failed from Amfterdam, with twenty men, Eng- 
Ii(h and Dutch, March 25; and on April 25, douWed the notth 
cape of Finmark in Norway. He kept along the coafts of Lap- 
land towards Nova Zembia, but found the fta fo full of ice, 
that he could not proceed. Then turning about, he went to- 
wards' America, and arrived at the coaft of New France on July 
18. He failed from place to place, without any hopes of fuc- 
ceeding in their grand fcheme ; and the (hip's crew difagr^cing, 
and being in danger nf mutinying, he purfued his way home- 
wards, and arrived Nov. 7, at Dartmouth in Devonfnire: of 
which he gave advice to his direQors in Holland, fending them, 
alfo a journal of his voyage. In 1610, he was again, fitted out 
by fome gemlemcn, with a commiflion to try, if thrtiiigh any of 
thofe American inlets, which captain Davis faw, but durft not 
enter, on the weftern fide of Davis« Streights, any paflfage 
might be found to the South Sea. They failed from St. Catha- 
rine's, April 17, and on June 4, came within fight of Grcelilanrf. 
On the 9ih th^y were off Forbifber's Streights, and on the J5th 
caitic in fight of Cape Defolation. Thence they p/ocecded norths* 
weftward, among great quantities of ice, until they came totht? 
mouth of the ftreights that bear HtJdfon's name. They ad- 
* vanced in thofe ftreights wefterly, as the land and ice v^ould 
permit, till they got into the bay, whicli has ever fince beet^ 
called by the bold difcovcrer's name, ** Hudfon's Bay." He 
gave names to places as he went along ; and called the country 
itfelf " Nova feritannia, or New Britain. He failed above 
I CO leagues fouth into this bay, being confident that he had 

s] ^torelias*8 Pilgrimiy Part iii| Edit f^$. p. 575— Harris's Voyages, Vol. I. 

• foun^ 



HUDSON. 279 

found the defired paflagc; but perceiving at laft that ft was only 
a bay, he rcfolved to winter in the moft fouthern point of it, 
with an intention of purfuihg his* difcoveries the following 
fpring. Upon this he was fo intent, that he did not con(id«r 
how unprovided he was with neceflkries to Aipport himfelf dur- 
ing a fevere winter in that defolate place* On Nov. 3, how- 
ever, they drew their (hip into a fmaikcreek, where they would 
all infallibly have perilhed, if they had not been unexpefledly 
and providentially fupplied with uncemmon flights of wild 
fowl, which ferved them for provifion. In the fpring, when 
the ice began to wafte, Hudfon, in order to complete hisdifco- 
very, made feveral efforts of various kinds : but, notwithftand- 
ing all hisendeavours, he found himfelf neceflitated to abandon 
his enterprife, and to make the bed of his way home; and 
therefore diftributed to his men, with tears in his eyes, all the 
bread he had left, which was only a pound to each : though it 
is faid other provifions Were afterwards found in the (hip. In 
his defpair and uneafmefs, he had let fall fome threatening 
words, of fetting fome of his men on (hore ; upon which a few 
of the fturdieft, who had before been very mutinous, entered his 
c^bin in the night, tied his arms behind him, and expofed him 
in his own fliallop at the weft en^f of the ftreights, with his fob, 
John Hudfon, and fevenof the moft fick and infirm of his men. 
There they turned them adrift^ and it is fuppofed that they 
all periflied, being never heard of more.. The ciew proceeded 
with the (hip for England; but going on fliore near the ftreight's 
mouth, four of them were killed by favages. The reft, after 
enduring the great^ft hardftiips, and ready to die for want, ar- 
lived at Plymouth, Sept. 1611, 

HUDSON (Dr. John), a learned Englifh critic, was born 
at Widehope near Cockermouth in Cumberland, 1662 [t]; and, 
after having been educated in grammar and clailical learning, was 
entered in 1676 of Queen 's-coUegey Oxford. Soon after he had 
taken the degree of M. A. he removed to Univerfity*college, of 
which he was chofen fellow in March, 1686, and became a moft 
confide^abte and efteemed tutor. He afterwards diftinguiftiM 
himfelf alfo by publiftiing feveral valuable editions of Greek 
and Latin authors. In April, 1701, on the refignation of Dr. 
Thomas Hyde, he was elefted principal keeper of thcBodleian 
library; and, in June following, accumulated the degrees of B. 
and D, D. With this librarian's place, which he held till his 
death, he kept his fellowfljip till June 1711, when, according 
to the ftatutcs of the college, he would have been obliged 
tp refign it; but he had juft before difqualified hioifelf for 

Tt] Athcn«, V9I. II. CqI. 94P:| Edi^ lyzir-Ant. Hafll, Ptxfxt. d* J. l|u«ffon, 
Jotephttm* 

T4 hglding 



28o HUDSON, 

holding It any longer, by msrrying Margaret,, daughter of fir 
Robert Harrifon, knight, an alflerman of Oxford, and a mercer^ 
In 17 12, he was appointed principal of St. Mary- hall by the 
chancellor of the univerfity, through the intereit of Dr. Rad- 
cliffe : and it is faid, that to Hudfon's intereft with this phyfj? 
cian, the univerfity of Oxford is obliged for the wonderfully 
ample benefa£lions ihcj^fter wards received from him. Hud- 
fon's fludious and fcdentary way of life brought him at length 
into an ill habit pf body, which, turning to a drqpfy, kept hiii^ 
about a year in a very languifhing condition. He died, Nov. 
279 1 719* leaving a widow, and Que daughter. 

His publitations were as follow: i. ** Introdudlio aJ phro- 
nographiam: five ars chropQlogica in Epitomen redadla, 1691," 
8vo. Extradled from Beveridge's Treatife on that fubj^S, for 
the ufe of hifi pupils. 2. *f Velleius Paterculus, cpm variis lec- 
tionibus, & notis, & indice, 1693," 8vo. A fecond edition, with 
the notes enlarged, in 1711. 3. 5* Thucydides, i6g6," fpljo*. 
A neat and beautiful edition, but fpmewhat eclipfed in jts 
credit by that of Duker and Waffe. 4. V Geographise Veteris 
Scriptores Graeci Minores. Cum Diffcrtationibus & Annota- 
tionibus Henrici Dodwelli," 8vo. The firft puisHfhed in 1698. 
the fecond in 1703, and the third and fourth in 171 2. 5. *' Dio* 
nyfii Halicarnaflfenfis opera omnia, I70ij.," 2 vols, folio. A beap- 
tiful and valuable edition, enrjfhed wilh the various readings of 
an ancient copy in the Vatican library, and of fevcral maniJ-r 
fcripts in France. The learned editor has fubjoined to his own 
notes feveral of Sylburgius, Portus, Stephens, Cafaubofi, an^ 
Valefius. 6, ** Dionyflus JLongipus, 1719," 4to. and 1718,, 
8vo. A very beautiful edition, and th^ notes, like all the reft o^ 
Hudfon's, very fhort, 7. *^ Moeris Atticifta, de vocibus Attici^ 
& Hellenicis. Gregorius Martinus de Graecarum literarum pro- 
nunciatione, 171a/' 8vo. 8. " Fabulas iEfopicas," Greek ancj 
J^atin, 1 71 8, 8vo. 9. ".FJavii Jofephi Opera," he had juft 
fimOied, but did not live to publifli. He had proceeded as far 
as the third index, when, finding himfelf unable to go quite 
through, he recommended the work to his intiji^ate friend Mr* 
Antony Hall, who publifhed it in 1720, in 2 vol?, folio. It is a 
, corre£l and beautiful edition, and fuperior in thofe refpeds to 
Havercamp's, but not in the number or value of the notes. The 
care of Mr* Hall extended not only tq the works. of hisdeceafed 
friend, but to hjs family, for he married his widow. 

Dr. Hudfon intended, if he h^d liyed, to publifh a catalogue 
of the Bodleian library, which he had cagfed to be fairly 
tranfcribed in 6 vols, folio. He w^s an able affiftant to fe- 
yeral editors in Oxford, particularly to Dr. Gregory in his 
^* Euclid," and to the indultrious Mr. Hearne in his " Livy,'*' 
fkc. He correfponded wilh^many learned men in foreign coun- 
tries ; 



H U E T. «8i 

tries: with Muratori,SaIvini,an4Bianchiniy in Italy; WithBaivin, 
JCuiter, and Lequien, in France ; with Olearius, Menckeniin^ 
Chriftopher Wolfius, and, whom he chiefly efteemed, Johp 
Albert Fabricius, in Germany ; pric Benzel, in Sweden ; Frcy 
deric Roftgard, in Denmark ; with Pezron, Reland, Le Clerc, 
^n Holland, &ۥ He ufed to fon^plain^f ^he yaft ^j^^cnceof 
foreign letters ; for he was far from bSig rich, pever having 
been pQflefled of any ecclefiaftical preferment; of which he ^fed 
alfo to make frequent and heavy complaints. 

HUET (Pet^r Daniej-), biihop of Avranches in France, a 

yery great as well as polite fcholar, was born of a good family 4t 

Caen in Normandy, Feb. 8, 16.30 [u]. His parents dying when 

he was fcarcely out of his infancy, Huet fell into the hands of 

guardians, who negle£led him : his own invincible and feemingljr 

innate love of letters, hpwever, made him amends for all difadvan>- 

tages ; and he iinifhed his ftudies in the belles lettre$ before he wa$ 

Jthirteen years of a^e. In the profecution of his philofophical 

, Audies, he m^t with an excellent profeiTor, father Mambrun, a 

Jcfuit ; who, affer Plato's example, directed him to begin bjr 

learning a little geometry. Huet went further than his tutor 

defired; i^nd contracted fuch a relifh for it, that he flighted in a 

manner all his other ftudies. He went through every branch of 

mathematics, and maintained public thefes at Caenj a thing never 

before done in that city. Having pafled through his claifes, at 

w^s his buiinefs to ftudy the law, ai^d to take his degrees in it ; 

but two books that were then publiHied, feduced him from this 

purfuit. Thefe were, " The Principles of Dts Cartes,'* and 

♦* Bochart's Sacred Geography." He was a great admirer of 

Des Cartes, and adhered to his philofophy for many years ; but 

afterwards faw the falfenefs and vanity of it, and, as we fhaU 

fee, wrote alfo againft it, <* A lelTon of caution this," fays his 

panegyrift, " to all, to embrace no fyftem whatever, till they 

i haye carefully examined the principles on which it is built: fince 

I even the wifeft and moft difcerning men are through fuch lafli- 

I nefs or inadvertency liable to be deceived/' Bochart's geography 

made a vaft impreffion upon him, as well on account of the 

' jmmenfe erudition with which it abounds, as by the prefencc 

of its authpr^ who was nSinifter of the Proteftant church at 

i Paen. This bpok, being full of Greek and Hebrew learning, 

I Jnfpired Huet with an ardent defire of being verfed in thofc 

iangpages. Tp aflift his progrefs in thefe (ludies, he contrafted 

i a friendfliip with Bochart, and put hjmfelf under his direftions. 

At the age of twenty years and one day, he was delivered by 

the ciflloqa of Kprnaandy froqi the tuition of his guardians : and 

[u] Eloge Hiftorique He Mr. Huet, par Mr. Tabbc Olivet, prefixed to his Trait« 
f'hilofophique de la FoibleiTe de rfifprit humain. ->Hucti; Comment^lus de i«bus ad 

f<iyn pei(iiiencibu$> p. i^'* 
fooQ 



aSz HUE T. 

foon after took a journey to Paris, not fo much from curfofrty 
to fee the place, as for the fake of purchafing books, and mak^ 
ing himfdf acquainted with the learned men of the times. He 
fam became known to Sirmond, Petavius, VavafTor, Naud6, and, 
in fhort, to atmoft all the fcholars in France. About two years 
after, he had alfo an^portunity of introducing himfelf to the 
learned in other parts ot Europe : for Chriftina of Sweden having 
invited Bochart to her court, Huet accompanied him, and they 
fet out in April, 1652. He faw Salmafius at Leyden, and Ifaac 
Voffius at Amfterdam. He often vifited the queen, who would 
have engaged him in her fervice ; but Bochart not having been 
very gracioufly received, through the intrigues of Bomtie! an- 
other phvfician, who was jealous of him, and the queen's fickle 
temper oeing known to every body, Huet declined all offers,t 
and after a nay of three months returned to France. The chief 
fruit rf his journey was a copy of a manufcript of Origen*s 
•* Commentaries upon St. Matthew," which he iranfcribcd a| 
Stockholm ; and the acquaintance he contraded with the learned 
men in Sweden and Holland, through which he pafled. Upon 
his return to his own**country, he refumed his ftudies with more 
vigour than ever, in order to publiih his manufcript of Origen.. 
While he was employed in tranflating this work, he was led to 
eonfider the rules to be obferved in tranft:\tions, as well asi 
the different manners of the moft celebrated tranfli^tors. ITiis 
gave occafionito his firft performance, whirfi came out at Paris 
in 1661, under this title, ** De interpretatione libri duo:" anc^ 
it is written in the form of a dialogue between Cafaubon,^ 
'Fronto Ducaeus, andThuanus. M. de Segrats tells us[x], that 
«* nothing can be added to this treatife, dther with refpeft to 
ftrength df critical judgement, variety of learning, or etegancc 
of ftyle ; which laft," (ays abbe Olivet, " is fo very extraordi- 
nary, that it might have done honour to the age of Auguftus/* 
Tins book was firft printed in a thin 4to, but afterwards in 1 2mo, 
ind 8vo. In 1688, were publifhed at Rouen, in a vols, folio, 
his ** Origenis Commentaria, &c. cum Latina interpretationej^ 
notis & obfervationibus ;" to which is prefixed, a large prelimir 
iiary difcourfe, wherein is colleded all that antiijuity relates of 
Origen. The interval of fixtecn years, between his return from 
Sweden and the publication of this work, was fpent entirely in 
ftudy, excepting a month or two every year, when he went to 
Fans; during which time he gave the public a fpecimen of his 
flrill in polite literature, in an elegant colleftion of poems, en- 
titled, •* Carmina Latina & Graeca ;" which were puHifhed at 
Utrecht in 1664, and afterwards enlarged in feveral fbcceflive 
editions* While he was employed upon his " Commentariesf 

• ['] Pireface de Virgile, Num. 2/%» 

of 



H U E T. 283 

of Origen," he had iht misfortune to qtiarrel wjdi his frjeti4 
und mafter Bochart ; who defir ing one day a fight of his manu** 
fcript, for the fake of confulting fome paiTages about the Eu-r 
pharift, which had been greatly controverted b«twe«n Papifts aiul 
Proteftants, difcovered an hiatus or defed, which feemed to de- 
termine the fcnfe in favour of the Papifts* and reproached Huet 
with being the contriver of it. Huet at firft thought that it was 
a defeft in the original MS* but upon confulting another very 
ancient MS. in the king*s library nt Paris, he found that he had 
omitted foriie words in the hurry of tranfcrrbing, as he fays, and 
that the miftake was his own. Boehar t, ftiU fuppofing that this- 
was a kind of pious fraud in Huet, to fupport the (k>drine of 
the church of Rome in regard to the Eucharift, alaroied the 
Proteftants every where, as if Origen's ** Commentaries'' wetfc 
going to be very unfairly publiihed ; and by that m«ans dUTolved 
riiefriendfliip which had folong fubfifted between Huet and htttK 
.felf. 

In 1659,^ Huet was invited to Rome by Chriftina, who had 
abdicated her crown, ^ and retired thither ; but| remembering the 
cool reception which Bochart had experienced from her majcfty, 
after as warm an invitation, he refufed to go. Thofe, fays; 
Olivet, who judge of anions by events, will fuppofe him to have 
afted very wifely in continuing in France; fof ten years after, 
when Boffqet was appointed by the king preqcptor to the Dau^ 
phin, Huet was chofen for his colleague, with the title of fidb^^ 
ceptor, which honour had fome time been defigned him by the dtikfe 
fie Montaufier, governor to the Dauphin, He went to court in 
1670, and flayed there till 1680, when the Dauphin Wasmar*. 
ried. Though his employment ihoft of neceflity occupy a con* 
ftderable part of hi^ time, he found enough to complete his 
!* Demonflratio Evangelica," which, though fo great and libo<- 
rious a work, was begun and ended amidfl theembarrafimenfs cf 
a court, {t was publifhed at Paris in 1679, in folio; and hl^ 
been rcpririted fince in folio, quarto, and oilavo. Huet owns, 
that this work was better received by foreigners, than by hi* 
pwn countrymen ; many of whom confidered it as a work full 
of learning indeed, but utterly devoid of that demonitration 
to which it fa formally and pompmifly pretends. Others, lefr 
equitable, borrowed from it, and attacked it at the fame time, 
^0 cover their plagiarifm; which, though Huet complains of it 
very heavily, is not a fate peculiar to him or his book ; therb 
being hardly any country, which will not afford inftances of atb- 
thors who have been fo treated. Father Simon had a dcfign of 
faking an abridgement of this work ; but Huet being informed- 
that his purpofe was only to alter it as he thought proper, to add^ 
to it, and ftrike out of it at pleafure, defired him to excufe him-» 
(elf that Urpuble, We mm not forget the fervice which Huet^ 

• at 



284 



H u E r. 



mt this time performed to th< republic of letters, by promotbg 
the editions of the claflics ,'* in ufum Delphini ;" for though 
the firft idea of the commentaries for the ufe of the Dauphin was 
ftarted by the duUe de Montaufier, yet it was JIuet who formed 
the plan, and directed the exectition, as far as the capacity' of 
the perfons employed in that work would permit. He under- 
took, he tells us, only to promote and condu<5l the work, *< pro- 
curator cffe & ip/bJiwxvijf, non & opcrarius;" but at latl came in 
for a Ihare of it. For when Michael Faye, who took upon him 
the care of fetting out Manilius, but was not equal to the taik, 
found himfelf puzzled, as he often did, with pafTages in that, 
obfcure author, he had recourfe to Huet \ who, having formerly 
read him with great attention, and made feveral notes and ob- 
fervations upon him* was thereupon induced to digefl them into 
order, and to publifh them, as he did at the end of the Delphin 
edition of that author, in 1679. We muft remember alio to 
obferve, that he had been chofen a member of the French aca- 
demy ; and th^t his fpeech pronounced on the occafion before that; 
illuurioiis body, had been publi(hed at Paris in 1674. 

While he was employed ip compofing his ** Demonilratip 
EvaQgelica," %he fentiments of piety, which he had cheriihed 
from his earlieft .yopth, moved him to en^er into orders, which 
he did at 46 years of age. In 1678, he was prefented by the 
king to the abbey of Aunay in Normandy, which was fo agree- 
able to him, that he retired there every fummer, after he had left 
the court. In 1685, he was nominated to the biihopric of Soif- 
fons ; but before the bulls for his inftitution were expedited, thp 
abbey de Sillery having been nominated to the fee of Avranches, 
they exchanged biihoprics with the confent of the king ; though, 
by reafon of the differences between the conrt of Frgnce and that 
of Rome, they could not be confecrated till 1692. In 1689, he 
puUiihed his ** Cenfura Philofophiae Cartefianas/' and addreffed 
It to the duke de Montaufier : it appears, that be ,was greatly 
piqued at the Cartefians, when he wrote this book. He was 
diiplji^fed, that thefe philofophers preferred thofe who cultivate 
tj)eir reafon, to thofe who only cultivate their memory ; and re- 
quirjcd^ that pien (honld endeavour more to know themfelvej, 
than ^o know what was done in former ages [v]. ** What,*' 
fays he, '^ becaufe we are men of learning, fhall this make us 
pbnoxjous to the rajllery of the Cartefians r" There was^^ indeed, 
np occafion for raillery in the cafe ; yet the preference of reafon 
to mere memory is- too clear to be denied. In ^690, he pub- 
liihed in Caen, in 4to, his " Quaeftiones Alnetanas de Poncordia 
Ratipnis & Fidei :" which is written in the form of g dialogue, 
after the manner of Cicero's Tufgulan Queftions, It is di- 

[y] Cent Phil. Cart. cap. viii. p. 7. 

vided 



H U E T. i^jl 

inAed into three books : in the fi^ft of which the author lays dowa 
the rules, whereby the agreetnent between faith and reafon is ta 
be regulated ; the fecond compares the do£trines of Chriftianity 
with the dodrines of Paganifm ; and the third the praftical pre- 
cepts of each, and how they tend to improve and perfe6l human 
life in piety and morals. This is not only a very learned, but 
a very entertaining work ; being written in an elegant and po- 
lite manner, and in mod excellent Latihy like all the reft of his 
works. 

In 1699, he refigned his bifliopric of Avranches, and was. 
prefented to the abbey of Fontenay, near the gated of Caen^ 
His love to his native place determined him to fix there, for 
which purpofe he improved the houfe and gardens belonging id 
the abbot. But feveral grievances and law-fuits coming upon 
him, he removed to Paris ; and lodged among the Jefuits in th« 
Maifon Profeffe, whom h^ had made heirs to his library, re* 
ferving to himfelf the ufe of it while he lived. Here he fpent 
the laft 20 years of his life, dividing his time between devotion 
and ftudy. He did not, like fome pious men, confider the Bible 
as the only book to be read,* but thought that all other books 
muft be read, before it could be rightly underftood. He employed 
himfelf chiefly in writing notes on the vulgate tranflation : for which 
purpofe he read over the Hebrew text 24 times ; comparing it, 
as he went along, with the other Oriental texts, and, as his pa- 
negyrift tells us, fpent every day two or three hours in this 
work from i68i to 17 12. He was then feized with a very fe- 
vere diftemper, which confined him to his bed for near fix 
months, and brought him fo very low, that he was given up by 
his phyficians, and received extreme undlion. Recovering, how- 
ever, by degrees, he applied himfelf to the writing of his life, 
which was publilhed at Amfterdam in 17 18, in i.2mo, under 
the title of '* Pet. Dan* Huetii, Epifcopi Abrincenlis, Com« 
tnentarius de rebus ad eum pertinentibus:" where the critics have 
wondered, that fo great a matter of Latin as Huetius was, and 
who has written it, perhaps as well as any of the moderns, 
Ihould be guilty of a folecifm In the very title of his boo^ ; as he 
was in writing " eum," w}ien he ihould have manifeftly writtea 
»* fe." This performance, though drawn up in a very amufing 
and entertaining manner, and with great elegance of ftyle, is not 
executed with that order and, exafinefs, which appear in his 
other works ; his memory being then decayed, and afterwards 
declining more and more, fo that he was no longer capable of a 
eontinued.work, but only committted detached thoughts to pa- 
per. Olivet in the mean time relates a moft remarkable Angu- 
larity of him, namely, that *' for two or three hours before his 
death, he recovered all the vigour of his genius and memory.'* 
He died Jan. 26, 1721, in his 9ift year. 

Befidcs 



286 ttVt t. 

Befides the works which we have mentioned in the eotirfe of 
dris memoir, he pubfiflied others of a fimikir nature, viz. *< De 
l^igtne des Romans, 1670." << De b iituation du Paradis 
Tenreftre, 1691.** " Nouveaux Memoires pour fervir a THif- 
toire du Cartefianifme, 1692." ^ Sututs Synodaux pour le 
diocefe d'Avranches, &c. 1693 ;** to which were added threes 
furolements in the years 169c, 1696, 1698. << De Navigati^ 
ontbus Salomonis, Amft* 1698/* <^ Kotae in Anthologiam 
Epigrammatum Graecornm, Ukraj. 1700.** " Origines de 
Caen, Roan, 1702." " Lettres la Monf. Perrauh, fur le Pa- 
ralieledes Anciens & dcs Modernes du lo 0&. 1692," printed 
without the author's knowledge in the third part of the <* Pieces 
Fugitives, Paris, 1704." " Examen du fentrment de Longin 
f»r ce paiTage de la Genefe, Et Dicu dit, que la Lumierc foif 
iaite, & la Xumiere fut faite," inferted in tome the loth of Lc 
Cterc^s ♦^ BiMiotheque Choiiee, Amft. 1706/' Huet, in his 
•« Demonftratio EvangcHca," had aflerted, that there was no- 
thing fubltme in this paflage, as Longinus had obferved, but 
that it was perfectly (imple. MeiTrs. de Port Royal and BoileaUX^ 
who gave tranflations of Longinus, aflerted its fublimity on that 
very account ; and this occafioned the " Examen" juit menti*^ 
oned* ** Lettre a M. Foucault confetller d'erat fur rorigine de 
la poefie Fran^oife, du 16 Mar. 1706," inferted in the « Me- 
nmres deTrevoux, in 171 1*'* "Lettre de M. Morin, (that 
is, of M. Huet) de Tacademie des infcriptions a M. Huet, tou- 
chant le livre de M- Tolandus Anglois, intitule, Adeifidaemon, 
'& origines Judaicae:*' inferted in the ♦< Memoirs de Trevoux'* 
for Sept. 1709, and in the colledion, which the abbe Tilladet 
pubtimed of Huet's works, under the title of " Diflertations fur 
diverfes matteres de la Religion & de Philologie, 161 2." " Hif- 
toire de Commerce & de la navigation des Anciens, 17x6/* 
After his death were publiflied, " Trait6 Philofophique de la 
foiblefle de I'efprit humain, Amft. 1723." " Huetianai ou 
penfees diverfes de M. Huet, 1722." Thefe contain thofe loofe 
thoughts he committed to paper after his laft ilinefs, when, asr 
"we have already obftrved, he was incapable of producing a con- 
nected work. " Diana de Caftro, ou le faux Yncas, 1728.** 
A romance, written when he was very young. There are yet 
in being other MSS. of his, which, as far as we know, have 
not been publiflied ; viz. '^ A Latin tranflation of Ix>ngus's 
Loves of Daphnis and Chloe ;" " An Anfwer to Regis with re- 
gard to Des Cartes's Metaphyfics ;" " Notes upon the Vulgate 
Tranflation of the Bible ;*' and a collefiion between 5 and 6co 
letters in Latin and French written to learned men. 

To conchide, ** when we confider," as Olivet fays, " tha^ 
he lived to 90 years of age and upwards, that he had been a hard 
ftddent from his infancy, that he had had almoft all his time to 

himfeify 



\ 



HUGHES. 2^ 

tuovfelf, that he had enjoyed an unifileianipted ftate 6t goodheatthi 

,that he had always fomebody to read to htm even at his naeak« 
that in one word, to borrovr his own bngus^e, neither the heat 
of youth, nor a multiplicity of bufinefs, nor the love of com^ 
pany^ nor the huarry of the world, bad ever been able to mode- 
rate his invincible love of letters, we nuifl needs conclude hint 
to have been one of the mod learned men that any age has pro* 
duced." 

HUGHES (John), an Eng Elh poet [z], was Ton of a citi- 
zen of London, and born at Marlborough in Wiltfliire, Jan. 29, 
1677, He was brought early to London, and received the ru- 
diments of learning tfcre in private fchook. He had a weak or 
at leaft a delicate conftitution, which per,haps retrained him from 
feverer ftudies, and inclined him to purfue the foftcr arts of poe- 
try, miific, and drawing ; in each of which he made a confider- 
able progrefs. His acquaintance with the Mufes and the Graces 
did not render him averfe to bufinefs:* he 'had a place in the 
office of Ordnance, and was fecrctary to feveral commiffions 
under the great feai for pufchafmg lands, in order to the better 
fecuring of the royal docks and yards at Portfrnouth, Chatham, 
and Harwich. He continued, however, to purfue his natural < 
inclination to letters, and added to a competent knowledge of the 
learned an intimate acquaintance with the modern languages* 
The firft teftiroony he gave the public of his poetic vein, was in 
a poem ** on the peace of Ryfwick," printed in 1697, and re- 
ceived with uncommon approbation. In 1699^ " The' Court 
of Neptune"' was written by him on king William's return from 
Holland ; and, the fame year, a fong on the duke of Gloucef- 
ter's birth-day. In 170a, he publimed, on the death of king 
William, a Pindaric ode, entitled, *' Of the Houfe of Naffau," 
which he dedicated to Charles duke of Somerfet; and in 1703 
his " Ode in Praife of Mufic," was performed with great ap- 
plaufe at Stationers-hall. 

His numerous performances, for be had all alpng employed 
his leifure hours in tranflations and imitations from the ancients, 
had by this time introduced him, not only to the wits of the 
age, fuch as Addlfoo [a], Congreve, Pope, Southerne, Rowc, 
and others, bnt alfo to fome of the greateft men in the king- 
dom ; and among thefe to the earl of Wharton, who offered to 
carry him over, ahd to provide for him,' when appointed iord^ 

[c] Accouat of tbe lile of Hughes^ pUjred by his perruafion. It ha4. loog 

{irefixei to his puem^t wanted the laft a(S, which he was deiirod 

I^a] ** His acquaintottcc with the great by Addifoa to fupply. If the requeft wa» 

writers of his tiil»," iayv ]>r. Johnfo«, iincere, it proceeded from an opiiuon, 

«< appears tohaveibeea very general ^ hot wbateTer it was, that did net laft long ; 

^fhis JQtimacy with Addlfon there is a re. for when Hughes came in a week to ihew 

snarkabk prpof. It is told, on good ao. him his firft attempt^ he found half the 

dioxity, that * Catv* was finiJbed and a^ written by Addilba hiofelf/* 

lieutenant 



ids H U G H B Si 

lieutenant of Ireland : but» having other views at hom^i He ie^ 
clined the offer* 

Hughes [b] had hitherto AiiFered the mortifications of a nftr-i^ 
BOW fortune; but in 1717 the lord chancellor Cowper fet him 
at eafe> by making him fecretary to the Commiffions of the 
peace ; in which he afterwards, by a particular requeft, defired 
his fucceflbr lord Parker to continue him. He had now afSu« 
cnce ; but fuch is human life, that he had it when his decliningf 
health could neither allow htm long poifeflion hor full enjoy* 
ment. His laft work was his tragedy^ ^* The Siege of -Damaf^* 
cus y* after which a SUge became a popular titles This play, 
ivhich continues on the itage, and of which it is unnece(&ry to 
add a private voice to fuch continuance of approbation^ is not 
'afted or printed according to the author's original draught, or 
his (ettled intention. He had made Phocyas apoftatize from his 
religion ; after which the abhorrence ot Eudocia would have 
been reafonable, his mifery would have been juft, and the hor-: 
xors of his repentance exemplary. The players, however, re- 
quired that the guilt of Phocyas (hould terminate in defertion 
to the enemy \ and Hughes, unwilling that his relations fhould 
lofe the benefit of his work, complied with the alteration. He 
was now weak with a lingering confumption^ and not able ta 
attend the rehearfal ; yet was fo vigorous in his faculties', that 
only ten days before his death he wrote the dedication to his pa^^ 
iron lord Cowper. On Feb. 17, 1720, the play was repre- 
fented, and the author died. He lived to hear that it was well 
received ; but paid iio regard to the intelligence, being then 
wholly employed in the meditations of a departing Chriftian. 

A few weeks before he died, he fent, as a teiUmony of gia- 
titude^ to his noble friend earl Cowper, his own pifkure drawrf 
by (ir Godfrey Kneller, which h^ had received as a prefent from 
that painter : upon which the earl wrote him the fallowing letter ^ 
** 24 Jan. 1719-20. Sir, I thank you for the tiioft acceptabl« 
prefent of your pifture^ and afllire you, that none of this age 
can fet an higher value on it than I do, and fliall while I live : 
though I am fenfiUe pofterity will outdo me in that partictilar. 
I am, with the greateft efteeto and fincerity. Sir, your moil 
affeftionate and obliged humble fervant, Cowper*'^ 

A man of his charadler was undoubtedly regretted ; and Steele 
devoted an eflay, in the paper called " The Theatre," to the 
memory of his virtues. In I735, his poems were eolleded and 
publifhed in 2 vols. i2mo, under the following title 2 ** Poems 
on feveral Occafions, tyith fome feleft EflTays in Profe.** Hughes 
was alfo the author of other Works in profe. " The Advices from 
Parnaflus,"and " The Political Touchftone of Boccalini^" tranf- 

[b] Dr. Johnibfi*s Life of Hughes. 

fated 



HUGHES. 289 

lated by fevend hands, and printed in folio 1796, were revifcrf, 
CorreSed, and had a preface prefixed to them, by him. He 
tranflated himfelf the following works : namely, ^* Fontenelle's 
Dialogues of the Dead, and Difcourfe concerning the Ancieivts 
and Moderns ;" ** the Abbe Vcrtot's Hiftory of the Revolutions 
in Portugal i" and " Letters of Abelard and Heloifa." He wrote 
the preface to the colleftion of the •* Hiftory of England" by 
various hands, <:alled, " The Complete Hiftory of England,** 
printed in 1706, in 3 vols, folio ; in which he gives a clear, {a- 
tisfadory, and impartial account of the hiftorians there collected* 
Several papers in the " Tatlcrs," " Spedlators," aiid '* Guar- 
dians,V were written by him. He is luppofcd to have written 
the whole, or at Icaft a confiderable part, of the Lay-Monaftery ; 
confifting (^ ^ifays, Difcourfes, &c. publifhed fingly under the 
title of the * Lay-Monk :' being the Sequel of the * Spedbtor^.* 
The fecond edition of this was printed iri 1714, lamo. Laftly^ 
he publiihed, in 17 15, an accurate edition of the works of Speh- 
fcr,j in 6 vols. i2mo : to which are prefixed the " Life of Spen- 
fer," " An Eflay on Allegorical Poetry," " Remarks on the 
Fairy. Queen, and other Writings of Spenfer ;" and a Gloflary, 
explaining old words; all by Mr. Hughes- This was a work 
for which he was well qualified, as a judge of the beauties of 
writing, but he wanted an antiquary's knowledge of the obfolete 
vrofds. He did not much revive thie curidfity of the public ; for 
near thirty years elapfed before his edition was reprinted. The 
character of his genius we (hall tranfcribe from the correfpon- 
dence of Swift and Pope. ** A month ago," fays Swift, " was 
fent me oyer, by a friend of mine, the works of John Hughes, 
Efq. They arc in profe and verfe. I never heard of the mart 
in my life, yet I find your name as a fubfcriber. He is too grave 
a poet for me ; and I think among the mediocrifts, in profe as 
well as verfe.'* To this Pope returns : " To anfwer your quef- 
tion as to Mr; Hughes ; what he wanted in genius,"" he made up 
as an honeft man ; but he was of the clafs you think him." 

mJGHES (Jabez), younger brother of" Mr. John Hughes, 
and, like him, a votary of the Mufes, and an excellent fcholar. 
He publiflied, in 1714, in 8vo, a tranflation of " The Rape of 
*Proferpine," from Claudian, and " The Story of Sextus and 
Eriftho," from Lucan's " Pharfalia/* book vi. Thefe tranf- 
ktions, with notes, were reprinted in 1723, lamo. He alfo 
publifhed, in 17 17, a tranflation of Suetonius's " Lives of the 
Twelve Cafars," and tranflated fcveral " Novels" from the Spa- 
nifli of Cervantes, which are inferted in the " Seleft Collc£kion 
of Novels and Hiftories," printed for \yatts, 1729. He died 
Jan. 17, 1731, in his 46th year. A pofthumous volume of his 
•* Mifcellanies in Vcjfe and Profe*' wftS publifticd in 1737. The 

Vol. Vlll. V widoir 



±go HUGO. 

^idow a?f ompanied the lady of governor Byng to Barbadoes, and 
died there in 1740. 

HUGHES (JABEZ), of a difFerent family from the former, 
though of the fame name, fellow of Jefiis-cqllege, Cambridge, 
and called by biihop Atterbury [c] " a learned tend," is kriown 
to tVe republic of letters as editor of St. Chryfoftom's treatife 
** Cn the Priefthood." Two letters of his to Mr. Bonwlcke are 
printed in " The Gentleman's Magazind [d],** in one of which 
he fays *^ I have at laft been prevailed on to undertake an edi- 

* tioh of St. Chryfoftom's tsepl UpcotJtnms ; and I would beg the fa- 

* vour of you to fend me your oftavo edition. I want a fmall 
volume to lay by me ; and the Latin verfion may be of f(Sbie fer- 
vice to me, if I cancel the interpretation of Fronto Ducaeusi" 
A fecond edition of this treatife was printed at Cambridge in 
Grefek and Latin, with notes, and a preliminary diifcrtation 

■ againft the pretended " Rights of the Church, &c." rn 1712. A 

* goodEnglim tranllation of St. Chryfoftom «* On the Priefthood,"" 
a pofthumous work by the Rev. John Bunce, M.. A. was pub- 
limed by his fon (vicar of St. Stephen's near Canterbury) in 

' 1760. ... 

HUGO of Cluni, a faint of the Romifh Calendar; (hot the onfy 
one of the name, for there was a St. Hugo, bifhop of Grenoble, 
in 1080,) was of a very diftinguifhed family in Burgundy ; and 
Vjjas born in 1023. When he was only 15, he rejeSed all 
worldly views, and entered into the monaftic life at Cluni, under 
the guidance of the Abbot Odilon. After fome years, he was 
created Prior of the Order, and Abbot in 1048', at the death of 

'Odilon. In this fituation he extended the reform of Cluni to fo 
many monafteries, that, according to an ancient author, he had 
under his jurifdiftion above ten thoufand monks. In 1758, he 
attended pope Stephen when dying, at Florence ; and in 1074^ 
he made a religious pilgrimage to Rome. Some epiftles written 
by him, are extant in Dacherius's Spicilegium. There are alfo 
fome other of his works in the **'Bibliotheque de Cluni." He 
died in 11 08 or 9, at or about the age of 85. He is faid to have 
united moderation with his exemplary piety ; and was embroiled, 
at one time, with the bifliop of Lyons, for faying the prayer for 
the Emperor Henry IV, when that prince was under excommu- 
nication. 

HUGO (Herman), a learned Jefuit, was born at Bruflcl!?, 
in 1588; and died of the plague at Rhimbergin 1639. - He 
publiihed his firft work in 1617, which was, " De prima fcrii 
bendi origine, 6t univerfas rei literariiae antiquitate," 8vo. Ant- 

'lYerp. ' This book was republiflied by Trotzius* in 1738, with 

[c] Epiftplary Correfpondcncc, Vol. H. p 195. • [d] V«I. XLVUU p^ 5^3, 

3 many 



HUME. zgt 

^any notes, a. *^ Obfidio Bfedana, Aib Afnbfofi^ Spinola/' 
folio, Antwerp, 1629.- 3. " Militia equeflrisj Antiquact nova/* 
Antw. folio, 1630. 4. His <* Pia Dejideriay'' the work by 
i<^hich he is beft known, were iirft publifhed in offcavo in 1631^ 
They are alfo printed in 3amo. with all the cLearnefs of Elzevir^ 
and adorned with rather fandful engravings. His Fia DiJuUrid 
4ire in Latin verfc, of which they contain 45 copies, and are illuf- 
ftrated by curious cuts. The whole confifts of three books, the 
fubjeds of which are thus arranged^ B. I . ^^ Gemitus Animaepeni- 
tentisi" 2; " Vota apimas fanSae.'* 3^ " Sufpiria animae aman£> 
tis." They confift of long paraphrafes in elegiac verfe, on va- 
rious paflages of fcripture* His verflfication is uTually good^ 
but he wants fimplicity and fublimity ; yet he is fometinies poetic 
cal, though his Mufe is not like that of David« 

HUGO (Charles Louis), a voluminous author in Latin 
and French ; though his works, from their fubjeds, are little 
known here. He was a Canon of the Premonftratenflan Order, 
a DoSor of Divinity, Abbe of Etival, and titular- bifhop of 
Ptolemais, He died at an advanced age, in 1735. His works 
are, , 1. " Annales PraBmonftratenfium/' a Hiftory.of his own 
order, and a very laborious work, in two .volumes folioi; illuilrated 
owith plans of the oionafteries, and other curious :particulars ; but 
:accufed of fome remarkable errors. 2. ** Vie de St. Norbert 
fondateur des Premontres," 4to. 1704* -3. " Sacra^ antiqur- 
tatis monumenta hiftorica, dcgmatica, diplomatica/' two vo^ 
lumes in folio, 1725. 4. " Traite hiftorique et critique dc fa 
'Maifon de Lorraine," 8vo. 171 1- . This being a work of fdme 
•boldnefs, not only the. name of the author^ but that of the place 
where it was printed, was concealed : the former being profef* 
/edly Baleicourtf the latter Berlin, inilead of Nanci. Yet theau^ 
-thor was traced out^ and fell under the cenfure of the parliament^ 
in 1712* In 1713, he publifhed, 5^ anpther work, entitled^ 
^^ Reflexions fur les deux Ouvragesconcernant la Mailbn de Loi^ 
xaine," where he defends his former publication^ 

HULSEMANN (John), a Lutheran divine^ was born in 
x6o)» at Efens, in Eaft Friezeland; and died in 1661. He 
had travelled throughinoft countries of Europe^ but fixed him- 
•felf at Leipfic in 1646, where he became ProfefTor of Divinity, 
and furiniendant. He was a very voluminous author ; wro|e 
commentaries on the facred books, and feveral other valuable 
works on fubiefts of divinity. 

' HUME (David) [e]^ a celebrated philpfophef and hiftorian, 
was defcended from a good family in Scotland^ and born at Edin- 
burgh April 26, 171 1. Being a younger brother with a vcrjr 
ilender patrimony, and of a ftudious, fober^ induftr^ous turn^ hi 

£e] life, written by iuxD£:l& jmifijccd to bis Hiftory of Imlan^ 



■^ros deftined by his fiimily to the lawt but, being fcizcdwith 
'ikn early paflfion for letters, he found an infurmountable aver-* 
fion to any thing clfc ; and, as he relates, while they fancied 
iiim to be pouring upon Voet and Vinnius, he was occupied witt 
.Cicero and Virgil. His fortune however being very fmall, and 
his health a little broken by ardent application to bdoki, he was 
tempted, or rather forced, to make a feeble trial at, bufinefs; 
and, in 1734, went to Briftol, with recommencbtions to fome • 
eminent merchants : but, in a few months, found that fceoe to- 
tally unfit for him. He feems, alfo, to have conceived fonne 
perfonal difguft againft the men of bufinefs in that place : for, 
^though he was by no means addified to fatire, yet we can fcarcely 
interpret him otherwife than ironically, when, fpeaking in his 
Hiftory (anno 1660) of James Naylor*s entiance into Briftol 
upon a hcH^fe, in imitation of Chrift, he prefuracs it to be <* from 
the difficulty in that place of finding an afs !'^ 
. Immediately on leaving Briftol, he went over to France, with 
a view of pro(ecuting his ftudies in privacy ; and pra£ticcd a very 
>ogtd frugality, for the fake of maintaining his independency 
.unimpaired. During his retreat there, fim at'Rheims, but 
chiefly at La Fleche, in Anjon, he compofed his " Trcatife of 
of Human Nature;" and, coming over to London in 1737, he 
.publiihed it the year after. It met with no manner of fuccefs : 
<' it fell," fays he, " dead-bom from the prefs." In 1742, Ifo 
printed; with more fuccefs, the firft part of hi^ '< Eftays." In 
3745, he lived with the marquis of Annandale, the ftate of that 
iidbleman's mind and health requiring fuch an attendant : the 
cmoiuments of the (kuation muft hsve been his motive for ua* 
dertaking fuch a charge^ * He then received an invitation from 
general St« Clair, to attend him as a fecretary to his ^cpedition ^ 
.^tvhich was at firft meant againft Canada, but ended in an incur- 
fion upon the coaft of France. Next year, I747f he attended 
-the general in the fame ftatton, in his military embaiTy to the 
courts of Vienna and Turin : he then wore the uniform of an 
officer, and was introduced to thefe courts as ald-de-camp to the 
general, ^hefe two years were almoft the only interruptions 
which his ftudies received during the courfe of his iife t his ap* 
appointments, howeVer> had made him in bis own opinbn "in- 
^pendent ; for he was now mafter of near ioooL" 

Having always imagined, that his want of fuccefs, in publiih* 
ing the " Treatife of Human Nature," proceeded more from 
'the manner than the matter, he caft the firft part of that work 
ftnew^ in the ** Enquiry concerning Human Underftanding,'* 
which was publiflied while he was at Turin ; but with little 
-more fuccefs. He perceived, however, fome fymptotns of a 
rifing reputation : his books grew more and more the fubjed of 
converlatioil- i and *< 1 found-,'* fays he, " by Dr. Warburton's 
• • railing. 



HUME, ?i93 

raiting* that they were beginning to be efteemed jn good com- 

f»any/ In 1752, were publifhed at Edinburgh, where he thcA 
ived, his ** Political Difcourfes ;" and the fame year, at Lon- 
don, his " Enquiry, concerning the Principles of Morals." Of 
the former he (ays, " that it wa$ the only work of his, which 
was fuccefsful on the firft publication, being well received abroad 
and at home :" and he pronounces the latter to be, ** in his own 
opinion, of all his writings, hiftorical, philofophical, or literary|^ 
incomparably the beft ; although it fame unnotipe^ ?nd unobf 
ferved into tnc world/' 

In I7S4> he publifhed the firft volume, in 4to, of " A Por- 
tion of Englifli Hiftory, from the AcccfRon of James I. to the 
Revolution." He ftrongly promifed himfelf fuccefs from this 
work, thinking himfelf the firft Englifh hiftorian that was free 
from bias in his principles : l?ut he feys, ** that he was herein 
niiferably difappointed ; and that, inftead of pleafing all parties, 
he had made himfelf obnoi^ious to all/' He ^as, as he re? 
lates, *^ fo difcouraged with this, that, had not the war at that 
time been breaking out between France and England, he had 
certainly retired to fome provincial town of the former king- 
dom, changed his name, and never more have returned tq his 
native country." He recovered himfelf, however, fo far, as to 
publifli, in 1756, his fecond volume of the famp hiftory; and 
this was better received. ^* It not only rofc itfelf/' he fays, *' but 
helped to buoy up its unfortunate brother." Between tliefe pub- 
lication^ came out^ along with fome other fmalt pieces, bis 
^* Natural Hiftory of Religion :" which, though but indifl&rentljr 
received, was in the end the caufe of fome confolation to him ; 
becaufe, as he exprefles himfelf,—*^ Dr. Hurd wrote a pamph^ 
let againft it, with all the illiberal petulance, arrogance, and 
fcurrility, which diftinguifli the Warburtonian fchool ;" fo 
well aware was he, that, to an author, attack of any kind i$ 
much more favourable than negleft. Dr. Hqrd, however, was 
only the oftenfible author ; he has fince declared exprefsly, that 
it proceeded from Warburton himfelf [f]. In 1759, he pub- 
lifhed his " Hiftory of the Houfc of Tudor j" and, in I76r, i 
the more early part of the Ehgliih Hiftory : each, in two vols. 
4to. The clamour againft the former of thefe was almoft equal 
to that againft the hiftory of the two firft Stuarts ; and the latter 
was attended with but tolerable fuccefs : bMt he was now, he 
tells us, ^own callous againft the imprefflons of publiq cenfure. 
He had, indeed, what he would think good reafon tb be fo; 
for the copy-money, given by the bookfellers for his hiftory, 
exceptionable as it was deemed, had made him Qot only imdeMn- 
dent bvjt opulent. 

[r] Ilfeof Waiburtw. ' 

IJ3 ){ei9S 



«94 HUMPH RE V. 

Being noYT about fifty, he retired to Scotland, detcrminecf 
pever more to fet his foot out of it ; and carried with him " the 
fatisfaSiqn of never having preferred a requeft to one great man^ 
or even ma]cing advances of friendlhip to any of them." But, 
while meditating to fpepd the reft of his life in a philofophical 
jDanner, he received, in 1763, an invitation from the earl of 
JHertford, to attend him on his embafly to Paris ; which at length 
^e accepted, and was left there charge tCaffaiteSy in the fumme^r 
of 1765. In the beginning of 1766, he quitted Paris; and iq 
the fummer of that year, went to Edinburgh, with the fame 
>;iew as before, of bm^ying himfelf in a philofophical retreat: 
J)ut, in 1767, he received from Mr. Conway, a new invitation 
to be under-fecretary of fUte, which, like the former, he did 
pot think it expedient to decline. He returned to Edinburgh in 
1769, " very opulent," he fays, /< for he pofleflTed a revenue 
of I cool, a year, healthy, and, though fomewh^t ftricken in 
years, with the profpeft of enjoying long his eafe." In the 
fpring of 1775, he Was ftruck with a diforder in his bowels; 
;w'hich, though it gave him no alarm at firft, proved incurable, and 
,^t length mortal. It appears, however, that it was not painfulj^ 
por even troublefome or fatiguing: for he declares, that ** not- 
>vithftanding the great decline of his perfon, he had never fuf- 
fered a moment's abatement of his fpirits;* that he pofTefled 
the iamc ardour as ^ver in ftudy, and the fame gaiety in com- 
pany ; jnfomuch,*' fay? he, *f that, were I to name a period of 
jny life, which I ftould moft chopfe to pafs over agkin, I might 
k be tempted to point to this latter period." 

Thejife written by himfelf, from vvhich thqfe inate rials are 
cxtraSed, is dated April x8, 1776 ; he died thp 25th of Auguft 
jfollowing. His works, as corre6led byhjmfelf, a^e printed in 
4,to and 8yo 5 bpt there 15 a pof^humous piece, not included 
amorig thepci ; yef, in point of cpmpofition, not-inferior to any 
of them. It is entitled, " Pialogu^s concerning Natural Re^ 
ligion," in Syo. 

•HUMPHREY (LjAUREij^c^), a learned Englifh writer, v^a? 
^borh at Newport Ragne)! iji Buckinghapfbire, about 153^7^ and 
had his fchp(^l education at Cambridge ; after which he became 
firft a demy, then a fellow, of Magdalen-college in Qxford [q]. 
He took ttie degr^ee of M. A. in 1552, and about that time was 
jnade Greek reader of his college, and entered intq orders. In 
June, 1555, he b^d l^ave from his college to trayel into foreign 
countries \ he wept to Zuj^^b, and afTpciated himfelf with the Eng- 
lifh thcrej who had fled from 'their country on account of theif 
religion. After the death of queen Mary, he returned tP Engr 
land^ and was reftored to his fellowibip in Magdaleq-college^ 

% [9] Atiben. Okon. Vol. I* 



HUNIADES. 295 

^ ftom which he had been expelled, becaufe he did not rrtum 

Within the fpace of a year, which was one condition on which 
he was permitted to travel; another was, that he (hopld refrain 
from ^11 heretical company. In 1560, he was appointed th^ 
queen's profefTor of divinity at Oxford ; and the y^ar after ele£led 
prefident of his college. In 1562, he took both the degrees 
in divinity ; and, in 1570, was made dean of Gloucefter. 
In 1580, he was removed to the deanery of Winchefter; and had 
probably been promoted to a bifhopric, if he had not been di(i 
affedled to the church of England. For Wood tells us, that 
from the city of Zurich, where the preaching of Zuinglius had 
fafhioned people's notions, and from the correfpondence he 
had at Geneva, he brought back with him fo much of the Cal-. 
vinift both in dodrine and difcipline, that the beft which could be 
faid of him was, that he was a moderate and confcientious Non* 
conformift. This was at leaft the opinion of feveral divines, 
who ufed to call him and Dr. Fulke of Cambridge, ftandard- 
bearers among the Nontfbnformifts ; though others thought they 
grew more conformable in the end. Be this as it will, " fur^ 
; it is,'* fays Wood, <^ that Humphrey was a great and general 

fcholar, an able linguift, a deep divine ; and for his excellency 
of ftyle, exadtnefs of method, and fubftance of matter in his 
writings, went beyond moft of our theologifts.** He died in Feb, 
l59o> 1^' S. ; leaving a wife, by whom he had twelve children. 
His writings are, i. '^ Epiftola de Greets literis, & Homeri 
leftione & imitatione;" printed before a book of Hadrian Ju- 
nius, entitled, ** Cornu-copias," at Bafil, 1558, 51, " De Ke- 
ligionis confervatione & reformatione, deque primatu regumj, 
Baf. 1559." '3. ** De ratione interpretandi auftores, Baf. 1559.'* 
4. " Optimates: five de nobilltate, ejufque antiq^a.origine, &c, 
Baf. 1560." 5. « Joannis Juelli Angli, Epifcopi Sarifburienfis, 
vita & mors, ejufque verae dodlrinas defenfio, &c. Lond. 1573.'* 
6. " Two Latin Orations fpoken before queen Elizabeth : one 
in 1572, another in 1575." 7. "Sermons;'* and 8. " Some 
Latin Pieces againft the Papifts, Campian in particular.'* 
Wood quotes Tobias Matthew, an eminent archbifhop, who 
knew him welt, as declaring, that " Pr. Humphrey had read 
more fathers^ nhan Campian the Jefuit ever law; devoured 
^ more than he ever tafted ; and taught more in the wniverfity of 
Oxford, than he had either learned or heard." 

HUNIADES (John Qqrvinus), waiwode of TranCylvaniai, 
and general of the armies of Ladiflas king of Hungary, was 
dne of the greateft commai:vde|'s of his time, He fought againft 
the Turks like' a hero, ^nd, in 144c?; and 1443, gained impor- 
tant battles againft. the generals of Amurath ; and obliged that 
frince to retire from Belgrade, after befieging it feven moathSj, 
n the battle of Varnes, fo fatal to the Ghriftiaix (jaufe^ and ii& 
, . y 4 whi^h 



tgS HUNNIUS. 

which Ladiflat fell, Corvinus was not lefs diftingtiiOied than in 
his more fortunate contefts; and, being appointed governor of 
Hungary, became proverbially formidable to the Turks. Ii\ 
1448, however, be fufllered a defeat from them. He was more 
fortunate afterwards, and in 1456, obliged Mahomet II. alfo to 
relinquifli the fiege of Belgrade, and died the loth of September 
in the fache year. Mahomet, though an enemy, had generofity 
enough to lament the death of fo great a man ; and pride enough 
to alledge as one caufe for his regret, that the world did not 
tiow contain a man againft whom he could deign to turn his 
arms, or from wham he could regain the glory he had fo lately 
loft before Belgrade. The pope is faid to have flied tears on the 
news of his death ; and Chriitians in general lamented Huni^ 
ades, as their beft defender againft the Infidels. 

HXJNNIUS (Giles), a celebrated Lutheran divine, was born 
at Winende, a village in the dutchy of Wirtemburg, in the year 
1550. He was educated at the fchools in that vicinity, and took 
his degree in arts at Tubingen, in 1567. He then applied him- 
felf earneftly to the ftudy of theology, and was fo remarkable for 
his progrefs in it, that in 1576 he was made profeffor of divinity 
at Marpurg. About the fame period, he married. He was 
particularly zealous againft the Calvinifts, and not long after thi3 
time began to write againft them, by which he gained fo much 
reputation, that in 1592 he was fent for into Saxony to reform 
that eledorate, was made divinity-profeflbr at Witteraburg, and 
a member of the ecclefiaftical confiftory. In thefe offices hp 
proved very vigilant in difcovering thofe who had departed from 
the Lutheran communion ; and, from the accounts of the (^verities 
pra£kifed againft thofe who would not conform to that rule, it 
appears that nothing lefs than a ftrong perfecution was carried 
on by him and his colleagueis. In 1595, he was appointed 

{)aftor of the church at Wittemburg^ and in the fame year pub- 
iftied his raoft celebrated polemical work entitled, '* Calvinus 
Judaizans,'' in which he charges that reformer with all poflible 
herefies. At the fame time he carried on a controverfy with 
Huberus^ about Predeftination and EleSion [hJ. Againft Cal- 
vin he wrote with fuch acrimony that Bayle (ays, not without 
probability, that, if he had been poflefled of fimilar power, 
he would probably have done no lefs to him than he did to Ser- 
yetus. Huunius was prefent at the conference at Ratiibon in 
1 601, between the Lutherans and Roman Catholics. He died 
of an inflammation brought on by the ftone, in April 1603* 
Jiis works have been collefted in five volumes, and contain, fu- 
neral orations, a catechifm, prayers, colloquies, notes on fome 
bf the evangelifts, &c. &c. fjis acrimony in writing went b«- 
ybfid lii^ judgement. 
' * " ' • [hJ See alfo in Hoffman (Daniel), 

• ^ ^ HUNTER 



HUNTER. 297 

HUNTER (Robert, efq;), author of the celebrattd ** J>f^ 
ter on Enthufiafm," and, if Coxier be right in his MS. con* 
lecture in his title-page of the only gopy extant, of a farce called 
'* Aridroboros[i]." He was appointed lieutenant-governor of 
Virginia in 1708, but taken by the French in his voyage thither. 
Two ej^cellent letters, addrefled to colonel Hunter while a pri- 
foner at Paris, which refleftequaj honour on Hunter and Swift, 
are printed in the I2th vol. of the Dean's Works, by one of 
Jyhich it appears, that the " Letter on Enthufiafm" had beei| 
afcribed to Swift ; as it h^s ftill more conimonly been to the carl 
of Siiaftefbury, In 17 10, he was appointed governor of New^ 
York, and fent with 2700 Palatines to fettle there. From Mr* 
Gough*s " Hiftoiy of Croyland Abbey," we learn, that Mr. 
. Hunter was a major-general, and that, during his government of 
New-York, he was direfted by her majefty to provide fubfiftenco 
for about 3000 Palatines (the number ftated in^he alienating aft) 
fent from Great Britain to be employed in raifing and manu- 
fafluring naval ftores; and by an account ftated in 1734, if; 
appears that the governor had difburfed 2o,oool. and iipwards, 
in that undertaking, no part of which was ever re-paid. He 
itturned to England in 17 19 ; and on the acceffion of George IL 
was continued governor of New- York and the Jerfeys. On ac- 
count of his health, he obtained the government of Jamaica, 
where he arrived in Feb. 1728; died March 31, 1734; and 
Vras buried in that ifland. His epitaph, written by the Kev. Mu 
Flemming, may be feen below fK], 

HUNTER (William, M. D.j, was born May 23, 1718, 
at Kilbride in the county of Lanerk^L]. He was the feverith 
pf ten children [m], of John and Agnes Hunter, who refided on 

a fmall 



[ 



x] Biographia Dramadca* qui dam publicam faltitem 

kJ Hie charae recambant exuTue foUicitus curaret. 

RoBERTi HUNTER) (tfain fat'igatus deperdidlt 

Hujusinfulae'nujperrizne'prxfe^ii; [x] This article is abridged firom the 

qui nihil a patrum gloria mutoatus cxceUent Life of Dr. Hunter by S. F. Sim<fa 

(uae nobilitatis virttite emlcult. monsy M. D. F. R. S. to which our read^^ 

Mirae corporis pulchritudlni ers are referred for a fuller account of Dr. 

fuavitatem ingenii, Hunter^s writings. 

ferum & literarum fcientiar> [m] Thefe were Joha, Elizabeth, An* 

cborum comitatem adjecit. drew, Janet, James, Agnes, William^ 

In bello illuftris, Dorothea, Ifabella, and John. Of the 

see in pace minus indgnis, fons, John the eldcft, and Andrew died 

IKgOtium euro fapientia Sc fortitudine> young ; James, born in 17 15, wis a writer 

otium cum dignltate & elegantia to the fignet a: Edinburgh, who, difliicing 

exercuit. the proteffion of the law, came to London 

Hie ergo, \c€toc candide, in 1743, with an Intention to ftudy ana« 

ad dsfundi tamuluni tomy- under his.brotber William, but was 

laudis pende vedtigalia prevented from purfuirig this plan by ill 

qux viventls verecundia health, which induced him to return t6 

' accipere non fuftinuit. Long Galderwood, whe^e he died foon after, 

Huic doloris debitum pofleri figed 28 years) John, the youngeft, is the 

.lachrymarum flu^u ioiviecj lubje£i of the enfuing article. — Of the 

daughtersi 



?98 



HUNTER. 



a fmall eAate in that parifh, called Long Calderwoodi which' 
Bad long been in the poneffioa of his family. His great grand- 
father, by his father's fide, was a younger fon of Hunter of 
Hunterfton, chief of the family of that name. At the age of 
fourteen, his father fent him to the college of Glafgow ; where 
he pafled five years, and by his prudent behaviour and. diligence 
acquired the efteem of the profeflbrs, and the reputation of being 
a good fcholar. His father had defigne4 him for the church, 
but the necedity of fubfcribing to articles of faith was to him a 
ftrong objeSion. In this ftate of mind he happened to become 
acquainted with Dr. Cullen, who was then juft eftablilhed in 
praftice at Hamilton, under the patronage of the duke of Ha* 
. miltonf By the converfation of Dr. Cullen, he was foon de- 
termined to devote himfelf to the profeflion of pbyfic. His fa* 
their 's con fent having been previoufly obtained, he went, in 1737, 
to refide with Dr. Cullen. In the family of this excellent friend 
and preceptor he pafled nearly three years, and thefe, as he has been 
often heard to acknowledge, were the happieft years of his life. 
It was then agreed, that he Ihould profecu^e his medical ftudies 
at Edinburgh and London, and afterwards return to fettle at 
Hamilton, in partnerfliip with Dr. Cullen. 

Mr. Hunter fet out for Edinburgh in Nov. 1 740, and conti- 
nued there till the following fpring, attending the lediures of 
the medical profeflbrs, and amongft others thofe of the late Dr. 
Alexander Monro. He arrived in London in the fummer of 
1741, and took up hisrefidence at Mr. (afterwards Dr.} Smellie's^ 
who was at that time an apothecary in Pall-mall. He brought 
with him a letter of recommendation to his countryman Dr. 
Tames Douglas, from Mr. Foulis, printer at Glafgow, who had 
peen ufeful to the doftor in coUeSing for him different editions 
of Horace Dr. Douglas was then intent on a great anato^- 
mical work on the bones^ which he did not live to complete, and 
was looking out for a young man of abilities and induftry whuni 
hiB might employ as a difieder. This induced him to pay par 
ticwlar attention to Mr. Hunter, and finding him acute and 
fcnfible, he after a fljort time invited him into his family, to. 
aiffift in his difledlions, and to. fuperintend the education of his 
.fojn. Mr. Hunter having, communicated this offer to his fether 
and Dr. Cullen, the latter readily and heartily gave his concur- 
rence to it; but his father, who was very old and infirm, and 
expeSed his return with impatience, confented with reluftan^. 
His father did not long furvive; dying OS. 30, following^ 
aged 78. 

diughters, Ellzabetb, Agnes, and Ifabella^ profeflbr of divinity in the univerfity of 

jiied young j Janet married Mr. Buchanan Glafgow, by whom fhe had a fon Matthew' 

ojGkjfgow, and died in 1740 : Doro hea, Baillie, now a very eminent i^hydcian, an4 

fuurti^ tii& :ate Rev. James Baillic^ D. D. two daaj^htccs,* 

'■ ■ . . . ■■ .^ . * Mr, 



"^ 



U U N T ]g R. «99 

. • Mr, Hunter having accepted Dr. Douglas's invitation, wa« 

J |)y his friendly ailiftance enabled to enter himfelf as a fiirgeon's 

°- pupil at St. George's hofpital unider Mr. James Wiikie, and as 

a diflefling pupil under Dr. Frank Nichols, who at that time 
^ taught anatomy with confiderable reputation. He like wife at^ 

^ tended a courfe of lefiures on experimental philofophy by Dr. 

? Pefaguliers. Of thefe means of improvement he did not fail 

' to make a proper ufe. l^ foon became expert in dilFedioh, 

* and Dr. Douglas was at the cxpence of having feveral of his 

preparations engraved. But before many months had elapfed, 
he had the misfortune to lofe this excelkrit friend. Dr. Douglas 
died April i, 174.2, in his 67th year, leaving a widow and two 
children. The death of Dr. I>ouglas, however, made no change 
in his fituationr. He continued to refide with the doSor's fa- 
mily, and to purfue his ftudies with the fame diligence as be- 
fore. In 1743, he communicated to the Royal Society " An 
EflTay on the Strudlure and DIfeafes of articulating Cartilages 
[n]." This ingenious paper, on a fubjeft which till thea 
had not been fufficiently inveftigated, affords a (friking tefti- 
mony of the rapid progrefs he had made in his anatomical 
enquiries. As he had it in contemplation to teach anatomy, 
jxisr attention was direfted principally to this objefl:; and it 
deferves to be mentioned as an additional mark of his prudence, 
that he did not precipitately engage in this attempt, but palFed 
feveral years in acquiring fuch a degree of knowledge, vand fuch 
g cblledion of preparations, as might infure him fuccefs. After 
waiting fome time for a favourable opening, he fucceeded Mr, 
Samuel Sharpe as* le6lurer to a private fociety of furgeons in 
^ Covent-garden, began his leAures in their room.s, and foon ex- 
tended his plan from furgery to anatomy. This undertaking 
commenced in the winter of 1746. He is faid to have expe- 
rienced much folicitude when he began to fpeak in public, but 
applaufe foon infpired him with courage; and by degrees he 
became ib fond of teaching, that for many years before his death 
jie was never happier than when employed in delivering a lec- 
ture. 

The profits of bis twofirft qourfes were confiderable [o], but 
^y contrifciuting to the wants of different friends, he found him- 



r [nT Phil. Tranf. Vol. XLlt Unnjeus,'' has not thought it fupcrfluous 

L foj Mr. Wation, F. R. S. who was one to record the flender beginning £0111 which 

: of Mr. Hunter's earlleft pupil's, a^om- that great naturalifi rofe to cafe and^^Biu- 

' 'panied him home after his introductory ence in life. « Exivi patria triginti fex 

leOure. Mr. Hunter, who h^d received nummis aurel» dives^** are Linnzus^s owa 

about 70 guineas from his pupils, and had w«rds. Anecdotes of this fort deferve to 

got the money in a bag under his cloak) be recorded, as an encouragement to young 

^bferved to Mr. Watfon, that it was a men, who, with great merit, happen ^ 

larger Turn than he had ever been maimer of poUbfs but little advantages of fortune. 

