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«5T-  unr^ 


■A/^iv 

An 


A  NEW  AND  GENERAL 

B  I O  G  R A  PH I  C  A  L 

DICTIONARY. 


1798. 


VOL,    XII. 


A 

NEW  AND   GENERAL 

BIOGRAPHICAL 

DICTIONARY; 

CONTAINING 

AN  HISTORICAL  AND  CRITICAL  ACCOUNT 

/^j^'  OP    THE 

>      LIVES  and  WRITINGS 

OF   THE 

Moft  Eminent  Perfons 

IN  .E.VERy..lirA?:.ION; 

PARTICuir-ARiY  the:  B-RI^rffeTa  AND  IRISH; 
From  theEarlieft  SccoiiRC??oP'f  ime  to  the  prefent  Period. 

Their  rcmarUaKKVitcOTaMs'tand  Sufferings, 
Their  Virtues,  Parts,  and  Learning, 

ARE  ACCURATELY  DISPLAYED. 

With  a  Catalogue  of  their  Literary  Productions. 


A  NEW  EDITION,  IN  FIFTEEN  VOLUMES/ 

GREATLY  ENLARGED  AND  IMPROVED. 


VOL.    XIL 


LONDON: 

Printed  for  G.  G.  «nd  J.  Robinson,  J.  Johnson,  J.  Nichols,  J.  SEwSLt^ 

H.  L.  Gardner,  F.  and  C.  Rivington,   W.  Otridge  and  SoNf 

G.  Nicol,    E.   Newberv,   Hookham   and  Carpenter^ 

R.   Fauldsr,  W.  Chapman  and  Son,  J.  Deighton, 

D.  Walker,].  Anderson,T.  Payne,  J.  Lowndes, 

P.  MAc<yjEEN,  J.  Walker,  T.  Egerton,  T. 

Cadell,  jun.  and  W.  Da  vies,  R.  Edwards, 

Vernor  and  Hood,  J.  Nunn,  Murray 

•ndHiGHLEY,  T.N.  Longman,  Lee 

and  Hurst,  and  J.  White. 


1798. 


THE  NEW  YORK 
PUBLIC  LIBRARY 

A8T0R,  LENOX^MO 
'  TILDEN  FOUNDATiON» 
R  191&  t. 


* 


NEW  AND   GENERAL 
BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


i  ■■  .       P..        .  •■  ■ 

\    T>  APPUS,  an  emmenf  phiMcypaet  of .  Alexdndrlaf  is  faid  hf   J 

^    JL     Suidas  10  haW' ftoiirillJed  fander' the 'emperor  TheodofiuS 

"*     the  Great,  who  reignek!  /rc/n  VV^.  1^)^"^  J79  to  395.  *   His  writings 

'       (hew  him  to  have  bet^n  'eoVifmninfate'  in  the  fcience  of  mathe- 

I       matlcs.    Many  of  his  Wcrfk^^Vre-'loft  fV3>  ^°^  the  greater  part  of 

^     thofe  that  are  extant vccirUi"liiie4''Wg  m  nianufcript.      Oif  his 

books  of  *^  Mathematical  CoJledlions/*.  which  ate  extant  in 

Greek,  from  the  middle  of  the  fecond  to  the-  erid  of  the  eighth 

book,  nothing  had  been'  publifhe(t,  except  fome '"  Lemmata** 

of  the  feventh  book,  by  Marcus  Meibomilis,  in  his  Dialogue 

upon  proportions,  printed  in   1655;  the  twelve  1  aft  "  Propo- 

\    fitions"  of  the  fecond  book,  by  Dr.  WaUis,  at  the' end  pf  his 

'^     Ariftarchus  Samius,   1688,  8Vo';  part  of  the  "  Preface'*  to  the 

K>     feveath  book,  by  David  Gregory,  in  the  Prolegomena  to  his 

^     Euclid,  1 703 ;  the  entire  "  Preface,"  by  Edmund  Halley,  beforfe 

jv,    his  Apolloniiis,  1706,'  8vo.     The  third,  fourth,  fifth,  fixth, 

^     feventh,  and  eighth  books  of  ihefe  Mathematical  CoilefHons  had  ' 

.     only  been  publiflied  in  a  Latir\  Verfion  made  by  Fr.  Comman- 

dinus*     merfennus  exhibited  a  kind  of  abridgement  of  them 

in  his  Synopfis  Mathematica,  Paris,   1644,    in  4tor  hut  this 

^ntains  only  fuch  propofitions  as  could  be  underftood  without 

figures.    At  length,  the  whole  works  of  Pappus  were  oublifhed 

at  Bologna,  in  1660,  in  folio,  by  Carolus  Manolefnus,  who  ♦ 

feems  to  have  ufed  all  proper  means  to'  make  his  edition  com- 

K!i\    plete  and  excellent :  for  ]\q  tells  us,  that  he  confulted  and  em- 

P\      ployed,  as  well  thofe  who  excelled  in  the  Greek  tongue,  as 

thofe  'who  were  deep  in  mathematical  knowledge;  and  it  is. 

certain  that,   without  an  uncommon  (kill  in  both,   no  good 

edition' of  Papplis  could  be  prepared. 

[a]  Fabric.  BIbl.  Grstc.  Vol.  tiiL 

r    Vol.  XII.  ,  B  Suidaf 


2  PARACELSUS. 

Suidas  relates,  that  Pappus  wrote  a  V  Commentary  upo« 
"  four  books  of  Ptolemy's  Magna  Coxiftni<aio;"  but  what  we 
have  remaining  under  his  name,  which  may  be  found  in  the 
Bafil  edition  of  1538)  is  only  a  Commentary  upon  part  of 
the  fifth  book* 

PAPYRI  US  MASSON.  ,  See  Masson. 

PARABOSCO  (GiROtAMOJ,  an  Italian  comic  writer,  born 
at  Pl^^tta,  In  thfe  begihning  of  the  fixtcenth  century,  was  an 
author  of  fome  eminence  in  his  time.  His  comedies  have  a 
certain  charafter  of  originality,  which  ftill,  in  fome  degree, 
fupports  their  credit.  They  are  fix  in  number,  and  entitled, 
1.  *^  La  Notte."  a»  "  II  VUluppo,"  3.  "  I  Contenti." 
4.  "  L'Hermafrodito/'  5.  "  II  Pellegrino."  6.  "  II  Ma* 
rinaio."  Of  thefe,  "  II  Pellegrino"  is  in  verfe,  the  reft  arc 
in  profci  The  bcft  edition  is  that  of  Giolito  de*  Ferrari,  at 
Vienicci  in  I56©,  in  two  fmall  Volumej^,  duodecimo.  There  i$ 
alfo  a  Voltime  of  Jet\:^k[J)^'*JWift,*.eotitte<Jj:  i^  Lettere  Amorofc 
,Bi  M.  GiTblamo.Paraboft:©,^  printed*' Igc: ^4  f*^^  Giolitov  in 
the  y^ar  i<45.  Thefe  wc»e;regub}i{lkgi.in  1548,  "  con  alcune 
Nqvelle  e  Hime.**  We  k^pJ[^djf"^\(oVin  catalogues,  a  volume 
df  "  Rime"  alone,  pu1jli<W  XyitwUto,  at  Venice,  in  1547, 
8vo.,  He  cbmpofed  alfS,  *Jil)^ils'LiK"tJie  ftyle  of  Boccacio  and 
Bandelli,  which  were  pviblilfieJ  af  Vehlfcb  in  155S,  under  the 
title  of  "  1  Diporti  di  M.  Girolamo  Parabofco."  This, 
howevei',  lyas  not  the  earlieft  edition;  for  the  title  f^s,  "  no- 
vimente  riftamjJat^,  ct  diligentiffimamente  revifti.'*  There  are 
editions  alfo  of  r586and  1607.  It  confifts  of  three  davs,  or 
'*  Giornaie  ;**  the  firft  and  fecond  of  which  comprife  fixteen 
tales>  and  foiir  curious  queftions.  The  third  contains  feveral 
"  Mott!>"  or  bon->mots,  with  a  few  madrigals,  and  other  fliort 
poems.  There  is  alfo  a  volume  by  him  entitled,  **  Oracolo," 
the  oracle,  in  4to,  jpublilhed  at  Venice,  in  1551.  In  this  thfe 
author  gives  anfwers  to  twelve  queftions  propofed  in  the  be- 
ginnii^  of  ^he  book ;  which  anfwers  are  given  and  varied 
accoirding  to  fome  rtiles  laid  down  in  the  preface  [b]|«  It  ap- 
pears that  Parabofco  lived  chiei3y>  If  not  entirely,  at  Venice, 
as  all  his  books  were  publilhed  there-  His  '*  Diporti,"  or  Sports, 
open  with  a  panegyric  upon  that  city. 

PARACELSUS  (Aur«olus  Philippus  Theophrastus 
Bombast  de  Hohenheim),  a  famous  phyfician,  was  the  fon 
of^Wilhelmu«  Hohenheim,  a  learned  ipan,  and  licentiate  in 
l^hyfic,  though  a  llender  pra^itioner,  but  pofleflcd  of  a  nobl^ 
library,  beinc  himfelf  the  natural  fon  of  a  mafter  of  the  Teu- 
tonic order*  He  wa«  born  in  i493f  ^^  *  village  called  Einfidlen 
in  SwitierTaVi^,  about  two  German  miles  from  Zurich,  At  three 

[»]  Crefcinbeiu*    Hift.  diUa  Volg  Ihocf.  ,vol.  L  11^.  ill.  cap.  ^5. 


PARACELSUS.  5 

^  years  of  age  he  is  faid  to  have  been  mutilated^  and  made  an  eunuch^ 

by  a  fow:  accordingly  we  always  find  him  a  bitter  enemy  to 

Vromen  ;  though  his  piSure,  as  taken  from  the  life,  repreients 

him  with  a  beard.  He  wasinftrufted  by  his  father  in  phyfic  and 

i      ,        forgery*  wherein  he  made  great  proficiency;  but  as  he  grew  up, 

I  ^   '       he  was  captivated  with  theftudy  of  alchetnyy  which  occafioned 

I  his  father  to  put  him  under  the  care  of  Trithemius,  abbot  of 

j^  Spanheim>  a  man  at  that  time^f  great  fame.     Having  learned 

i  many  fecrets  from  Trithemius,  he  reihoved  to  SigifmUnd  Fag* 

j  gerus  of  Schwatz,   a  famous  German  chemiftj  who  at  that 

\  time»  partly  by  his  own  induftry,  and  partly  by  a  tnoltitnde 

of  fervants  and  operators  fetainecl  for  the  purpofe,  made  daily 

improvements  in  the  art.     And  here  he  aflures  us  he  learnea 

fpagyric  operations  efFeftually ;  after  which  he  applied  to  all 

the  moft  eminent  mafters  in  the  akhemical  philofophy,  who 

^  concealed  nothing  from  him,  and  from  whom,  as  he  himfetf 

j  relates,  he  learned  his  fecrets.    , 

But  not  content  with  this,  he  viffted  all  the  univcrfities  df 

j  Germany,  Italy,  France,  and  Spain,  in  order  to'karn  phyfici 

and  then  he  took  a  journey  to  Pruflia,  Lithuania,  Poland,  wa>. 

^  lachia,  Tranfilvania,  Croatia,  Portugal,  Illyria,  and  the  other 

countries  of  Europe,  where  he 'applied  inmfFerently  to  phy^ 

ficians,  barbers,  old  women,  conjurers,  and  chemifts,  both 

good  and  bad ;  from  all  Which  he  gladly  picked  up  any  thing 

'•.  that  might  he  ufeful,  and  then  enlarged  his  ftock  of  iure  aM 

'  approv^  remedies.     He^  alfd  learned  from  Baiil  Valentine'* 

I  writings,  the  dodlrine  of  the  three  elements,  which,  conceal^ 

ing  the  author's  name,  he  adopted  as  his  own^  and  publiihed 

under  the  appellation  of  "  Salt,  Sulphur,  and  Mercury/' 

In  the  twentieth  year  of  his  age,  making  a  vifit  to  the  mines 

I  in  Germany,  he  travelled  into  Kuilia,  wfcre  being  taken  pri^. 

foner  on  the  frontiers  by  the  Tartars,  he  was  carried  before  thfe 

Cham,  and  afterwards  fent  with  that  prince's  fon  on  an  em>. 

I"  bafly  to  Conftantinopie  ;^ whenc,  in  bis  twemy-eighth  year,  as 

i  lie  tells  us,  he  was  let  into^he  fecret  of  the  philofoph^r's  (tone, 

;  He  was  alfo  retained  frequently  as  furgeon  and  phyfician  t^ 

armies,  in  battles,  and  fieges.     He  fet  a  high  value  on  Hippo*^ 

I  crates  and  the  ancient  phyficiansi  but  dejpifed  the  fcholaftic 

I  dodors,  and  above  all  the  Arabs.     He  made  great  ufe  of  t6^ 

tnedies  prepared  of  mercury  and  opium,  wherewith  he  cured 

I  the  Icprofyy  venereal  difeafe,  itch^  flight  dropfies,  and  othef 

Infirmities,  which  to  the  phyficiani?  of  thofe  times  (who  were 

I  ignorant  of  mercury,  and  afraid  of  opium,  as  cold  in  the  fourth 

I  degree)  were  utterly  incurable.  .  ' 

I  By  thefe  cures  he  grew  daily  more   cekbrat'ed,  :ind  more 

i  4lariiig,  efpecially  after  recovering  the  famous  printer  Frobe- 

aiiu&  of  Bafil,  whole  cafe  appears  to  have  be«n  a  violent  paih 

Bz  in 


4  PARACELSUS. 

in  his  heel,  which  upon  Paracelfus's  treatment  removed  into 
his  toes,  fo  that  the  patient  conld  never  ftir  them  afterwards, 
though  he  felt  no  pain,  and  in  other  refpefts  grew  wellv  but 
foon  aft^r  died  of  an  apoplexy.  By  this  cure  he  became  ac- 
quainted with  Erafmus,  arid  was  well  efteemed  by  the  magif- 
tracy  of  Bafil,  who,  giving  him  a  plentiful*  falary,  nude  him 
profeflbr  in  1527.  There  he  continued  to  teach  philofophical 
phyftc  two  hours  every  day,  fonletimes  in  Latin,  but  more  fre- 
quently in  German.  He  read  leftures  to  explain  his  own 
books,  **  De  compofitionibus,'*  *^  De  gradibus,"  et  *^  De 
Tartaro  ;*'  which,  according  to  Helmont,  abounded  in  idle 
drollery,  and  contained  littld  folid  fenfe.  Here,  in  a  iblemn 
manner  :featcdin  the  chair,  he  biirned  the  writings  of  Galen  and 
Avicehiia,  declaring  to  his  atidience  that  he  woiHd  even  confult 
the  devil  if  God  ivould  not  affift  him ;  and  this  is  agreeable  to 
his  exprefs  declaration  in  feveral  places  of  his  works,  that  na 
one  need  fcruple  confulting  the  devil  to  get  fecrets  of  phyfic 
out  of  hiiri.  -  He  had  many  difciples,  with  whom  he  lived  in 
great  intimacy.  :  Three  of  thefe  he  maintained  in  diet  and 
clothes,  and  inftrmSlcd  in  feVeral  fecrets;  though  they  after* 
wards  ungratefully  dcfdrted  their  riiafter,  and  even  wrote  fcan* 
datous  things  of  him,  adminiftring  with  much  indifcretion  the 
ipediciries  he  had  taught  them,  to  the  great  difad vantage  of  thofe 
who  employed  them.  He  alfo  retained  furgeons  and  barbers 
in  his  family,  to  whom  he  communicated  ufeful  fecrets;  but 
all  of  them  left  him  foon  after,  and  turned  his  enemies.  His 
only  faithful  difciples  were  the  doftors  Peter^  Cornelius,  An-^ 
drew,  Urfinus,  the  licentiate  Pangratius,  and  Mr.  Raphael, 
whom  he  Ipcaks  of  withioommendatron. 

During  his  twojrears  refidence  ih  this  city,  he  cured  a  noble 
canon  of  Liechtemfels,  who  had  been  given  over  by  the  phy- 
flcians,  of  a  violent  pain  in  his  ftomach,  with  only  three  pills 
of  hisTaudanum.  ihe  fick  canon  had  promifed  him  ico 
French  crowhs  for  the  cute;  but  binding  it  fo  eafily  efFefted, 
refufed  to  pay,  alledging  with  a  jeft,  that  Paracelfus  had 
given  him  but  three  moufe-turds.  Upofi  this  the  phyficiaa 
cited  his  patient  before  a  court  of  juftice;  where  a  judge,  not 
confidering  fo  much  the  excellence  of  the  art,  as  tjie  quantity 
of  labour  and  coft,  decreed  him  only  a  trifling  gratification* 
With  this  Paracelfus  was  fo  exafperated,  that,  loading  them 
with  reproaches  of  ignorance  and  injuftice^  he  rendered  him- 
fclf  in  lome  meafure  guilty  of  treafon,  and  thus  thought  beft 
to  quit  the  court,  and  make  hade  home ;  from  whence,  by 
the  advice  of  his  friends,  he  privately  withdrew  out  of  the 
city,  leaving  his  whole  chemical  apparatus  to  John  Oporinus. 
After  this  he  continued  r^nbling  two  years  through  the  neighi- 
bouring  parts  &£  Alfatia,  accompanied  by  Qporinus;  and  ia 

thct. 


PARACELSUS.  5 

the  courfe  of  a  dilTolute  life,  wrought  many  extraordinary 
cures,  as  we  find  related  by  Zwinger,  who  lived  at  the  fame 
time  at  Bafil)  and  often  heard  the  account  from  Oporinuc 
himfelf[c].  "f 

It  happened  one  evening  that  Paracelfus  was  called  upon 
to  viftt  a  countryman  dangeroufly  ill  near  Colmar  in  Alface;r 
but,  being  fet  in  for  a  drinking-bout  [d]  with  ontinary  com^ 
pany,  he  deferred  vifiting  the  patient  tul  next  morning ;  when 
entering  the  houfe  with  a  furious  look,  he,  diked  if  the  flclt 
per fon  had  taken  any  phyfic  ?  as  intending  to  adminifier  fome 
ef  his  laudanum.  The  by*ftanders  anfwered,  that  he  had  taken; 
nothing  but  the  facrament,  as  being  at  the  point  of  death  ;  at 
vrhich  Paracelfus  in  a  rage  replied,  ^^  If  he  has  had  recourfe 
to  another  phyfician,  he  has  no  occafion  for  me,"  and  ran 
immediately  out  of  doors.  Oporinujs,  ftruck  with  this  piece  of 
impiety,  bid  Paracelfus  the  laft  adieu ;  fearing  left  the  barbarity 
of  his  otherwife  beloved  mafter  fhould  fome  time  fall  on  his  own 
head.  .  .   ^ 

From  this  time  he  continued  wandering  from  place  to  place^ 
always  intoxicated,  and  never  changing  his  clothes,  nor  fo 
much  as  going  into  bed.  In  Sept.  1541,  being  taken  ill  at  x 
public  inn  at  Saltiburg,  he  died  after  a  few  days  ficknefs,  in  hie 
forty-eighth  year;  though  he  had  promifed  himfelf,  that,  by  the. 
ufe  of  his  elixir,  he  Inould  live  to  the  age  of  Methufalem. 
He  was  buried  in  the  hofpital  of  St.  Sebaftian  at  Saltfburg,t 
with  an  epitaph  inferted  below  [e]- 

It  is  probable,  that  the  bulk  of  the  pieces  publiihed  in  hir 
works  are  not  his,  but  that  his  followers  chofe  to  u/her  in  their 
performances  under  his  name.  In  efFeft,  they  are  fo  many, 
and  fo  different  from  each  other,  that  it  is  next  to  iinpoifible 
they  fliould  all  come  from  the  fame  hand;  yet,  befides  the* 
three  books  already  mentioned,  upon  which  he  le^lured  in. 
public,  there  are  fome  others  which  feem  to  be  genuine,  whofe 
titles  are  therefore  inferted  belowrFl. 

With* 

£c]^  This  Opormus,  who  had  been  for    wife,  and  quitting  Paracelfus,  returned  to 
lAine  time  his  fervant  and  amanuenfis,  was     Bafil.  * 

a  perfon  of  xouch  learning,  well  ikilled  in  [p]  He  was  muth  addi^ed  to  drunk*  * 
Greek  and  Latin;  who,  poiTenied  with  eoners.  Wal terns  tells  us,  that  when  be 
the  vain  expeftation  of  attaining  his  fecrets,  was  in  his  cups,  which  often  happened, « 
left  his  own  family,  and  travelled  with  he  would  threaten  to  fummon  a  million  of 
himfortwo  whole  years,  withotit  teaming'  fouls j  in  order  t'o  fliew  his  power  ov«r  ' 
any  one  thing  j  ^1  wearied  out,  he  grew    them.  i 

Fe]  CondituE. hie  Philippus  Theophraftus,    . 

Inhgnis  medicin*  dodtor,  qui  dira  ilia  vulnera, 

liepram,  podagram,  hydropifim,  aliaque  infanabilia 

Corporis  contagia  mirilica  arte  fudulit ; 

Ac  bona  fua  in  pauperes  diftribuendo  collocaiidoque  honoravit. 

[r]    THefe  are,  ««  De  Pefte  j"   *<  De     "  Archidoxa  Medicinas  j"  "  De  orto  re- 

^^fifiniihos  i**  **  De  txU  lo^ga,'*  and  the    rum  aaturatium  ^*'  <<  Pe  transformatione 

B  3  fcnim 


f  PARACELSUS. 

With  n^St  to  his  merit  as  to  medicine  and  akhemy,  fe 
mnft  be  owned  that  an  arrogant  afiiiming  air  infedted  all  his 
writings,  as  well  as  his  adlions*  It  was  common  with  him 
to  promife  mighty  things,  with  complete  aflurance,  upon  flender 
and  inadequate  grounds.  A  (Irong  inftance  of  his  weaknefs  in 
^s  kind,'  is  his  undenaking>  by  the  mere  ufe  of  an  elixir,  td 
prolong  a  man's  life  to  the  age  of  Methufalem,  and  delihe- 
irtting  with  himfelf  to  what  period  he  ihould  protrad  his  own. 
With  the  feme  vanity  he  afferts  that  he  knew  the  univerfal  me- 
dictae,  and  the  body  of  chemifts  of  his  own  times,  comp!i« 
IDentedhim  by  icceiving  bis  affertions;  but  what  dlSt&xszlly 
overthrows  his  pretenfions  to  fuch  a  remedy,  is,  that  he  died 
*'^|umfelf  at  an  immature  age. 

His  real  merit  coniifted,  i.  in  being  welt  (killed  in  furgery, 
iind  pra£Hfing  it  with  great  fuccefs.  2,  In  underftanding  the 
(Dommon  pra&ice  <Mf  phyfic  as  well  as  his  contemporaries.  3. 
In  being  alone  matter  ot  the  powers,  preparations,  and  tifes  of 
metals.  4.  In  having  the  ufe  of  opium  to  himfelf,  and  work* 
ii^  Wonderful  cnresthereby;  and,  5.  In  being  well  acquainted 
with  the  vinues  of  mercury,  in  an  age  in  which  perhaps  only 
fe  and  Carpus  knew  any  thing  of  the  matter.  As  to  his  being 
foffefibd  of  the  philofopker's  ftcme,  there  will  now  be  no  proon 
iramed  to  contradiA  that  vain  pretence. 
.  The  fyftem  of  Pftracelfue  was  f6mrwhat  fo  tmcommon  dud 
•xtnrtwaat,^  that  we  mt^.not  conceal  it  from  the  t^eader. 
His  firft  principle  is  the  analogy  which  he  fiippofes  betwtea 
llie  great  worlciind  the  Hstle  world,  or  the  hody  of  man.  In 
ixun,  for  indance,  he  difcovers  the  motions  of  the  ftars,  th6 
nature  of  the  earth,  water,  and  air>  all  vegetables  and  mine- 
raA%,  $S  the  conftellations,  and  the  four  winds.  '  He  alTerts 
^  that  ^  phyftctan  fought  to  know  what  in  man  is  called  the  dra- 
gon's tati^  the  ram,  the  polar  axis,  the  meridian,  the  rifing 
as^  fetting  of  the  fun ;  and  if  he  is  ignorant  of  thefe  things, 
ifays  our  guthor,  he  is  good  for  nothing.  From  ttie  fame  au^ 
tfcpr  slfo  and  his  followers,  fprings  the  opinion  of  a  pretended 
wd  imaginary  agreement  between  the  principal  parts  of  a 
iftan's  body  with  the  planets ;  as,  of  the  heart  with  the  fun» 
of  the  brain  with  the  moon,  of  tHe  fpieen  with  Saturn,  of  the 
Ittnn  with  Mercury,  of  the  kidneys  and  fecrets  with  Venus, 
rf  me  liver  with  Jupiter,  and  the  gall  with  Mars;  and  that 
there  are  alio  feven  metals  or  minerals  which  agree  with  thefe 
fcven  planets.     Paracelfus  alfo  aflures  us,  that,  in  our  Limbus, 

.  ferumnaturfilium;** '^Devitarerumnatii.  Gene?a,  in  1658,  in  thne  vols.  Iblio. 

ralium.**     The  reft  are  fpurious,  efpecially  This  Is  the  moft  complete  edition^;  be/ides, 

the  "  Theological  Works."    In  furgery  there  is  another  edition  at  Bafil,  1589,  in 

two  books,    one  entitled,  *^  The  Great  ixvoU.  4to,  wdiich  fome  efteem  the  beft  s 

Sorgery,^*  and  the  other,  «  The  SmaU  and  there  is  likewife  aiiotha  cdhion  at 

Sorgery.^Y     Ifis  works   were  printed  at  f mncforC,  in  ift  vols.  4to» 

that 


PARACELSUS..  f 

tjiat  IS,  the  human  body,  are  the  heavens,  the  earth,  and  th« 
properties  of  all  animals ;  ai)d  he  alfo  alFcrts,  that  a  true  phy« 
Jkian  muft  be  able  to  fay,  ^*  This  is  a  fapphira  in  the  body  of 
man,,  this  mercury,  this  a  cyprefs,  and  this  a  walKilower.'^ 
^He  eftabliflied  a  relation  between  difeafes  and  plants.  H« 
maintains  a  prima  materia,  or  hril  matter,  whence  fpring» 
among  other  things,  the  feeds  of  vegetables,  animals,  and  tnu 
fierals ;  and  that  generation  is  only  the  exit  of  each  feed  froii| 
darknefs  to  light,  in  which  they  lay  in  i9ie  firil  matter,  fie^ 
fides  the  four  ordinary  elements,  fire,  air,  earth,  and  watery 
9nd  three  principles,  fait,  fulphur,  and  mercury,  he  thought 
there  was  in  all  natural  bodies,  fometbing  of  a  celestial  nature^ 
ivhich  he  calls  quinteifence,  and  which  he  defcrifaes  thus  2 
^'  The  quimeflence  is  a  fubilance  which  t$  corporeally  drawa 
from  all  bodies  that  increafe,  and  from  every  thing  that  hat 
life ;  and  this  fubftance  is  difengaged  from  all  ixEqpurity  and 
mortality ;  it  is  of  the  higheft  fubtility,  and  feparated  from  att 
the  elements."  He  adds,  that  ^*  this  quinteifence  is  not  of  i| 
different  riatune  from  the  elements,  becaufie  it  is  of  itfelf  aa 
element.'*  tie  calls  it  alfo  by  the  fever^  names  of  the  pfailo* 
fophtcal  tindure,  or  philofopher's  fione,  the  floiver,  tfast  fu|i» 
heaven,  and  aetbeieal  (jpirit.  '^  This  medicine,"  fays  he,  "  it 
an  inviiible  fire,  whid)  devours  ^1  diieafes."  Howev^,  as 
this  quinteifence  was>  he  acknowledges^  very  rve,  he  found 
himfelf  under  a  neceflity  of  feakine  for  .particular  remedies. 
Jn  order  to  difcover  which»  one  of  the  means  is  to  obfen^e  the 
iignature  of  things.  Thus,  for  inftance,  he  maintained  that 
Eupbrafia  bears  a  2&ark,  which  indicates  its  virtues  for  dif* 
iNxlers  of  the  eyes,  and  this  maik  is  a  fmali  black  figure  within 
the  flower,  which,  he  faid,  reprefents  the  eye-ball ;  yet  he  dc*» 
pended  chiefly  upon  metallic  medicines,  and  even  required  that 
animal  suid  vegetable  fubi^aces  ifliould  be  chemically  prepared, 
as  neceflary  to  extrad  the  poifonous  quality  naturally  in  them* 
He  alfo/believed  that  certain  words  and  chara£brs  engraved 
.on  ftones  could  cure  fome  particular  difeafes,  which  would  ndt 
yield  to  any  other  remedies :  and  he  maintsdned  that  a  phyfician 
might  have  recourfe  to  magic  for  the  cure  of  difeafes.  It  ex* 
ceeds  the  bounds  of  this  defign  to  run  out  into  a  defcription  of 
the  eflency,  the  magifteries,  the  elixirs,  and  other  important 
fecrets,  which  Paracelfus  called  **  Magnalia  Dei,"  a^  the 
quinteflence,  the  a^eth,  and  his  laudanum.  His  furgery  feems 
to  have  been  more  efteemed  than  it  deferved.  Upon  the  whole^ 
in  reading  Parac6lfus's  works,  it  is  eafy  to  obferve  that  he  had 
a  heated  and  difordered  imagjlnation,  full  oi  the  crudeft  notions ; 
whence,  it  is  no  wonder  that  he  gave  into  aftroiogy,  geomancy, 
chiromancy,  and  the  cabala,  .which  were  extrepiely  popular  in 
thofe  ignorant  ages.    He  fnys  exprefsly  tha^  m^cine  pud  be 

34  jointd 


It  P  A  R  D  I  E  S. 

joined  to  magic,  or  it  cannot  be  fuccefsful ;  by  which  he  doet 
»ot  mean  natural  magic  only,  but  declares  that  no  one  needs 
fcruple  getting  certain,  fecrets  of  phyfic  from  the  devil ;  and 
boafts  of  holding  a  converfation  with  GaJen  and  Avicenna  at  the 
gates  of  hell.  In  a  word,  he  ufed  all.  podible  means  to  per* 
fuade  the  world  that  he  was  a  real  magician,  fo  that  if  he  has 
failed  in  the  attempt,  it  was  his  mistottune.  He  did  indeed 
perfuade  many,  but  the  truer  opinion  is,  that  he  was  rather 
an  impoftor  than  a  conjuror.  Among  the  bad  things  that  his 
wcM^ks  contain,'  there  are,  however,  i'ome  which  are  good,  and 
contributed  to  the  improvement  of  phyfic.  He  Was  neither 
learned  in  the  languages  nor  in  philofophy;  he  had  but  little 
erudition  4  he  fays*himfelf  that  his  library  did  not  contain  ten 
pages,  aiid  that  he  paffed  ten  years  without  reading  a  book. 
»  rARADlN  (William),  a  French  hiftorian,  a  laborious 
Writer  of  the  fixteenth  century,  was  ftili  living  in  158 1,  and 
»rzs  then  turned  fourfcore.  He  was  the  author  of  many  works, 
among  which  the  following  are  remarkable,  i .  "  The  Hiftory 
(of  Ariftaeus,  fefpeding  the  verfion  of  the  Pentateuch,**  4to. 
42«  **  Hiftoria  fui  temporis,'*  written  in  Latin,  but  beft  known 
by  a  Erench  verfion  which  was  publilhed  in  1558.  3.  "  An- 
nates de  Bourgogne,'*  folio,  1566.  This  hiftory,  by  no  means 
welUdigcfted,  begins  at  378 j  and  ends  in  148a.  4,'  "  De  mo- 
ribus  GalHae,  Hifioria,"  4to.  '  5.  "  Memoires  de  THiftoire  de 
JLyon,"  folio,  1625.  •  6.  *'  De  rebus  in  Belgio,  anno  1543 
geftis,"  8vo,  1543-  7-  "  La  Chronique  de  Savoifc,"  folio, 
t6o2,  8.  '*  Hiftoria  Gallise;  a  Francifci  L  coronatione  ad 
annum*  1550."  9,  **  Hiftoria  Ecclefiaj  Galiicanae.'*  10.  *<  Me* 
xnoralia  infignium  Franciae  Familiarum."  He  was  an  eccle- 
fiaftic-,  and  became  dean  of  Beaujeu. 

:  PARDIES  (Ignatius  Gaston),  a  French  Jefuit,  was  the 
Xon  of  a  counlellor  in  the  parliament  of  Paris,  where  he  had 
his  birth  in  1636.  Having  pafled  through  the  firft  part  of  his 
iludies,  he  entered  into  the  orde!»of  the  Jefuits  in  1652,  He 
taught  polite  literature  feveral  years,  and  in  that  time  produced 
anany  fmall  eflays,  both  in  prole  and  verfe,  with  a  diftinguWhed 
'delicacy  of  thcmght  and  ftyle:  but,  as  his  genius  and  inclination 
led  him  more  to  the  fpeculative  fciences,  he  cultivated  the 
'belles  lettres  only  to  enable  him  to  write  in  a  good  ftyle  upon 
itiiofe  fciences.  His  particular  ftudy  was  to  form  a  neat  and 
jConcife  expreffion,  inwhich  he-had  the  happinefs  to  fucceed; 
JoT^  except  fome  few  words  bordering  upon  the  provincial,  his 
jdircourfeJsielegant  and  pcrfpicuous,  and  his  di^ion  pure*  At 
length  he  devoted  himfeif  entirely  to  mathematics  and  natural 
r^faiiTofophy,  and  read  all  the  authors,  both  ancient  and  modern, 
111 ithofe  fciences;  fo  that  he  made. himfeif  mafter  of  the  Perl- 

^       .     .  patetici 


i  PA  Rife:  9 

I  pateticy  as  well  as  Cartefian  philofophy  in  a  fhort  time^^aiKl 

I  taught  both  with  great  reputation. 

,    Notwithftanding  he  embraced  Cartefianifm,  yet  iie  aSefled  \ 

to  be  Hither  an  inventor,  than  a  difciple  of  Des, Cartes.  Wtth 
this  ambition  he  fometimes  advanced  very  bold  opinions  in  na* 
tural  philofophy,  which  met  with  oppo(ers,  who  charged  him 
vrith  ftarting  abfurdities ;  but  he  had  wit  enough  to  give  his 
notions  a  plaufible  turn,  fo  as  apparently  to  clear  them  from 
contradi£lions.  He  taught  alfo  mathematics  in  fome  places, 
I  and  at  laft  at  Paris,     He  had  from  hi$  youth  a  happy  genius  for 

r  that  fcience,  and  made  a  great  progrefs  in  it  by  application. 

The  glory  which  he  acquired  by  his  works  raifed  the  highcjft 
I  expeSations  of  him,  which  were  all  cut  fliort  by, death.     In 

I  *^73»  h^  received  an  order  from  his  fuperiors  to  preach  to, 

and  confefs  the  poor'people  of  the  Bicetre,  in  the  Eafter  holi- 
days. There  was  then  lomething  malignant  in  the  air  of  that 
place,  which  had  produced  various  dlforders  among  thefe  poor 
creatures;  and  whether  it  was  owing  to  contagion  or  fatigue, 
or  both,  Pardies  .returned  to  Paris  feized  by  a  mortal  dif order, 
and  aftually  died,  aged  only  thirty-feven.  The  following  are 
the  titles  of  fome  of  his  works:  i.  **  Horologium  Thaumau- 
ticum  duplex,  1662,"  4to.  2.  "  Diflertatio  de  motu  et  natura 
cometarum,  1665,"  8vo.  3.  **  Difcouff^  du  mouvement  local, 
1670,"' t2mo.  4.  "  Elemens  de  geometric,  X670,"  i2mo. 
This  has  been  tranflated  into  feveral  languages.  5,  "  Difcours 
de  laconnoiirance  des  betes,  1672,"  i2mo.     Niceron  obferves,  -  i 

that  this  piece  made  the  author  pafs  among  the  Peripatetics  for 
a  prevaricator ;  and  he  was  in  reality  a  Cartefian,  although  he 
afFe^led  here  to  refute  Cartefianifm.  6.  **  Lettre  dun  philo- 
fophe  a  un  Cartefien  de  fes  amis,  1672,"  i2mo.  7.  "  La 
•  Statique,~  ou  la  Science  des  forces  mouvantes,  1673,"  ^^nio. 
8.  "  Defcription  et  explication  de  deux .  machines  propres  a 
faire  des  cadrans  avec  unegrandc  facilite,  1673,"  limo.  Part 
of  his  works  were  printed  together,  at  Lyons,  1725,  i2mo. 
This  author  had  a  difpute  alfo  with  fir  Ifaac  Newton,  about  his 
**  New  Theory  of  Light  and  Colours,"  in  1672.  His  letters 
are  infertcd  in  Phil.  Tranf.  for  that  year. 

PARE' (Ambrose),  a  celebrated  French  furgeon,  born  at 
Laval,  in  the  fixteenth  century  ;  was  furgeon  to  Henry  11. 
Francis  I L  Charles  IX.  and  Henry  Hi.  As  he  was  a  Pro- 
teftant^  he  would  have  been  involved  in  the  mafiacre  of  St.  { 

Bartholomew,  had  not  the  king  himfelf,  who  fo  cruelly  facri-  j 

ficed  multitudes  of  his  fubjeSs,  ihut  him  up  in  his  own  room, 
faying,  that  ^'.it  was  not  right  for  a  man  fo  ufeful  to  the 
world  to  perifli'  in  fuch  a  manner."  Pare  wrote  feveral  trea- 
tifes  in  French,  which  were  tranflated  into  Latin  by  Jacques 
GuillemeaUi.  The  colle^oo  of  th^fe  treatife3  has  gone  through 

feveral 


t^  PAH  ]fe. 

lirrtral  editions ;  A«  beft  is  that  of  16x4.,  Paris,  frfio.  .  Fat6 
died  in  December  15^0,  at  an  advanced  age,  having  enjoyed 
eonrKtefaUe  re{)utation,  both  as  a  phyfictan  and  as  a  man. 

PARE'  (Da VI©),  a  celebrated  divine  of  the  mformed  reli- 
gion, was  bom  in  154S,  at  Francolftein  in  Silefia,  and  put  to 
the  grammar  fchool  there,  apparently  wit&  a  defign  to  breed 
him  to  learning ;  but  his  father  marrying  a  fecond  time,  this 
ftep^-mother  prevailed  with  hiqd  to  piit  his  fon  apprentice  to  aa 
apothecary  at  Breflau ;  and  not  content  with  that,  hie  was  taken 
thence,  and  at  her  iaftigatlon  bound  to  a  (hoe-maker,  fie  was 
not,  however,  long  abandoned  to  the  ihaiaefel  ulage  cf  a  (lep- 
mother;  his  defiiny  ordained  better  things  for  him:  and  natixy 
years  had  not  paflbd,  when  his  father  reiumed  his  firft  defign* 
t)avid  was  not  above  fixteen,  when  he  was  fent  to  the  cp}-» 
lege  fchool  of  Herm&erg,  in  the  neighiyourhood  of  Francd* 
ftein,  to  prolecute  his  ftudies  under  Chriilopher  Schilling,  a 
man  of  confiderabk  learning,  who  was  redor  of  the  colfoge. 
It  was  cuftomary  m  tbofe  times  for  young  ftndents,  w^o  de-^ 
voted  themfelves  to  literature,  to  affiiiae  a  great  name,  inftead 
of  that  of  their  family.  Schilling  was  a  great  admircr  t^  this 
Cttftom,  andeafily  periuadedhis  fcfaidar  to  change  his  German 
name  of  Wangler  for  the  Greek  one  of  Parens,  or  Pare  ;  both 
derived  from  a  cheeky  in  the  diiFerent  languages.  Young  Pai36,  for 
lb  we  muft  now  call  him,  had  not  lived  abo«fe  three  months  at 
Ms  father's  expene^,  w'hen  Jie  provided  £or  his  <xwa  fiipport, 
jpartly  by  means  of  a  tutorfliif  in  the  family.,  Orud  .partly  by  tho 
Munty  of  Atbertus  Kindler,  one  o£  the  principal  men  of  the 
place.  He  lodged  in  tins  gentkman's  houiie,  and  wrote  an 
^  Epicedium*'  upon  the  death  of  his  eldeft  fon,  wiiidi  fo  highly 
pfleafed  the  father,  'that  he  not  only  gave  him  a  gralmty  for  jt, 
but  -encouraged  him  to  cultivate  his  genius  ^  giving  hioi  proper 
fubjeSs,  and  rewarding  him  handfbmely  for  every  poem  twhicia 
he  prefented  to  him. 

.  Meanwhile,  his  mader,  not  eontent  wit^  making  him  diange 
hisfurname,  made  him  alfo  change  bis  religious  creeds  with 
regard  to  the  do(^rine  .of  the  roal  piielence ;  turning  him  from 
.  a  Lutheran  to  a  Sacramentarian,  as  lie  alfo  did  the  reft  of  his 
fcfholans.  Tliis  affair  brought  botb  maftar  and  icholar  into  a 
great  deal  of  trouble.  The  firft  was  driiwn  from  his  fchool^ 
and  the  latter  was  near  being  difinherited  by  his  father  $  and  it 
was  not  without  the  greateft  difiicuky,  that  be  obtained  his 
confent  to  go  into-  the  Palatinate,  4iotwiifaftandi|tg  he  -ufed  an 
argument  which  is  generally  very  prevailing,  tluir  he  would 
finifh  his  ftudies  there  without  any  expenoe  to  his  family.  Aa 
foon  as  he  was  at  liberty,  he  followed  his  mafter,  who  bad  been 
invited  by  the  ele^or  rrederic^III.  to  be  principal  of  his  new 
college  at  Ambe#g«    The  allowance  Par^ -s^iither  ^v^  him  for 

his 


PAR6.  ti 

hw  joarhcy  was  fo  fcanty,  thitt  he  was  obliged  to  beg  on  th^ 
i^oad..  He  arrived  at  Amberg  in  1566,  and  was  fent  foon  after 
-with  ten  of  his  fchool-fellows  to  Heidelberg,  where  Zachary 
Urfm  was  profefTor  of  divinity,  and  reftox  of  the  college  of 
Wififom.  The  univerfity  was  at  that  time  in  a  moft  flourifli- 
kig  condition.  With  regard  to  every  one  of  the  faculties;  fo 
that  Pare  had  here  all  the  advantages  that  could  be  dcfired,  for 
making  the  tnoft  confiderable  proftciencv,  both  in  the  learned 
languages,  and  ih  philofophv  and  divinity.  He  was  received 
a  mi«ifter  in  1571,  and  in  May  that  year  fent  to  exercife  his 
ftmdion  in  a  village  called  Schlettenbacn.  This  was  a  difficult 
cure,  on  accouht  df  the  contefts  thtn  fubfifting  between  the 
Phrteftants  and  Paplfts.  The  cleftor  Palatine  his  patron,  had 
drfferted  his  claim  by  main  force  againft  the  bifhop  of  Spire, 
"who  maintained,  that  the  right  of  nominationto  the  livings  in 
rile  coi|H)lration  of  Alfefted  was  vefted  in  his  chapter.  The 
ele£lor  aHowed  iV-but  with  this  referve,  that  fmce  he  had  the 
right  of  patronage,  the  nominators  were  obliged,  by  th«  peace 
of  Paflaw,  to  nrefcnt  paftors  to  him  whofe  religion  he  ap- 
proved. By  Virttie  of  this  right,  he  eflablifhed  the  reformed 
religion  in  that  corporation,  and  fent  Pare  into  the  province  of 
Schkttenbach.  .  The  Papifts  Ihut  the  doors  againft  him;  but 
they  were  broken  open,  and  the  images  and  altars  pulled  down: 
yet  after  aH  he  could  get  nobody  to  clear  away  the  rubbifli. 

He  was,  however,  on  the  point  of  being  married  there  before 
winteir,  when  he  was  called  back  to  teach  the  third  clafs  at 
Heidelberg.  He  acquitted  himfelf  fo  well  in  that  charge,  that 
in  two  years  time  he  was  promoted  to  the  fecond  clafs\;  but  he 
did  not  hold  this  above  iix  months,  being  made  firft  paftor  of 
Hemfbach,  in  the  diocefe  of  Worms.  Here  he  met 'with  a 
much  more  iraftable  congregation  than  that  of  Schlettenbach  ; 
for,  when  the  cleftor  Palatine,  as  patron  of  the  parifli,  refolved 
to  reform  it,  and  caufed  the  church  doors  to  be  broke  open, 
Pisir^  took  care  to  have  all  the  images  taken  down,  and  had  theq^ 
burnt  with  the  people's  confent.  Thus  happily  fituated,  he 
fix>n  refolved  to  oe  a  lodger  in  a  public-hou(e  no  longer;  and 
in  order  to  obtain  a  more  agreeable  home,  he  engaged  in  the 
matrimonial  ftate  four  months  after  his  arrival,  with  the  fifter  of 
John  Stibelius,  minifter  of  Heppenheim ;  and  the  nuptials 
were  folemnized  Jan.  the  5th,  I574>  publicly,  in  the  church 
of  Hemfbach,  an  bbjeft  which  had  never  been  beheld  before  in 
that  parifli.  The  people,  however,  were  eafily  reconciled  to  the 
flew  praftice,  when  they  came  to  know  what  St.  Paul  teaches 
conceminj?  the  marriage  of  a  bifliop  [g].  Yet  fuch  was  the 
|inhap|>y  ftate  of  this  country,  rent  by  the  continual  contefts 

;£o}  iTiiikiiLa*  aniTiniai*  27* 

about 


%%  PAR  6;  ' 

about  religion/  that  no  fooner  was  Popery,  the  common  enemy 
rooted  out,  than  new  difturbances  arofe,  through  the  contefts 

and  animofitie^  between  the  Lutherans  and  Calvinifts,  who 
ftipuld  have  been  friends.  After  the  death  of  the  eledor  Fre- 
deric Hi.  his/fon  Louis,  who  was  a  very  zealous  Lutheran, 
eftablifhed  every  twhere  in  his  dominions  thofe  minifters,  in  the 
room  of  the  Sacramentarians.  By  the(e  means  Pare  loft  his 
living  at  Hemn>ach  in  1577 ;  on  which  occafion  he  retired 
into  the  territories  of  prince  John  of  Cafimir,  the  eleAor's 
brother*  Here  he  was  miniftex  at  Oeerfheim,.near  Franken* 
talc,  three  years,  and  then  remoVed  to  Witrengen  nea^  Neuftad ; 
at  which  laft  place  prince  Cafimir,  in  1578,  had  founded 
a  fchool,  and  fettled  there  all  the  profeiTors  that  had  been 
driven  from  Heidelberg.  This  rendered  Witzingen  much  mon> 
agreeable,  as  well  as  advantageous;  and,  upon  the  death  of 
the  ele(Elor  Louis,  in  15B3,  the  guardianihip  of  his  fon,  tc^e* 
ther  with  the  adminlftration  of  the  palatinate,  devolved  upoa 
prince  Cafimir ;  who  reidored  the  Calvinift  minifiers,  and  rare 
obtained  the  fecond  chair  in  the  college  of  Wifdom  at  Hei-* 
delberg,  in  Sept.  1584.  He  commenced  author  two  years 
afterwards,  by  printing  his  "  Method  of  the  Ubiquitarian 
controverfy ;  the  title  is,  "  Methodus  Ubiquitarise  controverfia;.'J[ 
He  alfo  printed  the  **  German  Bible,'*  with  notes,  at  Neuftad^ 
in  1589,  which  occafioned  a  warm  controverfy  bejtween 'him- 
and  J  ames  Andreas,  a  Lutheran  of  Tubingen. 

In  1591,  he  was  made  firft  profeflbr  in  his  college,  andcoun-. 
fellor  to  the  ecclefiaftical  fenate  the,following  year,  and  the  year 
after  that  admitted  do<9:or  of  divinity  in  the  moft  folemn  manner. 
He  had  dready  held  feveral  difputes  againft  the  writers  of  the, 

*  Augiburg  Conieffion,  but  that  of  1596  was  the  moft  confider- 
able.  Among  other  things,  he  produced  a  defoice  of  Calvin,, 
againft  the  imputation  of  his  favouring  /udaifm,  in  his  Com- 
mentaries upon  feveral  parts  of  Scripture.  Afterwards  he. 
was  promoted  to  the  chair  of  divinit^y  profeflbr  for  the  Old 
Teftament  in  his  univerfity ;  by  which  he  was  eafed  of  tjie* 
great  fatigue  he  had  undergone  for  fourteen  years,  in  governing 
the  youth  who  were  educated  at  the  college  of  Wifdom.  ToU 
fanus,  profeflbr  of  divinity  for  the  New  Teftament,  dying  in 
1602,  Pare  fucceeded  to  that  chair,  and  a  few  years  after  he 
bought  a  houfe  in  the  fuburbs  of  Heidelberg.  Here,  in  1607, 
he  built  in  the  garden  an  apartment  for  his  library,  which  he. 
called  his  *'  Paieanum:"  he  took  great  delight  in  it,  and  the 
whole  houfe  went  afterwards  by  that  name.  The  eledor  ho-, 
nouredit  with  feveral  privileges  and  immunities;  and  Pare  had, 
two  infcriptions,  one  in  German,  and  the  other  in  Latin,  put 
upon  the  trontifpiece.  At  the  fame  time  his  reputation,  fpread- 


p  A  k  fe;  t  J 

♦ 

ing  itfelf  every  where,  brought  young  ftudents  to  him  frorri 
the  remoteft  part*  of  Hungary  and  Poland. 

In  1 617,  there  was  kept  an  evaneelical  jubilee,  in  memory^ 
of  the  church's  deliverance  from  ropery  an  hundred  years 
before ;  for  then  it  was,  that  Luther  began  to  preach.  The 
folemnity  lafted  three  days,  during  which  there  were  continual 
.orations,  difputations,  poems^  and  fermons,  on  the' occafion- 
Pare  alfo  publilhed  fome  pieces  upon  the  fubje^t,  which  drew 
upon  him  the  refentmeht  of  the  Jefuits  of  Meniz:  they  wrote 
a  (harp  cenfure  of  his  work,  and  he  publiftied  a  fu  it  able  anfwer 
to  it.  The  following  year>  161 8,  at  the  inftance  of  the  States^ 
General,  he  was  prelfed  to  go  to  the  fynod  of  Dort ;  but  ex- 
cufed  himfelf,  on  account  of  age  and  infirmities.  After  this 
time  he  enjoyed  "but  little  tranquillity.  The  apprehenfions  he 
had  of  the  ruin  which  his  patron  the  ele<Sor  Palatine  would 
bring  upon  himfelf,  by  accepting  the  crown  of  Bohemia,  put 
him  upon  changing  his  habitation.  He  terrified  himfelf  with 
a  thoufand  bad  omens,  grounded  upon  things  he  had  feen,  either 
awake  or  in  fleep ;  for  he  had  great  faith  in  dreams.  When 
he  faw  the  workmen  employed  in  improving  the  fortifications 
t>f  Heidelberg)  he  faid  it  wad  fo  much  labour  !oft;  and  con- 
sidering the  book%  he  had  written  againft  the  Pope  and  Bellar- 
min,  he  looked  upon  it  as  the  moft  dreadful  calamity  that  could 
happen  to  him,  to  fall  into  the  hands  of  the  monks:  for  which 
reafon  he  gladly  complied  with  thofe,Who  advifed  him  to  pro- 
vide in  time  fdr  his  own  fafety ;  and  accordingly  chofe  for  his 
fan£iuary  the  tbwri  of  Anweil,  in  the  dutchy  of  Deux-Ponts, 
near  Landau;  where  hfe  arrived,  in  06^.  1621.  He  left  that 
place,  however,  fome  months  after,  and  went  to  Neuftadt; 
nor  did  he  ftay  long  here,  for  he  determined  to  return  to  Hei- 
delberg, in  order  to  pafs  his  laft  moments  at  his  beloved  Pa- 
reanum>  and  fo  to  be  buried  hear  the  proteifors  of  the  univer- 
fity.  His  wifli  was  accordinp;!y  fulfilled ;  for  he  died  at  Pa- 
reanum  in  June,  1622,  ai}d  was  inierred  with  all  the  funeral 
honours  which  the  univerlities  in  Germany  are  ufed  to  beftow 
on  their  members. 
*  He  left  a  fon  named  Philip,  who  wrote  the  life  of  his  father. 
Though  Pare  was  extremely  watchful  againft'  innovations,  yet 
he  was  not  one  of  thofe  unt  raft  able  divines,  who  will  hot  yield 
the  leaft  mite  for  the  fake  of  peace  [h].  The  "  Irenicum'*  he 
publiihed  proves  the  contrary ;  yet  it  cannot  be  faid,  that  he 
had  any  great  ftock  of  toleration,  fince  he  was  very  hoftilc  ta 
all  innovation,  even  to  the  new  ways  of  fpeaking  and  teaching ; 
jind  could  not  bear  Peter  Ramus>  becaufe  he  had  dared  to  re« 

[m]  He  ufed  to  fay  with  Luther  of  fuch  turbulent  reformers,  "  A  doftore  gloriofo, 
ct  paftore  conteotiqfo,  et  inutilibtts  ^useftionlbus,  llberct  (.ccleium  fuam  DominusI*^ 

,  ......     move 


14  PARfe. 

fnove  ihe  baundaries  of  our  aneeftors.  This  author^s  exeg^tcaf 
ivorks  were  publiftied  by  his  fon  ,at  Francfortj  in  1647,  in 
^  vok.  folio.  Among  thcfe  are  his  "  Cmnmentary  upon  St* 
Paul's  epiftle  to  the  Romans/'  in  1617,  which  ga?e  fuch  offence 
to  James  I.  of  £nglan4>  as  containing  fome  anti^^monarchical 

Jriociples,  that  he  caufed   it  to  be  burnt  by  the  common 
angman ;  and  the  univeriity  of  Oxford  coodeninod  it  in  the 
aiJoft  diforaceful  manner  [ij- 

PARE'  (Philip),  fon  of  the  preceding,  ene  of  the  moft 
laborious  grammarians  that  Grermany  e¥er  profhicedf  was  born 
at  Hembachf  May  24,  1576.  He  began  his  ftudies  at  Neu^ 
fiadty  continued  them  at  Heidelbergi  and  afteiwards  vifited 
foreign  uniyerfitiesy  at  the  expence  of  the  ele&or  Palatine* 
He  was  at  the  univerfity  of  Baiily  in  1599  i  '^^  thence  going 
to  Geneva*  ftaye4  there  a  year:  1^  vifitcd.  fome  other  univer- 
jitiesy  being  well  received  in  all,  on  account  oi  his  own  merit, 
^oiigb  yet  more  from  that  of  his  lather.  Am^ig  others,  h^ 
received  great  civilities  from  Ifaac  Cafiiuboa  at  Paris.  In 
16 1 2,  he  was  made  re£lor  of  the  college  of  Neuftadt,  which 
poft  he  held  till  the  place  was  taken  by  the  Spfiniafds  in  i6a9&; 
when  he  wa$  ordered  by  thofe  new  mwefs  to  leave  the  country 
immediately,  at  which  time  his  library  was  alfo  plundered  1^ 
the  foldiers.  He  puUiibed  ieveral  books  on  grammatical  fub- 
^£1;$,  and  was  remarkably  fond  of  Plautus.  This  drew  htna 
mtoadifpute  with  John  Gn>ter,  profeilbr  at  Heidelberg,  in 
l6ao,  which  was  carried  to  fuch  a  height  of  animofity,  that 
neither  the  defolation  which  ruined  both  their  univerfities  and 
their  libraries,  and  reduced  their  perfons  to  the  gseateft  extre-^ 
mities,  nor  even  their  baniOiment,  proved  fuflicient  to  quench 
the  flame  of  their  paiEon,  or  to  retrain  tfa^oi  from  the  fouleft 
and  moft  abufive  language.  Philips  undertook  the  caufe  cf 
his  late  father  againS  David  Owen,  whom  he  anfwered  in 
a  piece  entitled,  **  Anti-Owenus,"  &c.  He  vvas  principal  of 
feveral  colleges,  as  he  was  of  that  at  Hanau  in  1645  i  ^^^  ^he 
dedication  of  his  father's  vexegetical  works  fiiews  him  to  hie 
living  in  1 647,  but  how  long  he  lived  afterviraids  does  no^ 
appear.  Befides  the  pieces  already  mentioned,  he  wrote  £>me 
commentaries  upon  the  "  Holy  Scriptures,"  and  <^ier  theolo-' 
gical  works.  He  {Hibliihed,  ^*  Plautus,"  in  1609,  with  notes! 
alfo  a  "  Lexicon  Plautiuum,"  in  1614;  "  Anale<aa  Plautina/* 
in  1 61 7;  a  treat!  fe  <*  Dc  imitatione  Tearentiana,  Ubi  Plan* 
tum.imitatus  eft,"  1617 ;  a  fecond  edition  of  **  Platilus,"  m 

[1]  It  was  refuted  by  DaVid  Owen,  a  Parsum,  caeterofque  reformatse  rcligionW 

Welchman,  who  was  D-D.  and  chaplain  •ntimonarcbos,  Gant«b.  if  3*,'*  Svo.'  He 

to  John  Ramfay  vifcount  Haddington^  and  had  before  publiihed  '*  The  Cmicord  of  » 

earl  of  Holdern«fs,   in  a  piece  entitled,  Papift  and  Buritan,  for  the  coeruon,  de-i 

**  And-Paraeus,  five  determlnatio  de  jure  polition,    and  killilig  Of  kings.     Camb. 

regio  habita  CantabrSglz  in  fchoIl»  theoHo.  l6zo/*  410.  ' 

P^9  ^9  April,  16x9,   contra  D^vidcm  26^9#. 

9  . 


PARENT.  15 

1619,  ahd  of  the  ^*  Anakfta  Plautina/'  in  1620,  and  again  in 
1623.  He  alfo  publilhed  a  third  edition  of  his  "  Plautus,"  in 
1641,  The  "  Prolegomena*'  which  it  contains  of  that  poet's 
life,  the  cfearafter  of  his  verfification,  and  the  nature  of  his 
railleries,  have  been  prefixed  entire  to  the  "  Plautus  in  ufum 
Delphini."  He  publifhed  his  anfwer  to  Gruter  in  1620,  with 
this  title,  **  Provocatioad  fenatum  criticum  pro  Plautoet  eleSis 
Plautinis."  The  combatants  both  grew  more  and  more  hot, 
as  appears  by  the  long  preface  prefixed  by  this  author  to  his 
**  Analefta  riaufina,"  in  1623,  for  which  Gruter  made  repri- 
Cals,  ftiling  him  **  an  afs^  a  mule,  a  boar,  a,  ram,  a  goat,  ai 
ftinkihg  inhabitant  of  the  grammatical  den,'*  &c.  Befides  the 
pieces  upon  Plautus,  Pare  publilhed  "  Calligraphia  Romana, 
•  iive  Thefaunis  phrafmm  linguae  Latinae,"  in  1616,  and  **  Elefta 
Symmachiana,  Lexicon  Symmachianum,  Calligraphia  Sym- 
machiana,"  in  1619. 

PARE'  (Daniel),  fon  of  the  preceding,  trod  in  the  Heps 
of  his  father,  applied,  himfelf  vigoroufly  to  the  ftudy  of  the 
dailies,  and  publiflied  feveral  laborious  pieces ;  for  which  he 
-was  obliged  to  Voflius,  who  had  a  great  refpeft  for  him,  and 
%fiade  it  his  bufinefs  to  procure  bookfellers  who  would  print 
his  woiis*  He  was  unfortunately  killed,  by  a  gang  of  high'^ 
Waymen,  in  the  life-time  of  his  father.  He  was  a  confidcrw 
ai)te  mailer  of  Greek,  His^  publications  are,  i,  **  The  Foem 
«f  Mufieus  upon  th€i  loves  of  Hero  and  Leander,  with  Notes,'' 
in  1627*  •  a*  <^  Mellificium  Atticum,"  a  thick  4to,  being  ft 
^olleftion  of  fenteftces  extrafted  from  Greek  authors.  3, 
**  Medulla  Hiftoriae  Ecclefiafticae,"  in  1631;  to  which  he 
added,  "  Notes,  and  a  Lexic<m  upon  Lucretius.*'  4.  "  Spi- 
cilegiHm  (iibfecivum,  or  Notes  upon  Quintilian,  publifhed  in 
an  edition  of  that  author  at  London,  in  1641,  8vo. 

PARENT  (Antoin«),  a  French  ma'thematician,  was  born 
at  Paris  in  1^66.  H-c  fhewed  early  a'propenfity  to  mathematics. 
His  wrethod^  ftudy  was  to  write  remarks  upon  the  rnargins  o>f 
tke  books  which  he  read  ;  and  he  had  filled  fome  of  thefe  with 
a  kind  of  Commentary  at  the  age  of  thirteen.  At  fourteen  he 
.was  put  tmder  a  mafter,  who  taught  rhetoric  at  Chartres.  Herfc 
he  happened  to  fee  a  Dodecoedron,  upon  every  face  of  which 
was  delineated  a  fun^dial,  except  the  loweft,  whereon  it  flood. 
Struck  immediately  with  the  curiofrty  of  thefe  dials,  he  let 
iibont  drawing  one  himfelf:  but,  having  a  book  which  only 
(hewed  the  p radical  part  without  the  theory,  it  was  not  till 
feme  time  after,  when  his  rhetoric-mafter  came  to  explain  the 
^iodrine  of  the  fphere  to  him,  that  he  began  to  underftand 
liow  the  projeSion  of  the  circles  of  the  ft)here  formed  fun- 
•dJals.  He  thence  tmdertook  to  write  a  "  Treatife  upon  Gno- 
teohie^/'*  -mnd'the  piece  >vas  rude  and  unpoliihed  enough  j  but 
;  '  it 


i6  PARENT. 

it  was  entirely  his  own.    About  the  fame  time  he  wrote  alfo  m 
book  of  "  Geometry,"  at  Beauvois. 

At  length  his  friends  fent  for  him  to  Paris,  to  ftudy  the  law  ^ 
and,  in  obedience  to  them,  he  went  through  a  courfe  in  that 
faculty.  This  was  no  fooner  frnifhed,  than,  urged  by  his 
paffion  for  mathematics,  he  fhut  himfelf  up  in  the  college  of 
Dormans,  that  nothing  might  call  him  away  from  his  beloved 
ftudy ;  and,  with  an  allowance  of  lefs  than  200  livres  a  year,  he 
lived  content  in  his  retreat,  from  which  he;  never  ftirred  out  but 
to  go  to  the  Royal  College,  in  order  to  hear  the  le£lures  of  M* 
de  la  Hire,  or  M.  de  Sauveur.  As  foon  as  he  found  himfelf 
able  enough  to  teach  others,  he  took  pupils  :  and,  .fortification 
being  a  part  of  mathematics  which  the  war  had  brought  into 
particular  vogue,  he  turned  his  attention  to  that  branch ;  but 
after  fome  time  began  to  entertain  fcruples  about  teaching 
what  he  had  never  feen,  and  knew  by  the  force  of  imagination 
only.  He  imparted  this  delicacy  to  M.  Sauveur;  and  that 
friend  recommended  him  to  the  marquis  d'Aligre,  who  luckily 
at  that  time  wanted  to  have  a  mathematician  with  him.  Parent 
made  two  camp/igns  wijth  the  marquis,  whereby  he  inftrudled 
himfelf  thoroughly  in  viewing  fortified  places;  and  he  alfo 
drew  a  number  of  plans,  though  he  had  never  learned  to  draw. 
From  this  time  his  life  was  fpent  in  a  continual  application  to 
the  ftudy  of  natural  philofophy,  and  the  mathematics  in  all  its 
branches,  both  fpeculative  and  pradical ;  to  which  he  joined 
anatomy,  botany,  and  chemiftry,  as  contained  in  the  lift  of 
curious  arts.  He  had  an  aftivity  which  devoured  every  thing, 
and,  befides,  was  inceflfant  and  indefatigable.  M.  de  Billettes 
being  admitted  into  the  academy  of  fciences  at  Paris  in  1699, 
with  the  title  of  iheir  mechanician,  nominated  for  his  difciple 
Parent,  who  excelled  chiefly  in  mechanics.  It  was  foon  found 
in  this  fociety,  that  he  engaged  in  all  the  various  fubjeSs 
which  were  brought  before  them,  and  in  fa£l  had  a  hand  in 
every  thing.  But  this  great  extent  of  knowledge,  joined  to 
a  natural  impetuofity,  raifed  in  him  a  particular  fpirit  of  coa- 
tradi£tion,  which  he  indulged  upon  all  occafions;  fometimes 
to  a  degree  of  precipitancy,  and  often  with  too  little  regard  to 
decency.  It  is  true,  that  the  fame  behaviour  was  fliewn  to  him, 
and  the  papers  which  he  brought  to  the  academy  ^ere  treated 
with  feverity  enough.  He  was  charged  with  obfcurity  in  his 
produftions;  and  mdeed  the  fault  was  fo  notorious,  that  he 
perceived  it  himfelf,  and  could  not  avoid  correfting  it. 

The  king  having,  by  a  regulation  in  17 16,  fupprefled  the 
clafs  of  fcholars  of  the  academy,  which  feemed  to  put  too  great 
an  inequality  betwixt  the  members,  Parent  was  made  a  joint  or 
afliftant  member  for  geometry :  but  he  enjoyed  this  promotion 
only  a  fhort  time,  being  taken  off  by  the  fmalUpox  the  fame 

year^ 


PA&IS.  17 

jiit,  aged  fifty  {%]*  He  was  author  of  i  g»at  many  pieced, 
chiefly  on  mechanics  and  geometry; 

PARFAIT  (Francois),  an  hiftorian  of  the  French  drama; 
was  bom  of  an  ancient  family  in  1698.  In  confequence  of  a 
ftrong  theatrical  tafte,  he  very  much  aflbciated  with  aflors  and 
dramatic  authors ;  but  his  maimers  were  fuch  as' to  be  pleafing 
in  all  companies.  He  was  lively,  unafFefted,  agreeable,  and 
Acred  with  literary  anecdotes,  which  he  made  more  pleafant  by 
his  mode  of  relating.  He  died  in  1753,  at  the  age  of  fifty- 
five.  His  works  relate  entirely  to  theatrical  fubjeSs.  They 
are,  i.  ♦*  A  general  Hiftory  or  the  French  theatre,  from  its 
.origin  to  the  prefent  Time,"  15  vols.  i2mo.  He  was  aflifted 
in  this  work  by  his  brother  Claude,  2.  "Memoirs  for  the  Hiftory 
:of  the  Theatre  de  la  Foire,"  2  vols.  i2mo.  3.  "  Hiftory  of  the 
old  Italian  theatre,"  at  Paris,  1753,  i2mo.  4.  "  A  theatrical 
Di&ionary,"  7  vols.  i2mo.  A  dull  and  ill-digefted  compilation* 
He  left  alio  a  hiftory  of  the  Opera,  in  manufcript,  with  two 
dramatic  pieces,  a  tragedy,  and  a  ballet,  which  were  never 
afted,  and  did  not  much  deferve  it. 

PARIS  (Matthew),   an  Englifh  hiftorian,  was  a  Bene- 

,di&ine  monk  of  the  congregation  of  Clugny,  in  the  monaf- 

tery  of  St«  Alban*s ;  and  flouriihed  in  the  thirteenth  century. 

.He  was  an  univerfal  fcholar ;  underftood,  and  had  a  good  tafte 

both  in  painting  and  architecture.     He  was  alfo  a  mathema* 

tician,  a  poet,  an  orator,   a  divine,   an  hiftorian;   and  what 

is  ftill  more,   and  greater  than  all  the  reft,  he  was  a  man 

of  diftinguilhed   probity.      Such   rare   accomplifliments  and 

qualities  as  thefe,   did  not  fail  to   place  him  very  hl^h  in 

the  efteem  of  his  contemporaries :  and  it  is  no  wonder,  that 

we  find  him  employed  in  reforming  fome  m«nafteries,  vifiting 

others,  and  eftabliftiing  the  monaftic  difcipline   in   all.     He 

reproved  vice  without  diftindiion  of  pterfons,  and  did  not  even 

-fpare  the  Englifti  court  itfelf :  at  the  fame  time  he  ihewed  a 

•hearty  affedtion  for  his  country,  in  maintaining  its  privileges 

againft   the  encroachments  of   the   pope,  his  creatures,  and 

officers,  who  plied  all  their  engines  to  deftroy  and  abolifli  them. 

Of  this  we  have  a  clear,  though  unwilling,  evidence  in  Ba^ 

ronius,  who  obferves,  that  this  author  remonftrated  with  too 

fliarp  and  bitter  a  fpirit  againft  the  court  of  Rome ;  and  that, 

except  in  this  particular  only,  his  hiftory  was  an  incomparable 

worK  [l\    Baronius  fpeaks  here  of  his  hiftory,  entitled,  **  Hif- 

toria  Major,"  confifting  of  two  parts :  The  firft,  from  the 

creation  of  the  world  to  William  the  Conqueror ;  the  fecond, 

from  that  king's  reign  to  1250:  which  being  the  year  of  jubilee, 

[k]  Hift.  dc  rAcademie  des  Sciences,  fedem,  qaiaU  potent  facik  inteUigere,  nlla 

1716.     Nicexon>  torn.  ii.  j^robra  ilia  (ierint  addita^enta  ejus,  ^ui 

[l]    Baromiis*a  words   are,    '<  Quam  edidit ;  qua  fi  quit  deout,  aiucvm  dtx- 

iuerit  animo  infenfinimo  In  apoftoUcazn  erU  cozomeittuiuka.*^ 

Vol.  Xn.  C  he 


7t  •  PARIS. 

he  finifhed  his  work  with  a  Latin  ftanza  ja  ihiine[M].  He 
carried  on  this  hiftory  afterwards  t©  the  year  of  his  death  in 
1259,  Rilhangcr,  a  monk  of  the  monaftery  of  St.  Alban's, 
continued  it  to  1272  or  1273,  the  year  of  the  death  of  Henry 
III.  Paris  made  an  abridgement  of  his  own  work,  which  he 
named,  ♦*  Hiftoria  Minor."  He  alfo  publifhed  fome  other 
pieces,  an  account  of  which  may  be  fecn  in  Bale  and  Pits* 

PARIS  (Francis),  a  man  more  famous  after  his  death  than 
during  his  life,  by  the  miracles  fuppofed  to  be  performed  ai 
his  tomb.     He  is  generally  known  by  the  name  of  the  abbe 
Paris,  and  his  pretended  miracles  have  ferved  to  furniih  fome 
Deifts  with   an   argument   againlt  the   real  miracles  of  the 
Gofpel.     He  was  the  fon  of  a  counfcUor  in  parliament,  and 
would  never  have  been  mentioned  in  hiftory  or  biography,  but 
for  the  fuperftitious  farce  that  was  played  off  at  the  place  of 
•his  burial.     Paris  bad  the  profped,  if  he  had  chofen  it,  of 
fucceedlng  to  his  father's  appointment,  but  he  chole  rather  to 
become  an  ecclefiaflic,  and  he  became  a  very  zealous  one*    He 
gave   up  all   his  pofTefSons  to   his  brother^  refufed  prefer- 
ment intended  for  him  by  the  cardinal  de  NoailleSi  devoted 
4iimfelf  entirely  to  retirement,  and  made  ftockings.for  hi&  own 
ibpport ,  and  for  the  ailiftance  of  the  poor.     He  died,  perhaps 
in  confequence  of  his  rigorous  mode  of  life.  May  1,,  1727,  at 
the  age  of  only  thirty-feven.     His  brother  raifed  a  Hionument 
to  him  in  the  fmall  church-yard  of  St»  Medard,  to  which  thae 
poor  and  the  pious  foon  began  to  flock,  and  after  a  time  it 
was  reported  that,  in  confequence  of  their  prayers  at  that 
tomb^  fome  fick  perfons  had  received  cures*     As  Paris  had 
l)een  a  rigorous  Janfenift,  this  was  a  fine  opportunity  for  that 
kSt  to  gain  credit  to  their  caufe ;  the  miracles  were  therefore 
multiplied,  and  a  variety  of  perfons  afFe&td  the  mod  Angular 
convuliions. 

The  minds  of  the  people  becoming  inflamed  by  thefe  extra<» 
vagances,  the  court  found  it  neceffary  to  fhut  up  the  church^ 
yard,  whicb  was  done  on  the  27th  Jof  January,  1732.     On  this 
occairon,  fome  profane  wit  wrote  upon  the  wall  of  the.piace, 
De  par  le  Roi,  defenffe  a  DieUj^ 
De  faire  miracles  en  ce  lieu. 
The  convulfions  were  continued,  for  a  little  while,  in  private 
houfe;,  but  by  degrees  the  matter  fubfided,  and  the  abbe  Paris 
was  forgotten.       i'he  diftinflion  between  miracles  exhibited 
to  ferve  a  party,  attefted  only  by  thofe  who  are  zealous  in  itl 

[u]  The  ftar.za  runs  thus :  This  work  went  through  fi:veral«ditioiu» 

Terminaiur  bic  Mattbei  aiter  the  Invention  of  printing;  and  inthav 

chrooicl    J^mjubilsel  of  Zurich,  p.  780,  is  this  diikich: 
Anni  aiiponfatio,  SllUtui  metas  ftudU,  Matbci,  quietatf 

Tcmpus  fpoadct  re<)uicit  Nee  vemun  peuif  iua  foStam  pcetcrct 

Detur  ergo  quie»  ti,  «as» 


PARKER.  19 

hehalf,  and  miracles  performed  in  the  fight  of  violent  unbe* 
lievers,  a.nd  capable  of  converting  them,  in  fpite  of  their  op* 
pofite  prejudices,  is  too  ftriking  to  be  overlooked  by  any  but 
thofe  who  are  defirous  of  drawing  a  falfe  and  impious  parallel* 
Paris  wrote  a  few  very  indifferent  books  of  annotations  on  the 
Epiftles  to  the  Romans,  to  the  Galatians,  and  tlie  Hebrews  ^ % 
but  few  have  ever  read  thenii  nor  would  they  have  refcued  ths 
author  from  oblivion,  without  the  aid  of  other  means. 

PARKER  (Matthew),  the  fecond  Proteftant  archbifhop 
of  Canterbury,  a  man  of  great  merit  and  learning,  was  born 
at  Nohvich  in  1504,  and  educated  at  Corpus  Chrifti  or  Benet* 
college^  in  Cambridge,  of  which  houfe  he  was  firft  bible- 
clerk,  or  fchoiar,  and  afterwards  fellow.  He  was  fo  confipi- 
cuous  for  learning,  that  he  was  among  other  eminent  rcholars 
invited  by  cardinal  Wolfey  to  Oxford,  to  furnifli  and  adorn  his 
new  magnificent  foundation.  This  invitation  he  did  not  choofe 
to  accept;  but,  refiding  in  his  own  college,  purfued  his  ftudies 
with  thegreateil  application  for  five  or  fix  years.  In  this  time^ 
having  read  o^er  the  fathers  and  councils,  and  acquired  a  corn- 
plete  knowledge  of  divinity,  he  l)ecame  a  iicenfed  and  frequent 
preacher  at  court,  at  St.  Paul's  Crofs,  and  other  public  places 
and  occafisons^  In  1533^  he  was  made  chaplain  to  queen  Anne 
Boleyne,  who  preferrol  him  to  the  deanery -of  Stoke ;  and  had 
fuch  a  particu^r  regard  for  him,  and  fuch  knowledge  of  his 
zeal  for  the  Reformation,  that  a  little  before  her  deaths  fh^ 
recommended  her  daughter  Elizabeth  to  his  pious  care  and  in* 
firu6tion«  He  was  afterwards  chaplain  to  Henry  the  Eighth^ 
and  Edward  the  Sixth.  He  held  feveral  livingjs  fuccelfively  ; 
and  through  the  reconunendation  of  Henry  the  Eishtl^,  "  fo^ 
his  approved  learning,  wifdom,  and  honefty,  as  weU  as.  for  his 
finglilar  grace  and  induftry  in  bringing  up  youth  in  virtue  and 
learning  [n],  was  chofen  matter  of  Corpus  Chrifti  or  Benet* 
college ;  to  which  he  afterwards  became  a  fpecial  bjenefafior, 
and  compiled  for  it  a  new  book  of  ftatutes.  Happening  to  be 
in  Norfolk  during  Ket*s  rebellion,  he  had  the  refolution  to  go 
to  the  rebels*  camp,  and  to  preach  to  them,  exhorting  them  to 
temperance,  moderation,  and  fubmiffion  to  the  king.  By 
Edward  the  Sixth  he  was  nominated  to  the  deanery  of  Lincoln ; 
and  under  thefe  two  princes  lived  in  great  reputation  and  afHu- 
ence.  Buf  in  queen  Mary's  reign  he  was  deprived  of  all  his 
preferments,  on  account  of  his  being  married,  as  it  was  pre- 
tended: but  the  real  caufe  was  his  zeal  for  the  Reformation. 
His  low  circumftances  he  endured  with  a  cheerful  and  contented 
mind ;  and  during  his  retirement,  turned  the  book  of  pfalms 
into  Englifli  verfe,  and  wrote  "  A  Defence  of  the  Mairiagc 
•f  Prielts." 

{nJ  Appendix  to  archbiibop  Parker's  life,  booki.  No.  5. 

C  z  Q^een 


!■  «b  PARKER. 


L 


Queen  Elizabeth's  acceflion  made  a  great  change  in  his  «ir-- 
<fumftances ;  for  he  not  only  became  free  from  all  feir  an* 
danger,  but  was  raifed  to  the  archbifliopric  of  Canterbury,  Hi* 
great  prudence,  courage,  conduft^  experience, and  learnings  pe- 
culiarly qualified  him  for  this  important  office^  and  for  carrying 
on  the  work  of  reformation  with  vigour  ta  its  perfefl  eftabliih- 
ment.  He  was  confecrated  Dec.  17,  1559^  in  Lambeth  chapel, 
by  Barlow,  bifliop  of  Chichefter;  Scory  biihop  of  Hereford  ^ 
Coverdale  bffhop  of  Exeter;  and  HodgRin  fufFragan  bifliop  of 
Bedford,  We  choofe  to  mention  this  crreumftanceTo  minutely, 
becanfe  the  Romanifts  invented  a  talc  afterwards^  that  he  had 
been  confecrated  at  the  Nag's-head  inn  or  tavern,  m  Cheapflde« 
But  this  notorious  and  improbable  falfehood  has  hetn  'fully 
confuted  by  Mafon  [o],  by  Bramhall  [p],  and  by  GoHrayer^Qj, 
and  indeed  is  giVen  up  by  many  Catholics,  fo  that  to  believe  it 
now,  required  more  than  even  Popifli  credulity.  Beings  thu» 
conftituted  primate  and  metropolitan  of  the  church  of  England^* 
ke  took  care  to  have  the  fees  filled  with  learned  and  worthy 
fiien  ;  and  foon  after  performed  the  metropolitical  vifitation  o£ 
liis  whole  province.  Though  ^  his  means  ^t  this  time  could  be 
but  very  (lender, .  as  he  had  been  ftripped  for  fome  years  paft  of 
Jill  his  revenues,  and  expences  rather  than  profits  had  yet 
accrued  from  his^  new  preferment ;  yet  fuch  was  his  libera! 
and  generous  difpofition,  that  he  frankly  remitted  to  his 
Ivhole  clergy  thtjfe  fees,  that^  under  the  title  of  procurations^ 
are  generally  and  juftly  at  fuch  times  demanded  [r].  He  en- 
couraged them  alfo  to  the  conftant  and  diligent  execution  of 
their  duty,  in  inftrufting  the  people  committed  to  their  charge, 
by  his  own  example :  wr,  as  his  important  and  public  affairs 
would  permit,  he  preached  fometimes  in  his  own  cathedral^ 
and  at  other  times  in  the  towns  and  villages  abroad;  con- 
tinuing conftant  in  this  praSice,  though  labouring  under 
many  infirmities,  the  attendants  of  old  age..  He  folicited  the 
queen  to  remove  crucifixes,  lighted  tapers,  and  images,  out  of 
churches,  and  particularly  out  of  her  own  chapel.  One  of 
his  main  defigns  was  to  introduce  uniformity  both  in  habits  and 
ceremonies ;  but  he  met  with  great  oppofition  from  the  earl  of 
Leicefter  and  other  courtiers,  and  from  the  whole  body  of 
Puritans,  who  have  feverely  reviled  him  on  that  account. 

Being  arrived'' at  his  feventy-fecond  year,  he  died  May  17, 
1575,  having  filled  the  fee  of  Canterbury  above  fifteen  years. 

PARKER  (Sa  M  u  E  l),  a  temporizing  Engliih  clergyman,  who, 
by  means  of  that  quality,  and  the  advantage  of  excellent  parts 

^   .[o]  Vindication  of  the  church  of  Eng-  vindicated. 

land  concerning  the  Confecration  and  Ordi-         [  a.]  Defence  of  the  Validity  of  EngU||i 

nation  of  Bifhops.    1613,  folio.  Ordiuations,  172S,  3  vols.  8vo. 
£>]  Confccration  of  Proteftant  Biiho5>s        [k]  AW.  RedivivuSx  5;  6*8. 

axKt 


PARKER.  M 

and  confiderable  learning,  raifed  himfelf  to  the  biAoprk  of 
Oxford,  was  born  in  Sept.  1640,  at  Northampton,  where  his 
father,  John  Parker,  then  praSifed  the  law.  John  had  been 
bred  to  that  profeffion,  in  one  of  the  Temples  at  London 
[s];  and,  fiding  afterwards  againft  the  king,  was  preferred  to 
be  amember  of  the  high  court  of  juftice  in  ^649,  where  hp 
gave  fentehoe  againft  the  three  lords,  Capel,  Holland,  and 
Hamilton^  w?io  weare  beheaded.  During  Oliver's  ufurpation, 
he  was  made  an  afliftant  Gom«nittee-man  for  his  county.  In 
1650,  he  publifhed  a  book  in  defence  of  the  new  government 
[tJ,  as  a  commonwealth,  witiiout  a  king  or  hQule  of  lords« 
In  June,  H655,  when  Cromwell  was  declared  pfoteftor,  he 
was  appointed  one  of  the  commiilioners  for  removing  obftruc- 
tions  at  Worcefter-houfe  in  the  Strand,  near  London,  and  was 
fworn  ferjeant  at  law  next  day.  In  Jan.  1659,  he  was  ap« 
pointed  by  the  Rump -parliament  one  of  the  barons  of  the 
Exchequer;  but,  upon  a  complaint  againft  him,  was  foon  after 
difplaced.  Howeiv^er,  he  was  again  made  regularly  ferjeant  at 
law,  by  the  Tecommendation  of  chancellor  Hyde,  at  the  firft 
call  after  the  return  ctf  Charles  II. 

In  the  mean  time,  he  took  care  to  have  his  fon  Samuel,  the 
,fubjeft  of  the  prefent  article,  educated  among  the  Puritans  at 
Northampton ;  whence,  when  prepared  for  the  univerfity,  he 
was  fent  to  Wadham-coUege  in  Oxford,  and  admitted,  in  1659, 
under  a  Prefbyterian  tutor.  Here,  according  to  his  former 
breeding,  he  led  a  ftrift  and  religious  life,  entered  into  a  weekly 
fociety,  then  called  the  Gruellers  [u],  who  fafted  and  prayed, 
and  met  at  a  houfe  in  Holywell,  where  he  was  fo  zealous  and 
conftant  an  attendant  upon  prayers,  fermons,  and  facramentsj 
Ihat  he  was  efteem€dx)ne  of  the  moft  valuable  young  men  in  the 
univerfity.  He  took  the  degree  of  B.  A.  Feb.  28,  1660.  Upoa 
the  Reftoration,  he  hefitated  a  little  what  fide  to  take ;  but> 
continuing  to  talk  publicly  againft  Epifcopacy,  he  was  much 
difcountenanced  by  the  new  warden^  Dr.  Blandford.  Upon  thiis 
he  removed  to  Trinity-college,  where,  by  the  prevailing  advice 
of  Dr.  Ralph  Ruthwell,  then  a  fenior  fellow  of  that  fociety, 
he  was  refcued  from  the  prejudices  of  an  unhappy  education* 
which  he  afterwards  publicly  avowed  in  print  [xj.     Hence  he 

Es]  Wood's  Ath.  Oxon.  <  unita  fortiorj'*  and  to  conclude,  <<  Con* 

tJ  The  title  of  it  is,  **  The  Govern-  cordia  parvae  res  crefcunt,  difcordia  dila- 

ment  of  the  People  of  England  precedent  buntur.'* 

and  prefent}"  the  fame,  •^*  Ad  fubfcri-  [u]  Becaufe  their  chief  diet  was  water 

bentes  confirmandum,   dub'itantes    infor-  gruel;  and  it  was  obferved   thac  he  put 

C]anduin,opponentesconveniendttm;'*and  more  graves  in  his  porridge  than  all  the 

underneath,  *<  Multa  videntur  qu»  non  reft.     Wood. 

iuntj    multa  funt  quae  non  videntur;"         fx]  Epiftle  dedicatory,  to  that  friend, 

under  that  engraven  two^ heads  joined,  with  of  his  '*  Free  and  impartial  Cenfurc  of  the 

the  motto,  "  Ut  unita*;**  and  beneath  a  Platonic  philofophy.** 
ijieaf  of  arwws,  with  this  device,  <«  Vis 

C  3  became 


became  a  jealous  Anti-puritan,  and  for  many  years  aflcd  the 
part  of  what  was  then  calk  d  a  tme  fon  of  the  church.  In 
this  temper,  having  proceeded  M.  A.  in  1663,  he  entered  into 
orders,  reforted  frequently  to  London,  and  became  chaplain  to 
a  nobleman ;  continuing  to  difplay  his  wit  againft  his  old 
friends  the  Preftyterians,  Independents,  &c. 

In  1665,  he  publifhed  "  Philofophical  Effays,"  and  was 
clefted  a  member  of  the  Royal  Society.:  but  he  made  a  further 
life  of  thefe  Effays,  by  dedicating  them  to  Sheldon  archbifhop 
of  Canterbury,  who  became  his  patron;  and  in  1667  nnade 
him  his  chaplain.  Being  thus  put  into  the  road  to  preferment, 
he  left  Oxford,  and  refided  at  Lambeth,  under  the  eye  of  his 
patron;  who,  in  1670,  collated  him  to  the  archdeaconry  of 
Canterbury,  in  the  room  of  Dr.  Bancroft,  afterwards  arch* 
hifhop.  In  Nov.  the  fame  year,  putting  himfelf  in  the  train 
of  William  jprince  of  Orange,  who  vifited  Cambridge,  he  had 
the  degree  of  D.  D.  conferred  upon  him  there.  In  Nov.  1672, 
he  was  inftalled  prebendary  of  Canterbury;  and  had  the  rec-. 
tones  of  Ickham  and  Chatham  in  Kent,  conferred  upon  him 
l)y  the  archbifhop  about  the  fame  time.  As  he  maintained  an 
tjnreferved  obfequioufnefs  to  the  court,  during  the  reign  of 
Charles  IL  fo  upon  the  acceflion  of  his  brother  to  the  throne, 
he  continued  in  the  fame  fervile  complaifance ;  and  it  was  not 
long  beiore  he  reaped  the  fruits  of  it  in  the  bifliopric  of  Oxford, 
to  which  he  was  nominated  by  James  II.  on  the  death  of  Dr. 
Fell  in  1^86;,  being  allowed  to  hold  the  archdeaconry  of  Can- 
ter  ui  V  in  ammendam.  He  was  alfo  made  a  privy  counfcUor 
f  yl,  and  conftituted,  by  a  royal  mandamus,  preftdent  of  Mag- 
dalen-college in  Oxford  [z]. 

But  thefe  favours  were  the  price  of  his  religion,  which  he 
ffid  not  fcruple  to  offer  up  as  a  willing  facrifice  to  his  ambition. 
In  this  new'change,  he  became"  one  of  the  Romift  mercenaries, 
proftitutihg  his  pen  in  defence  of  tranfubdantiation,  and  the 
worfliip  of  faints  and  images.  The  Papifts,  it  is  certain, 
made  lure  of  him  as  a  prolelyte ;  one  of  whom  tells  us,  that 
he  even  propofed  in  council,  whether  it  was  not  expedient,  that 
at  leaft  one  college  in  Oxford  fhould  be  allowed  to  be  Catholics, 
that  ihey  might  not  be  forced  to  be  at  fuch  ch^rg6s,  by  going 
heyond  the  feas  to  ftudy.  In  the  fame  fpirit,  having  invited 
two  Popift  noblemen,  with  a  third  of  the  church  of  England, 
to  an  entcrta'nment,  he  drank  the  king's  health,  wifhing  a 
happy  fuccefs  to  all  hi$  affairs  ;  adding,  that  the  religion  of  the 

[y]  Rapin's  Hiftory  of  England,  vol.  ii.  the  crown,  in  a  pamphlet,  entitled,  **  An 

/olio  edition.  impartial  relation  of  the  whole  proceeding, 

'    [z]  See  an  account  of  the  whole  pro-  &c.  in  1688,"  4to,  and  in  the  general 

ccedings  in  this  important  affair,  which  was  Hiftories  of  England.** 


t  he  principal  ilep  to  king  Janies*s  lofs  of 


Proteftants 


PARKER.  83 

Proitddants  in  England  feemed  to  him  to  be  in  no  better  a  con«- 
dttion  than  that  of  Buda  was  before  it  was  taken,  and  that  they 
were  next  to  Atheiils  who  defended  that  faith  [a].  So  very 
notorious  was  his  conduft,  that  the  cooler  heads  among  the 
Romaniits  condemned  it  as  too  hot  and  hafty.  For  inftance, 
father  Peter,  a  Jefuit,  and  privy-counfellor  to  king  James,  in 
a  letter  to  father  la  Chaife,  confeffbr  to  Louis  XIV,  writes 
thus :  **  The  biihop  of  Oxford  has  not  yet  declared  himfelf 
openly;  the  great  obftacle  is  his  wife,  whom  he  cannot  rid 
himfelf  of;  his  defign  being  to  continue  a  bifliop,  and  only 
change  communion,  as  it  is  not  doubted  but  the  king  will 
.permit,  and  our  holy  father  confirm ;  though  I  don't  fee  how 
he  can  be  farther  ufeful  to  us  in  the  religion  he  is  in,  becaufe 
he  is  fufpe&ed,  and  of  no  efteem  among  the  heretics  of  the 
Englifh  church :  nor  do  I  fee  that  the  example  of  his  conver- 
fion  is  like  to  draw  many  others  after  him,  becaufe  he  declared 
himfelf  fo  fnddenly.  If  he  had  believed  my  counfel,  which 
was  to  temporize  for  fome  longer  time,  he  would  have  done 
better,  but  it  is  his  temper,  or  rather  zeal  that  hurried  him  on 

'toit[B]." 

Accordingly  we  find  his  authority  in  his  diocefe  to  have  been 
So  very  infignificant,  that  when  he  aJcmbled  his  clergy,  and 
-defire^  them  to  fubfcribc  an  **  Addrefs  of  Thct/.ks  to  the  King 
for  his  Declaration  of  Liberty  of  Confcief  ce,'  they  rejeded 
it  with  fuch  unanimity,  that  he  got  but  one  clergyman  to  concur 
vrith  him  in  it  [c].  The  faft  is  too  notorious  to  be  denied 
£d].  But  the^general  character,  given  him  by  the  fame  writer, 
'vvill  be  read,  as  all  of  his  drawing  are,  with  a  proper  referve 
and  caution,  when  he  reprefents  him  to  be  a  man  of  no  judge- 
fnent,  and  of  as  little  virtue;  and  as  to  religion,  rather  impious; 
that  he  was  covetous  and  ambitious,  and  feemed  to  have  no  other 
ienfe  of  religion  but  as  a  political  intereft,  and  a  fubjedl  of 
party  and  fa&ion.  He  feldom  came  to  prayers,  or  to  any 
cxercifes  of  devotion;  and  was  fo  lifted  up  with  pride,  that  he 
grew  infuiFerable  to  ail  that  <Jame  near  him.  No  doubt,  the  ill 
fticcefs  he  met  with,  in  pulhing  on  the  dcCign  to  introduce 
Popery,  ruined  him,  as  well  as  his  royal  mafter;  the  latter 
lofing  thereby  his  crown,  and  the  bifhop  his  life:  for,  falling 
into  contempt  with  all  good  men,  trouble  of  mind  threw  him 
into  a  diftemper,  of  which  he  died  unlamented  [e],  at  Mag- 
dalen-college,  March    20,   1687.      After  ail,  however,    it  is 

[a]  Rapin,  Echard,  under  the  reign  of  vol.  11. 
king  James.  [d]  See  Complete  Hiftory  of  England, 

[bJ  Third  colle^ion  of  papers  relating  vol.  iii.  edit.  1719,  p.  490,  note  [cj. 
to  the  prefcnt  jundure  of  affairs  in  Eng-         [e]  Dr.  Wm.  Nichols's  Defence  of  the 

hmd.     Ix>ndon,  1689,410,  p.  10.  Church  of  Eoghnd,  edit.  17x59  p.  169. 

[c]  Burnetts  Hiftory  of  his  own  Times, 

C  4  certain 


^4  PARKER. 

certain  that  he  fent  a  *<  Difcourfe"  to  James,  perfuading  hltti 
to  embrace  the  Proteftant  religion,  with  a  "  Letter'*  to  the 
fame  purpofe,  which  was  printed  at  London  in  1690,  4to, 

He  wrote  feveral  other  pieces  [  f],  in  all  which,  Burnet 
allows,  there  was  an  entertaining  livellnefs;  though  at  the 
fame  time  he  accompanies  •  that  favourable  opinion,  as  his 
manner  was,  with  a  **  but  it  was  neither  grave  nor  correft," 
Yet  Dr.  Nichols's  remark  cannot  be  difputed,  and  may  be  ex- 
tended  to  the  prefent  time,  "  that  he  has  but  few  readers 
at  this  day;"  and  Swift  obferves,  that  Marvell's  remarks  on 
Parker  continued  to  be  read,  when  the  book  which  occa-, 
fioned  them  was  long  ago  funk.  He  left  a  fon  of  his  own 
name,  who  was  an  excellent  fcholar,  and  a  man  of  fingular 
modefty.  He  never  took  the  oaths  aftfer  the  Revolution^  He 
married  a  book  feller's  daughter  at  Oxford,  where  he  refided 
with  a  numerous  family  of  children  ;  to  fupport  which  he 
publifhed  fomc  books,   mentioned  below  [g],  with  a  modeli 

ff  Vindication*' 


[f]  The  titles  of  theie,  befides  wh»t 
have  been  already  mentioned^  are  as  fol- 
low: I.  ^*  Tentaraina  phyfico-theologica 
de  Deo,  &c."  lib.  ii.  1665,  4to.  An  ac- 
count of  it  is  in  Phil.  Tranf.  No.  x8.  It 
was  anfwered  in  a  book>  entitled,  **  Of 
the  Bulk  and  Sclridge  of  the  World,  by 
N.  Fairfax."  2.  **  A  free  and  impartial 
C^fure  of  the  PUtonic  Philofophy :  To 
which  is  added.  An  Account  of  the  Nature 
and  Bxtent  of  the  Divine  Dominion  and 
jGoodnefs,  as  they  refer  to  the  Origenian 
'Hypothefis,  concerning  the  pre-e^iftence 
of  Souls,"  1666,  4to,  1667,  8vo.  This 
laft  was  cenfured  in  a  piece,  entitled, 
f*  Dcus  Juftificatus,  or  the  Divine  Good- 
nefi  vindicated  and  cleared)  againil  the 
AiTeitions  of  abfolute  and  inconditionate 
ReprobationJ"  3.'  "  A  Difcourfe  of  Ec- 
clefiaftical  Polity,  &c.  1669,  and  1679," 
8vo.  To  which  an  anfwer  came  out, 
f<  Infolence  and  Impudence  triumphaat, 
&c.  1669';"  and  another,  *«  Truth  and 
Innocence  vindicated,  being  publiHied,  &c. 
by  Dr.  John  Owen."  4;  "  A  Defence 
*nd  Continuation  of  Ecclefiaftical  Polity, 
(againA  Dr.  Owen),  Lond.  1671,"  8vo. 

5.  **  Toleration  difuflfed,  &c.  1670,"  4to" 

6.  **  A  DJfcourfe  in  Vindication  of  bifhop 
Bramhali  and  the  CWch "  of  England, 
from  the  fanatic  charge  of  Popery,  &c." 
This  was  prefixed  to  a  *<  Treatife"'of  the 
iaid  bifliop,  written  in  his  own  defence, 
167a,  8vo.  A  droll  cenifure  of  this  piece 
being  publilhed  by  Andrew  MarveJli  in  a 
^k,  entitled,  "  The  Rehearfal  trarif- 
^ofed,  &c."  our  auihor,  in  the  f^me  hu- 


morous tafte,  wrote  **  A  Reptoof  to  the 
Rehearfal  tranfpofed,  167 J,"  Svc'  Wqo4 
obferves^  that,  finding  himfelf  beaten  i{i 
this  cudgelling  way,  his  high  fpirit  was 
abated  for  ever  after,  and  though  Mirtell  !«• 
plied  to  his  «<  Reproof,"  yet  he  judged  it 
more  prudent  to  lay  down  the  cudgels. 
It  put  him  vpon  a  nibre  ifober,  Serious,  and 
moderate  way  of  writing.'  8.  *<  Difpu* 
tatpnes  de  Deo,  et  procidentia  divina,  &c 
i.  e.  An  philofophorum  uUi,  et  quloairi 
Athei  fuerarit, '  fee.  1678,"  4tb.  Sec  a 
charader  of  this  book,  and  the  author,  in 
Dr.  Henry  Morels  ^<  Praefatio  generaiif* 
iima,"  prefixed  to  the  fiirft  volume  of  his 
phflofophical  works,  1679,  fo^io^  Inthia 
piece  Parker  cenfured  fomc  principlet'of 
the  Cartefian  philofophy,  as  gr^fsly  at)ie- 
iftical.  9.  "A  demofiftratwn  of  the  Di- 
vine Authority  of  the  Law  of  Nature,  and 
of  the  Chriftiah  religion,  in  two  parts, 
|68j,"  4tq.  10.  «  The  Cafe  of  ths 
Church  of  England  briefly  ftated,&c.  1681,*^ 
8vo.  II.  <•  An  Account  of  the  Govern- 
of  the  Chriftian  Church  in  the  firft  fix  hun- 
dred Years,  &c.  i683>"  8vo..  i^.  «  Re. 
ligion  and  Loyalty,  &c.  1684."  13* 
*«  Religion  andLoyalty,  fecondpart,  1685,^? 
8vo.  Thefe  were  both  written  in  fupport 
of  that  courtly  doftrine  of  non-refiftance 
and  paffive  obedience. 
"  [g]  they  arc,  i.  "  An  Englifli  Tranf- 
lation  of  Tully  de  finibus,  17Q2,"  8vo. 
In  the  preface  he  has  fome  animadverfioQS 
upon  Locke's  ElTay  concerning  human  uq. 
derftanding.  a.  «*  An  Abridgement  of  the 
Eccle/iiiilic  Hiftories  of  Eufebius,  Socrates^ 
SczMQeii. 


PARKINSON. 


*5 


'*  Vindication*'  of  his  father.  One  of  the  fons  of  this  Parker 
was,  till  very  lately,  a  bookfeller  at'  Oxford,  where  he  died  at 
ja  great  age. 

PARKINSON  (John).  Of  this  ingenious  Enelifli  botanift, 
one  of  the  iirft  and  moft  induftrious  cultivators  of  that  fcience 
among  us,  the  memorials  fliat  remain  are  very  fcanty.  He 
was  bom  in  1567,  was  bred  an  apothecary,  and  rended  in 
London.  He  rofe  to  fuch  reputation  in  his  profeffion  as  to  be 
appointed  apothecary  to  king  James  I.  and,  on  the  publication 
of  his  "  Theatre  ot  Plants/'  he  obtained  from  the  unfortunate 
fucceflbr  of  that  prince,  the  title  of  Botanicus  Regis  prtmariusi 
The  time  of  his  death  cannot  be  exaftly  afcertained,  but,  as 
his  Herbal  was  publiihed  in  1640,  and  it  appears  that  he  was 
living  at  that  time,  he  muft  have  attained  his  73d  year  [h]. 

Parkinfon's  firft  publication  was,  his  r.  "  Faradifi  in  Sole 
Paradifus  terreftris,  or,  a  gawlen  of  all  forts  of  pleafant  flowers,  "^ 
which  our  Englifli  ayre  will  permit  to  be  nurfed  up:  with  a 
kitchen-gardeA  of  all  manner  of  herbes,  roots,  and  fruits,  for 
meat  or  faufe,  &c.  &c,  ColleSed  by  John  Parkinfon,  apo- 
thecary, of  London,  1629,"  folio,  612  pages.  In  this  work 
the  plants  are  airanged  without  any  exadl  order:  nearly  1000 
plants  are  feparately  defcribed,  of  which  780  are  figured  on 
129  tables,  which  appear  to  have  been  cut  exprefsly  for  this 
work.  Parkipfon  was,  it  is  conceived,  the  firft  Enghfh  author 
who  feparately  defcribed  and  figured  the  fubjefts  of  the  flower- 
garden  ;  and  this  book  is  therefore  a  valuable  curiofity,  as  ex- 
hibiting a  complete  view  of  the  extent  of  the  Englifh  garden, 
at  the  beginning  of  the  laft  century.  It  may,  perhaps,  be  ne- 
ceflTary  to  inform  the  reader^  that  Paradifus  in  Sole,  is  meant 
to  exjprefs  the  author's  name,  Park-in-fun,  2.  In  1640  he 
publimed  his  "  Theatrum  Botanicum;  or  Theatre  of  Plants, 
or  an  Herbal  of  a  large  extent :  containing  therein,  a  more 
ample  and  exaft  hiftory  and  declaration  of  the  phyfical  herbs 
and  plants  that  are  iii  other  authors,  &c.  &c."  London,  folio, 
1746  pages.  This  work  had  been  the  labour  of  the  author's 
life,  and  he  tells  us  that,  owing  to  "  the  difaftrous  times,"  ^nd 
other  impediments,  the  printing  of  it  was  long  retarded.  Dr. 
Pultney  is  of  opinion  that,  allowing  for  the  defe<fts  common 
to  the  age,  Parkinfon  will  appear  **  more  of  an  original  author 
than  Gerard  or  Johnfon,  independent  of  the  advantages  he 
might  derive  from  being  pofterior  to  them.     His  theatre  was 

Sozomen,    and  Thcodor^t,    1729."      3.  Chrifto  patris  Samuclis  Parkeri  epifc©pi  dc 

**  Bibiiotbeca  Biblica,  or  a  Commentary  rebus  fui  temporis  coramentariorum  libri 

00  the  five  ^oks  of  Mofcs,**  extracted  quatuor,    1726,'*    8vo.     Of   which  two 

cbiefiy  from  the  fathers,  in  4to.     He  alfo  Englifh  tranflations  were  afterwards  pub- 

pttUiihed  a  Latin  manufcript  of  his  father,  liihed. 

containing  the  hiftory  oi  his  own  time,         f^J  Pultney 's  Sketches  of  the  Progreft 

Wnder  this  title,  (^Reverendiadmodumin  of  Botany,  vol.  i.  p.  139. 

carried 


^  PARMENTIER. 

carried  on  through  a  longferies  of  years,  and  he  profited  by  the 
works  of  fome  late  authors,  which  Johnfon,  though  they  were 
equally  in  his  power,  had  neglefted  to  ufe.  Parkinfon's  defcrip- 
tions,  in  m^ny  inftances,  appear  to  be  new.  He  is  more  parti- 
cular in  pointing  out  the  places  of  growth .  Jc^nfon  had  defcribed 
about  2850  plants,  Parkinfon  has  near  3800.  Thefe  accumula- 
tions reodered  the  Theatrum  Botanicum,  the  mod  copious  book 
on  the  fubjeSt:  in  the  Englilh  language ;  and  it  may  be  prefumed, 
that  it  gained  equally  the  approbation  of  medical  people,  and 
of  all  thofe  who  were  curious  and  inquifitive  in  this  kind  of 
knowledge." 

PARMENIDES  of  Elaea,  a  Greek  philofopher,  who  flou- 
riflied  in  the  eighty-ftxth  Olympiad,  about  the  year  436  before 
Chrift.  His  opinion  was,  that  the  earth  is  round,  and  placed 
in  the  centre  of  the  folar  fyftem.  He  admitted  two  elements, 
£re  and  earth.  He  held,  that  the  iirft  generation  of  man 
was  made  by  the  power  of  the  fun,  which  he  maintained 
to  be  both  cold  and  hot,  thefe  being  the  two  principles 
of  all  things.  He  taught  that  the  foul  and  the  mind  are  the 
fame  thing ;  and  that  there  are  two  kinds  of  philofophy,  one 
founded  upon  truth,  the  other  confifting  of  opinions  only. 
He  put  his  philofophy  into  verfe  [i]-  Plato  wrote  a  dialogue, 
which  he  named,  *^  Parmenides,  or  concerning  Ideas;"  wherein 
he  makes  thefe  ideas  to  be  the  real  eilence  of  truih ;  s  whence  we 
may  form  fome  conjeflure  concerning  our  author's  philofophy, 
and  that  it  was  of  the  ideal  kind.  We  muft  take  care  not  to 
confound  him  with  Parmenides  the  rhetorician. 

PARMEGIANO.     See  Mazzuoli. 

PARMENTIER  (Jean,  or  Jehan),,  was  an  author  and  a 
poet  among  the  French,  whofe  works  are  now  fcarce,  as  well 
as  obfolete.  He  was  originally  a  merchant  at  Dieppe,  where 
he  was  born  in  1494,  and  became  famous  by  means  of  his 
voyages,  and  his  tafte  for  the  fciences.  He  died  in  the  ifland  of 
Sumatra,  A.  D.  1530,  being  then  only  thirty-fix.  The  collec* 
tion  of  his  verfes  in  4to,  printed  in  1531,  has  the  following  title, 
*^  Defer iption  nouvelle  des  Dignites  de  ce  Monde,  et  de  la 
Dignite  de  Thomme,  compofee  en  rithme  Fran^oife  ct  en 
xnaniere  d'exhortation,  par  Jean  Parmentier:  avec  plufieur 
chants  Royaulx,  et  une  Moralite  a  THonneur  de  la  Vierge,  miie 
par  perfonaiges ;  plus  la  deploration  fur  la  mort  dudit  Parmen- 
tier et  fon  frere,  compofee  par  Pierre  Grignon."  This  book  is 
very  rare.  Grignon,  who  publiflied  it,  was  Parmentier's  parti- 
cular friend,  and  thus  fpeaks  of  him :  "  From  the  year  I5'22, 
he  had  applied  to  the  praftice  of  cofmography,  on  the  great 


[i]  We  Iiave  fome  fragments  of  this  phiI<^opher  colle£^ed  by  Henry  Stephens,  1 
this  title>  <<  Dc  poefi  Pbilofophica,  Of  philofophic  poefy.** 

flu£tuations 


PARNELL.  «> 

fluduafions  of  the  Tea ;  he  became  very  profound  In  aftmlogy^ 
he  compofed  fcveral  maps,  fpherical  and  plain,  which  hav« 
been  ufed  with  fuccefs  in  navigation.  He  was  a  man  wonhy 
to  be  known  by  all  the  learned ;  and  capable,  if  he  had  lived, 
of  doing  honour  to  his  country  by  great  enterprifes.  He  was 
the  firft  pilot  who  conduced  veffels  to  the  Bralils,  and  the  firft 
Frenchman  who  difcovered  the  Indies,  as  far  as  the  ifland  Sa- 
fnothra,  or  Sumatra,  named  Taprobane  by  the  ancients.  He 
reckoned  alfo  upon  going  to  the  Moluccas  ;  and  he  has  told  me 
fcveral  times,  that,  when  he  fliould  return  to  France,  his  in- 
tention was  to  feek  a  palFage  to  the  North,  and  to  make  difco- 
veries  from  thence  to  the  South/'  Another  work  by  him  is 
entitled,  **  Moralites  trcs-excellens  en  ThonneXir  de  la  benoffte 
Vierge  Marie;  mife  en  rime  Fran^oife  et  en  perfonnaiges,  par 
Jehan  Parmentier,*'  Paris,  4*0,  153 1,  black  letter.  1  ills  alfo 
is  extremely  fcarce. 

PARNELL  (Thomas),  a  well-known  poet,  contemporary 
with  Pope  and  his  friends,  was  born  in  EHiblin  in  1679,  and 
yeceiyed  the  firft  rudiments  of  his  education  in  that  city  [k]. 
"When  he  was  only  thirteen  years  old,  he  was  admitted  a  taem- 
>cjr  of  Trinity-college,  Dublin,  which,  as  the  ftudent«  •ntcred 
:there  are  required  to  have  a  good  knowledge  of  Latin,  sindiomeii{ 
Greek,  has  been  juftly  confidcrcd  as  a  proof  of  early  proficiency^ 
He  was  admittecl  to  the  degree  of  matter  of  arts  in  1700,  and  ki 
the  fame  year  ordained  a  deacon  by  X)r.  King,  bifliop  of  D^rry", 
having  obtained  a  difpenfation,*  as  being  under  the  catio^ical 
^e.  About  three  years  afterwards,  he  was  made  a  prieft  hf 
the  fame  bifliop;  and  about  the  fame  time  he  married  mik 
Anne  Minchin,  a  young  lady  of  great  beauty  and  merit,  upon 
•whom  he  wrote  the  fong  beginning,  "My  days  have  been  fo 
■wondrous  free.**  Parnel!  fint  vifited  England  about  the  year 
1706,  where  his  friendfliip  was  very  generally  fought,  evea 
before  he  had  tliftinguifhed  himfelf  by  his  writings.  He  was 
fared  a  whig,  but  afterwards  joined  the  tory  party,  probably  by 
the  pcrfuafion  of  Swift,  who  introduced  him  to  Harley,with 
ftrong  recomnrtendations.  His  fociety,  and  his  claffical  erudi- 
tion, procured  him  admiflion  into  the  ScrihUrus  club,  formed 
ly  Pope,  Gay,  Arbuthnot,  Swift,  and  Jervas ;  as  members  of 
of  which,  they  produced  in  concert  feveral  whimfical  and  witty 
compofitions.  Pope  was  particularly  fond  of  his  company, 
and  appears  to  have  been  under  fome  obligations  to  him  in  his 
-tranflation  of  the  Iliad.  The  life  of  Homer,  prefixed  to  the 
tranflation,  was  written  by  Parnell,  and  cprrtifted.by  Pope; 
but  the  latter  complains  much,  in  one  of  his  letter^,  of  the  ftifFnefs 
of  the  ft)lc,  and  the  difficulty  he  had  ia  majcii^g  it  better, 

...         ,  I   .  .     - 1  .  • 
[x]  Anderfoa'sLIfcof  Parnell,  Britiihj^oQts,  \.9\f^  . 

Parnell 


It  parnell; 

Fkmell  appears  to  have  taken  delight  in  writing.  He  was 
ene  of  the  contributors  to  the  Spedlator  and  Guardian,  and 
probably  both  publiflied  more  than  he  owned,  and  wrote  more 
than  he  publi(hed.  He  alfo  cultivated  the  talent  of  preaching 
with  fiiccefs ;  but  the  death  of  queen  Anne  diminifhing  hi* 
hopes  of  preferment,  appears  alfo  to  have  flackened  his  dili^ 
gence  In  thi«  duty.  Amidft  his  cxpeftations,  he  had  the  afflic- 
tion to  lofe  his  wife,  by  whom  he  had  two  fons  who  died 
young,  and  a  daughter  who  was  living  in  1770.  This  hap- 
pened in  171 2,  and  it  was  not  till  1713,  that  he  obtained  a 
prebend  from  archbifliop  King,  at  the  felicitation  of  his  friend 
Swift ;  the  vicarage  or  Finglafs,  in  the  diocefe  of  Dublin, 
worth  400L  a  year,  was  added  in  1716.  His  g'ief  for  the  loft 
of  his  wife  appears,  however,  to  have  driven  him  to  feek  relief 
in  fociety,  and  brought  on  habits  of  intemperance  which  proved 
fatal  to  him  before  his  thirty-ninth  year.  He  died  at  Cheftcr, 
in  his  way  to  Ireland,  in  July,  17 17,  and  was  buried  in  Tri- 
jiity-church  in  that  city.  As  he  died  without  mate  iffue,  hii 
hereditary  eftates  in  Ireland,  and  in  Chcfliire,  devolved  to  hi$ 
Only  ncpnew,  fir  John  Parnejl,  bart. 

TImi  whole  poetical  life  of  Parnell,  from  the  time  when  be 
iHgta  to  pnUifli,  may  be  comprifed  within  ten  years ;  but  he  left 
iaanfOTonpofitions  behind  him,  from  which  Pope  fele£ted  thof^ 
^^dl  lie^iottght  beft,  and  publifhed  them  in  1721,  in  one  voL 
S«%with  a  beautiful,  and  highly  commendatory  poetical  epiRle  to 
the  tarl  of  Oxford.  A  pofthumoas  volume  was  printed  at  Dublin, 
in  1758,  mni  hoth  thefe  united,  with  feveral  additional  poeuas, 
colleSM  by  Mr.  Nichols,  were  printed  in  the  London  colleftion 
of  theEnglifli  poets;  and  reprinted  in  the  Britifh  poets,  pub* 
lifbed  at  £dinburgh,  in  1795.  Parnell  was  a  man  of  great 
benevolence,  and  very  agreeable  manners.  His  converfation  i$ 
ikid  to  have  been  extremely  pleaflng ;  but  in  what  the  peculiar 
charm  of  it  confided,  has  not  been  recorded.  His  profe  writ- 
ings are,  his  papers  in  the'Spe£):ator  and  Guardian  ;  his  Eflay 
on  Homer,  Life  of  'Zoihis,  and  remarks  on  Zotlus.  In  ge- 
neral, they  have  been  thought  to  difplay  no  great  degree  of 
force  or  comprehenfion  of  mind ;  but  they  are  rich  in  imagi- 
nation, and  full  of  learning,  good  fenfe,  and  knowledge  of 
mankind.  As  a  poet,  he  is  not  diftinguiflied  by  ftrength  of 
fotelleft,  or  fertility  of  invention.  His  tafte  was  delicate,  and 
improved  by  clailical  ftudy,  but  hrs  admiration  of  the  ancients 
in  r©mc  dc^ec  precluded  originality.  His  thoughts  without 
being  -very  neii^,  are  )uft  and  pleafmg ;  the  images,  though  not 
great,  ^-^^l^  Cdd^ied  and  fiappily  applied ;  his  fentiments  are 
natural  and  auMtable.  The  moral  tendency  of  his  poems  is 
cxcellentj  ^iQm$  language  pure  and  corredl.  The  moft  po- 
pular of  tk^  ;^as  liw^s  been  his  Hermit,  which  is  certainly 

confpicuous 


FA  R  R.         :  99 

&m{jpif:noviS  for  piety  of  deiign,  utility  of  morale  and  el^a&oc 
<rf  defcription. 

PARR  (Catherine),  queen  to  Henry  VIIL  celebrated  for 
her  learning  [l],  whofe  perfedions,  though  a  widow,  attracted 
die  heart  of  this  monarch,  and  whofe  prudence  preferred  her 
from  the  eiFefls  of  his  cruelty  and  caprice,  was  the  daughter 
of  fir  ThcMnas  Parr. '  She  was  eariy  educated  in  polite  lite-, 
^tature,  as  was  the  faihion  of  noble  women  at  that  time  in 
England,  and  in  her  riper  years  was  miicb  given  to  reading 
and  ftudying  the  Holy  Scriptures.  Several  learned  men  were 
retained  as  her  chaplains,  who  preached  to  her  every  day  ia 
ker  privy  chamber,  and  often  touched  fuch  abuiies  as  ivere 
common  in  the  church.  The  king  approved  of  this  prac-- 
tice,  and  often   permitted  her  to  confer  with  him  on  reli- 

fious  fubjeSs.  But  when  difeafe  and  confinement  added  to 
is  natural  impatience  of  contmdi6tion,  and  when  ki  the 
^refence  of  Winchefter  and  others  of  that  fa6lion  ibe  had 
been  urging  her  old  topic  of  perfeding  the  Reformation,  the 
king  broke  out  into  this  expreflion  after  ihe  was  retired^  *'  A 
good  hearing  it  is,  when  women  become  fuch  clerks!  and  a 
thing  much  to  my  comfort,  to  come  in  mine  qU.  ago^  lo^  be 
taught  by  my  wife !"  Winchefter  failed  not  to  improye^tlic 
opportunity  to  aggravate  the  queen's  infolence,  to  infinuatelfhe 
danger  of  cheriinmg  fuch  a  ferpent  in  his  bofom,  and  to  a^c^^j^ 
her  of  treafon  cloaked  with  herefy ;  and  the  king  lyas  prf  valletl 
upon  to  give  a  warrant  to  draw  up  articles  to  touch  h^r  \i(c^ 
The  day  and  hour  was  appointed,  when  fhe  was  to  be  feixed.? 
but  the  defign  being  accidentally  difcovered  to  her,  fhe  waited 
upon  the  king,  who  received  her  kindly,  and  purpofely  began, 
a  difcourfe  about  religion.  She  anfwered,  "  That  women  by 
their  creation  at  firft  were  made  fubjeft  to  men ;  that  they, 
being  made  after  the  image  of  Grod,  as  the  women  were  after, 
their  image,  ought  to  inmuft  their  wives,  who  were  to  learn 
of  them :  and  (he  much  more  was  to  be  taught  of  his  majefty, 
who  was  a  prince  of  fuch  excellent  learning  and  wifdom.'' 
*>  Not  fo,  by  St.  Mary,"  faid  the  king,  "  you  are  become  a 
doftor,  Kate,  able  to  inftruft  us ;  and  not  to  be  inftrudted  by 
us."  To  which  ihe  replied,  "  that  it  feemed  he  had  much 
midaken  her  freedom  in  arguing  with  him,  fince  Ihe  did  it  to 
engage  him  in  difcourfe,  to  amufe  this  painful  time  of  his 
innrmity,  and  that  (he  might  receive  profit,  by  his  learned  dif- 
courfe ;  in  which  laft  point  (he  had  not  milTed  of  her  aim,  always 
referring  herfelf  in  thefe  matters,  as  (lie  opgl^j;^  tp  do,  to  hi» 
majefty."  "And  is  it  even  fo,  fweetheartfl\i^id(the  king^ 
**  then  we  zxc  perfed  friends  agaiA,'*  .  .^^  '"  *  . 

£1.]  WalfoVc  Catalogue  of  Royal  aod  ffobU  AuUiors.  '*  * 


5?*  PARRHASIUS. 

.  Thedajrwhich  had  been  appointed  for  carrying  her  to' the 

Tower  being  fine,  the  king  took  a  walk  in  the  garden,  and- 
feat  for  the  queen.  As  they  were  together,  the  lord  chancelter, 
who  was  i^orant  of  the  reconciliation,  canae  )vith  the  gus^ds. 
The  king  ftepped  aiide  to  him,  and  after  a  little  difcourle,  was 
heard  to  call  him  **  Knave,  aye,  errant  knave,  a  fool,  and. 
beaft ;  and  bid  him  prcfcntly  avant  out  of  his  fight.*'  The 
queen,  'not  knowing  on  what  eixand  they  came,  endeavouredb" 
with  gentle  words  to  qualify  the  king's  anger.  "  Ah  1  poor, 
foul,"  faid  the  king,  "  thou  little  knoweft  how  ill  he  defcrve* 
this  at  thy  hands:  on  my  word,  fweetheart,  he  hath  been  toward 
thee  an  erarant  knave;  and  fo  let  hirii  go.**  The  king,  as  a 
mark  of  his  affedion,  left  her  a  legacy  of  4000L  befides  her 
jotnture.*  'She  was  afterwards  married  to  fir  Thomas  Seymour, 
lord-adftsimi.«f  England,  and  uncle  to  Edward  VI.  She  lived 
but  a  very  fliort  time,  and  unhappily,  with  this  gentleman. 
She.  died  ia  child-bed ;  though,  as  fome  writers  obferve>  not 
without  a  (bfpicion  of  poifon. 

Her  mi^efty  wrote,  "  Queen  Catherine  Parr's  Lamenfattom 
of  fl'Sinner,  bewailing  the  Ignorance  of  her  blind  life."  This 
was^  ^  comrife  medftalion  on  the  years  (he  had  pa&d  in  Popery^ 
in  faft^and)  pUgrimages.;  and,  being  fouhd  among  her  papers 
2lft«r  hev  d^th,  was  publlfhed  with  a  preface  by  the  great  lord' 
Bfiirleigh,  in^  1548,  8vo.  In  her  life  flie  publifhed  a  volume  of 
^ftihfiSj  pT4ftfr$^  and  pious  dtfcourfes,  of  which  this  was  the 
tide :  ^^  Prayers  or  Meditations,  wherein  the  Mind  is  ftirred  pa- 
tiently to  fufibr  all  Affliftions  here,  and  to  fet  at  nought  the  vain 
profpetitie  of  this  Worlde,  and  always  to  long  for  the  evcr- 
lafting  Felicttee.  1545,"  i2mo.  Several  letters  of  this  queen's 
are  preferved  inStl^pe's  Annals  [m1,"  in  "  Haynes's  CoUeftioa 
of  State  Papers,"  in  the  *•  Aflimolean  CoUeAijoji,"  and  in  the 
library  of  C.  C.  C.  Cambridge. 

PARRHASIUS,  a  celebrated  painter  of  Ephefus,  or,  ac- 
corditig  to  others,  of  Athens :  he  flouriftied  in  the  timp  of 
Socrat-es,  as  we  learn  from  Xenophon,  who  has  introduced 
him  in  a  dialogue,  difcourfing  with  that  philofopher,  Hewa^ 
One  of  the  nioft  excellent  painters  in  his  time.  Pliny  tells  us^ 
that  it  was  be  who  firft  gave  fymmetry  and  juft  proportions  iin 
the  art;  that  he  alfo  was  the  firft  who  knew  how  to  exprefs  the 
the  truth  and  life  of  charadlets,  and  the  difi^ererit  airs  of  the 
face;  that  he  found  out  a  beautiful  difpofition  of  the  hair,  and 
heightened  the  grace  of  the  vifagc.  It  was  allowed  even  by 
the  mafters  in  the  art,  that  he  bore  away  from  all  others  the 
glpry  of  fucceeding  in  the  outlines,  in  which  confifls  the  grand 
lecret  of  painting.     But  the  fame  author  obfervcs,  that  Par- 

£m]  BaUard*«  Memcdn,  iub.  actk 

•"^  -'  rhafiua 


riiiaiius  becaaie  infoppbrtaMe  by^  his  piidc ;  andms  fo  fwdied 
with  vanity,  as  to  give  himfclf  the  moft  flarteri&g  epithets ; 
fuch  as,  the.tenderefty  the  fofteft,  the  grandeft^  the  maft  de- 
licate»  and  the  perfeder  of  his  art.  .  He  boafted,  that  .he  was 
fpcung  originally  from  Apollo,  and  bom  to  paint  the  gods ; 
-and  that  he  had  actually  drawn  Hercules  touch  by  touch,  that 
hero  having  often  appeared  to  him  in  his  dreams.  When  the 
plurality  of  voices  was  againft  him  at  Samos,  ia  favour  of 
Ximanthesy  in  the  opinion  of  a  picture  of  Ajax.  provoked 
againft  the  Greeks,  for  adjudging  to  Uly&s  the  arms,  of  Achilles, 
he  anfwered  a  perfon  who  condoled  with  him  on  this  affair, 
^^  For  my  part,  i  don't  trouble  myfelf  at  4he  fentence ;'  but  I 
am  forry  that  the  fon  of  Tela^aDthath  ireceived  a,  greater  out- 
rage than  that  vt^hich  was  formeriy  put  upon  hinli  fo  ur^uftly." 
^lian,  who  relates  this  ftory,  iDtorms' .us  that/ this  painter 
affe£led  to  weara  crown  of*  gold  upon  his  head^  lind  to  carry 
in  his  t^nda  baton,  ftudded  with  nails  of  the  fame  metal.      ' 

He  worked  at,  his  art  with  pleafantry,  for.  the  moft  part 
'finding.  He  wa^  very  licentious ,  and  loofe  iahis  pi&ures; 
rand,  it  is  faid,  by  way  of  amufement,  reprefented  the  mod 
i&famaus  obje&s.  For  inftance,  his  Atalantis,  with  her  fpoufe 
Mel^ger,  was  o£  this  kind.  That  piece,  however,  being 
afterwards  deviied<  as  a  legacy  to  the  emperor  Tiberius,  upon 
-coadttioa  that,  If  he  was  difpleafed  with  the  fub^effc,  heibould 
.receive  a  miUioR  fefterc^  inftead  of  it,  the  eiii^ror,  covetous 
4B,  he  was,  not  only  preferred  the  pifture  to  thatfum,  but  even 
phced  it  in  his  jnoii  favourite  apartment.  It  is 'faid  atfo,^  that, 
though  Parihafius  was  excelled  by  ^Timanthes,  yet  ha  excelled 
Zeuxis.  Among  his  pidhards  was)  a  celebrated  one  of  Thefeus ; 
.and  another  reprefenting  Melcager,  Herculesy  ^nd*  Perfeus,  in 
a.groupe  together;  as.  alfo  jflEneas,  witl;i  Caftor  and  Pollux  in 
a  third [nL-  '•'.'■  /'I  r*- -•   t-   ■   ! 