Jefbre.— Df.^ Pulteney, u^- his « Life of 

' \ ftif 



I 



JO* HUNTER. 

lelf at the return of the next Teafon obliged to defer Kis lefliir^* 
for a fortnight, merely becaufe he had not money to defray th^ 
ncccffary expence of advert! fcments. This circumftance tanght 
him to be more referved in this refpeft. In 1747 he was ad^ 
jmitted a member of the corporation of furgeons, and in the 
Ijpring of the following year, loon after the cJofe of his Ie<3ureS|^ 
he fet out in company with his pnpil, Mr. James Douglas, oq 
a tour through Holland to Paris. His leftures fuffered no inter-f 
fuption by this journey, as he returned to England foon enough 
to prepare for his winter courfe, which began about the ufnaV 
time. At firft he pra£lifed both furgery and midwifery, but the 
former he always difliked ; and, being e)e£led one ot the fur- 
geon-men-midwives firft to the Middlefex, and fbon afterwardj 
10 the Britifh lying-in hofpital, and recommended by feveral of 
the moft eminent lurgeons of that time, his line was thus deter- 
mined. Over his countryman Du Smellie, notwithilanding his 
reat experience, and the reputation he had juftly aciiuired, he 
ad a great advantage in perfon and addrcfs. The moft lucrative 
part of the praflice of midwifery was at that time in the hands 
of fir Richard Manningham and Dr. Sandys. The former of 
thefe died, and the latter retired into the country a- few year$ 
jifter Mr. Hunter began to be known in midwifery. Although 
by thefe incident^ he was eftablifhed in the pradice of mid- 
wifery, it is well known that, in proportion as his reputation 
increafed, his opinion- was eagerly fought in alFcafes where any 
light, concerning the feat or nature of any difcafe^ could be ex- 
jpeSed from an intimate knowledge of anatomy. In 1750, he 
obtained the degree of M. D. from the univerfity of Giafg0W| 
and began to praftife as a phyfician. About this time he quitted 
the family of Mrs. Douglas, and went to refide in Jermyn- 
ftreet. In the fummer of 175 1 he re-vifited his native country;^ 
for which he always retained a cordial affection. His mother 
[^p] was ftill living at Long Calderwood, which was now be- 
come his property by the death of his brother James. Dr^ 
Cullen, for whom he always entertained a fincere regard, wa^ 
then eftabliflied at Glafgow. During this vifit, he fhew^d his 
attachment to his little paternal inheritance, by giving mai^y 
inftruSions for repairing and improving it, and for purchafing 
any adjoining lands that might be ofFe^ed for fale. As he and 
Dr. CuUen were riding one day in a low part of the country, 
the latter, pointing out to him Long Calderwood at a confider- 
able diftance, remarked how confpicuous it appeared. ** Well,** 
faid he, with fome degree of energy, " if 1 live, I (hall make 
it ftill more confpicuous." After this journey to Scotland, to 
which he devoted only a few weeks, he was never abfent from 

[r] Mrs. Hunter died Nov.' 3, 1751, aged 66 years. " . * 

London, 



HUNTER* 3<« 

Lb^ony unlefb his profeflioital engagements, as fometknes hap« 
|>enedy required his attendance at a didance from the capital. 

In 1762, we find him warmly engaged in contrpverly, fup- 
porting his claim to different anatomical difcoveries, in a work 
entitled^ ^* Medical Commentaries," the ftyle of which is cor- 
real and fpirited. As an excufe for the tardinefs with which h^ 
brought forth this work, he obferves in his introdu£lion, that it 
irequired a good deal of time, and he had little to fpare ; that 
the fubjed: was unpleafant^ and therefore he was very feldom in 
the humour to take it up. In 1762, when our prefent excellent 
queen became pregnant, Dr. Hunter was confuked; and two 
years after he had the honour to be appointed phyfician ex- 
traordinary to her majefty. About this time his avocationc 
were fo numerous, that he became defirous of leiTening his fa- 
tigue, and having noticed the ingenuity and ^fliduous application 
of the late Mr. William Hewfon, F. R. S. who was then one 
of his pupils, he engaged him iirft as an afllflant, and afterwards 
as a partner in his Iedares[Qj]. This connexion continued till 
1770, when fome difputes happened, which terminated in a 
ieparation. Mr. Hewfon was fucceeded in the partnerihip by- 
Mr. Gniikll^nlc, whofe aziatomical abilities are defervedly^re- 
fpeded. 

April 3a, 1767, Dr. Hunter was eleScd F.R.S. and the 
year following communicated to that learned body, " Obferva*- 
tions on the Bones, commonly fuppofed to be Elephants Bones, 
which have been found near the River Ohio in America [rJ." 
This was not ihe only fubjed of natural hiftory on which Ur. 
Hunter employed his pen ; for in a fubfequent volume of thie. 
" Philofophical Tranfaftions,** we find him offering his ** Re- 
marks on fome Bones found in the Rock of Gibraltar," which 
he proves to have belonged to fome quadruped. In the fame 
work likewife he publiflied an account of the Nyl-ghau, aa 
Indian animal, not defcribed before, and which, from its llrength 
and fwiftnefs, promifed, he thought, to be an ufeful acquifitioa 
to this country. 

In 1768, Dr. Hunter became F. S. A. and the fame year, at 
the inftitution of a Royal Academy x>f Arts, he was appointed 
by his majefty to the office of proielTor of anatomy. This ap- 
pointment opened a new field i'ox his abilities, and he engaged 
lit it, as he did in every other purfuit of his life, with unab^ting 
zeal. He now adapted his anatomical knowledge to the objefls 
of pdnting and fculp^ure, and the novelty and juftnefs of his 
obfervations proved at once the readinefs and the extent of his 
genius. 

i^c] 0/ thelUe of thi»<ingpiuout am- ilotes of him to a I«atm tr^fladgn of hii 

tomift no account bad been prinud, till works publiihed in that city. 
Dr. Htfaa, profeflbcof phyiic ia the uni. [a] Phil. Tranf. Vol. JLVUL 
verfity of Leyden, prefixed fome aaec* Jl^ 



iot «t;NTEft. 

In January, 1781, he -was ninanimonflv clcftedf to fucceed-^^ 
late Dr. John Fothcrgill as prefidcnt of the Society of Phyficiai^ 
•rf London. " He was one df thofe," fays Dr. Simmons, ** tqp 
•whom we arc indebted for its eftabliftimcnt, and our grateful ac- 
knowledgements are due to him for his zealous endeavours to 
promote the liberal views of this inftittilion, by rendering it a 
fource of mutual improvement, and thus makiag it ultimately 
tifeful to the public." As his name and talents were known and 
rcfpefted in every part of Europe, fo the honours conferred on 
him were not limited to his owfi country. In 1780 the Royal 
'Medical Society at Paris eleQed him one of their foreign aflb- 
ciates; and in 1782 he received a (imtlar mark of diftinSion 
from the Royal Academy of Sciences in thit city. We come 
now to the moft fplendid of Dr. Hunter's medical publications^ 
" The Anatomy of the Human Gravid Uterus." The appear- 
ance of this work, which had been begun fo early as the year 
1751 (at which time ten of the thirty-four plates it contains were 
completed), was retarded till the year 1775, only by the author's 
defire of fending it into the world with fewer imperfeSions. 
This great work is dedicated to the king. In his preface to it 
we find the author very candidly acknowledging, that in moft of 
the diflfcSions he had been afTifted by his brother, Mr. John Hun* 
ter. This anatomical defcription of the Gravid Uterus, was 
not the ortly work which Dr. Hunter had in contemplation to 
•give to the public. He had long been employed incollefiing 
and arranging materials for a hiftory of the various concretions 
<hat are formed in the human body. He feems to have advanced 
no further in the execution of this defign, than to have nearly 
completed that fzrt of it which relates to urinary and biliary 
concretions. Among Dr. Hunter's papers have likewife been 
•found two introduftory ledures, which arc written out fofairlyy 
and with fuch accuracy, that he probably intended no further 
correftion of them, before they fhould be given to the world. 
In thefe le£lures Dr. Hunter traces the Jviftory of anatomy from 
the earlieft to the prefent times, along with the general progrefe 
of fcience and the arts. He confiders the great*utiiity of ana- 
tomy in the praftice of phyfic and furgery ; gives the ancient 
divifions of the different fubftances compofing the human body^ 
which for a long time prevailed in anatomy; points out the moft 
advantageous mode of cultivating this branch of natural know« 
ledge; and concludes with explaining the particular plan of his 
^wn ledures. Befides thefe MS^^ he has alfo left behind him n 
confiderable number of cafes of .difleilion [s]. The fame year 

{?] Tbc work on the Grayld Uterus fupply this defeQ. It is entitled, « An 

^as -publiflied -vnthout a defcriptive ac^^ Anacomieal Defc'iiptioa of tile' Human 

count. In 1795, DT' BaiUie publifhed. Gravid Uterus, und its Contents. By the 

from Dr. Hunter's papers, improved by late W. Huateri M.D. tto/* 9aA ham 

i^l own pbiierviitioosy a hook inttnded to, «thin%Qacto« 

is 



■:MtJ'N-r£"% :^% 

^iTi whidh the tables of the Gravid Uterus mad6 tfeeif appear- 

'ancej Dr.. Hunter 'communicated to the Royal Society, " Aa 

Eflay on the Origin of the Venereal Difeafe/* • After this paper 

• had been read to the Royal Society, Dr. Hunter, in a conVer- 
fationwith the late Dr. MufgraVe, - was convinced that the tef- 
timony on which, he placed his chief dependen(!:e was of lefs 
weight than he had at firft imagined ; he therefore very properly 

• laid afide his intention of giving his Efl&y to the public. 
In 1777, Dr. Hunter joined with Mr. Watfon in prefenting 

to the Royal Society " A fliott Account of the Jate Dr. Maty's 
Illnefs, and of thp Appearances on Difleftion [t] ;" and the year 
following he publifhcd his " Reflexions on the Sedion of the 
Symphyfis Pubis." 

We muft now go back a little in the order of time, to dcfcribe 
the origin arid progrefs of Dr. Hunter's Mufeum, without fome 
account of which thefe memoirs would be very incojnplete. 
When he began to praftife midwifery, he was defirous of ac* 

' quiring a fortune fufBc lent to place him in cafy and independent 

i circumftances. Before many years had elapfed, he found him- 

felf in pofleffion of a (urn adequate to his wiih6s in^his refpeft, 

and this he ftt apart as a refource of which he might- avail 

- bimfelf, whenever age or infirmities fhould oblige him to retire 

' from bofinefs. He has been heard to fay, that he once took 
a confiderable fum from this fund for the purpofes of his 

•mufeum, but that he did not feel himfelf perfedly at eafe till 
he had reftored it again. After he had obtained this compe- 
tency, as his wealth continued to accumulate, • he forined a 
laudable defign of engaging in fome Icheme of public utility, 
and at firft had it in contemplation to »found an anatomical 
fchool in this metropolis. For this purpofe, about ^1765, 
during the adminiftration of Mr. Grenville, he prefented a me- 
morial to that minifter, in which he requelted the grant of a 
piece of ground in the Mews for the lite of an anatomical 
theatre. Dr. Hunter undertook to expend 7000I. on the build- 
irig, and to endow a profeflbrfliip of anatomy in perpetuity. 
i This fcheme did not meet with the reception it deferved. — ^In a 

'converfation on this fubjeS foon afterwards with the earl of 

• Shelburne^ his lordfliip expreffed a wifli that the plan might be 
carried into execution by fubfcription, and very generoufly re- 

I queftedtohave his name fet down for 1 coo guineas. Dr. Hun* 

I ter's- delicacy would not allow him to adopt this propofal. He 

chofe rather to execute it at his own ex pence, and accordingly 
purchafed a fpot of ground in Great WindmilUftreet, where he 
ereded a fpacious houfe, to which he removed frorajrt^myn- 
ftreet in 1770. In this building, befides a handfomc amphi- 

f t] PMof. r'lsaf. Vol. LXVIL 

theatre 



304 #UNTER. 

theatre and other coaventent apartments for his ledures and dH^ 
feSionSy there was one magnificent room^ fitted up iVith great 
d^nce and propriety as a mufeum. 

Of the magnitude and value of his anatomical coUedion, 
fbme idea may be formed, when we confider the great length 
of years he employed in making anatomical preparations, and 
in the difledion of morbid bodies ; added to the eagerneft 
with which he procured additions, from the coUedions that were 
at different times offered for fale in London. Hi$ fpccimens 
of rare difeafes were likewife frequently increased by prefents 
from his medical friends and pupils, who, when any thing of 
this fort occurred to them, very juftly thought they could not 
difpofe of it more properly than by placing it in Dr. Hunter's 
mufeum* ^Before his removal to Windmill-ftreet, he had con« 
fined his colle£Uon chiefly to fpecimens of human and compa- 
rative anatomy, and of difeafes ; but now he expended his Views 
to foflils, and likewife to the branches of polite literature and 
erudiiion. In a fhort fpace of time he became poflfefled of *^ the 
moft magnificent treafure of Greek and Latin books that has 
been accumulated by any perfoh now living, fince the days of 
Mead/' A cabinet or ancient medals contributed likewife 
greatly to the richnefs of his mufeum. A defcription [u] of part 
of the coins in this colleAion, ftruck by the Greek free cities, 
has been publiflied by the dolor's learned friend Mr. Combe. 
In a claffical dedication of this elegl&nt volume to the queen. 
Dr. Hunter acknowledges his obligations to her majefty. In 
the preface, fpme account is given of the progrefs of the collec- 
tion, which had been brought together fince the year 1770, with 
lingular tafte, and at the expence of upwards of 2o,oool. In 
1 78 1, the mufeum received a valuable addition of ihells, corals, 
and other curious fubieds of natural hiftory, which had been 
collected by the late Dr. Fothergill, who gave diredidhs by his 
wiU that his colledion fhould be appraifed after his death, and 
that Dr. Hunter fhould have the refufal of it at 500]. under the 
valuation. This was accordingly done, and Dr. Hunter pur^ 
chafed it for the fumof i2ooi. 

Dr. Hunter, at ti>e head of his profefllon^ honoured with thft 
efteem of his fovereign, and in the poiTeflion of every thing 
that his reputation and wealth could confer, feemed now to have 
attained the. fummit of his wifhes. But thefe fources of grati* 
fication were embittered by a difpofition to the gout, which har- 
rafled him frequently during the latter part of his life, notwith- 
ftanding his very abftemious manner of living. About ten years 
before hi$ death his health was fo much impaired, that, fearing 

[v] " NunuDoram vcteram populoram Opera Se ftudio Caroli Combe, S. R* ft 
$e urbiam qui in muleo Guliclmi Hunter S. A. Soc» Losidiaij IT^Sy*' 4^0. 
aff^vaatuf dcfcriptio fig arts illuftnu. 

he 



HUNTER* 3«j 

jbe might foon become unfit for the fatigues of his profeffion, ha 
began to think of retiring to Scotland. With this view he re^ 
quefted his friends Dr. Cullen and Dr. Bailliei to look out for 
a pleafant eflate for him. A conflderable one, and fuch as they 
thought would, be agreeable to him^ was offered for fale about 
that time in the neighbourhood of Alloa. A defcription of it 
was fent to him, and met with his approbation 2 the price wa9 
agreed bn> and the bargain fuppofed to b^ concluded. But when 
the title-deeds of the eftate came to be examined by Dr. Hun««> 
ter.*s counfel in London, they were found dcfedive, and he was 
advifed not to complete the purchafe. After this he found the 
expence^ of his mufeupi increafe fo fafl, that he laid afide all 
thoughts of Retiring from praftice. 

This alteration in his plan did not tend to improve his health. 
In the courfe of a few years the returns of his gout became by 
/degrees more frequent, fometimes affeding his limbs, and fome-* 
, times his flomach, but feldom remaining many hours in one 
part. Notwithftanding this valetudinary ftate^ his ardour feemed 
to be unabated.' In the lad year of his life he. was as eager tp 
acquire new credit, and to fecure the advantage of what he had 
Jbefore gained, a3 he could have been at the mod enterprifing 

fart of his life. At length, on Saturday,. March 15, 1793, aftejr 
aving for fevcral days experienced a return of wandering gout^ 
he complained of great head-ach and paufea. In this-uatehe 
went to b^d^ and for feveral days felt more pain than ufuai, both 
in his flomach and limbs. On the Thurfday following he found 
himfelf fo much recovered, that he determined to give the iotro!* 
dilatory ledure to the operations of furgery. It was to no 
{>urpofe that his friends urged tp him the impropriety of fuch 
ah attempt. He was determined to make the experiment, and 
accordingly delivered the le£lure, but towards the concluGon 
hisftrength was fo exhaufted that he fainted away^ and was ob- 
liged to be carried to bed by two fervants. The following night 
and day his fymptoms were fuch as indicated danger; and on Sa<*> 
turday morning Mr. Combe, who made him an early vifit, wa? 
alarmed on being told by Dr. Hunter himfelf, that during the 
night he had certainly had a paralytic ftroke^ As neither Jhis . 
fpeech nor his pulfe were afreded, and he was able to raife. 
himfelf in bed, Mr. Corabe encouraged him to hope that he 
-was miflaken. But the event proved the doAor's id^a of his 
complaint to be but too well founded ; for from that time till his 
^leath, which happened on Sunday, March 30, he voided no 
urine without the alTiflance of the catheter, which was occafion- 
ally introduced by his brother; and purgative medicines were 
adminiftered repeatedly, without procuring a paflTage by floof. 
Thefe circumflancea, and the abfence of pain, feemed to 
ihew that the int€flines and bladder had loA their fenfibility 
. Vjox, Vllf. ^ a^i* 



3o6 HUNTER. 

inJ power of contrsrftion ; and it was reafbiuAte to prefitme^ 
^t a partial palfy had affeded the nerves diftributed to thofe 
parts. The lirtter moments of his life exhibited an inftance of 
calmnefs and fortitude that welt deferves to be recorded. Tunv* 
ine to his friend Mr. Combe, ^* If I had ftrengtb enough to 
k<^d a pen/' faid he^ ** I would write how esfy and plea&at a 
thing it is to die." 

: By his willy the ufe of his mufemny onder the dire£kion 
of truflees, devolved to his nepliew Matthew BaiUie, and in 
cafe of his death, to Mr. Croikihank for the term of thirty 
years, at the end of which period the whole colIeAion is be- 
queathed to the univerfity of Glafgow. The fum of Soooh 
fterling is left as a fund for the fupport and augmentation of 
the coIleAion. The trnftees are Dr. George Fordyce, Dr» 
David Pitcairne, and Mr. Charles (fmce Dr#) Combe, to each of 
whom Dr. Hunter bequeathed an annuity of 2ol. for thirty years^ 
that is, during the period in which they will be executing the 
purpofes of the will.^ Dr. I-{unter has Itkewife bequeathed an 
annuity of ibol. to his fifter, Mrs. Baillie, during her life, and 
the fum of 2oooh to each of her two daughters. The refidue 
of his eftate and ei!e£(s goes to his nephew. On Saturday^ 
April 5, his remains were interred in the redor's vault of St. 
James's church, Weftminfter. 

>P^f the perfon of £}r. Hunter, it may be oblcrvod, that he 
was regularly fliaped, but of a (lender make, and rather below 
a middle ftature. There are feveral good portraits of him ex« 
tant. One of thefe is an uiifiniflied painting by Zoffiiny, who 
has reprefented him in the attitude of giving a le£lure on the 
inu(cle5 at the Royal Academy, furrounded by a groupe of acades. 
micians. His manner of living was extremely fimple and frugal, 
and the quantity of his food was fmall as well as plain . He was an 
early rifer, and when bufinefs was over, was confbntty engaged 
in his anatomical purfuits, or in his mufeum. There was fome- 
thing very engaging in his manner and addrefs, and he had fuch 
an appearance m attention to his patients when he was making 
his inquiries, as could hardly fail to conciliate their confidence 
and efteem. In confuhation with his medical brethren, he deli- 
tered his opinions with diffidence and candour. In familiar 
converfation he was chearful and unafluming. AH who knew 
him allowed, that he poflfefled an excellent underftandingj great 
reddinefs of perception, a good memory, and a found judges 
mcnt. To thefe intelleftual powers he united uncomtnon affi- 
duity and precifion, -fo that he was admirably fitted for anato<- 
mical inveftigation. As a teacher of anatomy, he was long and 
xJefervedly celebrated. He was a good orator, and having a clear 
and accurate conception of what he taught, he knew bow to 
place in diflindt and intelligible points of view, the moil ab- 

• ftrufc 



i 



HUNTER. 307 

ftnife fubjefis of Miatomy and fhy^ohgyi Howmach he co]E}tri« 
buteid to the imprbvement of medical fcience in general, may be 
cof^leAed from the conciXe view we have taken of. his writings. 
The munificeiice he difptayed in thecaule of fcience ha£ like wife 
a claim to our applaufe« Or. Hunter facrificed no part of His 
tijae or his fortune ta voluptuQufnefs, to idle pomp, or to any 
of the comaion objeds of yanity that influence the purfuits of 
mankind in general. He feeina to have been animated with a 
defire of diftingutfliing himfelf 'in thofe things which are in 
their nature laudable ; and beinjg a batchelor, and without views 
for eftablifhing a family, he was at liberty to indulge his incli-* 
nation. Let us, therefore, not withhold the praife that is due 
to him ^ and undoubtedly his temperance, his prudence, his per- 
fevering and eager purfuit of knowledge, conftitute an example 
which vfe may with .advantage to ourielvesand to fociety, endea* 
vour to imitate. 

HUNTER (John), younger brother of Dr. Hunter, one of 
the moft profound anatomids, fagacious an^ expert furgeons, and 
acute obfevvers of nature, that any age has produced, was born at 
LongCald^rwood, abovementioned, July 14, 1728 [x]. At the 
age of ten y^rs he loQ his faxh^r, and being tb^ youngeft of tell 
childrei^was fuiFered to employ himfclf in amufement rather 

^ :w than dumy, though fent occafionally to a grammar -fchooL He had 

reached the age of twenty before he felt a wifli for more a<3:ive 

employment, and hearing of the reputation his brother WilUam 

^ had acquired in London as a teacher of anatomy, made a pro- 

pofal to go up to him as an afliflant. His propofal was kindly 

accepted, and, in September 1748, he arrived m London, it 

was not long before his difpofition to excel in anatomical purfuits 

was fully evinced, and his determination to proceed in that line 

confirmed and approved. In the fummer of 1749, he attended 

Mr. Chefelden at Chelfea-hofpital, and there acquired the rudi- 

• ments of furgery. In the fubfequent winter^, he was fo far ad- 

.V9nced in the knowledge of anatomy^ as to inftrud his brother's 

V pupils in difledion, and, from the conftant occupation of the 

do3or in bufmefs, this ta(k in future devolved almofl totally 

^ upon him. In the fummer of 1750, he again attended at CheU 

^ fea,.andin 1751 became a pupil at St. Bartholomew's, where 

he condantly attended when any extraordinary operation was to 

)}e performed* After having paid a vifit to Scotland, he entered 

as a gentleman-Commoner in Oxford, at St. Mary-hall, though 

i with what particular view does not appear. His profeflional 

fludies, however, were not interrupted, for in 1754, he became 

I jSi pupU at St. George's hofpital, where, in 1756, he was ap- 

* . [x] Uit>of John Huntery by bis brodier-ia-Uw Evcrutl Hmk, pxefixed to bis 

.^|»fthuii|QUs tciftaf»aa llie blood. 

X s^ pointed 



3oS llUiJTEIl. 

pointed ^oufc-furgeon. In the winter of 1^55, Dr. Hnnttt 
mdnnitied him to a partnerOiip in his ledures. 

The management of anatomical preparations was at thin 
time a new art, and Very little known; cverv preparation, there- 
fore, that was ikilfully made, became an ol^ed of admifration ; 
many were wanting for the ufe of the leftirfcs, and Dr. Hunter 
having himfelf an enthufiafm for the art, his biiGrther had every 
advantage in the profecutiod of that ptirfuit towards which his 
own difpofition pointed fo ftrongly ; and of which he left fo 
iioble a monument in his Kf uieum of Comparative Anatomy. 
Mr. Hunter ^rfiied the ftudjr df anatomy with an ardour 9nd 
perfevcrahce of which few examples can be found. , By th\i 
clofe application for ten years, he made himfelf mafter of all 
that was already known, and ftrtick out fome additions to that 
knowledge. He traced the ramifications of the olfadory nerves 
upon the membranes of the nofe, and difcovered the courfe of 
fome of the "branches of the fifth pair of nerves. Jn the gravid 
titerus, he traced the arteries of the uterus to their terminatioii 
)h the pflacenta. He alfo difcovered the exiftence 6f the lym- 
phatic vetkU in birds. In comparative anatomy^ which he^ 
cultivated with indefatigable indultry, his grand objeft was^ by 
examining various organizations formed for fimilar ^pidion^^ 
tinder different circumftancei, to trace out the general principles 
tif animal life. .With this objcft in view^ the commdneft ani* 
mats were often of confiderable importance to him ; but he alfo 
took every opportunity of purchafing thofe that were rare, or 
encouraged their owners to fell the bodies to him when they 
happened to die. 

By exceilive attention to thefe purfuits, his health was fo 
much impaired, that he was threatened with confumptive fymp* 
toms, and being advifed to go abroad, obtained the appointment 
of a furgeon on the ftaff, and went with the army to Belleiile, 
leaving. Mr. Hewfon to affift his brother. He continued in this 
fervice till the clofe of the war in 1763, and thus acquired his 
knowledge of the nature and treatment of gun-fhot wounds. 
On his return to London, to his emoluments irom private prac- 
tice, and his half-pay, he added thofe which arofe from teaching 
^ra£lical anatomy, and operative furgery; and, that he might 
be nrttre enabled to carry on his enquiries in comparative ana- 
tomy, he purchafed fome land at EarFs-court nea;- Brompton, 
where he built a houfe. Here alfo he kept fuch animals alive 
as he purchafed, or were prefented to him ; ftudied their habits 
and inftinSs, and cultivated an intimacy with them^ which with 
the fiercer kinds, was not always fupported without perfonal 
rifk. It is recorded by his biographer^ that, on finding two leo- 
pards loofe, and likely to efcape or be killed, he went out, and 
feizing them with his own hands, carried them back to their 

den. 



HUNTER; 309 

4en. The horror he felt afterwards, at the danrger he had run, 
would not, probably, have prevented him from making a fimilar 
effort, had a like occafion arifen. 

On the fifth of February, 1767, Mr. Hunter was eleSed a 
fellow of the Royal Society; and, in order to make that fitu- 
ation as prodjii£live of knowl^dee as poffible, he prevailed on 
Dr. George Fordyce, and Mr. Citmming (the celebrated watch* 
maker) to form a kind of fubfequent meeting at a coiree-houfe^ 
for the purpofe of philofophical difcuflion, and enquiry into 
difcoveries and improvements. To this meeting, fome of the 
firft philofophers of the age very fpeedily acceded, among whom 
none can be more confpicuous than fir Jofeph Banks, Dr. So* 
lander. Dr. Maflcclyne, fir Geo. Shuckburgn, fir Harry Engle- 
field, fir Charles Blagden, Dr. Noothe, Mr. Rj3imfden» and 
Mr. Watt of Birmingham. About the fame time, the accident 
of breaking his tendo Achillisy led him to fome very fuccefsful 
refearches into the mode in which tendons are re-united; fo 
completely does a true philofopher turn every accident to the 
advantage of fcience. In the year 1768, Dr. Hunter having 
finifhed his hpufe in Windmill-ftreet, gave up' to his brother 
that which he had occupied in Jermvn-ftreet ; and in the fame 
jear, by the (ntereft of the dodor, Mr. Hunter was eleded 
one of the fMrgeons to St. George Vhofpital. In the year 1771, 
he married mifs Home, the eldeft daughter of Mr. Home, fur- 
geon XQ Burgoyne'is regiment of light-horfe, by whom he had 
two fons apf} two daughters [y]. In 1772, he undertook the 
profeffional educ?ition of his brother-in-law Mr. Everard Homcj 
then leaving Weftminfter-fcho9l, wfto has afliduoufly purfued 
, his fteps, ably recordec) I^is inerits, anjd fuccefsfuUy emulates 
Ijis reputation* v * 

As the family of Mr. Hunter increafed, his praftice and cha- 
rafier alfo advanced ; but the cxpence of his cpllecElion abforbed 
a very confiderable part of his profits. The beft rooms in his 
houfe werfs filled with his preparations, and his mornings, from 
fun-rife to eight o'clock, were conftantly employed in anatomical 
^nd philofophical purfuits. The knowledge which he thus ob- 
tained, he applied moft fuccefsfuUy to the improvement of the 
^xx. of furgery; 'was particularly (ludious to examine morbid 
bodies, and to invedigate the caufe qf failure when operations 
had not been productive of their due efle£l. It was thus that 
he perfipfted tne mode of opefation fpr the Hydrocele, and made 
feyeral other improvement? of different kinds. At the fame time 
the volym^s of the Philofophical Tranfaftions bear testimony to 
his fuccefs in comparative anatomy, which was his favourite, and 

[y] Only one Ton and one daughter ried to captain James CampbeU, eldeft ion 
lived to grow up. The fon is now an of- of fir James, and nephew of the late fir 
6ccr in t^ army, and the davghler it mar- Archibald Campbell* 

X 3 may 



310 HUNTER. 

may be caHed almoft his principal purfuit. When he met with 
natural appearances which could not be preferred in aSual pre- 
parations, he employed able draughtfmen to Jeprefent-lhem on 
paper; and for leveral years, he even kept one in his family, 
cxprefsly for this purpofe. In Jan. 1776, Mr. Hunter was ap- 
pointed furgeon- extraordinary to his majefty. In the autumn of 
the fame year, he had an illnefs of fo levcre a nature as to turn 
bis mind to the care of a provifion for his family in cafe of his 
deceafe; when, confidering that the chief part of his property 
was vefted in his colledion, he determined immediately to put 
it into fuch a ftate of arrangement as might make it capable of 
being difpofed of to advantage at his death. In this he happily 
lived to fucceed in a great meafure, and finally left his muftiuni 
ip clafled as to be fit for a public fltuation. 

Mr. Hunter, in 1781, was ele£led into the Royal Society of 
Sciences and Belles Lettres at Gottenburg; and, in 1783, into 
the Royal Society of Medicine, and the Royal Acacjemy of Sur- 
gery at Paris, In the fame year, he removed from Jermyn- 
ftieet, to a larger houfe in Ileicefter-fquare, and, with more 
fpirit than confideration, expended a verv great fum in buildmgs 
adapted to theobjeSs of his purfuits. He was, in 1785, at the 
height of hi scarcer as a furgeon, and performed fome operations 
with complete fuccefs, which were thought by the proteflion to 
be beyond the reach of any flciU. His faculties were now in 
their fulleft vigour, and his body fufficiently fo to keep pace with 
the aftivity of his mind. He was engaged in a very extenfive 

i>raaice, he was furgeon to St. George's hofpital, he gave a very 
ong courfe of leSures in the winter, had a fchool of praSical 
anatomy in his boufe, was continually engaged in experiments 
concerning the animal oeconomy, and was from time to time 
producing very important publications* At the fame time 
he inftituted a medical fodiety,' called, "Lyceum Medicum 
Londinenfe," which met at his lefture-rooms, and foon rofe to 
fronfiderable reputation. On the death of Mr. Middleton, fur- 
geon-general, m 1786, Mr. Hunter obtained the appointmer^t 
of deputy furgeon-general to the army ; but in the fpring of 
the year he had a viplent attack of illnefs, which left him, fof 
the reft of his life, fubjedl: to peculiar and violent fpafmodiq 
affeSions of the heart. In July, 1787, he was chofen a mem- 
ber of the American Philofophical Society. In 1 790, finding 
that his leSures occupied top much of his time, he relinquifhed 
them to his brother-in-law Mr. Home ; and in this year, o^ the 
death of Mr. Adair, he was appointed infpefipr-general of hof- 
pitals, and furgeon-general of the army. He was alfo elefted 
a member of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland. . 

The death of Mr. Hunter was perfectly fudden, and the con- 
feciuence of one of thofe fpafmodic ^izures i^the heart ^o yrhich he 

hacl 



HUNTER, 3U 

fcad now for fcveral year« been fobjeS. It happened on the i6th 
of OSober, 1793. Irritation of mind had long been found 
to bring on this complaint ; and on that day, meeting with fome 
vexatious circumllances at St. ijcorge's hofpital, he put a degree 
of conftraint upon himfelf to Tupprefs his fentiments, and ia 
that ftate went into anotber room ; where in turning round to 
a phyfician who was prefent, he fell, and inftantly expired with- 
out a groan. Of the diforder which produced this efFeft, Mr. 
Home has given a clear and circumftantial account, of a very 
intercfting naturf to profeffidnal readers. Mr. Hunter was fliort 
in ftature> but uncommonly ftrong, aftive, and capable of great 
bodily exertion. The prints of hitn by Sharp, from a pi&iire 
by fir Joibua Reynolds, give a forcible and accurate idea of his 
countenance. His temper was warm ajid impatient; but his 
difpoiltion was candid and free from re-ferve, even to a fault. 
He was fuperior to every kind of artifice, detefted it in others, 
and in order to avoid it, cxprefled his exzA fentiments, ibme- 
times too openly and too abruptly. His mind was uncommonly 
aftive ; it was naturally formed for inveftigation, and fo attached 
to truth and faft, that hedefpifed all unfounded fpeculation, and 
proceeded always with caution upon the folid- ground of expe- 
riment. At the fame time his acutenefs in obfcrving the'refult 
of thofe experiments, his ingenuity in contriving, and hid adroitl 
oefs in concluding them, enabled him to deduce from them ad« 
vantages which others would ntjt have derived. It has been 
fijppofed, very falfely, that he was fond of hypothecs ; on the 
contrary, if he was defedive in any talent, it Wats in that of 
imagination; he purfued truth on all occafions with mathema- 
tical precifion, but he made no fanciful excurfions* . Converfa- 
tion in a mixed company, where no fubjedt could be connectedly 
purfued, fatigued inUead of amufing him ; particularly towards 
the latter part of his life. He flept little ;. feldom more thaii 
four hours in the m^, and about an hour after dinner. But his 
occupations, laborious as they would have been to others, were fat 
from being fatiguing to him, being fo perfe£kly congenial to hi^ 
mind. He fpoke &eely and fometimes harihly of his cotem** 
poraries; but he confidered furgery as in its infancy, and being 
Very anxious for its advancement thought meanly of thofe. pro- , 
feflbrs whofe exertions to promote it were unequal to his own. - 
Money he valued no otherwife than as it enabled him to purfue 
his refearches ; and m his zeal to benefit mankind, he attended to6 
little to the interefts of his own family. Altogether he was a 
man fuch as few ages produce ; and by his great contributions to 
the ftores of. knowledge, will eves deferve the gratitude and ve* 
Iteration of podertty. 

The contributions of Mr. Hunter, to the Tranfaftions of the 
Eoyal Societyi cannot eafily be enumerated: his other works 

X 4 appeared 



312 HUNTINGTON. 

dippeared in the following^ order, i. A treatife on *' the natord 

Hiitory of the human Tccih,** 410, 1771 ; a fecond part to 
ivhich was added in 1778. 2. " A Treatife on the Venereal 
Difeafe," 4to, 1786. 3. <* Obfervations on certain Parts of 
the Animal CEconomy," 4to, 1786. 4. " A Trealjfe on the 
Blood, Inflammation, and Gun- (hot Wounds," 4to, Thiswa< 
a podhumous work, not appearing till the year 1794; but it 
had been fent to the prefs in the preceding year, before his deaths 
Thfere are alfo fome papers by Mr. Hunter in the ^^ TranC- 
a&ions of the Society for the Improvement of medical and 
chinirgical Knowledge,*' which were publiihed in 1793. The 
colle^Hon of corppaiative anatomy which Mr. Hunter left be- 
hind him, mu(l be confidered as a proof of talents, afliduityn 
and labour, which cannot be contemplated without furprife and 
admiration. His attempt in this colledion has been to exhibit 
the gradations of nature from the mod fimple ftate in Vhich life 
is found to exift, up to the mod perfed aiid complex of the 
animal creation, to man himfelf. By his art and care, he hai 
been able fo to expofe and preferve in a dried date, or in fpiritsj 
the correfponding parts of animal bcxiies, that the various Hnk^ 
in the chain of perfcdnefs may be readily followed, ahd clearly 
underftood. They are clafled in the foUowirig order: firft, the 
parts conftruded for motion ; fecondly, the parts eflential to 
animals as refpeding their own internal oeconomy; thirdly, 
parts fuperadded for purpofes concerned with external objeds ; 
fourthly, parts defigned for the propagation of the fpecies, and 
the maintenance and prefervation of the young. To go &rther 
into thefe particulars, would lead us to a detailMucohfident with 
the nature of this work : but they are of the mod curious kind^ 
and may be found defcribed in a manner at once clear ^d in- 
(truSive, in the life of J, Hunter, from which we have taketi 
this account. 

, HUNTINGTON jRoB^RT), a learned Er«lifl> divine, wal 
born at Peprhyrft in Gloucefterlhire where his father was mi- ' 
nidery i|i I036. Haying been educated in fchooUlearning at 
Briftol, hp was fcnt to Mertonrcollcge, Oxford, of which in 
due time h^ was chofen fellow [z]. He went throtigh the ufual 
courfe of arts and fctences with great applaufe, and then applied 
himfelf mod diligently to divinity, and the Oriental lan^uageig. 
The latter became afterwards of infinite fervice to him ; for he 
was chofen chaplain to the Engliih faSory at Aleppo, and failed 
from England in Sept. 1670. During his eleven years refidence 
in this place, he applied himfelf particularly to fearch but and pro* 
pjremanufcripts; and for this purpofe maintained a correfpond- 
cnce with the learned and eminent of every profeflron and degree^ 

[$>} p. Rpber^i Hiuitiiiki^ti^ VlUj im^toist tT. Smithy Lofl4* i704> ^vo. 

whjch 



MtJfNTORST. 313 



^hich his knowledge in the Eaftern languages, and efpecialljr 
the Arabic, enabled him to do. He travelled alfo for his diveir- 
fion and improvement, not only into the adjacent, but even into 
dtftant places; and after having carefully vidted almofl all Ga* 
If lee and Samaria, he v^ent to Jerufalem. In 1677, he wents 
into Cyprus; and the year after, undertook a journey of 1 50 
miles, for the fake of beholding the venerable ruins of the once 
noble and glorious city of Palmyra : but, indead of having an 
opportunity of viewing the place, he and they that were with 
him were very near being deftroyed by two Arabian princes* 
who had taken pofleffion of thofe parts. He had better fuccefs 
in a^journey to Egypt in 1680, where he met with feveral curi- 
'ofities and mannfcripts; and had the pleafure of converfing with 
John Lafcaris, archbifliop of mount Sinai, - . 

In 168^^ he embarked, and landed in Italy; and having vt« 
itted Rome, Naples, and other. places, taking Paris in his way, 
where he flayed a few weeks, he arrived, after many dangen, 
and di^culties, fafe in his own country. He retired immev 
diately to his fellowflilp at Merton-coU^e ; and, in 1683, took 
the degrees in divinity. About the fame time, through the re* 
commendation of bifliop Fell, he was appointed mafler of Tri- 
nity.college in Dublin, and went over thither, though againft 
his will; but the troubles that happened in Ireland at the Revo- 
lution forced him back for a time into England ; and thouj?h he 
returned after t^e redudion of that kingdom, yet he reftgned 
his mafterihip m 169!, and came home, with an intention to 
l]uit it ho more. In the mean time he fold for 700I. his fine 
(t:oUe£Uon of MSS. to the curators of the Bodleian library; 
having before made a prefent of thirty-five* In 1692, he was 

))refented by fir Edward Tumor to the reftory of Great Hal-* 
ingbury in Eflex, and the fame year he married. He was of« 
fered about that time the biihopric of Kilmore in Ireland, but 
lefufed it: in 1701, however, he accepted that of Raphoe, and 
ivas coiifecrated in Chrift-church, Dublin, Aug. ;&o. He fur* 
Vived his confecration but twelve days; for he died Sept. 2, io 
his 66th year, and was buried in Trinity-college chapel. 

All that he publiflied himfelf was, " An Account of the Por- 
phyry Pillars in Egypt,*' in the ** Philofophical Tranfadions, 
ri^ i6i." Some of his " Obfervations" are printed in "A 
Collefiion of curious Travels and Voyages," in 2 vols. 8vo, 
by Mr. J. Ray ; and thirty-ninie of his letters, chiefly written 
while he was abroad, were publifhed by Dr. T. Smith, at the 
end of his life. 

HUNTORST (Gerard), one of the beft Dutch painters of 
his time, was born at Utrecht in 1592. He was a difciple of 
Blomeart, and afterwards went to Rome ; where having (tudied 
li^fign, be exercifed it in drawing night-pieces with the utmoft 

fuccefs. 



314 H U S S. 

fuccefs. When he returned to Utrecht, he applied hi hi fcHT to 
hiftory-painting. He had a vaft number of fcholars from Ant- 
werp. He taught alfo the queen of Bohemia's children to defign. 
Charles I. invited him over to England, andforhiiO he executed 
feveral noble works. He afterwards returned to Holland, where 
he painted for the prince of Orange. The time of his death is 
Aox mentioned. 

HURE (Charles), a French divine of fome eminence, was 
born at Champigny-fur-Youne, in 1639, the fon of a labourer. 
He made it his objeA to know every thing that could throw any 
Fight upon theology ; and with this view he (ludied the Orientat 
languages. He was a member of the le;jrned fociety of Port- 
Royal, where he imbibed at once his zeal for religion and for 
letters. He was afterwards profeflbr of the learned languages 
in the univerfity of Parts, and principal of the college of Ben- 
court. He died in 1717. There are extant by him, i. A Die-* 
fionary of the Bible, 2 vols, folio, lefs full, and lefs complete, 
than that of Calmet, publifted in 17 15. a. An edition of the 
Latin Teftament, with notes, which are ipuch efteemed, 2 vols, 
tamo. 3. A French tranflation o( the former, with the notes 
from the Latin augmented, 4 vols. lamo, 1702. 4. >* A Sacred 
Grammar," with rules for underftanding the literal fenfe of the 
Scripture. He was confldered as a Janfenift ; and' by fome faid 
to be only Qiiefncl a little moderated. 

HUSS (John), a celebrated divine and mar^r, was born at 
a town in Bohemia, called Huflenitz, about the year I376[X]^ 
and liberally educated in the univerftty of Prague. Here he took 
the degree of B. A. in 1393, and that of mailer in 1395; and 
we fin^him, in 1400, in orders, and a minifter of a church in 
that city. About this time the writings of our countryman 
Wicklif had fpread themfelves among the Bohemians, and were 
particularly read by the ftudents at Prague, among the chief of 
whom was Hufs; who, being greatly taken with Wicklif *s no- 
tions, and having abundance of warmth in his compofition, 
began to preach and write with great zeal againft the fupcrfti* 
tions and errors of the church 01 Rome. He fucceeded lb far^ 
that the fale of indulgences began greatly to decreaie and grow 
cold among the Bohemians ; and the pope's party cried aloud, 
Aat there would foon be an end of religion, if meafures were 
n6t taken to oppofe the reftlefs endeavoiirs of the Huilites* 
With a view, therefore, of preventing this danger ,v Subinco^ 
the arcKbifhop of Prague, iffued forth two mandates in 1408 ( 
one, addreffed to the members of the univerfity, by which they 
were ordered to bring together all Wicklif 's writings, that fuch 
fs were found to contain any thing erroneous or heretical might 

[a] C«ve Hift. Ijter. Tom. |L Af p«ad. p. zoi. Oxoa. 1740* « 

be 



HUSS. 515 

be burnt; the other to all curates and minifters, commanding 
them to teach the people, that, after the confecraiion of the 
elements in the holy Sacrament, there remained nothing but the 
real body and blood of Chrift, under the appearance of bread 
artd wine. Hufs, whofe credit and authority in the univerfity 
were very great, as well for his piety and learning, as on account 
of confiderable fervices he had done, found no difficulty m 
perfuading many. of its members of the unreafonablenefs and 
^bfurdity of thefe mandates: the firft being, as he faid, a plain 
encroachment upon the liberties and privileges of theunii^erfity^ 
tvhofe members had an indifputable right to poflefs, and to read 
all forts of books ; the fecond, inculcating a mod abominable 
error. Upon this foundation they appealed to Gregory XII. 
and the archbifliop Subinco was fummoned to Rome. But, owl 
acquainting the pope that the heretical notions of Wicklif were 
gaining ground apace in Bohemia, through the zeal of fome 
preachers who had read his books, a bull was granted him for 
the fuppreffion of all fuch notions in his province. By virtue of 
this bull, Subinco condemned the writings of Wicklii, and pro- 
ceeded againft four dodors, who had not complied with his man- 
date, in bringing in their copies, Hufs and others, who were 
involved in this fentence, protefted againft this procedure of the 
archbiihop, artd appealed from him a fecond time, in June, 
1410. The matter was then brought before John XXIII. who 
ordered Hufs, accufed of many errors and herefies, to appear in 
perfon at the court of Rome, and gave a fpecial commiffion 
to cardinal Colonna to cite him. Hufs, however, under the 

Srotedlion aind countenance of Wenceflaus king of Bohemia, 
id not appear, but fent three deputies to excufe his abfence, 
and to anfwer all which (hould be alledged againft hinfi. Co- 
lonna paid no regard to the deputies, nor to* any defence they 
could make ; but declared Hufs guilty of contumacy to the court 
of Rome, and excommunicated him for it. Upon this the de- 

5">uties appealed froni the cardinal to the pope, who commiffioned 
bur other cardinals to examine into the affairi Thefe commif- 
faries confirmed all that that Colonna had done [^bJ. Nay, they 
did more; the excommunication, which was limited to Hufs, 
they extended to his friends and followers: they declared him an 
Herefiarch, and pronounced an interdift againft him. 
" 'All this time, utterly regardlefs of what was doing at Rome, 
Hufs continued.to preach and write with great zeal agaiftft the 
errors and fuperftitions of that church, and in defence of Wick- 
Jlf and his doftrines. He preached diredly againft the pope, 
the cardinals, and the Clergy of that party ; and at the /ame 
lime publiflied writings, to Ihew the lawfulnefs of expofing the 

[b] Dttpin I^outcU Bibl. Ecclef. Tom. XII. p. 132. Puis, lyeo. 

vices 



3i6 HUSS. 

vices of ccclefijiflics. In 1413, the religious tptnuks and Mi-^ 
lions were become fo violent, that Subinco applied to Wencef- 
laus to appeafe them. Wenceflaus baniOied Hiifs from Prague; 
but flill the diforders continued. Then the archbiihop had re- 
courfe to the emperor Sigifmondy who promifed him to come 
into Bohemia, and aflift in fettling the affairs of the church ; 
but before Sigifraond could be prepared fpr the jojkrney, Subinco 
died in Hungary. About this time bulls wefepubliihed by John 
XXIII. at Prague againft Ladiflaus king of Naples; in which 
a crufade was proclainled againft that prince, and indulgences 
promifed to all who would go to the war. 1 his furniflied Hiifs, 
who had returned to Prague upon the death of Subinco, with % 
fine occaflon of preaching againft indulgences and cru fades, and 
of refuting thefe bulls: and the people were fo aifeSed and in- 
flamed with his preaching, that they declared pope John to be 
antichrift. Upon this, fome of the ringleaders ?iraong the 
Huffites were feized aftd imprifoned; whicji, however, was not 
confented to by the people, who were prepared to refift, till the 
tnagidrate had promifed that no harm (hould happen to the pri- 
foners. But he did not keep his word: they were executed inl 
prifon ; which ihe Huflttes difcovering, took up arms, refcued 
their bodies, and interred theni honourably, as martyrs, in the 
church of Bethlehem, which was Hufs's church. 

Things went on thus at Prague and in Bohemia, till the 
council of Conftance was called ; where it was agreed between 
th^ pope and the emperor, that Hufs (hould appear, and give ai) 
account of himfelf and his do£trine. The emperor promifed 
for his fecurity againft any danger, and that nothing ihould.be 
attempted againft his perfon; upon which he fet out. after de-.' 
claring publicly, that he was going to thp council of Conftance, 
toanfwer the accufations that were forfned .againft him ; anj 
challenging all people, who had any thing to except to his life 
and converfation, to do it witlrout delay. He made the fame" 
declarations in all the towns through which he pafled, and ar« 
rived at Conftance, Nov. 3, 1414. Here he was accufed in 
form, and a lift of his heretical tenets laid before the pope and 
the prelates of the council. He was fummoned to appear the 
twenty-fixth day after his arrival ; and declared himfelf ready to 
be examined, and to be correSed by them, if he fhopld be 
found to have taught any doSrine worthy of ctnfure. The car- 
dinals foon after withdrew, to deliberate upon the moft propef 
method of proceeding againft Hufs; and the refult of their de-r 
liberations was, that he (hould be imprifoned. This accord- 
ingly was done, notwiihftanding the emperor's paroie for his 
fecurity; nor were all his prince's endeavours afterwards fuffi- 
cient to releafe him, though he exerted himfelf to the utmoft, 
Hufs was toifed about from prifon to prifon for fi;^ whol^ 

montl^Sy 



tlUTGHESON. 3if 

ihpiiths, fuffering grcfat hardihips and pains from thoft who had 
the care of him ; and at faft wa$ condemned of herefy by the 
council, in his abfence and without a hearing, for maintaining, 
that the Encharift ought to be adtnihJftefed to the people in both 
kinds. The emperor, in the mean titne> complained heavily of 
the contempt that was (hewn to himfelf, and df the ufage that was 
employed towards Hufs; infifting, that Httfs 6tight to be allowed 
a fair and public hearing. Therefore, on the 5th and 7th of 
Juntf 1415, he was brought before the council, and permitted 
to fay what he could in behalf of himfelf and his doQrines j 
but every thing was carried on with noife and tumtik, and Huft 
foon given to underftand, that they were not difpofed to hear 
anything from him, but a recantation of his errors; which, 
howevei", he abfolutely refiifed, and was ordered back to prifon, 
July 6, he was brought ^gain before the council ; where he wa^ 
condemned of herefy, and ordered to be burnt. The ceremony 
of his execution was thisi he was firft ftripped of his facerdotal 
Veftments by biihops nominated for that purpofe ; next he wai 
formally deprived of his univerfity-degrees; then he had a paper* 
crown pyt upon ^is head, painted round with devils^ and the 
word Herefiarch infcribed in great letters; then he was deli- 
vered over to the magiftrate, who burnt him alive, after having 
firft burnt his books at the door , of the church. He died with 
great firmncfs and refolution; and his afhes were afterwards 
gathered up and thrown into the Rhine* His writings, which 
are very numerous and learned, were collected into a body, 
When the art of printing began. * 

HUTCHESON (Dr. Francis), a very fine writer and ex- 
tjellent man, was the fon of a diifenting minifter in Ireland, and 
was born Aug. 8, 1694 fc]. He difcovered early a fuperior 
capacity, and ardent thirft after knov^ ledge; and when he had 
gone through his fchooUeducation, was fent to an academy to 
begin his courfe of philofophy. In 17 10, he removed from the 
academy» and entered a ftudent in the univerfity of Glafgow ia 
Scotland. Here he renewed his ftudy of the Latin and Greek 
Tahgiiages, and applied himfelf to all parts of literature, in which 
he made a progrefs fuitable to his uncommon abilities. After- 
wards he turned his thoughts to divinity, which he propofed fa 
make the peculiar ftudy and profeflion of his life ; for the pro^ 
f^tion of which he continued feveral years longer at Glafgow. 

He then returned to Ireland; and, entering into the miniftry^j 

was juft about to be fettled in a fmall congregation of DiflTentera 

y in the north of Ireland, when fomc gentlemen about Dublin, 

who knew his great abilities and virtues, invited him to fet up 

[c] Account of his life, prefixed to his Syftemof Moral Philoibphy. OhSgtyt^ 

f private 



Sig 



HUTCHESON. 



• privftte academy in that city. He complied with the invit8ition» 
and met with much fbccefs. He had been fixed but a Oipit 
time in DuUin» when his Angular meiits axicl accompliibments 
made him generally Iinown ; and his acquaintance was fooght 
by men of all ninks^ who had any tafte for literature, or any 
leg^rd for learned men. Lord Molefworth it iaid to hvm 
taken ^reat pleafure in bis converfatioii» and to have aflifted hioa 
with his criticifms and obferrations upon his ** Enquiry into the 
ideas of Beauty and Virtue," before it came abroad. He re- 
ceived .the fame favour from Dr. Synge, biihop of Elphin, with 
whom he alfo lived in greait friendflbip* The firft edition <^ 
this performance came abroad without the author's name, but 
the merit of it would not fuffer him to be long concealed. Such 
was the reputation of the work> and the ideas it had railed of 
the aothor, th4t lord Granville, who was then lord-lieutenant d[ 
Ireland, fent his private fecretary to enquire at the bookfeller*iB 
for the author; and when he could not learn his name, he left 
H letter to be conveyed to him : in confequence of which he 
foon became acquainted with his excellency, and was treated by. 
bim, all the time he conttnaed in his government, with diftiih- 
guifhing marks of familiarity and efteem. 

From this time his acquaintance began to be ftill more courted 
by men of diftindion, either for (lation or literature, in Ireland^ 
Abp Kii^ held him in great efteem ; and the friend(bip of that 
prelate was of great ufe to him in fcreening him from two 
attempts made to proiecute him, for daring to take i^fKMi him 
the education of youth, without having qualified himfelf bf 
lubfcribing the ecclefiafiical canons, and obtaining a licenfe-frbm 
the biihop. He had alfo a large (hare in the efteem of the pri» 
mate Boulter, who, through his influence, made a donation t# 
the univcrfity of Gla%ow of a yearly fund for an exhibitioneri 
to be bred to any of the learned profefl[ions. A few years after 
his Enquiry into the Ideas 6f Beauty and Virtue, his " Trem 
tifc on the raffions'* was publilhed : thefe works have been often 
feprinted, and always admired both for the fentiment and Ian* 
guage ; even By thc^e, who have not aflented to the philofophy 
of them,, npr allowed it to have any foundation in natures 
About this time he wrote fome philofophical papers, accountii^ 
for laughter in a dif&rent way irom Hobbes, and more tK>nour« 
abl« to human nature ; which papers were publiQied in the coU 
iedion calfcd " Hibernicus's Letters." dome letters in the 
" London Journal, 1728," fubfcribed Philaretus, containing 
f)bje£lior)Sto fome parts of the dodrinc in " The Enquiry, &c. 
occafioned his giving anfwers to them in thofe public papere^ 
Both the letters and-anfwers vfexe afterwards publilhed in a fe- 
parate paipphlet. 

After 



HUTCHINS. 319 

After he had tmight in a private academy at Dt^ii for Fevea 
or eight years with gr«:at reputation and fuccefs, he was called 
in 1729 to Scotland, to be a profeflbr of phtlofophy a^Gtafgow, 
Several young gentlemen came along with him from the academy, 
amd his high reputation drew many more thither both from Eng* 
land and Ireland. After his fettlement in the college, he was 
not obliged, as when he kept the academy, to teach the languages 
and all the difierent parts of philoTophy, but the profeifion of 
morals was the province afligned to him ; fo that now he had futt 
leifure to turn all his attention to his favourite ftudy, human na- 
ture. Here he fpent the remainder of his life in a manner 
highly honourable to himfelf, and ornamental to the univerfity 
of which he was a member. His whole time was divided be* 
tween his ftudjes and the duties of his office ; except what he 
allotted to friendihip and fociety. A firm conftitution and a 
pnetty urliform ilate of good health, except fome few flight at«> 
tacks of the gout, feemed to promife a longer life; yet he did 
IKH exceed his 53d year. He was married foon after his fettle- 
ment in Dublin, to Mrs. Mary Wtlfon, a gentleman's daughter 
in the county of Longford ; by whom he left behind him one 
fon, Francis Hutchefon, M. D. By this gentleman was pub* 
liOied, from the original MS. of his father, ^< A Syftem of 
Moral Philofophy, in three books, Glafgow, 1755," a vols. 4to. 
To which is prefixed, *< Some Account of the Life, Writings, 
and CharaSer of the Author,'* by Dr. Leechman, profeifor of 
divinity in the fame univerfity. Dr. Hutchefon had high thoughts 
of human nature, of its original dignity ; and was perfuaded, 
Ihat even in this corrupt ftate it is capable of gre^t improve-^ 
ments by proper inftru6Vions and affiduous culture. ThiiS is the 
. foundation on which he has built his fyftem : which will there^ 
fore pafs for vjfionary with the followers of Montaigne^ Hobbes, 
Mandeville, and others', who have fet human nature as low aa 
poflible, bv drawing it in the meaneft and mod odious colours^ 

HUTCHINS (John) [d], a native of Dorfetlhire, and redor 
of the church of the Holy Trinity in Wareham, began, in 1737, 
while curate of Milton- Abbas, to collect materials for the hiftory of 
that county, which, after many difficulties, he lived to fee put, to 
prefs. He was rather a man of diligence than of extraordinary 
genius ; his colledtons were many years making, .and a great 
part of them fell into his hands on the death of a prior codec* 
tor. The book was inoft liberally conduced through the prefs, 
by a very haadfome fubfcription of the gentlemen of the county, 
and the Kind patronage of Dr. Cuming and Mr. Gough, for the 
benefit of the author s widow and daughter. Several article 
were added^ relative to the antiquities and natural hiftofy ; and 

[d] Anecdotu of Bowyer, by Nichols p. 150. 

foch 



340 HUTCHINSON. 

luch a number of beautiful plates were contributed by tfae gtiUf 
tlemen of the county, that (only 600 copies havine been priftted^ 
a number not quite fuffiqent for the fublcribers) the talue of the 
book increafedy immediately after publication, to twice die ori- 
ginal price^ which was only a ^inea a volume. The title of 
it is, ** The Hiftory and Antiquities of the County of IXirfel» 
compiled from the bed and rooft ancient Hifiorians, Inqutfitione^ 
poft m^rian^ and other valuable Records and MSS. in the public 
Offices, Libraries, and private Hands ; with a Copy of Domef- 
^y-book and the Inquiiitio Gheldi for the county : interfperfed 
with fome remarkable Particulars of Natural Hiftory, and adom«> 
ed with a correft Map of the County, and Views of Antiqui- 
ties, Scats of the Nobility and Gentry, Lond. 1774/' 2 vols, 
folio. Mr. Hutchins was born in 1698 at Bradford- Peverell, 
where his father Richard Hutchins was curate, who died rtOtot 
of All-Saints in Dorchefter, 17349 having held it from 1693. He 
was educated at fialioUcoIlege, where he cultivated an acquaint- 
ance with Mr. Godwin and Mr. Sandford 3 to the friendibip of 
the former, who clofed a long and worthy life about thrde years 
before him, he bears ample teftimony m his preface. UpoA 
being prefented to Wareham, he married Anne, daughter of the 
Rev. Mr. Steevens, reflor of Pimpern, whofe grandfather had 
been fteward to Mr. Pitt's family, who permitted Mrs. Steevens 
to prcfent to the living for the next turn, in hopes of keeping 
it for her fon ; but the prefcntee, Mr. Andrews, dying within 
the year, ihe loft her turn [eI. Mr, Hutchins was prefented 
to Swyre, 1729, to Melcomb-Horfey, 1733, and to Wareham, 
1743 ; and, after a long combat with the infirmities of age and 
gout, and a fevcre lofs by the fire at Wareham, in 1762, died June 
21, 1773* and was buried in Marv*s church at Wareham, iq 
the ancient chapel under the fouth aile of the chanceh 

HUTCHINSON (John), an Engliih author, whofe writ- 
ings have been much dlfcuiled, and who is considered as the ' 
founder of a fed, was born at Spennythorn in YorkHiire in 
1674. His father was poireffed of about 40I. per ann. and de- 
termined to qualify his fon for a ftewardihip to fome gentleman 
or nobleman. He had given him fuch fchool-learning as the 
place afforded; and the remaining part of his education ' was 
iiniflied by a gentleman that boarded with his father. This friend 
\% faid to have inftruded him, not only in fuch parts of the ma- 
thematics as were more immediately conneAed with his deftined 
employment, but in every branch of that fcience, and at the 
fame time to have furpiihed him with a competent knowledge 
of the writings of antiquity. At 19, he went to be fteward to 
Mr. Bathuirft of Skutterlkelf - in Yorkfliire, and from thence to 

[x] 9nt- Topo^. I. 319. 



HUTCHUnTSON. 324 

the earl of Scarborough, who would gladly have engaged him in 
his fervice ; but his ambition to ferve the duke of Somerfet would 
not fufFer him to continue there, and accordingly he removed 
foon after into this nobleman's fervice. About 1700, he wa$ 
called to London, to manage a law-fuit of confequence between 
the duke and another nobleman ; and during his attendance in 
town, contrafled an acquaintance with Dr. Woodward, who 
was phyfician to the duke his mafter. Between 1702 and 17069 
his bufinefs carried him into feveral parts of England and Wales,, 
where he made many obferv<ations, which he publiOi^ in a little 
pamphlet, entitled, " Obfervations made by J. H. moftly in the 
Year 1706." 

While he travelled from place to place, heemployed himfelf in 
collefting foflils ; and we are told, that the large and noble col- 
leftion, which Woodward bequeathed to the univerfity of Cam* 
bridge, v^as aftuallv formed by him. Whether Woodward had 
no notion of Hutcninfon's abilities in any other way than that 
of fteward and mineralogift, or whether he did not CufptA him at 
that time as likely to commence author, is not certain 2 Hutcb- 
infon however complains in one of his books, that ** he was be- 
reft, in a manner not to be mentionedi of thofe obfervations, 
and thofe coUeftions ; nay, even of the credit of being the col- 
ledor." He is faid to have put his coIle£tions into Woodward's 
hands, with obfervations on them, which Woodward was td 
digeft and publifh, with further obfervations of his own: but 
putting h^ off with excufes, when from time to time he foil- 
cited him about this work, he firft fuggefted to Hutchinfon un- 
favourable notions of his intention. On this Hutchinfon refolved 
to wait no longer, but to trnft to his own pen ; and that he 
might be more at leifure toprofecute his ftudies, he begged leave 
of the duke of Somerfet. to quit his fervice. The requeft at firft 
piqued the pride of that nobleman ; but when he was made to un- 
derftand by Hutchinfon, that he did not intend to ferve any other 
mafter, and was told what were the real motives of his rec^ueft^ 
the duke not only granted his fuit, but made him his riding 
purveyor, being at that time mafter of the horfe to George 1. 
As theVe is a good houfe in the Mews belonging to the office of 
purveyor, a fixed falary of 200I. per ann. and the place a kind 
of finecure, HutchinfonS fituation and circumftances were quite 
agreeable to his mind ; and he gave himfelf up to a ftudious and 
fedentary life [f]. The duke alfo gave him the next prefenta- 
tion of the living of §utton in Suflex, which Hutchinfon be- 
ftowed on the Rev. Julius Bate, a great favourite with him, and 
a zealous promoter of his dodiines. 

[r] Sec art. BATE. 

Vol. VIIL Y In 



129 HUTCHINSON- 

. In I734» he publi(bed the firft ptrt of his ** Mofes's Prin* 
cipia ;*' in which he ridiculed Woodward's " Natural Hlftory 
at the Earth," and his account of the fettlement of the feveral 
ttrata, (hells, and nodules, b^ the laws of gravity; which, he 
tells him, every dirty impertinent colIi«r could contradi£t and 
difprove by ocular demonfl ration. " Mofcs'sPrincipia," wherein 
gravitation is exploded, is evidently oppofcd to " Newton's 
Principia," wherein fhat doclrinc is eitablilhed. Hutchinfon 
alfo ri\rew out fotne hints concerning what had paflTed between 
Woodward and himfelf, and the doaor's defrgn oi robbing him 
of his colledion of foflils. From this time to his death, he con- 
tinued to publilh a volume every year, or every other year; 
which, with the MSS. he left behind him, were colleAcd in 
1748, amounting to 12 vols. 8vo. An abflraft of them was 
alfo publiflied in 1723, in i2mo. Hutchinfon 's followers loofo. 
upon the breach between Woodward and him, as a very happy 
event; becaufe, fay they, had the dodor fulfilled his engage- 
ments, Hutchinfon might have (lopped there, and not have ex- 
tended his refearches fo far as he has done ; in which cafe the 
world would have been deprived of writings deemed by them in- 
valuable. * Others are as violent oppofers and cenfurers of his 
writings and opinions ; and the difpute has been carried on with 
no fmall degree of warmth. 

■ In 1727, Hutchinfon publiflied the fecond part of " Mofes's. 
Principia ;*' which contains the fum and fubftance, or the prin- 
ciples, of the Scripture-philofophy. As Sir Ifaac Newton made 
a vacuum and gravity the principles of his philofophy, this au- 
thor on the contrary afferts, that a plenum and the air are the 
principles of the. Script^ure- philofophy. In the introduSion to 
this fecond part; he hinted, that the idea of the Trinity was to 
be taken from the three grand agents in the fyftem of nature, 
fire, light, and fpirit ; thefe three conditions of pne and the 
&me fiibftance, namely, air, anfwering wonderfully in a typical or 
fymbolical manner to the three perfons of one and the fame cf- 
(ence. This, we are told, fo forcibly ftru^k the celebrated Dn 
Samuel Clarke, that he fent a gentleman to Mr. Hutchinfon 
with compliments upon the performance, and defired a confe- 
rence with him on that propofition in particular : which, how- 
ever, it is added,, after repeated folicita^ons Hutchinfon thought 
fit to refufe. This dodlrintf a Certain admirer of Hutchinfon, 
particularly in his opinions on natural philofophy, has lately 
attempted to revive and illuftrate, in a pamphlet entitled, ** A 
fiiort Way to Truth, or the Chriftian Doftrmc of a Trinity in 
Unity, illuftrated and confinxied from an Analogy in the Natu« 
ral Creation." It was publiflied in 1793- 

Sometime in 171 2, Hutchinfon is faid to have completed a 
)nacbine of the watch-kind^ for the difcovery of the longityds 

at 



HUtCHIN^iSbN. fi'i 

at fea, which was approved by Sir Ifaac.Wfewtorr 5 aril whifton,/ 
in his ** Longitude and Latitude, &c." has giveft a.teffimony m.^ 
favour of his mechanical abilities. *•'!' have affo," fays hcji*. 
** very lately been (hewn by Mr. Hutchfnfon, a very curious.' 
and inquifitivc perfon, a copy of a MS. map of the world, mad^, 
about 80 years ago, taken by himfelf from the Qrjginal:^whejfe|n 
the variation is reduced to a theory, much like that Wnith X)r, 
Hal ley has* fi nee propofed, and in general exaSIy agreeing to. 
his obfervatfons.— ^But with this advantage, that therein thc- 
northern pole of the internal loadftone is much better ftated than 
it is by Dr. Halley — its place then being, according to this, 
unknown very curious and fagacious author, about the meridian^ 
&c. which ancient and authentic determination of its place, l 
defire my reader particularly to obferve." 

Htitchinfon had been accuftomed to make an excurfron for a 
month Of fo into the country for his health : but negleAing; 
this in purfuit of his ftudies, he is ftippofed to have brought 
hitnfelf into a bad habit of body, which prepared the way for 
his de^th. The immediate caufe is faid.to be an overflowing of^ 
the gall, occaiioned by the irregular (allies of an high'-kept un- 
raly horfe, and the Tudden jerks given to hiis body by them. Oij., 
the Monday before his death, Dr.) M^ad was with him,' and ^ 
urged him' to be bled; feying at the feme time in a pldalant way^, . 
•'^ I win ft)on (end you to Mofes.** Dr. Mead meant, to his., 
ftudies, two of his books being entitled^ " Mofes^s ftincipia :** 
but HutGhin(bn, taking it in the other fcnfc, anfwercd in amut- 
tarring tone, ^ I' believe, dfaflor, you wil! ;** and was fb dlf- 
pleafed with Mead, that he afterwards difmiflcd him for ano- 
theit phyfician. He died Ang. 28, 1737, aged 61. He (eems to 
hayie been in many cefpefts a fingplar man. Me certainly had 
eminent abilities, with much knowledge and learning \. but many 
people have thought it very queftionable, whether he did not want 
judgment to apply them prop(Wy . His temper feems to have been 
violent : fince much ill langiiage, and aftrong propenfity to pcr- 
fecution, but top plainly appear in his writings. The leading 
, feature of Hutchinfon*s doftrine was, Ih^t all knowledge, nat^-<^ 
ralas well as theological, is contairied in the Hebrew Scriptures^ 
To mainrain this opinion, he had recourfe to the moft fanciful 
and extravagant' etymologies J 1, and taught that every Hebrevr. 
root has ron:\e important meaning ; or, as his diffciplcs^ exprelTed 
it ** repreients fome obvioos idea of aftion or condition, raifeci ' 
by the fenfible objeft which it exprelTes, and further defigned to 
fignify fpiritual or mental things/' The air o^ myftery and ca* 
balifm which appeared in thefe dodrines, added to the ovejEV* 
bearing manner of the teacher, raifed for a lon^ time a vaft oon-* 
tempt and abhorrenqe of Hutchinfon's fyftsm \ and the name of 

Y a H^td^o^ 



3*4 H U T T E H- 

HcAcKoIMm h» frnqoentty opentled a$ a bar to the preferment 
of perTont otiierwife wA\ worthy of it, It appears that thefe 
notioDs have been carrkd too far ; or at lead the danger, if ther« 
iprsis any, is ik>w nearly over* Few n^ adhere to the opinions 
of Hutchmftxi ; and lotat who do, kave given up his etymolo* 
^5, and ennriiiy to human learning [ o]. 

JHVTTEN (UlriC de), a gentteman of Franconia [h], of 
im^Dmmt'n parts and learning, was b(>rn in 1488 at StecKcn- 
huig, the feat €}f his family ; was fent to theabbey of Fulde at 
Xt y<arsof age ; and took the degree of M. A. at i8j at Franks- 
fort on the Oder, being the firft promotion made in that newly 
opened nniverllty. In 1509, he was at the fiege of Padua, in 
Ae emperor Maximilian's army ; and he owned that it was want 
of money, which forced him to make that campaign. His father, 
not having the leaft ta&e or efteem for polite literature, thought 
it unworthy to be purfued by perfons of ex^ilted birth ; and there- 
fore would not aSbrd his fon the neceffary fupplies for a life of 
(tud|y. He wilhed him to apply himfelf to the civil law, which 
mi^t raife him in the world ; but Hutten bad no inclination for 
that kin4 of fludy. Finding however that there was no other way 
ef being upon good terms with his father, he went to Pavia in 
If I If where he Rayed but a little tim^ ; that city being beG^ed 
and plundered by the Swifs, and himfelf taken prifoner. He 
r^med afterwards to Germany, and there, contrary to his fa- 
ther's inclinations, began to apply himfelf again to literature* 
Having a genius for poetry, he b^n his career as an author in 
that Hoe; and publi(hed fevend compofitions, which were much 
admired, and gained him credit. He travelled to various places, 
among the reft to Bohemia and Moravia ; and waiting on the 
bifbop of Olmot^ in a very poor condition, that prelate, who 
was a great Mascepas^ received him gracioufly, prefented him 
with a horfe, and ff^rt him money to purfue his journey. The 
correfpondence be n^ wtdi Erafmy was of great advantage to 
him, and procifred l^m iffpeft from all the literati in Italy, and 
clpccially at Venice. 

At bis tetom to Germany in 1516, he was recommended in 
fiich ftrong terms to the emperor, that he received from him the 
pbedcal crown ; and from that time Hutten had himfelf drawn 
m armour, with a crown of laurel on his head, and took vaft 
delight in bring lb reprefented* He was of a very military dif- 
ppfition# and had given many p^fs of courage, as well in the 
wars a$ in {>rivace rencoimters* Being once at Viterbo, where 
^n aodb^^ifiulor ai France ftopped, there happened a general quar* 

[jg] See Jones*f Uh of BiAop Home. ' f i(] Melcbior Adam ^ Titis, Ac 

litfki*M Dia. Hktam^ Bonw^fk iUuibct, Tom. XV. 



H U T T E N; 325 



re! to arifc ; in which Hutten, forfefcen by his coimades» 
attacked by five Frenchmen at once^ and put them all to ffi^f^ 
after receiving fome fnnall wounds. He wrote an epigram tm 
that occadon, " in quinqueGallos k fe profligates/' which may 
be fecn in Melchior Adam. He had a coufin John de Hutteo, 
who was court*martiaI to Ulric dijke of Wirtemberg, and was 
murdered by that duke .in 15 15, for the fake of his wife, whooai 
the duke enjoyed afterwards as a miftrefs. The mifuary poet, 
as foon as he heard of it, breathed nothing but refentment ; and 
becaufe he had no opportunity of (hewing it with his fwoid, 
took up his pen, and wrote feveral pieces in the form of Dialogues, 
Orations, Poems, and Letters. A cpIleSion of thefc was printed 
in the caftle of Steckelberg, 151 9, 4to. 

He was in France in 1518, whence he went to Mentz, 
and engaged in the fervice of the elector Albert; and attcnde4 
liim a little after to the diet of Augfburg, where the eleftor 
was honoured with a cardinal's hat. At this diet, articles were 
exhibited againft the duke of Wirtemberg, on which occafiox^ 
the murder of John de Hutten, marflial of his court, was not 
forgotten : and a league was after formed againft him. Ulric Hut- 
ten ferved in this war with great pleafure ; ye't was foon dif- 
gufted with a military life, and longed earneftly for his ftudies 
and retirement. . This we find by a letter of his to frederic Pif- 
cator, dated Nfay 2r, 1519: in which hedifcovers an inch'na- 
tion for matrimony^ apd expref?es himfelf very fingularly on that 
fubjeft. He informs his correfpopdeiit, ** that he wanted a 
wife to take care of him ; that whatever fine things might he 
faid of a fingle life, yet he was bv no means fit for it, and did 
not like even to He alone ; that he wanted a female, in whofe 
company he might unbend his mind, footh his cares, play, joke» 
and tattle ; that (he muft be beautiful, young, well-educated, 
merry, modeft, and patient ; that he did not require much money 
with her, nor infift much on her high birth, fince whoever mar- 
ried him would be fufficiently ennobled : — ^ad genus quod perr 
tinent, fatis nobilem futuranj puto, quxcunque Hutteno liup- 
ferit.*' ' 

Believing Luther's caufe a very good one, he joined in it^with 
great warmth ; and publifhed Leo the Xth's Bull againft lather 
in 1520, with interlineary and marginal glofles, in which that 
Pope was made an objeft of the ftrongeft ridicule. The free- 
dom with which he wrote againft the irregularities and diforders 
of the court of Rome,^ exafperated Leo in the higheft degree ; 
and induced him to command the eledor of Mentz to fend ^ Ln 
to Rome bound hand and foot, which, however the eleftor hd 
not do, but fufFered him to depart in peace. Hutten then with- 
drew to Brabant, and was at the cQurt of the emperor Charles V« 
^ , Y 3 \mt 



326 H'UrTEN. 

but did not (lay long there, being told that his life would be 
in danger. He then retired to Ebernberg, where he was pro- 
teded by Francis de Sickingen, Luther's great friend and guar- 
dian, to whom the caftle of Ebernberg belonged. There he 
^wfotc in 1520 his complaint to the emperor, to the eleflors of 
Mentz and Saxony, and to all the ftates of Germany, againft 
the attempts which the Pope's emiflaries made againll him- From 
the fame place alfo he wrote to Luther in May 1521, and pub- 
liflied feveral pieces in favour of the Reformation. He did nof 
declare openly for Luther, till after he had left the eledlor of 
Menjz's court; but he had written to him before from Ment^, 
and his firft letter is dated 5"tie, 1520. While he was upon his 

{'ourney to Ebernberg, he met with Hochftratus,; upon whicih 
le drew bisfword, and rutming up to him, fwore he would kill 
him, for what he had done againd Reuchlin and Luther : but 
Hochftratus, throwing himfelf at his feet, conjured him fo earr 
nellly to fpare his life, that Hiitten let him go, after ftrtking 
him feveral times with the flat fword. This (hews the heat qf 
'his zeal : it was indeed fo hot, that Luther himfelf, warm as he 
was, blamed it. During his (lay at Ebernberg, he .performed 
a very ^nerous adlion in regard to his family. JBeing the eldeft 
Ton, and iucceeding to the whole eftate, he^ve it allup<to his 
1>rothers; and even5 to prevent their being involved in the milv 
fortunes and di(graces which he expe&ed, by the fufpicion$ thajt 
:might be entertained againft them, he enjoined them not to rer 
mit him any moni^y, nor to hold the leaft correfpondenoe witb 
htm. 

It was now that he devoted himfelf wholly to the Luthenofi 
party, to advance which he laboured inceflantly both by his writ* 
ings and a&ions. ' We do not know the exa<ft time when he 
quitted the caftle of Ebernberg ; but it is certain that, Jan. iS^it 
he left Bafil, where he had flattered himfelf with the hopes or 
finding anafylum, but on the contrary had been e)cpofed to great 
dangers. Erafmus, though his old acquaintance and friend, ha4 
here refufed a vifit from him, for fear, as be pretended^ of 
heightening the fufpicions which were entertained againft him: 
but this was only a pretence ; his true reafon, as he afterwards 
declared it in a letter to Melandhon, being, *^ that he ihould 
then have been under a neceftity of taking ini^o /his houfe that 

i)roud boafter, oppreflcd with poverty and difeafp, who only 
ought for a neft to lay himfelf in, and to borrow money of .every 
one he met." Take his words : '* quod Hutteni colloquium 
deprecabar^ non invidiae metus tantum in caufa fuit ; erat aliud 
^uiddam. lUe egens^&omnibus rebus deftiiutus quasrebat niduni 
aliquem, ^ubi moraretur. £rat mihi gloriofns ille miles c^m fua 
l^ibie m actes recipieDdua, &c. This f efufal of Esafmus pro* 
l^ * t ^ yoked 



H U t T E M. J47 

voiced Hutten to attack hitn fevercly, and accor3iiig|lv ht ]mA- 
liihed an ** Expoftu!atio" in 1523, which chagrined Eraftnds^ 
extremely. He anfwerecl it however the fame year, in a very 
lively piece, entitled, " Spongia Erafmi adverfus adfpei^nes 
Huttcni.** Hutten would certainly liave made a reply, 4iad he 
not been fnatched away by death ; but he died in an ifland of tfie 
lake Zurich, where he had hid himfelf for fecarity, Aug. 152 j. 
He is faid to have died a martyr to debaiichery ; which, tfiou^ 
feme treat as a calumny, is generally and upon good grounds 
belicvedto have been the cafe: for, not to infift on Ws having 
declared tliat he could not live without women, althou^ hewss 
never married, he publiftied a Latin work in 1519, " Of airing 
the Lues by Guiacum Wood:" m the dedication of which to 
the^leAorof Mentz, a fpifitual prince, he was not afhamed to 
own, that having been grievoufly afflifted vnth the diftempdr 
M^iich is the fubjeft of his book, he had recovered his health 
wholly by the application of this medicine. What a ftrali^e 
mixture of charafter!— Hutten, abjuring all cohnexi<»ns with 
tempofalities and the things of this world ; Hutteri, wanderihg 
from place to place on account of his religion ; Hutten, b^Mng 
perfecution with the moft ardent zeal, carried a difgracefui dif- 
cafe with Wm wherever he went, and at laft died of it ! 

He was a man of little {Mature; of a weak and fickly confti* 
tution ; extremely brave, but much too paffionate : for he wits 
not iatisfied with' attacking the Roman Catholics with hts peH, 
he attacked them alfo with his fwprd. He acquainted LutW 
wiA the double war, which he carried on againft (he clergy. 
^ I received a letter from Hutten," fays Luther, <* filled wifli 
rage againft the Roman Pontiff, declaring he would attack the 
tyranny of the clergy both with his pen and fword: he being 
exafperated againft the Pope for threatning him with daggers 
and poifon, and commanding the bifliop of Mentz to fend him 
bound to Rome." Camerarius fays, that Hutten was vaftly im- 
patient, that his air and difcourfe (hewed him to be of a cruifel 
difpoiltion ; and applied to him what was faid of Demofthenes, 
namely, that " he would have turned the world upfide down^ 
had his power been equal to his will." Neverthelefs tbey al> ad- 
mired him for his genius ^nd learning. His works are very nu- 
merous, though he died young ; whicn made fiayle fay, that 
had he" lived 35 years longer, (being that age when he died) he 
>rould have ovea'flowed Europe with a deluge of books and libels, 
A colleftion of his " Latin Poems" was publiftied at Frahkfort 
in 1538, r2mo; all which, except two poems, were reprinted 
in the third part of the " Deliciae Poetarum G^rmanorum." 
He was the author of a great many works, chiefly <fatirical, In 
t)ie way of dialpgue ^ and Thuanus has not fcrqpled to compare 
} Y 4 ' ' him 



3aS H U T T B R. 

him to Lodsii* Of this caft were his Latin Dialogues on JLu* 
thenmifm, publiihed in 4to^ in 1520, and now very icarce* He 
had alfo a confiderable (hare in the celebrated work, called^ 
*f Epiftobs virorum obfcurorum.** 

HUTTEN pACOB), a Sileiian of the i6th century, the 
founder of the led called the Bohemian or Moravian Breduen» 
a fed of Anabaptifts. Hutten purchafed a territory of fome 
extent in Moravia, and there eftabliihed his fociety« They are 
confideitd as defcended from the better fort of Huffites, and wcie 
diftinguiflied by feveral religious inftitutionsof a fiogiilar namrej^ 
iHit well adapted to suard their community againft the reigning 
prices of the times [iT When they heard of Luther's stftempu 
to reform the church, they fent a deputation to him, and he, 
examining their tenets,, though he could not in every particuhr 
approve, looked upon them as worthy of toleration and indul- 

rce. Hutten brought perfecution upon himfelf and his brethren 
riolent declamations againft the magiftrates, and the attempt 
to introduce a perfed equality among men. It has been Ciid, 
that he was burnt as a Heretic at Infnruck, but this is by 
no means certain. By degrees thefe fecUries, baniihed from ' 
their own country, entered into communion with the Swi(s 
church ; tliough» tor fome time, with feparate inftitutions. But 
in the fynods held at Aflrog in 1620 and 1627, all dilTentions 
m9Xt removed, and the two congregations were formed into one 
under the title of thi Church of the United Brefhren. The fed of 
Herrenhutters or Moravians, formed by count ZinzendorfF in 
the beginning of the prefent century, pretend to be defcended 
from thefe brethren, and take the fame title of Unitas Fratrum ; 
but Mofheim obferves, that <* they may with more propriety be 
laid to imitate the example of that famous community, than to 
defcend from thofe who compofed it, fince it is well known that 
there are very feW Bohemians and Moravians in the fraternity of 
the Herrenhutters ; and it is extremely doubtful, whether even 
this fmall number are to be confidered as the pofterity of the an- 
cient Bohemian Brethren, vvho diftinguifhed thcmfelves fo early 
hy their aeal for the reformation [k]." 

HUTTER (Eliasj, a Prottftant divine, born at Ulric in 
1553, and died at Nuremberg after x6o2. He was deeply verfed 
in languages, oriental and occidental ; particularly H&brew, which 
he feems to have tanght at Lciplk. He publifbed, i. " A He- 
brew Bible," remarkable for being printed with the radical 
letters in black, the fervile in hollow types, and the quiefcent 
or deficient letters in fmaller cbarafters above the line. At the 
end is the 117th Pfalm.in thirty different languages. 2* " Two 
Pplyglotts ;*' one in four languages, printed at Hamburg in 

[1] MoilieJin w. lot. [«J Ibid. Vol. V. p. S4, 

15962 



HUYGENS. 329 

1596; the other in fix languages, at Nuremberg, in 1599; 
both in folio. 

HUTTER (Leonhard), was alfo. a natives of Ulm, aiid 

' born in 1563. He ftudied at Stralbourg, and early applied him* 
fclf with great diligence to theology : he was afterwards at 
Leipfic, Heidelberg, Jena, and Wirtemburg, and in the iatteif 
place, was appointed one of the public pr6feffors of theology. 
lie married a lady of illuftrious birth in 1599 ; and died of a 
fever in 1616, being then for thefourfli time reHor of the uni- 
verfity. The opinion held of his principles, may be judged by 
five anagrams of his names, Leonardus IfuttiruSf four of theift 
implying that he was another Luther. They are formed, fayi 
the author who gives them[L], ** p^r literarum baud yanam 
tianlpoiitionem ;" thus, ^^ Redonatus Lutherus;" ^* Leofihartua 
Hutterus ;" " Ah tu nofter Lutherus;." " Notus arte Lutherus ;*• 
'* Tantus ero Lutherus." His works are very numerous; a 
mat part of them controverfial, direded againft the church of 
Kome. Befides thefe, i. " Compendium Xheologiae, aim 
Notis D. Gotofredi Cundifii." 2. " Explicatio Libri Concor- 
diae Chriftianae," 8vo. 3. ^' Loci Communes Theologici,*' 
folio. 4. " Formulas concionandi,*' 8vo. 5. ** Difputationea 
de vcrbo Dei fcripto, ac traditionibus non fcriptis," in 4to, 
6. " Collegium Theologicum, five XI difputationes de arti^" 
culis confeflionis Auguftanae," 8vo. 7. " Libri Chriftianas 

. Concordiae,*' 8vo, and feveral piieces in defence of the Formula 
Cgncordia^ which in his time werie highly efteemed. Befidea 
many other tracts in Latin and in German, ^11 of which are 
enumerated by Freher, but feem too uninteresting at the prefent 
day to be tranfcribed. 

HUYGENS (Christiaw), a very great mathematician and 
aftronomer, was born at the Hague in Holland, April 14, 1629 
[m], and was fon of Conftantine Huygens, lord of Zuylichem» 
who bad ferved three fucceilive princes of Orange in the qua- 
lity of fecretary. He fpent his whole life in cultivating the 
mathematics; and not in the fpeculative way only, burin mak* 
sng them fubfervient to the ufes of life. From his ^nfancy he^ 
applied himfelf to this liudy, and made a confiderable progrefs 
in it, even at nine years of age, as he did alfo in mufic, aridi* 
metic, and geography; in aU which he was inftruAed by his 
father, who, in the mean time^ did not fufFer him to negleft 
the belles lettres. At thirteen, he was initiated in the ftiid^ of 
mechanics; having difcovered a wonderful curiofity in examin- 
ing machines and other pieces of mechanifm : and two yeati 
after had the affiftance of a fnafier in mathematical uader miooa 



K 



Freher, Theatnim ViromiD ^4. cluor^ p. jlik 
Httgycn.viu, prefiy^d to liU Opeva Vim. 



330 HUYOENS. 

ire fnadci a furprifinf pr<^refs« In 1645^ he went xb ftudjr taw 
at Leyden under Vrnnius ; yet did not attach hin>fdf To clofely 
fa that fcience, but that he found thne to continue hit mafthe-- 
-matics nnder the profeflbr Schooten. He left this tmiveriky a| 
the end of one year, and went to Breda, where an univerfity had 
"patt been founded, and put under tlie <iredion of his father ; 
and hete, for two or three years, he made the taw his chief 
fiudy. in 1651, he gavie the worid a fpecitaen of his genius 
fcFT mathematics, in a trcatife cuthlcd, •* Theofeaiata de qua- 
Aamra Hyperholee, ElUpTts, & Circuli, ex date portionutn gra^ 
vitatis centre i* in which he iKew«d very evidently wlist mi^t 
ht eifpeded ftatn him afterwards* 

After hrs return to the H^ue in 1649, ^ ^'"^^ ^^ ^^^ 
fteivi in Denmark, in the retinue of Henry oaunt of Naflau; 
and was extremely defil-ous of going to Siweden, in order to fee 
Des Cartes; but the fiiort ftay of the count in Denmark would 
tM permk him. In 1^655, he traveled into France, and took 
the degree of dodor of taws, at Angiers. In 1656, he puk- 
iiflied his ^ Horologium*' at the Hague* He had ex4iihited in a 
pieceding work, entitM, *^ Brevis inftitutio de ufu Horologi* 
orum ad inveniendas longltudines," a model of a new invented 

C»iduhim ; hut as fome perfons, envious of his reptitatkm, we^e 
botirin^ to deprive him of the hcmour of the invention^ he 
^FOte this hock to explain the coffftruftion of it; and to fiiew^ 
*that it was very different from the pendulum of aftronomers in* 
vented by Galileo. In 1659, he publtlfaed Ms *' Syftema Sa. 
^Utrmnum, five de caufis mirandwum Satmni phaenomentn, & 
'Comhe ejus planeta novo/* Galileo had endeavoured to explain 
fome of the furprifing appearances of the planet Saturn. He 
liad at firft perceived two ftars, which attended it ; and fome 
time after was amazed to find them difappear. Huygens, de- 
Jirous to account fax thefe changes, laboured with Ms brother 
Conftantine to bfkig the telefcopes to greater perfection ; and 
«aade himfelf glafles, by which he could view ob}e£ts at a greater 
^(bince, than any thaft had yet been contrived. With thefe he 
applied himfelf to obferve all the phaies and appearances of 
Saturn, and drew a journal of all tne diiFerent afpe^s of thai 
planet. He difcovered a (atellite attending it, for none of tiie 
five tvere then known -any thing of; and, after a kng cotirfe of 
obfervations, perceived that the planet is furrounded with a folid 
hn^-permanent rif «, wliic^ never changes its fituation. Thefe 
thfboveries gained him an high rank among the ailronomers of 
tfte time. 

In 16609 he took a ^cond journey into France, and the year 
after pafled over into England, where he communicated his art 
of polifhing glafles fortelcrfcopes, and was made a fellow 6f the 
Royal Society. About this time the arr-pump was invented, 

whicli 



HUYGE'NS.. 33f 

year alfo he^i&overed the Uws of the cdilifldn ^f eU(lic h^^ 
<iie$ ; <is did afterwards our ovm countrymen, the <:elebj»ltf 
WaUis<aRd Wrren> with whom, he had a diffut^ about the ho- 
nour of this difoevery. After he had ftayed fome months m 
JSngbndy he returned to France in 1663, where -his merit be« 
icame fq coQfpieuous, that Colbert refolved to fix hitn at Pariv 
43y icittliog on him a coafiderable penfioa. Accordingly, m 
16659 ktter^s, -wtritten in the Jcing'-s name, were fent to bivi 
to the Hague*. where heathen was, to invite him to Park, "wtlli 
thej^roQiife df a large ilipendt and other confiderable advan- 
tages. Huygens coniented to the propofal, and refided at Paris 
from 1666 to 1681 ; where 'he was made a member of the RoyA 
Acad^ny of Sciences. All this time he "was engaged in mam* 
^atical ipurfuitSy wjrote feveral works^ which were publiibed 
from timer to time, a«d iisvented and perfeded Ceverd ufeful in- 
ftruments and machines^ But^continual application began then 
10 impair his health ; and, though he had twice viiited his native 
air* in 1670 and 1675, for the fake of recovering from illnefs, he 
now found it permanently neceffary to his conftitution. He left 
Paris in 2681 » and paiTed the remainder of his life tn his own 
^ountpy^ occupied in his ufual purfuits and employments* He 
^ied at the Hague June 89 1695, in his fixty-feventh year, while 
his ^^ Cofmotneoros," a Latin treatife concerning the flnx2iitf 
-of worlds, was printing: he provided, however, in his will for 
its publication, defiring his brother Conftantine, to whom it Unas 
addrefled, to take that trouble upon him. But Conftantine wste 
ifo occupied with buiineTs, as being fecretary in Holland to the 
Icing of Great Britain, that he died alfo before it could be 
printed; fo that the book<iid not appear in public till i698« h 
iimilar fate feemed to attend Kepler's ** Somnium aftronomicum,** 
a book on a iimilar fubje£l. While it was in the prefs, he 
4ied. Theperfon to whom the care of the in^rcfliun fell, died 
too, before it was finifbed ; fo that, as we have related in hit 
life, a thirJ perfon was unwilling to undertake it, led the fame 
Aiisfortune fliould attejfid him. 

In 1703, were printed at Leyden, in one vol. 4to, Huygens*s 
f ^ Opufcula PodhuQia, quse continent Dioptricam, Commentariot 
<le vitris ^urandis, Diflertationem dc Corona & Parheliis, Trac- 
tatum de motu & de vi cetrifuga^ defer iptionem Automati Pla^ 
nefarii." Huygens had left by will to the umverfityof Leydea 
his mathematical writings, and requefled de Voider and Fulle^ 
nius, the former profeflbr of natural philofophy and mathema«« 
lies at Leyden, and the ether at Franeker, to examine theie 
works, and publlih what they (hould think proper. This wa« 
performed in the volume heie mentioned. Huygens had written 
Ifi Low Dutch the fecopd of the uads it contains^ rdating l# 

tho 



sy 



332 H Y D E. 

the art of fofining and polifhtng telefeope-giafles, to which he 
h»| greatly appli^ himfeH'; hut Boerhaave, for this work, tranr- 
kted mto Latin. Id 1704, were publifhed in4to, hi$ '< Ope^ 
Varia." This co]leAton is generally bound in four volumes* 
It contMTis the greateft part of the piece$ whkh be had pub- 
KOied feparately^ and is divided int6 four parts. The firft part 
contains the pieces relating to mechanics ; the Second, thofe re- 
lating to geometry ; the third, thofe relating to aftronomy ; and the 
foirnh, thofe which could not be arranged under any of the for- 
mer titles. Gravefande had the care of this edition, in which he 
has in&Ttcd ieveral additions to the pieces contained in it, extracted 
from Huygens's manttfcripts. In 1728, were printed in twa 
Toiumes, 4to,*at Amfterdam, his •* Opera Relioua : which new 
colledion was pnUifhed alfo by Gravefande. jThe firft volume 
contains his ** Jreatifes on Light and Gravity;'' the fecond his 
^* Opufcola Pofthunia," which had been printed in 170^- His 
whob time had been employed in curious and ufefiil rei^arches. 
He loved a quiet and ftudious life ; and, perhaps through fear of 
interruptfon, never married. ' He was an amiable, chearful^ 
worthy man ; and in all rcfpeAs, as good as he was great. 

HYDE (Edward), earl of Clarendon, and chancellor of 
England, was defcended from an ancient family in Chelhire^ 
and born at Dinton in Wiltftire, Feb. 16, |6o8fN]. In 1622, 
he wasehtered of Magdalen-hall in Oxford, ana m 1625, took 
tbc degree of Bachelor in Arts; but failing of a fellowfliip 
in Exeter-college, for which he ftood, removed to the Middle- 
l^mple, where he fliidied the law for feveral years, with appli- 
cation and fuccefs. When the lawyers refolved to give a public 
teftimony of their diil'ent from the new do6lrine advanced ii^ 
Prynne*s? ** Hiftrionjaftix,*' wherein was fliewn an utter difre- 
gard of all manner of decency and refpeft to the crown, Hyd^ 
and Whitclocke were appointed the managers of the mafque, 

Erefcnled on that nccafion to their majefties at Whitehall on 
'andlemas-day, 1633-4. At the fame time he teftified, upon 
all occafions, his utter diflike to that excefs of power, whicJi 
was then exercifed by the court, and fupported by the judges in 
Weftminfter-faall. He condemned the oppreflive proceedings of 
iUe high-commiffion court, the itar-chamber, the council-board, 
the earl-marfhal's-court, or court of honour, and the court of 
York. This juft way of thinking is faid to have been formed 
in him by a domeftic accident, which Burnet has related in the 
following manner. ** When he firlt began/' fays that hiftofian, 
•* to grow eminent in his prpfeflion of the law, he went down to 
vifit his father in Wiltftiire; who one d^y, as they were walk- 

[n] Athen. Oxon. [o} Lift of the lor^-chancellor Hyde, prefixed to feveral 

«f hit piecesi ^c. p. 2. Land, ifij* 

H 



HVDfi. i2i 

iBgln the field* togetlier, obferved to him, that * men of his 
pTofeflkMi were apt to ftretch the prerogative too far, and injure 
liberty: but charged him, if ever he came to any eminence ^in 
his profeffion, never to facrifice the laws aiid liberty of his copn- 
try to his own intereft, or the will of his prince.' He repeated 
this twice, and immed lately ^fell into ^ fit of apoplexy, of which 
he died in a few hours; and this advice had fo lading an influence 
upon the fon, that he ever after obferved and purfued it[pj." 

In the parliament which began at Weftminfter, April lo, 1640, 
he ferved as burgefs for Wotton-Baffet in Wiltfliire ; in which 
parliament he diltingiiifhed himfelf upon the following occafion^ 
His majefty having acquainted the houfe of commons, that he 
would releafe the (hip-money, if they would ^ant him twelve 
fubfidies, to be paid in three years, great debates arofe in the 
houfe that day and the next ; when Hampden, feeing the matter 
ripe for the qucftion, defired it might be put, *< whether the 
houfe (hould comply with the propofition made by the kingj^^ 
as it was contained in the meifage r" Hereupon ferjeant Glan**" 
vile the fp^ker, for the houfe was then in a committee, cndea«- 
voured in a pathetic fpeech to perfuade them to comply with the 
king, and fo reconcile him to parliaments for ever. No fpeech 
ever uhited the inclination of a popular council more to the 
fpeaker than this did; and if the queftion had been prefently 
put, it was believed that few would have oppofed it. cut, after 
a (hort filence, the other fide recovering new courage, called 
again with.fome earneftnefs, that Hampden's queftion fhould be 
put; which being like to meet with a concurrence, Hyde, being 
very folicitous to keep things in fome tolerable calmnefs, then 
ftood up ; and, giving his reafons for his diflike to that queftion, 
propofed, that *' to the end every man might freely give his yea 
or no, the queftion might be put only upon giving the king a 
fupply; and if this was carried, another might be piit upon the 
manner and proportion : if not, it would have the fame cWed 
with the other propofed by Mr. Hampden." This, after it had 
been fome time oppofed and diverted by other propofitions, 
which were anfwered by Hyde, would, as it is generally be- 
lieved, have been put and carried in the afl5:rmative, though po- 
fitively oppofed by Herbert the folicitor-general, if fir Henry 
Vane the fecretary had not ftood up, and aifured them as from 
his majefty, that if they ihould pafs a vote for a fupply, and not 
in the proportion propofed in his majefty's meifage, it would 
not be accv;pted by him, and therefore defired that the queftion 
might be laid afide. This being again urged by the folicitor-^ 
general, and it being near five in the afternoon, it was readilv 
confented to, that the houfe (hould arljourn till the next morn* 

[p] Hiflory of his own Times, Vol. I. B. z. 



3J4 KYDB. 

io^y at which tiam they vi^re fuddenly 'diflblvtcL Ani^vklnm 
aa hoar after Hyde met St. John, who was feldom .kitown to 
fintle,. but then had a moft chearful afpcft ; and obferving. Hyde 
md^cholyi alkcd hinvy ** what troabied him?" w^io anfWered 
•♦ The (amfe he believed that troubled mod good men^ that, in a 
time of fo much confufioni fo wife a parliament ihould be fa 
imprudently diffolved." St. J<An replied fomewhat warmly^ 
** that all was well : that things muft grow worfe* before they 
would grow better ; and that that parliament would nevet have 
dbne what was requifite [<^1." 

This parliament being diffolved, Hyde was chofcn for Salt- 
ajb in Cornwall in th« long parliament, which compienced^Nor. 
3^ the faoic ycar^ where his abilities began to be noticed; and 
wbon the commons prepared a charge againft lord chief barom 
Davenport^ baron Wefton, and IfUron Trevor, he was fent up 
with tbe impeachment to the lords» to whom he made a moft 
excellent fpeech» It begins thus: ** Nj[y lords, there cannot be 
a greater inftance of a fick andjanguiftiing commonwealth, than 
the kuCoefs of this day. Good God \ how have the guilty thefe 
kte years been punifl^ed, when the judges then^felves have been? 
fiM:h delinquents ? It is no marvel, that an irregular, extrava- 
gant, arbitrarv power, like a torrent, hath broken in upcm us, 
mrhcn our banks and our bulwarks, the laws, were in the cuftodjr 
of foch perfbns.. Men, who had left their inaocfence, could not 
preferve thair courage; nor could we look that they, who had fa 
vlfibly undone us, themfelves fhould have the virtue or credit 
to refcue us from the oppreffion of other men. It was faid by 
one, who always fpoke excellently, that * the twelve judges 
were like the twelve lions under the throne of Solomon ;' under 
the throne of obedience, but yet lions. Your lordihips (hall this 
day hear of fix, who, be they what they will elfe, were no 
lions: who upon vulgar fear delivered up their precious forts 
they were trufted with, ahnoft without aifault ;.attd in a tame 
eafy trance of flattery and fervitude,, loft and forfeited,, Ihame^ 
fully forfeited, that reputation, awe, and reverence, which the 
wifdom, courage, and gravity of their venerable predecetfbrs 
had contraded and faftened to the places they now hold. They 
even rendered that ftudy and profeflion, which in all ages hath 
been, and, I hope, now Oiall be of honourable eftimation^ fo 
contemptible and vile, that had not this bleflfed day come, alt 
men would have had that quarrel to the law itfelf which Martus 
had to the Greek, tongue, who thought it a mockery to learn that 
language, the mafters whereof lived) in bondage under others. 
And I appeal to thefe unha;ppy gentlemen tbemfekci, with what 
a ftrange negligence, fcorn^ and ind^gnailion, ihet f^es. of. ali 

£<^ Wtorj of thfi RebdUoD^ ^c. 9. $. 

men^ 



HYDE. 3^5 

I3aem> even of the meaneft, have been dife£led towards them, 
fince, to call it no worfe, that fatal declenfion of their under- 
ftanding in thofe judgements^ of which they ftand here charged 
before your lordfliips." The caaclufion runs thus: ** If the ' 
excellent, envied conftitution of this kingdom hath been of late 
diftempered, your lordfliips fee the caufes. If the fweet bar- 
ipony between the king's prote<!%ion and the fubje£l^s obedieiM» 
hath unluckily fuffered internipt'on ; if the royal juftice and 
honour of the befl: of kings have been miftaken by his people ;. 
if the duty and afFe^bion of the moft faithful and loyal nation 
have been fufpeded by their gracious fovereign ; i^ by thefe 
mifreprefentations, and thefe mifunderflandings, the kibg and 
people have been robbed of the delight ^ed comfort of each 
other, and tiie bleflfed peace of this ifland been (haken and 
frightened into tumults and commotions^ into thjs poverty^ 
though not into the rage, of war^ as a people prepared for de- 
ftrudton. and defolation ; thefe are the men, aSively or pafliveryg 
by doing or not doing, who have brought this upon us: * Rfi* 
feca Cervitus falfo pax vocatur^ ubi judicia dehciunt, inciplt 
belluraW." 

But thougji Hyde was very zealous for redreffing the grlev* 
ancesof theaation, he was no lefs fo for the fecurity of the . 
ciftabliflied churchy, and the honour of the crown* When a 
bill was brought ixi to take away the bifhops vote in parliament, 
and to leave them out of all commiflions of the peace, or an|r 
thing that had relalion to temporal affairs, he was very earneft 
for mrowing iv out, and faid,. that, ^* from the time that par- 
liaments begun, bifhops had always been a part of it; that if 
they were taken out, there was nobody left to represent the 
clergy ; which would introduce another piece of injuflice,, that 
no other part ef the kingdom could complain of, who, being all 
reprefented'ia parliament, were bound to fiibmit to whatever 
was enabled there, becaufe it was, upon the matter, with their 
own content : whereas if the bill was carried, there was nobody* 
left to reprefent the clergy, and yet they muft be bound by their 
determination [s]." He was one of the committee employed 
to prepare the charge againft the earl of Strafford : but, as foon 
as he faw the unju&ifiable violence with which the profecutioa 
wasipufiied, he Jeft them, and oppofed the bill of attainder 
warmly. He was afterwards appointed a manager at the con- 
'ferencc with the hioufe of lords, for aboliflhing the court of York, 
whereof that earl had been for feveral years prefident ; and was 
chairman alfo of feveral other committees, appointed upon thp 
mod important occafions, as long as he continued his orefeoce 
among them. But, when diey began to put in execution their or- 

la} RuAMmtli'i Hlft. CoUeOi Vol 21. £•]; HUt^ of th? Rebel p.ui. 

8 dinance 



336 



HYDE. 



dinance for raifing the militia againft his majefty, Hyde, being 
perfuaded that this was an aS of open rebellion, Lft thenn ; and 
they felt the blow given to their authority by his abfence fo fen- 
fibly, that in their inlhiiftions lh<^rtly after to the* earl of Eflex 
their general, he was excepted with a few others from any grace 
or favour [t1. 

Hyde withdrew to the king at York, having firft obtained the 
great feal to be fent thither on May 20, 1642 : and, upon his 
arrival, was taken into the greateft confidence, though he was 
not under any official chara6^er in the court for fome months. 
But, towards the latter end of the Year, upon the promotion (rf" 
fir John Colepepper to be matter of the Rolls, he fucceeded him 
in the chancellorfhip of the Exchequer, and the fame year was 
knighted, and made a privy-counfellor. With thefe charadlers 
he ^t in the parliament aflembled at Oxford, Jan. 1643 ; and, 
in 1644, was one of the king's commiflioners at the treaty of 
Uxbridge [u]. Not long after, the king fending the prince of 
Wales into the Weft, to have the fupcrintendcncv of the affairs 
there, fir Edward Hyde was appointed to attena his highnefs, 
and to he of his council ; where he entered, hy his majefty's 
command, into a correfjpondence with the marquis of Ormond, 
then lord-lieutenant of Ireland. Upon the declining of the 
king's caufe, he with the lords Capel and Colepepper failed 
fro^n Pendennis caftle in Cornwall to Scilly, and thence to Jcr- 
fey, where he arrived in March, 1645; but being greatly dir> 

fjfted at the prince's removal thence the following year to 
ranee, he obtained leave to (lay in that ifland. His difguft at 
the prince's removal into France, is ftrongly exprefled in the 
following letter to duke of Ormond: 
« My lord, 
«* Your lordlhip hath been long fince informed, ii^hither my 
lord Digby attended the prince ; and from thence have pardoned 
my not acknowledging your grace's favotir to me, from the im- 
poffibility of prefenting it to you. I confefs, in that conjunc- 
tiire of time, I thought the remove from Jerfey to Ireland to 
be very fit to be deliberately weighed, before attempted ; but I 
would have chofen it much more chearfiiUy than this that is era- 
braced, which I hope will be a memorial to my weaknefs ; for 
it is my misfortune to differ from thofe with whom I have hi- 
therto agreed, and efpecially with my beft friend, which I hope 
will not render me the lefs fit for your charity, though I may 
be for your confideration. Indeed, there is not light enough 
for me to fee my way, and I cannot well walk in the dark ; 
and therefore I have defired leave of the priiKe to breathe in 



l:j 



Wlutelocke*s Memorialt, &f . p. 62, and Hift. of the RebeUion, B. vu 
UfU of tl^ Lor^ CbaAceUort, &c. Vol. I. p. 46. Load. 1708. 

this 



MYDE. 337 

this Jiland a little for my refrefhment, till 1 may difcern fomd 
Way in which I may ferve his majefty. I hope your Idrdfliip 
will never meet with any interruption in the exercife of that 
devotion > which hath rendered you the envied example of three 
kingdortis, and that I (hall yet find ail oppoftlmity to attend 
tipoh your lordfhip, and have the honour to be received by you 
in the capacity of [x], 

" My Lord, your Lcrd(hip*s, &c. 
" June 22, 1646. " Edward HVde.'* 

. We fee here not barely a difguft, but even a refentment 
fliewn to the prince's gbing to Paris ; the ground of which un* 
doubtedly lay in the manifeft danger his religion was thereby 
brought into from the reftlefe endeavours of his mother ; fmce it 
is notorious, that tjie chancellor was never upon any tolerabld- 
terms with the queen, on account of his watchfulijpfs againft 
every attempt of this kind. 

During his retirement iii Jerfey, he began to write his " Hif^ 
tory of the Rebellion," which had been particularly recom- 
mended to him, and in which he was affifted alfo by the king, 
who fupplied him with feveral of the materials for it* We 
learn from the hiftory ilfelf, that upon lord CapeFs waiting oa 
th^ king at Hampton-court in 1647, his majefty wrote to the 
chancellor a letter, in which he "shanked him fojr undertaking 
the work he was upon ; and told him, he ftiould expeft fpeedily 
to receive fome contribution from him towards it: and within a 
very (hbrt time afterwards, he fent to him memorials of all that 
had paffed from the time he had left his majefty at Oxford, 
when he waited upon the prince into the Weft, to the very day 
that the king left Oxford to go to the Scots ; out of which me- 
morials the moft important paflages, in the years 1644 and 
1645, are faithfully coUefled." Agreeably to this, the ninth 
book opens with declaring, that " the work was firft undertaken 
with the king's approbation, and by his encouragement^ an4 
particularly, that many important points were tranfmitted to 
the author by the king's immediate dire£lion and order, evea 
after he was in the hands and power of the enemy, out 
of his own memorials and journals." Thu^ do we trace the 
€xa6l: time when this hiftory was begun. The time when it 
was finiihed may be afcertained with the fame degree of ex- 
aftnefs, from the dedication of .the author's " Survey' of the 
Leviathan^" wherein he addrefles himfelf to Charles II. in thefe 
terms : "As foon as I had' finiftied a work, at leaft recom* 
mended, if not enjoined, to me by your blefled father, and ap- 
proved, and in fome degree peruied by your majefty, I could 
ijot, &c," This dedication is dated MouUns, May la, 16735 

fxT Colle£lion of letters to and from the duke of Ormonde by Caite, Nor 378^ 

. Vol. VIIL Z ' whence 



33* 



HYDE. 



whence it appes^rs^ that the hiftory was not cotnjpleted tUl the 
beginning of that, or the latter end of the preceding year: and 
this may account for thofe paflages in it, where fads are related 
Which happened long after the Keftoration ; as for inftance, thaS 
** fir John Digby lived manv years after thie king's return ;" and 
that the ** earl of Sandwich s expedition was never forgiven him 
by fome men:*' which, we fee, might very confidently be ob- 
ferved in this hiftory, though that nobleman did not lole his lif» 
till 1672. 

In May, 1648, fir Edw^d received, a letter from the queen to 
call him to Paris ; where, after the king's death, he was conti- 
nued both in his feat at the privy-council, and in his office of 
the exchequer, by Charles II. In Nov. 1649, he wasfentbjr 
the king with lord Cottington ambaflador extraordinary into 
Spain, to apply for afliftance in the recovery of his crown ; but 
returned without fuccefs, in July, 1651. Soon after his arrival, 
the king gave him an account of his elcape after the battle of 
Worcefter, in that unfortunate expedition to Scotland, which 
had "been undertaken during fir Edward's abfence, and much 
againft his judgement. He now refided for fome time at Ant- 
werp, but left no means unattempted, by letters and meflages to 
England, for comt>a{fing the Reftoration ; wherein^ however, 
he folely relied upon the epifcopal party. ' In 1653, he was 
accufed of holding a correfpondence with Cromwell ; but being' 
declared innocent by the king, was afterwards, fecretary of Rate* 
More attempts were made to rujn him with the king; but in- - 
vain; for, in 1657, he was made chancellor of England. Upoo 
the Reftoration, as he had been one of the greateft (harers in his 
mailer's fufferings, fo he had a' proportionable fliare in his glory, 

Befidesthe poft of lord chanceik^r, in which he wzs conti- 
nued, he was chofen chancellor of the univerfity of Oxford, . 
in Oft. 1 66c; and, in November following, created a peer, by 
the title of baron Hyde of Hindon, in Wiltfhire; to which 
were added, in April, 1661, the titles of vifcount Cornbury irt 
Oxfbrdfliire, and earl of Clarendon in Wiltfhire. Thefe ho- 
nours, great as they were, were however by no means beyond 
his merit. He had, upon the Reftoration, fliewn great prudence, 
juftice, and moderation, in fettling the juft boundaries between 
the prerogative of the crowh and the liberties of the people. 
He had reduced much confufion into order, and adjufted many 
clafliing interefts, where property was concerned. He had en- 
deavoured to make things ealy to the Prefbyterians and malcon- 
tents by the aft of indemnity, and to fatisfy the Royalifts by the 
aift of uniformity. But it is not poffrble to ftand tttany years in 
a fituation fo much diftinguiflied, vnthout becoming the objeft 
of envy ; which created him fuch enemies,^ as both wifhed and 
attempted his ruin,. and at lait eifefted it. Doubtless nothijig 

more 



HYDE. 



33^ 



more contributed to inflame this paflion againft him, than the 
circumflance of his eldeft daughter being married to the duke of 
York, which became known in a few months after the king's 
return. She had been one of the maids of honour to the prin-* 
cefsroyal Henrietta, fome time during the exile, when the duke 
fell in love with her[y]; land being difappoihted by the defeat 
of fir George Booth, in a defign he had fortned of coming with 
fome forces to England in 1659, he went to Breda, where hid 
fitter then refided. Faffing fome weeks there, he took this op- 
portunity, as Burnet tells^ us, of foliciting mifs Hyde to indulge 
his defires without marriage; but (he managed the matter with 
fijch addrefs, that in the conclufion he married her, Nov. 4, . 
that year, with all poffible fecrecy, and unknown to her father^ 
After their arrival in England, being pregnant, (he called upoit 
the duke to own his n^arriage^; attd though he endeavoured tor 
divert her from this objeft, both by great promife^ and great 
tfireatertings, yet (he had the fpirit and wifdom to tell him, . 
*** She would have it known that fhe was^his wife, let' him ufo 
her afterwards as he pleafed." The king ordered- foaie bilhop* 
and judges to petufe the proofs of ber marriage ; dnd they re- 
j^orting, that it-had befen fblcmnixed according to th6 doQrine of . 
gofpel and the law of England, be told his brother, that he mu(6 
live with her whom he had made hi^ wife, and at the fame time 
generoufly preferved the honour- of an excellent fervant, wha 
had not been privy to it; afltiring hith, that <^ this accideht ihould . 
not leflfert the efteem and flavour he had for him^^ 

Thfe firft oped attack upon lord Clarendon was made by the 
earl of Bri(iol ; who, in 1^6j, exhibited againfl: him a charge 
of hfgh-treafon to the houfe of lords. There had been a long' 
ooUrfe of friendihip, both irt' profperify and adverfity, between 
the chancellor and -this earl; but they had gradually fallen into 
difFeiient meafures in religion and politics. In this ftate of- 
things, the chancellor refufmg what lord Briftol confidered as a^ 
ftnall favour, (which was faid to be the pailing a patent in fa- 
vour of a court lady), the latter took fo much offence, that he 
let loofe his fiery temper, and refolved upon nothing but re- 
venge. The fubftance of the whole accufation was as follows: . 
" That the chancellor, being in place of higheft truft and con- 
fidence with his majefty, and halving arrogated a fupreme direc- 
tion in all things, had, with a traiterous intent to draw contempt 
upoahis majefty's perfori, and to alienate the affedions of his 
fubjeds, abufed the faid truft in manner following. . i. He had. 
endeavoured to alienate the hearts of his majefty's fubjefts, by 
su'tfully infinuating to his creatures and d'ependents, that \i'isi 
majefty was inclined to popery, and defigned to alter the efta«i> 

[t] Cart#*i Hxft. of the dukf of OriDond, Vol. U. p. 18S. 

•^ ' . Z 2 blifhcd 



34© HYDE. 

bK(bed religion. . 2. Be had faxd to feveral perfons of his msft* 
jedy's privy-council, that his majefty was dangeroufly corniptel 
in his religion, and inclined to popery: th&t perfoos of that re* 
ligion had fuch accefs and fucn credit with him, that, unleft 
there were a careful eye had upon it, the proteftant religion 
would be overthrown in this kingdom. 3. Upon his mzjmj's 
admitting (Ir Henry Bennet to be fecretary of ftate in the place 
of fir Edward Nicholas, he faid, that his majefty had given 
loyoool. to remove a mod zealous Proteftant, that he might 
bring into that place a concealed Papift. 4. In purfuaoce of 
> the ume traiterous deiign, feveral friends and dependents of his 
; have faid aloud, that, < were it not for my lord chancellor's 
i^^anding in the gap. Popery would be introduced into thtskii^*- 
dom.' 5. That he had perfuaded the king, contrary to his 
opinion, to allow his name to be ufed to the pope and feveral 
cardinals, in the folicitation of a cardinal's cap for the lord Au* 
bigny, great almoner to the queen: in order to efFe£k which, ho 
^d employed Mr. Richard JBealii^, a known Papid, aivd had 
likewife applied himfelf to feveral popifli priefti smd Jefuits to 
the fame purpofe, promiflng great favour to the Papifts bere^ 
tq cafe it fliould be effe&ed. 6. That he had likewife promiied 
to feveral Papifts, that he would do his endeavour, and laid, * he 
hoped to compafs taking away all penal laws againft them;' to 
the end they might prefume and grow vain upon his patronage ^ 
and, by their publilning their hopes of toleration, increafe the 
fcandal defigned by him to be raifed againfi: his majefty through- 
out the kingdom. 7. That, being intruded with the treaty 
between his majedy and his royal confort the queen, he con*- 
eluded it upon articles fcandalous and dangerous to the Protef- 
tant religion. Moreover, he brought the king^and queen to- 
gether without any fettled agreement about the performance of 
the marriage rites ; whereby, the queen , refufing to be married 
by a Protedant pried, in cafe of her being with child, either the 
fuccedion diould be made uncertain for want of the due rite;^ 
of matrimony, or elfe his majedy be expofed to a fufpicion of 
having been married in his own dominions by a Romidi pried. 
8. That, .having endeavoured to alienate the hearts of the king!& 
fubjeds upon the fcore of religion, he endeavoured to* make ufc.^ 
of all his fcandais and jealoufies, to raife to himfelf a popular 
applaufe of being the zealous upholder of the Protedant reli- 
gion, &c. 9. That he further endeavoured to alienate the hearts 
of the king's fubjefls, by venting in his own difcourfe,' and 
thofc of his emiffaries, opprobrious fcandals againd his majedy's 
perfon and courfe of life ; fuch as are not fit to be nientioned, 
unlefs neceffity (hall require it. 10. That he endeavoured to 
alienate the affeaions of the duke of York from his majedy, by 
fuggeding to him, that * his majedy intended to legitimate the 

duke 



HYDE. 341 

duke of "Monmouth/ 11. That he had perfiiaded the king, 
againft the advice of the lord general, to withdraw the Englilfe 
garrifons out of Scotland, and demolifli all the forts built there, 
at fo vaft a charge to this kingdom; and all without cxpefting 
the advice of the parliament of England. 12. That he endea- 
voured to alienate his majefty's afFeftions and efteem from the 
prefent parliament, by telling him, * that there never was fo 
weak and inconfiderable a houfe of lords, nor never fo weak 
and heady a houfe of commons;' and particularly, that * it was 
better to fell Dunkirk, than be at >their mercy for want of i 
money.' 13. That, contrary to a known law made laft fcflion^ \ 
by which money was given and applied for maintaining Dun^ 
kirk, be advifed and effefied the fale of the fame to the French 
king. 14. That he had, contrary to law, enriched himfelf and 
his tneafures by the fale of offices, 15. That he had converted 
to his own ufe vaft fums of public money, raifed in Ireland by 
way of fubfidy, private and public benevolences, and otherwile 
given and intended to defray the charge of the government in 
that kingdom. 16. That, having arrogated to himfelf a fupreme 
dire£lion of all his majefty's affairs, he had prevailed to have his 
majefty's cuftoms farmed at a lower rate than others offered ; 
and that by pejibns, with fome of whom he went a ihare, and 
Other parts of money refulting from his majefty*s revenue [z]." 

A charge urged with fu much anger and inconfiftency as this 
was, it is eafy to imagine, could not capitally aSei^ him : oa 
the contrary, we find, that the profeciition ended greatly to th^ 
honour of the chancellor; notwithftanding which, his enemies 
advanced very confiderably by it in their delign, to make him kfs 
in favour with his mafter, lefs refpefled in parliament, and Ie(^ 
beloved by the people* The building of a njagnificent houfe, 
which was begun in the following year, 1664, furnifljed frefli 
matter for obloquy. ** The king," fays Burnet, ** had granted 
him a large piece of ground, near St. James's palace, to build 
upon. He intended a good ordinary houfe; but not underftand-. 
ihg thefe matters himfelf, he put the management of it into the? 
hjnds of others, who run him to a vaft' expence of ^boye 
50,0001. three times as much as he had deftgned to lay out upon it* 
JDuring the war, and in the year of the plague, he had about 300 
men at work ; which he thought would have been an acceptal^le 
thingp when fo many men were kept at work, and fo much. 
money aS was daily paid circulated about. But it had a contrary. 
effect ; it raifed a great outcry againft him. Some called it 
Dunkirk Houfe, intimating that it was built by his Ihare of thQ 
price of Dunkirk: others called" it Holland Houfe, becaufe he 
^ias believed to be no friend to the war, fo it was|[ivco out hp 

[s] Lives of the lord-chaaceUms, ^^« 

2^5 ^i 



84a HYDE. 

had the money from the Dutch a It was vifible that, in a time 
of public calamiiy, he was building a very noble palace. An* 
other accident was, thai before the war there were fome defign^ 
on foot for the repairing of St. Paul's, and many ftpncs were 
brought thither for the purpofe. That proje£b was laid aiide ; 
upon which he bought the (iones, and m^e ufe of them in 
building his own houfe. This, how flight foever it may fcenj 
to be, had a ^reat effeft by the management of his enemies 
f a]." To this remark it may be added, ^hat this (lately pile 
was not finiflied till 1667 ; fo that it ftood a growing monument 
for the popular odium to feed upon, almoft the whole- interval 
between his iirft and his laft impeachment; and to aggravate 
und fpread that odium, there was puhli(hcd a moft viru^t fati- 
rical fong, entitled, " Clarendpn*s Houfe-warming," confifting 
of many ftanzas, to which, by way of fling at the tail, wa^ ^ 
added^ the following clumfy but bitter epigrfim: 

UPON TH5 HOUS^. 

Here lie the facred bones 

Of Paul beguiled of his ftones- 

Here lie the golden briberies 

Of many ruined families* ^^ 

Here lies the cavaliers debenture wall, 

Fixed on an eccentric bafis : 
Here's Dunkirk town and Tangjer-hall| 
The queen'^ marriage and all. 

The Dutchmen's Tcmplum Papis. 

In Auguft, 1667, he was removed from his poft of chancellor^ 
and in November following was impeacfied by the houfe of com- 
mons of high-treafon, and other crimes and itiifdemcanprs: upon 
which, in the beginning of December, he retired to ^''rance, 
and on the 19th, an a£l of baniihment was pafled ^gainft him 
[b]. Echard obferves, how b(tcn ** it has beep adipired, that 
the king fhould not only confent to difcard, but foon after ba- 
niCh a friend, who had been as hoped anjl faithful to hifn as the 
bed, and perhaps more ufeful and ferviccable than any h^ had 
^er employed; wKich furely could never have been brought tp 
bear without innumerable envicrs and enemi^^/' But to con- 
ceive how thefe were raifed, we need only remember, th^t during • 
the height of his grandeur, which continued two yegrs^fter the 
Reiloration without any rivalfhio, as well as the reft of his 
mii^iftry, he manifefted an inflexible {ieadinefs to the cpriftitutioa 
of the church of England, in equal oppofition to the Papifts on 
one fide, aftd the Diirenter^ on the other; fo that npr\e of thefe 
^uld ever be reconcile^ to hjm or his proceedings.; Yet'at firft 

[a] Hift. of hii ovn Tmm, V^l, ^ [t,) Hilt q( |iig^Ad> ad annuin, 1667. 



HYDE. 343, 

lie fecmed fo forward to make a coalition of all parties, that the 
cavaliers and UnSt churchmen thought themfelves much neg^ 
]e£led ; and many of them upon that account, though unjuftly, 
entertained infuperable prejudices againft him, and joined with 
the greateft of his enemies. But the circumdances which were 
iiippofed to weaken his intereft with, and at length make him 
diiagreeable to the king, were rather of a perfonal nature, and 
fuch as concerned the king and him only. It is allowed on ail 
hands, that the chancellor was not without the pride of confcioi|l 
virtue ; fo that his perfonal behaviour was accompanied with 
a fort of gravity and haughtinefs, which ftnick a very unpleaf- 
ing awe into a court filled with licentious perfons of both iexe^. 
He often took the liberty to give reproofs to thefe perfons of 
mirth and gallantry ; and fometimes thought it his duty to ad^ 
vife the king himfelf in fuch^ manner that they took advant^ 
of him^ and as he palled in court, would often fay to his ma» 
jefty, << There goes your fchoolmafter/' The chief of thefe 
was the duke of Buckingham, who had a furj^'ifing talent of 
ridicule and buffoonery; and that he might make veay for his 
ruin, by bringing him firft into contempt, he often aded and 
mimicked him in the prefencc of the ^ing, walking in a fiately 
manner with a pair of bellows before him for the purfe, and 
colonel Titus carrying a fire-ihovel on his (houlder for the mace: 
with which fort of farce and banter the king, fays Echard, was 
too much delimited and captivated. Thefe, with fome more 



ferious-of the Fopifli parly, affifted by the folicitations of the 
ladies of pleafure, made fuch impreffions upon the king, that 
\ie at laft gave way, and became willing, and even plealed, to 
part both from his perfon and fervices. It vyas alio believed, 
that the king had fome private refentments againft him, for 
checking of thofe who were too forward in loading the crown 
with prerogative and revenue; and particularly, we are told, that 
he had counteraded the king in a grand deiign which he had, ta 
be divorced from the queen, under pretence, ^* that ibe had been 
pre-engaged to anothbr perfon, or, that ibe was incapable of 
bearing children.'* l^he perfon defigned to fiipply her place was 
Mrs. Stqart, a .beautiful young lady, who was related to the 
king, and had fome office under the queen* The chancellor, to 
prevent this^ fent for the duke of Richmond, who was ef the 
fame name ; and feeming to be forry, that a perlbn of his worth 
and relation to his majefty ihould receive no maitks of his favour^ 
advifed him to marry this (ady, as the moil likely means to ad« 
vance himfelf. The young nobleman, lik4ng the perlbn, foU 
lowed his advice, made immediate application to the lady, who 
was ignorant of the king's intentionsy and in a few diays mar* 
tied her. The king thus difappointed, and foon after informed 
how the match was biou^ about, banif^ed the dokc and his 

Z4 mw 



344 HYDE. 

new dutchcfs from court, rcferving his rcfcntmcnt againft th<5 
chancellor to a more convenient opportunity. Be this as it will, 
the private xcafons that induced the king to abandon the chan- 
cellor were exprcfled in a letter to the duke of Ormond* then in 
Ireland; which the king vrrote to that nobleman for his fatisfac- 
tion, knowing him to be the chancellor's friend. Echaid ob- 
ferves, that this letter Was never publiflied, nor would a copy 
of it be granted ; but that he had been told the fubftance of it 
more than once bjrthofe who had read it^ and the principabrea- 
-Ion there given by the king was, ** The chancellor's intolerable 
temper.'* 

Being now abouCto quit the kingdom in exile, before he de- 

1)arted he drew up an apology, in a petition to the houfe of 
ords, in which he vindicated himfelf from any way contributing 
to the late mifcarriages, in fuch a manner, as laid the blame at 
the fame time upon others. 1 he lords received it Dec. 3, and 
fent two of the judge^ to acquaint the commons with it, defiring 
. a conference. The duke of Buckingham, who was plainly 
aimed at in the petition, delivered it to the commons ; and with 
his ufual way of infult and ridicule, faid, " The lords have 
commanded me to deliver to you this fcandalous and feditious 
paper fent from the earl of Cflarendon. They bid me prefent 
it to you, and defire you in a convenient time to fend it to them 
again ; for it has a ftyle which they are in love with, and there- 
fore jdefire to keep it." Upon the reading of it in that houfe, 
it was voted to be ** fcandalous, malicious, and a reproach to 
the juftice of the nation [c] ;". whereupon they moved the lords; 
that it might be burnt by the hands of the common hangman,, 
-which was ordered and executed accordingly. The chancellor 
retired to Rouen in Normandy ; and, the year following, his 
life was attempted at Evreux near that city by a body of feamen, 
in fuch an outrageous manner, that he with great difficulty 
efcaped. In the Bodleian library at Oxford, there is an original 
letter from Mr. Oliver Long, dated from Evreux, April 26, 
1668, to fir William Cromwell, fecretary of ftate, whpre the 
following account is given of this aflault. ^* As. I was travel- 
ling from Rouen towards Orleans, it was my fortune, April ag, 
to overtake the earl of Clarendon, then in his unhappy and un- 
merited exile, who was going towards Bourbon, out took up. 
his lodgings at a private hotel in a fmall walled tow^ called Ey* 
reux, fome leagues from RoueUt I, as moft Englifh gentlemen 
did to fo valuable a patriot, went to pay him a vilit near (upper- 
time; when he was, as ufual, very civil to me. Before fupper 
was done, twenty or thirty Engliih feamen and niore came and 
demandjjd entrance at the greV gate; which, being ftrongly 
bari[ed, kept them out for fonae time. But in a Ihort fpacc they 

[cj S^tc Triah, Vo!. II. p. 5. 57^^ 

" ■ , , brokt 



HYDE, 345 

broke it, and prefcntly drove all they found, by their advantage 
of numbers, into the earl's chamber; whence, by the alUftancc 
of only three fwords and piftols, we kept them out for half aa 
hour, in which difpute many of us were wounded by their 
fwords and piftols, whereof they had many. To conclude, 
they broke the windows and the doors, and under the conduA 
of one Howard an Iriihmap, who has three brothers, as I am 
tol(J, in the king of England's fervice, and an enfign in the 
Company of canoneers, they quickly found the earl in his bed^ 
pot able to ftand by the violence of the gout; whence, after 
ihey had given him many blows with their fwords and ftavesi^ 
mixed with horrible curfes and oaths, they dragged him on the' 
ground into the middle of the yar<l, where they emcompaifedl 
him around with their fwords, and after they had told him in 
tjieir own language, how he had fold the kingdom, and robbed 
them of their pay, Howard commanded them all, as one man,; 
to run their fwords through his body. But what difference arofe 
among therofelves before they could agree, God above, whci 
alone fent this fpirit of diffenfion, only knows. In this inter- 
val their lie\itenant, one Swaine, came and difarmed thenru 
Sixteen of the ringleaders were put into prifon ; and many of 
thofe things they had rifled from him, found again, which were 
reftored, and of great value. Monf. la- fondc, a great man 
belonging to the king of France's bed-chamber, fent to conduft 
the earl on his way hither, was fo defperately wounded in the 
head, that there were little hopes of his life. Many of thefe 
aifaflms were grievoufly wounded ; and this aSion is fo mudi 
refented by all here, that njany of thefe criminals will xrieet 

' with an ufage equal to their merit. Had we been fufficiently 

provided v^ith fire-arms, we had infallibly done ourfelves juftico 

i on them ; however, we fear not but the iaw will fuppiy our 

defea." . ^ ^ 

I Being greatly afflifted with the gout, and not finding himfelf 

f' fecure in that part of France, he went in the fuinmer to Mont- 

pelier ; where, recovering his health to a good degree, he con- 

, tinued three or four years. In 1672, he refided at Moulins, 

I • and removing thence to Rouen, died Dec. o, 1673, in that 
city ; from whence his body was brought to England, and in- 
terred on the north fide of Henry Vllth's chapel in Weft- 
minfter-abbey. He was twice married : firft to Anne, daughter 
of fir Gregory AyloflFe, of Robfon in Wiltfliire, knt. and this 
lady dying without iflue, to Frances, daughter, and at length 
heirefs, to fir Thomas Aylefljury, bart. in 1634; by whom he 
had four fons and two daughters. Anne his eldeft daughter was 
inarricd, as we have alrea^ obferved, to-the duke of York, by ' 
which match (he became mother to two daughters, Mary aiul 
Anne^ who were fuccc^ely queens of England. Befides thefe, ' 

flie 



346 



HYDE. 



Ihe bronght the dule fonr fbns and three dadghtei^ who all died 
ill their infancy. The laft was born Feb* 9, 1070-x, and her 
mother died on March 31 following; hairing a little before her 
death changed her leligioBy to the great grief of her father, 
who on that occaSon wrote a moil pathetic letter to her, smd 
another to the dnke her conA>rt. 

Beftdcs the ** Hiftory of the Rebellion'' already mentiooed» 
the chancellor wrote other pieces, theological as well as polhkal. 
In 1672, while he reftded at Monlins, he wrote his *^ Animad- 
veriions upon Mr. CrefTy's Book» intituled, ** Fanaticifm fanati- 
cally imputed to ifae Qitholfc Church by Dr. StrllingjBeeiy and 
she imputation refuted and retorted by J. C." He is fiippofed 
to have been led to this work from the knowledge he had of 
Creifey^ by means c^ an acqiiaintatKC cooinoenccd at Oadofd,» 
where that gentleman was his contemporary ; and a motire c^ 
a finailar nature might probably induce htm to draw vp his 
•* Survey of Mr* Hobbes's Leviathan,^' which he dedicated Ihe 
year following to Charles 11. from the (ame pface. He wrote 
alio fbme things of a fmaller kind^ which have been coiIe£led 
and publiibed with his ^' Milcellaneons Trads."^ And laftly^ 
in 1759, vras pnbtiQied ** An Acconnc of his own Life fnxn bis 
Sirth to the Kefloratixm in 1660; and a Continuation itf the 
bme, and of his Hiftory f^ the Grand Rebellion^ from the 
Refloration to his Baniflinient in 1667.'* Written by himlelf ^ 
and printed in one vohnney folio, and three in 8vo^ from his 
4>riginal MS. given to the univeifitvof Oxford by hb heirs* 

HYDE (DrJTueuAs), a moft learned writer^ was fon of 
Mr. Ralph Hyde, minifter of BxtlingQey near Bridgenortb in 
Shropshire, and born there June 29, 1636* Having a ftrong 
inclination for the Oriental languages from his youth, he ftudied 
them firft under hisi^tther; and afterwards, in 165a, being ad- 
mitted of. King's-college in Cambric^e, he became acquainted 
with Mr. Abralvam Wheelock, an admirable tinguift,. vdio en- 
couraged him to profecute his iiudlr pf them in that place* By 
hhn Hyde, when he had been at Cambridge little more than a 
year, was fent to .London, and recommeiided to Walton, after- 
wards bt(hop of Chefter, as a perfim very capable of aiSdin^ 
him in the Polyglott Bible, in which work be was then engage£^ 
Hyde rendered him great fervices; for, befides his attendance in 
the cotrcdion of it, he fet forth the Perfian Peiuateuch* He 
tranfcribed it out of the Hebrew chara£lers, in which it was 
firft printed at Conftantinople, into the proper Perixan charac- 
ters; which by UOier was then judged impoffible to have been 
dcme by a native Perfian, becaufe one Hd>rew letter frequently 
anfwered to. divers Perfian letters^ which were difficuk to be 
known. He tranflated it llkewife into Latin. What he did 
6irther in the Polyglott^ is fpecified by the editor in thefe wonfs: 

« Neg 



HYDE, 347 

fi Nec prgetcreunfjus eft D. Thomas Hyde, fummae fpei juvenis, 
qui in IjnguisOrientaUbus fupra^tatem magnos progrefTus fecit, 
«[Uoruin fpecimina dedit turn in Arabibus, Syriacis, Perficis, &c. 
Corngend'iSy turn in Pentateucho Perlico charaderibus Perficis 
4efcrib^ndO| quia anlea foljs H^braicis extitit, ejufque verfionem 
JLatinam conpinnando." 