PARRHASIUS  (Jawus),  an  eminent  grammarian  in-'Italy, 
tvas  born  at  Co^nza  in  the  kingdom  of  Naples,  .in  '1^470^  He 
was  defigned  for  the  Jaw,  the  profeffion  0/  his  aoceftoiTK;  but 
he  refufed  that  ftndy,*aiid  cialtivatod  claflical  litCtrature.  His 
true  name  was  Giovanni  Paulo  ^Partiio  ;  yety 'according  to 
the  whimfical  humour  of  the  grammarians  of  that  age,  he 
took  inftead  of  it  Parrhafius..  He  taught  at  Milan  with 
great  reputation,  being  particularly  admired  for  a  graceful 
delivery,  in  which  it  was  that  he  chiefly  excelled  other  pro- 
-feffors.  It  was  this  charm  in  his  voice,  which  brought  a  great 
concourfe  of  people  to  his  le^lupes;  and  among  others  he  had 
the  pleafure.to  fee  general  l^imoles,  who  was  then  threefcpre 

[n]  Pliny,  lib.  zxxv/   Quintilian,  Rb.  xH.    Dfodorus,  lib.  xiri.   Atlienseus,  Kfc. 
$6^     V»iari.     feiibieiu    Junius  de  pi^uza  veteruzn. 

years 


3a  PA;RR.ttASIUS;   , 

year»6W.  HinfcBtlicKRome  during  the  ponttticate  of  Akjtf- 
ander-VJ^iand'Waslike  to  be  involved  in  the  misfortunes  cf 
JBernsurdini '  C^jetan,  and  Silius  Savetlo,  with  whom  he  had 
fc»nef  clxnfefpbndence  [oj :  but  he  efcaped  the  danger,  by  the 
infornuiiion  of  Thomas  Phsedrus,  profelfor  of  rhetoric,  and 
canon  of  St.  John  Lateran,  whofe  advice  he  followed  in  re- 
tiring from  Rome.  Not  long  after,  he  was  appointed  public 
profeflor  of  rhetoric  at  Milan ;:  but  the  liberty  he  took  ot  cen- 
furing  the  teachers  in  thatj  dutchy  as  mere  blockheads,  provoked 
them  in  return  to  afperfe  his  morals.  They  gave  out,  that  he 
had  a  ciomtnAl  cbnverfe  with  his  fcholars;  w^ich  crime  being 
hekl  in  juft  abhorrenGeiiv  the  Milanefe,.he  was  obliged  to  leavt 
Milan.  He^  w«nt  to  Vicenza,  where  he  obtained  a  larger 
iklary;  and  he  held  this  profeflfctffhip,  till  the'  ftates  of  the 
Venetians:  ;wece  laid  wafte  by  the  troops  of  the  league  [p]: 
>upon  which  he  withdrew  to  his  native  ^country,  having  made 
his  efcape  through-  thcarmyiof  the  enemies.  He  was  at  Co- 
iejDtza,  when >  his .  old .  friend  ^Phaedrus  perfuaded  Julius  to  fend 
for  hi^.tQ.Roaae^:  and^  though  that  deiign  proved  abortive  bjr 
the  death  of  the. pope, .yet,  .by  the  recommendation  of  John 
Lafcavis^  he  was; called  tfaitbep  under  the  iucceifor  Leo  X. 
Leo  was  before  favourably  ihclijoed  to  him ;  and  on  his  arrival 
:  at  ^RoBoe,.  appointed,  him  ^rofdfor  of  polite:  liteiiature.  He  had 
been  now  iooie  time  married  to  a  daughter,  of  Demetrius  Chal^ 
.condylas;.andhe  took  .with  him  to  Rome  Bafil  Chalcondylas, 
his  wafers  btothcr[Qjj,  ahfi  brother  of  Demetrius  Chakon^ 
dylas,  profelTor  of  Greek  .at  Milan.  He  did  hot  long  enjoy 
this  employment  conferred  u)>on  Jiim  by  the  pope:  .fbr,  beiM; 
worn  out  by  his  ftudies  and /labours,  he  became  fo.cruel^ 
afflifted  with  the  gout,  rth^t  -foji  Ibttie  years  he  had  no  part  of 
his  body^free,  excq)t  his  tongue;. -having  almoft  loft  the 
ufe  of  both  his  legs  and  both  his  arms.  He  laboured  befides 
under  fo  great  a  decree  of  poverty,  •«  to  put  him,: out  of  all 
hopes  of  being,  ever  m  a  better  fituation  ;  £o  that  he  left  Rome, 
auid  joeturned  mto  Calabaria^'  his  native^country,  where  he  fell 
.into  a  fever,  which  tbrmeittedym  a  long  wbile»  and  at  laft 
carried  him  off  in  the  greateftoiifery.       ..■^'-   >, 

[o]  Thdc  two  cardinals,  with  the  fa-  chiMi«i),'4ii  a  Very  Ittcle  compafs  of  timer 

mily  of  the  former,  'were  baniihed,  and  he  laments  veiy  much  the  lofs  of  Bafil  ai^ 

their  eftates  confi fcated>  by  this  pope,  under  Theophllus Chalcondylas ,  hi s  two  bcothe'^* 

'a  pretence  of  confpirmg  to  depofe  him.  in>law;  who,  he  fays,  died  young,  afld 

[p]  This  league  was  formed  in  1504,  were  very  fiopefal  men.     Their  father  Pt- 

hy  pope  Julius  11.  the  emperor  Charles  V.  metrius  Chalcondylas^  upon  the  furrender- 

and  Francis  J.  of  France.  .  ing  of  Conilantlnopie  to  theTurks  in  I45}> 

'     [^1  There  is  a  letter  of  this  author^  lii  redred  to  Italy,  and  taught  Greek  at  Rome, 

which)  having  mentioned  the  lofmg  of  his  being  one  of  the  firft  rdSwrers  of  polite  idt* 

lather,  sRio(her>  two  brothers,  and^  all  his  ters  in  the  Weft.  ^ 

.Us 


PARRY.  33 

He  left  his  library  to  his  friend  Seripandus,  brother  to  car- 
dinal Jerome  Seripandus,  who  built  him  a  tomb  in  the  <:onvent 
of  the  Aiiftin-friars  at  Naples.  In  the  dedication  of  one  of  his 
books,  his  character  is  drawn  to  great  advantage  by  Henry  Ste- 
phens. The  following  works  are  attributed  to  him:  *'  Dequa:- 
litis  per  Epiftolam;"  "  Some  Fragments  of  Antiquity,"  pub- 
lifhed  while  he  was  profelfor  at  Milan;  *'  A  Conomentary  upon 
Horace,  De  Arte  Poetica  ;*'  as  alfo  another  upon  ^'  Claudian," 
and  a  third  upon  "  Ovid's  Ibis;"  but  thcfe  two  laft  are  adjudged 
from  him  by  Bayle.  It  is  certain,  however,  that  he  was  the 
perfon,  who  found  the  *'  Charifius  Sofipater,"  which  was  printed 
by  him  at  Naples,  in  1532.  Mod  of  his  works  are  ftill  in  ma- 
nufcript. 

PARRY  (Richard),  D.  D.  re£lor  of  Wichampton  in 
Dorfetlhire[Rj,  and  preacher  at  Market-Harborough  in  Lei- 
cefterlhire,  for  which  latter  county  he  was  in  the  commiffion  of 
the  peace,  was  a  ftudent  of  Chrift-church,  Oxford,  and  took 
the  degree  of  M.  A.  March  31,  1747 ;  B.  D.  May  25,  1754; 
and  D.  D.  July  8,  1757.  He  was  a  very  learned  divine;  and 
an  able,  aflive,  magiltrate.  He  died  miferably  poor,  at  Market- 
Harborough,  April  9,  1780,  leaving  fcarcely  fufficient  to  defray 
the  charges  of  his  funeral  [s].  His  publications  were,  i.  */  The 
Chriftian  Sabbath  as  old  as  the  Creation,  1753,"  4to,  (he  was 
then  chaplain  to  lord  Vere).  2.  "  The  Scripture  Account  of 
(he  Lord's  Supper.  The  Subftance  of  three  Sermons  preached 
at  Market-Harborough,  in  1755,  1756,"  8vo.  3.  "  The  Fig- 
tree  dried  up  ;  or  the  Story  of  that  remarkable  Tranfafiion  as 
it  is  related  by  St.  Mark  confidered  in  a  new  light;  explained, 

and  vindicated ;  in  a  Letter  to efq;  1758,**  4to.     4. 

"  A  Defence  of  the  Lord  Bifhopof  London's  [Sherlock]  Inter- 
pretation of  the  famous  Text  in  the  Book  of  Job,  ^  I  know  that 
my  Redeemer  liveth/  againft  the  Exceptions  of  the  Bifhop 
of  Gloucefjer  [WarburtonJ,  the  Examiner  of  the  Bifhop 
of  London's  Principles ;  with  occafional  Remarks  on  the  Ar- 
gument of  the  divine  Legation,  fo  far  as  this  point  is  concerned 
with  it,  1760,"  8vo.  5.  **  DiiTertation  on  Daniel's  Prophecy 
of  the  Seventy  Weeks,"  1762,  8vo.  6,  "  Remarks  on  Dr. 
\  Kennicott's  Letter,  &c.  1763,"  8vo.  7.  "  The  Cafe  between 
Gerizim  and  Ebal,  &c.  1764,"  8vo.  8.  "  An  Harmony  of  the 
Four  Gofpels,  fo  far  as  relates  to  the  Hiftory  of  our  Saviour's 
'  Refurredion,  with  a  Commentary  and  Notes,   1765,"  4to.     9. 

"  The  Genealogy  of  Jefus  Chrilt,  in  Matthew  and  Luke,  ex- 

/     .. 

[r]  Anecdotes  of  Bowyer,  by  Nichols,  farance-office  at  Setjeant*s-Inn,   each  of 

p.  365.  which  produced    193%  to  his  nominee  or 

[5]  It  appears  from  an  advertlfement  in  executor.    Thefe  numrefs,  however,  were 

the  news- papers,  July  17,  1781,  that  Dr.  probably  fecurity  for  money  he  had  bor- 

Parry  poflefled  three  numbers  ia  the  Af-  rowed,  or  debts  lie  owed. 

Vol.  Xli.  D  plained 


34  PARSONS. 

plained ;  and  the  Jewifh  Objeflions  removed,  1771,"  8vo.  to. 
Dr.  Parry  wrote  one  of  the  anfwers  to  Dr.  Heathcote's  pamphlet 
on  the  Leicefterftiire  ele<^ion  in  1775  [tJ. 

PARSONS,  or  PERSONS  (Robert),  in  both  which  ways 
he  wrote  his  name,  a  remarkable  Englifti  Jefuit,  was  the  fon  of 
a  blackfmith,  at  Netherftoway,  near  Bridgcwater  in  Somerfet- 
fliirc,  where  he  was  born  in  1546 ;  and,  appearing  to  be  a  boy 
of  extraordinary  parts,  was  taught  Latin  by  the  vicar  of  the 
pariib,  who  conceived  a  great  affeSion  for  him  [u],  and  con- 
tributed to  his  fupport  at  Oxford,  where  he  was  admitted  of 
Baliol  College  in  1563.  In  the  univerfity  he  became  remark- 
able, as  an  acute  difputant  in  fcholaftic  exercife,  then  much  in 
vogue :  fo  that,  having  taken  his  firft  degree  in  arts  in  1568,  he 
was  the  fame  year  made  probationer  fellow  of  his  college  ;  and 
foon  after  became  the  moil  famous  tutor  in  the  fociety.  He 
entered  into  orders  foon  after,  and  wastnade  focius  facerdos,  or 
chaplain  fellow.  In  1572,  he  proceeded  M.A.  was  burfar  that 
year,  and  the  next  dean  of  the  college ;  but,  being  charged  by 
the  fociety  with  incontinency,  and  embezzling  the  college- 
money,  to  avoid  the  Ihame  of  a  formal  expulfion,  he  was  per- 
fnitted,  out  of  refpeS  to  his  learning,  to  make  a  reffgnation ; 
tvhich  he  did  in  Feb.  I574>  with  leave  to  keep  his  chamber 
and  pupik  as  long  as  he  pieafed,  and  to  have  his  commons  alfo 
till  the  enfuing  Eafter. 

He  had  till  this  time  openly  profefled  himfelf  a  Proteftant,  and 
was  the  firft  who  introduced  books  of  that  religion  into  the 
college  library:  but  prefently  after  this  rebuke,  quitting  Oxford, 
he  went  firft  to  London,  and  thence,  June  1574,  through 
Antwerp  to  Louvain :  where,  meeting  with  father  William 
Good  his  countryman,  a  Jefuit,  he  fpent  a  week  in  the  fpiritual 
^xercifcs  at  the  college  of  that  order  [xj,  and  began  to  entertaia 
an  affedion  for  it.  He  proceeded,  however,  to  Padua  upon  his 
firft  refolution,  which  was  to  apply  himfelf  to  phyfic,  in  order 
to  praftife  it  for  a  fupport ;  but  he  had  not  been  long  at  Padua, 
before  the  unfettled  ftate  of  his  mind  and  fortune  excited  in  him 
a  curiofity  to  vifit  Rome.  This  vifit  fixed  him  heartily  a  Jefuit : 
for,  here  meeting  with  fome  Engliihmen  of  the  order,  he  became 
fo  impatient  to  be  among  them,  that  he  went  back  to  Padua, 
fettled  his  affairs  there,  and  returning  to  Rome,  May  1575,  was 
chofen  a  member  of  the  fociety  of  Jefus,  and  admitted  into  the 
Englifli  college. 

He  was  indeed  framed  by  nature,  as  well  as  by  inclination, 
for  this  fociety,  being  fieice,  turbuleru,  and  bold  [vj ;  and  he 


[t]  Britifli  Topogr.  I.  518.  of  Romaa  Treafons." 

[uj  He  was  fufpeAed   to  be  his  real         [x]  Mori  Hift.  miifionis  Anglicajiap. 
father!  and  it  is  laid  that  Baliol   college         [y]  Camden »  who  was  hit  conteropo* 


Jaad  a  certificate  that  he  was  a  baftarJ.     rary  at  Oxford. 
Foulis^s  Life  of  Parfoos,  in  his  <«  Hiftory    . 

foon 


PARSONS.  3S 

foon  made  a  diftinguifhed  figure  in  it.     Having  completed  the 
courfe  of  his  (tudies,  he  became  one  of  the  principal  penitentia-  • 
ries ;  and  was  in  fiich  credit  with  the  pope  in  1579,  that  he 
obtained  a  grant  from  his  holinefs  to  raife  an  hofpital  at  Rome, 
founded  in  queen  Mary's  time,  and  to  eftablifli  it  into  a  college 
or  feminary  for  the  Englifli,  by  the  name  of  "  Collegium  de 
urbe,"  dedicated  to  the  Holy  Trinity  and  St.  Thomas  [aBecket], 
where  the  ftudents  were  obliged  to  take  the  following  oath : 
"   I  N.  N.  confidering  with  how  great  benefits  God  hathblefled 
me,  &c.  do  promife,  by  God's  affiftance,  to  enter  into  holy 
orders  as  foon  as  I  ihall  be  fit,  and  to  return  to  England  to  con- 
vert my  countrymen  there,  whenever  it  (hall  pleafe  the  fuperior 
of  this  houfe  to  command  me."     He  had  no  fooner  feen  this 
college  fettled,  and  his  friend  father  Allen  chofen,  by  his  recom- 
mendation,  redtor  of  it  [z],  than  he  was  appointed  to  go  in 
quality  of  fuperior  in  a  million  to  England,  in  order  to  promote 
the  Romifh  religion  in  that  kingdom.     Edmund  Campian  was 
joined  with  him,  and  other  afliftants,  in  this  arduous  province ; 
and  they  managed  matters  fo  artfully,  that,  notwithftanding  the 
time  of  their  departure  from  Rome,  and  the  whole  route  of  their 
journey,  and  even  their  piftures  had  been  fent  to  England  before 
them,  yet  they  found  means  by  difguife  to  efcape  the  flrifteft 
fearch  that  was  made,  and  arrived  fafe  in  London. 
.   Here  they  hired  a  large  houfe,  in   the  name  of  lord  Paget; 
and,  meeting  the  heads  of  their  party,  opened  the  defign  of  their 
miilion :  they  communicated  to  them  a  faculty  they  brought  from 
the  pope,  Gregory  XHI.  difpenfing  with  the  Romanics  for 
obeying  queen  Elizabeth ;  notwithftanding  the  bull  which  had 
been  publiftied  by  his  predeceflbr  Pius  V.  abfolving  the  queen's 
fubjeds  from    their  oath    of  allegiance,   and  pronouncing  aft 
anathema  againft  all  that  ihould  obey  her  [aI.     This  done,  they 
difperfed  ihemfelves  into  different  parts  of  the  kingdom  ;  the 
mid-land  counties  being  chofen  by  Parfons,  that  he  might  be 
near  enough  to  London,  to  be   ready  upon   all  emergencies. 
Campian  went  into  the  North,  where  they  had  the  leaft  fuccefs. 
The  harveft  was  greateft  in  Wales.     Parions  travelled  about  the 
country  to  gentlcmens  houfes,  difguifed  either  in  the  habit  of  a 
foldier,  a  gentleman,  a  minifter,  or  an  apparitor ;  and  applied 
himfelf  to  the  work  with  fo  much  diligence,  that,  by  the  help  of 
his  affociates,  he  entir«ily  broke  tftie  cuftom,  that  had  till  then 
prevailed   among  the    Papifts,    of   frequenting   the  Proteftant 
churches,  and  joining  in  the  fervice  [b].     And  notwithftanding 
the  oppofition  made  by  the  moderate  Papifts,  who  denied  the 

[z]  See  an  account  of  this  father.  Ath.  <'  fpr  Treafon,  and  not  for  Religion.** 

Oxom.  p.  Ill,   1x2,  where  thefe  Faculties  are 

[a}  Lord   Burleigh*!   piece,    entitled,  printed. 
**  The  Exectttioa  of  Juftice  in.  ^gland)        [b]  Camden> 

D  a  pope's 


Z€  PARSONS. 

pope's  depofing  power,  and  fome  of  whom  even  took  the  oath  of 
allegiance ;  yet,  if  we  may  believe  himfelf,  every  thing  was 
ready  for  a  general  infiirre(5tion  before  Chrillmas. 

But  all  his  defpcrate  defigns  were  defeated  by  the  vigilance  of 
lord  Burleigh  ;  and  Campian  being  discovered,  feized  and  im- 
prifoned,  Parfons,  who  was  then  in  Kent,  immediately  crolTed  the 
water,  and  went  to  Rouen  in  Normandy.     He  had  found  means 

Erivately  to  print  fevcral  books  in  furtherance  of  his  caufe,  while 
e  was  in  England :  and  now  being  more  at  eafe,  he  printed 
others,  which  he  likewife  procured  to  be  difperfed  there  [c]- 
In  1583,  he  returned  to  Rome,  being  fucceeded  in  his  office  of 
Superior  to  the  Englifli  miffion  by  a  perfon  named  Hey  ward. 
The  management  of  that  miffion,  however,  was  left  to  him  by 
Aquaviva,  the  general  of  the  order  ;  and  he  was  appointed  pre- 
fc£l  of  it  in  1592.  In  the  interim,  having  procured  for  the 
Englifh  fe  mi  nary  before  mentioned,  at  Rome,  a  power  ofchoofing 
an  Englifh  reftor  in  1580,  he  was  himfelf  elefted  into  that  office 
the  following  year. 

Upon  the  prodigious  preparations  in  Spain  to  iijvade  England, 
Parfons  was  dlfpatched  ihither,  to  turn  the  opportunity  of  the 
prefent  temper  of  that  monarch  to  the  bell  advantage  of  his 
orderj^^  whole  enormities  had  nearly  brought  them  into  the  inqui- 
iition.  Parfons  found  means  to  elude  the  fever ity  of  that  tri- 
bunal ;  obtained  of  the  king,  that  his  majefty  fhould  appoint  one 
of  the  judges,  and  himfelf  another,  for  this  inquifition  ;  and 
then  fet  about  the  mainbufinefs  of  the  voyage.  While  he  was 
in  England,  he  had  laboured  to  promote  the  popifh  recufancy, 
and  to  bring  the  Englifti  Papifts  under  the  government  of  the 
Jefuit«.  In  the  fame  fpirit,  after  he  was  obliged  to  quit  his 
country,  he  employed  all  his  arts  and  intereft  to  get  feminaries 
eredled  for  fupplying  England  from  time  to  time  with  priefts  to 
keep  up  that  recufancy,  and  to  prepare  the  Papifts  there  to  join 
with  any  invafion  which  thofe  abroad  fhould  procure. 

Thu3,  for  inftance,  as  Mr.  Gee  remarks  [d],  he  treated  with 
the  duke  of  Guife  to  ere6l  a  feminary  for  fuch  a  purpofe  in 
ISormandy  ;  and  now  he  prevailed  with  Philip  II.  to  ered  fuch 
foundations  in  Spain :  fo  that  in  a  (hort  time  they  could  not 
only  boaft  of  their  feminaries  at  Rome  and  Rheims,  but  of  thofe 
at  Valladolid,  Seville,  and  St,  Lucar  in  Spain,  at  Lifbon  in 
Portugal,  and  at  Douay  and  St.  Omers  in  Flanders,  in  all 
thefe,  their  youth  were  educated  in  violent  prejudices  againft 
their  country,  and  their  minds  formed  to  all  the  purpofes  that 
father  Parfons  had  in  his  head :  one  of  thefe  was,  obliging  them 
to  fubfcribe  to  the  title  of  the  Infanta  of  Spain  to  the  crown  of 
England :  in  fupport  of  which,  he  publifhed  his  "  Conference 

{c]  See  the  lift  of  his  books  at  the  end         [d]  In  his  introduftion  to  the  Jefuits 
•f  this  narrative.  memorial. 

about 


PARSONS.  37 

about  the  next  fucceffion  to  that*  crown,"  in  which  he  declared 
the  lawfulnefs  of  dept)ring  queen  Elizabeth. .  The  fecular  priefls 
likewife  inform  us,  that,  after  the  defeat  of  his  defigns  to  de- 
throne that  queen,  while  he  flayed  in  England,  he  confiiltcd  with 
the  duke  of  Guife  of  France  upon  the  fame  fubjecft  ;'for  which 
purpofe  he  endeavoured  to  make  a  lift  of  Catholics,  who,  under 
the  conduct  of  the  duke,  were  to  change  the  ftate  of  England, 
upon  pretence  of  fupporting  the  title  of  Mary  queen  of  Scots  [e]. 

After  the  defeat  of  the  Spanifli  armada  in  1588,  he  left  no 
means  in  his  power  untried,  to  invite  that  monarch  to  a  fecond 
invafion  ;  and  when  nothing  efFeftual  could  be  obtained  that  way, 
he  endeavoured  to  raife  a  rebellion  in  England,  and  tampered 
"with  the  earl  of  Derby  to  appear  at  the  head  of  it,  who  was 
poifoned,  by  his  procurement,  for  refufing  it  [fJ.  Nor  did  he 
flop  here.  We  find  fir  Ralph  Winwood  informing  fecretary 
Cecil  from  Paris,  in  1602,  of  an  attempt  to  alfaifinate  the 
queen  that  year  by  another  Engliih  Jefuit,  at  the  inftlgation  of 
father  Parfons  [g].  Finding  all  his  proieds  againlt  queen  Eli- 
zabeth  blafted,  he  plotted  the  exclufion  of  king  James  by  feveral 
means ;  one  of  which  was,  exciting  the  people  to  fet  up  a 
popular  form  of  government,  for  which  he  had  furnilhed  them 
with  pjinciples  in  feveral  of  his  book s^  Another  was,  to  engage 
the  pope  in  a  defign  of  making  his  kinfman  the  duke  of  Parma 
king  of  England,  by  joining  with  the  lady  Arabella,  and  marry- 
ing her  to  the  duke's  brother,  cardinal  Farnefe.  Cardinal  d'Offat 
gives  the  king  of  France  a  large  account  of  both  thefe  projedls 
in  one  of  his  letters ;  and  in  another  mentions  a  third,  wherein 
himfelf  had  received  overtures  from  Parfons ;  which  was,  that 
nhe  pope,  king  of  France,  and  king  of  Spain,  fhould  agree 
among  themfelves  upon  a  fuccelfor  for  England,  who  ftiould  be 
a  Catholic;  and  that  they  fliould  join  their  forces  to  eftabliih^ 
him  on  the  throne  [h]. 

The  death  of  his  friend  cardinal  Allen,  however,  in  1594, 
drew  his  attention  for  a  while  from  thefe  weighty  public  affairs 
upon  his  own  private  concerns.  It  was  chiefly  by  his  intereft, 
that  the  cardinal  had  obtained  the  purple  [i],  and  he  conceived 
great  hopes  of  fucceeding  him  in  it..  The  dignity  was  worth 
his  utmoft  endeavours,  and  he  fparcd  no  pains  to  compafs  it. 

e]  JefuitsReafonsunreafonable,  p.65.  the  whole  body  of  the  Jefuits,  did  ever  ' 

f'    Gee,  as  before,  p.  51,  52.  mortally  bate  all  the  favourers  or  vvell- 

g[    Winwood's  Meinorials,  vol.  i.  wiihers  to  Dr.  Lewis,  who  became  after* 

!hJ  Offat's  Letters,  part  ii.  lib.  3.  v.ards  bifhop  of  Cofiam.     Stateof  the  Eng- 

i]  Allen*s  competitor  was  Dr.  Owen  iirti  fugitives  under  the  king  of  Spain  and 

Lewis,  re^or  of  the  Engliih  college  at  his  minifters,  p.  51.     Lond.    1396,  4to. 

Rome.     The  conteft  was  very  iharp,  each  Allen  was  chofen  July  28,   1587,  by  the 

party  labouring  with  all  his   power  and  title  of  Cardinal  of  St.  Martin  in  Montibus, 

intereft  to  carry  it  againft  the  other,  nor  and  two  years  afterwards  was  made  arch- 

without  great  animofity :  and,  after  Allen  biihop  of  Mechlin,  the  metropolis  of  Sra* 

bdd  been  chofen  cardinal,  he,  together  with  bant.          , 

D  3  To 


3«  PARSONS. 

To  that  purpofe  he  employed  fome  Jefuits  to  obtain  in  Flanders 
a  petition  to  the  king  of  Spain,  fubfcribed*by  great  numbers  of 
the  loweft  of  the  people,  as  well  as  thofe  of  better  rank  and 
quality.  He  applied  alfo  to  that  monarch  by  John  Piragues, 
one  of  his  prime  confidents,  but  received  no  anfwer ;  and  then 
went  himfelf  to  Rome  in  1596,  under  pretence  of  fettling  fome  ^ 
quarrels,  that  had  arifen  in  the  Englilli  college  there  during  his 
abfence.  He  had  the  year  before  been  complimented,  in  a  letter 
from  fome'of  the  principal  perfons  of  his  order  there,  on  the 
aflurcd  profpefl;  he  had  of  fucceedlng  [kJ  ;  and  upon  his  arrival 
was  vifited,  among  others  of  the  highelt  rank,  particularly  by 
cardinal  Bellarmin,  who  encouraged  him  to  wait  upon  the  pope, 
as  he  did,  with  an  account  of  the  reports  that  were  fpread  all 
over  Flanders,  and  even  at  Rome,  of  his  holinefs's  defign  to 
confer  the  purple  upon  him,  and  that  the  khig  of  Spain  had 
written  to  his  holinefs  upon  the  occafion.  Father  More,  wh© 
furnilhes  thefe  particulars,  tells  us  further,  that  Parfons  made  a 
modcft  fpeech,  as  ufiial  on  fuch  occafions,  intimating  that  he 
feared  he  was  unworthy  of  fo  high  an  honour :  and  that  the 
pope,  being  before  refolved,  gave  him  for  anfwer,  that  he  had 
heard  nothing  from  the  Spaniards  upon  any  fuch  fubjcdl ;  that 
idle  reports  were  not  to  be  minded  ;  that  he  was  very  well  fatif- 
fied  with  his  fervices,  and  exhorted  him  to  continue  in  the  fanne 
courfe.  The  pontiff,  it  feems,  had  received  fo  many  complaints 
of  him  from  the  fecular  clergy  [l],  that,  inftead  of  bringing 
him  into  the  facred  college,  he  had  fome  thoughts  of  ftripping 
him  of  the  pofts  he  already  poflTefled.  Infomuch,  that  to  avert 
this  difgrace,  he  withdrew  on  pretence  of  health  to  Naples,  and 
did  not  return  to  Rome  till  after  the  death  of  that  pope  fClcment 
VIII.]  in  1606  [m]. 

But  this  check  did  not  hinder  him  from  exercifing  his  jurif- 
diiSlion  over  the  Romanifts  in  England,  as  prefeft  of  the  Englifti 
miflion;  and,  after  his  return  to  Rome,  we  find  him  removing 
the  arch-pre(byter  of  Eaagland,  Blakwell,  for  taking  the  oath  of 
fupremacy  to  James  I,  He  likewife  obtained  a  brief  from 
Paul  V.  to  deprive  all  fuch  priefts  as  (hould  take  that  oath  [nI, 
He  continued)  zealous  in  the  djfcharge  of  this  office  to  the  laft. 
Father  IVfore  has  given  gopies  of  three  letters,  one  to  the  miflion 
in  England,  another  to  the  re£lor  of  St.  Omers,  and  the  third 
to  the  afch-prefbyter  Berkjt,  fucceflor  to  Blakwell  j  all  diftated 
by  him,  while  he  lay  paft  recovery  in  the  judgment  of  his  phy- 

[k]  T1j«  lattter  was  from  MoiurceuS)  impoftqr,  incendiary,  M^chiavelian  HbeU 

a^ftant  general  of  the  Jefuits  order,  and  ler,  »nd  the  worft  of  yiUains ;  and  that 

ipibhpns  j  and  it  i«  d^ted  February  20,  this  p{>pe  Clement  c^lpd  him  4  knarc, 

1699.     Ibid.  Abbot's  Antilaif.  - 

[l]  it  is   ob^rved,   that  Fit«herbert         [m1  More,  as  before, 
failed  him  an  hypocrite ;  that  th*  reft  of        [n]  Foulis's  Hift,   of  Trcafon?,    &p* 

tl^6  fepulars  gave  hin^  the  titU:|  of  atheiiV,  9*  5^1* 

ficians, 


PARSONS.  39 

ficians.  The  laft  was  finifhed,  the  13th  of  April ;  and  the  fever, 
which  had  feized  him  on  the  loih,  put  a  period  to  his  life  on  the 
l8th,  1610.  Pope  Paul,  as  foon  as  he  heard  of  his  illnefs, 
indulged  him  in  all  the  ceremonies  ufually  granted  to  cardinals 
at  the  point  of  death.     His  body  was  embahned  and  interred, 

Surfuant  to  his  own  requeft,  in  the  chapel  of  his  college  at 
lome,  clofe  to  that  of  cardinal  Allen  [o].  A  monument  was 
foon  after  €re<aed  to  his  memory,  with  an  infcription  ;  a  copy 
of  which  may  he  feen  in  Ribadineira*s  Bibl.  Soc.  Jef.  under  the 
letter,  P. 

After  perufing  this  memoir,  the  reader  will  not  be  furprifed 
to  hear,  that  father  Alcgambe  gives  this  colleague  a  very  great 
charadcr  for  piety  and  integrity;  notwithftanding  what  is  faid 
of  him  by  cardinal  d'Oflfat,  who,  in  a  letter  to  the  king  of 
France,  giving  an  account  of  Parfons's  "  Conference,'*  &c. 
publiihed  under  the  name  of  "  Doleman,'*  declares  that  he  wsis 
a  man  who  regarded  neither  truth  nor  reafon.  Pafquin  alfo  at 
Rome  thus  expofed  his  fadlious  and  plotting  humour :  "  If  there 
be  any  man  that  will  buy  the  kingdom  of  England,  let  him 
repair  to  a  merchant  in  a  black  fquare  cap  in  the  city,  and  be 
(hail  have  a  very  good  pennyworth  thereof.**  To  conclude,  the 
imputation  laid  upon  him  by  the  Englifli  fecular  Romi(h  priefts, 
as  well  as  the  Proteftams,  that  he  was  a  perfon  of  a  turbulent 
and  feditious  nature,  is  fufficiently  fupported  by  his  numerous 
writings,  the  titles  of  which  are  as  follow : 

[o]  So  that,  as  they  w<:re  united  in  Guifes,  klnfmen  to  Mary  quotn  of  Scot*, 
their  lives,  they  ihouU  not  be  divided  after  and  at  length  became  a  cardinal,  and 
their  death.  Allen,  according  to  Wood,  archbp.  of  Mechlin.  The  character  given 
was  born  at  RoiTal  in  Lancaihire,  aVout  of  him  by  Camden  is,  That  he,  with  R. 
1532;  fent  to  Oriel  college,  Oxford,  in  Parfons  and  others,  did  lie  in  continual 
1547,  of  which  he  was  chofen  fellow  in  wait  for  the  deftru^ion  of  prince  and  peo- 
1550}  took  his  degree  in  Arts }  in  1556,  pie  of  England  5  and,  by  exciting  both 
became  principal  of  St..  Mary  Hall,  and  foreigners  abroad,  and  natural  fubjeds  at 
was  made  canon  of  York  in  1558.  Upon  home,  plotted  the  rcftoration  of  theRomiflx 
the  alteration  of  religion  by  queen  Eliza-  religion  to  its  ancient  vigour ;  to  which 
beth,  he  retired  in  1 560  to  Lou  vain ;  where  end  he  advifed  the  fending  of  Parfons  uppn 
he  took  pupi  s,  and  printed  a  book  in  the  English  miflion.  Further,  that  after 
defence  of  purgatory,  againft  bilhop  Jewel,  he  had  put  off  both  his  love  to  his  coun- 
in  1 565-  Soon  after,  he  returned  to  his  try,  and  obedience  to  his  prince,'  he  in- 
native  air  for  health,  and  was  very  aftive  cenfed  the  Spaniards  and  the  pope  of  Rome 
both  with  his  pen  and  tongue  in  promoting  to  aflault  England.  When  the  bull  of 
popery ;  till  he  was  ^rced  to  leave  Eng-  excommunication  againft  queen  Elizabeth 
land,  after  he  had  beeji  there  about  three  came  forth  in  1588,  he  brought  it  into  Se 
years.  His  firft  ftage  abroad  was  in  a  Low  Countries,  and  caufed  it  to  be  printed 
monaftery  at  Mechlin,  where  he  was  made  in  Englifh.  He  wrote  alfo  an  '«  Admo- 
divinity-reader ;  but,  after  a  (hort  ftay  nitio;i  to  the  Englifli,  that  they  ftick  to 
there,  he  went  to  Doway,  took  the  degree  the  ^ope  and  the  Spaniard.'*  Some  ac- 
ofD.D.  and  was  made  canon  of  the  church  count  of  which,  as  well  as  other  books 
of  Cambray.  He  founded  a  fcminary  at  written  by  him,  may  be  feen  in  "  Pitiius 
Douay,  in  1568;  and,  being  foon  after  dellluftrib.  An^l.  Scriptor,"and  **  Athfin. 
made  canon  of  Rheims,  he  procured  an-  Oxon.** 
f  th^  feminary  to  be  er^d  there  by  the       ~ 

D  4  r.  "  A 


40  PARSONS. 

I.  '*  A  brief  Difcourfe,  containing  the  Reafons  why  Catho- 
lics refufe  to  go  to  Church,  with  a  Dedication  to  Queen  Eliza- 
beth, under  the  fiflitious  name  of  John  Howlet,  Dec.  15, 
1580,"  2.  **  Reafons  for  his  coming  into  the  Miffion  of  Eng- 
land, &c."  by  fome  afcribed  to  Campian.  3.  "  A  brief  Cenfure 
upon  two  Books,  written  againft  the  Reafons  and  Proofs." 
4.  "  A  Difcovery  of  John  Nichols,  mifreportcd  a  Jefuit;"  all 
written  and  printed  while  the  author.-was  in  England.  5.  *^  A 
Defence  of  the  Cenfure  given  upon  his  two  Books,  &x:.  1583." 
6.  "  De  pcrfecutione  Anglicana  epiftbla,  Rome  and  Ingolftadt, 
1582."  7.  "  A  Chriftian  Diredory,  1583."  8.  "  A  Second 
Part  of  a  Chriftian  Dire<Sory,  &c.  i<;9i."  Thefe  two  part^ 
being  printed  erroneoufly  at  London,  Parfons  publilhed  an  edi- 
tion of  them  under  this  title:  "  A  Chriftian  Diredory,  guiding 
men  to  their  Salvation,  &c.  with  many  Corredions  and  Addi- 
tions by  the  Author  himfelf."  This  book  is  really  an  excellent 
one,  and  was  afterwards  put  into  modern  Engl ifti  by  Dr.  Stan- 
hope, dean  of  Canterbury;  in  which  form  it  has  gone  through 
eight  editions,  the  laft  in  1782.  9.  "  Refponfio  ad  Eliz.  Regina^ 
cdiftum  contra  Catholicos,  Romas,  1593,"  under  the  name  of 
And.  Philopater.  10.  **  A  Conference  about  the  next  Succeffion 
to  the  Crown  of  England,  &c.  1594,"  under  the  feigned  name 
of  Doleman  [p],  11.  "  A  tern perate-jJVard word  to  the  turbu- 
lent and  feditious  Watchword  of  fir  Fr.  Haftings,  knight,  &c« 
1599,'*  under  the  fame  name.  12.  "A  Copy  of  a  Letter  Writ- 
ten by  a  Mafter  of  Arts  at  Cambridge,  &c.'*  written  in  1584, 
and  printed  about  1600.  This  piece  was  commonly  called 
**  Father  Parfons's  Green  Coat,"  being  fent  from  abroad  with 
the  binding  and  leaves  in  that  livery.  13.  ^*  Apologetical  Epiftle 
to  the  Lords  of  her  Majefty's  Privy  Council,  &c.  1601."  14. 
**  Brief  Apology,  or  Defence  of  the  Catholic  Ecclcfiaftical 
Hierarchy  erefted  by  pope  Clement  VIII.  &c.  St.  Omeis, 
1601."  15,  "  A  Manifeftation  of  the  Folly  and  bad  Spirit  of 
fecular  Priefts,  1602.**  16.  *'  A  Decachordon  of  ten  Qiiodli- 
betical  Qiieftions,  1602."  17.  "  De  Peregrinatione."  18.  *'  An 
Anfwer  to  O.  E.  whether  Papifts  or  Proteftants  be  true  Catho- 
lics, 1603."  19.  *'  A  Treatife  of  the  three  Converfions  of 
Paganifm  to  the  Chriftian  Religion,"  publilhed  (as  are  alfo  the 
two  following)  imder  the  name  of  N.  D.  [Nicholas  Doleman] 
in  3  vols.  8vo,  1603,  1604.  20.  "  A  Relation  of  a  Trial 
•  made  before  the  king  of  France  in  1600,  between  the  bifhop  of 
Evreux  and  the  lord  Pleflis  Mornay,  i6o4«"  2i.  "  A  Defence 
of  the  precedent  Relation,  &c."     22.  A  Review  of  ten  public 

[p].  This  piece  was  the  produdlion  of  the  materials  are  faid  to  be  furni/hed  by 

.  cardinal  Allen,  Inglcfield,  and  others.    See  the   reft,   and  that   Parfons,    who  had   a 

a  letter  of  Parfons  to  a  friend,  dated  24th  happy  taltJit  this  way,  put  it  into  a  proper 

May  1603,  in  Mori  Hid.  MiiT.  j  where  method. 

'      .    -,  Dif. 


PARSONS.  4t 

pifputations,  '&c.  concerning  the  Sacrifices  and  Sacrament  of 
the  Altar,  1604,"  23.  "  The  Forerunner  of  Bell's  Downfall 
of  Popery,  1605."  24.  "  An  Anfwer  to  the  fifth  Part  of  the 
Reports  of  Sir  Edward  Coke,  &c.  1606,"  4to,  publifhed  under 
the  name  of  a  Catholic  Divine.  25.  **  De  facris  alien! s  non 
adeundis,  queftiones  duae,  1607."  26.  "  A  Treatife  tending  to 
litigation  towards  Catholic  Subjects  in  England,  againft  Tho- 
mas Morton  (afterwards  bilhop  of  Durham),  1607,"  27.  "  The 
Judgement  of  a  Catholic  Gentleman  concerning  king  James's 
Apology,  &c.  1608."  28,  "  Sober  Reckoning  with  Thomas 
Morton,  1609."  29.  "  A  Difcullion  of  Mr.  Barlow's  Anfwer 
to  the  Judgment  of  a  Catholic  Englilhman  concerning  the  Oath 
of  Allegiance,  1612."  This  book  being  left  not  quite  finifhed 
at  the  author's  death,  was  afterwards  completed  and  publiihed 
by  Thomas  Fitzherbert.  The  following  are  alfo  pofthumous 
pieces:  30.  "  The  Liturgy  of  the  Sacrament  of  the  Mafs, 
l62o*"  31.  "A  Memorial  for  Reformation,  &c. ;"  thought 
to  be  the  fame  with,  **  The  High  Court  and  Council  of  the 
Reformation,"  finifhed  after  twenty  years  labour  in  1596,  but 
not  publ idled  till  after  Parfons's  death  ;  and  repnbliflied  from  a 
copy  prefented  to  James  II.  with  an  introdudion  and  fomc 
ar>imadverfions  by  Edward  Gee,  under  the  title  of,  *<  The  Jefuits 
.Memorial  for  the  intended  Reformation  of  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land under  their  firft  Popifh  Prince,  1690,"  8vo.  32.  There  is 
alfo  afcribed  to  him,  "  A  Declaration  of  the  true  Caufes  of  the 
great  Troubles  pre-fuppofed  to  be  intended  againft  the  Realm  of 
England,  &c.  Seen  and  allowed,  anno  1581."  33.  Parfons 
alfo  tranflated  from  the  Englifli  into  Spanilh,  **  A  Relation  of 
certain  Martyrs  in  England,  printed  at  Madrid  1590,"  8vo. 

PARSONS  (James,)  an  excellent  phyfician  and  polite 
fcholar,  was  born  at  Barnftapie,  in  Devon Ihire,  in  March, 
1705  [qJ.  His  father,  who  was  the  youngeft  of  nine  fons  ojf 
colonel  Parfons,  and  nearly  related  to  the  baronet  of  that  name, 
being  appointed  barrack-mafter  at  Bolton  in  Ireland,  removed 
with  his  family  into  that  kingdom  [r]  foon  after  the  birth  of  his 

[qJ  Anecdotes  of  Bowyer,  by  Nichols,  quity,  as  to  occafion  my  application  to  the 

p.  384.  ftudy  of  the  Welfh  tongue  alfo  :  in  which 

[r  j  In  the  *'  Preface  to  the  Memoirs  I  had  equal  pleafure  and  furprize,  when> 
of  Japhet,"  he  fays,  "  I  fpent  feveral  the  more  I  enquired,  the  more  nearly  re- 
years  of  my  life  in  Ireland,  and  there  at-  lated  the  Iriih  and  Welfli  languages  ap- 
tained  to  a  tolerable  knowledge  in  the  very  peared.  When  1  was  fent  abroad  to  ftudy 
andent  tongue  of  that  country,  which  en-  the  medicinal  art,  I  frequently  converfed 
abled  me  to  confult  fome  of  their  manu-  with  young  gentlemen  trom  moft  parts  of 
fcripts,  and  become  inArudled  in  ijieir  Europe,  who  came  to  Paris,  and  followed 
grammatical  inftitutes.  Afterwards  I  be-  the  fame  mafters,  in  every  branch  of  the 
came  acquainted  with  feveral  gentlemen  profeflion,  with  me ;  and  my  furprize  was 
from  Wales,  well  verfed  in  their  own  hif-  agreeably  increafed  in  finding  that,  in 
tory  and  language  j  men  of  fenfe  and  libe-  every  one  of  their  native  tongues,  I  could 
ral  learning ;  who,  in  many  converfations  difcover  the  roots  of  moft  of  their  expref* 
upon  fuch  fubje^s,  gave  me  fuch  fatif-  fions  in  the  Iriih  or  Wclih." 
.  laftion  and  light,  in  matters  of  high  anti- 

•  then 


4^        '  PARSONS. 

then  only  fon  [s}  James,  who  received  at  Dublin  the  early  part 
of  his  education,  and,  by  the  affiftance  of  proper  maffers,  laid  a 
confidcrable  foundation  of  claffical  and  other  ufeful  learningy 
which  enabled  him  to  become  tutor  to  lord  Kingdon.  Turning 
his  attention  to  the  ftudy  of  medicine,  he  went  afterwards  to 
Paris,  where  (to  ufe  his  own  words)  **  he  [t]  followed  the  moll 
eminent  profeHTors  in  the  feveral  fchools,  as  Aftruc,  Dubois, 
Lemery,  and  others;  attended  the  anatomical  le^lures  of  the 
moft  famous  [Hunaud  and  Dc  Cat] ;  and  chemicals  at  the 
King's  Garden  at  St.  Come.  He  followed  the  phyficians  in 
both  hofpitals  of  the  Hotel  Dieu  and  La  Charite,  and  the  che* 
mical  lefturcs  and  demonft rations  of  Lemery  and  Boulduc  ;  and 
in  botany,  Juflieu.  Having  finifhed  thefe  ftudies,  his  profeflbrs 
gave  him  honorable  atteftations  of  his  having  followed  them  with 
diligence  and  induftry,  which  entitled  him  to  take  the  degrees  of 
doftor  and  profeflTor  of  the  art  of  medicine,  in  any  univerfity  in 
the  dominions  of  France.  Intending  to  return  to  England,  he 
judged  it  unneceflary  to  take  degrees  in  Paris,  unlefs  he  had 
xefolved  to  refide  there ;  and  as  it  was  more  expenfive,  he  there- 
fore went  to  the  univerfity  of  Rheims,  in  Champaign,  where, 
by  virtue  of  his  atteftations,  he  was  immediately  admitted  to 
three  examinations,  as  if  he  had  finifhed  his  ftudies  in  that  aca- 
demy;  and  there  was  honoured  with  his  degrees  June  ii,  1736. 
In  the  July  following  he  came  to  London,  and  was  foon  ^m- 
ployed  by  Dr.  James  Douglas  to  aflift  him  in  his  anatomical 
works,  where  in  fome  time  he  began  to  praftife.  He  was 
clefled  a  member  of  the  Royal  Society  in  1740;  and,  after  due 
examination,  was  admitted  a  Licentiate  of  the  College  of  Phy- 
ficians, April  r,  1751 ;  paying  college  fees  and  bond  ftamps  of 
different  denominations  to  the  amount  of  41 1.  2s.  8d.  fubjeft 
alfo  to  quarterage  of  two  pounds  per  annum.  In  £755  he  paid 
a  farther  fum  of  7I.  which,  with  the  quarterage-money  already 
paid,  made  up  the  fum  of  16I.  in  lieu  of  all  ftture  payments." 
On  his  arrival  in  London,  by  the  recommendation  of  his  Paris 
friends,  he  was  introduced  to  the  acquaintance  of  Dr.  Mead, 
lir  Hans  Sloane,  and  Dr.  James  Douglas.  This  great  anatomift 
made  ufe  of  his  affiftance,  not  only  in  his  anatomical  prepara- 
tions, but  alfo  in  his  reprefentations  of  morbid  and  other  appear- 
ances, a  lift  of  feveral  of  which  was  in  the  hands  of  his  friend 
Dr.  Maty  ;  who  had  prepared  an  Eloge  on  Dr.  Parfons,  which 
was  never  ufed,  but  which,  by  the  favour  of  Mrs.  Parfons, 
Mr.  Nichols  has  preferved  at  large.  Though  Dr.  Parfons  cul- 
tivated the  feveral  branches  of  the  profeflion  of  phyfic,  he  was 
principally  employed  in  tlje  obftetrical  line.  In  1738,  by  the 
intereft  of  his  friend  Dr.  Douglas,  he  was  appointed  phyficiaa 

fs]  Heliad  afterward?  another  fon  (a  furgeon)  and  a  daughter,  who  w&re  bor« 
in  Ireland.  {tJ  From  bis  own  M33f 


PARSONS.  4ij 

to  the  public  Infirmary  in  St.  Giles's.  In  1739  he  married 
mifs  Elizabeth  Reynolds,  by  whom  he  had  two  fons  and  a 
daughter,  who  all  died  young.  Dr.  Parfons  rcfided  for  many 
years  in  Red  Lion^fquare,  where  he  frequently  enjoyed  the  com- 
pany and  converfation  of  Dr.  Stukely,  Bp.  Lyttleton,  Mr.  Henry 
baker.  Dr.  Knight,  and  many  other  of  ihe  moft  diftinguifhed 
members  of  the  Royal  and  Antiquarian  Societies,  and  that  of 
Arts,  Manufaftures  and  Commerce  ;  giving  weekly  an  elegant 
dinner  to  a  large  but  feledl  party.  He  enjoyed  alfo  the  literary 
correfpondence  of  D'Argenville,  BufFon,  Le  Cat,  Beccaria,  Amb. 
Bertrand,  Valltravers,  Afcanius,  Turberville  Needham,  Dr. 
Garden,  and  others  of  the  moft  diftinguiftied  rank  in  fcience. 
As  a  praftitioner  he  was  judicious,  careful,  honeft,  and  remark- 
ably humane  to  the  poor;  as  a  friend,  obliging  and  communi- 
cative ;  chearful  and  decent  in  converfation ;  (evere  and  ftrift 
in  bis  morals,  and  attentive  to  fill  with  propriety  all  the  various 
, duties  of  life.  In  1769,  finding  his  health  impaired,  he  pro- 
pofed  to  retire  from  bufmefs  and  from  London,  and  with  that 
view  difpofed  of  a  confiderable  number  of  his  books  and  foffils, 
and  went  to  BriftoJ.  But  he  returned  foon  after  to  his  old  houfe, 
and  died  in  it  after  a  week's  illnefs,  on  the  4th  of  April,  1770., 
to  the  inexpreflible  grief  of  his  afflifted  wife  and  fifter-in-law, 
and  many  of  his  intimate  friends.  By  his.  laft  will,  dated  in 
Odober,  1766,  he  gave  his  whole  property  to  Mrs.  Parfons; 
and-,  in  cafe  of  her  death  before  him,  to  mifs  Mary  Reynolds, 
her  only  fifter,  "  in  recompence  for  her  affedionate  attention  to 
him  and  to  his  wife,  for  a  long  courfe  of  years,  in  ficknefs  and 
in  health."  It  was  his  particular  requeft,  that  he  fhould  not  be 
buried  till  fome  change  fliould  appear  in  his  corpfe ;  a  requeft 
which  occafioned  him  to  be  kept  unburied  1 7  days,  and  even 
then  fcarce  the  flighteft  alteration  was  perceivable.  He  was 
buried  at  Hendon,  in  a  vault  which  he  had  caufed  to  be  built  on 
the  ground  purchafed  on  the  death  of  his  fon  James,  where  his 
tomb  had  a  very  commendatory  infcription.  A  portrait  of  Dr. 
Parfons,  by  Mr.  Wilfon,  is  now  in  the  Britifti  Mufeum ;  an- 
other, by  Wells,  in  the  hands  of  his  widow,  with  a  third  unfi- 
nifhed  ;  and  one  of  his  fon  James  ;.alfo  a  family  piece,  in  which 
the  fame  fon  is  introduced,  with  the  do6lor  and  his  lady,  accom- 
panied by  her  fifter.  Among  many  other  portraits,  Mrs.  Parfons 
had  fome  that  were  very  fine  of  the  illuftrious  Harvey,  of  Bp. 
Burnet,  and  of  Dr.  John  Freind  ;  a  beautiful  miniature  of 
Dr.  Stukeley  ;  fome  good  paintings,  by  her  hufl)and's  own  hand, 
particularly  the  Rhinoceros,  which  he  defcribed  in  the  **  Philo- 
fophical  Tranfaftions,"  She  poffeffed  alfo  his  MSS.  and  fome 
capital  printed  books ;  a  large  folio  volume,  entitled,  **  Figurae 

?uaedam  Mifcellaneae  quae  ad  rem  Anatomicam  Hiftoriamque 
\f^twr^lem  IjpecSlant}  ^uas  propria  adumljrayit  manu  Jacobus 

Parfons, 


44  PARSONS. 

Parfons,  M.  D.  S.  S.  R.  Ant.  &c."  another,  called  "  Drawings 
of  curious  Foffils,  Shells,  &c.  in  Dr.  Parfons's  Colleftion, 
drawn  by  himfelf ;"  &c.  &c.  Mrs.  Parfons  profeffed  herfelf 
ready  to  give,  on  proper  application,  either  to  the  Royal  or 
Antiquarian  Society,  a  portrait  of  her  hufband,  and  a  fum  of 
money  to  found  a  ledlure  to  perpetuate  his  memory,  fimilar  to 
that  cftabliihed  by  his  friend  Mr.  Henry  Baker. 

It  would  carry  us  beyond  our  ufual  limits  to  enter  into  an 
enumeration  of  the  many  curious  articles  at  various  times  com- 
municated to  the  public  by  Dr.  Parfons  ^  which  may  be  feen  in 
the  **  Anecdotes  of  Bowyer."  We  fhall  therefore  clofe  this  article 
■with  an  extrafl  from  Dr.  Maty's  eulogium :  *^  The  furprifing 
variety  of  branches  which  Dr.  Parfons  embraced,  and  the  fcveral 
living  as  well  as  dead  languages  he  had  a  knowledge  of,  quali- 
fied him  abundantly  for  the  place  of  affiftant  fecretary  for  foreign 
correfpondences,  which  the  council  of  the  Royal  Society  be- 
llowed upon  him  about  the  year  1750.  He  acquitted  himfelf  to, 
the  utmoft  of  his  power  of  the  functions  of  this  place,  till  a  few 
years  before  his  death,  when  he  refigned  in  favour  of  his  friend, 
who  now  gratefully  pays  this  lafl  tribute  to  his  memory.  Dr. 
Parfons  joined  to  his  academical  honours  thofe  which  the  Royal 
College  of  Phyficians  of  London  beftowed  upon  him,  by  admit- 
ting him,  after  due  examination.  Licentiate,  on  the  firft  day  of 
April,  1751.  The  difFufive  fpirit  of  our  friend  was  only  equal- 
led by  his  defire  of  information.  -  To  both  thefe  principles  he 
owed  the  intimacies  which  he  formed  with  fome  of  the  greateft 
men  of  his  time.  The  names  of  Folkes,  Hales,  Mead,  Stukeley, 
Nccdham,  Baker,  Colli nfon,  and  Garden,  may  be  mentioned  oa 
this  occafion  ;  and  many  more  might  be  added.  Weekly  meet- 
ings were  formed,  where  the  earlieft  intelligence  was  received 
and  comnAunicated  of  any  difcovery  both  here  and  abroad  ^  and 
new  trials  were  made,  to  bring  to  the  teft  of  experience  the 
reality  or  ufefulnefs  of  thefe  difcoveries.  Here  it  was  that  the 
microfcopical  animals  found  in  feveial  infufions  were  firft  pro- 
duced ;  the  propagation  of  feveral  in  feds  by  feftion  afcertained  ; 
the  conftancy  of  nature  amidft  thefe  wonderful  changes  cfta- 
blillied.  His  '  Remains  of  Japhet,  being  Hiftorical  Enquiries 
into  the  Affinity  and  Origin  of  the  European  languages,'  are  a 
moft  laborious  performance,  tending  to  prove  the  antiquity  of 
the  firft  inhabitants  of  thefe  iflands,  as  being  originally  defcended 
from  Gomer  arid  Magog,  above  icoo  years  before  Chrift,  their 
primitive  and  ftill  fubfifting  language,  and  its  affinity  with  fome 
others.  Tt  cannot  be  denied  but  that  there  is  much  ingenuity  as 
well  as  true  learning  in  this  work,  which  helps  conviSion,.and 
often  fupplies  the  want  of  it.  But  we  cannot  help  thinking  that 
our  friend^s  warm  feelings  now  and  then  miflead  his  judgement, 
and  that  fome  at  leaft  of  his  conjectures,  refting  upon  partial 
traditions,,  and  poetical  fcraps  of  Irifli  filids  and  Welfli  bards, 

are 


PARSONS.  45 

are  lefs  fatisfaftory  than  his  tables  of  affinity  between  the  feveral 
northern  languages,  as  deduced  from  one  common  ftock.  Lite- 
rature, however,  is  much  obliged  to  him  for  having  in  this,  as 
"well  as  in  many  of  his  other  works,  opened  a  new  field  of  obfcr- 
vations  and  difcoveries.  In  enumerating  our  learned  friend's 
diflertations,  we  find  ourfelves  at  a  lofs  whether  we  (hould  foU 
low  the  order  of  fubjefts,  or  of  time ;  neither  is  it  eafy  to 
account  for  their  fu rprifing  variety  and  quick  fuccefTion.  The 
truth  is,  that  his  eagernefs  after  knowledge  was  fuch,  as  to 
embrace  almofl  with  equal  facility  all  its  branches,  and  witk 
equal  zeal  to  afcertain  the  merit  of  inventions,  and  afcribe  to 
their  refpe6live,  and  fometimes  unknown,  authors,  the  glory  of 
the  difcovery.  Many  operations,  which  the  ancients  have  tranf- 
mitted  to  us,  have  been  thought  fabulous,  merely  from  our  igno- 
rance of  the  art  by  which  they  were  performed.  Thus  the 
burning  of  the  (hips  of  the  Romans  at  a  cohfiderable  diftance, 
during  the  fiege  of  Syracufe,  by  Archimedes,  would,  perhaps, 
ftill  continue  to  be  exploded,  had  not  the  celebrated  M.  BufFon 
in  France  (hewn  the  poilibility  of  it,  by  prefenting  and  defcrib- 
ing  a  Model  of  a  Speculum,  or  rather  Aflemblage  of  Mirrors, 
by  which  he  could  fet  fire  at  the  diftance  of  fevcral  hundred  feet. 
In  the  contriving  indeed,  though  not  in  theexecutingof  fuch  an 
apparatus,  he  had  in  fome  meafure  been  foreftalled  by  a  writer 
now  very  little  known  or  read.  This  Dr.  Parfons  proved  in  a 
very  faiisfaflory  manner ;  and  he  had  the  pleafure  to  find  the 
French  philofopher  did  not  refufe  to  the  Jefuit  his  Ihare  in  the 
invention,  and  was  not  at  all  offended  by  the  liberty  he  had  taken. 
Another  French  difcovery,  I  mean  a  new  kind  of  painting 
fathered  upon  the  ancients,  was  reduced  to  its  real  value,  in  a 
paper  which  fliewed  our  author  was  pofleffed  of  a  good  tafte  for 
the  fine  arts:  and  I  am  informed,  that  his  fkill  in  mufic  was  by 
no  means  inferior,  and  that  his  favourite  amufement  was  the 
flute.  Richly,  it  appears  from  thefe  performances,  did  our 
author  merit  the  honour  of  being  a  member  of  the  Antiquarian 
Society,  which  long  ago  had  aliociated  him  to  its  labours.  To 
another  fociety,  founded  upon  the  great  principles  of  humanity, 
patriotifm,  and  natural  emulation,  he  undoubtedly  was  greatly 
iifeful  [u].  He  aflifled  at  moft  of  their  general  meetings  and 
committees  ;  and  was  for  many  years  chairman  to  that  of  Agri- 
cuhure  j  always  equally  ready  to  point  out  and  to  promote  ufeful 
improvements,  and  to  oppofe  the  interefted  views  of  fraud  and 
ignorance,  fo  infeparable  from  very  extenfive  alTociations.     No 

'  fooner  was  thts  Society  [x]  formed,  than  Dr.  Parfons  became  a 

[a]  The  Society  for  the  Encourage-  Dr.  Fothergill,and  other  refpedable  phyfi- 

ment  of  Arts,   Maoufa(flures,  and  Com-  cians»  licentiates,  in  vindication  of  their 

xnerci.  Helikewife  was|aflbciatedtotheOe-  privileges:  where,  it /hould  feein,  this  eu- 

conomical  Society  at  Berne,  Dec.  26,  1763.  logy  was  intended  to  be  pronouTJced. 

[x]  A  Medical  Society  inftituted   by  member 


46  PARTHENAY. 

member  of  it.  Intimately  convinced  of  the  noblenefs  oPitr 
views,  though  from  his  ftation  in  life  little  concerned  in  its  fuc- 
cefs,  he  grudged  neither  attendance  nor  expence.  Neither  am- 
bitious of  taking  the  lead,  nor  fond  of  oppofition,  he  joined  in 
any  meafure  he  thought  right ;  and  fubmitted  chearfully  to  the 
fentiments  of  the  niajority,  though  againft  his  own  private 
opinion.  The  juft  idezs  he  had  of  the  dignity  of  our  profeffion, 
as  well  as  of  the  common  links  which  ought  to  unite  all  its 
members,  notwithftanding  the  differences  of  country,  religion, 
or  places  of  education,  made  him  bear  impatiently  the  (hackles 
laid  upon  a  great  number  of  refpedtable  praditioners  ;  he  wiflied, 
fondly  wiihed,  to  fee  thefe  broken ;  not  with  a  view  of  empty 
honour  and  dangerous  power,  but  as  the  only  means  of  ferving 
mankind  more  efFeftually,  checking  the  progrefs  of  defigning 
men  and  illiterate  practitioners,  and  difFufing  through  the  whole 
body  a  fpirit  of  emulation.  Though  by  frequent  difappoint- 
ments  he  forefaw,  as  well  as  we,  the  little  chance  of  a  fpeedy 
redrefs,  he  nobly  perfifted  in  the  attempt ;  and,  had  he  lived  to 
the  final  event,  would  undoubtedly,  like  Cato,  ftill  have  pre- 
ferred the  conquered  caufe  to  that  fupported  by  the  gods.  After 
having  tried  to  retire  from  bufinefs  and  from  London,  for  the 
fake  of  his  health,  and  having  difpofed  of  moit  of  his  books  with 
that  view,  he  found  it  inconfiftent  with  his  happinefs  to  forfake 
ail  the  advantages  which  a  long  refidence  in  the  capital,  and  the 
many  connexions  he  had  formed,  had  rendered  habitual  to  him. 
He  therefore  returned  to  his  old  houfe,  and  died  in  it,  after  a 
ihort  illnefs,  April  4,  1770.  The  ftyle  of  our  friend's  compo- 
fitions  was  fufficiently  clear  in  defcription,  though  in  argument 
not  fo  clofe  as  could  have  been  wiflied.  Full  of  his  ideas,  he 
did  not  always  fodifpofe  and  conneft  them  together,  as  to  pro- 
duce in  the  minds  of  his  readers  that  convidion  which  was  in 
his  own.  He  too  much  defpifed  thofe  additional  graces  which 
command  attention  when  joined  to  learning,  obfervalion,  and 
found  rcafoning.  Let  us  hope  that  his  example  and  fpirit  will 
animate  all  his  colleagues  ;  and  that  thofe  praflitioners  who  are 
in  the  fame  circumftances  will  be  induced  to  join  their  brethren, 
fiire.to  find  amongft  them  thofe  great  bleflings  of  life,  freedom, 
equality,  information,  and  friend(hip.  As  long  as  thefe  great 
principles  fhall  fubfift  in  this  Society,  and  I  tru(t  they  will  out- 
laft  the  longcft  liver,  there  is  no  doubt  but  the  members  will 
meet  with  the. reward  honeft  men  are  ambitious  of,  the  appro- 
bation of  their  confcience,  the  ctteem  of  the  virtuous,  the 
remembrance  of  pofterity." 

PARTHENAY  (John  de),  lord  of  Soubife,  an  heroic  leader 
atttong  the  Proteftants  of  France,  was  defcended  of  an  ancient 
femily  of  his  name,  and  born  about  151 2.  He  chofe  the  pro- 
feflion  of  arms ;  and,  having  diftinguifhed  himfelf  in  it,  was 

appointed 


PARTHENAY.  47 

stppointed  to  command  Henry  IPs  troops  in  Italy  about  1 550* 
Before  he  left  Italy,  he  imbibed  the  fentiments  of  the  reformed 
religion,  at  the  court  of  Ferrara,  under  the  an  (pices  of  Renec, 
dutchefs  of  Ferrara,  daughter  of  Louis  XII.  or  France;  who 
gave  fanSuary  to  fome  Huguenot  preachers,  and  embraced  their 
do6lrine.  The  general  had  fome  conneftion  with  this  dutchefs, 
his  mother  having  been  one  of  the  maids  of  honour  to  queen 
Anne  of  Brittany,  who  procured  her  marriage  with  his  father 
in  1507,  and  in  1536  appointed  her  governefs  to  t.his  dutchefii 
of  Ferrara,  that  queen's  daughter.  The  new  conyert,  on  his 
return  to  France,  applied  himfelf  with  extraordinary  zeal  to 
propagate  his  principles  in  the  town  and  neighbourhood  of  Sou- 
bife;  and  he  fucceeded  fo  well,  that,  in  a  little  time,  the  raa& 
was  there  forfaken  by  a  great  part  of  the  people, 

Soubife  alfo  held  frequent  conferences  with  Catherine  de 
Medicis,  queen -mother  of  Henry  III.  who  became  in  her  heart 
his  profelyte,  though  (he  had  not  courage  enough  to  declare  it 
openly ;  and  the  dutchefs  of  Montpenfier,  who  was  always  pre- 
fent  at  thefe  conferences,  was  fo  much  wrought  upon  by  Sou- 
bife's  difcourfe,  that  fhe  defired,  on  her  death- bed,  to  have  the 
lacrament  adminiftered  to  her  according  to  the  Calviniftical  form. 
Hence  it  is  that  we  find  the  queen-mother,  when  (he  came  to  be 
regent  of  the  kingdom,  during  the  infancy  of  Charles  IX.  ap- 
pointed Parthenay  gentleman  of  the  chamber  to  the  young 
monarch  in  1561  ;  and  he  was  likewife  created  a  knight  of  the 
order  of  the  Holy  Gho(t.  The  fame  year,  the  prince  of  Conde, 
the  head  of  the  Huguenot  party,  was  alfo  fet  at  liberty :  and,  in 
the  very  beginning  of  the  religious  war,  that  prince,  looking  on 
the  large  city  of  Lyons,  which  had  declared  for  the  Proteft- 
ant  caufe,  as  not  in  fafe  hands  under  the  baron  d'Adrets,  appointed 
Soubife  to  that  important  command  in  1562;  and  he  anfwered 
fully  all  the  expedations  which  the  prince  had  conceived  of  him* 
In  that  place  he  performed  many  brave  aftions,  and  refolutely 
kept  the  city ;  defending  it  efFe<9:uallv  again(t  all.  difficulties 
both  from  force  and  artifice.  The  dulce  of  Nevers  befieged  it 
to  no  purpofe,  and  the  queen-mother  attempted  in  vain  to  over- 
reach him  by  negociations.  He  perfevered  in  maintaining  and 
promoting  the  Proteftant  caufc  with  unabated  ardour  till  his 
death,  in  1566,  when  he  was  about  fifty- four. 

Parthenay,  in  I553>  had  married  Antoinette  Bouchard^  eldeft 
daughter  of  the  houfe  of  Aubetcrre  ;  by  whom  he  had  only  one 
child,  a  daughter:  who  has  more  (triiSly  a  right  to  a  place  in  this 
wbrk  than  her  father,  and  is  the  fubjeft  of  the  enfuing  article. 

PARTHENAY  (Catherine  de),  daughter  and  heirefs  of 
the  preceding,  whofe  courage  and  conftancy  in  the  caufe  of  Cal- 
Vinifm  ibe  likewife  inherited ;  and,  what  is  more  extraordinary, 
this  fortitude  was  joined  to  a  good  fhare  of  wit»  and  no  con* 

temptible 


4$  PARTHENAY. 

tcmptible  turn  for  poetry.  This  appears  from  fome  poem^^ 
which  fhe  publifhed  in  1572,  when  (he  could  not  be  above 
eighteen,  fince  her  father's  marriage  was  in  1553.  She  is  gene- 
rally thought  to  be  the  author  of  an  "  Apology  for  Henry  IV.'* 
which  was  printed  as  her's  in  the  new  edition  of  her  "  Journal 
of  Henry  HI."  D'Aubigny  affures  us,  that  the  king  (hewed  it 
to  him  as  a  piece  w  rittcn  in  her  ftyle.  Bayle  declares,  that  \^ho- 
ever  wrote  it  is  a  pcrfon  of  wit  and  genius.  She  wrote  alfo 
tragedies  and  comedies  ^  and  particularly  the  tragedy  of  ^^  Holo- 
femes,"  which  was  reprefented  on  the  theatre  of  Rochelle  in 
1574.  She  was  married  in  1568,  beino;  only  fourteen,  to 
Charles  de  Quellcnce,  baron  de  Pont,  in  Brittany  ;  who,  upon 
the  marriage,  took  the  name  of  Soubife :  and  under  this  name 
is  mentioned  with  honour  in  the  moft  retnarkable  occurrences 
of  the  civil  wars  of  France.  He  was  taken  prifoner  at  the 
battle  of  Jarnac  in  1569,  arid  made  his  efcape  by  a  very  artful 
ftratagem.  La  Noue  having  been  wounded  the  next  year  at  the 
fiee;e  of  Fontenai-le-Comte,  Sonbife  commanded  in  chief,  and 
took  the  place.  The  fame  year  he  received  two  wounds  at  the 
fiege  of  Saintes.  But  the  moft  furprifing  incident  in  his  life  is, 
that,  not  long  after  this  fiege,  a  fuit  was  commenced  againft  him 
for  impotency,  by  his  mother-in-law  the  famous  Antoinette  Bou- 
chard, already  mentioned,  in  order  to  obtain  a  divorce. 

Bayle,  who  loves  to  expatiate  upon  fuch  fubjedls,  amufes 
himfelf  here  as  ufual ;  and  it  muft  be  acknowledged  that  the 
fubjed  aitorded  him  but  too  fair  an  opportunity.  Under  the 
article  Quellence,  he  takes  it  up  more  ferioufly,  and  very  feverely' 
cenfures  this  proceeding.  This  fuit  was  ftill  depending,  when 
the  baron  fell  a  facrifice  to  his  religion  in  the  general  malTacre 
of  the  Proteftants  at  Paris  on  St.  Bartholomew's  day  157 1. 
This  however  was  dying  in  the  bed  of  honour  ;  and  the  more  fo, 
as  he  was  not  killed  till  after  he  had  fought  for  his  life  like  a 
lion.  He  made  fo  long  a  refiftance,  that  thofe  who  faw  he  did 
not  yield,  till  he  was  pierced  through  like  a  fieve,  gave  this  tef- 
timony  of  him,  "  that  he  was  more  than  man  in  battles,  if  he 
was  lefs  than  fuch  in  the  nuptial  bed.**  What  followed  is  yet 
moft  aftoni(hing.  When  his  body,  thus  butchered,  was,  in  its 
turn,  among  the  reft,  dragged  to  the  gate  of  the  Louvre,  in  pre^ 
fence  of  their  majefties  and  the  whole  court,  feveral  of  the  court-* 
ladies  came  out  of  their  apartments  ;  and,  without  being  fhocked 
at  the  barbarous  fpe6lacle,  gazed  in  the  moft  immodelt  manner 
on  the  naked  bodies.  They  fixed  their  eyes  particularly  on  that 
of  Du  Pont,  and  furveyed  it  with  great  attention,  in  order  to 
difcover,  if  poftible,  the  caufe  or  marks  of  the  defefb  with  which 
he  was  charged.  Very  different  was  the  behaviour  of  his  wife, 
who  had  not  only,  out  of  decency,  declined  the  profecution  inr 
his  lifetime,  but,  after  his  death,  wrote  feveral  <*  Elegies'*  upon 
i  her 


P  A  R  U  T  A.  49 

her  loTs ;  to  which  fbe  added  alfo  fotli^  on  the  death  of  the 
admiral,  and  other  illuftrious  perfonages. 

Having  thus  done  honour  to  the  manes  of  her  firft  hufband, 
{he  entered  into  a  fecond  marriage,  in  1575,  with  Renafus  vif^ 
count  Rohan,  the  fecond  of  that  name  ;  who  leaving  her  a  widow 
in  1586,  though  flie  was  not  yet  above  thirty-two,  (he  refolved 
not  to  engage  in  a  third  match  for  the  fake  of  her  children,  to 
the  care  and  education  of  whom  fhe  applied  her  whole  thoughts ; 
and  her  care  was  crowned  with  all  the  fucccfs  (he  could  promife 
herfelf  from  it. 

Her  elded  fon  was  the  celebrated  duke  de  Rohan,  who  aflerted 
the  Proteftant  caufe  with  fp  much  vigour  during  the  civil  wars, 
in  the  reign  of  Louis  XIII.  Her  fecond  fon  was  duke  de  Sou* 
bife.  She  had  alfo  three  daughters;  Henrietta,  who  died  in 
1629  unmarried ;  and  Catherine,  who  married  a  duke  of  Denx- 
ponts  in  1605.  It  was  this  lady  who  made  the  memorable  reply 
to  Henry  I  v.  when,  attrafted  by  her  beauty,  he  had  declared  a 
violent  paflion  for  her;  •«  I  am  too  poor,  fire,  to  be  your  wife, 
and  too  nobly  borrt  to  be  your  miftrefs."  She  died  in  1607. 
Xhe  fliird  daughter  was  Anne,  who  furvived  all  her  brothers  an(J 
fifters,  and  inherited  both  her  mother's  genius  and  magnanimous 
fpirit.  She  was  never  married >'  and  lived  with  her  mother,  and 
with  her  bore  all  the  calamities  of  the  fiegc  of  Rochelle.  The 
daughter's  refolution  was  worthy  of  renown  ;  but  the  mother*^ 
magnanimity  was  ftill  more  wonderful,  confidcring  how  far  (he 
was  advanced  in  age,  being  then  in  her  feventy-fifth  year. 
Xhey  were  reduced,  for  three  months,  to  the  ncce(Iity  of  living 
upon  horfe-flelh  and  four  ounces  of  bread  a-day.  Yet,  notwith- 
(landing  this  wretched  condition,  (he  wrote  to  her  fon,  "  to  go 
on  as  he  had  begun ;  and  not  let  the  confideration  of  the  extremity, 
to  which  (he  was  reduced,  prevail  upon  him  to  aft  any  thing  to 
the  injury  of  his  party,  how  great  foever  her  fufErings  might 
be.*^  In  (hort,  (he  and  her  daughter  refufed  to  be  included  in 
the  articles  of  capitulation,  and  remained  prifoners  of  war. 
They  were  conveyed  to  thecaftle  of  Niort,  Wov.  2,  1628  ;  and 
Ihedied  in  1631,'aged  77. 

PARUTA  (PAUt),  a  noble  Venetian,  born  in  1540,  made 
;himfelf  di(lingui(hed  by  his  learning  and  (kill  in  affairs  of  the 
Hate,  He  was  at  firft  hiftoriographer  of  the  Republic,  and 
afterward^  rai fed  to  the  very  firft  employs.  He  vvas  nominated 
*o  (everal  emba(fies,  becatnc  governor  of  Brefci^,  and  at  length 
.was  eieded  procurator  of  St.  Mark;  all  which  fituations  he 
-jMted  with  great  abilities  and  probity.  He  died  in  1598.  There 
*re  extant  by  him,  <*  Notes  upon  Tacitus;"  **  Political  Dif- 
courfes;"  "  A  Treatife  of  the  PerfeSion  of  the  Political  l.ife  ;" 
and,  *^  A  Hi  (lory  of  Venice  from  1513  to  1572,  with  the  War 

Vol.  XII.  E  of 


50.  PASCAL. 

of  Cyprus.*'  Philip  Paruta  publiflicd  vaft  coUeftions  on  the 
Medals  of  Sicily,  in  folio,  1612. 

PAS  (Antoine  dh)  marquis  of  Fenquieres,  a  celebrated 
French  officer,  and  author  of  fome  valuable  memoirs,  was  born 
in  1648,  but  did  not  greatly  fignalize  himfelf  by  his  military 
talents  till  he  was  40  years  old.  It  was  then  in  Germany  that 
he  performed  fo  extraordinary  fervices,  at  the  head  of  only  1000 
horfe,  that  in  the  enfuing  year,  1689,  he  was  advanced  to  the 
rank  of  marefchal -de-camp.  He  then  diftinguiflied  himfelf 
greatly  in  Italy,  and  was  promoted  to  be  a  lieutenant-general  in 
1693.  In  this  capacity  he  ferved  till  his  death  in  1711.  Before 
his  death. he  wrote  to  folicit  the  proteftion  of  Louis  XIV.  for 
his  only  fon,  and  was  fuccefsftil  in  his  application.  The  mar- 
quis of  Feuquieres  was  an  excellent  officer,  of  great  theoretical 
knowledge,  but  of  a  fcvere  and  cenforious  turn,  and  rendered 
not  the  lefs  fo  by  being  difappointed  of  the  marefchal's  ftafF*  It 
was  faid  by  the  wits,  "  that  he  was  evidently  the  boldcft  man  in 
Europe,  fince  he  flept  among  100,000  of  his  enemies,"  meaning 
his  foldiers.  His  "  Memoirs,"  are  extant-^in  4to,  and  ip  four 
volumes  i2mo.  They  .contain  the  hiftory  of  the.  generals  of 
Louis  XIV,  and  except  that  the  author  fometimes  mifrepre- 
fems,  for  the  fake  of  cenfuring,  are  efteemed  as  among  the  beft 
books  on  the  art  military.  The  clearnefs  of  the  ftyle,  the 
variety  of  the  faSs,  the  freedom  of  the  reflexions,  and  the  faga- 
city  of  the  obfervations,  render  thefe  Memoits  well  worthy  of 
the  attention,  not  only  of  officers,  but  of  all  enlightened  ftudents 
and  politicians. 

PASCAL  (BtAisiE),  a  French  divine,  and  one  of  the  greateft 
geniufcs  that  the  world  has  produced,  was  born  at  Clermont  in 
Auvergne,  June  19,  i623[y].  His  father,  Stephen  Pafcal,  born  in 
1588,  and  of  an  ancient  family,  was  prefident  of  the  court  of  aids  in 
his  province  :  he  was  a  very  learned  man^an  able  mathematician, 
and  a  friend  of  Des  Cartes.  Having  an  extraordinary  tender- 
nefs  for  this  child^  his  only  fon,' he  quitted  his  office  in  his  pro- 
■\ince,  and  went  and  fettled  at  Paris  in  1631,  that  he  might  be 
quite  at  leifure  for  the  inftruQion  of -him  :  afnd  Blaife  nfever  had 
any  mafter  but  his  fatfier.  FroniHs  infancy  he  gave  proofs  of 
.a  very  extraordinary  capacity,  for  he  defired  to  know  the  reafon 
of  every  xhi&g  f.  and  when^  g^^d  reafons  were  not  given  him, 
he  U:ould  feek  foi^  better :  rior  would  he  ever  yield  his  affent,  bilt 
upon  fuch'as  appeared  to  him  well  grounded;  There  was  room 
to  fear,  that  with  fuch  a  caft  of  mind  he  would  fall'into  free^ 
thinking,  or  at  leaft  into  heterodoxy;  yet- he  was  always  very 
far  frotn  any  thing  of  this  nattire.  ilis  fifterj  madam  Perier, 
relates,  that  he  was  not  only  free  from  all  the  vices  of  youth, 

rV]  Vie  de  M.  Pafcal,  par  M.  Pcrier  fa  Sccur.  Baykr's  Di^V  M  stfJ.  Fafcal.  JSalllet 
Jugcmens,  &c.  torn.  vi.  '  •  ' 

but. 


PASCAL.  51 

but,  what  is  more  ftrange  in  one  oT  his  genius  and  charaSer,  was 
never  inclined  tp  libertinifm  in  religion,  but  always  confined  htS 
curiofity  to  things  natural.  The  reafon  of  it,  (he  adds  froni  his 
own  information,  was,  that  *'  his  father,  having  himfelf  a  great 
reverence  for  religion,  had  infpired  it  into  him  in  his  infancy  ; 
and  given  him  this  for  a  maxim,  that  every  thing  which  is  the 
obje£l  of  faith  cannot  be  tlie  objed  of  reafon,  and  much  lefs 
fubjed  to  it.  And  hence  it  was,  that  he  never  was  moved  by 
the  difcourfes  of  free-thinkers ;  whom  he  looked  on  as  a  fort^f 
people,  who  knew  not  the  nature  of  faith,  but  were  poffefled  of 
this  falfe  principle,  that  human  reafon  was  above  all  things." 

What  is  told  of  his  manner  of  learning  the  mathematics,  as 
well  as  the  progrefs  he  quickly  made  in  that  fcience,  feemt 
almoft  miraculous.     His  father,  perceiving  in  him  an  extraor- 
dinary inclination  to  reafoning,  was  afraid  that  the  knowledge 
of  the   mathematics  would  hinder  his  learning  the  languagesw 
He  kept  him,  therefore,  as  much  as  he  could,  from  all  notions 
of  geometry  ;  locked  up  all  his  books  of  that  kind  ;  and  refrained 
even  from  fpeaking  of  it  in  his  prefence.     He  could  not  however 
make  his  fv>n  refrain  from  mufing  upon  proportions ;  and  one 
day  furprifed  him  at  work,  with  charcoal  upon  his  chamber- 
floor,  and  in  the  midft  of  figures,  he  afked  him,  "  what  he  wa5 
doing?"  **  I  am  fearching,"  fays  Pafcal,   "  for  Aich  a  thing;" 
which  was  juft  the  32d  propofition  of  the  firft  book  of  £uclidi 
He  aflced  him  then,  "  how  he  came  to  think  of  this  V  "  It  was," 
fays  Pafcal,.  "  becaufe  I  found  out  fuch  another  thing:"  and  fo 
going  backward,  and  nfing  the  names  of  **  bar"  and  "  round," 
he  came  at  length  to  the  definitions  and  axioms  he  had  formed 
to  himft;lf.     Does  it  not  feem   miraculous,  that  a  boy  ihould 
work  his  way  into  the  heart  of  a  mathemaiical  book,  without 
ever  having  feen  that  or  any  other  book  upon  the  fubj  £1,  or 
knowing  any  thing  of  the  terms?     Yet  we  are  alFured  of  the, 
truth  of  this  hy  madam  Perier,  and  feveral  other  writers,  the 
credit  of  whofe  Veliimony  cannot  reafonably  be  queftioned.     He 
had,   from  henceforward,  full  liberty  to  indulge  his  genius  in 
mathematical   purfuits.     He  underftood  Eticlid*s . Elements^    as 
foon  as  he  caft  his  eyts  upon  them:  and  this  was  not  ftfangc ; 
for,  as  w^e  have  feen,  he  had  gone  exadtly  in  the  fame  palh 
before.     At  fixteen,  he  wrote  a  **  Treatifc  of  Gonic  Sedlioins," 
which   was  accounted  by  the.  mod  lear.ned  a  mighty  effort  of 
eenius :  and  therefore  it  is  no  wonder,  that  Dcs  Cartes,  who  had 
been  \\\  Holland  a  long, time,  (hould,  upon.rjeading  it,  chooft  to 
believe,  that  Mr.  Pafcal,  the  father,  was  the  real  author  of  it. 
At  nineteen,  be  contrived  an  admiraWe  ;ari|thmetical  machine, 
which   was  efteemcd  a  very  wonderful  thipg:  and  at  twenty- 
three,  having  feen, the Torri.cellian  expejime^t,  he^Veoted ^and 
tried  a  great  number  of  other  new  experimejfifs.    '. 


52  f  A  5  C  A  L. 

After  he  had  laboured  abundantly  in  mathematical  and  philo- 
fophical  difquilitions,  he  forfook  thofe  (Indies,,  and  all  human 
learning)  at  once;  and  determined  to  know  nothing  for  the 
future,  but  Jefus  Chrift,  and  him  crucified.  .  He  was  not  twenty- 
four,  when  the  reading  of  fome  pious  books  had  put  him  upon 
taking  this  holy  refolution:  and  he  became  as  great  a  devotee  as 
any  age  has  produced.     Bayle  fays,  that  "  the  extraordinary 
devotion  of  fo  excellent  a  mathematician,  and  fo  great  a  philo- 
fopher,  may  ferve  to  refute  the  libertines,  who  cannot  now  tell 
us,  that  none  but  fmall  wits  have  any  piety.     He  owns,,  that  it 
is  indeed  rare  to  fee  great  devotion  in  fuchperfons;  and  he 
thinks  we  may  fay  in  this  cafe,  what  the  abbot  Furetiere  faid  of 
Uttornies,  viz.  There  are  fome  faints  who  have  been  advocates, 
bailiffs,  nay  even  phyficians  and  comedians:  and  there  is  no 
profeflion,   but  what  hath  produced  faints,  except  that  of  an 
attorney."    Pafcal  now  gave  himfelf  up  entirely  to  a  (late  of 
prayer  and  mortification :  he  had  always  in  his  thoughts  thefe 
great  maxims,  of  renouncing  all  pleafure,  and  all  fuperfluity; 
and  this  he  praftifed  with  rigour  even  in  his  illnefTes,  to  which 
he  was  frequently  fubjeS,   being  of  a   very  infirm  habit  of 
body.     When  ficknefs  obliged  him  to  feed  fomewhat  delitately, 
he   took  great  care  not  to  reli(h  or  tafte  what  he  eat.     He 
had  no  violent  afFeSion  for  thofe  he   loved;   he  thought   it 
finful,  (ince  a  man  poffcfles  a  heart  which  belongs  only  to  God. 
He  found  fault  with  fome  difcourfes  of  his' fitter,  which  fht 
thought  very  innocent ;  as,  if  (he  had  faid  upon  occafion  that 
ihe  had  feen  a  beautiful  woman,  he  would  be  angry,  and  tell 
her,  that  (he  might  raife  bad  thoughts  in  footmen  and  young 
people.     He  frequently  wore  an  iron  girdle  full  of  points  next 
to  his  (kin,  and  when  any  vain  thought  came  into  his  head,  or 
when  he  took  particular  pleafure  in  any  thing,  he  gave  himfelf 
fome  blows  with  his  elbow,  to  redouble  the  prickings,  and  to 
recall  himfelf  to  his  duty.     In  the  four  laft  years  of  his  life,  his 
chief  diverfion  was  to  go  and  vifit  the  churche?,  where  fome 
reliques  were  expofed,  or  fome  folemnity  obferved;  and  be- 
<taufe  he  did  this  with  much  devotion  and  fimplicity,  a  certain 
very  virtuous  perfon  took  occafion  to  obferve,  that  "  the  grace  of 
God  difcovers  itfelf  in  great  geniufcs  by  little  things,  and  in 
common  ones  by  gr«at  things."     His  humilitywas  fuch,  that 
lie  would  not  funer  any  one  to  wait  on  him;  and  the  curate  of 
St.  Stephen  du  Mont,  who  faw  him  in  his  laft  ficknefs,  very 
frequently  faid,  ^*  He  is  a  chHdi  he  is  humble,  he  fubmits  like 
a  little  child." 

.  Though  Pafcal  had  thus  abttraSed  himfelf  from  the  world, 
yeit  he  could  not  forbear  paying  fome  attention  to  what  was  doing 
In  it ;  and  he- even  intereftfed  himfelf  in  .the  conteft  between  the 
Jefuits  and  the  Janfeniftsr    The  Jefuits,  though  they  had  the 


PAS  C At.  S^ 

popes  and  kings  on  their  fide,- were  yet  decried  by  the  people  | 
who  brought  up  afre(h  againft  them  the  alTadination  of  Henrf 
the  Great,  and  all  the  old  (lories  that  were  likely  to  make  theih 
odious.  Pafcal  went  farther  ;  and  by  his  **  Provincial  Letters/' 
publifhed  in  16561  under  the  name  of  Louis  de  iVIontaltey  madf 
them  the  fubjeft  of  ridicule.  "  Thefe  letters,"  fays  Voltaire  [z]^ 
**  may  be  confidered  as  a  model  of  eloquence  and  humour* 
The  bed  comedies  of  Moliere  have  pot  more  wit,  than  the  firft 
part  of  thefe  letters ;  and  the  fublimity  of  the  latter  part  pf  them 
is  equal  to  any  thing,  in  BoiTuet.  It  is  true,  indeed,  that  th<$ 
whole  book  was  built  upon  a  falfe  foundation;  for  theeKtrai» 
vagant  notions  of  a  few  Spahifh  and  Flemi()i  Jefuits  were  art^ 
fully  afcribed  to  the  whole  fociety.  Many  abfurdities  might 
likewife  have  been  difcovered  among  the  Dominican  and  Frao^ 
cifcan  cafuiils ;  but  this  would  not  have  anfwered  the  purpoie, 
for  the  whole  raillery  was  to  be  levelled  only  at  the  Jeluits* 
Thefe  letters  were  intended  to  prove,  that  the  Jefuits  had  formed 
a  defign  to  corrupt  mankind  ;  a  deiign,  which  no  (e<6l  or  fociety 
ever  had,  or  can  have."  Here,  however,  Voltaire  is  not  altoi- 
gather  correft;  for  the  Jefuits  cited  by  Pafcal,  were  confidered 
as  oracles  by  their  order;  and  the  whole  fociety  always  aded  fi> 
-fydematically  as  a  body,  that  the  dodrines  of  one  may  be  imf^ 
puted  to  the  reil,  more  fairly  than  in  any  other  clafs  of  men* 
Voltaire  calls  Pafcal  «.*  the  ifirft  of  their  fatirifts;  for  Pefpreaux,'V 
fays  he,  *^  mud  be  confidered  as  only  the  fei^ond."  In  anotlisf' 
place,  fpeaking  of  this  work  of  Pafcal,  he  fays,  that  "  exami- 
pies  of  all  the  various  fpecies  of  eloquence  are  to  be  found  ill 
It.  Though  it  has  been  now  written  almoft  an  hundred  years, 
yet  not  a  fingle  word  occurs  in  it,  favouring  of  that  viciifitude 
to  which  living  languages  are  fo  fubjedl.  Here  then  we  arc  to 
fix  the  epocha,  when  our  language  may  be  faid  to  have  aflumed 
a  fettled  form.  The  bifhop  of  Lucon,  fon  of  the  celebrated 
Bufly,  told  me,  that  aflcing  one  day  the  biftiop  of  Meaux,  whaH 
work  he  would  covet  mod  to  be  the  author  of,  fuppofing  his  own 
performances  fet  afide  ?  Bofliiet  replied,  The  Provincial  Letters.*'' 
Thefe  '*  Letters"  have  been  tranflated  into  all  languages,  and 
printed  over  and  over  agaiii%  Some  have  faid,  that  there  were 
decrees  of  formal  condemnation  againfl  them;  and  alfo,  that 
Pafcal  himfelf,  in  his  lad  iltnefs,  deteded  i:hem,  and  repented 
of  having  been  a  Janfenid:  but  both  thefe  particulars  are  falfe, 
and  without  foundation.  Father  Daniel  was  fuppofed  to  be  the 
anonymous  author  of  a  piece  againd  them,  entitled,  **  The 
Dialogues  of  Cleander  and  Eudoxus/* 

Pafcal  died  at  Paris,  Aug,  191  l662,aged  39.  He  had  been  fome 
time  engaged  in  a  work  againd  Atheids  and  Infiddsj  but  did 

It]  S^«lc  MUhm  XIV,  too,  11  €•  33, 

£3  not 


j4  P  A  S  O  R. 

not  live  long  enough  to  digeft  the  materials  he  had  collcfted. 
What  was  found  among  his  papers,'  was  publifhed  under  the 
title  of  "  Penfees,  &c.  or,  Thoughts  upon  Religion  and  other 
Subje£ls;"  and  has  been  much  admired.  After  his  death,  ap- 
^ared  alfo  two  other  little  trads:  one  of  which  is,  "  The  jEqui- 
librium  of  Fluids;*'  the  other,  "  The  Weight  of  the  Mafs  of 
Air,"  We  prefume,  there  is  no  occafion  to  obferve,  that  he  was 
never  married:  he  could  fcarcely  avoid  thinking,  upon  his  prin- 
ciples, that  the  fort  of  gratifications  which  the  matrimonial  ftate 
admits,  muft  have  fomething  in  them  of  the  nature  of  fin  ;  or,  if 
not  finful,  at  leaft  inconfiftent  with,  and  much  below,  Chriftian 
perfeftion.  To  err  on  the  fide  of  rigour,  is  not  the  iifiul  fault 
of  genius:  but  Pafcal  was  in  all  refpefts  fingular,  and  differed, 
not  only  from  ordinary  men,  but  from  other  men  of  genius. 
With  every  deduftion  that  can  be  made  for  a  few  errors  arifing 
out  of  his  education,  Pafcal  was  undoubtedly  one  of  the  orna- 
ments of  human  nature;  and  if  a  few  have  rivalled  him  in 
talents,  no  man  of  equal  eminence  perhaps  can  be  found,  who 
lived  to  innocently  as  Pafcal. 

PASOR  (Matthias!, the  fon  of  George  PaforfA],  a  learned 
profeffor  of  divinity  and  Hebrew  in  the  academy  of  Herborne  [b], 
by  Apollorvia  his  wife,  daughter  of  Peter  Hendfchius,  a  fenator 
of  that  place,  was  born  there  April  12, 1 599;  and,beingachildof 
great  hopes,  wa&inftruded  in  the  elements  of  Greek  and  Latin 
there,  when  the  plague  breaking  out,  he  was  fent  to  Marpurg  in 
•16 14.  Here  he  palfed  his  time  very  difagrceably ;  t)eing  Jhunned 
as  an  infexSious  perfon  by  the  profefl<:)rs,  and  infulted  by  fon^e  of 
the  lludents,  who  even  proceeded  to  beat  him,  in  revenge  for  the 
pretended  feverity  (hewn  them  by  his  father,  while  he  was  head 
fchoolmafter  at  Herborne.  This  treatment  forced  him  to  leave 
Marpurg;  and,  the  following  year  he  returned  to  Herborne, 
where  he  applied  himfelf  clofely  to  his  ftudies.  In  1616,  he 
vras  fent  to  Heidelberg;  and,  meeting  there  with  (kilful  profef- 
fors,  he  made  fuch  improvement,  that  he  was  entertained  as  a 
tutor,  where  he  taught  in  private  lx)th  mathematics  and  Hebrew. 
He  was  honoured  alfo*  with  the  degree  of  M.  A.  by  the  univerfity, 
and  appoitifed  mathematical 'pvofelTor  in  April,  1620;  but,  the 
Palatinate  being  invaded  not  4ong  aiter,  he  was  forced  to  fly  for 
a  while.  As  foon,  however,  as  the  'dorm  abated,  he  returned 
to  the  duties  of  hiSipoft,  an<i  fuflFered  all  the  inconveniences  and 
dangers  that  can  be  imagined  before  he  quitted  it;  which  was 
not  till  it  was.  inverted  by  the  duke  of  Bavaria's  troops,  in  Sept. 
1622,  when  he  was  not  only  ejedcd,  but  loft  his  books  and 

[a]  Bayle,  Wood,  from, the  authorJs,    ifeveral" books;  among  which- arc,  "  Lejt^ 
e,  wr'ittfcii  by  himfelf.  "        •  •■     *   •      icon  et'Grammatica  Grseca  N.  Tcftsm.  j*' 

[b]  He  lived  nineteen  years  at  Her-  rcvifed  by  his  fon :  **  Oratio  funcbris  Pif^ 
borne,  whence  he  rein^vei  10  Pittheker,  Gatotit^**  ♦^^Apalyfis  Hefiodi  j"  '*  Coi- 
where  he  died  in  i6t7.      He  publifhed    Jegium  Haliodeum,  &c.** 

•  ^  ^  MSS. 


[a; 


PA  S  QJU  I E  R.  SS^ 

ilSS.  In  0<2obcr  he  returned,  through  many  difficulties^  to  his 
parents  at  Herborne,  where  he  found  a  comfortable  emplqyment 
in  the  academy  till  1629;  and  then,  going  to  Leyden,  condantly^ 
attended  the  leftures  of  the  moft  eminent  Dutch  divines ;  ana 
had  conferences  with  Erpenius  upon  the  Arabic  tongue,  and 
with  Sneliius  upon  divinity. 

After  a  few  weeks  ftay  at  this  univerfity,  he  crofTed  the  water 
to  England;  and,  bringing  proper  teftimonials  with  him  to 
Oxford,  was  incorporated  M.  A.  there,  in  June,  1624.  He 
began  to  teach  Hebrew  and  the  mathematics  privatdy,  but  at 
the  end  of  the  year  took  a  tour  into  France  with  fome  gentle- 
men of  Germany;  and  fpending  the  winter. at  Paris,  attended 
the  ledures  of  Gabriel  Sionita,  regius  profefTor  of  Syriac  and 
Arabic:  who,  having  left  off  rCfkding  in  public  fome  years  for 
want  of  auditors,  was  prevailed  upon  by  rafor  to  fefume  thoH; 
cxercifesi  not  indeed  in  the  royal  college,  but  in  his  own  houfe; 
Having  much  improved  himfelf  under  this  excellent  mafter,  h« 
returned  to  Oxford  in  1625,  and  had  chambers  in  Exeter-college; 
choofing  to  refide  there,  notwithftanding  the  plague  had  difperfed 
the  ftudents,  rather  than  go  to  Ireland  with  Ulher,  archbifliop 
of  Armagh,  who  offered  him  his  table  and  a  handfome  penfion. 
As  foon  as  the  infedlion  ceafcd,  he  had  fome  pupils,  either  in 
divinity  or  the  Oriental  tongues ;  and,  upon  his  petition,  was 
?pp6inted  to  read  publicleftures  in  Arabic,  Chaldee,  and  Syriac^ 
twice  a  week  in  term  time,  in  the  divinity-fchool,  for  which  he 
was  handfomely  rewarded.      Jie  entered  upon  this  temporary 

frofefforlhip  in  OS.  1626;  and  exercifed  it  till  1629,  when  ^ 
e  accepted  an  invitation  to  be  profeflTor  of  moral  philofophy 
^t  Groningen,  which  he  commenced  in  Auguft  the  fame 
year.  Upon  the  death  of  Muller,  the  mathematical  pro- 
feflTor, fix  years  after,  Pafor  fucceeded  to  that  chair;  and,  in 
1645,  was  raifed  to  that  of  divinity,  of  which  faculty  he  was 
then  created  doflor.  On  this  occafion  he  refigned  his  mathema- 
tical profeflbrrtiip,  but  kept  that  of  moral  philofophy.  Att 
thefe  favours  induced  him  to  remain  at  Groningen.  In  1653, 
Jic  made  a  vifit  to  Naflau,  his  native  cofintry;  and>  going  a$ 
far  as  Heidelberg^  was  entertained  with  great  civility  by  the 
Eledor  Palatine.  He  died  in  Jan.  1658,  at  Groningen,  having 
never  been  married.  .   ^  i  - . 

He  publifhed  no  books,  for  whi.ch  he  gave^two  admirable 
i:eafons:.  firft,^  "  Becaufe  he  was  not  wiUlVig  th^t  youth  (hould 
be  diverted  from  reading  the  good  books  already  pnbhfhed  ;"'and 
fecondly,  "  Becaufe  he  did  not  care  that  the  book  fellers  (hould 
u(k  their  money."  •       '.    .    x»  ■    -^ 

PASQUIER,  or  PAQyiERXS.xEPaEN},  alpamed  French- 
man,  was  born  in  152^8  at  Paris;  of  wfijcrt' city  he/was^  an 
%civ9:ate  in  pariiatiient^  afterwards  a^  counC^ltor^'and'  at  lafi  ad- 

X'.A:  *  \.   't  ^  '  '  locate-. 


|«  PASQUIER. 

vocate^'geftertl  in  the  chamber  of  accounts.  He  pleaded  many 
years  ^iih  vefy  great  fuccefs  before  the  parliament,  where  he 
V9S  almoft  cohftantly  retained  in  the  moit  curious,  difficnh,  and 
delicate  caufes,  and  where  he  was  every  day  confuhed  as  an 
oracle.  He  did  not,  however,  confine  his  ftudies  to  the  law ; 
but  looked  occaiionally  into  other  parts  of  learning,  and  trea- 
fured  up  a  thoufand  curious  matters  in  the  literary  way.  ^  Henry 
Hi.  gave  him  the  pod  of  advocate  of  the  chamber  of  accounts, 
which  he  filled  with  his  ufual  reputation,  and  refiened  it  fome 
time^-after  to  Theodore  Paquier,  his  eldcft  fon.  He  was  natu- 
rally beneficent  and  generous;  agreeable  and  eafy  in  converfa- 
tion ;  his  manher  fweet,  and  his  temper  pleafant.  His  life  was 
proloilgcd  to  the  age  of  eighty-feven ;  when  feeling  the  laft  ftroke 
of  death,  heclefed  his  own' eyes,  Aug.  31,  1615.  He  died  at 
Paris,  and  was  interred  there  in  the  church  of  St.  Severin. 

As  to  the  reft  of  his  charafter,  he  was  pcrfedly  acquainted 
whh  ancient  hidory^  and  efpecially  that  of  France^  as  appears 
from  his  writings.  But  in  one  of  thefe,  entitled,  **  Les  Re- 
cherches,"  having  fallen  unmercifully  upon  the  Jefuits,  he  was 
attacked  by  father  Garafle  in  a  work  written  exprefsly  a^ainft 
it.  The  truth  is,  Paquier's  animofity  to  that  order  had  infhgated 
him  to  adopt  any  (lory,  though  ever  fo  improbable,  which  he  beard 
of  them  from  their  bittcreft  enemies.  All  his  works,  however, 
abound  with  genius  and  Attic  fait,  and  are  full  of  graces  and 
urbanity,  ftri<?lly  To  called:  and,  what  is  moft  extraordinary, 
he  appears  to  have  been  formed  by  nature  equally  for  a  poet  and 
a  lawyer.  His  works  were  printed  together  at  Trevoux,  and 
Contam  his  **  RecherchesV  of  which  he  publiflied  the  firft 
bpok  in  1560,  and  alfo  fix  more  before  his  death  in  1621 ;  three 
licw  books  were  taken  out  of  his  library,  with  feveral  chapters, 
which  were  added  to  the  preceding  books.  They  paifed  through 
many  editions,  the  laft  of  which  came  out  in  1665.  2.  ffis 
V  Letters,"  thebeft  edition  of  which  is  that  at  Paris  in  1619, 
in  5  vols.  8vo.  3.  His  "  Poems,"  confifting  of  one  book, 
**  Of  Portraits i"  fix  books  of  '*  Epigrams;''  and  a  book  of 
**  Epitaphs."  But  in  this  colleflion  is  wanting,  his  **  Catechifm 
of  the  Jefuits;"  inftead  of  which  is  inferted,  the  letters  above- 
mentioned  of  his  fon  Nicolas,  Among  his  pieces  in  verfe,  his 
Flea,  **  La  Puce,"  is  the  moft  remarkable.  Jt  is  entitled, 
**  La  Puce  des  grands  tours  de  Poitiers,"  The  Flea  of  the  general 
feflion  of  Poitiers.,  It  contains  feveral  poems  upon  the  famous 
flea,  which  Paquier  fpied  on  the  breaft  of  the  Icjirni^d  Catharine 
de  Roches,  in  a  vifit  to  her  on  the  extraordinary  feflions  at 
Poitiers  in  1569. 

Paquier  left  three  fons  worthy  of  bearing  his  name,  Th^ 
eldefi,  Theodore,  was  advocate-general  in  the  chamber  of  ac- 
counts. Nicolas,  mafter  of  requefts,,whofe  "  Letters'*  were 
printed  in  1623,  at  PariS|  containing  feveral  (lifcourfes  upon 


PASSERAT.  57 

the  occurrences  in  France  in  the  time  of  Henry  IV.  and  Lwit 
XIIL'  and  Guy,  who  was  auditor  of  the  accounts. 

PASSERAT  (John),  a  celebrated  profeflbr  of  eloquence  l^ 
the  Royal  College  at  Parish  and  one  of  the  poUteft  wrkers  of  hit 
time,  was  born  in  1534,  at  Troyes  in  Champagne.  His  father 
put  him  to  fchool  under  fo  fevere  a  m^fter,  that  the  boy  ran 
from  him,  and  entered  firft  into  the  fervice  of  a  farrier^  and 
afterwards  waited  upon  a  monk :  but,  growing  in  tinie  faga« 
clous  enough  to  fee  his  folly,  he  returned  to  his  father,  and  pro- 
ceeded in  his  ftudies  with  fo  much  diligence,  that  he  became  in  a 
ftioit  time  able  to  teach  in  public.  In  that  capacity,  his  firft 
poft  was  mafter  of  the  fecond  clafs  in  the  college  of  Du  Pleflis, 
from  which  he  removed  to  that  of  cardinal  Le  Moine:  but^ 
being  obliged  to  retire  for  fome  time  from  Paris,  on  account  of 
the  plague,  on  his  return  he  engaged  in  the  bufinefs  of  teaching 
Latin.  At  length  he  took  up  a  refolution  to  ftudy  the  law;  for 
which  purpofe  he  went  to  Bourges,  and  fpent  three  years  under 
Cujacius;  but  at  laft  became  profeflbr  of  eloquence,  having 
obtained  that  chair  in  1572,  on  the  vacancy  which  happened  by 
the  affaflination  of  Ramus.  In  the  difchargo  of  this  poft  he 
grew  fo  eminent,  that  the  moft  learned  men  of  the  time,  zni 
the  counfellors  of  the  fupretne  courts  at  Paris,  went  to  hear  his 
lectures.  He  was  an  indefatigable  ftudent,  p^fling  frequently 
whole  days  without  taking  any  food ;  yet  to  an  extraordinary 
erudition  he  joined  an  uncommon  politenefs  of  manners,  having 
nothing  of  the  mere  fcholar,  except  the  gown  and  hood.  Thcfc 
accompli ftiments  brought  him  acquainted  with  all  the  people  of 
quality  ;  but  he  contraSed  an  intimacy  only  with  M.  de  Mefmes, 
in  whole  houfe  he  lived  for  thirty  years,  till  his  death,  which 
was  occaiioned  by  a  paify,  in  1602. 

He  was  highly  efteemed  by  Ronfard,  Belleau,  and  Baif ;  Des 
Portes  wrote  a  fonnet  in  honour  of  himj  Palferat  ufed  to  fay, 
that  "  he  preferred  Ronfard's  verfesMade  for  the  chancellor 
THopital  to  the  whole  dutchy  of  Milan."  He  wrote  Latin 
verfes  very  well.  That  age  produced  nothing  more  pure  and 
natural.  They  are  alfo  full  of  erudition,  and  have  a  politenefs 
which  diftinguiflies  them  from  the  produftions  of  ordinary  poets ; 
but  at  the  fame  time  they  have  nothing  of  the  divine  nre  of 
enthufiafm,  which  ravilhes  the  reader  of  tafte.  His  chief  workj^ 
are,  i.  "  Chant  d'allcgrefle  pour  Tentree  de  Charles  IX.  en  fa 
ville  de  Troyes."  2.  **  Complainte  fur  la  mort  d'Adrien  Tur- 
nebe."  3.  "  Sonnets  fur  le  tombeau  du  Seigneur  de  la  Chatre." 
4.  "  Hymne  de  la  paix."  5.  "  Recueildes  poefies,  Fran^oifea 
et  Latines."  6.  "  Orationes  et  prsefationes."  7.  "  Conjee- 
tuarum  liber."  8,  •*  De  literarum  inter  fe  cognatione  et  per- 
tnutatione."  9.  <'  Commentarii  in  Catullum,  TibuUum  et 
Projpcrtium."     xo.  "  Kaltndse  Januarjae.*'     ii,  M  Oratio  dc 

Paecitatc." 


5»:  PASSERI. 

Caecitate."  .\t!l.  "  Notjc  in  Petronri  Arbitri  fatyricoa."  i$^ 
**  Encomium  Afini."  Befides  which,  Graevius  tells  us,  that  het 
b^d  met  with  ^ademic^l  quedions  by  PafTerat  in  maoulcripr 
upon  fome  jnf  Cicero's  orations  [c},  out  of  which  he  took 
i^hat  )vas  for  .his  purpofe  in.illuftrating  that  author;  and  Pithoa 
faid,-tkat  Paflerat  knew  nothing  elfe  but  Cicero. 

PASSERI  (Giovanni  Battista),  a  painter  and  a  poet,  of 
no  great  merit  in  either  line,  died  at  Rome  in  1679,  at  the  age- 
of  about  fevcnty.  The  work  which  is  mod  likely  to  preferve- 
bis  name  is  hi.s  "Xives  of  the  Painters,  Sculptors,  and  Archi- 
teAs,  who  flouriflied  at  Rome  in  his  own  time."  This  book  is 
full  of  curious  and  intereding  anecdotes,  and  was  publiihed  in 
Italian  at  Rome  in  1772.  Though  no  great  painter,  he  was  a 
difciple  of  the.  famous  Dominichino,  aiid  though  his  fonnets 
were  bad,  one  of  them  is  faid  very  materially  to  have  promoted 
his  fortune. 

PASSERI  (Giuseppe),  nephew  of  the  former,  was  born.at 
Rome  in  1654,  and  was  at  firlt  a  pupil  of  his  uncle,  but,  foon. 
difcovering  the  inability  of  that  teacher,  became  the  difciple  of 
Carlo  Maratti.  Under  fuch  a  matter  he  made  great  progrefs^. 
and  bccanw  fa^mous,  •  His  ftyle  of  compofition  was  grand,  his 
colouring  like  that  of  his  mafter  Maratti,  his  invention  fruitful^ 
and  his  expreffion  natural  and  agreeable.  He  painted  hiftory^. 
but  fucceeded  alfo  very  greatly  in  portraits.     He  died  in  17 14. 

PASSERI  (Giov.  Battista),  a  learned  Italian  antiquary. 
and  philologer,'  was  born  at  Gubio  in  the  dutchy  of  Urbino,  in 
Nov.  1694.  His  father,  who  was  a  phyfician  at  Todi,  defigned 
him  for  the  ftudy  of  the  law^  which  accordingly  he  followed^, 
but  purfued  with  it  that  of  antiquities,  for  which  he  had  a  ftrong 
genius.  After  refiding  four  years  at  Rome,  he  returned  to  Todi, 
and  began  to  coUeft  the  antiquities  of  that  city  and  its  environs. 
In  X7'26,  he  turned  his  attention  chiefly  to  the  Etrufcan  antiqui-r 
ties,. and  colledlcd  a  v|fl|number  of  lamps,  which  he  arranged* 
iii-clafles.  Having  lofnTls  wife  in  1738,  after  tw^elve  years  of 
happy  union,  he  became  ap  ecclefiaftic,  and  was  ^poftolic  pro-, 
thonotary,  and  vicar-general  of  Pefara.  In  February,  1780,  hcj 
Was  overturned  in  his  carriage,  and  died  in  confequence  of  the- 
fall.  .His  works  are,  i.  "  Lucernae  fidiles  Mufei  Paflrerii,".a 
fplcndid  book  in  3  vols,  folio.  He  had  drawn  up  a  fourth,  ori, 
the  lamps  of  the  Chriftians,  but  this  has  not  been  publifhtd- 
Thefe  came  out  in. 1739,  1743,  and  1751.  2.  "  Lettere  Ron- 
cagliefi ;"  Letters  from  his  villa  at  Roncaglia,  on  Etrufcan  anti^ 
ijuilies,  1739.  There  were  feventeen  letters,  and  a  continuatiorj 
was  afterwards  publiihed.  3.  "  In  Thoraae.  D^mpfteri  Libros 
de  Etruria  regali  Paraiipomena,  quibus  tabuice  eidem  operi  addita^ 

,      .-  [c]  Niccron.  Morcri.  I*'Advo«it. 

■[    ,  .  illultraritur. 


PASSION  EX  59 

iUuftmntur.    Accedunt  diflertatio  de  re  numaria  Etriifi^onim; 

de  nominibus  Etrufcorum ;  et  notas  in  tabulas  Eugdbinas,  audor* 
1  Eaptifta  Paflerio,"  folio  Lucac^  i?^?..  4.  "  Piftur^  EtruC 
corum  in  vafculis,  nunc  primum  in  un^m  coUedae,  explica« 
tionibws  ct  differtationibus  ilkiftratai,"  Ronvx,  1767,  3vpJs.  folio. 
5.  Many  learned  diflertatioos  publiChed  in  feveral  cotledions; 
as,  for  example^  five  in  the  third- volume  of  Gofi's  Mufeiun 
Etrufcum ;  De  Genio  domedico,  de  Ara  fepulchrali,  de  func- 
ribiis  Etrufcorum,  de  Vclciorum  familia,  de  Architeduxa  £l;ru(ca« 
Thcfe  are  all  full  of  the  moft  recondite  learning.  For  a  fuller 
account  of  thefe  fmailer  works,  fee  Saxius's  Onomadicon,  vot 
vi.  p.  «;;64. 

PASSIONEr(DoMiNico),an  Italian  cardinal,  famous  rather 
as  a  patron  of  letters,  than  as  a  writer,  and  employed  by  the 
iec  of  Rome  in  many  important  negotiations;  was  born  at 
Foflbmbrone  in  the  dutchy  of  Urbino,  in  1682.  Paffionei 
ftudied  in  the  Clementine  college  at  Rome,  where  he  afterwards 
formed  that  vaft  library  and  curious  coUedkion  of  manufcripts, 
from  which  the  learned  world  has  derived  fo  much  advantage* 
In  1706,  he  attended  the  nuncio  Gualterio,  his  relation,  to 
Paris,  where  he  formed  an  intimacy  with  the  moft  learned  men 
of  the  time,,  and  examined  every  thing  that  deferved  attention. 
He  was  particularly  intimate  with  Mabillon,  and  Montfaucon. 
In  1708  he  went  into  Holland,  at  firft  for  the  fake  of  literary 
enquiries,  but  afterwards  as  a  kind  of  fecret  .agent  for  the  pope 
at  the  Hague,  where  he  refided  four  years,  and  attended  the  con* 
grefs  at  Utrecht  in  171 2.  On  his  return  to  Rome,  he  paiTed 
through  Paris,  where  he  was  moft  gracioufly  and  honourably 
received  by  Louis  XIV,  who  gave  him  his  portrait  fet  with  dia* 
monds.  He  then  proceeded  to  Turin  to  accommodate  fome 
differences  between  the  pope  and  the  duke  of  Savoy,  and  upon 
his  return  to  Rome  was  declared  prefident  of  the  apoftolic  chanK 
ber.  In  th?  two  congreffes,  at  Bale  in  1 7 14,  and  at  Soleure  in 
17 J 5,  he  was  again  employed,  and  ftrongly  evinced  his  zeal, 
talents,  -a£iivity,  prudence,  and  other  qualitiies  of  a  great  ne- 
gotiator. H\s  account  of  this  embalfy  was  publiihed  in  1738, 
in  folio,  under  the  title  of  **  Adla  Legationis  Helveticae,"  which 
may  be  confidered  as  a  model  of  condud  for  perfons  employed 
in  fuch  fervices.  Upon  the  acceflion  of  Clement  XII.  he  was 
fent  as»nur\cio  to  the  court  of  Vienna,  where  he  pronounced  the 
funeral  oration  of  prince  Eugene.  In  the  pontificate  of  Inno- 
cent XIII.  which  lafted  from  1721  to  1724,  PalTionei  had  been 
made  archbiftiop  of  Ephefus;  he  continued  in  favour  with  the 
^(ucceflbrs  of  that  pope,  Benedict  XIII.  and  Clement  XII.  the 
Utter  of  whom,  in  1738,  rai fed  him  to  the  dignity  of  cardinal, ' 
Ijaving  at  the  fame  time  made  him  fecretary  of  the  briefs.  Be- 
nedift  XIV.  in  1755  made  him  librarian  of  the  Vatican,  which 

he 


^«  PATERCUHTS.* 

he  eftf  kh«d  by  many  important  acceffibns,  and  in  the  fame  year 
lie  was  admitted  into  the  French  academy,  under  the  ]peculiaf 
title  of  Affocii Hfangin  He  died  on  the  I5tb  of  July,  1761,  a^ 
tbe  age  of  feventy-nine. 

Cardinal  Pailionei  did  not  write  nmch  befides  the  articles 
that  have  been  already  mentioned.  He  worked,  indeed,  with 
Fontanini,  in  revidng  the  ^^  Liber  diurnus  Ronunorum  Pon* 
tificum/*  and  produced  a  paraphrafe  on  the  nineteenth  pfalm, 
with  a  few  more  fmall  pieces:  but  he  was  moft  iHuftrious  for 
his  enlightened  knowledge  of  letters,  and  his  judicious  and  liberal 
patronage  of  learned  men,  and  ufeful  works ;  an  example  but 
too  little  foUowed  in  the  prefent  age.  His  nephew,  Bene*- 
di£l  Faffionei,  rendered  an  important  fervice  to  the  learned 
world  by  publi(hing  at  Lucca,  in  1765,  a  folio  volume,  con- 
taining all  the  Greek  and  Latin  infcriptions  colleSed  by  the 
cardinal.  His  valuable  coltedion  of  antique  urns,  bas-reliefs, 
and  other  works  of  art,  was  difperfed  after  his  death. 

PATEL,  a  celebrated  painter,  was  a  native  of  France ;  but  nei- 
ther his  Cbriftian  name,  his  age,  nor  the  mafter  ui^der  whom  he 
ftudied,  are  known  to  the  writers  on  thefe  fubjeds.  He  has  fome- 
cimesbeen  called  the  French  Claude,  from  his  fuccefsful  imitation 
of  that  matter.  In  his  figures  he  is  clearly  fuperior  to  him.  The 
forms  of  his  trees  are  ckgant  and  ft^y  his  fcenery  rich,  and  his 
buildings  and  other  objefls,  deGgned  in  a  very  pleafing  manner. 
His  touch  is  light,  yet  fivt^\  his  colouring  generally  clear  and 
tiaturaL  All  his  works  prove  th'at  he  iludied  nature  with  nice 
obfervation,  ahd  his  chbice  from  her  produdions  was  always 
agreeable.  In  France- he  is  fometimes  called,  Pafel  Ic  tuiy  or 
•khn  Pateh  and  ther^was  alfo  a  Pafel  Ic  Jeune,  of  whom  iftiH 
lefs  is  known. 

PATERCULUS  (Caius  Velieius),  an  ancient  Roman 
^iitorian,  who  flouiilhed  in  the  reign  of  Tiberius  Caefar,  was 
bom  m  the  year  of  Rome,  735.  His  anceftors  we>e  itluftrious 
ior  their  merit  and  their  offices  [d}.  His  grandfather  efpoufed 
the  party  of  Tiberius  Nero,  the  emperor's  father ;  but  being 
«oId  and  infirm,  and  not  able  to  accompany  Nero  when  he  re<^ 
i'lftd  from  Naples,  he  ran  himfelf  throueh  with  his  fword.  His 
father  was  a  foldier  of  rank,  and  fo  was  raterculus  himfelf.  He 
yrvts  a  military  tribune,  when  Caius  Csefar,  a  grandfon  of  Air- 
guflus,  had  an  interview  with  the  king  of  the  Parthians,  in 
an  ifland  of  the  riyer  Euphrates^  rn  the  year  753.  He  com- 
inanded  the  cavalry  in  Germany  under  1  iberius,  and  accom«« 
panied  that  prince  for  nine  years  uicceffively  in  all  his  expeditions. 
^e  rcceived  hpn^i^able  rewards  from  him  ;  but  we  do  not  fin^ 

fnj  Voiliusdc  Hill.  Lilt.    Dodwell*5  A«Jalw  Tell^iaai,    Baylc'i  Di^.  Patir- 


PATKRCtJLUS.  6i 

riiat  lie  wis  preferred  to  any  higher  dignity  than  the  practor(h>p. 
The  praifes  he  beftows  upon  Sejanus  give  fome  probability  to 
the  conjefiurc,  that  he  was  looked  upon  as  a  friend  of  this  fa- 
vourite ;  and,  confequenily,  that  he  was  involved  in  his  niin. 
His  death  is  placed  by  Dodwell  in  the  year  784,  wheh  he  wa« 
in  his  fiftieth  year. 

He  wrote  **  An  Abridgctnent  of  the  Roman  Hiftory,  in  two 
Books,"  which  is  very  curious.  His  purpofe  was  only  to  de- 
duce things  from  the  foundation  of  Rome  to  the  time  wherein 
he  lived,  but  he  began  his  work  with  things  previous  to  that 
memorable  sfera :  for,  though  the  beginning  of  his  firft  book  it 
wanting,  we  yet  find,  in  what  remains  of  it,  an  account  of 
many  cities  more  ancient  than  Rome.  He  promifed  a  larger 
hiftory,  and  no  doubt  would  have  executed  it  well :  for  during 
his  military  expeditions  he  had  feen,  as  he  tells  us,  the  pro- 
vinces of  Thrace,  Macedonia,  Achaia,  Afia-Minor,  and  other 
more  eafterly  regions,  efpecially  upon  the  ftiores  of  the  Euxine 
fea,  which  had  furniflied  his  mind  with  much  entertaining  and 
ufeful  knowledge.  In  the  Abridgement  we  have  many  parti- 
culars related,  that  are  no  where  elfeto  be  found;  and  this  makes 
it  the  more  valuable.  The  ftyle  of  Paterculus,  though  miferably 
difguifed  through  the  careleffnefs  of  tranfcribers,  and  impoflible 
to  be  reftored  to  purity  for  want  of  raanufcripts,  is  yet  mani- 
feftly  worthy  of  his  age,  which  was  the  time  of  pure  Latinity. 
The  greatelt  excellence  of  this  hiftorian  lies  in  his  manner  of 
commending  and  blaming  thofe  of  wlTom  he  fpeakj^,  which  he 
does  in  the  nneft  terms  and  the  moft  delicate  exjreflioos.  He  is 
condemned,  and  indeed  with  the  greateft  reafon,  for  his  par- 
tiality to  the  Houfe  of  Auguftus,  and  for  making  extravagant 
eulogies,  not  only  upon  Tiberius,  but  even  upon  his  favourite 
Sejanus ;  whom,  though  a  vile*  and  cruel  monfter,  Paterculus 
celebrates  as  one  of  the  moft  excellent  perfojj^  the  Roman  com^ 
monwealth  had  produced.  Lipfius,  though  he  praifes  him  in 
other  refpeSs,  yiet  cenfures  him  feverely  for  his  infincerity  and 
partiality. .  **  Vellcius  Paterculus  [£]>*'  fays  he,  "  raifes  my 
indignation:  he  reprefenrs  Scrjanus,  as  endowed  with  all  good 
qualities.  The  impudence  of  this  hiftorian!  But  we  know 
that  he  was  born,  and  died,  to  the  deftruSion  of  mankind. 
After  many  commendations,  he  concludes,  that  Livia  was  4 
woman  more  refcmbling  the  j^odn  than  men  :  and,  a^  to  Tibei^ 
rius,  he  thinks  it  a  criihe  to  ipeak  otherwife  of  him,  than  as  of 
immortal  Jove.  What  fincere  and  honeft  mind  can  bear  this? 
*On  the  other  hand,  how  artfully  doc5  he  every  where  conceal  the 
great  qualities  of  Csefar  Germanicus?  how  obliquely  does  h© 
min  the  reputation  pf  Agrippina  and  others,  whom  Tiberius 

(1]  Lipf.  Ejht.  Quaft.  Tib.  v.  ep.  ii.  .  .    ^        . .  ^ ;  , 

waa 


tfa  PATIKf. 

was  thought  t6hftte?  In  fhort,  he  is  nothing  but  acourt-prof-* 
tittite.  You  will  fay,  perhaps,  it  was  unfafe  to  fpeak  the  truth 
^t  thofe  times :  I  grant  it ;  but  if  he  could  not  write  the 
trutby  he  ought  not  to  have  written  lies:  none  are  called  to  ac* 
count  for  filence.**  La  Mothe  le  Vayer  has  made  a  very  juft 
remark  upon  this  occafion :  **  The  fame  fault,"  fays  he  (  f]^ 
**  may  be  obferved  in  many  others,  who  have  written  the  hiftory 
of  their  own  times,  with  a  defign  tO  be  publifbed  while  they 
lived." 

It  is  ftrange,  that  a  work  fo  elegant  and  worthy  to  be  pre- 
ferved,  and  of  which,  by  reafon  of  its  (hortnefs,  copies  might 
be  fo  eafily  taken,  (hould  have  beeii  fo  near  being  loft.  One 
manufcript  only  was  fortunately  found,  as  well  of  this  author 
among  the  Latins,  as  of  Hefychius  among  the  Greeks:  *^  in 
which,'*  fays  a  great  critic  of  our  own  nation  [o],  "  the  faults  of 
the  fcribes  are  found  fo  numerous,  and  the  defcds  fo  beyond  all 
redrefs,  that,  notwithftanding  the  pains  of  the  learnedeft  and 
acuteft  critics  for  two  whde  centuries,  thefe  books  ftill  are,  and 
Sire  like  to  continue,  a  mere  heap  of  errors."  No  ancient  author 
but  Prifcian  makes  mention  of  Paterculus:  the  moderns  have 
done  him  infinitely  morejuftice,  and  have  ill uftrated  him  with 
notes  and  commentaries.  He  was  firft  publKhed,  from  the 
manufcript  of  Morbac,  by  Rhenanus^  at  Bafil,  in  1520:  afrer* 
wards  by  Lipfius,  at  Leyden,  in  1581  :  then  byjGerard  VoffiuSj 
in  1639:  next  by  Boeclerus,  at  Stralburg,  in  1642:  then  by 
Thyljus,  and  others:  ariH  laftly,  by  Peter  Burman,  at  Leyden, 
in  1 7 19,  in  8vo,  To  the  Oxford  edition,  in  1693,  8vo,  were 
prefixed, 'the  "  Annalcs  Velleiani"  of  Dodwell,  which  fhew 
deep  learning,  and  a  great  knowledge  of  antiquity. 

rATIN  (Guy),  a  French  writer  of  much  wit  and  learning, 
and  profeffor  of  phyfic  in  the  Royal  College  of  Paris,  was  of 
an  ancient  and  good  familj,  and  bori>  at  Houdan,  a  village  near 
Be^uvais  in  Picard^,  in  1602  [hJ.  His  father  propofed  to  bring 
him  up  an  advocate;  and,  in  order  to  give  him  a  good  pronun- 
ciation, made  him  read  Plutarch's  Lives  aloud,  while  hqwas  yet 
a  child.  He  was  firft  placed  in  tlie  college  of  Beauvais,  but 
afterwards  fent  to  Paris;  and  put  in-  the  college  of  Boncourt, 
where  he  continued  X\9p  yeacs,  and  went  through  .a  courfe  of 
j)hilofophy. '  Some  time  after,  a  benefice  wasx>ftcred  him,  \vh\qh 
heflathHrefufed  ;  prot4;ftingabfolutely,.  that  he  would  never  bp 
a  prieft.  His  feiher'M'as-  not  very,  much  offended  with  this^ 
)>erc€yving  the  refufal  to.  pnoceed  from  Xoiij^hing  ingenuous  in 
his  nature^;  but. hi&  mother  was  fo.e^r^gerd,  that  he  .was  five* 

;,"fi^l^W^owf**^lp* '^'^^'^i^csHiiVod-.    ^jtj^s,  p.  92,' 1743,  S^vo. 
efts.    --«'••    •       --    '^    -  '   *'*[h5  Noijvelles  Lfittrcs.  de  Ouy  Pat'm  i 

[e]  Reitarkt  upon  a  late  Dlfcourfe  on     Mr.  Charles  Spon.  torn.  i.  Lett.  iS.  Amit. 
frct-da&klng,    by  FhlleleujiioFUs:  Uplx&^^i^xSi  Sa^lc^api^.  Patin. 
^    r  veari 


PAT  IN.  ii 

years  without  feeing.her  or  going  home.  DrelincoUft^  pfrdfeflbr 
of  phyfic  at  Leyden,  aflured  Baylc,  tiiat  Patiu  had  been  correilor 
to  a  prefs;  and  it  was  probably  during  this  period^  when  he  did 
it  for  a  fupport.  Meanwhile,  he  was  advifed  to  improve  hini- 
felf,  in  order  to  be  a  phyfician  at  Paris;  and  with  this  view  he 
ftiidied  very  hard  from  1622  to  i624>  and  was  admitted  ther^. 
Then  his  father  and  mother  were  pacified,  and  affifted  him  with 
monfcy  to  take  his  degrees,  and  to  purchafe  books.  Five  years 
after,  he  married  a  woman  of  fortune,  by  whom  he  had  feveral 
children.  He  became  an  eminent  pra6litioner,  and  alfo  pub* 
Ijfhed  fome  pieces  in  the  way  of  his  profeflion;  but  they  are 
neither  numerous  nor  confiderable.  We  have  a  lift  of  them  in 
Mercklin's  "  Lindenius  Renovatus,"  where  the  title  of  the  firft, 
and  as  it  ihould  feem  the  moft  confiderable,  runs«thus :  *^  De  vale- 
tudine  tuenda,  per  vivendi  normam,  ufumque  legitimum  rerunl 
ad  bene  falubriterque  vivendum  neceffariaruin  :"  yet,  in  a  letter 
to  Spon,  he  owns  himfelf  afliamed  of  it,  and  allures  him,  that 
it  was  not  worth  his  reading. 

It  was^ not  any  thing  he  wrote  in  his  life-titne  upon  phyfic, 
btit  his  "  Letters,"  pubiifhed  fince  his  death,  which  have  made 
his  name  fo  famous.  Some  felefl:  "Letters,"  were  firft  publifhed 
at  Geneva,  in  1683,.  which  meeting  with  a  prodigious  fale, 
encouraged  the  bookfeller  to  add  two  more  volumes;  and  all 
the  three  were  foon  after  publifhed  both  in  Holland  and  at  Paris. 
**  Thefe  Letters,"  fays  Voltaire  [i],  "  were  read  with  eager- 
nefs,  becaufe  they  contained  anecdotes  of  fuch  things  as.every 
body  loves,  and  fatires  which  are  liked  (till  more.  They  fervc 
to  ftiew,  what  uncertain  guides  in  hiftory  thofe  writers  are,  who 
inconliderateiy  write  down  the  news  of  the  day.  Such  relations 
are  frequently  falfe,  or  perverted  by  the  malice  of  mankind; 
and  fnch  a  multitude  of  petty  fafls  are  feldom  ccnfidered  a^ 
valuable  but  by  little  minds."  Upon  the  publication  of  the  firft 
vohime,  in  1683  [k],  Bayle  paCTed  the  following  judgement  on 
-thefe  letters,  which  may  irtdeed  ferve  for  all  that  came  out  after.- 
vrards:  '*  It  isiic/"  fays  he,  **  the  reader  fhould  be  advertifedj 
that  aH  the  witty  fayings,  and^all  the  flories  he  relates  are  t\<^ 
true.  There  are  fome  places,  wherein  he  Ihews.a  terribly 
malice  and  a  prodigious  boldnefsin  giving  a  criminal  tprn,  to 
every  thing.  We  Ihould  be  very  much  to  blame  to  believe , theft 
■paifages  becaufe  they  are  prinjted.  All  that  can  be  gathered  .froflfi 
them  is,  that  Mr.  Patin  wrote  them  to- his  friend,  as;  things  hje 
:had  heard  from  others;  apd  to  continue  the  cuftom  he  had  a,  Ifing 
time  obferved,  of  converling  with  bim  by  letters,  a§  he  ^oulfl 
have  done  .if  they  had  taken  a  walk  together.  It  is  yefy  w>ell 
known,  that  men  in  converfatioft  talk  a?  fc^on  <?f  a.qurre>t^t  ruifiouf, 

fi]  Sieclc  de  Louis  XIV.  torn.  ii.  '.       -     .i     .     ;      ^ -./...     ;,. 

x]  Nouvclles  d«  la  Rep.  des  Lcttrcs^  AYt'*\6%^, .  art,  i. 

'"     ■"■^  though 


64  ^   PATIN. 

though  it  afterwards  prove  falfe,  as  they  wouM  of  any  thing  thut 
is  true :  and  when  a  man  is  of  a  fatirical  humour,  as.it  mud  be 
granted  Mr.  Patin  was,  that  which  is  pubiifhed  to  the  difad- 
vantage  of  our  neighbour  is  much  nK>re  taken  notice  of^  than 
that  which  is  fpoken  of  to  his  praife."  It  is  not  an  cafy  matter 
to  determine,  whether  thefe  letters  would  have  been  better  had 
they  been  defigned  for  the  public  by  the  author ;  or  written,  as 
they  are,  in  a  carelefs-  manner,  for  the  piarticular  ufe  of  thofc 
to  whom  they  are  direfted-  If  Patin  had  defigncd  them  for  the 
public,  he  would  have  filled  them  with  learning,  and  obfervations 
upon  learned  men  and  their  works:  he  would  not  have  publilhed 
things  which  were  not  well  examined,  and  as  they  offered  them- 
felves  to  his  fancy ;  and,  in  fliort^  we  (hould  have  had  fewer  falfe* 
hoods  in  them :. but  then  we  (hould  notiiave  found  there  fp  much 
of  his  natural  wit  and  genius;  we  fhould  not  have  met  with  fb 
many  curious.matters  of  fad,  fo  many  lively  and  bold  (trokes  which 
divert  us,  and  Iead.u>  into  ferious  refleftions.  Beddes  the  three 
volumes  already  mentioned,  two  more  were  afterwards  publ if hed 
at  Amfterdam,  in  1718,  under  the  title  of,  **  Nouvelles  lettres 
de  feu  Mr.  Guy  Pati^,  tirees  du  cabinet  de  Mr«  Charles  Spon." 
All  the  five  volumes  are  in  i2mo,  and  the  "  Letters"  beir  date 
from  1642  to  167^5. 

It  was  in  this  laft  year  that  the  author  died,  and  left  a  fon 
named  Charles,  who  became  very  famous,  and  excelled  parti- 
cularly in  the  knowleclge  of  medals.  It  is  faid,  that  Guy  ratin 
refembled  Cicero,  and  had  much  the  air  Of  that  illuftrious  orator, 
whofe  (tatue  is  flill  to  be  feen  at  Romew 

PATIN  (Charles),  fecond  fon  of  Guy  Patin,  was  born  at 
Paris^  Feb.  23,  1633 ;  and  made  fiich  a  wonderful  progrefs  in 
literature,  that  he  maintained  Greek  and  Latin  thefes  upon, all 

{arts  of  ph^ofophy,  in  1647  [tj.  His  profeflbr,  who  was  an 
rifhman,  and  did  not  very  well  underfland  Greek,  was  very 
angry  at  thefe  thefes,  when  he  was  defircd  to  examine  themt 
but,  feeing  the  young  man  prepared  to  defend  them  without  a 
moderator,  he  was  forced  to  J^refide  at  the  difputation,  for  fear 
of  hurting  his  reputation,  T^e  pope's  nuncio,  thirty-four 
bifhops,  and  many  perfons  of  quality,  were  prefent  at  the  dif^ 
putation  ;t  when  the  refpondent,  having  flood  the  fhock  for  the 
ipace  of  five  hours  in  both  languages,  was  with  great  glory  ad- 
cnitted  to  a  Mafler  of  Arts  degree.  He  was  then  but  fourteen 
years  of  age.  He  afterwards  lludied  the  civil  law,  in  complai- 
fance  to  an  uncle  by  His  mother's  fide,  who  was  an  advocate  in 
the  parliament  of  Paris :  he  took  his  licenfe  .at  Poitiers  after 
fixteen  months,  and  was  admitted  m  advocate  in  the  fame 
parliaments.  He  fpent  fix  yeafs  in  this  profeffion,  but  could 
i«>t   forfakc    the  ftudy  of   phyfic,    to   which    his   inclination 

£1.]  Bayle'sUid.  Patin,  »^e  r. 

always 


itVrays  led  him.  It  wa3  his  father's  will  aIfo»  that  he  fhout^ 
give  up  the  bw,  and  devote  himfclf  to  phyfic ;  fo  that  he 
cafilv  relifhcd  the  reafon,  which  the  famous  pnyfician  Marcfc'oit 
alledged,  for  preferring  the  profeffion  of  phyuc  to  thcpricfthood', 
for  which  his  father  had  originally  defigned  him.  .  This  realbn 
was,  that'  it-  had  afforded  him  three  benefits,  which  he  never 
could  have  obtained  by  the  priefthood :  one,  that  he  had  enjoyed 
a  perfedl  Ibte  of  health  to  tne  age  of  eighty-two ;  another,  that 
he  had  gained  a  hundred  thoufand  crowns;  a  third,  that  he  had 
tnjoyed  the  intimate  friendfhip  of  fevcral  illuftrious  perfons. 

As  foon  as  he  w;as  admitted  doftor  of  phyfic,  he  applied  hiriiferf 
to  pradtice^  and  fucceeded  greatly ^  He  read  ledlures.oh  pfeyfic, 
in  the  roont  of  profefTor  Lopez,  who  was  gone  id  Bourdeaux. 
Fearing  to  be  imprifoned  for  reafons  which  have  never  been 
cleared  up,  he  qufitted  France  ip  i66?,  and  travelled  into  Ger- 
many, Holland/  England,  Switzerland,  and  Italy..  He  fixed 
at  Bafil  ;•  hui  the  war  betweeji  the  Germans  and  the  French 
upon  the  frontiers  made  him  fo  iineafy,  that  he  femoVed  with 
all  hist  family  into  Italy.  He  was  made  profeflbr  of  phyfic  at 
Padua  in  ^676,-  and  three  ye^afs  after,-  honoured  with  the  dig- 
nity of  knight  of  St.  Mark.  ^  He  underlTood,  in  t68i,  that  the 
king  of  France  would  receive  him  into  favour ;  and  perhaps 
would  have  returned  to  his  own  country,  if  the  chief  profeflbr's 
place  in  furgery  at  Padua  tad  not  been  given  him,  with  an  aug- 
mentation of  his  falary.  He  died  there^  Oft.  2,  1693,  of  a 
polypus  in  his  heart.  He  had  marriedy  m  1663,  the  daughter 
of  a  phyfician  of  Paris ;  a  learned  lady,  by  whom  he  had  two 
daughtersy  who  became  alfo  learnod.  They  were  all  of  the 
academy  of  the  Ricovrati  at  Paduay  afnd  all  diftinguiflled  them- 
fclves  by  fome  fmall  publications. 

Charles  Patin  publifhed  a  greaf  nymbier  of  valuable  works, 
which,  fays  Voltaire  [m],  ^^  arc  read  by  men  of  learning,  as 
his  father's  Letters  are  by  men  of  leifure.-"  Some  of  Thcfc 
relate  to  fubJ6<9:s  of  phyfic,  but  the  greater,  part  are  ettlploycd 
upon  medals. and  antiqiij^ties.  The  principal  are,  t.  *^  In- 
froduftiott  a  THiffoire  par  la  connoifiancc  des  MedaiireS,  1665,** 
in  i2mo.  2.  */  Iniperatorum  Numiimata,'*  folio.*  2'  "  The- 
faurus  Numifmatum,"  4to.  4.  **'  Relations  Hiftoriques  et 
Curieufes  de  diverfes  voyages  en  AUemagne,  Angleterre,  Hol- 
hnde,  &c."  i2mo.  5.  '*  rrattica  delle  Med^He,"  tamo.  6. 
'*  De  Numifmate  Antiquo  Augufti  et  Platonis,"  4to.  7.  **  De 
Optima  Medicorum  Sc6la;  Oratio  Inauguralis,"  4to.  8.  "  De 
Avicenna,"  4to.  9.  *^  De  Scorbuto,"  4tOi,  10.  "  Quod  op- 
timus  Medicus  debeat  efle  Chirurgus,'*  4to.  11.  "  Lycxum 
J^atavinuzn,  five  IcOnes  et  Vitae  ProfelTorum  Patavii  anno  iM%- 
• 

(is]  Si«de  de  Louis?  tern.  IL 

Vol.  XII.  F  fulUc^ 


jpbliw  kk^ntiutti,"  4X0 ;  and  fn^'iiy  orfieV  coiiipofitions  6f  a 
TAi^llet  hkttifej  as  well  relating  'to  his  prbfeffibn,  Us  upon 
ihe'di!^,  ittfdiriptrdhs,  and  antiqnitSes  in  general- 
'  .When  the  "  Introduftion  to  Hiftory  by  the  Knowledge  of 
^edal^,"  Was  pubiifhed,  it  was  cenfured  by  Mr.  Sallo,  in  hre 
?ne^V  "  journal  des  S^avanrs,"  who  alfo  treated  Charles' Patin's 
***  Ddfen^e"  of  it  with  great  contempt.  This  very  much  in- 
"^enfed  Guy  Patin,  who  exprefled  himfelf  thus  in  a  letter  to  his 
friend [n]  :  **  I  do  nbt  know  whether  you  have  received  a  kind 
•  of  gazette,  which  is  called  the  Journal  of  the  Learned;  tKfc 
*author  whereof  having  complained  in  a  little  article  againft  my 
Ton  Charles,  Concerning  a  medal  made  here  the  laft  year  for  the 
*Switzers,  he  has  anfwered  him.  I  have  fenf  you  his  anfwer, 
which  is  wife  and  modeft.  This  new;  Gazetteer  has  replied  to 
Tiim,  and  there  fpeaks  as  one  who  is  ignorant  and  extravagant: 
to  which  reply  he  (hould  doubtlefs  have  had  a  fmart  and  ilrong 
anfwer,  if  Charles  had  not  been  defired  to  fufpend  his  reply, 
'and  threatened  with  a  letter  under  the  king's  fignet.  The  tnith 
is,  Mr.  Colbert  takes  into  his  proteftion  the  authors  of  this 
Journal,  which  is  attributed  to  Mr.  Sallo,  a  counfellor  rn  par- 
liament." 

In  another  letter,  Guy  Patin  fpeaks  of  the  caufes  of  his  fon's 
difgrace,  and  of  his  Idaving  Paris,  which  he  imputes  to  certain 
prohibited  books  found  in  his  ftudy.  The  reafons  Bayle  gives 
'are,  firft.  That  Charles  Patin  was  fcnt  into  Holland,  with  an 
order  to  buy  up  all  the  copies  of  the  **  Amours  of  the  Royal 
Palace,"  and  to  bidrn  them  upon  the*place  without  fparing  any: 
Tecoridly,  That  a  great  prince  gave  him  this  commiflion,  and 
promifed  to  reward  him  for  his  pains:  thirdly,  That  thiscom- 
miffioner,  having  bought  up  all  the  copies,  did  not  burn  them, 
*but  fent  a  great  number  of  them  into  the  kingdom.  ^*  This," 
lays  Bayle,  ^^  is  the  common  report  at  Paris:  I  know  not 
wbether  it  be  well  grounded." 

PATRICK  (Simon),  a  very  learned  Englifh  bifhpp,  was 
•the  fon  of  a  mercer  at  Gainfboroughiin  Lincolnihire,  and  born 
there  Sept.  8,  1626  [o].  He  was  admitted  into  Qucen's-coUegc 
^t  Cambridge,  in  1644;  and  became  a  friend  of  the  learned  Mr. 
^ohn  Smith,  fellow  of  the  fame  college,  wbofe  funeral  fermon 
he  preached,  in  1652.  Taking  rhe  degrees  in  arts  at  the  ufual 
periods,  he  was  chofen  fellow  of  his  college ;  and  about  the 
fame  time  received  holy  orders  from  Hall  bifhop  of  Norwich, 
In  his  retirement  at  Higham,  after  his  ejedion  from  his  bi- 
ihppric.  .He  was  foon  after  taken  as  a  chaplain  into  the  family 
^'of  fir  Walter  St.  John  of  Batterfea,  who  gave  him  that  living 

[n^  Tome  iii.  Letter  421.  [o]  General  DJ£lIoriary,  from  Memoirs  commimJ- 

^caxidiy  the  lau  Dr.  Knight.     See  aiticlc  Smith,  John. 

in 


l>AtftIC]S  fet 

in  t658.  In  1661,  he  was  elefted  by  a  majoniy  of  felloTvjs 
mafter  of  Queen's-college,  in  oppofition  to  a  royal  mandamu^, 
appointing  Mr.  Anthony  Sparrow,  for  that  place  [p]:  but  thfe 
aliair  being  brought  before  the  kirfg  and  council,  was  foo|i 
decided  in  favour  •^f  Mr.  Sparrow ;  and  fome  of  the  fellows, 
if  not  ally  who  had  fided  with  Patrick,  were  ejeded.  His 
next  preferment  was  the  reftory  of  St.  Paul's,  Covent-Garder^^ 
London,  given  him  by  the  earl  of  Bedford,  in  1662;  whe/e 
he  endeared  himfelf  much  to  the  parifliioners  by  inftru<3:ioh 
and  example,  and  particularly  by  continuing  all  the  while 
among  them  during  the  plague  in  1665,  It  is  (aid  fiirther,  that, 
cm  of  a  fpecial  regard  to  them,  he  refufed  the  archdeaconry  of- 
Huntingdon.. 

Having  fufficient  reafons  of  diflikc  to  his  college  at  Can>- 
bridge,  he  went  to  Oxford  for  his  degrees  in  divinity:  and, 
entering  himfelf  of  Chrift-church,  took  his  doftor's  degree 
there  in  i666.  He  was  made  chaplain  in  ordinary  to  the  king 
about  the  fame  time.  In  1668,  he  publifhed  his  "  Friendly 
Debate  between  a  Conformift  and  Non-conibrmift ;"  whicn 
was  aiifwered  by  the  Diflenters,  who  were  much  exafperated 
by  it.  In  1672,  he  was  made  prebendary  of  Weftminfter,  and 
dean  of  Peterborough,  in  1679.  Here  he  completed  and^ub- 
lifted  the  "  Hiftory  of  the  Church  of  Peterborough,"  Which 
had  been  compiled  by  Simon  Gunton,  who  was  a  native  and 
prebendary  of  Peterborough.  Gunton  died  in  1676;  and 
Patrick  publifhed,  in  1686,  his  manufcript  m  folio,  xxnth  a 
large  "  Siipplement,"  from  page  225  to  332,  containing  a  fullei: 
account  ot  the  abbots  and  bimops  of  Peterborough,  than  had 
been  given  by  Gunton.  In  1680,  the  lord-chancellor  Finch 
offered  him  ^le  living  of  St.  ^4artin's  in  the  Fields,  but  he 
refufed  it,  and  recommended  Dr.  Thomas  Ten ifoa.  In  1 682, 
Dr.  Lewis  de  Moulin,  who  had  been  hiflory-profeiTor  at  Oxfor4, 
and  had  written  many  bitter  books  againil  the  churcl^of  Eng- 
land, fent  for  Patrick  upon  his  death-bed,  and  folemnly  declared 
his  regret  upon  that  account ;  which  declaration  being  figned, 
was  published  after  his  death. 

During  the  reign  of  James  II.  Dr.  Patrick  was  one  of  thofe 
champions,  who  defended  the  Proteftant  religion  agaicfft  the 
Papifts;  and  fome  pieces  by  him  are  inferted  in  the  colleSion 
of  "  Controverfial  1  rads,"  3  vols,  folio,  publifhed  at  that  time. 
In  1686,  he  and  Dr.  Jane,  the  two  chaplains  then  in  w^itin^, 
had  a  cortference  with  two  Romrfli  priefts,'in  the  prefence  of 
the  king,  wh^  was  defirotis  of  bringing  over  Lawrence  Hyde, 
earl  of  Rochefter,  to  Popery ;  but  that  conference;  inftead  of 
perverting  the  earl,  only  ferved  to  confirm  him  in  his  old  prixi- 

[r]  Wood^s  Fafti,  vol.  iL 

F  2  cipiei. 


6»  PATRICK. 

Cij^Ies,  Bifbop  Kenneth  who  relates  this[aJly  ^dds,  .that  the 
l^ingy  going  off  abruptly,  was  heard  to  fay,  "  He  never  faw 
%  bad  eaufe  fo  well,  nor  a  good  one  fo  ill,  maintained.''  The 
king  took  vaft  pains  to  gain  over  Patrick,  fent  for  him^  treated 
him  kindly,  deiired  him  to  abate  his  zeal  againd  his  church, 
and  quietly  enjoy  his  own  religion :  but  the  dean  replied,  with 
proper  courage,  "  That  he  could  not  give  ud  a  religion  fo 
Vrtll  proved  as  that  of  the  Proteftants.'"  (Jonformably  to 
this  principle,  he  oppofed  the  reading  of  his  majefty's  Decla- 
ration for  Liberty  of  Confcience  ;  and  aflifted  Dr.  X  enifon  in 
fetting  up  a  fchool  at  St«  Martin's,  to  confront  the  Popiih  one^ 
^  opened  at  the  Savoy,  in  order  to  feduce  the  youth  of  the  town 
into  Popery.  He  had  alfo  a  great  (bare  in  the  comprehenfioa 
projeded  by  archbifl^op  Sancroft« 

At  the  Revolution  in  x688,  great  uie  Was  made  of  the  dean^ 
who  was  Very  a^ive  in  fettling  the  affairs  of  the  church :  he 
Was  called  upon  to  preach  betore  the  prince  and  princefs  of 
.  Orange,  and  foon  after  appointed  ojie  of  the  commiilioners  for 
the  review  of  th«^  liturgy.  In  168911  he  was  made  bifliop  of 
Chichefter;  and  employed,  with  others  of  the  new  biOipps,  to 
compofe  the  diforders  of  the  church'  of  Ireland^  In  1691,  he 
wa^tranflated  to  the  fee  of  Ely,  in  the  room  of  Turner,  who 
was  deprived  for  refufing  the  oaths  to  governments  Here  he 
continued  to  perform  all  the  offices  of  a  good  bifbop,  as  welf 
as  a  good  man,  which  he  had  ever  proved  himfelf  on  all  occa- 
fions.  Hedie(fat  Ely,  May  31,  1707,  aged  eighty  $  and  was 
inteO'ed  in  the  cathedral,  where  a  monumeilt  is  ereded  to 
Iris  memory. 

This  prelate  was  on^  of  the  mof!  learned  men^  as  well  a» 
heft  writers  of  his  time.  He  publiibed  manv  and  various 
writings  j  fome  of  the  devotional  kind,  many  "  Sermons^'' 
*'  Tracts  ajgatnft  Popery,"  and  **  Paraphrafes  and  Commen- 
taries upon  the  Holy  Scriptures."  Thefe  laft  are  excellent  m 
their  w^,  and  perhaps  the  moft.  ufeful  of  any  ever  written  in 
the  Englifh  language.  They  were  pnblifhed  at  various  timesy 
hilt  reprinted  in  3  vols,  folio  j  and,  with  Lowth  on  the  Prophets^ 
Arnald  on  the  Apocrypha,  and  Whitby  on  the  New  Teftament^ 
make  a  continued  regular  commentary  in  Englifh  upon  all  the 
facred  books*  The  ftyle  of  this  prelate  is  even  and  eify,  hi* 
compofitions  rational,  and  full  of  .  good  and  found  fenfe^ 
Btlrnet  ranks  him  among  thofe  many  worthy  and  eminent 
clergymen  in  this  nation,  who  deferved  a  high  charader  ^  and 
Ivere  indeed  an  honour  to  the  chtirch,  and  to  the  age  in  which 
they  livedo 

[^]  Complete  Hiftory  of  Englan4,  vol.  iii.  p.  451^ 

PATRIX 


PATRIX^  ^ 

PATRIX  fPETER)^  a  French  minor  poft,  was  bom  at. 
Caen,  in  1585,  and  being  the  fon  of  a  lawyer,  was  deligned 
by  his  father  for  the  fame  p^ofeffion.  This  deftination,  which 
feldom  fuits  a  poetical  imagination,  was  accordingly  rejefted 
by  Patrix,  who  addiited  himfelf  entirely  to  poetry.  About  the 
age  of  forty,  he  attached  himfelf  to  the  court  of  Gafton,  duke 
ot  Orleans,  to  whom,  and  to  his  widow,  Margaret  of  Lorraine, 
he  faithfully  devoted  his  fervices,  A  Norman  accent,  and  a. 
iccrtain  affeftation  of  ruftic  fimplicity,  did  not  prevent  him, 
from  being  in  high  favour  at  that  little  court:  his  wit,  liveli-»' 
nefs,  and  Yocial  talent^  making  amends  for  every  little  imper- 
feftion.  Towards  the  latter  end  of  life,  he  became  ftrongly 
teqched«witft  fentiments  of  religion,  and  fupprefled,  as  far  as 
he  could,  the  licentious  poems  which  he  had  written  in  his 
youth.  He  lived  to  the  great  age  of  eighty-eight,  and  died  at 
Paris  in  1672.  At  eighty,  he  had  a  violent  illnefe,  and  wjien 
)ic recovered  from  it,  his  friends  advifed  him  to  leave  his  bed;- 
^^Alas!'*  faid  he,  ^' at  my  time  of  life,  it  is  hardly  worth 
while  to  take  the  trojuble  of  d reding  myfelf  again."  He 
proved  however  miftaken,  as  to  the  flioftnefs  of  his  fubfequent 
fife.  Of  his  works  there  are  extant,  i.  A  colleftion  of  verfes 
entitled,  "  La  mifericorde  de  Dieu  fur  un  pecheur  penitent," 
4to,  Biois,  1660.  Thefe  were  written  in  his  age,  yet  pofTefs 
fomefire,  2,  "  Plaints  des  Confonnes  qui  n'ont  pas  Thonneur 
d'entrerdans  le  nom  dc  Neufgermain,''  jjreferved  in  the  works 
rf  Voitiire,,  3.  JVIifcellaneous  poems,  in  the  colledlion  of 
Barbin^  The  greater  part  of  thetn  are  feeble,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  a  few  original  paifages,  The  poem  nooft  known  was 
made  a  few  days  before  his  death.  It  is  called  the  Dream ; 
and,  though  it  is  of  a  ferious  caft,  a  tranflation  of  it,  oddly 
enough,  pofTeffes  g  place  in  all  our  Englifh  jeft-books.  It 
afferts  a  moral  and  religious  axiom,  which  is  undeniable,  that 
4eath  levels  all  conditions :  forae  modern  moralifts  wil^l  infer  from 
it,  though  unfairly,  that  the^  ought  to  be  levelled  before  death. 
The  original  is  little  knowa;  it  is  this: 

Je  fongeois  cette  nuit  que,  de  mal  confumS, 
,     Cote  a  cote  d'un  Pauvre  on  m'avoit  inhume, 
Et  que  n*en  pouvant  pas  fouffrir  le  voifinagc, 
•  En  mort  de  qualite  je'  lui  tins  ce  langage  : 
*'  Retire  toi,  coquih!  va  pourrir  loin  d'ici,. . 
II  ne  t'appartient  pas  de  ni'approcher  ainfi.*' 
**  CoquinT'  me  dit  il,  d*une  arfoga'pce  extreme, 
'*  Va  chercher  tes  coquijis  ^jlleurs,  coquin  toi-meme ! 
Ici  tous  font  ega.ux ;  je  nc  te  dois  plus  rien  ; 
Je  fuis  fur  mon  fumier,  cppnime  toi  fur  le  tien." 

F3  PATRU 


70  .    PATtU.. 

.  PATRU  (Oliver),  a  polite  fcholar,  ami  mefflW^ble  for 
being  one  of  the  firft  potilh^rs  and  refiners  oft  the  French  lan- 
guage., was  born  in  1604  at  Paris,  where  his  father  was  pro- 
curator to  the  parliament  [r].  His  application  to  the  learned 
languages  did  not  ma^e  him  forget,  as  it  does  very  many,  t^. 
cultivate  his  own ;  the  beauty  and  genius  of  which  he  entered 
into  early,  and  naade  ever  after  the  principal  ftudy  of  his  life. 
After  procuring  him felf  to  be  received  an  advocate,  he  went  into 
ttaly;  and,  on.his  return  to  Paris,  frequented  the  bar.  "  He 
was  the  firft,"  fays  Voltaire,  **  who  intoduced  correflnefs  and 
purity  of  language  in  pleadings [s]."  He  obtained  the  repu- 
tation of  a  moft  ex^6l  fpeaker  and  excellent  writer,  and  was 
cileemed  fo  perfeflly  knowing  in  grammar  and  in  his  own  lan- 
guage, that  all  his  decifions  were  fubmitted  to  as  oracles. 
Vaugelas,  the  famous  grammarian,  to  whom  the  French  lan- 
guage was  greatly  indebted  for  much  of  its  perfeftion,  con- 
feffes  that  he  learned  many  fecrets  of  his  art  from  Patru :  and 
Boileau  applied  to  him  to  review  his  works^  and  ufed  to  profit 
by  his  opinion.  Patru  was  an  extremely  rigid  cenfor,  though 
juft;  infqmuch  that,  when  Racine  made^  fome  obfervations 
upon  the  works  of  Boileau  a  little  too  fubtle  and  refined,  Boileau, 
inftead  of  the  Latin  proverb,  Nejis  mihi  patrufis,  **  Do  npt  treat 
tne  with  the  feverity  of  an  uncle,"  replied,  N^Jis  mihi  Patruy 
*'  Do  not  treat  me  with  the  feverity  of  I^atru/*  .  " 

Patru  was  eftimable  for  the  qualities  of  his  heart,  as  well  as 
.  thofe  of  the  head:  Was  honeft,  generous,  lincere,  and  pre- 
ferved  a  gaiety  of  character,  which  no  ill  fortune  could  alter 
or  afFe£t:  for  this  famous  advocate,  in  fpite  of  all  his  talents, 
lived  almoft  in  a  ftate  of  indigence.  1  he  love  oY  the  belles, 
lettres  made  him  negle<9:  the  law ;  and  the  barren  glory  of  being 
an  oracle  to  the  beft  French  writers  had  more  charms  for  him, 
than  all  the  profits  of  the  bar.  Hence  he  became  fo  poor,  as 
to  be  reduced  to  the  necellity  of  felling  his  books,  which  feemcd 
dear€^  to  him  than  his  life ;  and  would  actually  have  fold  them 
for  an  under-price,  if  Boileau  h^d  qot  generoully  advanced  him 
a  larger  fum,  with  this  further  privilege,  that  he  fbould  have 
the  ufe  of  them  a's  long  as  he  lived.  His  death  was  preceded  by 
a  tedious  illnefs,  during  which  he  received  a  pre  lent  of  five 
hundred  crowns  from  Colbert,  as  it  mark  of  the  efteem  which 
the  king  had  for  him.  He  died  Jan.*  16',  1681.  He  had  been 
elefted  a  member  of  the  French'  academy  in  1640,  by  the  in- 
tereft  of  cardinal  Richelieu.  The  prodigious  care  and  exaft- 
nefs  with,  which  he  retouched  and  finifhed  every  thing  he 
wrote,  did  not  permit;  him  to  publifh  much.     His  mifcella- 

[»]  Niceron,  tome  vi.    iEloge  by  father  Bouhours,  in  the  Journal  des  S^avans,  and 
at  the  i^d  %i  Patau's  w^orks.  [s]  Steele  d^  Louis  HHiiS*.  tonae  ii. 

neous 


flQOUs  works  were  primed  at  Paris,  in  ♦i67<ib  4tP-*;  t}|e  tAji^'ecfe: 
tion  of  which,  in  1714,  was  augmented  wit^  feveral  pi^cst* 
They^  confift  of  "  Plpadings,"  "  Orations/'  ":  Letters/*'  *«  JUiv^^ 
of  fomie  of  his  Friends/'  "  Remarks  uppn  th?  Fre^ich  Langy^g^j. 
&c."  A  very  ingenious  tradt  by  him  wa$  publiflied  at  ^^xiA  ifS 
1651^  4tQ,  \yith  this  title,  "  Reponfe  4u  Cur^  9  la  J*4lLtfe5  4ft 
Marguillier  fur  la  conduite  de  M.  le  Coadjuteqr,  .  . 

PATTISON  (William),  was  borp  at  ^ea&narft,  ui  thfl 
county  of  Suflex,  1706  [t],  and  was  the  ton  of  a  farpifsr  3t[  tbM 
place,  who  rented  a  confiderable,  eftate  of  the  earl  gi  Tjiaftfitj^ 
He  difcovered  excellent  partSj  ^yith  a  ftjong  propenfity  tQ  le^rn.i 
ing ;  and  his  father,  not  being  in  circumftanceg  tp  gjv^  him  ^ 
proper  education,  applied  to  bis  noble  landlord,  who  took  Wst 
under  his  proteftion,  and  placed  him  at  Appleby  fchpol  in  Weft- 
ipaoreland.     Here  he  became   acquainted  with   Mr»  Npblfij    ^ 
clergyman  of  great  learning  and  fine  tafte,  vyho,  p^.rc^iving  biiH 
natural  talents,  and  earnell  application  40  poetry,'  to^k  agr&at 
pleafure  in  giving  him  fuch  initructions  as  he  tl^ught  cbndihCiVft 
to  the  advancement  of  his  knowledge,  and  ripetjiRg  of  bj^  ju4geH 
ment.     For  this  purpofe,  he  frequently  rea4  t>4  claffie*  with ' 
him  ;r  taught  him  how  to  difcern  the.  beauties  and  the  faul/^lof 
authors ;  defcribed  to  him  the  difference  betwe.en  fajfe  v\rit  aa4 
judicious  waiting;  and  gave  him  fuch  a  plan,  a$  prov^fj  v§ry 
advantageous  to  him  in  the  profecution  of  his-ftudios.     Hp,w^f 
a  great  lover  of  folitude  ;  and  there  is  a  vef  y  roniamic  pl^W  n^^f    , 
Appleby,  to  which  he  ufed  frequently  to  retire^   and  which>. 
from  the  near  refemblance  ithas  to  fome  defcriptionS  in  Cov^ley* 
he  called  "  Cowley's  Walk."     In  this  wild- fc^nQ  of  r^gg^4 
rocks,  Ihady  woods,  and  murmuring  ftreanls,  he  fpept  tu^^y.  9^n 
agreeable  afternoon,  and  many  a  tpaoonlight  evening,  to  indujgf 
himfelf  in  that  pleafmg  melancholy,  which  the  afvful  folgjjir^i\y 
of  the  place  naturally  infpired.     The  fame  caft  of  mind  midp 
him  a  great  admirer  of-  angling.     He  was  fo  much  a'  loV^r.  fllf 
this  diverfion,  that  he  ufed  frequently  to  fit  up  late^u.  a;i4 /oQach 
times  whole  fummer  nights,  upon  the  bank§  of  bis  Ifiina,  "wJ^li 
his  angle  in  his  hand.     Here  he  ufed  often  to  writigi  verfes  v  ani 
would  fay,  that  many  of  his. lines  owed  their  fmoothnefs  aod 
harmony  to  thofeftreams.     Here  it  was  that  he' wrote  an  agree- 
able philofophical  poem,  intitled,  "  The  Morning  CpntQmpU- 
tion."  :      : 

Upon  his  leaving  Appleby,  he  went  t^  Sidney  cglleg/?  in 
Cambridge,  where  he  purfued  th^  plan  Mr.  Noble  had  given 
him,  and  went  through  .the  claflics,  as  well  as  all  *>ur  Englifli 
poets,  >with  great  advantage ;  «aow  and  then  recreating  himfelf 
with  his  favowiite  amujfemeat': bii  the  b^nk^  of  the  Cam.    Qf 

F  4  ail 


j%  PAT  T  IS  ON. 

rijl;t]hc  books  he  ever  read,  •*  Spcnfer's  Fairy  Queen"  and 
^'  JBlrown's  Britannia's  Paftorals"  are  faid  to  have  given  him  the 
g^reateft  delight.  The  laft  mentioned  book,  which  he  had  pur*- 
chafed  for  a  Ihilling,  was,  through  his  misfortunes^  all  the  library 
he  left  behind  him.  He  had  a  great  averfion  to  public  difpiita^ 
tions,  and  could  not  well  brook  the  college  difcipline.  He  was  of 
m  temper  impatient  of  reftraint ;  and  his  tutor^*  he  thought,  treated 
him  with  great  rpgour,  A  <|uarrel  enfued ;  and,  to  avoid  the 
feandal  of  expulfion,  with  which  he  was  threatened,  he  took  his 
name  out  of  the  college  book,  and  went  to  London.  He  left 
the  college,  however,  in  mirth,  though  the  confcquencc^  termi- 
liated  in  m.elan€ho]y  ;  by  deputing  his  gown  to  make  hi^  apology 
in  verfes,  a  oopy  of  which  he  pinned  upon  jt  at  his  departure. 

This  inppruoei^t  ftep  gave  his  fricndjj  very  great  concern  ;  they 
were  very  anxious  for  his  return  ;  and,  as  he  had  beep  guijty  of 
no  gfofs  immpralities,  they  payed  a  way  for  his  kind  reception. 
Blithe  pleafures  of  the  towp,  the  defire  of  being  known,  and 
his  romantic  expcftations  of  meeting  with  fome  generous  patroq 
to  reward  his  merit,  rendered  him  deaf  to  all  advice.  He  led  a 
pleafurable  life,  freqiiented  Button's,  an4  became  acquainted 
with  fome  of  the  moft  eminent  wits  of  the  time.  As  ht?  had 
no  fortune,  nor  any  means  oi  fubfiftence,  buf  what  arofe  from 
the  fubfcriptjons  for  the  poems  he  propofed  to  puWifh  ;  and,  a$ 
Jie  wanted  even  common  prudence  to  manage  this  precarious 
Income,  he  was  foon  involved  in  the  deepeft  fliftrefs  and  moft 
deplorable  wretchednefs.  In  a  very  pretty  poem,  intitled, 
'*  Effigies  Authoris,"  addrefled  to  lord  Burlington,  h^  defcribes 
tiimfclf  as  deilitute  of  friends ;  of  money ;  a  prey  to  hunger ; 
and  pi|fling  his  nights  on  a  bench  in  St.  James's  park.  In  a 
private  letter  to  a  gentleman,  hp  thus  expreft  himfelf,  f  Spare 
iny  blufbesi  I  have  not  enjoyed  the  common  neceffaries  of  life 
thefe  two  days,  and 'can  hardly  hold  to  fpbfcribe  myfelf,  &c.*- 
Curll;  the  book  feller,  finding  fome  of  his  compofnions  well 
received,  apd  going  through  feyeral  impreflions,  took  him  into 
his  houfe ;  and,  as  rope  affirms  ip  one  of  his  letters,  ftarved  him 
to  death.  But  thfs  does  not  appear  to  be  ftridly  true ;  for  he 
was  f^ized  with  the  fmall-pox,  after  he  had  been  about  a  month 
in  his  houfe.  The  diftemper  feemed  to  be  of  the  moft  favour- 
able fort,  and  he  was  carefully  attended  by  a  phyfician,  through 
bis  friend  Mr.  Eufden*s  recompmendation.  But  his  heart,  he  faid 
himfelf,  was  broken  through  the  affliftions  he  had  fallen  under, 
and  all  medicinal  prefcriptions  were  ine^eSual.  Thus  died  thii 
unfortunate  young  man  in  his  2][ft  year,  and  obtained  at  laft, 
after  uncomnjcJnidelay,  the  favour  of  ^  grave  in  the  upper  churchr 
yard  belonging  to  St.  Clement  Danes  m  the  Strand. 
'  He  had  a  furpriftng  j|enius,  and  had  raifed  hopes  in  all  that 
.  knew  him,  t^t  he  ii^Mito  Income  ope  of  the  mo^  emioei|t  poets 


PAUL.  7j 

of  the  age.  His  example,  it  is  to  be  hoped,  majrbeof  uTe  to 
^eck  the  Tallies  of  youth  ;  to  make  them  more  attentive  to  the 
fage  advice  of  fxienofhip  and  experience ;  and  to  (hew  threm  the 
ioiignificance  of  the  brighteft  parts  without  a  due  tnixttire  of  pxl3« 
dence*  His  poetical  works,  confidered,  as  they  ought  to  be, 
only  as  juvenile  produ6lions,  have  great  merit^  and  were  pub* 
IKhcd  in  2  vols.  8vo,  1728. 

PAVILLON  (Stjephen),  a  poet  of  moderate  reputation  in 
prance,  was  born  at  Paris  in  1652.  He  was  for.  a  time  diflin* 
guiihed  as  advocate -general  in  the  parliament  of  Metz,  but  nei* 
jher  the  ftrjpngth  of  his  conftitution,  nor  the  tendency  of  his 
inclinations,  permitted  hii^n  to  pexfiit  very  long  in  that  toilfom^ 
career.  He  retired  to  enjoy  a  literary  repofe,  whi^h  after  z 
time  wafi  rendered  more  affluent  by  a  penltpn  of  2000  livf^s 
from  IxHiis  XI V.  He  wa«  a  member  of  both  the  academies^ 
and  was  generally  regarded  as  a  man  of  real  philofpphy  without 
any  affectation  of  it.  His  poems  were  colle£led  in  1 730,  and  have 
i;nce  been  |'iS|iu))liQ)ed  in  two  fmall  vols.  i2mo.  '  Though  thejr 
9re  in  gen^r^i)  more  or  k($  negligent,  they  have  a  delicacy  and 
natural  air  which  renderjB  them  very  pleafing.  He  imitated  th^ 
manner  of  Vaifure,  mi  frequently  excelled  his  model.  He 
produced  jilfo  a  few  eieg;int  compofitions  in  profe. 

PAUL  (MAjfcH)»  or  Makco  Paulo,  the  Venetian,  a  cele. 
brated  trayi^ller  io  the  13th  century,  is  the  firfi  writer  of  amr 
note  who  h^$  giyen  a  relation  of  the  eaftern  countries.  He 
began  his  travels  in  1272*  and  went  as  far  as  the  capital  of 
CuBiAi  Cham^  whofe  court  he  viiited.  He  gives  a  very  dr«> 
cumftantial  account  of  all  he  faw  there  ^,  even  defcribes  the  per*, 
fon.  of  that  monarch  who  was  the  fixth  from  Genghis  Chan. 
Many  have  imagined  Camialu^  which  he  defcribes  as  ihe  feat  of 
this  empire,  to  be  Peiin  in  China,  founded  there  by  this  con* 
queror,  foon  after  he  had  conquered  the  country.  One  circum* 
ftance  is  worth  noticing,  which  is,  that  though  he  reCded  long  in 
China,  he  never  mentions  the  great  wall,  on  which'  a  quedion 
naturally  arifes:  Did  he  forget  ii,  or  was  it  not  then  ereded^ 
Harris' s  Phil.  Inf. 

PAVh  SARPI  [u],  ufually  called  in  England,  Father  Paul, 
in  Italian*  Fra  raofo,  a  very  illuitrious  writer,  was  born  at 
"Venice  the  14th  of  Aug.  1552;  and  was  the  fon  of  Francis 
jSarpi,  a  m^rghant,  whole  anceltors  came  from  Friuli,  and  of 
Jfabella^  Morelli,  a  native  of  Venice  [xj.  He  was  baptized  by 
the  name  of  Peter,  which  he  afterwards,  upon  entering  into  his 
order,  changed  fpr  jPa.uI.     His  father  dying,  Ambrofio  Morelli 

[u]  Thisihouldhavc  flood  under Sarpi,  [x]  Fulgeatb't  Ufc  of  Father  Paul* 
kut  Che  cnor  was  diicoyered  tM  k^u  tQ  be.  and  Lockinui*«  Istiad  from  it,  prefixe| 
ItBOve^  with  ei^yenicooe.      .    ,     .      .     to  Paul's  TiMliib  of  £cde6aftical  Bene* 

iices  and  HctCBMi,  Lond.  1736.  tvo. 

his 


H  PAUL. 

his  tnicl©,-pritfrofth«  collegiate  church  ©f  St.  Hepmagdsas,  t6ok 
him  and  a  filter  under  his  own  care ;  and  their  mother  retired 
into  a  convent.     This  Ambrofio  was  very  well  ftilied  in  polite 
literaturOy  which  he  taught  to  feveral  children  of  the  noble  Vene- 
tians t  and  he  took  particular  care  of  the  education  of  his  little 
Atpliew,  whofe  genius  was  very  happy,  though* his  conftitution 
was  very  delicate.     Paul  had  quick  apprelienfion,  a  prodigious 
memory,  a  great  ftrength  of  judgement ;  fo  that  he  made  un- 
common advances  in  every  thing  he  undertook.     He  ftudted 
philofophy   and  divinity  urjder  Giov.  Maria  Capeila,  a  father 
belonging  to  the  monaftery  of  the  Scrvites  in  Venice  ;  and  he 
alio  cultivated,  when,  but  in  his  tender  years,  the  mathematics, 
and  the  Greek  and  Hebrew  tongues.     Capeila  boafted,  that  he 
had  a  fcholar  who  was  capable  of  being  his  mafter;  and  con- 
ceived fuch  a  veneration  for  him,  that  he  prevailed  with  him,  as 
i&  foppofed,  to  affume  the  religious  habit  of  the  Servites,  not- 
withilanding  the  oppofition  from   his  mother  and  uncle,  who 
intended  him  for  their  own  church.     Paul  took  thi^  kabit^  Nov, 
'I4,  1566  ;  andtwo  years  after  made;  his  tacit  pvofeifion,  which 
hefcklentnly  renewed  May  the  loth,  1572. 
*   Beinig  then  in  his  2olh  year,  he  defended,  in  a- public  aflembly 
at  Mantua,  feveral  difficult  pr^pofitions-in  'natural  philofophy 
aod'divinfty ;  on  which  occafiofi  he  gAve  fo  extradrdin^ry  a  proof 
of  hisabalittcF,  that  the  duke  of  Mantua  appointed  him  his  chdp-^ 
bully  at  the  fame  time  that  the  bi-ihop  of  that. city  made  him 
ieadet  of  canon  taw  and  divinity  ih'  hi^  cathedral.     Thefe  em- 
pieyments  animated  him  to  improve  himfelf  in  -Hebrew ;  atid 
he^  applied  aifo  with  fo  much  vigour  to  the  ftudy  of  hiftory, 
that  it  m^y.he  juftly  affirmed  no  man  ever^furpafled  him  in  it. 
During  his  ilay  at  Mantua  he  became  acquainted  with  many 
eminent  perfons ;  and,  what  made'him  more  known,  the  duke, 
who  w.3«  a  learned  prince,  obliged  him  to  difpute  with  perfons 
of  aH  profeffions,  and  on  all  lubjefts..    Paul  had  a  profound 
knowledge  in  the   mathematics,  but  the  utmoft  contempt  for 
Judicial  aftrology :  ^*  We  canfwt/'  he  ufed  to  fay,  *♦  either  find 
out,  orwe  cannot  avoid,  what  will  happen  -feereafter."     Ful- 
gentio  tells  a  pleafant  ftory  to  this  ptirpofe.»    William,  duke 
of  Mantua,' who  loved  to  foften  the  cares  of  government  with 
lalHes  of  humour,  having  a  mare  ready  to  foal  a  mule,  engaged 
Paul  to  fit  up  a  whole  night,  and  with  his  inftrum^nt  to  take  the 
horofcop^  of  the  animal's  nativity.     This  being  done,  and  the 
fcheme  fetrled,  the  duke  fent  if  to  all  the  famous  aftrologers  in 
Europe,  with  this  infcription,  that  under  fuch  an  afped:  a  baf- 
tard  was  born  i,n  the  duke's  palace.  -  The  aftrologers  returned 
^ery  (J'fe^^^t  judgl^\ents ;  fome  affuring  that  this  baftard  woul^ 
bed  cardifialy  other6;.ai great  warrior,  others  a  biibop,  and  others 
/'     ,  J       *     ^' •'  -a'pope; 


r 


PAUL.  fs 

a*[K)p^;  ^U  which,  as  may  he  fuppo(ed>  aifibrded  die  dukcna 

fji»U  (^verfiouf 

P^l,  being  ngw  weary  of  a  court  life,  which  ao  way  fuitcd 
his  inclination,  left  Mantua,  aod  returned  to  his  convent  at 
Venice,  By  this  time  he  had  made  a  furpxifing  progrefs  in  the 
eanon  and  civil  law,  in  all  parts  of  phyftc,  and  in  the  Chaldee 
language  i  and,  a»  ufually  happens,  hts  gre^t  reputation  had 
expofed  him  to  much  envy.  For,  before  he  left  Mantua,  oner 
Claudio,  who  vsras  jealous  of  his  fuperior  talent^,  accufed  htm  Ht 
the  inquifition  of  herefy,  for  having  denied  that  the  doSrine  of 
the  Trinity  cowld  be  proved  from  the  firft  chapter  of  Genefis  :• 
but  Paul,  appealing  to  Rome,  v^as  honourably  acquitted,  and 
the  inquifitor  reprimanded  for  prefuming  to  determine  upon*, 
things  written  in  a  language  he  did  not  underftand.  A$  twenty^- 
two,  he  was  ordained  pxieft  ;  and  afterwards,  when  he  had  taken- 
the  degree  of  dodor  in  divinity,  and  was  admitted  a  member  of 
the  college  of  Padua,  was  chofen  provincial  of  his  order  for  the 
province  of  Venice,  though  he  was  then  but  twfjftty  fix:  an. 
mftance  which  had  never  happened  b^ore  among  the  Servites* 
He  acquitted  himfelf  in  this  poft,  as  he  did  in  every  other,  with 
the  ftri<9;eft  integrity,  honour,  and  piety;  iafomuch  that,  m 
1579,  '"  *  general  chapter  held  at  Parma,  he  was  appointed* 
with  two  others,  much  his  feniors,  to  draw  up  new  regulations 
and  ftatutes  fox  his  order.  This  employment  made  it  necefTaty^' 
for  him  to  refide  at  Rome,  where  his  exalted  talents  recon»^ 
mended  him  to  the  notice  of  cardinal  Alexander  Farnefe,  *ao4 
other  great  perfonages. 

His  employment  as  provincial  being  ended,  he  retired  for  three' 
years,  which  he  faid  ^was  the  only  repofe  he  had  ever  enjoycd.j' 
and  applied  himfelf  to  the  ftudy  of  natural  philofophy  and  ana*- 
tomy.  Among  other  experiments,  he  employed  himfelf  in  the 
tranfmutation  of  metals ;  but  not  with  any  view  of  difcov-ering- 
the  philofopher's  ftone,  which  he  always  ridiculed  as  impoflible. 
In  the  courfe  of  his  experiments,  he  found  out  feveral  ufeful 
fccrets ;  -the  honour  of  which  has  been  appropriated  by  other 
people.  He  likevvife  ftudied  anatomy,  efpecially  that  part  of  it, 
which  relates  to  the  eye ;  on  which  he  made  fo  many  curioos 
obfervations,  that  the  celebrated  Fabricius  ab  Aquapendente  did 
not  fcruple  to  employ,  in  terms  of  the  highelt  applaufe,  the 
authority  of  Paul  on  that  fubjeft,  both  in  his  le£lures  and  writ- 
ings.  Fulgentio  exprefles  his  furprife  at  Aquapendente,  for  net 
acknowledging,  in  his  *<  Treatife  of  the  Eye,"  the  fingular 
obligations  he  had  to  Paul,  whom  he  declares  to  have  merited 
rfl  the  honour  of  it.  He  afferts  likewife,  that  Paul  difcovered. 
the  valves,  which  ferve  for  the  circulation  of  the  blood,  an^ 
this  feems  to  be  allowed  j  but  not  that  he  difcovered  the  circu* 
Ution  iifelf,  as  Walaeus,  Morhoffi  and  pthexs  have  c.oxitended, 

againft 


76  PA  U  L. 

agamft  the  claim  of  our  countryman  Harvey,  to  whom  that  dtf^ 

covery  has  been  ufually,  and  indeed  juftly,  afcribed.  -  A  hook 
was  publilbed  at  Amftcrdam,  1684,  in  8vo,  with  this  title, 
•*  Inventa  Novantiqua ;  id  eft,  brevis  enarratio  ortus  ct  pro-* 
grefTfis  artis  medicae,  ac  prscipue  de  inventis  vulgo  novis  aut 
nuperrime  in  ea  repertis:"  in  which  the  author,  Tncod.  Janfo- 
nius  ab  Almelovcen,  far  from  allowing  Harvey  to  have  difco- 
vcred  the  circulation  of  the  blood,  affirms  it  to  have  been  known 
to  feveral  others,  and  even  to  Hippocrates  himfelf :  but  as  to 
what  concerns  Paul,  he  has  tiie  following  remarkable  paflage  t 
**  Joannes  Leonicenus  fays,  that  Father  Paul  difcQvered  the 
circulation  of  the  blood,  and  rhe  valves  of  the  vein$ ;  but  durft 
not  make  the  difcovery  public,  for  fear  of  expofing  himfelf  to 
trouble ;  ftnce  he  was  already  but  too  much  fufpe£bd,  and  there 
wanted  nothing  but  this  new  paradox  to  transform  him  into  an 
heretic,  ih  a  country  where  the  inquifition  prevails.  For  this 
rcafon  he  entrufted  the  fecret  to  Aquapcnde^te  alone,  who  fear- 
ful a}fo  of  becoming  obnoxious,  communicated  it  but  to  a  few, 
and  watted  till  his  death,  before  he  would  fuSer  his  Treatife 
concerning  the  valves  of  the  veins  to  be  prefented  to  the  republic 
of  Venice :  and  as  the  flighted  novelties  in  that  country  are  apt 
to  create  alarms  among  the  people,  the  book  was  repofited  pri- 
vately in  the  library  of  St.  Mark.  But  as  Aquapendente  had 
difcovered  the  fecret  to  a  curious  young  Englifb  gentleman, 
named  Harvey,  who  ftudied  under  him  at  Padua,  and  as  Father 
Paul  at  the  fanrie  time  made  the  fame  difcovery  to  the  Englifli 
ambaifador,  tliefe  two  EngliQimen  upon  their  return  home, 
being  in  a  country  of  freedom,  publifhed  it ;  and  having  con- 
firmed it  by  a  variety  of  experiments,  claimed  the  whole  honouF 
to  themfelves."  Dr.  George  Ent  [yJ,  in  his  letter  to  Harvey, 
prefixed  to  his  "  Apologia  pro  circulatione  fanguinis/*  attempts 
to  refute  this  account,  by  obfervmg,  that  the  Venetian  ambaiia-r. 
dor,  having  been  prefented  by  Harvey  with  his  book,  lent  it  to 
Paul,  who  tranfcribcd  many  things  from  it,  and  this  among  the 
reft :  but  there  is  a  very  great  difficulty  in  this  paffage  of  Ent ; 
for  it  is  certain  that  Harvey's  book  was  not  printed  till  1628, 
whereas  Paul  died  in  1623.  Dr.  Frcind,  however,  has  very 
well  afcertained  the  fole  difcovery  of  the  circulation  to  Harvey, 
by  (hewing,  that  none  of  thofe,  to  whom  it  has  been  afcribed, 
underftood  the  nature  and  manrer  of  it ;  and  that,  **  though 
Aquapendente  could  difcover  and  defcribe  the  valves  of  the 
vems,  yet  he  was  at  the  fame  time  ignorant  of  the  true  ufe  of 
them,  as  appears  from  his  own  defcription  of  them"  [z]« 
.  Father  Paul's  great  fame  would  not  fufFer  him  any  longer  to 
enjoy  his  retreat :  for  he  was  now  appointed  procurator-genera^ 


M 


Bayle,  Nouvelles  de  la  Rep.  des  Lettres,  Juin,  16S4)  art*  ii» 
Hift.  of  Phyfic,  ▼.  i.  p.  2»7,-&c  8vo.    • 


-f 


PAUL.  77 

cf  his  order ;  and  during  three  years  at  Ronw,  where  he  was 
on  that  account  obliged  to  refide,  he  difcovcrcd  fuch  prodigious 
talents,  that  he  was  called  by  the  pope's  command  to  aflift  in 
congregations  where  matters  of  the  higheft  importance  were 
debated.'  He  was  very  much  efteemed  by  Sixtus  V.  by  cardinal 
fiellarmine,  and  by  cardinal  Cailegna,  afterwards  Urban  Vlltf 
Upon  his  return  to  Venice,  he  refumed  his  (tudies,  beginning 
them  before  fun-rife,  and  continuing  them  all  the  morning* 
The  afternoons  he  fpent  in  philofophical  experiments,  or  in  con- 
verfation  with  his  learned  fri<ends.  He  was  now  obliged  to  remit 
a  little  from  his  ufual  application  :  for,  by  too  intenfe  fludy,  he 
had  already  contra£led  infirmities,  wrth  which  he  was  troubled 
till  old  age.  Thefe  made  it  neceffary  for  him  to  drink  a  little 
wine,  frorti  which  he  had  abftained  till  he  was  thirty  years  old ; 
and  he  ufed  to  fay,  that  one  of  the  things  of  which  he  was  moil 
repented  was,  that  he  had  been  perfuaded  to  drink  wine.  He 
eat  fcarce  any  thing  but  bread  and  fruits,  and  ufed  a  very  fmall 
quantity  of  food,  becaufe  the  lead  fulnefs  rendered  him  liable  to 
violent  pains  of  the  head. 

But  now  Providence  was  pleafed  to  take  Paul  out  of  this 
haven  of  tranquillity,  and  to  expofe  him  on  an  ocean  of  troubles. 
Upon  leaving  Venice  to  go  to  Rome,  he  had  left  his  friends 
under  the  counfel  and  direftion  of  Gabriel  Colliffoni,  with  whom 
he  had  formerly  joined  in  redrefling  certain  grievances.  But 
this  man  did  not  anfwer  Paul's  expeSation,  being  guihy  of  great 
exadions :  and,  when  the  father  intended  to  return  to  Venice, 
dtl%ded  him  from  it,  well  knowing  that  his  rfturn  would  put 
an  end  to  his  impofitions.  He  therefore  artfully  reprefenled, 
that,  by  (laying  at  Rome,  he- would  be  fure  to  make  his  fortune ; 
to  which  Paul,  with  more  honefty  than  policy,  returned  an 
anfwer  in  cypher,  that  **  there  was  no  advancing  hiiiifelf  at  the 
court  of  Rome,  but  by  fcandalous  means ;  and  that,  far  from 
valuing  the  dignities  there,  he  held  them  ig  the  utmoft  abomifia* 
tion."  After  this,  he  returned  to  Venice ;  and,  coming  to  an 
irreconcileable  rupture  with  ColHfloni,  on  account  of  his  cor- 
rupt pra£lices,  the  latter  Ibewed  his  letter  in  cypher  to  cardinal 
Santa  Severina,  who  was  then  at  the  head  oi  the  inquilltion. 
The  cardinal,  however,  did  not  think  it  convenient  to.  attack 
Paul  himfelf,  although  he  (hewed  his  difafFedtion  to  him  by  per* 
fecuting  his  friends.  But  when  Paul  oppofed  Colli ilbni's  being 
eledked  general  of  the  order,  the  latter  accufed  bim  to  the  inqui- 
fition  at  Rome  of  holding  a  correfpondence  with  the  Jews ;  and, 
to  aggravate  the  charge,  produced  the  letter  in  cypher  juft  men- 
tioned. The  inquifiiors  did  not  think  proper  to  continue  the 
profecution,  yet  Paul  was  ever  after  confidered  as  an  inveterate 
enemy  to  the  grandeur  of  the  court  of  Rome.  He  was  charged 
alfo  with  (hewing  too  great  refpefl  and  civility  to  heretics,  who. 
On  account  of  his  valt  rcjputatioh,  came   to  fee  him  from  all 

parts  ] 


7«  PAUL. 

))t»ts ;  and  ttiis  prevented  pope  Clement  VIII.  from  noBikiatiAg 
him,  when  he  Wds  folicited,  to  the  fee  of  Nob  [a].  So,  at 
leaft,  fays  Fulgcntio:  and  we  arp  clfewherc  informed,  that 
»*  Paul  was  an  intimate  friend  of  Mornay,  of  Diodati,  and 
leveral  eminent  ProteRants;  and,  that  when  a  motion  was  made 
ttt  Ron^  to  beftow  on  him  a  cardinars  hat,  what  appeared  the 
chief  obftacle  to  his  advancement  was,  his  having  a  greater  cor- 
*efpondenoe  with  heretics  than  with  Catholics.  Diodati  in- 
formed me,"  continues  AnciUon,  **  that,  obferving  in  his  con- 
Verfations  with  Paul,  how  in  many  opinions  he  agreed  with  the 
Proteftants,  he  faid,  he  was  extremely  rejoiced  to  find  him 
iiot  far  from  the  kingdom  of  heaven ;  and  therefore  ftrongly 
exhorted  him  to  profefs  the  Proteftant  religion  publicly.  Buk 
Ihe  father  anfwered,  that  it  was  better  for  him,  like  St.  Paul,  to 
be  anathema  for  his  brethren ;  and  that  he  did  more  fervice  to 
the  Proteftant  religion  in  wearing  that  habit,  than  he  could  do 
4)y  laying  iK  afide. — The  elder  Daill^  told  me,  that  in  going  to 
tad  commg  from  Rome  with  de  Villarnoud,  grandfon  to  Mor- 
nay,  whofe  preceptor  he  was,  he  had  paHed  by  Venice,  and 
iifited  Paul,  to  whom  Mornay  had  recommended  him  by  letters ; 
that,  having  delivered  them  to  the  father,  he  difcovercd  the 
iiighefl:  efteem  for  the  illnftrious  Mr.  Du  Pleflis  Mornay ;  that 
fee  gave  the  kindeft  reception  to  Mr.  de  Villarnoud  his  grandfon, 
and  e\'en  to  Mr.  Daille  ;  that  afterwards  Mr.  Daill6  became 
Very  intimate  with  father  Paul,"  &c.  All  this  is  confirmed  by 
ftther  Paul's  letters,  which  on  every  occafion  exprcfs  the  faigheft 
tegard  for  the  Proteftants. 

Abdut  1602,  he  was  drawn  forth  from  his  private  ftudies, 
Kvhich  he  had  now  indulged,  though  amidft  numerous  vexations, 
for  many  years,  into  public  affairs.  A  difpute  arofe  between 
the  republic  of  Venice  and  the  court  of  Rome, .  relating  to  eccle- 
fiaftfcal  immunities;  and,  as  both  divinity  and  law  were  con- 
cefned  in  it,  father  P^il  was  appointed  their  divine  and  cahonift, 
to  a6l  in  concert  with  the •  iaw-confultors.  The  difpute. had 
commenced,  and  been  carried  on,  under  Clement  VIII.  but 
when  Paul  V.  came  to  the  popedom,  he  required  abfolate  obc-. 
dience  without  difputes.  Thus  things  flood  for  a  time;  till  at 
}aft,  April,  1606,  the  pope  excommunicated  the  duke,  the  whole 
fenate,  and  all  their  dominions:  and  then  the  Venetians  in 
iretum  recalled  their  ambafTador  at  Rome,  fufpended  the  inqui- 
fition  by  order  of  ftate,  and  publiftied  by  found  of  trumpet  a 
proclamation  to  this  effe^^,  viz.  **  That  whofocver  hath  received 
from  Rome  any  copy  of  a  papal  edid,  publiftied  there,  as  weH 
*gainft  the  law  of , God,  as  againft  the  honour  of  this  nation, 
fiiall  immediately  bring  it  to  the  council  of  ten  upon  pain  of 
death."     Meanwhile,    <he  minds   not   only  of  the  common 

[  a1  Melange  Critique  de  Literature  xccuellli  des  coaTerfations  de  feu  Mr.  AnclUon, 
iDm.  iL  2^3,  Bafily  16(^8,  iitao, 

burghers. 


.PAUL.  79 

fcurghers",  but  alfo  of  fome  noble  perfonages  who  wefe  at  the 
helm,  being  under  fome  little  confternation  at  this  papal  inter- 
iidtf  Paul  endeavoured  to  difTipate  the  groundlefs  alarm,  by  a 
piece  entitled  **  Confolation  of  mind,  to  quiet  the  confciences 
of  thofe  who  live  well,  againll  the  terrors  of  the  interdtdl  by 
Paul  V."  But,  being  written  for  the  fole  ufe  of  the  government 
under  which  he  was  born,  it  was  depofited  in  the  archives  of 
Venice;  till  at  length,  from  a  copy  clandeftincly  taken,  it  wa^ 
firft  publiftied  at  the  Hague  ["b],  both  in  the  Italian  and  French 
languages,  and  the  fame  year  in  Englifh,  under  this  title,  **  The 
Rights  of  Sovereigns  and  Subjefts,  argued  from  the  civil,  canon, 
and  common  law,  Under  the  feveral  heads  of  Excommunica* 
tions,  Interdifts,  Perfecution,  Councils,  Appeals,  Infallibility, 
ilefcribing  the  b6undaries  of  that  power  which  is  claimed  throngh- 
out  Chriftcndom  by  the  Crown  and  the  Mitre ;  and  of  the  pri- 
vileges which  appettain  to  the  fubjefts,  both  clergy  and  Jaity, 
according  to  the  laws  of  God  and  Man."  Paul  wrote,  and 
affifted  in  writing  and  pnblifhing,  feveral  other  pieces  in  this 
controverfy  between  the  two 'ftates ;  and  had  the  Inquifrtiori, 
cardinal  Bellaitntne,  and  other  great  perfonages,  for  his  antago- 
Tiifts.  He  behaved  himfdf  with  great  temper  and  moderation  ; 
yet  the  court  of  Rome  was  fo,  exafperated  againft  him,  as  to 
cite  him  by  a  decree,  Oft.  30,  1606,  under  pain  of  abfolute 
excommunication,  to  appear  in  perfon  at  Rome,  to  anfwer  the 
charges  of  herefies  ogainil:  him.  Inftead  of  appearing,  he  pub- 
liflied  a  manifefto,  (hewing  the  invalidity  of  the  fummons ;  yet 
offered  to  difpute  with  any  of  the  pope's  advocates,  in  a  place  of 
fafety,  on  the  articles  laid  to  his  charge. 

In  April,  1607,  the  divifion  between  Rome  and  the  •  republic 
was  healed  by  the  interpofition  of  France  ;  amd  Fulgentio  relates, 
that  the  affair  was  tranfafted  at  Rome  by  cardinal  Perron,  ac- 
cording to  the  order  of  the  king  his  mailer.  But  fome  Engtifh 
writers  are  of  opinion,  that  this  accommodation  between  the 
Venetians  and  the  pope  was  owing  to  the  mifconduft  of  king 
James  I.  [c]  ;  who,  if  he  had  heartily  fupported  the  Venetians, 
would  certainly  have  difunited  them  from  the  fee  of  Rome^ 
Mr.  Ifaac 'Wakon  obferves,  that  during  the  difpute  it  was 
reported  abroad',  **  that  the  Venetians  were  all  turned  Proteft- 
ants,  which  was  believed  by  many:  for  it  was  obferved,  that  the 
English  ambaifador  (Wotton)  was  often  in  conference  with  the 
fenatc,  and  his  chaplain  Mr.  Bedel  more  often  with  father  Paul, 
whom  the  people  did  not  take  to  be  his  friend ;  and  alfo,  f&c 
that  the  republic  of  Venice  was  known  tpgive  commiflion  to 
Gregory  J uttiniano,  then  their  ambaifador  in  England,  to  make 
all  thcfe  proceedings  known  tO  the  king  of  Englai^i,  and  to 
crave  a  promife  of  his  affiftance,  if  need  ihould  require,"  .&c* 

[b]  Prtface  to  tlw  Rights  of  Sovereigns,  &c.  Loml."  17^5. 

[cj  Life  of  Six  Henry  Wotton,  prefixed  to  bi»  Works,  edit.  1685. 

-  Burnet 


8o  PAUL. 

Burnet  tells  us,  "  That  the  breach  between  the  pope  aWrf  ttiir 
republic  was  brought  very  hear  a  crifiSy  fo  that  it  was  expe6le<f 
a  total  reparation  not  only  from  the  court,  but  the  church  of 
Rome,  was  like  to  follow  upon  it.  It  was  fet  on  by  father  Paul 
and  the  feven  divines  with  mucli  zteal,  and  was  very  prudently 
condufled  by  them.  In  order  to  the  advancing  of  it,  king 
James  ordered  his  ambaffador  to  offer  all  poilibTe  afiidance  to 
them,  and  to  accufe  the  pope  and  the  papacy  as  the  chief  authors 
of  all  the  mifchiefs  of  Chriftendooi*-^ Father  Paul  and  the  feven 
divines  preifed  Mr.  Bedel  to  move  the  ambaffador  toprefent  king 
James's  premonition  to  all  Chriftian  princes  and  ftates/  then  put 
in  Latin,  to  the  fenate  ;  and  they  v^ere  confident  rt  wosid  pro* 
duce  a  great  effedi.  But  the  ambaffador  could  riot  be  prevailed 
on  to  do  it  at  that  time  ;  and  pretended,  that  fmce  St.  Jfames's 
day  was  not  far  off,  it  would  be  more  proper  to  do  it  on  that 
day  .-^Before  St.  James's  day  came,  the  difference  wa?  made  up,' 
and  that  happy  opportunity  was  loflf  ^  fo  that  when  be  had  his 
audience  on  that  day  in  whicb  he  prefented  the  book/  all  the 
anfwer  he  got  was,  that  they  thanked  the  kii^  of  England  for 
his  good  will,  but  they  were  now  reconciled  to^tbe  pope;-  and 
that  therefore  they  were  refolvei  not  fo  admit  any  change  in 
their  religion,  according  to  theifagrectfieht  with  the  coiirt  of 
Rome"  [d].  Wei  wood  relates  the  fame  ftory^  and  imputes  the 
mifcarriage  of  that  important  aiFair  to  •*  the  conceit  of  prefeht-^ 
ing  king  James's  book  on  St.  James's  dayr"  But  Dr.  Hickes 
attempts  to  confute  this  account,  by  obfcrving^  that  the  pope 
and  the  Venetians  were  reconciled  in  1607^  and  that  the  king'ar 
premonition  came  not  out  till  1609,  which  indeed  appears  to 
be  true;  fo  that,  if  the  premonition  Mf^^  leally  prefented^  it 
xnufl  have  been  only  in  manufcript. 

Although  father  Paul  was  comprehended  iir  the  ^conrtnoda- 
lion  of  April,  1 607,  yet,  on  Oft.  the  5th  following,  he  was  attacked^ 
in  his  return  to  his  convent  by  five  afl'affins,-  Who  gave  him 
fifteen  wounds,  and  left  hirti  for  dead.  Three  of  thele  wounds* 
only  did  execution :  he  received  two  in  the  neck  ^  the  third  was 
made  by  the  ftilletto's  entering  his  right  car,  and  coming  out 
between  the  nofe  and  right  cheek  ;  and  fo  violent  Was  the  ftab« 
that  the  aflaflin  was  obliged  to  leave  his  weap<m  iti  the  wound. 
Being  come  to  himfclf,  and  having  had  his  wounds  dreflcd,  he 
told  thofe  about  him,  that  the  firft  two  he  had  received  feemed 
like  two  flafhes  of  fire,  which  (hot  upon  him  at  the  fame  inftant ; 
and  that  at  the  third  he  thought  himfelf  loaded  as  it  were  with  a 
.prodigious  weight,  which  ftunned  and  quite  confoundbd  his' 
fenfes.  The  aiFaflins  retired  to  the  palace  of  the  pope's  noncio 
in  Venice,  whence  they  efcaped  that  evening  either  to  Ravenna 

f  d)  Memoirs,  &c,  p.  34,  17C0,  ^Vo.  Some  Difcourfes  upon  Dr.  Burnet  and  Dr* 
TiUotfon,  occa£oced  by  tie  bte  Fuacial  Serneioa  of  the  forHie*  upoi>  fihe  laccer^  p*  30^ 
X695,  4:0. 


PAUL.  ^  tt 

«r  Ftrrata.  Th^fe  circumftances  difcovcred  who  were  at  the 
bottom  of  the  attempt ;  and  the  father  himfelf  once,  when  hii 
friend  Aquapendente  was  drelTing  his  wounds,  could  not  forbear 
faying  pleafantly,  that  *'  they  were  made  Stih  Romans  Curiae,'* 
The  perfon,  who  drew  the  ftiletto  out  of  his  head,  was  defirous 
of  having  it;  but  as  the  father's  efcape  feemed  fomewhat  mira- 
culous, it  was  thought  right  to  preferve  the  bloody  inftrument 
as  a  public  monument :  and  therefore  it  was  hung  at  the  feet  of 
a  crucifix  in  the  church  of  the  Servites,  with  the  following 
infcription,  Deo  Filio  Liheratori^  ^'  To  God  the  Son  the  Deli- 
verer." The  fenate  of  Venice,  to  (hew  the  high  regard  they 
had  for  Paul,  and  their  deteftation  of  this  horrid  attempt,  broke 
up  immediately  on  the  news ;  came  to  the  monaftery  of  the 
Servites  that  night  in  great  numbers ;  ordered  the  phyficians  to 
bring  conftant  accounts  of  him  to  the  fenate ;  and  afterwards 
knighted  and  richly  rewarded  Aquapendente  for  his  great  care* 
of  him. 

How  fcandalous  foever  this  defign  againft  his  life  was,  it  was 

attempted  again  more  than  once,  even  by  monks  of  his  own 

I         order:  but  the  fenate  took  all  imaginable  precautions  for  his 

fecurity,  and  he  himfelf  determined  to  live  more  privately.     In 

his  recefs,  he  applied  himfelf  to  write  his  **  Hiftory  of  the 

"  Council  of  Trent,'*  for  which  he  had  begun  to  colleft  mate- 

j         rials  long  before.     Walton  tells  us,  that  the  contefls  between 

I         the  court  of  Rome  and  the  fenate  of  Venice  "  were  the  occa- 

iion  of  father  Paul's  knowledge  and  intereft  with  king  James, 

:  forwhofe  fake  principally  he  compiled  that  eminent  hiftory  of 

r         the  remarkable  council  of  Trent ;  which  hiftory  was,  as  faft  as 

i         -it  was  written,  fent  in  feveral  fheets  in  letters  by  fir  Henry 

f  Wotton,  Mr.  Bedell,  and  others,  unto  king  James,  and  the  then 

biihop   of  Canterbury,    into  England.**     Wotton  [d]   relates, 

!  that  James  himfelf  "  had  a  hand  in  it ;  for  the  benefit,"  he  adds, 

\  "  of  the  Chriftian  world.'*     This  hiftory  was  firft  publiftied  at 

;    :.      London,  1619,  in  folio,  under  the  feigned  name  of  Pietro  Soave 

I       .    Polano,  which  is  an  anagram  of  Paolo  Sarpi  Venetiano,  and 

dedicated  to  James  I.  by  Antony  de   Dominis,  arclibifhop  of 

Spaiatro.      It  was  afterwards  tranflated    into    Latin,    Englifh, 

French  and  other  languages ;  and  a  new  tranflation  of  it  into 

French  by  Dr.  le  Courayer,  with  notes  critical,  hiilorica],  and 

theotegical,    was   pub! i (lied    at   London,    1736,    2  vols,    folio. 

Burnetts -account  of  this  work  may  ferve  to  Thew  the  opinion, 

. .  oteftants  of  all  communities  have  ever  entertained  of  it. 

^"■'"  "    '  f^f  writing,*'  fays  he  [e],  "  is  fo  natural 

-^,    ^.    ^.oo.  Religion  and  the  Gnfpcl,  as  fhey  are  deli- 

,-  verod  by  Cardi.ial  Pallavicni,  in  his  HJf- 

crace  to  a  boo Jc,  entitled,  "  The  tory  oi  the  Council  of  Trent.     Li^gluhsd 

,    3 1  Rome,  or.   The  Sentimen^rc  of  out  or  Ficuch,  London,  i63i,"  8vo. 
and  Cardinals  there,  co:icerni]ig 

^ju.  XII»  G  and 


«i  p  A  tr  l; 

and  mafculine,  the  infrigtieswere  fo  fully  opened,  with  fb  tnarrf 
judicious  reflexions  in  all  the  parts  of  it,  that  as  it  was  read  Wi^h 
greit  pleafurc,  fo  it  was  generally  tooked  on  as  the  rareft  pVece 
of  hrltory  which  the  wofld  ever  faw.  The  author  was  foOtt 
gueffcd,  and  that  raifed  the  efteem  of  the  Work :  for  as  he  was 
accounted  one  of  the  wifefl:  men  in  the  world,  fo  he  had  great 
opporitinities  to  gather  exaft  Jnfbrmatiotis.  He  had'  free  accefs 
to  all  the  archives  of  the  repuMic  of  Venice,  which  has  been 
now  looked  on  for  feveral  ages  as  very  exad,  both  in  getting 
good  intelTrgence,  and  in  a  moft  careffil  way  of  prefcrving  it: 
lo  that  among  thei'r  records  he  muft  have  fotinrf  the  difpatches 
of  the  ambafladoi's  and  preli^cS  of  that  repuWrc,  who  were  at 
Trent ;  which  being  fo  near  them,  and  the  council  being  of  fuch 
high  confequence,  it  is  not  to  be  doubted^  biit  there  were  frc-» 
quent  and  prrrticiilar  infofrmations,  both  of  more  public  and 
fecreter  tranfaSfons  tranfnr^itted  thifther.  He  had  alfo  contrafted 
a  clofe  friendfhip  with  Camillus  Oliva,  thait  was  fecretary  te 
one  of  the  legates,  from  whom  he  had  many  drfcoveries  of  the 
praSices  of  the  legates,  and  of  their  corrcfpondence  with  Rome  i 
l)efides  many  other  materials  and  notes  of  fome  prelates  who 
were  at  Trent,  which  he  had  gathered  together.  His  work 
came  out  within  fifty  years  of  the  conclufion  of  the  council, 
when  feveral,  who  had  been  prefent  there,  were  ftiH  alire ;  and 
the  thing  was  fo  recent  in  men's  memories,  that  few  thought  a 
man  of  fo  great  prudence  as  he  was  would  have  expofed  his 
reputation,  by  writing  in  fuch  a  nice  manner,  things  which  he 
could  not  juftify.  Never  was  there  a  man  more  hated  by  the 
court  of  Rome  than  he  was  ;  and  now  he  was  at  their  mercy,  if 
he  had  abufed  the  world  by  fuch  falfhoods  in  matter  of  faft,  as 
have  been  fince  charged  on  his  work  }  but  none  appeared  againft. 
him  for  fifty  years." 

Early  in'  the  winter  of  1622,  his  health  began  to  decline 
greatly  ;  and  he  grew  weaker  and  weaker,  till  Jan.  the  14th, 
when  he  expired  in  his  72d  year.  He  behaved  with  the  greateft 
conftancy  and  piety  during  his  illnefs,  and  the  laft  words  he 
uttered  were,  Ejlo  prpetua ;  as  a  prayer  for  the  republic. 

And,  while  the  (hadows  on  his  eye-lids  hung. 
Be  it  immortal  I  trembled  on  his  tongue. 

When  the  news  of  his  death  reached  Rome,  the  courtiers 
rejoiced;  nor  could  the  pope  himfelf  forbear  faying,. that  the 
hand  of  God  was  vifible  in  taking  him  out  of  the  world:  yet  it 
"tvas  no  great  miracle  furely  that  a  man  of  his  age  fliould  die. 
His  funeral  was  diftingui(hed  by  the  public  magnificence  of  it, 
and  the  vaft  concourfe  of  nobility  and  perfons  of  all  ranks  attend- 
ing it :  and  the  fenate,  out  of  gratitude  to  his  memory,  ereSed 
a  monument  to  him,  the  infcription  upon  which  was  written  by 

John 


PAUL.  8j 

John 'Anthony  Venerio;  a  noble  Venetian.  He  was  of  middle 
ftature ;  his  head  very  large  in  proportion  to  his  body,  which 
was  extremely  lean.  He  had  a  wide  forehead,  in  the  middle 
of  which  was  a  very  large  vein.  His  eye-brows  were  well 
arched,  his  eyes  large,  black,  and  fprightly  ;  his  nofe  long  and 
big,  but  very  even :  his  beard  but  thin.  His  afpefl,  though, 
grave,  was  extremely  foft  and  inviting ;  and  he  had  a  very  fine 
hand.  Fuigentio  relates,  that  though  feveral  kings  and  princes 
had  defired  him  to  fit  for  his  pidlure,  yet  he  never  would  ftiffer 
it  to  be  drawn ;  but  fir  Henry  Wotton  [f],  in  his  letter  to 
Dr.  Collins,  writes  thus : — **  And  now,  fir,  having  a  fit  mef- 
fenger,  and  not  long  after  the  time  when  love-tokens  us  to  pafs 
between  friends,  let  me  be  bold  to  fend  you  for  a  new-vear*s- 
gift  a  certain  memorial,  not  altogether  unworthy  ox  fome 
entertainment  under  your  roof;  pamely,  a  true  piSure  of 
father  Paul  the*Servite,  which  was  firft  taken  by  a  painter 
whom. I  fent  unto  him,  my  houfe  then  neighbouring  his  mo- 
naftery.  I  hav^  newly  added  thereunto  a  title,  of  my  own  con- 
ception, Concilii  Tridemini  EvifceratoTy  y^.-7-You  will  find  a 
icar  in  his  face,  that  was  from  the  Roman  aflaflinate,  that 
would  have  killed  him  as  he  was  turned  to  a  wall  near  his 
convent." 

Nothing  remains  but  to  dwell  a  little  upon  the  charaSer  of 
this  extraordinary  perfon.  Father  Fulgentio,  his  friend  and 
companion,  who  was  a  man  of  great  abilities  and  integrity^ 
and  is  allowed  on  all  hands  to  have  drawn  up  Paul's  life  with 
great  judgement  and  impartiality,  obferves,  that,  notwithftand- 
ing  tlie  animofity  of  the  court  of  Rome  aeainfl:  him,  the  moft 
eminent  prelates  of  it  always  exprelfed  the  higheft  regard  for 
him;  and  Protcftants  of  all  communities  have  juftly  fuppofed 
him  one  of  the  wireft  and  beft  men  that  ever  lived.  "  Father 
Paul,"  fays  lir  Henry  Wotton,  *^  was  one  of  the  humbleft 
things  that  could  be  fecii  within  the  bounds  of  ^humanity  :  the 
very  pattern  of  that  precept,  quant 0  doSfiory  tanto  fubmiJjiGr^  and  ' 
enough  alone  to  demonftraie,  that  k^nowledge  well  digcfted  non 
inflat.  Excellent  in  pofitive,  excellent  in  fcholaftical  and  pole- 
mical, divinity  :  a  rare  mathematician,  even  in  the  moft  abftrufe 
parts  thereof,  as  in  algebra  and  the  theoriques  ;  and  yet  withal 
fo  expert  in  the  hiftory  of  plants,  as  if  he  had  never  perufed 
any  book  but  nature.  Laftly,  a  great  canonift,  which  was  the 
title  of  his  ordinary  fervice  with  the  ftate  ;  an  I  certainly,  in  the 
ime  of  the  pope's  interdict,  they  had  their  principal  light 
rom  him.  When  he  was  either  reading  or  writing  alone,  his 
manner  was  to  fit  fenced  with  a  caflle  of  paper  about  his  chair 
md over  his  head ;  for  he  was  of  our  lord  St.  Albans  opinion, 

[f]  Reliquiae  Wottonianae. 

Gi  that 


i4  PAUL. 

fliat  all  air  is  prcdatofjr,  arid  efpecially  hurtful,  wKcn  tific  Ipfntl 
^re  moft  employed. — He  Was  of  a  quiet  and  fettled  tempery 
yrhich  made  him  prompt  in  his  counfels  and  anfwers  ;  and  the 
fame  in  confultatiou,  which  Themiftocles  was  in  aftion,  at;T<y- 
%eS«^etv  iKatvorarosy  as  will  apffear  unto  you  in  a  paflage  between 
Jiim  and  the  prince  of  Conde.  The'  faid  prince,  in  a  volun-* 
tary  journey  to  Rome,  came  by  Venice,  where,  to  give  fon^c 
rent  to  his  own  humours,  he  would  often  divert  himlelf  of  his 

freatnefs ;  and  after  other  lefs  laudable  cnriofities^  not  long 
efbre  his  departure,  a  defir^  took  Kim  to  vifit  the  famous 
Obfcure  Servite.  To  whofe  cloyfter  coming  twice,  he  was  the 
firft  time  denied  to  be  within  ;  and  at  the  (econd  it  was  inti- 
inated,  that,  by  reafon  of  his  daily  admiffion  to  their  delibera- 
tions in  the  palace,  he  could  not  receive  the  vifit  of  fo  illuftri- 
ous  a  perfonage,  without  leave  from  the  fenate,  which  he  would 
feek  to  procure.  This  fet  a  greater  edge  upon  the  prince, 
when  he  faw  he  fhould  confer  with  one  participant  or  more 
than  monkifh  fpeculations.  So,  after  leave  gotten,  he  came 
the  third  time ;  and  then,  befides  other  voluntary  difcourfe, 
defired  to  be  told  by  him,  who  was  the  true  unmaflced  author 
of  the  late  Tridentine  Hiftory? — ^To  whom  father  Paul  faid, 
that  be  underftood  he  was  going  to  Rome,  where  he  might 
learn  at  eafe,  who  was  the  author  of  that  book-" 

Cardinal  Perron  thought  proper  to  deliver  himfelf  concern- 
ing father  Paul  in  thefe  terms :  "  I  [g]  fee  nothing  eminent  la 
that  man  ;  he  is  a  man  of  judgement  and  goOd  fenfe,  but  has 
iio  great  learning :  I  obferve  his  qualifications  to  be  mere  com- 
mon ones,  and  little  fuperior  to  an  ordinary  monk's."  But 
the  learned  MorhofF[H]  has  juftly  remarked,  that  "  this  judge- 
.  tnent  of  Perron  is  abfurd  and  malignant,  and  direftly  contrary 
to  the  cleareft  evidence ;  fince  thofe  who  are  acquainted  witn 
the  great  things  done  by  father  Paul,  and  with  the  vaft  extent 
of  his  learning,  will  allow  him  to  be  fuperior,  not  only  to 
monks,  but  cardinals,  and  even  to  Perron  himfelf."  Courayer, 
!iis  French  trafiflator,  fays^  tl)at  ^*  in  [i]  imitation  of  Erafmus, 
Caffander,  Thuanus,  and  other  great  men,  Paul  was  a  Catholic 
in  general,  and  fometimes  a  Proteftant  in  particulars.  He 
obferved  every  thing  in  the  Roman  religion,  which  could  be 
praftifed  without  fuperftitiofi ;  and,  in  points  which  he  fcru- 
pled,  took  great  care  not  to  fcandalize  the 'weak.  In  flidrt,  he 
was  equally  averfe  to  all  extremes  :  if  be  difapproved  the  abufes 
of  the  Catholics,  he  condemned  alfo  the  too  great  heat  of  the 
Reformed  5  and  ufed  to  fay 'to  thofe  who  urged  him  to  declare 
himfelf  in'favpur  of  the  latter,  that  God  had  not  given  him 
the  fpirit  of  Luther. — Courayer  likewife  obferves,  that  Paul 

[g]  Perronlana.  [h1  Polyliiflor.  p-  293,  294. 

£ij  Vic  abregce  de  Fra.  Paob,  piehxea  to  Hiil.  du  Coacile  dc  Trent. 

wiihed 


PAULINUS.  ^ 

wifci:d  for  a  reformation  of  the  Papacy,  and  not  the  deftjuftioi^ 
of  it ;  and  was  an  en^my  to  the  abufes  and  pretences  of  the 
popes,  not  their  place/'  We  fee  by  feveral  of  Paul's  letters, 
that  he  wiflied  extremely  the  progrefs  of  the  Reformation, 
though  in  a  gentler  manner  than  that  which  had  been  taken  to 
procure  it :  and,  if  he  hjmfelf  had  been  filent  on  this  head,  wc 
might  have  colle<iled  his  inclinations  this  way,  from  circum- 
stances relating  to  Fulgentio,  the  moft  intimate  of  his  friends^ 
^nd  who  was  beft  acquainted  with  his  fentiments.  Burnet 
informs  us,  that  Fulgentrt>  preaching  upon  Pilate's  queftion? 
^*  What  is  Truth?"  told  the  audience,  that  at  laft,  after  many 
fearches,  he  had  found  it  out :  and  holding  forth  a  New  Tefla,- 
ment,  faid,  it  was  there  in  his  hand ;  but,  adds  he,  putting  it 
again  in  his  pocket,  **  the  book  is  prohibited.'* 

We  have,  in  the  courfe  of  this  memoir,  had  occafion  to 
mention  two  works  of  father  Paul,  which  have  been  publifhed 
'"     ""         ^  '^"  '  *        and  Sub- 

There 
Government  of 
Venice,  in  an  Advice  to  the  Republic  /'  and  a  "  Treatife  of 
Ecclefiaftical  Benefices  and  Revenues :"  all  tranflated  into  Eng- 
Jifh,  and  printed  at  lyondon, 

P AULlNUS,  an  ecclefiaftical  writer  of  the  fifth  century, 
ivas  defcended  from  an  illuftrious  family  of  Roman  fenators^ 
and  born  at  Bourdeaux  about  the  year  253  [k].  He  was  direfted 
in  his  ftudies  by  the  famous  Auionius  ;  and  applied  himfelf  fo 
farneftiy  to  the  beft  Latin  authors,  that  he  acquired  a  llyle  not 
unlike  theirs.  He  \yas  advanced  afterwards  to  the  raoft  confi- 
derable  offices  of  the  empire.  Aufonius  fays,  that  Paulinus 
was  conful  with  him ;  but  his  name  not  being  found  in  the 
Fafti  Confulares,  it  is  probable  he  obtained  that  dignity  only 
in  the  room  of  fome'^^other  perfon,  who  died  in  the  office,  and 
perhaps  in  the  year  378,  after  the  death  of  Valcns.  He  mar- 
ried Therafia,  a  very  rich  lady,  who  proved  inftrumental  in 
.converting  him  to  Chriftianity ;  and  he  was  baptized  in  th/c 
year  389..  He  dwelt  four  years  iif  Spain,  where  he  embraced 
Voluntary  poverty;  felling  his  goods  by  degrees,  and  giving 
them  to  the  poor*  Thp  inhabitants  of  Barcelona,  where  he 
refided,  conceived  fuch  an  efteem  for  him,  that  they  would 
have  him  ordained  prieft ;  to  which,  after  a  long  refiftance,  he 
.confented,  upon  condition  that  he  fliould  not  be  obliged  to 
rema,in  in  Barcelona,  be^aufe  his  defign  was  to  withdraw  to 
Nola.  Thi^  ordination  was  performed  in  393,  and  the  next 
year  he  left  Spain  to  go  into  Italy.  In  his  way  he  faw  St. 
fiss^iftok  at  Florence,  who  (hewed  him  marks  of  refpe£l ;  an^d 

I^k]  Du  Pin,  Cave,  TiUcmont,  &c. 

G  3  was 


id 


PAULMIER. 


was  kindly  received  at  Rome  both  by  the  quality  and  the  people  t 
but  the  clergy  there  growing  jealous  of  hin)^  he  left  that  city 
quickly,  and  went  to  Nola,'  where  he  dwelt  in  a'country-houle 
about  half  a  league  from  the  town.  He  liyed  there  fixteen 
years  with  hiis  wife  Therafia,  in  the  ftudy  and  exercifes  of  a 
monaftic  l|fe;  and  then,  in  400,  was  chofen  and  ordained  bifhop 
of  Nola.  The  beginning  oiT  Jiis  epifcopate  was  difturbed  by 
the  incurfions  of  the  Goths,  who  took  that  city ;  but  the  aflault 
being  oyer,  he  enjoyed  it  peapeably  jto  his  death,  which  hap? 
pened  in  431.        ' 

His  works  confift  of  **  PcNems,"  a;id  ^*  Letters,"  and  arip 
"written  with  much  art  and  eleganpe ;  his  mann<er  of  expref- 
fion  being  clofe  and  clear,  his 'words  pure  and  well  chofen, 
and  his  fentences  ftrong  and  lively.  All  his  writings  are  fhort, » 
but  pretty  numerous,  and  compofed  with  great  care.  Aufo^ 
nius  highly  commends  his  poems  ;  yet  they  cannot  pafs  for 
perfexSl,  eipecially  thofe  which  he  made  after  his  ponv^rfion. 
He  was  efteemed,  beloved,  and  carelfed  by  all  the  great  men  oJF 
that  age,  of  what  party  foever  they  were  j  and  correfoonded 
"with  them  all,  withou]t  fajlinjg  out  with  any^  He  was,  ia 
"truth,  like  Titus,  the  delist  of  his  times,  The  firft  edition 
of  his  works  was  at  Paris,  ii)  15 16,  by  Badius;  the  fecond  at 
Cologne,  by  Grsevius;  Rofwedius  capred  them  to  be  printed  at 
'Antwerp,  in  1622 :  and  the  laft  edition  of  them  was  at  Paris, 
in  2  vols.  4to^  the  former  of  which  contains  his  genyine  works. 
Du  Pin  wi/hes,  that  *>^  the  bookfeliers  hafi  taken  as  much  care 
to'  have  it  upon  good  paper  and  in  a  fair  charafter,  a?  t}>c  editor 
did  to  make  it  correal  and  ufefu!/' 

PAULMJER  DE  GRENTESMENIJ^  (Jame$  le),  more 
commonly  known  to  the  learned  by  his  latinized  name  Palmc^ 
rius,  was  born  in  the  territory  of  Auge,  in  1587,  the  fon  of 
Julien  le  Paulmier*  whp  was  a  phyficiaa  of  eminence.  He  was 
bred  a  Proteftant,  embraced  a  military  life^  and  ferved  iivith 
credit  in  Holland  and  in  France,  After  a  time,  he  retired  to 
Caen,  where  he  gave  hinifelf  pp  entirely  to  the  ftpdy  of  letters 
and  antiquity ;  and  was^the  firft  promoter  ojf  an  academy  in 
that  city,  which  has  fince  been  confidercd  as  a  valuable  itiftL- 
tution.  He  died  at  Caen,  0&.  i,  167O1  being  then  .eighty- 
three.  His  works  are,  1.  **  Obfervationes  in  optimos  ayaores 
Grsecos,"  Lpgd/Bat.  1668,  4to.  2,  *f  Graecia^  antiquse  De* 
fcriptio/'  Lugdi  feat.  1,678,  4to.  This  work  contains  a  very 
learned  and  ufeful  digett  of  what  the  ancients  have  written 
concerning  Greece.  Prefixed  to  it  is  a  life  of  the  author, 
written  at  fome  length,'  but  in  a  very  affefled  ftyle,  by  th^ 
editor  Stephen  Morinus.  3.  Some  poems  in  the  Grfeek,  Latin^ 
jFrench,  Italian,  and  Spanifli  languages.  Thcfe,  howcver^j  are 
'        •  '  thy 


PA  US  AN  IAS-  l7 

jftc  woBft  part  of  his  ^orks.    He  verfified  in  too  many  ia^- 
guages  to  be  very  excellejtit  in  any. 

PAUSANIAb,  an  ancient  Greek  writer,  who  jbas  J.eft  us  a 
curious  defcription  of  fi;:eece^  l^he  time  in  which  Jie  hoii- 
xifhed  appears,  from  what  he  fays  of  Corii.th,  in  his  fifth 
book ;  where  he  obfer.ves^  that  the  inhabitants  of  that  toun 
Jiad  been  (ent  thither  by  an  emperor,  217  years  before  he  wrote^ 
jBut  this  emp^for,  who  fcnt  a  colony  ,to  Corinth,  was  Julias 
Cacfar  ^  and  he  did  it  in  the  year  of  fiomc  710,  which  was  the 
laft  of  his  li£e[L];  fo  tlut  Pa^fanias  lived  in  the  year  of  Rome 

?27,  that  is,  the  fourteeiuh  ,of  Marqu#  Aur.eli;us,  ^d  ;74,of 
;hrift. 
Pauianias  difcovers  nothing  elfe  in  tils  work  relating  to  him- 
felf,  fo  tba^  yery  few  particulars  of  his  life  are  known.  Suidas 
mentions  two  of  this  name;  o;ie  of  iLaconia,  who  wrote  con- 
cerning the  Hcllefponjt,  Laconia^  the  Amphyftions,  and  other 
things ;  another,  who  was  a  fophift  or  rhetorician  of  Caefarea 
in  Cappadocia,  liv^d  at  the  fame  time  with  Ariftides,  and  is 
inentioned  iy  Philoftratus,  in  his  Lives  of  jthe  Orators,  as 
fin  indifferent  jhetojician,  TJie  P.aufanias  nf  Laconia  cculd 
not  be  tke  fei»e  jvith  the  defcriber  of  Greece,  for  two  reafons; 
he  would  have  written  in  the  Doric  dialed,  whereas  our  autho^ 
^proaches  nearer  to  the  Ionic  ;  and  be  would  Aot  haye  fpokeu 
fo  often  againjft  the  Jyacedemonlans,  ^s  that  author  has  done,  if 
lie  himfclf  had  been  of  Laconia.  This  is  the  judgement  oif 
5ylburgius,  Volaterranus,  and  Gerard  VofHus ;  who  are  all  of 
^opinion,  that  our  Paufanias  is  the  orator  of  Casfarea,  of 
whom  Philoftratus  ipeaks.  He  was,  according  to  the  fame 
Philo/lratu«-  •'^  a  difciple  of  the  famous  Herodes  Aiticus, 
who  flouriiiied  zander  the  enipexors  Hadrian  and  Antoninus 
jius,  anJ  obtained  Jfo  prodigious  a  name  among  the  fophiils^ 
.He  Imitated  his  malter  in  many  refpccis,  hut  elpecially 
in  compofing  >viiho.ut  premeditation^  His  jprom^n^iation  was 
according  to  the  manner  of  the  Cappadocians,  who  had  a 
way  of  lengdiening  ftiort  fyllables,  and  fliortening  lon^  ones. 
The  character  of  his  compoiUion  was  negligent,  yet  not  withr 
,out  force^  He  declaimed  a  long  tiitne  ^t  Konxe,  where  he  died 
very  old,  though  he  continued  all  the  while  a  member  of  the 
college  at  Athens^  Af^ong  other  things,  whiish  he  faid  to  th^ 
Athenians  upon  leading  them,  nothing  was  more  apropos  thaji 
.this  line  of  Euript(ies:  O  Thefeus,  grant  pi^  to  return,  and  fed 
this  city  again!'* 

Paufanias  often  mentions  Her<}|des  Atticus,  though  h^  iJoes 
iiot  call  him  his  mafter ;  and  (peaks  of  buildings,  aod  other 
|>ublic  ornaments,  which  he  made  in  different  parts  of  Greece. 

[l]  Fabric*  BlU.  Gr9C.  viii.    Le  Clerc's  Bibliotii.  Chpif.  torn.  xi. 

^4  H# 


S«  PAUSANIAS;. 

He  fpcaks  too  of  the  philofophcr  Marcus  Antommis,  but  makei 
no  mention  of  any  emperor  after  Mm ;  which  is  a  fair  pre- 
fumption,  that  this  defcription  of  Greece  was  written  in  hi» 
reign.  It  is  properly  an  account  of  a  journey  through  Greece, 
in  which  the  author  noted  every  thing  that  was  remarkaWe. 
All  public  monuments,  as  temples,  theatres,  tombs,  ftatues, 
paintings,  &c.  came  within  his  defigi;;:  hp  took  the  dimenfions 
of  cities,  which  had  formerly  been  great  and  famous,  but  were 
then  in  ruins ;  nor  did  he  haflily  pafs  over  platen  that  were 
jnemorable  tor  illuftrious  tranfaftions  of  old,  but  frequently 
makes  in  the  account  of  them,  very  agreeable  digreffions.  Thi« 
work,  theretore,~though  not  eloquent,  as  Vofmis  fayS[M],  is 
yet  very  curious ;  and,  thcAigh  not  proper  for  thofc,  who  arc 
juft  entering  upon  the  ftudy  of  hillory  aiid  the  Greek  language, 
may  be  read  with  vaft  advantage  by  proficients.  It  illuftrates 
the  hiftory  and  antiquities  of  Greece ;  and  thus  clears  up  many 
paffages  in  ancient  authors,  which  would  otherwife  have  re- 
mained very  perplexed  and  obfcure.  They,  who  (hall  travel 
into  that  part  of  the  world,  for  the  fake  of  furveying  the  tct 
mains  of  antiquity,  cannot  take  with  them  a  better  companion 
and  guide,  than  this  work  of  Paufanias.;  and  it  is  well  know^, 
that  Spon  and  Whder  made  great  ufe  of  it. 

This  **  Defcription  of  Greece,**  is  divided  Into  ten  books  ^ 
the  firft  of  which  defcribes  Attica  and  its  environs;  the  fecond^i 
Corinth;  the  third,  Laconia;  the  fourth,  Meflcnia;  the  fifth 
and  fixth,  Elis;  the  feventh,  Achaia  ;  the  eighth,  Arcadia;*  the 
ninth,  Boeotia;  arjd  the  tenth,  Phocis.  Paufanias  appears  not 
only  to  have  travelled  through  Greece,  Macedonia,  and  Italy, 
'but  to  have  fun  a:lfo  through  a  confiderable  part  of  Afia,  and  to 
have  penetrated  as  far  as  to  the  temple  or  Jupiter  Kammon: 
•for  he  fpeaks  of  thefe  places,  and  of  what  they  had  that  was 
remarkable,  as  one  who  had  feen  them.  Befides  this  *<  De- 
fcription of  iGtecce,"  he  wrote  alfo  of  Syria  and  Phoenicia,  as 
appears  from  fome  citations  of  him  by  Stephanus  of  Byzan^ 
•tiu::j ;  where  he  fpeaks  of  feyeral  towns  of  Syria,  as  Gaza, 
'Gabba,  Dorus/  Marianviia,  and  Seleucobelus.  What  Phi- 
loftrarus  has  faid  of  the  negligence  of  Paufani^s's  ftyle,  agrees 
very  well  with  the  work  that  is  extant ;  but  then  it  muft  b© 
"remembered,  that  thefe  are  Travels,  which  never  were  drawn 
^up  in  a  laboured  and  finifliecj  ftyle,  but  in  that  which  th<^- 
'Greeks  ufed  to  call  idiotic,  or  the  language  fpoken  in  common 
converfation,  Neverthelefs,  there  are  fonie  parts  more  la-, 
toured,  and  raifed  to  the  dignity  of  the  hiftorical  ftyle :  that 
particularly  in  the  fourth  book;  where  he  ^relates  the  wars  be- 
'iwcen  the  Laceclenfioniaris  and  MdTenians'at  large.     Voflius 

f  m]  In  HiftoricIs'Graci$. 

•  •  '^        *  complauwi 


PAUSANIAS.  «5 

l^cnnplatns  w!th  reaibn  of  Julius  Scaliger^  for  calling  lhi«  author, 
as  he  does,  Qratul^rum  mtninm  mendaclffimum.  If  Paufanias 
h^  reUted  *fabk«i  when  he  is  defcribing  certain  things  or 
places,  it  was  becaufe  he  could  not  avoid  it ;  for  a  great  number 
.  of  monuments,  of  "which  it  was  proper  for  him  to  fpeak,  wei% 
crcded  on  a  fuppofltion  that  thofe  fabulous  accounts  werie  true:  , 
and  without  mentioning  fuperftitions  and  falfehoods,  he  could  not 
have  related  on  what  account  many  of  their  temples^  ftatues, 
and  altars,  were  raifed.  It  Is  true,  that  in  his  defcription  of 
Phocis  [n],  where  he  mentions  the  war  of  the  Gauls,  with  the 
Phoceans,  and  the  vain  attempts  of  the  former  to  pillage  the 
temple  of  Delphi,  he  does  not  forget  the  miracles  of  Apollo, 
in  the  defence  of  his  oracle:  but  in  relating  thefe,  he  doc$ 
nothing  more  than  had  been  done  before  by  other  authors,  who 
had  Ipoken  of  this  war  and  the  tradition  of  the  Delphians,  yet 
were  never  cenfured  as  credulous  or  fuperftitious  on  that  ac- 
count. 

Paufanias  was  firft  publifhed  at  Venice  in  1516  by  Aldus, 
who  was  ailifted  by  Marcus  Mufunis:  Mufurus  wrote  a  preface 
in  Greek  [o],  which  is  prefixed  to  this  edition,  and  addrefle4 
to  John  Laicaris,  a  learned  Greek  of  the  fame  age.  After- 
Wards,  in  1547,  Romulus  Amafeus  publifhed  a  Latin  vcrfio^  . 
of  his  work  at  Rome;  and,  three  y^ars  afti^r,  an  editioJi 
was  printed  at  B^fil,  with  a  new  Latin  verfion  by  Abr.  Loef- 
cherus.  A  better  edition  than  had  yet  appeared,  with  the 
Greek  text  of  Aldus  correfted  by  Xylancler,  and  the  Latt^ 
verfion  of  Amafeus  by  Sylburgius,  came  out  at  Francfort, 
1583,  in  folio;  from  which  that  of  Hanover,  1613,  in  folio, 
was  printed  word  for  word.  But  the  bell  of  all  is  that 
of  Leipfic,  1696,  in  folio,  with  the  notes  of  Kuhnius.  This 
learned  man  had  already  given  proof,  by  his  critical  labours 
upon  iEh'an,  D.  Laertius,  and  roilux,  tnat  he  was  very  well 

Sualified  for  a  Work  of  this  nature;  and  his  notes,  though 
lort,  are  very  good.  When  he  undertook  this  edition  of  Pau* 
fanias,  he  projpofed  great  advantages  from  four  manufcripts  in 
the  king  of  France's  library :  but,  upon  confulting  them  on 
feveral  corrupt  and  obfcure  paffages.,  he  found  that  they  did  not 
vary  from  Aldus's  copy.  The  main  fuccours  he  derived  were 
from  fome  manufcript  no|tes  of  Ifaac  Cafaubon,  upon  the 
margin  of  Aldus's  edition  ;  and,  by  the^help  of  thefe,  and  hh 
own  critical  fkil!^  he  was  enabled  to  correft  and  amend  an  in* 
finite  number  of  places.  Two  volumes  of  a  new  edition  iu 
'8vo,  were  publifhed  at  Letpfi'c,  In  1794  and  1795  ;  and  a  third 
lias  juft  nOw  arrived,  printed  in  1796.  It  is  a  good  and  ufeful 
^dition^  with  particularly  cfxcellent  indexes,  and  fome  aid  from 
I4SS.    The  editor'^  name  is  Facius^ 

'f  m]  Lib.  Xm  [0]  Fabrk.  BiU«  Grcc*  torn.  liL 

PAV$ 


JO  P  E  A  R  C  E. 

PAYS  (Rene'  le),  ficur  of  Villencuvc,  a  Fiendi  poet,  irnnt 
at  Nantes  in  1636,  was  far  a  confiderable  time  comptroHex- 
general  of  the  impofts  jn  Dauphine  and  Provence ;  yet  kc 
mingled  the  flowers  of  poetry,  with  the  thorns  of  that  occu* 
patiotx,  and  became  .celebrated  at  court  by  a  mifcellaneous 
publication  of  profe  and  verfe,  eniit]fd»  ^*  Amities,  Amours, 
et  Amourettes,"  publifted  in  1685^  This  oublication  gained 
him  particularly  the  favour  of  -the  ladies.  ppllf^SiU,  hoyvcyttp 
fatirized  him  in  the  following  line: 

"  L^  Pays,  fans  mentir,  eft  un  bouffon  plaifant.** 

Some  time  after,  having  occafion  to  go  to  Paris,  Le  Pays  paid 
a  vilit  to  Voltaire,  and,  far  from  manifeftii,g  any  anger  at  the 
farc^fm  againll  him,  fupported  fo  well,  in  his  conyerfation, 
the  lively  manner  he  had  dilplayed  in  his  writings,  that  they 
pajted  esccellenl  friends  TTie  duke  of  Savoy  honoured  hinx 
with  the  title  of  chevalier  of  St.  Maurice,  and  he  was  made  a 
member  of  the  academy  of  Arles^  Th^  latter  part  of  his  life 
was  embittered  by  a  law-fuit,  whidi  obliged  him  to  pay  for  th^ 
diihonefly  of  one  of  his  aflaciates  in  office.  He  died  April  30, 
1690,  at  the  age  of  fifty-four.  His  remaining  worts  are,  i^ 
f*  Zclotide,"  a  novel  or  gajlantry,  which  was  admired  in  the 
Country;  but, defpifed  at  Paris,  a.  A  coUefition  of  poetiy^ 
containing  eclogues,  fonnets,  ftanaas,  &c.  publifhed  a|  raxis  m 
J672,  in  2  vols^  x;imp,  under  the  tUie  o^  ^'  NouVfclles  Oeu- 
vres.*'  Thefe  contain  rathejr  the  fancS^  of  a  ;ninox  wit,  ti^aa 
the  efforts  of  real  genius. 

PEARCE  (Zaphary),  a  Seaxued  Engjifb  bifliop,.  was  th? 
fon  of  a  diftU^er  in  High  Holborn,  London,  aijd  born  in  169Q 
jp]*  He  was  educated  ^  Weftniinfter-fchool,  and  ele£led 
(hence  to  Ta["imty-colIege  in  .Cambridge^  During  thje  firij  y)(ear$ 
of  his  refidence  in  the  univerfity,  hp  amufed  himleliFwidi  lightefr 
tompofitions :  fome  of  whi(Ji  werf?  inserted  }n  t%^  mifcellar 
heous  publications  of  the  times^  Thus  the  .accoiunjt  of 
(f  the  filent  Club,"  in  the  Guardian,  No.  121,  aixd  tjie  .effays 
oh  "  Quacks,"  and  on  "  Eloquence,"  in  the  .Spe<9:ato;r,  No^,  57^ 
?ind  633,  are  his.  In  171 6,  he  publifhed^n' edit  ion  of  Cicerp 
de  Oratore,  and  dedicated  it  to  thp  lord  chief  jufticp  Parker^ 
JvOrd  Parker  foon  recommended  him  Jo  Dr.  Bjentley^  naafter  of 
Trinity,  to  be  made  one  of  the  fellows ::  to  which  Bentley 
agreed,  on  /condition,  that  lord  Parkej*  ftpuld  promife  to  unmake 
him  ag^iiiji,  as  foon  as  it  lay  in  his  power  to  giyc  him  a  living,, 
In. 17 1 7,  he  went  into  orders;  and  was  invited  by  lord  Parker^ 
^ow  become  chancellor,  to  live  with  him  as  chaplain.  In  I7.i9»  * 
he  was  reftoj  of  Stapleford  Abbots,  in  Eflex:  in  1720,  ot  St^ 


[r]  UTe,  written  by  hMxMt, 


)Bartholom^7 


PEARCE-   '  91 

RiTthoIomew  behind  the  Royal  Exchange  ^  and,  in  1723    of 
St.  Martin's  in  the  Fields^ 

In  1704.,  the  degree  of  ©odor  in  Divinity  wa«  conferred 
an  him  by  archl»ifaop  Wak^  ;  «nd  the  fame  year  he  dedi* 
cated  to  his  patron>  now  become  earl  of  Macclesfield,  his 
edition  of  ^*  Loiiginus."  In  1726,  when  the  church  of  Su 
MsLTtir^'s  Mras  rebuilt,  he  preached,  a  fermon  at  the  confecra-* 
tion;  w4iich  he  afterwards  printed,  and  accompanied  witit 
'*  An  Effay  on  the  Origin  and  Progrefs  of  Tempbs."  In  1725^ 
the  earl  of  Maeciesfied  reiigned  the  great  feai;  ^nd,  being 
impeached  and  receiving  a  fentenpe  againft  himfelf,  in  the 
HouTe  of  Lords,  retired,  and  died  in  1732,  During  thi« 
period,  whether  from  his  attachment  to  hi$  patron,  of  whofe 
innocence  he  was  firmly  convinced,  or  from  whatever  caufe. 
Dr.  Pearce  did  pot  proceed  onward  in  the  line  of  preferment. 
Neverthelefs,  be  was  in  high  favour  with  m^ny  of  the  great, 
and  could  reckon  among  his  patrons  or  friends,  Mr.  Pulteney, 
archbiibop  Potter,  lord  |ia;rdwij[:ke,  fir  Ifaac  Newton,  and 
/Other  illuftrious  perfonages:  the  queen  was  alfo  pleafed  to 
iionour  him  frequently  with  her  (converfation,  and  to  be  very 
familiar  with  hiin^  gs  {i^e  .a£fe£ted  to  be  with  many  of  the 
learned* 

After  many  difappointments,  in  1739,  ^^  '^^  made  dean  of 
Winchefter;  in  1748,  bifliop  of  Bangor;  and,  in  1756,  bifhop 
of  Rochefter  and  de?n  of  Weftminfter,  This  laft  preferment 
he  accepted  with  reluftance ;  having  already  conceived  a 
defign  of  giving  up  his  biihopric,  and  fecedinjg  to  a  private 
life.  In  1763^  being  old  and  (as  he  thought)  unfat  for  his  fitu* 
ation,  he  communicated  to  lord  Bath  his  intention  to  refign 
both  his  biftopric  and  deanerjr,  and  to  retire  upon  his  private 
fortune:  and  lord  Bath  acquainted  the  king,  who  had  named 
a  day  and  hour,  when  the  bifliop  was  admitted  alone  into  the 
clofet.  He  told  the  king,  that  he  wiflied  to  have  fome  interval 
between  the  fatigues  of  bufinefs  and  eternity;  and  defired  his 
roajefty  to  confult  proper  perfons,  about  the  propriety  and 
legality  of  his  refignation.  In  about  two  months  the  king 
informed  him,  that  lord  Mansfield  faw  no  objeftion ;  and  that 
lord  Northington,  who  had  been  doubtful,  on  farther  confi* 
deration,  thought  that  the  rcquctt.  might  be  complied  with.  But 
iord  Bath  applied  for  bilhop  Newton  to  fucceed  him ;  and  the 
xniniilry,  alarmed  that  any  dignities  ihould  be  obtained  but 
through  their  hands,  oppoied  his  refignation :  fo  that  the  king 
told  him,  at  a  third  audience,  that  he  muft  think  no  more  of 
refigning.  However,  in  1768,  he  obtained  leave  to  refign  the 
deanery ;  and,  devoting  himfelf  more  clofely  to  contemplatioii 
4nd  books,  he  lived  till  June,  1774. 

Thp 


99  PEARS  O  N. 

The  criticd  abilities  of  Dr.  Pearce  irere  trtt^t  md.  hk 
application  to  philological  learnings  diligent,  .  We  have  ineQ» 
tioned  fome  of  his  labours  already;  to  which  yft  may  add. an 
edition  of  ^^  Cioero  dc  Officiis,  1 745."  He  was  alfa  die  authof 
of  the  following  pieces:  i,  **  An  Account  of  Trinity-coUege, 
Cambridge,  1720."  2.  "  Epiftolae  duae  deeditlone,  N.  T.  a 
Bentleio  fufcepta,  de  corruptis  Epiftolanim^  N.  1%  loci$>  &Ct 
f72i."  3.  *<  A  Letter  to  the  Clergy  of  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land, on  occafion  of  the  biihop  of  Rochefter's  commitment  to 
the  Tower,  1722."  4.  **  Miracles  of  Jcfus.viodicikted,"  1727 
and  1728.  TKefe  were  againft  Woolilon,  5.  /*  Two  Let-r 
ters  againft  Dr.  Conyers  Middleton,  relating  to  his  attack  upon 
Watcrland^"  1730  and  1731-  6.  "  A  Review  pf  the  Text  of 
Milton."     Bcfides  occafional  fcrmons..  .  , 

Since  his  death  have  appeared,  "  A  Commentary  with  Notef 
on  the  Four  Evangelifts  and  the  ASs  of  the  Apoftlcs,"  together 
ivith  "  A  J4ew  Tranflation  of  St.  Paul's  Firft  Epjiflle  tp  the 
Corinthians,  and  a  Paraphrafe  and  Notes,"  have  been  pMbliihed^ 
iwith  bis  "  Life"  prefixed,  from  original  MSS,  in.2  vols.- 4to^ 
by  his  chaplain  John  Derbyi  A,  M.  from  which  this  pxv»i^ 
has  been  made« 

PEARSON  (John),  a  very  learned  Englifh  bifhop,  was 
born,  Feb.  12,  161 2,  at  Snoring  in  Norfolk;  of  which  place 
kis  father  was  reftor.  In  1623,  he  was  fent  to  Eton  ichooL^ 
vhence  he  was  elcfted  to  King's-college  in  Cambridgei  in  1632^ 
tie  took  the  degree  of  batchelor  of  arts  in  1635,  and  that  of 
snafter  in  1639 ;  in  which  y^ar  he  refigned  his  feUowOiip  of  thte 
college,  and  lived  afterwards  a  fellow-rcommon^r  in  it.  The 
fame  year  he  entered  into  orders,  and  was  collated  to  a  preben4 
In  the  church  of  Sarum*  In  1640,  he  was  appointed  ^haplaiif 
to  Finch,  lord-keeper  of  the  great  feal ;  by  whcnn,  in  thaL 
year,  be  was  prefented  to  the  living  of  Torringfon  in^ffolk^ 
Upon  the  breaking  out  of  the  civil  wars,  he  l)ecame  i:haplaii^ 
^athe  lord  Goring,  whom  he  attended  in  the  army ^  and  after- 
awards  to  fir  Robert  Cook  in  London,  In  16501  he  was  made 
.sliinifler  of  St.  Clement's,  Eailcheap,  In  London.  In  1657, 
fee  and  Gunning,  afterwards  biihop  of  Ely,  had  a  difpute  witl^ 
two  Roman  Catholics  upon  the  fubjeS  of  Cchiftn,  This  con- 
ference was  managed  in  writing,  and  by  mutual  agreement 
nothing  was  to  be  made  public  without  the  cbnfent  of  both 
|>artles:  yet  a  partial  account  of  it  was  publiOied;  in  1658,  bf 
one  of  the  Romifti  difpiitants,  cu^  priviUgioy  at  Paris,  with 
this  title,  ^^  Schifm  unmaiked ;  a  late  conference^"  ^c.  [qI. 