In 1658, he went to 0);ford, and was admitted of QueenV 
pollege, where hp was foon after made Hebrew reader. The 
year after, Richard Cromwell, then chancellor of that univer- 
fity, direfied his letters to the delegates thereof, fignifying, that 
M Mr, Jiyde was of fbll ftanding, fince his admillion iirto the 
imiverfity of Cambridge, for the degree of mafter of arts, and 
that he had given public teftjmony of his more than ordinary abi- 
lities and learning in the Oriental languages ;'* upon which they 
made an order, that he fliould accumulate that degree, by read* 
jng only a lefture in orie of the Oriental languages in the fchools ; 
arid having accordingly read upon the Perfian tongue, he was 
created M. A. in April 1659, Soon after he was made under- 
keeper of the Bodleian library, upon the ejeftion of Mr. Henry 
Stubbe ; and behaved himfelf fo well in this employment, that, 
when the office of head-keeper became vacant, he was' ele£led 
fnto it with the unanimous approbation of the univerfity. In 
1665, lie publiihed a Latin translation from the Perfian of'Ulugh 
Beig's f * Obfervations concerning the Longitude and Latitude of 
the fixed Stars," with notes. This Ulugh Beig was a great Tar- 
tar monarch, the fon of Shahrokh, and the grandfon'of Timur 
Bei^, or, as he is ufually called, Tamerlane. In the preface 
ke informs us, '< that the great occupations of government hin- 
dered him from performing in pcrfon, fo much as he would 
have done towards the completing this ufeful work : but that 
he relied chiefly on his minifier Salaheddin, and that he dying 
before the work was finiihed, his colleague Gaiatheddin Giarn* 
jfhed and his fon Ali al Coufhi were afterwards employed^ who 
^ut the laft hand to it." It was written originally in the Arabic 
tongue, but afterwards tranflated twice into the Perfian. 

About this time Hyde became known to Mr. Boyle, to whom 
|ie was very ufeful in communicating from Oriental writers fe- 
veral particulars relating to chemiilry, phyfic, and natural hif- 
tory [dI. OA. 1666, he was collated to a prebend in the church 
of Saliioury. In 1674, he publifhed "A Catalogue of the 
))ooks in the Bodleian library." In 1678, he was made arch- 
deacon of Glonceflcr ; and, in 1682, took the degree of doctor 
in divinity. Dec. 1691, he was eledled Arabic profefTor, oa 
the death of Dr. Edward Pocock ; and the Tame year publifhed 
the " Itinera Mundi" of Abraham Peritfol, the fon of Mordecai. 

[i>] Boyle^s Workf, Vot V. p. 3«o, &c 

' Feritfol, 



34* 



HYDE. 



Peritfoiy a very learned Jew. This was done to fepply in foin^ 
mearure the Arabic geography of Abulfeda^ which, at the re- 
i|Qeft of Dr. FeH, he had undertaken to publiih with a Latia 
tranflation : but, the death of his patron putting an end to that 
work, he lent this fmalier performance abroad, and dedicated it 
to the earl of Nottingham, then fecretary of Aate, in hopes 
^t it might excite a Aronger curiofxty amongft the leasned to 
fearch into this Branch of literature. In 1693^ he pubTiihed his 
♦* De Ludis Orientalibus libri duo y* a work, which isftiH held 
in very high efleem. Dr. Ahham, regius-profcffor of Hebi9W» 
and canon of Chrift-church, being, on fome difpute about the 
oaths, removed from both preferments, Hyde became pofleSed 
©f them, the one being annexed to the other^ in July 1697* 

Three years after he had ready for the prefs, as Wood tells 
vs, an excellent work, on a fubjeA very little known even to 
the learned themfelves, " The Religion of the Ancient Perfians:** 
^ work of profound and various erwlition, abounding with man]r 
sew lights on the mod curious and interefting fubje£ts, filled 
with authentic teftimonies, which none but himlelf could bring^ 
fo public view, and adorned with many ingenious conjectures 
concerning the theology, hiflory, and learning of the £a(lerQ 
Baiions. This work was printed at Oxford in 1700, in 4I0,," 
€X>nuinin^ 550 pages ; and is now become fo exceedingly fcarce^ 
ihat it fells from il. i6s. to 2I. 2s. according to the ccMidition 
it happens to ^ in, or the humour of the bookfeller who noay 
chance to be pofleflTed of it. Of this curious work the title will 

five an idea fufficiently accurate for moil readers^ ** Hiftoria 
^Ggionis Veterum Perfarum, eorumque Maeotunw Ubi etiam 
mova Abraham!, Sc Mithras, & Ve{he, & Manetbis Hiftoria^ 
Ifec. Atque Angelorum officia & prasfeflurae ex Veterum P^fa- 
lum fententia. Item Perfarum annus antiquiilimus tangitur^ is 
tS Giemihid detegitur, verus tS Yefdegherd de novo proditur, is 
tS Melicfhah, is rS Selgjuk & tS Cborzem&ad notatur, & is 
vrtf Kata & tSs Oighur explicatur., Zoroaftris vita ejufque & 
afiomm vaticinia de Meifiah e Perfarum aliorumque monumentis 
cniuntur : Piimitivae opinio^es de Deo & de Hominum origine 
leferantur : Originale Orientalis Sibylte myfterium recludituK : 
atque Magorum liber Sad-dor, Zoroafiris praecepta feu religionis 
Canones continens, c Perfico tradu£tus exhibetuc. Dantuip 
veterum Perfarum fcripturae & linguae, ut has jam primo £urop;i& 

Eoducantur & Titerato orbi poftliminio reddantur, fpecimina^ 
e Perfias ejuftlemque linguas nomjnibus, deque hujus dialed;us,. 
ic a moderna difFerentiis ftriflim agitur. Auftor eft Th<»nas 
Hyde, S. T. D. Linguae Hebraicae in univerfitate OVon. pro* 
fcjfor Regius, & ling. Arabicas profeiTor l>audianus. Pracmifia 
capitum Elencho accedunt Iconcs, & Appendix variarum differ-, 
tatfomim*"^ This work was dedic^ed to lord Somess* Foreign 

writers,^ 
9 



■- 1 



H Y D 12. 34^ 

%tlter5) as well as thofe of our own country, have fpoken of it 
with high admiration and applaofe \ and, if Hyde had left us 
no other monument of his ftudies, this alone had been (ufficient 
to eftabliih and prefervehis reputation, as long as any tafte for 
Ori'eAtal learning (hall remain^ He publiftied howevet manj 
others, and had many more ready to be publiihed, or at leaft hi 
foTOC forwardnefs towards it : of which a catalogue is preferved 
by Wood, But the ftudy of Oriental literature was at that time 
overlooked, or tather the worth of it was not fufficiently under* 
flood ; the confequencc of which was, that this learned man^s 
abilities, application, and ftrong incUitation to enrich the repuhlic 
of letters, with numerous acquifitions of a mod laborious re- 
fearch, at the fame time new, curious, and ufeful, were negleft- 
ed, till it was too late ; and the lofs has been ever fince, in vain^ 
diough defervedly, regretted. 

In April 1701, he refigned the office of principal keeper of the 
JBodleian library,' on account of his age and infirmities; and 
died Feb. 18, 1703, at his lodgings in Chrift-church, in his 
67th year* He had occupied the poft of interpreter and fecretary 
ki the Oriental languages, during the reigns of Charles^ ill 
James II. and WiUiam IIL and, it is faid, had, inthecoarfe 
of this employment, made himfelf furprifingly acquainted wkfc 
whatever regarded the policy, ceremonies, and cuftoms of the 
Oriental nations. He was fucceeded in his archdeaconry of Glo*---.^ 
. cefter by Mr. Robert Parfons ; and^ what was Angular enough, 
ifl the chair of Hebrew profeflbr and in his canonry of Chrift-* 
church by his predeceflbr Dr. Altham. 

HYDE (Henry), carl of Clarendon [e], fon of the chan- 
cellor, was born in 1638. Having received the rudiments tS 
education, he early entered into budnefs : for his father, appre- 
hending of what fatal confequence it would be to the king's af- 
fairs, if his correfpondence (hould be difcovered by unfaithM ■ 
fccretaries, engaged him, when very young, to write all his let- 
ters in cypher ; fo that he generally pafled half the <lay in writ-' * 
ing in cypher, or decyphermg, and was fo difcreet, as well as 
faithful, that nothing was ever difcovered by him. After the 
Rdloration, he was created Mafter of Arts, at Oxford, in 1660; 
and, upon fettling the queen's houfhold, appointed chamberlain 
to her majefty. He was much in the queen's favour ; and, his 
father being io violently profecuted on account of her marriage, 
(he thought herfelf bound to proteA hini in a particular manner. 
He fo highly refented the ufage his father met with, that he 
imited himfelf eagerly to the party which oppofed the court, and 
made no inconfiderable figure in the lift of fpeakers. Mr. Grey • 
h^ preferved a great number of his fpeeches* On his father^s 

{b] Editor's pxeface, and Biog. Brie 

death 



3SO H Y G I N U S^ 

death in 1674, he todc his tezt in the hesntt of lards ; Mi ton* 
linued his oppofition, and even figned a proteft againft an ad-« 
drefs voted to the king on his fpeech. He ftill, however, held 
his pod of chamberlain to the queen ; and afterwairds, (hewing 
himfelf no lefs zealous againft the bill of exclufion, was takert 
into favour, and made a privy-couniellor, 1680. But he fooii 
fell under the xiifpleafure of the prevailing party in the houfe of 
commons ; who, unable to carry the exduiion bill, (hewed their) 
refentment againft the principal oppofers of it, by voting an ad-* 
drefs to the King, to remove from his prefence and councils, the 
marquis of Worcefter, and the earls of Halifax, Fever(ham, and 
Clarendon. 

On the acceilion of James II. he was (irft made lord privy*- 
feai, and then lord-liemenant of Ireland : but being too firmly^ 
attached to the Proteftant religion for thofe times, he was recalled 
from his government, to make room for lord Tyrconnel ; and 
fboo after removed from the privy-feal, that lord Arundel, ano« 
ther Papift, might fucceed him. About this time he was made 
bigh-fteward of the univerfity of Oxford. After the landing of 
the prince of Orange, he was one of the Proteftant lords, fum^ 
moned by the king, when it was too late, to repair the ill con- 
fequences of his Popifli councils, and had fpirit enough to take 
the lead, and to fpeak his mind frankly and openly in that me-> 
mprable affembly. Yet though he had fo great a regard to the*^ 
conilitution, as to oppofe king James's encroacliments, he woulc^ 
not transfer his allegiance to the new eftablifhment, nor take 
the oaths to* king William : on which account he was, with) 
fome others, fufpe£fced of evil defigns againft the government ; 
and, when the king was in England, and the French fleet ap^^ 
peared on the Englifli coaft, the regency thought, proper to le-- 
jcure him in the Tower. After fome months he was releafed, * 
and fpent the remainer of his days privately at his oyyn. hdufe in 
the country ; where he died 1709, aged 71. 

His State Letters, during his government of Ireland, and his- 
Diary for the years 1687, 1688, 1689, and 1690, were publifli- 
ed, in 2 vols. 4to, 1763, from the Clarendon prefs in Oxford. 

HYGINUS (Caius Julius), an ancient Latin writer, who 
Kourifhed in the time of Auguftus ; and of whom Suetonius, in 
his book " De llluftribus Grammaticis," has given this account. ' 
^^ He was a freedman of Auguftus, and by nation a Spaniard ; 
though fome think that he was an Alexandrian , and brought by 
Caefar to Rome when Alexandria was taken* He was a diligent 
follower and imitator of Cornelius Alexander^ a celebrated « 
Greek grammarian ^ and was alfo himfelf a teacher at Rome« 
He was made keeper of the Palatine library; was very in-, 
timate with the poet Ovid, and with Caius Licinius, a man 
of confular dignity and an hiftorian,^ who has taken occafion to 

inform 



MYPATIA. 351 

inform us, that he died very poor, and, whtle he lived, wad 
fupported chiefly by his generofity [f]/* Voflius alfcs, who this 
conliilar hiftorian Caius Ltcinius is? and thinks it fliouM be 
Caius Afinius, who wrote a hiftory of the civil war, and was 
conful with Cneius Domitius Calvtnus, U, C. 7^3. 

Hyginus wrote many books, which are mentioned by andent 
writers. Gellius quotes a work '^ of the Lives and Anions of 
illuftrious Men [p^^ Servius, in his ** Commentary u©on die 
/Eneid," tells us, that be wrote upon '< the Ori^n and Situa* 
ti«n of the Italian Cities z** which (ame work is alfo mentioneil 
by Macrobuis. Gellius zgain mentions his ** Commentaries 
upon Viral i" as does Macrobius a book ** Concerning the 
Gods«'* rie wrote alfo ** about Bees and Agriculture i" and 
laftly, a book of ^* Genealogies,*' of which he him&lf has made 
mention in the only utidoubted work of his remaining; that is, ia 
his ** Poeticoa Allronomicon, de mundi ic fphaerae ac utriufqu* 
partiumdeclaratione, iibrisquatuor, ad M« Fabium confcriptum.^ 
The firft book treats of the world and of the do^rin^ of the 
fphere ; the fecond of the Ggns in the zodiac ; the third gives a 
defcription and hiftory of the conftellations ; and the fourth 
treats of feveral things relating to the planets. Here, while 
Hyginus defcribes the confteilations in the heavens, and notes 
the flars which bdong to each, he takes occaiion to explain the 
fables of the poets from which the confteilations were fuppbfed 
originally to have taken their rife and name ; and hence his 
WiMrk fisems to have been called ^* Po'eticon Aftronomicon.** 
It has come down to us, however, very tmperfed ; and all that 
part of it, which, as he tells us, treated of the month, the 

irear and the reafons of intercalating the months, is entirely 
oft. To this is joined a book of fables, in which the heathen 
'mythology is reduced into a compendium : but this is imperfe£l^ 
and fufpefted to be fpiirious. The beft edition of thefe. 
books is that which Munker publiftied, together with fome 
other pieces of antiquity upon the fame or a fimilar fubjec^, 
under the title of " Mythographi Latini, Amft. 1681," 2 vols. 
8vo, '^The third book of the Aftronomics, is adorned and illuf* 
trated with feveral copper-plates of the confteilations elegantly 
engraved, which Grotius had publiftied from the Sufian MS* 
but which, Scheiter tells us, he had omitted in his edition, of 
1674, becaufe he knew thofe ancient delineations to be very 
erroneous, and very ill done. 

HYPATIA, a moft beautiful, virtuous, and learned lady o^ 
antiquity, was the daughter of Theon, who governed tlie Pla- 
tonic fchool at Alexandria, the place of her birth and education, in 
the latter part of the fourth century. 1 heon was famous among 

[r] De Hift. Lat p. 103. L« B. 1651. [c] Lib. L c; 13, 

his 



35* HYI^ATIA. 

ftis coDtetnporaries for his extenfive knowlectee and learning $ 
but what has chiefly rendered him fo with pofterity» is, that he 
was the father of liypatia, whom, encouraged by her prodigious 

{emus, he educated not only in all the qualifications belonging to 
cr fex, but Ukewife in the moft abftrufe fciences. She niade 
an amazing progrefs in every branch of learning, and the things 
that are faid of her almofl furpafs belief. Socrates^ the eccteu- 
afticat hiflorian, is a witnefs whofe veracity cannot be doubted, 
at ieaft when he fpeaks in favour of an heathen philofopher ; 
and he tells us |_h], that Hypatia " arrived at fuch a pitch of 
learning, as very far to exceed all the *philofophers of her time :** 
to which Nicephorus adds, ** thofc of other times [i].** Phi- 
lofior^us, a third hiftorian of the fame {lamp, affirn[>s, that 
•* Ihe was much fuperior to her father and mafter Theon, in 
what regards aftronomy [k]:*' and Suidas, who mentions two 
|KX)ks of her writing, one f* on the Aftronomical Canon of 
Diophantus, and another on the Conies of Apollonius," avers, 
that ** fhe not only exceeded her father in aftronomy, but alfo 
that flie underftood all the other parts of philofophy [l]." But 
our notions of Hvpatia will be prodigioufly heightened, when 
We condder her fucceeding her father, as (be a^ually did, in 
the government Of the Alexandrian fchool : teaching out of that 
chair, wh^e Ammouius, Hierocles, and many great and cele- 
brated philofophers had taught ; and this alfo at a time, when 
men of immenfe learning abounded both at Alexandria, and in 
many other parts of the Roman empire. Her fame was fo ex- 
tenfive, and her worth fo univerfally acknowledged, that we 
cannot wonder, if fhe had a crouded auditory. *^ She explained 
to her hearers," fays Socrates, "the feveral fciences, that go 
under the general name of philofophy ; for which reafbn there . 
tvas a confluence to her, from all parts, of thofe who made phi- 
lofophy their delight and ftudy." One cannot reprefentto him- 
felf without pleafure the flower of all the youth in Europe, 
ACa, and Africa j fitting at the feet of a very beautiful lady, for 
fcch we are afliired Hypatia was, all greedily fwallowing in- 
firudion from her mouth, and many of them doubtlefs love 
from her eyes : though we are not fure that (he ever liftened to 
any folicitations, fince Suidas, who talks of her marriage with 
Ifidorus, yet relates at the fame time, that (he died a maid. 

Her fcholars were as eminent as they were numerous : one of 
whom was the celebrated Synefius, who was afterwards bifliop 
of Ptolemais. This ancient Chriftian Platonift every where 
bears the ftroneeftj as well as the moft grateful teftimony to the 
learning and virtue of his inftrudrefs j and never mentions her 

ftr} lib; vu«. c 15* £x] Ub. xlr. c 14. {x] lib. vUL c. 9. 

£i.j TjiTwmiuu 

!Without 



HYPATIA. 353 

%»IthdLit Ihc profouhdefl: reQ)e<a, ahd fometirae'S in terms of af* 
feftion coming little fliort of adoration. In a letter to his bro- 
ther Euoptiusj " Sahite," fays he, " the moft honoured ftnd 
the moft beloved of God, the Philosopher \ and that hapffy 
fociety, which enjoys the blefling ** of her diviiie voice [mJ;** 
tn another^ he n>entions one Egyptus, who " fucked in the 
feeds of wifdom from Hypatia [nJ." In another^ he cxpreflGbs 
himfelfthus: " I fuppofe thefe letters will be delivered by Peter,, 
ivhich he vi^'ill receive from that facred hand [o]." In a lettei* 
addreffed to herfelf, hedefires her to dired a hydrofcope to be 
made and bought for him, which he thefe defcribes. That fa- 
mous filver Aftrolabe, which he prefented"^ to Peonius, a matt 
equally excelling in philofophy and arms, he owns to have been 
perfeaed by the direftions of Hypatia [p]. In a long epiftle, 
he acquaints her with his reafons for writmg twobookis, which 
he fends her ; and aflcs her judgement of one, refolving not to 
publifli it wit^^out her approbation [qJ. 

But it was not Synefius only, and the difcipks of the Alex- 
andrian fchool, who admired Hypatia for her great virtue arid 
learning: never woman was more careffed by the public, and 
yet never woman had a more unfpotted character. She was held 
as an oracle for her wifdom, which made her confulted by the 
magiftrates in all important cafes ; and this frequently drew her 
among the greateft concourfe of men, without the leaft cenfure 
of her manners. ** On account of ihe confidence and autho- 
rity," fays Socrates, ** which fhe had acquired by her learning, 
(he fometimes came to the judges with fmgular modefty. Nor 
was fhe any thing abaflied to appear thus^rriong a crowd of men ; 
for all perfons, by reafon of her extraordinary difcretion, did at 
the fame, time both reverence and admire her/' The fame is 
confirmed by Nicephorps, and the other authors; whom we have 
already cited. Damafcius and Suidas relate, that the governors 
and n;iagiftrates of Alexandria regularly vifited her, and paid their 
court to her [r] ; and, to fay all in a word, when Nicephorus 
intended to pafs the higheft compliment on the princefs Eudocia, 
h^ thought he could not do it better, than by calling her *• ano* 
ther Hypatia [s][." 

While Hypatia thus reigned the brighteft ornament of Alex- 
andria, Oreftcs was governor of the fame place for the emperor 
Theodofius, and Cyril bifhop or patriarch. Oreftes, having * 
had a liberal education, could not but admire Hypatia, and, as 
a wife governor, frequently confulted her. This created an in- 
timacy between them that was highly difpleafing to Cyril, whp 



I'm] Epift, 



JV, [n] Ibid, cxxxv. . [o] Ibid. cxxXii, [t] Ad P«Oik 

div. [*] Apud Pho» [•] Lib. viii, c, 5* , 

Vol. VIII. A a bad 



354 HYPATIA. 

hkd a great afeHion to Oieftes : whioh intimacfi at it is fyp» 

Cyfedy had like to have proved fatal to Oreftes, as we may ooE^* 
a from the following account of Socrates. «« Certain of the 
Mori/ks»" fays he, '* hving in the Nitrian mountains, leaving 
their monafterics to the number of about five hundred, flocked 
to the city, and fpied the governor going abroad in his chariot : 
whereupon approaching, they called him by the names of Sa- 
crificer and Heathen, ufmg many other fcandalous expreflions. 
The governor, fufpeding that this was a trick played biro by 
Cyril, cried out that he was a Chriftian ; anJ that he had been 
-baptized at Conftanttn<^ler by biihop Atticus. But the Monks giv- 
ing no heed to what he fain, one of them, called Ammonius, 
threw a (lone at Oreftes, which ftruck him on the head ; and 
being all covered with blood from his wounds, his guards, a few 
excepted, fled, fome one way and fome another, hiding them^ 
fclves in the crowd, left they fliould be ftoned to de^th. In the 
mean while, the people of Alexandria Han to defend their go- 
vernor a^ainft the Monks, and putting the reft to flight, brought 
Ammonius, whom they apprehended, to Oreftes ; who, as the 
laws prefcribed, ^ut him publicly to the torture,, and fackcd 
him till he expired [t]." 

But though Oreftes had the luck to etcape with his life, Hy- 
patia afterwards fell a facrifice. This lady, as we have obferv- 
cd, was profoundly reffk&ed by Oreftes, who much frequented 
and con (lilted her: ^* for which rcafon," feys Socrates, •< flic 
was not a little traduced amon^ the Chriftian multitude, as if 
flie obftruded a reconciliation between Cyril and Oreftes. This 
occafioned certain hot- brained men, headed by one Peter a iec*- 
iurer, to enter into a confpiracy againft her; who waichiug an 
opportunity, when flie was returning home from fome place, 
ffrft dragged her out of her chair ; then hurried her to the church 
called Cxfar^s ; and then, ftripping her naked, killed her with 
tiles. After this, they tore her to pieces ; and, carrying her 
limbs to a pl^ce called Cinaron, there burnt them to aflies*" 
Cave endeavours to tismove the imputation of this horrid mur^ 
dtr from Cyril, thiokitig him too honeft a man to have had 2ipj 
hand in it ; and lays it upon the Alexandrian mob rn general, 
whom hejcairs •* teviflimum hominum genus," " a very trifling 
inconftant peopte/' fiut though Cyril ftiould be allowed to 
liavebeen neither the perpetrator, nor even the contriver of it, 
yet it is much to be fiifpeded, that he did not difoountefiance it 
in the manner he ought to have done: which fufpicion muft 
be greatly confirmed by refl^^ing, that he was fo far from 
blaming mc outrage committed by the Nitrian Monks upon the 

[t] Lib. Yu. c. 14. 

governor 



^mttdvdtifOis, thitt*'%t dld^^s fed«Ved ftpi dead fej^y 
Hf Aimitbnitw, >h6m ©nlftes Ii» ptmifllW •wfrii ^he.iad^; 
^Wde « pan^grric irpt)h hitn, m ffie- churi* ^htift he ^Vfe lift!, 
jh iVHth Re ejctdlfed his courage ^ttH ewft^ncy, .^s brre that Md 
tcomended for the truth; arfd, chahgirtg his tiimfe to ITt^j^- 
Tiiis, or th^ AdmiriWe, drdetad him to Be ctinfldered a^ at trttr- 
lyr. However, continues Socrates, thb-\Hfer fb^t of GhrHHiahs 
did hot approve the fe^alj which Gyril ffieit^ ,<^n thi^ ^H^*s 
behalf;, being convinced, that Ammoriius hid joftly fiifRrcd %r 
bis defperaie attempt [ul." We learn from the fame hiftorian, 
that the death of Hypatia happened in March, in the loth year 
of Honorius's, and the 6th of Theodofius's, confulfliip ; that 
is, about A. D. 415, 

HYPERIDES, an Athenian Orator, difcipic of Plato and 
Ifocratcs, flouriflied about 335 years before the Chriftian -^ra. 
He was a fincere patriot, and fo ftrenuous a lover of juftice and 
liberty, that he did not hefitate to accufe his friend pemofthenes 
of receiving money from Harpalus, and aSually drove him into 
banifhment. They were - afterwards reconciled, and periflied 
about the fame time. When the Athenians were beaten at 
Cranon, he was dragged out of the temple of Ceres, and deli- 
vered up to Antipater. He died about 3^2. He publifhed many 
of his orations, of which one only is extant> and that in fome 
degree dubious. It ftands the 17th among thofe of Deragft- 
henes. There are alfo fome fragments. His ftyle of eloquence 
has been variotjfly eftimated by the critics of his own country, 

HYPSICLES, of Alexandria, a difciple of Ifidorus, flou- 
riflied under M. Aurelius, and Lucius Verus. He has been 
fuppofed to be the author of a certain work called^ *^ Anapho- 
ricus," or a book of afcenfions, which was written in oppofitioa 
to the doSrines of fome aftronomer. It was publi(hed in Greek, 
with the Latin verfion of Mentelius, and in conjundlion with 
the Optics of Heliodorus, at Paris in 1680, 4to. Voflius, ia 
his book de Scientiis Mathematicis, has erroneoufly fuppofed 
him to have lived at a much earlier period. 

HYRCANUS (John), high prieft and foverei^ of the Jews? 
fucceeded his father S^imqn Maccabxus, whohad been treacheroufl/ 
killed by his fon-in-law Ptolemy. This traitor, having beeii 
•gained over by Antiochus Sidetes king of Syria, was defirous of 
deftroying his brother-in-law Hyrcanus after he had murdered 
his father-in-law, but John caufed the aflaflins to be taken up 
^nd. put to death. Ptolemy then perfiiling in his perfidy, in* 
vited Antiochus int^ Judea, and Hyrcanus was fliut up in Jeru- 
UMa^ and. befieged there by him* After a long and obftmatt 

♦ 

- A a a fiefCi 



35* HTRCANUS. 

&g9, durlbg which Antiochut (hewed fomc extraordinary marks 

of generofity to the befiq^, a peace was concluded. The 

conditions were, that the Jews ihould give up to him their arms, 

' and the tribute they received from Joppa, and other towns not 

Iroperly within their territor]^. — ^After the deatji of Antiochus, 
[yrcanus took the opportunity of avenging his country. He 
took feveral towns in Judea, fubdued the Idumseans, feized Sa- 
maria, and demoliibed the temple of Gerizim. He died io6 
years before Chrift 



JAAPHAR 



J A B L n;s k I. isjs. 



h 

TAAPHAR EBN TOPHAIL, an Arabian philofopher, was 
I contemporary with Averroes, who died aboiit thcycar 1 198. 
Re compofed a philofophical romance, entitled, '* The Life or 
Hiftory of Hai Ebn Yokdhan :" in which he endeavours to de- 
monftrate, how a man may, by the mere light of nature, attain 
the knowledge of things natural and fupernatural ; more parti- 
cularly the knowledge of God, and the affairs of another life* 
He lived in Spain, as appears from one or twapaflages in this 
work. He wrote fome other pieces, which are not come to our 
hands ; but, that this was well received in the Eaft, appears from 
its having been tranflated by R. Mofes Narbonenfis, into He- 
brew, and illuftrated with a large commentary* It was pub* 
lifhed in 167 1, with an accurate Latin veriion, by Mr. Edward , 
Pococke, fon of Dr. Pococke, profeflbr of the Oriental lan« 
guages at Oxford; and, in 1708, an Engliih tranflation of it 
from the Arabic was given by Simon Ockley, foon after Arabic 
profeiTor at Cambridge* See article OCKLEY. 

JABLONSKI (Daniel-Eiinest), a learned Poli(h Protcf. 
tant divine, wasborn Nov* 20, x66o, at Dantzick, and had the 
iirft part of his education in Germany ; after which he travelled 
into Holland, and thence crofled the water to England, for fur* 
ther improvement in his ftudies. Thus accompli (hed, he ber 
came fucceflively miniAer, of Magdebourg, Lifla, Koningfberg, . 
and Berlin, and was at length eccleiiaftical counfellor and pre* 
fident of the fociety of fciences in this lad city. His zeal 
againft infidelity, both in the Atheifts and Deifts, (hewed itfelf 
on all occafions ; and he took a deal of pains to effcA an union 
betwixt the Lutherans and Calvinifts, but to no purpofe. The 
truth is, confidering the rooted prejudices on each fide, fuch a 
coalition like that between the church of England and the Dif- 
fenters, is rather to be wiflied .than expeded. Mr. Jablonfki 
died in May, 1741. 

There is a Latin tranflation by him of " Bentley's Sermons : 
at Boyle's Ledures [a] ;'* there are alfo feveral Latin " Differ- 
tations upon the Land of Geffen;" " Meditationes de divini 
arigine fcripturae faerie ;" alfo a piece entitled, *^ Thorn afiligee,** 
faooEiilies, and £c»iie other works in good efteem* 

[a] Diaion. Foctat; 

Aas JABLON- 



.J:4^Q^$f^ff 



JABLONSKI (Theopoie), counfdlor of the coort of 
Pruffia, and fecretary of the Royal Society of Sciences at Berlin, 
was alfo a perfon ot diftinguiflied merit. He was a man of the 
moft exad probity and a Arifk piety, united to a fweetnefs of 
temper, a polite urbanity, and an inclination to oblige all that 
applied to him. He loved the fciences, and did them honour^ 
without that ambition which is generally feen in men of learn- 
ing. It was owing to this modedy that he did not put his name 
t« the, gtaata: mnt ^ hi^ worvs; the ehirf ot whicli m^ . 
'*. Di^ftioM^fe Fkafi(«ifirAU«intBd U Allemaad- Francois," 
mioied in. 17^1^ ^* A Comk of Mctality in the Gmaan: 
Toogije^ 1713 ;" DiAionaiveUniverfel des Arts & dec Science 
i^fti ;'' a-traaflation ibIq High Dulcb of '< Tacitus de moiilwiir 
Gernaaaoruin," W|ib requurks, 1724* 

. JABU)NSKI (PAUL-fiRNEST), the fon of I>anieUEme|k, 
abovermefiftioiied> was a lyuive of BerUn, a Proteftant d«vine» 
aod a pT^Mht of theology at Fnmkfort on the Oder, as. well 
aapaftoffthere^ He was born in 1693, and in I7i4piiblt(hed 
a.bamei diiTeftttim entitled^ ** Difquifitio de Lingua Lyca- 
onka^*' a<l A&. Apoft. xtv« 11. It appealed at Berlin in cjparto, 
A.great expedUtioa of his talenis. was excited by this pvMicaf> 
tiflii^. which he fully juftiited in his fubiequent life. He puli« 
liiheiaUo, 2. ^* De Menuujiie Q-aaeonim, 1753, .Frankfort^ 
1753. 2% ^< Inftitutioine^ Uiifairiia. £cclffiaAics," ,in 2 vols. 
8vo. But his mofti learned and impiestant woak was, 4. <^ Baov 
thoon. iEgy|ih)roBft; five 4^ Diis oDnxni Commemaiius^ cuien 
ftrtrgflsnems de ndtgione & theptqgia Sgyptiofum,*' in tksca 
vdbmea, 8vo^ puUiihcd; at Cyonhftit in 17501, aod 1751K; It 
ss^book of ginat and* eMeiifisro eradittoQ« }MonM died in. 

1757- 

JAC£TIU8 (Fjlamcis db CATjkNBra), an balbn writei^ 
was. ))ornat>Floranae» in 146^, aad wa$ the diicifile of Mar^ 
£)k» FJctnuSi under whqm he ibdned. the: Platonic pdsileibpb]^^ 
afid became a gceat maftor ofi it. He was aifo a. goodi oratory 
aad fucceediog FicIbus in bis^profeffiyrlhipi held ittHl his death» 
tdiidi happenad in 1$^^%, There iseictahtby him^. ^f A Tiisa» 
tife oft Beauty," and anothsr of ^' Love," accoi^diiig to thodoAnne 
of PlatD, hefides federal others,, wluoh wesc;^ prjiii«}itogetkar 
ati&ifil in 1JJ63. " .' 

J ACK30N fTHOMAs), a learned Englifh divinri was;boni*. 
a^'Wiibwif^, in thrbtfiiApric^ of DttirhiMO, £57)9 {JB^« Mstiy 
ci his celatiofia. beting memmbts^ifi Bjfe^K^oaftk^ ho walb de%Bedi: 
ta haue boen- fared in. that >rhe ; iuit'his^a^oat ioclfatation'^o loamN^ 
lAg b^ii^ofafeKvcd, hrwarftizt te Qtcfhiil) afid: acbnittfedi 1919 
Queep^B-colle^ in 1^9$,. hixt rek^OMid' toiC«Ma»fih|ttt. dNf2 



year 



JACKSON. 35f 

wg aftar. He «5ok his^ degrees in arts at the flatfed tiands ; and 
May lo, 1606, became probationer-fellow, being then well4 

grounded in arithnneticy granimar, philology, geometry, rha-* 
foric, logic, philofophy, the Orieiital languages, hiftory, &Ct 
i»ith an infigbt into heraldry and hieroglyphics. Bot he made 

ail his knowledge fubfervient to the ftui^ of divinity, to which 
he applied with great vigour, and became fo diilingui{hed in it> 
that he not only read a divinity-lediufe in his college every 
Sunday morning, but another on the week-day at Pembroko? 
college (then newly founded) at the requcft of the mafter and 
^Uows. He was alfo chofen vice^prefident of his collega 
for many years fuc<:^ffivcly, hy vi/tue of which office he mod^* 
lated at the divinity difputations, with remarkable learning, aod 
no lefs candour aqd mgdefty. He commeaced D. D. in 162ft, 
and quitted the college two years afterwards, being preferred to 
a living in his native country, andjboa after to the vicarage of 
Newcaftle. In that large and laborious cure, he performed ail 
the duties of an excellent parifh-prieA, and was particularly ad- 
mired for his difgourfes from the pulpit. At this time he was 
a rigid Calvinift, and' was firft convinced of ^he errors of abfo* 
Jute pre4eftination by Dr. Richard" Neile, bi(bop of Durtiam, 
yi/^ho took him for his chaplain, add joined with Dr. Laud in 
bringing him back to his college, where he was eleded prefi* 
'dent by their intereft, in i^p. Upon this promotion he re- 
figned the vicavage of Nei^c^le; and^ in 1035, was collated 
to a prebend of Wincheft^r, having been made king's chaplain 
fome time before* Dr. Tpweirs bemg advanced to the biffaoprio • 
of Peterborough, Dr. Jackfon fucceeded him in the deanery in 
1638; but he did not enjc^ this' disnity quite two ]^ar^, beiog 
taken from it by death, in 1640. fie was interred in the innet 
chapel of Corpus*Chrf{li»college. He was a man of a blame-* 
le& life^ ftudiottsy humble, courteous, and rems^-kably chari* 

. table, pious, exemplary in his private and publkr coriverfatton | 
£0 that be was refpe^t^ and beloved by the moil confiderable 
perfons in the iiation v and indeed the greateft elleem was n0 
more than his due, on account of his learning, for he was well 
ikiHed in all the learned languages, arts, fciences, and phyfics« 
As an inftance of his charitable difpofition, we are told, .that 
while he was vicar of Newcaftle, whenever he went out, hn 
ufually Rave what money he had about him to the poor, who at 
length io flocked about him, tbatlus fervant took care he f^ouH 
AOt have too much in his godcet. Dr. Jackfon was profoundly 
lead in the £athefs» and eiidued virith an uncofnmon depth of 
jiidgiKment, wbi^fa, however cftd not clear him from fome of the; 
received errpts of the tioies. His works are very numerous [c Jy 

[c] Li& of Dr» j96kftiA p«fi«ilH» lu^ nmkn k; 1^53. 

Aa4 printed 



360 JACKSON, 

printed at diferent times, but were all collefied andpuMifhecf 
in 1672 and 1673, in three volumes, folio, confifting chiefly o€ 
fcrmons, befides his " Commentaries on the Apoftles* Creed,'* 
which are his principal work. His writings were much admired 
and lludied by the late bifhop Home, in the account of whofe 
life his merits are thus difplayed by the biographer. " Dr. Jack- 
fon is a magazine of theological knowledge, every tvhere penned 
with great elegance and dignity, fo that his ftyle is a pattern of 

CrfeSion. His writings, once thought incttimable by every 
dy but the ^alvinifts, had been greatly- negleScd, and would 
probably, hav^ continued fo, but for the praifes beftowed upori 
them by the celebrated Mr. Merrick, oT Trinity-College, Ox- 
ford, who brought them once more into repute with many 
learned readers. The early cxtraSs of Mr. Home, which are 
now remaining, fliew how much information he derived from 
this exceUcnt writer, who deferves to be numbered with the 
Englifh fathers of the church [d]." 

JACKSON (John), an Englifli divine [b], fon of the Rev. 
John Jackfon, firft reSor of Lenfey, afterwards reftor of Rof^* 
fington, and vicar of Doncafter in Yorkfliire; was born at 
Lcnfey, Aprii 4, 1686. He was educated at Doncafter-fchool 
under the fapous Dr. Bland ; who jvas afterwards head mafter 
of Eton-fchool, <lean of Durham, and from 1732 to 1746 
provoft of Eton-collcge. In 1702^ he was admitted of Jefus- 
college, Cambridge ; and, after taking the degree of B. A. at 
the ufual period, left jthe univerfity in 1707. During his refi. 
dence there, he learned Hebrew under Simon Ockley, the cele- 
brated Orientalift ; but never made any great proficiency. In 
^ 1708, he entered into deacpn's orders, and into prieft's two 
years after; when he took pofleffion of the feftory of Roffing- 
ton, which had been referved for him from' the death of his 
father by the corporation of Doncafter [f]. That politic body, 
however, fold the next turn of this living for 800I. and with the 
tnoney paved the long ftreet of their town, which forms part of 
the great northern road. In 171a, he married EKzabeth, daugh- 
ter of John Cowley, coUeftor of excife at Doncafter^ and, foon 
after, went \o refide at Roflington. ? •• ■ 

' In 1714, he coihniienced author, by publifhing three anony- 
mous letters, in defence of Dr. S. Clarke's " Scripture-DoSrine 
©f the Trinity,\' with whom he foon after became perfonally 
acquainted; and nine treatifes by Jackfon on this controverfy, 
frotli J716 toT738, areenuifaeratcdin the fiipplementary volume 
of the ^* Biogr^hia' Britannica*" In 1718, he offered himfelf 
at Cambridge' for* the degree of M. A* but was refufed on ac- 

{d1 Jones's Life of bi/hop Home, p. 75. [e] Life of Jackfon, 1764, 8v«i 

yj Anecdotes of Bowjfcr, i>jr NiciK4s, p. 2»6. . ': ... ; * 

count 



JACKSON, . 3€i 

fotmt of his heretical principles. Upon his return, he received 
a confolatory letter from Dr. Clarke, who alfo procnredforhim 
fte confraterfhip of Wigfton's hofpital in Leicefter ; a place which 
Js held by patent for life from the chancellor of the dutchy df 
I^ancafter, and was particularly acceptable to Jackfon, as it 
requires no fubfcription to any articles of religion. To this he 
was prefented, in 1719, by lord Lechmere, in whofe gift it 
was then, as chancellor of the dutchy of Lancafter, and frora 
whom Dr. Clarke had the year before received the mafterihip of 
that hofpital. He now removed from Roflington to Leicefter; 
where, between politics (Leicefter being a great party-town) 
and religion, he was engaged in almoft. continual war: and, to 
fay the truth, his fpirit was not averfe froni litigation. In May, 
1720, he qualified himfelf for afternoon-preacher at St. Mar- 
tin's church in Leicefter, as confrater ; and, in the two follow* 
ing years, fcveral prfcfentraents were lodged againft him in the 
bifhop's and alfo in the archdeacon's court, for preaching here* 
tical doSrines ; but he exerted all his fpirit, and vindicated him* 
felf fo ftrenuoufly, as to defeat the profecutions. Yet, after the 
" Cafp of the Arian Subfcriptipn" was publiflied by Dr. Wa- 
terland, he refolved, with Dr. Clarke, never to fubfcribe the 
articles any more. By this he loft, about 1724, the hopes of e 
prebend- of Salifljury, which biftiop Hoadly r.efufed to give hini 
without fuch fubfcription. " The bifhop's denial," fays my 
author, ** was the more remarkable, "as he had fo often intimated 
his own dillike of all fuch fubfcriptions :" Jackfon, however, 
had been prefented before by fir John Fryer to the private pre* 
bend of Wherwell in Hampfliire, where no fuch qualification 
was required. 

On the death of Dr. Clarke, in May, 1729, he fucceeded, 
by the prefentation of the duke of' Rutland, then chancellor of 
the dutchy of Lancafter, to the mafterfliip of Wigfton's hof- 
pital, which fituation he preferved to his death. The year be- 
fore, 1728, he had publiftied, in 8vo, " Novatiani Opera, ad 
antiquiores editiones caftigata, & a multis mendis expurgata t** 
and now, intent upon books, and perhaps the more fo by being 
incapable of rifing to preferment, he continued from time to time 
to fend out various publications. In 1730, ** A Defence of 
Human Liberty, againft Cato's Letters;" and, in the fecondedt* 
tion, ** A Supplement againft Anthony Collins, efq; upon the fame 
Subjedl." In 1730 and 1731, " Four TraSs in Defence of 
Human Reafop, occafioned by bifliop Gibfon's fecond Paftoral 
Letter." In 1731, a piece againft '* Tindal's Chriftianity as 
eld as the Creation;" in 1733, another by way of anfwer td 
Browne biihop of Corke's book, entitled, " Things Divine 
and Supernatural, conceived by Analogy with Things Natural 
and Human V in 1734, ** The Exiftence and Unity of (Sod, 
• &c»" 



^ JIACKSOI^. 

Ibc.'* which led him into 9 conferaverfy wlA L»vr» amd at&eis 
vritera; and, in I735» '* A Diflertattoaoi} Matter and Spirit,'^ 
"with remarks on Baxter's ^* Itfuiity. into the Mature of th« 
hjuman Soul." In 1736, he publiAed '< A Narrative of his 
hciog refiuied the Saerainent of die Lord's Sumer at Bath i** 
this had been done in a very public manner by Dr. Coney, an4 
was the fecond aiFront of that kind he had experienced ; for, in 
1.730, he had been denied the ufe of the pulpit at St. Martia> 
in Leicefter, by the vicar, who fet the (acriftan at the bottom of 
the ftairs to redrain him from ^cending. Thofie attacks, howk. 
tver^ he repelled with vigour^ and vfually came off vidioriousy 
^ leaft unhurt. 

hf 1742, he had an epifiolary debate with his frieiid Williua 
Whifton, concerning the order and times of the high prieds. 
In 1744) he publiihed ** An Addrefs to the Deifts, &c." in 
anfwer to Morgan's '< Refurredion of Jefus couiidered by 9. 
^oral Philofopher ;" and> in 174c, entered the lift aga^nft 
Warburton, in " The Belief of a Uiture State proved to be a 
fundamental Article of the Religion of the Hebrews^ and held 
by the Philofophers, &c." two or three' polemic pieces with 
"Warburton were the confecpience of this. Hi^ next woik was, 
** Remark^ upon Middleton's Free Inquiry i|ito the Miraculous 
powers, &c." and, after this, he does not appear to have pub«* 
liibed any thing till 1752, except that^ in 1751, he communi«- 
^ted to Mr. John Gilbert Cooper, for the ufe 0^ his << Lite of 
Socrates,!' fome learned notes ; in which he contrived to avenge 
(imfelf upon his old antagpnift Warburton* At the fame time 
he expofed the young and incautious writer to the refentment of 
that veteran, who did not fail* to Ihew it in one of his notes 
upon Pope. In 1752, came out his laft and. capital work^ 
^' Chronological Antiquities," in 3 vols. 410, He afterwards 
made many coUedions and preparations for an edition of the 
^ew Teftacncnt in Greek, with Scholia in the fame langu^e ;. 
and would have inferted all tl^ various readings, had not th# 
growing infirmities of age prevented him* An account ixt the 
mateiials of this intended edition, with notes containing altera-^ 
tions, corredions, additions to his ^^ Chronology/' are inferted 
in an appendix to ** Memoirs" of him priiited in 1764, hy Dr« 
Sutton of Leicefter, 

He died May 12, 1763* By hk wife,, who died beferc* hin^^ 
h^ had twdve.childreii ; . but only four fuxvived him^ He was a 
f^an of great application and learnings hut not of parts orgp^ 
9ius< arifd totall]( devoid of tade. His knowledge ^oo was Qon^ 
$^ed to the precinds of Greek and Ls^tint for he kpew nothing 
of Qripntal languages, except a little Hebrew ; s^id of the mo« 
dern languages^ even the I^rench» w?s altogether ignorant, 
Tbpty^^ arfpirit fomewhat litigio|i6|>and not a little opinion* 

ated. 



JACOBS us. 361 

I aie4f he W4S* gpoi'-j^Xuxcdi hoTpitaUe, and chearfbl etto to 

' mirth; and, upQQ thp whole, eafy. complacent, and agreeable 

I Xq all who were conne&ed with or oependtent upon him. 

I 9 . JACOB (Ben Naphtah), a famous rabbi in the fifth cen* 

tucjv was one of the principal Maforets, and bred at the fchool 

I of Tiberias in Palcftine, with Ben Afer, another leading man^ 

of the fame fefl. The invention of the points in Hebrew, t» 

ferve for vowels, and of the accents^ to facilitate the reading of. 

that language, is afcribed to thefe two rabbies. This is faid to 

have been done in an affembly which the Jews held at Tiberias 

jii 436. This is the opinbn of Gerebrand and feveral other 

learned men, but it is not univerfally received [cj. 

JACOB (BsN Ha|Im), a rabbi of the O'xteenth century, 
wiio rendered himfelf famous by the colledion of the Mafora, 
K which was printed at Venice*ih 15^5 with the text of the Bible, 

the Chaldee paraphrafe, and the commentaries of fome rabbies 
upon Scripture. This edition of the Hebrew Bible, aod thofe 
which follow it with the great,and fmall Mafora compiled by 
this rabbi, are much efteemed by the Jews ; there being nothing 
before exaA or accurate upon the Mafora, which is properly s^ 
critique upon the books of the Bible in order to fettle the truo 
reading. In the preface to his great Mafora, he (hews the ufe- 
fulnefs of his work, and explains the keri and ketib, or the dif« 
ferent readii^s of the Hebrew text: he puts the various read-, 
ipgs in the margin, becaufe* there are juft doubts concerni rig the 
true reading; he ohfervcs alfo/ that the Talmudifli Jews do not 
always agree with the authors of the Mafora. Befides the va» 
lious readings coUeded by the Maforets, and put by this rabbi 
lici the margin of his ffible [h], he colleded others himfelf front 
I the MS. copies, which muft l>e carefully diilinguiihed from the 

Mafora* 
f, JACOBLflEUS (Oiiger), a profeffor of phyfic and philofo- 

. phy at Copenhagen, was born in July, 1650-iy at Arhufen ia 

the peniRlula of Jutland, where his father was biihop [i], who 
took all poflible care of his fon's educafioit; but dying m 167I9 
he was fent by his mother, the famous Jafper Bartnolin's daugh- 
ter, to the univerfity of Copenhagen, where he took the ufual 
degrees, and then travelled to the principal courts of Europe* 
In this tour he ran through France, Italy, Germany, Hungary, 
^gJUndy and the Netherlands. I^is view was to improve him* 
ielf i^ his pcofeffioo, and he omitted no o{^ortunity that oH^red* 
U|^on. hist- return, home in 1679, he received letters from his 
]fruic«^ apgpoiniiiiig him pi^ofeii&r of phyfic and philofopihy in, the 

Didton. P^rtit. hitvBf was alfo bUbop of Fdinen, and hie 

Slxnaii*8 Crit Did. gandhther firft pbytocian to Chri&ian FV. 

His great-grandfatherf Mr. Jfco- kin^ of Dqunark. 

capital 



3^4 JACOPONE. 

capital of his kingdom. " He entered upon thedifcharge of this 
poft in 1680, and performed the funSions of it with the higheft 
leputation ; fo that befides the honour conferred on him by the 
univcrfity, Chriftian V. king of Denmark, committed to him 
the charge of augmenting and putting into order that celebrated 
cabinet of curiofities which his predeceflbrs had begun ; and 
Frederic IV. in 1698, made him a counfellor in his court of 
juftkre. Thus loaded with honours, as well as beloved and re— 
Ibefled by his compatriots, he pafled his days in tranquillity, 
tiH an unforefeen ftroke deprived him for ever of his happineis* 
This was the lofs of his wife, Anne Marguerete^ daughter of 
Thomas Bartholin, who, after feventeen years of marriage, 
died in 1698, leaving him father ^of fix boys. The lofs threw 
lim into a melancholy which at length proved fatal. In vain 
ke fought for a remedv, by the advice of his friends, in a fecond 
marriage with Anne Tiftorph r thrs proved inefFeftual, his me- 
lancholy rncreafed, and, after languifliing under it near, three 
years, he died at the age of 51 [kJ. 

Hrs works are as follow: i. " De Ranis diflertatio, Roma^, 
1676." ;2. " Bartholomei Scalae equitis Florentini hiftoria 
Florentinorum, &c. Romas, 1677:" the famous Magliabeccht 
fcrnifhed him with thrs MS. from the Medicean library. 3. 
«* Oratro in obitum Tho. Bartholini, 1681.** 4. " Com pen- 
dimn inftitutionum medrcarum, Hafniar, 1684," 8vo. 5. •* De 
Ranis & Lacertis differtatio, 1686." 6. " Francifci Ariofti de 
oleo montis Zibinii, feu petroleo agri Mutinenfis, &c. 1690." 
f^ " Fanegyricus Chiiftiano Vto dtcSos, 169 1/* 8. " Gaudia 
Arftoi orbis ob thalamos auguftus Frederici & Ludovicas, 1691 .** 
9. '' Mufeum regium, five catalogus rernm, &c. quae in bafilica 
biWiotheca Chiiftiani V» Hafnias aflervantur, 1696/* He had 
a great talent for poetry, and corapofed feveral excellent poems 
upon various fubjeSs, fome of which have been publifhtd. He 
left the charafter of a good hufband, a good mafter, a good 
ikeighbour, and a good frjend. 

JACOPONE (da Todi], an ancient Italian poet, acontem- 
jorary and friend of Dante. His true name was Jacopo de 
Benedettiy and he was born at Todi of a noble family. Late in 
Kfe he became a widower, upon which he diftributed his wealth 
1K> the poor, and entered into the order of Minors^ where through 
kwmility, he remained always in the clafs of Servitors, [fonvers]. 
He died, at a very advanced age, in 1306; and the reputation 
tf fanfttty he had acquired procured him the title of The happy. 
He compofed facred Canticles, full of. fire, and zeal ; which 
arc ftill admired in Italy, notwithftanding their uncultivated 
ftylc, which abounds with barbarous words, frpm the Calabrian 

[k] Morcri. L'advocat 

^ Siciliani 



JiEGER. 365 

Sicilian, and Neapblitan dialefis. He wrote alTo^ fome poam 
of the fame ftamp in Latin, and was the author of the Stabdt 
Mater. The completeft edition of his Canticles is that of Ve- 
nice, printed in 1617, in quarto, with notes* 

JACQUELOT (Isaac), fon of a proteftant niinifter of 
Vafly, was born in 1647, and became colleague to his father at 
the age of twenty-one. After the revocation of the ediS of 
Nantz, he went to Heidelburg, ahd thence to the Hague, where 
,the king of Pruflia accidentally heard him preach, and intrae- 
dially took him to Berlin as his chaplain. He alfo fettled upoa 
him a confiderable penfion, which he enjoyed till his death, ia 
1708. Jacquelot, a virtuous and learned minifter, was author 
of feveral works abounding in flrong argument, but defe<2ivtt 
in method and precifion. I. " Diflertations on the Exiftence 
of God," in quarto, 1697, He argues here againft Epicurus 
and Spinofa, 2. Some controverfial trafts againft Bayle, 3. 
" Diflertations on the Mefliah," 8vo, 1699. 4. " A treatifc 
Km the infpiration of the facred books," 8vo. 1 7 15. 5. ** A 
Critique on Jurieu's Pi<fture of Socinianifm,** which involved 
the author in perfecution. 6. « Sermons," in two volumes^ 
l2mo. which, like his other works, abound with genius, faga- 
city, and learning, but want method. 7. " Letters to the bi* 
ihpps of France," the intention of which was to difpofe thera 
to behave with gentlenefs and moderation towards the Protef^ 
tants, as becomes men and chriftians, and particularly the fer- 
vants of the God of peace. 

JiEGER (John Wolfgang),- a Lutheran divine, was born 
at Stutgard, 1647, of a father who was counfellor of the dif* 
patches to the duke of Wirtemberg. After he had finifhed his ftu* 
dies, he was entrufted with the education of duke Eberhard IIL 
with whom he travelled into Italy in 1676, as preceptor. Thi$ 
charge being completed, he taught philofc/phy and divinity; 
and in 1698 was nominated a counfellor to the duke of Wir- 
temberg. The following year he became confiftorial counfellor 
and preacher to the cathedral of Stutgard, and fuperintendant- 
general and abbot of the raonaftery of Adelberg. At laft he 
was promoted in 1702 to the places of firft profeflor of divinity, 
chancellor of the univerfity, and provoft of the church of Tu« 
bingen. He died in 1720. We have a great number of works 
of his, the chief of which are [l], i. " Ecclefiaftical Hiftory 
. compared with Profane Hiftory." 2. " A Syftem or Compen- 
dium of Divinity." 3, " Several Pieces upon Myftic Divinity, 
in which he refutes Poiret, Penelon, &c." 4. " Obfervations 
upon Puffendorf and Grotius, de jure belli & pacis." 5. " A 
Treatife of Laws." 6. '< An Examination of the Life and 

[l] Dillon, PorUL '- 

Doflrine 



^66 J A G 04 

Doarim of Spindk.'* f . <« A Moid Hwdbgjr, &e«'' JOT 
lus works are in Latin. 

JAGO (Richard), an En|liih minor p<iet, waa kom O^^ 
fcer II, 1715. He was the thiid fon of Richanl Jago, re€tiar 
of Btaudefert near Henlejr, WarwtdL<hire, a gentleiHan of 
Coraiifa extradion. He was educated at the fchcol of a Mr* 
Crompton, at Solihul, in Warwickfliire, wh^re he formed ati. 
intimacy with Shenftone, which continued thnmi^out their lives. 
About 1732 he went, as a fervitor, to Univeriity College, Ox- 
ford, whdre Shenftone, then a commoner of Pembroke, conti>> 
iiued his friendlhip to htm, and introduced him to feveral of his 
friends. One of thele, Mr. Graves, author of the . Spiritual 
Quixote, &c. has animadverted with fome feverity, on the illi^ 
beral prejudice which obliged thefe friends to viflt Jag^o pri- 
vately, becaufe he was only in the rank of a fervitor. This pre*- 
C*' re is now much (bftened, and the fame circumfpe£tion wonkl 
ly be thought neceflary, in the cafe of a young man of merit. 
Mn Jago toe* orders in 1737, and the decree of Mafter of 
Arts in 1738. In 1744, he nmrried Dorothea Sofanna Fan«- 
court, daofihter of a clergyman in Leicefterlhire. The two fmM 
livings of Harbuty and Chefterton were given him by lord WiU 
loii^by de Broke, ^bont 1746, and at the fortMr he refided tiii 
1751, when he was unfortunately left a widower with feveral 
fmall childitin. In 1754, lord dlare, afterwards earl Nugent, 
procured for him from the bilhop of Worcefter, the vicarage of 
Snitterfield in Warwickfhire, worth about t46L a y^ar^ and 
here he lefided for the remainder of his life. He toc^k a fecond 
wife in the year 1759, who was a tiawghtcjr, of Mr. Underwtdd 
of fiodgely m Staffbrdfhire* In ail fituations he cdtitinudd t^ 
indulge his early |>ropeniity to poetry^ and dohrcifponddd with 
Shenftone, on the ftibjeft of their' literary putfiilts. 

His Elegy on the Blackbirds was publifhed in 1752, by Dr^ 
Hawkefworth in the Adventurer, and at firft attributed to Gilbert 
Weft. When it afterwards appeared in Dodfley's &A\c&]6n with 
the name of the real author, it is faid that a manager of the Bath 
theatre elaim^ it as his own ^ and affofed his friends that Jag^ 
was tnerely a (idltious name, which he hstd taken from the tta<- 
«Bdy of Othello. Hawfcefworth ptebaNy r6ceit^ the jJdtttti froift 
Weft, and certainly thought it his, as Df. JdhftfOfi obfetves^ 
btrt abundant eviden<% has fihce proved it to be the performanct 
of Jago. In 1771, lord Willoiighby d€ BttX^ pr6f^ht<rf hf» 
to the living of Kilmcote in Leicefteflbire, worth near 306^ a 
year, which had been held 'by the fathirr of his firft wife. Um 
then rlJfigned the vicarage of Harbury. 

In the lamr part of hii^life^ as infirmities €atlM updA Mtti, 
he feldom went far from homd ; but amufed himfelf in icn- 
proving his vicarage houfe, and tmtamenting his grounds, which 

wee 



JAMES^ 367 

were aftpreably filuotedy and had iMtiy natol'sa ibeauties* Aifier 
•a fboit tWtidk^ he died on the 8th of M^ i7S'iy in the)66th sysur 
of his agCy a»d was buried in a vauh whick he had n»ade.fanbis 
family at Snitterfield [m]. By ius irft Pfikj tie liad three fiMfty 
v^bo died before him, aiid.Tour daugfafieifi, three of whom wetc 
living in J 784. His iecond wife brou^ him no children. 

The other poems of Tago ivcre " Edgekill," a defcriptive 
poem in blank verfe, publilbed in 1767, by which his poetical 
reputation was moft exalted : *' Labour and Genius,'' a faUe^ 
iftfcribed io Shenftone, who is the fubjcfi of its panegyric : 
Some ^* Elegies, EcloguesV &c. His char^tdier appeftrs to have 
heen in all refpe£ls amiable and refpe6lable ; .particularly as de- 
ibribed by his friend and biographer Mr. Hylton [k]. Wich 
ftrangers he w»s rather referved, among his friends lively, eafy, 
and entertaining. As a poet he cannot take a very high cank ; 
ixat lias perhaps fufiicient merit to fecure hitn from oblivion. 

J aMBLICUS, the name of two celebrated Platonic philofii- 
^hors, one of whom was a native of Chalcis, and the other of 
Apsimea, in Syria. The firft, who is equalled by Julian the 
Apoftate to Plato himfelf, was a difciple of AnatoUus and Por- 
•phyry ; after which he became a teacher, and had a gceat mim-^ 
bet of difciples, who flocked to him, not (o much for his elo* 
quence, as for his probity and the good cheer which he gave 
'them. He began to '^row famous in the time of Diockftaiiy 
and died undbr the reign of Co^iflantine. The fecond Jambli* 
'Ciis flouriihed under Julian the Apoftate, who wrote feveral let^ 
ters to him, and feems to be the faaie man to whom Symmachtfs 
wrote, defiring to cultivate a friendfliip with him ; he is Cud 
to have been killed by poifon under the emperor Valens. It i& 
•not certain to which of thefe two we are to afcribe the wchtIqs 
that we have in Greek, under the name of Jamblicus, namelyy 
I. " The Hiftory of the Life and ScA of Pythagoras." 2. 
** An Exhortation to Philofophy." 3. A piece, under the nanub 
of Abamon, againft Porphyry's '* Letter upon the Egyptian 
Myfteries." 

There is alfo cited [o], a colledion of the dognata of Py*. 
thagoras by Jamblicus ; and Julian quotes a. piece of Jambliciw 
of Chalcis upon the fun, from which he bojM'ows a great paift gf 
his tpeatife upon the famte fubjeft. 

JAMES (Thomas), a learned Englifh critic and divine, wa& 
born about 157I9 at Newport in the Ifle of Wight ; and, being 
put to Winciiefter-fchool, became a fcholar uponuhe foundation^ 
and thence a fellow of New-college in Oxford, 1593. He cota^ 
menced M. A. in 1599 ; and the fame year, having coUa^ 

[m] Dr. Anderfon^s Life of Jag^o. Brit. Poets. Vol, XI. £n] Ufk prefixed 

tQ an Edition of his Poems. [o] Moreri* L*advocat. 

4 feveral 



36« JAMES. 

feveral MSS. of the Philobiblion of Richard of Durhaitfy he 
piiblifhed it in 4to at Oxford, with an appendix of the Oxfowd 
MSS. and dedicated it to Sir Thomas Bodley, apparently to re- 
commend himfelf to the place of librarian to him, when he 
ihould have completed his defign. Mean while James pro- 
ceeded with the fame fpirit topublifli a catalogue of all the MS5. 
in each college-library of both univcrfities, and in the compiling 
of it having free accefs to the MSS. at Oxford^ he perufcd 
them carefully; and, when he found any fociety carelefs of 
them, he borrowed and took away what he pleafed, and put thent 
into the public library. Thefe inftances of his tafte and turn to 
books effeftually procured him the defignation of the founder to 
be the firft keeper of the public library ; in which office he was 
confirmed by the univerfity in i6o2. He filled this pod with 
great applaufe ; and commencing D. D. in 1614, was promoted 
,to the fubdeanery of Wells by the bifhop of that fee. About the 
fame time, the Abp. of Canterbury alfo prefented him to the rec- 
tory of Mongeham in Kent, together with other fpiritual prefer- 
ments. Thefe favours were undeniably (Irong evidences of his 
diftinguiflied merit, being conferred upon him without any ap- 
plication on his part. In 1620, he was made a juftice of the 
peace ; and the lame year refigned the place of librarian, and 
applied himfelf more intenfely to- his fiudies. Of what kind 
thefe were, we learn thus from himfelf: '* I have of late," -fays 
he in a letter. May 23, 1624, to a friend, " given myfelf to the 
leading only of manufcripts, and in them I find fo many and 
fo pregnant teftimonies, either fully for our religion, or a^ainft 
the Papifts, that it is to be wondered at." In another Tetter 
to archbiftiop Uflier, the fame year, he aflures the primate he 
had reftored 300 citations and refcued them from corruptions, 
in thirty quires of paper [f]. He had before written to Uflier 
upon the fame fubjeS, Jan. 28, 1623, when having obferved 
that in Sixtus Sinenfis, Alphonfus de Caftro, and Antoninus's 
Summse, there were about 500 baftard brevities and about 1000 
places in the true authors which are corrupted, that he had dili- 
gently noted, and would (hortly vindicate them out of the MSS. 
being yet only conjedures of the learned, he proceeds to ac- 
quaint him, that he had gotten together the flower of the Englifli 
divines, who would voluntarily join with him in the featch. 
«* Some fruits of their labours," continues he, " if your lord* 
Ihip defires, I will fend up. , And might I be but fo happy as 
to have other 12 thus bedo wed, four in tranfcribing orthodox 
writers, whereof we have plenty that for the fubftantial points 
}yve maintained our' religion (40I. or 50I. would fervej j four 

[r] Thefe two letoert sure in the colle£Uoa at the end of Parr^a ^ Life of Uihcr,** 
aiunb/66 and 77. 

to 



"JAM ES. 



369 



to compare old prints with the new ; four other to cottipafe th« 
Greek tranflations by the Papifts, as Vedelius hath done with 
Ignatius, wherein he hath been fomewhat helped by my pains ) 
I would not doubt but to drive the Papifts out of all ftarting- 
holes. But alas! my lord, I have not encouragement from ouf 
bifhbps. Preferment I feek none at their Hands; only 40L or 
60I. per ann. for others is that I feek, which being gained, thcl 
caufe is gained, notwithftanding their brags in their late books.'* 
In the convocation held with the parliament at Oxford in 1625^ 
of whigh he was a member, he moved to have proper commif- 
fioners appointed to collate the MSS. of the fathers in all the 
libraries in England, with the Popifli editions, in order to deteft 
the forgeries in the latter. This projeft not meeting with 
the defired encouragement [oj, he was fo thoroughly perfustded 
of the great advantage it would be both to the Proteftant religion 
and to learning, that, arduous as the talk was, he fet about exe- 
cuting it himfelf. He had made a good progrefs in it, as ap- 
pears from his works, a catalogue of which may be feen below [r j | 

and 



[q^J We may fc/tm a probable conjec- 
ture of his plan, ^m a paflage Jn the 
juft cited letter to Uiher, where he ex- 
prefles himfelf thus : " Mr. Briggs will 
iktisfy you in this and fundry other pro- 
je^s of mine, if they mifcarry not for 
want of maintenance : it would deferve a 
prince's purfe. If I was in Germany, the 
ftate would defray all charges. Cannot 
our eftates fupply what is wanting? If 
every churchman that hath looK per 
annum and upwards, will lay down but 
18. for every hundred towards thefe public 
works, I will undertake the reprinting of 
tile fathers, and fetting forth of five or fix 
orthodox writers, comparing of books 
printed with printed or written ; collating 
of Popiih tranflations in Greek ; and ge- 
nerally whatfoever fliall concern books or 
the purity of them. I. will take upon me 
to be a magifter of S. Patalii in England, 
if 1 be thereunto lawfully required." 

[r] A lift of his publications, i. " Phi- 
lobiblion R. Dunelmenfis, i599,**4to. a. 
** Ecloga Oxonio-CanUbrigienfts, Lond. 
x6oo,*' 4to. 3. « Cyprianus Redivivus, 
&c." printed with the << ECloga.'* 4. 
*< Spicileglum divi Auguftini : hoc eft, 
libri de fide ad Pet. Diac^n collatio Sc 
caftigatio,*' printed alfowith the," Ecloga." 
5. ** Bellum papale feu concofdia difcors 
htxt. V. & Clemcntis VIII. circa Hlero- 
&ym. Edition. Lond. 1600," 4to, and 
1678, Svo. 6. ** Catalogus librorum in 

tliorheca Bodleiana, Oxf. 1605, 4to, 
rinted with many additions in 4to, 1620, 
Yoi. VIII. 



to which was added an appendix in T^$6 s 
in this catalogue is inferted that of all th« 
MSS. then in the Bodl. library. 7. « Con- 
cordantlae S. patrum, i. e. vera & pia li^ 
Canticorum per patres univerfos, &c. Oxf. 
l6o7j"4to. 8. << Apology for John Wick« 
liffe, &c. Oxf. 1608," 4to, to this ia 
added the « Life of John Wickliflfe.'* 9* 
** A Treatife of the Corruption of Scrip- 
tures, Councils, and Fathers, &c." Lond. 
161 1/* 4to, and 1688, 8vo ; this is reck'*> 
oiied his principal work. ' 10. '« Tht Je- 
fuits Downfall threatened— for their wick-* 
ed Lives, accurfed Manners, heretical Doc» 
trine, and more than Machiavilian Policy, 
Oxf. i6ia," 4to5 to this is added " The 
Life of Father Parfont, an EngUih Jcfuit.** 
II. ** Filius Papa papalis** ch. i. Lond* 
1611 ; tranflated from Latin intoEnglifh 
by Willia.m Crafhaw : the author's nam* 
is not put to it. xi. " Index generalis 
fanft. Patrum ad fingulos verfus cap. v. 
fecundum Matthaeum, &c. Lond. 1624,'* 
8vo. 13. *' Notae ad Georg. Wiccliuga. 
de methodo concordix eccleliaftics, &c. 
1695,** 8vo. -14. Vindicia! Gregorianse, 
feu reftitutus Gregorlus Magnus et MSS« 
&c. de Genevae, 1625." 15. <* Mariu- 
dudllon, or Introduftion unto Divinity, &c. 
Oxf 1645," 4to. 16. '« Humble and 
earneft Requeft to the Church of England, 
for and in the Behalf of Books touching 
Religion," in one iheet 8vo, 1625. 17. 
*• Exj^lanation or enlarging of the Ten Ar- 
ticles in his Supplication lately exhibited 
to the Clergy of tl^e Cbuixh of EngUnd, 
£ b Oxf. 



37« JAMES. 

ftnd no donbt would have proceeded much further toward comw 
pleting his defign, had not he been prevented by death. iThis 
happened in 1622* at Oxford. Wood informs us^ that he left 
befamd him the charader of being the moft induftrious- and in- 
defatigable writer againft the Papills, that had been educated lA 
Oxford flnce the Reformation j and in reality his defigns were 
fo great, andfo well known to be for the public benefit of learn- 
ing and the church of England, that Gamden^ fpeaking of hiiz» 
in his life-time, calls him << a teamed man and a true lover of 
ftooks^ wholly dedicated to learning ^ who is now laborioufl j 
fearchingthe libraries of England, and propofeth that* for th» 
pubKc good which will be for the great benefit of England." 

JAMES (Richard) [s], nephew of the preceding, was 
fcorn in the fame place, and entered of Exeter-college^ Oxford^ 
but being chofen fcholar of Corpus-Chrifli 1608, took his de» 
grees in artrs at the regular times, became probationer-fellow of 
his college in 1615, and entered into orders. About 1619, he 
travelled through Wales into Scotland ; and thence to Shetland, 
Greenland, and into Ruilia : on which country he wrote obfer- 
vations the fame year. He proceed B. D. in 1624, and not 
)of?g after affifled Selden, in compoiing his << Marmora Arunde- 
}iana," bublifhed in 1628. He was alio very ferviceable to Sir 
Robert Cotton and his fon Sir Thomas,, in difpofing and fettling^, 
their noble Hbrary : and with the former of thcfe (who was no frien© 
to the prerogative) he was committed clofe prifoner, by order of 
the hottfe oi lords, in 1629. During his confinement he com- 
pofed a copy of verfes in Englifh, which he prefixed afterward^ 
to a copy ot all the printed works of his own original compofi- 
tiop, bound in one volume, and prefented to the Bodleian library 
fome time before his death, which happened in 1638. Wood 
tells us, that he was eftcemed a perfon well verfed in mofl parl5 
of learning ; and particularly was a very good Greek fcholar, a' 
^oet, an excellent critic, antiquary, divine, and admirably well^ 
ikilled in the Saxon and Gothic languages. That rfbthing wasr 
wanting but a finecure or prebend, either of which, if conferred 
ispoi} h]>m, would have carried him through Herculean labours ;> 

Oxf. 1625,*^ 4to. rS. ** Specimen Cof- UtaewiCs tranflated, from French into Engw 

ruptelarumpontificioi'uminCypxianOyAm. lilh, ** The Moral Philofophy of the^ 

brofio, Greg. Magao, Sec, Lonck 1626%'* Stoics, Lond. I-59S,'* Svo: and puhliihedr 

79. '< Index libronim prohibttorum a pon- two fhort treatiiiet againft the order of beg-r 

tiAciis, ©xf, xSzjy** Svo. ao^ «' Admo- ging friars, written by WickliiFe ; with z 

nitio ad theologos proteftantes de libris boolft entitled^ '< Fifcut papalis, five ca« 

pontificiorum caute legendis,*' MS. zf. talogus indttl|^tlarttm, &c. Lond. 1617,^ 

^ Enchiridion theologieum,^* MS. >2. 4x0 : but fome were of opinion this book 

** Liber de iufpicionibus Se conjefti^ris,** was pubiiihed by William Craihaw, aU 

MS* The(e three Wood fays he faw in ready mentioned. ScTcral letters of oor 

the X^unbeth library, under D. 42, 3 « but author are in the appcndiS'to Par«'i ** Li& 

whether printed, fays he, I know not, per- of Uflier.?' 
Iiap9 the •( £nchiridiea.'* is. £)r- l?^mti [s] AUi- OxoBr 

ifiaUfir 



JAMB 3. 37r 

firtally, th^t he was of a far bietter judgement than his uncle ; 
and, had he lived to his age, would have furpafled him in pub* 
lifting books. His uncle himfelf, in a letter to Ufter, gives 
the following charafler of him : ** A kinflnan of mine is at this 
prefent, by nrty direflion, writing Becket*s life, wherein it ftall 
be plainly ftewed, both out of his own writings, and thofe of 
his time, that he was not, as he is efteemed, an arch-faint, but 
an arch-rebel ; and that the Papifts have been not a linle de- 
ceived by him. This kinfman of mine, as well as myfelf^ 
fliould be right glad to do any fervice to your lordftip.in this 
kind. He is of ftrength, and well both able and learned to ef- 
feftuate fomewhat in this kind, critically feen both in Hebrew^ 
Greek, and Latin, knowing well the languages both French^ 
Spanilh, and Italian, imincnfe and beyond all other men in read- 
ing of the MSS. of an extraordinary ftyle in penning; fuch a 
one as I dare balance with any prieft or Jefuit in the world, of 
his age, and fuch a. one as I could wift your lordftip had about 
you : but paupertas inimica bonis eft moribusy and both fatherlefs 
and motherlefs, and almoft (but for myfelf J I may fay (the more 
is pity] friendlefs." 

JAMES (Dr. Robert), an Englift phyfician istf great emi- 
nence, and particularly diftinguifted by the preparation of a 
Ijjoft excellent fever-powder, was born at'Kinverfton in StafFord- 
fliire,* A. D. 1703. His father was a major in the army, hi« 
mother a fifter of fir Robert Clarke- He was educated at St» 
John's-college in Oxford, where he took the degree of A. B. 
and afterwards pra£lifed phyfic fucceflively at Sheffield, Litch- 
field, and Birmingham. He then removed to London, and be* 
came a licentiate in the college of phyficians ; but, in what year, 
we cannot fay. At London, he' applied himfelf to writing as 
well aspraftifing phyfic ; and, in 1743, publifted a "'Medicinal 
Diftionary," 3 vols, folio. Soon after, he publifted an Englift 
tranflation, with a fupplement by himfelf, of " Ramazzini de 
iijorbis artificum ;" to which he alfo prefixed a piece of Frederic 
Hoffman upon " Endemial Diftempers," 8vo. In 1746, " The 
Prafticc of Phyfic," i:^ vols. 8vo; in 1760, •* On Canine Mad- 
ncfs,'* 8vo ; in 1764, " A Difpenfatory,*' 8yo. June 25, 1755, 
when the king was at Cambridge, James was admitted by man- 
.damus to the dodlorftip of phyfic. In 1778, were publifted 
" A Diflertation upon Fevers," and " A Vindication of the 
Fever-Powder," 8vo; with " A ftortTreatifeontheDiforders 
of Children,*' and a very good print of Dr. James. This was 
the 8th edition of the " Diflertation," of which the firft was 
printed in 1751 ; and the purpofe of it was, to fet forth the fuc- 
cefs of this powder, as well as to defcribe more particularly the 
manner of adminiftering it. The " Vindication" was pofthu* 
mons andunfinifted: iox\\Q died March 23, 1776, while he 
was employed upon it« The editor informs us, that ** it "is only 

hh % a part 



,57* JAMES- 

a part of a rtitfch lafger tra6t, which included a defcfice of hM 
6wn charader and condud in his profeffioo ; and was occafion-* 
cd/' he fays, *' by the violent and calumnious attacks of his 
brethren of the faculty/' . 

The aflFe6^ionate remembrance of Dr. James, by Johnfon in 
his Life of Smithy deferves to be preferved among the honour- 
able teflimonies to the charafter of the former, " At this man's 
table/* fays the biographer, fpcaking of Mr.Walmfley, " I enjoyed 
many chearful and inftrudiive hours, with companions fuch as 
are not often found ; with one who has lengthened, and one v^ha 
has gladdened life ; with Dr. James, whou: flcill in phyfic will 
be long remembered : and with David Garrick, whom I hoped 
to have gratified with this charaAer of our common friend : but 
what are the hopes of man f*' &c. It appears from the life rf 
Johnfon, that he had gained fome knowledge of phyfic from 
James, which he in return made ufeful to his friend, by aflifting 
him in his Medicinal Di6lionary. " My knowledge of phyfic, 
faid he, " I learnt from Dr. James, whom I helped in writing 
the prepofals for his dictionary, and alfo a little in the didionary 
itfelf." Bofwell adds, ** I have in vain endeavoured to find out 
what parts Johnfon wrote for Dr. James. Perhaps medical 
men may [tJ." There can be very little doubt, from the flylc 
of the addrefs, that Mr. Bofwell is right in afcribing the^ dedi- 
cation of that work entirely to the pen of Johnfon. The elegance 
and originality of the compliments in it fufficiently mark the hand 
of that great mafler. It may not be amifs to infert it here, as 
a model of dedicatory addrefs, highly honourable to Drr James 
if his own, and creditable even to have deferved from Johnfon.. 
"Sir, 

** That the Medicinal DiHionary is dedicated to you, is to 
fee' imputed only to your reputation for fuperior fkill \n thofe 
fciences, which I have endeavoured to explain and facilitate z 
and you nre therefore, to confider this addrefs, if it be agreeable < 
to you, as one of the rewards of merit ; and if otherwife, as 
one of the inconveniences of eminence. However, you fhall 
receive it, my defign cannot be difappointed ; becaufe this public 
appeal to your judgement will fhew, that I do not found my 
hopes of approbation upon the ignorance of my readers, and 
that I fear his cenfure leafl,. whofe knowledge is mod extenfive. 
I am. Sir, &c. 

R. James [u].**' 

The diSionary is, in efFefl:, confidered as a work highly 
honourable to the author, and retains its credit, unimpaired 
aftetj: the continued progrefs of medicine for feveral years.. 
Dr. Johnfon certainly held James in high efteem, and though 
he did not burft out into any paiSonate e^amation of gridf, 

[t] Uk of John&o,- V^l. VL 9. ^1^5, Sto. [v] Ibi<k VoL I. ^ t%%. 

OCJ 



JAMESj '373 

on reading of his death, (as his biographer relates), he doubts 
lefs felt confiderable regret, as appeared not only by his man*^ 
ncr of returning to the fubjefl: [x] ; 'but by his mention of 
him above-cited from the life of Smith. The regret which re- 
mains upon the mind after refleftion, is as fincere, if not as 
violent, as that which ihews itfelf at iirft in impatient lamenta*- 
lions. " No man,'* faid he, on fome occafion, " brings more 
mind to his profeffion than James ;" and undoubtedly no man 
was better able to judge of mind, than the perfon who pronounced 
that opinion. ' 

Dr. James was rough in his manners, and, if not very gene- 
rally mifreprefented, far from teipperate in his habits ; but ftrong 
fenfe ufually appeared in his coarfe expreilions, and no maq 
had more fagacity, when his head was clear, which* of a mora* 
ing was always the cafe. Several whimfical ftories, perhaps of no 
precife authwity, are told of his evening prefcriptions : and he 
is faid, in comparing his patient's pulfe with his own, fome- 
times'to have * confufed the two; and, finding that one was 
quickened by intemperance, to have bluntly accufed the patient, 
perhaps a delicate Lady, of being in liquor. But J^mes, 
whatever failings he might have, was without doubt an able 
and acute phyfician, and his didionary will remain a noble 
monument of his Ifnowledge. His perfon had not more deli- 
cacv than his manners^ being large and grofs. 

His fiver powder was for a long time violently oppofed by the 
focuhy, who, as the compofition was kept a fecret, confidered 
it as a noftrum, and refufed to prefcribe or countenance it. Th^ 
admirable effeSs experienced from it, forced it into general ufe^ 
and it is now confidered as the moil efficacious medicine for fevers 
that is known. Dr. Pearfoh, who took great, pains to analyze 
it, concludes that [* by calcining bone afhes> that is, phofphorated 
limp, with antimony in a certain proportion, and afterwards 
expoflng the mixture to a white heat, a compound may be formed 
containing the fame ingredients, in the fame proportion, and poC> 
fefling the fame chemical properties'* [y] ; and the London Phar^r 
macopoeja now contains a prefcription, under the title of Pulvis 
AniimonialiSf which is intended to anfwer the fame purpofes* 
" It is well known," fays Dr. Pearfon, " that this powder can- 
not be prepared by following the diredions of the fpecification ii| 
the Court of Chancery." He therefore inftituted a laborious 
chemical enquiry, firft analytical, and then fynthetical^ in order 
to afcertain the compofition. 

Whether James was the real inventor of the powder, may ad^^ 

mit of a doubt. '^ The calcination of antimony and bone-aihes 

produces," ^ fays Dr. Pearfon, " a powder called Lile's and 

. ^chawanberg's ky&c powder } a preparation defcribed by Schroed^ar 

\%1 Uff, Vol. n. p. 366, [t] PhUof. TranC for 1791, p. 367. 

Pb3 Wf 



374 J A M Y N. 

tnd Other chcmifts 150 years ago." — ''According to the re- 
ceipt in the pofledion of Mr. Bromficld, by which this powder 
was prepared forty-five years ago, and before any medicine was 
known by the name of James's powder, two pounds of hartf- 
horn Ihavings miift be boiled, to diflblve all the mucilage, and 
then, being dried, be calcined with one pound of crude antimo- 
ny, till the fmell of fulphur ceafes, and a light grey powder is 
produced. The fame prefcription was given to Mr. Willis 
above forty year^ ago, by Dr. John Eaton of the College of 
Phyficians, with the material addition however, of ordering the 
calcined mixture to be expofed to a given heat in a clofe veflcl, 
to render it white." — ** Schroeder prelcribes equal weights of an- 
timony and calcined hartftiorn ; and Poterius and Ahchaelis^ as 
quoted bv Frederic Hoffman^ merely order the calcination of thefe 
two fubftances together (afligning no proportion) in a reverbe- 
ratory fire for fevcral days."^ It has been alledged, that Dr. James 
obtained the receipt for his powder, of a German Baron named 
Schwanberg, or one Baker, to whom SchwanbeVg had fold it. 
This account we have not been able to verify, but if it be true. 
Baron Schwanberg ; as he is called, was probably the defcendant 
of the 5chawankerg mentioned fo long ago. Be it as it may. 
Dr. James was able to give that credit and currency to the me- 
dicine which otherwife it would not have had, and the public 
are therefore indebted to him for publiftiing, if not for invent-, 
ing, a preparation of moft admirable efFeS. 

Dr. James was married, and left fons and daughters. His 
eldeft fon, Robert Harcpurt James, was educated at Merchant- 
Taylor's- fchool, and afterwards at St. John's-college in Oxford, 
for the profeffion of phyfic. The powder has proved a noble 
fortune to the family. 

JAMYN (Amadis), a French poet, was, in his youth, a 
great traveller, and run over Greece, the ifles of the Archipe* 
lago, and Afia Minor. Poetry being his delight, he applied 
iiimfelf to it from his infancy ; and his writings, both in verfe 
and profe, fhew that he had carefully ftudied the Greek and 
Latin authors, efpecially the poets. He is efteemed the rival of 
•Ronfard, who was his contemporary and friend ; but he is not 
fo bombaftical, nor fo rough in the ufe of Greek words, and his 
flyle is more natural, fimple, and pleafme^. Jamyn was fecre- 
tary and chamber-reader in ordinarv to Charles IX. and died 
about 1585. We have, j. his " roetical Works," in 2 vols. 
2. " Difcours de philofophie a Pafficharis & a Pedanthe," with 
fcven academical difcourfes, the whole in profe, Paris, 1584, 
i2mo. 3. " A Tranflation of Homer's Iliad," in French verfe, 
begun by Hugh Salel, ahd finiflied by Jamyn from the lathbook 
inclufive, to which is added t tranflation of the three firft books' 
of the "Odyflcy.'* 

JANlCDN 



JAN SEN* 37^ 

^ JANICON (Francis MiCHAEt), was boni ^at taris m 
'1674, the fon of a Proteltant, and fen^ early into Holland for 
education* For a time he quitted his ftudies for the army, 
l)ut at the peace of Ryfwick, he refunied his literary labours, ah4 
became concerned in the gazettes of Amfterdam, Rotterdam, 
and Utrecht. A fimple, and hiftcrical ftyle, with a clear head, 
and much political fagacity, feemed to promife great fuccefs tp 
rfiefe labours; but his prefs being file»ced, on account of a po- 
litical traft (in which, however, he had no concern], he retire^ 
to the Hague, and became agent to the landgrave of Heffe. He 
died of an apoplexy in 1730, at the age of fifty«lix^ Of hi* 
works there are, !• His ** Gazettes," written in a good ftyle, 
and with found political knowledge. 2. A tranflatioo of Steele** 
** Ladies Library," publiflied in 1717 and 17*9, in 2 vols, 
duodecimo. 3. A tranflation of an indifferent fatire againft 
monks and priefts, written originally by Antony Gavin, , and 
|)rinted in 1724, in 4 vols. i2mo. 4. ** The prefent State of 
the Republic of the United Provinces, and their Dependencies,** 
publifhed in 1729, in 2 vols. i2mo. This is the mod correfil 
work that is extant, though it has becnconfideied by Niccron 
a; not altogether devoid of faults. - 

JANSEN, or JANSENIUS (Cornelius), blfliop of Ypres, 
principal of the feft caiUed Janfenifts, was born in a village 
called Akoy, near Leerdam in Holland, of Roman Cathouc 
parents [z], and, having had his grammar-learning at Utrecht, 
went to Louvain in 1602. Afterward? he went to Paris, where 
he met with John du Verger de Hauranne, afterwards abbot of 
Saint-Cyran, with whom he had contraSed a very ftriA friend* 
fliip in Louvain. Some time after, du Vei^er removing to Bay- 
onne, he followed him thither: where purfuing their ftudies with 
unabated ardour, they were noticed by the bifliop of that pro- 
vince, who, conceiving a great eftecm for them, procured du 
Verger a canonry in his cathedral, and fet Janfen at the head of 
a college or fchool. He fpent five or fix years in fiayonne^ 
applying himfelf yith the fame vigour to the ftudy of the fa- 
thers, St. Auftin in particular ; and, as he did not appear to be 
of a ftrong conftitution, du Verger^s mother ufed fometimes to 
tell her fon, that he would prove the death of th^t virQrthy yonpg 
Fleming, by making him bverftudy him(plf« 

At length, the bifhop being raffed to the archiep^&opal fee of 
Tours, prevailed with du Verger to go ^o Paris; fo that Janfen 
being thus feparated from his friend, and not fure of the prot^«. 
tion of the new bifhop, left Bayonne; and after twelve years 
fefidence in France returned tq Louvain, ^here he was chdjpt|L 

[z] His father*} iOiM ym Jao Qttic, by trade s^ ^^^p Wm^ ^^^ ^U«A 

I? ^4 principal 



376 ' JAN SEN. 

principal of the colkge of St. Pnlcheria. But this place wad 
Ii6t altogether fo agree^le, as it did not afford him leifiire to 
purfue his ftudies fo much as he wiftied, for which reafon'he 
refufed to teach philofophy. He took his degree of D. D. in 
1617, with great reputation, was admitted a profeflbr in ordi- 
nary, and grew into fo much efteem, that the uoiverfity fent him 
twice, in 1624, and the enfuin^ year, upon aflRiirs of great 
Confequcnce, into Spain; and the king of bpain, his fovereign, 
made him profeflbr of the Holy Scriptures in Louvain, in 1630 ^ 
jiotwithflanding the Spaniih inquifition lodged fome information 
againft him in 1627 [a], with Bafil de Leon, the principal doc- 
tor of the univerfity of Salamanca, at whofe houfe he lodged. 
But the complaint was chiefly that he was a Dutchman, and con- 
fequently an heretic ; and Bafil anfwered them fo much to the 
advantage of Janfen, that his enemies were quite out of coun* 
tenance. Mean while, the king of Spain obferving, with a 
jealous eye, the intriguing politics, and growing power of the 
Trench, put his new profeflbr upon writing a book, to expofe 
them to the pope, as no good Ciatholics, fince they made no 
fcruple of forming alliances with 'Protefl^ant ftates. Janfen 
performed the taflc, in his ", Mars Gallicus [b]," which is re- 
plete with invidious exclamations again ft the fervices France 
continually rendered to the Proteftants of Holland and Germany, 
to the great injury of theRomifii religion ; in which the Dutch are 
treated as rebels, who owe the Republican liberty they enjoy to 
an infamous ufurpation* It was this fervice that procured him 
the mjtre, in 1635, when he was promoted to the fee of Ypres. 
/ Some years before, he had maintained a controverfy againft 
the ProtelVants upon the fubjeS of grace and predeftination^ 
which happened thus : the States-General publifhed an edi£l in 
1629, fqrbidding the public excrcife of the Romifli religion in 
Eoifleduc ; and having appropriated the ecclefiaflical revenues of 
the naay oral ty of that city to the fervice of the Proteftant relr- 
giofi, appointed four minifters to preach there. Thefe, hearing 
that nuany (landers concerning their doSrine were fecretly fpread, 
publifhed a roanifpfto, declaring that they taught nothing but 
the pure gofpel, and intreatmg their adverfaries to propofe what- 
m>tr obje&ions' thf y might have to make in a public manner. 
This was anfwered only by Janfen, in a piece entitled, '* Alcxi- 
pharmacuro," in'1630. Gilbert Voetius, one of the four mi- 
ijifters who preached in Boifleduf:, wrote ** Remarks [c],'* which 
Janfen refuted ij;^ .another piece, efititledj, *^ Notarum Spongia,*^ 

r. l^ -^f a Ifttefjp^JWN 4»te4 Di^ ^it. ^Te, 4e jviB|ia armorum S^ Mmim ieg}« 

^^fear. Galli» libri duo 1635.'* 

[bJ .The .tjtl5 of it, i>, " AlcjcanSri' [c] Tj\e remarks were entitled, '« Phi- 

jitricU ariicajii tKcMdg. Mtf s Gallicus j ItJnius* Ropiamrs corredys,*? 

ih 



J A N S E N. 377 

in 1 631. The author of thefe " Remarks," replying in a large 
book, entitled, " Defperata caufa papatus," in 1635; ^^is was 
anfwered by Fromond, a friend of Janfen, who filled his piece, 
** Caufx defperatas Gifberti Voetii, adverfus fpongiam Janfenii, 
crifis oftenfa." This was printed at Antwerp in 1636, and re- 
futed by Martin Schoockius, profeifor of hidory and eloquence 
at Deventer, the title" of whofe anfwer was, ** Defpcratiffima 
caufa papatus," this was 'publiQied in 1638: and here the dif- 
pute ended [d]. 

But Janfen had another war to maintain, which may be called 
a Proteftant one ; for Theodore Simonis, a wavering Romaii 
Catholic, who wanted a matter, waited upon him at Louvain, 
defiring him to clear up fome doubts he had about the pope's 
infallibility, the worftiip of the eucbarift, and fome other points. 
Janfen, being puzzled with this man's objeftions, told him one 
day, that he would not difpute with him by word of mouth, 
but in writing ; and that he faw plainly he had to do with a 
Roman Proteitant Catholic, who would loon go to Holland, and 
there boaft he had overcome him. Simonis, with fome difficulty, 
complied with the propofal ; but after both had written twice 
on the fubjecl in qucftion, his lodgings were furrounded with 
foldiers, and himfelf threatened with the punilhment due to 
heretics. The duke d'Archot's fecretary exclaimQd aloud againft 
him, and faid, that there was wood enough in his mafter's forefts 
to burn that heretic. But as the perfon who examined Simonis, 
in the name of the archbifliop of Malines, declared that he had 
found him a good Catholic, and fiilly refolved to perfevere in 
the Romilh communion, the prifoner was fet at liberty, and 
Janfen oT)nged to pay the expences of the foldiers [eJ. 

Janfen was no fooner poflclfed of the bifhopric of i pres, than 
he undertook to reform the diocefe ; but before he had completed 
this good work, he fell a facrifice to the plague. May 16, 1638, 
He was buried in his cathedral, where a monument was erefted 
to his memory; but in 1665, his fucceflTor, Francis de Robes^^ 
caufed it to be taken down privately in the night; there being 
engraved on it an eulogium of his virtue and erudition, an4 
particularly on his book entitled, ** Auguftinus ;" declaring, 
that this faithful interpreter of the moft fecret thoughts of St. 
Auftin, had employed in thjtt work a divine genius, an indefa^ 

[d] Unlefs the piece belong? to it adverAis Janfcpiuip.^* This maa fir^ 

\^ica was publifhed by Fromondus, in fitted the Lutheran, communion tp g^ 

1640, with the title of *< Sycophanta : over to that of Rome, then turned La* 

epiftola ad Gilbertum Voetium.'* See theran again, and at laft Sodnian : he was 

Valerius Andreas's Bibliothe^ue ^mong principal of the Socinian college of Kif- 

^romondus*9 works, felin in Lithaaaiay was weU verfed in the 

[s] Yet Simonis two years after turoed Greek tongue, and tranilatfcd Comeniu8*f 

Protefiant> and publiihed a book entitle^, ** Janua Ii0g9an^** into (h^t langua^ 

ff Dp ftatf( ^ rellj^ionc proprij fap^tvi Ba^Ie^ 



373 J A N S E N. 

tigablc labour, and his whole lifc-tirtic; and that the church 
^otrld receive the benefit of it upon earth, as he did the reward 
of it in heaven ; Vi^ords that were highly injurious to the bulls of 
Urban VIII. and Innocent X. who then hadcenfured that work. 
The bifhop dcftroycd this monument by the exprcfs orders of 

iope Alexander VI I • and with the confent of^the archduke 
.eopold, governor of the Netherlands, in fpite of the refiftance 
4)f the chapter, which went fuch lengths, that one of the prin- 
cipal canons had the courage to fay, ** it was not in the pope's 
nor the king's power to fupprefs that epitaph ;" fo dear was 
Janfen to this canon and his colleagues. He wrote feveral other 
books befides thofe already mentioned; i. " Oratio de interior!^ 
liominis reformat i one." 2. " Tetrateuchus five commentarius 
in 4 cvangelica." 3. " Pentateuchus five commentarius in ^ 
iibros Mofis." ^ 4. The Anfwer of the Divines of Louvain, 
^ de vi obligandi confcientias quam habent edifla regia fuper re 
monetaria." 5. Anfwer of the Divines and Civilians, " De 
jtiramento quod publica aufloritate magiftratui defignato imponi 
folct.*' But his " Auguftinus** was his principal work, and he 
was employed upon it above twenty years. He left it finifliedt 
dt his death, and fubmitted it, by his laft will, in the completed 
manner to the judgement of the holy fee. His executors, Fro- 
mond and Calen, printed it at Louvain, in 1640, but fuppreiled ' 
liis fubmiflion. The fiibjedl is divine grace, free-will, and pre- 
deftination. ** In this book, fays Mofheim, " which even the 
Jefurts acknowledge to be the produSjon of a man of le^rplng 
and piety, the doftrine of Auguftine, concerning man's natural 
corruption, and the nature and efficacy of that divine jgrace 
■which alone can efface this unhappy ftafn, is unfolded at large^ 
and illuftrated, for the moft part, in Auguftine's own words. 
For the end wh5ch Janfenius propofed to himf(?lf in this work, 
was not to give his own private fentiments concerning thefe im- 
portant points; but to mew in what manner they had been un- 
derftood aad explained by that Celebrated father of the church, 
whofe name and authority were univerfaUy revered in all 
parts of the Roman Catholic world. No incident could be 
more unfavourable to the Jefuits, and the progrefs of their rer 
ligious fyftem, than the publication of this book ; for as thp 
doftrine of Auguftine differed but very little from that of the 
Dominicans ; as it was held facred, nay almoft refpeflcd as 
cjivine, in the church of Roine, on account of the extraordinary 
merit and authority of that illuftrious biihop v and at the fam^ 
time was almoft diametrically oppofed to the fentiments geiifj- 
rally received among the Jefuits; thefe latter could fcafCi^ly con- 
fidcr the book of Janfenius in any other iight^ than as a tacit 
but formidable refutation of their opinions concerning huniaji 
liberty and divim grace 5 and accordingly they pot pniy drew 
' ^ \ ^ their 



J AN SEN. 379 

their pens againft this famous book, but alfo ufed' their mofl: 
ftrenuous endeavours to obtain a public condemnation of it from 
Rome[F]." In Louvain, where it was firft publiftied, it ex- 
cited prodigious contefts. It obtained feveral violent advocates, 
and was by others oppofed with no lefs violence, and feveral 
theological thefes were written againft it. At length, they,wha 
iviflied to obtain the .fuppreflion of it by papal authority, were 
fuccefsful ; the Roman inquifitors began by prohibiting the pe- 
rufal of it, in the year 1641 ; and, in the following year, Urban 
VIII. condemned it as infefted with feveral errors that had been 
long banifhed from the church. This bull, which was pub- 
lifted at Louvain, inftead of pacifying, inflamed matters more; 
and the difputes foon pafled into France, where they were car- 
tied on with equal warmth. At length the biftops of France 
drew up the doarine, as they called it, of Janfen, in five pro- 
pofitions, and applied to the pope to condemn them. This was 
done by Innocent X, by a bull publiflied May 31, ^653 ; and he 
drew up a formulary tor that purpofe, which was received by 
the aflembly of the French clergy. Thefe propofitions con- 
tained the following doftrines : 

X. Thab there are divine precepts, which good men, notwith- 
{landing their defire to obferve them, are nevcrthelefs, abfo-> 
lutely unable to obey ; nor has God given them that meafure 
of grace which is cffentially neceflary to render them capable of' 
fuch obedience. 

2. That no perfon, in this corrupt ftate of nature, can refift 
the influence of divine grace, when it operates upon the mind. 

3. That in order to render human aftions meritorious, it is 
not re<juifite that they be exempt from nece/pty, but only that they 
be frcp from conjiraint. 

4. That the Semipelagians.err grievoufly in maintaining that 
the humaij will is endowed with the power of either receiving 
or refifting the aids and influences of preventing grace. 

5. That whoever affimis that Jefus Chrift made expiation by 
his fufFerings and death, for the uns of all mankind, is a Semi- 
pelagian. 

Of thefe propofitions the pontiflT declared the firft four only 
heretical, but he pronounced trie fifth, raft, impious, and injurious 
to the fupreme Being. Jftnfenius, however, waj not named in the 
bull, nor was it declared that thefe five propofitions were main- 
tained in the book entitled, Auguftinus, in the fenfe in which 
the pope had condemned them. Hence the fubtile Antony Ar- 
nauld, dodor of the Sorbonn^, ii^v^nted a diftin£tion, which 
the other Janfenift$ took up. as a diefence. He feparated the 
flatter of d^^irine, or right, an4 of jfe5 in the controverfy ; an4 

(r] Moihelm,. fyoUU mSt. Cent XVO. Sc4t a. Part L 



J 



380 J A N S E Ni 

acknowledged that they were bound to believe the five pfopofi^ 
tions juftly condemned by the Roman pontifF, but did not ac- 
knowledge that thefe propofitioos were to be found in the book 
of Janfeniusy in the fenfe in which they were condemned. 
Hence arofe the famous didindion between the faii and the 
tight. They did not, however, long enjoy the benefit of this 
artful diilin^ion. The redlefs and invincible hatred of the^r 
enemies purfued them in every quarter, and at length engaged 
Alexander VII. the fucceflbr of Innocent, to declare by a fo- 
lemn bull, iflued in 1656, that the five propofitions were the 
tenets of Janfcnius, and were contained in his bo6k. The 
pontiflF did not ftop here ; but to this flagrant inftance of impru* 
dence, added another ftill more ihocking: for, in the year 
1665, he fent into France the form of a declaration which was to 
be fubfcribed by all who afpired to any preferment in the church ; 
and in which it was affirmed that the jhe propofitions were to be 
found in the book of Janfenius, in the fame fenfe in which they 
had been condemned by the church. This declaration, the un- 
exampled temerity -of which, as well as its contentious tendencyt 
appeared in the moft odious light, not only to the Janfenifts, but 
alfo to the wifer part of the French nation, produced the moft 
deplorable divifions and tumults. It was immediately oppofed 
with vigour by the Janfcniils, who, thus provoked, went fo fat 
as to maintain that, in matters of faSty the pope was fallible, 
^fpecially when his decifions were merely perutnal, and not con- 
firmed by a general council ; and confequently that it was nei- 
ther obligatory or neceifary to fubfcribe this papal declaratloni 
which had, as they alledged, only a matter of fact for its objeS. 
The affembly of the clergy,, neverthelefs, infilled upon fubfcrip- 
tion to the formulary ; and all ecclefiailics, monks, nuns, and 
others, in every diocefe, were obliged to fubfcribe. Thofe who 
rcfufed, were interdided and excommunicated ; and they even 
talked of enteiing a procefs againft four bilhops, who in theii: 
publit inftniments had diftincuifhed the faft from the right ; and 
ijeclared, that they defired only a refpe£lful and fubmiflive filence 
in regard to the fad. The affair was at length accommodated 
in 1668, under the pontificate of Clemeot IX, who was fatis- 
/icd that the bifhops Ihould fubfcribe themfelves, and make others 
fubfcribe purely and fimply; though they declared exprefsly^ 
that they aid not defire the lame fubmiflion for the faft, but for 
ihe right. This accommodation, filled the peace of Clemenr, 
|vas for a time complied with; yet the difpute about fubfcribing 
Vras afterwards renewed both in Flanders and France ; where- 
upon Innocent XII. by a bri^f, in 1694, direded to, the bifhop^ 
in Flanders, declared that no addition ihould bq made to th<5 
formulary, but that it ftiould be fufficient to fubfcribe fincerely, 
without anvdiitiB^ni reiiri^ioD>.or expo^fmon, condemning 



jARCHt §8i 

%he propofitions extra£ted from Janfen's book, in the plain and 
obvious fenfe of the words. -A refolution of a cafe of con- 
fcience, figned by forty doftors^ in which the diftinftion of the 
fed from the right was tolerated, reinflamed the difpiite ia 
France; about the beginning of the prefent century: when 
pope Clement XIII. by a bull dated July 15, 1705, declared, 
that a reipedful filence^s not fufficient to teftify the obedience 
due to the conftitutions ; but that all the faithful ought to con- 
demn as heretical, not only with their mouths, but in their 
hearts, the fenfe of Janfen's book, which is condemned in the 
five propofitions, as the fenfe which the words properly import ; 
and that.it is unlawfifl to fubfcribe with any other thought, 
mind, or fentiment. This conftitution was received by the ge- 
neral aflembly of the French clergy in 1705, and publifhed by 
the king's authority. Neverthelefs, it did not put an end to the 
difputes, efpecially in the Low Countries, where various inter- 
pretations of it were made ; it may even be faid that the contcft 
grew hotter than ever, after the pope, by his conftitution of 
Sept, 13, 1713, condemned loi propofitions, extradled from 
the " Paraphrafe on the New Teftament," by Pere Quefnel, 
who was then at the head of the Janfenifts. There was another 
Cornelius Janfen, biftiop of Gand, who died in 1576, and pub- 
liftied fome theological works. 

JANSON (Abraham), of Antwerp, an excellent painter in- 
the i6th century. He was born with a wonderful genius for 
painting, and in his youth executed Tome pieces, which fet him 
above all the young painters of his time : but love took fuch 
poffefllon of. his heart, that he facrificed his pfofeflion to the 
devotion he paid to a young woman at Antwerp ; and as foon as 
^he obtained her in marriage, thought of nothing but diverfions 
and feafting. This way of life foon drained his purfe ; and, 
inftead of imputing this to his idjenefs, he took offence at the 
little regard which he thought was paid to his merit. He grevr 
jealous of Rubens ; and ferit a challenge to that painter, with a 
lift of the names of fuch perfons as were to decide the matter, 
fo foon as their refpeftive works fliould be finifhed ; but Ru- 
bens, inftead of accepting the challenge, anfvvered that he wil- 
lingly yielded higi the preference, leaving the public to do them 
juftice. There are fome of Janfon's works' in the churches at 
Antwerp. He painted alfo'a defcent from the crofs for the 
great church of feoifleduc, which has been taken for a piece of 
Ruhens; and, in reality, it is no ways inferior to any of the 
works of that great painter, 

JAQUELOT. See Jacoitelot. 

J ARCHI (SoLOMOK Ben Isaac}, othcrwife RASCHI and 
ISAAKI, a famous rabbi, was born in 1104, at Troyes in 
Champagne in PVance. Having acquired a good ftock of Jcwi& 

learning. 




382 J A R C H I. 

learning^at home> he travelled at thirt)^ ^ears of age; vifitinK 

where he met 
and thence 
, . ^ through Ger- 
many, he arrived in his native country^ after he had fpent fix 
years abroad. After his return to Europe,, he vidted all the aca« 
demiesy and difputed againfl the profeflbrs upon any queftions 
propofed by them. He took a wife, and had three daughters by 
lier, who were all married to very learned rabbies* Jarchi was 
a perfedl mafter of the Talmud and Gemara; and he filled 
the poftils of the Bible with fo many Talmudical reveries, as 
totally extinguifhed both the literal and moral fenfe of it. 
Many of his commentaries are printed in Hebrew, and fome 
have been tranflated into Latin by the Chriftians, among whicli 
is his ** Commentary upon Joel, by Genebrard;" thofe upon 
Obadiah, Jonah, and Zephaniah, by Pontac ; that upon Efther^ 
by Philip Daquin. But the completed of thefe tranllations is 
that of his Commentaries on the Pentateuch, and fome other, 
books by Fred. Breithaupt, who has added learned notes. The * 
ftyle of Jarchi is fo concife, that it is no eafy thing to under* 
ftand him in feveral places, without the help of other Jewifti 
interpreters, Befides, when he mentions the traditions c^ 
the Jews recorded in their writings, he never quotes the 
chapter nor the page; which gives no fmall trouble to a 
tranflator. He introduces alfo feveral French words, of that 
ceptury, which have been very much corrupted, and cannot 
be eadly underftood. M. Breithaupt has overcome all thofe 
difficulties. The ftyle of his tranflation is not very elegant ; 
but it is clear, and fully expreffes the fenfe of the author. 
It was printed at Gotha, in 17 10, 4x0. There are feveral 
things in this writer, that may be alledged againft the Jews 
with great advantage. If, for inftance, the modern Jews deny 
that the Mcffias is to be underftood by ^he word Schilo, Gen. 
xlix. 10. they may be confuted by the authority of this inter- 
preter, who agrees with the Chriftians in his explication of that 
ivord. M. Reland looks upon rabbi Jarchi as one. of the beft 
interpreters we have ; and tells us in his preface to the AnaleSa 
Rabbinica, that when he met with any difficulty in the Hebrew 
text of the Bible, the explications of that Jewi(h dodor appeared 
to him more fatisfadlory than thofe of the great critics, or any 
other commentator. ^ 

- Jarchi wrote alfo commentaries upon the Talmud| and upon 
Pirke-Avon, and other works. It is faid that he was (killed in 
phyfic and aftronomy, and was mafter of feveral languages befides 
'theHebrew. He died atTroyes, in 1 180 ; and his body was carried 
into Bohemia, and buried at Prague, His decifions werefo much 
more efteemed, s^ he had gathered them from the mouths of 

aU 



JAR DINS. jS^3 

itl the tloftors of the Jewifh academies in the feveral countries 
through which he had travelled. His '* Commentary upon the 
Gemara," appeared fo full of erudition, that it procured him 
the title of " Prince of Commentaries." His commentarie« 
upon the Bibles of Venice are extant; his glofles or commen-. 
taries upon the Talmud are alfo printed with the text. They 
were publifhed colleftively in 1660, in 4 vols* i2mo. He 
was fo highly efteemed among the Jews, as to be ranked among 
the mod illuftrious of their rabbies. 

JARDINS (Mary Catharine des), a French lady, fa- 
mous for her writings ; was born about 1649, a native of Alen- 
^on in Normandy, where her father w^s provoft. Her paflionsr 
as well as her genius came forward very early* Being obliged to 
quit Alcn^on, in cbnfequence of an intrigue with one of her 
coufins, (he went to Paris, where ftie undertook to fupport her- 
felf by her genius. Sheftudied the drama, and publilhed at the 
fame time fome little novels, by which {he acquired a name. 
She h^d, by her own defcriptioYi, a lively and pleafing countenanccp 
though not amounting to beauty, nor entirely fpared by the 
fmall-pox. Her attractions, however, foon furnifhed her wit& 
lovers, and among them flie diftinguifhed M. Villedieu,1a young 
captain of infantry, of an elegant perfon and lively genius., I^ 
had been already married about a year, but (he perfuaded him to 
endeavour to diflblve his marriage. This proved impradiAble; 
nor was it likely from the firft to be effe^ed ^ but the attempt 
.ferved her as a pretext for her attachment. She followed her lovtrr 
to camp, and returned to Paris under the name of madame dc 
Villedieu. This irregular union was not long happy ; and vhetr 
difagreements had arilen to a confiderable height, when Villcdien 
was ordered to the army, where foon after'he loft his life. Tbe 
pretended widow comforted herfelf by living among profeffed wits, 
and dramatic writers, and leading fuch alife as is common in di£- 
fipafed focietietw A fit of devotion brought on by the fudden death 
of one of her female friends, fent her for a time ^to a convent, 
^here (he lived with much propriety, till he/ former adventure* 
being known in the fociety, (lie could no longer remain in it., 
Reftored to the world, in the houfe of madame de St. Romainc 
her fifter, (he foon exchanged devotion again for gallantry. She 
how a fecond time married a man who was only parted from his 
wife ; this was the marquis de la Chafle, whom (he met in this 
fociety. . By this marriage (he had a fon^ who died whc(i only 
a year old, and the father not long after. The inconfolable 
widow wa& foon after united to one of her couftns, who allowed, 
her to refume the name of Villedieu. After living a few yeacs^ 
longer in fociety, (he retired to a" Utile village called Clinchcmare 
in the province of Maine, where (lie died in 1683. Her works 
'were printed in 1702^ and form ten volumes, izmo*, to which 

two 



384 J AU COURT. 

two more were added in 1 721 , confifting chiefly of pieces bj other 
writers. Her compofii ions arc of various kinds: i. Dramas; as 
Manlius, a tragi-comedy ; Nitetio, a tragedy; the Favourites, a 
tragi- comedy. 2. MifcellaneouspoemsyfableSy&c^ 3. Romances^ 
among which are, " Les Difordres de TAmour ;'* ** Portraits 
des foiblefles Humaines ;'* " Les Exiles de la Cour d'Augufte ;" 
which are reckoned her beft produftions in this ftyle; alfo^ 
•* Cleonice/' " Carmente," " Les Galanteries Grenadines,** 
** Les Amours des Grands Hommes," ** Lyfandre," " IjCs 
Memoirs du Serail," &c. 4. Other works of an amufing kind, 
fuch as, ** Les Annaks Galantes, ** Le Journal Amoreux," &c. 

The ftyle of this lady is rapid and animated, but her pencil 
is not always correft, nor her incidents probable. Her fhort 
hiftories certainly had the merit of extinguifliing the tafte for the 
old tedious romances, and led the way to the novel, but were by 
no means of fuch excellence in that ftyle as thofe that have fince 
been written by Duclos, Marivaux, Marmontel, and others. 
She has alfo the fault of attributing her feigned adventures to 
great perfonages known in hiftory, and thus forming that con- 
fufion of fiditious and real narratives which is fo pernicious to . 
joung readers. . Her verfe is inferior to her profe, being languid 
and feeble. 

JARRY (Laurence Juillard du), a French preacher and 
poet, was born in the village of Jarry, near Xantes, about 1658. - 
fee went young to Paris, where the duke of Montaufier, M. 
Bofluet, IBourdaloue,' and Flechier, became his patrons, and 
4rncouraged him to write. He gained the poetical prize in the , 
French academy in 1679 and in 1 714, and it is remarkable that, 
on this latter occafjqn, Voltaire, then very young, was one of 
his competitors. The fuccefsful poem was, however, below 
mediocrity, and contained fonie blunders, with which his young 
antagonift amufed himfelf and the public. One of his verfes. 
began, " Poles, glaces, brulans.'* " Thefe torrid poles," could not 
,eafily efcape ridicule. At the fame time he was celebrated as a 
preacher. He was prior of Notre Dame du Jarry of the order 
of Grammont, in the diocefe of Xantes, where he died in 1730. 
We have of his^ a work entitled, " Le Miniftere Evangelique;" 
of which the fecond edition was printed at Paris in 1746. 2. 
** A CoUeftion of Sermons, Panegyrics, and Funeral Orations," 
4 vols. i2mo. 3. " Un Recueil de divers ouvrages de piete, 
1688," i2mo. 4. " DesPoefcs Chretiennes Heroiques & Mo- 
rales, 1715." i2mo. 

JAUCOURT (Louis de), a man of a noble fainily, with 
the title of chevalier, who preferred ftudy and literary labour, 
in which he was indefatigable, to the advantages of birth, which 
in his time were very highly eftimated. His difintereftednefs, 
^d his virtpes, were conipicuous^ and his knowledge extentlcd 

19 



IB AS. ' 385 

to medicine^ antiquities, manners, titoraTs, and general litera*^ 
ttire ; in all which branches he has furniftied articles that are 
Reckoned to do honour to the French Encyclopediife. He con* 
dtifted the ** Bibliotheqtre Raifonnee," a journal greatly efteemed, 
from its otfgin to the yeatr 1740. In conjun£!ion with the pro* 
fefTors Gaubius, Muffchenbroek, and Dr, IVJafluet, he publifhed 
the '* Mufasiim Sebaeanam," in 1734, a book greatly efteemed, 
and of high prfce. He had alfo compofed a " Lexicon Medi- 
Gtim univerfale," but his manufcript, which was juft about to 
be printed ih Holland, in 6 vols, fafro, was loft with the vefleV 
in which it was fent to that country* Some other works by him 
are alfo extant^ on fubjefts of medicine and natural philofophy. 
He was a member of the Royal Society of London, and of the 
academies of Berlin and Stockholm ; and, having been a pupil 
of the iiluftrious Boerhaave^ was, by his intereft, ftrongly invited 
into the fervice of the. ftadtholder^ on very advantageous terms. 
But promifes had no tfk£t upon a man who was, as he paints 
hfmfeify "a man without neceflities, and without defires, with- 
out ambition, without Intrigues; bold enough to offer bis com- 
pliments to the gfcat, but fufEciently prudent not to force his 
company upon them ; and one who fought a ftudious oblcu- 
tity, for the fake of preferving his tranquillity,!' He died in 
February, 1780, but his age is not exadly known. 

JAY (Gu.i Michel le], an advocate in the parliament of 
Paris, very remarkable for his profound knowledge of languages. 
He printed a Polyglott at his own expence, and thus purchafed 
glory with the lofs of his fortune. The whole edition was of- 
fered 'to f^le in England, but too great a price being fct upon it, 
the Polyglott of Walton was undertaken in a more commodious 
form.- Le Jay might ft ill have made great profit by his work if 
he would have fuffered it to appear under the name of cardinal 
Richelieu, who was very deurous to emulate the fame of Xi- 
menes in this refpcdl. Being now poor, and a widower, Le 
Jay became an ecclefiaftic, was made dean of Vezelai, and 
obtained a brevet as counfellor of ftate. He died in 1675. The 
Polyglott of Le Jay is in ten volumes, large folio, a model of 
' beautiful typography, but too bulky to be ufed with convenience. 
It has the Syriac and Arabic verfions, which are not in the 
Polyglott of Ximenes. The publication commenced in 1628, 
and was concluded in 1645. We cannot fuppofe the editor tp 
have been lefs than two or three and thirty, when he had finifhed 
a volume of this kind, in which cafe he muft have been near 
eighty at the time of his death. It is not improbable that be was 
ftill older. 

JANSONIUS. See Jenson. 

IBAS, bifhop of Edeifa in the fifth ccntttry, from »bout 436, 
Tvas Hrft a Neftorian^ and afterwards an orthodox divine. While 

Vox. VIIL C« ht 



386 I B B O T. 

he tras Under the former perfiarion^ he wrote a letter to a Pcr« 
fian, named Maris, which afterwards became the fubjeA of 
much difpute. In this letter he blamed Rabulas, his predeceflbr^ 
for having unjuftly condemned Theodore of Mopfueftia, whom 
he extolled in the hiehefl manner. In the following century^ 
Theodore bifhop of Cefarea in Cappadocia, being a violent fa- 
vourer of Or^en, counfelled Juftinian to condemn, I. The 
writings of Theodore of Mopfueitia. 2. The counter-ana- 
themas of Theodorct of Cyrus, in reply to the anathemas of 
.Cyril againft the Neftorians. i. This very letter of Ibas, This, 
which was done in the council of Conftantinople, in 553, under 

f)Tetence of giving peace to the church, produced a fchifm that 
aftcd above a century, and was called the difpute on fhe Thrre 
Chapters f by which were meant the three writings above-itien- 
tioned [hJ. Ibas was by birth a Syrian- He washarraflTed with 
accufation^ for hercfy, but more than once acquitted honour- 
ably. In the council of Ephefus, in 449, (called the Synod of 
Robbers)^ *hc was depofed, banifhed, and imprifoned ; but in 
the council of Chalcedon, in 451, he was reftored to his dig- 
nity. Many years after his death he was condemned for Nefto- 
fianifm. 

IBBOT (Dr. Benjamin), an ingenious and learned writer, 
and a judicious and ufeful preacher, fon of the Rev, Mr. Tho- 
mas Ibbot vicar of SwafFham, and reftor of Beachamwell, in 
the county of Norfolk, was born at Beachamwell in 1680 [i]. 
He was admitted of Clare-hall, Cambridge, July 25, I095> 
tinder the tuition of the Rev. Mr. Laughton, a gentleman juftly 
celebrated for his eminent attainments in philofophy and naathe* 
matics, to whom the very learned Dr. Samuel Clarte generoufly 
acknowledged himfelf to be much indebted for many of the 
notes and iliuftrations inferted in his Latin verfion of" Rohault's 
Philofophy [k]." Mr. Ibbot having taken the degree of B. A^ 
2699, removed to Corpus-Chrifti, in 1700, and was made a 
fcholar of that houfe. He commenced M. A. in 1703, and was 
cledted into a Norfolk fellowfhip, in 1706, but refigned it next 
year, having then happily obtained the patronage of ai;chbtihop 
Tenifon. That excellent primate firft took him into his family 
in the capacity of his librarian, and foon after appointed him his 
chaplain. 

In 1708, the archbifliop collated Ibbot to the treafurerfhip 

of the cathedral church of Wells. He alfo prefented him to 

' the redory of the united parifhes of St. Vedatt, alias Fofter's, 

and St. Michael le Querne, George !• appointed him one of 

See the article Facunous. rebus exercitatlilimo Viro Ricardo Laugh* 

Life prefixed to his fermons, 1776.. ton,--debere me gratus fateor." Prsl^t. 
« «*»perinulU do^Ufiiiao & In his £dU. quarts, 171 S> p. 3. 

his 



JEANNIN. 387 

his^haplakis in ordinary, in 1716; ^nd when his ntajefty made 
a vifit to Cambridge, Oft. 6, 1717, Dr. Ibbot was, by royal 
mandate,, created D. D. together with the very Rev. William 
Gregg, the vice-chancellor, Mr. Daniel Waterland, and dthei*^ 
learned and worthy clergymen. In 1711 artd 1714-5 by the ^p* 
pointtnent of the archbifhop, then the fole furviVirig truftee of 
the Hon. Robert Boyle, our author preached the courfe of fer- 
liions for the lefturc founded by him. Dr. Ibbot exprefled his 
defire in his laft willj that thefe fermons (hould be publifhed. 
They beaf evident marks of the folidlty of his Judgement, andt 
are well adapted to his profefled defign of obviating, by perti-t 
/lient obfervations and juft reafonings, the infidious fuggeftions 
Arid unjuft cenfures ot Collins, in his ^* Difcourfe of Free-^ 
thinking." In thefe fermons the true notion of the exercife of 
private judgement, or free-thinking in matters of religion, is 
fairly and fully ftated, the principal objeflions againft it are an* 
fWered, and the modern way of free-thinking, as treated by 
Collins, is judicioufly refuted. To this publication is annexed^ 
*' A Lift of the feveral learned perfons who had preached the 
6oyIean Leftures, from their Commencement in 1692 to the 
year 1726, with a particular Account of their diflfferent fubjedls.'* 
Some time after he was appointed preacher- affiftant to Dr. Sa- 
muel Clarke, and reflor of St. Paurs, Shadwell. But his 
conftitutioii could no longer endure the fatigue of cbnftant preach- 
ing in places fo diftant from one another, efpecially in the fum- 
iher feafons. His health was gradually impaired, and his 
ftrength and fpirits greatly exhaufted ; and having been inftalled 
a prebendary in the collegiate church of St. Peter, Weft min- 
fter, Nov. 16, 1724, he retired to Camberwell for the recovery 
of his health ; where he clofed the fcenes of a ftudious, labo- 
rious, and pious life, April 5, 1725, in the 45th year of his 
age, and was btiried iri the abbey-church of Weftminfter. 
Soon after his death, " Thirty Sermons on Praftical Subjeds," 
were feledled from his MSS. by his worthy friend Dr. 
Samuel Clarke, and publillied for the benefit of his widow, in 
2 vols, 8vo, 1726, for which Ihe obtained a very large fubfcrip- 
tion, and was honoured by the generous donations of fome perfons 
of the firft rank and charafter. Befides thefe fermons, he had pub-- 
llftied fix others, on feveral public occafions. He alfo publiihed, 
wthout his name, a tranflation of PuiFendorf 's treatife, enti- 
tled, " De habitu Religionis Chriftianae ad vitam civilem," of 
the relation between the church and the ftate ; or how far Chrif- 
tian and civil life affeft each other ; with a preface giving fome 
account of the book, and its ufe with regard to the prefent 
cOntroverfies, 17 19, 8vo. 

JEANNIN fPiERRE), a native of Burgundy, and bred only 
as an advocate in the parliament of Dijon, who rofe by his ta- 

C c ^ lents 



3W JEBB. - 

knts and probity to the highcft fituations in his profeflTon. The' 
ftates of Burgundy employed him to adminiRer the affairs of thaf 
province, and had every rtafon to felicitate themfelves upon 
their choice. When the orders for the mairacre of St. Bartho- 
lomew were received at Dijon, he oppofed the execution of 
them with all his might, and a few days after arrived a courier 
to forbid the murders. The appointments of counfeilor, prefi- 
dent^.and finally chief prefident, in the parliament of Dijon, 
were the rewards of his merit. Seduced by the pretences of 
the leaguers to ze»\ for religion and for the {late, Jeaniiin for a 
time united himfelf with that fadioh; but he foon perceived 
their perfidy and wickednefs, as well as the completely inte- 
reded views of the Spaniards, and repented of the ftep. After 
the battle of Fontaine Franijotje^ in which the final blow was 
given to the league, Henry I V. called him to his councjl, and re- 
tained him in his court. From this time he became the advifer, 
and almoil the friend of the king, whd admired him equally for 
his franknefs and his fagacity. Jeannin was employed in the 
negotiation between the Dutch and the court of Spain, the 
moft difficult that could be undertaken. It was concluded in 
1609. After the death of Henry IV. the queen-mother con- 
fided to him the greateft affairs of the (late, and the adminif* 
tration of the finances, and he managed them with unparalleled 
fidelity ; of which his poverty at his death afforded an undoubted 
proof. He died in 1022, at the age of eighty-two, having feen 
ieveri fucceffive kings on the throne of France. He publiflied 
a folio colledlion of negotiations and memoirs, in the ^ year 
1659, which were long held in the higheft eftimation. 'The 
regard which Henry I V. felt for him was very great. Com- 
plaining one day to his minifters that fome among them had re- 
vealed a ftate fecret of importance, he took the prefident by the 
hand, faying, ** As for this good man, I will anfwer for him." 
Yet, though he entertained fuch fentiments of him, he did little 
for him. He felt confcious that he had been remifs in this re- 
fped, and faid fometimes, " Many of my fubjeSs I 'load with 
weaWi, to prevent them from exerting their malice, but for the 
prefident Jeannin, I always fay much, and do little." 

JEBB (Samuel, M. D.}, a native of Nottingham, and a 
member of Peter-houfe, Cambridge, became attached to the 
Nonjurors, and accepted the office of librarian to the celebrated 
Jeremy Collyer[Lj. While he was at Peter-houfe he printed 
a tranilation of " Martin's Anfvvers to Emiyn, 1718, 8vo; 
reprinted in 1719 ; in which latter year he infcribed to that fo- 
clety his " Studiorum Primitiae ;" namely, " S. Juftini Martyrb 
cum Tryphone Dialogps, ijig," 8vo. On leaving the uni- 

[l] Anecdotes of Bowyer, by Nichols, p. 3%, %i\ U^% 

.vcriity. 



J E B B. 38f 

I verfity, be married a relation of the celebrated apothecary Mr^ 

piUihgham, of Red-lion-fquare, from whom he took inftruc- 

^ tions in pharmacy and chemiftry by the recommendation of Dr. 

^ Mead, and afterwards pradifed phyfic at Stratford by Bow. In 

' 1722, he was editor of the " bibliotheca Literaria/' a learned 

» work, of which only ten niimbeps were printed, and in which 

are interfperfed the obfervations of Maflon, Wafle, and other- 

! , eminent fcholars of the lime. He alfo publiflied, i. *' De 
Vita & Rebus geftis Marias Scotorum Reginae, Franciae Dota^ 

[ riae.*' ** The Wiftory of the Life and Reign of Mary Quee^ 

of Scots and Dowager of France, extrafted from origmal Rcr 
cords and Writers of Credit, 1725,** 8vo. 2. An edition oif 

' •' Ariftides, with Notes, 1728/' 2 vols. 4tp. 3. A beautifu^ 

find correft edition of ** Joannis Cail Britanni de Caqibus Bri-. 
tannicis liber unus ; de variorum Animalium & Stirpium, &c 
liber unus; de Libris propriis liber unus; de Pronunciatione 
Grxcx & Latinae Lingua?, cum fcriptione nova, libellus; a4 
optimbrum exenrtplarium fidem recogniti ; a S. Jebb, M. Q. 
Lond. 1729," 8vo. 4. An edition of Bacon's " Opus Majus,** 
folio, •* neatly and accurately printed for W. Bowyer, 1733." 
5. ** Humphr. Hodii, lib. 2. de Gnecls illuftrlbus Lingua? 
Grsecse Literarumque. humaniorum inflauratoribus, &c. Lond* 
1742," 8vo. " FraemittHur de Vita & Scriptis ipfius Humphredi 
Differtatio, au6lore S. Jebb, M. D." He wrote alfo the epi* 
taph infcribed on a fmafl .pyramid between Haut-Buiffbn and 
Marquife, in the road to Boulogne, about feven miles from Ca- 
lais, in memory of Edward Seabright, efq; of Croxton in Nor- 
folk, three other Englifli gentlemen, and two fervants, who 
were all murdered Sept. 20, 1723 [m]. The pyramid, being 
decayed, was taken doyvn about 1751, and a 1 mall oratory or 
chapel erefled on the fide of the road TnI. In 1749, Dr. Jebb 
cofTeiTed all Mr. Bridges*s MSS. relative to the « Hiftor^ of 
rforthamptonibire," which were afterwards bought by fir Thor 
mas Cave, bart. and. finally digefted, and publifhed in 2 vols, 
folio, by the Rev. Peter Whalley, in 1791. Dr. Jebb praftifed 
at Stratford with great fuccefs till within a few years of his death, 
when he retired with a moderate fortune into Derbyfhire, where 
he died March '9, 1772, leaving feveral children, one of whom 
was fir Richard Jebo, M. D. oue of the phyficians extraordinary 
to his majefty. 

JEBB (John), fon of Dr. John Jebb, dean of Cafliell, was 
born in London, early in 1736, He was a man much cele- 

[m] Sec <« PolhicaJ Stated Vol. XXYI. [n] From the mferaiation of 4 gentle* 

P- 3539 443 9 ^nd» ** A Narrative of the man wlio bat been in the cEapel, whe» 

j'roceeduigs in France, fat difccfvering and mafs, he was toU, u QQCa&oaalljr petf* 

4etedmg the Murderers of the EoglUh formed for the fouls of thv perfont who 

GentUmeii,** where there is a print of the were 0iur4eic4*' 
I p;^imd, witb the infcriptkou 

I ^ Cc3 bratcd 



390 J E B B. 

b rated among the violent partizans for unbounded liberty, 
religious and political ; and certainly a man of learning an4 
talents, though they were both fo. much abforbed in^ contro- 
verfy as to leave little among his writings of geneVal u(e« 
His education v^^as begun in Ireland and finifhed in England* 
J^is degrees were taken at Cambridge, where he bore public 
offices, and obtained fome church preferment. His college 
Was Peter-houfe. He early took up the plan of givios tfa^ 
clogical lejflures, which were attended by feveral pupils, mU 
liis peculiar opinions became known in 1770, when a pro- 
hibition was publiihed in the upivcrfity. How foon he ha4 
begun to deviate from the opinions he held at the time of 
ordination is upc^Atain, but in a letter dated OS. 21, 17759 
lie fays, " J have for feven years paft, in my leftures, main* 
tained {leadily the proper unity of God, and that hV alone 
hiould be the obje£t of worfliip." He adds, that he warned hi^ 
t}earers that this was not the received opinion, but that his owa 
was fettled, and exhorted them to enquire diligently [o]. This 
jponfeflion feems rather inconfiftept with the defence he addreife^ 
to the archbifliop of Canterbury, in 1770. He was a (hehuous 
advocate for the edablKfament ot annusu examinations in the uni* 
'Verfity, but could not prevail. In 17^5, He camp to the refolu- 
ttion of refighing his ecclefiaftical preferments, which he did ac- 
cordingly ; and then, by the advicf^ of his friends, took up th^ 
ftudyof phyfic. For this new objeS he ftudied indefatigably, 
and in 1777, obtained his degree by diploma from St. An* 
drew'S, and was admitted a licentiate in J^ondon. 

Amidft the cares of his new profeflion, he. did not decline hij 
attention to theological ftudy, nor to what he confidefed as th^ 
icaufe of true liberty. He was, as he had been for mapy years^ 
zealous for the abolition of fubfcription, a warm friend to th^ 
caufe of America againft England, an inceflant advocate for 
annual parliaments, and univerfal fufFrage (thofe pernicious en- 
gines for defiroying the Britiflj conftitution), a writer in newjl 
papers, and a fpeaker in public meetings. So many eager pur- 
luits feem to have exhaiifted his conftitution, and he diec^ ^PP^'' 
rently of a decline, in March, 1786. 

Dr. John Jebb was a man of various and eittenfive ,Iesirning,t 
mafter df nlany languages, among which were Hebrew and Arabic i 
and during his laft illnefs, he ftudied the Saxon, with the Anglo** 
Saxon liws and antiquities. He was twice a candidate for th^ 
profefforfhlp of Arabic at Cambridge. Befides his theological 
itnd medical knowledge, he was not a little verfed in the fciencq 
bf law, which he once thought df making his profeflion, even 
4fter be bad fludied phyfic. He was alfo a mathematician an4 

Jo] Pj&cy's lifepf Jebb, p. >Qf. 

^hil<>i 



JEFFERY. 391 

I philoropher, and was concerned with two friends in publiihing 

I at Cambridge a fmall quarto, entitled, *^ Excerpta quxdam e 

i Newtonii principiis Philofophias naturalis, cum notis variorum ;'* 

i which was received as a ftandard book of education in that uni- 

l yerfity. His other works have been collefted into 3 vols. 8vq, 

\ publlfhed in 1787 by Dr. Difney, and contain chiefly, (beiides 

i the p]an of his ledures, and harmony of the gofpels, fix fermons^ 

^ ^and fi medical treatife on paralyfis,) controverfial tradls and 

I letters, on his intended improvements at Cambridge, on fub- 

^ (cription, on parliamentary reform, &c. He feems to have 

I been an adive, enterprifing, and radier turbulent, but a fincere 

I man. 

^ JEFFERY (John), an EngUfli divine, was born in 1647, 

at Ipfwich, where he had his grammar-learning; and thenqe 
I removed in 1664 to Catharine*hall, Cambridge; under the tu- 

\ ition of Dr, John Eaqhard[p]. Heae he took his firft degree, 

I and as foon after as he could, he went into orders, and accepted 

I of the curacy of Dennington in Suffolk. He appliqd very clofely 

I to his ftudies, liv^d quite retired, and was not known or heard 

,of in the world for fome years.. At length, becoming known, 
he was, in 1678, elected minifter of a church in Norwich; 
where his good temper, exemplary life, judicious preaching, and 
great learning, foon recommended him to the efteem of the 
wifeft and beft men in his parifti. Sir ThoipaS Brown, fo well 
known to the learned world, refpefled and valued him. Six 
Edward Atkyns, lord chief baron of the Exchequer, took great 
notice of his. Angular modefty of behaviour, and rational me- 
thod of recommending religion in fermons ; gave him an apart- 
ment in his houfe, took him up to town with him, carried hiqi 
into company, ai^d brought him acquainted with Dr. Tillotfon, 
then preacher at LincolnVinn, and with feveral other eminent 
men. In 1687, ^^* Sharp, then dean of Norwich, afterwards 
archbifhop of York, obtained for him, without follicita- 
tion, the two fmall livings of Ivirton and Falkenham in Suf- 
folk; and, in 1694, archbifhop Tillotfon made him archdeacop 
of Norwich. In 1710, he married a fecond wife; and after 
his marriage, difcontinued his attendance on the convocation: 
and when he was aflced the reafon, would pleafantly excufe him- 
felf out of the old law, which faith, " that, when a man has 
taken a new wife, he fliall not be obliged to go out to war," 
He died in 1720, aged 72. 

. He publiftied, " Chriftian Morals, by Sir Thomas Browne/' 
/* Moraland religious Aphorifms, colle6led from Dr. Which* 
cote's Papers." Three volumes of fermons, by the fame ^u- 
I thor, 1702. 