[O  To  the  piece  Is,  «  A  Preface  of  fa6l."  There  Upn  account  of  this  pub- 
iihe  Catholic  dilputancs.  Containing  the  lication  in  a  piece  entitled,  <<  A  (Jagg  io| 
proceedings  of  both  parties  oa  matter  of    the  Quakers  j  withaa  AiifwertoMr.Den^i 

QuaJwf 


1>  EAR  SON.  ^j 

In  1*659,  'he  pttbllfhed,  **  An*  Expofition  of  the  Creed,"  at 
London,  in  4to;  dedicated  to  his  parifliioners  of  St.  Clement's, 
Eaftcheap,  to  whom  the  fnbftance  of  that  excellent  work  had 
keen  preached  fereral  years  before,  and  by  whom  he  had  beert 
dcfired  to  make  it  public.  The  fame  year,  he  likewife  pub- 
liflied,  **  The  Golden  Remains  of  the  ever  memorable  Mr. 
John  Hales,  of  Eton ;"  to  which  he  wrote  a  preface,  contain- 
ing the  charafter  of  that  great  man,  with  whom  he  had  beert 
acquainted  for  many  years,  drawn  with  great  elegance  and 
force.  Soon  after  rfie  keftoration,  he  was  prefented  by  Jnxon, 
then  bifhop  of  London,  to  the  reftory  of  St.  Chriftopher's  in 
that  city ;  created  doftor  of  divinity  at  Cambridge,  in  pur- 
fuance  of  the  king's  letters  mandatory ;  ihftalled  prebendaiy  of 
Ely,  archdeacon  of  Surry,  and  made  matter  of  Jefus-college 
hi  Cambridge;'  all  before  the  end  of  the  year  1660.  March 
25,  1 66 1,  he  fucceeded  Dr.  Love  in  the  Margaret  profeflTorfliip 
of  that  urliterfity ;  and,  the  firft  day  of  the  enfuing  year,  was 
nominated  one  of  the  commiflioners  for  the  review  of  the 
litiirgy  in  the  'conference  at  the  Savoy.  '  April  14,  1662,  he 
was  admitted  mafter  of  Trinity-college  in  Cambridge  ;  and^ 
in  Auguft,  refigned  his  redory  of  St.  Chriftopher's,  and  pre- 
bend of  Sarum.  In  1667,  he  was  admitted  a  fellow  of  the 
Royal  Society  In  1672,  he  publifhed,'  at  Cambridge,  in4to, 
**  Vindicias  Epiftolanim  S.  Ignatii,"  in  anfwer  to  monf.  Daille; 
to  which  is  fubjoined,  "  liaaci  Voflii  epiftolse  duae  adverfus 
Davidem  fllondellum."  Upon  the  death  of  Wilkins,  bifhop 
of  Chefter,  Pearfon  was  promoted  to  that  fee,  to  which  he 
was  confecrated,  Feb.  9,  1673.     In  1684,  his  **  Annales  Cy*. 

frianici,  five  tredecim  annorum,  quibus  S.  Cyprian,  inter 
Ihriftianos  verfatus  eft,  hiftoria  chronologica,"  was  publiftied 
at  Oxford,  with  Fell's  edition  of  that  father's  works.  Pearfon 
was  difabled  from  all  public  fervice  by  ill  health  a  confiderable 
time  before  his  death,  which  happened  at  Chefter,  July  16, 
1686.  Two  years  after,  his  pofthumous  works  were  publiftied 
by  Dodwell  at  London,  **  Cl.  Joannis  Pearfoni  Ceftrienfis 
nuper  Epifcopi  opera  pofthuma,  &c.  &c."  There  are  extant 
two  fermons  publiftied  by  him,  i.  ^''No  Neceftity  fora  Reform-* 
ation  ;  1661,"  4^0.  2.  **  A  Sermon  preached  before  the  King, 
on  Ecclef.  vii.  14.  publiftied  by  his  Majeftj's  fpccial  command ; 
1671,'*  4to. 

Quaker  no  Papift,  by  Mr.Thomas  Smith,  of  by  William  Taywcll,  D.  D.  matter  of 

Cnrift's-coIlegeinCambrldge,Lond.l659.**  JeCus-coUege,  Cambridge,  in  a  parophkt 

The  coQierence  was  reprinted  at  Oxford  dar-  printed  at  Cambridge  in  i6SS,  4to,  under 

ing  the  reign  of  king  Ja.nes  11.  under  this  this   title,    **  The   Reformation  o£  the 

title,  "TheSchifmofcheChurGhofEng-  Church  of  England  juftififcd,  &c.  being 

land  demoaftrated  in  four  ArgutDents^  &c.'*  an  Anfwer  to  a  paper  reprinted  at  Oxford^ 

wluch  was  fowl  after  ammadverted  upoa  called^  The  Schifaaey  &c.'* 

PECHANTRE 


94  PECHMEJA. 

PECHANTKE  (Nicolas  de),  a  French  poet,  the  foo  of 
a  furgeon  of  Touloufe,  where  he  was  born  in  1638.  He  wrote 
feveral  Latin  poems,  which  were  reckoned  good,  but  applied 
himfelf  chiefly  to  the  poetry  of  his  native  country.  Having 
been  three  times  honoured  with  the  laurel  at  the  acadeqay  of  the 
Floral  games,  he  afpired  to  the  glory  of  the  Parifian  theatre^ 
There  he  began  his  career  by  a  tragedy  Called  Gela,  which  was 
a<fted  in  1687.  His  tragedy  was  applauded,  in  coufequencc  of 
which,  he  publiflied  it  with  a  dedication  to  the  firft  prince  of 
^  the  blood.  He  wrote  alfo,  "  Le  facrificc  d*Abraham  ;**  and 
«*  Jofeph  vendu  par  fes  Freres,"  two  Angular  fubjefts  for  tra- 
gedies, but  aded  with  applaufe.  He  produced  befldes,  a  tra- 
gedy called,  "  La  Mort  de  Neron,"  concerning  which  an  an- 
ecdote is  related,  which  nearly  coincides  with  one  which  is 
current  here,  as  having  happened  to  our  dramatic  poet  Fletcher* 
He  wrote  ufually  at  public-houfes,  and  one  day  left  behind  him 
a  paper,  containing  his  plan  for  that  tragedy;  in  which,  after 
various  marks  and  abbreviations,  he  had  written  at  large^  ^^  Ici 
le  Roi  fera  tue  :'*  Here  the  king  is  to  be  killed.  The  tavern- 
keeper,  conceiving  that  he  had  found  the  feeds  of  a  plot,  gave 
information  to  the  magiftrate-  The  poet  was  accordinsly  taken 
up;  but  on  feeing  his  paper,  which  he  had  miffed,  in  tne  hands 
of  the  perfon  who  had  feized  him,  exclaimed  eagerly,  '^  Ah^ 
there  it  is;  the  very  fcene  which  I  had  planned  for  the  death  o( 
Nero."  With  this  clue,  his  innocence  was  eafily  made  out, 
and  he  was  difcharged,  Pechantre  died  at  Paris  in  1709, 
being  then  feventy-one  ;  he  had  exercifed  t>ie  profeflion  of 
phyfic  for  fome  time,  till  he  quitted  it  for  the  more  arduous 
tafk  of  cultivating  the  drama. 

PECHMEJA  (JOHN  de),  a  man  of  letters  in  France,  who 
was  for  fome  time  profeflbr  of  eloquence  in  the  royal  college 
oi  la  Fkchfy  was  born  in  1741,  at  Villa  Franca  in  Rouergue. 
He  was  a  difinterefted  fcholar,  a  plain,  modeft,  and  virtuous^nan. 
His  eulogium  on  the  great  Colbert,  received  the  public  appro- 
bation of  the  French  academy  in  1773.  ^^^  principal  fanic 
has  arifen  from  a  poem  (as  he  calls  it)  in  profe,  named  7  ele- 
phus,  in  twelve  books.  It  was  publilhed  in  .8vo,  in  1784, 
and  is  faid  to  have  been  tranflated  into  Englifli.  The  piece  is 
well  written,  and  contains,  among  other  things,  a  beautiful 
pidure  of  true  friendftiip,  of  which  he  himfelf  afforded  a 
noble  example.  Pechmeja,  and  M.  du  Breuil,  an  eminent 
phyfician  of  the  time,  were  the  Py lades  and  Oreftes  of  their 
age.  The  former  had  a  fevere  illnefs  in  1776,  when  his  friend 
flew  to  his  affiftance,  and  from  that  time  they  were  infeparable, 
and  had  every. thing  in  common.  A  perfon  once  enquired  of 
Pechmeja  what  income  he  pofleffed,  "  I  have,'*  faid  he, 
'*  X200  livres  a  year."    Some  wonder  being  expreffed  how  he 

could 


PECK.  fs 

e<mH  fulriift  on  fo  Httie,  "  Oh,"  faid  he,  "  the  doflor  ha» 
plenty  more."  The  doftor  died  firft  of  a  contagious  diforder, 
through  which  his  friend  attended  him^  and  died  only  twenty 
days  after,  a  vi^im  to  the  ftrength  of  his  friendfliip*  He  died 
about  the  end  of  April,  1785,  at  the  age  of  only  44* 

PECK  (Francis),  born  at  Stamford  in  Lincolnfhfre,  May 
4,  1692,  was  educated  at  Cambridge,  where  he  took  the  de^ees 
of  B.  and  M.  A*  [rI,  The  firft  work  difcovered  of  his  writ- 
ing is  a  poem,  entrtled,  **  Sighs  on  the  death  of  qneen  Anne  ;*' 
printed  probably  aboot  the  time  of  her  death,  in  I7I4.  Two 
years  afterwards  he  printed  "  TO  T*02  "AriON ;  or  an 
Exercife  on  the  Creation,  and  an  Hymn  to  the  Creator  of  the 
World;  written  in  the  exprefs  Words  of  the  Sacked  Text,  as 
an  Attempt  to  (hew  the  Beauty  and  Sublimity  of  the  Holy 
Scriptures,  17 16,  8vo.  In  1721,  being  then  curate  of  King's- 
Clifton  in  Northamptonfliire,  he  offered  to  the  world  propofals 
for  printing  the  Hiltery  and  Antiquities  of  his  native  town, 
which  work  he  produced  in  1727,  in  folio,  under  the  title  of 
•*  Academia  tertia  AngUcana ;  or  ^^  The  Antiquarian  Annals 
of  Stamford  in  Lincoln,  Rutland,  and  Northamptonfliires ; 
containing  the  Hiftonr  of  the  Univerfity,  Monafteries,  Gilds, 
Churches,  Chapels,  Hofpitals,  and  Schools  there,"  &c,  iri- 
fcribed  to  John  duke  of  Rutland  fsj.  This  publication  was 
haftened  by  "An  Eflay  on  the  ancient  and  prefent  State  of 
Stamford,  1726,"  4to,  by  Francis  Hargravc,  who,  in  the  pre- 
face to  his  pamphlet,  mentions  a  difference  which  had  arifen 
between  him  and  Mr.  Peck,  becaufe  his  publication  foreftalled 
that  intended  by  the  latter,  Mr*  Peck  is  alfo  therein  very 
roughly  treated,  on  account  of  a  fmall  work  he  had  formerly 
printed,  entitled,  "  The  Hiftory  of  the  Stamford  Bull-run- 
ning/'  He  had  before  this  time  obtained  the  rcdory  of 
Godeby,  near  Melton,  in  Leicefterfhire, '  the  only  preferment 
he  ever  enjoyed.  In  1729,  he  printed  a  fingle  (heet,  contain- 
ing, **  Queries  concerning  the  Natural  Hiftory  and  Antiquities 
of  Leicefterihire  and  Rutland,"  which  were  afterwards  re- 
printed in  1740;  but  though  the  progrefs  he  had  made  in  the 
work  was  very  confiderable,  it  never  made  its,  appearance ;  and 
as  much  as  he  had  executed  of  it,  is  fuppofed  to  have  been, 
with  other  materials  for  the  hiftory  of  thofe  counties,  in  the 
hands  of  the  late  fir  Thomas  Cave[T],  bart.     In  2732,  he 

publiihcd 

[ft]  Anecdotes  of  Bowy er,  Vy  Nichols,  Croxton  Park-houfe,  a  (eat  built  bytht 

p.  590.  duke  $  and  two  other  feata  and  four  manora 

[»]  Whofe  family  name  of  **  Manners,*'  which  hi*  grace  acquired  by  marriage. 

Mr.  Peck  obferves,  is  derived  from  *•  Do-  [t]  The  greaor  pact  of  Mr.  Pfeck*t 

«inus  deManeriis  ;'*  no  lefs  than  twenty-  MSS.  became  the  property  of  this  worthy 

fofir  manors  belonging  to  the  duke  being  baronet.      Among  others,   he  purchafed 

te  be  fcea  from  Belvoir  Csftlej   witia  6ve  volumes  in  quarto,  fairly  tranfcribed 

lor 


9ft  PECK. 

Eblf filed  the  firft  volume  of  ^*  Defidenta  Curiofa ;  ot,  A  CoU 
iipn  of  divers  fcarce  and  curious  Pieces  relating  chiefly  tor 
Matters  of  Eftglifh  Hiftdry ;  confifting  of  choice  Trails,  Me- 
moirs, Letters,  Wills,  Epitaphs,  &c.  Tranfcribed,  many  of 
them,  from  the  originals  themfelves,  and  the  reft  from  divert 
auictent  MS.  Copies,  or  the  MS.  Collations  of  fundry  famous 
Antiquaries,  and  other  eminent  Perfons,  both  of  the  laft  and 
Hrefent  Age :  The  whole,  as  nearly  as  poflible,  digefled  into 
Order  of  Time,  and  illuftrated  with  ample  Notes,  Contents^ 
Additional  Difcourfes,  and  a  Complete  Index:."  This  volume 
was  dedicated  to  lord  William  Manners;  and  was  followed^ 
in  1735,  by  a  fecorid  volume,  dedicated  to  Dr.  Reynolds/ 
bifhop.of  Lincoln.  Being  grown  (fcarce  and  high-priced, 
-both  were  reprinted  in  one  volume,  4to,  by  fubfcription,  by 
the  late  Mr.  Thomas  Evans  [u],  in  1779.  In  X735,  Mr- 
Peck  printed,  in  a  4to  pamphlet,  "  A  complete  Catalogue  of 
alt  the  Difcourfes  written  both  for  and  againft  Popery,  in  the 
Time  of  King  James  the  Second ;  containing  in  the  whole  an 
Account  of  Four  hundred  and  Fifty-feven  Books  and  Pamphlets, 
a  great  Number  of  them  not  mentioned  in  the  three  former 
Catalogues ;  with  References  after  each  Title,  for  the  mdre 
fpeedy  finding  a  further  Account  of  the  faid  Difcourfes  2nd 
their  Authors  in  fundry  Writers,  and  an  Alphabetical  Lift  of 
the  Writers  on  each  Side."  In  1739,  he  was 'the  editor  of 
••  Nineteen  Letters  of  the  truly  reverend  and  learned  Henry 
Hammond,  D.  D.  (Author  of  the  Annotations  on  the  New 
Teftament,  &c.)  written  to  Mr.  Peter  Stainnough  and  Dr. 
Nathaniel  Angelo,  many  of  them  on  curious  Subjefts,  &fc.'* 
Thefe  were  printed  from  the  originals,  communicated  by  Mn 
Robert  Marfden,  archdeacon  of  Nottingham,  and  Mr.  John. 
Worthington.  The  next  year,  1740,  produced  two  volumes 
in  4to,  one  of  them  entitled,   *<  Memoirs  of  the  Life  and 

ftr  the  prcfsitn  Mr.  Peck^s  own  neat  hand,  on  the  14th  of  May,  I779,  presented  to 

»ndcr  the  title  of  «  Monafticus  Angli-  the  Britifli  Mufeu'm,  by  the  laft  fir  Thomas 

■anum>    Supplemcntis    novjs  adauftum  5  Cave,  after  the  death  of  his  father,  vrho, 

^o  comprehendltur  Arboris  Pr^rmonltra-  twenty  years  before  had  it  in  contempla^ 

tefids  Ramus  AngHcanus,  per  omnia  tri-  (ion  to  beftow  thetn  on  that  excellent  re- 

finta  Se  unum  Anglia  Walliaeque  ejufdem  poliCory.     They  are  a  moft  valuable  arii 

Ordiniai  Ceenobia;  e  Chronicis,  Regiftris,  almftft  ineftimablc  coUeftion.     Ifthcgca- 

Cartls  aliifque  Teftimoniis  antiquis  M^S.  tlemen  at  Rome,  who  have  beeii  fome  yeAffl 

£c  authenticis,    ad   ipfa  Monafteria  olin^  cumpoiing  the  **  Hiftory  of  the  Praemon* 

pertinentibup,   &  haftenus   incdltis,    five  ftratenles,**  knew  of  them,  they  wjuld 

imperfe^  Se  fnendose  perquam  editls  ab-  doubtlefs  confult  nod  infert  themi  having 

ttnde  illuftratus.    Cujus  pars  I.  Generalia ;  made  grfat  enquiries  aiter  them  many  years 

11.  Specialia;  ni.  Coenobii  CrOxtonienfik  ago.     It  is  hoped  fome  indullrious  anti- 

I.»brum  de  £)oiiie£day  eootiaec )  omnia  La-  quary  will  get  pcrmiflion  to  tranfcrlbe  and 

tina,  Gaiiica^  AngUca>  ad  eorum  £xem-  priot  them. 

pkria  literatim  cxprelTa.     Opera  &  Studio  [u]  Who  died,  univerfelly  regretted, 

F.  P.  A.  M.     ^re  tncifa  adduntur  aliquot  whiiti  this  fh^et  was  printiirg^  iv^y  x, 

Infignia,  Sigilla,  Monumenca^  &  ^difi-  I7S4<  'Se«  art.  Priob. 
Cifinim  Rcli^uis.'**  Thefc  vahimes  werc« 

2  Afticns 


PECK^  .97 

Ai^ions  of  Oliver  Cromwell,  as  delivered  in  three  Panegyrics 
of  him  written  in  Latin  ;  the  firft,  as  faid,  by  Don  Juan  Ro- 
deriguez  de  Saa  Menefes,  Conde  dc  Penguiao,  the  Portugal 
Ambaflador;  the  fccond,  as  affirmed  by  a  certain  Jefuit,  the 
Lord  Ambaffador's  Chaplain ;  yet  both,  it  is  thought,  compofed 
by  Mr.  John  Milton  (Latin  Secretary  to  Cromwell),  as  was  the 
third:  with  an  Englifh  Verfion  of  each.  The  whole  illuftrated 
with  a  large  Hiftorical  Preface ;  many  fimilar  Paflages  from  the 
Paradife  Loft,  and  other  Works  or  Mr.  John  Milton,  and 
Notes  from  the  beft  Hiftorians.  To  all  which  is  added,  a  Col- 
leftion  of  divers  curious  Hiftorical  Pieces  relating  to  Cromwell, 
and  a  great  Number  of  other  remarkable  Perlons  (after  the 
Manner  of  Defiderata  Curiofa,  Vol.  L  and  IL}**  The  other 
*^  New  Memoirs  of  the  Life  and  Poetical  Works  of  Mr. 
John  Milton;  with>  firft,  An  Examination  of  Milton's  Style ; 
andfecondly,  Explanatory  and  Critical  Notes  on  divers  Paf- 
fages  in  Milton  and  Shakefpeare,  by  the  Editor.  Thirdly, 
Baptiftes  ;  a  facred  Dramatic  Poem  in  Defence  of  Liberty,  as 
written  in  Latin  by  Mr.  George  Buchanan,  tranilated  into 
Englifli  by  Mr.  John  Milton,  and  firft  publiflied  in  1641,  by 
Order  of  the  Houfe  of  Commons.  Fourthly,  The  Parallel^ 
or  Archbilhop  Laud  and  Cardinal  Wolfey  compared,  a  Vifion, 
by  Milton,  Fifthly,  The  Legend  oif  Sir  Nicholas  Throck- 
morton, Knt.  Chief  Butler  of  England,  who  died  of  Poifori, 
Anno  1570,  an  Hiftorical  Poem,  by  his  Nephew  Sir  Thomas 
Throckmorton,  Knt.  Sixth,  Herod  the  Great,  by  the  Editor* 
Seventh,  The  Refurreftion,  a  Poem,  in  Imitation  of  Milton, 
by  a  Friend*  And  eighth,  A  Difcourfe  on  the  Harmony  of 
the  Spheres,  by  Milton  ^  with  Prefaces,  and  Notes."  Tnefc 
were  the  laft  publications  which  he  gave  the  world.  When 
thefe  appeared,  he  had  in  contemplation  no  lefs  than  nine  dif- 
ferent works  [x] ;  but  whether  he  had  not  met  \Vith  encourage- 

[x]    As  the  materials  for  the  feveral  ton,   Efq;  Author  of  the,  Anti^Dicies  •f 

volumes   whole  publication  he  meditated  Leiceilerihire,    and    his    Brother    Robert 

may  be  ftill  exifting,  and  fome  of  them  Burton,  B.  D.  Student  of  Chrift-church, 

not  unworthy  the  public  attention,    the  and  Re6tor  of  Seagrate  in  Leicefterfiiir^y 

following  liil  of  them  is  given  from  an  better  known  by  the  Name  of  Democritas 

advertifement  at  the  end  of  the  Memoirs  Tun.**     S.    **  Monafticon  Anglicanum* 

of  Cromwell,     i.  <<  Defiderata,  Curiofa,  VolumenQuartum,  all  from  Originals  never 

vol.  iii/*     a,  "  The  Annals  of  Stamford  yet  published.**  [This  Is  part  of  the  work 

continued,""  vol.  iv.     3.  "  The  Hiftory  mentioned  above  as  preferved  in  the  Britlfli 

and  Antiquities  of  the  Town  and  Soke  of  Mufeum.]     9.  "  New  Memoirs  of  the 

Grantham^  in  Lincolnihire.**     4    '<  The  Reftoration  of  King  Charles  the  Second 

Katural  Hiftory  and  Antiquities  of  Rut-  (which  may  be  confideredalfo  as  an  Appen- 

land.*'     5.  ««  The  Natural  Hiftory  and  dixtofecrctaryThutloe'sPapers)containiiig 

Antiquities  of  Leicefterfliire.**     6.  **  The  the  Copies  ot  Two  Hundred  and  Forty-fix 

Life  of  Mr.  Nicholas   Ferrar,   of  Little  Original  Letters  and  Papers,  all  written 

Oidding,  in,  the  County  of  Huntingdon,  annis  1658,  1659,  and  1660  (none  of  them 

Gent,  commonly  called  the  Proteftatit  St.  ev-.r  yet  pilnted  J.     The  whole  communi- 

Kicholas,  and  the  pious  Mr.  George  Her-  cated  by  William  Cowper,  Efqj  Clerk  of 

berf  8  Spiritual  Brother,  done  from  original  the  Parliament.'* 
«MSS.*»     7.  "  The  Lives  of  William  Eur- 

VoL,  XII.  H  ment 


;^8  PEELE. 

;.incnt  for  thofc  which  he  had  already  produced^  or  whether  he 
.was  rendered  incapable  of  executing  them  by  reafon  of  his 
declining  health,  is  uncertain ;  none  of  them^  however,  ever 
were  made  public.  He  concluded  a  laborious,  and  it  may  be 
;  affirmed,  an  ufeful  life,  wholly  devoted  to  antiquarian  purfuits, 
Aug.  13,  1743^  at  the  age  of  fixty-one  years.  There  is  a  poi?- 
trait  of  him  prefixed  to  the  fecond  edition  of  his  '^  Defiderat^ 
Curiofa,"  inlcribed,  "  Francis  Peck y  A.  M»  natus  Stanfordix, 
j.  Maii,  MDCXCII." 

PECQUtT  (John),  a  Icarivcd  phyfrcian^  and  a  native  of 
Dieppe,  a  conficierable  author  of  the  feventeenth  century ;  has 
rendered  his  name  famous  by  his  difcovery  of  the  receptacle  of 
'  the  chyle ;  with  which,  however,  fome  alledge  that  Bartholo- 
inasus  Euftachius  was  acquainted  before  him.  But  the  world  is- 
obliged  to  Pecquet  for  ihewing,  beyond  all  contradiction,  that 
.  the  ladeal  veflels  convey  the  chyle  to  this  receptacle ;  and  for 
proving,  that  it  is  thence  carried,  by  particular  veflTels,  through 
the  thorax,,  almoft  as  high  as  the  left  fhoulder,  and  there 
thrown  into  the  left  fubclavian  rein,  and  fo  diredtly  carried  ta 
the  heart.  In  1654,  he  publilhed  his  new  difcoveries  in  ana- 
tomy in  4to;  and,  in  1661,  his  book,  **  De  Thoracis  Ln&eis^* 
.^t  Amfterdam.     He  died  at  Paris,  in  Feb.  1674. 

PEELE  (George),  M,  A.  fv].  This  poet,  who  flourifhed 
in  the  reign  of  queen  Elizabeth,  was  a  native  of  Devonfliire,. 
from  whence  being  fent  to  Broadgate's  Hall,  he  was  fome  time 
afterwards  made  a  ftudent  of  Chrift-church-coUege,  Oxford, 
about  1573,  where,  after  going  through  all  the  feveral  forn>^ 
of  logic  and  philofophy,  and  taking  all  the  neceliary  fteps,  he 
was  admitted  to  his  mafter  of  arts  degree  in  1579.  After  this 
it  appears  that  he  removed  to  London,  where  he  became  the. 
'city  poet,  and  had  the  ordering  of  the  pageants.  He  lived  on 
the  Bank-fide  overagainft  Black-friars,  and  maintained  the  efti- 
mation  in  his  poetical  capacity  which  he  had  acquired  at  the. 
iiniverfity,  which  feems  to  have  been  of  no  inconfiderable 
'rank.  He  was  a  good  paftoral  poet ;  and  Wood  informs  us, 
.that  his  plays  were  not  only  often  a6ted  with  great  applaufe  in  hfs 
-life-time,  but  did  alfo  endure  reading,  with  due  commendation, 
^many  years  after  his  death.  He  fpeaks  of  him,  however,  as  a 
,mo4'e  voluminous  writer  in  that  way  than  he  appears  to  have 
been,  mentioning  his  dramatic  pieces  by  the  dlftinftion  of  tra- 

f^edies  and  comedies,  and  has  given  us  a  lift  of  thofe  which  he 
ays  he  had  feen ;  but  in  this  he  muft  have  made  fome  miftake, 
as  he  has  divided  the  feveral  incidents  in  one  of  them,  namely, 
his  "  Edward  I.*'  in  fuch  manner  as  to  make  the  **  Life  of 
Llewellin,"  and  the  "  Sinking  of  queen  Eleanor,"  two  de- 

[y]  Biographia  Draniatica. 

tached 


PEIRESC  ^9^ 

tached  aAd  feparate  pieces  of  themfelves;  the  efror 'of' which 
will  be  feen  in  the  perufal  of  the  whole  title  of  this  play.  He> 
moreover^  tells  us,  that  the  laft-mentioned  piece,  together 
with  a  ballad  on  the  fame  fubjecl,  was,  in  his  time,  ufually 
fold  by  the  common  ballad-mongers.     The  real  titles  of  the 

flays  written  by  this  author^  ot  which  five  only  are  known 
zj,  are,  i»  ^*  The  Arraignment  of  ,Paris,  15S4,"  4to.  2. 
"  Edward  the  Firft,  1593,"  4to.  3.  "  King  David  and  Fair 
Bethfabe,  T599,"  4to.  4.  "  The  Turkifh  Mahomet  and  Hyrcn 
the  Fair  Greek.**    5.  **  Tlie  Old  Wives  Tale,"  a  comedy,  4to, 

^595- 

Wood  and  Winftanley,  mifguided  by  former  catalogues, 
have  alfp  attributed  to  him  another  tragedy,  called,  "  Alphgn- 
fus.  Emperor  of  Germany."  But  this,  Langbaine  aflures  us> 
was  w^ritten  by  Chapman,, he  himfelf  having  the  play  in  hrs 
polfeflion,  with  that  author's  name  to  it.  About  1593,  Peele 
feem{?  to  have  been  taken  into  the  patronage  of  the  earl  of 
Northumberland,  to  whom  he  dedicated  in  that  year,  "  The 
Honour  of  the  Garter,  a  Poem  gratulatorie,  the  Hrftling, 
confecr^ted  to  his  «oble  name."  He  was  almoft  as  famous 
for  his  tricks  and  merry  pranks  as  Scoggan,  Skelton,  or 
.Dick  Tarleton;  and  as  there  are  books  of  theirs  in  print,  fo 
there  is  one  of  his  called,  "  Merrie  conceited  Jefts  of  George 
Peele,  Gent,  fometime  Student  in  Oxford  ;  wherein  is  ftiewed 
the  courfe  of  his  Life,  how  he  lived,  &c.  1627,"  4to.  Thefe 
jefts,  as  they  are  called,  might  with  more  propriety  be  termed 
the  tricks*  of  a  (harper.  Peele  died  before  the  year  1598. 
Meres,  in  his  Wit's  Treafury,  p.  285,  fays,  "  As  Anacreon 
died  by  the  pot,  fo  George  Peele  by  the  pox."  Oldys  fays,  he 
left  behind  him  a  wife  and  a  daughter.  He  feems  to  have  been 
a  perfon  of  a  very  irregular  life  ;  and  Mr.  Steevens,  with  great 
probability,  fuppofes,  that  the  charafler  of  George  Pieboard,  in 
The  Puritan,  was  defigned  as  a  reprefentative  of  George  Peele. 
See  a  note  on  that  comedy,  as  publifhed  by  Mr.  Malone. 

PEIRESC  (Nicolas  Claude  Fabri),  an  iliuftrious  geniim 
who  adorned  France,  was  defcended  from  an  ancient  and  noble 
family,  feated  originally  at  Pi-fa  in  Italy,  and  born  in  158.0. 
,  At  ten  years  of  age,  he  was  fent  to  Avignon,  where  he  fpcnt 
five  years  in  completing  his  claffical  ftudies  in  the  Jefuits  coU 
lege:  he  was  removed  to  Aix  in  1595,  and  entered  upon  the 
ftudy  of  philofophy.  In  the  mean  time,  he  attended  the  proper 
matters  for  dancing,  riding,  and  handling  arms  ;  in  all  which 
he  performed  the  leflbns  regularly,  but  that  was  all:  for  this 
being  done  only  to  pleafe  an  uncle,  whofe  heir  he  Was  to  be, 
he  never  praftifed  by  himfelf ;  efteeming  all  the  time  loft,  that 

[z]  See  the  Supplcxnent  to  Sbakefpeye,  vol.  i.  p.- 191,  edit.  1780* 

H  2,  was 


ico  PEIRESC. 

was  not  ethployed  on  literature.  It  was  during  this  penoc^y 
jhat  his  father  bein^  ^rcfcnted  with  a  medal  of  the  empero/ 
Arcadius,  which  wai  found  at  Belgenfer,  Peirefc  be^ed  xd 
have  it :  andy  charmed^  with  decyphering  tbe  charaSers  in 
the  exergue,  and  readinj^  the  emperor's  name/  in  tha<  tran- 
fport  of  joy  he  carried  the  medal  to  his  uncle ;  who  for.  his 
encouragement  gave  hhn  tyfo  more,  tc^ethef  with  fome  book» 
iipon  that  fubjccl.  This  is  the  cpocn  of  his  application  to 
antiquities,  for  which  he  became  afte/wards  (b  famous.  In 
1596,  he  was  fent  to  finiih  his.conrfe  of  philolbphv  under  the 
Jefuits  at  Tournon.  At  the  fame  time  taking  a  fancy  to  the 
mathematics,  he  learned  particularly  cofmography,  as  being  a 
necelfary  in  the  ftudy  of  hiftory :  yet  he  abated  nothing  of  hisi 
application  to  antiquity,  in  which  he  was  much  aflifkd  by 
.Petrus-Rogerus,  one  ot  the  profelfors/  aiid  *  flcilfirl  mcdaUift  f 
nor  did  he  omit  the  ftudy  of  belles  lettres  in  genei^t/  wherein 
he  was  "in  a  manner  the  matter  and  inflrudof  of  a  brother  wha 
was  with  him.  But,  to  do  all  this,  he  was  obfiged  W  fit  tjf 
iate  at  nights:  Xo  much  labour  and  attention^  as  he  was  natu-^ 
rally  of  a  tender  conftitution,  increafed  the  weakn^fs  of  hi9 
ftoraach,  formerly  contrafted,  and  for  which  he  had  tifed  a  kind 
of  digeftive  powder.  Being  recalled  by  his  uncle  in  1 597,  he 
returned  to  Aix,  and  there  entered  upon  the  ftudy  of  the  law ; 
which  he  profecuted,  however,  fo  as  to  find  leifure  to  vifit  and 
converfe  frequently  with  A.  R*  Bagarr,  a  moft  fkilful  anti- 
quary, who  was  afterwards  made  mafter  of  the  jewels  and 
rarities  to  Henry  IV.  '     , 

The  following  year  he  went  again  to  Avignon^  tcr  eafry  on 
his  courfe  of  law  under  a  private  mafter,  whofe  name  was 
Peter  David}  who,  being  well  ikilkd  likewife  in  antiqtiities^ 
was  pleafed  to  fee  Peirefc  join  this  ftudy  to  that  of  the  law* 
But  Ghibertus  of  Naples,  auditor  to  cardinal  Aquaviva^  fed  his 
curiofity  the  moft,  in  ftiewing  him  fome  rarities  which  never 
had  been  feen  before.  Ghibertus  alfo  lent  him  Golt^ius^s 
**  Treatife  upon  Coins,"  and  advifed  him  to  go  into  Italy  j 
cfpecially  to  Rome,  where'  he  would  meet  with  curiofities 
enough  to  fatisfy  his  moft  ardent  wtfhes.  Accordingly/  his 
-uncle  having  procured  a  proper  governor,  he  and  his  brothe# 
-fet  out  upon  that  tout,  in  Sept.  1699  ^  and  paffing  through 
Florence,  Bologna,  and  F^rrara,  when  he  had  ftaycd  a  fe'Pr 
days  at  Venice^  he  fixed  his  reffdence  at  Padua,  in  order  ta 
complete  his  courfe  of  law. '  But  once  a  quarter,  gbii^  to 
Venice,  to  get  cafli  for  bills  of  exchange,  he  took  thefe  oppor-» 
tunitiesof  making  an  acquaintance  with  the  moft  diftinguithed 
literati  there,  as  &rpi,  MoIifhks  &:c*  in  order  to  obtain  a  fight 
of  every  thing  curious  in  that  famous  city;  Among  others/ 
he  was  particularly  careflfed  by   F.-  Coniarin,  procurator  of' 

«>t« 


PEIRESC:  lojr 

^t.  Mark,  who  poReffed  a  curious  cabinet  of  medals,  and 
.  pther  antiquities,  without  knowing  the  value  of  them ;  this^ 
liowcvcf,  was  fully  fhewn  to  him  by  Peirefc,  who  likewife 
^explained  the  Greek  infcriptions  upon  his  medals,  and  the 
pionumental  ftones.  After  a  year*s  ftay  at  Padua,  he  fet  out 
for  Rome,  and  arrived  there  in  06b.  1600,  in  order  to  be  in 
lime  for  feeing  the  jubilee :  to  celebrate  which,  the  Porta  Sanfta 
^ould  be  opened  in  the  beginning  of  the  next  year.  He  pafTed 
fix  months  in  that-city,  viewing  the  numberlefs  curiofities  there ; 
and  aft<er  Eafter,  going  to  Naples  with  the  fame  defrgn,  returned 
to  Padua  about  June  the  fame  year-  He  now  refumed  his  ftudy  of 
-  the  law ;  and,  ajt  the  fame  time,  applied  himfelf  to  all  fuch  lan- 
guages as  might  be  of  ufe  in  decyphering  the  infcriptions  upon 
medals,  &c.  Accordingly,  lie  learned  fo  much  of  Hebrew^ 
^amaritan,  Syriac,  ^pd  Arabic,  as  was  fufficient  for  interpret- 
ing the  infcriptionis  upon  fliekels,  &c.  in  which  he  made  ufe 
of  Rabbi  Solomon,  who  was  then  at  Padua:  Kiit  he  ftudred 
the  Greek  language  with  more  care  and  exa<3nefs,  as- he  did 
^Ifo  the  matheinatics  J  fojr  he  was  from  this  time  much  beloved 
hy  Galilso,  with  whom  he  firft  became  acquainted  at  the  houfe" 
of  Pinellui  ,at  Roqae ;  and  whom  he  greatly  admired  for  the 
engine  hp  i^vented  to  drain  off  the  water  which  then  infefted 
th^  city.  At  the  fame  rfme,  he  did  not  omk  to  carry  his  re- 
fearches  into  aftrononiy  and  natural  philofophy ;  and  was  pre- 
fent,  when  Fabriciiis  of  Aquapendente,  out  of  a  parcel  of  eggs 
ugon  which  a  hen  ^f^§  fitting,  took  one  every  day,  to  obferve. 
^he  gyadMai  formation  of  the  chick  from  firft  to  laft.  From 
this  time  it  was  generally  ac|tnqwlcdged,  that  he  had  taken  the 
helm  of  learning  into  his  hand,  ana  begun  to  guide  the  comj^ 
ixisonwealth  of  letters. 

Having  now  fpent  almo^  three  years  in  Italy,  he  began  to 
prepaire  for  his  departure;  and,  in  the  end  or  1602,  having 
been  once  more  at  Rome  to  take  leave  of  his  friends  there, 
|ie  papkf^d  all  the  rarities,  gems,  &c,  and,  putting  them  into 
the  road  to  Marfeilles,  left  P^dua :  and  crolling  the  Alps  to 
Geneva,  went  to  Lyons ;  where  receiving  money,  he  mad^  a 
handfome  prefgnt  to  his  governor,  who  took  the  route  of  Paris. 
From  Lyoiis  he  went  to  Montpellier,  to  improve  himfelf  in 
the  law  ui^er  Julius  Parius;  and,  arriving  there  in  July,  he 
out  himfelf  and  his  brother  to  board  with  that  profeflbr.  From 
Montpellier  he  diipatchedmore  rarfties  to  his  uncle,  who  fend- 
lag  for  hind  home,  he  arrived  at  Aix  in  November:  but,  bringT 
ing  Parius  along  with  him,  he  obtained  leave  to  return  to 
Montpellier  in  a  few  days.  He  waited  upon  Parius  back  again, 
under  wjiom  he  continued  purfuin^  his  law-ftudies,  till  the  end 
of  1603.;  when  he  ii^turned  to  Atx,  at  the  earneft  requeft  of 
bis  uncle,  who,  having  refigned  to  him  his  fcnatorial  dignity^ 

H  3  had^ 


102  P  E  I  R  E  S  C; 

had,  ever  fincc  the  beginning  of  the  year,  laboured  to  get  the. 
king's  patent.  The  degree  of  doAor  of  law  was  a  necelfary 
qualification  for  that  dignity.  Peirefc,  therefore,  having  kept 
the  ufual  exercife,  took  that  degree  Jan,  i8,  1604;  on  which 
occafion  he  made  a  mod  learned  fpeech,  upon  the  origin  and 
and  antiquity  of  the  doftoral  ornaments.  The  folemnity  was 
hardly  finifhed,  when  the  patent  aforefaid  was  to  be  prelcnted 
to  the  fenate,  left  a  year's  time  ftiould  be  loft.    It  was  therefore 

f;iven  in,  and  ordered  to  be  recorded:  yet  Peirefc  procured 
eave  not  to  be  piefently  admitted,  and  entered  into  the  lift  of 
fenators.  The  bent  of  his  inclination  was  not  fo  much  to 
bufinefs  as  to  the  more  delightful  Mufes  ;  to  advance  arts  and 
fciences,  and  to  aflift  all  the  jpromoters  of  learning.  For  this 
gurpofe,  he  refolved  to  lead  a  fingle  life;  fo  that  when  his 
father  had  concluded  a  match  for  him  with  a  refpeftable  lady, 
he  prevailed  to  be  excufed. 

,  .In  1605,  h^  accompanied  G.  Varius,  firft  prefidcnt  of  the 
fenate  at  Aix,  who  was  very  fond  of  him,  to  Paris  ;  whence, 
having*  vifited  every  thing  curious,  he  croifed  the  water,  in 
company  with  the  French  king's  ambaifador,  in  1606,  to  Erig- 
land.  Here  he  was  very  graciouQy  received  by  king  James ;  and 
having  feen  Oxford,  and  vifited  Camden,  lir  Robert  Cotton, 
fir  Henry  Saville,  and  other  learned  men,  he  paffed  over  to 
Holland  ;  and  after  vifiting  the  feveral  towns  and  univerfities, 
with  the  literati  in  each,  he  went  through  Antwerp  to  BruflTels, 
and  thence  back  to  Paris,  to  fee  the  ceremony  of  the'dauphin's 
baptifm ;  which  being  folemnized  Aug.  the  24th,  he  returned 
home  in  Sept.  i6o6>  being  expefted  for  the  ordering  of  the 
family  affairs. 

Soon  after  this,  he  made  a  purchafe  of  the  barony  of  Ri^ns, 
which  he  completed  in  1607  ;  and  in  the  fame  year,  at  the 
folicitation  of  his  uncle,  having  approved  himfelf  before  that. 
afTembly,  he  was  received  a  fenator  on  the  ift  of  July.    ^In, 
Jan.  1608,  he  loft  his  uncle;  and,  the  following  year,  falling 
himfelf  into  a  dangerous   fever,   recovered  by  eating  mu^c- 
melons  before  fupperj  for  which  he  had  conceived  a  longing  [a^. 
In  1616,  he. attended  Varius  to  Paris;   where,  in  1618,  lib 
procured  a  faithful  copy,  and  publift>ed  a   fecond  edition  o^ 
*<  The  A6ts  of  the  Monaftery  ot  Maren  in  Switzerland/"  This- 
%vas  in  defence  of  the  royal  line  of  France  againft  Theodpric  t 
Piefpordius,  who  had  attempted  to  prove  the  title  of  the  Auftrian  - 
family  to  the  French  crown  by  right  of  fucceflion ;  and,  upon 

fA]  He  was  ordered  by  his  phyfidan  from  any  other  meat  as  he  lifted,  yetto- 

tQ  eat  them    before  his  meals,    without  wards  them,  he  proiefTed,  he  was  not  able ' 

bieadi  smd  to  drink  a  glafs  of  pure  wine,  to  tmfter  himfelf'.     He  experienced,  tha^ 

upon  them.      He  continued  this  method  in  the  mu/k^melon  feafon.vhe  vras  oever 

all  his  life  afterwards  j  and  grew  fo  fond  troubled  with  the  §ravQl, 

o£  them,  that,  though  he  Qould  abftaia  ^  ..        -.  - 

/     :  ■/  '  this  I 


P  E I R  E  S  C.  103 

tKs,  he  was  nominated  the  fame  year,  by  Louis  XIII.  abbot . 
of  SanSa  Maria  Aquiftrienfis.     He  ftayed  in  France  till  1623, 
"vrhen,  upon  a  meiiage  from  his  father,  now  grown  old  and. 
fickly,  he  left  Paris,  where  he  had  fpent  feven  years  and  fome 
months.     He  arrived  at  Aix  in  Ovftober;  and  not  long  after, 
prefentedto  the  court  a  patent  from  the  king,  permitting  him  , 
to  continue  In  the  fundlion  of  his  ancient  dignity,  and  to  cx- 
ercife  the  office  of  a  fecular  or  lay  perfon,  notwithftanding 
that,  being  an  abbot,  he  htid  afiTumcd  the  perfon  of  a  church- 
man.    The  court  of  parliament,  not  aiTenting  to  this,  decreed 
unanimoufly,    that,    being    already    admitted    into    the    firft 
rank,  he  ihould  abide  perpetually  therein  ;  not  returning,  as. 
the  cuftom  of  the  court  was,  to  the  inferior  auditory,  wherein 
trials  are  ufuaMy  had  of  criminal  cafes.     He  obtained  alfo^ 
a  refcript  from   the  pope,  to   licenfe   him  to  be  prefent  at, 
the  judgement  af  capital  caufes,  as  even  in  the  higher  au-. 
ditory  fome  feleft  cafes  of  that  nature  were  cuftomarily  l>eard : 
but  he  never  made  ufe  of  this  licence,  always  departing  when 
they  came  to  vote,   without  voting  himfelf.      In   1025,  he 
buried  his  father,  who  had  been  long  afflifted  with  the  gout. 
He  was  much  grieved  with  the  lofs  of  this  indulgent  "parent, 
who  had  never  denied  him  any  thing.     In  1627,  he  prevailed 
with  the  archbiftop  of  Aix,  to'eftablilh  a  pnft  thence  to  Lyons,, 
and  fo  to  Paris  and  all  Europe  ;  by  which  the  correfpondencc, 
tliat  he  conftantly  held  with  the  literati  every  where,  was  mucli 
facilitated.     In  1629,  l>e  began  to  be  much  tormented  with 
theftranguryandhaemorrhoides;  and.  In  1631,  haying  completed 
the  marriage  of  his  nephew  Claudius  with  Margaret  Alrefia,  a 
oobte  lady  of  the  county  of  Avignon^  he  beftowed  upon  him . 
the  barony  of  Rians,  together  with  a  grant  of  his  fenatorial 
"dignity,  only  refervingthe  fundion  to  himfelf  for  three  years. , 
But  the  parliament  not  waiting  his  furrendry  of  it,  he  relented- 
that  affront  fo  heinoufly,  that  he  procurea,  in  1635,  letters- 
patent  from  the'  king,  to  be  reftored,  and  to'exercife  the  office 
Jbr  five  years  longer,  which  happened  to  be  till  his  death:  for 
being  fei?;ed  in  June,  1637^  with  a  fever  that  brought  on  a, 
floppage  erf  urine,  this  put  an  end  to  his  life  on  the  24th  of 
that  month,  in  his  57th  year, 

A  very  honourabfe  funeral  was  provided  for  him  by  his. 
nephew  Claudius,  in  the  abfence  of  his  brother,  who  was  then 
at  Paris;*  'but  who,  returning  fliortly  to  Provence,  hallened 
to  perform  the  fuiieral  rites,  and  to  be  prefent  at  the  ob- 
fcqmes.  He  alfo  procured  a'  block  of  marble  from  Genoa, 
from  which  a  monument  was  made  and  eredhed  to  his  memory, 
with  an  epitaph  by  Rigaltius.  As  he  had  been  chofen  in  his" 
life-timelamcmbei'of  the-academy  of  the  Humorifti  at  Rome, 
iSs^jjfogium  was  pronounced  by  Jdm  James  Bouchier,  of  that 

H  4  learned 


104  PEIRESC. 

learned  focicty,   in  the  prefence  of  cardioal  Barberini,  ht9 
brother  Antonius,  cardinal  Bentivoglio,  and  feveral  other  car- 
dinah^  apd  fuch  a  multitude  of  celebrated  and  learned  men, 
that  the  hall  was  fcarce  able  to  contain  them.    Many  copies  of 
vcrfes,  in  Italian,   Latin,   and  Greek,  were  recited;  which 
were  afterwards  printed  together,  with  a  coUedion  of  funeral 
elegies  in  forty  latiguages,  under  the  title  of  *'  Pangloifia,*' 
Peirefc  was,  in  his  perfon,  of  a  middle  fize,  and  of  a  thin  habit; 
his  forehead  large,  and  his  eyes  grey ;  a  little  hawk-nofed,  his 
cheeks  tempered  with  red;  the  hair  of  his  head  yellow,  as. 
aifo  his  beard,  which  he  ufed  to  wear  long;  his  whole  coun- 
tenance bearing  the  marks  of  uncommon  courtcfy  and  aiFa- 
bility.     In  his  diet  he  afTeded  cleanlinefs,  and  in  all  things 
about  him;  but  nothing  fuper/luous  or  coftly.     His  clothes 
\>ere  fuitable  to  his  dignity  i  yet  he  never  wore  filk.     In  like 
manner,  the  red  of  his  houie  was  adojued  according  to  his 
condition,  and  very  well  furnilfhedi  but  he  negle£^ed  his  own 
chamber.     Inftead  of  tapeftry,  there  hupg  the  piftures  of  his 
chief  friends  and  Qf  famous  men,  befides  innumerable  bundles 
of  commentaries,,  tranfcripts,  notes,  collections  from  books, 
epiftles,  and  fuch  like  papers.     His  bed  was  exceeding  plain, 
and  his  table  continually  loaded  and  covered  with  papers,  books, 
letters,  and  other  things ;  as  alfo  all  the  feats  round  about,  and 
the  greatell  part  of  the  floor.     Thefe  were  fb  many  evidences 
of  tne  turn  of  his  mind ;  in  refpe£l  to  which,  the  .writer  of 
his  eulogium  compares  him  to  the  Rpman  Atticus;  and  fiayle, 
confidering  his  univerfal  corrcfpondence  4nd  general  afliftance  to 
all  the  literati  in  Europe,  made  a  fortunate  hit,  when  he  called 
him  "  the  attorney-general  of  the  literary  republic."   His  works 
were  chiefly  thefe :  i.  "Hiftoria  provincial  GalliaeNarbonenfis." 
2.  "  Nobilium  ejufdem  provinciae  familiarum  Origines,  et  fe- 
paratim  Fabriciac."    3.  "  Commentarii  rerum  omnium  memo* 
ria  dignarum  fya  aetate  geftarum."      4.  *^  Liber  de  ludicris 
naturae  operibus.'*.  5.  "  Mathematiea  &  aflronomica  varia.'* 
6.  "  Obfervationes  mathematicae,"     7.  '<  Epiftote  ad  S.  P. 
Urbanum  VIII.  cardinales  Barberinos,  &c."     8.  ^*  Authores 
antiqtii  Graeci  et  Latini  de  ponderibus  et  menfuris,"    9.  "  Elo- 
gia  et  epitaphia."     10,    "  Infcriptiones   antiquae  et  novar^'* 
XI.   ''  Genealogia  domus  Auftrtacae."      12.  '*  CataioRUS  li- 
brorum  biblioth.  reg.'*     13.  '*  Poemata  varia.V     14.  Nummi 
Gallicl,  Saxonici,  Britannici,  &c,"     15.  *' Linguae  orientates, 
Hebrasa,  Samaritana,  Arabica,  Egyptiaca,  et  Indices  librorum 
harum  linguarum.*'  16.  Obfervationes  in  varios  audores.**  It  is 
remarkable,  that,  though  Peirefc  bought  more  books  than  any 
man  of  his.tigne,  yet  tli.e  colledion  which  he  left  wa$^  npt  lapge. 
The  re^fpn  was,^  that  as  faftas  he  purchafi^d,  h«  kept  ?CM;>ti- 


PELAGIUS,  Ids 

nually  making  prefents  of  them  to  learned  men  to  ivhom  he 
knew  they,  would  be  ufeful. 

PELAGIUS  (the  Herefiarch),  was  born  in  Great  Britain  iff 
the  4th  century,  and  is  faid  to  have  been  abbot  of  th^  monaf- 
tery  of  Bangor.  His  real  name  is  faid  to  be  Morgan,  which 
fignifying  in  the  Celtic  Iznguages  fea-iom,  from  Mir,  fca,  and 
gan  born,  was  tranflated  into  IhXxymf  in  Latin  Pclagius. 
However  that  be,  it  is  certain  he  was  a  monk ;  and,  though 
probably  a  layman,  yet  diflinguifhed  among  his  bixjthrcn  both 
by  piety  and  learning.  But,  in  the  profecution  of  his  ftudics, 
falling  into  errors,  he  went  to  Rome,  and  began  to  teach  hi$ 
doctrines  in  that  city  about  400.  He  pretended,  that  man  1$ 
able  to  work  out  his  falvation  by  the  natural  force  of  free-will, 
without  the  affiftan^e  of  grace ;  that  by  thefe  natural  powers  he 
may  even  fo  attain  to  a  itate  of  perfeilion,  as  not  to  be  fubjeft 
either  to  paflion  or  fin ;  that  grace  is  given  in  proportion  to 
our  meriting  it ;  and,  laflly,  that  there  is  no  mch  thing  at 
original ,  lin.  Under  the  influence  of  thefe  principles,  hil 
morals  were  irreproachable.  He  therefore  gained  a  great  crowd 
of  followers ;  and  the  herefy  fpread  fo  much,  that  it  becaixici 
neceffary  for  him  to  quit  Rome ;  as  he  did  in  409*  foing  t^ 
Sicily,  and  accompanied  by  Celeilius,  his  chief  qifciple  and 
fellow-labourer,  and,  as  is  faid,  his  countryman.  They  coq« 
tinued  in  Sicily,  till  the  report  of  a  conferencet  bcld  at  Car<^ 
thage  between  the  Orthodox  and  the  OopatiiU,  induced  them*  to 
go  to  Africa;  but  Pelagius  did  not  (by  lone  there ;  and,  affer 
his  departure,  Celeftius  being  accufed  of  talking  againft  origi* 
nal  fin  by  Paulinujs,  was  condemned  by  a  council  held  at  Car* 
thagein4i2,  under  Aurelius,  primate  of  Africa.  Upon  thi$, 
he  repaired  to  his  friend  Pelagius,  who  had  retired  to  raleftiocu. 

Here  they  were  well  received  by  John  biihop  of  Jenifalem, 
the  enemy  of  St.  Jerom,  and  well  looked  on  by  tne  better  fort  of 
people.  Count  Marcellinus,  being  defirous  to  know  in  what 
their  dofirine,  which  was  much  talked  of,  confiltcd,  applied 
to  St.  Auguilin,  biihop  of  Hippo,  for  information ;  and  Pela- 
gius, feanng  to  engage  with  fo  formidable  an  antagonifl,  wrote 
the  biihop  a  letter  full  of  proteftations  of  the  purity  of  his 
faith,  accompanied  with  a  profufion  of  compliments,  to  which 
fSt.  Auguftin  replied  in  terms  of  general  civility  ;  and  things 
remained  for  a  while  in  this  ftate.  It  was  probably  about  414, 
that  Pelagius  refolved  to  undertake  his  treatife  of  the  natural 
ilrength  of  man,  in  fupport  of  his  doftrine  of  free-will ;  which 
he  expreifed  in  fiKh  terms,  as  gave  him  room  to  ibel^r  bimfelf 
under  th^  authority  of  St.  Auftin  and  St*  Jetocne.  ^t  this, 
piece  sko  Iboner  reached  the  weft,  than  the  foirmer  cefuted  it 
in  Dialogues,  whilfl  the  latter  heaped  volvnaeji  upoc^voluoica 
agjuaft  ^  <kf w*^r%  beKCy  i  tbs  principal  of  whidsi  is  hia 

famous 


ic«  PELAGIUS. 

fimotis  tra6t,  De  natura  et  gratia.  In  the  mean  time,  it  fared 
much  better  in  Paleftine  ;  where  a  council  being  held  at  Diof- 
polls  in  415,  confifting  of  fourteen  bifhops,  Pelagius  appeared 
before  them,  and  explained  his  doftrine  in  fuch  a  manner,  that' 
he  was  abfolved  by  them,  in  thefe  words :  **  Since  we  ar^  fatif- 
fied  with  the  declarations  of  the  monk  Pelagius,  here  prefent, 
who  acknowledges  the  holy  dodriric,  and  condemns  whatfoever 
is' contrary  to  the  faith  of  the  church,  we  declare  that  he  is  in 
the  communion  of  the  catholic  church."  Theodore  of  Mop- 
fnefta  was  one  of  Pelagius*s  mod  powerful  friends  in  the  ealL 
He  was  a  man  of  profound  erudition  and  great  reputation  ; 
arid  though  he  wrote  zealoufly  againft  all  herefies,  yet  he  fell 
into  that  of  Pelagius,  as  alfo  of  Neftorius. 

;On  the  other  hand,   the   African  bifliops  held  a  council, 
according  to  cuftom,  in  416,  at  Carthage,  at  which  Aurelius, 
bifhop  of  that  city,  preflded ;  where  the  letters  of  Heros  and 
Lazarus,  two  French  bilhops,  then  in  Paleftine,  were  read, 
arid  likewife  the  afts  of  the  council  of  Carthage,  by  which' 
Cefeftius  had  been  condemned  about  five  years  before.     After 
tfife  reading  of  them,  the  bifhops  of  this  council  were  of  opinion, 
tHat  Pelagius  and  Celeftius  ought  to  be  anathematized,  if  they  dfd 
not  very  plainly  anathematize  their  errors  ;  that,  the  fentence 
againft  them,  being  public,  might  reclaim  thofe,  at  leaft,  whom 
they  had  deceived,  if  they  Ihould  prove  in-corrigible  themfelves. 
The  council  thotight  fit  to  communicate  their  judgement  to  the 
jjope  Innocent  I.  in  order  to  join  the  authority  of  the  fee  of 
Rome  to  their  own;     They  accordingly  wrote  to  him  a  fynod- 
ica^  epiftle,  to  which  they  annexed  the  letters  of  Heros  and 
Lazarus,  and  the  afts  ot  this  laft  council,  which  contained 
thofe  of  the  year  4i'2.     In  thefe  letters,  the  biftiops,  prompted 
by  St.  Auftin,  refute  in  a  fummary  way  the  chief  errors  im-  ^ 
puted  to  Pelagius,  and  conclude  thus :  ^*  Though  Pelagius  and  ^ 
Celeftius  difown  this  doftrine,  and  the  writings  produced  againft 
them,  without  its  being  poffible  to  convift  them  of  falfehood  ; 
.neverthelefs,  we  muft  anathematize  in  general  whoever  teach- 
cth,  that  human  nature  is^  capable  of  avoiding  fin,  and  of  ful- 
filling the  commands  of  God  •,  as  he  (hews  himfelf  an  enemy 
to  his  grace,  which  fo  evidently  appears  by  the  prayers  of  the , 
faints."     About  the  fatne  time  a  council  was  held  at  Mileviim,  ' 
compofed  of  fixty-one  bifhops  ;  who,  after  the  example  of  that 
of.  Carthage,  wrote  to  pope  innocent,  defiring  him  to  condemrt' 
this  herefy,  which  took  away  the- benefit  of  prayer  from  adults, 
and  baptifm  from  infants,     Befides  thefe  two  fynodical  letters,  - 
another  was  w'ri'tten  by  St.  Auguftin,  in  the  n^me  of  himfelf  and  ' 
fMir  moire  bifhopis ;  wherein  he  explained  the-  whole  matter* 
fftdfi  !at  ^ir|e,*and  defited  the  pope  tb  order  Pelagius  to  Romej 
tft-exahiihe  ffini^cfrc  minutety,  arid tftoArv^iat  kind  of  ^race^ 


PELAGIUS.  tof 

\l  was  that  he  acknowledged  ;  or  elfe  to  treat  with  him  on  that     , 
fubjed!:  by  letters,  to  the  end  that,  if  he  acknowledged  the  grace 
which  the  church  teacheth,   he  might   be  abiblved  without 
difficulty.   • 

'  Thefe  letters  were  anfwered  by  Innocent  in  417,  wherein 
he  joins  his  fuifrage  with  theirs,  and  anathematizes  all  who  fay,    ' 
that  the  grace  of  God   is  not  neceffary  to  good  works ;  and 
judges  them  unworthy  of  the  communion  ot  tlie  church,  and 
direfts  them  to  be  cut  off  from  it  as  rotten  members.     In 
anfwer  to  the  five  African  bifhops,  who  had  written  to  him  on* 
his  being  fufpefted  of  favouring  Pelagianifm,  he  fays,  "  He 
can  neither  affirm  nor  deny,  that  there  are  Pelagians  in  Rome  ; 
becaufe,  if  th^re  are  any,  they  take  care  to  conceal  themfelve*s, 
and  are  not  difcovered  in  fo  great  a  multitude  of  people."     He* 
adds,  fpeaking  of  Pelaglus,  '<  Wc  cannot  believe  he  has  been 
juftified,  notwithftanding  that  fome  laymen  have  brought  to' 
us  afts,  by  which  he  pretends  to  have  been  abfolved.     But  wc* 
doubt  the  authenticity  of  thefe  afts,  becaufe  they  have  not  been  . 
fent  us  by  the  council,  and  we  have  not  received  any  letters 
from  thofe  who  affiiled  at  it.     For  if  Pelagius  could  have  relied 
on  his  juftification,  he  would  not  have  failed  to  have  obliged 
his  judges  to  acquaint  us  with  it;  and  even  in  thefe  ads  he" 
has  not  juftified  himfclf  clearly,  but  has  only  fought  to  evade 
and  perplex  matters.     We'  can  neither  approve  nor  blame  this* 
decifion.     If  Pelagius  pretends  he  has  nothing  to  fear,  it  is* 
not  our  bufinefs  to  fend  for  him,  but  rather  his  to  make  hafte 
to  come  and  get  himfelf  abfolved.     For  if  he  (till  continues  t<3 
entertain  the  fame  fentiments,  whatever  lett;ers  he  may  receive,  • 
he  will  never  veiiture  to  expofe  himfelf  to  our  fentence.     If  he' 
is  to  be  fummoned,  that  ought  rather  to  be  done  by  thofe  who 
are  neareft  to  him.     We  have  peru f(*d  the  book  faid  to  bt 
written  by  him,  which  you  fent  us.     We  have  found  therein 
many  propolitions  againlt  the  grace  of  God,  many  blafphemies, 
nothing  that  pleafed  us,  and  hardly  any  thing  but  what  dif- 
pleafed  us,  and  ought  to  be  rejefted  by  all  the  world.'* 

Celeftius,  upon  his  condemnation  at  Carthage  in  4.12,  had 
indeed  appealed  to  this  pope  5  bur,  in  (lead  of  purfuing  his 
appeal,  he  retired  into  Paleitine.  Pelagius,  however,  who  had 
more  cunning,  did  not  defpair  of  bringing  Rome  over  to  his 
intereft,  by  flattering  the  biftiop  of  that  city.  The  moment  he 
learnt  that  things  were  likely  to  go  a^ainfl  him  in  the  weft,  he 
drew  up  a  confeffion  of  faith,  and  lent  it  to  pope  Innocent 
with  a  letter,  which  is  now  loft.  Innocent  was  dead;  and 
Zofimus  had  fucceeded  him,  when  this  apology  of  Pelagius  was 
brought  to  Rotne.  On  the  firft  notice  of  this  change,  Celeftius, 
who  had  been  driven  from  Conftantinopk,  haftcned  to  the 
well  I  in  hopes  of  fecuring  the  new  pope's  favour,  by  making 

him 
6 


%o&  PELAGIUS, 

him  his  jndg^  He  was  not  deceived:  for  Zoiimus,  taking 
this  opportunit]^  of  drawing  to  his  fee  appeals  of  caufes  adjudgcq 
clfewnere,  readily  admitteaCeleftius  to  juftify  himfelf  at  RdciK;^ 
He  aiTembied  his  clergy  in  St.  Clement's  church,  where  Cele- 
ftius  prefented  him  a  confeffion  of  faith ;  in  which,  having 
gone  through  all  the  articles  of  the  Creed,  from  the  Trinity  to 
the  refurredion  of  the  dead,  he  faid,  "  If  any  difpute  has  arifcn 
on  queftions  that  do  not  concern  the  faith,  I  have  not  pretendec} 
to  decide  them,  as  the  author  of  a  new  dodrine  ;  hut  I  offer  to 
your  ei(an>inationy  what  I  have  from  the  fource  of  the  prophet^ 
and  apoiUes ;  to  the  end,  that  if  I  have  liiidaken  through  igno- 
rance, your  judgement  may  corrcA  and  fet  me  right,"  On  the 
fubjed  of  original  fm,  he  continued,  f>  We  acknowledge  that 
children  ought  to  be  baptized  for  the  remiffion  of  fins,  agree- 
ably to  the  role  of  the  univerfal  church,  and  the  authority  of 
the  gofpel ;  becaufe  the  Lord  hath  declared,  that  the  kingdom 
of  heayen  can  be  given  to  thofe  only  who  have  been  baptized. 
]^t  we  do  not  pretend  thence  to  eftablifh  the  tranfmiifion  of 
fin  from  parents  to  their  children :  that  opinion  is  widely  dif^ 
ferent  from  the  catholic  doftrines.  For  fin  is  not  born  witk 
man ;  it  is  man  who  commits  it  after  he  is  born :  it  dojes  not 

i)roceed  from  nature,  but  from  will.  We  thefefore  acknow-r 
edge  the  firft,  in  order  not  to  admit  of  feveral  baptifms ;  an4 
take  this  precauticni,  that  we  may  not  derogate  from  the  Crc^ 
tor.'*  Cejeftius  having  confirmed  by  word  of  mouth,  and  feve- 
ral repeated  declarations,  what  was  contained  in  this  writingi^ 
the  pope  afked  him,  whether  he  condemned  all  the  errors  that 
had  been  publiihed  under  his  name  ?  Cele(lius  anfwered,  thaf 
he  did  condemn  them  in  conformity  with  the  fsntence  of  pope' 
Innocent,  and  promifed  to  condemn  whatever  (hould  be  con- 
demned by  the  holy  fee.  Hereupon  Zofimus  did  not  hefitate 
to  condemn  Heros  and  Lazarus,  who  had  taken  upon  them  to 
be  the  chief  profecutors  of  the  Pelagian  do£lrine.  He  depofed 
them  from  the.  epifcopal  office,  and  excommunicated  them ; 
after  which  he  wrote  to  Aurelius,  and  the  other  biihops  of 
Africa,  acquainting  them  with  what  he  had  done;^  and  at  the 
fame  time  fending  them  the  ads  of  his  fynod.  He  complained 
of  their  having  given  credit  too  haftily  to  Heros  and  Lazarus's 
letters.  **  We  have  found,"  fays  he,  **  that  their  ordinations 
were  irregular ;  and  no  accufation  ought  to  have  been  received 
from  them  againd  an  abfent  perfon,  who  being  now  pre&nt^ 
Explains  his  faith,  and  challenges  his  accufers."  \  He  adds,^ 
*•  That  if  thefe  accufers  do  not  appear  at  Rome  within  two 
months,  to  convid  him  of  having  other  opinit^ns  than  thofe 
which  he  profefied,  he  ought  to  be  deemed  ionocem  to  aU 
intents  and  purpofes." 

^904 


PELAGIUS.  101^ 

Soon  after  this,  Zofimus  receiv€d  a  letter  from  Prtylus,  Wfliop 
6f  Jerufalcm,  fucceffor  to  John,  recommending  to  him  Pelagius  s 
affair  in  affectionate  terms.  This  letter  was  accompanied  by 
another  from  Pelagius  himfelf,  together  with  the  confeffion  of 
faith  before  mentioned*  In  this  letter  Pelagius  faid,  that  his 
enemies  wanted  to  afperfe  his  charafter  in  two  points :  firft, 
that  he  refufed  to  baptize  infants,  and  promifed  them  the  king-^ 
dom  of  heaven,  without  the  redemption  of  Jefus  Chrift ;  fecondly, 
that  he  repofed  fo  much  confidence  in  free-will,  as  to  refufe  the 
alfift^ce  of  grace.  He  rejefted  the  firft  of  thefe  errors,  as 
manifcftly  contrary  to  the  gofpel ;  and  upon  the  article  of  grace 
he  faid,  **  We  have  our  free-will  either  to  fin  or  not  to  fin,  and 
in  all  good  works  it  it  ever  aided  by  the  divine  affiftance,— Wc 
lay,  that  all  men  have  free-ewill,  as  >i^ell  Chriftians  as  Jews  ai?d 
Gentiles :  all  of  them  have  it  by  nature,  but  it  is  affifted  by 
grace  in  none  bdt  Chriftians.  in  others  this  bleffing  of  the 
creation  is  naked  and  unaflifted.  They  Ihall  be  judged  and  con- 
demned ;  becaufe  having  free-will,  by  which  they  might  arrive 
at  faith,  ahd  merit  the  grace  of  God,  they  make  an  ill  ufe  of 
this  liberty.  The  Chriftians  will  be  rewarded ;  becaufe  they, 
by  making  a  good  tife  of  their  free-will,  merit  the  grace  of  the 
Lord,  and  obferve  his  commandments.'*  His  confeffion  of  faith  " 
Was  like  that  of  Celettius*  On  baptifm  he  faid,  "  We  hold 
one  fingle  baptifm,  and  we  aflert  that  it  ought  to  be  adminif^ 
tered  to  children  in  the  fame  form  of  words  as  to  adults." 
Touching  grace,  he  faid,  "  We  confefs  a  free-will :  at  the  fame 
time  holding,  that  we  ftand  continually  in  need  of  God*s  affift- 
ance ;  and  that  thofe  are  as  well  miftaken,  who  fay  with  the 
Manichees,  that  man  cannot  avoid  finning,  as  thofe  who  fay 
tvith  Jovinian,  that  man  cannot  fin.*'  He  concludfed  with  thejo 
tvords  J  "  Such,  blefled  pope,  is  the  faith  which  we  have  learned 
in  the  catholic  church,  the  faith  which  we  have  always  held, 
ahd  ftill  continue  in.  If  any  thitig  contained  therein  (hall  not 
have  been  explained  clearly  enough,  or  not  with  fufficient  cau- 
tion, we  defire  that  you  would  correft  it ;  you  who  hold  the 
me  faith,  and  the  fee  of  Peter.  If  you  approve  of  my  confef- 
fion of  faith,  whoever  pretends  to  attack  it,  will  (hew  either  his 
ignorance  or  his  malice,  or  that  he  is  not  orthodox  5  but  he  will 
not  prove  me  an  heretic." 

Thefe  writings  being  read  publicly  at  Rome,  neither  the  pope, 
iior  any  that  were  prefent,  found  them  at  all  different  from  the 
doftrine  of  the  church.  They  were  filled  with  joy  and  admira- 
tion 2  fcarce  could  they  refrain  from  tears,  fo  deeply  were  they 
concerned  to  find,  that  men,  whofe  faith  was  fo  pure,  had  beeri 
fo  much  ilandered.  In  their  opinion,  thefe  writings  fpoke  of 
nothing,  but  the  grace  and  afliftance  of  God.  Heros  and  La^a-^ 
niis^  vdiok  characters  had  fuffered  in  other  refpedts,  appeared  tt> 

them 


iio  PELAGIUa. 

ihem  two  -wrong-headed  men,  who  aimed  at  nothing  but  dlC- 
turbing  the  church's  peace.  In  this  jun6lure  Zofimus.  wrote  » 
•fecond  letter  to  Aurelius>  and  to  all  the  bilhops  of  Africa,  more 
formidable  than  the  firft.  He  there  fignifies  to  them,  that  he  is 
fatisfied  with  Pelagius  and  Celeftius*s  cpnfeflion  of  faith,  and 
perfuaded  of  their  finccrity.  He  triumphs  on  his  difcovery  of 
their  innocence,  and  exclaims  againft  Herus  and  Lazarus.  This 
letter  coming  to  the  hands  of  Aurelius,  the  next  year,  418,  he 
aflembled  fome  bifhops,  who  at  firft  were  quite  amazed  at  the 
biihop  of  Rome ;  but,  recovering  from  their  furprife,  firmly 
maintained  the  judgement  they  had  givep,  and  which  had  been 
confirmed  by  Innocent  I.  At  the  head  of  their  decrees  they  put 
a  fecond  letter  to  pope  Zofimus,  in  which  they  addrefled  him  in 
thefe  terms:  "  We  have  ordained,  that  the  fentence  given  by 
the  venerable  bifliop  Innocent  fhall  fubfift,  until  they  (hall  con* 
fefs  without  equivocation,  that  the  grace  of  Jefus  Chrift  does 
aflift  us,  not  only  to  know,  but  alfo  to  do  juftice  in  every  adion  ; 
infomuch,  that  without  it  we  can  neither  think,  fay,  or  do  any 
thing  whatever,  that  belongs  to  true  piety.*'  They  added, 
**.  That  Celeftius's  having  faid  in  general  terms,  that  he  agreed 
.-with  Innocent's  letters,  was  not  fatisfaftory  in  regard  to  perfons 
pf  inferior  underftandings;  but  that  he  ought  to  anathemaiize 
in  clear  terms  all  that  was  bad  in  his  writings,  left  many  ftiould 
believe  that  the  apoftolical  fee  had  approved  his  errors,  rather 
than  be  perfuaded  that  he  had  reformed  them."  The  biftiop  of 
,  Africa  likewife  reminded  pope  Zofimus  of  his  predecefl'or's  deci- 
fion,  relating  to  the  council  of  Diofpolis  ;  fhewed  him  the  arti- 
fice made  ufe  of  in  the  confeilion  of  faith  which  Pelagius  had 
feht  to  Rome  ;  and  refuted  after  their  manner  the  cavils  of  the 
heretics:  and,  as  Zofimus  had  reprimanded  them  for  having  too 
cafily  given  credit  to  the  accufers  of  Celeftius,  they  juitified 
themfelvesat  his  expence  ;  by  {hewing,  that  he  himfeJf  had  been 
too  precipitate  in  this  affair.  Moreover,  they  declared  plainly, 
that  this  caufe  arifing  in  Africa,  and  having  been  judged  there, 
Celeftius  could  have  no  right  to  appeal  from  thence,  nor  the 
pope  to  take  cognizance  of  it :  to  which  they  added  a  proteft,  to 
prevent  Zofimus  from  attempting  to  pronounce  any  fentence  by 
default,  in  favour  of  Celeftius  and  Pelagius. 

Zofirnus,  either  through  a  perfuafion  that  thefe  heretics  had 
dealt  infmcerely  with  him,  or  finding  it  prudent  to  yield  to  the 
neceffity  of  the  occafion,  upon  the  receipt  of  this  letter,  iffued 
out  a  formal  and  authentic  condemnation  of  the  Pelagians, 
founded  on  Ceheftius's  having  abfented  himfelf  from  Rome  ;  and 
excommunicated  the  two  heretics,  leaving  them  however  in  the 
clafs  of  penitents,  in  cafe  they  abjured  their  errors.  All  the 
Komap  clergy  approved  of  this  judgment.  The  pope  applied 
alfo  to  Honorius,  requefting  him  to  caufe  all  heretics  to  be 

drivci 


P  E  LE  T  !  E  R.  *n 

•driven  out  of  Rome ;  in  compliance  with  which,  the  CJjrperor 
gave  a  refcript  at  Ravenna,  April,  418,  diredled  to  the  pretqriaai 
prefe£l  of  Italy,  who,  in  confequence,  ifTued  his  ordinance 
jointly  with  the  pretorian  prefeft  of  the  eaft,  and  the  prefed:  of 
Gaul,  purporting,  that  all  fuch  as  ihould  be  convidted  of  this 
error  Ihould  fufFer  perpetual  banifliment,  and  that  all  their  portef- 
fions  (hould  be  confifcated.  The  pope,  moreover,  vigoroufly 
profecuting  his  defign  to  extirpate  the  friends  of  Pelagius,  caufed 
all  the  bifhops  to  be  depofed,  who  would  not  fubfcribe  the  con- 
demnation of  the  new  herefy,  and  drove  them  out  of  Italy  by 
virtue  of  the  laws  of  the  empire.  Atticus,  bifhop  of  Conftanti- 
nople,  likewife  rcjefted  their  deputies.  They  were  driven  from 
Ephefus ;  and  Theodotus  bilhop  of  Antioch  condemned  them, 
and  drove  Pelagius  thence,  who  was  lately  returned  from  Pal©- 
ftine,  where  he  had  taken  refuge  from  the  emperor's  refcript. 
We  have  no  certain  account  of  him  after  this  ;  but  thcVe  is  realon 
to  believe,  that  he  returned  to  England,  and  fpread  his  doSrinc 
there  ^  which  induced  the  bifliop  of  Gaul  to -fend  thither  St. 
Germain  of  Auxerre,  in  order  to  refute  it.  However  that  be, 
it  is  certain  that  Pelagian  herefy,  as  it  is  called,  fpread  itfelf, 
both  in  the  eaft  and  weft  ;  and  took  fo  deep  root,  that  it  fubfifts 
to  this  day  in  different  fe£ls^  who  all  go  by  the  general  nan^e  of 
Pelagians. 

This  Herefiarch  wrote  feveral  things,  among  which  are,  **  A 
Treatife  upon  the  Trinity ;"  "  A  Commentary  on  St.  Paul'ii 
Epiftles,"  which  was  annexed  to  thofe  of  St.  Jerom,  and  was 
Jong  thought  to  be  written  by  him  ;  "  A  Book  of  Eclogues,  or 
Spiritual  Maxims;'*  feveral  letters,  among  which  is  one  ad- 
drefled  to  a  virgin ,^  named  Demetrias,  which  is  printed  in  the 
works  of  St.  Jerom  ;  feveral  pieces  in  his  own  defence ;  and 
a  treatife  **  De  libero  arbitrio."  Cardinal  Noris  wrote  the 
**  Hiftory  of  Pelagianifm. 

PELETIER  (Claude  de)  one  of  the  few  who  have  been 
able  to  unite  attention  to  bufinefs,  with  the  love  and  cultivation 
of  letters.  He  was  born  at  Paris  in  1630,  and  bred  to  the  law, 
but  always  in  ftrift  intimacy  with  Boileau,  Bignon,  Lamoignon, 
and  the  other  great  men  of  his  time.  He  was  firfl:  counfellor  of 
the  Chatelet,  then  in  the  parliament,  afterwards  prefident  of  the 
fourth  chamber  of  requcfts,  and  next  Prev&t  des  Marchands*. 
To  this  place  he  was  nominated  in  1668,  and  fignalized  his 
Htuation  there  by  building  a  quay  at  Paris,  which  ftill  retains  his 
name.  Being  much  approved  in  this  office,  he  was  appointed 
in  1683  to  fucceed  the  famous  Colbert  in  that  of  controller- 
general  of  the  finances.  He  held  this  place  only  fix  years,  after 
which  he  refigned  it,  and  in  1697  retired  from  court  entirely,  to 
lead  a  life  of  .meditation  and  devotion.  He  died  in  Auguft, 
171 1,  at  the  age  of  81.    Though  the  life  of  Peletier  was  fo 

much 


t<2  PELL. 

much  pceupt^i  by  buftneis^  he  either  produced  or  was  concerned 
ill  feveral  publications.     !•  Extracts  and  CoIIedtons  from  the 
F^herSy  the  ecclefiaftical  Writers,  and  from  Scripture,  made 
with  great  Judgement  in  feveral  vohimes,  lamo.     2.  Editions 
©f  the  *♦  Comes  Theologus,"  and  "  Comes  Juridicus,"  of  Peter 
Pithou,  who  was  his  matej^nal  great  grandfather.     3.  **  Comes 
SeneAutis,'*  4.  and  **  Comes  Rufticus,'*  both  in  i2mo,  and 
written  in  imitation  of  the  former  works  of  Pithou,   confift 
chiefly  of  the  thoughts  of  various  authors,     5,  The  beft  Edition 
of  thjg  Body  of  Canon  Law,  in  Latin,  with  the  Notes  of  Peter 
and  Francis  Pithou,.  in  two  vols,  folio.     6.  An  Edition  of  the 
©bfervations  of  Peter  Pithou  on  the  Code  and  on  the  Novellae. 
PELL  (John),  an  eminent  Englifh  mathematician,  defended 
from  an  ancient  family  in  Lincolnlhire,  was  born  at  Southwyke 
in  Suflcx,  March  i,  1610  [b]  ;  and  educated  in  grammar  learn* 
ii^  at  the  free  fchool,  then  newly  founded,  at  Stenning  in  that 
county.     At  thirteei>,  he  was  fent  to  Trinity  college  in  Cam* 
bridge,  being  then  as  good  a  fcholar  as  moft  mafters  of  arts  in 
lliat  univcrfity,  but,  though  he  was  eminently  fkilled  in  the 
Greek  and  Hebrew  languages,  he  never  ofiered  himfelf  a  candi- 
«fate  at  the  eleSion  of  fcholars  or  fellows  of  this  college*    His 
perfon  was  handfome,  and  the  habit  of  his  body  ftrong;  and 
therefore,  fcarce  ever  uflng  recreations,  he  profecuted  his  fiudies 
with  the  more  application  and  intenfenefs*     In  1629,  he  drew 
up  the  "  Defcription  and  Ufe  of  the  Quadrant,  written  for  the 
Dfe  of  a  Friend,  in  two  Books  ;*'  the  original  MS,  of  which  is 
fttU  extant  among  his  papers  in  the  Royal  bociety ;  and  the  fame 
year  he  held  a  cotrefpondence  with  Mr.  Henry  Briggs  on  loga* 
rithms  [c].     In  1630,  he  wrote  "  Modus  fupputandi  Epheme- 
ikies Altronomicas  (quantum  ad  motum  folis  attinet)  paradigm 
mate  ad  an.  1630  accomraodato  ;**  and  "  A  Key  to  unlock  the 
Meaning. of  Johannes  Trithemius,  in  his  Difcourfe  of  Stegano- 
graphy  ;'*  which  Key,  Pell  the  fame  year  imparted  to  Mr.  Samuel 
Hartlib  and  Mr.  Jacob  Homedae.     The  fame  year,  he  took  the 
degree  of  mailer  of  arts  at  Cambridge,  and  the  year  following 
was  incorporated  in  the  univerfity  of  Oxford.     June  the  7th,  he 
wrote  "  A  Letter  to  Mr.  Edward  Wingate  on  Logarithms ;" 
zndf   OSt.  5,    1631,    "  Commentationes  iii   Cofmographiam 
Alftedii/*     July  3,    163a,    he   married   Ithamaria  [dJ,  Cbcond 
slaughter  of  Mr.  Henry  Reginolles  of  London,  by  whom  he  had 
four  fons  and  four  daughters,  March  6,  1633-4,  he  finifhed  his 
•*  AftrCnomiCal  Hiftory  of  Obfervations  of  heavenly  Motions 
and  Appearances;"  and,  April  the  loth,  his  "  EcHpticus  Prog*. 
noftica  ;  or  Foreknower  of  the  Eclipfes  ;-  teaching  how,  by  Cal- 

!«3  Axherv  Oxori.  Cepersll  Diftionary.     vol.  iv,  p.  444. 
cj^here  is  extant  a  fetter  ot  Mr.         (  d]  Her  name    is  foxnctlmes   written 
lftg|^*ftoliiffi.     Birftir*  Hift*  «f  R^>.    Athamar.    lb,  ibid. 

Gulation, 


P  E  L  L.  a«3 

culation,  to  foreknow  and '  foretrfl  dll  fo^s -of -Eclipfes  df  the 
heavenly  Lights."  In  1634,  he  tranflated  **  The  everlafting 
Tables  of  heavenly  Motions,  grounded  upon  .the  Obfervations 
of  all  Times,  and  agreeing  with  them  all,  by  Philip  Lanfberg, 
of  Ghent  in  Flanders ;"  and,  June  the  laih,  the  fame  year,  he 
committed  to  writing,  **  The  M^inner  of  deducing  his  Aftro- 
nomical  Tables  out  of  the  Tables  and  Axioms  of  Philip  Lanf-< , 
■berg."  March  9,  1634-5,  he  wrote  **  A  Letter  of  Remarks  on 
Gellibrand's  Mathematical  Difcourfe  on  the  Variation  of  the 
Magnetic  Needle  ;*'  and,  the  3d  of  June  following,  another  ofi 
the  fame  fubjeft. 

His  eminence  in  mathematical  knowledge  was  now  fo  grea^^- 
that  he  was  thought  worthy  of  a  profeffbr's  chair  in  that  fcience.; 
«nd,  upon  the  vacancy  of  one  at  Amfterdam  in  1639,  fir  Wil- 
liam Bofwell,  the  Englifh  refident  with  the  States  General,  ufcjjd 
.his  intereft,  that,  he  might  fucceed  in  that  profefforfliip  [e].  ; 
which  was  not  filled  up  till  above  four  years  after,  1643,  when 
»Pell  was  chofcn  to  it.     The  year  following  he  publifhed,  in  two 
-pages  4to,  *'  A  Refutation  of  Longomontanus's  Difcourfe,  De 
.vera  circuli  menfura,'*  printed  at  Amfterdam  in  1644  [f].     June 
1614.6,  he  was  invited  by  the  prince  of  Orange  to  be  profeilbr 
of  philofophy  and  mathematics  at  Breda,  in  the  coU^ge  newly 
founded  there  by  his  highnefs,  with  the  offer  of  a  falary  of  looo 
.guikiers  a  year  [gJ.  'This  he  accepted  ;  and,  upon  his. removal 
.to\Breda,  wars  ^fed  of  the  profeffor(hip  of  philofophy,  anddif- 
•charged  only  the  duties  of  that  of  mathematics.?  His  "  Id«a 
Mathefeos  jh],"  which  he  had  addrefled  to  Mr,  Hartlib,  who 
in  1639  had  fent  it  to  Des  Cartes  aiKi  Merfenne,  was  print^ 
1650  at  Loildon,  in  i2mo,  in  Englifli,  with  the  title.Qf  f*  Aa 
.Idea  of  Mathematics,"  at  the  .end  of  Mr.  John  Dorie'*  Rfi- 
formed  Library-keeper.     He  left  Breda,  andreturneid  toi£n|;- 
•  land,  in  1652;  and,  in  1654,  was  fent  by  theprotqftor  Orom- 
well  agent  tothejProteftant  cantons  in  Switzerland,  his'inftruC* 
tions  being  dated  March  30th  of  that  year.     His  firft  fpeech  jn 
: Latin  to  the  deputies  of  Zurich  was  on  the  13th  of  June  ;  and 
he  continued  in  that  city  during  mod  of  his  employment  in 
Switzerland,  in  which  he  had  afterwards  the.title  of  refident. 
Being  recalled  by  the  protedlor,  he  took  his  leave  of  the  cantons 


[:l 


MS.  note  of  Dr.  PeU.  glus,  mathefeos  in  lUuftri  Ami^elodamon* 

Mr.  PeiPs    <<    Refutation**    was  fium  gymna^o  profefTor.     Calcadis  fextUi* 

dated  Aug*  i,.  1644,-  ^^  concludes  thus :  bus,  anno  1^44.              . 

«<  Abuodejghttr  &o6icit  hzc  unicapageila  [g]  letter  of  Mn  Pell  to  Sir  Cly^fles 

tot  chartai  Ubtif<^  aliquoties  editis  re&-  C^vei^difti,   from  Amfterdam,  9th  JWx» 

-tauadisj  triumqueihorularam  fpatio.  noftra  .i646,/N«iS. 

pretBcnf  Ycftigia,  poCt  pauculas.iiOultipUca-  [h] .•  It  U  pri,ated  by  Mx*  Hooke,  in.^ 

ck»e9  et  divifiooes,  tot  annorum  incredi-  "  Plulofophical  Tranfa^ons,**    No.  ^5; 

biles  Longomontani  labores  prorfus  peruile  .p»(  1479  mi  is  the  ?u,tbor*S:  chef  4*ceuTrc, 

▼idebit.    lta.ceafeo|bhanan'PeLUu8,  An-  '    '                 ^ 

Tot.  XII.                     I  -         u 


tt4  P  E  L  U 

In  a  Latin  fpeteh  at  Zurich,  the  a^d  of  June  1658 ;  but  returned 
to  England  lb  ihort  a  time  before  the  Prote&or's  death,  that  h^ 
had  no  opportunity  of  an  audience  from  him. 

In  his  ne£otiarions  abroad,  he  did  no  ill  ferviceto  the  interefts 
^f  Charles  11.  and  the  church  of  England ;  and  after  the  Redo-- 
ration,  he  entered  into  holy  orders.  He  was  ordained  deacon 
March  31,  1661,  and  prieft  in  June  following,  by  Sanderfon, 
bifliop  of  Lincoln ;  and,  on  the  i6th  of  that  month,  inftituted 
to  the  reftory  of  Fobbing  in  Effex,  given  him  by  the  king. 
Dec.  the  5th  following,  he  brought  into  the  upper  houfe  of 
convocation  the  calendar  reformed  by  him,  aflifled  by  Sancroft, 
afterwards  abp.  of  Canterbury.  In  1663,  he  w^as  prefented  by 
Sheldon,  bifliop  of  London,  to  the  reSory  of  Laingdon  in  Eflcx ; 
and,  upon  the  promotion  of  that  bi(hop  to  the  fee  of  Canterbury 
in  the  next  month,  became  one  of  his  grace's  domeftic  chaplains. 
He  was  then  dodor  of  divinity,  and  expeded,  as  Wood  tells  us, 
to  be  made  a  dean  \  but  being  not  a  perfon  of  adivity,  as  others 
'  who  mind  not  learning  are,  could  never  rife  higher  than  a  reftor. 
The  truth  is,  he  was  a  helplefs  man  as  to  worldly  aflFairs ;  and 
his  tenants  aind  relations  dealt  fo  unkindly  by  him,  that  they 
defrauded  him  of  the  profits  of  his  redory,  and  kept  him  fo 
indigent,  that  he  was  in  want  of  neceflaries,  even  ink  and  paper, 
to  his  dying  day.  He  was  for  fome  time  confined  to  the  King's- 
bench  priion  for  debt;  but,  in  March  I1682,  was  invited  by 
Dr.  Whitler  to  live  in  the  college  of  phyficians.  *Here  he  con- 
tinued, till  June  following ;  when  he  was  obliged,  by  his  ill  (late 
of  health,  to  remove  to  the  houfe  of  a  grandchild  of  his  in 
'  St.  Margaret's  church-yard,  Weflminfler.  He  died  at  the  houfe 
4>f  Mr.  Cothorne,  reader  of  the  church  of  St.  Giles's  in  the 
Fields,  Dec.  the  lath,  1685,  and  was  interred  by  the  charity  of 
Bufty,  mafler  of  Wedminfter  fchool,  and  Sharp,  rcStot  of 
St.  Giles's,  in  the  redor's  vault  under  that  church.  He  pub- 
Mihed  fome  other  things  not  yet  mentioned,  a  lift  of  which  is 
inferted  below  [i]. 

Some 

[1]  Thefe  ixt,  i»  <'  An  Ssercitation  Algebra;  tranOated  out  of  the  Nigh  Dutch 

■  concerning   Eaftcr,"   without   his   name,  into'£nglifh  by  Thomas  Branl^er,  M.A. 

1644,  4'o*     ^'  **  A  Table  of  ten  thou-  much   altered  and  augmented   by  D.  P. 

fand  fquare  numbers,  namely,  of  all  the  [Dr.  Pell].     Alfo,  A  Table  of  odd  num- 

-  fquare  numbers  between  o  and  loo  mil-  bers,    lefs   than  one  hundred    thoufand, 

•  lions,  and  of  their  fides  or  roots,  which  ihewiog  thofc  that  are  incompofite,  and  re- 
are  ail  the  whole  numbers  becween  o  and  folvlng  the  reft  into  their  favors  or  coeifi- 
1^,000 ;    with  an  Appendix,  concerning  cients ;  fuppulated  by  the  lame  Thomas 

•  the  endings  or  laft  figures  of  all  fquare  Branker.**  A  copy  of  this  book,  with 
numbers,  1672,"  tblio.     3.  "  An  Inau-  many  corre^ions    and  improirementff    of 

'   garal  Oration  m-'Wn  entering  upoii  the  Dr.  Pell,  is  aroongft  his  papers  in  the 

pi-ofeiTurihip  at  Breda.^'    4.  He  made  great  Royal  Society.    He  demonftrated  the  tenth 

•  alterations  and  additions  to  **  IUKniils*s  book  of  Euclid;  which  piece  was  in  MS. 
Alg<  bn,'*  prmted  ac  London,  166S,  4to.  in  the  library  of  the  lord  Brereton  in  Che- 
under  the  title  of  **  An  incrodu^ion  to  ihire:  as  like\tafe  Archimed«s*s  I^AjUfUTiiCy 

'  *  and 


PELLEGRIN.  its 

Some  of  his  MSS.  were  left  by  Wni  at;Preretan-!tvChe(hire» 
.Svhere  he  reflded  fome  years,  being  the  feat  of -Williana  lord 
Hrereton,  who  had  been  his  pupil  at  Breda: -a  great  quantity  of 
others  came  after  his  death  into  the  hands  of  Dr.  Bufby ;  which 
Mr.  Hooke,  having  reported  them  to  th^  Ro^yal  Society,  Feb. 
1686,  was  defired  to  ufe  his  endeavours  to  obtam  for  the  Society. 
But  they  continued  buried  under  duft,  and  mixed  withthe  papers 
and  pamphlets  of  Dr.  Bufby,  in  four  large  boxes,  till  June, 
*7S5i  when  Dr.  Birch>  fecretary  to  the  Koyal  Society,  pro- 
cured them  for  that  body,  by  means  of  the  Rev.  Mr.  Widn^ore, 
M.  A.  librarian  of  St.  Peter's  church,  Weftminfter,  from  the 
truftees  of  Dr.  Bulby.  The  colleflion  contains  not  only  Pell's 
mathematical  papers,  letters  to  him,  and  copies  of  thofe  from 
him,  &c.  but  likewife  fcveral  MSS.  of  Mr.  Walter  Warner, 
the  philofopher  and  mathematician,  who  lived  in  the  reigns  of 
James  I.  and  Charles  I. 

PELLEGRIN  (Simon  Joseph),  an  abbe,  and  an  author  by 
profeffion,  of  fome  celebrity  at  Paris,  was  born  at  Marfeilles  in 
1663,  and  became  a  religious  of  the  order  of  Servites.  Being 
tired  of  this  mode  of  life,  he  took  fome  voyages  as  chaplain  to 
a  vefleU  On  his  return,  he  wrote  a  poem  called  "  An  Epiftle  to 
the  King  on  the  glorious  S;Uccef$  ot  his  Arms,"  which  gained 
the  prize  in  the  French  academy  in  1704*  With  this  Epi^Ie 
Pellegrin  had  fent  an  Ode  on  the  fame  fubje£l,  which  proved 
the  only  formidable  rival  to  his  Epiflle,  and  for  fome  time 
divided  the  opinions  of  the  academy.  This  Angular  fuccefs 
made  his  known  at  court.  Madame  Maintenon  took  notice  of 
him,  and  gained  him  a  brevet  to  be  tranflated  into  the  order  of 
Cluni.  Pellegrin  fubfifted  folely  by  the  prizes  he  gained  in 
fevcral  literarv  academies,  and  his  other  literary  labours.  He 
even  kept  a  kind  of  (hop,  where  thofe  who  wanted  occafional 
verfes,  as  epigrams,  fonnets,  madrigals,  &c.,  were  fupplied  at 
certain  prices,  according  to  the  number  and  goodnels  of  the 
lines.  This  trade  growing  flack,  he  be^n  to  write  for  the  thea- 
tres, but  here  a  new  obftacle  arofe.  The  cardinal  de  Noailles 
infixed  that  he  (hould  either  ceafe  to  write  for  the  ftage,  or  to 
officiate  at  the  mafs.  He  would  fain  have  had  a  difpenfation  on 
this  fubjed,  but,  the  cardinal  being  inexorable,  he  gave  up  the 
mafs,  as  leaft  profitable.  He  would,  however,  have  felt  the 
]atter,  had  not  his  friends  procured  him  a  falary,  for  writing  the 
account  of  the  theatrical  entenainments  in  the  Mercure.     Pelle- 

and  the  greateft  part  of  Diophantus^s  fix  of  '<  Apollonius,*'  but  laid  it  afide  in  May, 

books  of  arithmetic  s  of  which  author  he  1645,  at  the  defire  of  Golius,  who  wal 

/Was  preparing^  Aug.  1644,  a  new  edition,  engaged  in  an  edition  of  that  writer  from 

In  which  he  would  have  correfted  the  an  Arabic  MS.  given  him  at  Aleppo  eigh- 

tranflation,  and   made  new  iUufti^tions.  teen  years  before.     Letters  of  Mr.  Pell  to 

He  defigned  likewife  to  publifli  an  edition  Sir  Cl&arlesCavendifh,  in  the  Royal  Society, 


I  2 


grin 


1x6  PELLEGRINO. 

grin  defcrvcdto  be  in  better  circumftlnces,  for  a  gr^at  part  of 
what  he  earned  fo  laborioufly  was  diftribufed  among  his  rela- 
tions: and  his  difpofition  was  fingularly  candid  and  modeft.  He 
Was,  at  the  fame  time,  negligent  of  his  appearance,  and  had  an 
impediment  in  his  fpeech,  circiimftaruces  which  confpired  to 
plunge  him  in  that  neglecl  he  fo  feverely  experienced.  He  lived, 
however,  to  the  age  of  82  ;  and  clofed  this  lo^ig  life  on  the  .5th 
of  September,  1745.  Some  fatirift  made  an  epitaph  for  hkn, 
expreifing  his  diftrefs,  between  his  theological  and  theatrical 
engagements. 

Ci  git  le  pauvre  Pellegrin, 
Qui  dans  le  double  emploi  de  Poete  et  de  Pretre, 
Eprouva  mille  fois  Tenibarras  que  fait  naltre 
La  crainte  de  mourir  de  faim. 
Le  matin  Catholique,  et  le  foir  idolatre, 
II  dinoit  de  Taurel,  et  fouport  du  theatre. 

His  works  are  very  various ;  poems  of  all  kinds,  fpiritual  and 
general ;  verfions  of  the  Pfalms  and  other  parts  of  fcripture ; 
comedies,  operas,  &c. ;  the  general  charaSer  of  all  which  ifi, 
that  they  are  feldom  excellent  in  their  plans,  and  that  the  verfi- 
fication  is  almoft  invariably  flat  and  tedious. 

PELLEGRINO  Tifaldi,  called  otherwife  PELEGRINO 
da  Bologna,  where  he  was  born  in  1522,  was  the  fon  of  an 
architeft  of  Milan  ;  and  had  fuch  a  genius  fdr  the  fciences,  that 
of  himfelf  he  defigiied  feveral  buildings  at  Rotne  and  Bologna, 
and  became  one  or  the  beft  matters  of  his  time  in  the  arts  of 
painting  and  architefture,  both  civil  and  military.  He  firft 
(hewed  his  capacity  at  Rome,  and  acquired  a  reputation  there  : 
but  whatever  fuccefs  his  works  had,  the  workman  was  very 
unfortunate,  cither  becaufe  he  did  not  know  what  price  to  fet 
on  his  pieces,  or  becanfe  he  could  never  l?e  contented.  He  wis 
fo  chagrined  at  his  ill  fortune,  that  he  would  often  bemoan  it. 
One  day  Gregory  XI H.  going  out  to  lake  the  air,  afld  happen- 
ing to  leave  the  common  road,  heard  a  complaining  voice,  which 
Teemed  to  come  from  behind  a  bufh  :  he  followed  it  by  little  and 
'little,  till  he  faw  a  man  lying  on  the  ground  under  a  hedge. 
The  pope  came  up,  and  finding  it  to  be  PeUegrino,  afked  hifn 
'<*  Whyhe  complained  fo?"*  *«  Your  holinefs tees,"  faysPelle-* 
grino,  "  a  mam  in  defpair :  I  love  my  profeffion ;  I  fpare  no 
pains  to  underftand  it :  I  work  with  alRduity,  and  endeavour  to 
finifli  my  pieces  fo  much,  that  I  am  never  Satisfied  with  what  I 
have  done;  yet  all  my  pains  is  to  no  purpofe.  I  am  fo  little 
rewarded  for  it,  that  1  have  fcarce  wherewithal  to  live.  Not 
able  therefore  to  bear  this  hard  lot,  I  vrandered  hither  with  a 
full  refolution  to  ftarve  myfelf,  rather  than  endure  fo  great  mifery 
any  longer."    The  pope  chid  him  feverely;  and,   having  at 

length 


PELLERIN.'  vir 

length  brought  him  to  himfelf,  promifed  him  his  afllftance  in 
all  things :  andytHe  bufinefs  of  painting  not  turning  to  account, 
adviied  him  to  apply  to  architecture,  in  which  he  had  already 
ih&wn  his  (kill,  giving  him  afliirances. he  would  employ  him  in' 
his  buildings,  rellegrino  follpyved  the  advice,  and.  became.. a 
great  archit^<3,  a  great  engineer,  and  built  fe'veral  fot^ly  palac^Sj^ 
which  might  have  contented  hiip,  had  he  been  more  out  of  Ipve 
with  the. world  than  he  was.  Returning  into  l^is  qwn  country;, 
cardinal  Borrpnieo  fent  for  him  to  Pavia,  where  hq  built  th^ 
palacq  de.la  Sapiienza ;  and  w^s  chofep  by  the  citizens  of  Mila^ 
to  be  fiip^rinrend^nt  of  the  building  they  were  abput  to  add  t^ 
their  cathedral  church.  From  thence  Philip  II.  invit-ed  him  to 
Spaiui  rtb  dirqi£l  the  painting  and  architefture  of  the  Efcuri^* 
lie  painted  a  great, deal  there,  and  fo  pleafed  the  king,  that  \\\k 
irjajefty  gave  him  a  purfe  of  a  hundred  thoufand  crowns,  rand 
iiDnQured  kim  with  the  tjtie  of  marquis.  Pellegrjno,  loade4 
"with  riches  and.  honour,  returned  to  Milan;  and  died  there 
during  thcj pontificate  of  Clesnent  VlII.  in  159^,  at  the  age  of 
^bout  70./ 

PELLEGRINO  of  Modfifa,.  a  celebrated  Itajian  painter^, 
bred  under  Raphael,  who  worked,  with  other  difciples  of  that 
inimitable  m?^fter,  ,%n^  the.  p^iatings  of  the  Vatican,  and  made 
leveral  piftuj-qs  of  his  own  at  Romi?.*  After  Raphael's  death, 
he  returned  to  Modena,  and  followed  his  bufinefs  with  induftry 
^nd  fiiccels  till^xis  death  ;  whiph  was  occafioned  by  fome  wo^nd$ 
lie  received,  in  endeavouring  to.refcue  his  fon,  who  had  com- 
mitted a  murder  in  a  public  rt^reet  of  that  city.  He  was  born  in 
15^11.-  There  were  alfo  two  other  painters»of  the  name  of  Pel- 
l^grino  or  Pellegrini. 

.  rEJLLERIN  (Joseph),  famous  for  his  colleSion  of  medals, 
and. tiis  publications  rqfpe^ing  th^m,  was  for  a  long  time  com- 
mi{rai;yTg9neral.,'  and  chief  .fjfprk  of  the  French  marine.  He 
iinitje4  thp  knowledge  of  a  man  of  letters,  with  all  the  aftivity  of 
a  naan.of  bufinefs ;  but  having,  after  40,  years  of  fervice,  obtained 
leave  to  .retire,  he  thenceforth  gave  himfelf  vp  entirely  to  the 
iti^dy  of  antiqiiities.  His  cabinet  of  medals,  which  was  pur- 
chaledby  t{ie  king  in  17.76,.  was  the  richejl3j,p,Yer  formed  by  a 
private  individual:  and  learned 'inen  of  all  couj:?tries  highly 
rcfpefte^  the  cdlle6lor  of  .fq  valuable  a  treafure.  He  died  iij 
j\uguft,  1782,  at  the  furprifing  age  of  99  ^  He  en?::iched  the 
fcience  of  ipecjals  by  a  valuable  fet  of  worlcs  on  that  fubjedl, 
fornfting  altogether  nine  volumes  in  4tp,  witjji'  many  plates;  thefe 
were  publifhed  at  different  times  from  the  year  17^2  to  1770, 
2iid  contain  judicious  and  learned  explanations  of  the  plates, 
which  .are  executed  with  great  exacSnefs  and  beauty.  They 
form,  in  a  word,  a  vaft  colleftion  of  medals,  for  thofe  who  can- 
not aflford  to  colled  the  coins  themfelves. 
. ,   ;,  I  3  PELLE- 


ii8  PELLISSON, 

PELLETIER  (jACOyEs),  a  celebrated  French  phyfician:, 
born  at  Mans  in  1517,  was  eminent  alfo  as  a  fcholar^  and 
became  principal  of  the  colleges  of  Bayeux  and  Mans  at  Paris, 
Tvhere  he  died  in  1582.  His  writings  nave  not  retained  all  the 
crtimaiion  which  they  poflTefled  in  his  time,  but  they  arc  nume- 
rous. I.  Commentaries  on  Euclid,  written  in  Latin,  8vo. 
2.  **  pe  dimenfione  circuli,"  fol.  Bafil.  1563.  $•  "  Difqui-- 
fiuonei  Geometricae,"  Lugd.  1567,  8vo,  with  iome  other  works 
cf  this  kind.  4.  ".  Dialogue  de  TOrtografe  c  prononciacion 
Fran^oafe,"  8vo,  Lyon.  1555,  in  which,  as  may  be  feen  by 
the  title,  he  propofes  to  write  words  as  they  are  pronounc^sd :  a 
iheoretical  improvement,  but  attended  with  too  many  difficulties^ 
in  praftice  to  be  adopted  in  any  country.  Mr.  James  Elphin- 
fton  has  long  been  making  flmilar  attempts,  with  umilar  fuccefs, 
in  England.  5.  Two  or  three  colledlions  of  very  bad  poetry* 
6.  A  Defcription  of  Savoy.  7.  A  Tranflation  of  Horace's  Art 
of  Poetry.  8.  A  French  Art  of  Poetry  written  in  Profe.  He 
publifhed  alfo  on  his  own  profeffion^  9.  A  fmall  Treatife  in 
Latin,  on  the  Plague.  And  10..  A  Concordance  of  feveral 
PaiTages  in  Galen,  with  fome  detached  Treatifes,  in  one  vol, 
4to,  15C9.  .  ^ 

PELLISSON-FoNT^^NiER  (Paul),  a  French  academician, 
and  called  by  Bayle  one  of  the  fined  geniufes  of  the  17th  century, 
was  defcended  from  an  ancient  and  diftinguifhed  family,  and 
born  at  Beziers  in  1624  [k].  His  mother,  who  was  left  a 
widow  very  young,  brought  him  up  in  her  own  religion,  which 
was  the  Proteftant ;  and  lent  him  to  Cadres  to  learn  the  belles 
lettres  of  Morus,  a  learned  Scotfman,  who  was  principal  of  S| 
college  of  the  Proteftants  at  that  place,  and  father  of  the  famous 
Alexander  Morus.  At  twelve  years  of  age  he  was  removed  ta 
Montauban  to  ftiidy  philofophy  ;  and  thence  to  Touloufc,  where 
he  applied  himfelf  to  the  law.  He  acquired  a  gckid  knowledge 
of  the  Latin,  Greek,  Spanifh,  and  Italian  languages;  taking 
care  all  the  while  to  cultivate  his  own  ;  and  read  the  Deft  authors 
in  them  all.  His  love  for  the  belles  lettres  did  not,  however,  as 
it  ufually  does,  make  him  negled  his  deflined  province,  tlie 
law ;  which  he  ftudied  fo  diligently,  as  to  publifh,  when  he  was 
not  quite  one-and-twenty,  **  A  Commentary  upon  the  Inftitutes 
of  Juftinian."  It  was  printed  in  French  at  Paris,  1645,  ia 
i2mo.  Some  little  time  after,  he  went  to  Paris;  where  the 
celebrated  Conrart,  to  whom  he  had  beien  recommended  by  the 
Proteftants  of  Caftrcs,  introduced  him  to  the  gentlemen  of  the 
academy,  who  affembled  at  his  houfe  :  but  PellitTon  foon  returned 
to  Cadres,  the  refidence  of  his  family,  and  applied  himfelf  to 
the  buiinefs  of  the  bar.     He  had  excited  the  admiratioiv  of  aii 

[ic]  Nt«erofl^  torn.  U« 

sboitt 


PELLISSON.  119 

mbout  him,  and  was  going  on  in  a  moft  flourilhing  way;  when, 
the  fmalUpox  feized  him,  and  disfigured  his  countenance  fo 
terribly,  that  his  moft  intimate  friends  could  not  know  him. 
This  misfortune  affiitSted  him  fenfibly,  and  determined  him  to 
return  to  Paris,  to  feek  for  confolation  among  the  Mufes,  and  thq 
learned ;  and  at  length  he  fettled  there.  He  contracted  a  friend- 
fliip  with  mademoifelle  de  Scudery,  which  grew  to  fuch  an^ 
height,  that  for  many  years,  as  it  is  faid,  they  did  not  fail  either 
to  fee  or  write  to  each  other  every  day.  In  1562,  he  became 
fecretary  to  the  king ;  and  the  fame  year  read  his  "  Hiftory  of 
the  French  Academy,  from  its  Eftablilliment  in  1635  to  1653^,'* 
to  that  fociety.  He  read  it,  when  it  was  only  in  manufcript,  at 
their  requeft,  in  a  full  aflembly:  and  they  K>me  time  after  de- 
creed, in  honour  of  him,  that  the  firft  vacant  place  in  the  aca- 
demy (hould  be  beflowed  on  him;  and  that,  in  the  mean  time, 
he  ihould  be  empowered  to  come  to  all  their  meetings,  and  give 
his  vote  as  an  academician  :  with  the  following  clauTe,  that  the 
like  favour  could  not  hereafter  be  indulged  to  any  perfon,  upon 
any  confideration  whatever.  This  work  of  Pelliiron,  which  has 
always  been  reckoned  a  mafter-piece,  was  printed  at  Paris,  1653^ 
in  8vo. 

Fouquet,  fupcrintcndant  of  the  finances,  who  well  knew  his 
xnerit  and  talents,  made  him  his  firft  clcrjc  and  confident  in  1657  ; 
and  Pelliflbn,  though  much  to  his  injury,  always  preferved  the 
(incereft  attachment  to  him.  Two  yeafs  after,  he  was  made 
mafter  of  the  accounts  at  Montpelier,  and  in  his  journey  to  that 
place  paflfed  through  Pezenas ;  where  he  vifited  the  tomb  of  his 
friend  Sarrafin,  and  with  many  tears  had  a  mafs  faid  over  it. 
He  was  fcarce  returned  to  Paris,  when  the  difgrace  of  his  patror^ 
Fouquet  involved  him  in  much  trouble;  infomuch  that,  in  1661, 
he  was  fent  to  the  Baftiie,  and  confined  there  above  four  years. 
Though  a  very  ftriSt  watch  was  fet  over  him,  he  found  means 
to  correfpond  with  his  friends,  and  even  with  Fouquet  himfelf, 
from  whoni  he  alfo  received  letters.  He  ufed  his  utmoft  endea- 
vours, and  employed  a  thoufand  arts,  to  ferve  this  minifter ;  and 
he  compofed  in  his  behalf  three  famous  pleadings,  which,  Vol-r 
taire  fays,  "  refemble  thofe  of  the  Roman  orator,  the  moft  of 
any.  thing  in  the  French  language.  They  are  like  many  of 
Cicero*s  orations:  a  mixture  of  judicial  and  ftate  affairs,  treated 
with  an  art  void  of  oftentation,  and  with  all  the  ornaments  of 
an  afFeding  eloquence.**  In  the  mean  tithe,  the  public  was 
fo  convinced  of  his  innocence,  and  he  was  fo  efteemed  in  the 
midft  of  his  misfortunes,  that  Tanaquil '  Fabcr"  dedicated  his 
edition  of  Lucretius  to  him;  and  the  very  day  that  leave  was 
given  to  fee  him,  the  duke  de  Montaufier,  and  other  perfons 
of  the  firft  diftindion,  went  to  vHit  him  in  the  Baftiie.  He 
was  fet  at  liberty  in  1666  ;  and,  two  years  after,  had  the  honour 

I  4  io 


iaa  PEMBROKE, 

to  attend  Louis  XIV.  in  his  firft  expedition  againft  the  United^ 
Provinces,  of  which  he  corapofed  a  fine  account.  "  His  genius,'* 
fays  Voltaire,  "  enabled  him  to  write  well,  but  did  not  prevent 
Kim  from  flattering  "his  hero."  In  1670,  he  abjured  the  Pro- 
teftant  religion  ;  for  which,  it  is  faid,  he  was  prepared,  during 
his  imprifonment,  by  reading  and  remarking  upon  books  ot 
controverfy.  Voltaire  fays,  "  he  had  the  good  fortune  to  be 
convinced  of  his  errors,  and  to  change  his  religion  at  a*  time, 
when  that  change  opened  his  way  to  fortune  and  preferment.^" 
He  took  the  ecckfiaflical  habit,  obtained  feveral  benefices,  and" 
the  place  of  tnafter  of  the  requefts.  The  king  fettled  on  him  a- 
jJcmfion  of  6000  livres  ;  and,  towards  1677,  entrufted  him  with 
the  revenues  of  fomc  abbeys,  to  be  employed  in  converting  the 
Hugonots.  He  fhewed  great  zeal  in  this  work  ;  and,  in  1686, 
the  year  after  the  revdtation  of  the  edidl  of  Nantes,  added  the' 
ufe  of  his  pen  to  other  means.  He  publifhed,  "  Reflexions  fur 
les  difl^erens  de  la  Religion  ;"  a  new  edition  of  which  canle  out 
rn  1687,  augmented  with  an  <*  Anfwer  to  the  ObjeSions  fromr 
England  and  Holland,"  in  the  fame  language.  He  employed" 
alfo  his  intervals  of  loifure,  for  maiiy  yearjr,  in-  writing  a  large" 
controverfial  volume  upon  the  facrament ;  but  did  not  live  to" 
finifli  it.  Much  fubtilty  of  genius  is  feen  in' his  writings  upon 
religious  matters ;  and  that,  fays  Bayle,  was*  all  he  ciauld  put 
into  it. 

He  died  at  Verfailles,  Feb.  the  7th,  1693  ;  and  created  much 
converfation  among  idle  or  bigoted  people,  by  refufrng  to  make 
confeflion  of  his  fins  in  Kis  laft  illriefs.  M;ad.  de  Sctidery,  his 
intimate  friend,  was  grieved  at  the  report',  and  defiredthe'bifliop 
of  Meaux  to  inform* her  of  the  true  ftate  of  the  affair;  vdior 
wrote  her  word,  and  his  letter  was*  after vr^rd^  pnbliihed,  that 
Pelliflbn  had  fenf  for  a  confeflTor,  but  that  a:  (jefluxiort  choked 
hi«i  ere  he  Could  arrive*.  So  faid  the  CatholrcS'r  the'Proteftants 
pretended,  that  he  died  fecretly  in  their  religioVl ';  and  his*  ene. 
mies  gave  out,  that  he.  had  no  religiort  at  all,  but  was  only  a 
tiihe-ferver,  who  thought  the  reHgidh  of  his  prince,  and  that 
which  was  moft  fubfervient  to  his  ambrtion,  always  the  beft. 

His  works  have  been  publifhed  t'ogt-fher,  fince  his  death:  there 
is  among  them  a  •*  Preface,"  written  for  the  ^*  Works  of 
Sarrafin,"  which  is  reckoned  a  mafter-piece  in  its  way.  **  He 
was,"  fays  Voltaire,  "  an  indifferent  poet,  but  a  man  of  great- 
eloquence  and  learning. 

PEMBROKE  (Thomas),  a  good  Englifh  painter,  the  difci- 
ple  of  Larroon,  whofe  manner  he  imitated ;  he  performed  well 
both  in  portraits  and  hiftory.  He  painted  feveral  piftures  for 
the  earl  of  Bath,  in  conjunction  with  a  Mr.  Vvoodfield,  a 
difciple  of  Fuller.  Pembroke  died  in  London,  in  his  28th  year, 
about  1730  ,  , 

PENING. 


PENINGTON.  Ill 

PENINQTON  (Isaac),  a  writer  of  confiderable  eftimation 
atnoBg  the  people  called  Quakers.  His  father  was  an  alderman 
of  London,  and  held  the  mayoralty  in  two  fucceflive  years, 
1642  and  1643,  the  former  year  in  the  room  of  Gurney,  dif- 
placed  by  the  parliament.  At  the  reftoration,  he  in  his  turn  was 
difplaced,  profecuted,  and  died  in  the  Tower.  Ifaac  the  fow 
was  bom  about  1617,  and  in  his  education  had  the  advantages 
which  the  fchools  and  univerfities  of  his  country  could  give,  and 
from  his  father's  ftation,  a  reafonable  profped  of  rifrng  in  the 
world.  He  neverthelefs  chofe  a  life  devoted  to  religion  and 
retirement ;  and,  as  he  has  himfelf  faid,  received  impieflions  of 
piety  from  his  childhood.  He  appears  to  have  pafled  much  of 
the  early  part  of  his  life  in  a  ftate  of  fpiritual  afBiiftion,  in  per- 
ceiving in  himfelf,  and  in  the  world  at  large,  a  want  of  that 
vital  religion,  and  communion  with  the  divine  nature,  which  he 
believed  the  holy  men  of  ancient  time  to  have  pofleflTed.  What- 
ever he  read  in  the  fcripture,  as  opened  to  hisunderftanding,  he 
determined  fully  to  praftice,  and  was  contented  to  bear  the 
reproach,  oppofition,  and  fufFering  which  it  occafioned*'  It 
appears  alfo,  that  he  met  with  oppofition  from  his  relations,  and 
among  the  reft  from  hi^  father ;  but  he  declares,  that  his  heart 
was  preferved  in  love  to  them  amidft  all  he  fiiffered  from  them. 
On  his  firft  hearing  of  the  Quakers,  he  thought  them  a  poor 
weak  and  contemptible  people,  although,  w-hile  his  judgment 
feemed  to  rejeft  them,  the  conferences  which  he  oecafionally 
had  with  them  feemed  to  increafe  his  fecret  attachment.  At 
Ifength,  in  1658,  he  became  fully  fatisfied  refpefting  them, 
partly  through  the  preaching  of  George  Fox  ;  and  becamo 
himfelf  an  unfhaken  and  conftant  afTerter  of  their  peculiar  tenets, 
as  a  minifter  and  autbor. 

He  married  about  1648  Mary  Springett,  a  widow,  whofe 
daughter,  by  her  former  hufband,  became  the  wife  of  Willian* 
Penn.  He  refided  on  his  own  eftate,  called  the  Grange,  at 
Ghalfont,  in  Buckinghamfhire.  It  does  not  appear  that  he  tra^ 
veiled  much  as  a  minifter;  for  of  fix  imprifbnments  which  he 
liifFered,  during  the  reign  of  Charles  II.  five  were  in  his  own 
county. 

The  firft  was  in  1661,  when  the  nation  was  alarmed  on 
account  of  the  fifth  monarchy  men,  which  occafioned  much  dif-» 
lurbance  to  the  meetings  of  Dilfenters.  He  was  taken  from  a 
meeting  in  his  own  family,  and  committed  to  Aylefbury  goal, 
where,  although  a  weakly  man,  he  was  kept  for  feventeeii  weeks 
(great  part  of  which  was  in  winter)  in  a  cold  room  without  a 
fire-place,  by  which  means  he  became  unable  to  turn  himfelf 
in  bed. 

In  1664  he  was  again  taken  out  of  a  meeting,  and  remained 
a  fecond  time  prifcHier  in  the  fame  goal  for  nearly  the  fame 

time. 


laa  PENINGTON^ 

time.  In  1665  he  was  taken  up  at  Amerfham  as  he  was  attend- 
ing the  corpfe  of  a  friend  to  the  burial  ground  of  the  Qiiakers.. 
The  concourfe  of  that  people  who  walked  after  it  in  the  llrcet, 
feems  to  have  been  conftrued  into  a  conventicle,  for  he  was  com- 
niitted  to  Aylefcury  goal  for  one  month  only,  on  the  Conven- 
ticle A&y  in  order  to  baniihment.  It  is  remarkable  that  the. 
juftice,  becaufe  it  was  not  then  convenient  to  fend  him  from 
Ameriham  to  Aylefbury,  difmiffed  him  on  his  word  to  come  again 
the  next  day  but  one,  when  he  accordingly  came,  and  was  com- 
mitted: as  did  on  the  fame  occafion  feveral  other  Qiiakers, 
The  "fame  year  he  was  arrelted  in  his  houfe  by  a  foldier  without 
a'warrant,  and  tarried  befwe  a  deputy-lieutenant,  by  whom  he 
was  again  Tent  to  his  oW  quarters  at  Aylefbury;  and,  though  the 
p.cfti!ence  was  fufpe£ted  to  be  in  th«  goal,  and  no  crime  was  laid 
to  his  charge,  he  was  kept  there  till  a  perfon  died  of  it.  After 
about  nine  months  xonfinement  he  vtras  difcharged;  but  when 
he  had  been  at  home  about  three  weeks,  a  party  of  foldiers  came 
and  feizedhim  in  bed,  carrying  him  again  to  prifon  at  Aylefbury* 
The  cold,  damp,  and  unhealthinefs  <»f  the  room,  again  gave  him 
a  fit  of  illnefs  which  lafted  fome  months.  At  length  he  was 
brought  by  Habeas  Corpus  to  the  bar  of  the  King's-bench,  and 
(with  the  wonder  of  the  court  that  a  man  fhould  be  fo  long 
imprifoned  for  nothing)  he  Was  difcharged-  in  1668.  During 
one  of  thefe  imprifonments  his  eftate  was  feized,  and  his  wife 
and  family  turned  out  of  his  houfe. 

In  1670  he  was  imprifoned  a  itxth  time.  He  was  vifiting 
feme  of  his  friends,  confined  at  that  ume  in  Reading  goal ;  on 
which  he  was  taken  before  a/.jufticQ.9nd  confined  there  himfelf* 
Ettwood  relates,  that  during  this  confinement,  which  lafled  a 
year  and  nine  months,  he  incurred  a  premuniie,  as  did  many  of 
the  (fakers.  For  being  from  time  to^  time  examined  at  the 
aflizes,  it  was  common  ta  tendervthcm  the  oath  of  allegiance^ 
which  they  refufing,  from  their  fcruple/to  fwear  at  all,  they 
became  criminals  in  the  view  of  the  law  when  they  went  out  of 
court,  however  innocent  they  might  have  been  on  their  coming 
in.  It  feems  probable,  that  th&p6litical  principles  of  the  father, 
had  fome  fhare  in  occafioning  the  fufFerings  of  the  fon  y  wha 
from  his  writings  appears  to  have  been  more  than  ordinarily 
endued  with  the  talent  of- a  meek  and  quiet  fpirit.  He  died  at 
Goodneftone-court,  Sufiex,  in  1 679,  being  about  63  years  o^ 
age.  Ellwood  fays,  that  his  difpofition  was  courteous  and  afia<f> 
ble  ;  his  ordinary  difcourfe  chearful  and  pleafant,  neither  morofij} 
nor  light,  but  innocently  fweet,  and  tempered  with  fuch  a 
feriou^  gravity,  as  rendered  his  converfatton  both  delightful 
and'  'ff&fksble.  His  numerous  writings  were  colled^  inta 
one  volume  folio,  and  publifhed  1681 ;  afterwards  reprinted 
in  two  volumes,  quarto,  and  n^  in.  four,  8vo.     Some  tele£l 

pieces 


PENN.  123 

pieces  have  alfo  been  reprinted,  and  lately,  fome  of  his  Iet« 
tersy  in  8vo,  1796;  many  of  them  are  dated  from  Aylelbunr* 
They  breathe  a  fpirit  of  genuine  philanthropy,  but  being  deeply 
tindured  with  myflicirm,  have  been  more  fought  for  by  fuch  at 
are  fond  of  that  fpecies*  of  writing;  than  by  other  readers ;  and 
more  than  any  other  publications  written  by  Quakers. 

PENN  (William),  afterwards  fir  William  Penn,  kni{|hl» 
admiral  of  England,  and  one  of  the  commanders  at  the  taking 
of  Jamaica,  was  born  at  Briftol  in  i6ai,  of  an  ancient  family; 
addided  from  his  youth  to  maritime  affairs;  made  captain  at  m 
age  of  twenty>one ;  rear-admiral  of  Ireland  at  twenty*three ; 
vice-admiral  of  Ireland  at  twent^-iive;  admiral  to  the  Straits  at 
twentv-nine;  vice-admiral  of  England  at  thirty*one;  and  ge- 
neral m  the  firft  Dutch  war  at  thirty-two.  Whence  rcturnmg 
in  1655,  he  was  eleded  into  parliament  for  the  town  of  Wey- 
mouth; in  1660,  commiflioner  of  the  admiralty  and  navy,  go- 
vernor of  the  fort  and  town  of  Kinfale,  vice*admiral  of  Mun-* 
fter,  and  a  member  of  that  provincial  council;  in  1664,  chief 
commander  under  the  duke  of  York,  in  that  fignal  and  fuccefsful 
fight  vrith  the  Dutch  fleet.  He  then  took  leave  of  the  fea,  but 
ftill  continued  his  other  employments  till  1669;  when  through 
bodily  infirmities  he  withdrew  to  Wanftead  in  Eilex,  and  there 
died  in  1670.  In  Thurloe's  State-papers [^l],  there  are  minutes 
of  his  proceedings  in  America,  not  mentioned  on  his  monu* 
tnent,  which  he  delivered  to  Oliver  Cromwell's  council  in  Sept. 
1655.  He  arrived  at  Portfmouth  in  Auguft,  and  thence  wrote 
to  Cromwell,  who  returned  him  no  anfwer:  and,  upon  his  firft 
appearing  before  the  council,  he  was  committed  to  the  Tower, 
for  leaving  his  command  without  leave,  to  the  hazard  of  the 
army;  but  foon  after  difcharged. 

PENN  (William),  the  fipa  of  fir  William,  and  the  fub- 
jeA  of  the  prefent  article,  was  born  in  the  parifli  of  St.  Ca* 
therine,  near  the  Tower  of  London,  in  1644.  It  is  remark- 
able, that  of  the  life  of  Co  eminent  a  man,  there  ihould  be  no 
complete  hiftory,  from  which  to  extract  a  more  compendioua 
account.  From  the  Oxford  hiftorian  Wood,  from  the  imper- 
feSt  prefatory  narrative  prefixed  to  his  works,  from  fome  paf- 
fages  in  the  works  themfelves,  and  from  circumftances  related 
by  contemporary  authors,  we  muft  kle&  and  arrange  the  inci- 
dents of  the  life  of  Penn,  while  his  works  themfelves  defcribe 
him  in  the  chara£ker  of  a  religious  author;  and  the  hillory  of 
Pennfyivania,  as  a  politician  and  a  lesifiator.  He  was  put  to 
Ichool,  according  to  Wood[M)>  *<  Chigwell  in  Eflex,  after«^ 
wards  to  a  private  fchool  on  lower-hill,  and  had  alfo  the  ad* 
rantage  of  a  domeftic  tutor.    Penn  relates,  in  a  coiUEeience  he 

[0  V«l.  hr.  ^  aS.  [m]  Atbea.  toI.  li. 

bad 


ti4  P-E  N  N: 

kftd  wHh'^fomc  ffcUgious  perfons  on  the  continent,  that  **  th^ 
Loni,"  as^heexprefies  it,  5*<inft  appeared  tohim  about  the  twelfth 
year  of  his^age;  afnd  that,  .between  t^hat  and  the  fifteenth,  the 
Jboittvifitedhim^  and: gave  him  divine  impreflions  of  himfeif." 
Woodiiirfonns  us,  that  diiri^g  the  time  of  Penn's  refidence  at 
this  fchool^at  Chigwell,  **  feeing  retired  in  a  chamber  alone, 
bb' was  {o  fuddenly  furprtfcd  witii  an  ii)wai;d  comfort,  and'  (as 
^e  thought)  an  external  glofj?  in  the  room,  that  he  has  many 
times:  ftidihow  from  that  time  he>  had  the-  feal  of  divinity  and 
kiBmortality  ;  that  there  was  *  God,  and  that  the  foul  oi  man 
vwwtajwbk'of  enjoying' his  divine  communications."  It  ap^ 
pcajsv  tiiat  •before  this  trae,  he  had  been  imprefled  by  the 
pn^chhig  of  one  Thomas  Loe,<a  Quaker,  but  fto  particulars  of 
^e  circimiftance  are  known;  it  *i$  however,  incidentally  men* 
iioned,*:  that  it  waft  by  the  fame  perfon  that  be  was  afterwards 
confirmed  in.his  defigaof  uiiiiing'himfelf  with  that  fe6l. 

Ih'.i66o,  he  was  entered:  a  g^ntJfsm^n^cQmmoneF  at  Chrift* 
diuvcb,  Oscfard;.  wherq,  although..^  is  faid:  tp  have  t^kcQ 
gmat  delight,  at  thetime^i  pf  .r^r^ation,.  in.q^aftiy  fports,  he, 
with  fonseotfter  ftudantsj,  withdHw  from  \\\p  lUtiojqial  fonns  of 
worihlp,.  afi^he}dpriv2}teKmeetiA^s,  wh§r§  they  h^  preachjs^ 
and'pkayed  among  theiaftivefe..  :  THs.gwe  gre*jt»<?ffeacp  to  thi 
heads  ©f  thm  colLege,  and  P«jiti*s  H  %h^  i^[of,&^}^ni  w:|§ 
lined 'foai. nonconformity ;  imt  .h^Miag/thfP^anil^^e^  of  tha^ 
iafkxitiility,  wJierehe  thbugbt- hi)wffl|'i:JgJlfoi.wHi0h*fefe*f^ 
oa  fiibfequcnt  occafions,  h^  ptarfifteri  lifii  hi?  •reJigipu$;^xerf:ife% 
and  thfe  foUowfang  ye»r  wa3«  ex  pulled  6f^m>h«f!G«>ll»^ge^  .  .,'  ,\  » 
.  Ooihisjetufrn  home  his<ip^  w^^j^pt  laapF^Hfafy.  HLs  falhe^ 
i^Uemriibgr  hiis.  dfilight  to  be!  Wi  th^'^op^p9>n^:,of  foberajiKl  relit- 

Sious  people,  fuch  as  in  the  g^y  and  licentiQi^s  r^igP  of  Charles 
It.  was  Inore  likjsly  Mb  iprevenl^ .  th^B  \o  prqippt*^  hisiufipg  in 
the^woTli,  endeavoured /by  fis^ferity- to,  divert  hlfp,  i^qmthis^  pup- 
pofew  tRenai  as'he  «eUte5.h«nf<^tf,'  w*5..wi^ipp^,.bQate^,^an<l 
&n2tiiyi  tmn^(k  out  pf  doQrs>  ia  ||S6a;  Tlje  fath^r^  hi^iweve^^ 
«tther  relenting,  or  hopifig  to  gftift,  his  poiiit  by,  <?th^  loeansy 
ient  Us  (bn  to-  Pajis,  in  compaj^y  with  fome  pejr^ns  of  qua- 
lity who  were  travelling  thajt  way.  in  Fii^nce- he  contiifuexl 
ibmetime,  andretiirned  fo  well  fkille4  in  the  l^nguage^^  an|d 
in  the  embellifhmettts  of  a  polite  behaviour,  that  he  was  jojj- 
ftiHy  received  by  his  father.  During  his  refidence  in  Paris^  hp 
}wa5.  aflaulted  in  thp  ftreet  one  evening  by  a  perfon  with  a  dra^wfi 
Jword,  on  account  of  a  fuppofed  affi^ont;  b^t,,  among  qth^ 
•accornpliflwnents  of  a  gay  man,  he  bad  become  fo  goodf^, 
-fwoitfKnan  as  to  difarm  his  ant^gonift,  Ii>  oneof-  hi&  writiiin§s 
iK  ^i^mtionally  cofidemn?  tMs  iMtrbajreue  praftice,  r^fle^i?^ 
how  fmall  a  proportion  the  omiflion  of  a  piece  of  refpe£l  bears 

to 

I    .  4 


PE-NN.-  t^^ 

to  thelofs  of  life;  which  in  this  cafe  might  have  been  cohfe- 
quent  upon  the  rencounter. 

After  his  return  from  France,  he  was  admitted  of  Lincoln's* 
Inn,  with  the  view  of  ftndying  the  law,  and  continued  there 
till  the-memorable  year  1665,  when  the  plague  raged  in  London, 
In  1666,  his  father  committed  to  him  the  care  of  a  corifiderable 
eftate  in  Ireland,  which  occafioned  him  for  a  time  to  refide 
in  that  kingdom.  At  Cork,  he  was  informed  by  one  of  the 
people  called  Qiiakefs,  tHat  Thomas  Loe,  whofe 'preaching 
had  aftetfted  him  To  early  in  life,  Was  fhortly  to  be  at  a  -meeting 
in  that  city.  To  this  meeting  he -went.  It  'is  faid  that  Loe, 
who  preached  in  the  meeting,  began  his  declaration  with  th'efe 
w^ords :  "  There  is  a  faith  that  overcomes  the  world;  and  thens 
is  a  faith  that  is  overcome  by 'the  wotld."  The  manner  in 
'which  Loe  enlarged  upon  this  exordium  is  not  known  ;  btit  the 
effeft  was  the  convi<Sion  of  young  Penn^  who  afterwards  con- 
ftantly  attended  the  meetings  of  the  Quakers,  though  in  atinte 
of  hot  perfecution.  The  year  after  his  arrival  in  Ireland,  hfe 
was,  with  many  others,  taken  from  a  meeting  at  Corkj  antl 
carried  before  the  mayor,  by  whom  he  was  committed  tb 
j)rifon,  but  was  foon  releafed,  on  application  to  the  earl  of 
■Orrery.  This  was  his  firft  imprifonment,  at  vrfiich  time  te 
-was  about  twenty-three  years  of  age  ;  and  it  tended  to  ftrengtheii 
the  ties  of  his  union  with  a  people  whom  he  believed  to  fuffiir 
innocently.  His  father,  underftanding  his  attachment  to  the 
Quakers,  remanded  him  home,  and  though  there  was  yet  no 
great  alteration  in  his  drefs,  yet  his  ferious  deportment  evincing 
the  religious  ftate  of  his  mind,  confirmed  the  fears  of  his  father, 
and  jgave  occafion  to  a  fpecies  of  conflift  between  them  n6t 
eafily  defcribed.  The  father  felt  great  affeftion  for  an  accom- 
plifhed  and  dutiful  fon,  and  ardently  defired  the  promotion  df 
■  his  temporal  intereftsj^  which  he  feared  would  be  obftrufted  by 
the  way  of  life  he  had  embraced.  The  fon  was  fenfible  of  the 
duty  he  owed  to  his  parent,  and  afflided  in  believing  that  he 
could  not  obey  him  but  at  the  rifle  of  his  eternal  welfare. 
At  length  the  father  would  have  compounded  'with  the  fon,  antl 
fuffered  him  to  retain  the  fimplicity  of  his  manners  to  all  others, 
'  if  he  would  confent  to  be  uncovered  before  the  king,  the  duke 
(afterwards  James  II.),  and  himfelf.  Penn  jdefircd  time  to 
conikier  of  this  requifition  ;  and,  having  employed  it  in  fafting 
and  fupplication,  in  order,  as  he  conceived,  to  know  the  divine 
will,  he  "humbly  fignified  to  his  father  that  he  could  not  comply 
*with  it.  After  this,  the  father  being  utterly  difappointed  in . 
his'  expeQations,  could  no  longer  endure  the  fight  of  his  fon, 
and  a  fecond  time  drove  hJm  from  his  family.  In  this  feclu- 
fion  he  comforted, himfelf  with  the  promife  of  Chrift,  to  ^hofe 
who  leave  houfe,  or  parents  for  his  fake.  His  fapport  out- 
wardly, was  the  charity  of  his  friends,  and  fome  fupplies  pri- 

vateljr 


ift6  PEN  N. 

lately  fent  him  by  his  mother ;  but,  bv  degrees,  his  father^ 
becoming  convinced  of  his  integrity  by  his  perfeverance,  per- 
mitted him  to  return  to  the  famUy ;  and,  though  he  did  not  give 
him  open  countenance,  he  privately  iifed  his  intereft  to  get  him 
leleafedy  when  imprifoned  for  his  attendance  at  the  Quakers' 
meetings. 

In  the  year  i66S,  he  iirft  appeared  both  as  a  minifier  and  an 
author  among^  the  Quakers.     We  ihall  not  pretend  to  ^ve  the 
titles  of  all  his  numerous  traAs.     His  iirft  piece  has  this  title : 
'^  Truth  exalted,  in  a  fhort  but  fure  teftimony  againft  all  thofe 
religions,  faiths,   and  worfhips,   that  have  been  formed  and 
followed  in  the  darknefs  of  apoftacy ;  and  for  that  glorious 
li^ht  which  is  now  rifen  and  mines  forth  in  the  life  and  doc- 
trine  of  the  defpifed  Quakers,  as  the  alone  good  old  way  of 
life  and  falvation ;  preiented  to  princes,  priefts,  and  people, 
that  thev  may  repent,  believe,  and  obey.    By  William  Penn; 
whom  Divine  love  conilrains,  in  an  holy  contempt,  to  trample 
on  Egypt's  glory,  not  fearing  the  king's  wrath,  having  beheld 
the  majefty  of  him  who  is  inviiible."    The  fame  year,  on 
<K:cafion  of  a  difpute  with  a  name  Thomas  Vincent,  a  Prelby- 
terian,  Penn  wrote  his  **  Sandy  foundation  ihaken ;"  which, 
jTrom  what  authority  is  not  now  known,  as  no  legal  proceeds 
in^s  are  ftated  to  have  taken  place,  occafioned  him  to  be  im- 
prifoned a  fecond  time.   This  imprifonment  was  in  the  Tow^r 
of  London,  where  he  remained  about  feven  months;  and  from 
which  he  obtained  his  releafe  alfo,  by  another  book  entitled, 
**  Innocency  with  her  open  face,*'  in  which  he  vindicated 
himfelf  from  the  charges  which  had  been  cad  on  him  for  the 
former  treatife.    In  the  Tower  alfo,  he  wrote  his  famous  **  No 
Crofs,  no  Crown,"  or  rather,  probably,  the  firft  edition  of  it, 
of  which  the  title  was  different.  It  may  be  efteemed  his  matter* 
piece,  and  contains  a  ftrong  pi£lure  of  Chriftian  morality.   The 
complete  title  is,    **  No  Crofs,  no  Crown.     A  Difcourfe, 
Ihewing  the  nature  and  difcipline  of  the  holy  Crofs  of  Chriil : 
and  that  the  denying  of  Self,  and  daily  bearing  of  Chrift's  Crofs, 
is  the  alone  way  to  the  Reft  and  Kingdom  of  God.    To  which 
are  added,  the  living  and  dying  teftimonies  of  many  perfons  of 
fame  and  learning,  both  of  ancient  and  modem  times,  in  JFa« 
vour  of  this  treatife."     It  has  gone  through  fever^l  editions, 
and  has  been  lately  tranflated  into  French.     After  his  releafe, 
he  again  vifited  Ireland,  where  his  time  was  employed,  not 
only  in  his  father's  bufinefs,  but  in  his  own  fundion  as  a  mi- 
nifter  among  the  Quakers,  and  in  applications  to  the  govern* 
ment  for  their  relief  from  fufFering;  in  which  application  he 
fucceeded  fo  well,  as  to  obtain,  in  1670,  an  order  of  council 
for  their  general  releafe  from  prifon.     The  fame  year,  he  re- 
turned to  London,  and  experienced  that  fuffering  from  which 

his 


P  E  N  N.  157 

his  influence  had  refcued  his  friends  in  Ireland.  The  Con* 
venticle-aft  came  out  this  year,  by  which  the  meetings  of  Dif- 
fenters  were  forbidden  under  fevere  penalties*  The  Quakers, 
however,  believing  it  their  religious  duty,  continued  to  meet 
as  ufual ;  and  when  fometimes  forcibly  kept  out  of  their  meet* 
ing-houfes,  they  aflfembled  as  near  to  them  as  they  could  in  the 
ftreet.  At  one  of  thefe  ^  open  and  public  meetings,  Penn 
preached,  for*which  he  was  committed  to  Newgate,  his  third 
imprifonment ;  and. at  the?  ncxtfeffion  at  the  Old  JBai}ey,  to- 
gether with  William  Mead,  was  indided  .for  "being  prefent 
at,  and  preaching  to  an  unlawful,  feditious,  and  riotous  aflem* 
bly."  He  pleaded  his  own  caufe,  made  a  long  and  gallant 
defence,  though  menaced  and  ill-treated  by  the  recorder,  and 
was  finally  acquitted  by  the  jury.  He  was,  neverthelefs,  de- 
tained in  Newgate,  and  the  jury  fined.  The  trial  was  foon 
after  publiflied,  under  the  title  of,  "  The  People's  ancient  and 
juft  liberties  afferted,  in  the  Trial  of  William  Penn  and  Wil- 
liam Mead,  at  the  Seilions  held  at  the  Old  Bailey  in  Londoi^ 
the  ift,  3d,  4th,  and  5th  of  September,  1670,  againft  the  moft 
arbitrary  procedure  of  that  Court,"  This  trial  is  inferted  in 
his  works,  and  at  once  affords  a  proof  of  his  legal  knowledge 
and  firmnefs,  and  of  the  oppreflion  of  the  times.  The  pre- 
tence for  the  detention  of  Penn  in  Newgate,  was  for  his  fines, 
which  were  impofed  on  him  for  what  was  called  contempt  of 
court.  How  became  at  length  to  be  liberated  does  not  appear; 
not  probably  by  the  payment  of  the  fines,  for  that  the  Qiiakers 
generally  refufed,  deeming  it  an  acknowledgement  of  guilt; 
but,  poflibly,  by  the  mediation  of  his  father.  If  fo,  it  was  the 
iafl  time  that  he  had  occafion  to  exercife  his  paternal  icindneis, 
which  now  feems  to  have  returned,  and  flowed  abundantly;  for 
he  died  this  year,  fiilly  reconciled  to  his  fon,  and  left  him  in 

Safleffion  of  a  plentiful  eflate ;  it  i^  faid  about  1500I.  per  annum, 
enn,  in  his  "  No  Crofs,  no  Crown  (p.  473,  edit.  xiii.  1789), 
has  coUe&ed  fome  of  his  fathers  dying  expreilions,  among 
•which  we  find  this  remarkable  one,  in  the  mouth  of  a  man 
who  had  fo  much  oppofed  the  religious  condudl  of  his  fon. 
'^  Son  William,  let  nothing  in  this  world  tempt  you  to  wrong 
your  confcience:  I  charge  you  do  nothing  againft  your  con- 
science. So  will  you  keep  peace  at  home,  which  will  be  a 
feaft  to  you  in  a  day  of  trouble.'' 

Near  this  time  he  held  a  public  difpute  at  Wycombe  in 
Buckinghamfhire,  with  a  Baptifl  teacher,  concerning  the  uni- 
verfality  of  the  divine  light.  He  alfo  wrote  a  letter  to  the 
vice*cbanoellor  of  Oxford,  on  account  of  the  abufe  which  his 
friends  fufFered  there  from  the  junior  fcholars.  And  during 
his  refidenee .  this  winter  at  Penn  in  Buckinghamfliire,  he 
publiihed  hifr  f<  Se^fonable  Caveat  againft  Popery,"  though  it 

was 


1^8  pe:nn. 

fvas  the  T^ligkm  of  the  queen,*  and  of  the  heir  apparent*  This  is 
meiitioMd  to  ibew  the  unreafonablenefs  of  the  clamour  that 
4^as afterwards  laifed  againft'hhn,  that  he  favoured  Popery: 
tfnafperfion  to  which  Burnet  gave  ibme  ear;>.but  which  TiU 
lotfon  retra6):ed.  Near  the  clofe  of  the  year,  he  was  led  to  his 
fourth  imprifonment.  A  ferjeant  and  foldiers  waited  at  a  meet*- 
tug  until  he  ftood  up  and  preached  ;  then  the  ferjeant  arretted 
liitti j  and:  he  was  led  before  the  lieutenant  of  the  Tower,  by 
whom,  on  the  ad  for  reftraining  nonconformifts  from  inha- 
l>iting  in  corporations,  he  was  again  committed,  for  fix  months, 
to  Newgate.  During  his  confinement,  he  wrote  feveral  trea- 
tifes;  and  alfo  addrefled  the  parliament,  which  was- then  about 
to  takemeafures  for  enforcing  the  Conventicle->a£):  with  greater 
fcverity.  Shortly  after  the  releafe  of  William  Penn  from  this 
imprifonment,  he  travelled  in  the  exerciie  of  his  miniftry  in 
'Holland  and  Germany.  Few  particulars  of  this  journey  aie 
-prefervcfd;  but  it  is  alluddd  to  in  the  account  of  a  fubfequent 
one,  which  he  publiflied. 

In  1672,  he  married  Gulielma  Maria  Springett,  whole  father 
jiaving' been  killed  at  the  flege  of  Bamber,  in  the  civil  wars> 
^fld' her  mother  having  marri^  Ifaac  Pennington  of  Cfaalfont^ 
'Bucks,  in  his^  family,  (which'was:a  place  of  general  refbrt  for 
^Quakers  in  that  county)  Gulielma  had  her  education,  and, 
probably,  became  acquainted  with  Penn.  After  his  marriage 
therefidddat'Rickmanfworth  in  Hertfordshire.  The  fame  year 
^he  wrote  feveral  controverfial  pieces ;  and  among  the  reft,  one 
ogalnft'Muggleton.  In  this  employment,  about  this  time,  be 
feems  to  have  fpent  much  of  his  leiiiire.  In  1674,  he  ven^ 
tuitd'towrite  to  the  king,  complaining  of  the  feverity  of  fome 
juilices,  and  others,  to  the  Quakers;  and  fome  time<2^erfae 
^(^fented  to  the  king,  and  to  both  houfes  of  parliament,  a  book 
•entitled,  "  The  continued  Cry  of  the  oppreffed  for  Juiticei; 
'giving  an -account;  of  the  cruel  and  unjuft  proceedings  againft 
;theperfons  and  eftates  of  many  of  the  people  called  Quakers.** 
The  following  year-  he  held  a  public  difpute  near  Rickinanf- 
•worth,  with  the  famous  Richard  Baxter. 

In  1677,  in  company  with  George. Fox,  and  Robert  Barclay, 
he  again  ki  fail  on  areligious  Vifit  to  the  Continent.  He  tra- 
velled by  Rotterdam,  Leyden,  and  Haerlem,  to  Amfterdam, 
at  which  place  hearing  of  a  -perfecution  of  the  Quakers  at 
Dantzick,  he-wrote  to  the  king  of  Poland,  an  expoftulatory 
•letter  on  their  behalf.  -He  then,  after  fome  further  ftay  tt 
Arafterdam,  proceeded' by^^Ofnabrug  to  Herwerden,  or  Hcrtoxd, 
the  refidence  of  the  princefs  Elizabeth,  ^ughter  of /the  kuq; 
of  Bohemia,  and  grand^dattghter  of  Janaesl. 

It  may  not  be  amifs  to  mention,  that  the  manner  ia  which 
the minifters of. th^  ^opie called C^akera tnvel  iatheAufinefs 

of 


S^-E-N-N.  129 

of  their  miniftry;  isfimply  th?s:  Hafvirig  a  {^lew  of  the  countr^" 
m  which  they  believe  themfelves  divinely  required  to  minifter/ 
they  proceed  from  place  to  place,  according  as  their  tnihds  feet 
difpofed,  by  the  touches  of  the  fame  influence  which  they  con- 
ceived to  have  drawn  them  from  their  habitations.     Their  em- 
ployment is  vifning  the  meetings,  and  often  the  families  of  their 
friends;- and  fometimes  appointing  more  public  meetings^  for 
the  information  of  perfons  of  other  focieties,  whom  alfo  they' 
vifit,  as  their  duty  or  inclination  leads  them.     This  feenns  to 
have  been  the  cafe  with  Penn  and  his  companions,  whofe  prin- 
cipal bufinefs  at  Herford,  was  in  vifiting  the  princefs  and  her 
family*     She  received  them  with  great  readinefs,  and  they  re- 
mained four  days  at  her  town,  in  which  time  they  had  many 
religious  opportunities,  both  for  worfhip  and  conference,  with 
h€r,  and   in  her  houfe,  one  of  which  was  open  to  the  inha- 
bitants of  the  town.     On  leaving  Herford  he  took  a  circuit  in 
GcHTiany,  by  Cafftl,  Frankfort,'  Chriflieim,  Manheim,  Mentz, 
Cologne  (called  by  himfelf  CuUen),  Mulheim,  Wefel,'  Cleve, 
and  Nimeguen  ;    and  returned  to  Amfterdam  in  lefs  than   a 
month  after  he  had  left  it.  After  (laying  about  three  days,  he  again 
left  it,  and  went  by  Horn,  Worcum,  Harlingen,  Leenwarden^ 
Lippenhus,  Groningen,  Embden,  and  Bremen,  to  his  hofpitable 
friend  the  princefs  Elizabeth  at  Herford  ;  whence,  after  another 
ftayof  about  four  days,  a  fec6nd  circuit  by  Wefel,  Dufleldorp, 
Cologne,  &c.  brought  him  to  Amfterdam;  and  from  Holland' 
he  returned  home  by  Harwich  and  London,  to  his  wife  and 
family  at  Werminghurft  in  SuflTex.     He  concliides  the  narrative 
of  his  journey  in  thefe  words:  "  I  had  that  evening  (viz.  of  his' 
return)  a  fweet  meeting  •among  them,  in  which  God's  bleffed 
power  made  us  truly  glad  togethisr :  and  I  can  fay,  truly  Bleffed 
are  they  who  can  chearfully  give  up  to  ferve-the  Lord.     Great- 
ihall  be  the  iiicreafe  and  growth  of  their  treafure,  which  (hall 
never  end.     To  Him  that  was,  and  is,  and  is  to  come;  the  . 
eternal,  holy,  bleffed,  righteous,   powerful,  and  faithful  One;* 
be  glory,  honour,  and  praife,  dominion,  and  a  kingdom,  for' 
ever  and  ever.  Amen."     Many  remarkable  circumftances  occur 
in  his  account  of  the  purney,  particularly  the  religious  fenfi-' 
bility,  and  contrition  of  mind  evinced  by  the  princefs,  and  by 
her  friend  and  companion,  Anna  Maria  countefs  of  Homes.  • 
But  we   muft    refer    to   Penn's    own    account,   which   is   in 
his  works,  -and  alfa  feparately  extant.     At  the-  tiijie   of   his- 
return,  and  before  his  entering  on  this  journey,  his  refidence  • 
T^'as  at  Werminghurft  in  Suffex,   an  eftate,  probably,  of  his 
wife's.       '  ' 

About  the  time  of  his  return  from  the  continent,  his  friends' 
the  Quakers,  among  other  methods  ufed  at  that  time  to  harafs 
them,  were  vexed  by  laws  which  had  b$ea  made  againft  Papills, 
^VoL.  XIL  K  and 


IJO  J?  E  N  N'. 

u4  pendtties.  <yf  twenty  pounds  a  month,  or  two  thir<ls  of 
toeir  eCbtes  (Stat^  23d  and  29th  Elizabeth).  Mr.  Penn,  on  this 
^CffioOi  prefented  (as  it  is  (aid)  a  petition  of  the  Qiiakers  to 
e^ch  homfe  of  parliaroenty  and  was  twice  allowed  to  fpeak  on 
tY^ii;  beha[]fy  in  a  committee,  probably  of  the  commons,  for  a 
t)ili  fcr  the  relief  of  the  Quakers  foon  after  paiTed  that  houfe^ 
b^t  before  it  had  paflTed  the  other  houfe,  it  was  fet  afide  by  a 
^xd|ielx  prorogation  of  parlia,ment. 

In  l^if  king  Chs^rles,  in  confideration  of  the  fervices  of 
h^s  iatb^r,  the  admiral,  and  of  a  debt  due  to  him  from  the 
C£9w,n  at  his  death,  granted  to  W.  Penn  a  province  in  North 
^n^e^ica,  lying  on  the  weft  fide  of  the  Delaware,  called  the  New 
Netherlands;  but,  on  this  occafion,  denominated  by  the  king, 
in  lefpeft  tp  the  grantee,  Pennfylvania.  Penn  foon  after  pub- 
liflhed  an  account  of  the  province,  with  the  king's  patent,  de- 
f9ri()^ing  the  cou;itry,  and  its  produce,  and  propofing  eafy  terms 
of  Cettlenrient  to  (ych  as  might  be  inclined  to  go  thither.  He 
a\fp  fent  a  letter  to  the  native  Indians,  informing  them  of  his 
4^ri,i;e  to  bc3^  his,  po^eflSoQ,  not  only  by  the  king's  grant,  but 
wjith  their  confent  and  love^  acknowl^ging  the  injuflige  which 
had  been  dpne.  them  by  lEurcpeans;  and  alluring  th^uoi  of  his 
peaceaVi^  iptentio^.  He  then  drew  up,  in  twenry^four  articles, 
•*,  Tkfr  F^n^Janiental  Conftitution  of  Pennfylvania  j"  and  the  fol- 
JqWM  y^>  be  publjflied  tbe  ^'  Fr^m,e  of  Qovernment  pf 
$enn(yivai)ia/'  A  law  pf  this  code  may  be  worth  tranfcribing, 
a^  it  h^l^out  a  greater  degree  of  religious  liberty  than  had  at  that 
tixQ^  ajppi^red  in  the  Chriftian  world.  '*  All  perfons  living  in 
tbiif  Prpvinpe,  who  confefsand  acknowledge  the  One,  Aln^igbty, 
a|)d  ]$tet;nal  God,  to  be  the  Creator,  Upholder,  and  Ruler  of 
t\ie  ^prld,  and  tha^  hpld  themfelyes  obliged  in  confcience  to  live 
p^aceajbly.and  juftly  in  civil  fociety,  ihall  in  no  wife  be  niolefted 
Of  prejji;idiced  for  their  religious  perjuafion^  /far  pra^ia  in,  matter 5  <f 
faith  andworJhip\  ixor  fhall  they  be  compelled  at  any  time  to  fre- 
quent or  maintain  ^ny  religious  worihip,  place,  or  miniftry 
vihatCpfiver."  It  is  tpo  true,  that  many  perfecuted  perfons 
^V«?.  cpnn|>Jbined  of  perfecutton,  merely  bec^aufe  they  believed 
tbeiji[  o^a  ZFUgiop  to  be  right;  Perm  appears  to  have  bated 
ity  for  its  own  inherent  injuftice,  and- moral  turpitude.  Many. 
^Agbs^  perfons,  and  fpme  families,  went  to  the  new  province. 
Ti^t^,  itfon  beg^n  to  clear  and  improve  their  lands,  and  to 
b|iiki  a  city,  which  Penn,  kieeping  ia  view  the  principlei  o£ 
t^PlhiJjiy  love,  which  IS  the  ftrength  of  civil  fociety,  named 
P:hiUd^ll)bia.  Commiilioners  were  alfo  appointed  to  treat  with 
the  Indians ;  and'in  1682,  he  viftted  his  newly-acquired  terxi-». 
t^ry^  At  this  time  he  paflfed  abpgt  two  years  in  the  province, 
^jilfting  ita  iflterior  concerns,  andi  eftabliftttng  \  ffiendly  cor- 
t^f|!0i}dtacct  Ypx\l  hJA.  Qfti^iK^ui&r    £ifiy);y  it  vicpuld  foem,  UA^ 


P  E  N  N.  131 

lowed  him  even  into  the  wilderneis,  fof  v^  find  hnx^^hb  jew 
vindicating  hiinfelf,  in  a  fpirited  letter^  from  tlie  acciifatton  of 
ambition  and  the  deiire  of  wealth.  He  attributes  all  his  acquis 
iltions  to  the  bounty  of  Providence,  and  in  conclufion  has^  amon^' 
others,  thefe  rcniarkable  words:  "  If  friends  here  keep  to Ood^ 
and  in  the  juftice,  mercy,  equity,  and  fear  of  the  Lord^  thei# 
enemies  will  be  their  iootftool;  if  not,  their  heirsy  aact  tnf 
heirs  too,  will  lofe  all/*  The  following  year,  1683,  he  gavi 
a  more  full  defcription  of  Pennfylvania,  in  •*  a  letter  addreRbtl 
to  the  Committee  of  the  Free  Society  of  Traders  to  that  ¥v6^ 
vincc,  rciiding  in  London/'  Three  things  in  thb  letter  ard 
particularly  worthy  of  notice.  He  mentions,  that  two  getierait 
aflemblies  had  been  held,  and  with  fuch  concord  and  dtfpatcb^ 
that  they  fat  but  three  weeks,  and  at  lesift  feventy  lafws  wirier 
paired,  without  one  diffent  in  any  material  point.  He  alfo  infbtm^ 
the  traders,  that  the  allcmblyhad  prefented  him  with  an  tmpoft 
On  certain  goods  imported  and  exported;  /which  im^ft,  aft«^ 
his  acknowledgments  of  their  affcAion^  he  had  freely  remitted^ 
A  rare  inftance !  He  alfo  fays,  after  mentioning  the  eitabHfh;^ 
ixient  of  courts  of  juftice j  that  to  prevent  law-fuits,  ihreif^a$n^ 
piakers  had  been  chofen  by  every  county*Gour(,  in  the  nature  of 
common  arbitrators.  Before  he  left  the  provrnce,  h*  addreiicid 
an  epiftie  of  caution  to  his  friends  of  the  faniB  religious  perfuaJ 
fion  fettled  in  it,  reminding  them  of  the  coiifpiciibufii  ftatkm'  rrt 
which  they  were  then  placed  ;.  being  tranfplanted  firbmopprefo 
fion,  not  only  to  liberty,  but  to  power;  and  beieechrng  them  ti 
improve  the  tippoftunity  which  Gnod  had  now  put  into  thdithands^ 
Thus  the  civil  and  reKgious  welfare  of-  his  coloiirfts-fecmed'afcw 
jc£ls  near  to  his  heart ;  and  having,  been  a  promote/  and  witneA 
of  their  profperity,  he  returned  ta  his  wife  and  family  in  Enghind 
in  r684i 

Not  mony  months  tf«?r  the  return  of  Penn  froiii  his  coldftyi 
Charles  11.  died^  and  the  refped  which  James  II,  BbrtS  to  thiJ 
iatie  admiral,  who  had  recommended  his  fon  to  his  carie^  together 
with  that  monarch*s  perfonal  acquaintance  with  Penn  hixhfelfj 
procured  for  him  a  free  accefs^at  court.  He therefoie mwfc  uftt 
of  the*  opportunity,  thus  afibrded  him,  of  foliciting  relief  finr 
his  perfecuted  friends,  the  QuJdcers,  fifteen'  hundred  of  whoin 
Jfemained  prifoners  at  the  deceafe  of  Charles  U.  It  may  not  b(| 
amifs  to  obfervefj  that,  the  inclination  of  the  king  to  Popet)! 
being. gginerally  known^  the  fears  of  Proteftants  were  alarmed 
on  his  acceffion;  and  had  Penn  been  inclined  to  avail  himfelf  of 
to  critical  a  junilure,  by  foinenting  thofe  feafs,  he  might  hatv* 
iquickly  peopled  his  province,  and  repleniflied  his  purfe.  Pcnni 
however,  appears  not  himfelf  to  have  poflriTed  thofe  fears;  and 
tha>t  he  did  not  avail  himfelf  of  the  general  panic  is  both  tni^ 
a»d  bonouFable  to.  him.  He  twd  long  been  intimate  M^lh  the 
king,  and  had  given  credit  tg  the  p/oteftati&n^  which  James  had 

iC  2  le^atedly 


132  P'.ENN^ 

lepeatedly  roade,  of  hrs  intention  to  eftabliih  liberty  of  con- 
fcicnce.'  .On  hre  accedion,  Penn  took  lodgings  at  Kenfington; 
«nd  his  ready  and  frequent  reception  at  court,  drew  on  hina  the 
iufpicion  of  being  himfelf  a  Papift.  Burnet,  as  was  hinted 
btfore,  fo  far  leaned  to  this  opinion,  as  to  mention  it  in  his 
liiftoryt  and  to  declare  that  Penn  was  intimate  with  Petre  the 
Jefuit;  and  employed  by  James  II.  in  Holland  in  the  year  i686» 
Burnet  klfoadds  the  following' defcriptfon  of  Penn's  charader: 
*f  He  was  a  talking  rain  man,  who  had  long  been  in  the  king's 
favour.  He  had  foch  an  opinion  of  his  own  faculty  of  per- 
fiiading,  that  he  thought  none  could  (land  before  it,  though  he 
was  itngular  in  that  opinion  ;  for  he  had  a  tedious  lufcious  way^ 
that  was  not  apt  to  overcome  a  man's  reafon,  though  it  might 
tire  his  patience/'  Burnet,  therefore,  was  evidently  no  friend 
to  Penn.  Let  usnejct  attend  to.  Tillotfon,  between  whom  and 
Penn  there  pafled  fome  letters  on  the  fame  fufpicion.  Tiilotfow 
had  heard  it,  and  had  repeated  the  furmrfe  in  fome  way  which 
brought  it  to  the  ear  of  Penn ;  who  thereon,  by  letter,  enquired 
of  him,  if  he  had  really  fpread  the  report  of  his  being  a  Papift. 
In  this  letter  P^nn  has  thefe  words  among  others:  "  I  abhor 
two  principles  in  religion,  and  pity  them  that  own  them;  Obe- 
dience upon  authority,  without  conviftion  ;  and,  deftroying  them 
that  differ  from  me  for  God's  fake."  Tillotfon  in  reply  mentions 
the  ground  of  his  fufpicion,.  namely,,  that  he  had  heard  of  Penn's 
corrcfponding  with  fome  perfons  at  Rome^  and  particularly  with 
.  Jefuits  ^  but  profeffes  his  particular  efteem  of  Penn's  parts  and  tem- 
per: ind  fays  not  ^word  of  his  intimacy  with  Petre,  who  was 
m  England;  which,  had  it  fubfifted,  as  both  were  public  men  at 
court,  Tillotfon  muft  have  known.  In  reply,  renn  declared 
that  he  held  no  correfpondence  with  any  Jefuit,  prieft,  or 're- 
gular, in  the  world,  of  the  Romifti  communion,  and  even  that 
he  knew  not  one  any  where ;  declaring  himfelf  to  be  a  Chrif- 
tian  whofe  creed  was  the  Scripture.  In  conclufion,  Tillotfon 
declared  himfelf  fully  fatisfied,  and,  as  in  that  cafe  he  had  pro- 
mifed,  he  heartily  begs  pardon  of  Penn.  The  correfpondence 
may  be  fce«  at  length  in  Penn's  works.  In  this  year,  1686,  he 
publifhed  "  A  Perfuafive  to  Moderation  to  DifTenting  Chrif- 
tians,  &c.  humbly  fubmitted  to  the  King  and  his  gfcat  Council  ;'* 
foon  after  which  came  out  the  king's  proclamation  for  a  general, 
pardon;  which  was  followed,  the  next  year,  by  hi^  fufpenfion 
of  the  penal  laws.  Penn  prefented  an  addrefs  of  the  Quakers 
on  this  occafion.  He  alfo  wrote  a  book  on  occafton  of  the  ob- 
jefiions  raifed  againft  the  repeal  of  penal  laws  and  teft;  and,  the 
clamour  agninfl  him  continuing,  he  was  urged  to  vindicate  him- 
fclf  from  it,  by  one  of  his  friends,  Mr.  Popple,  fecretary  to  the 
Plantation^office,  which  he  did. in  a  long  reply,  which  well  de- 
lerves  the  perufat  of  tbofe  who  with  to  eftimate  his  charafter ;  it 
1  -..    •.      ...  *  ..  .    ;  .    ..  .k.. i» 


PEN  N.  I3S 

isdated'i688.  But  he  had  now  to  cope  with  mores  powerful 
opponents  than  runaour.  The  Revolution  took  place,  and  an 
intimate  of  James  was  of  courfe  a  fufpefled  perfon.  Ashe  was 
Walking  in  Whitehall  (no  mean  proof  of  confcious  innocence) 
he  was  fummoned  before  the  council  then  fittings  and,  though 
nothing  was  proved  againft  him,  he  was  bound  to  appear  the 
firft  day  of  the  following  term ;  but^  being  continued  to  the 
jiext  on  the  fame  bail,  he  was  then  difcharged  in  open  court: 
jiothing  being  laid  to  hi'S  charge.  The  beginning  of  the  year 
J69Q,  he  was  again  brought  before  the  council,  and ^^ccu fed  of 
correfponding  with  James.  They  required  bail  of  htm  as  be- 
fore ;  but  he  ^appealed  to  the  king  himfelf,  who,  after  a  long 
conference,  inclined  to  acquit  him  ;  neverthelefs,  at  the  inftance 
of  fome  of  the  council,  he  was  a  fecond  time  held  a  while  to 
bail,  but  at  length  difcharged.  Soon  after  this,  in  the  fame 
year,  he  was  charged  wiih  adhering  to  the  enemies  of  the  king- 
dom, but  proof  failing,  he  was  again  cleared  by  the  court  of 
Xing's-bench.  Being  now,  as  he  thought,  at  liberty,  he  pre- 
pared to  go  again  to  rennfylvania,  and  publifhed  propofals  for 
another  fettlemcnt  there ;  but  his  voyage  was  prevented  by  an- 
x>ther  accufation,  fupported  by  the  oath  of  one  William  Fuller 
(a  man  whom  the  parliament  afterwards  declared  to  be  a  cheat  and 
impoftor);  ^hereupon  a. warrant  was  granted  for  arrefting  him, 
and  he  narrowly  efcaped  it,  at  .his  return  from  the  burial  of 
-George  Fox.  Hitherto  he  had  fuccefsfully  defended  himfelf; 
but  now,  notchoofing  to  expofe  his  pharader  to  the  oaths  of  a 
Itf-ofligate  man,  he.  withdrew  from  public  notice,  till  the  latter 
part  of  the  year  1693;  when,  through  the  mediation  of  his 
friends  at  court j  he  was  once  more  admitted  to  j>lead  bis  own  , 
i»ufe  before  the.  king  and  council  5  and  he  fo  evinced  his  inno- 
cence, that  he  was  a  fourth  time; acquitted.  He  employed  him- 
felf in  hts  retirements  in  writing.  ■  The moft  generally  known 
produftion  of  his  feclufion,  bears  the  titler  of  *'  Fruits  of  Soli- 
tude, in  Refleftions  and  Maxims  relating  to  the  Condudh  of  human 
JLife.'*  To.  thofe  who  wifh  to  be  informed  refptiSling  the  people 
called  Quakers,  his  "  Key,  &c.  to  difcern  the  Difference  be- 
tween the  Religion  profelfed  by  the  People  called  Quakers,  and 
the  Perverfions,  &e.  of  their  Adverfaries,  &c,'*  It  is  well  furted 
for  the  ends  defigned,  and  has  gone  through  twelvi^. editions  at 
ieaft.  Not  long  after  liisreftoration  to  fbciety,  be  loft  his  wifc> 
which  afF^ded  him  fo  mufch,  tliat  he  faid  all  his  other  troubles 
were  nothing  in  comparifon  of  this-;  and  he  publifhed  *a  ftort 
account  of  r  her  char^^clcr,  dying .  expreffions,  and  pious,  end^ 
The  following  year,  he  appeared  as  the  eulogiit  of  George  Fox, 
in  a  long  preface  to  Fox*s  Journal,  then  publifhed.  The  preface, 
^ving  a  fummary  account  of  the  people  whom  Fox  had  been  fo 
inuch   the  means  of  uniting,  has   been  feveral  times  printed 

K3  feparately. 


f  ;j*  P  E  N  N. 

fnp^Mttiyt  under  the  title  of,  *<  A  brief  Account  of  the  Rife  and 
Progrtrft  qf  the  People  called  Quakers."  It  has  pafled  through 
ipany  editions  in  Englifli,  two  in  French,  and  has  been  tranflated 
into  German  by  A,  f.  Wcnderborn.  The  fame  year  he  travelled 
is  a  minifter  in  fome  of  the  Wcftern  counties;  and  in  the  next, 
9V<e  find  him  the  public  advocate  of  the  Qiiakers  to  parliament, 
before  whom  a  bill  was  then  depending  for  their  eafe  in  the  cafe 
pf  paths.  In  the  early  part  of  1696,  he  married  afecond  wife, 
Und  fooji  after  loft  his  eldeft  fon,  Springett  Penn,  who-appears, 
from  the  chara^er  given  to  him  by  his  father,  to  have  been  a 
hopeful  atid  pfous  young  man,  juft  coming  of  age.     The  fame 

i^ar  he  added  one  more  to  his  ftiort  tracls  dcfcriptive  of  Qua* 
erifm,  under  the  title  of  "  Primitive  Chriftianity  revived,'*  &c. 
and  now  began  his  paper  controverfy  with  the  noted  George 
K^th,  who  from  a  champion  of  Q^iakerifm,  and  the  intimate 
of  Barclay,  had  become  one  of  its  violent  opponents.  Keith's 
leveureft  tcaS  ^ccufcs  Penn  and  his  brethren  ot  Deifm.  In  1697, 
a  bill  depending  in  parliament  againft  blafphemy,  he  prefented 
to  the  Houfe  of  Peers,  "  A  Caution  requisite  in  the  Confidcr- 
%lioD  of  that  Bill ;"  wherein  he  advifed  that  the  term  might  b« 
fo.  defined,  as  to  prevent  malicious  profecutions  under  that  pre* 
IMC4<.     But  the  bill  was  dropt.   .  In   j69&y  be  travelled  as  a 

freachcr  in  Ireland,  and  the  following  winter  rcfi^d  at  firi4ioIi. 
n  1699^  he.again  failed  for  his  province,  with  his  wife  and  fwnily, 
jntondi^g  to  niake  it  bis  future  refidence ;  bui,  during  his  ab-- 
feoce^  an  atxempt  was  made  to  undermine  proprietory  govern.* 
tnents,  under  colour  of  advancing  the  king's  prerogative.  A 
liill  lor  the  purpofe  was  brought  into  parliament,  but  the  mea« 
fiiro  was  poftponed  until  his  return,  at  the  interceffion  of  hi* 
fcienda;  who  alfo  gave  him  early  infornaation  of  the  bofiile  prs-^ 
piaraitioiis,  and  h&  arrived  in  England  the  latter  part  of  lyor. 
Aftscbi^  axrival,  the  meafure  was  laid  afide,  and  Penn  once  mor^ 
became  welcome  ait  court,  by  the  death  of  king  William,  and  th« 
Gonfcg[uent  acceflion  of  queen  Anne.  On  this  occafion,  he  reAded 
on,ce  more  at  Kenfington,  and  afterwards  at  Knightibridge,  till, 
in  the  year  1706,  he  removed  to  a  convenient  houfe  about  a  mile 
fronx  Brentford.  Next  year  he  was  involved  in  a  law-fnit  with 
the  executors  of  a  perfon  who  had  been  his  (lewajpd ;  and,  though 
many  thought  him  aggrieved,  his  caufe  was  attended  with  fuch 
circumftances,  as  prevented  his  obtaining  relief,  and  he  was 
driven  to  change  his  abode  to  the  rules  of  the  Fleet,  until  the 
buflnefs  was  accommodated;  which  did  not  liappen  untr)  the 
^fuing  year.  It  was  probably  at  this  time,  that  he  rai^d  6,6ool« 
by  the  mortgage  of  his  province  [n]. 

[m]  We  do  not  know  tbtt  this,  caiv  be  proved,  bot  takcift-  from  the  piecydlag 

Now, 


P  E  f^  N  I.  is's 

l*I5w,  after  a  life  of  atmoft  tonftant  aftivlty  and  cmploymchf* 
he  found,  at  the  age  of  fixty-five,  that  the  infirmities  of  age 
bcgiti  to  Vifit  hini,  and  to  leflen  his  abilities  for  travelling,  ih  thi 
work  of  his  miniftry,  with  his  wonted  alacrity ;  yet,  in  the  yeair 
1709,  he  travelled,  as  his'heahh  would  permit,  into  the  Weft  of 
England,  and  alfo  into  fonoe  counties  nearer  his  rcfidefice  ih  the 
metropolis.  But  at  length,  in  1710,  finding  the  air,  near  the 
city  not  to  agree  with  his  declining  conftitution,  he  took  a  hand* 
fome  feat  at  Rufhcomb,  near  Twyford,  in  Berkfhirc,  at  whico 
he  continued  to  refide  to  the  time  of  his  deceafe.     ,        ^         ,^ 

In  1712,  he  had,  at  diftant  times,  three  fits,  thought  to  be  of 
the  apopledic  kind.  The  laft  of  thefe  impaired  his  underftanji- 
ing  and  memory,  fo  much  as  to  render  him  unfit  for  public 
9<^ion  afterwards.  His  friend,  Thomas  Story,  an  eminent 
Quaker,  who  had  been  the  firft  recorder  of  the  corporation  of 
Philadelphia,  made  him  annual  vifits  after  ^his  ^inie,  to  his 
death.  In  1713  and  1714,  he  found  him  chearfiil,  and  able  to 
relate  paft  tranfaftions,  but  deficient  in  utterance,  and  ^ecollec^ 
tjon  of  the  names  of  abfent  perfons.  In  1715,  his  nriemory 
feeilied  further  decayed;  but  both  this,  and  the  former  year. 
Story  relates,  that  he  continued  to  utter  in  the  QUiakers-mecting 
at  Reading,  (hort,  but  found  and  fenfiblfe  expreffions.  This 
year  he  alio  tried,  but  without  benefit,  the  efFeft  of  the  wafers 
at  Bath,  In  17 16,  he  feemed  glad  to  fee  his  frienrf,  and  at 
parting  with  him  and  another,  he  faid,  "  My  lote  is  with  you. 
The  Lord  prefer ve  you,  and  remember  me  in  the  everlaUihg 
covenant."  In  1717,  he  fcarce  knew  his  old  acquaintance,  or 
could  walk  without  leading.     His  deceafe  was  on  the3ot;h'of 

July,  1 7 18,  and  his  interment  the  5th  of  the  next  itionth,  at 
ordan,  near  Beaconsfield,  Buckinghamfhirc.  Without  atteraptr 
ing  to  draw  up  a  regular  charadler  of  William  Penn,  it  muft 
be  evident  froiii  his  works,  that  he  was  a  man  of  abilities  ;  and, 
from  hrs  conduft  through  life,  that  he  was  a  man  of  the  pureft 
confcience.  Thfs,  without  acceding  to  his  opinions  in  religion, 
We  are  perfeflly  willing  to  allow  and  to  declare. 

PENNI  (GiovANiN  Francesco),  firnaiued  ^.I^'attore, 
given  him  on  account  of  his  good  management  of  Raphaers 
expences,  when'  he  lived  with  him;  which  was  to  tlie  time  olF 
nis  death,  Julio  Roinino  being  his  fellow-difci'ple.  He  was  very 
flcilful,  efjpecially  in  d^figning.  He  has  compofed  a  great  liriany 
piflures  from  Raphael's  thoughts,  which  pals  for  that  mafter's 
own;  particularly  in  the  palace  of  Chigi,  a>^  may  beobfcrved 
by  Examining  them  with  attention.  He  had  a  particular  incVw 
ratioii  ahd  genius  for  landfcapes ;  which  he  painted  very  fb'lj- 
fully,  and  enriched  with  fipe  pieces  of  architeaiire.  ,  After  Ra*« 
bhaclVdeathi  he  afTociated' with  Julio  Romano,  and  Fieri  no  del 
Va^o;    TK'cft  thVee  finifhed  what  RajJhaef  left  imperfca^^  as 

K  4  well 


i3f  ^ENRir. 

veil  the.  hiftory  pf  **  Conftantinc,"  as. other  wock$4n.thiS:palace 
of  Belvidcre.  But  this  triumvirate  fcparated,  on  occafioa  of 
a  copy  that  the  pope  chofe  to  have  made  of  the  pidiur^  of  th? 
transfiguration,  which  was  defigned  for  the  court  of  Franice. 
IJpon  this  reparation,  Penni  went  to  Naples,  intending  to  work 
jtbr*  the  marquis  del  Vado;  but,  his  conftitution  being  very 
fJelicate  and  tender,  he  did  not  live  long  enough  to  paint  much 
there.  He  died  in  his  fortieth  year,  in  1528.  He  had  a  brother 
called  Luca  Penni,  who  worked  a  while  with  Pierinodd  Vago 
Kis  brother-in-law,  at  Genoa,  and  other  places,  of  .Italy.  He 
jwent  thence  into  England,  where  he  painted  feveral  piflufes  for 
Henry  VIII.  and  for  fome  merchants.  He  was  alfo  employed 
by  Francis  I.  at  Fontainbleau,  and  at  laft  applied  himfelf  to 
engraving. 

PENRY  (John),  or  AP  HENRY,  commonly  known  by  hi? 
affumed  name  of  Martin  Mar -prelate,  or  Mar-prieji.  He  was 
born  in  Wales,  and  ftudied  firft  at  Cambridge,  and  afterwards  aj 
Oxford,  in  which  latter  univerfity  he  took  the  degree  of  Mafter 
of  Arts,  and  was  ordained  a  prieft.  Aftef  wards,  meeting  with 
fome  diflatisfaftion,  as  it  is  faid,  and  being  very  warm  in  hi?; 
temper,  he  changed  his  religion,  and  became  an  Anabaptiil,  or 
rather  a  Brownift.  He  was  henceforward  a  virulent  enemy  to  the 
church  of  England,  and  the  hierarchy  of  that  communion,  as 
appears  fufEciently  by  hiis  virulent  libels,  in  which  he  has  fhewn 
his  fpleen  to. a  j^reat  degree.  At  length,  after  he  had  concealeij 
hitnfelf  for  fome  years,  he  was  apprehended  at  Stepney,  and 
tried  at  the  KingV Bench,  before  fir  John  Popham,  chief-juftice, 
imd  the  reft  of  the  judges,  where  he  was  indidled  and  condemned 
for  felony,  for  papers  found  in  his  pocket,  purporting  to  be  a 
petition  to  the  queen ;  and  was  executed,  according  to  Fuller,  at 
pti  Thomas  Waterings,  in  1593.  It  appears,  that  fome  violence 
ivas  put  upon  the  laws,  even  as  they  then  flood,  to  form  a  capital 
accufation  againft  him.  For  his  libels  he  could  not  be  accufed, 
the  legal  time  for  fuch  an  accufation  having  elapfed  before  he  was 
taken:  the  papers  upon  which  he  was  convifled,  contained  only 
an  implied  denial  of  the  (^uctn's  aifolute  authority  tu  make,  ena£l, 
decree,  and  ordain  laws;  and  implied,  merely  by  avoiding  to 
tjfe  thofe  terms,  according  to  the  very  words  of  the  lord-keepej 
Puckering.  His  execution  was  therefore  in  a  high  degree  junjuft. 
Hischief  pfublicatiohs  are,  i.  *^  Martin  Mar-prelate,"  the  traS 
that'g^ve  fp  much 'offence.     2.'"Thefes  Martinianae,"  8vo. 

3.  /*  A  view  of  publicke  Wants  and  £)iforders  in  the  fervice  of 
G6d*,  in.  a  Petition  to  the  liigh  court  of  Parliament,  1588,"  8vo, 

4.  *'•  An  ExhoVtation  to  the  Governors  and  People' of  Wales,  to 
labour  earneftly  to  have  the  preaching  of  the  Gofpel  planted 
among  them',"  1588,  8vo.  '  5.  *'.  Reformation  no  Enemj^toher 
IWajefty  and.the  State,'*  1590,  4to.  6.'**  Sir  jSimbn* Synod's 
■M.v  V  •;•.-•-•-'  •  -         ."     •  =      '  -'-•    •"  ■'■  *         Hue 


PEPUSC  H.  137 

JHu€andCryforthe'Apprehciifioii.of  young  Martin  Mar-prieft> 
with  Martin's  Echo,"  4to.  Moft  of  thefe,  and  fome  others, 
5vere  full  of  low  fcurrility  and  petulant  fatire.  Several  trails 
iequally  fcurrilous,  were  publifhed  againft  him;  as,  "  Pappe 
with  a  Hatchet,  or  a  Country  CufFe  for  the  Idiot  Martin  to  hold 
his  Peace  ;"  **  A  Whip  for  an  Ape,  or  Martin  difplaied;"  and 
others  of  the  fan[}e  kind.  v 

!  PEPliSCH  (John  Christopher),  ope  of  the  greateft 
theoretic  muficianS  of  modern  times  [o],  a?  we  are  told,  was  born 
at.  Berlin  about  1667;  and  became  fo  early  a  proficient  on  the 
harpfichord,  that  at  the  age  of  fourteen  he  was  ferit  for  to  court, 
and  appointed  to  teach  the  prince,  father  of  the  late  king  of 
IPruffia.  About  1700,  he  came  over  to  England,  and  was  re- 
tained as  a  performer  at  Drury-^ne:  it  is  fuppofed  that  he 
kffifted  in  compofing  the  operas  which  were  performed  there. 
While  he  was  thus  employed,  he  forbore  not  to  profecute  his 
private  ftudies ;  and  thefe  led  him  to  enquire  into  the  mufic  of 
the  ancients,  and  the  perufal  of  the  Greek  authors  upon  that 
fubjeft.  The  abilities  of  Pepufch  as  a  pradical  compofer  were 
not  likely  to  become  a  fource  of  wealth  to  him:  his  mufic  was 
correft,  but  it  wanted  variety  of  modulation.  Befides,  Handel 
had  got  poffeffion  of  the  public  ear,  in  the  opinion  of  whofe 
fuperior  merit  Jie  readily  acquiefced;  and  chofe  a  track  for  him- 
felf,  in  which  he  was  almofl:  fure  to  meet  with  no  obftrudlion. 
He  became  a  teacher  of  mufic,  not  the  praSice  of  any  particular 
inflrument,  but  mufic  ,in  the  abfolutc  fenfe  of  the  word,  that 
is  to  fay,  the  principles  of  harmony  and  the  fcience  of  practical 
compofition;  and  this,  not  to  children  or  novices,  but  in  very 
many  inftances  to  profeflTors  of  mufic  themfelves. 

In  171 3,  he  was  admitted  to  the  degree  of  Doftor  in  Mufic 
at  Oxford,  and  continued  to  profecute  his  ftudies  with  great 
afliduity.  In  1724,  he  accepted  an  offer  from  Dr.  Berkeley  to 
accompany  him  to  the  Bermudas,  and  to  fettle  as  profeflbr  of 
mufic  in  his  intended  college  there  ;  but,  the  (hip  in  which  they 
Failed  being  wrecked,  he  returned  to  London,  and  married 
France fca  Margarita  de  TEpine.  This  perfon  was  a  native  of 
Tufcaiiy,  and  a  celebrated  finger,  who  performed  in  fome  of  the 
firft  of,  the  Italian  operas  that  were  reprefented  in  England. 
She  came  hither  with  one  Greber,  a  ^German,  and  from  this 
connexion  became  diftinguilhed  by.  the  invidious  appellation  of 
Greber 's  Peg.  Afterwards  fhe  commenced  a  new  conne6lion 
ivith  Daniel  earl  of  Nottingham,  who  had  defended  the  orthodox 
notion  of  the  Trinity  againft  the  heretic  Whifton ;  and  to  this 
connedlion  Rowe,  in- imitation  of  Horace's,  ^*  Ne  fit  ancillae 
tibi  amor  pudori,*'  thus  alludes.: 

[0]  Hawkins's  Hift.  of  Mufic,  v.  194. 

'''''""  "    '  •  Did 


bid  Hot  bkffi  OniB^f^^s  P^g  i^UkA 
Th6  fobcr  carl  of  Nottinghahi, 

Of  fohtt  n^  dcftended  ? 
That,  carelefs  of  his  foul  and  fame, 
Tb  play-hoiifes  he  fiightly  came. 

And  left  ditl^ch  imdtfcndcd. 

She  continued  to  fing  on  the  ftage,  till  about  1718;  whcii 
having,  at  a  modefl  cdmputation,  acquired  above  ten  thouf^nd 
guineas,  Ihe  retired  from  the  theatre,  and  afterwards  married 
Dr.  Pepufch.  She  "v^aS  remarkably  tall,  and  remarkably 
fwarthy ;  and,  in  general,  fo  deftitute  of  perfonal  dhafhis,  that 
Pcpufcn  feldorh  called  her  by  any  other  name  than  Hecate,  to 
which  (he  is  faid  to  haV6  annvered  Very  readily. 

The  change  in  Pepufch^s  circumftances  by  Margarita's  for- 
tune was  no  interruption  to  bis  ftiidies :  he  loved  mufic,  and 
he  purfucd  the  .knowledge  of  it  virith  ardour.  At  the  inftance 
of  oay  and  Rich,  he  underto6lc  to  compofe,  or  rather  tA 
correS,  the  mufic  for  *^  The  Beggar's  O'pet-a."  His  repufation 
was  now  at  a  great  height.  He  had  pefufed  with  great 
attention  thofe  ftveral  ancient  treatifes  on  Harmonics,  pub-» 
lifted  by  Meibonliu$,  and  that  of  Ptolemy  by  Dr,  Wallis; 
and  the  difficulties,  which  occurred  to  him  on  the  peru/ial, 
were  in  a  great  iheafure  reftioved  by  his  friend  De  Moivre,  tKi 
liiatiieteatician,  who  alTifted  hifn  in  niaking  ealCulations  fo^ 
denidnftrating  thofe  principles  Oil  which  the  harmottic  fcienc^ 
Is  founded.  Jh  cohfe^uence  of  thefe  ftudie^,  he  was  efteemed^ 
in  ihatter^  of  theory,  one  of  the  beft  mtifician's  of  hJ$  tfme.  Iii 
1737,  he  wis  chofen  organift  of  the  Chatteir-KoCife,  and  retired, 
with  his  wife,  to  that  veh^rable  mahfion.  The'  wife  died,  in 
1 740,  before  wRich  he  loft  a  fon,  his  only  child ;  fo  that  he  had  no 
fource  of  deKght  left,  but  the  profeCuti6n  of  his  ftudies,  and 
the  teaching  of  a  few  favourite  pupils,  whtf  attended  hirti  at  his 
apartments.  Here  he  drev*^  up  that  ac(^oiint  of  the  ancient 
genera,  whicK  Was  read  before'  the  Royal  Societ'V,  and  is  pub« 
Rfhed  in  the  '*  Philofophical  Traiifaaiorfs.  for  0&.  Nov,  and, 
Dec.  1746;*'  arid,  foon  after  the  ptibReati'on  bf  tHaf  account j^ 
he  was  chofen  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal*  society. 
'  He  died  the  20th  6(  July,  175,2',  z'geS  eighty-five ;  and  was 
buried  in  the  chapel  of  the  Chaifer-hv^iife,  ^here  i  talilet  witK 
an  infcription*is  placed  over  him. 

PERAU  (Gabriel  Louis  CAtABRE),  a  French  author,^ 
whofe  charafter  was  not  lefs  efteerhed'  for  its  (Candour  ahJ  mo- 
defty,  than  Kis  writings  for  their  ri^atnefs  of  rtyle,  arid  cxafl!- 
flefsof  fefearcli.  He  is  moft  knoWn  for  his  cohtinuatioh' of 
the  "  Lives  of  illuftrioiis  Men  of  VtktiCiy"  begiiii^by  d'Auvigit«; 
but  carried  on  by  him,  from  the  thirteenth  volume  to  the  twenty- 
ihixd.     He  alfo  wrote  notes  an3'  prefaces  to  feveral  works. 


I^ERGOLESI.  139 

His  edition  of  the  works  of  Boffuct  w^is  the  beft,  till  they 
were  pnbliihed  by  the  6enedi£lines  of  St.  Maur ;  and  he  was 
author  of  an  efteemed  life  of  JeromeJSignon,  in  i2mo,  I757« 
He  died  in  March,  1767,  at  the  age  of  fixty-fevcn. 

PEREFIXE  (Hardouin  de  Beaumont  de),  a  Frehcli 
writer,  is  memorable  for  having  left  a  very  excellent  **  Hif- 
toirc  du  Roi  Henry  IV,"  of  France:  written  indeed  more  like 
an  abridgement  than  a  hiftory  at  large  ;  but  full  of  wifdom  in 
what  relates  to  the  inftitution  of  a  prince,  and  full  of  truth  as 
to  matters  of  fadh  He  was  maJtre  d'Hotel  to  cardinal  Riche- 
lieu, under  whom  he  was  trained;  became  a  do£lor  of  the 
Sorbonne ;  was  afterwards  appointed  preceptor  to  Louis  XIV. 
and  made  archbifliop  of  Paris  in  1664.     1  he  Jefuits  are  fup* 

f>ofed  to  have  governed  him,  and  to  have  put  him  upon  mea*- 
ures,  which  offended  the  Janfenifts,  and  made  him  obnoxious 
to  obloquy  and  mifrcprefentation :  but  he  was  certainly  a  very 
excellent  as  well  as  a  very  amiable  man.  He  died  in  i6ya. 
He  had  be^n  admitted  into  the  French  academy  in  1654. 

PEREZ  (Antony),  a  Spanifh  lawyer,  much  famed  in  his 
day  for  feveral  elaborate  works  on  the  civil  and  public  Law, 
Comments  on  the  Digefts,  and  other  works  of  that  kini  He 
was  born  at  Alfaro,  a  fmall  village  in  upper  Navarre,  and  died 
at  i«0uvaiR  in  1672,  at  the  age  of  eighty-nine.  He  ntufl  not 
be  confounded  with  Antony  Perez,  a  femous  Jefuit  of 
Sal^nanca,  nor  with  anot-her  of  the  fame  name,  who  was  phy- 
iician  and  furgeon  to  Philip  II.  who  wrote  a  treatife  on  the 
plague  i-  nor  yet  with  a  Portuguefe  furgeon  who  wrote  in  his 
owa  language,  on  the  fubjeds  of  his  profefEon,  in  the  feven- 
teenth  century. 

PERGrOLESI  (Giovanni  Battista),  one  of  the  moft 
excellent  of  the  Italian  compofers,  was  born  at  Caforia  in  the 
kingdom  of  Naples,  in  1704;  and  was  educated  at  Naples 
under  Gaetano  Greco,  a  very  famous  mufician  of  that  time. 
The  prince  of  San-Agllano,  or  Stigliano  [p],  becoming  ac~ 
quainted  with  the  talents  of  young  rergoleli,  took  him  under. 
his- prote<aion,  and,  from  1730  to  1734*  procured  him  em- 
ployment in  the  new  theatre  at  Naples,  where  his  opera?  had 
prodigious  fuccefs.  He  then  vifited  Rome,  for  which  place  his 
C)lympiade  was  compofed,  and  there  performed ;  but,  by  fome. 
unaccountable  fatality,  was  by  no  means  applauded  asitde* 
ferved;  after  which  he  returned  to  Naples,  and  falling  into  a 
confumptive  diforder,  died  at  the  premature  age  of  thirty-three*. 
It  is  not  true,  as  fome  authors  have  aflferted,  that  he  Was  poii- 
foned  by  fome  of  his  rivals.  From  the  ftyle  of  his  compofition; 
^e  Italiafis-have  called  him  the  Domenichino  of  mnfic,    Eafe, 

[t]^Borney*f  Hift.  vqI.  iv.  p.  55a. 

united 


140  PERGOLESI. 

united  with  deep  knowledge  of  harmony,  and  great  richnefs  of 
melody,  forms  the  charafteriftic  of,  his  mufic.     It  expreffes 
the  paifions  with  the  very  voice  of  nature,  and  fpeaks  to  the 
foul  by  the  natural  force  of  its  effedis.     It  has  been  thought  by 
fome,  of  too  melancholy  ^  caft,  which  might  arife,  perhaps, 
from  the  depreffion    produced   by   infirmity   of  conftitution. 
His   principal  works  are,  i.  The  **   Stabat  Mater,"  ufually 
confidered  as  his  moft  perfeft  work,  and  much  better  known 
than  any  other,  in  this  country.     2.  Another  famous  mafs, 
beginning,  "  Dixit  et  laudate,"   firft'  heard   with  rapture  at 
Naples,  foon  after  his  resturn  from  Rome.     3-  The  mafs  called, 
<*  Salve  Regina,"  the   lall  of  his  produftions,  compofed  at 
Torre  del  Greco,  a  very  fhort  time  belore  his  death,  but  as  much 
admired  as  any  of  his  compofitions.    4.  His  opera  of  "  Olyra- 
piade,"  fet  to  the  words  of  Metaftafio.      5.  "  La  ferva  Pa- 
irona,"  a  comic  opera.     6.  His  famous  cantata  of  "  Orfeo  e 
Euridice."     The  greater  part  of  his  other  compofitions  were 
formed  for  pieces  written  in  the  Neapolitan  diale£l,  and  unin- 
telligible to  the  reft  of  Italy.     Pergolefi's  firft  and  principal 
inftrument  was  the  violin.     The  following  opinions  refpe£ling 
the  ftyle  of  Pergolefi,  are  copied  from  the  works  of  a  moft 
competent  judge  [qJ. 

"  He  had,  perhap5s,  more  energy  of  genius,  and  a  finer  ta£f^ 
than  any  of  his  predeceflbrs ;  for  though  no  labour  appears  in 
his  produftions,  even  for  the  church,  where  the  parts  are  thin, 
and  frequently  in  unifon,  yet  greater  and  more  beautiful  efFefts 
are  often  produced  in  the  performance  than  are  promifed  in  the 
fcore." — "  The  church-mufic  of  Pergolefi  has  been  'cenfured 
by  his  countryman.  Padre  Martini,  as  well  as  by  fome  Englifli 
fnufical  critics,  for  too  much  levity  of  movement,  and  a  dra- 
matic caft,  even  in  fome  of  his  flow  airs ;  while,  on  the  con- 
trary, Eximeno  fays,  that  he  never  heard,  and  perhaps  never 
fhall   hear,    facred  mufic  accompanied  with  initniments,    fo 
learned  and  fo  divine,  as  the  Stubat  Mater  J"    Dr.  Burney.  thinks 
it  very  doubtful  whether  the  fonata*  afcribed  to  this  author  are 
genuine ;  but  obferves,  that  the  progrefs  fince  made  in  inftru- 
inental  mufic,  ought  not,  at  all  events,  to  diminifli  the  reputation 
X)f  Pergolefi,  **  which,*'  he  adds,  **  was  not  built  on  produdlions 
of  that  kind,  but  on  vocal  compofitions,  in  which  .the  clearnefs, 
fimplicity,  truth,  and  fweetnefs  of  ex|?reflion,  juflly  entitle  him 
to  fupremacy  over  all  his  predecefFors,  and  contemporary  rivals^ 
and  to  a  niche  in  the  temple  .of  fame,  among  the  great  im- 
provers of  the  art ;  as,  if  not  the  founder,  the  principal  po- 
liflier  of  a  ftyle  of  compofition  both  for  the  church  and  ftage* 
which  has  been   conftantly  cultivated  by  his  (ucceilors;    and 

[qj  Dn  Burney 's  Hift,,voL  iv.  p.  «6. 

which^ 


PfeRIZONIUS.  t4i 

tvhich,^at  the  diftance  of  half  a  century,  from  the  (hort  period 
in  which  he  flourifhecl,  ft  ill  reigns  throughout  Europe,"  The 
learned  hiftorian,  for  this  reafon,  juftly  conCders  the  works  of 
Pergolefi,  as  forming  a  great  aera  in  modern  mufic, 

PERIZONIUS  (James),  a  learned  German,  was  of  a  fa- 
mily originally  of  Teutorp,  a  fmall  town  in  Weftphalia  :  their 
name  was  Voorbrock  [r]  ;  but  being  changed  for  Perizonius, 
(a  Greek  word  of  fimilar  import,  implying  fomething  of  the 
nature  of  a  girdle)  by  one  who  publifhed  an  "  Epithalamium," 
Avith  this  name  lubfcribed,  it  was  ever  after  retained  by  the 
learned  part  of  the  family.  Anthony  Perizonius  was  reftor  of 
the  fchool  of  Dam,  profeiror  of  divinity  and  the  Oriental  lan- 
guages, firft  at  Ham,  and  afterwards  at  Deveriter;  at  which 
laft  place  he  died  in  1672,  in  his  forty- fixth  year.  He  pub-- 
Hflied,  in  1669,  a  learned  treatife,  "  De  Ratione  ftudii  Theo- 
logici." 

James,  the  eldeft  fon  of  Anthony,  was  born  at  Dam,-  Oft. 
26,  1651 ;  and  ftudied  firft  under  Gifbert  Cuper  at  Deventer," 
and  was  afterwards,  in  1671,  removed  to  Utrecht,  where  he 
attended  the  teftures  of  Grasvius.  His  father  defigned  him  for 
divinity  and  the  miniftry  ;  but,  by  death,  left  him  to  purfue  hi* 
natural  inclination  and  tafte,  which  lay  towards  polite  learning,* 
hiftory,  and  antiquity.  With  this  view,  he  went,  in  1674,  to 
Lcyden,- where  he  continued  his  ftudies  under  Theodore  Ryckiu?, 
profeflbr  of  hiftory  and  eloquence  in  that  city.  He  became 
afterwards  reftor  of  the  Latin  fchool  at  Delft ;  and  was  in  that 
fituation,  when,  in  1681,  he  accepted  the  profeftbrfliip  of  hif- 
tory and  eloquence,  which  was  oftered  him  by  the  univerfity  of 
Franeker.  His  great  reputation  made  this  univerfity  flourifti^ 
on  which  account  his  ftipend  was  augmented  by  the  addition  of 
an  hundred  crov/ns.  Ryckius  dying  in  1690,  Perizonius  was 
offered  the  vacant  profeiforftiip  ;  but  the  curators  of  Franeker 
engaged  him  to  continue  with  them,  by  adding  another  hun- 
dred crowns  to  his  ftipend.  He  left  them,  however,  in  1693, 
and  went  to  Leyden,  to  fill  the  place  of  profeflbr  of  hiftory, 
Eloquence,  and  the  Greek  language  ;  and  in  this  employment 
continued  till  his  death.  He  was  a  man  of  incredible  dili- 
gence, as  well  as  exa^tnefs;  for,  though  he  wrote  much,  yet 
he  never  committed  any  thing  to  the  prefs,  without  having  re- 
vifed  and  examined  it.  Exceflive  application  to  ftudy  ftiort- 
cned  his  life  ;  for,  being  of  a  delicate  conftitution,  and  taking 
no  care  to  ftrengthen  it  by  excrcife,  a  flow  fever  at  length  crept 
upon  him,  and  never  quitted  him,  tHl  it  had  put  an  end  to 
him.  He  died,  April  6,  1717,  and  left  a  will  that  favoureda 
little  of  that  whim  and  peculiarity  which  fouKuim^rs  infe<a«  the. 

[r]  Niteron,  tomci.  .    . 

learned 


142  PERRAULT. 

learned  in  their  retirements.  He  ordered^  that  as  foon  as  he 
Ihould  expire,  his  body  fliould  be  drefled  in  bis  clothes,  thea 
fet  up  in  a  chair,  and  that  a  beard  (hould  be  made  for  him. 
Some  fay  this  was  done,  that  a  painter  might  finifli  his  pidlurcj 
already  begun,  in  order  to  be  placed  over  the  manufcripts  and 
books  which  he  left  to  the  library  of  the  univcrfity:  but  what- 
ever was  the  motive,  the  thing  was  ridiculous  and  unworthy 
of  his  character.  He  was  a  man  of  a  good  mien,  well  made^ 
of  a  grave  and  ferious  air,  but  far  from  any  thing  of  pedantry 
and  anedation:  and  fo  modeft,  that  he  never  fpake  of  himfelf 
;uid  his  writings,  except  when  he  was  afked  about  them.  He 
had  a  great  judgement,  a  good  memory,  and  profound  erudition* 
He  would  never  marry,  becaufe  he  was  defirous  that  his  ftudies 
Ihould  not  be  interrupted. 

He  publiftied  a  great  many  works  in  Latin,  relating  to  hif- 
tory,  antiquities,  and  claflical  literature ;  the  principal  of  which 
are  thefe:  i.  "  M.  T.  Ciceronis  eruditio:"  an  inaugural  ora- 
tion, at  his  being  ini^alled  profeflbr  of  Franeker  in  1681.  2* 
•*  Animadverfiones  Hiftoricae,  16&5,"  8vo.     This  work  is  em- 

Jloyed  in  correfiing  the  miftakes  of  hiftorians  and  critics,  an<t 
lews  great  exaftnefs  and  learning.  3.  "  Q.  Curtius  in  in- 
tegrum reftitutus,  et  vindicatus  ab  immodica  atque  acerba 
Qimiscrifi  viri  clariffimi  Joannis  Clerici,  1703,"  8vo.  To  this 
Le  Clerc  replied,  in  the  third  volume  of  his  "  Bibliotheque 
Choifee."  4.  "  Rerum  per  Europam  fajculo  fexto-decima 
inaxime  geftarum  Commentarii  Hiltorici,  1710,-'  8vo.  5^ 
•*  Origines  jEgyptiacae  et  Babylonicse,  171 1,"  2  vols.  i2mo« 
This  work  is  levelled  againft  the  "  Chronological  Syftems"  of 
Uiher,  Capellus,  Pezron,  but  efpecially  of  fir  John  Marlham* 
Perizonius  wrote  alfo  feveral  diflertations  upon  particular  points 
of  antiquity,  which  would  have  done  no  fmall  credit  to  the 
coUedlions  of  Graevius  and  Gronovius.  He  publiflied  an  edi- 
tion of  "  Elian's  Various  Hiftory"  correfted  from  the  manu^ 
fcripts,  and  illuftfated  with  notes,  in  1701,  8vo.  James  Gro- 
nqvius  having  attacked  a  paflage  in  his  notes,  a  controverfy 
enfued,  which  degenerated  at  length  into  fuch  perfonal  stbuki 
that  the  curators  of  the  univerfity  of  Leyden  thought  proper  to 
iaterpofe,  and  put  a  ftop  to  it  by  their  authority;  He  wrote 
a,lfo  large  notes  upon  "  Sanftii  Minerva,  five  de  caiafis  lingiias 
Commentarius;"  the  befl:  edition  of  which  is  that  of  1714^  8vo; 
PERRAULT  (Claude),  an  eminent  French  author,  wa^ 
.the  fon  of  an  advocate  of  parliament,  and  born  at  Pari^  in 
t6i3rs]i  He  was  bred  a  phyfician,  but  pra<3:ifed  only  among, 
his  relations^  his  friends,  and  thtt  poCff;  He  difeovered  early  a* 
l^atiiQUlar  tafte  for  the  fciences  and  firie  arts  j  of  which  he  ac^ 

[s]  Nlc«ron,  tome  xxxiii. 

quired 


PERRAULT.  14J 

quired  a  veiy  confummate  knowledge,  without  the  ailifbiice 
of  a  mafter.  He  was  (Jellied  in  architeSure,  painting,  fculp- 
ture,  mathematics,  phyfics,  and  all  thofe  arts  which  relate  to 
deiigning  and  mechanics.  He  excelled  efpecially  in  the  firft  of 
tliefe,  and  was  one  of  the  greateft  architeds  France  ever  pro^. 
duced.  Louis  XIV.  had  a  great  and  noble  tafte  for  architec-r 
ture,  and  fent  for  Bernini  from  Rome,  and  other  architects ; 
but  Perrault  was  preferred  to  them  all.  The  entrance  into  the 
Louvre,  which  was  defigned  by  him,  *'  is,"  fays  Voltaire  [t J,. 
"  one  of  the  moft  auguft  monuments  of  architeiElurc  in  the, 
world. — We  fometimes,''  adds  he,  **  go  a  great  way  in  fearck 
of  what  we  have  at  home.  There  is  not  one  of  the  palaces  at 
Rome,  whofe  entrance  is  comparable  to  this  of  the  Louvre; 
for  which  we  are  obliged  to  Perrault,  whom  Boiieau  has  at- 
tempted to  turn  into  ridicule."  Thefe  two  great  men  had  2 
terrible  quarrel  for  a  long  time  ;  and  the  refentment  of  Boiieau 
carried  him  fo  far,  as  to  induce  him  to  deny  that  Perrault  was 
the  real  author  of  thofe  great  defigns  in  architedure,  that  pafled 
for  his.  Perrault  had  faid  forftething  againft  Boiieau *s  Satires,^ 
as  if  certain  paflages  in  them  refleded  upon  the  king:  he  alia 
joined  with  his  brother  Charles  in  fupporting  the  moderns,  while 
Boiieau  was  general  for  the  ancients:  and  both  thefe  things 
together  drew  the  poetical  vengeance  of  Boiieau  upon  him^ 
Tti^y  were,  however,  reconciled  at  length;  and  Boiieau  ac- 
Icnowledged  Perrault  to  be  a  man  of  great  merit,  and  very 
learned  in  matters  relating  to  phyfics  and  the  fine  arts. 

Monf.  Colbert,  who  loved  architeAure,  and  was  ready  to 
fupply  all  means  for  bringing  it  to  perfedlion,  put  him  upoa 
tranflating  Vitruvius  into  French,  and  iliuftratine  it  witb 
notes;  which  he  did,  and  publifhed  it  in  1673,  folio,  with 
figures.  Perrault  was  fuppofed  to  have  fucceeded  in  this  work 
beyond  all  that  wer-t  before  him,  who  were  cither  architeds 
without  learning,  or  learned  men  without  any  fkill  in  archi- 
tenure.  Perrault  was  both  an  archited  and  a  learned  man^ 
and  had  a  great  knowledge  of  all  thofe  things  relating  to  archie* 
tc6lure  of  which  Vitruvius  fpeaks,  as  painting,  fculpture^. 
•  mechanics,  &c.  He  had  fo  extraordinary  a  genius  for  mecha- 
nics, tliat  he  invented  the  machines,  by  which  thofe  ftones  of 
fifty-two  feet  in  length,  of  which  the  front  of  the  Louvre  is 
formed,  were  raifed.  He  had  a  fine  hand  at  defigning  and 
dj^wing  models ;  and  the  connoifleurs  have  obferved,  that  the; 
oxiginglsdQne.  by  himfelf,  from  whence  the  figures  for  his 
Vitruvius  were  taken,  were  more  exa<St  and  finilhed  than  the. 
cppper^platcs  themfelves,  although  thefe  are  exceedingly  beau-^ 

f  t]  Slecic  de  Louis  XIV.  chap.  xxxiU 

I  tifulV 


144  PERkAULt. 

tiful.     A  fecond  edition  of  his  "  Vitruvius,  revifed,  correSerf, 
and  augmented,"  was  printed  at  Paris,   1684,  in  folio. 

When  the  Academy  of  Sciences  was  eftabliflied,  he  was- 
chofen  one  of  its  firft  members,  and  was  chiefly  depended  upon 
in  what  related  to  mechanics  and  natural  philofophy.  He  gave 
proofs^of  his  great  knowledge  in  thefe,  by  the  publication  of 
feveral  works :  among  which  were,  **  Me  moires  pour  fervir  a 
rhiftoire  naturelle  des  animaux,*'  printed  in  1676,  folio,  with 
figures;  "  Eflfais  de  Phifique,"  in  four  volumes  lamo,  the 
three  firft  of  which  came  out  in  1680,  and  the  fourth  in  1688  ; 
*'  Recueil  de  plufieurs  machines  de  nouvelle  invention,  1700," 
4to,  &c.  He  died,  Od.  9,  1688,  aged  75,  Although  he  had 
never  praftifed  phyfic  in  any  public  w^ay,  yet  the  faculty  of 
Paris,  of  which  he  was  a  member,  had  fuch  an  opinion  of  his 
ikill,  and  fo  much  efteem  for  the  man,  that  after  his  death  they 
defired  his  pi6lure  of  his  heirs,  and  placed  it  in  their  public 
fchools  with  that  of  Fernelius,  Riolanus,  and  others,  who  had 
done  honour  to  their  profefiion. 

PERRAULT  (Charles),  the  brother  of  Claude,  was  born 
at  Paris  in  1626,  and  difcovered  early  a  greater  genius  for  letters 
than  his  brother;  and  as  great  a  one  for  the  fciences  and 'fine 
arts,  which  he  cultivated  under  his  dire6lions.  The  minifter 
Colbert  [u J  chofe  him  for  his  firft  clerk  of  the  buildings,  of  which 
himfelf  was  fuperintendant ;  and  afterwards  made  him  comp- 
troller-general of  the  finances  under  him.  Perrault  employed 
his  whole  intercft  and  credit  with  him,  to  make  arts  and  fciences 
flourifti :  he  diftinguiftied  and  recommended  thofe  who  excelled 
in  each  ;  and  it  was  owing  to  him,  that  the  academies  of  paint- 
ing, fculpture,  and  architecture,  were  formed.  He  was  one  of  • 
the  firft  members  of  the  academy  of  the  belles  lettres  and  infcrip- 
tions,  and  was  received  into  the  French  academy  in  1671.  He 
was  very  ufeful  to  the  men  of  letters  who  frequented  his'  levee, 
and  Ihewed  him  great  refpedl:  as  long  as  his  proteftor  lived  ;  but, 
upon  the  death  of  Colbert  in  1683,  and  when  the  efFe£ls  of 
envy  took  place,  he  was  ftrangely  neglefled  by  them.  He  fpent 
the  next  twenty  years  in  retirement,  and  devoted  himfelf  wholly 
to  reading  and  writing  books.  He  publiftied  various  works, 
upon  different  fubje6ts,  in  verfe  and  profe.  He  had  an  agree- 
able manner  of  writing  in  profe,  though  fomewhat  negligent ; 
and  his  poetry  is  not  deftitute  of  invention  and  imagination, 
though  it  is  not  correft  enough  to  eftablifti  an  opinion  of  his  . 
judgement.  His  poem,  called  "  La  Peintnre,"  printed  firft  in 
1668,  and  afterwards  in  the  colledion  of  his  mifcellaneous 
works  in  verfe  and  profe  in  1675,  4to,  was  univerfally  admired' 
and  praifed ;  and  even  Boileau  himfelf  could  not  foroear  doing 
juftice  to  it. 

[u]  Niceron,  &c,  tome  xxxi'u. 

In 


.    In  1688,  he  piiblifhed  a  poem,  entitled,  ^*  Le  Siecle  3e  Louis 

le  Grand ;"  The  Age  of  Louis  the  Great :  which  Was  a  kind  of 

t>relude  to  a  w^r  with  all  the  learned.     In  this  he  had  fet  the 

modern  authors  above  the  ancient,  an  attempt  which  would  of 

bourfe  appear  Ihocking  to  the  majority,  whd  confidered  the 

ancients  as  fuperior  in  every  fpecies  of  compofition.     BoileaU 

was  prefent  at  the  academy,  when  this  poem  was  redd  there  in 

1687,  and  was  greatly  dilgufted ;  yet  took  no  further  notice  of 

it,  thati  anfwering  it  by  an  Epigram,  as  did  alfo  Menage  iil 

another^  to  which  Perrault  replied  in  a  "  Letter."     This  Pet-*- 

tault  reprinted  the  fame  year,  and  added  to  it  his  "  Parallele  dei 

t  Anciens  et  des  Modernes,"  in  regard  to  arts  and  fcieftces.     A 

\  fecond  volume  of  the  "  Parallele"  appeared  in  1690,  where  the 

;  '  fubjed  of  their  eloquence  is  confidered ;  a  third,  in  1692,  to  deter- 

i  mine  their  poetical  merit;  and  a  fourth,  in  1696,  which  treats 

ibf  their  aftronomy,  geography,  navigation,  manner  of  warring^ 
|>hilofophy,  mUfic,  medicine,  &c.  i2mo.     In  the  third  volume, 
J  whfch  relates  to  poetry,    Perrault  had   not  only  equalled  thfe 

modern  poets  with  the  ancient,  and  particularly  Boileau,  but  had 
i  alfo  fet  up  Chapelain,  Quinault,  Cotin,  and  other  French  poets. 

Whom  Boileau  in  his  Satires  had  treated  with  contempt ;  inti- 
mating at  the  fame  time,  that  he  did  not  approve  of  Boileati's 
treatment  of  them.  Boileau,  who  was  always  a  paflionate 
admirer  of  the  ancients,  was  hurt  with  a  comparifon  fo  much 
to  their  difadvantage,  and  was  now  refolved  to  do  fomething 
tnore  than  write  epigrams  in  their  behalf.  He  was  more  par* 
ticularly  determined  to  this  by  a  fpeech  of  the  prince  of  Conti, 
who  one  day  told  Racine,  that  he  would  go  to  the  French  aca- 
demy, and  write  upon  Boileau's  feat,  **  Tu  dors,  Brutus,"  Thoii 
fleepeft,  Brutus.  What  Boileau  wrote  againft  Perrault^  is  to 
be  found  in  his  *•  Reflexions  critiques  fur  Longin,"  They  were 
reconciled  however  in  1699 ;  and  Boileau  wrote  him  a  letter 
upon  the  occafion,  which  is  printed  in  his  works,  Voltaire 
fays  [x],  with  regard  to  this  famous  controverfy,  which  Vrsii 
carried  on  at  the  fame  time  in  England,  by  fir  William  Temple 
and  others,  that  "  Perrault  has  been  reproached  with  ^having 
found  too  many  faults  with  the  ancients,  but  that  his  gretit  fault 
was,  the  having  criticized  them  injudicioufly." 

After  this  troublefome  affair  was  ended,  Perrault  applied 
himfelf  to  draw  up  "  Hiftorical  Eulogiums"  of  fevcral  great 
men  in  the  17th  century,  which  he  publiihed  with  their  por- 
traits from  the  colledlion  of  the  celebrated  Begon.  The  beauty 
of  the  plates  makes  this  work  curious,  as  well  as  ufeful.  He 
was  determined  by  the  public  voice  in  the  choice  of  his  heroes, 
tvhom  he  confined  to  an  hundred :  but  thexe  arc  an  hundred*  and 

.  -fz]  Si^cIe  de  Louis  XIV.  teou  ui 

.Vot.  XIL  L  two 


146  PERRIER. 

two  in  the  coIieAion  ;  the  reafon  of  which  was  this.  Arnaiild 
9nd  Pafcal  were  defervedly  in  his  lift ;  but  the  Jefuits  made 
intereft  to  have  them  excluded,  and  prevailed.  Perrault  thought 
it  ncceffary  to  fubftitute  two  freih  ones :  but  the  public  refufed 
to  accept  the  work,  unlefs  Arnaiid  and  Pafcal  might  keep  their 
places ;  and  hence  it  arofe,  that  inftead  of  a  hundred  lives, 
which  was  Perrault's  original  deflgn,  we  find  an  hundred  and 
two.  There  are  other  works  of  Perrault,  which  arc  much 
^eemed,  as,  **  Lc  Cabinet  de  Beaux  Arls,"&c.  or,  A  Colledlion 
q{  Copper*p1ates  relating  to  Arts  and  Sciences,  with  Illuftra* 
tions  in  Verfe  and  Profe :  **  Faernus's  Fables,  tranfiated  into 
French  Verfe,  &c." 

Ch.  Perrault  died  in  1703,  aged  77,  Madame  Dacier,  in  the 
preface  to  her  tratiflation  of  "  Homer's  Odyffey,"  has  given  the 
following  charafter  of  this  author*  "  He  was,"  fays  (he,  **  a 
man  of  talents,  of  agreeable  converfation^  and  the  author- of 
fome  little  works,  which  have  been  defervedly  %fteemed.  He 
had  alfo  all  the  qualities  of  an  honeft  and  good  man  ;  was  pious, 
iincere,  virtuous,  polite,  modeft,  ready  to  ferve,  and  pundual 
in  the  difcbarge  of  every  duty.  He  had  a  confiderable  place 
\jpder  one  of  the  greateft  minifters  France  ever  had,  who  repofed 
the  utmoft  confidence  in  him,  which  he  never  employed  for 
himfelf,  but  always  for  his  friends^"  Such  a  charader  from 
madam  Dacier,  muft  fuggeft  to  us  the  higheft  opinion  of  Perrault 
as  a  tnan,  when  it  is  confidered,  that,  as  an  author,  (he  thought 
him  guilty  of  the  greateft  of  all  crimes,  an  attempt  to  degrade 
the  ancient  writers,  whom  fbe  not  only  reverenced,  but  adored  ; 
i^omrary  to  the  declaration  of  Perrault,  who  had  faid,  in  his 
"  Siccle  de  Louis," 

**  La  dofte  antiquite  fut  toujour*  venerable, 
«*  Je  ne  la  trouve  pas  cependant  adorable," 

Befides  Claude  and  Charles,  there  were  two  other  brothers, 
Peter  and  Nicolas,  who  diftinguiftied  themfelves  in  the  literary 
yrorld*  Peter,  the  elded  of  them  all,  was  receiver-general  of 
Xhp  finances,  and  publifhed,  in  1674,  a  piece,  "  De  Torigine  des 
Fontaiues  ;*'  and,  m  1678,  a  French  tranflation  of  Taflbni*s  «<  La 
Secchia  rapita."  Nicolas  was  admitted  dodor  of  the  Sorbonnft. 
fp  C652,  and  died  in  1661 ;  leaving  behind  him  a  work,  enti- 
tled, ''  La  Klprale  des  Jefuites,  extraite  fidelement  de  leura 
livres,"  wjfiich  was  printed  in  1667,  410. 

PERRIER  (Francis),  an  eminent  French  painter,  born  at 
Ma^oh  in  1590,  was  a  goldfrriith's  fon ;  a  debauched  young 
roan,  wbp,  running  away  from  his  parents,  went  to  Rome.  As 
he  was  on  his  Journey  thither,  his  money  fell  ihort ;  when  a 
.blind  man,  who  was  alfo  bound  for  Rome,  perfuaded  him  to 
lead  him,  offering  \i\m  a  ftafe  qf  the  ^k^s^lip  got  by  begging  on 
...  3.1   '      '    '       •  *^ 


PERRIER,  147 

|ho  road*  Perrlcr,  having  no  other  Way  to  fubfift,  accepted  of 
h'ls  offer ;  and  in  this  equipage  arrived  at*Rome,  where  he  was 
^gain  very  much  embarrafled  to  find  out  means  to  maintain 
bimfelf,  his  blind  beggar's  afliflance  either  failing,  or  not  being 
fufficient  to  fupport  hira.  He  was  reduced  to  terrible  flraits  at 
his  firft  arrival;  but,  that  neceflity  prompting  him  to  recur  to  his 
^^nius  for  the  pencil,  the  facility  of  this  in  a  little  time  put  him 
m  a  way  to  get  his  bread.  He  acquired  an  eafy  and  agreeable 
inander  of  derigning :  his  tafte  was  fo  good,  that  feveral  young 
men  addrefled  themfelves  to  him  to  mend  their  defigns ;  and  his 
own  were  bought  up  by  fome  foreigners,  who  fent  them  to  their 
friends,  in  order  to  engage  them  to  fupply  them  with  money. 

In  the  mean  time  Perrier  became  acquainted  with  Lanfranco, 
whofe  manner  he  endeavoured  to  follow,  and  at  lafl  was  able  to 
manage  his  pencil  with  the  fame  eafe  as  he  did  his  crayons. 
Finding  that  he  could  difpatch  a  great  deal  of  bufinefs,  he 
Tefolved  to  return  to  France ;  and  (lopping  at  Lyons,  he  painted 
.the  Carthufians  cloyfter  there.  From  Lyons  he  proceeded  to  . 
Paris ;  and  having  worked  fome  time  for  Vouet,  who  engroffed 
all  the  grand  performances,  he  took  a  fecond  journey  to  Italy, 
where  he  ftayed  ten  years,  and  returned  to  Paris  in  1645.  About 
this  time  he  painted  the  gallery  of  the  Hotel  de  la  Villiere,  and 
drew  feveral  eafel-pieces  for  private  perfons.  He  died  profeflqr 
of  the  academy,  in  1655.  He  etched  feveral  things  with  a  great 
deal  of  fpirit,  and  among  others,  thefineft  baflb-relievos  that  are 
in  Rome,  a  hundred  of  the  moft  celebrated  antiquities,  and 
fome  of  Raphael's  works.  He  alfo  engraved,  in  the  chiaro  obfcura, 
fome  antiquities^  after  a  manner,  of  which,  it  was  faid,  he  was 
the  firil  inventor ;  but  Parmegiano  ufed  it  a  long  time  before 
him.  It  confifts  of  two  copper-plates,  whofe  impreffion  is 
made  on  paper  faintly  (lained :  the  one  plate  is  engraved  after 
the  ufual  way,  and  that  prints  the  black  ;  and  the  other,  which 
is  the  fecret,  prints  the  white  [y]. 

PERRIER  (Charles),  a  French  poet,  nephew  of  Francis, 
was  born  at  Aix  in  Provence.  He  firft  devoted  himfelf  to  Latin 
verftiication,  in  which  he  fucceeded  greatly ;  and  he  boafted  of 
having  formed  the  celebrated  Santeuil.  Tney  quarrelled  after- 
wards from  poetic  jealoufy,  and  made  Menage  the  arbitrator  of 
their  differences.;  who,  however,  decided  in  favour  of  Perrier, 
and  did  not  fcruple  to  call  him  **  The  prince  of  Lyric  poets." 
They  afterwards  became  reconciled,  and  there  are  in  Perrier's 
works  feveral  tranflations  of  pieces  from  Santeuil.  Perrier  after- 
lyards  applied  himfelf  to  French  poetry,  in  which  he  was  not 

[y]  This  invention  has  been  much  tion  by  Mr.  Kent,  who  performed 'it  !ji 
improved  fince,  and  efpecially  of  late  in  any  two  other  colours  a«  well  as  black  and 
England  kts  been  carried  to  great  pcifcc-  .  white.     ,      ^  ;  c.  .      ..  ^  i   ' 

L  2  fo 


148  PERRON. 

fo  fuccefsfuly  though  he  took  Malherbe  for  his  niodeK  Thfe 
importunity,  and  even  fury,  ^vith  which  this  poet  repeated  hi^ 
verfes  to  all  who  came  near  him,  made  him  infupportable*  One 
day  he  accompanied  Boileau  to  church ;  and,  during  mafs,  did 
nothing  but  talk  of  an  "  Ode,"  which  he  had  prefented  to  Mef» 
(ieurs  of  the  French  academy  for  the  prize  in  1671.  He  com-^ 
plained  of  the  injudice  they  did  him ;  and,  fcarcely  containing 
himfelf  while  the  hoft  was  elevated,  fpoke  loud  enough  to  be 
heard,  that  "  they  faid  his  verfes  were  too  Malherbian."  He 
obtained  the  academy-pri^^e  [zj,  however,  two  years  together, 
namely,  in  1681,  and  1682.  C.  Perrierdied  in  1692.  He  wasv 
upon  the  whole,  a  good  kind  of  man  ;  but,  like  the  generality  of 
fecond-rate  poets,  very  afFedled,  conceited,  and  felf-fufiicient. 
There  are  many  anecdotes  of  him  in  the  "  Menagiana,"  which 
Ihew  this :  from  one  we  learn,  that  he  was  very  angry  with 
Bouhours,  for  not  inferting  him  in  the  lift  of  illuftrious  writers^ 
from  whom  that  father  had  felefted  his  **  Penfees  Ingenieufes.** 
He  complained  of  this  to  Bouhours  himfelf  one  day  in  the  ftreet, 
as  Bouhours  told  Menage. 

PERRON  (James  Davy  du),  a  cardinal,  eminent  for  great 
talents  and  learning,  was  defcended  from  ancient  and  noble  famr- 
lies  on  both  fides.  His  parents,  having  been  educated  in  the 
principles  of  Calvin,  retired  to  Geneva ;  and  fettled  afterwards 
in  the  canton  of  Berne,  where  he  was  born,  Nov.  25,  1556  [a J* 
His  father,  who  was  a  man  of  learning,  inftruded  him  till  he 
was  ten  years  of  age,  and  taught  him  mathematics  and  the  Latin 
tongue.  Young  Perron  feems  afterwards  to  have  built  upon 
this  foundation  by  himfelf;  for,  while  his  parents  were  toiled 
about  from  place  to  place  by  civil  wars  and  perfecutions,.  he 
applied  himfelf  entirely  to  ftudy.  He  learned  by  himfelf  the 
Greek  tongue  and  philofophy,  beginning  that  ftudy  with  the 
logic  of  Ariftotle :  thence  he  pafTed  to  the  orators  and  poets  ;  and 
afterwards  applied  to  the  Hebrew  language,  which  he  attained 
fo  perfeSly,  that  he  read  without  points,  and  leftured  on  it  to  | 

the  mtnifters. 

In  the  reign  of  Henry  III.  he  was  carried  to  the  court,  which  j 

was  then  at  Blois,  where  the  ftates  were  affembled  in  1576 ;  and  ! 

introduced  to  the  king,  as  a  prodigy  of  parts  and  learning*  His 
controverfiai  talents  were  very  great,  fo  that  none  durft  difpute 
'with  him:  although  he  made  many  challenges  to  thofe  who 
would  have  been  glad  to  attack  him.  At  the  breaking  up  of  the 
ftates,  he  came  to  Paris,  and  mounted  the  chair  in  the  habit  of  a 
cavalier,  in  the  grand  hall. of  the  Auguftines,  where  he  held 
public  conferences  upon  the  fciences.    He  fet  himfelf  afterwards 


a 


Boikauy  Art.  poet.  iv.  53.— Sat.  ix.  251. 
Du'Pia*t  8i^MV'.£(^f.  Aiiuurs.  Cent.  17. 


t# 


PERRON.  149 

te  read  the  Summa  of  St.  Thomas  Aquinas,  and  cultivated  a 
ftria  friendfliip  with  Philip  Defportes,  abbot  of  Tiron,  who  put 
him  into  his  own  place  of  reader  to  Henry  III.  He  is  faid  to 
have  loft  the  favour  of  this  prince  in  the  following  manner :  One 
day,  while  the  king  was  at  dinner,  he  made  an  admirable  dif- 
courfe  againft  Atheifts ;  with  which  the  king  was  well  pleafed, 
and  commended  him  much  for  having  proved  the  being  of  a  God 
by  arguments  fo  folid.  But  Perron,  whofe  fpirit  of  policy  had 
not  yet  got  the  better  oY  his  paflion  for  {hining  or  (hewing  his 
parts,  replied,  that  "  if  his  majefty  would  vouchfafe  him  audi- 
ence, he  would  prove  the  contrary  by  arguments  as  folid  j"  v^hich 
fo  offended  the  king,  that  he  forbad  him  to  come  into  his  pre- 
fence. 

Perron  recovered  himfelf,  however,  from  this  fall.  The 
reading  of  St.  Thomas  had  engaged  him  in  the  ftudy  of  the 
fathers,  and  made  him  particularly  acquainted  with  St.  Auflin ; 
fo  that  he  devoted  himfelf  wholly  to  $livinity,  and  refolved  to 
abjure  Calvinifm.  Having  difcovered,  or  rather  pretended  to 
difcover,  many  falfe  quotations  and  weak  reafonings  in  a  "  Trea- 
tife  upon  the  Church,*'  written  by  Du  Pleffis  Mornay,  he  in- 
ftruded  himfelf  thoroughly  in  controverted  points,  and  made 
his  abjuration.  When  he  was  converted  himfelf,  he  laboured 
mightily  in  the  converfion  of  others,  even  before  he  had  embraced 
the  ecclefiaftical  fundlion.  By  thefe  arts,  and  his  uncommon 
abilities,  he  acquired  great  influence,  and  was  appointed  to  pro« 
jiounce  the  funeral  oration  of  Mary  queen  of  Scots,  in  1587 ;  as 
he  had  done  alfo  that  of  the  poet  Konfard,  in  1586.  He  wrote, 
fome  time  after,  by  order  of  the  king,  "  A  comparifon  of  moral 
and  theological  Virtues ;"  and  two  "  Difcourfes,"  one  upon  the 
foul,  the  other  upon  felf-knowledge,  which  he  pronounced  before  ' 
that  prince.  After  the  murder  of  Henry  III.  he  retired  to  the 
houfe  of  cardinal  de  Bourbon,  and  laboured  more  vigoroufly 
than  ever  in  the  converfion  of  the  Reformed.  He  brought  a 
great  number  of  them  back  to  the  church,  among  whom  was 
Henry  Spondanus,  afterwards.bifhop  of  Pamiez  ;  as  this  prelate 
acknowledges,  in  his  dedication  to  cardinal  du  Perron  of  his 
*'  Abridgement  of  Baronius's  Annals."  This  converfion  was 
followed  by  feveral  others ;  and  the  labours  of  Perron  were 
crowned  by  that  of  Henry  IV.  He  went  to  wait  on  that 
prince  with  cardinal  de  Bourbon,  at  the  fiege  of  Rouen  ;  and  fol- 
lowed him  at  Nantes,  wherq  he  held  a  famous  difputc  with  four 
minifters.  The  king,  afterwards  refolving  to  have  a  conference 
about  religion  with  the  principal  prelates  of  the  kingdom,  fent 
for  Du  Perron  to  affift  in  it ;  but,  as  he  was  yet  only  a  layman, 
he  nominated  him  to  the  biihopric  of  Evreux,  that  he  might  be 
Oipable  of  fitting  in  it.    He  came  with  the  other  prelates  to 

h  3  St. 


i5c>  ?ERkON. 

St.  Denis,  and  was  fuppofed  to  contribute  more  thon  anjr'other 
perfon  to  the  convcrfidn  ot  that  great  prince. 

After  this,  he  was  fent  with  M.  d'Oflat  to  Rome,  to  nego- 
tiate Henry's  reconciliation  to  the  holy  fee  ;  which  at  length  he 
cflSi£led,  to  the  fatisfadion  of  the  king,  but  not  of  \\n  fubjefts  ; 
that  part  of  them  at  leaft,  who  were  "Jealous  for  Gallican  liber- 
ties, and  thought  the  dignity  of  their  king  proftituted  upon  thi$ 
dccafion.  Du  Perron  flayed  a  whole  year  at  Rome,  and  then 
returned  to  France ;  where,  by  fuch  kind  of  fervices  as  have 
alre»d^  been  iT>entioned,  he  advanced  himfelf  tf).the  hieheft  dig- 
nities. He  wrote,  and  preached,  and  difputed  againft  the  re- 
fornnci^  particularly  againft  Du  Pleflis  Mornay,  with  whom  he 
had  a  public  conference,  in  the  prefence  of  the  king,  at  Fontain- 
bleau.  The  king  refolved  to  make  him  grand  almoner  of  France, 
to  give  him  the  archbifhopric  of  Sens,  and  wrote  to  Clement 
VIII.  to  obtain  for  him  the  dignity  of  a  cardinal;  which  that 
pope  conferred  on  him,  in  1604,  with  fingular  marks  of  efteem# 
The  indifpofition  of  Clement  foon  after  made  the  king  refolve 
to  fend  the  Fre;ich  cardinals  to  Rome ;  where  Du  Perron  was  no 
fooner  a^(ved,  than  he  was  employed  by  the  pope  in  the  con- 
gregations. He  had  a  great  (hare  in  the  eleftions  of  Leo  X. 
and  Paul  V.  He  aflifted  afterwards  in  the  congregations  upon 
the  fubjc<ft  6f  Grace,  and  in  the  difputes  which  were  agitated 
between  the  Jefuits  and  the  Dominicans :  and  it  was  principally 
upon  his  advice,  that  the  pope  refolved  to  determine  nothing 
with  refpeft  to  thefe  queftions.  He  was  fent  a  third  time  to 
Rome,  to  accomiiiOdate  the  differences  between  Paul  V.  and  the 
republic  of  Venice,  fie  wap  highly  efteemed  by  that  pope,  who 
had  alfo  fuch  an  opinion  of  the  power  of  his  eloquence  and 
tiddrefs,  that  he  fa  id  to  thofe  about  him,  "  Let  us  befeech  God 
to  infpire  cardinal  pu  Perron,  for  he  will  perfuade  us  to  do 
Whatever  he  pleafes."  Thp  king  ordered  him  to  be  fome  time 
at  Rome,  to  take  the  charge  of  his  affairs;  but  his  health  not 
permitting  him  to  ftay  long,  he  was  recalled  to  France, 

After  the  murder  of  Henry  IV.  which  happened  in  1610,  he 
devoted  himfelf  entirely  to  the  court  and  fee  of  Rome,  and  pre- 
vented every  meafure  in  France,  which  might  difpleafe  that  power, 
or  hurt  its  interefts.  He  rendered  ufelefs  the  arret  of  the  par- 
liament of  Paris,  againft  the  book  of  cardinal  Bcllarmine;  and 
favoured  the  infallibility  of  the  pope,  and  his  fuperiority  over  a 
council,  in  a  thefis  maintained  in  i6|i,  before  the  nuncio.  He 
afterwards  held  a  provincial  aifembly,  in  which  he  condemned 
Richer's  book,  **  concerning  ecclpfiaftical  and  civil  authority  :" 
and,  being  at  the  aflembly  of  Blois,  he  made  an  harangue  to 
prove,  tha]t  ihey  ought  not  to  decide  'fome  queftions,  on  account 
of  their  being  points  of  faith.  He  was  qne  of  the  prefidents  of 
the  affenibly  of  the  clergy,  which  was  held  at  Rouen  in  1615 ; 

and 


PERRON.  15* 

imd  made  haringucs  to  the  king  at  the  openirtg  and  (hutting  of 
that  affembly,  which  were  much  applauded.  This  was  the  laft 
fhining  aftion  of  his  life ;  for  after  this  he  retired  to  his  houfe? 
3t  Bagnolet,  and  employed  himfelf  wholly  in  reviling  and  put- 
ting the  laft  hand  to  his  works.  He  fet  up  a  printing- houfe 
there,  that  he  might  have  them  publifli^d  corredlly  ;  and  revifed 
every  flieet  himfelf.  He  died  at  Paris^  Sept.  5,  161 8,  aged  63. 
He  was  a  man  of  great  abilities ;  had  a  lively  and  penetrating 
wit,  and  a  particular  talent  at  making  his  views  appear  reafon- 
able.  He  delivered  himfelf  upon  all  occafions  with  great  clear- 
nefs,  dignity,  and  eloquence.  He  had  a  prodigious  memory^ 
and  had  ftudied  much.  He  was  very  well  verfed  in  antiquity, 
both  ecclefiaftical  and  profane ;  and  had  read  much  in  the  fathers^ 
councils,  and  ecclefiaftical  hiftorians,  of  which  he  knew  how  td 
make  the  beft  ufe  againft  his  adverfaries.  He  was  vpry  powerfut 
in  difpute,  fo  that  the  ableft  minifters.were  afraid  of  him  ;  and 
he  always  confounded  thofe  who  had  the  courage  to  engage  witft 
him.  He  was  warmly  attached  to  the  fee  of  Rome,  and  ftre- 
nuous  in  defending  its  rights  and  prerogatives ;  and  therefore  it 
cannot  be  wondered,  that  his  name  has  never  been  held  in  high 
honour  among  thofe  of  his  countrymen  who  have  been  accuf- 
tomed  to  ttand  up  for  the  Gallicau  liberties. 

The  works  of  Du  Perron,  the  greateft  part  of  which  had  been 
printed  feparately  in  his  life- time,  were  collefted  after  his  death, 
and  publiflied  at  Paris,  1620  and  1622,  in  3  vols,  folio.  The 
firft  contains  his  great  "  Treatife  upon  the  Eucharift,"  againd 
that  of  Du  Pleflis  Mornay.  The  fecortd,  his  <<  Reply  to  the 
Anfwer  of  the  King  of  Great  Britain."  The  following  was 
the  oCcafiort  of  that  work :  James  I.  of  England  fent  to  Henr)[ 
I V.  of  France  a  book,  which  he  had  written  himfelf,  concerning 
differences  in  religion.  Henry  put  it  into  the  hands  of  Du  Per- 
ron's brother,  who  informed  his  majefty,  from  what  the  cardinal 
had  obfervedto  him,  that  there  were  many  paflages  in  that  bookj 
in  whicli  the  king  of  England  feemed  to  come  near  the  Catho- 
lics ;  and  that  it  might  be  proper  to  fend  fome  able  perfon,  with 
a  view  of  bringing  him  en'irely  over.  Henry,  taking  the  advice 
of  his  prelates  in  this  affair,  caufed  it  to  be  propofed  to  the  king 
of  England,  whether  or  no  he  would  take  it  in  good  part  to 
have  the  cardinal  Du  Perron,  fent  to  him  ?  who  returned  for 
anfwer,  that  he  fhould  be  well  plea  fed  to  confer  with  him,  but 
for  reafons  of  ftate  could  not  do  it.  Ifaac  Cafaubon,  however,  si 
moderate  perfon  among  the  reformed,  who  had  been  engaged 
in  feveral  conferences  with  Du  Perron  about  religion,  and  who 
feemed  much  inclined  to  a  re-union,  was  prevailed  on  to  take  a 
voyage  into  England ;  where  he  fpoke  advantageoufly  of  Du 
Perron  to  the  king,  and  prefented  fome  pieces  of  poetry  to  him, 
which  the  cardinal  liad  put  into  his  hands.     The  king  received 

L  4  tbem 


15?  PERROT. 

them  kin41y,  an4  cxpreffed  much  eftcem  for  the  author  j  yy}x\ci\ 
pafaubon  noticing  to  Du  Perron,  he  returned  a  letter  of  civility 
and  thanks  to  his  Britannic  majcfty  ;  in  which  he  told  hint,  that, 
**  except  the  fole  title  of  Catholic,  he  could  ifind  nothing  panting 
m  his  niajefty,  that  was  neceflfary  to  make  a  nioft  perfef^  anq 
accompli flied  prince."  The  king  replied,  that,  **'l)elieving  alt 
things  which  the  ancients  had  unanimoufly  thought  neccflary  to 
jfalvation,  the  title  of  Catholic  could  not  be  denied  hini.V  Ga- 
faubon  having  fent  this  anfwer  to  Du  Perron,  he  rqade  a  reply 
to  it  in  a  letter,  dated  the  15th  of  July,  161 1,  in  which  lie  letsj 
forth  the  reafons,  tha^  obliged  hifn  to  refufe  the  name  of  Catholic 
to  his  Britannic  majefty.  Cafaul)on' fent  him  a  writing  by  way 
of  anfwer,  in  the  name  of  the  ting,  to  all  the  articles  of  hi^ 
letter  )  to  which  the  cardinal  made  a  liarge  reply,  which  confti- 
tutes  the  bulk  of  the  fecond  vojume  of  his  works.  The  thir4 
contains  his  mifeellaneous  pieces  ;  among  which  are,  f*  A^s  of 
the  Conference  held  at  Fonjtainbleau  againift  Du  Pleflis  Mor- 
liay;"  moral  and  religious  pieces  in  profe  and  verfe,  orations, 
diflertations,  tranflations,  and  letters.    '  •      ••     *   ■    , 

There  was  a  fourth  volume  of  his  embaflies  and  negotiation?, 
colle(9:ed  by  Casfar  de'Ligni,  his  fecretary,  iand  printed  at  Paris 
in  1623,  folio:  but  thefe  are  fuppofed  not  to  have  done  hiai 
puch  honour,  as  not  (hewing  that  profound  reach  and  infight 
into  things,  without  which  po  one  can  be  an  able  negotiator. 
There  were  alfo  publifhed  afterwards,  under  his  name,  *'  Per- 
roniana,"  which,  like  nioft  of  the  ana,  is  a  colle&ion  of  pueril- 
ities and  inipei-tinences.  '       '  *    '  v  * 

PERROT  (Nicolas),  fieur  d'^BLANCOtJRT,  a  fjne  ge- 
nius of  France,  was  born  at  Chalons,  April  5,  1606  [b].  rfq 
ijprung  from  a  family  which  had  been  illuftrious  in  the  law,  and 
the  greateft  care  was  beftowed  on  his  education.  His  fathejf 
Paul  Perrot,  who  was  a  Proteftant,  and  famous  for  \iis  writings^ 
fent  him  to  purfue  his  ftudies  in  the  college  of  Sedan  ;  where  he 
inade  fo  rapid  a  progrefs,  that,  at  thirteen,  he  had  g^^^  through 
the  dallies.  JIc  was  then  taken  home,  and  had  an  able  matter 
provided,  riot  onfy  to  go  over  his  whole  courfe  of  ftudy  with  hin:i 
again,  but  alfo  to  give  him  fome  tindure  of  philofophy.  After 
having  continued  in  this  way  about  three  years,"  he  was  fent  tq 
Paris,  where  he  ftudied  the  law  five  or  fix  months,  and  was 
afterwards  admitted  advocate  of  parliament ;  but  foon  conceivecj 
a  difguft  to  tne  law.  At  twenty,  he  abjured  the  Proteftant  reli- 
gion ;  and  foon  after  diftinguifhed*  himfelf  in  the  republic  of 
JetterS,  by  writing  a  preface  to  the  *'  Honncte  Femme,^*  for  his 
Jriend  father  Du  Bofc^     Scarcely  was  this  preface,  which  is  a 

.  [b]  6ayle*s  DIdt.  AblancoQrt^s  Life  in  tome  2d.  of  Patru^s  Works,  Dutch  edition, 
16925.     '  .         -   -     ^    ■■•  - - - 

oiaftcr-* 


PERROTf  ||j 

m^fter-piece  in  the  French  language^  publiflied,  but  he  felt  a 
l^efire  to  return  to  the  religion  he  had  quitted.  He  was  then  zy  j 
l^nd,  that  he  njight  not  dp  ai?y  thing  ralhly,  he  firft  began  to 
ftudy  philofophy,  and  afterwards  divuiity.  He  pafled  pear  three 
years  in  this  manner,  without  hinging  hi?  ^ehgn  toany  perfon; 
then  fet  out  from  Paris  to  Champagne,  where  he  abjured  popery; 
and  ycry  foon  after  went  to  poljand,  till  the  clamour  occafioned 
by  his  quitting  that  religion  was  over.  He  was  near  9  year  in 
jLeyden,  where  he  learned  Hebrew,  and  pntrailed  a  friendflilp 
ivitti  Salmaflus.  Frpm  Holland  ne  went  to  England  ^  then 
returned  to  Paris ;  and,  after  palling  fome  weeks  with  M.  Patru^ 
^ook  an  apartment  near  the  Luxembourg.  Hp  pafled  his  day^ 
very  agreeably ;  and  though  he  dcyoted  the  greatpft  paft  of  hi$ 
ieilure  to  books,  ufed  to  fee  company,  and  was.  acquainted  with 
^U  the  learned  in  Paris.  In  1637,  he  was  admitted  a  member  of 
fhe  French  academy,  and  foon  after  uridertook  a  tr^nflation  of 
Tacitus.  While  he  was  thus  employed,  he  was  forced  to  leave 
J'aris,  on  account  of  the  wars ;  and  therefore  retired  to  his  eftate, 
palled  ALlancburt,  where  he  lived  till  hjs  death.  He  died  Nov. 
17,  1664,  of  the  grayel,  with  which  he  h^d  been  aftli£led  al^ 
liis  life. 

He  was  a  man  of  great  acutenefs,  imagination,  judgementi, 
and  learning,  and  equal  to  the  produ^ion  of  any  work  ;  yet  we 
have  no  originat  pieces  of  his,  excepting  the  **  Preface"  above 
hientjoned,  "  A  Difcourfe  upon  the  Immortality  of  the  Soul,'- 
and  a  few  letters  to  Patin.  But  he  made  French  tranflations  of 
many  aiicient  writers  with  great  elegance,  purity,  and  chaftenefs 
of  ilyle[c];  though,  like  a  man  of  genius,  not  without  taking 
too  great  liberties,  by  deviating  as  of|en  from  the  fenfe  of  his 
original,  as  he  thought  he  could  improve  upon  it.  Tacitus, 
^ucian,  Caefar,  Thqcydides,  Arrian,  are  among  the  authors  he 
tranflated.  When  he  was  aflced,  why  he  chofe  to  be  a  tranf- 
iator,  rather  than  ah  author,  he  anfwered,  that  "  he  was  neither 
a  divirie  nor  lawyer,  s|nd  confequently  no^  qualified  to,  compofe 
pleadings  or  fermons;  that  the  world  was  filled  with  treatifes 
on  politics;  that  all  difcourfes  on  morality  were  only  fo  many 
repetitions  of  Plutgfrch  and  Seneca ;  and  that,  to  ferve  one's 
country,  a  man  ought  rather  to  tranflate  valuable  authors,  than 
to  write  new  books,  which  feldom  publifh  any  thing  n^w." 
1"he  minilter  Colbert,  judging  him  very  capable  of  writing  the 
f  *  Hiftory  of  Louis  XIV."  recommended  him  to  that  monarch  ; 
who  however,  upon  being  informed  that  Perrot  was  a  Proteftant, 
faid,  that  *'  he  would  not  have  an  hiftorian  of  a  religion  diffe- 
rent from  his  own."  He  had  a  moft  delightful  and  inftrudlivc 
way  of  converfing  [d],  and  ufed  to  throw  out  fo  many  valua- 

[c]  Baillet*8  Jugemeas  des  S^vans.    '  [d]  Vide  Meoaglana, 

*  bip 


M4  PERSIUS. 

tie  things,  that  Pelltftbtt  faid,  «  i^  w:ts  [Jity  i  dctfe  Was  not 
ttwzy'S  (tanding  by  him,  to  write  ioirn  all  he  f]^oke.** 

PERRY  (John),  captain,  a  celebrated  engineer [e],  rcfide<t 
tti^ny  j^eats  in  Ruflfi,  having  been  feebtnmended  to  the  czar  Peter  ' 

while  in  England,  as  a  perfon  Capable  of  ferving  him  on  feveral 
t)ceafidns,  relating  to  his  new  defign  of  eftabliJlilng  a  fieet,  mak- 
ing his  irivers  navigable,  *:c.  tie  wa6  taken  into  his  fervice  at 
k  falary  of  300I.  per  annum,  with  travelling  charges,  and  fubi 
fiftence  money,  on  whatever  fervice  he  (hould  be  employed ; 
befides  a  further  reward  to  his  fatisfaftiori,  at  the  cohclufioft  6f 
any  work  he  Ihonld  finlft.  After  fome  converfation  with  the 
czar  himfelf,  particularly  towards  making  a  communication 
between  the  rivers  Volga  and  Don,  he  was  employed  on  this 
work  three  ftimtnets  fucceflively ;  but  not  being  properly  fup- 
plied  with  men,  partly  on  account  of  the  ill  fucce^  of  the  cz^r 
agaiiift  the  Swedes  at  the  battle  of  Narva,  and  partly  by  the 
difcouragement  of  the  governor  of  Aftracah,  he  was  ordered  at 
the  ehd  of  1707  to  flop,  and  next  year  employed  in  refitting  the 
fliips  at  Veronife,  and  1769  in  making  the  river  of  that  name 
ttavigable.  After  repeated  difappolntments,  and  fruitlefs  appli- 
cations for  his  falary,  he  at  laft  ouitted  the  kingdom,  under  the 
proteaion  of  Mr.  Whitworth,  the  Englilh  ambaflador.  In  171 2. 
See  his  Narrative  in  the  Prfeface  to  "  The  State  of  Ruffia." 
In  I72I  he  Was  employed  in  flopping.  With  fuccefs,  the  breach 
jft  Digerihafn,  wherein  feveral  other  undertakers  had  failed ; 
^nd  thfefdme  year  about  the  harbour  at  Dublin,  to  the  objeaions 
^gainft  Which  he  then jpubliflied  an  "  Aniwer.**  He  was  author 
of  '^  The  State  of  Ruflia,  1716,**  8vo,  and  "  An  Account  of  thd 
ftoppingof  Dagenham  Breach,  1721,"  8vo;  and  died  Febu  Xi, 

PERSIUS  (AuLUS  Flaccus),  an  ancient  Latin  poet,  who 
wrote  fatires  under  the  reign  of  Nerof  f],  was  born  at  Volar 
terrje  in  Hetruria,  in  the  2ad  year  of  Tiberius's  reign.     He  was  ,; 

a  Roman  knight,  and  allied  to  perfons  of  the  firft  rank  ;  to  the  ' 

famous  Arria  in  particular,  wife  of  the  unfortunate  Partus  Thra*  j 

fta.     He  continued  at  Volaterras  till  he  was  twelve  vears  old  ;  j 

and  was  then  removed  to  Rome,  where  he  puffired  nis  ftudies 
Under  Palasmon  the  grammarian,  and  Virginius  Flaccus  the  rhe- 
torician. He  afterwards,  at  fixteen,  applied  himfelf  to  philo-. 
fophy  under  Cornutus,  a  Stoic,  who  entertained  fo  great  a  love 
for  him,  that  there  was  ever  after  a  mod  intimate  friendfhip 
between  them.  Perfius  has  immortalized  that  friendfhip  in  his 
ififth  Satire,  and  his  thahkfiilnefs  for  the  good  offices  of  his 
friend ;  which  he  Ihewed  ftill  farther  by  his  will,  in  which  he 


m 


iftory  of  the  Spalding  Society.   • 
Pcrfii  vita  a  Suetonio.  Bayle's  Di6l.  Peru  vs. 


left 


feft  htift  his  Ht)ftrf ,  ancl  a  jgreat  deil  of  mohey :  \M  Cpi-tiutui^ 
Bke  a  true  J>hl!ofbpher,  who  knfev^  how  tb  praftlfe  what  hd 
taught,  Accepted  only  the  books,  and  left  th*  iftoncy  to  the  heirs. 
He  advi£ed  the  mother  of  his  friend  to  fiipprefs  fome  piecfes  of 
poetry  which  he  had  made  in  his  youth ;  thinking,  ho  doubt^ 
that  they  would  not  anfwer  the  great  reputation  of  thofe  which 
had  been  publiflied :  among  which  was  "  A  Panegyric  upon 
the  illuftrious  Arria."     Perfius  ftudied  with  Lucan  under  Cor* 
Autus,  and  was  highly  admired  by  him  ;  and  at  length  became 
acquainted  tsrith  Seneca,  but  could  never  rightly  reliCh  him.     He 
was  a  very  ejtcellent  man ;  a  good  friend,  a  good  fon,  a  good 
brother,  and  a  good  relation.     He  was  very  beautiful,  yet  very 
chafte ;  fober,  meek,  and  modeft :  which  (hews  how  wrong  it 
is  to  judge  of  a  tnan's  morals  by  his  writings  ;  for  the  fatires  of 
Perfius  are  not  only  Mentions,  but  (harp  and  full  of  bitternefs. 
He  wrote  but  feldom ;  and  it  was  fome  time  before  he  applied 
himfelf  regularly  to  it.     It  was  the  reading  Lucilius's  tenth  book 
which  put  him  upon  writing  fatires;  in  which  he  inveighed  fo 
particularly  againft  bad  poets,  that  he  is  fuppofed  not  to  have 
ipared  even  Nero  himfelf.     It  is  difficult  however  to  point  out, 
is  fome  commentators  have  attempted,  where  he  glances  at  that 
emperor ;  atid  ftill  more  difficult  to  believe,  what  has  ufually 
been  fuppofed,  that  the  four  bombaft  lines  in  his  firft  Satire 
were  taken  from  fome  of  Nero ;  fince  it  is  not  poffible  to  con- 
ceive how  the  fatirift  could  have  efcaped  unpuniflied  for  fo  direft 
a  piece  of  ridicule  on  a  tyrant,  who  was  of  nothing  more  jea- 
lous than  his  reputation  as  a  poet.     Such  a  fuppofitioti  is  alfo 
totally  incohfiftent  with  theexcufe  which  has  ever  been  alledgei 
for  the  obfcurity  of  this  poet,  namely,  the  rigour  of  Nero'i 
domination,  which  made  all  people  afraid.     Bayle  calls  Perfiui 
the  Lycophron  of  the  Latins ;  biit  will  not  allow  the  caufe  juft 
mentioned  to  be  a  fufficient  excufe  for  the  harfhnefs  and  obfcu« 
rity  of  his  (lyle :  he  thinks  that  Perfius*s  ftyle  and  manner  of 
writing  was  not  affefted  in  the  lead  out  of  policy,  but  vrtti 
formed  out  of  his  nature,  his  genius,  and  manner  of  thinking^ 
We  may  add,  that  if  Perfius  really  meant  to  fatirize  Nero,  and 
yet  to  be  obfcure,  he  concerted  a  very  odd  plan  :  for  if  he  meant 
to  be  obfcure  and  unintelligible,   what   muft  become  of  tht6 
fatire  ?  if  he  meant  to  be  jult  intelligible  enough,  that  the  enA-i 
peror  might  only  fufpeft  himfelf  to  be  fatirized,  this  was  at  lead 
a?  bad  as  open,  and  avowed  ridicule ;  and  might  poffibly  create 
even  a  ftrongerdifplcafure,  from  that  principle  in  human  nature^ 
which  makes  us  prone  to  fufpe<^  more  than  is  meant. 