£f] MeiQMrs of his U£c prefixed tohia Wearks. 

Cc4 In 



59* JEFFERY, 

In 170T9. he had printed a volume of his own difcourfes, an^ 
occafionally various feimons and trafts feparately, for twenty 
years before. AH thefe were colIe£bedy and publifbed in 2 yols* 
8vo, in 1751. Dr. Jeflfery was an enemy of religioMS cootroverfjr^ 
alledging, ^* that it produced more heat than light." He left 
behind him many 'mamifcript voiume^f entitled^ TA E(£ 
EATTON, affording an irrefragable proof of his great ing- 
duftry. 

JEFFERY of Monmouth (ap Akthuk), the fmiaos Briti^ 
hiAorian, flouriihed in the time of Henry I. [qJ, was born at 
Monmouth, and probably educated in the oenedf^tine monafie^ 
near that place ; for Oxford and Cambridge had not yet rifen to 
any great height, and had been lately depreiied by the Ebnift 
invafion ; fo that monafteries were at this time the principal fe* 
minaries of learning. He was made archdeacon of Monmouth, 
and afterwards promoted to the biihopric of St. Afaph in itS^f 
He is faid by fome to have been raifed to the dignity of a car- 
dinal alfoy but on no apparent good grounds. A.(^rt iearl of • 
Gloucefter, natural fon of Henry I. and Alexander brfliop d 
Lincoln^ were his particular patrons $ the firft a peribn of great 
eminence and authority in the kingdom, and (celebrated for his 
learning; the tatter, famous for being the greateft patron of 
learned men in that time, and himfelf a great fcholar and 
iiatefman. 

Leland, Bale, and Pits inforfn us, that Walter Mapaeua, 
^ias Calenjus, who was at thisthne archde^on of Oxford, and 
rf whom Henry of Huntingdon, and pther hiftorians, as wdl 
as JeSery himfelf, make honourable mention, as a man yery 
furious in the ftttfly of antiquity, and a (filigent fearcher into 
ancient libraries, and efpecially after the works of ancient au- 
thors, happened while he was in Armorica to meet withaMf- 
tory of pritain, written in the Britifh tongue, and carrying 
marks of great antiquity. Peing overjoyed at this, as if he hai} 
found a vaU trea^ire, he in a fhort time came over to England| 
wheie enquiring for a proper perfon to tranflate this curious 
but hitherto unknown |jook, he very opportunely met with 
Jeffcry of Monmouth, a 'man profoundly verfed in the hiftory 
and antiquities pf BritaiUi excellently fkiUed in the Britiih tongue, 
and befides (confirfering the time) an ^leglsint writer, both in 
verfe and profe, and to him he recommended thp tsjflc. Jeflfery 
ajccordingly undertook to tranflaie it into Latin ; which he per- 
formed with great diligence, approving himfelf according to 
Matthew Paris, a faithful tranflator. M firft he divided it into 
four bookS| written in a plain fimple ftyte, a popy whereof is 
faidto be at Benet-cpllege, Cambridge, whifh 1^5 rii^yfr ytt ■ 

1^3 T«Qacf'a Bitdlotbcca, fu^ yoce, ^c« Oallo£ri4o9 Moauaieti^s. 

pul;liihed| 



JEFFERY, 395 



I fitAlifted ; but afterwards maKJIe fome glterations, (ind divided 

< jit into eight books, to which he added the book of ^* Met- 

I lifl's Prophecies," which he had alfo tranflated from Britifli 

i verfe into Latin profe. A great inaqy fabulous and trifling 

i Tories are inferted in the hiftory, upon which account Jef* 

I fery's integrity has been called in queftiop ; and many aur 

i AoTSf fijch a« JPoIydore Virgil, Buchanan, ^nd fome others, 

treat the whole as ndion and forgery. Bwt, on the other hand, 
I he is defended by very learned nncn, fuch as Ufhcr, Leiand, 

I ^heringham, fir John Rice, and many mor«. Hi« advocates 

9 do not deny, that there {|re feveral abfl^rd and incredible ftories 

I inferted in this book ; but, as he tranflated or borrowed them 

I from others, the truth of the hiftory ought not to be rejefied in 

rofs, though the credulity of the .hiftorian may ^eferve cenr 
re. 

Camden alledges, that hi« relation of Brutus, and his fuccef^ 
I fors in thofe ancient times, ought to be entirely difregarded, and 

I would have our hiftory commence whh Caslar's attempt upon 

I (the iffand : and this advice has fince been followed by the gene- 

I irality of opr hiftorians.. But Nfilton purfues the old beaten 

I trad, and alledges that we cannot be eafily difcharged of Brutus 

i ^ «nd his fine, with the whole progeny of kings to the entrance of 
I Julius C^efar ; finpe it is a ftory fupported by defcents of anceftry, 

and long contimied laws and exploits, not plainly feeming to be 
I |K>rrowed or devifed. Camden, indeed, would infi'^uate, that 

the name of Brutus was unknown to the ancient Britons, and 
that JeflTery was the firft perfon who feigned him founder of 
their race. But this is certainly a miftake. For Henry of Hun^ 
tingd(m had pubKihed, in the beginning of his hiftory, a ihort 
account of Brutus, and made the Britons the defcendantsiof .the 
Xrcjans^ before he knew any thing of JeiFery's Britiih hiftory ; 
^nd he prpfeflEbs to have had this accotmt from various authors* 
tSigibertus Gertiblacenfis, a French author, fomewhat more 
^arly than Jefery^ or Henry of Huntington (for he died, accord- 
ing to Bellarmine, in 1112) gives an account of the palTage cff 
Brutus, gr^ndfon^of Afcanius, from Greece to Albion, at the 
jiead of the exiled Trojans [r] ; and tells us, that he called the 
people and country after his own name, and at laft left three 
ions to fncceed him, after he had reigned twenty- four years. 
Hence he 4»fles fummarily over the affairs of the Britons^ 
agieeably to the Britifti hiftory, till they were driven into Wales 
by the &ixons« 

Nenncus abbot qf Banchor, who flouriftied according to fome 
Jiccounts, ip the (ev0nt)i cedtnry [s], or however, without dif- 

£&] Cbrooognphia, &c. adjecit, Tbonns G^eua. Neonii proem* 

tsj Htftom BriioiMiiny five Eulps^^m ^ Hi^ fi»1k 
Britaonie, Qxoa. 169I1 «dldit nouir^ue 

put 



394 JEFFREYS. 

putCy /ome hundreds of years bcfoie Jeiiery's time, has written 
very copioufly concerning Brutus; recounting his genealogy 
from the patriarch Noah, and relating the fum of his adventures 
in a manner that differs but in few circumftances from the Bri- 
liO) hiftory. He tells us from whence he compiled his account 
in the following words : *< Partim mgjorum tradition ibus, partim 
fcriptis, partim etiam monumentis veterum Britanniae iiicolarum^ 
partim & de annalibus Romanorum ; infuper & de Chronicis fane* 
lorum patrum, S. Jeronymi^ Profperiy Eufi&bii ; ne^ noa & de hii^ 
toriis Scotorum, Saxonumque licet inimicorum* noii ut volui led 
tat potui, meorum obtemperans juilionibus feniorumy unam banc 
liiftoriunculam undecnnque colle&am balbutiendo coacervavi." 
Gitaldus Cambrennsy contemporary with JeflFery, f;^ys, that in 
kis time the Welch bards and fingers could repeat by hearty 
from tberr ancient and authentic books, the genealogy of their 

{' rinces from Roderic the Great to Belim the Great ; and froia 
im to SylvUis, Afcanius, and iEneas ; and from iEneas lineally 
carry up their pedigree to Adam. From thefe ^^tboritles it apr 
pears, that the (lory of Biutus is not the produce of JeSery'a 
invention, but, if it be a fivSiion, is of much older date. 

There are two editions of Jeffery's hiftory extant in Latia, 
one of which was publiflied in 4to, by Afcenlius, at Paris, A. D. 
X517 ; the other in folio by Commeline, at Heidelberg, 1587, 
9mong the ^ Rerum Britannicarum Scriptores vetumores & 
pra^cipui," which is much the fairer and more correct edition. A 
tranflation of it into Englifti by Aaron Thompfon, of QyeenV 
cottege, was publifhed at I<ondon, 1718, in ovo, with a lar^ 
preface cpncerning the authority of the hiftory. 

JEFFREYS (loj;d Geoege), baron Wem, commonly knowfl 
by the name of judge Jeflieys [t], was the fixth fon of John 
Jefireys, efq; of A^oa in Denbighihire. He was educated at 
Wefiminfter-fchool, where he became a good proficient in the 
learned languages ; and was thence removed to the Inner-Tern* 
pie, where he applied himielf very affiduoufly to the law. His 
i»lher*s family was large, and his temper parfimonious, confe*- 
ouently the young man's allowance was very fcanty, and hardly 
U^fEeiem to fupport him decently; but his owu ingenuity fup^ 
plied all deficiencies, till he came to the bar; to which, as is 
affirmed by fome, he had no regular call. In i666» he was at 
the ailize at Kingfton, where very few counfellors attended, oa 
account of the plague then raging. Here neceffity gave him 
permiffion to put on a gown, and to plead; and he continued 
the pra&ice unreftraihed, till he reached the higheft employ- 
ments in the law. Alderman Jeffreys, a namefake, and pro- 

tr] LivcB of tlic l4id Ghnifieliort, Ac. Noitk^t iifr ef the lad Lord-kttMr 

CJiU&rd. ' '." 

bably 



JEFFREYS. 395 

! hMy t xelation, introduced him among the citizens $ and, being 

' a jovial bottle oompaniipny he became very popular among them, 

j came into gre^t biifinefs, and was chofen their recorder. Hit 

' influence in thp city, and his readinefs to promote any meafures 

' without referve, introduced him at court; and he was appointed 

I Ihe duke-cf York's foUcitpr. 

' He was very adive in the duke's intered, and carried through 

' acaufe which was of ycry great confequence to his revenue: it 

I was fof the right of the Penny-poft-office. He was firft made 

i a judge in his native country ; and, in 1680, was knighted, and 

I jmade chief juftice of Ch^er. When the parliament began the 

i jprofecution of the abhorrers, he reilgned the recorderftiip, and 

I V obtained the place of chief juftice of the King's-bench i and, 

I , foon softer the acceflion of James II. the great feal. He was 

I die of the greatefi advifers and promoters of all the oppreflive 

! - and arbitrary meafures of that unhappy and tyrannical reign ; 

I and his fanguinary and inhuman proceedings againft Monmouth's 

fniferable adherents in the Weft will ever render his name infa^ 

i mous. Thjere i$, however^ a lingular ftory of him in this ex- 

peditipn, wl)ich t^nds to his credit ; as it (hews, that when he 

was not under ftate influence, he had a proper fenfe of the na* 

jtural and ciyil rights qf mepi and an inclination to protect them» 

The tpayof, aldermen, and juftices of Briftol, had been ufed to 

fmnfport convi&ed criminals to the Anierican plantations, and 

jFell them by way of trade; and finding the commodity turn to a 

food account, they contrived a method to make it more plenti« 
, j1. Their legal convids were but few, and the exportation 
ivas ii|CQnfiderable. When, therefore, any petty rogues and 
pilferers were brought before them in a judicial capacity, they 
were fuxe to be terribly threatened with hanging ; and they had 
fome yei-y diligent officers attending, who would advife the ignorant 
jntimidateH creatures to pray for tranfportation, as the only way 
to fave them ; and, in general, by fome means or other, the ado' 
yice was follow^. Then, without any more form, each alder* 
fnan in cou rfe took one and fold for his own benefit ; and fome« 
jtimes warm difputes arofe among them about tlie next turn. 
This trade had been carried on unnoticed many years, when 
it came to the knowledge of the lord chief juftice; who, 
finding upon enquiry, that the mayor was equally involved in 
the guilt of this outrageous practice with the reft ot his brethren, 
made him defcend from the bench where he was fitting, and 
ftand at the bar in his icarlet and furs, and plead as a common 
" ' criminal* He then took fecurity of them to anfwer inform- 
ations ; but the amneftjr after the Revolution ftopt the proceed* 
|ngs, and fecured their iniquitous gains. 

North, vho informs us of this drcumftancet tells us like* 
^|fejj that^ when he was in temper^ and matters indifferent 



396 . JEFFRErs. 

came before him, no one better became a ieat of juftice* He 
talked fluently, and with fpffit ; but his veaknefs was', that he 
could not reprehend without fcoMing, and in fuch Billingfgare 
language as (hoiild not come from the mouth of any man. He 
called it *^ giving a lick with the rough fide of his tongue." It 
•was ordinary to hear him^ fay, ♦♦Go, you are a filthy, loufy, 
nitty rafcal ;" with much more of like elegance. He took a 
pleafiire in mortifying fraudulent attornies. His voice and vifiige 
made him a terror to real offenders, and formidable indeed to 
all. A fcrivener of Wapping having a caufe before him, one 
of the opponent's counfel faid, <♦ that he was a ftnange fellowv 
and fometimes went to church, fometimcs to conventicles; and 
none could tell what to make of him, and it was thought that 
he was a Trimmer." At that the chancellor fired. ♦• A Trim- 
mer !" faid he, ♦♦ I have heard much of that monfter, but never 
faw one ; come forth, Mr. Trimmer, "and let me fee your Ihape :** 
and he treated the poor fellow fo roughly, that, when he came 
out of the hall, he declared ♦♦ he would not under^ the terrors 
of that man's face again to fave his life ; and he fhould certainty 
retain the frightful impreffions of it as long as he Ijved.** 

Afterwards, when the prince of Orange came, and all was 
in confufion, the lord chancellor, being very obnoxious to the 
people, difguifed himfelf in order to go abroad. He was in k 
feaman's drefs, and drinking a pot in a cellar. The Icrivener^ 
whom he had fo feverely handled, happening to come info the 
cellar after fome of his clients, his eye caught that face which 
madb him flart ; when the chancellor feeing bimfelf obferved, 
feigned a cough, and turned to the wall with his pot in hh hand. 
But Mr. Trimmicr went out, and gave notice that hef was there-; 
and the mob immediately' rufhed in, feized him, and carried 
him to the lord-mayor. Thence, under a flrong guard, he was 
fent to the lords of the council, who committeq him to the 
Tower; where he died April i8, 168^2 and Was buried pri*^ 
vately the Sunday night following, 

JEFFREYS (Gboroe), educated at Weftmlnfter-fchorf 
tinder Dr. Bufby, was the fon of Chriftopher JefllTeys, efq; of 
Weldron in Northaiiiptonfliire, and nephew to ^famesi the eighth 
lord ChandoS [u]. He was admitted of Trinity-college,- Cam- 
bridge, in 1694, where he took the degrees in arts, was elected 
fellow in 1701^ and preiided in the philofophy-fchobls asmode*> 
rator in 1706. He was alfo fub-orator for Or. Ayloffe, and not 
gojng into orders within eight years, as the ftatutes of that col- 
lege requite, he quitted his fellowfhip in 1709.- Though Mrv 
Jeffreys was called to the bar, he never praSifed the law, btit, 
after adUng as fccretary to Dr. Hartflronge btfhop of Djerry, at 

[v] NkMi^i Setoft CoUtaion of PocaU) Yolf Vlr p. 37, 



JEN KIN. 397 

ibe lattef end of queen Anne's and thebegkining of George the 
Firft's reign, fpeiit moft of the remainder of his life in the fa- 
milies of the two laft dukes of Chandos, his relations. In 
I754 he publiflied, by fubfcription, a 4to volume of " Mif- 
cellanies, in Verfe and Profe, * among which are two trage* 
dies, " £dwin," and ** Merope,^' both adled at the theatre-royal 
in Lincoln's-inn-fields, and " The Triumph of Truth," an 
oratorio. ** This collefiion," as the author obferves in his de* 
dication to the prefent duke of Chandos, then marquis of Car- 
narvon, " includes an uncommon length of time, from the 
verfes on the duke of Glouce(ler*s death in i 700, to thofe on his 
lordfliip*s marriage in 1753." Mr. Jeffreys died in I75S> aged 
77. In fir John Hawkins's " Hiftory of Mufic [xj," his grand- 
father, George, is recorded as Charles the Firft's organift at 
Oxford, in 1643, and fervant to lord Hatton in Northampton* 
fliire, where he had lands of his own ^ and alfo his father^ 
Chrifiopher, of Weldron in Northamptonfhire, as " a ftudent 
of Chrift^church, who played well on the organ." The ano» 
nymous verfes prefixed to " Cato," were by this gentleman^ 
which Addifon never knew. The alterations in the Odes ia 
ihe ^< SeleA CoUe^lion^" are from the author's corrected 
copy. 

JENKIN (Robert), a learned Englifli divine, fon of Tho* 
cnas Jenkin, gentleman, of Minder in the Ifle of Thanet^ 
where he was born Jan^ 1656 ; and bred at the King's fchool at 
Canterbury [yj. He entered as fizar at St. John's-college^ 
Cambridge, Mardi 12, 1674, under the tuition of Mr. Francis 
Roper; became a fellow of that fociety March 30, 1680; de^ 
cejfit \ti)\\ became mader in April, i7io[z]; and held alfd 
the ofBce of lady Margaret's profeflbr of divinity, ^r. Lake^ 
being tranflated from the fee of Briftol to that of Chichefter, ia 
1685, made him his chaplain, and collated him to the precen- 
tor(hip of that church, 1688. Retufmg to take the oaths at the 
Revolution^ he quitted that preferment, and retired to his feU 
lowfliip, which was not fubjefl: then to thofe conditions, unlefs 
the bi(hop of Ely, the vifitor, infifted on it; and the bifiiop 
was, by the college ftatCites, not to viftt unlefs called in by a 
majority of the fellows. By thefe means he and many othert 
kepi their fellowfhips. Retiring to the college, he profecuted 
his dudies without interruption, the ^uits whereof he gave to 



ffl 



V41L IV. p. ^ lb. 393. of Mr. Weft, his nephew and faeir$ an4 

Anecdotes of Bowyer> by Nichols, 500I. to buy a living for the college, to 

jK* I5> which fociety he alfo left two exhlbitiong 

[z] On the death of Dr. Humfrey of tol. each, and all his books to thdr 

Cower ; who left him a country-feat at library. 

Thrifloe, worth aoL per «ui« oa the death 

the 



I 



398 } E K K I N E. 

tlie pahTic in fevetal treatiTcs which were mudi cftccmed £aJ^, 
tJpon the acccflion of George I. an aft was pafled, oWiging all 
who held any poll of 5I. a year to take the oaths; by which Ur, 
Jenkin was obliged to ejeft thofe fellowi who would not comply, 
nrhkh gave him no fmall urieaflnefs [b] ; and he funk by degreed 
into imbecillify. In this condition he removed to his elder bro-; 
therms houfc at South Rungton in Norfolk, where! he died April 
, 1707, in his 76th year; and was buried, with his wife (Su- 
.^nnah, daughter of William Hatfield, efq; alderman and mer- 
chant of Lynne, who died 1713, aged 46J, his fon Henry, anrf 
daughter Sarah, who both died young in 1727, in Holme chapel, 
in that parifh of which his brother was reflor. Another daugh- 
ter Sarah furvived him. A fmall mural mionumefit was ere^erf 
to his memory, infcribed as below [c]. 

Dr. Jenkin had an elder and a younger brother, Henry an<l 
John. John was a judge in Ireland, under the duke of Ormond. 
Henry, elder brother of the mafter, was vicar of Tilney irt 
Norfolk, and reflor of South Rungton cum WalUngton, where 
lie died in 1732, and had three fons, Thomas, Vvilliam, andt 
Robert. 

JENKINS (Sir Leoline), a learned civilian and able (latef- 
man, was defcended from a familv in Wales, being the fon of 
JLeoline Jenkins, who was pofleded of an eftate of 40I. a year, 
at Llantrifaint in Glamorgan ih ire, where this fon was born, abotit 
1623. He difcovered an excellent genius and difpofition for 
learning, by the great progrefs he made in Greek and Latin, at 

[a"] Thefe arc, j» «* An Hiftorical and the ftattites requiring them to com* 

ExamiDation of the Authority of General inence B. D. they were conftiained to part 

Councils, 1688." » " A Defence of the with their fcUuvrihips. As to thofe who 

Profeffion which bifhop Lake made upon had taken the degree before the Rcvolu- 

hh Death-bed." 3 . •* Defenfio S. Auguf- tion, there was no caufc for rejc6bing them, 

taai adverfus Jo. Phereponani> 1707.** 4. till they refufedtheabjuratioa.oath) wfakh- 

'< An £ngli(h tranllation of the life of was exaded upon the acceflion of Geo. 1. 

Apollonius Tyaneu8, from the French of [c] S. M. 

Tillenaont." 5. •* Remarks on Four Keverendi admodum Robicrti 

Books lately publiihed j vis* Ba£rjage*t Jzhkin, 

fiiftory of the Jews ; Whiiton^s Eight Sand^se THeologtse pro Domina 

Sermons ; Locke*8 Paraphrafe and Notes Margarcta 

oa St. Paul's Epiftles j and Le Clerc's in Acadcmia Cantabrigienfi ProfefTorij, 

Blbliothe^ue Choifie ;** and was alfo au« Onani laude dtgniiitnu> 

tfaor off 6. << The Reaibnabienefs and £t CoUegii Divi Johannis £vangelift« 

Certamty of the Chriftian Religion j" of PraefeAi 

which a fifth edition^ corre^ed, appeared Vigilantiflimj, fpe^tiiHmi ; 

in 17ft I. « Qui dodrinae, pletads, religionism 

[b] The true account of the ejedlion Ornamentum fuit illuftre 3 

Is this : The ftatutes of that college require Exemplar venerabilc, 

the fellows, as foon as they are of proper Vindex fidelK&mus, 

ilandingy to take the degree of B. D. But £t ufque vixit 

the oath of allegiance is required to be Monumentum perpetuum« 

taken with every degree: fo that, after the Ob. 7 die Aprilis, 

Revolution, twenty-four of the iiellowt Anno Domini I7a7> 

not coining iA to UkC with q( allegiance^ ' Mt^ 7a 

Cowbiidgc 



J E N K I N S. 399 

Cowbridge fchool, near Llantrifaint ; whence he was removed, 
in 1641, to Jefus-college in Oxford, and, upon the breaking out 
of the civil war foon after, took up arms, among other ftudents 
on the fide of the king. This, however, did not interrupt hif 
(Indies, which he continued with all poflible vigour ; not leav- 
ing Oxford till after the death of the king. He then retired td 
his own country, near Llantrythyd, the feat of fir John Aubrey, 
which, having been left void by fequeftration, ferved as a refuge 
to feveral eminent loyalifts; among whom was Dr. Manfell, 
the late principal of his college. This gentleman invited hint 
to fir John Aubrey's houfe, and introduced him to the friend(hip 
of the refl of his fellow^ fiifferers there, as Frewen Abp. of York^ 
and Sheldon afterwards Abp. of Ca^iterbury ; a favour, which, 
through his own merit and induftry, laid the foundation of all 
I )tis future fortunes. The tuition of fir John Aubrey's eldeft 

I fon was the firft defign in this invitation ; and he acquitted him- 

I felf in it fo well, th^t he was foon after recommended in the 

[ like capacity to many other young gentlemen of the bed rank 

I and quality in thofe parts, whom he bred up in the doftrine of 

the Church of England, treating them like an intimate friend 
rather than a raafter, and comforting them with hopes of better 
times. 

But this could not long continue unobferved by the parliament 

Sarty, who grew fo jealous, that they were refolved to put z 
op to it : and, as the moft efFedual means of difperfing the 
fcholars, the matter was feized by fome foldiers quartered ia 
thofe parts ; and, being fent to prifon, was indi6led at .the quar- 
ter- feflions, for keeping a feminary of rebellion and fedition. 
He was however difcharged by the intereft of Dr. Wilkins, then 
warden of Wadham -college in Oxford : to which place he re- 
moved with his pupils, in 1651, and fettled in a houfe, thence 
Called Little Welch-hall, in the High-ftreet. During his refi- 
dence in Oxford, he was recommended to the warden of Wad* 
ham by the famous judge David Jenkins ; and employed on fe- 
veral meflages and correfpondences between the judge, Dr. Shel- 
don, Dr. Manfell, Dr. Fell, and others. But Dr. Wilkins, 
his proteftor, being promoted to the mafterfliip of Trinity-col- 
lege Cambridge, in 1655, Jenkins was obliged to remove ; and, 
being talked of as a dangerous man, fought his fafety by flight. 
He withdrew with his pupils out of the kingdom, and refidec^ 
occafionally in the moft famous of the foreign univerfities. He 
thus kept a kind of moving academy ; and by that method, the 
beft opportunities of improving the ftudents in all forts of acade- 
mical learning were obtained; while they had the further advan- 
tage of travelling over a great part of France, Holland, and 
Germany. They returned home in 1658 ; and Mr. Jenkins^ 
delivering up his pupils to their refpeftive friends, gladly ac- 
cepted 



4<5d J E N ICI N S. 

cepted an invitation to live ^ith fir William Whiimtfref at hi§ 
leat at Appley in Shropflxi/e. 

He continued with that patron of diftrefTed cavaliers, enjoying 
all t!ie opportunities of ^ wefl-furniflied Dbrafy, till the Redo* 
lation ; when he returned to jfefus-college^ and was chofen one 
of the fellows. He was created LL. D. in Feb. i66l^ and 
cledcci principal in March following^ upon the fefignation of 
bis patron Dr. Manfell ; and (ir Williann Whhmore foon after 

Save him the co'mmiiTaryfiiip of the peculiar and exeonpt jurif* 
i^lion of the deanery of Bridgenorth in Shropfhire. in 1662^ 
he was made aiTeifor to the chancellor's court at Oxford ; and 
fte fame year Dr« Sweit appointed him his cfeputy profeilbr of 
die civil law there. In 1663, he was made regifter of the con- 
fiftory court of Weftminftef-abbey ; . and his friend %eIdon^ 
newly tranflated to the fee of Cancerbury, foai> after appoiaed 
him commilfary and official for that diocefe, and judge of the 
pecnllars. Jenkins was very fervkeahle to tHat prelate, in fettling 
his Theatre at Oxford; of which, as foon as h was finifhed, he 
Was made one of the curators. He was ufefufto the archbi(hopr 
on other occafions alfo relating to church and (late ; and it wa^ 
by hisencouragementy that Dr« Jenkins removed to Do£lor's* 
Commons, and was admitted an adv6cate in the court of arche# 
in the latter end of 1663, Here he was immediately made de-« 
puty-afTidant to Dr. Swcit^ dean of this court, as he had been 
to him before in the office of profelTor ; and this frtuation brought 
"his merit nearer the eye of the court. Upon the breaking out 
of the fird Dutch war in 1664, the lords commiffioners of prizes 
appointed Dr. Jenkins, with other eminent civilians, to review 
the maritime laws, and compile a body of ruks for the adjudi" 
cation of prizes in the court of adxniralty, which afterwards be- 
came the ilandard of thofe proceedings. Then, by therecom^ 
mendation of Sheldon, he was made judge-affiAant in that courts 
March 2J, 1664-5 ; Dr. Exton, the judge, being then very aged 
and infirm : and upon his death foon after, became principal, and 
fuftained the weight of that important office alone, with great 
reputation. He had advanced the honour and efteem of that 
court to a high degree, by a three years fervice ; . when finding 
the (alary of 300I. per annum, allowed by the king, not a com- 
^tent maintenance, he petitioned for an additional 200L per 
annum, which was granted Jan. 29, 1668^ He was now con- 
fidered as fo ufeful a man by the government, that the king be- 
came his patfon ^ and having recommended him to the arch-r 
biiliop, as judge of his prerogative court of Canterbury, which- 
appointment he obtained in 1668, employed him the following 
year in an affair of near concern to himfelf. 

The queen-mother, Henrietta Maria, widow of Charles H*' 
dying Aug. t, 1669, in France, her whole eftate, both real and 

perfonsdf 



JENKINS* 401 

Jerfonal, was claimed by her nephew, Louis XIV [d]: upon 
which matter, Dr. Jenkinis being commandqd to give his opi- 
' l)ion, it was approved in council ; and a commiilion being* 

' made out for him, withthree others [eJ, he attended it to Paris. 

' He demanded and recovered the queen -mother's cfFecfts, difcharged 

' her debts, and provided for her interment; when, returning 

! home, his majefty teilified his high approbation of his fervices, 

' by conferring on him the honour of knighthood, Jan. 7, t66^-'jo^ 

' Immediately after this honour, he received a greater ; being no- 

' minated one of the coramiinoners of England, to treat with 

^ thofe authorized from Scotland, about an union between the two 

' kingdoms. In 167 1, he was chofen a reprefentative in parlia- 

I ment for Hythc in Kent, one of the cinque ports. 

He did not approve the rupture, which brought on the fecond 



I 



I war with the Dutch in 1672. Being appointed an ariibaffadbr 

and plenipotentiary, with others, f6r fettling a treaty of peace, 
and refigning his place of principal of Jefus^college, he arrived 
in bis new charafter at Cologne, in June 1673: but after feveral 
fruitlefs endeavours to effeft it, he returned to England in 1674. 
On his arrival in May, he gave the privy-council an account of 
his negotiation, which v/as well received ; artd, in December, 
was,appoimed one of the mediators of the treaty at Nimeguen. 
He continued there throughout the whole courfe of that long and 
laborious negotiation ; and the chief part of the bufmefs, at leaft 
the drudgery of it, lay upon him, as is acknowledged by fir Wil- 
liam Temple, his brother mediator : who in his pleafaht man* 
ner obferves, that, " where there were any ladies in the ambaf- 
fadors houfes, the evenings were fpent in, dancing or play, or 
carelefs and eafy fuppers, or collations. In thefe entertain* 
nients,*-- fays he, " as I feldom failed of making a part, and my 
colleague never had any, fo it gave <Kcafion for a ion mot, a good 
word, that palFed tipon it : ^e la mediation eftoit toujours en pied 
pourfairefafonSfisn : that is, that the mediation was always on 
foot to go on with its bufinefs ; for I ufed to go to bed and rife 

[h] She ha4 refided at Colomt>e in that whatever eftate (he pofTeffed there, 

France ever fincc her departure from Eng- ought to.be fubjeft to the laws and ufages 

land in July }644i being entertained there of the country, and that madame royale 

at the charge of Lewis XIV, Upon the "of France,'the aforefaid dutchefs of Anjou, 

Keftoration, fbe came to London ; and hav* was by thofe laws the only perfon capable 

tag fettled her revenues here, went back of fuccceding ; Charles JL and. the duke 

to France, to bcftow her daughter Henri- of York, as well as the princcfs of Orange, 

etta in marriage to the duke of Anjou. her other children, being exprefsly cx- 

July l$$%y coming again into Eogiand, eluded and difabled by the Droit d'aubaine, 

(he fettled her court at Somerfet-houfe, becaufe they were not bom nor inhabitants 

■where flie refided till May 1665. But within the allegiance of the French king, 

falling into a bad ftate of health, ihe re- But .our court's claim was at length ad. 

turned to her native country, where Hie xnitted. 

died. Under thefe circumilances it YfU [e] Ralph Montague, £(<}; ambalTador 

pretended, that ihe was not only a native, at that court> the earl of ^. Alban*s, and 

but an inhabitant of France; confequently, lord Arundel. , 

Vot. VIII. D d ' late 



4oa JENKINS. 

late, while roy colleague was a bed by eight ahd up by fotif f 
and to fay the truth, two more different men were never joined 
in one commiffion, nor ever agreed better in it f f]." 
. The detail of this negotiation is well known, and may be 
fecn in fir Leoline's letters, and his colleague's works:, to which 
we muft refer ; it being fufficicnt to obierve here, that all expe- 
dients propofed by the two mediators were rejeScd. Si r Leoline 
quitted the place on Feb. t6, 1679; and retiring to Neerbos, re- 
ceived a warrant from his royal maftjr, dated Feb. 14, thre# 
days after the date of his letter of revocation, appointing bim 
ambaifador extraordinary at the Hague, in the room. of fir Wil-^ 
liam Temple, who had been then recalled. He accordingly 
arrived there, March i ; but continued in that ilation iu> longer 
than the 25th of the fame month: for, by a newcommiffion, 
dated Feb. 20, and which catne to his hands fix days after, hv 
returned to Ntmeguen March 26, authorifcd to refume his me- 
diatorial fund ion, at the defire of the prince of Orange and the 
States, and the earned intreaty of the Northern princes. His 
indrudlions now left him in a great meafpre to himfelf, without 
other diredion than to act as he fhotiid find mofl confident with 
his rnajeffy's honour, and the good of tht general peace ; which^ 
as he was a modeil man and very difHdent of himfelf, put hinr 
tinder great anxiety. He happily fucceeded^ bowevser^ in ac« 
ComnK>dating all differences, and returned home, Aug^ 1679,^ 
after having been employed about four years and a half in this 
tedious treaty. 

. Soon after his arrival in Engkiod, he was cho£bn one of the 
burgeffes for the univcrfity of Oxford .; and, in the parliament 
which met Oft. 17 following, oppofed, to the utmoft of his 
power, the bill brought in for the exciufion of the duke of York 
from the crown. He was fworn a ptivy-coUnfellor before the 
\Bxpiration of this year ; and received the feals as fecretary of 
Hate, April 1680, being firft fecretary for the northern province, / 
and in 1681 for the fonthern. He entered upon this arduous 
office in critical and dangerous times, which continued fo ail 
the while he enjoyed it ; yet he efcaped the thcti common '^itc 
of being affailcd by addreffcs againfl him, committed and im- 
peached. Being chofen again for Oxford^ in the parliament 
which met there, March 21, 1681, he earneftly again oppofed 
the exciufion of the duke of York, as he did alfo the printing 
of the votes of the houfe of commons; a* praftice which had 
then been lately aHluned [g], but wais confidered by him- as in- 
. confident with the gravity of that affcmbly, and a fort of iropro* 

[f] » Templet Memoirs," p. 185, firft t» be printed 22 0£t." t68o» Sec that 
edit. 1692, 8vo. • coJlcaion. 

[«} The vtrtctr of the commons began 

,per 



JENKINS. 403 

per appeal to the people. With iimilar zeal he withftood the 
command of the houfe, to carry their impeachment of Edward 
P*it5t-Harris up to the lords, regarding it as defigned to refleft 
upon the king in the pcrfon of his fecretary ; nor did he com- 
ply, till he faw himfeif in danger of being expelled the houfe 
for refufing [h]. But when the corporations began to be new 
modelled by the court, and a quo warranto was brought againft 
the city of London, the fecretary fhewed a did ike of fuch vio- 
lent meafures ; and gave his opinion for punifhing only the mod 
obnoxious members in their private capacities, without involving 
the innocent, who would equally fufFer by proceeding to the for- 
feiture of the city's privileges [i]. In many other inftances, fir 
Leoline differed from the general difpofltion of the court. He • 
was a determined fc^e to all ideal projeds that came before thd 
privy-council ; and had refolution to diflent, and experience, 
enough to diftinguilh what was pradicable and really ufcful^ 
firom what was merely chimerical. He alfo conftantly declared 
againft every irregular or illegal proceeding ; but, not having 
itrength to fuftain the bufiaefs and conflids of thofe turbulent' 
times, he begged leave to refign for a valuable confideratton^ 
which was granted by his majefty on April 14, 1684. Having 
obtained his wiili, he retired to a houfe in Hammerfroith, where 
learning and learned men continued to be his care and delight* 
Upon the acceflSoft of James II. he was fworn again of 1 the 
privy-council, and ele£led a third, time for the univerfity of Ox- 
ford. He had gained fome little return of ftrcngth, and freik 
application was accordingly made to him to appear in bufinefs ; 
but, indifpofition foon returning, he was never able to fit in that 
parliament, and paid the laft debt to nature on Sept. i, 1685. 
His body was conveyed to Oxford, and interred in the area of 
Jefus-college chapel. Being never married, his whole edate 
yras bequeathed to charitable ufes ; and he was, particularly, a 
great benefador to his college. All his letters and papers were 
coUeded and printed in two folio volumes, 1724, under the title 
of his " Works," by W. Wynne, Efq; who prefixed an ac- 

[h] The words which gate oflfence, be- lorry ,*' contmuet he, *< I have incun«d 

Ades thofe mentioned In tjhe . text, were^ the difpleafure of the houfe> and I hope 

** And do what you will with me, I will they will pardon the freedom of the ex- 

notgo.** Whereupon many called, ('To prefiioii." To which he added a little 

the bar,** and moved that his words ihould after, " I an ready to obey the order of 

be written down before he explained them, the houfe, and am forry my words gave 

The chief fpeakers again ft him were the offence.** Colleton of Debates, p. 315. 

ftmous J. Trenchard and lir William Jones. 1 36. 

At length the fecretary made a fofteniog [i] Sonne of the city were {0 mvch (a-, 

fpeech, alledging, he did apprehend the tisned widb the part he a£ked 10 this affair, 

fending of him to be a refieftion upon hit that he was prefentcd with his freedom, 

mafter, tnd under that apprehenfion he and afterwards chofe mafter of the Salttta 

eottld not but refciit iu "I am heartily compaay. Wynne, p. 37, 

D d 2 count 



404 J E N S O N. 

count of his life ; which has furnifhcd the chief materials of ihi* 
memoir. 

JENNENS (Charles, Efq; [k]) a gentleman of confider- 
arblc fortune at Gopfal in Leiccfterlhirc, and a diflenter, was 
defcended from a family, which was one among the many who 
have acauircd ample fonunes at Birmingham, where they were 
equally famous for induitry and gencrolity [l]. Tn his youth 
he was fo remarkable for the number of his fervants, the fplen- 
dor of his eqtripagcs, and the profuTion of his table, that he ac- 
quired the title ot ** Solyman tfie Magnificent." He is faid to 
have compofcd the words for fome of Handel's oratorios, and 
particularly thofc for " the Mdfiah;" an eafy talk, as it is only 
*si feledion of verfes from fcripture. Not long before his death, 
he imprudently ^expofed himlelf to criiicifm by attempting an 
edition of Shakfpeare, which he began by publiihing " King 
tear," in 8vo ; and printed afterwards, on the fame model, the 
tragedies of « Hamle-t," 1772; " Oihello" and ** Macbeth," 

1773, He would have proceeded further, but was prevented 
by death, Nov. 20, 1773. The tragedy of " Julius Ca:far," 
which in his life had been put to the prefs, was publifhcd in 

1774. He had a numerous library, and a large collection of 
piftures, both in Great Ormond-ltrcct [mJ and at Gopfal. 

JENSON (Nicolas), or Janfonius, a celebrated printer and 
Ietter*foundcr of Venice, but by birth a Frenchman, flouriflied 
in the fifteenth century. He isXaid to have been originally an 
engraver of coins and medals at Paris. About the year 1458, 
the report of the invention of printing at Mayence being circu- 
lated, hc'was lent by the king, Charles VII. to gain private infor- 
mation on the fubjeft oftha^ art. He fulfilled the objeft of 
his million, but, on his returji to France, finding that the king 
was dead, or perhaps having heard of his death, he removed to 
Venice. Such is the purport of an account in two old Frencli 
manufcripts on the coinage, except that one places the miffion 
of Jcnfon \m(iQr Louis XI, which is Icfs probable. Jenfon ex- 
celled in all branches of the art, and more than are now'united 
with it. He formed the punches, he caft the letters, and con- 
duced the typography. He firft determined the form and pro- 
portion of the prefent Roman characler: and his editions are^ 
ftill fought on account of the neatnefs and beauty of his types. 
The* firft book that iffiied fronfi his prefs is a lea rce work in 

[k] Anecdotes of Bowyer, by NichoU,. then proffeifor of » confiderabie eftatc !» 

|k. 44%. and near Birmingham ; aqd Mrs. Jeneens 

[*•] Jo^' Jenncns gave, m l6si> S^- gave ioo61^ towards the building. 
IPS. for the ufe of the poor j and Mrs. [m] Dirperfed by public auAion fooa 

Tsimens lol* to fupport a ledurc. Tht after his death. See a catalog^ie of them 

Und on which the neat aod elegant church in ** The ConnoifliKur»'* Svo. and i« << Lem/m 

•f St. Bartholomew was built in 1749 ^'^ don and its £iivirOfiS.'* 
the gift of John Jenacns, E% ©fG^fal, 

quarto^ 



. JENYN S.' ' 495 

quarto, entitled, " Decor Piiellarutn," the date of which Is 
1471 ; and in the fame year he pubiiflied in Italian " Gloria 
Mulierum," a proper fequel to the former. After thefe are 
found many editions of Latin ClalUcs and other books, for ten 
years fubfcquent ; but, as no books from his prefs appear after 
148 1, it is conjeftured that he died about that time, 

JENYNS (Soame), a modern Englifli writer of fome emi- 
nence, was born in London in 1704, the only fon of fir Roger 
Jenyns, knt. of Bottifham in Cambridge Oii re [n]. He was 
educated privately, till he went to St. John's college, Cambridge, 
where be refided about three years, ftudying diligently ; but took 
no degree. He appeared as a poet fo early as in 1728, when 
he pubiiflied his " Art of Dancing." Several other produflions 
followed at difFereat periods, which he collefled into a volume 
in 1752. He was elected into parliament for Cambridge in 
1 741, and continued to lit there chiefly for that place, but once 
or twice for others, till 1780. He aflifted Moore in the perio- 
dical paper entitled The PForU^ in 1753- In 1755, he was ap- 
pointed one of the Lords of Trade, which place he held during 
every change of adminjftration, till it was abqlifhed in 1780, 
Though no fpeaker, he was an active and diligent member of 
the houfe of commons. He was twice married. He died of a 
fever, December 18,^1787, in his 83d year, leaving no Iflue ; 
and was buried at Bott|(ham. 

The poems of this author were three times publtdied collec- 
tively in his life, firft, in a fmall 8vo, in 1752 ; the fecond time 
in 2 vols, fmall 8vo, 1761 ; lartly, in one large 8vo, 1778. He 
wrote alfo, 2. " A Free Enquiry into the Origin of Evil," 
8vo,, 1757. 3. " A View of the internal Evidence of the Chrif- 
tian Religion,'* ilmo. 1776. 4. ** Several political Tracts, and 
Ibort Philofophical Difquifitions." All thefe were pubiiflied 
tq|;ether in four flumes, 8vo, by Nalfon Cole, Efq; in 17901^ 
with a fliort flcenR of his life. The charaSer of S. Jenyns 
feems to have been amiable and refpe6table. As an author he 
attained no fmall degree of reputation, by powers which had 
every aid that ufeful and polite learning could beftow. His poe- 
try is charai^erized by elegance and corrednefs, rather than by 
invention or enthufiafm. He is a pleafing and elegant, not a 
very animated or firft-rate writer. His expreflion is concife, 
his wit lively, his humour delicate, his verfification eafy and 
agreeable. He had a critical judgement, an elegant tade, and a 
vrjch vein of wit and humour^ He is cntided to great praife for 
:the eycelience of his flyle and purity of his language. His view 
of the internal evidence of the Chriflian religion contains many 
ji^ and important obfervations, but his method of re:^foning is 

[nJ See Dr. Anderfon's Ltfc of Jcnyu*, in his Mntijb Poeth 

' d 3 liable 



4o6 JEREMIAH. 

liable to conHderable objedions : and it was accordingly anCwered 
by Dr. Machine and others, who were defirous ta fcparate thm 
pcrfcft parts from thofe which ire lefs judicious. The courfe of 
nis religious fenliments was rather fingular. From early im- 

Ereflion or (Irong conviAion, he had been originally a zealous 
clievcr of revelation, and had even been fu^pefted of a ten- 
dency to certain fanatical opinions. Gradually loiing ground in 
faith, he wandered into paths obfcured by doubt, and became a 
profefled Dcift ; till, by a retrograde progrefs, he meafured 
oack his fteps to the comforts of chriftianity. On his death- bed, 
it is faid, he review ! 1 !" life, and with a vifible gleam of joy, 
he gloried in the belief, that his yitw of the internal Evidences 
YizA been ufeful. He fpoke of his death a$ one prepared to die. 
A very honourable teftimony to the goodnefs of his heart, was 
infcribed in the regifter of Bottifliam, by the Rev. W. L. Man- 
fell, then fequeftrator of that vicarage : and indeed the only ble- 
Toxih upon this part of his charaSer, is the revengeful attack 
tJpon Dr, Johnfon, iijcrhis death, in a fevcre epitaph which 
Ifands againft its author in his works. Ii was amply punilhed by 
a counter-epitaph upon him, written while he was alive. His 
pique againft Johnfon is fuppofed to have arifon from a fevere 
critique upon his book on the Origin of Evil, which appeared 
in the Literary Magazine for 1757. But this offence mould 
have been puniffied earlier, if at all. 

JEREMIAH, the fecond of the greater prophets, the fon 
of Hilkiah, of the prieftly race, and a native of Anathoth, in 
the tribe of Benjamin. He was born in the reign of Jofias, 
about 629 years before Chrift ; and was fct apart for the pro- 
phetic office from his very birth Jeremiah inveighed againft 
the diforders of his country, and predidled the evils that were to 
fall upon it. He alfo prophefied againft feveral neighbouring 
nations, as the Egyptians, rhiliftians, TyTian|, Phaenicians, ^cc. 
In the fourth year of Jehoiakira, he foretold the captivity of the 
Jews, and that it would endure feventy years. Thefe predic- 
tions were very offenfivc to the great men of Jerufalem, and they 
threw him into prifon. When the city was taken by Nebuchad- 
nezzar, Jeremiah was among the captives, but the general gave 
him leave to choofc, whether he would go to Babylon or (lay 
in Judea. He preferred the latter, and went to Gedaliah at 
Mifpah, where he wasioined by feveral Jews, whom the war 
had difperfed into feveral qiiarters, Iflimacl having treacheroufly 
murdered Gedaliah, Jobanan collefted as many Jews as he could 
at Bethlehem, and there confulted Jeremiah whether they IhouW 
ftay in Judea, or retire into Egypt. The prophet advifed that 
they (hould ftay in Judea, the contrary however was determined 
by the principal per fons, and Jeremiah, and hisdifciple Baruch, 
were compelled to go with the reft. Several of the ancients, 

, * . and 



.dij 



JEROME. 407 

juid among them St. Jerome, maintain, that Jer^mrah was put 
to death by the Jews at Tapahnes in Egypt, about 586 years be- 
fore Chrift : while fome rabbins aflert, that he returned to Ju^ 
dea, and others, that he went to Babylon and there died. 
. The prophecies of Jeremiah, of which the circumftantial ac- 
compli (hment is fpecified in the Old and New Teftament, arc 
of a very diftinguilhed and illuftrious character [oj. He fore- 
told the Babylonifli Captivity, the precife time of its duration, 
and the return of the Jews, He defcribed the deftrudlion of 
BabyJon, and the downfall of many nations. He forefliewed 
the miraculous conception of Chrift, the virtue of his atone- 
ment, the fpiritual charaSer of his covenant, and the inward 
.efficacy of his laws. His ftyle, though neither deficient in ele- 
gance nor fublimity, has been confidered, by billiop Ivowth, as 
inferior in both refpefts to that of Ifaiah. His images are pci'- 
haps lefs lofty, and his expreflions lefs dignified than thofe of 
fome others among the facred writers ; but the chara<Scr of his 
work, which breathes a tendernefs of forrow calculated to in- 
tereft the milder alFedions, led him probably to rejedl the ma- 
Jeftic tone in which the prophetic cenfures were fomeiinies con- 
veyed, 

JEROM, St. (See Hieronymus). 

JEROME of Prague, fo called from the place of his birth, 
where he is held to be a Proteftant martyr. It does not appear 
ia what year he was born, but it is certain that he was neither a 
monk nor an ecclefiaftic : but that, being endowed with exeel- 
Jent natural parts, he bad a learned education, and ftudied at 
-Paris, Heidelberg, Cologne, and perhaps at Oxford ; the der 
gree of M. A. being conferred on him in the three firft-mentj- 
oned univerfities, and he commenced D. D. in 1396. He be- 
gan to publilh the doSrine of th.e Huffites in 1408, and it is 
laid be had a greater (hare of learning and fubtlety than John 
Huis himfelf. In the mean time, the council of Conftancc 
kept a watchful eye over him; and, looking upon him as a 
.dangerous perfon, cited him before them April 18, 1415, tp 
give an account of his faith. In purfuance of the citation, he 
wxnt to Conftance, in order to defend the do6lrine of Hiifs, as 
he had promifed ; but, on his arrival, April 24, finding his 
matter Hufs in prifon, be withdrew immediately to Uberlingen, 
iwhence he fent to the emperor for 4 fafe^conduft ; but that was 
refufed. The council, it feems, were willing to grant him a 
fafe-conduft to come to Conftance, but not for his return to Bo- 
hemia. Upon this, he caufed,to be fixed upon all the churches 
of Conhance, and upon the gates of the cardinaPs houfe, a pa- 
per, declaring th^t h? wa| ready to come to Conftance, to giye 

[o] Oray^s Key to the Old Tcfta^fit, 



4o8 JEROME. 

an account of his faiths and to anfwer, not only in private and 
under the feal, but in full council, all the calumnies of his ac* 
cufersy offering to fuffer the punifhment due to heretics, if he 
fliould be convinced of any errors; for which reafon he had 
defired a fafe-condud both from the emperor and the council ; 
but that if, notwithftanding fuch a pafs, any violence (hould be 
done to him, by imprifonmcnt or otherwife, all the world might 
be a witnefs of the injudice of the council. No notice being 
taken of this declaration, he refolved to return into his own 
country: but the council difpatched a fafe-condu6l to htm, im- 
porting^ that as they had the extirpation of herefy above all 
things at heart, they fummoned him to appear in the fpace of 
fifteen days, to be heard in the firft feilion that (hould be held 
after his arrival ; that for this purpofe they had fent him, by thofe 
prefents, a fafe-condu6\ fo far as to fecure him from any vicv* 
lence, but they did not mean to exempt him from juftice, as 
far as it depended upon the council, and as the catholic faith 
required. This pafs and fummons came to his hands: never- 
thelefs, he was arretted in his way homewards, on April 25, 
and put into the hands of the prince of Sultzbach ; and, as he 
had not anfwered the citation of April 18, he was cited again 
May 2, and the prince of Sultzbach fending to Conftance in 
purfuance of an order of the council, he arrived there on the 
a3d, bound in chains. Upon his examination, he denied the 
receiving of the citation, and protefted his ignorance of it. He 
was afterwards carried to a tower of St. Pai^l's church, ther^ 
faftened to a poft, and his hands tied to his neck, with the fame 
chains, fie continued in this pofture two days, without re- 
ceiving any kind of nourifhment; upon which he fell danger- 
oufly ill, and defired a confeifor might be allowed. This bang 
granted, by that means he got a little more liberty. July 19, be 
was interrogated afrefh, when he explained himfelf upon the 
fubjeft of the Eucharift to the following efFe<a 2 That, in the 
facrament of the altar, the particular fubftance of that piece of 
bread which is there, is tranfubftantiated into the body of Chrift, 
but that the unlverfal fubftance of bread remains[p]. Thus, 
with John Hufs, he maintained the *< univerfalia ex parte rei." 
It is true, on a third examination, Sept. 11, he retraced this 
opinion, and approved the condemnation of Wickliff and John 
Jlufs; but, on May 26, 1416, he condemned that recantation in 
thefe terms ; ** J am not aftiamed to ^opfefs :^here publicly ray 



ink 



If] It IB not c^fy for a perfon, unfkiUed natore of things prior to the e^ilfcence ^^f 

bgic, to comprehend the meaning oif this the individuals, whofe genera and ^eciet 

Vifionary diftin^tion. It is enough to obferve, they conilituted. But thefe uni verfais are' 

that,accordingtothedo6lrineoFthcfchools, now well known to be nothing elTe byt 

pniverfals have a proper and real exiftence abftraft ideas, exifting only in the mind, 

ff Ct^ir o^n, independent of, and in ^hf yf\uck is their (qHt creator. 

W?^kntifs, 



JERVAS- 4<>9 

"weaknefs. Yes, with horror, I confefs my bafc cowardice. 
It was only the dread of the punifliment by fire, which drew me 
toconfent, againft my'confcience, to the condemnation of the 
doftrine of WicklifF and John Hufs." This was deciiive, and 
accordingly, in the 2ift feilion, fentence was pafled on him; in 
purfuance of whfch, he was delivered to the fecular arm, May 30. 
As the executioner led- him to the ftake, Jerome, with great flea- 
dinefs, teftified his perfeverance in his faith, by repeating his creed 
with a loud voice, and fihging litanies and a hymn to the bleffed 
Virjgin ; whence he was adjudged by his party, to have merited 
the martyr's crown, and to have his name, together with Wick- 
lifF and Hufs, inferted in the Proteftant martyrology. 

JERVAS (Charles), a painter of this country, more known 
from the praifes of Pope, who took inftruftions from him in the 
art. of painting, and other wiis, who were influenced probablj ^ 
by the friendihip of Pope, than for any merits of his own. He 
was a native of Ireland, and ftudied for a year under fir God- 
frey Kneller. Norris, framer and keeper of the pictures td 
king William and xjueen Anne, was the firft friend who cifen- 
tiilty ferved him; by allowing \\in)i to Itudy from the pidlurcs in 
fhe royal colle<ftion, and to copy them. 'At Hampton-court he 
made fmall copies of the cartoons, and thefe he fold to Dr. 
George Clark of Oxford, who then became his proteftor, and 
furnilhcd him with money to vifit France and Italy. In the 
eighth number of the Tatter, (April 18, 1709^, he is mentioned 
as " the laft great painter Italy has fent us." Pope fpeaks of 
him with more, enthufiafm than felicity, and rather as if he wat 
determined to praife, than as if he felt the fubje£l. Perhapi 
fome of the unhappieft lines in the works of that poet are ii^ 
the fhort epiftle to Jervas. Speaking of the families of kam 
ladies, he fays, 

** Oh, ladling as thy colours, may they ftine. 
Free ass thy ftroke, yet faultlefs as thy line ; 
New graces yearly, like thy works difphay, 
Soft without weaknefs, without glaring gay. 
Led by fome rule, that guides, but not conltrains. 
And finifh'd more through happintfs ttian pains." 

In this paflage the whole is obfcure, the connexion with the 
^preceding part particularly fo^ and part is parodied from Deii- 
nam. It is'^no wonder that Jervas did not better infpire his 
friend to praife him*, if the judgement of lord Orford be accu- 
rate, on which we may furely rely. He fays, that ** he was 
defe£live in drawing, colouring, and compofition, and even in 
that moft nccelFary, and perhaps moff eafy talent of a portrait- 

Eainter, likcnefs. In general, his piftures ar.e a light, flimfy 
Ind of fan^painting, as large as life." His vanity, inflamed 

perhaps 



4IO JEW. 

perhaps by the undelervcd praifes he received from wits and 
poets, was exceflive. He affeded to be violently in love A«rtth 
lady Bridgewater ; yet, after difpraifmg the form of her ear, as 
the only faulty part about her face, he ventured to difplay his 
own as the complete model of perfedion, Jervas appeared as an 
author in his tranflation of Don Quixote, which he produced, 
as Pope ufed to fay of him, without underilanding Spanilh. It 
is the fate of Cervantes to be fo reprefented in England, for the 
fame objedion has been made to Smollet. Warburton added 
a fupplement to the preface of Jervas's tranflation, on the origin 
of romances of chivalry, which was praifed at the time, but has 
fince been totally extinguiflied by the acute criticifms of Mr. 
7'yrwhitt[aJ. Jervas died about I740- 

JESUA (Levita), a learned Spanifti rabbi in the fifteenth 
epntury, is the' author of a book entitled, ^^ Halichot olana," 
** fht Ways of Eternity ;" a very ufeful piece for underiland- 
ing the Talmud. It was traollsrted into Latin by Conftantin 
VEmpereur ; and Bafliuyfen printed a good edition of it in He- 
brew and Latin, at Hanover, in 17149 4to. 

JEUNE (Tean leJ, was born in the year 1592, at Poligni 
in Franche-Comte. * His father was a counfeller in the parlia- 
ment at Dele. The piety of Le Jeune was of the mod exem- 
plary kind. He delighted in the moft arduous offices of his 
p^ofeflion ; and refufed a canonry of Arbois, to enter into the 
then rifing, but 4lri£i fociety of the Oratory. His patience and 
humility were no lefs remarkable than his piety. He loft his 
•fight at the age of 35, yet did not fuffer that great misfortune 
'to deprefs his fpirits. He was twice cut for the ilone, without 
uttering a (ingle murmur of impatience. As a preacher he was 
highly celebrated, but totally free from all oftentation. As a 
converter of perfons eftranged from religion, or thofe efteen^ 
hfsretical, . he is faid to have poifeired wonderful powers of per- 
fuafion. Many dignitaries of the church were highly fenfible 
of his merits ; particularly cardinal BeruUe, who regarded him 
as a fon, aqd La Fayette bifliop of Limoges, who finally per* 
fuaded^im to fettle in his diocefe. Le Jeune died in 1672^ at 
the age of 8q. There are extant ten large volumes of his ftr- 
jcnons, in 8vo, which were ftudjed and admiyed by Maflillon. 
They have been alfo tranflated into Latin. His ftyle is fimple, 
infinuating, and affe£ling, though pow a little aniiauated. He 
publiflicd alfo a tranflation of Grotius*s trad, De Veritate Re- 
igionis. Chriftianae, 

The JEW (Waijdering), is fo often mentioned by various 
author^, that fome ^count of the phantom may be expeSedi 

[ q.} SupplcmcQ^al Obrervatioos oq Lovers Labour Loft. 

here. 



JEW. 411 

here [r]. The unappofite examples of Enoch and Elias, who 
fiever tailed death: the firm perfviafion of the Jews, who confi- 
! dently believe, that the prophet Elias i§ pre lent, invifibiy, at: 

^ the ceremony of circnmcifing their children : the words of Jefiis 

' Chrift, in the Gofpel, where fpeaking of St. John the Evan- 

' gelift, he fays, " If I will that he tarry till I come, what is 

that to thee," which are underftood by feveral of the ancients, 
! and fome modem authors, to contain a promife to that apoftle, 

' that he fhould not die till the day of judgement: thefe, and 

I other vague notions, added to the prevalent love of the marvet* 

lous, have contributed to raife a belief, that there is fuch aper- 
' .• fonage as the Wandering Jew, The partizans of this opinion 
appeal likewife to the legend of the Mahometan authors; who 
I mention, in the fixteenth year of the Hegira, a captain named 

I . Fadhila, that had the command of 300 horfe; and being ar- 

' rived with his troop, about the clofe of the day, between two 

' mountains, and bidding the evening prayer with a loud voice, 

' 'by thefe words, " God is great," heard a voice which repeated 

the fame words, and fo continued to pronounce with him the 
I whole prayer to the end. Fadhila thought at firfi:, that this was 

1 nothing more than an echo; but obferving, that the voice rc- 

i *peated diftinftly and entirely every word of the prayer, he faid, 

! ** O thou who anfwereft me, if thou be'ft of the order of an- 

gels, the virtue of God be with thee ; if thou art of the kind 
of any other fpirits, well and good; but if thou art, as I am, 
of the human fpecies, (hew thyfelf to my eyes." He had no 
fooner ended this-fpeech, than an ancient liian, bald-headed, 
holding a ftafF in his hand, and having the air of a dervis, flood 
before him. Fadhila, after a civil falutation, aflced the old maa 
who he was; to which he anfwered, that his name was Zerib, 
the grandfon of Elias; I am here, continues he, by the order 
of the Lord Jefus, who hath left me in this world to live here, 
till his fecond coming upon earth. I wait for this lord, who is 
the fountain of all happinefs ; and, in purfuance to his orders, 
I make this mountain my laft refidence. Fadhila aflced him, in 
what time the Lord Jefus was to appear? He anfwered, at the 
crtd of the world, and at the laft judgement. And what are the 
figns of the approach of that day? replied Fadhila. Zerib, 
then afluming the prophetic tone of voice, fays, <* When meh 
and women mingle together without diftindlion of fex; when 
the abundant plenty of provifions fliall not caufe the price 
thereof to fall ; when innocent blood Ihall every where be Ihed*; 
•when the poor fliall beg an alms, and no one mall communicate 
to them ; when charity (h^ll be extinguiflied j when men fliall 

[r] As fome cunous {nrdculars arc furely very little rea&n originally, for in- 
foUe^ed in this article^ it has been fuf- fertihg fo fabulous 4a' account^ in a ct^w 
fttti CO retain its jibcr} th«ugh there W99 U^ion of real biography. 

"' • maic 



412 JEW. 

make ba]la<l6 of the holy Scriptures; and the temples dedicated 
to the true God (hall be filled with idols: know then, that the 
day of judgement is at hand." Having finiilied thefe word^, 
the figure immediately vanifhed. This wild ftory has been fup- 
pofed to be a teftimony to the exidence of the Wandering Jew. 

His ftory, who can wonder, is related fomewhat differently 
by different authots. Matthew Paris, under the year 1229, tells 
us, that there came that year an Armenian prelate to England^ 
who brought letters of recommendation irom the pope, in- 
.treating the bifliops there to fhew him the principal relics of 
that country, and the manner of divine worOiip in their churches. 
Paris, who /was then living, affure^ us, that feveral perfoas 
^Iked with this ftrange archbtfliop upon many fubjeds ; and* 
among other things, enquired the news concerning the Wan- 
dering Jew, who was in the Eail, aiking feveral queftions about 
him ; whether he was ()ill alive, who he was, and what account 
he gave of himfelf ? The archbifliop affured them, that this 
Jew was an Armenian ; and an officer of the prelate's train 
told them, that the Jew was Pontius Pilate's porter, whofe name 
was Cataphilus, who feeing them drae Jefus Chrift out of the 
judgement-hally ftruck him with his fiil upon the back, in order 
to puih him fafler out of doors, and that Jefus Chrift faid to 
Um, ^* The fon of man goes his way, but tho«i ihalt wait his 
coming." Thereupon the porter was converted, and baptized 
by Ananias with the name of Jofeph, He lives for ever; aad 
as foon as he comes to be 100 years old, be falls fick and into a 
fwoon, during which he grows young again, returning to 30, 
the age he was of when Ci)rift died. 1 his officer affured us, 
that Jofeph was known by his mafter ; that he had feen him eat 
at his table a Uttla before his departure from Jerufalem; that be 
anfwered with fiifficient gravity, and without the leaft fmitef 
when he was interrogated upon ancient fads, fuch, for inftance, 
zs the refurre£lion of the dead, who came out of their graves at 
the crucifixion of Jefus Chrift ; the hiftory of the apofUes and 
holy perfonages of o)d« He ftands, added he» coatinually afraid 
of Jefus Chrift's coming to judge the world, fince that chy is to 
be the hft of his life: the fault that he committed in ftriking 
Jefu$ makes him tremble ; be is, however, not without hopes of 
)K;ing forgiven, as he did it through ignorance. Several fuch 
impoftors as thefe have appeared from time to time, each of 
whom, fibufing the credulity of the people, have given out 
fhemfi^lves to be the Wandering Jew ; mi tisdripg damage of 
fome knowledge in ancieat hiftory, and th^.£»ftera tallages, 
have perfuaded the funple, thai they w^fi thi« pref ended pet- 
fonage. 

One of theft impoftors appeared at Hamburgh, tfi I547f ' A 
Chriftian i«rriter alfures us> that he faw him and beard him 

prieack 



JEW. 4IJ 

preach in one of the churches of that city ; that he feemed ro 
be about fifty years of age, of a tall ftature,"with long hair 
fpreading over his (houWers. He frequently was obferved to 
groan, which was attributed to the grief and pain that he felt for 
his fault. He faid, that, at the time of Jefus Chrift's paflion^ 
he was a (hoemaker at Jerufalem, and lived near the gat<f 
through which our Saviour was to pafe in his way to Calvary: 
that he was then a Jew, and his name Afluerus: that Jefus being 
fatigued, and going to reft himfelf upon his ftall, Aifuerus 
ftruck him : whereupon Jefus faid to him, **^ I fhall re{t myfelf 
here, but thou ihalt run about till I come.*' From that moment^ 
Aifuerus began to run, followed Jefus Chrift, and hath conti- 
nued wandering £Ver fince. Another of thefe pretenders ftarted 
up, many years ago, in England. Calmet has given us the 
copy of a letter written by the countefs of Mazarin to madam 
Bouillon, giving an accoiint, that there was a man in that 
country, who pretended to h^ve lived upwards of 1600 years; 
lie fays he was one of the Sanhedrim at Jerufalem, at the time that 
Jefus Chrift was coiriemned by Pontius Pilate ; that he puftied 
our Saviour out of the judgement-hall in a rude manner, faying, 
" Go along, get you out, what do you ftay here for?" That 
Jefus Chrift anfwered him, " I indeed will go, but you fliall^ 
Itay till I come back/' He remembers to hare feen- all ttic 
apoftles; can teli you the features and air of their faces, th^ 
colour and manner in which they wore their hair, and defcribe 
their drcfs. He hath travelled through all parts of the world, 
and is to wander to the end of ages. He pretends to heal the 
fick with a touch ; he fpeaks feveral languages, and gives fuch 
an exaft and particular account of every thing that hath pafTed in 
every country, that thofe who have heard hira know not what 
to think of him. The two univcrfities have fent their doftors 
to difcourfe him ; but they have not been able, with all their 
knowledge, to catch him m a contradidlion. A gentleman of 
great learning fpoke to him in Arabic, to whom he anfwered 
immediately in the fame language, telling him that there was 
hardly fo much as one true hiftory in the world. The gentle- 
man aflced him what he thought of Mahomet ; " I knew his fa- 
ther," faid he, ** very well, at Ormus in Perfia ; and as for 
Mahomet, he was a pcrfon of greSt.penetration and knowTedge, 
but fubjeft, neverthelefs to error, as well as other mortals, and 
that one of his principal errors was his denying the crucifixion 
of Jefus Chrift; for," fays he, " 1 was prefent at it, and faw him 
nailed to thecrofs with my own eyes," He told this gentleman 
further. That he was at Rome, when Nero fet the city on fire j. 
that he faw Saladin aiter his return from the conqnefts in the 
Xevant. He related feveral particulars concerning Solyman the 
Magnificent. He lifcewife knew Tamerlane, Bajazct, Eterlan, 

and 



414 JEWEL. 

aad gave a targe reckal of the wars of the Holv Land. * He^ 
talks of coming in a few days to London, where ne will ialisfy 
the curiofity of all perfons who (hall pleafe to addrefs them(elvc< 
to him* This is the purport of the countcfs of Mazarin's letter. 
Vkr ladyfhip moreover obferves, that the conunon and fimple 
ibrt of people afcribe many miracles to this wonderful peribn, 
but that the more knowing ones look upon him as an impof* 
tor fs"|. 