Perfius  was  of  a  weak  conftitution,  and  troubled  with  a  bad 
ftomach ;  of  which  he  died  in  his  30th  year.  Six  of  his  fatires 
remain,  in  their  judgements  of  which  the  critics  have  been  much 
4iyided.    As  a  poet,   he  is  certainly  inferior  to  Horace  and 

Juvonal ; 


156  PERUGINO. 

Juvenal ;~  and  all  the  labours  of  Ifaac  Cafaubon,  who  has  written 
a  moft  learned  and  elaborate  commentary  upon  him,  cannot 
make  him  equal  to  either  of  them  as  a  fatirifty  though  in  virtue 
and  learning  he  exceeded  both.  He  was  a  profefled  imitator  of 
Horace,  yet  had  little  of  Horace's  wit,  eafe,  and  talent  at  ridi- 
cule. Wit  was  not  Perfius*s  province :  which  he  feems  to  have 
known,  for  he  feldom  aims  at  it ;  and  when  he  does,  is  far  from 
being  happy  in  it.  His  ftyle  is  grand,  figurative,  poetical,  and 
fuitable  to  the  dignity  of  the  Stoic  philofophy ;  and  hence  h^ 
(hines  moft  in  reconmending  virtue  and  integrity:  here  it  is 
that  fatire  becomes  him.  He  was  too  grave  to  court  the  Mufes 
\vjth  fuccefs :  but  he  had  a  great  foul,  kifceptible  of  noble  fenti- 
ments,  which  give  a  grace  even  to  indifferent  poetry.  His  con- 
temporaries thought  highly  of  him.  Qiiintilian  allows,  that 
Perfius  [q],  although  he  wrote  but  one  book  of  fatires,  acquired 
^  great  deal  of  true  glory,  '*  Multum  et  verae  glorias  quamvis 
pno  libro  Perfius  meruit :"  arid  Martial  fays  [h]  much  the  fame 
fhing:  "  Saepius  in  libro  memoratur  Perfius  uno,"  &c. 

The  befl  edition  of  this  poet  is  that  of  London,   1647^  8vo, 
with  *^  Cafaubon's  Commentary."     He  is  ufually  to  be  found 
in  the  editions  of  Juvenal :  but  neither  of  theni  have  had  that' 
critical  labour  beftowed  upon  them,  which  they  well  deferve, 
and  which  has  fallen  to  the  fhare  of  much  inferior  authors. 

PERUGINO  (PiETRo),  a  celebrated  Italian  painter,  the 
mafter  of  Raphael,  was  born  in  1446,  at  Perugia,  whence  he 
took  the  name  that  has  totally  obliterated  his  family  appella- 
tion. His  parents  were  poor,  but,  being  defirous  to  put  him  in 
a  way  of  fupporting  himfelf,  placed  him  with  a  painter,  under 
whom  he  imbibed  at  leaft  a  flrong  enthufiafm  for  his  art,  and 
defire  to  excel  in  it.  His  application  to  ftudy  was  intenfe,  and 
when  he  had  made  a  fufficient  progrefs,  he  went  to  Florence, 
and  became  a  difciple  of  Andrea  Verocchio.  From  this' painter 
he  acquired  a  graceful  mode  of  defigning  heads,  particularly 
thofe  of  his  female  figures.  He  rofe  by  degree  to  confiderable 
eminence,  and  was  employed  by  Sixtus  IV.  to  paint  feveral 
pieces  for  his  chapel  at  Rome.  Great  as  his  talents  were,  he 
was  unfortunately  infeSed  with  the  vice  of  covetoufnefs.  It 
was  from  this  caufe  that,  whep  he  returned  to  Florence,  he 

Siarrelled  with  Michael  Angelo  Buonaroti,  and  behaved  fo  ill, 
at  the  Florentines,  being  enraged  againft  him,  drove  him  from 
their  city :  on  which  he  returned  to  his  native  Perugia.  The 
fame  foible  proved  accidentally  the  caufe  of  his  death ;  for,  having, 
accumulated  fome  money,  which  he  was  very  anxious  not  to 
lofe,  he  always  carried  it  about  him.  He  continued  this  prac- 
tice till  fome  thief  robbed  him  of  lijs  treafure,  and,  the  grief  fox 

[g]  InftlL  Orat.  lib*  x.  [h]  Epigr.  29.  lib.  iv. 

his 


PESSELlEft.  157 

his  lof$  being  too  fevere  for  hisflrength,  he  died  in  1^24,  at  the 
age  of  78. 

His  touch  was  light,  and  his  pidures  highly  iintfhed ;  but  his 
manner  was  ftiflF  and  dry,  atid  his  outline  was  frequently  incor- 
red.  His  mod  capital  painting  is  in  the  church  of  St«  reter  at 
Perugia.  It  is  an  altar-piece,  the  fubjeft  of  which  is  the  afcen^ 
fion  of  Chrift.  The  difciples  are  there  reprefented  in  various  at- 
titudes, but  all  direding  their  eyes  to  heaven,  and  looking  after 
the  Lord,  who  is  fuppofed  to  have  afcended* 

PERUZZI  (Baldassare),  a  painter  of  hiftory  and  archi- 
te£ture,  was  born  either  at  Voltcrra  or  Siena,  but  more  probably 
the  former,  in  148 1.  His  father  certainly  fettled  afterwards 
at  Siena,  where  the  fon  commenced  his  (Indies  as  a  painter. 
When  he  had  gained  a  competent  degree  of  knowledge,  he 
copied  the  works  of  the  beft  matters,  with  a  diligence  and  fuc- 
cefs  that  were  equally  extraordinary.  From  Siena  he  went  to 
Rome,  where  he  was  employed  by  the  pope  Alexander  VI, 
Julius  II,  and  Leo  X,  in  their  palaces,  and  in  feveral  chapels 
and  convents.  He  was  particularly  fuccefsful  in  painting  archi- 
tefture,  and  fo  completely  underftood  the  principles  of  Chiaro 
Ofcuro,  and  of  perfpeSive,  that  even  Titian  is  faid  to  have  feen 
the  eiFeds  with  furprife,  being  hardly  able  to  believ.^  that  what 
he  faw  was  the  work  of  the  pencil,  and  not  real  architefture. 
His  ufual  fubjefls  were  ftrects,  palaces,  corridors,  porticoes^ 
and  the  inftdes  of  magnificent  apartments,  which  he  reprefented 
with  a  truth  that  produced  an  abfolute  deception.  He  received 
fome  inftrudions  from  Bramante,  the  architeft  of  St.  Peter's^ 
and  was  himfelf  employed  by  Leo  X.  in  forming  defigns  and 
models  for  that  building.  He  was  unfortunately  in  Rome  whett 
it  was  facked  by  the  army  of  Charles  V.  in  1527,  and  was  made 
a  prifoner,  but  obtained  his  liberty  by  painting  a  portrait  of  the 
conftable  de  Bourbon.  Peruzzi  died  in  1556,  very  poor,  though 
he  had  been  always  in  great  employment.  They  who  were 
indebted  to  him  were  not  always  very  ready  to  pay,  and  he  was 
too  modeft  to  demand  his  right,  by  which  means  he  loft  a  great 
part  of  what  he  had  fairly  earned. 

PESSELIER  (Charles  Stephen),  member  of  the  acade- 
mies of  Nancy,  of  Amiens,  of  Rouen,  and  Angers,  was  born 
at  Paris  on  the  9th  of  July,  1712,  of  a  reputable  family  fi]^ 
In  his  early  youth  his  progrefs  in  his  ftudies  was  rapid.  His 
alfiduous  application,  his  lively  genius,  and  mild  demeanour^ 
conciliated  the  efteem  of  his  matter,  and  gained  the  friendfhip  of 
his  juvenile  companions.  His  tafte  for  poetry  was  apparent  at 
"a  very  early  period;  but  the  defigns  of  his  parents  for  the 
•advancement  of  his  fortune  would  not  permit  him  to  refign 


£xj  £log^  de  M.  PeOeUer  par  M.  Caftelhon. 


himfelf 


?lt 


PETAVms, 


himfiplf  «n|tir0ty  to  his  ftivourite  purfuitSy  and  he  (4critced  i^ 
fome  degree  his  propenfity  to  their  wiihes.  He  was  placed 
iinder  M.  HolUp4  an  ladvocate,  and  conftantly  attended  to  the 
regular  difcharge  of  bufinefs. ,  His  leifure  hoyrs  were  devoted 
to  the  Mufci  and  he  gave  up  that  time  to  poetry^  which  by  ipany 
^this  age  is  facrificed  to  pleafure.  In  1738  his  **  Ecole  du 
Temp?,"  a  Comedy,  in  verfe,  was  reprefented  with  applaufe  oa 
the  Italian  theatre.  Encouraged  by  this  fuccefs,  and  with  th^ 
approbation  of  M.  Holland,  he  pi-oduced  in  the  following  year  at 
ihe  French  theatre  hi§  "  Efope  ^u  ParhaiTe,"  a  Cqm^dy  in  yerfe. 
The  reputation  of  the  young  poet  and  his  charader  for.  probity 
^recommended  him  to  M.  Lallemand  of  B^ty,  a  fartner  general^ 
Vfho  was  at  that  time  forming  a  fyfleth  of  finance,  and  who 
ftlicitated  himfelf  in  procuring  fuch  an  afliftant,  and  in  attach- 
ing him  to  his  intereil.  The  occupatiqns  incident  to  this  new 
department  were  probably  the  caufes  which  prevented  Peffelier 
from  producing  any  other  pieces  for  the  ftage.  Poetry  was^ 
however,  ftill  the  amufement  of  the  time  that  could  be  fpared 
from  bufinefs.  In  Y748,  he  publiihed  his  fables,  and  among, 
his  dramatic  works  appears  a  Comedy  ^^  La  Mafcarade  du  Par* 
Iiaffe,"  in  verfe,  and  in  one  aft,  which  was  never  performed. 

His  attachment  to  poetry  could  not  prevent  him  from  dedi- 
cating fome  of  the  moments  that  could  be  fpared  from  th^ 
labours  of  finance,  to  the  elucidation  of  that  fcience.  Accord- 
ingly he  publifhed  the  profpe^lus  of  a  work  upon  that  fubje^l. 
This  publication,  exhibiting  in  one  view  a  pcrfeS  knowledge 
stnd  extenfive  profpeSs,  for  the  improvement  of  that  neceffary 
refotirce,  attraded  the  attention  of  the  miniftry,  who  eftabliihed 
an  office  for  promoting  the  plan,  and  placed  the  author  at  the 
head  of  it  with  appointments  propoi:tioned  to  his  talents,  and  the 
importance  of  his  labours.  The  views  of  Peflelier  now  extended 
further  than  the  operations  of  finance.  He  undertook  a  treatifip 
on  the  cuftomary  laws  of  the  kingdom,  of  which  however  only 
the  preliminary  difcourfe  appeared.  Soon  afterwards  be  pub- 
]i0ied  his  **  Letters  on  Education,"  in  two  volumes  |2mo. 

Inceflant' application,  apd  a  delicate  conflitution,  with  an 
extreme  vivacity  of  fpirits  probably  fhortened  his  life.  His 
health  began  to  decline ;  but  he  ceafed  not  from  his  diligence. 
His  attention  to  the  bufinefs  of  his  office  was  almoft  wiihoutt 
r^miffion;  till,  overcome  by  fatigue,  he  fell  fick  in  November, 
1762,  languilhed  under  his  diforder  fpr  fix  months,  and  died 
the  24th  of  April,  1763. 

PETAVIUS  (DioNYsius),  or  Denis  Petau,  a  French 
Jefuit  of  immenfe  erudition,  was  of  a  good  family,  and  born  at 
Orleans,  Aug.  the  2ifl,  1583.  His  father  was  9  rpaji  of  kanjb- 
ing ;  and,  feeing  ftrong  parts  and  a  genius  for  letters  in  his  fon^ 

took 


look  all  po(fibI«  mi5$im  to  improve  thfii)  to  tM  uftifoil.    H« 

ufed  to  tell  his  fon,  that  he  ought  to  qualify  himfdf  (o^  Rs  tQ 

be  able  to  ^tack  and  confound  **  the  giant  ^  the  AHophyte  ;'* 

meaning  the  redoubtable  Jofeph  Scaliger^  whofe  abilities  fund 

learning   were   fuppofed   to   have  xipne   fu^h   fervice  to  th» 

reformed.     Young  Petavius  feems  to  have  entered  into  hii 

father's  views ;  for  he  ftudied  very  intepfely,  and  afterwards 

levelled  much  of  his  erudition  againft  Scalig^r.    He  jciin^  the 

fiudy  of  the  matheniatics  with  that  ^f  the  belles  lettres ;  ami 

|ben  applied  to  a  courfe  of  philofophyy  which  he  began  in  tho 

college  of  Orleans,  and  iintmed  at  Paris.     After  this,  he  main-* 

tained  thefes  in  Greek,  which  language  was  as  familiar  to  him 

ks  Latin ;   and  Latin  he  is    faid  to  have  underftood  better 

than  his  own  native  language,  the  French*     When  he  was 

pretty  well  grown  up,  he  had  free  accefs  tp  the  king's  library^ 

which  he  often  vifited,  for  the  fake  of  confulting  Latin  |ind 

Creek  manufcripts.     Among  other  advantages  which  accom-^ 

panied  his  literary  purfuits,  was  the  friend0iip  of  Ifaac  Cafau-- 

bon,  whom  Henry  IV.  called  to  Paris  in  1600.     It  was  at  his 

iqftrgation,  that  Petavius,  young  as  he  was,  undertook  ^n  ^* 

lion  of  ^*  The  Works  of  Synefius;"  that  is,  to  corred  tht 

Greek  from  the  manufcripts,  to  tranflate  that  part  which  yet 

remained  to  be  tranilated  into  Latin,  and  to  write  notes  upof| 

the  whole.     He  was  but  nineteen  when  he  was  n^ade  profefibr 

pf  philofoph^  in  the  univerfity  of  Bourses ;  and  he  fpent  th« 

two  following  years  in  (ludying  the  ancient  philofophers  and 

mathenv^ticians.     In  1604,  when  Morel,  profeflbr  of  the  Greek 

tongue  at  Paris,  publiflied  "  The  Works  of  Chryfoftom,'*  foqae 

part  of  Petavius's  labours  on  Synefius  were  added  to  them : 

from  the  titlp  of  which  we  learn,  that  he  then  Latinized  his 

name  to  Paetus,  which  he  afterwards  changed  into  Petavius* 

His  own  edition  of  "  The  Works  of  Synefius"  did  not  appear 

till  i6i2. 

He  entered  intp  the  fociety  of  the  Jefuits  in  1605,  and  did 
great  hoi^our  to  it  afterwards  by  his  vaft  and  profound  erudi- 
tion. He  became  zealous  for  the  Catholic  church  ;  and  there 
was  no  way  of  ferving  it  more  agreeable  to  his  humour,  than 
4hat  of  criticizing  and  abufing  its  adverfaries.  Scaliger  was  the 
perfon  againft  ^hom  he  was  moft  bitter;  but  he  did  not 
fl>are  his  friend  Cafaubon,  whenever  he  came  in  his  way. 
There  is  no  occafion  to  enter  into  a  great  detail  about  a  man, 
whofe  whole  life  was  fpent  in  reading  and  writing,  and  per^- 
forming  the  feveral  offices  of  his  order.  The  hiftory  of  a 
learned  man  is  the  hiftory  of  his  works ;  and,  as  by  iar  the 
greater  part  of  Petavius's  writings  are  controverfial  or  do&rinal, 
a  minute  account  of  them  would  be  dry  and  uninterefting.  He 
had  proceeded  regularly  in  his  ftudies  from  bis   infancy :  he 

begaii 


f6<f  PfitAvitJg. 

began  tvith  gfaihmkr^  then  applied  hic^relf  to  rhefofid  zi\i 

Soctry,  then  went  to  hiftorjr,  geography,-  and  chronology.  Iri 
lort,  he  made  himfelf  an  iiniverfal  feholar^  and  a  mafter  iit 
almoft  all  languages,  particiiiarly  in  the  Latiny  in  which  he  has 
written  the  principal  part  of  his  numerous  produftions^  with 
great  correftnefs  and  elegance* 

He  excelled  particularly  in  the  obfeiire  fcience  of  chtehology.' 
The  learned  world  in  general  are  Obliged  to  him  foi'  fchne  exa^ 
and  curious  difquifitions  upon  this  fubjefl  i  and,  if  his  zeal  in 
oppofing  Jofeph  Scaliger  had  not  carried  him  fometiines  tod 
far,  his  writings  of  this  kind  would  hate  been  unexception- 
able. In  1633,  he  publifted  an  excellent  Work,  entitled, 
**  Kationarium  Temporum  :**  it  is  an  abridgement  of  univerfal 
hiftory,  from  the  earlieft  times  down  to  163a,  digefted  in  a 
chronological  orderj  and  fupported  all  the-  way  by  references 
to  proper  authorities.  There  is  a  letter  of  Ganendus  to  Schci- 
lier,  dated  the  13th  of  April,  163a,  in  which  we  may  fee  a 
charader  of  this  work,  much  to  its  credit.  The  words  of 
Gaflendus  are  thefe :  "  Oftendi  tuas  literas  eruditiflimo  Peta- 
vio,  quicum  bene  divinafti  confuetudinem  mihi  intercedere. 
Offendi  ilium  ad  calcem  pene  praeclarae  cujufdam  opellse,  cui 
titulum  facit  Rationarium  Chronologicum.  Volumen  erit  fatis 
juftum  in  i2mo,  quo  major  lux  hiftorias  nulla.  Sic  enim  vii^ 
magnus  Chr6nologum  agit,  fidem  ubique  fibi  faciens,  et  cha-^ 
rafteres  temporum  infignes  paflim  inferens,  ut  tamen  quaO 
feriem  texat  univerfas  hiftoriae  [k]."  It  went  through  feveral 
editions :  many  additions  and  improvements  have  been  made  to 
it,  both  by  Petavius  himfelf,  and  by  Perizonius  and  others  after 
his  death :  and  Le  Clerc  publifhed  an  abridgement  of  it,  as  far 
down  as  to  800,  under  the  title  of,  "  Compendium  Hiftoriae 
Univerfalis,"  in  1697,  i2mo. 

This  celebrated  father,  after  a  life  of  labour,  died  at  Paris, 
Dec.  II,  1652,  aged  69.  He  was,  in  the  opinion  of  Gaflen- 
dus [l],  the  moft  confummate  fcholar  the.Jefuits  ever  had ;  and 
indeed  we  cannot  fuppofe  him  to  have  been  inferior  to  the  firft' 
fcholars  of  any  order,  while  we  confider  him  waging  war,  a$ 
he  did  frequentlv  with  fuccefs,  againft  Scaliger,  Salmafius,  and 
other  chiefs  in  the  republic  of  letter?.  His  judgement,  as  may 
eafily  be  conceived,  was  inferior  to  his  learning ;  and  his  con- 
troverfial  writings  are  full  of  that  fournefs  and  ipleen,  which 
appears  fo  manifeftly  in  all  the  reprefentations  of  his  counte- 
nance. Bayle  has  obferved,  that  Petavius  did  the  Socinians 
great  fervice,  though  unawares,  jand  againft  his  intentions;  and 
upon  this  occafion  quotes  the  following  paflage  from  the  "  Let-. 
tres  Choifies"  of  Mr.  Simon :  "  If  there  be  any  thing  to  cenfurc 

[k]  Gafieodi  Opera,  vol.  vl.  [t]  In  vk.  Perefcfau. 


PETER  THE  Greai*.  i^i 

in  Petaviiis*k  worksy  it  is  chiefty  in  the  feconcl  tome  of  his 
*  Dogmata  Theologica,*  in  which  he  feems  to  favour  the 
Arians.  It  is  true,  that  he  foftened  thofe  paifages  in  his  pre- 
face y  but  as  the  body  of  the  work  continues  entire^  and  the 
preface,  which  is  an  excellent  piece,  came  afterwards^  it  has 
not  entirely  prevented  the  harm  which  that  book  is  like  to  do 
at  this  time,  when  the  new  Unitarians  boaft>  that  father  Peta- 
wius  declared  for  them."  The  affair  Was  this :  The  Jefuit's 
original  defign,  in  the  fecond  volume  of  his  "Dogmata  Theo- 
logica," was,  to  reprefent  ingenuoufly  the  do£trine  of  the  three 
iirfl. centuries.  Having  no  particular  fyftem  to  defend,  he  did 
not  difguife  the  opinions  of  tne  fathers ;  but  acknowledged  that 
fome  of  them  entertained  falfe  and  abfurd  notions  concerning 
the  myftery  of  the  Three  Perfons.  Being  admoniflied  of  this, 
and  perceiving  that  evil  confequences  might  arife  from  it, 
■which  he  had  not  forefeen,  he  wrote  his  "  Preface  ;"  in  which 
he  laboured  folely  to  aflert  the  orthodoxy  of  the  fathers,  and 
thus  was  forced,  in  fome  meafure,  to  contradiS  what  he  had 
advanced  in  the  "  Dogmata.'*  This  was  a  hard  trial ;  but  in 
controverfial  points,  on  obfcure  fubjefts,  it  is  difficult  for  a 
writer  to  be  fo  cautious^  as  not  to  give  fome  advantage  to  his 
adverfaries, 

PETER  THE  Great,  czar  of  Ruffia,  who  civilized  that 
nation,  and  raifed  it  from  ignorance  and  barbarifm,  to  polite- 
nefs,  knowledge,  and  power,  was  a  man  of  fo  wonderful  a  com«- 
pofltion  and  charafter,  that  the  hiftory  of  his  life  and  aftions, 
recent  as  it  is,  feems  to  carry  with  it  much  pf  that  romantic 
air  which  runs  through  the  hiuory  of  Thefeus  and  other  ancient 
heroes. 

Peter  was  born  the  30th  of  May,  1672  [m],  and  was  fon  of 
the  Czar  Alexis  Michaelowitz  by  a  fecond  wife.  Alexis  dying 
in  1672,  Feodor,  or  Theodore,  his  eldeft  fon  by  his  firft  wife, 
fucceeded  to  the  throne,  and  died  in  1682.  Upon  his  deceafe, 
Peter,  though  but  ten  ye^rs  of  age,  was  proclaimed  czar,  to  the 
exclufion  of  John  his  elder  brother,  who  was  of  a  weak  body, 
and  a  weaker  mind.  The  ftrelitzes,  who  were  the  eftablifhed 
guard  of  the  czars,  as  the  janifaries  are  of  the  grand  feigniors, 
made  an  infurre£lion  in  favour  of  John  ;  and  this  they  did  at 
the  infligation  of  the  princefs  Sophia,  who,  being  own  fifter  to 
John,  hoped,  perhaps,  to  be  fole  regent,  fince  John  was  inca- 
pable of  ading;  but  certainly  to  enjoy  a  greater  fhare  of  autho- 
rity under  John,  than  if  the  power  was  lodged  folely  in  her 
half-brother  Peter.  However,  to  put  an  end  to  this  civil  tumult, 
the  matter  was  at  laft  compromifed ;  and  it  was  agreed,  that 

[11]  Voltaixe's  Hift.  of  Peter  the  Great.  Gen.  Di^.  jglog.  on  his  Imperial  Majeft^f 
Peter  I.  Csar  of  Ru0ii,  by  M.  4«  Footenelle 

Vol.  XIL  M  the 


i62  PETER  THE  Great. 

the  two  brothers  fliould  jointly  fliare  the  imperii!  dfgnity.  The 
Ruffian  education  was  at  that  time,  like  the  country,  barbarows^ 
fo  that  Peter  had  no  advantages;  and  further,  the'  princefs 
Sophia,  who,  with  great  parts,  was  a  lady  of  great  ambition 
and  intrigue,  took  all  imaginable  pains,  and  ufed  allthe  means 
flic  could,  to  ftifle  his  natural  defire  of  knowledge,  to  deprave 
and  corrupt  his  mind,  and  to  debafe  and  enervate  him  witl* 
pleafures.  Neverthelefs,  his  abhorrence  of  pageantry,  and  love 
of  military  exercifes,  difcovered  itfelf  in  his  tendered  years  ; 
and,  to  gratify  this  inclination,  he  formed  a  company  of  fifty 
men,  commanded  by  foreign  officers,  and  clothed  and  exercifed 
after  the  German  manner.  He  entered  himfelf  among  them 
in  the  lowelt  poft,  and  performed  the  duties  of  it  with  t]M 
utmoft  diligence.  He  ordered  them  entirely  to  forget  that  he 
was  czar,  and  paid  the  utmoft  deference  and  fubmiffion  to  the 
commanding  officers.  He  fed  upon  his,  pay  onlyj^  anjd  lay  in  a 
tent  in  the  rear  of  his  company.  He  was  fome  time  after 
raifed  to  be  a  ferjeant,  but  only  as  he  was  intitled  to  it  by  his- 
merit ;  for  he  would  have  pimilhed  his  foldiers,  had  they  dif- 
covered the  leaft  partiality  in  his  favour:  and  he  never  rofe 
otherwife,  than  as  a  foldier  of  fortune.  The  ftrelitzes  looked 
upon  all  this  no  otherwife,.  than  as  the  amufement  of  a  young 
prince :  but  the  czar,  who  faw  they  were  too  formidable,  and 
entirely  in  the  intereft  of  the  princefs  Sophia,  had  fecretly  a 
defign  of  crufliing  them ;  which  he  wifely  thought  could  not 
be  better  efFefted,  than  by  fecuring  to  himlelf  a  body  of  troops, 
more  ftridly  difciplined,  and  on  whofe  fidelity  he  could  more 
fully  rely. 

At  the  fame  time,  he  had  another  projefl:  in  view,  of  Vaft 
importance,  and  moft  difficult  execution.  The  fight  of  a  fmalt 
Dutch  veflel,  which  he  had  met  with  on  a  lake,  where  it  lay 
ofelefs  and  negleSed,  made  a  wonderful  impreffion  on  his 
mind,  and  he  conceived  thoughts  of  forming  a  navy  ;  a  defign,- 
which  probably  then  feemed  next  to  impoffible,reven  to  himlelf 
[n].  His  firft  care  was  to  get  Hollanders  to  build  fome  fmalF 
velfels  at  Mofcow,  and  afterwards  four  frigates,  of  four  guns 
each,  on  the  lake  of  Pereflave.  He  had  already  taught  them  to 
combat;  one  another ;  and  in  order  to  inftrtidt  himfelf  in  naval 
affairs,  -he  paflTed  two  fummers  fucceffively  oft  board  Englifh  or 
Dutch  ftiips,  which  fet  out  from  Archangel.  In  1696,  the  czar 
John  died,  and  Peter  became  fole  mailer  of  the  empire.  He 
began  his  reign  with  the  fiege  of  Afoph,  then  in  the  hands  of 
the  Turks,  but  did  not  take  it  till  1697.     He  had  already  fcnt 

[n]  See  '*  An  Account  of  the  Rife  czar  Peter  himfelf,    and    printed  in  the 

«nd  Naval  Powet  of  Ruffia,  or,  the  Story  fccond  volume  of  "  The  Prelent  State  and 

of  the  little  Boat  which  gave  Rife  to  tli  Regulations  of  the  Church,  of  Ruflja," 

Rnlfian  Fleet/*  (aid  to  be  written  by  the  By  Tho.  Confctt,  M.  A, 

^  for 


XETKSt  THE  GKZAt.  163 

ibr  Venetians,  to  iuild  giiliw  on  the  river  Don,  which  might 
fliut  up  the  mouth  of  thatrrivcr,  and  prevent  the  Turks  from 
relieving  the  place.  This  gave  him  a  ftronger  idea  than  ever, 
.of  fhfe  importance  and  necelfity  of  a  naval  force  ;  yet  he  could 
have  none  but  foreign  fluips,  none  at  leaft  but  w^hat  he  was 
obliged  to  employ  foreigners  in  building.  He  was  defirOus  of 
fuTmounting  thefe  difadvantages>  but  the  affairs  he  projected 
-were  of  too  new  and  lingular  a  nature  to  be  fo  much  as  conffc- 
dered  in  his  council :.  and  indeed  they  were  not  proper  to  be 
communicated.  He  refolved  therefore  fingly  to  manage  this 
Bold  undertaking;  with  which  view,  in  1698,  he  fent  an  em- 
bafTy  to  Holland,  and  went  himfelf  incognito  in  the  retinue. 
He  entered  himfelf  in  the  India  admiralty  ^office  at  Amfterdam 
[p],  caufed  himfelf  to  be  inroiled  in  the  lift  of  fhip-car- 
penters ;  and  worked  in  the  yard  with  greater  afliduity  than 
any  body  there.  His  quality  was  known  to  all ;  and  they 
fhewed  him  to  one  another  with  a  fort  of  veneration.  K^ing 
William,  who  was  then  in  Holland,  paid  him  all  the  refpeft 
that  was  due  to  his  uncommon  qualities ;  and  the  czar's  dif- 
guife  freed  him  from  that  which  was  merely  ceremonious  and 
troublefome.  The  czar  worked  with  fuch  fuccefs,  as  in  a 
little  time  to  pafs  for  a  good  carpenter ;  and  afterwards  ftudied 
the  proportions  of  a  fhip.  He  then  went  into  England ;  where, 
in  four  months,  he  made  himTelf  a  complete  mafter  in  the  art 
of  {hip-building,  by  ftudying  the  principles  of  it  mathemati- 
cally, which  he  had  no  opportunity  of  learning  in  Holland. 
In  England  he  met  with  a  fecond  reception  from  king  Wil- 
liam ;  who,  to  make  him  a  prefent  agreeable  to  his  tafte,  and 
\4^hich  might  ferve  as  a  model  of  the  art  he  was  fo  very  defirous 
to  learn,  gave  him  a  magnificent  yacht.  He  carried. with  him 
from  England  feveral  Englifli  mip-builders  and  artificers, 
among  whom  was  one  whofe  name  was  Noy;  but  the  czar 
took  alfo  upon  himfelf  the  title  of  a  mafter-builder,  and  was 
pleafed  to  fubmit  to  the  conditions  of  that  charaSer.  Thus  he 
and  Noy  received  orders  from  the  lord  high  admiral  of  Rufiia,  to 
build  each  of  them  a  man  of  war;  and,  in  compliance  with 
that  order,  the  czar  gave  the  firft  proof  of  his  art.  He  never 
ceafed  to  purfue  it,  but  had  always  a  ftiip  upon  the  flocks ;  and, 
at  his  death,  left  one  of  the  largeft  fhips  in  Europe  half-built. 

During  the  czar's  abfcnce,  the  princcfs  Sophia,  being  uneafy 
under  her  confinemeiit,  and  meditating  to  regain  that  liberty 
which  A^  had  forfeited  by  former  infurreftions,  found  means 
to  correfpond  with  the  ftrelltzes,  who. were  now  quartered  at  a 
diftance  from  Mofcow,  and  to  inftigate  them  to  a  third  rebel- 
lion' in  her  favour.     The  news  of  tbijs  obliged  him  to  haften 

[a]  Voltaire,  Fontenelle,  &c. 

M  2  home: 


164  PETER  THE  Great* 

Home:  and,  trriving  at  Mofcow  abcmt  the  end  of  1699,  1^ 
executed  terrible  vengeance  upon  the  ringleaders ;  yet  look  no 
other  fatisfaaion  of  nis  (ifter  the  princeu,  than  by  continuing 
her  confinement  in  the  nunnery,  and  hanging  up  the'priefty 
who  had' carried  her  letters,  on  a  gdlows  before  her  window^ 
In  1700,  he  mt  together  a  body  of  ftanding  forces,  confifting 
of  thirty  thouiand  foot ;  and  now  the  vaft  projeA  which  he  had 
formed  be^an  to  dtfplay  itfeif  in  all  parts.  He  firft  lent  the 
chief  nohrhty  of  hi^  empire  into  foreign  countries,  to  impiOTe 
tbemfelves  in  knowledge  and  learning:  he  opened  his  domi- 
nions, which  till  then  hM  been  (hut  up,  and  invited  all  ftrangers: 
who  were  capable  of  inftrnftiiis  his  fubjeds  ;  and  be  gave  tho 
kindeft  reception  to  all  land  and  fea  officers,  failors,  methema- 
ticians,  architeSs,  miners,  workers  in  metals,  phyficians,  fur- 
geons,  and  indeed  operators  and  artificers  of  every  kind^  who 
would  fettle  in  his  dominions.  In  the  mean  time,  he  had  to  do 
with  a  duU^^heavy,  untoward  people  ^  fo  that  it  is  no  wonder,, 
that  proceedings  fo  new  and  ftrange  fltould  raife  many  (Kfcon- 
tents  and  tumults.  They  did  fb  5  and  it  was  fometimes  as 
much  as  the  czar  could  do,  to  ftifle  and  fupprefs  them. 

One  very  fmgirlar  reafon,  on  which  thefe  difcontents  were 
grounded,  was,  that  the  Ruilians  confidered  grandeur  and  fttpe- 
yiority,.  the  czar*s  great  objed):,  in  no  other  light  than  as  a 
power  of  doing  evil.  In  i^f^V  being  ftrengthened  by  an  alli- 
ance with  Augtiftus  king  of  roknd,  he  made  war  upon  Charies 
XII-  of  Sweden  ;  from  continuing  which,  he  was  not  deterred 
by  the  ill  fnccefs  of  his  firft  campaigns :  for  he  ufed  to  uiy,  '*  I 
know  that  my  armies  muft  be  overcome  for  a  great  while  ;*but 
even  this  wijfl  at  laft  teach  them  to  conquer."  Aftepwaids,. 
however,  he  gained  confiderable  advantages  in  Livonia  and 
Ingria,  provinces  fubjed:  to  the  Swedes.  His  acquiCtions  here 
were  fo  important,*  that  they  induced  him  to  build  a  fortrefs^ 
whofe  port,,  iituated  on  the  Baltic,  might  be  large  enough  to 
receive  a  fleets  and  accopdingly,  in  1703,-  he  laid  the  founda- 
tion of  PeterjEburg,  now  one  of  th"*  ftiFongeft  cities  in  Europe,, 
which  was  to  him  what  Alexandria  wasr  to  Alexander,  He 
waged  war  with-  the  Swedes  for  feveral  years,  and,  without 
ever  gaining  any  confiderable  advantage,*  was  frequently  mofli 
miferably  beat  by  them.  But  firmness  of  mind  and  perfever- 
knce  were  qualities  peculiarly  eminent  in  him  ;•  and  therefore 
at  length,  in  1^09*  he  obtained  a  complete  viiiory  over  them 
in  his  own  dominions,  at  Pultowa.  A  great  part  or  t)ie  Swedifh 
army  were  made  prifoners.  The  Swedffh  generals  who  were 
taken  were  conftantly  entertained  at  his  own  table  ^  and  one 
day,  when  he  had  drunk  a  health  to  his-  mailers  who-  had 
inftrufted  him  in  the  art  of  war,  count  Rintchild,  a  chief  officer 
among  the  prifoners,  afked  him,  '*  Who  they  were  whom  he 

,  honoured 


PETER  rm  Griat.  165 

honoured  with  fo  glorious  a  title  f "  *'  Yourfelves,  gentlemen," 
&id  he.  **  Your  majefty  is  very  ungrateful  then,"  replied  the 
count,  <<  to  have  fo  beaten  your  mafterB."  Upon  Miiich  the 
czar,  to  make  them  fome  reparation  for  this  ingratitude^  imme- 
diately gave  orders  that  their  fwords  (hould  he  returned  them  ^ 
and  treated  them  with  the  greateft  generoTity  and  goodnefs. 
Near  3000  Swedilh  officers,  nowever,  were  difperfed  up  and 
down  his  dominions,  and  particularly  in  Siberia,  a  country  of 
vaft  extent,  and  running  as  far  as  China ;  and,  having  little 
profpe£l  of  returning  to  Sweden,  they  foon  formed  a  kind  of 
colony,  and  began  to  ipply  themfelves  to  the  various  profeffions 
with  which  jthey  were  acquainted.  Thus  they  forwarded  the 
czar's  great  purpofe,  in  polifliing  and  civilizing  the  ancient 
inhabitants  of  tne  country ;  and  many  arts,  which,  although 
cftabliflied  at  Mofcow  and  PcteHburg,  might  not  have  reached 
Siberia  a  long  time,  were  thus  uiddenly  eftabliihed  there. 
In  the  mean  time,  Peterfburs  had  rifen  into  a  large  and 

Eowerful  city ;  and  the  king  of  Sweden  having  been  obliged  to 
y  from  Pukowa  to  Bender  in  the  Turkifli  dominions  for  refuge^ 
tiie  czar  availed  himfelf  greatly  of  his  abfence :  he  made  a  com* 

Elete  conqueft  of  Livonia  and  Ingria  ;  to  which  he  added  Fin» 
ind,  and  a  part  of  Pomerania.  The  Turks  having  broken  a 
truce  they  had  concluded  with  htm,  he  was  inclofed  by  their 
army  in  1712,  on  the  banks  of  the  Pruth ;  and  that  in  fo  difad-  ' 
vantageous  a  (ituation,  that  he  feemed  to  be  inevitably  loft» 
While  the  army  was  under  great  conftemation,  the  czarina  Cathe* 
rine  projeSed  an  expedient  for  its  deliverance.  Sht  fent  to. 
negotiate  with  the  grand  vizir,  and  let  him  privately  know,  that 
a  great  fum  of  money  was  at  his  fervice :  he  was  tempted,  and 
the  czar's  prudence  completed  the  work.  To  perpetuate  the 
memory  of  this  event,  he  caufed  the  czarina  to  inftitute  the 
Order  of  St.  Catherine,  of  which  Oie  was  declared  fovereign,' 
and  into  which  none  but  women  were  to  be  admitted.  The 
king  of  Sweden  having  at  laft  quitted  the  Turkifh  dominions,  in 
1^13,  the  czar  found  this  formidable  enemy  advancing  to  oppofe 
hiin :  but  he  was  now  ftrengthened  by  an  alliance  with  the  king 
of  Denmark.  He  carried  the  war  into  the  dutchy  of  Holftein, 
which  was  in  alliance  with  the  Swedes ;  and,  in  1714,  obtained 
over  them  a  vidlory  at  fea,  near  the  coads  of  Finland,  upon 
which  he  entered  triumphantly  with  his  fleet  into  the  haven  of 
Pcterfturg, 

All  this  while  he  continued  his  purfuits  after  all  kinds  of 
knowledge.  He  caufed  his  engineers  to  draw  the  plan  of  every 
city,  and  to  take  deiigns  of  all  the  different  machines  which  he 
had  not  in  his  own  country.  He  inftru£led  himfelf  in  huibandry, 
and  in  all  forts  of  trade,  wherever  he  came.  In  1716,  he  paid 
a  vifit,  with  his  conforti  to  the  king  of  Denmark  at  Copenhagen* 

M  3  whei-p 


i66  PETER  THE  GftiAT. 

tirtierc  h^  fpcnt  three  months,  fie  vifited  th^fc  every  fchool  of 
the  univcrfity,  and  all  the  men  of  letters:  for,  regardleft  of 
ceremony  and  pageantry,  which  he  hated,  it  was  indifferent  to 
him,  whether  they  waited  on  him,  or  he  went  to  them.  He 
cpaftcd  every  day  fome  part  of  the  kingdoms  of  Denmark  and 
Sweden,  attended  by  two  engineers;  furveyed  all.  the  wind- 
ings, founded  ,every  part  of  the  ft  raits,  and  afterwards  had  the 
whole  fo  exaftiy  dcfcribed  in  charts,  (hat  not  fo  much  as  the 
fnfialleft  flielf  or  bank  of  fand  efcaped  his  obfervation.  From 
Copenhagen  he  went  to  Hamburgh,  Hanover,  Wolfcnbuttle,  and 
from  thence  to  Holland.  Here  he  left  the  czarina,  and  went  to 
France  in  1717;  and,  in  June  that  year,  vifited  the  royal  aca- 
demy of  fcicnces  at  Paris,  where  he  was  entertained  by  feeing 
the  lateft  invented  and  moft  curious  machines  and  experiments. 
He  was  no  fooner  returned  to  his  own  dominions,  than  he  fig- 
rjified  his  inclination  of  becoming  a  member  of  that  fociety  ; 
and  the  academy  having  made  their  moft  refpeflful  acknow. 
Icdgements  for  the  great  honour  he  did  them,  he  wrote  them  a 
letter  with  his  own  hand.  Thefe  particulars  may  be  fecn  in  the 
hiftory  of  that  academy  for  the  year  1720:  the  academy  fent 
him  every  year  a  volume  of  their  proceedings,  to  which,  as  an, 
academician,  he  was  entitled ;  and  he  alw  ays  accepted  it  with 
pleafure,  as  from  his  brethren. 

It  would  be  endlefs  to  enumerate  all  the  various  cftablifli- 
ments,  for  which  the  Ruffians  are  indebted  to  this  great  emperor: 
Fontenelle  has  recorded  fome  of  the  principal,  and  they  niuft 
alfo  have  a  place  here./  He  [p")  eftabliflied,  i.  A  body  of 
JOG, coo  foot,  under  as  regular  a  difcipline  as  any  in  Europe. 
a.  A  navy  of  forty  fliips  of  the  line,  and  200  gallies.  3.  Forti- 
fications in  all  main  towns,  and  an  excellent  civil  government  in 
l^e  great  cities,  which  before  were  as  dangerous  in  the  night,  as 
the  moft  unfrequented  deferts.  4.  An  academy  for  naval  affairs 
and  navigation,  where  all  the  nobility  are  obliged  to  fend  fome 
of  their  children.  5.  Colleges  at  Mofcow,  Peterfturg,  and 
Kiof,  for  languages,  polite  literature,  and  mathematics  ;  and 
ichools  in  the  villages,  where  the  children  of  the  peafants  are 
taught  to  read  and  write.  6.  A  college  of  phyficiaas,  and  a 
ikoble  difpenfatory  at  Mofcow,  which  furnifhes  medicines  to  the 
great  cities,  and, to  the  armies;  whereas  before,  there  was  no 
phyfician  but  the  czar's,  and  no  apothecary  in  all  his  dominions. 
7.  Public  leftnres  in  anatomy,  a  uord  never  heard  before  in 
Rtiflia.  Voltaire  relates,  that  the  czar  had  ttudied  this  branch 
of  knowledge  under  Ruyfch  at  Amfterdam ;  and  made  fuch  im- 
provements under  this  mafter,  as  to  perform  even  chirurgical 
operations  himfelf.    He  afterwards  purchafed  the  cabinet  of  that 

[rj  EnloglUm,  Ice.;  » 

anatomifty 


PETER  THE  Great.  167 

aimtomift,  which  contained  an  immenfe  colleftion  of  the  moft 

curious,  indruftive,  and  uncommon   preparations,     8.  An  ob- 

fervatory,  not  only  for  the  ufe  of  aflronomers,  but  as  a  repofi- 

'  tory  for  natural  curiofities.     9.  A  phyfic  garden,  to  be  ftockcd 

'  with  plants,  not  only  from  all  parts  of  Europe,  but  from  Afia, 

Perfia,  and  even  the  diftant  parts  of  China.     10.  Printing-houfe«;, 

where  he  aboHfhed  their  old  barbarous  chara£l:ers,  which,  through 

f  the  great  number  of  abbreviations,  were  almoft  become  unintel- 

^  ligible.      II.  Interpreters  for  all  the  languages  of  Europe;  and 

'  hkewifc  for  the  Latin,  Greek,  Turkish,  Kalmuc,  Mogul,  and 

Chinefe.    12.  A  royal  library,  compofed  of  three  very  large  collec-   - 
I  tioos,  which  he  purchafed  in  England,  Holftein,  and  Germany, 

[  Thefe,  and  many  more,  were  particular  inftitutions  and  efta- 

f  bliihmenfs :  but  the  czar  made  general  reformations,  to  which 

indeed  the  other  were*  only  fubfervient.*    He  changed  the  archi- 
[  tefture  of  his  country,  which  was  ugly  and  deformed ;  or,  more 

properly,  he  firft  introduced  that  fcience  into  his  dominions.     He 
.  fent  for  a  great  number  of  piftures  from  Italy  and  France  ;  and 
I  thus  inftrufted  in  the  art  of  painting  a  people,  who  knew  no 

more  of  it,  than   what  they  could  colleft  from  the  wretched 
!  daubing  of  men  who  painted  the  imaginary  heads  of  faints.     He 

fent  (hips  laden  with  merchandize  to  Genoa  and  Leghorn,  which 
returned  freighted  with  marble  and  ftatues :  and  pope  Clement 
XI.  plea  fed  with  his  tafte,  prefented  him  with  a  fine  antique, 
which  the  czar,  not  caring  to  truft  by  fea,  ordered  to  be  brought 
to  Pet€r(burg  by  land.  Religion  was  "not  negle6led  in  this  gene- 
ral reform  :  ignorance  and  fuperftition  had  over-run  it  fo  much, 
that  it  fcarcely  merited  the  name  of  Chriflian.  The  czar  intro- 
duced knowledge,  where  it  was  miferably  wanted;  and  this 
knowledge  enabled  him"  to  abolifli  fafts,  miracles,  and  faint- 
worth ip,  in  a  good  degree  at  leaft.  He  ventured  further  than  to 
the  correftion  of  rites :  he  aboliihed  the  patriarchate,  though 
pretty  much  independent  of  him  ;  and  thus  got  rid  of  a  power," 
which  was  always  interrupting  and  difconcerting  his  meafures^^ 
'^  He  took  away  part  of  the  revenues  of  thofe  churches  and  monaf- 
teries  which  he  thought  too  wealthy;  and,  leaving  only  what 
was  neceffary  for  their  fubfiftence,  added  the  overplus  to  his  own 
deraefnes.  He  made  many  judicious  ecclefiaftical  canons,  and 
ordered  preaching  in  the  Ruffian  language. ...  Laftly,  he  efta- 
bliftied  a  general  liberty  of  confcience  throughout  his  dominions; 
and,  if  we  had  no  other  pro6f  of  his  civilized  fpirit,  this  would  be 
fufficient.  There  is  one  more  reformation,  and  perhaps  as  ne- 
ceffary and  ufeful  as  any  of  the  former,  which  he  made  even  in 
his  laft  illnefs;  tho.ugh  it  was. exceedingly  painful.  When  the 
fenators  and  great  perfonagc^,  then  about  him,  mentioned  the 
various  obligations  which  Ruffm  lay  under  to  him,  for  abolilhing 
Ignorance  and  barbarifmi.  and  ;i^ntrGtdi2ciog  ajrts  and  fciences,  he 

M  4  told 


i68  PETER  THE  Great. 

told  them,  that  he  had  forgot  to  reform  one  of  the  moft  im- 
portant points  of  all,  namely,  the  mal-adminiftration  of  jufticey 
occaiioned  by  the  tedious  and  litigious  chicanery  of  the  lawyers ; 
and  figned  an  order  from  his  bed,  limiting  the  determination  of 
all  caufes  to  eleven  days,  which  was  immediately  fent  to  all  the 
courts  of  his  empire. 

This  wonderful  man  died  of  the  ftrangury,  caufed  by  an  im- 
poftume  in  the  neck  of  his  bladder,  Jan.  28,  1725,  aged 
fifty-three.  He  was  tall>  and  remarkably  well  (haped ;  had  a 
noble  countenance,  eyes  fparkling  with  vivacity,  and  a  robuft 
conftitution.  His  judgement  was  found,  which,  as  Voltaire 
has  obfervcd,  may  juftiy  be  deemed  the  foundation  of  all  real 
abilities :  and  to  this  folidity  was  joined  an  z6tive  difpofition, 
which  led  him  into  the  moft  arduous  undertakings.  Whoever 
reflefts  upon  the  interruptions,  difficulties,  and  oppoflt ions,  that 
muft  unavoidably  occur  in  civilizing  and  reforming  a  large  and 
barbarous  empire,  muft  fuppofe  the  czar  to  have  been,  as  indeed 
he  really  was,  a  man  of  the  greateft  firmnefs  and  perfcverance. 
His  education  was  far  from  being  worthy  of  his  genius :  it  had 
been  fpoiledby  the  princefs  Sophia,  whofe  intereft  it  was  that 
he  ihould  be  imraerled  in  licentious  excefles.  However,  in  fpitc 
of  bad  example,  and  even  his  own  ftrong  propenfity  to  pleafure, 
his  natural  defire  of  knowledge  and  magnanimity  of  foul  broke 
through  all  habits;  nay,  they  broke  through  fomething  even 
greater  than  habits.  It  is  remarkable,  that  from  his  childhood 
he  had  fuch  a  dread  of  watery  as  to  be  feized  with  a  cold  fweat 
and  with  convulfions,  even  in  being  obliged  to  pafs  over  a 
brook.  The  caufe  of  this  averfion  is  thus  related:  When  he 
was  about  five  years  of  age,  he  was  carried  in  the  fpring  feafon 
over  a  dam,  where  there  was  a  water-fall  or  cataraft.  He  was 
afleep  in  his  mother's  lap,  but  the  noife  and  rufliing  of  the  water 
frightened  him  fo  much,  that  it  brought  on  a  fever;  and,  after  his 
recovery,  he  retained  fuch  a  dread  of  that  element,  that  he  could 
not  bear  to  fee  any  (landing  water,  much  lefs  to  hear  a  running 
ftream.  <*  Who  would  have  thought,**  fays  Voltaire,  **  that 
fuch  a  prince  fliould  become  the  beft  mariner  in  all  the  north r" 
Yet  fuch  was  the  mighty  force  of  his  refolution,  that  he  gra- 
dually conquered  nature  in  this  particular;  and  his  averfion  of 
water  was  afterwards  changed  into  an  exceffive  fondnefs  for  that 
flement.  He  had  a  fon,  who  lived  to  be  a  man;  but  this  fon 
engaging  with  his  mother,  whom  Peter  had  divorced  in  1692, 
'and  other  malcontents,  in  a  confpiracy  againft  his  father  in  171 7> 
was  condemned  to  die.  He  faved  the  executioners  the  trouble, 
by  dying  a  natural  death:  and  an  account  jof  this  unfortunate 

Srince,  with  original  papers,  was  publiihjd  by  the  czar  himfelf. 
^he  title  of  it,  as  it  ftands  in  the  fccond  volume  of  the  "  Pre- 
fent  Slate  of  RufEa^'*  tranflated  from  the  German,  and  printed 

at 


PETER  THt  Great.  169 

at  London,  ^^22^  in  8vo,  runs  thus:  **  AManifeftoof  the  Cri- 
minal Procels  of  the  Czarewitz  Alexi  Petrowitz,  judged  and 
publifhed  at  St.  Peteriburg,  the  2^th  of  June,  1718,  tranflated 
from  the  Ruflian  Original,  and  printed  by  order  of  his  Czarifh 
Majefty  at  the  Hague,  1718/'  The  czar  compofed  feveral 
pieces  upon  naval  affairs ;  and  his  name  muft  be  added  to  the,v 
fliort  catalogue  of  fovereigns  who  have  favoured  the  publio 
with  their  writings. 

The  czarina,  his  widow,  whom  he  nominated  his  fuccel{br» 
was,  upon  his  death,  immediately  acknowledged  emprefs  of 
Ruifia  by  the  feveral  eftates  of  the  empire.  The  hiftory  of 
this  lady  is  curious  and  extraordinary,  and  therefore  ought  to 
be  related.     She  was  born  in  Livonia,  in  1684 ;  and  lofing  her 

Sarents,  who  were  of  low  condition  and  poor,  (he  became  de« 
itute.  The  parifli-clerk,  who  kept  a  fchool,  took  her  into  hti^ 
houfe,  and  fupported  her ;  till  Dr.  Gluck,  minifter  of  Marien* 
burg,  happening  to  come  to  that  village,  eafed  the  clerk  of  the 
girl,  whom  he  liked  exceedingly,  and  carried  her  home  with 
him.  Dr.  Gluck  treated  her  almoft  in  the  fame  manner  as  if 
ihe  had  been  his  own  dauehter ;  and  not  only  had  her  taught 
fpinning  and  fewing,  but  inurufled  her  alfo  himfelf  in  literatuie 
above  her  fex,  and  efpecially  in  the  German  lansuage.  At 
length  a  Livonian  ferjeant  in  the  Swedifli  army,  ieM  paflion* 
ately  in  love  with  her,  and  (he  agreed  to  marry  him:  but  the 
next  day,  the  Ruffians  made  themfelves  mafters  of  Marienbuj^g; 
and  the  general,  cafting  his  eyes  accidentally  on  Catherine,  and 
obferving  fomething  very  (Iriking  in  her  air  and  manner,  took  her 
then  under  his  proteftion,  and  afterwards  into  his  fervice.  Some 
time  after,  (he  was  advanced  to  be  a  houfekeeper  to  prince 
Menzikoff,  who  was  the  general's  patron;  and  there  the  czar 
(eeing  her,  (he  made  fuch  an  impreflion  on  him,  that  he  married 
her.  She  was  taken  at  Marienburg  in  1702,  and  married  to  the 
czar  in  1 7 10 :  what  became  of  her  former  hu(band,  the  ferjeant,  is 
not  known.  Shewas  a  woman  of  wonderful  abilities  and  addrefs^ 
and  in  truth  a  very  fit  confort  for  fuch  a  man  as  Peter  the  Great* 
It  has  been  already  obferved,  in  what  manner  (he  refcued  him 
from  ruin  by  her  management,  when  he  was  furrounded  by  the 
Turks :  ana  he  feems  to  have  made  her  partner  of  his  councils 
and  undertakings,  as  well  ais  of  his  bed.  He  (hewed  the  high 
opinion  he  had  of  her,  by  nominating  her  to  fucceed  him:  but 
(he  died  in  little  more  than  two  years  after  him.  She  had 
feveral  daughters  by  the  czar ;  the  youngeft  of  which,  Eliza- 
beth, after  the  heirs  of  the  elder  branches  were  extin£):,  afcended 
the  fhrone,  in  174?.  Voltaire,  in  his  hiftory  of  Peter,  has  taken 
occafion  to  fpeak  of  this  princefs ;  and  what  he  fays  deferves  to 
be  tranfcribed.  '^  The  lenity  of  this  princefs  has  been  carried 
to  a  degree  unparalleled  in  the  hiftory  of  any  nation.  She  had 
promifed,  that  during  her  reign  nobody  (hould  be  put  to  death; 

and 


I70  PETIT. 

and  Jbc  has  kept  her  word.  She  is  Ac  firft  fovcreign  that  ever, 
ihewed  this  regard  to  the  human  fpecies.  Malefafiors  are 
now  condemned  to  ferve  in  the  mines  and  other  public  works ; 
ar  regulation  not  lefs  prudent  than  humane,  fince  it  renders 
their  punifhment  of  fome  advantage  to  the  ftate.  In  other 
conntriesy  they  only  know  how  to  put  a  malefaAor  to  death, 
with  the  apparatus  of  an  ex«cutioner>  but  are  not  able  to 
prevent  the  commiffion  of  crimes.  The  terror  of  death  doe& 
ndt,  perhaps,  make  fuch  an  impreflion  on  evil-doers,  who  are 
generally  given  to  idlenefs,  as  the  fear  of  chadifement  and  hard 
labour  renewed  every  day." 

PETIS  DE  LA  CROIX  (Francis),  interpreter  of  the 
Oariental  languages  to  the  French  king,  was  fent  into  Turkey 
afid  Perfia,  at  the  age  of  fij^tecn,  in  order  to  learn  thofe.  Ian- 
guides.  "  Whd  would  believe,"  fays  Voltaire  [qJ,  ^*  that  he 
ttioiild  compofe  part  of  the  Life  of  Louis  XIV.  in  Arabic,  and 
tliat  this  work  (hould  be  efteemed  in  the  Eaftr"  He  made 
feveral  voyages  into  Africa  and  the  Eaft,  by  order  of  the  court : 
fie  was  empk)yed  in  feveral  negotiations  abroad,  and  recom* 
penfed  for  his  merit  by  the  chair  of  Arabic  profeflbr  in  the 
Royal  College.  Befides  the  Arabic,  Turkifh,  Perfian,  and 
Tartarian,  he  very  well  underflood  the  Ethiopian  and  Anne? 
inan  languages.  He  died  at  Paris  in  17 13,  after  having  com- 
piled feveral  ufeful  works  relating  to  Oriental  hiftory  ;  among 
oiChers,  **  Tiie  Hiftory  of  Gengis-Kan,'*  which  has  been  tranf- 
kted  into  Englifh. 

PETIT  (SAMUEi),  or  PETITUS,  a  celebrated  fcholar, 
was  born  at  Nifmes  in  1594.  He  ftudied  at  Geneva^  with  a 
faccefs  fo  unconimon,  that,  at  the  age  of  feventeen,  he  was 
admitted  to  the  facred  miniftry.  Soon  after,  he  was  raifed  to 
ike  profefforfhips  of  theology,  and  of  Greek  and  Hel^rew  in 
that  city,  where  he  pafled  the  chief  part  of' his  life,  and  where 
he^died  in  December,  1645,  at  the  age  of  fifty-onc.  He  has 
left  behind  him  feveral  works  of  great  learning.  For  inftance, 
!•  **  Mifirellanea,"  Paris,  4to,  1630,  in  nine  books i  containing 
<SQnrfte£^ions  of  pafTages  in  a  vaft  number  of  ancient  authors, 
jl-  <*  Eclogae  Chronological,"  4to,  Paris,  1632.  ■  3.  *<  Variae 
LiftitM^es,"  48ro,  Paris,  1633.  This  is  in  four  hooks,  three  of 
which  are  employed  on  the  cuftoms,  ceremonies,  &c.  of  the 
Old  and  New  Teftament.  4.  <*  Leges  Atticx,"  firft  publifhed 
:lt  Paris,  in  1615,  ^^^  again  in  1635,  &c.  This  is  a  work  of 
the  higheft  reputation,  and  has  been  enriched  by  the  fubfequent 
remarks  of  Palmerius,  Salvini,  Duker,  and  Weflcling.  5, 
Other  publications  of  lefs  confequence,  but  all  evincing  pro-* 
fotiiMi  and  cxtenfive  learning.  His  charader  was.  not  lefs 
itfria&Ie^  than  his  accompliihments  were  extraordinary.     He 

,  .  .    [qj\  £flsu.(iur rHift«ife,  tpx^y'u*     ,, 

»•  was 


P,ETJT.  17c 

iv^s  mild  and  geiifle  in  an  uncommon  degree.  It  is  selated  of 
him^  that  going  once  from  ctiriofity  into  a  fynagogue  at  Avig- 
non, d  Rabbin,  fuppofmg  himfelf  free  from  all  danger  of  <ie^ 
tcftioB,  railed  againft  him  in  Hebrew,  in  a  very  grofs  manner. 
Petit,  without  any  anger,  coolly  anfwered  him  in  the  £uiie 
language,  and  thus  covered  the  aflailant  -with  confufioo.  la 
anfwer  to  the  apologies  and  excufes  of  the  Jew,  he  only,  in  x 
mild  manner,  exhorted  him  to  embrace  Chriftianity. 

PETIT  (Peter),  a  mathematician  of  France,  celebrated  for 
his  wrritings,  and  for  his  eonneftions  with  Pafcal,  Des  Cartes, 
Merfenhus,  and  other  great  men,  was  bora  in  1598  [r],  and  fpent 
the  iirft  part  of  his  life  at  Montiucbn,  in  the  diocele  of  Bourges^, 
tjie  place  of  hi«  nativity,  where  he  cultivated  from  his  youth' 
mathematics  and  philofophy .  He  went  to  Paris  in  1 633,  whither 
l)is  reputation  had  travelled  before  him ;  and  was  employoi) 
on  feveral  occafions  by  "Cardinal  Richelieu.  He  was  commif. 
fioned  by  this  minifter  to  vifit  the  fea-ports,  had  the  title  of  tiie 
king's  engineer;  and  was  alfo  fent  into  Italy  upon  his  majefty'if 
bufinefs.  He  was  at  Tours  in  1640,.  and  married  there  ^  zni 
afterwards  was  made  intendant  of  the  fortifications:  for  Hila« 
rion  de  Cofte  gives  him  this  title,  in  his  "  Life  of  Merfennus,*' 
printed  in  1649.  Baillet,  in  his  **  Life  of  Des  Cartes,"  fays^ 
"  That  Petit  had  a  great  genius  for  mathematics,  excelled  par-- 
ticuhrly  in  aftroziomy,  and  had  a  fmgular  paflion  for  experi- 
mental kijowledge.'*  It  was  fomewhere  about  1637  or  1638, 
that  he  went .  to  Paris,  after  his  return  from  Italy,  where  he 
heard  much  talk  of  the  Dioptrics  of  Des  Cartes.  He  read 
them,  and  communicated  his  objections  to  Merfennus,  with 
whom  he  was  intimately  acquainted :  neverthelcfs,  he  foon  after 
embraced  the  principles  of  Des  Cartes,  and  became  not  ottly 
the  friend,  but  the  partifan  and  defender,  of  that  philofopher. 
He  was  alfo  intimately  connefted  with  Pafcal,  with  whom  ho 
made  at  Rouen  the  fame  experiments  concerning  the  vsacuam^ 
which  Torricelli  had  before  made  in  Italy ;  and  was  afl^red  o^ 
their  truth  by  frequent  repetitions.  This  was  in  1646  and 
1647.  We  know  no  other  particulars  of  Petit,  biJt  that  im 
died  in  1677.  ^^  was  the  author  of  feveral  works  upon  piiyw 
Ileal  and  aftronomical  fubjeSs.  The  firil  •  tra<ft  he  publiihed 
was  upon  chronology,  and  in  defence  of  Jofeph  Scaliger.  li 
is  entitled,  "  Difcoufs  chronologique,  contenant  les  maxiitiei 
pour  difcerner  les  parfaites  chronologies,  &c.  1636,"  in  410. 

PETIT  (Peter),  another  very  learned  Frenchman,  was  bom 
at  Paris  in  1617,  and  brought  up  to  the  profeffion  of  phyfic,  in 
which  faculty  he  took  a  doftor's  degree  at  Montpellier :  but^ 
aftprwardfi  returning  to  Paris,  negleded  the  praftice  of  it)  ai|d[ 

[jn]  NiceroD,  tome  K|ii* 

gave 


I7«  PETIT. 


fi 


ive  himfelf  up  entirely  to  the  ftudy  of  polite  literature  [s], 
^Je  lived  fome  time  witn  the  firft  preudent  Lamoienon,  as  pre* 
ceptor  to  his  fons;  and  afterwaitls  with  m(»if.  Nicolsu,  firft 
prefident  of  the  chamber  of  accounts,  as  a  man  of  letters  and 
companion.  He  fpent  the  ^reateft  part  of  his  life  in  compofing ; 
and  had  a  wonderful  facility  with  his  pen,  which  enabled 
bim  to  write  much.  He  was  deeply  read  m  the  ancient  Greek 
and  Latin  authors,  and  joined  to  his  ikill  in  thefe  an  uncommon 
knowledge  in  philofophical  matters.  He  died  in  1687,  aged 
feventy,  having  taken  a  wife  not  long  before. 

He  wrote  much,  both  in  verfe  and  profe,  but  in  Latin  only» 
His  firft  produdion  feems  to  have  b^en,  i.  *'  An  Ele^  upoo 
the  Death  of  Gabriel  Naude,  in  1653."    In  1660,  he  pub- 
lifhed  in  Svo,  2.  ''  De  motu  animalium  fpontaneo  liber  unus." 
Petit  was  a  great  paftifan  for  the  Peripatetic  philofophy ;  and, 
in  this  as  well  as  feme  other  works  of  the  fame  kind,  he  has 
ftrenuoufly  fupported  the  principles  of  Ariftotle,  and  combated 
thofe  of  Des  Cartes.     3.  "  Epiftolac  Apologeticae  A.  Menjoti 
de  variis  fedis  ample&endis  examen :  ad  medicos  ParifienfeSy 
autore  Adriano  Scauro,  D.  M.  1666,"  4to.    Menjot  had  main- 
tained, very  reafonably  one  would  think,  that  a  man  (hould 
attach  himlelf  to  no  particular  fed,  bdt  take  from  each  what-, 
ever  he  found  good.     This  fentiment,  it  feems,  did  not  pleafe 
Petit,  and  therefore  he  oppbfed  it  in  this  work  under  the  fidi-r 
tious  name  of  Scaurus.     He  publifhed  the  fame  year,  in  8vo, 
under  the  feigned  name  of  Marinus  Statileus,  4.  **  Apoloeia 
pro  genuitate  fragment!  Satyrici  Petroniani ;"  which  Hadrian 
Valefius  then,  and  the  beft  critics  fince,  have  agreed  to  rejed 
as  fpurious.     Euthyphron  was  another  aflumed  name,  under 
which  he  publifhed,   5.  ^*  De  nova  curandorum  morborum 
ratione  per  transfufionem  fanguinis,"  in  1667,  410.     He  there 
rqeds  this  method  of  cure,  which  was  approved  by  many  phyfi-» 
tians  of  his  time,  and  fupports  his  own  opinion  with  much 
elegance  and  learning.     In  1683,  were  publilhed  at  Utrecht, 
in  ovo,  6.  <*  Mifcellanearum  Obfervationum,  libri  iv."    Thefe 
are  verbal  criticifms  upon  various  authors,  and  fhew  great  ac- 
curacy as  well  as  profound  erudition.    The  fame  year  at  Paris 
came  out  in  8vo,  7.  "  Seledorum  Pocmatum,  libri  ii.     Accef^ 
fit  DifTertatio  de  Furore  Poetico/'    The  Diflertation  is  curious, 
and  fhews  the  author  to  have  been  a  very  ingenious  man :  and 
the  Poems  have  merit  enough  to  rank  him  with  Rapin,  Menage, 
and  the  beft  writers  of  modern  Latin  poetry.     8.  ^'  De  Ama- 
xontbus   Diifertatio,   Paris,    1685,"    i2mo.      The  edition  of 
Amfterdam,  1687,  lamo,  is  preferable,  there  being  additions 
1^  the  author>  and  critical  obfervations  by  M.  de  la  Monnoye, 

[s]  Baillet*t  JosenoM  its  Sjavaot,  ttnw  Vf  Niceron,  torn.  xL 

9,  <<  Dc 


PETITOT.  173 

^.  •'  De  natura  ct  moribus  Anthropophagorum  Differtatio/*  at 
Utrechty  1688,  8vo.  A  curious  and  learned  work.  10.  **  In* 
tres  priores  Aretsei  libros  Commentarii :  Una  cum  diflfertatiun- 
<:ula  de  Petiti  vita,  et  copiofo  in  eofdem  Commentarios  indice, 
1726,"  4to.  It  was  Maittaire,  who  publiflied  this  pofthumous 
work,  and  placed  the  life  of  Petit  at  the  head  of  it. 

There  are  fevelral  other  works  of  this  author,  but  we  have 
mentioned  the  moft  Important.  Care  muft  be  taken,  in  the 
mean  time,  not  to  confound  him  with  the  preceding  Peter  Petit, 
who  was  his  contemporary. 

PETITOT  (John),  a  celebrated  painter,  was  born  at  Ge- 
neva in  1607 ;  of  a  father  who  was  a  fculptor  and  archited, 
and  who,  after  having  pafled  part  of  his  life  in  Italy,  retired  to 
that  city.    His  fon  was  defigned  to  be  a  jeweller;  and,  by  frc-- 

Juent  employment  in  enamelling,  acquired  fo  fine  a  tafte,  and 
>  precious  a  tone  of  colouringt  that  fiordier,  who  afterwards 
became  his  brother-in-law,  advifed  him  to  attach  himfelf  to 
portrait,  believing  he  might  pulh  his  art  on  ftill  to  ereator 
lengths ;  and  though  both  the  one  and  the  other  wanted  feveral 
colours  which  they  could  not  bring  to  bear  the  fire,  yet  they 
fucceeded  to  admiration.  Petitot  painted  the  heads  and  hands, 
in  which  his  colouring  was  excellent;  Bordier  painted  the  hair, 
the  draperies,  and  the  grounds*  Thefe  two  friends,  agreeing 
in  their  work  and  their  projedls,  fet  out  for  Italy.  The  long 
ftay  they  made  there,  frequenting  the  beft  chemifts,  joined  to  a 
ftrong  defire  of  learning,  improved  them  in  the  preparation  of 
their  colours;  but  the  completion  of  their  fuccefs  muft  be 
afcribed  to  a  journey  they  afterwards  made  to  England.  There 
they  found  fir  Theodore  Mayerne,  phyfician  to  Charles  I.  and 
a  great  chemift ;  who  had  by  his  experiments  difcovered  the 
pnncipal  colours  to  be  ufed  tor  enamel,  and  the  proper  means 
of  vitri^ing  them.  Thefe  bv  their  beauty  furpailed  all  the 
enamelling  of  Venice  and  Limoges.  Mayerne  introduced 
Petitot  to  the  king,  who  retained  him  in  his  fervice,  and  gave 
him  a  lodging  in  Whitehall.  Here  he  painted  feveral  portraits 
after  Vanoyck,  in  which  he  was  guided  by  that  excellent  mafter, 
who  was  then  in  London:  and  his  advice  contributed  ^atly  ta 
the  ability  of  Petitot,  whofe  beft  pieces  are  after  Vandyck. 
King  Charles  often  went  to  fee  him  work ;  as  he  took,  a  plea- 
fure  both  in  painting  and  chemical  experiments,  to  which  his 
phyftcian  had  given  him  a  turn.  Petitot  painted  that  monarch  and 
the  whole  royal  family  feveral  times.  The  diftii^guifhed  favour 
ihewn  him  by  that  prince  was  only  interrupted  by  his  unhappy 
and  tragical  end.  This  was  a  terrible  ftroke  to  Petitot,  who  did 
not  quit  the  royal  family,  but  followed  them  in  their  flight 
to  Paris,  where  he  was  looked  on  as  one  of  their  moft  zea- 
lous fervants^    During  the  four  years  that  Charles  II .  ftayed 

in 


^74  PETITOT. 

inFraoee,  he  vifitcd  Petitat,  and  often  eat  with  ltim«  Then 
it  was,  that  his  name  became  eminent,  and  that  all  the  coiut 
of  France  grew  fonri  of  being  tainted  in  enamel.  Wbeh 
Charles  11.  returned  to  England,  Louis  XI.V.  retained  Petit6t 
in  his  fervice,  gave  him  a  penfion,  and  a  lodging  in'the  gallery  (tf 
the  Louvre.  Thcfe  new  favours>  added  to  a  cowiiderable  fortune 
he  had  already  acquired,  encouraged  him  to  marry  in  i66i. 
Afterwards  Bordier  becanie  bis  brother-in-law^  and  ever  re- 
jtnained  in  a  firm  union  with  him:  they  lived  together,  till  their 
families  growing  top  numerous  obliged  them  to  feparate*  Their 
frlendihtp  was  founded  on  the  harmony  of  their  lentiraents  and 
Acir  reciprocal  merit,  much  more  than  a  principle  of  intereft; 
They  had  gained,  as  a  reward  for  their  difcoveriesand  their 
kthours,  a  million  of  livres,  which  they  divided  at  Paris ;  and 
they  continued  friends  without  ever  having  a  quarrel,  or  even  a 
siiiunderftandtng,  in  the  fpace  of  fifty  years. 

Petitot  copied  at  Paris  feveral  portraits  of  Mignard  and  Le 
Brun ;  yet  his  talent  was  not  only  copying  a  portrait  with  an 
«xa<5t  refemblance,  butalfodefigning  a  head  moft  perfedlly  after 
nature.  To  this  he  alfo  joined  a  foftnefs  and  livelinefs  of 
colouring,  which  will  never  change,  and  will  ever  render  his 
\irorks  valuable.  He  painted  Louis  XIV.  Mary  Anne  of  Auf- 
tria  his  mother,  and  Mary  Therefa  his  wife,  feveral  times.  As 
he  was  a  zealous  Proteftant,  and  full  of  apprehenfions  at  the 
revocation  of  the  edifl:  of  Nantz  in  1685,  he  demanded  the 
king's  permiflion  to  retire  to  Geneva;  who  finding  him  urgent, 
and  fearing  he  fliould  efcape,  cruelly  califed  him  to  be  arretted, 
stnd  Cent  to  Fort  I'Eveque,  where  the  biftop  of  Meaux  was 
appointed  to  inftrud  him.  Yet  neither  the  eloquence  of  Bof- 
£uet,  nor  the  terrors  of  a  dungeon  could  prevail.  He  was  not 
-convinced,  but  the  vexation  and  confinement  threw  him  into 
SL  fever ;  o£  which  the  king  being  infowned,  ordered'him  to  be 
releafed.  He  no  fooner  found  Wmfelf  at  liberty,  than  he  efcaped 
with  his  wife  to  Geneva,  after  a  refidence  at  Paris  of  thirty-fix 
years*  His  children  remaining  in  that  city,  and  fearing  the 
king's  refentment,  threw  thenifelves  on  his  mercy,  and  implored 
his  protection.  The  king  received  them  favourably,  and  told 
them  he  could  forgive  an  old  man  the  whim  of  de firing  to  be 
buried  with  his  fathers. 

When  Petitot  returned  to  his  own  country,  he  oulttvated  his 
art  with  great  ardor,  and  had  the  fatisfaftion  of  preferving  to 
the  end  of  his  life  the  eftcem  of  all  connoifleurs.  The  king 
and  queen  of  Poland,  defirous  to  have  theif  piftviros  copied  by 
Petitot,  though  then  above  eighty,  fent^he  originals  to  Paris, 
believing  him  to  be  there.  1  he  gentleman  who  was  charged 
with  thecommiffion  went  on  to  Geneva.  The  queen  was  repre- 
feuted  on  a  trophy  holding  the  king's  pidure.     As  there  were 

two 


PETIVER.  if^ 

twohe^Asin  tfie  fame  piece,  they  gave  him  a  hnndrecf  Iou« 
d'ors ;  and  he  executed  it  as  if  he  had  been  in  the  flower  of  his 
age.  The  concourfe  of  his  friends,  and  the  refort  of  the  curious 
who  came  to  fee  him,  ^as  fo  great,  that  he  was  obliged  to  quk 
"Geneva,  and  I'ctire  to  Vevajr,  alittle  town  in  the  canton  of 
Berne,  where  he  workecMrf  quiet.  He  was  about  the  piduiie 
of  his  wife,  when  a  diftemper  carried  him  off  in  one  day,  in 
1691^  aged  eighty- four.  His  life  was  always  exemplary,  and 
his  end  was  the  fame.  He  preferved  his  ufual  candour  and  eaie 
of  temper  to  his  laft  hour.  He  had  fcventeen  children  by  his 
marriage ;  but  only  cgne  of  his  fons  applied  himfelf  to  paint* 
ing,  who  fettled  in  London.  His  father  fent  him  feveral  of 
his  works  to  ferve  him  for  models.  Th  is  fon  is  dead,  and  hh 
family  is  now  fettled  in  Dublin. 

Petitot  may  be  called  the  inventor  of  painting  in  enamel ;  for 
though  Bordier  his  brother-in-law  made  feveral  attempts  befon& 
him,  and  fir  Theodore  Mayerne  had  facilitated  the  means  of 
employing  the  moft  beautiful  colours,  it  was  ftill  Fetitot  who 
completed  the  work ;  which  under  his  hand  acquired  fuch  a 
degree  of  perfeftion,  as  to  furpafs  miniature,  and  even  equal 
painting  in  oil.  He  made  ufe  of  gold  and  filver  plates,  and 
rarely  enamelled  on  copper.  When  he  firft  came  in  v<^e^ 
his  price  was  twenty  louis  a  head,  which  he  foon  raifed  to 
forty.  His  cuftom  was,  to  carry  a  painter  with  him,  who 
painted  the  pi6lure  in  oil ;  after  which  Petitot  flcetched  out  his 
work,  which  he  always  finiflied  after  the  life^  When  he  painted 
the  king  of  France,  he  took  thofe  piftures  that  moft  refembled 
him  for  his  patterns;  and  the  king  afterwards  gave  hitn  a  fitting 
or  two  to  finifli  his  work.  He  laboured  with  great  afliduity,^ 
and  never  laid  down  his  pencil,  but  with  reluftance;  faying^ 
that  he  always  found  new  beauties  in  his  art  to  charm  him. 

PETIVER  (James),  a  famous  Englifh  botanift,  was  con- 
temporary with  Plukenet ;  but  the  exaft  time  of  his  birth  is 
not  known,  nor  is  much  intelligence  concerning  him  at  prefenf 
to  be  obtained.  His  profeffion  was  that  of  an  apothecary,  to 
which  he  was  apprenticed  under  Mr.  Feltham,  then  apothecary 
fo  St.  Bartholomew's  hofpital  [t].  When  he  entered  into 
bufinefs  for  himfelf,  he  fettled  in  Alderfgate-ftreet,  and  there 
continued  for  the  remainder  of  his  life.  He  obtained  confi- 
derable  bufinefs,  and  after  a  time  became  apothecary  to  the 
Charter-houfe.  After  the  Tradefcants,  he  appears  to  have  beeii 
the  only  perfon,  except  Mr.  Courten,  and  fir  Hans  Sloane,  who 
made  any  confiderable  colleAion  in  Natural  Hiftory,  previous 
to  thofe  of  the  prefent  day.  He  engaged  the  captains  and  fur^ 
geons  of  (hips  to  bring  him  home  fpecimens,  and  enabled  therti 

[t]  Pttltncy's  Skctchea  of  Botany  iivEngland,  v\,  il  p.  31. 

to 


176  PETRARCH. 

to  feled  proper  objeds  by  printed  diredions  tirhieh  lie  diiftri^ 
buted  among  them.  By  tnefe  means  his  colledion  became  h 
valuable  that,  fome  time  before  his  death,  fir  Hans  Slpane 
offered  him  four  thoufand  pounds  for  it.  After  his  death,  it 
was  purchafed  by  the  fame  colleflor.  His  mufeum  extended 
bis  fame  both  at  home  and  abroad.  He  was  eleded  into  the 
Royal  Society,  and,  becoming  acquainted  with  Ray,  aflifted 
him  in  arranging  the  fecond  volume  of  his  hiftory  of  plants. 
He  died  April  so,  171$,  and  much  honour  was  fhewn  to  hiiti 
at  his  funeral,  by  the  attendance  of  fir  Hans  Sloane,  and  other 
eminent  men  as  pall-bearers,  &c. 

He  gave  the  world  feveral  publications  on  various  fubje£ls 
of  natural  hiftory:  4.  *'  Mufei  Petiveriani  Centuriae  decem,*' 
1692 — 1703,  8vo.  2.  **  Gazophylacii  Naturae  et  Artis,  De- 
cades decem,"  folio,  1702,  with  100  plates.  3.  "  A  Cata- 
logue of  Mr.  Ray^s  EngUJh  Herbal^  lUuftrated  with  figures," 
folio,  171 3,  and  continued  in  17 15.  4.  Many  fmaller  pub- 
lications which  may  be  found  enumerated  in  Dr.  Pultney's 
book.  5»  Many  papers  in  the  Phiiofophical  Tranfaflions,  and 
a  material  article  in  the  third  volume  of  Ray's  work,  entitled, 
•*  Plantac  rariores  Chinenfes  Madrafpatanse,  et  Africanae,  a 
Jacobo  Petivero  ad  opus  confummandum  collatae,"  &c.  Many 
of  his  fmaller  traSs  having  become  very  fcarce,  his  works 
were  colledled  and  publifhed,  exclufive  of  his  papers  in  the 
Tranfa£lions,  in  2  vols,  folio,  and  oneSvo,  in  the  year  1764. 

PETRARCH  (Francis),  an  Italian  poet,  eminent  for  great 
genius  and  great  learning,  has  been  called  the  father  of  modern 
poetry ;  and  was  one  of  the  firft  among  the  moderns,  in  whom 
the  true  fpirit  and  genius  of  ancient  literature  be^n  to  revive. 
His  parents  were  of  Florence,  of  honourable  iamilies ;  and 
his  father  was  a  manager  in  the  faftion  of  the  Bianchi,  which 
were  driven  from  the  town  by  the  Neri  in  i3oo.  He  retired 
to  Arezzo,  where  Petrarch  was  born  in  1304,,  and  not  at  An- 
cifa,  as  fome  have  imagined.  His  father,  after  many  vain 
attempts  to  be  reftored,  fixed  himfelf  at  length  at  Avignon  [u], 
then  the  feat  of  the  pope  j  whence  Petrarch,  who  was  nine' 

Sarsold,  was  fent  to  Carpentras,  in  order  to  learn  grammar, 
etoric  and  philofophy.  He  was  four  years  at  this  place,  and 
then  removed  to  Montpellier,  where  he  fpent  four  more  years 
in  the  (ludy  of  the  law.  After  that,  his  father  fent  him  to 
Bologna,  to  complete  him  in  that  fcience,  which  was  hi§  chief 
wifli  for  his  fon :  but,  alas !  the  dry  ftUdy  of.  the  law  had  no 
charms  for  Petrarch.  Poetry,  eloquence,  and  hiftory,  had  em- 
ployed in  reality  the  greateft  part  of  his  time  and  attention  f 
which  the  father  perceiving,  was  fo  enraged,  that,  coming  one 

[w]  Nicei;on,  Homines  Uluftr.  torn.  xxvUI. 

day 


PETRARCH.  \^Y 

3ay  fuddenly  into  his  chamber,  and  finding  a  heap  of  iancient 
Latin  authors  by  him,  he  flung  them  all  into  the  fire,  except 
Virgtl  and  Cicero,  whom,  at  tht  ^arneft  interceifion  of  his 
Ton,  "he  fpared. 

Lofing  hik  mother  in  1324,  and  his  father  the  year  after, 
Petrarch  returned  to  Avignon  to  fettle  his  affairs ;  and  foon 
after  purchafed  a  very  retired  but  very  agreeable  country-houfe, 
called  Vauchife,  about  five  miles  eaft  of  that  city,  where  he  pafTed 
a  good  part  of  every  year.  Here,  in  1327,  he  commenced  an 
amour  with  a  beautiful  young  damfel,  named  Laura,  who  lived 
in  the  neighbourhood,  and  whom  he  has  made  famous  ty  his 
poetry.  His  refidence  at  Vauclufe  was  fometimes  interrupted 
by  travels.  He  went  to  Paris,  whence  he  pafTcd  to  Flanders  ; 
then  into  Germany,  and  laftly  to  Rome.  At  his  returh  to 
Avignon,  he  was  prevailed  upon  to  enter  into  the  fervibe  of 
pope  John  XXIL  who  employed  him  in  feveral  important 
tranfadions  both  in  France  and  at  Rome.  Mornay,  in  hi^ 
^  Hiftbry  of  the  Papacy,"  fays,  that  Petrarch,  whom  he  calls 
Lufnenfeculifuiy  **  a  very  bright  ftar  fliining  in  an  age  of  dark- 
Hefs  [x  j,"  might  have  had  any  thing,  if  he  would  only  have 
flattered  the  popes :  and  Bayle  quotes  an  author,  who  relates, 
that  he  loft  a  cardinal's  cap,  becaufe  he  would  not  confcrit  that 
iiis  fifter  fliould  be  miftrefs  to  pope  Benedift  XIL  who  was  ex- 
tremely taken  with  her,  and  who  at  length  obtained  her  by  th« 
tnanagertient  of  another  brother.  However  this  was,  Petrarch 
"was  not  fond  of  a  coinrt  life :  he  feems  to  have  Kad  too  much 
integrity  and  generofity  in  his  nature  to  be  fit  for  it ;  fo  that 
lie  retired  to  Vauclufe,  where  he  devoted  himfelf  wholly  to 
reading,  to  compofition,  and  to  Laura.  He  compofed  a  Latin 
poem,  called  *^  Africa:"  which,  though  a  very  crude  per- 
tormance,  and  faulty  both  in  latinity  and  meafure,  appeared 
a  prodigy  in  thofe  days  of  ignorance ;  and  made  his  name  fo 
famous,  that  the  fenate  of  Rome  and  the  univerfity  of  Paris 
toth  invited  him  at  the  fame  time,  to  go  and  receive  the 
poetic  crown.  He  went  to  Rome  in  1341,  where  that  honour 
was  conferred  upon  him  with  great  folemnily. 

From  Rome  he  went  to  Parma,  and  foon  after  tp  Vauclufe ; 
where  he  gratified  his  prevailing  paflion,  which  was  the  love  of 
books  and  folitude.  Yet,  in  1343,  he  was  called  out  by  pope 
Clement  VL  who  fent  him  to  compliment  queen  Joan  of  Na- 

fles,  upon  her  acceilion  to  the  crown.  He  went  again  into 
taly  in  1348,  to  vifit  fome  nobles  at  Verona;  and  he  was  there, 
when  news  of  the  death  of  his  deareft  Laura  was  brought  him. 
He  was  infinitely  affl idled  with  it ;  and  immortalized  his  grief 
by  a  grieat  ntraiber  of  verfes  written  in  her  praife.      L-aufa 

[x]  NouveUet  it  laKcpu^l.  dcsLettres*    Fev.  15S6. 

^     Vol.  XIL  N  feems 


178  FETRARCH. 

feems  to  have  been  to  Petrarch,  what  Stella  was-  to  Swift; 
if  ,we  may  take  the  word  of  Petrarch  himfelf,  who  affures 
us,  that  his  love  for  her  was  of  the  pureft  kind ;  although 
fome  have  pretended,  that  it  was  not  altogether  fpiritual.  He 
went  to  Avignon  in  1349;  to  the  jubilee  at  Rome  in  1350; 
and  thence  to  his  folitude  at  Vauclufe ;  which  growing  pro- 
bably  difagreeable  for  want  of  Laura,  he  finally  quitted  la 
i  ^35^'     ^^  went  to  Milan,  where  he  entered  into  the  fervice 

ot  the  Vifconti,  who  fhewed  him  great  kindnefs,  and  employed 
,  him  in  emballies  and  affairs  of  importance  for  the  following 

f    >  ten  years.     The  remainder  of  his  life  was  fpent  in  continual 

journcyings,  fometimes  to  Parma,  fometij,iies  to  Padua,  as  well 
as  to  Ferrara  and  Venice.  He  was  at  Venice  in  1364^  when 
Boccace  came  from  Florence  to  afliac  him,  that  he  was.  reflored 
by  the  republic  to  the  eftate  of  his  father,  which  had  been 
forfeited ;  and  had  leave  to  return  and  fettle  there.  The  offer 
pleafed  him  much,  but  came  too  late :  he  was  then  grown  old 
and  infirm,  and  fo  fubje<9:  to  fainting  fits,  that  he  was  once  at 
Ferrara  fuppofed  to  be  dead  for  three  hours.  He  chofe  to 
retire  to  Padua,  for  the  fake  of  being  near  his  patron  Francis 
de  Carrara,  who  had  given  him  an  agreeable  country-houfe, 
about  ten  miles  from  the  town,  called  Arqua ;  and  at  this  place 
he  died  in  July,  1374,  aged  feventy.  He  was  an  ecclefiaftic, 
had  a  canonry  or  two,  and  an  archdeaconry,  but  never  entered 
into  the  order  of  priefts.  He  had  a  natural  daughter,  not  by 
Laura,  but  by  a  young  lady  of  a  good  family,  whofe  hufband 
became  his  Tole  executor.  He  was  a  man  of  many  virtues : 
he  neither  defired  nor  defpifed  riches ;  and  if  he  loved  fame,  it 
was  with  moderation,  and  without  any  of  that  anxiety  and 
folicitude,  which  often  makes  the  purfuers  of  it  miferable. 
A  faying  of  his  is  recorded,  which  deferves  to  be  mentioned  [yJ  : 
it  Was,  that  ^'  no  greater  evil  can  happen  to  a  man,  than  to  oe 
made  a  pope."  Hadrian  VI.  afterwards  felt  the  truth  of  it, 
as  appears  from  the  infcription  he  ordered  upon  his  tomb : 
*'  Here  lies  Hadrian  VL  who  thought  nothing  in  life  more 
unfortunate,  than  that  he  was  appointed  to  govern.'* 

As  to  his  literary  charafter,  no  man  was  ever  more  efteemed 
and  honoured,  than  Petrarch ;  and  indeed  with  reafon,  for  he 
was  a  very  extraordinary  man.  His  various  knowledge  made 
him  juflly  regarded  as  the  firft  fcholar  of  an  age,  the  darknel^ 
and  barbarifm  of  which  be  contributed  much  to  dillipate,  by 
re-eflablifhing  letters  and  the  art  of  writing.  The  great 
number  of  works,  in  profe  as  well  as  poetry,  which  he  com- 
pofed,  both  in  Latin  and  Italian,  fliew  a  wonderful  fruitfulnefs 
of  invention.     He  excelled  in  Italian  poetry ;  His  Latin  i^  nqt 

[y]  Blount's  Cenfuta  Authorum. 


PET-RONIUS  ARSITER;        179 

fo  good.'  His  profe  works  alfo  are  Inferior  to  his  poetry;  yet' 
there  appears  great  eloquence  in  all  he  wrote :  nor  is  the  Latin 
bad,  if  we  confider,  that  he  was  the  firft  who  attempted  to 
refciie  letters  from  Gothic  ignorance  and  barbarity.  Erafmu* 
faysfz],  "  that  he  was  a  great,  a  knowing,  and  an  eloquent- 
man,  but  that  his  language  favours  of  the  age  he  wrote  in." 
He  adds,  that  "  Petrarch  was  fcarcely  read  in  his  time ;  and 
therefore  we  cannot  wonder,  if  he  is  not  much  regarded  in 
ours."  There  are,  neverthelefs,  things  in  him,  which  may  well 
enough  amufe-a  curious  man;  and  fomething  much  higher  may 
be  faid  of  his  Italian  poetry,  which  is  indeed  excellent.  The  • 
firft  complete  colledlion  oi  his  works  was  at  Bafil,  1 58 1,  in 
Ifour  volumes,  folio :  the  fourth  volume  contains  his  Italian 
compofitions. 

Niceron  relates,  that  more  than  five  and  twenty  perfons 
have  written  the  life  of  Petrarch;  but  that  he  himfelf  has  fol- 
lowed that  of  M.  Muratori,  prefixed  to  Petrarch's  Italian  poems, 
printed  at  Modena,  171 1,  in  4to,  as  being  the  moft  exaft. 

PETRONIUS  ARBITER  (Titus),  a  polite  writer  and 
critic  of  antiquity,  who  flouriftied  in  the  reign  of  Nero;  and 
of  whom  there  remains  a  confiderable  fragment  of  a  piece  in 
verfe  and  profe,  entitled,  "  Satyricon,  or  a  kind  of  Menip- 
pean  Satire."  He  was  a  Roman  knight,  of  an  ancient  family; 
and,  after  an  education  fuitable  to  his  quality,  made  his  ap- 
pearance in  the  court  of  Claudius.  Here  he  found  a  way  of 
living  agreeable  to  his  temper,  which  was  voluptuous  [a]  ; 
although  he  is  reprefented  to  have  had  too  much  delicacy  in  hi^ 
nature,  to  relifh  the  brutalities  of  love  like  Meflallna,  or  thofe 
of  gluttony  and  drunkennefs  with  Claudius.  He  feems  to  have 
taken  a  relifh  of  both,  rather  to  gratify  his  curiofity  than  hi^ 
fenfes  ;  and,  inftead  of  a  prodigal  or  debauchee,  is  rather  to  be 
confidered  as  a  nice  and  learned  artift  in  the  fcience  of  volup-^ 
tuoufnefs.  So  fays  Tacitus  at  leaft,  by  whom  his  charafter^ 
and  the  occafion  and  manner  of  his  death,  which  were  all  very- 
extraordinary,  are  finely  drawn  [b]  ;  that  is,  fuppofing  him  to 
be  the  very  perfon  there  mentioned,  whichj  though  doubted. 
by  Lipfius  [cj  and  other  critics,  is  now  the  moft  prevailing 
opinion* 

When  Petronius  had  thus  paflTed  his  youth  in  gaiety  and  plea- 
fure,  he  was,  either  throtigh  the  favour  of  Nero,  or  his  own  merits 
fent  proconful  to  Bithynia ;  where  this  man  of  pl(*afure,  likci 
another  Maecenas,  fhewed  himfelf  capable  of  the  clofeft  appli- 
cation to  bufinefs,  and  performed  all  the. duties  of  an  able 
ftiagiftrate;    He  was  afterwards,  as  Tacitus  fays>  chofen  confuli 


m 


Ciccroniano.  [a]  Vie  dePrttone  Arbitrc  pwSt.  Evremoni. 

Annal.  Jib  .«?I^  .[c]  Llpf.  not.  ia-loc. 

N  a  perhafls 


fSb        P^ETROjnUS  ARBITER 

||erhaps  cxtTaofdmarily  for  fome  months,  as  was  ufual,  wHerp 
the  conful  died  within  the  ye^r  of  his  ofHoe,  which  was  neveis 
Ibft  vacant.  There  is  fome  reafon  to  fuppofe  this^  becaufe. 
we  do  nor  find  his  name  in  any  Uftff  of  the  confuls;  and  yet' 
the  authority  of  Tacitus,,  who  fays  Ke  was  conful,  muftnotr 
be  queilioned.  The  time  of  his  confulate  being  expired,  he 
relapfcd  into  his  former  manner  of  living  ;  and  either  became 
vicious  from  his  own  inclination,  or,,  out  of  a  defrre  to  pleafe 
Nero,.ftrov^  tb  appear  fo:  *•- re\8olutus  m- vitia,.  feu  vitioj^unou 
imitationem,"  fays  Tacitus^.  Hence  he  became  foon  one  of 
the  emperor  s  confi3ants,*  and^*  as  the  fame  hiftorian  infinuates^ 
iji^ceived  the  furname  06  Arbiter^  becaufe  Nero  thought  none 
of  his  pleafdTes  elegant  or- -i^^ll  fancied,  which  w^fc  not  either 
contrived  or  approved  by  PettDniiis.. 

Thus  he  a  died  for  fbme  time  undfer  Niro,.  as  infeendane 
ef  his  pleafures :  and  Aus,  poffefling  great  favour  with  the 
emperor,,  ftood  expofeid  to  tfie  envy,  and  hatred  of  Tigellinus  ;. 
who,  fays  Tacitusy  waa^,  as  it  were,..  Hi^  rival  and  fuperiop  in 
fhe  fcience  of  pleafure.  THat  jealous  and  felfiih  favourite, 
^efolved  therefore  to  rum  bimy. which  by  various  infmuations 
at  fir/l,  and  falfe  acctifation*  afterwards,  he  gradually.  efFecked^- 
For,  knowing  cruelty  to  be  the  prevailing,  gaffion  of  this  prince,, 
he  infmuated  that  Pijtp,onius  was  too  intimate  with  Scevinus^ 
not  to  be  dipped  ill  Pifo's  conspiracy ;.  and  ttten  fuborned  one 
of  hfs  flaves  to  fwear  againftr  him,  deprived  him  of  all  means 
of  justifying  Mmfelf,  and  imprifoned  the  gjreateft  part  of  hi» 
domefincs.  Petronius  was  put  intt>  confinemjent  at  Guma?^ 
whither  he  had  attended  the  emperor  in.  hishjoerney  to. Cam- 
pania j  but  foon  refblved  to  end  his  hopes  and  fears. by  a  volun-»- 
tary  death,  which  howevec  he  was  unwilling  to  have  thought 
precipitate.  He  opened  his  veins,  therefore,,  and  then  doled 
them  again :  he  did  this  more  than  once^  at  intervals  converf- 
ing  with  his  friendis,  not  in  a  folemn  manner  on  ferious  and' 
profound  fubjeAs,  the  immortality  of  the  foul,  or  the  princi- 
ples and  fayings  of  the  philofopikrs  about  it,  but  in  a  pleafanK 
and  jocofe  way,  they  repeating  to  him  fongs  and  verfes  upon, 
diverting  fubjevSs*.  In  fhort,.  Re  flepf,  he  travelled,,  rewarded 
fome,  and  punifhed  otficfs  of  his  domeffics  ;  afFedbtng  to  do  alE 
the  ordinary  offices  of  Iffe,,  tftat  his  death  migftt  not  feem 
fcrced,  but  accidental.  When  He  naade  bis  wilT,  he  did  nor 
compliment  Nero  or  Tigellinusr  op  any  of  the  great  meiL 
in  power,  as  was  then  the  common  pra^ice,.  with  a  legacy;. 
But  having: defcribed,  under  the  feigned  cHara6ters  of.  T^le  de- 
bauchees, all  the  infamous  lewdnefs  and  obfcene  pTeajfures  ofc 
Nero,  fent  the  book  fealed  up  to  him,  breaking  the  feal  m 
pieces,,  riiat  no, life  might  be  made  of  it  afterwards  in  difcover- 
ing  the  author,     Tacitus^  adds,,  thait  tbfi  emperor  was  muchi 

perglexe* 


TETTIOI^TUS   ARBITER.        rtfti 

J 6rplexed  in  conjedluring,  how  hJs  nofiumal  beftialities  camd 
to  be  fo  well  known ;  and  that  at  length  his  fufpicions  fettleB 
^upon  Silia,  a  renator^s  wife^  who  having  always  been  one  rf 
%is  party,  a»d  being  intimate  with  Petronius,  was  doomed  to 
baniflimenty  on  pretence  that  fhe  had  not  concealed 'what  ftie 
liad  feen  anil  paftaken.  The  n^dnner  of  Petronius's  death  had 
a  ftrange  mixture  of  conftancy  and  extr^agancev  and  certainly 
not  a  little  of  vanity  and  affedlation,  although  Tacitus  feemat 
to  relate  h  wHh  applaufe  and  admiration.  He  died  in  the  yerf 
of  Ronie  81,7,  of  Chrift  65^  and,  as  is  flippofed,  about  fifty 
•years  old. 

It  does  not  appear,  w?i^  put  tiim  firft  ^i^pon  nvriting  hi^ 
•^^  Satyricon,*^  nor  very  dearly,  what  was  his  defrgn  isn  it.  Hw 
admirers  fay,  that  he  meant  to  expofe  the  luxury  and  de- 
bauchery of  {he  court:  it  may  be  fa,  but  it  Is 'fb-ange,  a«  ond 
'obfeyvesfpj,  fliat  he  Ihoirld  dioofe  to  do  it  infuch  a  manner^ 
for  it  is  manifeft,  that  ^he  Cpeaks  of  the  moft  infamous  afts  or 
Icwdnefs  wiftitoo  great  a  fattsfadion  to  be  thought  a  reformer: 
it  would  be  more  natural  to  imagiiiG,  that  he  has  likewife  driwnf 
liis  own  .pidhire  among  thofe  of  the  0ther  debauchees  of  thajt 
^ourt  and  age,  Iniliort,  hisfatw'e  is  fudi  a  medley  of  virtue? 
and  vice,  that  it  is  difficult  to  determine  w'h^lie  condemns  01* 
what  he  approves;  'in  diemeap*timefie1iad^  fine' genius,  and 
knew  pcrteftly  how  to  enter  into  every  charaftcr  he  intended 
to  commend  or  expofcj;  and  by  joining  the  liumour  of  Piantus 
to'the  eloquence  of  Cicero,  formed  -tlience  a  moft  lively  and 
•<Segant  ftyle  and  manner,  in  which  the  perfeffion  of  ithe  Romanf 
lirbanity  appears.  All  the  learned,  and  men  of  tafte,  have^ 
iJgreed  in  their  etilogmms  of  him,  at  the  fame  time  that  they 
%mQ  condemned  the  marvellous  obfcenities  with  which  his 
work  aboends.  He  hasufually  been  Tanked* among  the  critics 
t^f  antiquity,  and  is  mentioned  by  Pope  In  .particular  with- 
^Horace,  Dionyfius  Halicarnafleusi  Qpintilian,  and  Longinus.. 

**  Fancy  and  art  in  gay  Petronius  pleafe. 

The  fcholar^s  learning,  with  the  conttler'seaTe." 

Elfay  on  Critkifm,  ^ver.  667^ 
Not  that  he  has  delivered  any  thing  in  'the  formal  didaftic  way 
©f  cfiticifm, .  birt  only  occaiionally  thrown  out  fonac  few  re- 
marks in  the  <o»rTe  of  "his  work,  which  however  Aew  him 
I0  have  been  fufficiefttly  intitled  to  the  charafler  and  merits  of 
a  juft  critic 

Salnaafius  and  others  are  of  opinion,  that  the  prefent  fragv 
ments'of  Petronius  are  mere}y  excerpta,  or  paffages  tfanfcribed 
by  fome  ftudent,  who  picked  ^ut  what  pleafed  him  beft,-and 
that  the  original  and  entire  copies  are  loil.     ^Qthing  cert^n 

fjp]  Crucius's  Lives  of  the  Roman  ^ts. 

N3  of 


m  PETTY. 

of  this  nature  can  be  known ;  but,  if  Salmafius  conjefturet 
lightly,  he  niuft  have  been  a  very  licentious  ftudent,  who  found 
his  pleafure  in  the  moft  indecent  paiFages.  A  confiderable  frag 
jnent  of  Petronius  was  pretended  to  be  found  at  Trau  in  Dal* 
niatia,  fey  a  phyfician,  about  the  middle  of  the  laft  century ;  and 
this  occafioned  ^  controverfy  among  the  critics,  of  which  there 
i^  fome  account  in  Spon's  Voyages,  who  vifited  that  phyfician, 
mnd  faw  the  manufcript.  The  fragment,  however,  is  upon 
the  whole,  rejeded  as  a  forgery.  Many  learned  men  have 
written  notes,  and  much  critical  hbour  has  been  beft'ow^d  upon 
this  author;  whence  there  are  various  editions  of  him,  the  beft 
of  which  is  fuppofcd  to  be  that  of  Peter  Burman,  at  Utrecht, 
in  1709,  2  vols.  410. 

PETTY  (Wiliiam),  a  fingular  inftance  of  an  univerfal 
practical  genius,  was  the  elder  fon  of  Anthony  Petty,  a  clothier 
4l^t  Rumfey,  a  fmali  fear  port  town  in  Hampfhire,  where  he  was 
born  May  16,  .1623.  It  is  hard  to  determine,  whether  the 
courfe  of  his  education  was  dircfted  more  by  his  father  or  him- 
felf:  for  being  carried  in  his  infancy,  by  the  bent  of  genius  and 
inclination,. to  view  the  common  mechanics  at  work,  he  prefently 
took  up  the  tools  himfelf;  and  foon  learnt  to  handle  them  with  fuch 
dexterity,  that  .at  twelve  years  of  age  he  had  attained  a  Ikill  in  . 
each  trade,  not  much  inferior  to  that  of  the  ordinary  workmen. 
After  this,  he  went  to  the  grammar-fchool  at  Rumfey  ;  where 
(if  we  may  believe  his  ^wn  account)  he  not  only  acquired  ^ 
competent  readinefs  in  the  Latin,  Greek,  and  French  lan- 
guages [e]>  but  alfo  became  inafter  of  all  the  rules  of  commori 
arithmetic,  praftical  geometry,  sdialing,   and  the  aftronomical" 

{>art  of  navigation,  in  three  years  time.  Thus  inftru6ted  in 
iterature,  and  the  knowledge  of  feveral  mechanical  arts,  hq 
removed  at  fifteen  to  the  univcrfiiy  of  Caen  in  Normandy ;  and 
after  fome  ftay  there,  returning  to  England,  was  preferred  in 
the  navy;,  where,  by  the  time  he  was  twenty,  **  he*  had,"  tq 
ufehis  own  words,  **  gotten  up  about  threefcore  pounds,  with  as 
much  mathematics  as  any  one  of  his  age  was  known  to  have, 
had.""  Having  thus  made  a  purfe,  which,  in  the  hands  of  fuch 
a  manager,  was  a  fufficient  fund  to  fupport  the  cxpence  of  tra- 
velling abroad;  he  refolved  to  ufelt  that  way  for  further  improve- 
ment in  his  ftudies.  He  began  now  to  turn  his  thoughts  to 
phyfic';  and  it  was  chiefly' to  get  an  infight  into  that  art,  that  iq 
1643  he  vifited  Leyden,  Utrechf,  Amderdam,  and  Paris  [^ ].  He 
fpent  three  years  in  foreign  countries,  and  maintained  his  brother 
Anthony  (wKoni  he  had  taken  with  him  to  breed  up)  as  well  a^ 

{e]  In  hirWil!,  dated  May  2,  1685.       to  him,  and  readily  gave  him  his  aflift- 
f}  Here  ftudyin^  anatomy,  he  read  .  ance.     Sec  his  Will,  date.<i  May  4, 16S5* 
ycfalios  with  Hobbes,  who  was  very  kind 

hitnfelf^ 


PETTY.  183 

himfelf ;  and  yet  liroiight  home  to  Rumfey,  in  1646,  about  lol. 
more  than  he  carried  out  of  it  in  164.3. 

The  following  year,  having  invented  an  inftrument  far  dou- 
ble writing [g];  he  obtained  a  patent  from  the  parliament  for 
the  fole  teaching  of  that  art  for  feventeen  years.  Though  this 
project  (however  promifing  in  the  theory)  did  not  turn  to  any 
great  account  in  itfelf,  yet  by  this  means  our  author  was  brought 
into  the  knowledge  of  the  leading  men  of  thofe  times ;  and  ob- 
ferving  their  proceedings  at  Oxford,  he  refolved  to  lay  hold  of 
the  opportunity  of  fixing  himfelf  there.  Having  therefore 
written  his  *'  Advice  to  Mr.  Hartlib  for  the  Advancement  of 
Learning,"  he  went  thither  in  1648,  and  at  firft  was  employed 
by  their  anatomy  profeifor  as  his  ailiftant.  In  the  mean  time, 
hepraftifed  phyfic  and  chemiftry  with  good  fuccefs;  and  rofe 
into  fuch  reputation,  that  the  philofophical  meetings  [h1 
which  preceded  the  Royal  Society,  were  firft  held  (for  the  moft- 
part)  at  his  lodgings:  and  by  a  parliamentary  recommendation 
he  was  put  into  a  fellowfhip  of  Brazen-nofe  college,  in  the  place 
of  one  of  the  ejeSed  fellows,  and  created  doaor  of  phyfic, 
March  7,  1649.  He  was  admitted  a  candidate  of  the  College 
of  Phyficians,  June  the  25th,  1650,  The  fame  year,  he  was 
thiefly  concerned  in  the  recovery  of  a  woman  who  had  been 
hanged  at  Oxford,  for  the  fuppofed  murder  of  her  baftard 
child  [i],     Jan.  i,  1651,  he  was  made  profeflbr  of  anatomy; 

and, 

[e]  la  an  advertifement  prefixed  to  his  writing :  but  it  feems  to  have  been  applied 
"  Advice  to  Mr.  Samuel  Hartlib,"  he  with  feme  alterations  refpedting  that  de- 
calls  it,  «  an  inflrument  of  fmall  bulk  fign,  to  the  buHnefs  of  drawingr)  the  in- 
and  price,  eafily  made,  and  very  durable  j  ftrument  for  which  is  too  well  known  to 
whereby  any  man,  even  at  the  firft  Aght  need  any  defcripdon  here. 
and  handling,  may  write  two  refembling  [h]  See  Dr.  Wailis*8  account  of  thefe 
copies  ot  the  fame  thing  at  once,  as  fer-  meetings  in  Heme's  preface  to  Langtoft's 
viceably  and  as  faft  (allowing  two  lines  Chron.  vol.  i.  p.  163. 
Opon  each  page  for  fettlng  the  inftruments)  [x]  This  was  one  Anne  Greea,  eie« 
as  by  the  ordinary  way,  of  what  nature,  cuted  at  Qxtbrd,  Dec.  14,  1650.  The 
(X  in  what  chara^er,  or  what  matter  fo-  ftory  is,  that  flic  was  hanged  by  the  neck 
e?er,  as  paper,  pjlrchment,  a  book,  &c.  the  near  half  an  hour ;  fooie  of  her  friends, 
laid  writing  ought  to  be  made  upon.'*  in  the  mean, time,  thumping  her  on  the 
Ruftworth  alfo,  having  nientioned  the  pa-  bread,  others  hanging  with  all  their  weight 
tent  for  teaching  this  art,  tranfcribes  nearly  upon  her  legs,  fometimes  lifting  her  up» 
our  author's  words;  and  fays,  **  It  might  and  then  pulling  her  down  again  with  a 
^  learnt  in  an  hour's  practice,  aifil  that  it  fudden  jerk,  thereby  the  fooner  to  dif* 
was  of  great  advantage  to  lawyers,  fcri-  patch  herout  of  her  ^in.  After  ihe  was 
veners,  merchants,  fchoUirs,  rc^ifters,  in  her  coffin,  being  obferved  to  breathe,  a 
clerks,  &c.  it  faving  the  labour  of  exa-  lufty  fellow  ilamped  with  all  his  force  on 
mination,  difcovering  or  prevedtin|f'  falfu  her  breaft  and  Afttnach,  to  put  her  0ut  of 
fication,  and  performing  the  whole  buii-,  her  pain;  but  by  the  aiii(lan«e  of  the  dolors 
nefs  of  writing,  as  with  eafe  and  fpeed.  Petty,  Willis,  Bathurft,  and  Clarke,  flit 
fo  with  privacy  alfo."  The  additional  was  again  brought  to  \ifc»  <*  I  myfelf,'* 
fctigue  occafloned  to  the  hand,  by  the  in-  fays  Derham,  '•*  faw  her  many  years  ?ifter 
creafe  of  weight  above  that  of  a  pen,  ren-  that.  She  had,  I  heard,  born  divers  ehil- 
dered  this  proje^  ufelefs  as  to  the  chief  dren."  Phyfico-TheoU  See  alfo  a  printed 
a'dvantage  propofed^  that  of  expeditton  in  account  of  ic>  entitled,  <<  News  from  the 

N  4  Dead.- 


1^4  P  E  T  T  Y. 

^^  Md,  Eeb,  7^  mufic-profefliw  it  Grelham-college,  by  the  in- 
tereft  of  his  friend  Dr,  Graxint.  In  1652,  he  w^s  appointed 
Ehyi^ciao  to  the  army  in  Ireland  ;  he  was  likewife  phyfician  to 
tjwe  lords  lieutenants  fi^cceffivcly,  Larpbert,  Fleetwood,  and 

Fenry  Cromwell. 
Some  time  aftjer  his  fettlement  in  Ireland  [k.],  having  ob- 
ferved,  that,  after  the  rebellion  there  in  1641,  the  lands  for^ 
fc^ited  thereby,  which  had  been  adjudged  to  the  foldiers  who 
fiipprefled  it,  were  very  infufficiently  meafured,  he  reprefented 
the  matter  to  the  perfons  then  in  power,  who  granted  him  a» 
^ontraft,  dated  Dec.  11,  1654,  to  make  the  admcafurements 
anew.;  and  thefe  he  finifhed  with  fuch  exaftnefs,  that-  there  was 
no  eftate  of  6gI.  per  annum,  and  upwards,  which  was  not  dif« 
tin^l^ly  marked  in  its  true  value,  maps  being  likewife  made  byr 
him  of  th.e  whole.  By  this  coatradl  he  gained  a  very  confider- 
;^le  fum  of  mqney.  Befides  2ps.  a  day,  which  he  received 
durinjg  the  performance^  he  had  alfo  a  penny  an  acre  by  agreement 
with  the  foldiers:  and  it  appears  from  an  order  of  gove^rnment^ 
dated  at  the.; caftle  of .  Dublin,  19th  March,  "^^SSf  that  he  h^ 
then  fyrve.y«d  t:j,OD3,ppo  acres  of  forfeited  profitable  land.  He 
"wa^s  likewif^e^  ojae  of  the  commifTionejriJ  fpr  fetting  out  the  lands, 
to  the  army,  after  they  were  fwry^yexl.  When  Henry  Prom* 
well  ojat^ned  the  lieutenancy  of  that,  kingdom  in  1655,  ^^ 
m^jde  the  dp^boc  his,  fecretary,  appointed  hjm  a  clerk  of  th^. 
council  there  in  16^7,  and  procured  him  to  be  eleifted  a  burgefs 
for  Weft  Looe  in  Cornwall,  in  Richard  Cromwell*?  parliament, 
which  met  Jaa.  27,  1658.  March  the  25th  following,  fir 
Hierpni  Sankey,  member  for  Woodftocjc  in  OxfordOjire,  iml 
iieacihi^d  hijii  for  hjigh,  crimes  arid  roifdemeapors,  jn  the  executiot^ 
of  his  office.  This  brought  him  into  England ,  whenappearin-g 
in.  the  Hbufe  of  Coinmons.  April  the  19th,  hq  anfw^r^  to  the 
charge  on  the  21  ft  ;  to  which  hj^  profecutors  replying,  the  matteiJ 
was  adjourned ;  and  it  never  came  to  an  iffue,  that  parliament 
Ijcing  ftjddcnly  diffolyed  the  next  day.  Hfepry  Cromw^U  had 
vfritten  a  Jetter  to  fecretary  ^^hurloe,  diated  t}ie  j|th  of  thajt 
month,  in  hi?  fayour,  as  follows:  'f  Sir,  J  have  heretofore  told 
you  my  thoughts  of  Dr.  Petty,  and  am  ftill  of  the  fame  opinion ; 
^ndj  if  fir  Hierom  Sankey  do  pot  run  him  jcjown  with  numbeyi 
and  noifc  of  adventurers,  and  f"ch  other  Ijke  concerned  perfons, 
J^  believe  tlie  parliatiient  wjlf  firid  hitii  as  I  have  reprcfentedl; 
F3tfe,^s.curioul1y  deceived  me  thefe  fopr  years,  if  he  he  a  Icnaye. 
I. am  fure  thejtiotos  of  them^  whp  aremoA  b*jfy^  w  n|5rt  mem 
of  the  quieteft  tamper,     i  do  not;  expieft  you  will  h;^yc  leifure^ 

Pm^fi*  &f  •  edit?  165X9  with  yeviea^A  xhci        [k]  R^fieftipnt  upon  fom^  pe]:foii8  ao^ 
toQcafioi^.*  :      '     '     •  '      thingiin  Ireland,  &c  p.  3,      '■ 


P-E.TTY.  lis 

CT  fff?  caw.fcj.  t9  appiBS^r  muohfox  him ;  wherefore  this  is  only  to 
let  yoii  underftand  my  prefent  thoughts  of  him.  The  aflive- 
nefsof  Rpbert  Reynolds  and  others  in  this  bufinefs,  (hews,  that 
Petty  is  not  the  only  m?irk  aimed  at.** 

Upon  his  return  to  Ireland  foon  after,  fome  further  endeavours 
being  ufed  to  pulh  on  a  profecution,  Petty  publifhed  the  fame 
year,  "  A  Brief  of  the  Proceedings  between  fir  Hierom  Sanke]fr 
and  the  author,  with  the  State  of  the  Controverfy  between  them,*' 
iii  three  (heets;  which  was  followed  by  *'  Reflexions  upon 
fome  Perfons  and  Things  in  Ireland,"  &c.  He  came  again  to 
England.;  and  brought  a  very  warm  application  in  his  favour 
from  the  lord-lieutenant,  in  thefe  terms:  "  Sir,  the  bearer,  Dr, 
Petty,  hath  been  my  fecretary,  and  clerk  of  the  council  here  ia 
Irelajtid,  and  is  one  whom  I  have  known  to  be  an  honed  and 
ingenious  man.  He  is  like  to  fall  into  fome  troiible  from  fome 
who  envy  him.  I  defire  you  to  be  acquainted  with  him,  and 
to  aflift  him,  wherein  he  (hall  reafonably  deiire  it.  Qreat  en- 
deavours have  beei)  ufed  to  beget  prejudice  againft  him ;  but 
when  you  fpeat  with  him,  .he  will  appear  otherwife."  Not** 
withftapding  this,  he  was  removed  from  his  public  employments 
in  June.  This  year,  1659,  he  became  a  member  of  the  Ftota 
Club  a<  Miles's  cofFee-houfe  in  Nevv-Palace-yard,  Weftminfter 
j^l];  but  returned  to  Ireland  not  long  after  Chriftmas,  and 
itai.yed  there  till  the  Reftoration  of  Charles  II.  He  then  cams 
into  England,  and  was  received  very  gracioully  by  his  majefty; 
dndy  reUgning  his  profeiforihip  at  Grefliam,  was  made  one  of 
the commiflioners  of  the  Court  of  Claims,  April  11,  i66i,  h« 
jeceived  the  honour  of  knighthood,  and  the  grant  of  a  new 
patent,  conlljtuting  him  furveyor-gjsneral^of  Ireland  9  and  was 
chofen  a  member  of  parliament  there.  Upon  the  foundation  of 
the  Royal  Society,  he  was  one  of  the  firft  members,  and  of  the 
firft  council  eftabli (lied. therein^  and,  though  he  had  left  off  the 
jraSice  of  phyfic,  yet  his  name  appears  in  the  lift  of  the  fel- 
lows in  the  new  charter  of  the  college  of ■  phyficians  in  1663. 
About  this  time  he  invented  his  double-bottomed  (hip,  to  fail 
againft  wind  and  tide^  whidi  occafioned  much  difcourfe.  He 
j^fterwards  gave  a  model  of  this  fliip  to  the  Royal  Society,  which 
is  ftill  in  their  repofitory ;  to  whom  alfo,  in  1665,  hecoramu- 
fiicated  ?<  A  Difcourfe  about  the  Building  of  Ships,"  containing 
fpine  curious  fecrets  in  that  art.  This  was  taken  away  by  lord 
^rounker,  who  kept  it  in  his  pofleffion  till  1682,  and  probably 
till  his  death,  faying,  it  was  too  great  an  arcanum  of  ftate  to  be 
commonly  perufcd.     Sir  William's  Ihip  performed  one  voyage 

[i.]  The  fcheme  of  this  club  ynu,  that  members  of  parliament  Hiould  be  annually 

ail  officers  of  flate  fhould  be  chofen  by  changed  by  rotation.     See  Wood*s  Fafti, 

balloting,  and  the  time  limited  for  holdli^g  vql*  a. 
^eir{>laces;  and  that  a-cert»in  number  of 

"     '        '^  '  from 


iS5  PETTY. 

from  Dnblm  ta  Holyhead,  into  which  narrow  harbour  fhc  turned 
in  againft  wind  and  tide,  July  1663. 

In- 1666,  fir  William  drew  up  his  trcatife,  called  *•  Verbum 
Sapienti,"  containing  an  account  of  the  wealth  and  expences 
of  England,  and  the  method  of  raifing  taxes  in  the  moft  equal 
Jnanner  ;  fhewing  likewife,  that  England  can  bear  the  charge 
ei  four  millions  per  annum,  when  the  occafions  of  the  govern- 
incnt  require  it  1  The  fame  year,  1666,  he  fuffered  a  Confider- 
ibile  lofs  by  the  fire  of  London  ;  having  purchafed,  feveral  years 
tefcre,  the  earl  of  Arundel'sthoufe  and  gardens,  and  ereAed 
laiUings  in  the  garden,  called  Token-houfe,  which  were  for 
the  molt  part  deltroyed  by  that  dreadful  conflagratiop.  In 
1667,  he  married  Elizabeth,  daughter  to  fir  Hardreffe  Waller^ 
Inight,  and  relidl  of  fir  Maurice  Fenton,  baronet ;  and  after-r 
wards  fet  up  iron  works,  and  a  pilchard-fifhery,  opened  lead- 
mines,  and  commenced  a  timber  trade  in  Kerry,  which  turned 
to  very  good  account.  Mean  while,  he  found  time  to  confider 
other  fubjeSs  of  general  utility,  -and  communicated  them  to  the 
Royal  Society,  lie  compofed  a  piece  of  Latin  poetry,  and 
poblifhed  it  at  London  1679,  in  two  folio  fheets,  under  the 
name  of  "  Gaff.  Aur.  Manutius,"  with  the  title  of  "  Collo- 
quium Davidis  cum  anima  fua,  accinente  paraphrafi  in  civ. 
Ffalmum  de  magnalibus  Dei."  As  he  had  before,  in  the  fpirit 
pf  a  loyal  fubjed,  ufed  his  endeavours  to  encourage  a  chcarful 
jTcadinefs  to  fupport  the  expence  of  the  war  againlt  the  E>utch, 
fb  he  conceived  a  generous  indignation  at  the  finifter  pradices 
of  the  French,  to  raife  difturbances  in  England,  increafe  our 
diTifions,  and  cornipt  the  parliament  at  this  time.  It  was  in 
order  to  prevent,  as  far  as  he  could,  the  mifchiefs  of  thcfe 
French  politics,  that  he  publ'ifhed>  in  1680,  a  piece  called 
*•  The  Politician  Difcovered,"  &c.  and  the  like  patriotic  fpirit 
incited  him  afterwards  to  write  feveral  effays  in  political  arith-- 
oietic ;  wherein,  from  a  view  of  the  natural  ftrength  both  of 
England  and  Ireland,  he  fuggefts  a  method  of  improving  each 
by  induftry  and  frugality.  To  as  to  be  a  match  for,  or  even 
fuperior  to,  either  of  her  neighbours.  Upon  the  firft  meeting 
of  thei  Philofophical  Society  at  Dublin,  after  the  plan  of  that 
at  London,  every  thing  was  fubmitted  to  his  direftion  ;  and^ 
when  it  was  formed  i»to  a  regular  fociety,  he  was  chofen  pre- 
fident,  Nov.  1684.  Upon  this  occafion  he  drew  up  a  **  Cata- 
logue of  mean,  vulgar,  cheap,  and  fimple  Experiments"  [^m}, 
proper  for  the  infant  ftate  of  the  fociety,  and  pre  fen  ted  it  to 
them ;  as  he  did  alfo  his  *'  Supellex-  Philofophica,"  confiding 
of  forty-five  inftruments  requifite  to  carry  on  the  defign  of  their 
inftitution.     In  1685,  he  made  his  will ;  wherein  he  declaresj^ 

[mJ  This  is  printed  in  Phil.  Jranf..!*^.  i^j* 
.::   ;i  that. 


PETTY.  f  «7 

that,  being  then  abont  60,  his  views  were  fixed  upon  improving' 
his  lands  in  Ireland,  and  to  promote  the  trade  of  iron,  Icadj 
niarble,  fiih  and  timber,  whereof  his  eftate  was  capable.  As 
for  ftiidfe^  and  experiments,  "  1  think  now,"  fays  he,  "  to 
cx>nfine  the  fame  to  the  anatomy  of  the  people,  and  political 
arithmetic;  alfo  to  the  improvement  of  Ihips,  land-carriages, 
gons,  and  pumps,  as  of  mod  ufe  to  mankind,  not  blaming  the 
ftudy  of  other  men."  But,  a  few  years  after,  all  his  purfuits 
were  determined  by  the  eiFefts  of  a  gangrene  in  his  foot,  occa*' 
ftoned  by  the  fwelling  of  the  gout,  which  put  a  period  to  his 
life,  at  hishoufe  in  Piccadilly,  Weftminfter,  Dec.  16,  1687,  in 
his  65th  year.  His  body  was  carried  to  Rumfey,  and  there 
interred,  near  thofe  of  his  parents  [n]. 

The  charafter  of  his  genius  is  lufficiently  feen  in  his  writ- 
ings, which  are  obferved  to  be  very  numerous.  Among  thefe^ 
it  is  faid,  he  wrote  the  hiftory  of  his  own  lifc{^o];  which,  no' 
doubt,  contained  k  full  account  of  his  political  and  religious 
|>rihciples,  as  may  be  conjefiured  from  what  he  has  left  us 
upon  thofe  fubjeds  in  his  Wilh  In  that  he  has  thefe  remark- 
^le  words:  "  As  for  legacies  to  the  poor,  I  am  at  a  ftand; 
and  for  beggars  by  trade  and  election,  I  give  them  nothing :  as 
fcr  impotents  by  the  hand  of  God,  the  public  ought  to  main- 
tain them :  as  for  thofe  who  can  get  no  work,  the  magiftrates' 
Should  caufe  them  to  be  employed ;  which  may  be  well  done 
in  Ireland,  where  are  fifteen  acres  of  improvcjable  land  for 
every  head :  as  for  prifoners  for  crimes  by  the  king,  or  for  debt 
by  their  profecutors,  thofe  who  compaflionate  the  fufFerings  of 
^ny  objeS,  let  them  relieve  themfelves,  by  relieving  fuch  fuf- 
ferers  ;  that  is,  give  theih  alms  [t],  &c.  I  am  contented,  that 
I  have  aiSfted  all  my  poor  relations,  and  put  many  into  a  way 
of  getting  their  own  bread,  and  have  laboured  in  public  works 
and  inventions,  and  have  fought  out  real  objeAs  of  charity;  and 
do  hereby  conjure  all,  who -partake  of  my  eftate,  from  time  to 
time  to  do  the  fame  at  their  peril.  Neverthelefs,  to  anfwer 
cu(l»m,  and  to  take  the  fure  fide,  I  give  twenty  pounds  to  the 
moft  wanting  of  the  parifh  wherein  I  die."  As  for  his  reli- 
gion, he  fays,  **  I  die  in  the  profeffion  of  that  faith,  and  in 
the  praftice  of  fuch  worfhip,  as  I  find  eftabliflied  by  the  laws 
of  my  country  ;  not  being  able  to  believe^iwhat  I  mylelf  pleafe, 
nor  to  worfliip  God  better  than  by  doing  as  I  would  be  done 

[v]  There  was  laid  over  his  grave  only        [o]  Wood.  Athen.  px..  vol.  ii.  cap.. 

aflat  ftonc  on  the  pavement,  with  this  811.  who  fays  it  came  into  the  hands  of 

fliort  infcription,  cut  by  an  illiterate  work-  his  brother-in-law  Mr.  Waller. 

ilnn:  [f]  In  the  town  of  Rumfey  there  is  a 

HERE  LA  YES  boiife,  which  was  given  by  hira  for  the 

SIR     WILLIAM  maintenance  of  a  charity -fchool  j  the  rent 

■    ^     P  E  T  T  Y.  of  which   Is    ftill  applied  ,  to  ^  that  ufe. 

WaW,  p.  221.  •.     '      :  ; 

unto. 


«»ft  PETTY. 

* 

fmtOK  ani  oWerving-  ^hc  l«ws  of  my  country,  and  cxprciling;^ 
my  love  and  honour  to  Almighty  God,  by  fuch  figns  and  tokens 
as  arejunderftood  to  be  fuch  by  tjbe  people  with  whom  I  live.'^ 
He  died  vpoflfefled  of  a  very  lar^  fortune,  as  appears  by  his 
Wiil;  wheKC  he  n^akes  his  real  ettate  aboct  6500  L  per  ann* 
}iis»  perfonal  eftate  about  45,000!.  his  i)ad  and  de%erate  debts 
30^000  L  and  the  demonftrahk  in^provemeitts  of  4iis  Irrfh  eftatdy 
^pooL  fK  annum >;  in  all,  at  iix  j)er  cent,  intereft,  i5-,oooL 
per  aamsm.  ^I%is  eftate  came  to  his  fs^mily,  ^hich  confined' 
of  his  widow  and  three  children,  Charlesj  Henry,  and  Anne^ 
"Oi  vfhop^  'Charles  was  created  J>aron  of  Shelbourne^  in  the 
xxiujEK^  of  Waterford  in  I»elandv  by  icing  William  ill. ;  b&t 
flying  without  iifue,  i^as  fucceedcd  hjr  his  younger  brothet" 
ilenvy^  wTk>  was  created  vifcount  Dnnkei'on,  in  the  county  of 
iCevry  in  that  kingdom,  andeari  of  Shelbourne.,  Febu  «i,  fjtS. 
I^e  married  the  lady  ArabeHa  Bc^e,  fifter  to  Charlies  earl  of 
Cork^  who  brought  him  feveral  children.  He  was  member  of 
^parliament  for<j»reat  Marlow  in  Buckinghamfliirev  a*fcIlow  ofi 
the  Royal  Society;  and  died  April  17,  1751-  Annfe  was  mai^ 
Tied  to-  Thoeias  Fiti-Moiris,  bsnron  of  Kerry  and'  Lixnaw,  acr^ 
^ed  in  Ireland)  anno  I737> 

The  variety  of  .ptwrfuits,  in  wJticfh  frr  Wil'Kam  Petty  wa»« 
engfigsd,  '^ews  "him  to  have  Jiad  a  genius  capable  of  any  thing, 
to  which  he  chofc  to  apply  it :  and  it  is  very  exH-aardinary, 
4bat  a  man  ^f  fo  ad^ive  and  bufy  a  fpirit  could  find  time  td 
Wi'ite  fo  many  til ingsv)  as  it  appears  be  did,  by  the  following 
"CifHalog^ei  jt.**  Advice  to  Mr-  S.  Hartlib,  &c.  16-42,"  4itd, 
a. ^*  A. Brief  of  Proceedings  between  Sir  Hierom  3atJcey  an4- 
4he  Ai»thor>  &c.  r659,"  foC    3.  ^"^  Reflexions  upon  fome  Per- 
fon$>ad!id  Things  in  Ireland^  &c*  1660)"  ftvro.    4.*  "  A  Treatife^ 
of  Taxes  and  Contribution,  &c.  1662,  1667,,  1685,"  4to,  ail 
^withQut  the  anther's  naine.    Ttislaft  was  repwbltfted,  in  v6i}o^ 
^ith  two  other  .anonympus  pieces,  ^*  The  Privileges  and  Prac- 
tice of  Parliaments,**  and,  '<  The  Politician  Difcovered^"  witft 
^  ne w  title-jpage,  where  they  a^c  all  faid  to  be  written  by  fir 
William,  whidi^  as  to  the  firft,  isa  miftala.     5.  **  Apparatus 
itp  the  History  of  the  common  Rra^Sfciee  of  Dying,"  printed  in 
Sprat's  Hiftory  of  lie  R.  S-  1667^.      6;  3^*  A  Bifcourfe  con- 
<:e«mns  the  Hfe  of  ©upHcate  Eroportion,  together  with  a  new 
if ypQthefis  fif  ^mging  or  elafticMationft,  1674,*'  tamo,    See* 
an  acfcount  of  it  in  .^  JPhil.  Tranf-'*  No,  cix.  and  a  cenf«re  of 
it  in  V*  Br.  Barlow's  Genuine  Remaiins,"  .p.  151,  1693^  8vo. 
7.  "  Coliocjuium  Pavidis  aim  aniiiia  fua^  &,c-  1679/'  folio. 
S.   "  The  Politician  difccxvered,  &c,   i68j,"  4to.     9.  "  Aai 
Effay  in  Political  Arithmetic,  &c.  168^5,"  8Vo*     |<>.  ^^  Obferr- 
vations  upon  the  Dtiblin  Bills  of  Mortality  in  t68i,  &:ci,  1683." 
Syo.    XI."  An*  Accqunf  of  foaie  Experiments  relating  to  LanS- 
'  '  <^rriage^ 


FEUCER..  fff^ 

csmfiagc,  PfciLTrattf-No^clxi^"    la.  *' Some  Queries^  Where- 

E'  to  examine  Mineral  Waters>, -ibid-  No.^rlxvi."  13.  *^A 
italogue  of  mean,  vulgar^  cheap^.  and  ^mple 'ExpidiRimettlS). 
&c.  ibidL-  No»  clKvii»."  14^  ♦^^  Maps  df  Ireland,  beiii^  fta 
aftual  Survey  of  ifee  whole  Kingdon^,  &c.  l>685,"  folio.  N*S^ 
Sir  William  has  infested  fome  ma]^  of  lands  and  colmttesy  'fur*^ 
¥eyed  by  others,  and  not  by  himfelf*.  15..  "  An  Eifay  con- 
cerning the  Multiplication  ofr  Mankind,  1686,"  8vo.  l4.  B^ 
The  Eflay  is  not  printed  here^  bat  only  the  fubftance  of  it:. 
16.  "  A  further  Airertiony.  concerning  the  Magnitude  of  Lon- 
don, vindicating  it  from  the  Obje^ons  of  the  French,"  Phil* 
Tranf.  clxxxr^  17  "  Two  ElFays  in  Pbliticat  Arithmetic^, 
fcc.  1687,"  8vo.  An  extraft  of  thcfe  is  in  Phil.  Tranf.  No^ 
clxxxiii.  18.  "  Five  Effays  in  Political  Arithmeti€,..  &c*. 
J687,"  8vo*  printed  in  French  and  Engliih  on  opgoiitfe  pages- 
19,  "  Obfcrvations  upon  Londbn  and  Rome,  1687,"  Svo,  three 
leaves.  His  pofthumous  pieces  aa^e^  i..  "  Political  Arithmetic^. 
Ice.  1690,"  81F0,  and  r755^  with"  his  Life  prefixed ;  and  tt 
letter  of  his  never  bejfore  pointed.  2-  "*  The  Political 
Anatomy  of  Ireknd^"  to  which  is  addedy.  ***  Verbnm  Sapient}^. 
1691,  1 7 19."  In  the  title-page  ©f  the  fecond  edition,  this? 
treatife  is  called  "  Sir  William  Petty'*  PoKtical  Survey  of  Ire- 
fend."  This  latter  was  criticiaed  in  **  A  Letter  from  a  Gen*- 
tJemany^firc..  1692,"  4to.  3^  "A  Treatife  of  Naval  Philbfbphy^ 
in  three  Parts,  &c  J*  printed  at  the  end  of  "  An  Account  of 
ieveral  new  Inventions,  &c.  in  a  Difcourfe  by  way  of  Letter 
•0  the  Earl  of  Marlborough,  &c.  1691,"  jamo..  Wood  fuf-- 
peds  this  may  be  thei  lEime  with  thie  difcourfe  about  tfte  builds 
mg  of  Slips,  meadoned  above,,  to  be  many  years  in  the  hands^ 
of  Lord  firomiker^  4.  **  What  a  compfetc  Treatife  of  Navi- 
^tion  ihould  contain/'  Phil.  Tranf.  No^cxcviii.  This  was 
drawn  up  in  the  year  1685.  Befides  thefe,  the  following  are 
printed  in  Krch's  Hift.  of  the  R.  S*  1^  «  A  IMfcourfe  of 
aaaking  Cloth  and  Sheeps  Wool."  This  contains  the  hiftory 
of  the  clothing  trade,  as  No.  5^.  above  does  that  ol  dying;  and 
&e  purpofed  to  have  done  the  like  in  other  trades :  in  whicfl^ 
(le%n  (bme  other  members  of  the  fociety  engaged^  alfo  at  that 
time.     2,  *^*  Supellex  Philofophica.'* 

PEUCER  (Gaspard),.  a  celebrated ph3f(rictan  oadbmathema**- 
tician,  wai^born  at  Bautzen  in  Lufatia  in  1525,  afti  becam<e  a 
io&oTy  and  profeffor  of  medicine  alt  Wirtemberg.  He  marriecl 
a  daughter  ok  Nfehin£thon,c  whofe  jmncipies  he  contributed  t# 
diiiufe^  and  whofe  works  he  pubtimed  at  Wirtemberg  in  1601,. 
m  five  volumes  folio.  He  had  a»  extreme  ardour  for  ftudy^ 
Being  for  ten  years  in  cl<^e  imprifonment,  on  account  ^  hil^ 
opinions,  he  wrote  his  thoughts  oii-the  margins,  of  old^ooks> 
iKhich  they  gave  him.  for  amuiement^  making  his  itik  ci  burnt 

crufbr 


I9P  BEYER/ 

cmftla  of  bread,,  infufed'in  wiiiei  He  diedi  zt'jS,  iSh  the  '"z^th 
df  September,  1602.  He  wrote  feveral  trafts.  i.  "  De  prae- 
cipuis  divinationum  generibus,"  4to,  1584^  2.  **  Methodu^ 
curandi  morbos  internos,"  Francfbrt,  1614,  8vo#  3.  '*  De 
Febribus,"  1614,  4to.  4.  "  Vitae  illuftrium  medicorura." 
5^  **  Hypothefes  aflonomicac,"  6  "  Les  noms  des  Monnoies, 
des  Poids  ct  Mefures,"  8vo.  His  charader,  as  drawn  by  hJm* 
felf,  is  that  of  a  man  who  did  no  injury  to  any  one,  but,  on- the 
contrary,  gave  all  the  aid  in  his  power  to  all  who  might  require 
it*.     For  thefe  things  he  calls  God  to  witnefs. 

PEUTINGER  (Conrad),  a  celebrated  fcholar,  was  born  at 
Augfburg  in  1465,  and  ftudied  fuccefsfuUy  in  the  principal 
cities  of  Italy.  When  he  returned  home  he  was  appointed 
fecretary  to  the  fenate  of  Augfburg,  and  employed  by  that  body 
in  the  diets  of  the  empire,  and  in  the  various  courts  of  Europe* 
la  his  private  charader  he  conferred  happinefs  on  an  excellent 
and  learned  wife;  and,  in  his  public,  was  alway  rendering 
cffential  fervices  tp^  his  country.  This  excellent  citizen  died  at 
82,,  in  1574,  having  loft  his  faculties  for  fame  time  before.  He 
is  moft  known  by  an  ancient  itinerary,  which  from  him  is  called 
*•  Tabula  Peufingeriana"  It  is  a  curious  chart  found  in  a  mo* 
naftery  in  Germany,  and  communicated  to  Peutinger  by  on^ 
Conrad  Celtes.  It  was  formed  under  the  reign  of  Theodofius 
the  Great,  and  marks  the  roads  by  which  the  Roman  anzdes 
pafled.at  that  time  to  the  greater  part  of  the  empire.  It  is  not 
a  geographical  work,  and  feems  to  have  been  made  by  a  Roman: 
foldier,  who  thought  of  nothing,  or  perhaps  knew  nothing; 
Jbut  whaljcfpeded  the  roads,  and  the  places  for  encampment* 
A  naagniftcent  edition  of  it  was  publilhed  by  F.  C.  Scheib  at 
Vienna  in  1753,  fol.  Peutinger's  own  works  arc,  i .  "  Sermones 
convivales"  in  the  coUedion  of  Schardius;  Jena,  1683,  8vo* 
2.  "  De  inclinatiooe  Roraani  imperii,  et  gentium  commigra- 
tionibusi"  (iibjoined  to  the  former,  and  to  Procopius.  3,  **  De 
lebus  Gothorum."  Bale,  fol.  1531.  4.  **  Romanae  Vetuftatis 
fiagmenta,  in  Augufta  Vindelicorum.'*  fol.  Mayence,.  1528. 

r£YER  (Johannes  Conradus),  a  native  ol  SchafFhaufea 
in  Switzerland,  is  fanao^Hfbr  having  firft  given  an  accurate 
account -of  the  inteiHnal  glands,  which,  in  a  ftate  of  healthy 
feparate  a  fluid,  for  the  lubricauon  of  the  inteftines,  and  which 
in  diarrfaceas,.  or  upon  taking  a  purge,  fupply  the  extraordinary 
flifchai:ge  that. happens  iipon  thefe  oecaiioais.  His  works  are, 
<^^  Ex^rcitj^io  Anatomico-Medica,  de  Glandulis  Intcftinorumy 
Schaffhaufae,.  1677,''  Amftelod^  1682.  This  is  in  the  Biblioth. 
Anatom.  of  Mangetus  and  ht  Clerc.  '  '^  Paeonis  &  Pythagorse 
E-^ersitationes  Anatomtcas^  Bafil,  1.682;"  "  Methodus  Hifto- 
rlarum  Anatomico-Medicartim,  &c.  1679  ;".  ^'  Parerga  Anato- 
mka  *  Me!di<^a^  Amftd,  1682;"  ".  ExjpcrimenU  nova  circa 
\  '  Pancreasy' 


P^Z^NAS.  191 

PancFeasi'^iycuotrUX  .tJbi&£U4v^tJbAnatom*-  of -Le  Qerc  md 
Mangelus*  .  .  -  - 

PEYRERE  (Isaac),  a  French  Proteftant,  born  at  Bcmr* 
deaux  in  1502,  entered  into  the  fervice  of  the  prince  of  Conde, 
whom  he  pleafed  by  the  fingularity  of  his  humour.  Peyrere 
believed  himfelf  to  have  difcovered  from  St.  Paul,  that  Adam 
was  not  the  firft  man  ;  and  to  'prove  this,  he  publifhed  in  Hol- 
land, 16^5,  a  book  in  4to  and  inSvo,  with  this  title:  **  Pnea^ 
damitae^  five  exercitatio  fuj)er  verfibus  12,  13,  14,  capitis  xv^ 
"Epillolas  Pauli.ad  Romanos."  This  work  was  condemned  to 
the  flames>  iind  the  author  imprifoned  at  BrufTels ;  but,  getting 
his  liberty  through  the  intereft  of  the  prince  of  Conde,  he  w^ent 
to  Rome  in  1656,  and  abjured  Calvinifm  and  Pra^damitifoi 
before  Alexander  VII.  Nobody  believed  him  fincere,  and  pro* 
bably  he  was  not ;  for,  returning  to  Paris,  in  fpite  of  all  the 
means  this  pope  ufed  to  detain  him  at  Rome,  he  became  libra* 
rian  to  the  prince  of  Conde,  and  fome  time  after  retired  to  the 
feminary  des  Vertus,  where  he  died  in  1676,  aged  84.  He 
fubmitted  to  jeceive  the  facraments,  yet  was  not  believed  to  ht 
attached  to  any  religion.  Befides  the  piece  above  mentioned, 
he  wrote  a  very  Angular  tra£l,  entitled,  ^^  Du  rappel  des  Juifs;" 
alfo,  '*  Une  Relation  du  Greenland,"  in  8vo;  and  "  Une  Rela- 
tion d'Ifl4nde,".in  8vo;  both  reckoned  curious  and  interefting, 

PEZAY  (Masson,  marquis  of), ^ was  born  at  Paris,  with  a 
natural  turn  for  literature,  but  entered  into  the  military  line, 
and  was  captain  of  dragoons,  in  which  fituation  he  had  th^ 
good  fortune  to  be  th^  inftrudlor  of  Louis  XVL  in  the  art  of 
taftics.  Being  appointed  infpeftor-gener^l  of  the  coafts,  he 
executed  his  office  with  confiderable  attention ;  but  having  made 
enemies,  by  a  degree  of  haughtinefs  in  his  manner,  had  com- 
plaints lodged  againft  him,  which  cayfed  him  foon  after  to  be 
banifhed  to  his  own  ^ftate.  In  this  fituation  he  died  foon  after, 
in  1778.  He  cultivated  the  Mufes  a  good  deal,  and  was  inti- 
mate with  Dorat,  whofe  ftyle  he  imitated.  His  poems  have 
an  elegance  which  makes  amends  for  a  certain  degree  of  negli-^ 
gence.  Such  as  i.  '^  Zelie  au  bain,"  a  poem  in  fix  cantos- 
2.  A  Letter  from  Ovid  to  Julia.  3.  Several  fugitive  pieces 
ipublifhed  in  the  Almanach  des  Mufes.  4.  An  inditferent 
tranflation  of  Catullus.  5.  *^  Les  Soirees  Helvetiennes,  Alfa- 
ciennes,  &  Franc-Comtoifes,"  8vo,  1770,  a  work  agreeably 
varied,  but  not  fufficiently  correal  in  ftyle.  6.  **  La  Rofiere 
de  Salency,"  a  paftoral,  in  three  afts,  which, was  approved. 
7.  "  Les  Campagnes  de  Maillebois,"  3  vols.  4to.  8.  There 
is  faid  alfo  to  be  extant  a  manufcript  work  entitled  **  Les 
Jbirees  Provenfales,"  not  inferior  to  his  Soirees  Helvetiennes. , 

PEZENAS  (Esprit),  a  learned  Jefuit,  bom'  at  Avignon  in 
1692,  where  he  died  fome  little  time  after  1770,  was  for  a 

long 


long  time  ^feJTor  ftf  pJiyfie  «id  liyAtogftjihy  *at  IVferfeifles* 
His  works  and  tranfiations  on  tliefc  and  fimtlar  (iA}'e3ts  afe 
very  numcmtrs.  i.  "  Ekmcns  du  Pilotages,"  iMib,  1737- 
ft.  A  tranflatioft  of  Maclanrin's  Fluxions,  aVoh.  4tO,  1749. 
3.  Pratique  du  pilotage,"  8vto,  1749.  4.  **  Theory  ind  prac- 
tiec  of  gauging,"  8vo.  5.  M;iclaurin*s  Algebra  tranllat^d,  Svb, 
1750  He  tranflated  alio  the  Courfe  of  Experimental  Philo- 
fophy  by  DefaguHers,  Dyche's  Piftionary  of  Arts  and  Sciences, 
which  was  fupplanted  by  Prevot'fi  Manuel  Lexi(}ue,  Ward*& 
Young  Mathematician's  Guide,  and  Smith's  Optics.  From  thfe 
German  he  tranflated  Buker's  Treiatife  of  the  Microfcope,  1754. 
His  ideas  and  language  were  clear,  and  he  was  eQeetned  fot 
the  mildnefs  and  agrecablenefs  of  his  chatadlet,  as  well  as  foir 
his  talents. 

PEZRON  (Paul),  a  very  learned  and  ingenidus  French- 
man, was  born  at  Hennebonc  in  Bretagne,  in  1639  ;  and 
admitted  of  the  ordet  of  Citeaux,  in  1660  f  r].  He  made  th6 
fcriptures  the  principal  obje61:  of  his  fhioy;  but  being  per- 
fuaded  that  a  perfeft  knowledge  of  profane  hiftory  Was  necef- 
fary  to  underftand  them  thoroughly,  he  read  with  Vaft  attention 
the  ancient  Greek  and  Latin  hittoTians.  He  becfafhe  a  great 
ai^tiquary,  and  wa«  indefatigable  in  trading  the  origin  of  the 
language  of  the  Goths.  The  refult  of  this  t7a$,  that  he  was. 
led  to  efpoufe  a  fyftem  entirely  new ;  which  hfe  coitfrtiiliiidated 
to  the  public,  in  a  work  printed  at  Paris  in  1687,  4tb,  anA 
called  «*  L'Antiquite  des  temps  retablie,  &c."  that  is,  <*  The 
Antiquity  of  Time  reftored,  and  defended,  againft  the  Jews  and 
ntodcm  Chronologers."  .  The  defign  of  this  book,  which  is 
very  learned,  and  finely  written,  is  to  prove,  ijpon  thfe  autho- 
rities of  the  feptuagint  and  profane  hillory,  that  the  world  is 
more  ancient  than  modern  chronologers  have  fuppofed ;  an4 
that,  inftead  4000  years  between  the  creation  of  the  world  anA 
the  birth  of  Chrift,  there  were  almoft  6006.  The  great  prin- 
ciple on  which  this  fnppofition  is  built  is,  that  the  Hebrew  text 
has  been  corrupted,  fmce  the  deftruftion  of  Jerufalem,  by  \ht 
Jews,  who  otherwife  muft  have  been  forced  to  acknowledge,  " 
tipon  their  own  principles,  that  the  Mefliah  was  aftually  come. 
Pezron's  bobk  was  extremely  admired  for  the  ingenuity  and 
learning  of  it ;  yet  created,  as  was  natural,  no  toall  alarm 
imong  the  religious.  Martianay,  a  Benediftine,  and  Lt  Quien, 
a  Dominican,  wrcfte  againft  this  new  fyftem,  and  undertook 
the  defence  of  the  Hebrew  text ;  Martianay  with  gileat  zeal  and 
lieat,  Le.Qirien  with  more  judgement  and  knowledge.  Pezron 
^ubliflied,  "  Defenfe  dc  Tantiquite  des  temps,"  in  1691,  4to;; 
>yhich,  like  the  work  itfelf,  abounded  with  curious  and  learned 

refearches. 


PFEFFBKCORN.  19J 

lefearches.  Le  Quien  replied,  but  Mjsrtknay  brought,  the 
affair  into  another  court;  and,  in  1693,  laid  the  books  and 
principles  of  Pezron  before  M.  de  Harlai,  archbifhop  of  Paris. 
Harlai  communicated  the  reprefentation  of  this  adverfary  to 
Pezron ;  who,  finding  no  difficulty  in  fupporting  an  opinion 
common  to  all  the  fathers  before  Jerome,  rendered  the  accufa- 
tion  of  no  efFeft. 

Pezron  was  the  author  of  other  curious  and  learned  works, 
as,  "  Antiquite  de  la  Nation  &  de  la  Lahgue  de  Celtes,"  in 
1703,  8vo ;  **  Diflertation  touchant  Tancienne  demeure  des 
Gananeens,'*  printed  in  the  Memoires  de  IVevoux,  for  July, 
170J;  and  **  Differtation  fur  les  anciennes  &  veritables  borneS 
dc  la  Terrc  Promife,"  in  the  fame  Memoires  for  June, 
1705.  Add  to  thefe,  "  Eflai  d'un  Commentaire  litteral  &  hif- 
torique  fyr  les  Prophetes,  1693"  i2mo;  and  "  Hiftoire  Evan- 
gelique  confirmee  par  la  Judai'que  &  la  Romaine,  1696,"  in 
^  vols.  8vo. 

This  ingenious  and  learned  man  died  OA.  10,  1706,  aged, 
67 ;  having  gone  through  feveral  promotions,  the  laft  of  whicb 
was  the  abbey  of  Charmoye,  to  which  he  was  nominated  by  tha- 
king,  in  1697. 

PFANNER  (Tobias),  the  fon  of  a  counfellor  at  Augfburg, 
born  Jn  1641,  was  fecretary  of  the  archives  to  the  duke  of 
Saxe  Gotha,  and  inftrli6tor  of  the  princes  Erneft,  and  John- 
Ernefl,  in  hiflory  and  politics.  He  fo  well  fulfilled  his  duties 
in  thefe  fituations,  that  he  was  promoted  to  a  higher  place  of 
fecretary  t«  the  Ernefline  branch  of  the  family ;  and  was  fo 
deeply  learned  in  matters  of  record,  that  he  was  called  the 
living  archives  of  the  houfe  of  Saxony.  His  manners  were 
pure,  but  his  temper  inclined  to  melancholy,  which  was  thought 
to  be  increafed  by  too  intenfe  application  to  ftudy.'  He  died  at 
Gotha,  in  1717.  His  principal  works  are;  i.  "  The  Hiflory 
of  the  Peace  of  Weftphalia,"  8vo,  the  beft  edition^  is  1697. 
2.  "  The  Hiftory  of  the  AfTemblies  of  i65'2.4,"  Weimar, 
1694,  8vo.  3.  "  The  Treaties  of  the  German  Princes."  4. 
*<  The  Theology  of  the  Pagans."  5.  **  A  Treatife  on  the  Prin- 
ciple of  hiftoric  Faith."  All  thefe  are  written  in  Latin,  not 
fo  much  with  elegance,  as  with  ftridl  care  and  exa6inefs. 

PFEFFERCORN  (Jphn),  a  famous  converted  Jew,  would 
have  perfuaded  the  emperor  Maximilian  to  caufe  all  the 
Hebrew  books  to  be  burned,  except  the  Bible :  "  becaufe^ 
{faid  he)  they  contain  magic,  blafphcmies,  and  other  dan- 
gerous things."  The  emperor,  aftonifhed  with  this  report 
was  fo  far  wrought  upon,  as  to  publifh  an  edi<5l)  in  1510,  by 
which  hie  -ordered  all  the  Hebrew  books  to  be  carried  to  a 
certain '  houfe,  that  thofe  which  contained  any  blaljphemy 
might  be  burnt.     Caprio  flieWed  the  danger  ojf'  thiis  editt,  and 

Vol.  XII.  O  he 


^94  .    rnJEURUS. 

he  was  fuppdrted  by  Ulnc  de-Huttcn :  many  writings  were  ptib-^ 
lifhed  on  both  fides  ;>  but  Caprio  at  length  prevailed,  and  ther 
edift  w^s  not  executed'.*  ,h  is  cotiamonly  believed,  that  PfefFer- 
corn  was  fo  chagrined  with  thisy  as  to  neturn  to  Jiidaifhi ;  and^ 
that  ho  was  bwrned  aliVe  in  J5ii5>  for  profaning  the  euchariit,. 
at  Hall ;  but  this  muft  have  been  another  perfon  of  his  name,, 
frnce  this  PfefFercorn  was  living  in  15 17.  He  is  the  author  o£ 
fome  Latin  pieces,,  atad  amc-ig  tfec  r-elt  of  ©die  "  De  abolendis 
Juda^prum  fcriptis." 

FFEIFFER-  (Augu^tiss).,^  a* German, oyicntaiift^  was  bori> 
at  Lawenbourg^  in  1640.  He  profeiFed  the  oriental  languages 
at  Wirtemberg,»  at  Leipfic^  and  in  other  places^  and  in  169a 
was  called  taLubeiik  to  be  faperintendant  of  the  chtirches.  In 
that  city  he  died„  in  ^anwary,  1^698.  When  only  five  years  old 
he  was  neait  lofing  his  life  by  a' fall,  which  fradtuBcd  his  fkulL 
His  fifter  di {-covered/  accidentally  that  he  was  not  quite  dead^ 
and  he  was  reftored,  when  adually  on  the  point  of  being  buried* 
He  wrote  i.  "  Panfophra  Mofaica./*  a'.  **  Critica  Sacra,**  8vo, 
Drefden,  i68o,  3..  "  De  IVfefora  "  4.  *'  Dc  trihasrefi  Judae- 
arum,"  5.  ^*  Sci agraphia  Syftemetica  Antiquitatum  Hebrasa- 
rum.*'  His  philofophical  works  were  colle61ed  at  Utrecht  in 
4to,  but  are  not  now  much  known  or  efteemed^  His  learned 
works  are  better,  though  heavy, 

.  PFIFFER  (Louis),  born  in  ^530,1  at  Liacerne  in  Sw^itzer- 
lartd,  was  a  famous  officer  in  the  fervice  of  France  m  the  reign 
of  Charles  IX.  for  whom,  in  1567,  hee  commanded  a  regiment 
of  6000  men.  With  this  force  he  prelerved  the  life  of  that 
monarch,  in  the  retreat  of  Meaux-y,  which,  againit  all  the  effK^rts- 
of  the  prince  of  Conde,  he  effeded,  preferring  the  king  within 
a  hollow  fquarcr  His  credit  with  his  own  countrymen  was  fo 
great  that  fome  called  him  the  king  of  the  Swifs-  When  the 
Xcagne  was  formed,  the  plea  of  religion  engaged  him  to  forger 
his  loyalty,  and  he  llrongly  influenced  the  Catholic  cantons  to 
fupport  the  duke  of  Guife.  He  died  in  1594,  in  his  own 
country,  being  then  the  advoyery  or  chief  niagillrate,  of  the  canton 
of  Lucerne » 

*  PfiiEDRUS,  an  ancient  Latin  awlhor,  who  wrpte  fifve  books 
of  "  Fables"  [s]  in  Iambic  verfe,  was  a  Thracian  ;  and  was 
born,  as  there  is  reafon  to  fuppofe,  fome  years  before  Julius 
Caafat  made  himfelf  mailer  of  the  Roman  empire.  His  parent- 
age is  uncertain ;  though  fome  have  imagined  bis  liberal  edu- 
cati(5ifi  to  be  an  argument  that  it  was  not  mean.  Perhaps  he 
might  have  been  made  captive  by  Odtavius,  the  father  of  the 
«mperor  A^gulttis  ^  far  we  read  [t},  that  while  Oftavius  was 

ts]  Phasdri  Fab.  in  ftafat.  ad  lib.  lu. 

•  -[t]  Bayle's  Di^,  ia  voc^  Phadrus^  <ind  Criifnw^  Lives  »/  thj  ^maa  po«ts, 

V  .       .    .prastor 


PHiEDRUS.  195 

praetolr  in-  Ma<Jeddnia,  he  gave  the  Thracians  a  very  great  over- 
throw^r.  This  fell  out  the  fame  year  that  Q.  Cicero  was  pro- 
conful  of  Afia,  and  Caefarfole  conful  at  Rome.  As  this  opi- 
nion would  carry  his  age  pretty  high,  Phacrdrus  outliving  the 
i8th  year  of  Tiberius,  fome  have  therefore  rejefted  it,  though 
with  little  reafon ;  fince  many  proofs  may  be  collefted,  from  his 
Fables,  that  he  lived  to  be  very  old.  How  he  came  into  the 
fervice  of  Auguftus  is  unknown  2  but  his  being  called  "  Auguf- 
tus's  freedman,"  in  the  title  of  his  book,  ffiews  that  he  had 
been  that  emperor's  (lave.  It  ihould  feem  as  if  he  had  arrived 
early  in  life  at  Rome ;  for  he  quotes  a  line  from  "  Ennius,'' 
which,  he  fays  [u],  he  remembers  to  have  read  when  he  was  a 
boy:  and  it  is  not  probable  that  he  (hould  have  read  it  before 
he  left  Thrace.  He  received  his  freedom  from  Auguftus,  and 
no  doubt  fuch  a  competency,  as  enabled  him  to  enjoy  that  valu- 
able gift.  He  expreiFes  a  great  regard  to  that  prince's  memory, 
which  he  had  indeed  the  more  reafon  to  do,  fince  misfortunes 
overtook  him  after  his  deceafe.  Under  Tiberius,  h^  was 
unjuftly  perfecuted  by  Sejanus,  to  which  he  has  frequently 
alluded  in  his  **  Fables ;"  and  particularly  in  the  preface  to  his 
third  book*  We  know  not  the  caufe  of  this  perfecution,  but  it 
was  not  for  his  wealth :  he  reprefents  himfelf,  in  the  very  fame 
place,  as  a  man  who  had  never  cared  to  hoard  up  riches ;  and 
mentions  this  as  one  of  the  reafons  which  ihould  facilitate  his 
promotion  to  the  rank  of  a  poet."  H15  fecms  to  have  written 
all  his  Fdhles  after  the  death  of  Auguftus ;  the  third  book  he 
certainly  wrojte  after  that  of  Sejanus,  who  periftied  in  the  1 8th 
year  of  Tiberius ;  for,  in  the  dedication  of  that  book  to  his 
patron  JEutychus>  he  has  mentioned  the  favourite  with  a  refentr 
ment,  which  would  never  have  been  pardoned  had  he  been  living 
How  long  Phaedrus  furvived  him,  is  uncertain  ;  but,  fuppofing 
him  to  have  lived  a  little  longer,  he  muft  have  been  above  feventy 
at  his  death  ;  for  fo  many  years  there  are  from  Csfar's  firft  die* 
tatorihip  to  the  i8th  of  Tiberius. 

The  Fables  of  Phaedrus  are  generally  valued  for  their  wit  and 
good  fenfe,  expreifed  in  great  purity,  tcrfenefs,  and  elegance  of 
language:  and  they  who,  like  Scioppius  [x],  imagine  they  dif* 
cov^r  fomething  foreign  and  barbarous  in  the  ftyle,  form  theircri- 
ticifms  upon  the  knowledge  that  Phaedrus  was  aThracian.  They 
might  as  well  objed  folecifms  and  falfe  Latin  to  Terence,  becaufe 
he  was  born  in  Africa.  We  cannot,  however,  but  obferve  it  as. 
fomewhat  fmgular,  that  the  Roman  language  has  been  tranft 
mitted  to  pofterity,  in  its  greateft  purity  and  elegance,  byiw^. 
Haves,  who  were  brought  from  countries  by  the  Romans  deemeii 
barbarous. 

[u]  FaV-  a.  lib.  iv.  [x]  Bloanrs  CeHf«WAUthorum. 

'   Oa  it 


i9«  PH/EDRUS. 

It  is  remarkable,  that  no  writer  of  antiquity  has  made  any 
mention  of  this  author ;  for  it  is  generally  fuppofed,  that  the 
Phxdrus  [r]  mentioned  by  Martial  is  not  the  fame.  Seneca 
nunifeftly  knew  nothing  of  him  ;  otherwife  he  never  coutd  have 
laid  it  down,  as  he  does,  for  matter  of  fa£i,  that  the  Romans 
had  not  attempted  fables  and  Efopean  f^J  compofitions :  **  Fa- 
beiias  et  ^fopeos  logos,  intentatnm  Romanis  ingenKs  opus." 
This  may  ferve  to  abate  our  wonder  with  regard  to  the  obfcurity 
in  which  the  name  and  reputation*  of  Quinius  Curtius  lay'buried 
for  fo  many  years  ;  not  to  mentron  Velleins  Paterculus  and  Ma* 
nilius,  who  have  met  with  much  the  fame  fate.  We  may 
obferve,  that  Ifaac  Cafaubon,  who  had  To  much  learning,  did 
not  know  there  was  a  Phasdrus  among  the  ancients,  tiH  Petet 
Pithou,  or  Pithoeus,  publifhed  h'rs  **  FaWes."  ^*  It  is  by  youf 
ktter,"  fays  Cafaiibon  [a],  "  that  I  ftrft  cam»  to  be  acquainted 
with  Phaedrus,  Auguftiis's  frepdman,  for  tftaft  name  was  quite 
unknown  to  me  before  ;  and  I  neter  read  any  thing  either  of  the 
man  or  of  his  works,  or,  if  I  d'id,  I  do  not  remember  it/'  Thi* 
letter  of  Cafaubon  wa&  written  \h  1596,  at  which  time  Pithoeus 
publilbed  the  "  Fables  of  Phsedrus,"  at  Troyes.  Hfc  fent  a  copy 
of  them  to  father  Sirmond,  who  was  then  at  Rome ;  and  this 
Jefuit  fliewed  it  to  the  learned  men  in  that  cky,  who  judged  it, 
at  firft,  a  fuppofititious  work  \  but,  upon  carefully  examining^ 
altered  their  opinion,  and  thought  they  could  obferve  In  it  the 
charafteriftical  marks  of  the  Auguftan  age. 

Since  that  edition  of  1596,  there  have  been  fcveral  other5> 
with  notes  by  the  moft  eminent  critics-.  That  of  JP698,  in  8vo, 
whiA  Burman  procured,  contains,  befides  the  hotes  of  ^  Gudius 
never  before  publiftied,  the  entire  commentaries  of  RltteHhiifius,, 
Rigaltius,  Nic.  Heinfius,  Schefferus,  and'of  Pfafdiius,  whh'ex- 
tra3s  from  other  commentators;  An  edition  fi'nce  this,  at 'Am*- 
Serdam,  i^oiy  i"*^  4^^*  by  the  care,  and  with  the  notes>  of  Hoog*- 
ftraten,  is  the  moft  beautiful  of  a41  that  have  yet  been  printedv. 
with  regard  to  the  letter  and  t^e  plates.  Laftly,  thefe  Fables 
Were  fubjoined  to  the  editiow  of' Terence  by  Bentley,  rn  1726, 
4to^  with  the  corrc<S!ions  and  emendations  of  that  great  critic. 

PHiEDRUS  {Thomas},  profelTor.  of  eloquence  at  Rome^ 
tftrly  in  the  i6th  century,  deferves  to  be  mentioned.  On  account 
of  fome  curious  partrcular's  reliting'to  him.  He  was  canon  of 
l^ateran,  ^hd  keeper  of  the  library  in  the  Vatitian. '  H%  owe* 
his  rife  to  the  admg  of  Seneca's  Hippdyti^^  [*],  in  which 
he  performed  the  pirt  of  Phaedra;  and  tK^fce  l^e  ever  aftei 
•ctained'the  name  of  Phaedrus.  It  is  EraHtiuat  whb' relates  thisj 
tod*  he  feye  [cj,  he  had  it  from  cardinal  RiiphaeT'Georgianus,, 

Aioi:  , 

fvl  Epigramm.  20.  lib.  iii.  [a]  Caiaubon,  Epift. 

2  J  ^TsQ^c.dftsCaofciati  »(L  Poiybni^,         [b1  Bayle's  Di£t>  in  voc«. 
^17.    "        --    -  *        -  ^cj  E|ift.  s-'liH-xxitC"" 

-  J  ia 


P  H'A  E  R,  197 

in  whofe  court-yard,  before  the  palace^  that  tnigedy  was  adcd. 
The  caufe  of  his  death  was  very  extraordinary.  Riding  [d]  one. 
day  through  the  city  on  a  mule,  he  met  a  cart  drawn  by  wild 
oxen;  at  which  his  mule  took  fright,  and.  threw  him  down* 
Though  a  corpulent  man,  he  was  fo  happy  that  the  cart  pafled 
oyerjiim  without  doing  him  any  hurt,  becaufe  he  luckily  fell  in 
the  fpace  between  the  wheels ;  but  his  fright,  and  the  fall  toge- 
ther, fpcaled  the  whole  mafs  of  his  blood  to  fuch  a  degree,  that 
he  contra£led  a  diftemper,  of  which,  after  langiiifhing  fome 
time,  he  died,  when  he  was  under  fifty.  If  he  had  lived  longer^ 
be  would  probably  have  publiihed  fome  books ;  and,  perhaps^ 
adds  Bayle^  have  confirmed  what  has  been  obferved  of  him,  that 
his  tongue  was  better  than  his  pen.  The  obfervation  was  made 
by  ErauTius,  who  yet  tells  us,  that  he  knew  and  loved  him  ;  audi 
owns  alfo,  that  he  was  called  the  Cicero  [e  |  of  his  time.  Janus 
Parrhafius,  who  was  his  colleague,  was  infinitely  grieved  at  his 
death ;  and  has  tranfmitted  to  us  the  titles  of  feveral  works,  which 
were  almoft  ready  for  public  view. 

PHAER  (Thomas),  a  Welch  phyfician  and  poet,  a  native 
of  Pembrokefhire,  and  the  firft  Engli(h  tranflator  of  Virgil,  was 
educated  at  Oxford,  whence  he  removed  to  Lincoln's  inn  to 
undertake  the  ftudy  of  the  law.  So  far  "was  he  in  earned,  for  a 
time,  in  this  purfuit,  that  he  pwbliftied  two  books  on  fubjeds  of 
law ;  one  on  the  nature  of  writs,  and  the  other,  what  is  now 
called  a  book  of  precedents.  Why  he  quitted  law  for  phyfic 
is  unknown^  but  he  became  a  bachelor  and  a  dodor  in  the 
latter  faculty,  both  in  1559^  and  his  medtcal  works  were  col* 
h&^A  at  London  in  1560.  They  confifl  chiefly  of  compila* 
tions  and  tranilations  from  the  French.  Among  his  poetic^ 
works  is  ^*  the  Regimen  of  Life"  tranflated  f rom  the  French, 
London,  1644.,  8vo«  The  ftory  of"  Owen  Glendower,"  in  the 
Mirror  for  Magiftrates :  and  his  tranflation  of  the  firft  nine 
books,  and  part  of  the  tenth,  of  Virgil's  ^Eneid.  There  is  3 
commendatory  poem  by  him  prefixed  to  Philip  Betham's  Mill* 
tary  Precepts  [f].  Warton  mention* -alfo  an  entry  in  the  fta-* 
tioner*s  book§  for  printing  "  ferten  verfes  of  Cupydo  by  Mr. 
Fayre,"  and  that  he  had  feeo  a  ballad  caflled  "  GadfliiU"  by 
Faire,  both  which  names  were  probably  intended  for  that  of 
Phaer*  His  tranflation  of  the  firft  feveri  books  of  Virgil  was 
printed  in  1558,  by  John  Kyngfton,  and  dedicated  to  queen 
mary.  .  The  two  next  books,  with  pait  of  the  tenth,  were 
tranflated  afterwards  by  him,  and  publiflaed  after  his  death  by 
William  Wightman,  in  156a.  He  has  curimifly  enough  mark^. 
at  the  end  of  each  book  the  time  when  it  was  finiflied,  and  thfi 

fjoj  Pierre  Valerian,  de  tnfelic.  Utcrat.  lib.  i.  p.  25. 
iT  In  Orat.  ahte  praeleAionem  epift.  Ciceron.  id  Attieum* 
> J  Wmotk*i  ^ift.  Poetry,  voL  iii.  p.  S9^ 

O  3  time 


198  PHAER. 

time  which  itcoft  him  in  tranflating;  which  amounts,  at  fepa<> 
rate  intervals,  between  the  year  1555*  and  1560,  to  202  days, 
without  reckoning  the  fragment  of  the  tenth  book.  It  appears, 
that  during  the  whole  of  this  period  he  refided  very  much  at  his 

Satrimonial  territory  in  K^ilgefran  foreft,  in  South  Wales.  The 
fth  book  is  faid  at  the  end  to  have  beefi  finilhed  on  the  fourth 
of  May,  1557,  **  poft  periculum  ejus  Karmerdini,*'  which  vvhe- 
ther  it  relates  to  fome  particular  event  in  hi?  life,  or  mear^s  that 
he  made  a  tirial  upon  it  'at  Caermarthen,  is  a  little  uncertain  ;  pro- 
bably the  former.  Wightman  fays  that  he  publifhed  all  he 
could  find  among  his  papers ;  but  conjectures,  heverthelefs,  that 
be  had  proceeifed  rather  further,  from  the  two  lines  which  he 
ttanflated  the  very  day  before  his  death,  and  fent  to  Wightman. 
They  are  thefe, 

Stat  fua  cuique  dies,  breve  et  irreparabile  tempus 
Omnibus  eli  vitac  :  fed  famam  exlendere  faftis 
Hoc  Virtutis  opus. 

Ech  mans  day  ftands  prefixt,  time  (hort  ai>d  fw|ft  with 

curelefs  bretche 
I3  lotted  all  mankind,  but  J)y  jheir  deeds  thpij:  fgmjc  tQ 
/  ftretcbe 

That  privilege  Virt^ie  gives. 

He  died  foon  after  the  I2th  of  Auguft,  1560,  on  which -day 
his  will  was  dated.  His  tranflation  of  Virgil  is  Written,  like  the 
preceding  fpecimen,  in  long  Alexandrines  of  feven  feet.  The 
tranflation  was  completed,  with  the  addition  of  Maphseus's  thir- 
teenth book,  by  Thomas  Twyne,  a  yoiing  phyfictan,  afterward? 
author  of  other  works  ;  his  part  is  deemed  by  Wafton  evidently 
inferior  to  that  of  his  predeceflbr,  though  PKaer  has  omitted, 
rtiifreprefented,  and  paraph ra fed  many  paltages.  Of  what  he  did 
of  this  nature  Phaer  himfelf  has  given  an  account  in  his  poft- 
fcript  to  the  fcven  books,  ^f  Trufting  that  you  my  right  wor- 
fhipful  maifters  and  ftudentes  of  univerfities,  and  fuch  as  be 
teachers  of  children  aiid  readers  of  this  au^touf  in  Latin,  will 
not  be  to  muche  offended,  though  every  vcrfe  anfweire  ript  to 
your  expeftation.  For  (befides  the  diverfitie  between  a  con- 
ftruftio'n  and  a  tranflation)  you  know  there  b^  many  miiljcai 
fecrete^'iri  this  writer,  which  uttered  in  Englifh  would  ihewe 
little  plealbur,  and  in  tnine  opinion  are  better  to  be  untouched' 
than  to  dimitir()](  the  grace  of  the  reft  with  tedioufnes  and  darknes. 
1  have  therefor'p  followed  the  cbuhfel  of  Horace  teaching  the 
duety  of  a  good  interpretour,  qui  qua?  defperat  nitefcere  pdflfe 
felinquit,  by  which ■bCCa;fioh,  'fort what  I  have  in  places  omrt tdd, 
fomwhat  alteVed,  and  fome  things  I  have  expounded,  an4  al  to 
the  eafe  of  inferior  readers,  for  you  that  are  learned  nede  not  to 
^  inttrudled."  A  ridiculous  error  of  th^  prefs  ftand*  in  tl)e 
"'    "  f^  i*  opening 


P  HAT- ATI  IS-  «9$ 

'opcrimg  of  thefecond  ^neid,  as  reprinted  by  Twyne.  '  Phaer 
kad  tranflated  **  Conticuereomnes"  by  "  they  whulied  all,'*  for 
<*  they  whifted,"  or  kept  filence;    but  Twyne  has  printed  it 

^V  they  whiftled  all."'  Sir  Thomas  Chivloner  in  his  Encomia, 
printed  ationdon,  i')79,  4to,  p.  356,  has'pathetically  lamented 

^haer,  as  a  moft  fkilfcii  phyficiiin.  As  to  his  name,  it  is  written 
Phayer  by  Wood,  and  Phaier  by  Warton  ;  but  as  we  find  it 
Ph'aer  in  every  part  of  the  tranflation  of  Virgrl,  and  in  the  Mir- 
ror for  Magiftrates,  we  have  fo  given  it.  His  ftory  of  Owen 
Glendour  is  in  ftanzars  of  feven  Unes,  'the  fame  as  SackviUe*« 
indncSion,  and  the  greater  part  of  thofe  narratives. 

PHA'LARIS  ['6 J,  a  cdebrated  tyrant -oi'  antiquity,  was  born 
at  Aftypalea,  a  city  of  Crete;  and  gawe  early  figns  of  an  ambi- 
tious and  -oruel  nauire.     Asibofi  as  he  was  grown  up,  he  inter- 

ifered  in  affairs  of  ftate,  and  aimed  at  empire  ;  on  which  account 

•he  was  banifhed  by  the  Cretans.  He  fled  to  Agrigentum  in 
'Sicily,  and  there,  by: virtue  of  great  accon\plifli men ts^  became  a 
favourite  with  the  people  ;  whom,  however,  "he  wilhed  only  to 
pleafe,  that  he  might  govern  tiiem.  He  obtained  his  purpofc  in 
the  following  mannec.  When  rfie  Agrigentines  had  decreed  to 
build  atemple,  they  xrommiited  the  c:*re  df  the  work  to  Phalaris; 
^hom  they  thoug-ht  the  fitteft  perfoa,  as  ieing  then  an  officer 
concerned-  in  xolleAing  the  revenues  of  the  .ftate.  'Phalaris:  hired 
workmen,  bought  flaves,  and  got  together a^prodigious  quauti^y 
of  n^tqrirfls.  Thefe  mapterials  w;erte  ftolen4roip  time  to  time^ 
upon  wbich  Phalaris  got  leave  of  the  citizens  to  fortify  a  little 
caftle  for  their  better  fecurity.  This  unwary  conceflion  proved 
deftru6Hve  to  ^their  liberty  :  for  Ph»laris  now  armed  his  (laves, 
\yhom  he  had  drawn  into  his  ipeafures  by  apromife  of  freedom  ; 
^nd,  fallying  forth,  made  himfelf  mafter  of  the  ^ity,  with  no 
great  oRpofition.  Thisis fuppofed  to  have  happened  in  the  52d 
•piympia^,  Polyaenus  relates  many  llratagems  of  Phalaris,, 
which  (hew  him  to  have  been,  what  Lucian,  and  the  epifllcs 
ff^hich  paf$  under  hi^  name,  rep  re  fen  t  him,  a  man  of  great  faga-ii 
city  and  artifice,  libera (ly  educated,  and  ikilled  in  the  manage* 
fiient  of  affairs.  He  l^haved  himfelf  with  fo  much  moderation 
and  v^ifdom  at  firft,  that  -ti>e  people  of  Himcra  entruftcd  hifti 
with  4heir  arm'ves ;  and  had  pr<^bly  undergone  the  fame  fate 
with -the  Agrigentines,  if  Stefichorys  .had  not  given  ithan  timely 
warning  of  their  danger. 

He  difcovered  ^t  length  his  nature,  by  proceeding  graduadly 
^0  the  exirceieft  cruelty «;  in  which  he  exceeded  all  the  princej 
*hat  ever  reigned.  The  anciisnt  writers  never  fpeak  of  him  but 
in  terms  of  abhorrence.  The  ftory  of  Perillus  and  his  buli 
j^ews,  however,  that  he  fometimes  knew  how  .^0  pbferve  juftice 

\fi]  ViuPkiiIari<li»fi.G«roloBcyk» 

O  4  ^CVCJIt 


300  PHALARIS. 

even  in  his  cruelties.  Pcrillus  was  a  brafs^founder  at  Athens ; 
who,  with  a  view  of  pleafing  the  cruel  Phalaris,  contrived  a  new 
^d  unexampled  kind  of  punifhment.  He  call  a  brazen  bull, 
larger  than  the  life,  and  finely  proportioned ;  aod  fafhioncd  an 
opening  in  his  fide,  fo  that  men  might  be  admitted  into  his  body. 
When  they  were  fhut  up  there,  a  fire  wa^  to  be  kindled  under 
the  belly,  in  order  to  roaft  them  ;  and  the  throat  was  fo  formed, 
that,  inftead  of  the  groans  of  dying  men,  were  fent  forth  rather 
the  roarings  of  a  bull.  This  was  brought  to  the  tyrant,  who 
>vas  pleafed  with  the  contrivance,  and  admired  the  workman* 
fhip;  but  aiked.him,  <'  if  he  had  proved  it?*'  "  No,"  replied 
Perilhis:  "  Then,"  faid  the  tyrant,  *^  it  is  but  reafonable  that 
you  make  the  firft  experinxent  upon  your  own  work;"  and 
ordered  him  immediately  to  be  put  into  it.  Ovid  fays  in  allu* 
iidn  to  this  [h], 

Neque  enim  lex  sequior  ulla, 

Qiiam  necis  artifices  arte  perire  fua. 

The  end  of  this  tyrant  is  diverfely  related ;  but  it  is  generally 
fuppofed,  with  Cicero,  that  he  fell  by  the  hands  of  the  Agri- 
gentines;  and,  as  fome  fay,-  at  the  inftigation  of  Pythagoras. 
Ovid  fays,  that  his  tongue  was  firft  cut  out ;  and  that  he  was 
then  put  into  his  bull,  to  perifh  by  the  fame  flow  fire  with  which 
fo  many  had  perifhed  before  him.  Others  fay,  that  he  was 
:(loned.;  and  all  agree  that  his  death  was  violent.  He  reigned, 
according  to  Eufebius,  28  years;  others  fay  16.  Meanwhile, 
there  is  great  uncertainty  both  as  to  the  life,  and  death,  and 
whole  hiftory  of  this  Sicilian  tyrant.  Many  of  the  above-men- 
tioned circumftances,  as  they  are  collefted  by  Mr.  Boyle,  depend 
upon  the  authenticity  of  thofe  Epiilles  which  go  under  the  name 
of  Phalaris  ;  and  which  have  been  juflly  queflioned,  and  indeed 
with  great  reafon  rejefled,  as  the  fpurious  produ£tion  of  fome 
recent  fophifl. 

The  hiftory  of  the  famous  controverfy  between  Bentley  and 
Boyle,  upon  the  genuinenefs  of  thefe  Epiilles,  is  too  well  known 
to  be  particularly  tnfifled  on :  yet  it  may  be  proper  to  bur  prefer^ 
porpofe,  to  fay  fomething  of  it  in  general.  Sir  William  Temple 
had  affirmed  [i],  in  favour  of  the  ancient  writers,  that  the  oldefti 
books  we  have  are  ftill  the  beft  in  their  kind;  and,  to  fupport  the 
aflertion,  mentioned  *'  iEfap's  Fables,"  and  <*  Phalaris's  Epiftles.** 
♦*  With  regard  to  Ph;jLlaris'€  Epifties,  I  think,"  fays  he,  "  that  they 
have  more  grace,  more  fpirit,  more  force  of  wit  and  genius,  than 
any  others  1  have  ever  fecn,  either  ancient  or  modern.  I  know 
ieveral  learned  men,  or  that  ufuaily  pafs  for  fuch,  under  the  name 


[h]  pc  arteAraandi,  lib.  i.  y.  655. 


of 


PHALARIS.  ftoi 

of  critics,  hsLve  not  efieemed  rtiem  genuine ;  and  PoHti&n,  with 
fome  others,  have  attributed  them  to  Lucian :  but  I  think  he 
muft  have  little  flcill  in  painting,  that  cannot  find  out  this  to  be 
an  original.  Such  diverfity  of  paffions  upon  fuch  variety  of 
aftions  and  paffagcs  of  life  and  government,  fuch  freedom  of 
thought,  fuch  boldnefs  of  expreffion,  fuch  bounty  to  his  friends, 
itich  fcorn  of  his  enemies,  fuch  honour  of  learned  men,  fudi 
efteem  of  good,  foch  knowlege  taf  life,  fuch  contempt  of  death^ 
with  fuch  fiercenefs  of  nature,  and  cruelty  of  revetnge,  could 
never  be  reprefented  but  by  him  that  pofleiTed  them ;  and  I 
efteem  Lucian  to  have  been  no  more  capable  of  writing,  than 
of  a6Mng  what  Phalaris  did.  In  all  one  writ,  you  find  the 
fcholar  or  the  fophin ;  and  in  all  the  other,  the  tyrant  and  the 
commander."  This  declaration  of  fir  William  Temple,  vAno 
was  reckoned  the  Memmius  of  his  age,  in  conjunSion  with  other 
motives,  led  the  hon.  Charles  Boyle,-  then  of  Chrift-Chureh  in 
Oxford,  afterwards  earl  of  Orrery,  to  give  the  public  an  editioQ 
of  thefe  "  EpiiHes  of  Phalaris:"  which  accordingly  came  out  in 
8vo,  at  Oxford,  1695,  with  a  new  Latin  verfion,  notes,  a  Hfe 
of  Phalaris,  and  a  dedication  to  Aldrich,  dean  of  Chrift-Church. 
In  the  preface,  the  editor  gives  an  account  of  the  manuicrtpts 
he  employed,  and  mentions  that  in  the  king's  library;  which,  he 
feys,  had  been  collated  only  to  the  40th  cpiftle,  becaufe  the 
librarian,  who  was  Dr.  Bentlcy,  had,  out  of  his  Jingidar 
humanity^  denied  him  the  farther  ufe  of  it:  **  Collatas  etiam 
(Epiftoias  nempe)  curavi  ufque  ad  Epift.  40.  cum  MSS.  in  bib- 
Kotheca  regia,  cujus  mihi  copiam  ulteriorem  bibliothecarius,  pro 
fingulari  fua  humanitate,  ntgavit."  This  was  the  firft  public 
ftroke  in  the  controverfy ;  and  Bentley's  rudenefs  to  Boyle,  in 
recalling  the  manufcript,  before  the  collation  of  it  was  finifhed, 
was,  as  appears  from  hence,  the  caufe  of  it.  Bent  ley,  however, 
denied  the  charge.  "  I  went,"  [k]  fays  he,  **  for  a  whole  fort- 
night to  Oxon,  where  the  book  was  then  printing ;  converfed  in 
the  very  college  where  the  editors  refided  :  not  the  leaft  whifper 
there  of  the  manufcript,— but  there's  a  reafon  for  every  thing, 
and  the  myftery  was  foon  revealed:  for,  it  feems,  I  had  the  hard 
hap,  in  fome  private  con verfati on,  to  fay,  that  the  Epiftles  were 
a  fpurious  piece,  and  unworthy  of  a  new  edition :  hinc  iilas 
iachrymae/* 

In  1697,  when  the  fecond  edition  of  Wotton's  **  Refleftions 
upon  Ajicient  and  Modern  Learning"  came  out,  **  A  Diflcrta^ 
tion  of  Bentley  upon  the  epiftles  of  Phalaris,  &:c."  was  published 
at  the  end  of  it.     The  profelfed  defign  o^  this  Differtation  is,  to 

Ewe  tUfe  Epiftles  fpurious,  and  doubtlefs  was  und<?rtaken  by 
ntfcy,  chiefly  with  a  view  of  making  reprifals  upon  the  Oxford 

|[k]  Preface  to  DUTert^tions  upon  the  Epiftles  of  Phalaris, 

editor. 


c.ca  PHALARIS. 

editor,  for  the  farcafm  in  his  preface.  But  whatever  was  Bcrtt- 
ley's  motive,  for  he  pretends  it  wiLS  an  engagement  to  his  friend 
Wotton,  it  drew  forth  againft  him  a  terrible  voUime  of  wit  and 
criticifm,  in  Boyle's  "  Examination,"  &c.;  which  w^  printed 
in  1698,  8vo.  Boyle,  in  the  preface,  gives  feveral  reafons  for 
anfwering  "  Bcntley's  Differtation::"  one  was,  that  the  .doc- 
tor had,  with  fome  warmth,  fallen  foul  upon  his  edition  and 
verfion of  "  Phalaris-sEpiftles;"  another,  a  regard  for  fir  WiU 
liam  Temple,  "  the  moft  acoomplifhed  writer  of  the  age,  who 
had  openly  declared  in  favour  of  the  Epiftles,"  and  whom  he  had 
drawn,  he  fays,  into  a  (hare  of  Dr.  Bentley '«  difpleafure  ;  a  third, 
that  Or-  Bentley's  refledlions  were  undeiilood  to  go  farther  than 
either  fir  William  Temple  or  hi mfelf,  ^nd  to  be  levelled  at  a 
learned  fociety  in  whicsh  he  had  the  happinefe  to  be  educated,  and 
which  Dr.  Bentley  was  fuppofcd  to  attack  tinder  thofe  general 
<erms  of  "  our  new  editors,  our  annotators,  arwl  thofe  great 
geniufes,  with  whom  learning,  that  is  leaving  the  world,  has 
taken  up.her  l^ft  refidence." — In  1699,  Bentlay  repwblifhed  his 
**  J^iffert^tion  upon  the  Epiftles  of  Phalaris,  with  a  full  and 
Oopjeu^  anfwer  to  the  obje<iUons  of  Boyle :-'  and  :fo  the  affair 
iE;nded  between  the  two  leaders,  while  their  partisans  continued 
hoftililics  fome  time  after. 

This  was  fomething  mope  than  a  literary  c^ntefti  <the  enmity 
towards  Bentley  appears  to  have  been  perfotval.  Thus  the  Boy-r 
lean  champions,  in  their  Examination  of  Bcntley's  pjfferta- 
tion,  although  the  (ytjpport  of  Phalaris  is  the  pretence,  yet  were 
thiefly  folicitqus  to  f>\\\\  down  Bentley  :  and  hence,  as  no  con- 
iroverfial  piece  was  ever  in  better  language,  and  iiiore  artfully 
written,  fo  none  ever  aboundqd  fo  much  in  wit,  and  ridicule^ 
and  fatire  ;  the  poin*  being  not  fo  much  to  corrfute,  as  to  expofe, 
the  learned  dilVertator :  for  Boyle,  in  his  preface  to  Phalaris,  had 
fignified  his  o^wn  diftruft  of  their  genujnenefs,  .and,  in  efte<5l, 
declared  hinjfelf  very  indiffere^nt  about  it.  Bentley,  ou  the  other 
hand,  who  had  nothing  in  view  J?ut  ^o  £uppor,t  what  he  had 
aflerted,  by  proving  the  Epiftles  fpuriouts,  though  ht  is  far  f/onpt 
wanting  ftrokcs  of  hiunorous  fatire,  .yet  abound(xl  ;chiefly  in 
argument  and  erudition  4  and  by  tbe.fe  gained  over  all  the  rea- 
j^ers  and  th^  lear^ned;  wfeilp  the  laugher's,  whoiPftke  an  infiniie 
majority,  were  carried  away  by  the  wit  of  Boyle's  performance. 
Jn  flioit,  altlK)ugh  the  haughtinefs,  the  infcjlence^  tiie  r^jwde  tem- 
per and  pedantry  of  Bentley,  made  him  juftly  odious ;  yet,  to 
give  him  his  due,  his  **  DifTertation  upon  the  Epiftles  of  Pha- 
laris," witji  his  "  Anfwer  to  the  Objeftions  of  Boyle,"  is  one  -of 
the  n^oft  illuftrious  monuments  of  fagacity,  nice  difc#nmcnt, 
ficill  in  criticifm,  and  depth  of  lerudition,  .that  ^vcr  >yas  ereded 
by  a  man  of  letters. 


PHIDIAS.  Qpy 

If,  4o  ufe  the  words  of  Boylt[h]j  he  did  carry  hU  criticifra 
fe  far  as  to  affert,  **  not  only  of  Phalaris,  but  his  editor  too,  that 
they  neither  of  them  wrote  what  was  afcribed  t6  them,"  he  went 
no  farther  than  the  difcernin^,  unprejudiced,  and  learned  part  of 
the  public  went  with  him.  What  (hare  Boyie  had  in  the  edition 
of  PhalarisS,  in  which  no  doubt  he  engaged  with  a  view  to  raifc 
fome  reputation  in  letters,  is  not  eafy  to  determine :  but  many 
are  of  opinion,  that  the  Examination,  though  publiftied  with 
his  name,  was  in  reality  no  part  of  it  his.  It  was  then,  and  has 
fince  been^  generally  afcribed  to  Atterbury,  Aldrich,  and  other 
learned  men  and  wits  of  Chrift-Church,  whofe  objeft  was  to 
humble  the  redoubtable  Bentley,  whom  they  heartily  hated* 
Swift,  alfo  [m1,  gives  great  countenance  to  the  opinion,  when 
he  reprefents  Boyle,  in  his  advance  againft  Bentley,  "  clad  in  a 
fiiit  of  armour,  which  had  been  given  him  by  all  the  Gods:" 
and  Atterbury  has  declared  [n],  that  he  himfelf  **  wrote  above 
half  o^  it,  and  tranfcribed  the  whole."  The  controverfy  at 
large  has  heen  tranflated  into  Latin,  and  republiihed,  with  the 
Epiftk,  in  Germany,  by  Lennep,  &c.  in  4to,  1777. 

PHIDIAS  [oj,  the  molt  famous  fculptor  of  antiquity,  was 
an  Athenian,  and  a  contemporary  of  the  celebrated  Pericles,  who 
flouriflied  in  the  83d  olympiad.  This  wonderful  artift  was  not 
only  confumnuite  in  the  ule  of  his  tools,  but  accompliflied  in 
thofe  fciepces  and  branches  of  knowledge,  which  belong  to  his 
profeflion  :  as  hiftory,  poetry,  fable,  geometry,  optics,  &c.  He 
iirft  taught  the  Greeks  to  imitate  natture  perfedlly  in  this  way; 
and  all  his  works  .were  received  with  admiration.  They  were 
alfo  incredibly  numerous ;  for  he  united  the  grcateft  facility  with 
the  greatefi  perfedion.  His  Ne metis  was  ranked  among  his 
firft  works ;  it  was  carved  out  of  a  block  of  marble,  which  was 
found  in  the  camp  of  the  Perfians,  after  they  were  defeated  in 
the  plains  of  Marathon.  jHe  made  an  excellent  ftatue  of  Mi- 
nerva fQr  the  Plateans ;  but  the  /latue  of  this  goddefs,  in  her 
magnificent  temple  at  Athens,  of  which  there  are  ftili  fome 
ruined  remains,  was  an  aftoniihing  procjuftion  of  human  art. 
j^ericles,  who  had  the  care  of  this  pompous  ed>(ice,  gave  orders 
to  Phidias,  whofe  talents  he  well  kn^w;  to  make  a  ftatue  of  the 
goddefs;  and  Phidias  formed  a  figure  of  ivory  and  gold,  thirty- 
Aine  feet  high.  Writers  never  ^eak  of  this  illuftrious  monu- 
ment of  fkili  without  raptiues ;  yet  what  has  rendered  the  name 
of  the  artift  immortal,  proved  at  that  time  his  ruin.  He  had 
carved  upon  the  ihield  of  the  goddefs  his  own  portrait,  and  that 
oi'  Pericles ;  and  this  was,  by  thofe  that  envied  them,  made  a 
crime  in  Phidias.    He  was  alfo  charged  with  embezzling  part 


K 


1  Preface  to  Examination,  ice,  [m]  Battle  of  the  Books. 

}  £piftolary  Conefpoadepce^  vol.  ji.  p.  zi«         [o]  Junius  de  pleura  vetcrusi. 

r         of 


ao4  PHILELPHUS. 

of  the  materials  which  were  defigned  for  the  ftaitue.  Upon 
this>  he  withdrew  to  Elis,  and  revenged  hitnfelf  upon  the  un- 
grateful Athenians,  hy  making  for  that  place  the  Olympic  Jupi- 
ter :  a  prodigy  of  art,  and  which  was  afterwards  ranked  among 
the  feven  wonders  of  the  world.  It  was  of  ivory  and  gold ; 
fixty  feet  high,  and  every  way  proportioned.  "  The  [p]  majefty 
of  the  work  equalled  the  majefty  of  the  God,"  fays  Quintilian ; 
^^  and  its  beauty  feems  to  have  added  luftre  to  the  religioa  of  the 
country."  Phidias  concluded  his  labours  with  this  mafter-piece; 
acd  the  Eleans^  to  do  honour  to  his  memory,  ere&ed,  and  appro- 
priated to  his  defcendants,  an  office,  which  confiited  in  keeping 
clean  this  magniBcent  image. 

PHILELPHUS  (Francis),  a  learned  Italian,  born  in  1398, 
at  Zolentino  in  the  March  of  Ancona.  He  ftudied  at  Padua, 
where  he  made  fuch  progrefs  that,  at  eighteen,  he  became  profefTor 
of  eloquence.  The  fame  of  his  talents  gained  him  an  invitation 
to  Venice,  where  he  was  honoured  with  the  rank  of  citizen,  and 
was  fent  by  the  republic  as  fecretary  to  their  embafly  at  Conftan- 
tinople.  Philelphus  went  there  in  141*9,  and  took  advantage  of 
this  employment  to  make  himfelf  mafter  of  Greek.  He  there 
inairied  Theodora,  daughter  of  the  learned  Emmanuel  Chryfo- 
loras ;  this  happened  about  the  year  141 9.  Becoming  at  length 
known  to  the  emperor  John  raUeologus,  he  was  fent  on  an 
embafly  to  Sigifmund  emperor  of  Germany,  to  implore  his 
aid  againft  tke  I'urks.  After  this,  he  taught  at  Venice,  Flo* 
rpnce,  Siena,  Bologna,  and  Milan,  with  aftoni(hing  fuccefs. 
He  was  not,  however,  without  his  defers.  He  wiflied  to  reign 
alone  in  the  republic  of  letters,  and  could  not  bear  contradidion 
without  being  extremely  irritated.  He  would  difpute  on  the 
moft  trivial  points,  and  once  wagered  100  crowns,  on  fome 
minute  queftion  of  grammar,  againft  the  beard  of  a  Greek  philofo* 
pher  named  Timotheus.  Having  won,  no  foUcitation  could  prc- 
vaif  upon  him  to  remit  the  fine,  and  he  moft  unmercifully  fhaved 
his  antagonift,  in  fpite  of  very  ample  offers.  To  this  prefump* 
tuous  turn  he  joined  a  prodigality  and  a  reftleffnefs  which  filled 
lus  life  with  uneafmefs.  Menage  has  accufed  him  of  deftroying 
a  copy  of  Cicero  de  Gloria,  the  only  one  then  exifting,  after 
having  transfufed  the  greater  part  of  it  into  a  treatife  of  his  own : 
but  it  does  not  appear  that  the  aecufation  was  juft.  Other 
learned  men  have  been  alfo  fufpe/^ed,  but  all  that  is  certain  is,  that 
the  work  was  extant  in  the  time  of  Petrarch,  who  mentions  having 
a  copy  of  it,  and  has  fmce  been  utterly  loft.  H«  .died  at  Flo- 
rence on  the  laft  day  of  July,  in  1481,  being  th.en:S3.  His 
works  confift  of,  i.  "  Odes  and  Poems,"  410,  1488*  2  "  Dif-. 
courfes,"  publiihed  at  Venice,  in  folio,  1492.     3.  **  Dialogues 

£r]  Ifift«  Ont«  £b.  xS.  cap:  10;    . 

and 


PHTLEMON.  aos 

anS:  Satires,"  Mihrr,  1476 ;  4.  with  a  great  variety  of  fmalfer 
worksy  all  in  Lstin,  in  vcrfe  and  in  profe.  The  works  cofc*^ 
k&ed  were  publiihed  at  Bale  in  1739.  There  is  alfo  a  colle6^ 
tion  of  his  Letters,  printed  at  Venice  in  1502,  fol.  which  is 
jrathcr  fcarce. 

PHILEMON>  an  Athenian  comic  poet,  contemporary  with 
Mexiandery  whofe  rival  he  was,  and  though  inferior,  frequently 
fuccefsftil  agamf!  him ;  by  means  of  intrigue,  or  the  partiality  c( 
friends.  He  was,,  by  the  account  of  Suidas,  a  Syracufan  by 
Msth,  but  Strabo  fays^  that  he  was  born  sit  Solae  in  Cilicia.  Hb 
was.  foroe  years  older  than  Menander,  and  in  the  opinion  of 
Qumttlian,  fairly  next  to  him  in  merit,  though  unfit  to  he  pre^ 
ferfied  to  him*  Apuleius  fpeaks  ftiil  more  favourably,  faying 
only  that  he  was  forfaffe  impary  and  adds  that  there  are  to  be 
Ibbndin  his  dramas  '^  many  witty  ftrokes,  plots  ingenioofly  dif- 
pofed,  difcoveries  ftrikingiy  brought  to  light,  characters  well 
vtdgLifteA  Xo  their  parts,  fentiments  that  accord  with  human  life'; 
jcfts  t^at  do  not  degrade  the  fock,  zxA  gravity  that  does  not 
intrench  upon  the  bufein."  Philemon  liv^  to  the  extraordinary 
age  off  1 01  years,  and  compofed  ninety  comedies.  Menand«r 
^deed  compofed  more,  and  in  iefs  time,  but  even  this  was 
CDUxaordinary.  His  longevity  was  the  refult  of  great  temper^ 
ance^  and  a  piacid  frame  of  mind.  Frugal  to  a  degree  that  fubi> 
je£led  htm  to  the  charge  of  avarice,  he  never  weakened  hi« 
faculties  or  conftitution  by  excefs ;  and  he  fummed  up  all  hi» 
wiflies  in  one  rational  ^nd  moderate  petition  to  lieaveji,  whicb 
throws  a  moft  favourable  light  upon  his  charader ;  •*  I  pray  for 
health  in  the  firil  place,  in  the  next  for  fuccefs  in  my  undertake 
ings ;  thirdly,  for  a  chearful  heart ;  and  laftly,  to  be  out  of  debt 
to  all  mankind  [oj,"  a  petition  which  feenrrs  to  have  been  granted 
in  all  its  parts.  As  he  lived  in  conftant  ferenity  of  mind,  (o 
he  died  without  pain  of  body ;  for,  having  called  together  a  namj- 
ber  of  his  friends  to  the  reading  of  a  play  which  he  had  newly 
fini(bed,  atid  fitting,  as  was  the  cuftom  in  that  ferene  climate^ 
under  the  open  canopy  of  heaven,  an  unforefeen  fall  of  rain 
Itroke  up  the  company,  juft  when  the  old  man  had  got  into  tht 
third  a<a,  in  the  very  warmeft  interefts  of  his  fable.  His  hearers 
difappornted  by  this  unlucky  check  to  their  entertainment,  inter- 
ceded with  him  for  the  remainder  on  the  day  following,  to  which 
he  readily  al&nted ;  and  a  great  company  being  then  ailemi* 
bled^  whom  the  fame  of  the  rchearfal  hzd  brought  tocher,  they 
fat  »con(iderable  tinK  in  expeftation  of  the  poet,  'till  wearied 
out  with  waiting,  ard  unable  to  account  for  his  want  of  punc- 
tuality, fome  of  his  intimates  were  difpatchcd  in  queft  of  him,  ^ 
who,   having -eiitiered  his  boufe,   and  made  their  way  to  his 

f  <l3  CuxaberlaxuTs  Obfisrvers,  lilo.  ij^^vdiciwft  a  ^^  part  of  this  account  is  taken; 

chamber^ 
4 


2o6  PHixrp. 

chamber,  fotuid  the  old'  man  dtad  on  his  couch,  in  his  lifnal 
meditating  pofture,  his  features  placid  and  compofed,  and  with 
<very  fymptom  that  indicated  a  death  without  pain  or  ftrnggJe. 
,  The  fragments  of  Philemon  are  in  general  of  a  fentimentalf, 
tender  caft,  and  though  they  enforce  found  and  drift  morality, 
yet  no  one  inllance  occurs  of  that  gloomy  niifanthropy,  that 
Karfli  and  dogmatizing  fpirit  which  too  often  marks  the  maxims 
of  his  more  illuflrious  rival.  They  were  collefted  and  publifhed 
by  Grotius,  together  with  thofe  of  Menander.;  the  greater  part 
having  been  preferved  by  Stobaetw.  Several  of  them,  as  weH 
as  the  fragments  of  the  other  Greek  comic  poets,  have  been 
tninflated  by  Mr.  Cumberland  in  the  moft  elegant  and  fpirited 
ftyle,  and  highly  adorn  the  volumes  of  his  Obfejver,  to  which 
we  refer  our  readers  for  further  information. 

PHILIP  II.  king  of  Maccdon,  fourth  fon  of  Amyntas  II. 
fintfhed  his  education  at  Thebes,  to  which  place  his  father  had 
fent  him  as  a  hodage.  Here  he  had  the  ineftimable  advantage 
of  being  placed,  at  the  age  of  fifteen,  under  the  immediate  guid- 
ance of  the  great  Epaminondas;  and  while  he  v^ns  inltrufted  by 
a  Pythagorean  philofopher  in  the  doftrines  of  that  feft,  the  con- 
verfation  of  Epaminondas  ftill  improved  his  knowledge,  and 
taught  him  the  lovelinefs  of  virtue.  High  and  exalted  fenti* 
ments  of  glory  were  beft  fitted  to  his  difpofition,  and  all  the  arts 
and  accomplHhments  which  led  to  this,  he  fttjdioufly  cultivated, 
and  eagerly  acquired  [r].  From  the  great  TKeban  he  learned 
aSivrty  and  vigour  in  all  military  operations  ;  addrefs  and  faga- 
city  in  irtjproving  all  opportunities,  and  turning  every  incident 
to  bis  advantage^;  his  jultice  and  clemency  he  did  not,  as  Plu- 
tarch obferves,  equally  adopt.  In  fad^,  his  inordinate  love  of 
glory  overcame  thofe  and  other  virtues  which  he  really  efteemed, 
whenever  they  came  in  competition.  On  the  death  of  his  bro- 
ther Perdiccas  III.  in  the  year  360,  A.  C.  Philip  flew  to  the 
proteflion  of  his  country,  then  in  imminent  danger ;  and  under 
the  title  of  regent  and  proteclor  to  his  infant  nephew  Amyntas, 
alTumed  the  reins  of  government:  erelong,  however,  the  young 
king  was  fet  afide,  by  an  interruption  oi  fiiccellion  not  uncorn. 
mon  in  that  kingdom,  and  Philip  was  completely  inverted  with 
royalty.  He  now  employed  himfelf  in  new  modelling  the  army, 
andlnttituted  the  celebrated  Macedonian  phalanx,  which  led  to  fo 
«iahy  viAories.  Twapretenders  to  the  crown,  and  four  formi- 
dable enemies  aftually  in  arms,  did  not  long  embarrafs  Pbthp. 
Some  he  bribed  into  peace,  and  others  he  conquered.  He  made 
peace  wrth'the  Pa;onians,  averted  the  invafion  of  Paufanias,  one 
of  the  claimants  of  the  crown,  and  defeated  and  flew  Argaeus 
.the  other,  near  Mcthone,  though  fuppdrted  by  t^c  Athenians. 

.      .:  .    l%]  tdani'^  Life  of  PiiUipi  *  1 


PHtLIF;  20^ 

In  another  year  he  added  Pasonia  to.  his  dbiriiiHoss,.  and  com-t 
pletely  defeated  the  Illyrians,  who  had  been  very  formidable  to 
Macedon.    Tlieir  old  but  gallant  king  Bardyllis  fell  in  the  adion,. 
Conftantly  attentive  to  all  probabilities  of  advantage,  Philip,  im 
the  third  year  of  his  reign,. befieged  and  took  Amphi polls,  lliough> 
be  had  pledged  hijufelf  by  a  treaty  wich  Atheas  to  leave  it  inde- 
pendent y  and„  that  he  nciight  arm  himfelf  againft  thci*  refent- 
ment,  ftrengthened  his  alliance  wkh  the  Olynthians^  to  wihom  he 
gave  up  Pydna  and  Potidaea,.    An  expedition  into  Thrace  now 
made  him  mafter  of  Crenidac,  and  the  rich  gold-mines  in  its 
neighbourhood.     He  placed  a  Macedonian  garrifon-in  the  city^i 
and  changed  its  name  to  Philippic    The  mines,  vthich  had  been 
neglefled^  be,  with  much  intelligence  and  perfeverance,  brought 
into  ufe,  and  drew  from  them  an  annual  revenue  of  ten  thoufand 
talents;  or  between  five  and  fix  hundred  thousand  pounds;  which' 
contributed  afterwards  very  materially,  under  the  guidance  of  hi 9 
policy  and  valour,,  to  the  prodigious  increafe  of  his  power-    la 
the  fourth  year  of  his  reign  he  married  Olympias,  daughter  of 
Neoptolemus,.  king  of  the  MololTi,  and  niece  of  the  reigning 
king  Arymbas ;  and  this  princefs  within  a  twelvemonth  made 
him  the  father  of  the  famous  Alexander.     Meanvvhile,  the  poli- 
tical aftivity  and  talents  of  Philip  were  irrefiftible.     It  was  in 
vain  that  the  kings  of  Thrace,  Paeonia,^  and  Illyria  combined 
againft  him;  he  attacked  them  by  fnrp.rife„  and  reddced  them  to 
fubjeclion.     It.  is  faid  by  Plutarch,  that  he  received  on  the  fame 
day  three  remarkable  pieces  of  news.     That  he  had  obtained 
the  prize  at  the  Olympic  games,  that  he  had  defeated  the  Illy- 
rians^ and  that  he  had  a  fon  born.     In  confequence  of  this  laft 
^vent  he  immediately  wrote  to  Ariftotle  a  letter,  v/hich  is  ftill 
extant,  to  defire  that  he  would  fuperintend  the  education  of  his 
fon.     As  fome  check  to  his  felicity,  at  the  fiege  of  Methone  he 
loll  an  eye:  but  it  has  been  well  obferved  by  an  ancient  writer, 
that  he  regarded  any  bodily  lofs  as  a  cheap  facrifice  to  attain  the 
objefts  of  his  ambition.     To  the  conquell  of  all  Greece  that:, 
ambition  now  began  to  point,  aqd  proceeded  for  feveral  years^ 
unobferved  by  the  Athenians,  whofe  oppofuion  to  it  was  likely 
tp  be  moft  formidable*     Demofthenes  was  one  of  the  firft  who 
perceived  the  danger,  and  moft  ftrenuoufly  continued  to  excite  his. 
countrymen  to  refift  it.     At  length,  in  the  year  348  ,A.C.  when 
be  openly  attacked  their  allies  of  Olynthus,  they  were  perfuaded 
by  the  Olynthiac  orations  of  that  orator  to  tak^  arms  againft 
him.   Their  efforts  however  proved  ineffedual.  Partly  by  valour^ 
partly  by  treachery,  Olynthus  was  taken,  the  city  ra^ed^  and  the 
inhabitants  fold  for  flaves.     The  Athenians  found  it  neceffary 
to-  treat  for  peace,  and  Demofthenes  himfelf  was  o^e  of  the. 
*  imbadhdors  appoint^ed  to  fettle  the  terms.    The  progrefs  of  Philip 
w^s  now  more  rapid.     Having  made  himfelf  a  party  in  thq 
.:  .  facre4 


bcrei  iK^tfr,  he  tMk  tfiaf  oppdrtunityof  r&iting  Pbotis ;  he  gtfned 
alfo  the  important  pafs  ot  Thermopyixy  and  was  admitfed  into 
the  public  council  of  the  Amphi^tyons.  This^  as  he  had  riot  yet 
been  acknowledged  a  member  of  the  Hellenic  body>  was  a  confi-- 
derabfe  ftep,  but  even  the  Athenians  at  length  fubmitited  to  it. 
By  liegrees  he  became  mafler  of  Theffaly,  made  great  progrcfsf 
in  Thrace,  andinvaded  Eubcea.  The  Athenians  were  noW  again 
^Qedibrth,  and,  by  the  valour  of  Phocion,  difpofleffed  his  forcey 
amd  adherents  of  all  footing  in  that  ifland.-  The  fame  abie* 
CMMnmander  foon  after  relieved  Byzantium.  Being  baffled  itt 
Ihefe  attempts,  Philip  made  an  incurfion  into  Scythia,  but  thofe^ 
barbarians  proved  n^ore  formidable  eneihies  than  he  had  hitherto- 
found  ;  for  though  he  fucce^ed  at  firil,  and  took  much  fpoil, 
j^  loft  it  all  in  his  retreat^  which  was  nearly  cut  off  by  the 
TribaAIi ;  and  he  himfclf  would  have  loft  his  life,  had  he  not 
been  faved  by  the  brave  interference  of  his  fon  Alexander.  He' 
Returned  without  much  delay  to  his  defigns  on  Greece.  By  his 
intrfgues  in  the  Amphiftyonic  council,  he  caufed  himfelf  to  be 
appointed  to  the  command  in  a  new  kind  of  facred  war ;  and 
Under  this  pretence  led  his  forces  into  Greece,  and  fummoned 
adl  the  ftates  to  attend  his  ftandard.  The  Thd>ans  and  Aihe« 
iliatfs  were  now  alarmed,  and  the  more  fo  when  he  feized  the 
fortrefs  of  Elatea  in  Phocis,  which  commanded  the  pais  into 
Beeotia  and  Attica.  They  declared  war  againft  him ;  foon  after 
which  he  marched  into  Boeotia,  and  in  the  fatal  battle  of  Chae- 
ibnea,  fought  in  the  year  338  A.  C.  put  an  end  to  the  liberties 
of  Greece.  When  he  had  gained  this  objeii,  he  began  to  look 
forward  to  another  ftill  greater,  and,  ailembling  the  ftates  of 
Greece  at  Corinth,  propofed  an  invafion  of  Perfia.  This,  how- 
ever, was  an  enterprife  which  his  fon,  and  not  himfelf,  was 
deftined  to  ful'hl ;  for  before  his  preparations  towards  that  defign* 
were  nearly  completed,  he  was  affaffinated  by  Paufanias,  a  young 
riton  to  whom  he  had  denied  juftice  againft  one  Attains.  Thiaf 
Happened  in  the  year  336  A.  C.  two  years  after  the  battle  of 
Ghaeronea.  Many  anecdotes  are  related  of  this  prince,  by  Plu- 
tarch and  others,  which  mark  the  energy,  decifion,  and  fagacity 
6f  his  mind  ;  but  his  whole  charader  is  moft  judicioufly  fum- 
med  up  by  his  able  biographer  Dr.  Leland^  with  whofe  words 
Ais  article  may  properly  be  clofed. 

*  "  Thus  died  Fliilip  king  of  Macedon,  at  the  age  of  forty-feven 
years,  after  a  rtign  of  twenty-four,  fpent  in  toils  and  difttculties, 
and  enterprifes  of  hazard  and  danger,  in  which  he  fo  eminently 
difplayedthat  extent  and  elevation  of  genius ;  that  firmnefs  and 
greatneft  of  mind ;  that  juftnefs  and  accuracy,  penetration,  and 
fikgacity  in  forming  his  defigns;  that  true  difcernment  in  choofing 
the  means  of  conducing  them ;  and  that  vigour  and  refolution  in 
Executing  themf,  which  have  juftly  rendered  Irim  the  objcaiof 

admin- 


PHILIP.  ao9 

admiration  to  all  thofc;  who  are  acquainted  with  the  Greciaa 

ftory,"  The  hiflorian  then  refolves  all  the  apparent  inconfift- 
encies  of  his  charafter  into  the  love  of  glory,  to  which  all  hU 
other  qualities  were  fubfervient.  "  If  terror  and  feverity  were 
neceilary  for  the  eftabliihment  of  his  power,  his  fentimants  of 
humanity  eafily  yielded  to  the  didates  of  his  ambition  ;  and  th« 
diftrefles  in  which  whole  dates  and  countries  were  involved  he 
regarded  with  indifference  and  unconcern.  If  didimulation  and 
artifice  were  required,  his  perfeft  knowledge  of  mankind,  joined 
to  his  obliging  and  iniinuating  deportment,  enabled  him  to  prac-" 
jife  thefc  with  the  moft  confumnc^ate  addrefs;  and  thus  were 
candour  and  ingenuoufnefs  frequently  facrificed  to  his  fchemes 
of  greatnefs.  If  corruption  was  neceflary,  he  knew  its  power, 
and  was  perfedl  in  the  art  of  propagating  and  recommending  it^ 
by  the  faireft  and  moft  plaufible  pretences ;  and  although  he 
endeavoured,  from  a  full  convicStion  of  its  fatal  confequences,  to 
check  its  progrefs  in  his  own  kingdom  (as  appears  from  his  dif» 
couraging  his  fon's  attempts  to  introduce  it)  yet  he  never  fcru* 
pled  to  make  it  his  inftrument  to  deftroy  his  rivals.  Hence  we 
find  him  fometimes  reprefented  as  a  cruel,  crafty,  and  perfidious 
prince,  who  laid  it  down  as  his  favourite  maxim,  that  it  was  a 
folly  when  he  had  killed  the  father,  to  leave  any  of  his  family 
alive  to  revenge  his  death ;  who  profefled  to  amufe  men  with 
oath5,  as  children  with  toys  ^  and  who  was  rather  the  purchafer 
than  the  conqueror  of  Greece.  If,  on  the  other  hand,  the  fpe^ 
cious  appearances  of  generofily,  condefcenfion,  and  benevolence 
were  required  to  ferve  his  great  purpofes,  no  man  was  more  capa* 
hie  of  alfuming  them ;  no  man  coftld  difplay  thom  more  naturally 
and  gracefully*  If  his  reputation  was  to  be  exalted,  or  the 
number  of  his  partisans  to  be  iricreafed,  he  could  confer  favours 
with  aja  j^ir  of  the  utraoft  cordiality  and  afFedion,  he  could  liftea 
to  reproof  w  ith  patience,  and  acknowledge  his  errors  with  the 
moft  fpecipus  ferablance  of  humanity:  he  could  conquer  hi^ 
enemies  and  revilers  by  his  good  offices,  and  reconcile  their 
affeftions  by  unexpeded  and  unmerited  liberalities.  Hence 
again  we  find  him  imblazoned  bv  all  the  pomp  of  praife ;  a$ 
humane  and  benevolent,  merciful,  and  placable ;  in  the  midil 
of  all  the  infolence  of  viftory,  careful  to  exercife  ;he  virtues  of 
humanity  ;  and  gaining  a  fecond  and  more  glorious  triumph,  by 
Ithe  kindnefs  and  clemency,  with  which  he  reconciled  and  com* 
manded  the  affedions  of  thofe  whom  his  arms  had  fubdued,  la 
a  word,  his  virtues  and  vices  were  direfted  and  proportioned  to 
his  great  defigns  of  power :  his  moft  (hining  and  exalted  quaji* 
ties  infl^uenced,  in  a  great  meafure,  by  hi§  ambition ;  and  evea 
to  the  moft  exceptionable  parts  of  his  condudt  was  he  chiefly 
idetermined  by  their  conveniency,  and  expediency.  If  he  was 
unjuft,  he  w^s,  like  C.aelar,  unjuft  for  the  fake  of  caipire/  If 
Vol-,  XIL  P  te 


4id  PHILIPS. 

he  gloried  in  the  fucccfs  acquired  by  his  virtues^  or  his  intcf- 
le6lual  accomplifhments,  rather  than  in  that  which  the  force  of 
»rms  couldgain,  the  reafon  which  he  hrmfelf  affigned  points  out 
his  true  principle.  In  the  former  cafe,  faid  he,  the  glory  is 
entirely  my  own ;  in  the  other,  my  generals  and  foldiers  have 
their  (hare."  The  reader  (hould  perhaps  be  cautioned  not  to 
confider  this  account  as  any  extenuation  of  the  faults  of  this 
inonarch.  It  marks  him  as  a  m:an  of  confiimmate  abHities  ; 
%nt  while  it  accounts  for  fome  of  his  vices,  it  takes  away  the 
chief  merit,  even  from  his  apparent  virtues. 
•  PHILIPS  (Fabian)  [r],  author  of  feveral  books  relating  to 
ancient  cuftoms  and  privileges  in  England,  was  the  fon  of  a 
gentleman,  and  born  at  Preftbury  in  Gloucefterfhire,  Sept.  28, 
1 601,  When  he  was  very  young,  he  fpent  forae  time  in  one  of 
the  inns  of  chancery;  and  thence  tranflated  himfelf  to  the 
iniddle-temple,  where  he  became  learned  in  the  law.  In  the 
rivil  wars  he  continued  loyal,  having  always  been  an  aifertor  of 
the  king's  prerogative ;  and  was  fo  paffionate  a  lover  of  Charles  I. 
that,  two  days  before  the  king  was  beheaded,  he  wrote  a  protefta- 
tion  againjft  the  intended  murder,  which  he  caufed  to  be  printed, 
'and  affiled  to  poAs  in  all  public  places.  He  alfo  publiihed,  in 
1649,  4to,  a  pamphlet  entitled,  "  Veritas  InconcuflTa;  or  King 
Charles  I.  no  man  of  blood,  but  a  martyr  for  his  people:'' 
which  was  reprinted  in  1660  fs],  8vo.  In  1653,  when  the  courts 
of.juftice  at  Weftminfter,  efpecially  the  chancery,  were  voted 
idown  by  Oliver's  parliament,  he  pubKflied,  "  Confiderations 
againft  the  diflblving  and  taking  them  away:"  for  which  he 
received  the  thanks  of  William  Lenthall,  eiq;  fpeaker  of  the 
late  parliament,  and  of  the  keepers  of  the  liberties  of  England. 
'For  fome  tinie,  he  was  filazer  for  London,  Middlefex,  Cam- 
bridgefhire,  and  Huntingdonftiire ;  and  fpent  much  money  in 
fcarching  records,  and  writing  ir^  favour  of  the  royal  prcroga- 
Trive :  yet  be  got  no  advantage  from  it,  except  the  place  of  one 
of  the  commfflroners  for  regulating  the  law,  worth  200 1.  per 
annum,  which  only  lafted  two  years.  After  the  reftoration  of 
'Charles  II.  when  die  bill  for  taking  away  the  tenures  was  de- 
pending in- parliament,  he  wrote  and  publiflied  a  book,  to  Ihew 
the  neceffity  of  preferving  them.  Its  title  is  **  Tenenda  non 
ToHenda:  or,  the  Neceflity  of  preferving  Tenures  in  Capite, 
^id  by  Knight'si-fervice,.  wiiich,  according  to  their  firft  inftitu- 
tion,  were,  and  are  yet,  a  great  part  of  the  falus  populi,  &c, 
1660,*'  4to.  In  1663,  he  publiihed,  "  The  Antiquity,  Lega- 
fity,  Reafon,  Duty,  and  Neceflity  of  Prae-emption  and  Pourvey- 
ance  for  the  King,"  4to;  and,  afterwards,  many  other  pieces 
upon  ftibje£ls  of  a  finular  kind.     He  likewife  affifted  Dr.  Bate» 


in  his  <*  Eienchas  Motuiim  ;"  efpecially  in  fcarcliing  the  recot'3s 
and  offixrcs  for  that  work.  He  died,  Nov.  17,  1690,  in  his  SgSi 
year ;  and  was  buried  near  his  wife,  in  the  church  of  T^Vyfofd 
in  Middlefex.  He  was  a  man  well  acquainted  with  records  ahtl 
antiquities;  but  his  manner  of  writing  is  not  clofe  or  well 
digefted.  He  publiflied  a  political  pamphlet  in  1681,  which, 
fbppofmg  him  to  have  been  fincere,  proves  his  paflion  for  royal 
prerogative  to  have  been  much  fuperior  to  his  fagacity  ind  judg^-» 
tnent :  it  is  entitled,  "  Urfa  Major  et  Minor ;  fhewing,  thdt 
there  is  no  fuch  fear,  as  is  faflioufly  pretended,  of  poj^ery  ariij 
arbitrary  power." 

PHILIPS  (Catherine),  an  Englifli  lady  of  great  wit  and 
acGomplifliments,  was  the  daughter  of  Mr.  Fowler,  &  merchant 
of  London  ;  and  born  there  in  1631  [t].  She  was  educated  at 
k  boarding- fchool  in  Hackney;  where  me  diftinguiflied  her.felf 
early  for  her  fkill  in  poetry.  She  became  the  wife  of  Jam^s 
Philips,  of  the  priory  of  Cardigan,  efq;  and  afterwards  went 
with  the  vifcountefs  of  Dungannon  into  Ireland,  At  the  r^quetl 
of  the  earl  of  Orrery,  fhe  tranflated  from  the  French,  and  dedf- 
catied  to  the  countefs  of  Cork,  "  Cornerlle's  tragedy  of  Pompey ;" 
tvhich  was  feVeral  times  a6lcd  at  the  new  theatre  there  in  10&3 
and  1664,  in  which  laft  year  it  was  publilhed.  She  tranflated 
alfo  the  four  firft  afts  of  **  Horace,"  another  tragedy  of  CoN 
neille;  the  fifth  being  done  by  fir  John  Denham.  This  excel- 
lent and  amiable  lady,  for  fuch  it  feems  (he  was,  died  of  the 
fmall  pqx  ih  London,  the  22d  of  June,  1664,  to  the  regret  6( 
all  the  beau-monde :  "  having  hot  left,"  fays  Langbainfe,  "  ^ny 
of  her  fex  her  equal  in  poetry." — "  She  not  only  equalled," 
'adds  he,  "  all  that  is  reported  of  the  poetelTes  of  antiquity,  the 
Leftian  Sappho  and  the  Roman  Sulpitia,  but  juftly  found  \i6r 
admirers  among  the  greateft  poets  of  our  age :"  [u]  and  then 
he  memions  the  earls  of  Orrery  and  Rofcommon,  Cowley,  and 
others,  Cowley  wrote  an  ode  upon  her  death.  Dr.  Jeremy 
Taylor  had  addrefled  to  her  his  **  Meafures  and  Offices  of  friend- 
fliip:'*  th6  fecond  edition  of  which  was  printed  in  1657,  icmo. 
She  affumed  the  name  of  Orinda.  In  1667,  were  printed,  in 
folio,  **  Poems  by  the  moft  defervedly  admired  Mrs.  Catherine 
Philips,  the  matchlefs  Orinda.  To  which  is  added,  Monfietir 
Corneille's  Pbmpey  and  Horace,  tragedies.  With  fevdral  other 
trartflatiorts  from  the  French ;"  and  her  portrait  before  thetti^ 
engraven  by  Faithorn.  There  was  likewife  another  edition  in 
1678,  folio;  in  the  preface  of  which  we  are  told,  that  "  (he 
wrota  her  familiar  letters  with  great  facility,  in  t  very  fair  hand, 
and  perfeft  orthography ;  and  if  they  were  colleftdd  with  thofe 
excellent  difcourfcs  (he  wrote  pn  ftveral  fubjefts,  th€y  w*oul4 

[t]  OtnenlDtawnaiy.  [v]  Aft«e«A(  «f  A«i|Mti4  f^^ 


an  PHILIPS. 

.  make  ^  volume  much  larger  than  that  of  her  poems/'  In  1705V 
a  fmall  volume  of  her  letters  to  fir  Charles  Cotterrell  was  printed 
under  the  title  of,  "  Letters  from  Orinda  to  Poliarchus:"  the 
editor  of  which  tells  us,  that  "  they  were  the  efFe6l  of  an  happy 
intimacy  between  herfelf  and  the  late  famous  Poliarchus,  and 
are  an  admirable  pattern  for  the  pleafing  correfpondence  of  a 
virtuous  friendihip-  They  will  fufficiently  inftrud  us,  how  an 
intercourfe  of 'writing  between  perfons  of  different  fexcs  ought 
to  be  managed  with  delight  and  innocence ;  and  teach  the  world 
not  to  load  fuch  a  commerce  with  cenfure  and  detraflion,  when 
it  is  removed  at  fuch  a  dillance  from  even  the  appearance  of 

rguilt." 

PHILIPS  (John),  an  Englilh  poet  [x],  was  fon  of  Dr. 
Stephen  Philips,  archdeacon  of  Salop ;  and  born  at  Bampton  in 
Oxfordfliire,  Dec.  30,   1676.     After  being  well  grounded  in 

.grammar-learning,  he  was  fent  to  Winchcfter  fchool,  and  be- 
coming an  excellent  claflical  fcholar,  was  removed  thence  ta 
Chrift-church  in  Oxford,  where  he  performed  all  his  univerfity 
cxercifes  with  applaufe.  Following,  however,  the  natural  bent 
of  his  genius,  which  lay  towards  poetry,  he  applied  himfelf  to 
read  the  beft  poets,  particularly  Milton ;  whom  he  ftudied  fo 
intenfely,  that  it  is  faid  there  was  not  an  allufion  in  "  Paradifc 
Loft,**  drawn  from  any  hint  in  either  Homer  or  Virgil,  to  which 
he  could  not  immediately  refer.  Yet  he  was  not  fo  much  in 
love  with  poetry,  as  to  neglcft  any  other  parts  of  good  Iltera- 

'  ture :  he  was  very  well  verfed  in  the  knowledge  of  nature,  and 
particularly  (killed  in  all  manner  of  antiquities,  as  he  has  with 

«iiiuch  art  and  beauty  fliewed  in  his  poetry.  While  he  was  at 
Oxford,  he  was  honoured  with  the  acquaintance  of  the  beft  and 
politeft  men  in  it ;  and  had  a  particular  intimacy  with  Mr.  Ed- 
mund Smith,  author  of  the  tragedy  of  Phaedra  and  Hippolitus. 
The  firft  poem,  which  diftinguilhed  him,  was  his  "  Splendid 
Shilling;*'  which  the  author  of  the  Tatler  ftyles  "  the  fineft 
burlefque  poem  in  the  Britifti  language."  His  next,  entitled, 
**  Blenheim,**  he  wrote  at  the  requcft  of  the  earl  of  Oxford, 
and  Mr.  Henry  St.  John,  afterwards  lord  Bolingbroke,  on  occa- 

.  fion  of  the  viftory  obtained  at  that  place  by  the  duke  of  Marl- 

.tprough  in  1704.  It  was  publiflied  in  1705 ;  and  the  year  after 
he  finifhed  a  third  poem,  upon  **  Cyder,"  the  firft  book  of  which 
had  been  written  at  Oxford.     It  is  founded  upon  the  model  of 

'Virgil's  "  Georgics,'*  and  is  very  excellent  in  its.  kind.  All 
that  we  have  more  by  Philips  is,  a  Latiq  "  Ode  to  Henry  St. 
John,  Efq;'*  which  is  alfo  efteemcd  a  maftcr-piece.     He  was 

.  contriving  greater  things;  but  illnefs  coming  on,  he  was  obliged 

^to  relinquilh  all  purfuits,  but  the  care  of  bis  health.     All  his 

[x]  Sewell's  Life  and  charafler  of  Mr.  John  Philips,  prefixed  -to  his  poems,  1720, 

!>-',  6     .^  :  care. 


PHILIPS.  213 

care,  however,  was  not  fufficlent  to  keep  him  alive:  for,  after 
fingering  a  longtime  in  aconfumption,  attended  with  an  afthma, 
he  died  at  Hereford,  Feb.  15,  1708,  when  he  had  not  reached 
his  thirty-third  year.  He  was  interred  in  the  cathedral  there, 
with  an  mfcription  over  his  grave  ;  and  had  a  monument  eredled 
to  his  memory,  in  Weflminfter-abbey,  by  fir  Simon  Harconrt, 
afterwards  lord  chancellor,  wMth  an  epitaph  upon  it,  written  by 
Dr.  Atterbury,  though  commonly  alcribcd  to  Dr.  Freind[yj. 
Philips  was  one  of  thofe  few  poets,  whofe  Mufe  and  manners 
were  equally  excellent  and  amiable  ;  and  both  were  fo  in  a  very 
timinent  degree. 

Dr.  Johnfon  obferves,  that  **  Philips  has  been  always  praifed, 
without  contradi<5lion,  as  a  man  modeft,  blamelefs,  arid  pious; 
who  bore  a  narrow  fortune  without  difcontcnt,  and  tedious  and 
painful  maladies  without  impatience ;  beloved  by  thofe  that 
knew  hirn,  but  not  ambitious  to  be  known.  He  was  probably 
not  formed  for  a  wide  circle.  His  converfation  isconvnended  for 
Its  innocent  gaiety,  which  fecms  to  have  flowed  only  among  his 
intimates;  for  I  have  been  told,  that  he  was  in  company  filent 
and  barren,  and  employed  only  upon  the  pleafures  of  his  pipe. 
His  addi6lion^to  tobacco  is  mentioned  by  one  of' his  biographers, 
who  remarks  that  in  all  his  writings,  except  *  Blenheim,*  he 
has  found  an  opportunity  of  celebrating  the  fragrant  fume.  In 
common  life,  he  was  probably  one  of  thofe  who  pl'eafe  by  not 
offending,  and  whofe  perfon  was  loved,  becaufehis  writings 
w^ere  admired.  He  died  honoured  and  lamented,  before  any 
part  of  his  reputation  had  withered,  and  before  his  patron  St. 
John  had  difgraced  him.  His  works  are  few.  The  *  Splendid 
Shilling,'  has  the  uncommon  merit  of  an  original  defign,  unlefs 
it  may  be  thought  precluded  by  the  ancient  Cenlcs.  To  degrade 
the  founding  words  and  (lately  conftrudlion  of  Milton,  by  an 
application  to  the  loweft  and  moft  trivial  things,  gratifies  the 
mind  with  a  momentary  triumph  over  that  grandeur  which  hi- 
therto held  its  captives  in  admiration  ;  the  words  and  things  are 
prefented  with  a  new  appearance,  and  novelty  is  always  grateful 
where  it  gives  no  pain.  But  the  merit  of  fuch  performances 
begins  and  ends  with  the  firft  author.  He  that  fhould  again 
adapt  Milton's  phrafe  to  the  grofs  incidents  of  common  life, 
and 'even  adapt  it  with  more  art,  which  would  not  be  difficult, 
muft  yet  expeft  but  a  fmall  part  of  the  praife  which  Philips  has 
obtained ;  he  can  only  hope  to  be  confide  red  as  the  repeater  of 
ajeft."^ 

**  There  is  a  Latin  *  Ode*  written  to  his  patron  St.  John,  in 
return  for  a  prefent  of  wine  and  tobacco,  which  cannot  be 
paired  without  notice.      It  is  gay,  and  elegant,    and  exhibits 

[y]  See  his  Ipiftolary  Correfpbndcnce,  vol.  li,  p.  412. 

P3  '  feveral 


ai4  PHILIPS. 

f<^*er^1  artful  iccommodations  of  claffick  ^xpreiSons  to  new 
purpofcs.  It  feems  better  turned  than  the  odes  of  Hannes  ♦.  To 
the  poem  on  *  Cider,'  written  in  imitation  of  the  *  (ieorgicks,* 
may  be  given  this  peculiar  praife,  that  it  is  grounded  in  troth; 
that  the  precepts  which  it  contains  are  exa£t  and  juft;  and  that, 
it  is  therefore  at  once,  a  book  of  entertainment  and  of  fcience*. 
This  I  was  told  by  Miller,  the  great  gardener  and  bofanift,  whofe 
expreflion  wa?,  that  *  there  were  many  books  written  on  th« 
fame  fubjeft  in  profe,  which  do  not  contain  fo  much  truth  as 
that  poem.'  In  the  difpoHtion  of  his  matter,  fo  as  to  interfperfe 
precepts  relating  to  the  culture  of  trees,  with  fentiment$  more 
generally  pleafing,  and  in  eafy  and  graceful  tranfitions  from  one 
fubjed  to  another,  he  has  very  diligently  imitated  hismafter; 
but  he  unhappily  pleafed  himfelf  with  blank  verfe,  and  fuppoCed 
that  the  numbers  pf  Milton,  which  impi^fs  the  mind  with  vene* 
rs^tion,  combined  as  they  are  with  fubjefts  of  inconceivable 
grandeur,  could  be  fuftaincd  by  images  which  at  moft  can  rife 
only  to  elegance.  Contending  angels  may  ihake  the  regions  of 
heaven  in  blank  verfe  ;  but  the  flow  of  equal  meafures,  and  the 
embellishment  of  rhyme,  muft  recommend  to  our  attention  the 
art  of  engrafting,  and  decide  the  merit  of  the  redftreak  and 
pearmain.  What  ftudy  could  confer.  Philips  had  obtained;  but 
natural  deficUnce  cannot  be  fupplied.  ^le  feems  not  born  to 
gi;^atnefs  and  elevation.  He  is  never  lofty,  npr  does  he  often 
fii,rprife  with  .unexpected  excellence ;  but  perhaps  to  his  laft 
pQcm  may  be  applied  what  TuUy  faid  of  the  work  of  Lucre<» 
tiu;s,  that  **  it  is  written  with  much  art,  though  with  few  Masses 
of  genius." 

It  is  remarkal^le,  that  there  were  two  poets  of  both  the  name^ 
of  this  author,  who  flouriflied  in  his  time :  one  of  whom  was 
nephew  to  Milton,  and  wrote  feveral  things,  particularly  fome 
memoirs  of  his  uncle,  and  part  of  Virgil  Traveftied.  The 
other  w.as  the  author  of  two  political  farces,  both  printed  in 
1716;  I.  *<  The  Earl  of  Marr  marred,  with  the  Humours  of 
Jocky  the  Highlarider."  2.  *' The  Pretender's  Flight:  or,  a 
Mock  Coronation,  with  the  Humours  of  the  facetious  Harry 
St.  John/' 

PHIL-IPS  f Ambrose),  an  Englifli  poet,  was  defcended  from 
an  ancient  family  in  Leicefterfliire,  and  educated  at  St.  JobnV 
college  in  Cambridge,  where  he  wrote  his  "  PaftoralS;";a  fpc- 
cies  of  jpoctry,  in  which  he  has  been  thought  by  fome  to  have 
excelled.  When  he  quitted  the  univerfity,  and  repaired  to  the 
metropolis,  he  became,  a^  Jacob  exprefl'es.  himfelf*  "  one  of 
the  wits  at  Button's  [z];'*  and  there  contracted  an  acquaintance 
with  the  gentlemen  of  the  belles  IetfreS|  who.  frequented  it» 

*  A  poet  In^the  ^^u^c^  AngHcaniBt  {*]  l^vfit.  of  tiie  Poets, 

Sir 


PHILIPS;  111 

&ir  Richmrd  Steele  was  his  particular  fri^tvd,  and  inlefted  in  hi» 
Tatler,  No.  I2,  a  little  poem  of  his,  called  "  A  Winter-piece/* 
dated  Jrom  Copenhagen  the  9th  of  May,  1709,  and  addrefled 
to  the'' earl  of  Dorfet.  Sir  Richard  thus  mentions  it  with  ho- 
liour:  **  This  is  as  fine  a  piece  as  we  ever  had  from  any  of  th^. 
fchools  of  the  mod  learned  painters.  Such  images  as  thefe  give 
us  a  new  pleafure  in  our  fight,  and  fix  upon  our  minds  traces  of 
refleSion,  which  accompany  us  wherever  the  like  objefts  occur. ""^ 
pope,  too,  who  had  a  confirmed"  averfion  to  Philips,  when  hat 
affeded  to  defpife  his  other  works,  always  excepted  this  out  of 
the  number. 

Steele  was  alfo  an  admirer  of  Philips's  Paftorals,  which* 
l^ad  then  obtained  a  great  number  of  readers;  and  was  about  tot 
Ibrm  a  critical  comparifon  of  Pope's  Paftorals  with  thofe  of 
Philips,  with  a  view  of  giving  the  preference  to  the  laitter.^ 
Pope,  apprifed  of  Steele's  defign,  aqd  always  jealous  of  his  own 
repatation,  contrived  the  moft  artful  method  to  defeat  it :  which* 
was,  by  writing  a  paper  for  the  Guardian,  No.  40,  after  feveral 
others  had  been  employed  there  on  paijtoral  poetry,  upon  the 
merits  of  Philips  and  himfelf ;  and  fo  ordering  it,  as  that  himfelf 
was  found  the  better  verfifier,  while  Philips  vvas  preferred  ag 
the  bed  Arcadian.  Upon  the  publication  of  this  paper,  the 
enemies  of  Pope  exulted,  to  fee  him  placed  below  Philips,  iqt 
a  fpecies  of  poetry,  upon,  which  he  was  fuppofed  to  value  him«p 
felt ;  but  were  extremely  mortified,  foon  after,  to  find  that  Pope 
himfelf  was  the  real  author  of  the  paper,  and  that  the  whole 
criticifm  was  an  irony.  The  next  work  Philips  publiftied, 
after  his  Paftorals,  was,  "  The  Life  of  John  Williams,  Lord* 
Keeper  of  the  Great  Seal,  Biftiop  of  Lincoln,  and  Archbifliop 
of  Vork,  in  the  Reigns  of  James  and  Charles  h'*  He  is  fuppofed 
to  have  undertaken  this,  for  the  fake  of  making  known  his  pa* 
litical  principles. 

Meanwhile,  he  fell  under  the  fevere  difpleafure  of  Pope,  who^ 
fatifized  him  with  his  uAial  keennefs.  It  was  faid,  he  ufed  to 
mention  Pope  as  an  enemy  to  the  government;  and  it  is  certain, 
that  the  revenge,  which  Pope  took  upon  him  for  this  abufe,- 
greatly  ruffled  his  temper.  Philips  was  not  Pope's  match  in  the[ 
art  of  fatirizing,  and  therefore  had  recourfe'to  anothef  weapon; 
for  .he  ftuck  up  a  rod  at  Button's  cofFee-houfe|  with  which  he 
threatened  to  chaftife  his  antagonift,  whentsver  he  fhould  meet 
him.  But  Pope  prudently  declined  going  to  a  place,  where  hc| 
inuft  have  felt  the  refentment  of  an  enraged  author,  as  mucht 
fuperior  to  him  in  bodily  ftrength^  as  inferior  in  genius  and  i}ci1i[ 
in  v^rfifying.  r 

Befides  Pope,  there  w^re  fomc  other  .writers  who  have  Written* 
in  burlefque  of  Philips's  poetry,  which  wasfingular  in  its  man- 
jpipr jTS^nd  not  diiHcuIt  to  imitate.;  p^rticuUcly.Mi^.HtfMfyiCarey,^ 


4t«  PHILIPS. 

who,,  by  fome  lines  in  Philips's  flfyle,  and  which  were  for  fbme 
time  thought  to  be  dean  Swift's,  fixed  on  that  anthor  the  name 
of  Namby  Pamby.  Ifaac  Hawkins  Browne  alfo  imitated  him 
in  his  Pipe  of  Tobacco.  This,  however,  is  written  with 
great  good  humour,  and,  though  intended  to  burlefque,  is  by  no 
means  dcfigned  to  ridicule  Philips,  he  having  taken  the  very 
fame  liberty  with  Swift,  Pope,  Thomfon,  Young,  and  Gibber* 
As  a  dramatic  writer,  Philips  has  certainly  confiderablc  merit. 
All  his  pieces  of  that  kind  met  with  fuccefs,  and  one  of  them 
is  at  this  time  a  (tandard  of  entertainment  at  both  theatres,  being 
generally  repeated  feveral  times  in  every  feafon.  The  titles  of 
them  all,  being  three  in  number,  are,  i.  •' The  Dillreffed  Mb- 
thcr,"  from  the  French  of  Racine,  aded  in  1711.  2.  **  The 
Briton,"  a  tragedy,  a6ted  in  fjti*  And,  3.  "  Humfrey  Duke 
of  Gloucefter,"  aSed  alfo  in  I721, 

Philips's  circuraftances  were  in  general,  through  his  life, 
not  only  eafy,  but  rather  affluent,  in  confequence  of  his  being 
conneSed,  by  his  political  principles,  with  perfons  of  great 
rank  and  confequence.  He  was  concerned  with  Dr.  Hugh 
Boulter,  afterwards  archbifhop  of  Armagh,  the  right  honourable 
Richard  Weft,  lord-chancellor  of  Ireland,  the  reverend  Mr. 
Gilbert  Burnet,  and  the  reverend  Mr.  Henry  Stevens,  in  writing 
a  feries  of  papers  called  **  The  Free-Thinker,"  which  were  all 
publifhed  together  by  Philips,  in  3  Vols.  8vo*  In  the  latter 
part  of  queen  Anne's  reign,  he  was  fecretary  to  the  Hanover 
club,  a  fet  of  noblemen  and  gentlemen  who  had  formed  an 
aflbciation  in  honour  of  that  fucceflion,  and  for  the  fupport  of 
its  interefts ;  and  who  ufed  particularly  to  diftinguifti  in  their 
toafts  fuch  of  the  fair-fex  as  were  moft  zealoufly  attached  to  the 
illuftrious  houfe  of  Brunfwick.  Mr.  Philips's  ftatton  in  this 
club,  together  with  the  zeal  (hewn  in  his  writings,  recom- 
mending him  to  the  notice  and  favour  of  the  new  government, 
he  was,  foon  after  the  acceflion  of  king  George  I.  put  into  the 
commilTion  of  the  peace,  and,  in  171 7,  appointed  one  of  the 
commiflioners  of  the  lottery.  On  his  friend  Dr.  Boulter's  being 
made  primate  of  Ireland,  he- accompanied  that  prelate,  and  in 
Sept*  1734^  was  appointed  regiftrar  of  the  prerogative  court  at 
Dublin,  had  other  confiderablfe  preferments  beftowed  on  him, 
and  was  eleSed  a  member  of  the  Houfe  of  Commons  there,  as 
rep  re  fen  fat  ive  for  the  county  of  Armagh.  At  length,  having 
purchafed  an  annuity  for  life  of  400I.  per  annuniy  he  came  over 
to  England  fome  time  in  the  year  1748,  but  did  not  l(Tng  enjoy 
his  fortune,  being  (truck  with  a  palfy,  of  which  he  dh^^  Ji^ne 
l8,  1749,  in  his  78th  year,  at  his  lodgings  near  Vaux-hall. 
*^  Of  his  perfonal  chara'fler,"  fays  Dr.  Johnfon,  **  all  I  have 
heard  is,  t'.at  he  was  eminent  for  bravery,  and  flcill  in  the  fword, 
and  that  in  eonveifatioii  he  was  folemn  and  pompous,"    He  is 

fomewh^rc 


fbrtewhcre  called  Qiiaker  Philips,  but  he  appears  to  tiave  been 
a  man  of  integrity ;  for  the  late  Paul  Whitehead  relates  that, 
•when  Mr,  Addifon  was  fecretary  of  ftate,  Philips  applied  to  him 
for  fome  preferment,  but  was  coolly  anfwered,  **  that  it  wat 
thought  that  he  was  already  provided  for,  by  being  made  a  juftice 
ft>r  Wtftminftcr.  To  this  obfervation  our  author,  with  fome 
itidignation,  replied,  **  Though  poetry  was  a  trade  he  could  not 
live  by,  yet  he  fcorned  to  owe  fubfiftence  to  another  which  he* 
ought  not  to  live  by." 

Gildon,  in  his  ^<  Complete  Art  of  Poetry,"  has  mentioned 
Philips  in  paftoral  writing  with  Theocritus  and  Virgil:  he  cer- 
tainly is  not  fo  contemptible  as  Pope  afFedled  to  think  him. 

PHILO,  an  ancient  Greek  writer,  and  of  a  noble  family  * 
among  the  J^ws[a],  flouriihed  at  Alexandria  rh  the  reign  of* 
Caligula.  He  was  the  chief  perfon  of  an  embafTy,  which  was 
fent  to  Rome  about  the  year  42,  to  plead  the  caufe  of  his  nation 
againft  Apion,  who  was  commiflioned  by  the  Alexandrians  to 
charge  It  with  negle^ing  the  honours  due  to  Caefar;  btit  that 
emperor  would  not  fulFer  him  to  fpeak,  and  behaved  to  him  with 
fijch  anger,  that  Philo  was  in  no  fmall  danger  of  lofing  his  life. 
He  went  a  fecond  time  to  Rome,  in  the  reign  of  Claudius ;  and 
then,  according  to  Eofebius  and  Jerome,  became  acquainted, 
and  upon  terms  of  friendfhip,  with  St.  Peter.  Photius  fays 
further,  that  he  was  baptized  into  the  Chriftian  religion,  and 
afterwards  from  fome  motive  of  refentment,  renounced  it ;  but 
there  is  hiuch  uncertainty  in  all  this,  and  few  believe  that  St. 
Peter  was  at  Rome  fo  early  as  the  reign  of  Claudius,  if  he  wai 
there  at  all. 