JEWEL (John), an Englifh bi(hop» and one pf the abled 
champions ot that church agaioft popery, was defcended from- 
an ancient family at Bviden in Devonlbtre, where be was born 
in 1522. After learning the rudtmeais of grammar under hi» 
maternal imcle Mr. Bellamy, re£lor of Hamtop, and being put 
to (chool at Barnftaple, he was fent to Oxford, and admitted s^ 
poilmafter of Merton-college at 13 ; but, beixig chofen fcholar 
of Corpus-Chridi, in 1530, he removed thither. He purfue^ 
his (ludies with indefatigable induftry, ufually rifing at four in 
the morning, and iludying till ten at night; by which means he 
squired a mafterTy knowledge in moic branches of learnings 
but, taking too little care of his healthy lie contra^led fuch si 
cold as fixed a lamenefs in one of his legs, which accompanied 
him to his grave. OA» 1540, he proceeded B. A. became a 
qelfbrated tutor, and was foon after chofen rhetoric le&ui^r in 
his college. In Feb. 1544* he commenced M« A. 

He had early imbibed Proteftant principles, and inculcated, 
them among his pupils ; but this was carried on privately till the 
sicceffion of Edward VL in 1546, when he made a public de-*. 
claration of his f^ith,. and entered into a clofe friendihip with 
Peter Martyr, who was profefibr of divinity at Oxford. In 
1550, he took the .degree of B. D. and frequently preached 
before the univeriity with great applaufe. At the fame time he 

g cached and catecbifed everv other Sunday at Sunningwell in 
rkfhire, of which church he was redor. Thus he zealouily 
promoted the Reformation diiring this reign, and, in a proper 
fenfe, became a confefTor for it in the fucceeding [t] ; fo early, 
as to be expelled the college by the fellows, upon their private 
authority, before any law was made, or order given by queen 
Mary. Unwilling, howeverj^^o leave the univeriity, he took 
chambers in Broadgate-hall/'now Pembroke-<:ollcge, where 

[s] Morerl. Calmet DUl. d< Li Bible, learniag. Prince, in his ** Worthies of 

f t] In the primitive church, the title DeTonfiirc," tells us, tha^Mr. Jewel's life, 
»f confefibr was givca not only to tbofe ' daring hit reildencc in college, was fo ex< 

who aaually faCEcred torture for the faith, eznplwy, ^uc Morea, the dean of it, ufed 

but to fuch as were imprifoned in order to • to fay to him, << 1 ihoold lo<r« thee. Jewel, 

fuffer torture of death. See Cyprian ** de If thou wert not a Zulnglian; in thy hitbk. 

Hoiute ecclef.** And perhaps Jewel was I hold thee an heretic, but furely in thy 

not Inferior to any of the ancients ia point life thou art an angel; thoa art very goo4 

of piety, and much fuperior in regard to andhoneft, butalfUtherauu*' 

man/ 



JEWEL. 415 

many of his ptiptls followed him^ befides other gentlemen, wh# 
>irere induced by the fame of his learning to attend his ledures*. 
But the ftrongeft teftimony to his literary merit was given by 
the univerfity, who made him their orator, and employed him, 
to write their firft; congratulatory letter to her majefty. Wood 
indeed obferve*, that this tafk was evidently impofed upon him 
by thofe who meant hitn no kindnefs ; it being taken for gcanted^ 
tjiat he muft either provoke the Roman Catholics, or lofc the. 
good opinion of his party. If this be true, which is probablo^ 
enough, he had the dexterity to efcape the fnare; for the addrefs, 
being both refpec^ful and guarded, paiTed the approbation of 
Trefham the commiffary, and fon\e other doSors, and w^ well, 
received by the queen. 

Burnet informs us, that her majefty declared, at heracceflion, 
tjwt ihe would force no man's confcience, . nor make any chango^ 
ifi religion, Thefe fpecious promifes, joined to Jewel's fond-, 
jpefs for the univerfity, feem to have been the motives which 
difpofed him to entertain a more favourable opinion of Popery 
thart" before. In this ftaie of his mind, he went to Clive, to, 
confuk his old tutor Dr. Parkurft [u], who was redor of that 
parifli:;.but Park hur ft, upon the re-eftabliftiment of Popery/ 
having fled to London, JeweJ returned to Oxford, where he 
lingered and waited, till, being called upon to fubfcribe tome 
q{ the Popifli dodrines under the feveral penalties, he fubmitted. 
Yet his compliance did not anfvver his purpqfe ; for the dean of 
Cbrift-church, Dr. Martial, dledging his fubfcriptipn to be in- 
iiQcere, laid a plot to deliver him into the hands of biftiop; 
Bonner ; and would certainly have caught him in the fnare, had 
he not fet out the very night in which he Was fcnt for, by a 
bye-way to London. He walked till he was forced to lay him* 
felf on the ground, quite fpent and almoft bfreathlefs: where 
being found by one Auguftine Berner, a Swifs, firft a fervant of 
bifhop >Latimeir, and afterward$ a minifter, this perfon pro* 
vided him a horfe, and conveyed him to lady Warcup*Sj> by 
whom he was entertained for fome time, and then fent fafely to 
the metropolis. Here he lay concealed, changing .his lodgings 
twice or thrice for that purpofe, till a fliip was provided for 
him to go abroad, together with money for the journey, by fir 
Nicolas ThrQgmorton, a perfon of great diftindion, and at 
that time in confiderable offices* His efcape was managed by 
one Giles Lawrence, who had been his fellow-collegian, and 
was at this time tutor to fir Arthur Darcy's children, living near 
the Tower of London. Upon his arrival at Frankfort, in 1554, 
he made a public confeffion of his forrow for his late fubfcrip- 

.[v] He had been his tutor at Merton- college, and was afterwards biihop of Nor- 
wich. 

tion 



4i6 JEWEL. 

don to Popery; and foon afterwards went to Strafburgfi, st 
the invitation of Peter Martyr, who kept a kind of college tor 
learned men in his own houfe, of which he made Jewel his 
vicc-mafter: he rikewife attended this friend to Zurich, and- 
aflifted him in his theological leflures. It was probably about 
this time that he made an excnrfion to Padua, where he cod- 
traScd a friendftiip with Sig. Scipio, a Venetian gentleman, to 
whom he afterwards addrefled his " Epiftle concerning the 
Council of Trent." ' 

Upon the death of Qiieen Mar)', in 1558, he returned to 
England; and we find his name, foon after, among the fixteen 
divine!^ appointed by queen Elizabeth, td hold a difputation in 
Weftminflcr-abbcy againft the Papifts. July, 1559, he was in 
the commilfion confti luted by her majefty to vifit the diocefes of 
Sarum, Exeter, Briftol, Bath and Weils, and Gloucefter, in 
order to exterminate Popery in the Weft of England; and he 
was confecratcd bifhop ot Saliftury at the end of the fame year, 
and had the'reRitution of the tempiralities April 6, 1560. This 

Eromorion was prcfentcd to him as a reward for his great merit and 
earning ; and another atteftation of thefc was given him by the 
univerfity of Oxford, who, in 1565, conferred on him, in his 
abfence, the degree of D. D. in which charafler he attended 
the queen to Oxford the following year, and prefided at the 
divinity difpinatipns held before her majefty on that occafion. 
He had, before, greatly diftinguifhed himfelf, by a fermon 
preached at St. PauPs-crofs, foon after he had been made a 
bifhop, wherein he gave a public challenge to all the Roman 
Catholics in the world, to produce btit one clear and evident 
tcftimony out of any father or famous writer who flouriflied 
within 600 years after Chrift, for any one of the articles which 
the Romanifts maintain againft the church of England; and two 
years afterwards he publiftied his famous ** Apology" for that 
church. Meanwhile, he gave a particular attention to his dio- 
cefe, where he began, in his firft vifitation, and perfcded in his 
laft, a great reformation, not only in his cathedral and parochial 
churches, but in all the courts of his jurifdiAion. He watched 
fo narrowly the proceedings of his chancellor and archdeacons, 
and of his ftewards and receivers, that they had no opportunities 
of being guilty of oppreffion, injuftice, or extortion, nor of 
being a burden to the people, or a fcandal to himfelf. To pre* 
vent thcfe, and the like abufes, for which the ecclefiaftical courts 
are often cenfured, he fat in his confiftory court, and there faw 
that all things were conduced rightly: he alfo fat often as an 
afliftant on the bench of civil juftice, being himfelf a juftice of 
the peace. 

Amidft thefe glorious employments, the care of his health 
was too much negleded. He^rofe at foiir o'clock in the morn«>^ 

ing; 
o 



JEWEL. 417 

Ing ; and after prayers with his hmWy at five^ smd in lfa$ cafhe« 
dral about Cin, he was fo fixed to his lludies all the morning, 
that he could not> without great violence, be drawn from tbeni* 
After dinner, his doors and ears were open to all fuitors ; and it 
"was obferved of him, as of Titus, that he never fent any fad 
from him. Suitors being thus difmiifed, he heard, with great 
impartiality and patience, fuch caufes debated • before him, as 
cither devolved to him as a judge, or were referred to him as aft 
arbitrator^ and, if he could fpare any time from thefe, he rec* 
koned it as clear gain to his ftudy. About nine at night, he 
called all his fervants to an account how they had fpent the day, 
and then went to prayers with them : from the chapel ho with- 
drew again to his ftudy, till near midnight, and from thence te 
his bed ; in which, when he was laid, the gentleman of his bedr 
chamber read to him till he fell afleep. Mr. Humfrey, who 
relates this, obferves, that this watchful and laborious life, with- 
out any recreation at all, except what his neceifary refrethmen^ 
at meals, and a very few hours of reft, afforded him^ wafted his 
life too faft, and undoubtedly haftened his end. In his 5pth 
year, he fell into a diforder which carried him oflF in Sept. 1571. 
He died at Monkton Farley, in his diocefe, and was buried in 
his cathedral, where there is an infcription over his grave, 
written by Dr. Laurence Humfrey, who alfo wrote an account 
of bis life, to which are prefixed feveral copies of verfes in ho« 
nour of him. Dr. Jewel was of a thin habit of body, which he 
cxhaufted by intenfe application to his ftudies. In his temper he 
was pleafant and affable, modeft, meek, temperate, and perfedly 
mafter of his pailions. In his morals he was pious and charit'^ 
able; and when bifhop, became moft remarkable for his apoC- 
tolic doSrine, holy life, prudent government, incorrupt inte- 
grity, unfpotted chaftity, and bo^mtiful liberality. He had na- 
turally a very ftrpng memory, which he greatly improved by 
art, fo that he could exaftly repeat whatever he wrote after once 
reading [x]. He profefled to teach others this art, and a<SluaUy 
taught it his tutor, Dr. Parkhurft, at Zurich. He was a great 
malter of the ancient languages, andfkilled in the German and 
Italian. His writings, a lift of which is infcrted bslow £y], 
have rendered his name famous over all .Europe. 

IGNATIU§ 

[x] See hU life by Humfrey and Feat* tempio B. M. Virginis, Oxon. 1550/* 

!y. Wood's Ath. Oxon. Vol. {. and Hift. prearciied for his degree of B. P. it is re- 

and Antiq. Oicofl. printed in Humfrey, p. 49. 4. << Oratio 

[V] Thtffe are, i. ** Exhortatio ;id in aula.cciUcgii CC" His fareweU fpcccii 

OxonieniM." The fubftance printed in on his expullion in 1554, printed by Hum* 

Humfrey's Life^of him, p. 55, 1573, frey, p. 74, &c. 5. A Aort traa, «* Dt 

4to. i. «« Exhortatio m collegio CC Ufura," ibid. p. a 17, &c, 6* " EpiftWin 

fiveconcio in fundatoris Foxi conDmeixio- «d Scipioncna ' Patritium Venctum, &c*. 

r'tioneniy'' p. 45,^^. 4. « CoaqIq in X559>*' and reprinted in the appendix to 

Voi,. VIII. E e ft«J«» 



4ili 



IGNATIUS. 



IGNATIUS ((urnamed Thkophkastus), one of the apo/^ 
tpHcal fathers of the church, was born in Syria [z], educated 
under the apoftle and evangelift St. John, intimately acquainted 
with fome other of the apofiles, efpecially St. Peter and St. 
Paul ; and being fully inftru£ied in the doArines of Chridianity, 
Was, for his eminent parts and piety, ordained by St. John TaJ, 
and confirmed, about the year 67, biihop of Antioch [bJ by 
thefe two apoftles, who firft planted chriftianity in that city, 
where the difciples alfo were iirft called Chriftians. In this im- 
portant leat he continued to fit fomewhat above 40 years, both 
an honour and fafeguard to the Chriftian religion ; in the midft 
of very (tormy and tempeftuous times, undauntcid himfelf, and 
unmoved with the too fure a profpefi: of fuffering a cruel death. 
So much feems to be certain in general, though we have no ac- 
count of any particulars of his life till the year 107 ; when Tra- 
jan the emperor, fluihed with a vi£lory he had obtained over the 
Scythians and Daci, came to Antioch to prepare for a war ag^inft 
the Parthians and Armenians. He entered the city'With the 
pomp and folemnities of a triumph ; and, as he had already com* 
menced a perfecution againft the Chrillians in other parts of the 



hther Paurs ** HUbory of the Council of 
Trent,** in £ngU^, by Breut, 3d edition, 
1629, folio. 7. ** A Letter to Henry 
Bullinger at Zurichy concerning tin State 
'•f Religion in England,** dated May 22, 
1559, printed in the. appendix to Strypc'i 
*< Annals, No. xx." S. Another letter 
to the fame, dated Feb. S, 1566, concern- 
ing his controverfy with Hardy oge, ibid. 
J*o- 36* 37* 9* " Letters between him 
and Dr. Henry Cole, &c. 15(50,** SVo, 
10. "A Sermon preached at St. Paul's 
Crofs, the fccond Sunday before £afl.er> 
anno 1560,** 8vo. Dr. Cole wrote feveral 
Jetters to him on this fubjcft. IX. ** A 
K.ep'y to Mr. Hardynge's Anfwer, &c. 
^566,** folio, and again in Latin, by Will. 
Whitalcer, fellow of Trinity-college, 
Cambridge, at Geneva, 1578, 4to; and 
iigain in ift^, in folio, Mrith our attthor*» 
*' Apologia eceleits AngUcanae.** 11. 
«* Apologia ecclefis Anglican^, ^^562,,** 
Svo: it was federal times printed In £ng« 
land and abroad^ and a Gceek tranflation 
of it was printed at Oxford, in 1614, Svo. 
The Engliih tran0ation by the lady Bacon» 
wife to fir Nicolas Bacon, entitled, " An 
apology or Anfwer in Defence of the 
•Chufch of England, &c. 1563/* 4to* 
•This ** Apology" was approved by the 
^ueen, and fet forth with the confent of 
4ke biihbpf. x^ "A Defence of the 
Apology, &c. I $64,'* 1567, folio, again 
^U Latin, by T^. Braddock, t^%w ff 



ChriA*s-ooUege»- Cambridge, at Ceacvif 
x6oo, folio. This was ordered by queen 
Elizabeth, king James, king Charles, and 
four fuc(.effive archbfikops, to be read 
aqd chained up in aU parlih churches 
throughout England and Wales. 14, 
** An Anfwer to a Book Mrrltten by Mr, 
Hardynge, intituled, * A Deteftion of fun- 
dry f4»ui Errors,' &c. 1568,** andl I570» 
folio. JJ. ''A View of a feditious Bull 
fent into England from Pius V. &c. 1582," 
Svo. 16. « A Treatlfc of the Holy 
Script^et,** 8to« 17. ** Expofidoaonthe 
two £pi^es to the Theflfaloniansy 2|5I^** 
Svo. / 18. <« A Treatife of the Sacra- 
ments, ^c. 1583." 19. <^ Certsuta Ser- 
moni preached before the Q^en*s Majc^ 
at Paul*s Crofs, and elfewhere.** AU 
thefe books (except the firft eight) with 
tiie *< Sermons** and « Apctegy,** were 
were pHnced at London, 1609, in ooe^oL 
f^Uo. with an abftfafi of the author*s lifc^ 
by Dan. Featlyj but full' of faults, as 
Wood feys, 20. " An Anfwer to certain 
frivolous Objections agunft the Govern- 
ment of the Church of England, 164X,** 
4to, a fingle iheet. ai. Many letters Ik 
the Colleton of records in part iii. of Burr 
net*& <« Hiftory «>f the B^elofQMtion.'* 

[s] Jortin*8 << Remarks oa £c«kC 
Hiftory,'* Vol. L p. J59. 

[a j WutAvidH «« In^ortance of tfat 
Trmity,*' Chap, VL 

[s] Cayel^^Li^of thisMvtyr. ; 



«itipir9. 



IGNATlUSi 419 

Mxipirey he now refolved to carry it on here. However^ as hi 
was naturally mild and humaney though he ordered the laws to 
be put in force againft them^ if convi^led, yet he forbad them 
to be fought for punifhment. 

In this (late of affairs^ Ignatius^ thinking it more prudent to 

!p than ftay to be fent for, of his own accord prefented him- 
elf to the emperor ; and, it is faid, there pafled a large and 
particular difcourfe between them, wherein the emperor ^xpref^ 
iing a furprife how he dared to tranfgrefs the laws, the bifhop 
took the opportunity to aflert his own innocence, and the powec 
which God had given Chriftians over evil fpirits.; declaring, 
that ** the gods, of the Gentiks were no better than dsemo^s, 
there 6eing but one fupreme Deity, who made the world, a^d 
his only begotten fon Jefus Chrift, who, though crucified under 
Pilate, had yet deftroyed him that had the power of fm, that is^ 
the devil, and would ruin the whole power and empire of the 
daemons, and tread it under the feet of thofe who carried God 
in their hearts." The iflue of this was, that he was caft into 
prifon, and this fentence palTed upon him, that, being incurably 
overrun with fuperllition, he fhould be carried bound by foldiers 
to Rome, and there thrown as a prey to wild beafts. It may 
Teem ftrange that they (hould fend an old man by land, at a great 
cxpence, attended with foldiers, from Syria to Rome, inftead 
of cafting hin;^ to the lions at Antioch : but it is faid, that Tra«> 
jan did this on purpofe to make an example of him, as of a 
ringleader of the fe6t, and to deter the Chriftians from preach- 
ing and fpreading their religion : and^ for the fame reafon, he 
fent him to be executed at Rome, where there were many Chrif-* 
tians, and which, as it was the capital of the world, fo was it 
the head quarters of all forts of religions. Ignatius was fo far 
from being difmayed, that he heartily rejoiced at the fatal de- 
cree. ** I thank thee, OLord," fays he, " that thou haftcon- 
defcended to honour me with thy love, and haft thought me 
worthy, with thy apoftlc St. Paul, to be found ip iron chabs.'* 
With thefe words he cheerfully embraced his chains ; and, hav- 
ing frequently prayed for his church, and recommencljed it to the 
diving care and providence, he delivered up himfelf into the hands 
of his keepers. Thefe were 10 foldiers, by whom he was firft 
conduced to Seleucia, .a port of Syria, at about 16 miles diftance^ 
the place whei^e Paul and Barnabas fet fail for Cyprus. Arriv- 
ing ^t Smyrna in Ionia, Ignat,ius went to vifit Polycarp, bilhop, 
of that place,, and was himfelf vifued by the clergy of the Afiatic 
churches round the country. In return for that kindnefs,^ he 
wrote letters to feveral churches, as the Ephe-iians, Magnefians, 
Trallians,. befides> the Romans, for their inftrudlion and efla* 
^plifliment in the faith ; onaof thefc was addrqfled to the Chrif- 
tians at Romcy to acquaint them wi\h his prjefcut ftate and paf^ 
" ' E e a * fionate 



426 IGNATIUS. 

fionate dcfire not to be hindered in that conrfc of martyrcfofii 
Ivhich he was now haftening to accomplifh. 
• His guard, a little impatient at their ftay, fet fail with him 
for Troas, a noted city of the lefler Phrygia, not far from the 
hJins of old Troy ; where, athis arriral, he was much refreihed 
with the news he received of the perfccuiion ceafm'g in the church 
of Antioch. Hither alfo feveral churches fent their meflengers 
to pay their rcfpefts to him, and hence too he difpatchcd two 
fepiftles, one to the church of Philadelphia, and the other to that 
of Smyrna; and together with this laft, as Eufebius relates, he 
wrote privately to raycarp, recommending to him the care and 
mfpeflion of the church ot Antioch. AH this while his keepers, 
the 10 foldiers, ufed him very cruelly and barbaroufly. He 
complains of it himfelf : ** From Syria even to Rome" fays he, 
** both by fea and land, I fight witn beafts ; night and day I am 
chained to the leopards, which is my military guard, who, the 
kinder I am to them, are the more cruel and fierce to tne." 
From Troas they failed to Neapolis, a maritime town in Ma- 
cedonia, thence to Philippi, a Roman colony, where they were 
entertained with all imaginable kindnefs and courtefy, and con- 
du6ted forwards on their journey, pafling on foot through Ma- 
cedonia and Epirus, till they came to Epidaurum, a city of Dal- 
fnatia, where again taking (hipping, they Hiriled through the 
Adrtatfc, and arrived at Rhegium, a port town in Italy. 

The Chriftians at Rome, daily expe£ling his arrival, had 
come out to meet and entertain him, and accordingly received 
him with an equal mixture of joy and forrow : but when fome 
of them intimated, that poffibly the populace might be diifuaded 
from defiring his death, he exprefled a pious indignation^ in- 
treating them to call no obftacles in his way, nor do any thing 
that might hinder him, now he was haftening to his crown. 
The interval before his martyrdom vras fpent in prayers for die 
peace and profperity of the church. That his punifhment might 
be the more pompous and public, t>ne of their fofemn fcftivals, 
the Saturnalia, was chofen for his execution ; when it wasthdr 
cuftom to entertain the people with the cohftidl^ of gladiators, 
and the hunting and fighting with wild beafts* Accordingly, 
Dec. 20, he was broaght out into the amphitheatre ; and the 
Kons, being let loofe upon him, quickly dilpatched tbeir meal, 
leaving nottiing but a tew of the hardeft of his bones. 'Thefe 
^mains were gathered up by two deacons who had been ihecpin- 
panions of his journey, and tranfported to Antioch - 

His epiftlcs are very interdliTrg remains of eccldiaftica! anti* 
4juity on many accounts. He ftands at the head of thofe Ante- 
nicene fathers^ who have occafionally delivered their opinions in 
defence of the true divinity of Chrilr, whom he calls the Son of 
God, and his eternal word. He is alfo reckoned the great cbaihw 



ILLYRIUS. 421 

pion of the epiicopal order, as difttnJl and Aipftriof to that of 
prieft and deacon. He is conftantly produced as an inftance 
of the continuation of fupernatural gifts, after the time of thf 
mpoftles, particularly that of divine revelation. But the moi^ 
important ufe of his writings refpe£ls the authenticity of the 
holy fcriptures, to which he frequently alludes, in the very ex* 
preflions which are extant. 

ILIVE (Jacob), was a printer, and the fon of a printer j 
but he applied himfelf to letter-cutting in 1730, and carried on a 
foundery and a printing-houfe together [c]. He was an expedi« 
tious compofitor, and was faid to know the letters by the touch ; 
but beins not perfedly found in mind, produced fome (Irang^ 
works. In 1751, he publithed a pretended tranflation of '* Th« 
Book of Jaiher ;" faid to have been made by one Alaiin of 
Britain* The account given of the tranflation is full of glaring 
abfurdities ; but the publication, in fa£t, was fecretly written 
by him, and printed off by night. He pubiifhed, in 1733, an 
Oration, intended to prove the plurality of worlds,and aflerting that 
this earth is hell, that the fouls of men are apoftate angels, and that 
the iire to puniih thofe confined to this world at the day of judge* 
ment will be immaterial. This was written in 1729, and fpokea 
afterwards at Joiners-hall, purfuant to the will of his mother [d], 
who had held the fame extraordinary opinions. A fecond pamphlet 
called " A Dialogue between a DoSor of the Church of Eng- 
land and Mr. Jacob Hive, upon the Subject of the Oration," 
appeared in 1733. This ilran^ Oration is highly praifed in 
HolweH's third part of " Interemriig Events relating to Bengal.'** 
For publiftiing " Modeft Remarks on the late Bifhop Sherlock'$ 
Sermons," Hive was confined in Clerkenwell Bridewell from 
June 15, 1756, till June 10, 1758; during which period he 
pubiifhed ^^ Reafons oflPered for the Reformation of the Houfe 
of Corredibn in Clerkenwell, &c. 1757," and P*^oj«<^ed feveral 
other reforming treatifes, enumerated in Cough's " Britifli To- 
pographyJTE] i" where is alfo a memorandum, communicated 
by Mr. Bowyer, of Hive's attempt to reftore the company of 
Stationers to their primitive conditution. He died in 1763. 

ILLYRIUS (Matthias Flacius, or Francowitz), a 
moft learned divine of the Augfburgh confeflion, was born^ 
1520, at Albona in Iftria, anciently called lllyria. He was 
inftruded in grammar and the dailies by one Ignatius at Venice, 
till he was feventeen years of age ; and afterwards became a 
good mafter in Greek and Hebrew. In 1541, having for fome 
time conceived a flrong diflike to the old religion, and being 

[c] Anecdote« of Bowyor by Nichols, br^y, aad de£ceodan| of Pr. Thomas 
p. 130. James, librarian of *thc Bodleua. $b< 

[d] Elizabeth, daughter of Thonws was born 16S9, and dieJ 1733. 
J^mes, ^ btneia^ to 3M>n*college li- [k] VqI> l» p. 6|7. 

E c 3 inclined 



42« I M' H O F F. 

iticlinfd to the Reformation, he went to Wittenberg, to fini A 
his ftudies under Luther and Melan£lhon. The latter gave him 
ft thoufand proofs of his good-nature and gencrofity ; but Tlly- 
rius, growing fanatical^ ftrongly oppofcd the Interim, w^ith all 
the pacific meafurts Melanfthon had foggefted ; and alfo wrote 
Mi!h fo much virulence againft this excellent perfon, as to call 
him Echidna IHyrica. He had ihc chief direftion of the ** Cen* 
turiae Mardcbiirgcnfcs," and was the author of fevcral learned 
vrorks. He was indeed a man of excellent parts, very great 
learning, and of a juft and well-grounded zeal againft Popery ; 
but at the fame time of fo refllefs, paffionate, and cjuarrelfom^ 
a temper, as to overbalance all his good qualities, and raife innn- 
me'rahle difturbances among the Proteftants. He died in 1575* 
very little, if at all, lamented. 

IMBERT (John), a learned advocate in France, was bom 
at Rochelle, and, after ferving the office of lieutenant -criminel at 
Fontenay-lc-comte, died towards the end of the i6th century. 
He was confidered as one of the moft able pradtical lawyers of 
his time, and has left the following works as monurtients of h|s 
learning, i. " Enchiridion juris fcripti Gallias ;" or ** a Ma- 
nual of written Law of France," 4to, 1559. It was tranflated 
into French by Theveneau. 2. " Inftitutiones forenfes," or 
'* The Praflice of the Bar," 8vo, 1541. Thefe books were 
formerly much confulted, and have been illuftrated by learned 
commentators. 

IMBERT (Joseph-Gabribl), a painter of Marfeilles, who 
ftudicd fome time under Vander-Meulen and Lc Brun. Being 
difgufted with the world, at the age of 34, he entered Tnto the 
order of St. Bruno : but the fuperiors of the order, perceiving 
his great talents in his art, encouraged him to exert them, and 
furni filed him with opportunities. By their intereft he was em- 
ployed to paint for many focieties of Carthufians, but the picr 
tu res moft efteemed, are. thofe which he executed for that of 
Ville-neuve, at Avignon, where he piade his vows, and where 
he died, at the age of 83, in the year 1740. His moft perfect 
piflure Is (or was) at the high altar of the Chartrcvx, at IViar- 
feilles. It is a canvas of unufual fize, reprefenting a view of 
Calvary. The defign is full of tafte, the colouring and con- 
frafts highly pifturefque, the expreflion juft, with fine touches 
of the pathetic, and the whole executed with much good fenfe 
and propriety. 

IMHOFK (James-William), a veryfamous genealogift, 
|3orn of a noble family at Nuremberg, in 1651, was a lawyer 
in fhat city, and one of its fenators. He was conlidered 
as haying a fmgular and profound knowledge of the interefts 
of princes, the revolutions of ftates, and the hiftory of the 
principal families in Europe. He died in 1728. His worka 
. ' ^ere;j 



. INCHOFER. • 423 

v?erc, I.. ** Gcncalogiae exccUentiiim ift GalUa familianimy^ 
folio, Norimb. 1687; 2. " Genealogise familiarum Belloma* 
nerisB, &c.** Norimb. 1688, folio. 3. " Hiftoria Genealogica 
Regum Magnse Britanniae,'* Norimb. folio, 1690. 4, " No- 
titia procerum S. R. ijiperii," Tubingen, 1693, folio, 5. 
** Hidorica Italiae et Hifpaniae genealogica," Norimb. folio, 
1701. 6. ** Corpus Hiflorise genealogicse Italiae et Hifpanias,^' 
Norimb. folio, 1702. 7. " Recherches Hiftoriques et Genea* 
logiques des Grands d'Efpagne,'* Amfterd. folio, 1708. 8-. 
*• Stemmaregium Lufitanicum,'* folio, Amfterd. 1708. 9. "Ge- 
nealogiae 20 illuftrium in Hifpania familiarum,** folio, Leipdc, 
1720. 

IMPERIALI (John Baptist), a celebrated phyfician, was 
born at Vicenza in 1568, of the noble family of his name, 
which is one of the twenty-four nobles of Genoa* He ftudied- 
at Verona, and afterwards at Bologna, under Jerome Mercuv 
rialis and Frederic Pendofius. He made a great progrefs in the 
languages and the fciences, and became one of the mod able 
tiien of his time. He excelled particularly in philofophy and 
phyfic, which he taught with fuccefs at Padua. Upon his re- 
turn to Vicenza, he prad:ifed his profeflion with extraordinary 
reputation till his death, which happened in May, 1623, at 54 
years of age. He was a (kilful writer in Latin, both of profe 
and verfe; and particularly imitated Catullus. There is by 
him a quarto volume, " Exercitationum exoticarura," Venice, 
1603. 

IMPERIALI (John), fon of the former, was equally cele- 
brated as a phyfician and as a writer. He was born in 1602. 
His two principal works were printed at Venice, in 1640, in 
one volume, namely, i. " Mnleum Hiftoricum," a colleftion 
of hiftorical eulogies. 2. ** Mufeum Phyficum, five de humano 
ingenio.'* He died in 1653. 

IMPERIALI (GiusEPFE-RENATO},born at Genoa in 1651, 
•was chiefly celebrated for the magnificent library which was 
formed by him, and continues one of the ornaments of the city 
of Rome. He was employed bv the popes in many important 
negotiations, and always conduced them with fuccefs. Being 
raifed to the dignity of cardinal, he was propofed in the con- 
clave of 1730, as pope, and loft that nomination only by a fingle 
vote. He died in 1737, at the age of 86. A defcriptive cata- 
logue of his library was publiihed at Rome in 171 x, in foliC} 
by Jufhis Fontanini. 

INCHOFER (Melchior), a German Jefuit, born io 
1584 at Vienna* In the beginning of his ftudies, he particu* 
Jarly applied himfeif to the law; and, being endowed with ex- 
cellent parts, quickly furpafled his fellow ftudents in that faculty. 
He had acquired |he character of a good lawyer at the age vf 

E e 4 twenty 



4*4 INGUIMBERTI. 

tvvsnty-three years, ^en he refolvcfl to enter amoog the Jtfuite^ 
/or vfmch puq>ofe he went to Rome, and enrolled himfelf a 
coerober of that fociety in 1607* Here turning his thoughts 
upon philofophy, maihematicsy and divinity, he became mailer 
of tbefe fclences ; and afterwards taught them a great while at 
Meflina, where ha pubiiihed a piece in 1630, entitled, '' Epif" 
toiac B. Maris Virginis ad Meifanenfes Veritas vindicata,'* or 
«* The Blcifed Virgin Mary's Letter to the People of Meffina 
froved to be genuine,*' folio, 1 his gave fo much offence, that 
complaints were made of it to the congregation of the Index at 
^ Ronvc, whereupon he was fummoped before them ; but the 
reafons he pleaded in defence of what he had advanced, gave fo 
much fatisfsifiion to the judges, that they ordered him only 
to aher the title, and, far from fuppreljing it, gave him leave to 
xeprint it, with fuch aherations or additions as he thought 

5 Proper. With this requifition he readily complied, and the 
econd edition came out at Viterbo in 1633, entitled, " Conjec- 
tatio ad cpillolam beatiiEmae Maris Virginis ad MefTanen* 
fes," ^< A Conjedure concerning the blefTed Virgin Mary's 
Letter to the People of Meffina." Inchofer, however, was 
not pleafed with the Jefuits, among whom he fufFered many 
^ifconlents ; and, in revenge, wrote a fatire upon thefn, which 
was publi(hed in 1648, in Holland, foon after his denth, which 
happened that year at Milan. The title of it is, a. ** Mo- 
iiarchia folipforum*" The author calls himfelf ^^ Lucius Cor^ 
nelius Europaeus." Some maintain that the real author was 
Julius Scotti. He publiflied feveral other works, which (hew 
him to have been a very learned man, though tindured with 
credulity. Thcfe works are, 3. <* Annaliqm Ecclefiafticormn 
regni Hungarian, Tomus primus," folio, 1644; a book full c^ 
refearch. 4. " Hiitoria trium Magorum,'* 4to, 1639. Here 
he maiiifefts as little judgement as in his treatife on the Virgini 
epiftle. 5. ** De facra Latinitate," 4to, 1635. 

INGUIMBERTI (Udmiwic, Joseph, MA|t?E d'), an ex-^ 
lemplary and learned biibop of Carpentras, at which place he 
ivas born in 1683. He was firft a Dominican, j^nd in that order 
be fuccefsfuUy purfued his theological fludies ; but, thinking the 
rule of the Ciltertians more ftri6k and perfedfc, he afterwards 
took the habit of that order. His merit quickly raifcd him to 
the mod diftinguiflied offices among his brethren, and being dif- 
patchjcd on fome bufmefs to Rome, he completely gained the 
confidfsnce and efteem of Clement XII. By that prelate he was 
named archbifliop of TTieodofia inpartihus^ ai>d biihop of Car- 
peptrasin 1733. In this fituation he was diijinguilhed by ^1 
the virtues that can characterize a Chriftian biibop; eKcelknt 
difcernment, and knowledge, unified with the completeft charity 
and humility. His life was that of a fiipple monk, and his 

vyealtli 



INNOCENT. 4^5 

vneathh was all employed to relieve the poory or ferve the public. 
He built a vaft and magnificent hofpital, and eftabliAed the mod 
€Xtenfive library thofe provinces had ever feen, which he gave 
for public ufe. He died in 1757, of an apopleftic attack, ia 
his 75th year. This excellent man was not unknown in the 
literary world, having publiflied fome original works, and fome 
editions of other authors. The principal of thefc produSions 
are, i. ** Genutnus charafter Reverendi admodum in Chrifto 
Patris D. Armandi Johannis Butillierii Rancaei,'* 4to, 1718, 
lit Rome. 2. An Italian tranflation of a book, entitled, ^* The- 
ologie Religieufe," being a treatife on the duties of a monaftic 
life, 3 vols, folio, Rome, 1731. 3* An Italian tranflation of 
a French treatife, by father Didier, on the infallibility of ihe 
pope, folio, Rome, 1732. 4. An edition of the works of Bar- 
tholomew de$ Martyrs, with his life, 2 vols, folio. 5. ** La Vie 
ieparee," another treatife on monaftic life, in 2 vols. 4to, 1727. 

INGULPHUS, was born at London in 1030 [r], and edu« 
cated at Weftminfter and Oxford, in which latter place he be- 
czme particularly attached to the ftudy of Ariftotle and Cicero. 
His father, having fome employment at the court of Edward the 
Confeflbr, introduced his fon Ingulphus to queen Editha, with 
whom he frequently converfed. In 1051 he went over to Nor- 
jnandy, where he was gracioufly received by Williana, duke of 
that country, who made him his fecretary. In 1064 he went in 
an expedition to the Holy Land, and after his return became a 
3enedidine in the raonaftery of Fontanelle in Normandy, where 
he was foon after elefted prior. In 1076, William, now king 
of England, fent for Ingulphus, and appointed him abbot of 
Croyland. In this fituation he continued many years, in high 
favour with the king, and archbiihop Lanfranc. He rebuilt 
the monaftery of Croyland, and obtained for it many privi- 
leges. Du Pin fays, that fome time before his death, he obtained 
leave to retire from the abbey, but his authority for this aflertion 
is dubious. Ingulphus died in 1109. There is extant by him» 
a hiftory of the monaftery over which he prefided, entitled, 
^* Hiftoria monafterii Croylandenfis, ab anno664 ad 1091," pubr 
Jifhed among the ** 5 Scriptores," by fir H. Saville, London, 1 596, 
folio. It was alfo printed at Frankfort, in 1601, and at Oxford 
in 1684, and the laft is the moft complete of the three editions. 

INNOCENT III. (properly Lothario Conti), one of 
the popes diftinguifhed for learning and talents. He was a 
4)ative of Anagni, of th« family of the counts of Segui, and 
born in 1 161. The fame of his learning raifed him to the 
flignity of cardinal, and he was raifed to the papacy in 1198, as 
^•cceffoj to Celeftin III. The power and influence of this pope, 

[r] Berkenhout't Biognphla Uteraria, p. 9. 

yfho 



-426 JOAN. ' 

vrho had abilities to take advantage of the difpofition of th& 
limes, were very great. He encouraged the crufades to the 
Holy Land, he excited one agatnft the unfortunate Albigen/es 
in Langwdoc, he put the kingdom of Philip Aiiguftusof France 
under infcrdi^^, and ciicommunicated king John of England^ 
Und Raimand count of Touloufe. He obtained the fovercignty 
of fcvcral places in Italy, which had not been fubjeft to his 
prcdcceifors ; and greatly extended his authority even in the city 
♦»f Rome iifelf. Innocent convened the fourth Lateran councilv 
in which were pafled fcveral important reguIati(His. One of 
thefc was a canon forbidding to increafe the number of religious 
orders, left they (hould imro€luce confufion into the church : 
neverthelefs, the Dominicans, the Francifcans, and fome others^ 
Originated under his pontificate. Innocent died in i2t6. 

FromhJs youth, Innoceiii had been di (tingiiiflied for his abih'- 
lies, and fome proofs of them are ftill extant, i. Two folio 
volumes of letters by him, were puliOied in 1680, by Baluze; 
btit whatever merit they may have of a theological or moral 
kind, they are not diiUnguifhed for their ftyle. 2. There is a 
work of his in three books, entitled, " De contemptu mundi, 
five de miferia humansc conditionis," which has been fevera! 
limes piibltfhed. 3. Finally, his works were published collec- 
tively at Cologn, in 1575. The profe hymn of the Romifh 
church, beginning *' Veni fanGtt fpiritiis,** was compofed by 
him ; and other hymns have been afcribed to him of which he 
ifras not the author, among which is the ^* Stabat Mater,'' which 
vras written by Todi. 

INVEGES (AuGUSTiNo), a Sicilian Jefuit, and a celebrated 
hiftorian and antiquary, was born in 1595. Little is known of 
him, except the works he produced ; which were, i. "II 
Palermo antico facro el nobile, et Annali della felice citta di 
Palermo," 3 vols, folio, publifhed in 1649. ^* ** Hiftoria 
Paradiff terreftris," 4to, 1641. 3. " La Cartagine Siciliana," 
which was the hiftory of the city of Caccamo. This was 
|)rifitcd at Palermo, in 1651, 4to. In this work he jocularly 
ttlliMies to the horrid Sicilian Vejpers^ giving the people of Cac- 
camo and Palermo the honour o{ ftnging the firji Jirain in them^ 
as he exprcfles it. He died in 1677. 

JOAN (Pope), called by Platina, John VI 11. having ob- 
tained a place in the hiftory of the popes, deferves to hll an 
article in thefe memoirs, notwithftanding her very exiftence n 
at leart uncertain. This fubjeA has been treated with as much 
jmimofity on both fides, between the Papifts and the Proteftants^ 
as if the whole of religion depended on it. There are reckoned 
•iip-ivards of fixty of the Romifh communion, and among them 
fevcral monks and canonized faints, by whom the ftory is related 
thus f ' ' - 

• , About 



■ MTIiJi ^MKMHMli 



JOAN. 427 

' About the middle of the ninth century, viz. between the pon- 
tificates of Leo IV. and Benedi6l III. [g] a woman, called 
Joan, was promoted to the pontificate, by the name of John ; 
Whom Platina, and almoft all other hiftbrians, have reckoned as 
the Vlllth of that name, and others as the Vllth : fome-call 
her only John. This female pope was born at Mentz, where 
fhe went by the name of EnglUb John[H]; whether becaufe 
Ihe was of Englifli extradion, or for what other reafon, is not 
known : feme modern hiftorians fay fhe was called Agnes, th^t 
is, the chafle, by way of irony, perhaps, before her pontificate; 
She had from her infancy an extraordinary paflion for learning 
and travelling, and in order to fatisfy this inclination, put on 
men's clothes, and went to Athens, in company with one of her 
friends, whom the fcandalous Chronicle calls her favourite 
Lover. From Athens fhe went to Roi^e, where fhe taught di-." 
vinity ; and, in the garb of a doftor, acquired fo great reputa* 
tion for underftanding, learning, and probity, that fhe was una- 
nimoufly eledlcd pope in the room of Leo IV[ij. 

Hitherto there is nothing in this flory but what does great 
honour to Joan, and the fair fex in general ; but feveral modern 
hiftorians add many particulars of a more delicate nature. 
They pretend, that Joan carried her gratitude too far towards 
this friend, to whofe alliftance fhe owed her advancement in 
learning; and that he, on his fide, as much ftruck by the beau, 
ties of her perfon as by thofe of her mind, taught her fome- 
what more than mere Greek and philofophy, TTiis commerce, 
however, might have remained a fecret, had it not been for an 
imlucky accident: Joan, miftaken, without doubt, in her rec- 
koning, ventured to go to a proceffion, where fhe had the mis- 
fortune to be brought to bed in the middle of the (Ireet, between 
the Colofleum and the church of St. Clement. Hiflory, or 
fable, fays fhe died there : whether of her pains, or out of 
grief at having fo badly concerted her meafures, is what we are 
left to guefs. To whatever it might be owing, Joan, it is faid, 
died in labour, after having held the pontifical fee about two 
years. It is pretended, that whenever the mofl holy father 
pafles by this fatal fpot, he never fails to turn his head afide, in 
token of his abhorrence of what happened there [k] : and an 
author, whofe teflimony ought not to be fufpeAed in thefe 
matters, afTures us, that the marble ftatue, which was to be feen 

[g] SeeMor^. N. B. Blonde!, Def- bey of Fulda, whom ihe loved, and who 

aiareu» and Bayle, are the chief of thofe wa» her inftn»dor, and travelled mth hei^ 

who abfolutely denied it. Spanheim, Crefpin^s JL'etat de l*£ngliih. 
L^Enfant des Vignellcs, among thofe who [i] Marianus Scotus, Chron. 1. iii. 

have affirmed it. iEtat 6, ad ann. 854. 

[k] Her true name was Gilberta, and [x] Id. U Sigebert^a Chrono^r. xpade 

it is faid ihe took the name of Engli^, or the iame yptar^ 
Anglus, from Anglos, ^ fiOMi^ of the a b« 

in 



428 JOAN. 

in his time in the very place, was originally fet up there as a 

inofliimcnt of the fad ft j. As an appendage to this ilary, «rc 
are told of a pierced chair in which the popes cleft were aftcr- 
viards obliged to fit, to preclude fuch another miftake by a^ual 
examination. This ceremony has, at all events, been long 
difcontinued. 

Such is the ilory, with its moil curious circtimfiances, ms re- 
lated in the hiAory of the popes. It was certainly received and 
avowed as a truth for fome centuries. Since it became a matter 
of difpute, fome writers of the Romiih church have denied it ; 
fome have apologized for it abfurdly enough ; others in a waj 
that might be admitted, did not that church claim to be infallible : 
for it was that claim which firfl brought the truth of this hifiory 
imdt r examination. The Proteftants alledged it as a clear pro<w 
;}gainil the claim ; fince it could not be denied that, in this in- 
ftonce, the church was deceived by a woman in difguife. 'Phis 
put the Roman Catholics upon fearching more narrowly than 
before into the affair; and the refult of that enquiry was, iirft 
a doubt, and next an improbability, of Joan's real exiilence. 
This led to a furtherinquiry into the origin of the ftory ; whence 
It appeared, that there were no footfteps of its being known in 
the church for 200 years after it was faid to have happened [m]. 
i£neas Sylvius, who ^a$ pope in the 15th century, under the 
name of Pius II. was the nrft who called it in queftion, and 
he touched it but ilightly, and as it were with fear ; obferving, that 
in the eleftion of that woman there was no error in a matter of 
faith, but only an ignorance as to a matter of faft : and alfo^ 
that the ftory was not certain. Yet this very Sylvius fufFered 
Joan's name to be placed among thofe of the other popes in the 
regiller of Siena, and tranfcribed the ftory in his hiftorical work 
printed at Nuremburg in 1493. "^^^ example of Sylvius em- 
boldened others to fearch more freely into the matter, who, 
finding it to have no good foundation, thought proper to give 
it up. 

But this did not filence the Proteftants. On the contr^y, 
they thought themfelves the more obliged to labour in fupport 
of it, as an indelible blot and reproach upon their adverfaries ; 
^d to aggravate the matter, feveral circumftances were men^ 
tioned with the view of expofing the credulity and weaknefs of 
that church, which, it was maintained, had authorized them. 
In this fpirit it was obferved, not only that Joan, being inftalled 
in her crfBce, admitted others into orders, aftor the manner of 
other popes; made priefts and deacons, ordained biftiops and 

■[l] Theodoric a Niem in lib. de privU. BlondePs Edairciflim. dc la queftloa: Si 

& juribus unpcrf. vne feoune a efie a^ifc au liege ps^pa!^ 

[m] Marianus is the firft who mea- p. ty. 
tions it, and he lived 200 years after, 

abbots, 



JOACHIM. 429 



. . tbbots, (ung raafs, cortfecrat^ churches and altlirs, admini ftered 

'^ the facraments, prcfented her feet to be kiiVedy and performed 

[* all other aftions which the popes of Rome are wont to do: but, 

!?^ that whilft fhe was thus in poffeflion of that high dignity, (h« 

^vas got with child by a certain cardinal, a chaplain of hers, 
who knew very well of what fex fhe was ; that fhe was delivered 
and died as before related ; that on account of fuch fin, and be- 
■* caufe (he was thus delivered in public, (he was deprived of all 

;*' the honours which are ufed to be paid to the popes, and buried 

without any pontifical pontip ; and that the fearching-chair, now 
Hi' no longer in ufe, had been laid afide, becaufe the popes, while 

jS they are cardinals, give fo many uaqucftionable proofs of their 

isi» virility, that there is no longer any occalion for fo holy a cere«- 

^ iTiony, 

•i This ftory of pope Joan, in the church of Rome, w wett 

i I matched by that of the Nag's-head confecration of archbiOiop 

rfit Parker, at the Reformation in England ; and the difputes con- 

»^' cerning them, between the two churches, are little worth ifiatn- 

iifi \aining with much eagemefs or animofity. 

i JOACHIM, abbot of Corazzo, and* afterwatds of Flora in 

SB Calabria, diftingulmcd for his pretended prophecies, and re* 

rii markable opinions, was born at Celico near Cofenza, in the 

± year 11 30. He was of the Ciilertian order, and had feveral 

^1 inonafteries fubjeA to his jurifdiilion, which he dineSed vrhk 

»i the utmoft wifdom and regularity. He was revfer^ by .the mnht^ 

^ tude as a perfon divinely infpired, and even equal to the mod itiuf* 

ji trious of the ancient prophets* Many of his predi^ions wer* 

'^ formerly circulated, and indeed are itill extant, having pafled 

ji through feveral editions, and received illuftration from fevend 

, tommentators. He taught erroneous notions refpeifting the 

jj holy Trinity, which amounted full3i|i§ tritheifln ; but what is 

g more extraordinary, he taught that me morality of the Gofpel 

^ is imperfefl, and that a better and more complete law is to be 

given by the Holy Ghoft, which is to be everlaftirtg. Thcfe 
- reveries gave birth to a book attributed to Joachim, entitled^ 

J " The Everlafting Gofpel," or « The Gofpel of the Holy Ghoft.'* 

. It is not to be doiibted, fays Moflieim, " that Joachim was the 
J author of various prediitions, and that he, in a particular 

|j manner, foretold the reformation of the church, if which he 

^ might fee theabfolute neceflity. It is however -certain, that the 

I greater part of the predidions and writings, which were for* 

merly attributed to mm, were c6mpofcd by others. This we 
may affirm even of the Everlafting Gofpel y the work nndoubtedty 
of fomc obfcure, filly, and viftonary monk, who thoughV 

5 roper to adorn his reveries with the celebrated name of 
oachim, in order to gain them credit, and render them more 
agreeable to the multit^jde. The title of this fenfelefs pro- 

I dudion 



% 



% 



430 J O D E L L E. 

dudion is taken from Rev. xiv. 6. and it containecf three 
books. The firft was entitled, Liber concordia verifatis, or the 
book of the harmony of truth: the fecond, Apoca/ypjb nova, or 
new revelation ; and the third, Pfalierium decern Chordarum. 
This account ^as taken from a MS. of that work in the library 
of the SorbonnefNl." It is neceffary, we ihould obferve, to 
diftinguifli this book from the *^ Introduction to the Everlafting 
Gofpel," written by a friar named Gerhard, ^nd publiflied in 
1250. Joachim died in 1202, leaving a number of followers 
who were called Joachimites. His works have been publifhed 
in folio, Venice, 1 51 6, &c. and contain propofitions which 
have been condemned by feveral councils* The part of his 
works mod efteemcd is his commcnuries on IJaiah^ Jeremiah^ 
and the Apocalypfe. His life was written by a a Dominican 
named GervaiTe, and publiflied in 1745, in 2 vols. i2mo. 

JOBERT (Louis), a pious and learned Jefuit, was a native 
of Paris, where he was born in 1647. He taught polite lite- 
rature in his own order, and diilinguiihed himfelf as a preacher. 
He died at Paris in 1719, at the age of 72. There are feveral 
tra£b of piety of his writing, befides a piece entitled, <^ La 
Science des Medailles," in good efteem ; of which the beft edi- 
tion is that of Paris, in 1739, 2 vols. i2mo. 

JODELLE (Stephen), lord of Limodin, was born, in 
I532t at Paris, and fo much diftingutihed himfelf by his talents 
for poetry, as to be one of the Pleiades [o], fo named by Ron- 
fard. He was the firft French poet who wrote comedies and 
tragedies in his own language. His tragedies had chorufies in 
the manner of the Greek ftage ; and though very imperfe£t> 
were then ereatly admired. His Cleopatra having been acted 
before the king with vaft applaufe, Ronfard and other poets, in 
a bacchanalian frolic, meeting with a goat, prefentcd it, with a 
kind of humorous folemnity, to Jodelle ; in imitation of the 
ancients, who facrificed a goat to Bacchus, as the patron of tra* 
gedy. But this a& of homage was deemed very profsme and 
heatheniik by the clergy of the time. Beiides poetry, Jodelle 
had other accomplifliments. He was an oratory well fkilled in 
archite&ure, fculpture, and painting ; and a good mailer of 
the fword, which he always wore, having a right to it as a gen^ 
tieman. In bis younger years he embraced the reformed reU<> 
gton, and lived at Geneva, where he wrote one night, extern* 
pore, (for he had a wonderful talent of that kind) 100 Latin 
verfes, in which he de(cribed the mafs, with ftrong farcafms* 
But he returned ere long, to Paris, and to that mals which h^ 
he had fo much cried dgwn in bis Latin ver.fes. Hence th^ 



K 



Moiheim, Vol. III. p> 63. poets, acceding to the number of tbe ftar» 

Tkaf in, ievep principal fccncli • ia that CAjiftelUiron. 

' Huguenots 



JOHN, 431 

Httgti^nots probably called Wm\ an impious man, ami ereri 
"an atheid ; epithets that mud unavoidably be iiKed upon him by 
.the thirty fonnets, which he made immediately after the roaf- 
facre on St. Bartholomew's day, in order to charge their minit* 
lers with being the caiife of the executions, murders, and wars, 
which had raged in France fince the beginning of the Reformai. 
tioR. He is faid to have received for thefe fonnets a large funi 
of money [p]. He might have been fupported by royal pa- 
tronage, but neglected his intereft at. court, and died very poor 
in 1573, ^S^ 4'* I" ^574' ^'^ friends publiihed a volume of 
his works, which contains two tragedies, ^* Cleopatra," and 
** Dido ;" a comedy named " Eugene ^" befides fongs, fonocts, 
odes, elegies, &c. 

JOH^^ of Salifbury, an Englifliman, bifliop of Chartref^ 
and one of the moft learned men in the twelfth century. In 
bis youth he lived with Peter de Cellcs, abbot of St, Rheims, 
as his clerk ; but leaving the abbot for fome tiiiK> he went to 
finifh his ftudies at Paris, where he was fupported by tlielibe* 
rality of Theobald IV. furnamed the Great, count of Cham- 
pagne in France. In this univerfity he took his doctor's degree, 
and afterwards went to Rome to make his devoirs to pope Adrian 
his countryman, who received him very gracioufly^ and (htvnpd 
him feveral marks of friendftiip. From Rome he retuiiied to 
Paris, where he eftabliihed a fchool ; and among other fcholars 
had the honour of teaching the learned Peter de Blois, After 
'fome time, he took a voyage to England, where he was enter^ 
tained by Theobald, archbiftiop of Canterbury; and, after the 
<ieath of that prelate, lived with Thomas a Beckett his fuc- 
cefTor, whofe companion he was till the death of the latter. la 
-1 177, he was chofen biihop of Chartres by the clergy of that 
diocefe. This promotion was obtained by the recommendation 
of Louis the Young, king of France, and the folicitation of 
his friend William of Champagne, fon of Theobald IV. who 
Aad been tf anflated from that fee to the meuopolitan chair of 
Sens. Thefe friends were probably procured by his patron 
Thomas a Becket, to whofe jnerits he always afcribed his elec- 
tion f qJ- He governed this church with admirable prudence ; 
and, having aflllled at the council of Lateran in 1 179, died two 
years after. He wrote, feveral books^ which are loft* Thof^ 
which remain, are his " Life of St. Thomas of Canterbury ^^ 
'< A Collodion of Letters;'' and his " Polycraticon," or ** ue- 
nugis Curialium^ & veftigiis philofophorum> Libri o^lo, &c." 

[p] Memoirs de Tcftat de France, in thefe terms : *« Joannes, divlnamifcra- 

Tpm. I. tionc, U rticritis S. Thom« jmityris, Car« 

[<t] This he ezprefled by an infcrip* ^ocenlis ecd^fi^ mlnifter humilis> Sec. 
^f n upon the gre^fieft part of his ktters. 

JOHNSON 



43* JOHNSON. 

JOHNSON (Samijel), an £ngli(h divine of lemarkaUe 
learning and fteadinefs in fufibring for the principles of the Re-^ 
volution in 1688. He was born in 1649, in Wanvickfliire 9 
and being put to St. PauKs fchool in London, ftudied with fuch 
fuccefs and reputation, that as foon as he was fit for the uni* 
verfitv, he was made keeper of the library to that fchool. In 
this ftation he applied himfelf to the Oriental languages, m 
which he made great progrefs. He was of Trinity-college^ 
Cambridgei but left the univerfity without taking a degree. He 
entered intoorders, and was presented by a friend, in 1669-70^ 
to the re£lory of Corringhatn in Eflex. This living, which 
was worth no more* than Sol. a year, happened to be the only 
church preferment he ever had : and, as the air of the place did 
not i^ee with him, he placed a curate upon the fpot, and fet- 
tled himfelf at London: a fituation (b much the more agreeable 
to him, as he had a (Irong difpofuion for politics, and had evea 
made fome progress in that ftudy^ before he was prefented to 
this living. 

The times \vere turbulent : the duke pf York declaring him* 
felf a Papift, his fucceflion to the crown began to be warmly 
cf>pofed; and this brought the dodrine of indefcafible hereditary 
right into difpute, which was ftrongly difrelifbed by Johnfon, 
who was naturally of no fubmiillve temper [r]« This inclinai- 
tioQ was early obferved by hi& patron, who warned him ag^lnfl 
the danger of it to one of his profeffion ; and advifed him, if h^ 
would turn his thoughts to that fubjed, to read Bradon ^d 
Fortefcue ** de.laudibus legum Anglise,*' &c» that fo he mighit 
be acquainted with the old £ngli(h conditution ; but by no 
means to make politics the fubjed of bis fermons, for that 
matters of faith and pradice formed more fuitable admonitiofu 
from the pulpit. Johnfon, it is laid, religioufly obferved this 
advice ; and though, by applying, himfelf to the (ludy of the 
books recommended to him, he became well vetfed in the Eog* 
lifii conftitution ; yet he made a proper ufe of this knowled^^e^ 
and never introduced it in his fermons, 

[r] Of this truth we cannot have a nothing of gifting a coachman off hU box, 

ftronger evidence, than from himfelf. and beating him, and throwing Wrt mto 

In a piece printed 1689, fpeaking of biihop his box agfain. I have feveral timetleolfierf 

Burnet's PaAenl Letter, publifhed a littie up at thif tall maftetiog fellew, mi put 

Vefotf, in order to place Jung WllUajn's the cafet Suppofe this cooqueror fhcvld 

right to the crown upon conqucft, he ex- take Tne up under his arm, like a gizzard^ 

prefles himfelf thus: <* I will prefently and run awiy With me 5 ami his fiibjed^ 

ym MHie with this con^Beriag b&op^ for - No> thougiit I, X am my own, aof} ooehi» s 

1 have not been atVaid of a conqueror ihefe and, having tlius invaded me, if 1 could 

28 years y for long fincc I ufed to walk by not otherwife lefcue ir.yfelf from him, I 

the New-Exchangc-gatc, where ftood an would finite him under the firai rib. The 

overgrown porter with his gown and ilafF, application is eafy." Tra£t concemhtg 

giving him a refemblance of authority, king James's abrogation. Isx our author's 

whole bufioefs it was to regulate the coach. Works, p. 207, z68. 



men before the entrance j and would make 



But 



J O H N S ^P. 431 

Bdf Re emptoyed his difcourfes Whh zeal to cxpofe the ab-t 
furdify afnd mlfchief of the Popifti religion, which wasthen too 
much encburagedi and v^cmld, he thought, unavoidablv bee(ls<^' 
WlfhccL if the next hrif tt> the crowrt was not fet afide. Thiir 
point ne laboured inceflantlj in his private coilverfationi and 
Became ib good a matter of the arguments for it, that the op- 
pofers of the court, gave him fuitable encourage unent to proi 
ceed. The carl of Eflfex admitted Mm into his company ; and 
lord William Ruitel, refptfding \m parr$ and probity, madehiio 
his domeflic chaplain. This prefenmtit fet him in a coi^t* 
cuous point of view ; and in 10799 h^ was appointed to preach 
before the mayor and aldermen at OuiWhrfUchapcl, on Palm*» 
Sunday. He took that opportunity of preaching againft P<h 

Eery ; and froth this time, he tells us himfelf, " he threw awaf 
is liberty With both hands, and with his eyes open, for his 
country's ferviGe[s]." In fhort, he begrfn to beregirded by his 
party, as their immoveable bulwark ; and to make good that 
chara6ler, while the bill of exclufion was carried on by his pa* 
tron, at the head of that party in the houfe of commons, hi« 
chaplain', to promote the fame caufe, engaged th« ecclefiaftietl' 
champioii cf pafSve obedience, Dr. Hickes fr], ma bool; cn-» 
titled, «* Jutian the Apoftatc, &c." puWi{h«d m i68a. Thia 
trafl being written to expofe the do6^rine, then genefrilyte^ 
ceived, 4>f paflive obedience, was anfwered by Dr. Hickes, in. a 
piece entitled, " Jovian, &c.** to which Johnfon drew up a 
reply, under the title of " Julian's Arts to undermine anid'extt&* 
pate ChriftlaMify, &c. This waf printed and entered at Sta- 
tioners-hall, i68j, in order to be publilhed; but, feeing his 
patron lord RuflTelfeized and imprifdned, Jt>hnfon thought propef 
to check his zeal, and take the advice of his friends in fopprefT* 
ingit. , ^ 

The court however, having information of it, he was fum- 
moned, about two months after lord Ruflfel was beheaded, to 
appear btffore the king and council, where th» lord keeper 
Nortrh examined him upon thefe points: i. ** Whether he waa 
the author of a book called * Julian's Arts and Methods to un- 
dermine and extirpate Chriftianity ?** To which, having an- 
fwered in the affirmative, he was afked, " Why, after the book 
had been fo long entered at Stationers-hall, it was not publttbed I** 
To which he replied, ** That the nation was in to6 great a 
ferment to, have ihe matter further debated at that time*** Upbn 
this he was commanded to produce one of* thofe books to tha 
council, being told that it (houtd be publifhedif they approved 
it ; but' he anfwered, '< he had fuppreflTed them himfelf>. fo that 



[«] AbtogStfOA of Idnf James, Uc, tacked, ivat a iemxni pmaelMd teibre tfat 
' J Dr. Hickes's produdlbn here at- i68a. 

ot. VIII. Ff they 



,.»65. 

7< 



434 JOHNSON. 

thfey vere.iMw his own |>rivate thoughts,' for whkh he y/n^ lH)r 
sccountable to any power upon earth/' The council thea diC* 
imfled him ; but he was fent for twice afterwards, and the Cauaw 
things prefled upon him, to which he returned the fame anfwersy 
ind they fent him prifoner to the Gatehoufe, His warrant of 
commitment was dated Aug. 3, 1683 ; and f^gned by (ir Leoline 
Jenkins, one of the privy«counciI, and principal fecretary of 
fkte. .'He was bailed out of prifon by two friends, and the 
CDtnt ufed ail poflible nieans to difcQver the book \ but, being 
di(iitofKMnted.in the feaith, recourfe^was had to promifeSy and a 
conuderable fum,-befide8 the favour of .the court, was offered for 
«neof the copies, to theperfon in whofe hands they were fuppoled 
toHe lodged. This- was refufed: *and.as neither threats nor pro- 
mifts prevailed, the court was obUged to drop the profecutioii 
upon that book, and an tnforiuation agai nft Johnfon was lodged 
in the King's-bench,'for writing' ** Julian the Apoftate, &c.'* 
The profecution was^ begun andoarried on by the intereft of the 
duke of York* , The: following was one of the firft of the paiTagei 
Ml which the information was founded ; ** And therefore, I 
imich wondee at thofe men who trouble the nation at this time 
of day, .with'' the unfeafohaUe prefcription of prayers and tears^^ 
and the paflUve obedience of the T-hebean legion, and fiKh-like 
laft remedies, which are proper only at fuch a time as the laws 
of-'ourfronntry are armed againft our religion.'' The attack of 
diis apparently innocent fentence' gives a ftrong idea of the vio« 
lence rf the times> 

Wfaeii Mr. Johnfon was brought to trial, he employed Mr. 
Wallop as Jiis counfel, who urged for his client, that he had 
oflEended againft. no law of the land ; that the book, taken toge- 
ther, wai innocent ; but that any treatife might be made criminal, 
if treated as thofe who drew up the information had treated this. 
The judges bad- orders to proceed in the caufe; and the chief 
jufticc Jeffries upbraided Johnfon for meddling with what did 
not belong to him ; and fcoffingly told him, that he would give 
him a text, which was, *^ Let every man ftudy to be quiet, and 
mind his own bufinefs:** to which Johnfon replied, that he did 
mind his bufmefs as an Englilhman, when he wrote that book. 
He viras condenuied, however, in a fine of 500 marks, and 
bomm^tted prifoner to the King's-bench till be Ihould pay it. 
Here he lay in very ncceffitous circumftances, it being reckoned 
criminal to vifit or fliew him any kindnefs; To that few had the 
courage to come near him, or give him any relief; by which means 
he was reduced very low. Notwithftanding which, when his^ 
mother, whom He had maintained for niany years, fent to him 
for fubfiftence, fuch was his filial affeftion, that though lie knew 
■not how to fupply his own wants^ and thofe of- his wife and 
children, and was- told on this occafion, that « charity begins 

at 



JOHNSON. 435^ 

ftt hdoJe," he fent her forty fhilHngs, though he had but fifty in;. 
the world, faying, he would do his duty, and truft providence 
for his own fupply* The event (hewed, that his hopes were not- 
vain; for the next morning he received tol. by an unknown, 
hand, which he knew afterwards to have been fent by Dr. 
Fowler, afterwards biihop of Gloucefter* 

Having, by the borids of himfelf and two friends, obtained 
the liberty of the rules, he was enabled to incur llill further 
dangers, by printing fpme pieces againft Popery in 1685, and 
difperling feveral of them about the country at his own expence. 
Thefe being anfwered in three Obfervatqrs hiy fir Roger 
I/'Eftrange, who alfo, difcovering the printer, feized all the 
qopies ,th^^ were in his hands, Johnfon took care to have a 
paper polled up everywhere, entitled, *' A Parcel of wry Rea- 
fons and wrong Inferences, but right Obfervator." Upon the 
encampment of the army the following year, 1686, on Houn- 
flow, heath, he, drew up, " An humble and hearty Addrefs to 
ail the Prbtertants in the prcfcnt Army, &c.'* He had difperfed 
about 1000 copies of this paper, when the reft of the impreflioa 
ivas feized,. and himfelf committed to clofe cuilody, to undergo 
a fecond trial at the King*s-bench ; where he was condemned 
to ftand in the pillory in Palace-yard, Weftminfter, Charing- 
crofs, and the Old Exchange, to pay a fine of 500 marks, and 
to be whipped from Newgate to Tyburn, after he had been de* 
graded from the priefthood. . This laft ought to have been done 
according to the canons, by his own diocefan, the biftiop of 
London, Dr. Compton ; but that prelate being then under fitf* 
penfion himfelf, (for not obeying the king's order to fufpend Dr. 
oharp, afterwards archbiftiop of York, for preaching againft 
Popery in his own parifli church of St. Giles's in the Fields} 
pr. Crew, bifliop of Durham, Dr. Sprat, biihop of Rochefter, 
and Dr. White, biihop of Peterborough, who were then com- 
miffioners for the diocefe of London, were appointed to degrade 
Mr. Johnfon. This they performed in the chapter-houfe of St* 
PauFs, where Dr. Sherlock, and.other clergymen attended; but 
Dr. Stillingfleet, then dean of St. Paul's, refufed to be prefent* 
Johpfon's behaviour on this occafion Was obferved to be fo be- 
coming that charadler of which his enemies would have deprived 
him, that it melted fome of their hearts, and forced them to 
acknowledge, that there was fomething very valuable in him. 
Among other things which he'laid to the divines then prefent, hoi 
told them, in the- moft pathetic manner, " It could not but 
grieve him to think, th^t, fince all he had wrote was defigned 
to keep their, gowns on their backs, they fhould be made the 
nnhappy inftruments to puU off his: and he begged them to 
<»niider, whether they were not making rods for themfclves.*' 
When they -^^ came Jo the formality of putting a Bible in hi» 

F f a hand 



43* JOHNSON. 

hand and taking it from him again, he was much affeded, and 
parted from it with difRctilty, killed it, and faid, with tears,, 
** That they could pot, however, deprive him of the ufc and 
benefit of that facrcd dcpofitura.** It happened, that they were, 
guilty of an omiffion, in not ftripping him of his caflbck ^ 
yhich, as (light a circumftance as it may feem, rendered hii 
degradation imperfect, and afterwards faved him his living [u^. 
A Poplib pried made an offer for 2o6l. to get the whipping 
part of the fcntencc remitted : thfe money was lodged, by one 
of Johnfon's friends, in a third hand, for the prieft, if he per* 
formed what he undertook. The man ufed his endeavours* but 
tp no purpofe ; the king was deaf to all Entreaties: the anfwelp 
was, ** 1 hat fincc Mr. Johnfon had the fpirit of martyrdom, it 
wa5 fit he flioutd fuffer." According,iy, Dec. i, ^686, the fentenc^ 
was rigorQuOy pvt in execution ; which yet he bore with great 
firmncfs, andf went through even with alacrity. He obferverf 
afterwards, to an intimate friend, that thfs text of Scripture, 
which came fuddenly into his mind, " He endured the crofs, 
^efpifin^ the ibame," fo much animated and fupported him 
in his bitter journey, that, bad he not thought ii would have 
looked Uke vain-glory, he could have tung a pfalm, while th^ 
executioner was doing his office, with as mucn compofure and 
chearfulnefs as ever he had done in the church ; though at thQ 
Otmc time he had a quick ftnfe of every ftxipe which w^s given 
him, to the number of 317,. with a^hip of nine cords knotted 
This was the more remarkable in him, beeaufe he had not th# 
kail tindlure of enthufiafm [x]. The truth is, he was endUed wittk 
a natural hardinefs of temper to a great degree ; and being, in** 
fpirited by an eager defireto fuffer for the caufe he had efpouled", 
he was enabled to fuppprt himfelf with the firmnefs of a mar* 
tyr. After the execution of this fentence, the king gave away 
bis living ; and the clergyman who had the grant of it, mad^ 
application to the three biihops above-meqttoned for inditutioa ; 
but- they, being fenfible of his imperfefl; degradation, would not 
grant it without a bond of indemnity; after which,, when bf 
went to Corringham for induftion, the parifhioners oppofed'hinij 
fo that he coujd never obtain entrance, but was obliged to returft 
n infeSia. Mr. Johnfon thus kept his living, and with it, his 
riefolution alfo to oppofe the raeafures of the court ; infomuch, 
that, before he was ont of the furgeon's hands, he reprinted 
^000 copies of his *' Comparifon between Popery and ragan- 
;ifm/' Thefe, however, were not then publi(h<?d; but not long 

[u] He came wkh it on to the pillory, been caft In much ibcb ft sieutd as Johtt 

-where- Mr. Roule,- thetinder-iheriif) Core Lilbuta; to whom he boili « g^ftfit fatiM<> 

it off,, and put a frise coat upoa him* bUnoe* both in tjit h»s(M9r(s of lutimir 

^jsD^ of the comiaittee In 1689^ per, and ia the ^uMncUbi^acjKrs of iL 
, [xj Excepting this, he fccms to have 

after, 



JOHNSON. •'437 

^after, about tbe time of the general toleration, he puWiflied^ 
** The Trial and Examination of a late Libel, Ice/* %vhich was 
followed by others every year till the Revohition. The parlia« 
meat afterwards, taking his cafe into connderation, refolved^ 
June II, 1689, that the judgement againft him in the KingV 
bench, upon an information for a mifdemeanor, was cruel and 
illegal ; and a committee was at the fame time appointed to 
bring in a bill for reverfing that judgement. Being alfo ordered 
to enquire how Mr. Jphnion came to be degraded, and by what 
authority it was done, Mr. Chrifty, the chairman^ fonie days 
after reported his cafe, by which it appears, that a libel was thqn 
exhibited againfl him, charging him with great mifdemeanors, 
, though noi^ were fpecified or proved ; that he demanded ^ copy 
of the libel, and an advocate, both which were denied: that he 
protefted againft the proceedings, as contrary to law and the 
I32d canon, not being done by his own diocefan, buthisprp* 
teftation was refufed, as was alfo his appeal to the king in chaii^ 
eery; and that Mrs. Johrifon had alfo. an information exhibited 
againfl her, for the like matter as that againft her huiband. The 
committee came to the following refolutions, which were s^U 
agreed to by the houfe, "That the judgement againft Mr, John* 
fon was illegal and cruel : that the ecclefiaftical commiffion was 
illegal, and confequently, the fufpenfion of the biihop of London, 
and the authority committed to three bilhops, null and illegal : 
that Mr. Johnfon*s not being degraded by his own diocefan, if 
he had deferved it, was illegal: that a bill be brought in, to 
reverfe the judgement, and to declare all the proceedings before 
the three bi (hops null and illegal: and that an addrefs be made 
to his majefty, to recommend Mr. Johnfon to fome ecclefiaftical 
preferment, fuitable to his fervices and fuiferings." The houfe 
prefented twoaddrefles to the king, in behalf of Mr. Johnfop: 
and, accordingly, the deanery of Durham was offered him, 
which however he refufed, as an unequal reward for his fer- 
vices. - 

The truth is, he was his own chief ensmy.; and his difap* 
pointment, in his expe£lations of preferment, was the effe£l of 
his own temper and conduft. For, with Very good abilities, 
confiderable learning, and great clearnefs, ftrength, a|rid vivacity of 
fentiment and expreffion, of which his writings are a fufiicient 
evidence; and with a firmnefs of mind capable of fupporting the 
fevereft trials, forany caufe which he conudercd as important, he 
was paflionate, impatient of contraiii^lion, felf-ppinionated, haogh* 
tj, apt to overrate his own fervices, and und«rv4we thofeof others» 
whoie advancement above hTmfelf was an infupportable mor]tif>- 
cation to him. The roughnefs of his temper, and turbulency of 
.KtsgenUiSk rendered him alfo unfit for the higher ftsuions of the 
«hvfch| of wliich he was immodemteiy ambitious. Not beitig 

Ffj able 



43« JOHNSON. 

able to obtain t bifliopric, lady Ruflel made ufe of the influence 
flie had with Dr, Tillotfon, to folicit a penfion for him f xl ; 
whereupon king William granted him 300U a year out of tiie 
poft-office, for his own and his fon's life, with loool. in money, 
and a place of lool. a year for his fon. 

Violence produces violence ; and his enemies were fo much 
exafperated againft him, that his life was frequently endan- 
gered. After publifliing his famous traft, entitled, «* An Ar- 
gument proving that the Abrogation of King James, &c." 
which was levelled againft all thofe who complied with the Re- 
volution upon any other principles than his own, in 1692, a 
remarkable attempt was actually made upon him. Seven af]&f* 
fins broke into his houfe in Bond-ftreet, Nov. 27, very early in 
the morning ; and five of them, with a lantern, got into his 
chamber, where he, with his wife and young fon, were in 
bed. Mr. Johnfon was faft afleep, but his wife, being awaked 
. by their opening the door, cried out. Thieves ; and endeavoured 
to awaken her hufband : the villains, in the mean time, threw 
open the curtains, three of them placed themfelves on that fide 
of the bed where he lay, with drawn fwords and clubs, and 
two flood at the bed's feet, with piftols. Mr. Johnfon ftarted 
up; and, endeavouring to defend himfelf from their aflaults, 
received a blow on the head, which knocked him back- 
wards. His wife cried out with great earneftnefs, and begged 
them not to treat a fick man with fuch barbarity ; upon which 
they paufed a little, and one of the mifcreants called to Mr. 
Johnfon to hold up his face, which his wife begged him to do, 
thinking they only defigned to gag him, and that they would 
rifle the houfe and be gone. Upon this he fat upright ; when 
one of the rogues cried, " Piftol him for the book he wrote;" 
which difcovered their defign ; for it was juft after the publifh- 
ing of the book laft mentioned. Whilft he fat upright in his 
bed, one of them cut him with a fword over the eye-brow, and 
the reft prefented their piftols at him ; but, upon Mrs. Johnfon 's 
* paffionate intreaties, they went off without doing him further 
mifchief, or rifling the houfe. A furgeoh was immediately fent 
for, who found two wounds in his head, and his body much 
bruifed. With due care, however, he Tccbvered ; and, though 
his health was much impaired and broken by this and other 
troubles, yet he handled his pen with the fame unbroken fpirit 
as before. He died in May, 1703. 

In 1710, all his treatifes were colleSed, and publifhed in one 
folio volume ; to which were prefixed, fome memorials of his 
life. The fecond edition came out in 1713, folio. 

[s] Tillotfon laboured the matter vtij fent him 30I. -which, though hat necdfitiea 

heartily, though Johofon continued abut- obliged him to accept, yet he did it with 

ing him and reviling him all the time, an air of the utmoft contempt. Bircb*< 

Wlule he was in prifon alfo, TiUotfon liad Life of Tillotfeo, p. ioi. 

JOHNSON 



JOHN-SON. 43^ 

JOHNSON (John), a learned •divine at«6ag£the Konjufors^ 
iWas bcrn, 1662, at 'Frindfbury near Rochefter, of which place 
his father was vicar. After acquiring his claffical literature at 
Canterbury- fchool, he was fent to Magdalen-college, Cambridge^ 
in 1677 ; and, in 1682, renaoved to Behet or Corpus-Chrifti, of 
which he becaqie fellow in 1685. In 1686, he received prieft-s 
orders: and, the year after, was prefented t)y archbiffiop San- 
croft to the vicarages of Bafton and Heron-hilf near Canterbury* 
In this neighbourhood were two Popiflb families of good eftates, 
"which made him apprehenfive about his • parishioners : but hit 
fears were diffipated by the Revolution, to whfch he was then a 
hearty well-wiflier. In 1694, he publiflied, but without his 
name, " An Anfwer to Mr. Henry Whi^rton's Defence of Plu- 
ralities;" with which queen Mary was faid to be exceedingly 
pleafed. In 1697, archbifliop Tenifon placed hini at Margate^ 
but, becaufe that benefice was fmall, added the vicarage of 
Apuldre, on which he refided altogether, giving up Margate ia 
1703. 

■ About 1705, was printed the firft volume of, what maybe 
deemed his capital work, "The Clergyman's Vade-Mecum :** 
large additions were made to it in 1707, and a fecond volume 
was printed in 1709 ; both in i2mo* As a continuation of his 
work, he publiflied, in 1720, " A CoIle(aion of Ecclefiaftical 
Laws, Canons, &c." 2 vols. i2mo. 

The nation was now much heated in the bufinefs of 
Sachevereli ; and Johnfon in particular, was fo over-heated, 
that he forfook not only his old principles, but all his old friends 
and acquaintance, to whom he would fcarce pay even common 
civility. The clergy, however, had an high opinion of his 
learning and abilities; and he was twice, in 1710 and 17 13, 
chofen proftor in convocation for the diucefeof Canterbury. 
The latter year, he publifhed, " The Unbloody Sacrifice and 
Altar unveiled and fupported ;" in which treatife he paid a An- 
gular deference to the judgement of Dr. Hickes. From an 
attachment to this divine, he fopn grew, not only to have a 
mean opinion of the articles and liturgy of the Church of Eng- 
land, but to entertain alfo unfavourable thoughts of the Pro- 
teftant fucceffion, for which he had formerly been fo zealous. 
He even denied the king's fupremacy, and refufed to read the. 
cuftomary prayers on the acceflion of George I. -Thisrefufal 
brought him into fome difficulties; and he was at lad forced tp 
fubmit. Having once admitted the fpirit of contumacy, h% 
continued to the end of his life felf-Willed, reftlefs, and ui|i» 
happy. He died Dec. 15, 1725. Befides what we have men* 
tioned, be publiOied (everal tra<5l8 of a; fmaller kind^ upon re*- 
ligious fubjed$. 

Ff 4 ^ In 



440 JOHNSON, 

la 1689, im married Margaret, th< daughter of Hiocoas 
Tenkin, gent, of the iflc of Thanct, and half-fiftcr c-^ I>r^ 
Kobert Jexikinj mailer of St. John's-college in Cambridge. Me 
bad fotne children ; and among them a ion, who diod ia 1723^ 
after having been fellow of the above coUegej aod ic£tQ€ of 
Stan^^iih in Lanca(hire. 

JOHNSON, or JANSEN (Coen Jiius), an excellent painter, 
both in miniature and full fixe, but particularly admired in 
portraits. He was a native of Amfterdam, where he refide^ 
inany years; but coming to EnglaM in the reign of James I* 
be drew feveral fine portraits of that monarch, and ni^ of bis 
^ourt. He lived alfo in the time of Cbarles I; and was coa-r 
tempoiary with Vandyck* whofe greater &me foon eclipfcui th;^t 
^f Janfen ; thon^ it mud be owned his pidures had more of 
peat finiibingi fmooth painting, and labour in drapery through^ 
out the wh^e[A]: but he wanltd a true notion of Engbih 
beauty, and ihat freedom of draught, of vvbicb the oUier w« 
mafter. He died in London* 

JOHNSON (Ma&tim), bred as a feaUengpiver, and ismoys 
In that art, was alfo an extraordinary Iandfcai>e-painter after 
pature. He arrived at a great excellence in views, which t^ 
iludied with application, making a good phoice of the deiighiiirf 
|>rofpe£bs of England for bis fubj^£U ; which he performed w%A 
much judgement, freedom, and warmth pf polovri*^. Some of 
fiis pieces are now in the bands of the curioiis in E^Agtand ; 
though they are very fcarce. He died in l^ondon about ib» ^^ 
ginning of James the Second's reign. • 

JOHNSON (CHAai-ps), originally bted to the law [a], and 
fi member of the Middle-TempTe, bftii\g m |/»U admirer of ^ 
^ufes, and finding jn himfelt a ftrong prof^fity w dramatk 
writing, quitted tjic {ludious labour oi' the c«i^, for libe more 
fpirited amufements of the other; an4> by coutra&ing an inti:. 
ffiacy with Mr* Wilks, found m?ans, through that geirtJeniaa^ 
fnte^reft, to g^ his plays on the (Uge witbcxit oitich difiicuUy, 
^ojgtie of them met jirith very good fucceJEs, and, being a coot 
jftant frequenter of |hp meetings of the wits . at WiU'^ and JBuit 
jon*i copee-bowfes, he, by a polite and inoflfaofive behaviotw, 
/brmed U) en^enfiye an acquaintance and i9^imaisy» as conSaQtly 
|nfu|:ed him great emoluments w his bei¥;6t-night ; by whic| 
^eans, heiiie a man of oeconomyi he was enabled to f^bfift ve^ 
* k/^nt^lyf Jie at l^gth i»arri«d a y^ng widow, \rith sr iK^abie 
Jortuiiei on which bp fet up a Uimn in Bow-ftreet, Coventr 
l^rden^ bMt «^i«t^d bufinefa ajt his ivife's deatb» and Hutdptir 
^jj^y 00 :^n /&afy compeieupe \9rbich be had lavedt At wha^ ^ime 
iA yi^ born ^re kimr Aot, bixtb<$^Quriibed duringfhere;%ns^ 

l^} tf^J PWfP^ >a JEi^iD^ $ch^ 9f 7^tin|. [9] Biographiii Dramatica, . 



JOHNSON, 44* 

queen Anne> Iciog George I. and part of George II. His firft 
play was aficd in 1702, and his lateft is dated in 1733; but 
Cibber informs us that he did not die till about 1 744. As a dramatic 
writer, he is far from deferving to be placed amongft the loweft 
clafs : for though his plots are feldom original, yet he has givea 
them fo many additions, and has clothed the deflgns of others 
in fo pleafing a drefs, that a great (hare of the merit they pof- 
fefe ou^t to be attributed to him. 

Though we have obferved before that he was a man of a veiy 
kioffenfive behaviour, yet he could not efcape the fatrre of Pope, 
who» too ready to refent even any fuppofed offence, has, on 
forae trivial pique, immortalized him in the ^^ Dunclad;" ami 
in one of the notes to that poem ha$ quoted from another piece, 
paUcd, " The Cha/'adkers of the Times," the following account 
idhimi <^ Charles Johnfon, famous for writing a play every year, 
^nd for being at Button's every day. He had probably thriveii 
i^Utr m his vocation, had he been a fmall matter leaner ; he 
^my be juftly called a martyr to djefity, and be faid to have 
fftllejfi a vidim to the rotundity of his parts." The friends of 
Johnfon might triumph that Pope could find no better obje6b 
for his fatire; and, though we may tinile at the humour, we 
caimot think very ill of a man of whom nothing more degrading 
could, be iaid than that he was fat. The dramatic pieces this 
SHUhor produced, nineteen in all, are enumerated in the Bio- 
graphia Dramatica. 

' JOHNSON (MAuaiCE}, an excellent antiquary, and founder 
of the Gentleman's Society at SpakKng, was defcended from a 
family much diftinguifbed in the laft century£c]|. At Berk- 
bamftead, the feat of one of his relations, were half-lengtl| 
portraits of his grandfather old Henry Johnfon and his lady^ 
fmd fir Charles and lady Bickerftaff, and their daughter, who 
was n&other to fir Henry Johnfon, and to Benjamin Johnfon [dJ, 
fioet^laureat to James 1/ Sir Henry was painted hatf-lengthj 
by Frederick Zuccharo ; and the piSure was eftecmed capital 
The family of Johnfon were alfo allied to many other families 
0{ confider^tion. Mr* Johnfon, born at Spalding^ a member o£ 
the Inner Temple, London, and fteward of the foke or manor of 
Spalding, nyarried eaily in life a daughter of Joihua Ambler^ efq; 
pf tfaait place. Sha was the grand-daughter of fir Anthony Oldfield^ 
fkBd linisally defceiide4 from fir Thomas Greiham^ the founder 
of Grefliam-college, and of the Royal Exchange, London* Sv 
$in$ lady he bad twenty-fix children, pf whom fixte^ n ff^t dow^ 
together to h^s table.. 

Mr. Johi)fpn in the latter part of bis life was attained with '$, 
im^iginoiis d^focder in his hesuif wl^ich frequently ipterruptfNJf 

Hiftory of the Spaliilng Society. 

Th« poet fp^k mf nm ^<4<% dsictai^Jy to ^ orth^gtai^hj of :jdut a^ 



PI 



44* J OH N S O N. 

hrt (ludiesy. and at Ia{l put a period to his life, Feb. 6^ 1755- 
He acquired a general efleem from the franknefs and benevo«- 
Jence of his charader, which difplay^ itfelf not lefs in focial 
life than in the communication of his literary refcarches. 
Strangers who applied to him for information, though without 
any introdudion except what arofe from a genuine third for 
knowledge congenial with his own» failed not to experience the 
hoipitality of his board. While their fpirit of curiofity was 
feafted by the liberal converfation of the man of letters, their 
focial powers were at the fame time gratified by the hofpitaUe 
franknefs of the benevolent Englifliman. The following eulo* 
gium oil him by Dr. Stukeley, is tranfcribed from the original 
in the " Minutes of the Society of Antiquaries:" — ^^ Maurice 
Jdinfon, efq; of Spalding in Lincolnihire, counfellor at iaw^^ 
a fluent orator, and of eminence in his profeffion ; one of the 
laft of the founders of the Society of Antiquaries, 17179 except 
Br. Willis and W. Stukeley ; founder of the Literary Society at 
Spalding, Nov. 3, 171 2, which, by his unwearied endeavours, 
]ntereft> and application in every kind, infinite labours in writ- 
ing, colleding, methodizing, has now [17551 fubfiftcd forty 
years in great reputation, and excited a preat (pirit of learning 
and curiofity in South Holland [in Lincolnfhire^ . They have a 

Sublic library ; and all conveniences for their weekly moetii^. 
(fr. Johnfon was a great lover of gardening, and had a fine 
colle^ion of plants, and an excellent cabinet of medals. He 
cdleded large memoirs for the << Hiftory of Caraufius,' all 
which, with his coins of that pri;ice, he fent to me, particularly a 
brafs one which he fuppofed his fon, refembling thofe of young 
Tetricus. A good radiated cabs spfa. Rev« a woman holds a 
cornucopia, refiing her right hand on a pillar or rudder locis 
or ciSLO. In general the antiquities of the great mitred priory 
of. Spalding, an4 of this part of Lincolnmire, are for ever 
obliged to the care and diligence of Maurice Johnfon, who has 
refcue^i them from oblivion." 

An accurate account of his many learned communications 
to the Society of Antiquaries of London, as well as of tho(a 
which he made to the Society he founded at Spalding, may be 
ieen in the curious work which furnifhes this article. 

JOHNSON (Samuel), the greatell Englifli writer within 
the memory of the prefent generation, was born at Litchfield, 
•Sept. 7, 1709. After the many able details of his life which 
fhave been, produced, fuch ^ iketch as can here be admitted, will 
fcrve rather to refrefh memory than to fatisfy curiofity. Michael 
Johnfon, 'the father of Samuel, was a bookfeller; and had no 
other<i:hild> except. Nathaniel, about three years younger, who 
died in 1737- Strong marks of genius were difplayed by Samuel 
Jobufop^.both at the fiee.-fchool in Litchfield, where, with 



JOHNSON. 443 

Dr. James, Dr, Taylor, and fome others, he recciv^ the chief 
part of his education, and at the fchool of Mr. Wentworth, at 
^ Stourbridge in Worcefterfhire, where he paflTed a year. Some 
of his exercifes have been accidentally preferved, and well juf- 
tify the expeftations which determined a father, not opulent, to 
continues him in the paths of literature. After pafling two years 
at home, in voluntary and defultory ftudy, he was entered as a 
commoner at Pembroke-college, Oxford, in Odober, 1728^ 
being then, by the teftimony of the learned Dr. Adams, the 
beft qualified young man that he ever remembered to have feen 
admitted. Of the compofitions produced By him at Oxford, 
the mod remarkable is his Latin verfion of Pope's Mefliah, 
which, if not faultlefs in point of Latinity, is written wiA 
uncommon vigour. Pope is reported to have gone fo far in its 
praife as to fay, ** that the author would leave it a queftion for 
pofterity, which poem had been the original." OppreflTed by 
the difficulty of finding money for fubnftence, John fori was 
obliged to make an interrupted and a (hort refidence at Oxford, 
and finally gave it tip as imprafticable, in the autumn of 1731 ; 
after having ftruggled as long as pofliblc with fevere indigence, 
completed by the infolvfency of his father. 

From the univerfity, he returned to Litchfield, with little 
improvement of his profpefts: his charafter, however, pro- 
cured him fome valuable friends, whofe hofpitality at leaft fup* 
ported his fpirits, and alleviated his diftrefles. The firft of thefe 
was Mr. G. Walmfley, whom l\e has immortalized by his ce- 
lebration. It is true, that he has thrown fome dark (hades into 
thepifture; but it is no lefs evident, that he means them as 
traits of the party charafter of his friend, not of his native dif- 

Eofition as a man. Soon after his return to Litchfield, he loft 
is father, and found on the divifion of his efFefts, that his own 
fliare amounted to only twenty pounds. The place of uiher to 
a fchool at Bofworth in Leicefterfliire, was offered to him, when 
thus deftitute of fupport. It promifed well ; and he went to it 
on foot. But he was placed in the houfe of a tyrannical patron, 
and found it intolerable. He removed, after fome months of 
mifery, by the invitation of his friend Mr. Heftor, to Bir- 
mingham, where his career as an author may be faid to have 
commenced : for he wajs fupported partly by his efforts foi* Mr. 
Warren, a bookfeller; and here his translation of ** Lobo" was 
publiftied. He returned in 1734 to Litchfield, and there iflbed 
propofals for the works of " Politian," with a life; but the 
plan was not encouraged, and failed. 

Johnfon was not infenfible to female attra3ions, and is faid 
to have been once or twice in love; but his ferious attachment 
was fixed in 1735, on Mrs. Porter, a widow, of Birmingham, 
mpch oldler than himfelf^ and^ according to the report of friends, 

not 



444 JOHNSON. 

not very •ngagtBg in perfoa or manners. He appears, h 
ever, from the whole tenor of his memoirs, to have.fdt for her 
a fincere and (Irong afle<Slioo , and though flie was poriTeilbd of 
Sool. a vaft fuQ) to him at that time, he cannot juUly be fuf- 
peSed of having married her from interefted motives. They 
were married in July, 1735, and he foon after fitted up a houfe 
at Edial near LitchfioM, where he undertook to keep a ichooL 
This plan alfo failed for want of encouragement. He obtained 
only three fcbolars, David and George Garrick, and a Mr. OfFely, 
and did not very long perfevere m the attempt. About this 
time he began his tragedy of Irene, in which he was encouraged 
to proceed by Mr. Walmfley. |n March, 1737, having relin- 
<)ui(hed his Ichool, he formed his firft expedition to London ; 
the more memorable for being undertaken with his pupil David 
Garrick, bcth intent to try their talents in that great field of 
cKertions, and both deflined to rife in it to the higheft celebrity. 
In this preparatory vifit he was not accompanied by Mrs* 
Johnfon; but he continued his tragedy, formed a literary con- 
oedion with Cave, the editor of the Gentleman's Magazine, 
and acquired feme other friends. He returned in the courfe of 
the fummer to Litch(ieM> where he iinifted Irene; l^ut re- 
turned in about three months to fi^ himfeif and wife in London/ 
His tragedy was now offered to Mr. Fleetwood, the manager of 
.Prury-Ianey but, probably for want of fome recommendation, 
yfzs not accepted. His principal employment for feveral years 
was that of writing for Cave in the magazine, where* the firft 
of his performances is a Latin ode in Alcaic Qanzas, of great 
elegance and beauty, addreifed to the editor. It was inferted in 
^arch, 1738. His account of the parliamentary debates forms 
a very interefling part of bis communications to this work. His 
foie compofition of them, (for Guthrie aflifted before) extends 
,jfrom Npy. 19, i74o« to Feb. 23, 1743. 

Johnfon now became intimate with Savage. Together they 
fnffcred the miferies of e^reme poverty, and in their folitary 
W^ndering^ coriceived 4 mMtual reg^^rd, which produced* long 
aftfsr, th^ partial, but eloquent and ipftru&ive lifp of Savage. 
It |va^ in May, 1738, that the celebrity of Johnfon as an author 
•4&(»nnmenced, by the publication of his imitation of Juvenal's 
tbird fatire, entitled^ ^* London, a Poem." Like all authors 
fiQt yet famous, he foimd z difficulty in getting it publifhed. 
JBut when it appeared, it was notiped by Pope^ (wjiofc fatire en^ 
titled^ 17389 appeased on the fame d^y) vvas admired by other 
vvits, and proceeded to a fppond edition in the courfe of a week. 
^ilU the profits of mithorfllip wer^ top fcanty to encourage him 
ta conttoiie in tbut linci Vh attempted to be mafter of a free- 
.fohool in Leiceiler&ire, bm fai|e4, though recommended by 

.lord <iQW9^.Cmxi aot ^eiog i m^ft^^ qf ^^i Uf 9^t i^ade w, 

effort 



J O H N S O Nl 44$ 

cfFort* to be admitted at Db(ftQr*s-Cottimons,* but a degree iii| 
civil law was here indifpenfible, J^orced in this manner to con-'; 
tinue an author, he followed* the drreftion of Ms apparent def-' 
tiny. His *' Marmor Norfol'cienfe," afl anonymous attack upoif 
'the miniftry, and the honfe of Hanover, publffhed in 1739, ha* 
been feid to have expofed' him to the danger of profecution : but' 
this acccnint feems to be refuted by a later enquiry. For fereraf 
years, his principal prodiiftions,' con filling chiefly of the liveS 
of emineru perfons, appeared ifi the Gentleman's Magazine.' 
His rife of Savage wai publiflled feparately, rfi 1744. He 
planned much more than he executed. A lift of hiisf literary 
projefts, amounting to near fbrty articles, has been prefervedt 
By fir jfohn Hawkins ; all of which, from indolence, verfatilityi; 
or want of encouragement, remained unexecuted In 1 74711 
at length, he preceded to greater things ; he "was- employed uport 
his edition of Shakfpeare, and' publiflled the phn'oif his EngliOil 
Dlftionary. The price ftipulated in his agreement with thci 
feookfellers for this great work was 1575!. Th^ plarrf was ad- 
drefled to lord ChefterfieM, in an elegant 'ftrafti of rfignifierf 
complin^ent; aiid though this, was donie at the fiijggeftion of 
tJodfley, It is' evident frt>m thfe ptanitfelf, tftat th^ earl had fa4 
voured the defign, an* had been confiilted On the fubje6:. Tcf 
finable him to complete this vaft undeftaktiig, Johnfon hired a 
h6ii{^ in Gbugh-fquare, Fleet-ftreet, fitted up one of the upper 
rpbm§ in the* nwinncr Of a count! ng-houfe, and employed fixl 
amanuenfes. The ^ords, partty taken fj'om otherdraionaries, 
and partly fuppiied* by himfelf, were firft written down with 
fpaces Veft between them. He then delivered, in writing, the 
flymologies,. definitions, and various fignifications ; and the 
authorities yere copied from booksj in which he had markecf 
the paflagips with a pencil. 

While hfs^was employedupon his diftionary, he formed; in 1 748; 
a club for Ifterarv dilculTion, at a coffee houfe in Ivy-lane, Pater'- 
Iiofter-row. ttU pupil David Garrick had nt>w faifed himfelf, 
\>y his tranfcpi^dent theatrical abilities, to the fituation of joint- 
patentee, and manager of Drury-lane theatre. At the opening: 
of the hbufe, after this event, Johrifon had furniflied him witH 
Skh admiralJle prologue, and in 174?* ^^ fliewfed*; in return,: hiV 
jftindneft for his friend, by bringing forward' the tragedy of 
trenei The tragedy, however, did not pleafe, and the auth'of 
icquief^ed in the decffion of the public, by declining all fnnhot 
attempts in' that (pecies of compofition. It docs not indeed 
aWar> ihat this ftyle of waiting was fuited to his genms. Irenn 
had been v^ritterr confefiedly tvith labroiir,' arid flow pfogrefs, 
contrary ta his ufual method, which .was rapid and ^uent ;' an'd 
though th6 (entiinents are frequertlly of gfeatvalireaiid energy, 
tbfibnguage is Hfiff and unpleafirt^V* 111 ^he arfaclr'crf* Lauder 
'^ upoa 



446 J O H N S O N* 

upon the fame of Miltoiiy Johnfon co-operated this year^ by writ^ 
ing the preface and poftfcript to his book ; but he was deceived by 
tile forgeries of the man, and approved no longer than while he 
believed the allegations to be juA. On the 20th of March, 
1750, he publiibed the firft paper of the Rambler, which he 
continued without interruption, every Tuefday and Friday, 
till the 17th of March, 1752. In this very excellent work, he 

Eoceeded almoft without allUlance, only five papejrs in the whole 
iving been fupplicd by other writers. 

Soon after the dofe of the Rambler, Johnfon fufiered a Io(s 
which afFeded him in the deeped manner. His wife died ia 
March, 1752, after an union of feventeen years, and left him 
a chiWlcfs and afflifled widower. Whether Ihe greatly deferved 
!iis affedion has been doubted ; that he fincerely loved, and pro- 
foundly regretted her, there is abundant proof. Society, to 
which he had now abundant accefs, became his chief refource : 
be excelled in converfation, and he delighted in it. As the pub- 
lication of his didionary approached, lord Chefierfield, who 
had been firft addrefled as its patron, but during the whole in- 
terval had negle£ted the author, whofe manners were not fuf- 
ficiently graceful to fuit his courtly tafte, grew anxious to repair 
his fault, and retain the glory of fuch patronage. He wrote 
two papers in its praife, to prepare the public for its appear- 
ance, in the periodical work, entitled, <* The World ;" but thefe 
unhappily produced from the dignified lexicographer no other 
return than that celebrated letter, which by its delicate farcafras, 
and fevere, though refpedful chaftifement, muft infallibly im- 
mortalize his difgrace. " With little affiftance of the learned, 
and without any patronage of the great," this national monu- 
ment of labour, talents, and judgement, was completed, and 
appeared in May, 1755; the author having been previoufly 
honoured, in February, with the degree of mafter of arts, by 
diploma, in teftimony of his abilities and merit. With what^ 
ever frigidity the great mind of Johnfon might perfuade itfelf td 
difmifs this noble work, while its reception was yet dubious, he 
mud undoubtedly have been gratified in no fmall degree, by the 
abundant praifes it extorted from domeftic and foreign literati. 
The attacks upon it were fuch as he had declared himfelf to ex-^ 
ped ; the conunendations muft have furpafled his hopes, though 
not his deferts. Garrick, in an epigram upon this fubjed, well 
turned, though not very carefully written, has afferted from it, 
the fuperlority of our countrymen to the French 9 arid, com- 
paring the fingle labour of Johnfon, with the united efforts of 
the forty academicians of Paris, in producing their di&ionary, 
fays,. ...... . . 

Ajttd Johnfon, well-^irm'd like a hero of yore, 
. lias beat forty French^ and v^U beat fprty more! 

Never-i 



JOHNSON. 4*7 

• Nevcrlhelcfs,' he hadmot .yfet.^mei^cd from poverty. Tta 
fum ftipulated for his di£iionary had been expended during ifs 
progrefs, he ha^ fubfifted afterwards principally on his fubfcrip-* 
tions for Shahfpeare: but, in March, 1750, we find him under 
^rr^ft for a debt of five guineas, and liberated by the aid of the 
celebrated Richgrdfon. He now for fome time produced only 
occafional compofitions, in various works; but on the 15th of 
April, 175&, he began to publiih "The Idljr," which was 
continued in a weekly new fpaper called the Univer&l Ctironicie^ 
till April 5, 1760. ' At the death of his mother, in January, 
*759» his piety taxed his gqniu$; and to pay the expences of 
her funeral, and a few debts fli^ had left, he .wrote his " Raf* 
felas." The cppy produced tooh lapd abttpdantly anfwered bis 
purpofe. 

> At length, in 1762, he was placed, by royal munificence, 
abpve the neceflity of, fubfifting by occafional and precarious 
c^rts. The king granted him a penfion of 300I. per annum, 
exprefsly as a reward for the merit and moral tendency of his 
writings; without any kind of ftipulation relative to the future 
ufe of his pen. The perfon mod a£tive in obtaining for him 
this deferved and honourable reward, was Mr. Wedderburae, 
now lord chancellor Loughborough. Some have attempted tx^ 
fix on the philofopher the charge of inconfiftency for receiving 
this penfion, after the indignant definition of a penfioner given 
in his di6):ionary. But Johnfon was no hireling : it was long 
after the grant of his falary before he wrote at all for the court, 
and then it was in defence of his own well-known fentiments, 
no lefs than of minifterial meafures. The love of Johnfon for 
converfation induced him, in 1764, to form a club, finoc 
diftinguilhed by, the name of "The Literary Club," which after 
many lofles,. and many honourable accefiions, dill fubfifts, re- 
taining twp of its original members, Mr. Burke and Mr. Lang- 
ton. The reft were, fir Jofhua Reynolds, Dr. Nugent, Mfc 
^eauclerk, Mr. Chamier, fir John Hawkins, Goldftnith, and 
Johnfon himfelf. In July, 1765, he was complimented by the 
univerfity of- Dublin with the degree of do<9:or of laws; *' oi fgre^ 
giam fcriptorum ekgantiam et utilitatemy* as the diploma ex^reiles 
it. In the fame year appeared, after long delay, his edition *oJf 
Shakfpeare, of which the preface and the fummary,account of 
each play are the moil valuable parts. 

,. The icing, who had rewarded ths merit of Johnfon by pe- 
cuniary independence, took an opportunity afterwards to prov« 
that he was duly fenfible Qf the merit of the' writer he had thus 
favoured. In a conversation with him at the Queen Vhoufe, 
in February, 1765, the king aiked if he intended to pubi^flvfny 
more works? Johnfon modeftly anfwered, that he thought he 
had written enough : ^' And fo il^oukl I too," replied the king, 

"if 



44S JOHNSOM. 

•• H you had nof written fo welL" Johnfoh had noW arrired 
at that eminence which aihivated ^niu» always feeka, but fH^ 
doni obtains. His fortune, though not great, was adequaiCr to 
kis wants, and of moft honourable acquifitiori ; for ft was de^ 
rived from the produce of his labours, and the rewards which 
his country, in the perfon of the fovereign, had befiowed upoit 
his merit. He received during life that unqualified applaufe 
from the world, which in general is paid only to departed ex*- 
cellence, and he beheld his fame firmly feated in the publie 
0iind, without the danger of being ihaken by obloquy or fharerf 
by a rival. He could number among his friends, the greatcflr 
and moft improved talents of the country. His company i^vas 
courted by weahh, dignity, and beauty. His many peculiarities 
were. overlooked and forgotten in the admiration of his under* 
ftanding; while his virtues were regarded with veneration, and 
his opinions adopted withfubmiflion [e]. It has been laid, that 
in I77<9 he was ambitious of adding to his other honours, that 
of a leat in the houfe of commons. His fame Was now high a^ 
9L politician, from the celebrity of his pamphlets, entitlied, '< The 
falfe Alarm," and the «* Thoughts on the late Tranfadions re- 
A>eding Falkland's Iflands ;" but though an attempt was made 
for this purpoTe, by Strahan, the King's printer, who was him- 
lelf in parliament, no ftep was taken for him by the mirirftryy 
land nothing was tlk€ted» It is poflible, from h!s great facility 
td expreflion, that he might have (hone as a fpeaker, hte as it 
was in life to begin the attempt, for he was now fixty-two. 

In March, 1775, his title of DoSor was confirmed to him 
by the univerfity of Oxford, which fent him this degree allb bjr 
diploma ; an honour feldom granted, and never certainly to one 
who would be more fenfible of its value. His tour in Scotland 
in the fummer of 1773, produced his book, entitled, "A Jour- 
ney to the Wcftern Iflands of Scotland," which was publiflicci 
Ais year ; and this incidentally brought on his altereation with 
Macpherfon refpeding the poems of Oflian, and that famous 
letter, in which he beats his antagonift more effeduaily with hk 
pen, than he could with the cudgel which he provided fer 
his defence, in cafe of the perfonal attack Macpherfon had 
keen foolifh enough to threaten. In I777» he undertook hb 
laft great work, .** The Lives of the Engliin Pbets," which was 
completed in 1781. Some time in March, fays he in his me- 
ditations, *^ I finilhed the Lives of the Poets, which I wrote in 
tny ufual way, dihtorily and haftily; unwilling to work, and 
Working with vigour and hafte." In a previous memorandum, 
lie fays oTthem^ *• Written, I hope, in ftich a manner as may 
— Itp Ike promotion of piety." Though this work was begun 

• {»} AaderlMi^» Life of JoboToii, . p. t^ 

in 



J O rt N S O ll. 44^ 

in his fixly-eighth, and finifhed in his feventy-fccond year; it 
betrays no fymptom of the ilightefl declenfion of faculties; 
His judgement, tafte, fpirit, and force of thought, appear as 
ftrongly in this as in any of his former works, and his ftyle is 
more level to the general tafte, than in the Rambler,^and fome 
other compdfitions. From the clofe of this ufeful and pleafmg 
labour, his decline in health and happinefs was confiderable. 
In May, 1 78 1, he loft his friend Mr. Thrale, in whofe houfe 
3nd fociety he had paffed, for fifteen years, the happicft of his, 
hours. The palfy in 1783, and the afthma, with a degree of 
dropfy, in 1784, gave him warnings of the failure of his confli« 
tution. He would at that time have tried to renovate his powers 
by the milder air of Italy, but his penfion did not appear adequate 
to the expence ; and the attempt to procure an augmentation, 
for that exprefs purpofe, unfortunately was not fuccefsful. It 
was probably too late for any eflential benefit to be received, and 
he relinquiihed his defign. He did not, however, view the ap- 
proach of death with tranquillity. A melancholy, which in him 
was conftitutional, and had harrafled him more or lefs through, 
every period of his life, joined to a very fcrupulous fenfe of 
duty, filled him with apprchenfion of an event, which few men 
can have fo good a right to meet with fortitude. That event 
approached, as it does to all, not the lefs for being apprehended ; 
the dropfy and afthma became more and more oppreftive ; yet^ 
in hisfleeplefs nights, he retained fufticient vigour of intelled to 
amufe himfelf by tranflating into Latin verfe feveral of the 
Greek epigrams in the Anthologia. A truly claffical employ- 
ment for a declining author ! On \he lyh, of Dcctmber^ 1784^ 
the fatal period of bis life arrived ; and the laft days of his exift- 
ence having been lefs clouded by gloomy apprehenfions, he de- 
parted full of refignation, ftrong in faith, and joyful in hope, 
dying the enviable death of the righteous. 

Dr. Johnfon was buried in Weitminfter-abbeyi at the fioot of 
Shakfpeare's monument, and clofe to the grave of his friend and 
pupil Garrick. His monument was referved for St. Paul's 
(;hurch ; and the expenc^s having been defrayed by a liberal and 
voluntary contribution, it ftands with that of Howard, dne of the 
firft tributes of national admiration and gratitude admitted into that 
cathedral. The fculptyre was defigned and finely executed by 
Bacon. The epitaph is the conlpofition of Dr* Parr> and is con- 
cife, but ftrongly appropriated. The monument was completed 
early in 1796. The principal works df Johnfon^ and the time 
of their publication have already been mentioned. Thefmaller 
pieces are fo numerous, that to enumerate them would occupy a 
confiderable fpace. • They were publifbed colleftivcly, with his 
life, by fir John Hawkins in 1787, forming eleven voli^mes in 
^avo. In this edition fever^al pieces are attributed to Johnfon 

Vol* \IIL G g without 



450 J O H N S O N. 

trlthout foundation. A new edition, amounting to ti^elve 
volumes, 8vo, with an eflay on his life and genius 1^ Arthur 
Muq>hy, efq; was publiihed in 1792. Befides thefe, bis^ 
** Prayers and Meditations,*' were publiflked from his manu^ 
fcripts, by George Strahan, A. M. in 8vo, 1785. " Letters fo 
and from Samuel Johnfon, LL. D." were publiflied by Mrs. 
Piozzi, in 2 vols. 8vo, 1788. The " Sermons left for PuWU 
cation by Dr. Taylor," were unqueflionaUy Johnfon 's; and 
befides the internal evidence of the ftyle, and caft of thought, 
the faft is now afcertained on the authority of the editor, Mr. 
Haves* They are in two volumes^ 8vo, publifhed in 1788, and 
1789. His " Debates in Parliament," were colleSed in two 
volumes, 8vo, from the Gentleman's Magazine, by Mr* Stock- 
dale, in 1787 ; the real names of the fpeakors being (bbfti^ 
tuted throughout, for the fiditious or mangled names eniployed 
in the Magazine ; they are arranged alfo in chronologicsU ordor. 
The figure of Johnfon was large, robuft, and latterly utt- 
.wieldy from corpulency. His carriage was disfigured by fudden 
^notions, which appeared to a common obferver to be involun^ 
lary and convulfivc. But, in the opinion of fir Jo(hua Rey^ 
nolds, they were the confequence of a depraved habit of acconw 
panying his thoughts with certain untoward aflions. Of his 
Jtmbs he is^ faid never to have enjoyed the free and vigorous ufe. 
His ftrength, however, was great, and his perfonal courage not 
Icfs fo. Among other inftances which exemplifv his pofleffion of 
both, it is related, t'hat being ofice at the Litchfield theatre, he 
fat upon a chair placed for him behind the fcenes. Having bad 
occafion to quit his feat, he found it occupied upon his return, 
by an innkeeper of the town. He civilly demanded that it 
-Ihould be reftored to him ; but, meeting with a rude refiiikl, he 
laid hold of the chair, and with it, of the intruder, and flung 
them both, without further ceremony into the pit. In his drcH 
he was iingular and flovenly, and tlraugh he made fomc improve- 
ment under the advice of Mrs. Thrale, at Streatham, his pro- 
grefs was not great. In converfation he was violent, and im- 
psuient of conjtradidion. " There is no arguing with him,'* 
laid Goldfmith, alluding to a fpeech in one of Cfibbcr's plays, 
:^* for if his piftol mifles fire, he knocks you down with the 
but-end of it." In the early part of his life he had been too 
much depreiied, in his latter years he was too laviflily indulged^ 
but in the wit and wifdom of his converfatipn, and his warm 
goodnefs of heart, his; friends found an ample recompence for 
the fubmiffion he exa<aed. With all his defe£b of temper, 
- there was fcarcely a virtue which he did not in principle poflfeft. 
He was humane, charitable, aileftionate, and generous. Hjs 
moft intemperate fallies were the elfed of an irritable h^bit; he 
offended otUy to repent. Another great feature of his mind was 
: ' ' ^ ■ ''- • ' the 



JOHNSTON. 451. 

t)ie lov€^ mlepcndence,. 'wWch he in no degree gave* up wbert 
he accepted the bounty of His fovfereign. The grand charade- 
riftic of his genifjs was gigaillic vigoiw. He had an indolence 
whkh often rcpreflTed his efforts, but what he ferioufly attempted 
1)C never &iled to execute, with a mafterly boldnefs which leave* 
us to jregrct that he fliould ever have relapfed into literary idle- 
ncf$. He united in himfelf, what are feldom found in union, 
9 vigorous and excurfive imagination, with a ftrong and fteady 
judgement. His memory was remarkably tenacions, and his 
appreheniion wonderfully quick and acctirate; and to this .he 
vras indebted^r that pointed and judicious difcrimination whidi 
ohacidated every queftion, and aftoniflied every hearer. His 
V/sniing Ivas cafual and defultory, but from this cafual reading 
he rofe with a mind feldom fatigued, endowed with clear and 
accurate perceptions. The variety of his ftudies relieved with- 
out perpkiing him ; the ideas arranged in order were ready for 
ufe, adorned with all the energy of knguage and force of man- 
ner. But the labour of literature was a taflc from which he al- 
ways wiflied to efcape ; and we fcarcely fea any attempt beyotid 
a periodical paper, which he did not profeiledly continue with 
unwiilingnefs and laflitude. His piety was tr-uly venerable and 
edifying, yet, from his morbid melancholy, not always confp- 
latory to himfelf. His prejudices in a few inftances were ftrong, 
9nd occafionally biafled his judgement, which otherwife might 
have had a perfedlion to which a parallel example would be fought 
in vain. Thefe traits of his charafter, taken In part from Dr. 
Anderfon's judicious account of his life, will be found, perhaps, 
to give as correft an idea of his merits and abilities as can be 
conveyed in fo many words. We cannot further expatiate, an J 
Jeave nim to be finally appreciated by the inftruftive ftudy of his 
works. 

JOHNSTON (Arthur), was born at Calkieben, near 
Aberdeen, the feat of his anceftors [tJ, and probably was edu- 
cated at Aberdeen, as he was afterwards advanced to the higheft 
dignity in that univerfity. The ftudy to which he chiefly ap- 
plied, was that of phyfit'; and to improve hrmfelf in that fcience 
he traveled into foreign countries. He was twice at Rome, but 
the chief place of his refidence was Padua, in which univerfity the 
degree of^M. I>. was conferred on him in ^6 jo, as appears by 
a MS. copy of verfes in the advocate*s library in Edinburgh., 
After teavmg Padua, he travelled through the reft of Italy, and 
over Germany, Denmark ^ England, Holland, and other coun- 
tries, arvd at laft fettled in France; where he met w^ith great: 
applaufe as a Latin poet. He !ived there twenty years, and by 
t¥?o wivbs had thirteen children . At laft, after twenty. four years 

[t] Anecdotes of Bowycr by Nichols, p. 15*. 

G g 2 " abfencQi 



45* JOHNSTON. 

abfencey he returned into Scotland, in 1632. It appears by 
the council- books at Edinburgh, that the doftor had a fuit at law 
})efore that court about the lame time. In the year following, 
it is very well known that Charles !• went into Scotland, and 
made biihop Laud, then with hiro, a member of that council^ 
and by this accident, it is probable, the acquaintance began be- 
tween the doflor and that prelate, which produced his •* Pfal- 
morum Davidis Paraphrafis Poetica." We find that, in the 
fame year, the doflor printed a fpecimen of his Pfalms at JLon- 
don, and dedicated them to his lordftiip, which is almoft as 

J lain a proof as can be defired that the biihop prevailed upon 
ohnfton to remove to London from Scotland, and then fet him 
upon this work ; neither can it be doubted but, after he had 
feen this fample, he alfo engaged him to perfeft the whole, 
which took him up four years ; for the firft edition of all the 
Pfalms was publifhed at Aberdeen in 1637, and at London in 
the fame year. In 1 641, Dr. Johnfton, being at Oxford, on a 
vifit to one of his daughters, who was married to a divine of 
the church of England in that place, was feized with a violent 
diarrhoea, of which he died in a few days, in the 54th yeaf 
of his age, not without having feen the beginning of thofe 
troubles which proved fo fatal to his patron. He was buried 
in the place where he died, which gave occafion to the following 
lines of his learned friend Wedderburn in his ** Sufpiria," on 
the dolor's death : 

^* Scotja moefla, dole, tanti viduata fepulchro 
Vatis ; is Angligeuis contiglt altus honos.*' 

fn what year Johnfton was made phyfician to the king, does 
not appear ; it is moft likely that the archbifliop procured him 
that honour at his coming into England in 1633, at which time 
he tranflated Solomon's Song into Latin elegiac verfe, and dedi- 
cated it to his majefty. His Pfalms were reprinted at Middle* 
burg, 1642; London, i6<57 ; Cambridge, . . . .; Amfterdam, 
1706; Edinburgh, by William Lauder, 1739; and at laft 
on the plan of the Delphin dailies, at London, 1741, 8vo, 
at the expence of auditor Benfon, who dedicated them to his 
late majefty, and prefixed to this edition memoirs of Dr. 
Johnfton, with the teftirnonies of various learned perfons, A 
laboured, but partial and' injudicious comparifon, between the 
two tranflations of Buchanan and Johnfton was printed the fame 
year in Englifti, in 8vo, entitled, ?< A Prefatory Difcourfe to 
Dr. Johnfton's Pfalms, &c.'' and ^* A Conclufion tq it." His 
tranflatipns of the " Te Deum, Creed, Decalogue, &c." were 
|ubjoined to the Pfalms. His other poetical works are his Epi* 
grams, his Parerga, and his M Mufae Aulicse," or commen- 
" datory 



J O L Y. 453 

datory Vcrfes upon perfons of rank in church anil ftatc at that 
time, printed in 8vo, at Lon<ion, 1635. 

JOINVILLE (John, Sire de), an eminent French ftatcf- 
man, who ilouriihed about 1260, was defcendcd from one of 
the nobleft and moft ancient families at Champagne. He was 
fenefchal, or high-fteward, of Champagne, and one of th« 
principal lords of the court of Louis IX. whom he attended in 
all his military expeditions; and was greatly beloved and efteemed 
for his valour, his wit, and the franknefs of his manners,. 
That monarch placed fo much confidence in him, that all mat- 
ters of juftice, in the palace, were referred to his decifion ; and 
his majefty undertook nothing of importance without confult- 
ing him. He died about 1318, at not much lefs than ninety 
years of age. Joinville is known as an author by his ** Hiftory 
of St. Louis," in French, which he compofed in 1305. It is 
a very curious and interefting work. The bed edition is that 
of Du Cange, in 1668, folio, with learned remarks. On pc- 
rufing this edition, however, it is eafily feen, that the language 
is not that of the Sire <le Joinville, and has been altered. But 
an authentic MS. of the original was found in 1748, and was 
publifhed without alteration, in 1761, by Melot, keeper of the 
royal library at Paris. This edition is alfo in folio. 

JOLY (Claude), a French writer, was born at Paris in 
1607 ; and* obtained a canonry in the cathedral there in 1631. 
Difcovering alfo a capacity for ftate affairs, he was appointed to 
attend a plenipotentiary to Munfter; and, during the commo- 
tions at Paris, he took a journey to Rome. ' In 1671, he, was 
made precentor of his church, and feveral timeS official. He 
lived to the great age of 93, without experiencing the ufual 
infirmities of it ; when, going one morning to matins, he fell 
into a trench, which had been dug for the foundation of the 
high altar. He died of tiki's fall in 1700, after bequeathing a. 
very fine library to his church. He was the author of many 
works in both Latin and French, and as well upon civil as re- 
ligious fubjeSs. One of them in French, 1652, in i2mo, is 
entitled, " A Colleftion of true and important Maxims for the 
Education of a Prince, againft the falfe and pernicious Politics 
of Cardinal Mazarine ;" which, being reprinted in. 1663, with 
two " Apologetical Letters," was burnt in 1665 by the hands of 
of the common hangman. The fame year, however, 1665, he 
publiQied a trad called «* Codicil d'Or, or The Golden Co- 
dicil," which is relative to the former; being a further col lec« 
tion of maxims for the education of a prince, taken chiefly 
from Erafmus, whofe works he is-faid to have read feven times 
over. 

JOLY (Guy), known by his long and faithful attachment to 
(be famous cardinal de Retz, whoni he attended both in his 

I profperity 



454 



JO N A S. 



pcofpcrlty ig\i •dverCty* He wrote *^< Memmrs of Ms times^" 
from 1641 to i66<, which, as Vokaire enf$eSk% it, '<2unei« 
tbofe of thecardiiiftU ^^at the ferv«at i$ to themaflser." 

JONAS (Anagrimus), a karted Icelander, who acqxiimd m 
great reputation for aftronomy and the feiences. He vrsi$ co*- 
adjutor to Gundebrand of Thorbac, bilbop of Hohim in Ice- 
land, who was alfo of that nation, a man of great learning and 
probity, had been a difcijple of Tycho Brahe, and nnderftood 
aftronomy very well. Alter his death, the fee of Holum was 
offered by the king of Denmark to Aaagrimus, who begged to 
be excufed ; defiring to avoid the envy that might attend hhn 
in that high office, and to be at leifure to pr«fecute his fludies. 
He choGs therefore to continue as he was, paflor of the cbiirch of 
MelftsKlt, and intendant of the neighbouring churches of the 
]aft*menttoned diocefe. He died in 1640, at the age of 95, 
having entered into a fecond marriage with ^ young giri about 
nine years before. 

He wrote feveral books in honour of his country, againft the . 
calumnies of Blef kenius and others, which are well efteemed ; 
the titles whereof are, «* Idea veri maciftratus." Copenhagen^. 
1589, 8vo. " Brevis commentarius dc Iflandia, ibid. 1593,'* 
8vo. ^* Anatome BJefkenianafc]. Holi in Iceland, 1612," Svo, 
and at Hamburgh, 1618, 4to. '' Eptftola propatria defenforia," 
ibid. 1618. ** 'ArorpX% cahnnniae," ibid. loaa, 4to, " Cry- 
mogaea [h], feu rerum lilandicarum libri tres, ibid. 1630," 4x0*. 
** Specimen lilandiae hiftoricum et magna ex parte choragrapfai-* 
cum/' Amftelod. 1634, 4to[i]. " Vita Gundebrandi Thor- 
lacii/' Lugd. Bat. 1030, 4to. 

[«] This \ook Is a refytatioa of one Ti] This piece is a vindicatiM of the 

frinted at Leyden in 1607, entitled, "Iflan- autiior*s opinion againft the arguments of 

ilia, (ea defcripdo populorom 8c memora- John Ifaacus Pontanus. Anagrimus main** 

baivm hvm§ itMrn*** taiaed that lc«hiid «9m not peopled tiU 

[n] Thit wn written in 1603, and aho^t the year 8f4» wd tfa|Biefi>re cmaot 

minted at Hamhorg in I 6oq> with a map of be the ancient Thule. 
benmark, and, io 1710, without the map. 



iNi»:3t 



( 455 >' 



"!■■" ' 



INDEX 



TO THE 



EIGHTH VOLUME. 



Page 

HEATH, ISttijainin i 

Hebendreit, John Emeft 2 
Hecht, Chriftiaii , ib, 

Hecquet, Philip lb. 

Hcdelin, Francis 3 

Hedericas^or H«derich, Benjamin 4 
Hfcemlkirk. See Heoifkiik. 
Heidegger, John Henry ib. 

— — John JfttiKS 5 

Hfeincccius, John Gotlieb 9 

Heioecken, Chriftiaa Henry ib, 
Heinfitts, Daivicl 10 

Nicolas 12 

Hele, Thomas ib. 

Helena 13 

Heliodorus ib, 

HtUanicQS ' . 15 

Helmont, John Bapdft van ib. 
Kfeloifc 20 

HeWham, Richard 23 

Hclvetius,' Adrian ib. 

■ ■ John-Claude ib. 

■ Claude-Adriaa ib. 

Melvicus, Chriftopher 25 

Hfelyot, Pierre 26 

Hemelar, John ib. 

Hemmingfbrd, Walter de 27 

Hemflciric, or Heem&irk, Mar- 
tin ib. 
Hfcmmerlin, or Malleolns, Felix 2 8 
Hemfterhais, Tiberius ib. 
ttenault, John d' 29 
■■ A Charles, JohB, Francis ji 
' Ifealejr, Antony 35 



HenIey»Joha 
Hennuyer, John 
Henry II. (Plantagenct). 

. IV.(4>f»ottrbonJ 

>> Philip 

— Matthew 

Robert 

Dttvid 

H^raclitus 

Hcrbelot, Bartholomeiir d' 

Herbert, Mary 

Edtmd 

- George 

_^ William 

■ Thomas 

Herbinius, John 
Hcriticr, Nicolas V 
— — . Marie Jeanne r 
Herman, Paul 
Hermann, James 
Herman t, Godefroi 
Hermas 
Hermes 
Hermogenes (of Tapfiis) 

.— (the Heretic) 

Herod the Great 
Herod ian 
Herodotus 
hferophilus 

Herrcrji* Tordefillas, Antonio de 75 
Herrems, Ftjr^ioand dc ib. 

H<'rring, Dr. Thomas ib. 

Herfcnt, Charles 74 

Hcrvey, James 75 

Hervey, 

3 



51 

t 

4» 

43 

47 

i 

(K> 

ih. 
ib. 
ib. 
€t 

ib. 

lb. 
66 

67 
6$ 

72 



456 



1,NDEX. 



Henrey, Aogoftas John 
HerwartfOr Hervart« John Frc- 

dcric 
Hefliafios, Tillemannos 
Hefiod 

Hcilels* or Hefielius, John 
Hefychius 
Hevelius, John 
HeurniuSf John 
Heufinger^ John Michael 
— ^— James Frederick 
Hcylin, Dr. Peter 
fleywood, John 

Jafpcr 

Thomaa 

— Eliza 
Hickes, George 
Hierol. kin^ of Syatfufe 
Hiero II. 

Hierocles» of Bithynia . 
■ (the Platonic) 

Hieronymus 
HifErrman, Paul 
Higden^ Ralph 
Higgins, or Jkigins, John 
Higgons* fir Thomas 

— Bevil 

Highroore, Jofeph 
— — — Nathaniel 
Hilarius, or Hilary 

(of Aries) 

Hildebcrt 
Hildcflcy, Mark 
Hill, Jofeph 

William 

Aaron 

— fir John 

Robert 

HUlel the Elder 
_— the Prince 
HiUiard, Nicholas 
Himerius 
Hinckley, John 
Hincmar, or Hihcmarus 
Hipparchia 
Hipparchus 

(of Nice) 

Hippias. ^^f Hipparchus* 

Hippocrates 

Hipponax 



Page 
76 

lb. 
80 
82 

lb, 

lb. 
88 
ib. 

93 

ib. 
ib. 

99 
100 
J 01 

102 
108 
109 

ib. 
110 
III 
212 
116 
1x7 

lb. 
121 
122 

ib. 

ib» 
125 
129 
J30 

ib,^ 

ib. 

ib. 

ib. 

lb. 
>3* 

ns 

134 
138 



Hire, Philip de la 
Hifcham, or Itisjam 
Hoadtey, Benjamin (Bp.) 

-'■ ■ ■ John 

Hobbes, or Hobbs, Thomas 

Hochftecter, Andrew, Adam 

Hodges, Nathaniel 

Hody, Humphrey 

Hoe, Matthias de Hoenegg 

Hoeltzlinus, Jeiemias 

Hoefcheliosy David 

HoflFnuui, Manrice 

w^. Idtin Maurice 

Frederick 

Daniel 

John James 



Page 

140 

ib. 
*45 
'44 
146 

158 

lb, 
16 J 

ib. 

ib. 
164 
I6f 
166 

ib. 
167 

\tl 

III 

ib. 

187 
1 88 



Hogarth, Willivn 
Holbein, John 
Holberg, Louis de 
Holden, Henry 
Holder, William 
Holdfworth, Edwatd 
}f olinihed, Raphael 
Hollar, or Hollard, Wentzd, 

or Wenccflaos 1 89 

Hollis, Thomas 193 

Holmes, George 19^ 
Holflenius, or Uolftein, Lucas 196 

Holt, fir John 197 

Holyday, Barren 199 

Holyoke, Francis 20a 

Homberg, William 20 1 

Home, David 303 

^ Henry ib. 

Homer * 205 

Homme, Charles Frederick 2 1 o 

Honderkoerer, Melchiot ib. 

Hondius, Jelfe ib. 

Hone, George Paul ib. 
Honeftis, Petrus de ib. 

Honoratus f 1 1 

Honorius L ib. 

Hontan, the baron de ib. 
Hooft, Petrus Cornelius van 2 r z 

Hoogcveen, Henry ib. 

Hoogftraten, David van 214 
Hoogue, Romain de ib. 

Hooke, Robert ib. 

— — — Nathaniel aio 
Hook^, 



I-NI>E X* 



*sr 



Page 

Hooker, Riclrard mmo 

Hooper, Dr. Qeorgt 225 

li^jper, or Hooper, Job* 317 

Hcornbeeck, John azd 

Hopkins, Ezekiel 329 

r C^rlc* ib» 

— r; John 331 

|iorapo)Io» or Horns Apollo .aij 

Horatio*^ QointlM l^ceu» . ib. 

Uorne, George ^36 

HoFncck, Dt. Antlionf 240 

Hornios, George 243 

HorroXy Jeremiah ibt 

Norfley^ Jdin 244 

Horftius, James. 24c 

George 24S 

|i«yteDfiiis, Qaintos 247 

— ^ Lambert . 24$ 

goitas, Stamflaoa ibi 
oipinian, Rodolphos > ib» 

Hoipiml, Michel de i* . , 250 

--^ William-Francis-Aa- 

tony» marqms 4c i' _ 252 

Hotman, Francis z ^^ 

Hottinger, John- Henry _ 255; 

Hoobiganf, Charles Francis 25 § 
Hoveden, Roger de 
tlough, John 
Houlieres, Antonietta de 

Garde des 
Dduteville, Claade Francis 
Howard, Henry 
" fir Robert 

John 



v.! 



Howe, John, efqj 
Howell, James 
Hozier, Pierre d' 
Hoarte, John.. ,. 
Hubcr, Ulric 
— — Zacharias ^'- 
■ Mary 

Hubert, Matthew 
Hubner, John 
Hudfon, captain Henry 

— Dr. John 

Huet, Peter Daniel 
Hughes, John 
Jabez 

Hugo of Cluni 
Vol. VIII. 



2$i 

162 

ib. 
264 
265 
268 
269 

274 

lb. 

276 

ib. 

ib. 

377 
lb. 

279 

281 
287 
289 

r. 



Hugo HemsMi ^ 299 

— — Charles Lorn 2^1 

Bttliemami, Jotm ib» 

Home, DaTifi ibw 

Humphrey j^ Laurence 294 

Hnniadesi^ John Corvinns 205^ 

Hunniii?s, Giles 29$ * 

Honter, Robert, efcn 297 

■— William, M. R ib. 

— r— ■ John 507 

Huntington, Robert 313 

Hnfttojft, George ' 51 j 

Hure, Charles 314; 

Hofs, John ibft 

Hutchefon, Dr. Francit 317 

Hujtchins, John 319 

Htttchinfoii* John 320 

Hutren> Ulric de 324 

Jacob 32 1 

Hutter, Elias. ib» 

Leonhard 329 

Huygens^ Chriftian iU 

Hyde, £dward 33^ 

-.. Dr. Thoiiw 34$ 

— — -Henry* * 349 

Hyginos, Cains Julius^ 35^ 

Hypatia 35r 

nyperides j^j 

Hypficles ihu 

^yrcanus, John ifau 

Jaalphar, Ebn Tophai! ' 357 

Jablonflci, Daniel- Erneft ro. 

Theodore 358 

i Paul-Erneft ib, 

Jacetius, Francis de Cataneis ib. 

Jackfon, Thoma» ib. 

John if6o 

Jacolu &a.N^ph|ali . 36$ 

Ben Hajiirt ■'^ ib. 

Jacobaeus, Oliger ib. 

Jacopone, da 1 odi 364 

Jacquelot, Ifaac 36^ 

Jaeger, John Wolfgang ib. 

Jago, Richard 366 

Jamblicus 367 

James, Thomas ib. 

'■ — Richard * 370 

Dr. Robert 371 

Jamyn, Amadis 374 

Janicon, Francis Michael 37^ 

Hh Janfen, 



45« 



I N D EX. 



^ anfen^or JanfeDias^Coradiut 
] anfon, Abraham 
] aquelot. Stt Jacqudot. 
] itchip Solomon Ben Ifaae 
, ardins, Mary Catharine des 
^ arry» Laurence Juillard da 
[ ay, Gui Michel le 
anfonias. Set Jenfon. 
Ibas 

Ibbotf Dr. Benjamin 
Jeannin* Pierre 
Jebb^ Samuel 

■■ John 
^cffeiy, John 

Jeffreys, lord George 
George 



^ cnkin, Robert 
, enkins* £r Leoline 
] ennens, Charles, efq; 
Jenfon, Nicolas 

cnyns, Soame 

eremiah 

ecom, St. Sei Hieronymui. 

crome 

ervas, Charles 

cfua, Levitt 
^ eune, Jean le 
I cw, the Wandering 

ewel, John 
Ignatius 



37 J Hive, Jacob 4±i 

381 lUyrius, Matthias Fbcius, or 

Francowitz ib. 

lb, Imbert, John 4x2 

J 83 ■ ■ lofeph Gabriel ib, 

3S4 Imhoif, James- William ib* 

385 Imperiali, John Baptift 425 

' John ihm 

ibu — — -. uinfeppe-Renato ib. 

386 Inchofer, Melchior ib. 

387 Ineuimberti, Dominic, Jofeph, 

388 Marie d' 4x4 

389 Ingalphtas 435 

391 Innocent lU. ^ ib. 

392 Inveges, Auguftine 416 
39^ Joan, pope ib. 

396 Teachim 419 

397 obert, Louis 430 

398 ^ bhn of Saiiibufy 431 

404 johnfon, Saimiel 432 
ib. ■ . 1 ' i» or Janfen, Come&QS 4^ 

405 — — Miqtin ib. 

406 — p Charies ib. 

■ Maurice 441 

ib, ■ ■ ^ Samuel 44^ 

409 Johnfton, Arthur 451 

410 Joinville, John, Sire de 453 
ib. Joly, Claude ib. 
ib. Guy ib. 

414 Jonas, Anagrimns 454 

418 ' • 



END OF THE EIGHTH VOLUME. 



j 



This book is under no oiroomttancos to I 
taken from the Buildini