Be  this  as  it  will,  Philo  was  educated  at  Alexandria,  and  made 
an  uncommon  progrefs  in  eloquence  and  philofophv.  After  the 
faihion  of  the  time,  he  cultivated,  like  many  of  his  religion, 
the  philofophy  of  i'lato,  whofe  principles  he  imbibed  fo  deeply, 
and  whofe  manner  he  imitated  fo  well,  that  it  grew  to  be  a 
common  faying,  *'  aut  Plato  philonizat,  aut  Philo  platonizat." 
Jofephus calls  him  a  man  "  eminent  on  all  accounts:"  and  Eu- 
febius  defcribes  him,  "  copious  in  fpeech,  rich  in  fentiments, 
and  fublime  in  the  knowledge  of  holy  writ."  Meahwhile,  he 
was  fo  much  immerfed  in  philofophy,  the  Platonic  in  particular, 
that  he  neglefted  to  acquaint  himfelf  with  the  Hebrew  Ian* 
guage,  and  the  rites  and  cuftoms  of  his  own  people.  Scaliger, 
in  bis  ufual  way,  fays  that  Philo  **  knew  no  more  of  Hebrew  . 
and  Syriac,  than  a  Gaul  or  a  Scythian;"  Grofius  is  of  opinion, 
that  "  he  is  not  fully  to  be  depended  on,  in  what  relates  to  the 
manners  of  the  Hebrews:**  and  Cudworth  goes  fomewhat  fur- 

[a]  Fabric.  Bibl»  Grace*  vol.  iil.  and  Caye.  Hift.  Litcian  vol,  i.  Jofcph.  AntiY 
Jud<eor.  lib.  xviii.  c,  8.  Eufcb.  Hift.  Eccicf.  lib.  ii.  c-  17.  *  Hicroa.  dc  Script.  Ecclcf. 
C.  iz.  Cod.  105. 

ther. 


ttt  PHILQPaNUS^ 

thar,  when  he  fays,  that,  <<  though  a  ]eW  by.  nation^  h«  was  jrcf 
very  ignorant  of  Jewifti  cuftoms/*  Fftbricius  cannot  come  lata 
(he  opinion  of  thefe  great  men  :  and,  though  he  allows  fome  iis«> 
advertencies  and  errors  of  Philo  with  regard  to  th^k  noatters^ 
yet  he  does  not  think  them  a  fufHcient  foundation)  on  which  to 
charge  fo  illuflrious  a  dodlor  of  the  law  with  ignorance*  He 
could  not  have  denied,  however,  that  Philo>  pallion  for  philo^^ 
f(^hy  had  made  him  more  than  half  a  Pagan:  for  it  led  him  to 
interpret  the  law  and  the  prophets  upon  Platonic  ideas ;  and  to 
admit  nothing  as  truly  interpreted,  which  was  not  agreeable 
to  the  principles  of  the  academy.  This  led  him  liill  further^ 
to  turn  every  thing  into  allegory,  and  to  deduce  the  darkeft 
meanings  from  the  plaineft  words:  which  pernicious  pra&ice 
Origen  »mttated<  afterwards,  and  expofed  himfelf  by  it  to  the 
icoifs  of  Ceifus  and  Porphyry.  The  writings  of  Philo  abound 
with  high  and  myfiical,  new  and  fubtile,  far*fetched  and  ab« 
ilraAed  notions,  where  the  doSrines  of  Plato  and  Mofes  are 
fo  promifcMoufly  blended,  that  it  is  not  an  eafy  matter  to  aifign 
to  each  his  own  principles.  In  the  mean  time,  we  ihould  greatly 
injure  this  Jewiih  Plato  not  to  own,  that  there  are  in  his  works- 
many  excellent  things.  Though  he  is  continually  platonizing^ 
and  allegorizing  the  fcriptures,  yet  he  abounds  with  fine  fenti* 
tnents  and  leflbns  of  morality:  and  his  morals  are  rather  the 
morals  oi  a  Chriftian  than  of  a  Jew,  Hidory  likewife^  as  well 
as  his  own  writings,  gives  ui?  all  imaginable  reafon  to  conckidei, 
that  he  was  a  man  of  great  prudence,  conftancy,  and  virtue, 
.  His  works  were  firft  piibliibed  in  Greek  by  TurnebAis,  at 
Paris,  in  1552;  to  which  a  Latin  tran(lation,  made  by  Geienius, 
was  afterwards  added,  and  printed  feyefal  rimes  with  it.  The 
Paris  edition  of  1640,  in  folio,  was  the  beft  that  was  publi(he4 
for  a  whole  century;  which  made  Cotelerius  fay,  that  *'  Philo 
was  an  author  that  deferved  to  have  a  better  text  and  a  b^ter 
vcrfion."  In  1742,  a  handfome  edition  was  publiflied  at  London^ 
by  Dr,  Mangey,  in  2  vqIs.  folio  ;  which,  though  it  is  certainly 
preferable,  if  it  were  only  for  the  paper  and  print<^  i$  iiot  yet  fo 
good  a  one  as  Philo  deferves*  ..      ^ 

PHILOLAUS,  of  Crotopa,  an  ancient  celebra^  philo- 
fppher  of  the  Pythagoric  fch^ol,  to  whom  fome  have  afcribed 
*•  The  Golden  Verfes  of  Pythagoras."  He  made  the  heavens 
his  principal  obje£t  of  contemplation;  and  is  generally  fuppbfed 
to  have  b^eh  the  author  of  that  fyftem,  which  Copernicus  after* 
wards  revived,  and  is  now  known  to  be  the  true  fydem  oi  the, 
world.  This  made  Bullialdus  place  the  name  of  Phiiolaus  ac  the 
the  head  of  two  works,  written  to  confirm  and  illuftrate  that 
fyftem.  *    ' 

PHILOPONUS  (John),  agramiparian  of  Alexandria  in  ttte 
{eventh  century,  who  from  his  indefatigable* diligence  acquired- 


PHILOSTRATUS,  mj 

this  firnatne,  iaiplyingy  a  lever  rf  lab$ur.  He  was  (Ironglf 
attached  to  the  philofophy  of  Ariftotle,  many  of  whofe  tra^s 
he  publilhed  with  learned  commentaries.  He  was  a  difciple  of 
Ammonius  the  Ton  of  Hermeas.  He  profelfed  Chriftianity,  but 
was  a  heretic,  being  one  of  the  chief  introducers  of  the  feci  of  Tri- 
theitesy  which  was  condemned  in  the  council  of  Conidantinople 
in  6Si.  Phibponus  wrote  many  works  philofophical  and  the*' 
ological,  as  well  as  grammatical;  and  is  faid  to  have  obtained  of 
Amrouy  general  ox  the  Caliph  Omar  I.  that  the  library  of 
Alexandria  (hould  be  preferved  after  the  taking  of  that  city« 
But  the  barbarifm  of  Omar  prevented  the  intention  of  the  ge* 
neral  from  taking  effed,  and  the  books  were  employed  to  light 
the  public  baths  tor  fix  aionths.  It  isfuppofed  that  Phiioponus 
v^as  ftill  living  in  641,  but  further  particulars  are  not  known. 

PHILOSTORGIUS,  an  ancient  ecclefiaftical  hiftorian, 
•tifas  bom  in  Cappadocia,  about  the  year  388  [b].  He  wa» 
brought  up  in  Arian  principles^  fo  that  his  hiftory  is  not  free 
fxom  partiality ;  and  it  is  manifeft  that  he  favours  thofe  heretics^ 
whiJe  he  is  ioEKietimes  feverer  than  he  fhould  be  upon  their 
adverfaries,  Otlierv^ife>  there  are  many  ufeful  things  in  hit-' 
^writings  relating  to  the  antiquities,  of  the  church ;  and  his  fljrle 
"Would  not  be  amifs^  if  it  did  not  abound  fo  much  in  figurative 
and  poetical  exprefltons.  His  hiflory  is  divided  into  twelve 
books:  it  begins  with  the  controverfy  between  Ariu5  and  Alex* 
aoder  in  320,  and  ends  about  425 ,  in  the  time  of  the  younger 
Theodoilus.  It  was  had  in  fuch  deteftation  among  the  ancient 
orthodox^  that  we  cannot  be  furprifed,  if  it  has  not  been  pre- 
ferved entire  to  our  times :  but  we  have  an  abridgement  of  it 
in  Photiusy  and  fome  extraAs  taken  out  of  Suidas  and  other 
authors.  Jac.  Gothofredus,  a  learned  lawyer^  firft  publifhed 
tbem  at  Geneva,  in  1643,  4to,  with  a  Latin  tranilation  and 
large  notes.  Valefius  having  reviewed  this  abridgement  by  the 
manu&ripts,  and  corredled  the  text  in  feveral  places,  caufed  it 
tQ  be  printed  with  the  other  ecclefiaftical  hiftorians,  at  Paris, 
}i),  1673,  jfolio.  It  was  afterwards  reprinted  at  London,  in: 
J  7 20,  when  Reading  republiihed  Valefius's  edition,  in  three 
TQlumes,  folio. 

^  PHILOSTRATUS  fFi^AVius),  an  ancient  Greek  author, 
who  wrote  the  Wit  of  ApoUonius  Tyanenfis,  and  fome  other 
things  which  are  ftill  extajit  [c].  Eufebius,  in  his  work  againft 
Hjerocles,  calls  him  an  Athenian,  hecaufe  he  taught  at  Athens; 
btft  Eunapius  and  Suidas  always  fpeak  of  him  as  a  Lemnian  [d]  : 
Wjdf  he  hintSj  in  his  '*  Life  of  ApoUonius,"  that  he  nfed  to  be  at 
l^mBnps»  when.be  wds  young.    .He  was  one  of  thofe  who  fre- 


w 


Dupln.  BiU.  A«t.  Cent.  5.    Fabric.  B'tbl.  Grace,  vol.  iv. 
Fabric.  Sib^.  Gr^c.  yol.  iv.  [p^.  Ub.  vi.  27. 


^uented 


220  PMILOSTRATUS. 

fpiented  the  fchools  of  the  Sophifts ;  artd  he  mentions  his  having 
beard  Damianus  of  Ephefus,  Proclus  Naiicratitas,  and  Hippo-* 
dromas  of  Larifl'a  [e].  "I'his  fliews,  that  he  lived  in  the  reign. 
cif  th(J  emperor  Severus,  from  193  to  212,  when  thofe  Sophifts 
flourifhed ;  but  we  have  other  proofs  of  it.  He  became 
known  afterwards  to  Julia  Aiigufta,  the  confort  of  Scvenis;  and 
was  one  of  thoi'e  learned  men  whom  this  philofophic  emprefs 
had  continually  alx)Ut  her.  It  was  by  her  command>  that  he  ' 
wrote  the  **  Lifco^"  Apollonins  Tyanenfis[F]  v'*  as  he  himfelf 
relates  in  the  fame  place,  where  he  informs  iis  of  his  con- 
ne£kions  with  that  learned  lady.  Suidas  and  Hefychitis  fay, 
that  he  taught  rhetoric,  firft  at  Athens,  and  then  at  Rome,  from 
the  reign  of  Severus  to  that  of  Phiiippus,  who  obtained  the 
eospire  in  244* 

,  The  mod  celebrated  work  of  Philoftrattrs  is  Ms  **  Life  of 
Apolloaiusy*'  which  has  erroneoully  been  attributed  to  Lucian, 
becaufe  it  has  been  printed  with  Ibme  of  that  author's  pieces 
fe].  Philoftratas  there  endeavours,  as  Cyril  obferves,  to  re- 
prefent  Apolloniusas  fome  wonderful  and  extraordinary  perfon  ; 
ntther  to  be  admired  and  adored  as  a  god,  than  to  be  confidered 
isnply  as  a  man»  Hence  Eunapitrs,  in  the  preface  to  hi« 
*^  Lives  of  the  Sophifts,"  fays,  that  the  title  of  that  work 
Ihould  rather  have  been,  ** The  Coming  of  a  God  to  Men:" 
and  Hierocles,  in  his  book  againft  the  Chriftians,  wbkh  was 
railed  **  Philakthes,"  which  was  refuted  by  Eufebius  in  a  work 
ftill  extant,  among  othier  things  drew  a  comparifon  between 
jApollonius  and  Jefus  Chrift.  That  Philoftraius's  work  was 
compofed  with  a  view  to  difcredit  the  miracles  and  doftrines  of 
Jefus,  by  fetting  up  other  miracles  and  other  doftrines  againft 
them,  has  always  been  fuppofed,  and  may  be  true:  but  that 
Apollonius  was  really  an  impoftor  and* magician,  though  it  has 
always  been  fuppofed,  yet  may  not  be  fo  true.  For  any  thing 
we  know,  he  may  have  been  a  wife  and  excellent  perfon :  and 
It  is  remarkable,  that  Eufebius,  though  he  had  the  worft  dpinion*" 
of  Philoftratus's  hiftory,  fays  nothing  ill  of  Apollonius.  He 
concluded,  that  this  Hiftory  was  written  to  oppofe  the  hif- 
tory of  Jefus ;  and  the  ufe,  which  the  ancient  infidels  made  of 
it^  feems  to  juftify  his  opinion:  but  he  draws  no  information 
from  it  with  regard  to  Apollonius.  It  would  certainly  have ' 
l)een  improper  to  have  done  fo:  fince  the  fophiftical  and  aifeded 
ilyle  of  Philoftratus,  the  fources  from  whence  he  owns  his 
materials  to  have  been  drawn,  and  above  all,  the  abfurdities 
and  contradictions  with  which  he  abounds,  plainly  fhew  his 
Hiftory  to  be  nothing  but  a  colIe£lion  of  fables,  either  in- 
lented  or  embelliflied  by  himfelf, 

if.]  De Sophift.  Lib.  ii.  c.  ai.  ir  27.     *       [f]  15c  vit.  Apollon.  Lib.  L 
c J  Contra  Julian.  §  3, 

^        ■  Tl« 


PHILOSTRATUS.  221 

The  Works  of  Philoftratus  have  been  thought  worthy  of  no 
fmall  painSy  and  have  engaged  the  attention  of  critics  of  the 
iirft  clafs.  Gravius  had  a  defign  of  giving  a  corred  edition  of 
them,  as  appears  from  the  preface  of  Meric  Cafaubon,  to  a 
.^liifextation  upon  an. intended  edition  of  Homer,  printed  at 
London  in  1658,  8vo.  So  had  Bentley,  who  defigned  to  add  a 
jnew  Latin  verlion  of  his  notes :  and  Fabricius  fays  [ri],  that  he 
iaw  the  firft  Aeet  of  Bentley 's  edition  printed  at  Leipfic  ia 
1691^  Botii  thefe  defigns  were  dropped,  on  fome  account 
or  other,  A  very  exaft  and  beautiful  edition,  however, 
"was  publiflied  at  length,  at  Leipfic,  in  1709,  in  folio,  by 
Olearius,  profeflbr  of  the  Greek  and  Latin  tongues  in  the  uni- 
verfity  there,  who  has  proved  himfelf  perfe«flly  qualified  for  the 
y^ork  he  undertook,  and  fhewn  all  the  judgement,  learning,  and 
induf^ry,  that  are  required  to  form  an  excellent  editor.  The 
titie  will  give  a  fufficient  acco*int  of  what  is  to  be  found  in  this 
edition  of  Olearius;  it  runs  thus:  ^<  Philoftratonun  qua?  fuper- 
fnnt  omnia.  Vita  Apollonii,  libri  vui:  vitas  Sophiliarum, 
libriii:  Hcroica;  imagines  pr lores  atque  pofteriores;  et  cpif- 
Colas.  Acceffere  Apollonii  Tyanenfis  epiltolae;  Lufebii  liber 
adverfusHierockm;  Calliftratidefcriptionesftatuaruni.  Omnia 
.ex  Mir.  Codd.  recenfuit,  notis^  perpetuis  illuftravit,  veriionciiir 
,  tota.m  fere  novam  fecit  Gottefridus  Olearius,'* 

We  have  faid  enough  of  the  ^*  Life  of  Apollonius  ;"  the  two 
,jSrft  books  of  which  were  tranllated  into  Englifh,  and  publiflied 
in  1680,  in  folio,  by  Charles  Blount,  with  large  notes,  faid  to 
be  taken  in  part  from  a  manufcript  of  lord  Herbert  of  Cher- 
bury  [i  J.  At  the  end  of  ApoUonius's  "  Life,"  are  ninety-five 
**  Letters,'*  which  go  under  his  name,  but  are  not  believed  to 
he  his;  the  ftyle  of  them  being  very  afFe^ed,  and  like  that  of 
a  fophift,  and  they  bearing  in  other  refpedls,  all  the  marks  of  a 
forgery.  Philoilratus  fays[K],  that  he  had  feen  a  collection  of 
Apollonius's  "  Letters'*  in  Hadrian's  library  at  Antium,  but 
had  not  inferted  them  all  among  thefe.  They  are  very  ihort* 
and  have  in  them  little  more  than  moral  fentences.  The 
"  Lives  of  the  Sophifts,"  contain  many  things,  which  are  to  b^ 
met  with  no  where  elfe.  The  **  Heroics"  of  Philoftratus  arc 
iiothing  but  a  dialogue  between  a  vintner  of  Thracian  Cherfo-. 
nefus  and  a  Phoenician,  in  which  the  former  draws  charatfters 
of  Homer's  heroes,  and  reprefents  feveral  things  differently 
from  that  poet :  and  this  upon  the  faith  of  Protelilaus's  ghoft, 
who  had  lately  vifited  his  farm,  which  was  not  far  from  the 
tojtnb  gf  this  hero.  Olearius  conjeSures,  Vvith  great  probabi* 
lity,  that  the  defign  of  Philoftratus  in  this  dialogue  was  covertly 


0 


Bib].  Grsc.  vol.  iv.  [i]  See  B«.ovnt,  Charles. 

Ia  yit.  Apollon.  Lib.  vll,  zo. 


to 


ftai  P  H  L  E  G  O  N. 

to  criticize  fome  things  in  Homer,  which  he  ^durit  not  d{f 
openly,  on.  account  of  the  great  veneration  then  paid  to  this 
ancient  bard ;  and  for  fear  of  the  odtum,  which  TjoWus  and 
others  had  incurred  by  cenfuring  him  too  freely.  The  "  Icones*' 
or  images  arc  elegant  defcriptions  and  iUuftrations  of  fome  an- 
cient paintings,  and  other  particulars  relating  to  the  fine  arts: 
.  to  which  Olearius  has  fubjoincd  the  defcription  of  fome  ftatues 
by  Calliftratus,  for  the  fame  reafon  that  he  fubjoined  Eufebiti^^a 
book  againit  Hierocles  to  the  Life  and  Letters  of  Apol- 
lonius ;  namely,  becaufe  the  fubje6ls  of  thefe  refpedive  works 
are  related  to  each  other.  The  laft  piece  is  a  colkftion  of 
Phiioitrstus's  "  Letters:"  but  fome  of  thefe,  though  ii  is  not 
cafy  to  determine  which,  were  written  by  a  nephew  to  the 
principal  Philoftratus,  of  the  fame  name;  as  were  alfothe  laft 
eighteen,  in  the  book  of  images.  This  is  the  reafon,  why  the 
title  runs,  not "  Philoftrati,"  but "  Phibftratorum  quae  fuperfuii't 
-omnif  •" 

There  were  many  of  the  name  of  Philoftratus  among  the 
ancients:  and  there  were  many  other  works  of  the  Philoftratus 
here  recorded:  but  we  have  mentioned  all  that  are  extant. 

PHLEGON,  firnamed  Trallianus,  from  Tralks  a  city  df ' 
Lydia,  where  he  was  born,  was  the  emperor  Hadrian's  freed^ 
man,  and  lived  at  leaft  to  the  eighteenth  year  of  Antoninus 
Pius;  as  appears  from  his  mentioning  theconfuls  of  that  year. 
He  wrote  feverai  works  full  of  erudition,  of  which  there  is  no- 
thing now  left  but  fragments*  Among  thefe  was  an  <*  Hif- 
tory  of  the  Olympiads,"  «*  A  Treatife  of  longJived  Perfons," 
and  another  of  "  Wonderful  Things;"  the  ftort  and  broken 
remains  of  which,  Xylander  traiiflaied  into  Latin,  and  publifhed 
at  Bafil  in  1568,  with  the  Greek  and  with  notes.  Meurfitts 
gave  a  new  edition  of  them,  with  his'  notes  at  Leyden,  in  i6lf; 
The  titles  of  part  of  the  reft  of  PhIegon*s  writings  are  prcfefted 
by  Suidas,  It  is  concluded,  that  the  "  Hiftory  of  Hadrian,*' 
publiflicd  under  Phlegon's  name,  was  written  by  Hadrian  him- 
fclf,  from  this  paflage  6f  Spartianus  [l]  :  "  Hadrian  thirfted 
fo  much  after  fame,'*  fays  he,  "  that  he  gave  the  books  of  his 
own  life,  drawn  up  by  himfelf,  to  his  freedmen,  commanding 
them  to  publifti  thofe  books  under  their  own  names;  for  wc 
ZFS  told,  that  Hadrian  wrote  Phlegon's  books." 

What  has  made  Phlegon's  name  liiore  familiar  among  the 
moderns,  and  his  fragments  pafd  a  greater  regard -to  than  perhaps  • 
they  deferve,  is,  that  he  has  been  fiippofed  to  have  fpoke  of  the 
daiknefs  which  prevailed  during  our  Lord's  paflion.     The  book, 
io  which  the  words  are  contained,  is.  loft ;  but  Eufebims  [m] 

£t ]  Spattiafl.  in  A^miio,  Oip.  rn*  [m]  Eufeb.  Chr<«iC0B«  p.  aoz,  edit. 

$s»lifnL  Ainft«  1658. 

has 


PHLEG^dK.  .ft!J5 

hzt  prefefvcd  them  in  his  **  Ctironicon."  They  ate  thefe:  **  la 
the  fourth  year  of  the  2o2d  Olympiad,  there  was  a  greater  and 
more  remarkable  eclipfe  of  the  fufi,  than  any  that  had  ever 
happened  before :  for  at  the  fixth  hour  the  day  was  fo  turned 
into  the  darknefsof  night,  that  the  very  ftars  in  the  firmament 
werevifible;  and  there  was  an  earthquake  in  Bithynia,  whkh 
threw  down  many  houles  in  the  city  of  Nicsea."  Eufebiusis 
of  opinion,  that  thefe  words  of  Phlegon  related  to  the  prodigies 
Mrhich  accompanied  Chrift's  crucifixion ;  and  many  other  fathers 
of  the  church  have  thought  the  fame:  but  this  belief  is  liable  Co 
many  difficulties,  the  chief  of  which  is  perhaps  the  following. 
No  man  had  ever  a  ftronger  defire  than  Phlegon  to  compile 
mafvellous  events,  and  to  obfer ve  the  fupernaturai  circumftances 
in  them.  How  was  it  poffible  then,  that  a  man  of  this  turn  of 
miTfed  fliould  not  have  taken  notice  of  the  moft  furprifing  cir- 
cumftance  in  the  eclipfe  which  he  is  fuppofed  to  hint  at,  namely, 
its  happening  on  the  day  when  the  moon  was  at  the  full  ?  B4it 
liad  Phlegon  done  this,  Eufebius  would  not  have  omitted  it ;  and 
Origen{N]  woukt  not  have  faid,  that  Phlegon  had  omitted  this 
particular. 

The  queftion,  whether  PWegon  fpoke  of  the  darkncfs  at  the 
time  of  Chrid's  palTion,  was  canvaffed  here  fom*  years  ago,  lii 
feveral  diflertations  on  both  fides.  I'his  controverfy  was  occa-r 
iioaed  by  the  paflage  from  Phlegon  being  left  out  in  an  edition 
of  Clarke's  Boyle's  Ledures,  puWifhed  loon  after  his  death,  at 
the  perfuafion  of  Sykes,  who  had  fuggefied  to  Clarke,  that  an 
undue  flrefs-  had  been  laid  upon  it.  Whifton,  who  informs 
us  of  this  affair  [o],  exprefles  great  difpleafure  againft  Sykes, 
and  calls  **  the  fuggefiion  groundlefs.'*  Upon  this,  Sykes  pub- 
liflied  "  A  Diflertation  on  the  Eclipfe  mentioned  by  Phlegon: 
or,  An  Enquiry,  whether  that  Eclipfe  had  any  relation  to  the 
Darknefs  which  happened  at  our  Saviour's  Paffion,  1732,"  8vo.- 
Sykes  concludes  it  to  be  moft  probable,  that  Phlegon  had  in 
view  a  natural  eclipfe,  which  happened,  Nov.  24,  in  the  firft 
year  of  the  202d  Olympiad,  and  not  in  the  fourth  year  of  thfc 
Olympiad  in  which  Chrift  was  crucified.  Many  pieces  were 
written  againft  Sykes,  who  replied  to  fome  of  them:  but  it 
may  well  %t  confidered  as  a  controvwfy.  merely  learned,  fince 
the  caafe  of  religion  is  little  concerned  in  it. 

Photitis  blames  Phlegon  for  expatiating  too  much  on  trifles, 
and*  for  colleSing  too  great  a  number  of  anfwers  pronounced 
by  the  oracles.  <*  His  ftyle,"  fays  he[p],  "  is  not  altogether 
flat  and  mean,  nor  docs  it  every  where  imitate  the  Attick  manner 
of  writing.     But  otherwife,   the  over-nice  accuracy  and  caire 

f»]|  OrigiAetin  Matth.  Tntft.  35.  (o]  HiAorkal  Mefooirs  of  Pr.  Chik^ 

KH*'  [f]  BiWiotb.  §^7.  -•    ^ 

with 


»24  PHOTIUS.    , 

with  which  he  computes  the  Olympiads,  and  relates  the  oames 
of  the  contcfts,  the  tranfadions,  and  even  oracles,  is  not  only- 
very  tirefome  to  the  reader,  whereby  a  cloud  is  thrown  over  all 
other  particulars  in  that  book ;  but  the  diftion  is  thereby  ren- 
dered unpleafant  and  ungrateful.  And  indeed  he  is  ev^y 
moment  bringing  in  the  anfwer^  pronounced  by  all  kinds  of 
deities." 

PHOTINUS,  a  famous  heretic  of  the  fourth  century  j  known 
in  church  hiftory  as  the  chief  of  a  feft  called  Photinians;  w^as  a 
native  of  Ancyra,  the  capital  of  Galatia,  and  bifliop  of  Sir- 
mium,  or  Sirmich,  the  chief  city  of  Illyricura.  He  had  been 
the  difciple  of  Marcellus,  bifliop  of  Ancyra.  He  fpoke  with 
cafe,  and  his  eloquence  gained  him  great  power  over  his  pieople 
after  he  was  confecrated  bilhop;  but  his  life  was  corrupted,  and 
his  do£lrine  foon  became  fo  too.  He  efpoufcd  the  fame  opinions 
with  Paul  of  Samofata.  In  the  year  345,  he  was  condemned 
by  the  council  of  Aniioch ;  in  the  year  34.7^  by  the  council  of 
Milan.  However,  he  (till  maintained  his  fee,  till  he  was  depofed 
by  the  council  of  Sirmich,  A.  D.  351,  and  by  the  emperor  feiU 
into  banifliment,  where  he  fpent  the  remainder  of  his  life,  during 
-which  time  he  compofed  a  piece  againfl:  all  herefies  in  general, 
with  an  intent  to  eltablifh  his  own.  He  wrote  in  Greek  and 
Latin.  The  emperor  Julian  fent  him  a  letter,  commending 
him  for  denying  the  divinity  of  Jcfus  Chrirt.  Photinus  died 
A. D.  375,  (377,  Cave)  in, Galatia,  whither  he  had  been  ba^ 
nifhed.  This'herefy  was,  amongft  many  others,  anathematized 
in  the  council  of  Conftaptinoplc,  A.  D.  381,  It  afterwards 
was  revived  by  Socinus. 

PHOTIUS,  patriarch  of  Conflantinople  in  the  ninth  cen- 
tury [oj,  was  defcended  from  an  illuftrious  family,  and  born  ia 
that  city.  He  had  vaft  talents  by  nature,  which  he  cultivated 
>vith  the  utmofl;  application:  infomuch  that  there  was  no  branch 
of  literature,  facred  or  profane,  nor  fcarcely  any  art  or  fcience, 
in  which  he  was  not  confummately  verfed.  He  feems  to  have 
been  by  far  the  greateft  man  of,  the  age  in  which  he  lived  ;  and 
was  fo  intimately  concerned  in  the  chief  tranfaftions  of  it>  that 
ccclefiaftical  writers  have  thence  called  it,  "  SeculunvPhotianunu'* 
He  was  firft  raiftd  to  the  chief  dignities  of  the  en^pire,  being 
made  principal  fecretary  of  ilate,  captain  of  the  guards,  and  a 
fenator:  in  all  which  itations  he  acquitted  himfelf  with  a  dif- 
tinftion  fuitable  to  his  great  abilities ;  for  he  was  a  refined  flatef-* 
man,  as  well  as  a  profound  fcholar. 

When  Ignatius  was  expelled  and  depofed  from  the  fee  of  Con- 
ftantinople^  Photlus  was  nominated  by  the  court  to  fucceed  him» 

rO  Cave's  HUl.  Literaria,  vol.  U »— FabricU  Blbl.  Grsc  vol.  Ut«-Dupin,  AcCi 

Ho 


I»  H  e  T  i  U  S.  as^ 

lie  was  yet  otAy  a  layman,  when  he  was  chofen  patriarch ;  but, 
that  he  might  bCf  as  it  were,  gradually  raifed  to  that  dignity,  he 
was  made  monk  the  firil  day,  reader  the  next,  and  the  following 
days  fub-deacon,  deacon,  and  prieft;  So  that  in  the  fpace  of  fix 
days  he  attained  the  patriarchate  ;  which  happened  upon  Chrifl«- 
mas-day  in  the  year  858.  The  metropolitans,  fubjeft  to  the 
lee  of  Conftantinople,  acknowledged  Photius :  but  great  oppo- 
iition  was  made  to  this  uncanonical  ordination  from  other  quar- 
ters, and  he  was  aftually  degraded  at  Rome.  Photius,  however^ 
ordered  a  council  to  be  called  at  Conftantinople,  and  got  him-^ 
felf  confirmed  in  his  patriarchal  dignity;  in  which,  by  various 
arts  not  very  worthy  of  his  high  and  facred  office,  he  continued 
during  the  life  of  his  friend  the  emperor  Michael.  But  Michael 
•Was  flain  by  the  order  of  Bafilius,  who  fuccecded  him.  Sept,  23^ 
867  ;  smd  then  the  affairs  of  Photius  were  ruined :  for  the  firft 
thing  on  which  fiafilius  refolved  was,  to  banifh  him  to  a  monaf" 
tery,  and  reinflate  Ignatius  in  his  fee.  This  he  accordingly  did 
in  November,;  and  in  this  fallen  ftate  he  lay  for  more  than  ten 
years:  when,  adivifion  arifing  between  the  pope  and  Ignatius, 
he  thought  it  a  proper  conjunfture  for  attempting  his  own  refto- 
Tation;  and,  having  obtained  the  emperpr's  favour,  returned  to 
Conflantinople,  while  Ignatius  was  yet  alive.  It  is  faid,  Igna* 
ijtus  would  nave  come  to  terms  with  him ;  but  Photius,  deter- 
mined to  be  fatisfied  with  nothing  lefs  than  reftoration  to  the 
I  patriarchate,  refufed  all  manner  of  reconciliation  with  him. 
gnatius,  however,  died  0(k.  23,  878;  and  then  Photius,  to 
cut  the  matter  as  fhort  as  pofliblc,  went  into  St.  Sophia's  church 
with  armed  men;  forced  a  great  many  bifhops,  clerks,  and 
monks,  to  communicate  with  him;  depofed  and  pcrfecuted  all 
that  refufed;  and  to  prevent  all  oppofition  from  the  papal  fide,. 
prevailed  by  threats  and  prefents  on  two  of  the  pope's  legates 
whp  were  there,  to  declare  publicly  to  the  clergy  and  people, 
that  they  had  come  to  depofe  Ignatius,  and  to  declare  Photius 
their  patriarch.  He  kept  his  feat,  thus  forcibly  obtained,  till 
886;  and  then,  was  turned  out,  and  banifhed  by  the  emperor 
Leo  into  a  monaftery  in  Armenia,  where  he  is  fuppofed  to  have 
died  foon  after.  He  was,  as  vy^e  have  obferved,  a  man  of  great 
talents,  great  learning,  and  every  way  accomplifhed ;  but  his 
ardent  love  of  glory,  and  unbounded  ambition,  prompted  him 
to  fuch  exceffes,  as  made  him  rather  a  fcourge  than  a  blefling  ta 
thofe  about  him.  He  was  the  author  of  many  inteftine  tumults 
and  civil  commotions;  and. not  only  divided  the  Greek  church, 
but  laid  the  foundation  of  a  divifion  between  the  Greek  and  Latin 
phurches. 

Though  Photius  was  a  man,  of  bufincfs  and  the  world,  yet 

there  are  extant  feveral  fruits  of  his  (ludies ;  the  mofl  confider<» 

able  of  which  is  his."  Bibliotheca,"  compofed  by  him  while  he 

Vol.  XII.  CL  was 


«2fr  P  H  R  E  A  S. 

was  yet  a  lajrman,  and  an  anibailador  in  AfTytia.  Tt  tdftf&>nsr 
the  argument  or  abftrad^s  of  280  vokitnes  of  many  authors  upoa 
various  fubjeds:  among  whom  are  grammarians^  crifics^  po^s^ 
orators,  facred  and  profane  hiflorrans,  phyficians,  philoTophersy 
divines,  &c.  not  ranked  according  to  their  federal  arts  and  pro-* 
feflions,  but  brought  in  promifcuoufly,  and  a6  they  Teem  to- 
have  come  uppermoft^  in  his  thoughts.  Pabridus  calls  thia 
•?  Bibliothcca,'*.or  library,  non  Ubery  fed  it^gnis  thefauruSy  "not 
a  book,  but  an  iHuftrious  treafure :"  in  which  arc  contained  matty' 
curious  things  relating  to  authors,  and  many  fragments  of 
works,  which  are  no  where  elfe  to  be  found.  It  was  firft 
brought  to  light  by  Andreas  Schottus,  aad  c#mrtitinieatcd  by- 
him  to  David  Hoe(chelius,  whocaufed  it  to  be  printed  in  i6or.. 
Schottus,  conftdering  the  prodigious  ufefulnrfs  of  this  work, 
tranilated  it  into  Latin,  and  printed  his  trandation  alorte  in  1606 «. 
Afterwards,  the  Greek  text  and  the  tranflation  were  printed  to- 
gether at  Geneva  in  161 1 ;  and,  laftly,  an  edition  of  this  work^ 
3ie  largeft  and  faireft,  was  reprinted  at  Rouen  in  1653,  folio. 
.  Photius's  **  Nomocanon"  is  another  proof  of  his  great  abi- 
lities. It  is  a  coiledion  dtgeiled  in  an  excellent  method,  ami 
brought  under  fourteen  idifferent  titles,  of  the  canons  of  the 
councils,  and  of  the  canonical  epiftles,  and  of  the  emperor'* 
laws  relating  to  ccclefiaftical  ftiattexs.  Balfatoon  has  written' 
Commentaries  on  this  work;  and  with  thefe  it  appeared  in 

fublic,  by  the  care  of  M.  Juftel,  beitig  printed  at  Paris  with  a 
/atin  verfion  in  1615,  4to.  There  are  alfo  253  "  Letters  of 
Photius,"  which  (hew  the  fame  fine  wit,  ftrength  of  judgement^ 
and  depth  of  learning,  as  are  t6  be  fee*i  in  his  other  works.  Thtf 
were  publiflied  in  1651,  folio,  with  a  Latin  verfion  and  notes^ 
by  Richard  Montague,  bifhop  of  Norwich,  from  a  mamifcript 
in  the  Bodleian  library.  There  are  other  fmaH  pieces  of  Photiu^ 
that  have  been  primed,  and  not  a  few  ftill  extant  in  manufcript 
€fnly.  The  moft  remarkable  is  a  very  confiderable  fragment  of 
a  Greek  lexicon,  in  which  the  greater  part  of  the  alphabet  is 
complete.  The  only  ancietit  NfS.  of  this  book  belongs  td  the 
public  library  at  Cambridge,  and  is  no^  \ti  the  hands  of  the 
learned  Greek  profeifor  Mr..  Pdrfon,  for  publication.-  From 
bim,  if  from  any  man  living,  the  public  may  infallibly  cxpeft 
fiich  an  edition  a«  will  do  the  utmoil  juftice  to  the  author,  and 
iheutmoft  fervicetothe  caufe  of  literature.  This  Lexicon  has 
often  been  quoted  by  critics,  from  impeffeil  tranfcripts^^andthe 
publication  is  expeaed  With  great  avidity,  as  of  high  import- 
ance to  Greek  learning. 

PHREAS  (Tohn),  or  FREAS,  an  Englifh  writer,  cefebrate* 
by  LeIaQd  [itj,  as  one  of  thofe  who  wete  the  fitft  to  raife  their 

[k]  DeScriptttibusBrk.  {».466<  t 

-cocAtry 


PIAZZA.  u^ 

Country  from  hzrhztiftn,  was  born  in  London^  towards  the  clofe 
of  thie  fourteenth  or  the  beginning  of  the  fifteenth  century.  He 
Was  educated  at  Oxford,  and  became  fellow  of  Baliol-college* 
After  taking  holy  orders,  he  fettled  as  minifter  of  St.  Mary'^ 
church  on  the  Mount,  in  the  city  of  Briftol ;  where  he  purfued 
the  ftudies  for  which  he  had  made  himfelf  famous  at  the  unU 
vcrfity.  Many  merchants  being  at  that  time  going  from  Briftol 
to  Italy,  his  curiofity  was  excited  by  the  learning  which  he  waS 
told  abounded  in  that  country,  and  particularly  by  the  fame  of 
Guarifti,  an  old  philofopher  and  orator  who  taught  at  Ferrara* 
To  him  he  went,  attended  his  leftures,  ftudied  under  him  the 
knowledge  of  medical  herbs,  antl^  by  an  odd  affortment,  the 
civil  law,  and  gained  the  efteem  of  many  of  the  learned  there  j 
fo  as  with  great  applaufe  to  read  medical  leftures,  firft  at 
Ferrara,  and  afterwards  at  Florence  and  Padua  ;  in  which  latter 
place  he  obtained  the  degree  of  dodor.  He  alfo  vifited  Rome, 
and  there  met  with  John  Tiptoft,  earl  of  Worcefter,  then  abfent 
from  his  country,  on  account  of  the  civil  wars  prevailing  be- 
tween the  houfes  of  York  and  Lancafter.  Phreas  wrote  "  Epif- 
tles,"  and  **  Poems;"  fome  of  which  he  dedicated  to  his  patron 
Tiptoft.  To  him  alfo  he  dedicated  a  Latin  tranflation  of 
**  Synefius  de  laude  Calvitii."  He  tranflated  alfo  into  Latin, 
the  hiftory   of  *^  Diodorus    Siculus,*'    which    was    by    fo'mt 


falfely  attributed   to  Poggius.    Leland  mentions  that  he    had 

opy,  in  the  firft  Ic 
*^  Paul  (I I),  the  Roman  pontiff,  on  account  of  this  tranflation. 


feen  a  Copy,  in  the  firft  leaf  of  which  a  later  pen  had  written. 


which  was  dedicated  to  him  by  Phreas,  gave  him  the  bifhopric 
of  Bath,  which  prefentation  he  furvived  only  one  month,  ani 
died  at  Rome  before  he  was  confecrated."  Leland  adds,  that 
iTofne  fuppofed  him  to  have  been  poifoned  by  a  perfon  who  was 
a  competitor  for  that  appointment.  The  fame  author  fubjoins, 
that  he  had  feen  a  book,  **  de  rebus  Geographicis,'*  which  he, 
from  various  circumftahces,  colledled  to  have  been  written  by 
Phreas.  He  fpeaks  alfo  of  an  elegant  epitaph  compofed  by  him 
for  the  tomb  of  Petrarch.  He  was  praifed  to  theraes  by  Om- 
ni bonus  Leonicenus,  and  Rhenanus,  particularly  for  his  verfion 
of  Synefius,  and  in  general  for  his  great  learning.  According 
to  Leland,  he  was  reported  to  have  made  a  great  deal  of  money 
by  praftifing  phyfic  in  Italy,  and  to  have  died  rich.  When  he 
died  is  not  told.  It  was  after  1464^  when  his  verfion  of  Dio- 
dorus was  puiblilhed. 

'  PIAZZA  /HiEROM  Bartholomew),-  a  native  <jf  Italy, 
was  the  author  of  "  A  Ihort  and  true  Account  of  the  In(juifitioh 
and  its  Proceedings,  as  it  is  praftifed  in  Italy,  fet  forth  m  fome 
particular  Cafes.  Whereunto  is  added.  An  Extraft  out  of  aA 
authentick  Book  of  Legends  of  the  Roman  Church.  By  Hieroiii 
Bartholomew  Piazza j  an  Italian  born;  formerly  a  Ledor  of 

Q^^  Philofophy 


«»  PICCOLOMINI. 

Philofopl)y  and  Divinity,  and  one  of  the  delegate  Judges  of  that 
Court,  and,  now  by  the  Grace  of  God,  a  Convert  to  the  Church  of 
England.  London, printed  by  Wm.  Bowyer,  1722."  He  taught 
Italian  and  French  for  many  years  at  Can)bridge,  where  he  died, 
about  1745.  He  had  been  once  a  Dominican  friar,  and  a  pried, 
but  married  here,  to  prove  the  fmcerity  of  his  converfion.  He 
was  regarded  as  an  honed  man,  but  never  efleemed  as  having 
abilities,  even  in  the  two  modern  languages  wfiich  he  taught. 

PIBRAC.     See  Faur. 

PI  CARD  (John),  a  celebrated  French  aftronomer,  was  chofen 
into  the  Academy  of  Sciences  in  1666..  Five  years  after,  the 
king  fent  him  to  the  caftle  of  Uranifburg,  built  by  Tycho  Brahe 
in  Denmark,  in  order  to  make  aftrononiical  obfervations  there; 
which  he  did,  and  brought  them  to  France,  to  the  great  benefit 
of  aftronomy.  He  was  alfo  the  firft,  who,  by  order  of  the  king> 
vifitcd  fevcral  parts  of  France,  to  meafure  the  degrees  of  a  ter- 
l-eftrial  meridian,  and  to  determine  the  meridian  of  France.  He 
was  labouring  jointly  with  Caflini,  when  he  died  in  1683.  His 
works,  which  confift  of  phyfical  and  aflronomical  trads,  are  to 
be  found  in  the  fixth  and  feventh  volumes  of  the  Academy  of 
Sciences.     Picard  was  an  ecclefiaftic. 

PIC  ART  (Bernard),  a  famous  engraver,  was  fon  of  Ste- 

fhen  Picart,  a  good  engraver  alfo,  and  born  at  Paris  in  1673. 
le  learned  the  principles  of  defign,  and  the  elements  of  his  art, 
from  his  father,  and  ftudied  architefture  and  perfpeQive  under 
Sebaftian  Ic  Clerc.  His  uncommon  talents  in  this  way  fooa 
began  to  (hew  themfelves ;  and,  at  ten  years  of  age,  he  en- 

f;raved  the  hermaphrodite  of  Pouffin,  which  was  fo«)n  followed 
y  two  pieces  of  cardinal  de  Richelieu's  tomb*  Thefe  works 
laid  the  foundation  of  that  great  reputation,  which  this  celebrated 
artift  afterwards  acquired.  When  he  was  grown  up,  he  went 
into  Holland,  where  his  parents  had  fettled  themfelves ;  and, 
after  two  years  (lay,  returned  to  Paris,  and  married  a  lady  who 
di^d  foon  after.  Having  embraced  the  reformed  religion,  he 
returned  to  Holland,  for  the  fake  of  that  freedom  in  the  exercife 
of  it,  which  he  could  not  have  at  Paris ;  and  there  his  aftive 

? genius  produced  all  thofe  mafter-pieces,  which  made  him  con- 
idered  as  the  moft  ingenious  artift  of  his  age.  Nothing  can  be 
fuperior  to  that  invention,  difpofition,  correSnefs,  propriety,  and 
elegance,  which  are  feen  in  all  his  works.  A  multitude  of  books 
are  adorned  with  plates  of  his  engraving.  He  died  in  1733, 
agedTixty :  his  father  Stephen  died  at  Amiterdam  in  1721,  aged 
ninety. 

PICCOLOMINI  (AtEXANDER),  archbifliopof  Pairas,  and 
iCoadjutor  of  Sienna,  his  native  place,  where  he  was  horn  in  - 
I500.     His  family  was  illuftrious,  and  originally  Roman,  but 
fettled  afterwards  at  Sienna.     He  was  a  fuccefsful  writer  of  the 

drama, 


F I  C  T  E  T.  229 

^rama,  but,  though  involved  in  that  feducing  purfuit,  preferved 
the  credit  of  exemplary  morals,  as  well  as  genius.  His  geoeral 
charity  was  extreme,  but  he  was  particularly  confiderate  of  the 
wants  of  literary  men.  His  works  are  numerous,  all  written 
in  Ifalian,  which  language  he  was  the  firft  author  who  applied 
to  philofophical  fubjedlis.  He  died  at  Sienna  on  the  12th  of 
March,  1578.  The  mod  diftinguiflied  of  his  works  are  thefe: 
I.  Several  dramatic  compofitions,  which  formed  the  chief  bafis 
of  his  reputation.  2.  '*  The  Morality  of  Nobles,"  8vo,  Venice,' 
^552-  3.  "  A  Treatife  on  the  Sphere."  4.  '*  A  Theory  of 
the  Planets."  5.  "  A  Tranflation  of  the  Rhetoric  and  Poetic  of 
Ariftotle,"  4to.  6.  "  The  Inftitution  of  Morality,"  4to,  Venice, 
'575-  Many  of  his  works  evince  a  profound  knowledge  of 
natural  phiiofophy,  mathematics,  and  divinity.  One  work  at- 
tributed to  him,  "  Delia  bella  Creanza  della  Donne,"  **  On  tho 
Education  of  Ladies,"  has  been  valued  becaufe  fcarcc,  but  is 
difgraced  by  many  dangerous  maxims  ;  and  if  written  indeed  by 
him,  for  his  name  is  not  put  to  it,  muft  have  been  aproduSioi^ 
of  his  youth. 

FICOLOMINI  (Francis),  a  learned  man  of  the  fame 
family,  was  born  in  1520,  and  having  taught  phiiofophy  for 
twenty-two  years  in  the  moft  celebrated  univerlities  of  Italy, 
retired  to  Sienna,  where  he  died  in  1604.  He  was  fo  much 
refpeded,  that  the  whole  city  put  on  mourning  at  his  death. 
His  works  are  lefs  numerous  than  thofe  of  his  relation,  but  they 
were  efteemed  in  their  day.  They  are,  I.  "  Commentaries  on 
Ariftotle,"  4to,  publifhed  at  Mayence  in  1608.  2.  "  Univerfa 
Philofophia  de  moribus,"  folio,  Venice,  1583. 

PICTET  (Benedict),  a  theologian  and  Wftorian,  born  at 
Geneva  in  1655,  was  of  a  diftinguiflied  family,  and  went  through 
his  ftudies  with  fuccefs.  He  travelled  into  Holland  and  England, 
and  then  became  a  profeiTor  of  theology  in  his  native  city,  with 
a  confiderable  reputation.  He  was  invited  to  Leyden,  but  re- 
fufed  to  leave  his  own  country.  From  excefs  of  application  to 
his  duties,  he  fell  into  a  languid  ftate,  and  died  on  the  9th  of 
June,  1724,  at'the  age  of  69.  He  was  a  Proteftant,  of  a  mild 
and  tolerant  difpofition,  and  a  father  to  the  poor.  His  principal 
works  are,  i.  "  Theologia  Chriftiana,"  3  vols.  4to,  the  beft 
edition  of  which  is  that  of  1721.  2.  "  Chriftian  Morality," 
Geneva,  1710,  P  Vols.  i2mol  3.  "  The  Hiftory  of  the  X2th 
and  13th  Centuries,"  intended  as  a  continuation  of  that  of  Lc 
Sueur;  but  the  fupplementary  work  is  more  efteemed  than  the 
original,  2  vols.  4to,  4.  "  Sermons."  5.  "  Letters."  6« 
"  A  Treatife  againft  indifference  in  Religion,"  i2mo,  1716.  7, 
Many  trads  of  morality  and  piety,  among  which  that  on  "  The 
art  of  living  and  dying  well,"  Geneva,  1716,  in  i2mo,  is  par- 
ticularly efteemed.  The  fubjed  is  the  fame^  and  the  title 
^  -  0^3  nearly 


>30  PIERINO. 

nearly  the  fame  as  one  by  our  countryman  Taylor.  8.  Several 
controverfial  trafts. 

PICUS.    See  Miranpula. 

PIERCE  (EdwardJ,  an  Englifli  painter,  who  flouriflied  in 
the  reigns  of  Charles  I.  and  II.  He  was  eminent  both  in  hif- 
tory  and  landfcapes.  He  alfo  drew  architedure,  perfpeftive,  &ۥ 
and  was  much  eftecmcd  in  his  time.  But  there  i^  little  of  his 
work  now  remaining,  the  far  greater  part  being  deftroyed  in  the 
fire  of  London,  in  1666.  It  chiefly  confifted  of  altar-pieces, 
ceilings  of  churches,  and  the  like ;  of  which  laft  fort  there  was 
one  lately  remaining,  in  Covent-garden  church,  where  were  to 
be  found  many  admirable  qualities  of  a  good  pencil.  He  worked 
fome  time  for  Vandyck  ;  and.feveral  pieces  of  his  performing 
are  to  be  feen  at  Belvoir  caflle  in  Leicefterftiire.  He  died  in 
I^ondon  about  -fifty  years  ago,  leaving  behind  him  three  fons> 
who  all  became  famous  in  their  different  ways.  One  was  a  mod 
excellent  carver  in  ftone,  as  appears  by  a  noble  marble  vafe,  exe- 
cuted by  him,  at  Hampton-court. 

PIERINO,  or  rather  PERINO  DEL  VAGA,  an  Italian 
painter,  was  born  in  Tufcany  about  1500:  he  was  poorly  bred, 
and  fcarcely  two  years  old  when  he  loft  his  mother.  His  fathe? 
was  a  foldier,  and  his  nurfe  a  fhe-goat.  He  came  young  to  Flo- 
rence, and  was  put  to  a  grocer,  who  ufed  to  fend  him  to  tho 
painters  with  colours  and  pencils.  Of  them  he  learned  to  de- 
fign,  and  in  a  little  time  became  the  moft  fkilful  of  all  the  young 
painters  in  Florence.  An  ordinary  painter,  whofe  name  was 
Vaga,  took  him  in  his  company  to  Rome;  and  from  living  with 
him  he  was  called  del  Vaga,  for  his  true  name  was  Buona- 
CORSi.  At  Rome,  he  worked  half  the  week  for  painters;  and 
the  other  half,  including  Sundays  and  holidays,  he  fpent  in  ftndy- 
iiig  and  defigning.  Sometimes  he  might  have  been  found  among 
the  ruins,  feeking  for  antique  ornaments,  or  defigning  the  baflb 
relievos  ;  fometimes  in  Michael  Angelo's  chapel;  and  fometimes 
in  the  halls  of  the  Vaucan.  He  alfo  ftudied  anatomy,  and  other 
fciences  neceflary  to  his  profeilion.  By  this  induftry  he  acquired 
(o  miich  knowledge,  that  he  was  foon  taken  notice  of  by  the  beft 
HI  afters ;  and  Raphael  employed  him,  jointly  with  Giovanni 
d'Udine  and  others,  to  help  him  in  the  execution  of  his  defigns- 

Of  all  the  cotemporary  artifts,  none  underftood  fo  well  as  he, 
the  ornaments  and  decorations  of  painting,  or  fo  boldly  fol- 
lowed Raphael's  ftyle;  as  is  to  be  feen  by  the  pidures  in  the 
Vatican,  which  were  performed  by  him,  namely,  the  paf- 
fage  of  the  river  Jordan  ;  the  fall  of  the  walls  of  Jericho  ;  the 
battle  in  which  Joftiua  commanded  the  fun  to  ftand  ftill ;  our 
Saviour's  nativity,  baptifm,  and  laft  fupper.  Raphael's  friend- 
(hip  procured  him  other  confidcrable  works  in  the  Vatican,  and 
Fieri  no  (hiswed  his  gratitude  by  his  particular  afFedion  for  him, 
$ut  the  plague  driving  him  from  Rome,  he  returned  to  Ftorence, 

"  ;where 


P  I G  A  L  L  E.  2JI 

-twhere'  having  painted  fome  pieces^  he  went  back  to  Rom^. 
After  Raphael's  death,  he  joined  with  Julio  Romano  and  Fran* 
<:efcp  il  Fattore,  to  finifh  the  works  in  the  Vatican,  which  were 
left  imperfefl:  by  their  common  mafter ;  and  to  confirm  their 
iViendfliip,  he  married  Fraricefco's  fifter  in  1525^  yet  they  were 
feparated  two  years  afterward  by  the  Spaniards  befieging  Rome. 
Pierino  was  taken  prifoner,  and  was  obliged  to  pay  a  large  fum 
/or  his  ranfom.  He  went  then  to  Genoa,  where  he  was 
employed  by  prince  Doria  to  paint  a  palace,  which  he  was 
then  building.  In  this  work  he  made  life  of  cartoons;  the  con- 
venience of  which  he  difcovered  to  one  Geronimo  Trevifano,  a 
painter,  who  hid  laughed  at  them,  and  to  others  who  came  to 
him  to  learn  the  advantage  of  them.  From  Genoa  he  removed 
i:o  Pifa,  intending,  at  his  wife's  requeft,  to  fettle  there ;  but,  after 
he  had  drawn  fome  pictures,  he  returned  to  Genoa,  and  worked 
again  for  prince  Doria.  He  then  went  a  fecond  time  to  Pifa, 
and  thence  to  Rome,  where  Paul  IIL  and  cardinal  Farnefegave 
him  fo  much  work,  that  he  was  forced  to  give  up  the  execution 
of"  it  to  others,  and  content  himfeif  with  making  the  defigns. 
At  the  fame  time  the  pope  fent  for  Titian  to  Rome,  which  made 
^Pierino  fo  jealous,  and  grieved  him  fo  much,  that  he  did  all  in 
his  power  to  oblige  Titian  to  haften  back  to  Venice,  in  which 
.he  fuccctded.  The  multiplicity  of  Pierino*s  bufinefs,  and  his 
vivacity  in  his  performances,  drained  his  fpirlts  in  the  flower  of 
his  age.  At  forty-two,  he  fpent  his  time  wholly  in  vifiting  his 
friends  j  and  lived  pleafantly  till  his  forty-fevcnth  year,  when  he 
died  of  an  apoplexy,  in  1547. 

Of  all  Raphael's  difciples,  Pierino  longeft  preferved  the  cha-^ 
.rafter  of  his  mafter;  I  mean,  his  exterior  cbarafter  and  manner 
of  defigning:  for  he  fell  very  much  fhort  of  the  fublimity  of  Ra- 
.  phaelVconceptions-  He  had  a  particular  genius  for  the  deco- 
ration of  places  according  to  their  cuftoms.  His  invention  in 
that  kind  of  painting  was  very  ingenious;  grace  and  order  are 
every  where  to  be  met  with,  and  his  difpofitions,  which  are  or- 
dinary in  his  piftures*  are  wonderful  in  his  ornaments:  fome  of 
thefe  he  has  made  little,  and  fome  great,  and  placed  them  both 
with  fo  much  art,  that  they  fet  off  one  another  by  comparifon 
and  contrail.  His  figures  are  difpofed  and  defigned  according 
to  Raphael's  taile;  and  if  Raphael  gave  him  at  firft  fome  flight 
(ketches  of  ornaments,  as  he  did  to  Giovanni  d'Udine,  he  exe- 
cuted them  to  adniiratioa.  '  The  tapeftries  of  the  feven  planets, 
in  feven  piedes,  which  Pierino  defigned  for  Diana  dc  roi tiers, 
and  which  were,  when  De  Piles  wrote,  with  Monfieur  the  firft 
pr^iident.at  Paris,  fufliciently  confirms  what  has-been  faid. 

PIERIUS.     See  Valerianus. 

PIGALLE  (Jean-£aptistb),  one  of  the  .moft  celebrated 
fcul|)tQrs  that  France  has  prodnqedj  wa«  born  at  Paris  in  17 14, 

0^4  *     ^  the 


13a  PIGHIUS. 

the  Ton  of  a  )biner»  and  by  his  ulents  became  not  only  fculptor 
to  the  king,  but  chancellor  of  the  academy  of  paintings  and 
knight  of  the  order  of  St,  Michael.  He  did  not  manifeft  any 
early  difpofition  for  defigning;  he  loved  to  model,  but  kt  about 
it  aukwardly,  and  finiihed  nothing  but  by  means  of  indefatigable 
labour.  A  vifii  to  Italy  gave  him  that  facility  which  he  could 
tiot  acquire  at  home*  He  there  ftudied  the  works  of  the  gre^t 
artifts,  and  returned  thoroughly  infpiced  with  their  genius.  He 
died  at  Paris,  Aug.  20,  1785.  His  mod  known  works  are, 
I .  "  AMercury  and  a  Venus,"  v  hich  he  made  by  order  of  Louis 
Xy.  and  which  were  prefented  to  the  king  of  Pruiiia.  The 
king,  who  was  delighted  with  them,  was  defirous  to  fee  thp 
fculptor ;  and  Pigalle,  feme  time  after,  went  to  Berlin,  but 
being  announced  as  the  author  of  the  Mercure  de  France,  cotiM 
not  obtain  an  audience.  When  Frederic  underftood  the  mi(take| 
Jtc  was  very  anxious  to  repair  it,  but  Pigalle  was  already  gone 
in  fome  difguft.  Pigalle  maintained  that  none  of  the  heads  of 
Frederic  did  juftice  to  his  phyfiognomy,  which,  in  point  of 
fpirit,  was  the  fined  he  had  ever  feen ;  and  much  regretted  tha^ 
he  had  not  been  allowed  to  model  it.  2.  The  monument  of 
jmarechal  Saxe,  in  which  the  beauty  of  the  whole  obliterates  all 
objedlions  to  the  parts.  3.  The  pedeftrian  ftatue  of  Louis  XV- 
executed  in  bronze  for  the  city  of  Rheims.  4.  The*  ftatue  of 
Voltaire.  5.  A  little  boy  holding  a  cage.  6.  A  girl  taking  a 
thorn  from  her  foot.  7.  Several  bufts  of  men  of  letter?  who 
were  his  friends.  If  Pigalle  cannot  be  ranked  among  the  men 
of  the  firft  genius  in  his  art,  the  good  fenfe  of  bis  defigns,  and  the 
foundncfs  of  his  tafte,  afford  him  a  place  in  the  very  next  clafs. 

PIGHIUS  (Stephen  Vinand),  a  very  learned  German, 
was  born  at  Can^pen  in  Overyflell,  in  1520;  and,  when  grown 
up,  wept  to  Rome*,  where  he  fpent  eight  years  in  the  ftudy 
of  Roman  antiquities,  and  acquired  a  depth  and  fkill  in  them, 
which  was  not  exceeded,  if  it  was  equalledj  by  any.  He  then 
^  returned  to  permany,  and  was  taken  into  the  family  of  Antonv 
Percriotus,  the  cardinal  de  Granvelle,  who  was  a  great  patron 
of  men  of  letters.  The  cardinal  made  Pighius  his  librarianjj 
who  fhut'hinjfelf  qp,  and  fcarcely  converfed  with. any  thing  bu^ 
books  for  many  years.  He  gave  the  firft  good  edition  of  Va* 
]erius  Maximus  in  1585,  8vo.  Afterward?  he  became  preceptoj;: 
to  Charles,  prince  of  J  uliers  and  Cleves,  and  was  to  have  at- 
tended him  to  Rome:  but  Pharles  died,  and  left  Pighiu^  nothing 
further  to  do,  than  to' deplore  the  lofs  of  him  jn  a  panegyric. 
This'he  did  in  a  piece  called,  f*  Hercules  Prorficus;**  where  he 
defcribed  Charles  as  another  Hercules,  with  all  the  qualities  of 
k  good  priiice.  He  did  not  lofe  his  reward;  for  Williapn,  the 
hu\ex'of  Charles,  made  him  canon  of  the  church,  and  head 

«  Sloop^^s  Cei^ura  authorum* 
.,  .  ..    ;  ..^        ^     ..  jnafter 


PILES.  233 

iDsfter  of  the  fchool,  at  Santen;  where  he  died  in  1604,  aged 
eighty-four* 

His  *^  Annates,  feu  Fafti  RoDhanorum  magiftratuum  et  pro- 
vinciaruniy"  are  drawn  up  in  a  more  exafi  and  copious  manner, 
than  even  thofe  of  Sigonius  and  Onuphrius  Panvinius.  He 
commended  the  care  of  them  to  his  friends  upon  his  death-bed  ; 
and  Andreas  Schottus  publiihed  them  at  Plantin's  prefs,  1615,  in 
3  vols.  folio«  **  I  have  really  found,  and  hope  I  fhall  prove 
to  others,  that  it  is  not  poflible  to  have  a  better  commentary 
upon  Tully*s  hiftorical  work,  Livy,  Dionyfms  Halicarnafliis, 
Dion  CaiTius,  Florus,  and  all  the  writers  of  Roman  aiFairs, 
than  thefe  Annals  of  Pighius,"  So  fays  Schottus,  in  his  Pre- 
face to  them ;  and  all  learned  men,  who  have  confulted  and 
examined  them,  have  found  what  he  fays  to  be  true.  Voffius 
has  noted  one  error  in  this  excellent  work,  which  is,  the  placing 
Eutropius  later  than  St.  Auguftin ;  yet  beftows  the  higheft  enco* 
miums  upon  the  author,  and  pronounces  him,  *•  Vir  de  Valerio 
Maximo,  de  annalibus  fuis  Romanis,  de  univerfa  antiquitatc 
Romana  prasclare  meritus.'* 

.  PIGNORIUS  (Laurent!Us\  a  very  learned  Italian,  was 
born  at  Padua  in  1571,  and  bred  an  ecclefiaftic  f s].  He  made 
4eep  refearches  inro  antiquity,  and  publiflied  feveral  works  which 
are  curious.  His  *<  Menfa  Ifiaca,'*  and  fome  other  pieces, 
which  illuftrate  the  antiquities  and  hieroglyphics  of  the  Egyp- 
tians, gained  him  the  reputation  of  a  man  accurately  as  well  as 
profoundly  learned.  -He  was  alfo  (killed  in  writing  verfes ;  and 
there  is,  (beiides  panegyrics,  epitaphs,  and  other  things  of  that 
kind)  a  poem  of  his  infcribed  to  pope  Urban  VIII.  It  muft  be 
remembered  to  the  honour  of  Pignorius,  that  the  great  Galileo 
procured  an  offer  to  be  made  to  him,  of  the  pr.ofeflTorlhip  of  polite 
literature  and  eloquence  in  the  univerfity  of  Pifa;  which  his 
love  of  ftudious  retirement  and  his  country  made  him  decline. 
He  wrote  much,  in  Italian,  as  well  as  in  Latin.  In  1630,  the 
jcardinal  Fr.  Barberini  procured  him  a  canonry  in  the  church  of 
■  rrevigio,  but  he  did  not  enjoy  it  long ;  for  the  plague  came  to 
padua  the  year  after,  and  carried  him  off.  G.  Voflius  has  left  a 
Ihort  but  honourable  teftimony  of  him  [t]  :  he  fays,  that  he 
)vas  ^<  ob  eximiam  eruditionem  atque  humanitatem  mihi  charif- 
fimus  vir.' ■ 

PILES  (Roger  de),  an  ingenious  Frenchman,  was  born  at 
Clamecy,  of  a  good  family,  in  1635  ;  made  his  firft  application 
to  letters  at  Neyers  and  Auxewe ;  then  went  to  Paris  for  philo^ 
fophy;  and  laftly,  ftudied  divinity  in  the  Sorbonne.  In  the 
pean  time,  he  cultivated  tlie  art  of  painting,  for  which  he  had 
a  ifa-ong  natural  tafte;  he  learned  to  delign  of  Recollet,  and 

[s]  Blount's  CenfttKSi  attthoium.   NicerQs>  t»m.  21.        [t]  De  Hlft.Lat.  1.  iii. 

contracted 


j23»  PILKINGTON. 

hcomr^ded  z  fri^dftip  with  chi  Frefboy,  vAitCc  Xatin  ikoem 
.  upon  painting  he  tranflated  into  French.  Menage,  who  lodged 
-with  de  Piles  in  the  cloiibr  of  Notre  Dame,  became  acquainted 
,with  his  great  merit,  and  procured  him,  in  1652,  the  province 
"of  in{tru£ling  and  educating  the  fon  of  monf.  Amelot :  in  which 
;he  gave  fuch  fatisf«6);ion,  that,  when  his  pupil  was  old  enough 
:to  travel,  he  attended  him  to  Italy.  There  he  had  a  fine  oppor* 
-tunity  of  gratifying  his  tafte  for  painting ;  and  upon  his  return  to 
«Paris,  he  devoted  himfelf  to  the  iludy  of  that  art,  joining  prac- 
,tice  with  theory  ;  and  foon  became  famous  among  the  connoiA 
^ieurs.  In  1682,  Amelot,  his  quondam  pupil,  being  fent  on  an 
embaffy  to  Venice,  dc  Piles  attended  him  as  fecretary;  and, 
idurine  his  reftdence  there,  was  fent  by  the  marquis  de  Louvois 
.into  Germany,  to  purchafe  pi£iures  for  the  king,  and  alfo  to 
^execute  a  commiflion  J'elating  to  ^ate  affairs.  In  1685,  he  at- 
tended M.  Amelot  to  Liibon;  and  in  1689  to  Switzerland,  in 
%the  fame  capacity.  In  1692,  he  was  fent  incognito  to  Holland, 
.\indp  the  appearance  of  a  virtuofo  in  pidures,  but  in  reality 
to  a£l  fecretly  with  the  friends  of  France.  He  was  difco- 
;vered,  and  thrown  into  prifoa,  where  he  continued  till  the  peace 
.of  Ryfwick,  and  amufed  himfelf  with  writing  "  The  Lives 
lof  Painters.**  In  1705,  old  as  he  was,  he  attended  Amelot 
.into  Spaing  when  he  went  as  ambafTador  extraordinary  e  but,  the  | 

air  of  Madrid  not  agreeing  with  him,  he  was  forced  to  return.  1 

.  He  died  in  1709,  aged  74.  j 

Befides  his  ♦*  Tranflation  of  Frefnoy,"  and  "  Lives  of  the  | 

Painters,"  he  wrote ."  An  Abridgement  of  Anatomy,  accom-  j 

.modated  to  the  arts  of.  painting  and  fculpture;"  **  dialogues  1 

^upon  the  Knowledge  of  Painting,  and  the  Judgement  to  he 
formed  of  PiSures  ;**  "  A  D,4flertation  upon  the  Works  of  the  -i 

•  mort  famous  Painters;"  **  The  Elements  of  pra£lical  Painting," 
-&c.     His  books  are  all  in  French. 

PILKINGTON  (Ljetitia),  an  Englifli  wit  and  poeteft, 
was  the  daughter  of  Dr.  Van  Lewen,  a  gentleman  of  Dutch 
<xtraflion  [uj^  who   (ettled   in    Dublin,,  by  a   lady  of  good 
family;  and  born  there  in  17 12.     She  had  early  a  ftrong  incli- 
nation and  tafte  for  letters,  efpccially  for  poetry  4  and  herper- 
fonnances  were  confidered  as  extraordinary  for  her  years.    This, 
with  a  very  engaging  fprightlinefs,  drew  many  admirers;  and 
at  length  ihe  became  the  wife  of  the  Rev.  Matthew  Pilkington, 
a  gentleman  known  in  the  poetical  world  by  hi«  volume  of 
Mifcellanies,  revifed  by  dean  Swift.     She  had  not  been  long 
'nriarried,  ere  Mr.  Pilkington  grew  Jealous,  as  flie  relates,  not 
-of  her  perfon,  but  of  her  underiianding  ^  and  ker- poetry,  whiah 
vwhan  a  lover  ke  admired  with  captures,  wa^  ^changed^  now  be 

I      :-  .    >  was 


PII.KINGTON.  iss 

was  become  her  hufband,  into  an  ohjeSt  of  envy*  During  theie 
jealoufiesy  Mr.  Pilkington,  in  1732,  went  into  England,  ia 
order  to  ferve  as  chaplain  to  Mr.  Barber,  Iord-R)ayor  of  London; 
and,  growing  at  a,  diftance  into  better  humour  with  his  wife, 
wrote  her  a  very  kind  letter,  in  which  he  informed  her,  that  her 
Terfes  were  full  of  elegance  and  beauty;  that  Mr.  Pope,  to 
uhom  he  had  (hewn  them,  longed  to  fee  the  writer;  and  that 
he  himfelf  wi(hed  her  heartily  in  London.  She  accepted  the 
invitation,  went,  and  returned  with  her  hufband  to  Ireland; 
where,  it  Teems,  fhe  un<ferwent  a  violent  perfecutton  of  tongues ; 
and  fufpicions  were  taken  up^  we  know  not  on  what  grounds^ 
againft  her  chaAity. 

Not  long  after  this,  an  extraordinary  event  threw  her  affairs 
into  great  confufion :  her  father  was  ftabbed,  (he  fays,  by  accident ; 
but  many  in  Dublin  believed,  by  his  own  wife,  and  fome  faid,  by 
his  own  hand.  Be  this  as  it  will,  Mr.  Pilkington  having  now 
no  further  expeftation  of  a  fortune  by  her,  threw  off  all  referve 
in  his  behaviour  to  her,  and  wanted  an  opportunity  to  get  rid  of 
her,  which  prefently  offered  itfelf.  The  ftory  of  their  fepara- 
tion  is  told  at  large  in  her  "  Memoirs,*'  the  fubdance  of  which 
is,  that  (he  was  fo  indifcreet  as  to  permit  a  gentleman  to  be 
feized  in  her  bed-chamber  at  two  o'clock  in  the  morning ;  for 
for  which  (he  makes  this  apology  :  **  Lovers  of  learning,  I  am 
fure,  will  pardon  me,  as  I  folemnly  declare  it  was  the  attradive 
charms  of  a  new  book,  which  the  gentleman  would  not  lend 
me,  but  confented  to  ftay  till  I  read  it  through,  that  was  the  fole 
motive  of  my  detaining  him.**  This  is  very  unfatisfadory ; 
and,  as  ihe  has  faid  no  more  in  favour  of  her  innocence,  we 
muft  in  reafon  conclude  her  to  have  been  guilty. 

She  came  afterwards  to  England,  and  fettled  in  London; 
where,  having  made  her  flory  known  by  means  of  Colley  Gibber, 
flie  lived  fome  time  upon  contributions  from  the  great:  but 
at  length  thefe  fuccours  failed,  and  we  find  her  in  the  prifon  of 
the  Marfhalfea.  After  lying  nine  weeks  here,  (he  was  releafed 
by  the  goodnefs  of  her  friend  Gibber,  who  had  folicited  cha- 
rities for  her;  and  then,  weary  of  attending  upon  the  great, 
ibe  rcfolved  to^nploy  five  guineas  (he  had  left,  in  trade:  and 
accordingly,  taking  a  little  (hop  in  St.  James*s-(lreet,  (he  fur- 
iii(hed  it  with  pamphlets  and  prints.  How  long  (he  continued 
behind  the  counter,  is  not  related;  but  ibe  has  told  us,  that,  by 
the  liberality  of  her  friends,  and  the  bounty  of  her  fuhfcriberSj^ 
ihe  was  fet  above  want ;  and  that  the  autumn  of  her  days  was 
like  to  be  fpent  in  peace  and  ferenity.  Whatever  were  her 
profpedis,  (he  lived  not  long  to  enjoy  the  comforts  of  this  com*, 
petence;  for^  Aug.  29^  I750>  (he  died  at  Dublin  in  her  39th 
year, 

Conildere^^ 


ajS  P  I N  ^  U  S. 

Confiicred  as  a  writer,  flie  holds  no  megin  rank.  She  was 
llic  author  of  **  The  Turkifh  Court,  or  London  Apprentice," 
3  comedy  aSed  at  Dublin  in  1748,  but  never  printed.  The 
firft  aft  of  her  tragedy,  **  The  Roman  Father,"  was  no  bad 
fpecimen  of  her  talents  in  that  way ;  and  throughout  her  "  Me- 
moirs," which  are  written  with  great  fprightlinefs  and  wit,- and 
defcribe  the  different  humours  of  mankind  very  naturally,  are 
fcattered  many  beautiful  little  pieces,  written  in  the  true  fpirit 
of  poetry. 

PILPAY,  the  name  of  an  ancient  fabulift,  a  Bramin;  he 
was,  as  is  fuppofed,  governor  of  part  of  Indoftan,  and  coun* 
ifellor  to  a  powerful  Indian  king,  named  Dahjcheliriy  whofe  pre- 
ceptor he  had  been.  His  work,  which  was  written  abnut  2000 
years  ago,  is  called  in  the  Indian  language,  KeVtle  Wadtmney  ^ 
name  the  orientals  give  to  an  animal  very  much  refembling  a 
fox,  and  which  is  made  to  fpeak  throughout  the  work[x]. 
AH  the  modern  tranflations  of  this  Orientalift,  are  made  either 
from  the  Greek  or  the  Perfian,  and  are  faid  to  difler  much  from 
the  original.  His  fables  were  tranflated  into  French,  by  Ant, 
Galland,  1755,  i2mo.  Another  work  is  alfo  attributed  to  him, 
entitled,  in  the  tranflation,  •*  Le  Naufrage  des  ifles  flottantes,'* 
or,  "  The  Bafiliade,"  1755. 

PINiEUS  (Severinus),  in  French  Pineauy  was  bom  at 
Chartres  about  1550,  and  bred  a  furgeon[Y].  He  went  and 
fettled  at  Paris,  where  he  became  fo  famous  in  his  profeffion, 
that  he  was  made  furgeon  to  the  king.  He  excelled  particularly 
in  lithotomy,  a  branch  of  furgery,  which  was  then  very  im- 
perfe£Uy  underilood;  and  publiftied'a  difcourfe  in  French  upon 
the  extraSion  of  the  ftone  out  of  the  bladder,  in  1610,  ovo. 
We  know  no  other  particulars  of  his  life,  excepting  that  he  died 
at  Paris  in  1619.  He  is  chiefly  recorded  on  account  of  a 
Latin  book,  publiftied  in  1598  [z],  which  was  much  fought 
after,  and  went  through  feveral  impreffions :  it  was  entitled, 
**  De  notis  integritaiis  &  corruptionis  virginum,"  or,  "  of  the 
marks  by  which  a  maid's  virginity  may  be  known."  His  inten- 
tion in  this  work,  as  he  tells  us  in  the  preface,  was  to  be  fcr- 
viceable  to  thofe  who  are  called  upon  to  give  their  opinions  in 
certain  caufes,  wherein  the  women  were  plaintiffs :  fometimes 
becaufe,'  through  the  impotency  of  an  hufband,  they  ftill  kept 
their  virginity  ;  at  other  times,  as  in  the  cafe  of  ravifhnlent, 
becaufe  they  had  loft  it.  A  German  tranflation  was  made  of 
this  work,  and  publiibcd  at  Frankfort;  but  the  fale  of  it  was 
forbidden  by  the  magiftrates,  who  did  not  think  proper  that 
fubje£ls  fo  delicate  fnould  be  treated  in  the  language  of  the 

[x]  Hyde  dc  ludis  Orient  1301-5.  C.  [y]  Baylc's  Dii^i— Njftcron,  &c,  tonst 

:cvlu.  [z]  Undenlus  Rejiovaca». 

country. 


t»INDAR.  ay] 

country.  Pineau  wrote  his  book  originally  in  French,  and  in« 
tended  to  publifh  it  in  that  language ;  but  finding  by  the  fpeci- 
mens  of  it»  which  he  {hewed  to  fome  perfons,  that  it  gave  occa- 
fion  to  loofe  difcourfes  and  impertinent  jefts,  he  refolved  to  write 
only  for  the  learned.  Accordingly,  he  concluded  his  preface 
with  the  following  lines  of  Horace : 

Odi  profanum  vuigus,  &  arceo: 
Favete  Unguis:  carmina  non  prius 
Audita,  Mufanim  facerdos, 
Virginibus  puerifque  canto. 

PINDAR,  the  prince  of  Lyric  poets^  waS  a  contemporary  of 
^fchylus,  and  born  fomewhat  above  forty  years  before  the  ex- 
pedition of  Xerxes  againfl:  the  Greeks,  and  more  than  five 
hundred  before  ChrilF.  The  place  of  his  birth  was  Thebes, 
the  capital  of  Bceotia  Fa]  :  a  country,  the  air  of  which  was 
cfteemed  grofs,  and  ,the  ftupidity  of  its  inhabitants  prover- 
bial. We  find  the  poet,  in  his  fixth  Olympic,  confefling  the 
difadvantage  of  his  climate,  yet  refolving  to  exempt  himfelf 
from  the  general  cenfure.  His  parents  are  fuppofed  to  have 
been  of  low  condition,  fo  that  he  could  not  have  any  extraor- 
dinary advantages  of  education :  and  we  muft  therefore  impute 
his  attainments  to  the  prodigious  force  of  his  natural  genius. 

We  have  little  account  of  his  v\  ay  of  life ;  only  we  are  in- 
formed in  general,  that  he  was  highly  courted  and  refpeSed  br 
mod  of  the  princes  and  dates  of  Greece.  One  would  think 
they  really  believed  him  foraething  more  than  mortal,  when  we 
find  them  allowing  him  a  (hare  with  the  gods  in  their  gifts  and 
offerings:  which  they  did  by  the  command  of  the  oracle  itfelf. 
For  the  priellefs  at  Delphi  ordered  the  people  to  give  a  part  of 
their  firft-fruits,  wliich  they  brought  thither,  as  a  prefent  to  Pin- 
dar: and  he  had  an  iron  ftool  fet  on  purpofe  for  him  in  that 
temple,  on  which  he  ufed  to  fit,  and  fmg  verfes  in  honour  of 
Apollo  [b]. 

His  countrymen,  the  Thebans,  had  an  unfortunate  pique 
againft  him,  for  commending  their  mortal  enemies,  the  men  of 
-Athens;  and  were  provoked  to  fine  him,  for  his  affront  to  the 
(late  in  fo  doing.  They  (hewed  their  ill-will  to  him  further,  by 
-determining  a  poetical  prize  againft  him,  in  favour  of  a  woman^ 
the  ingenious  and  beautiful  Corinna.  In  the  mean  time,  the 
Athenians  made  him  a  prefent  of  double  the  value  of  his  fine; 
and,  what  was  (lill  more,  ereded  a  noble  (tatue  in  honour  of 
him.  His  greateft  patron  was  king  Hiero  of  Syracufe,  whom 
he  has  confecrated  to  immortality  in  many  poems:  and  he  fhoukl 
ieem  to  have  left  Thebes  to  attend  him  in  the  court  of  that 

£a]  Kcanet's  Lives  of  the  Grecian  Poets,         [«]  Paufan.  in  Boeotlc.  tc  Phocic, 

prince. 


»3«  pindar; 

prince^  fitx:e,  eotnpofifig  the  iecond  Pyttik  in  hb  honoor,  and 
addreiBng  himfelf  to  the  Syracufans,  he  fays,  "  To  you  from 
fertile  Thebes  I  come,  laden  with  verfe;"  though  perhaps  this 
might  be  fpoken  only  in  the  perfon  of  him  who  went  to  Sy» 
tacufe.to  fing  his  hymn,  at  the  feaft  held  there  after  Hiero's 
viSory.  It  is  likely  that  he  pafTed  his  whole  time  in  the  cafe  and 
tranquillity  commonly  allowed  to  men  of  his  profeffion,  with* 
out  intermeddling  in  aiFairs  of  ilate:  for  we  find  him,  in  his 
**  Ifthmics,"  defending  this  way  of  life.  His  death  is  faid  to 
have  been  the  efFeft  of  his  own  wifhes :  for,  having  prayed  the  gods 
to  fend  him  the  greateft  happinefs  of  which  a  mortal  is  capable, 
he  expired  immediately  after  in  the  public  theatre,  leaning  on  the 
knees  of  a  young  boy  whom  he  admired  [c].  He  was  then 
fifty-five.  His  relations  were  highly  refpeSed  after  his  deceafe. 
The  Lacedemonians,  at  the  taking  of  Thebes^  faved  the  houfe 
of  Pindar:  which,  upon  a  like  oCcafion,  was  preferved  alfo  by 
Alexander  the  Great.  The  ruins  of  this  houfe  were  to  be  feen 
in  the  time  of  Paufanias,  who  lived  under  the  reign  of  Anto- 
ninus the  philofopher. 

Of  all  the  numerous  works,  which  he  is  faid  to  have  com- 
pofed,  wc  have  only  his  four  books  of  hymns  of  triumph,  on 
the  conquerors  in  the  four  renowned  games  of  Greece :  the 
Olympian,  the  Pythian,  the  Nemasan,  and  the  Ifthnfiian.  Il 
was  a  common  thing  to  hire  Pindar  for  this  fetvice ;  and  no  1 

vidory  was  thought  complete,  till  it  had  the  approbation  of  his 
mufe.  The  fpirit  of  Pindar's  poetry  is  fo  iut>Hme,  and  the 
beauty  fo  peculiar,  that  it  is  hardly  poffible  to  examine  it  by  , 

parts:  and  therefore  the  beft  judges  have  ufually  contented 
themfelves  with  confirming  his  general  title  of  **  prince 
and  father  of  lyric  poetry,**  without  engaging  in  the  fearch  of 
his  particular  excellences.  For  that  prodigious  elevation  of* 
fpirit,  that  amazing  beauty  of  fentences,  that  boundlefs  fcop& 
of  thought,  and  that  daring  liberty  of  figures  and  of  meafures', 
are  as  likely  to  deter  a  critic  as  an  imitator:  "  His  Pegafus,*' 
as  Cowley  fays,  '^  flings  writer  and  reader  too,  that  fits  not 
fure.**  Horace  called  him  inimitable,  and,  as  (^intilian  fay%, 
defervedly.  "  Pindar  and  Sophocles,"  fay$  Longinus  [l>1, 
**  like  a  rapid  fire,  carry  every  thing  before  them,  though 
■foraetimes  that  fire  is  unexpeSedly  and  unaccountably  quenched." 
The  grandeur  of  his  poetry,  and  his  deep  erudition,  made  tht  . 
ancients  give  him  the  title  of  the  Wifeft,  the  Divine,  the  Great, 
and  the  moft  Sublime  :  Plato  calls  him  the  Wifeft  and  the  Di- 
vine ;  iEfchylus  the  Great ;  and  Athenaeus,  the  moft  Sublime* 
Lord  Baco!)  fays  [e],  that  "it  is  pecular  to  Pindar,  toftrikfc 

[c]  Sttidas*  [i>}'Sea.  xxiii.  [s]  De  Aug.  Sdent. 

the 


PINEDA.  13^^ 

Ae  mind^  of  men  fudcknly  with  fotti^  wonderftofl  tiirn  of 

thought,  a*  it  were,  with  a  divine  fcepter." 
.  It  is  not  improper  to  obfervc,  that  fome  prejudices  harfr 
arifeti  among  the  moderns  againft  Pindar  [fJ,  trom  certaiii» 
writings  known  by  the  name  of  Pindaric  odes :  but  very  few 
under  that  title,  not  excepting  even  thofe  written  by  the  ad:». 
mired  Cowley,  whofe  wit  and  fire  firft  brought  them  into 
deputation,  have  the  lead  refembiance  to  the  manner  of  the^ 
author  whom  they  pretend  to  imitate,  and  from  whom  thejf 
derive  their  aame ;  or,  if  any,  it  is  fnch  a  refembiance  only  a* 
^  as  is  exprefled  by  the  Italian  word  cancatura,  a  monftrous  and 
^ilorted  likenefs.  This  obfervation  has  been  already  made  by 
Gongreve,  in  his  preface  to  two  admirable  odes,  written  pro- 
fefledly  in  imitation  of  Pindar  [g]:  *'  The  charader  of  thcfe 
kte  Pindarics,"  fays  he,  "  is  a  bundle  of  rambling  incoherent 
thoughts,  expreffed  in  a  like  parcel  of  irregular  ftanzas,  which: 
alfo  confift  of  fuch  another  complication  of  difproportioned^ 
uncertain,  and  perplexed  verfes  and  rhimes.— On  the  contrary," 
adds  he,  **  there  is  nothing  more  regular  than  the  Odes  of 
Pindar,  both  as  to  the  exa£l  obfervation  of  the  meafures  amf 
numbers  of  his  ftanias  and  verfes,  and  the  perpetual  coherence 
df  his  thoughts.  For  though  his  digreffions  are  frequent,  ami 
his  tranfitions  fudden,  yet  is  there  ever  fome  fecret  connexion, 
which,  though  not  always  appearing  to  the  eye,  never  fails  to 
Communicate  itfelf  to  the  underftanding  of  the  reader."  Upon 
ihe  whole,  a  poetical  imagination,  a  warm  and  enthufiaftic 
genius,  a  bold  and  figurative  exprelTion,  and  a  concife  and  fen- 
lentious  ftyle,  are  the  chara6leriftical  beauties  of  Pindar ;  very 
different  from  the  far-fetched  thoughts,  the  witty  extravagances,; 
and  puerile  conceits  of  his  wretched  imitators. 

The  beft  editions  of  this  poet  are,  that  of  Henry  Stephens^ 
in  1566,  24to;  that  of  Erafmus  Schimidus,  in  1610,  4to;  and 
that  of  Oxford,  in  1697,  folio.  From  which  there  was  a  neat 
and  corred  edition,  with  a  Latin  verfion,  printed  at  London  in 
1755,  fmall  8vo,  Of  late  years,  the  edition  of  Heyne,  in  8voy 
1773,  h^s  ^^^  '^  ^'g*^  ^^^  j"^  eftimation,  except  that  it  wants 
the  Scholia*  Two  volumes  of  a  more  complete  edition,  with 
notes  on  the  text,  and  on  the  Scholia,  were  publifhed  by  the 
celebrated  Beck,  in  8vo,  at  Leipfic,  in  1792  and  1795.  The 
lemainder  is  much  wanted. 

•  PINEDA  (John),  a  learned  Spaniard,  was  born  at  Seville, 
©f  a  noble  family,  and  entered  into  the  fociety  of  Jefuits  in: 
1572.  He  taught  philofophy  and  theology  in  feveral  colleges, 
and  was  fldlled  in  the  oriental  languages.     He  wrote,  among 


M 


Pfeiaoe  toOdcs  of  Pindar,  &c,  by  Gilbert  Welf,  ef^j  1753. 
WocIm,,  voli.iii. 


other 


%40  PINTURICCIO. 

other  things,  r.  Two  voliim^s,  folio,  of  **  Commentaries  <Mt 
Job."  2.  The  fame  on  Ecclefiaftcs.  3.  A  book  "  de  rebus 
Salomonis/'  folio,  curious  and  learned,  but  not  always  exa£l* 
4.  "  An  univerfal  Hiftory  of  the  Church,"  in  Spanifh,  4  vols- 
folio.  5.  **AHiftorv  of  Ferdinand  III."  in  the  fame  lan- 
guage.    He  died  in  1037,  much  regretted. 

HNELLI  (John  Vincent),  an  Italian  nobleman,  cele- 
brated for  his  loVfe  of  letters,  and  the  library  he  formed,  and 
•well  compared  by  Thuanus  to  Pomponius  Atticus,  was  born 
at  Naples  in  1533,  the  fon  of  a  noble  Genoefe.  After  having 
received  an  excellent  education,  he  went  and  fettled  at  Padua^ 
at  the  age  of  twenty-four,  and  early  in  life  began  to  form  his 
library,  which  he  collefted  from  all  parts  with  incredible. dili- 
gence. Lipfius,  Jof.  Scaliger,  Sigonius,  PanciroUus,  Pithou, 
and  all  the  moft  learned  men  of  his  time,  correfponded  with  him, 
and  have  celebrated  him  for  erudition.  His  whole  mind  was 
occupied  with  the  love  of  knowledge,  which  embraced  hiftory, 
medals,  antiquities,  natural  hiftory,  and  botany  \  and  it  is  faid, 
that  in  forty-three  years,  he  never  was  out  of  Padua  except 
twice,  one  of  which  times  his  removal  was  occafioned  by  the 
plague.  He  died  in  1601.  At  his  death,  his  library  was 
removed  to  his  heirs  at  Naples  in  130  cafes,  fourteen  of  which 
were  full  of  manufcripts.  Two  hundred  volumes  were  retained 
iy  the  republic  of  Venice,  as  treating  of  affairs  pertaining  to 
that  ftate.  In  the  year  1790,  this  noble  library,  augmented 
confiderably  by  the  defcendants  of  this  Pinelli,  was  purchafed 
complete  by  an  Englifti  bookfeller,  and  fold  by  audion  in 
London ;  and  thus  in  a  few  days  was  diflipated,  what  it  had 
been  the  labour  of  near  two  centuries  to  colleS. 

PINTURICCIO  (Bernardino),  the  inventor  of  a  new 
way  of  painting,  in  the  fifteenth  century.  He  aimed  to  dif- 
tinguifh  himfelf,  by  introducing  the  baflb  relievo  of  architec- 
ture into  his  pieces:  but  this  being  contrary  to  the  art  of 
painting,  which  always  fuppofes  a  flat  fuperficies,  nobody  fol- 
lowed his  example,  Pinturiccio  painted  feveral  pidlures  in  the 
Vatican,  for  the  popes  Innocent  VIII.  and  Alexander  VI.  We 
(hould  have  had  more  of  his  works,  had  he  furvived  an  ac- 
cident which  proved  the  caufe  of  his  death.  The  ftory  is  worth 
knowing,  and  will  throw  fome  light  upon  his  moral  charafter,^ 
When  he  was  at  Sienna,  the  monks  of  the  order  of  St.  Francis^ 
who  were  defirous  to  have  a  pifture  from  him,  gave  him  a 
chamber,  that  he  might  work  with  more  convenience;  and, 
that  the  room  might  not  be  incumbered  with  any  thing  which 
had  no  relation  to  his  art,  they  took  away  all  the  furniture, 
except  an  old  fuit  of  armour,  which  feemed  too  troublefqm^ 
to  remove.  Pinturiccio,  beiiig  naturally  qiii<;k  and  impatient, 
would  have  it  taken  away  immediately ;  tuitdn  removing  jti, 

a  piece 


I 


PIPER.  44« 

B  piece  happened  to  break  off,  in  which  were  hid  five  hundred 
ducats  of  gold.  This  difappointment  furprifed  Pinturiccio  fo 
much,  and  vexed  him  fo  heartily,  the  friars  thereby  having  the 
advantage  of  the  treafure,  that  he  died  a  little  after  of  mere 
grief  and  forrow,  in  151 3,  in  his  59ih  year. 

PIPER  (Francis  le),  an  Englilh  comic  painter,  was  the 
fon  of  a  Kentilh  gentleman  defcended  from  a  Walloon  family. 
His  father,  having  a  plentiful  eftate,  gave  this  his  eldeft  fon  a 
liberal  education,  and  would  have  had  him  bred  a  fcholar,  or 
elfe  a  merchant^  but  his  genius  leading  him  wholly  to  defigning, 
he  could  not  fix  to  any  particular  fcience  pr  bufinefs  but  the  art 
to  which  he  naturally  inclined.  Drawing  took  up  all  his  time 
and  all  his  thoughts;  and  being  of  a  gay  facetious  humour,  his 
manner  was  humorous  or  comical.  He  delighted  in  drawing 
ugly  faces  ;  and  had  a  talent  fo  particular  for  it,  that  he  would, 
by  a  tranfient  view  of  any  remarkable  face  he  met  in  the  ftreet, 
retain  the  likenefs  fo  exadly  in  his  memory,  that  in  the  draught 

ou  would  have  thought  the  perfon  had  fat  fcveral  times  for  it. 

t  was.faid  of  him,  that  he  would  fleal  a  face ;  and  a  man,  who 
was  not  handfome  enough  to  defire  to  fee  his  piAure,  fat  in 
danger  in  his  company.  He  had  a  fancy  peculiar  to  himfelf  in 
his  travels :  he  would  often  go  away,  and  let  his  friends  know 
nothing  of  his  departure ;  make  the  tour  of  France  and  the 
Netherlands,  a-foot ;  and  fometimes  his  frolic  carried  him  as  far 
as  Grand  Cairo.  He  never  advertifed  his  friends  of  his  return, 
any  more  than  he  did  of  his  intended  abfence,  which  he  did  to 
furprife  them  alternately  with  forrow  and  joy.  In  this  manner 
he  travelled,  at  feveral  times,  through  Italy,  France,  Germany, 
the  Netherlands,  and  Holland;  in  which  feveral  countries  he 
examined  the  works  of  the  f.  veral  painters  with  pleafurc  and 
judgement,  and  formed  to  himfelf  a  manner  of  defign,  which 
no  man  in  that  kind  ever  excelled,  nor  perhaps  ever  equalled. 

Having  a  good  eftate  of  his  own,  and  being  generous,  as  mod 
men  of  genius  are,  he  would  never  take  any  thing  for  his  pieces. 
He  drew  them  commonly  over  a  bottle,  which  he  loved  fo  well, 
that  he  fpent  great  part  of  his  hours  of  pleafure  in  a  tavern. 
This  was  the  occafion  that  fome  of  his  beft  pieces,  efpecially 
fuch  as  are  as  large  as  the  life,  are  to  be  found  in  thofe  h9ufts ; 
particularly  at  the  Mitre-tavern  in  Stocks-market,  where  there 
Was  a  room  called  the  Amfterdara,  adorned  with  his  pi£lures  in 
black  and  white.  The  room  took  its  name  from  his  pieces ; 
which,  reprefenting  a  Jefuit,  a  Quaker  preaching,  ana  pther 
preachers  of  moft  feds,  was  called  the  Amfterdam;  as  con« 
Gaining  an  image  of  almoft  as  many  religions  as  are  profefled  in 
that  free  city.  He  drew  alfo  other  pieces  of  humour  for  a  Mr. 
Shepheard,  a  vintner,  at  the  Bell  in  Weftminfter,  which  Mr. 
Holmes  of  the  Mitre  purchafed,  to  make  his  coUedion  of  this 
Vol.  XIL  R  jpaftcr'$ 


J»4.«  PIPER. 

mafter's  pieces  the  more  complete;  and  the  benefit  of  Cbrwing 
them  was  not  a  little  advantageous  to  his  houfc.  Piper  drew 
alfo  a  piece,  reprcfenting  a  conftable  with  his  myrmidons,  in 
very  natural  arid  diverting  poftures.  He  feldom  defigned  after 
the  life,  and  negleflcd  colouring:  yet  he  fometimes,  though 
very  rarely,  coloured  fome  of  his  pieces,  and  is  faid  not  to  have 
been  very  unfuccefsful  in  it.  He  was  a  great  admirer  and  inii- 
tator  of  Auguftine  Caracci,  Rembrandt,  and  Heemflcirk's  manner 
of  defign,  and  was  always  in  raptures  when  he  fpoke  of  Titian's 
colouring:  for,  notwithitanding  he  never  had  application  enough 
to  make  himfelf  a  mafter  of  that  part  of  his  art,  he  admired  it  m 
thofe  that  were  fo,  efpecially  the  Italians.  He  drew, the  piftures 
of  feveral  of  his  friends  in  black  and  white ;  and  maintained  a 
charadler  of  truth,  which  fliewed,  that  if  he  had  beftowcd  time 
to  perfe6l  himfelf  in  colouring,  he  would  have  rivalled  the  beft 
of  Qur  portrait-painters.  Towards  the  latter  end  of  his  life, 
having  impaired  his  fortune,  he  fometimes  took  money.  He 
drew  fome  defigns  for  Mr,  Ifaac  Becket,  who  copied  them  in 
mezzotintoi  Thofe  draughts  were  generally  done  at  a  tavern  ; 
and,  whenever  he  pleafed,  he  could  draw  enoirgh  in  half  an 
hour  to  furnifli  a  week's  work  for  Becket  [hJ., 

His  invention  was  fruitful,  and  his  drawing  bold  and  free. 
He  underftood  landfcape-painting,  and  performed  it  to  perfect 
tion.  He  was  particularly  a  great  malter  in  perfpedive.  In 
defign ing  his  landfcapes,  he  had  a  manner  peculiar  to  himfelf. 
He  always  carried  a  long  book  about  with  him,  like  a 
mufic-book,  which,  when  he  had  a  mind  to  draw,  he  opened ; 
and,  looking  through  it,  made  the  lower  corner  of  the  .middle 
of  the  book  his  point  of  fight ;  by  which,  when  he  had  formed 
.his  view,  he  diredled  his  perfpefiive,  and  finiflied  his  picture* 
His  hand  was  ready,  his  ftrokes  bold ;  and,  in  his  etching,  £hor.t. 
He  etched  feveral  things  himfelf,  generally  on  oval  filver  plated 
for  his  friends;  who,  being  moft  of  them  as  hearty  lovers  of 
the  bottle  as  himfelf,  put  glafles  over  them,  and  made  lids 
of  them  for  their  tobacco-boxes.  He  drew  feveral  of  the  grand 
feignojs  heads  for  fir  Paul  Rycaut's  "  Hiftory  of  the  Turks,*' 
Tvhich  were  engraved  by  Mr.  Elder.  In  the  latter  part  of  his 
life,  he  applie^d  -hitrifelf  to  modelling  in  wax  in  bafl'o  relievo^ 
in  which  manner  he  did  abundance  of  things  with  good  fuccefs. 
Ht  often  faifj/ he  wifhcd  he  had  thought  of  it  fooner,.  for  that 

Th]    pcing  one  day  at  a  taveijn  with  touvhed.     They  did  th*4S  ten  times,  ai>4 

"Fnithornc,  Hart  the  engraver,  and  others,  bftta^en  them  wrought  up   the  heads  t« 

k/i  Ccpatehed  a  head  vtith  a  coal  on  a  twnch-  fuch  a  height  of  force,  that  nodiing  could  bp 

fr^  »na  ^av(vit  to  Fakhoine,  who  touched  better  done  in  that  kind.    Jheie  oreoch«ic» 

upon  it.     Id  &e  mean  tipie,  Pipe»  drew  are  ftill  extant ;  but  we  cannot  leapa  in 

•aether  on  another  tr^ficher,  and  p^chang^d  )^'ho(e  hands  fhey  are  at  pieient. 

kmh£aiShtonf;f«tke  which  ht  had  > 


titlANESt  HJ 

fort  of  work  fuited  better  with  his  genius  than  any:  and  had  h¥ 
lived  longer,  he  would  have  arrived  to  great  perfedlion  in  iU 
Some  time  before  his  death  another  eftate  fell  to  him,  by  th<| 
deceafe  of  his  mother ^  when,  giving  himfelf  new  liberty  09 
this  enlargement  of  his  fortune,  he  fell  into  a  fever  by  his  fre^ 
way  of  living;  and,  employing  a  furgeon  to  let  him  blood,  iht 
man  unluckily  pricked  an  artery,  which  accident  proved  mortat 
Piper  was  very  fat,  which  might  contribute  to  this  misfortune. 
He  died  in  Akiermanbury,  about  1740. 

However  corpulent  and  heavy  Piper's  body  was,  his  mind  was 
always  fprightly  and  gay.  He  was  never  out  of  humour>  nor 
dull ;  and  had  he  borrowed  more  time  from  his  mirth  to  give  to 
hts  ftudies,  he  had  certainly  been  an  honour  to  his  country) 
however,  he  lives  ilill  in  the  memory  of  his  acquaintance^  witii 
the  charader  of  an  honeft  man,  and  a  great  mafter  m  his  9,tt^ 
His  pieces  are  fcattered  up  and  down,  chiefly  in  London;  an4 
the  bed  and  moil  of  them  were  lately  in  the  hands  of  Mr.  ht 
Piper  his  brother,  a  merchant  in  that  city, 

PIRANESI  (GiAMBATTiSTA),avery  celebrated  architeft  and 
engraver,  a  native  of  Venice,  but  refident  for  the  greater  part  of 
his  life  at  Rome.  The  time  of  his  birth  is  not  known  here,  but  il 
tnuft  have  been  alK)ut  the  year  171 1.  He  was  remarkable  for  ;| 
bold  and  free  ilyle  of  etching ;  which,  in  general,  he  drew  upoil 
the  plate  at  once,  without  any^  or  with  very  little,  prewouf 
fketch.  He  worked  with  fuch  rapidity  and  diligence,  that  the 
magRitude  and  number  of  his  plates  almoft  exceed  belief:  and 
they  are  executed  with  a  fpirit  and  genius  which  are  altogether 
peculiar  to  him.  The  earlieft  of  his  works  appear  to  have  beea 
|)ubliihed  in  I743»  and  confift  of  defigns  invented  by  himfelf 
in  a  very  grand  ftyie  ;  with  views  of  ruins,  chiefly  the  work  of 
imagination,  and  ftrongly  characlerizing  the  magnificence  of 
hi?  ideas.  Thefe  are  fometimes  found  in  a  volume,  colleded 
by  Bourchard,  in  1750;  with  views  of  Roman  antiquities,  not 
in  Rome,  among  which  are  ft-veral  of  Pola  in  Klria.  Th© 
dedication  to  thefe  views  is  dated  1748.  Confidering  thefe  ai 
forming  his  firft  work,  we  may  enumerate  the  reft  from  a  c«>ta»- 
logue  print,  publilhed  by  hinfifelf  many  years  after.  2.  "  An- 
tichiti  Romane,"  or  Roman  antiquities,  comprifed  in  218  plated 
of  atlas  paper,  commencing  by  a  topographical  view\6f  ancienfl 
Rome,  made  out  from  the  fragments  of  a  mod  curious  aatiquo 
plan  of  that  city,  found  in  the  pavement  of  the  temple  of  Ro-» 
mulus,  and  now  preferved  in  the  Mufeum  at.the^Capitol,  Thefe, 
with  thedefcriptions,in  Italian,  form  four  vols,  in  folio,  x  3."  Fafti 
cpnfularcs  triumphalefque  RomanoruiPj  ab  urbe  coadita,  ufqiie  ad 
Tiberium  Csefarem.**  4.  **  Del  Cafteilo  dell' acqua  Giulia, edella 
maniera  in  cut  anticamente  fl  concedevano  e  diftribuivano  la 
«cq«e/'  u  folio  plate*.    s»  "  Antichiti  il'Albano,  c  dl  Cattd 

Ra  Gan- 


H4  PIRANESI. 

Gandolfo/'  55  plates*  6.  **  Campus  Mardus  Antiquae  urbisy" 
with  dcfcriptions  in  Italian  and  Latin,  54  plates.  7.  "  Archi 
trionfali  antichi,  Temple  cd  Anfiteatri,  efiftenti  in  Roma,  ed  iR 
altrc  parti  d*Italia,"  31  plates.  8.  "  Trofei  d'Ottaviano  Augufto/' 
&c.  10  plates.  9.  "  Delia  Magnificenza  ed  Architettura  de' 
Romani,"  4.4  plates,  with  above  200  pages  of  letter-prefs,  in 
Italian  and  Latin*.  This  great  work  appears  to  have  been  oc- 
cafioned,  in  great  meafure,  by  fume  dialogues  publKhcd  in 
London  in  I7SS>  but  now  forgotten  here,  and  entitled,  The  In- 
vestigator, Ihefe,  containing  many  foolifh  calumnies  againft 
the  ancient  Romans,  had  been  interpreted  to  Piranefi,  and  in- 
flamed his  ardent  fpirit  to  this  mode  of  vindication.  10.  "  Ar- 
chitetture  diverfe,"  27  places.  11.  "  Carceri  d'inventione,'*  16 
plates^  full  of  the  mod  wild,  but  piclurefque  conceptions.  I2. 
About  130  feparate  views  of  Rome,  in  its  prefent  itate;  in  the 
grandeft  ftyle  of  defign,  and  the  boldeft  manner  of  etching. 
Befides  thcfe,  there  is  alfo  extant  in  very  few  hands  (as  it  was 
not  publiihed,  but  only  given  to  particular  friends),  a  fmall 
work  of  this  author,  containing  letters  of  juftification  to  lord 
Charlemont ;  in  which  he  afligns  the  reafons  why  he  did  not 
dedicate  his  Roman  antiquities  to  that  nobleman,  as  had  been 
intended.  Piranefi  here  appears  extremely  irritated  againft  his 
lordihip,*  and  his  agents,  for  neglecl  and  ill-treatment ;  but  the 
ttioft  curious  part  of  the  work  is,  that  he  has  taken  the  pains  to 
etch  in  a  fmall  quarto  iize,  and  with  the  utmolt  neatncfs,  yet 
with  all  his  accuftomed  freedom,  exaft  copies  of  the  four  ori- 
ginal frontifpieces,  in  which  the  name  of  his  intended  patron 
was  to  have  been  immortalized  :  wirh  views  of  the  inferiptions 
re-engraved,  as  they  now  ftand;  as  if  the  firft  inferiptions  had 
been  cut  out  of  the  ftones,  and  the  new  ones  inferted  on  fmall 

Sieces  let  into  them,  as  the  ancients  fometimes  praftifed.  la 
lis  form  they  flill  remain  in  his  frontifpieces,  a  peculiarity 
which  would  not  be  underftood  without  this  key.  There  are 
alfo  head-pieces,  and  tail-pieces,  all  full  of  imagination,  and 
alluding  to  the  matters  and  perfons  involved  in  the  difpute. 
This  work  is  dated  1757.  Piranefi  was  well  known  to  mpft 
of  the  Englifli  artiits  who  ftudied  at  Rome ;  among  others,  to 
Mr.  Mylne,  the  architeft  of  Black-friars-bridge,  with  whom 
he  correfpotided  for  feVeraV  years,  and  for  whom  he  engraved  a 
fine  view  of  that  ftruSure,  in  its  unfiniftied  ftate  ;  reprefenting, 
with  precifion,  the  parts  fubfervient  to  its  conftrudlion,  fuch  as  the 
centres  of  the  arches,  &c,  for  the  fake  of  preferving  a  memoria] 
jof  them.  Some  of  his  works  are  dedicated  to  another  Britifli 
archited,  Robert  Adam ;  and  as  Piranefi  was  an  honorary  mem- 
ber of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  in  London,  he  always  care- 
fully fubjoined  that  title  to  his  name.  He  was  alfo  a  member  of 
the  aGademy  of  the  Arcadi,  by  the  name  of  SalcindU'TifeiQyZS 

he 


PIRON.  ^045 

be  has  given  it  in  one  of  his  frontifpieces,  according  to  the  fan* 
taftic  cuftom  of  that  fociety,  of  giving  new  names  to  the  perfons 
admitted.  All  who  knew  him  agree  that  he  was  of  a  fiery 
and  impetuous  temper,  hut  full  of  genius.  He  left  a  fon,  who 
has  been  employed  in  a  diplomatic  line.  The  exad  time  of  his 
death  we  have  not  been  able  to  learn »  but  it  is  fuppofed  to 
have  happened  in,  or  near,  the  year  i78o«  Pirancfi  has  been 
accufed,  and  not  without  reafon,  of  fufFering  his  imagination 
to  embellifh  even  the  defigns  that  were  given  as  real  views. 
He  was  employed  as  an  architefl  to  ornament  a  part  of  the 
priory  of  Malta  in  Rome;  in  vvhich  place  his  fon  has  ere£ted 
a  ftatue  of  him.  It  is  thus  mentioned  by  baron  Stolberg,  in 
his  travels.  "  Here  is  a  fine  ftatue  of  the  archited  Piranefi,  as 
large  as  life,  placed  there  by  his  fon.  It  is  the  work  of  the 
living  artift  AngoHni ;  and  though  it  certainly  cannot  be  com- 
pared with  the  beft  antiques,  it  ftill  pofleffes  real  merit  [i]." 
His  portrait,  engraved  by  Polanzani  in  1750,  is  in  the  ftyle  of 
a  mutilated  ftatue,  and  is  very  fpirited.  It  is  prefixed  to  fome  of 
his  works.  .^ 

PIRON  (Alexis),  a  French  dramatic  poet,  was  born  at 
Dijon  in  1609,  where  he  lived  till  he  was  paft  thirty,  in  all  the 
difGpation  of  a  young  man  of  pleafure.  At  length,  having 
given  great  offence  to  his  coimtrymen,  by  an  ode  which  he  pro- 
duced, he  removed  to  Paris ;  where,  as  his  relations  could  not 
give  him  much  aftiftance,  he  fupported  himfelf  by  his  talent  of 
writing  an  aHmirable  hand.  He  was  firft  fecretary  to  M.  Bellifle, 
and  afterwards  to  a  financier,  who  little  fufpefted  that  tie  had 
fuch  a  genius  in  his  houfe.  By  degrees  he  became  known,  from 
producing  feveral  fmall  pieces,  full  of  originality,  at  a  little 
theatre  in  Paris ;  till  the  comedy  called  *^  Metromanie,"  efteemed 
one  of  the  beft  produced  in  this  century,  raifed  his  fame  to  the 
higheft  point.  His  very  fingular  talent  for  converfation,  in  whicH 
he  was  always  lively,  and  inexhauftible  in  wit,  contributed  to 
enhance  his  popularity;  and  as  his  company  was  more  courted 
for  a  time,  tnan  that  of  Voltaire,  who  had  lefs  good  humour, 
he  was  inclined  to  fancy  himfelf  fuperior  to  that  writer.  Many 
traits  of  his  wit  are  related,  which  convey,  at  the  fame  time,  the 
•  notion  that  he  eftimated  himfelf  very  highly.  At  the  firft  repre- 
fentation  of  Voltaire's  Semiramis^  which  was  ill  received,  the 
author  aflced  him  in  the  theatre,  what  he  thought  of  it?  "I  think," 
faid  he,  "  that  you  would  be  very  glad  that  I  had  written  it.^*  The 
aftors  wifliing  him  to  alter  one  of  his  pieces,  affronted  him  by 
ufing  the  word  **  corredions,"  inftead  of  alterations.  They 
pleaded  that  Voltaire  always  liftened  to  their  wilhes  in  that  refpef^. 
*'  What  then/'  replied  Piron,  "  Voltaire  works  cabinet-work,- 

[x]  InglilH  Tranflation,  rol.  i.  p.  374. 

R3  I  call 


44«, 


PItCAIRNE. 


I  caft  111  bfc^TO."  An  Englifhman  might  fay,  that  his  claim  fo 
Ae  ironT:^  c^tainly  could  not  be  cfifpiited,  after  fuch  a  fpeech. 
The  fjitiricafl  turn  of  Piron  kept  him  from  a  feat  in  the  academy. 
^  I  hevei*  ebiiM  make  nine  and  thirty  people,"  faid  he,  "  think 
^  t  A>,  MP  \tii  could  I  ever  think  with  them."  He  fotight, 
howev^r^  ifp^ies  of  revenge,  in  the  epitaph  which  he  wrote 
fbt  hirafelf : 

Cy  gtt  ftroh/  qui  ne  fut  rien, 
Pas  raeme  Academicien. 

^  Here  lies  PiloB!,  who  was  nothing,  not  even  an  Academician." 
He  died  early  i»  177J.  His  works  hav6  Jbeen  coUeSed,  in  feven 
Toisi  SvO)  atrd  nme>  1 2mo.  But  it  is  agreed,  that  out  of  the 
feVen,  five  at  kaft  mig^t  be  fparedj  fince,  bef^des  his  "  Metro- 
mante,"  his  "  Guflavus,"  a  tragedy  ;  his  "  Courses  de  Tempe,** 
±  paftoral  piece ;  (bme  odes,  about  twenty  epigrams^  and  ohe  or 
two  tales,  there  is  very  little  in  the  whole  colle6lipr\  that  is  above 
jtediocrity.  His  cooiedies  are  reckoned  better  than  bis  trage* 
dies;  and  the  prefaces  to  his  dramas,  though  not  excellent  in  ^ 
peint*of  flyle,  are  fvill  of  new  and  agreeable  thoughts.  With 
natural  and  happy  tufns  of  wit  and  expreflion. 

PISAN  (ChriSitina  de),  an  Italian  by  birth,  author  of 
many  compofitions  in  prdfe  and  verfe,  was  born  at  Venice  about 
1363,  being  thfe  daughter  of  Thomas  Pifan  of  Bologna,  much 
eelebrated  at  that  time  as  an  aftrologer.  When  flie  was  five 
yettxs  old,* her  father  fettled  with  her  in  France,  and  her  extraor- 
dinary beauty  and  wit  procured  her  an  excellent  hu(band,  by  th« 
time  flic  was  fifteen.  After  ten  years  (he  loft  this  huiband, 
Stephen  Caftel,  by  whom  fhe  was  moft  tenderly  beloved,  and 
found  her  chief  refource  for  comfort  and  fubfiftence  in  h^r  pen ; 
her  hufl)and*s  fortune  being  entangled  in  feveral  law-fuits. 
Charles  VI.  of  France,  and  other  princes,  noticed  and  ailifted 
her,  on  account  of  her  talents,  ainl  provided  for  her  children* 
When  fhe  died  is  uncertain.  Som€  of  her  poems,  whichiare 
full  of  tendernefsi  were  printed  at  Paris  in  1529,  others  remain 
in  manufcript  in  the  royal  library.  "  The  life  of  Charles  V," 
written  by  defire  of  Philip  the  Good,  duke  of  Burgundy,  is  con- 
jidered  as  her  beft  performance  in  profe.  She  wrote  alfo  **  An 
hundred  Stones  of  Troy"  in  rhyme.  *'  The  Treafure  of  the 
City  of  Dames,"  Paris,  I497-  **  ^^^  ^^"g  Way,"  tranflated 
by  John  Chaperon,  1549,  under  the  title  of  "  Le  Chemin  de 
long  etendue."* 

PITCAIRNE  (Archibald)  an  eminent  Scotch. phy;fician, 
was  defcended  from  an  ancient  family  in  the  coupty  of  Fife, 
^d  born  at  Edinburgh  on  Qiriftmas  day,  1652  [i].     After 

[i]  From  the  Gen.  Dift.  where  we  are  told,  thit  the  particulars  were  coaununi* 
l^tpd  by  a  very  intimate  aod  learned  friend  o(  Pitcalrnc* 

-    '  being 


PlTCAIlfNE/'  247: 

being  propcily  grounded  in  languages  at  a  private  fchool  in 
Dalkeith,  he  was  removed  to  •  the  univerfity  of  Edinburgh ; 
where,  having  gone  through  a  courfe  of  philofophy,  he  ftudied 
firft  divinity,  and  then  the  civil  law.  Severe  application  im- 
pairing his  health,  he  grew  heftic,  and  had  all  the  appearance 
of  being  in  a  confumption ;  for  which  he  was  advifed  to  travel 
to  Montpelier  in  France,  but  found  himfelf  recovered  by  the 
time  he  reached  Paris.  He  determined  to  purfue  the  ftudy  of 
the  law  in  the  univerfity  there  ;  but  there  being  no  able  pro- 
feflbr  of  it,  and  meeting  with  fome  of  his  countrymen,  who 
were  ftudents  in  phyfic,  he  changed  his  purpofe  a  fecond  time, 
and  joined  with  them.  Me  had  not  been  thus  employed  many 
months,  when  he  was  called  home  by  his  father :  and  now, 
having  laid  in  the  firft  elements  of  all  the  three  profeffions,  he 
was  abfolutely  undetermined  which  to  follow.  It  was  then  he 
applied  hiinfelf  to  the  mathematics,  in  which  he  inade  a  very 
great  progrefs  without  a  mafter ;  but  at^laft,  obferving  a  con- 
nexion between  geometry  and  phyfic,  he  fixed  his  choice  unaU 
terably  upon  that  profeiTion. 

After  applying  for  fome  time  at  Edinburgh  to  botany,  phar- 
macy, and  the  materia  medica,  he  went  a  fecond  time  to  Paris, 
Yrhere  he  finifhed  his  ftudies  ;  and  then,  a  little  before  the  revo- 
lution,  returned  to  Scotland,  where  he  prefently  came  into 
good  bufinefs,  and  acquired  an  extenfive  reputation.     In  1688, 
he  publilhed  a  piece,  entitled,  "  Solutio  problematic  de  invepr 
toribus;"  the  defign  of  which  was,  to  afcertain  Harvey's  right 
to  th^  difcovery  of  the  circulation  of  the  blood.     In  1692,  he  ' 
had  an  invitation  from  the  curators  of  the  univerfity  of  Leyden,  ' 
to  be  profeflbr  of  phyfic  there,  which  he  accepted,  and  went 
and  made  his  inauguration  fpeech  the  a6th  of  April  that  year. 
He  continued  there  little  more  than  a  year ;  during  which  fhort 
fpace  he  publiffied  feveral  diflertations,  chiefly  with  a  view  of 
fliewing  tne  ufefulnefs  of  mathematics  to  phyfic :  Pitcairne  was 
the  firft  who  introduced  the  mechanic  principles  into  that  art, 
in  which  he  was  zealouily  followed  by  the  late  Dr.  Mead.     He 
returned  to  Scotland  in  1 693,  to  difcharge  an  engagement  to-a  ' 
young  lady,  the  daughter  of  fir  Archibald  Stephenfon,  an  emri--' 
nent  phyfician  in  Edinburgh  ;  and,  being  foon  after  married  1:0^ 
her,  was  fully  refolved  to  fet  out  again  for  Holland :  but,  the- : 
lady's  parents  being  unwilling  to  part  with  her,  he  fettled  at  - 
Edinburgh,  and  wrote  a  valedictory  letter  to  the  uriiverfity  of.* 
t^eyden.     His  lady  did  not  furvrve  her  marriage  many  years  ; 
yet  (be  brought  him  a. daughter,  who  was  afterwards  married  '^ 
to  the  earl  of  Kelly.  *  -  - 

Ih  1701,  be  republiihed  hi§^^  Diflertations,'*  with  fome  new 
ones;  and. dedicated  them  «o  BeUinl,  profe^ftir  at  Pifa,  in  return' 
to  lin  iame  compliment,  which  Bellini  had  made  him,  when 

R  4  he 


H8  PITCAIRNE. 

he  j)ublilhcd  his  Opufcula,  They  were  printed  at  Rotterdam 
in  one  volume  4to,  under  this  title,  "  Dilputationes  Medica?,*- 
of  which  there  are  eight.  The  laft  edition  publiflied  in  his 
life-time  came  out  at  Edinburgh,  a  few  months  before  his  death, 
which  happened  Oft.  13,  17 13.  Afterwards  were  publifhed 
his  leflurcs  to  his  fcholars,  under  the  title  of  '*  Elementa  Me- 
dicinae  Phyfico-Mathcmatica,'*  although  he  had  taken  as  much 
pains  as  a  man  could  take,  to  prevent  the  publication  of  any 
thing  in  that  way.  He  even  fliews  fome  concern  about  this,  in 
his  Differtatlon  ^'  de  circulatione  fanguinis  in  animalibus  genitis 
ct  non  genitis." 

In  1096,  being  hindered  by  ficknefs  from  attending  the  calls 
of  his  profelfion,  he  amufed  himfelf  with  writing  Remarks 
upon  Sir  Robert  Sibbald*s  Prodromus  Hiftorias  Naturalis  Scotiae. 
That  phyfician  had  publifhed  a  treatife,  wherein  he  ridiculed 
the  new  method  of  applying  geometry  to  phyfic ;  in  return  to 
which,  Pitcairne  wrote,  *^  Diflertatio  de  Legibus  Hiftoria? 
Naturalis,"  which  is  the  title  of  tbefe  Remarks.  He  did  not 
publifh  it,  however ;  but,  when  fome  copies  came  abroad  by 
accident,  difowned  it ;  fo  that  fir  Robert,  believing  it  aot  to 
be  his,  wrote  an  anfwer  to  it,  and  dedicated  it  to  him.  Pitcairne 
likewife  ufed  to  divert  himfelf  fometimes  with  writing  Latin 
verfes,  for  which  he  had  no  contemptible  talent ;  and  publifhed 
a  few  compofitions  of  this  kind,  under  the  title  of  "  Poemata 
Selefta,"  which  are  moftly  of  the  epigrammatic  kind.  In  thefe 
he  frequently  difcovers  his  political  opinions,  and  fhews  himfelf 
to  have  been  no  friend  to  the  Revolution.  His  poetry  has 
never  been  much  read,  on  account  of  its  obfcurity,  which  is 
principally  owing  to  the  private  occurrences  alluded  to  in  it, 
and  frequently  made  the  fubjeft  of  a  whole  poem.  That  *'  ad 
Robcrtum  Lindefium,"  is  an  inftance  of  thisi  being  quite  unin- 
telligible without  the  knowledge  of  a  circumftance  in  PitcairneV 
life,  which  he  often  told,  but  never  without  fome  emotion. 
His  friend  Lindefey  and  he,  reading  together,  when  very  young, 
tlie  known  (lory  of  the  two  Platonic  philofophers,  who  agreed 
that  w)ioever  died  firft  (hould  return  a  vifitor  tj)  the  furvivor, 
entered  into  the  fame  engagement.  Some  years  after,  Pitcairne 
dreamed  one  morning  at  his'  father's  houfe  in  J^ife,  that  Linde- 
fey, who  was  then  at  Paris,  came  to  him,  and  told  him,  that 
he  was  not  dead  as  was  commonly  reported,  but  ftill  alive,  and 
in  a  very  agreeable  place,  to  which  he  could  not  yet  carry  him. 
By-t}ie  courfe  of  the  poft,  news  came  of  Lindefey's  death,  which 
happened  fuddenly  the  very  morning  of  the  dream.  After 
Jcnowing  this,  the  poem  is  eafily  underftood. 

An  ingenious  ficUon,  entitled,  "  Atchimedis  ad  Regem  Ge- 
Icufiem  EpiftoftI  Albae  Qrecae  ^reperta,"  has  generally  been 
■'  '  afcribedl 


P  I  T  H  O  U.  :  249^ 

aficribed  to  Pitcairhe.     All  his  works  have  been  cbllcflcd,  and 
printed  together  at  Leyden,  1737,  in  4to. 

PITHOU  (Peter),  or  Pithceus,  a  French  gentleman  of 
eminence  in  the  republic  of  letters,  was  defcended  from  an 
ancient  and  noble  family  in  Normandy,  and  born  at  Troyes  in 
1539.  His  tafte  for  literature  [l]  dilcovered  itfelf  early,  and 
it  was  cultivated  to  the  utmoft  by  the  care  of  his  father.  He 
entered  upon  his  ftudies  at  Troyes,  and  was  afterwards  fent  to 
Paris,  where  he  became  firft  the  fcholar,  and  then  the  friend, 
of  Tumebus.  When  he  had  finiihed  his  purfuits  in  languages 
and  the  belles  letters,  he  was  removed  to  Bourges,  and  placed 
under  Cujacius,  in  order  to  ftudy  the' civil  law.  His  father 
was  learned  in  the  law,  and  has  left  no  inconfiderable  fpecimen 
of  his  judgement,  in  <he  advice  he  gave  his  fon,  for  acquiring 
this  branch  of  knowledge ;  which  was,  not  to  fpend  his  time 
and  pains  upon  voluminous  and  barren  commentators,  but  to 
confine  his  reading  chiefly  to  original  writers.  He  'made  fo 
wonderful  a  progrefs,  that  at  feventeen  he  was  able  to  fpeak 
cxtemporarily  upon  the  mod  difficult  queftions ;  and  his  mailer 
was  not  aihamed  to  own,  that  even  he  had  learned  fome 
things  of  him.  Cujacius  removing  to  Valence,  Pi  thou  fol- 
lowed him  thither^  and  continued  to  profit  by  his  ledures,  to, 
1^60*  He  then  returned  to  Paris,  and  frequented  the  bar  of 
the  parliament  there,  for  the  fake  of  joining  pra£lical  forms 
and  ufages  to  theoretic  knowledge. 

In  1563,  being  then  twenty-four,  he  gave  the  firft  fruits  of  his 
ftudies  to  the  public,  in  a  work  entitled,  "  Adverfaria  Subfeciva ;" 
which  was  highly  applauded  by  Turnebus,  Lipfius,  and  other 
learned  men,  and  laid  the  foundation  of  that  great  and  extenfive 
fame  which  he  afterwards  acquired.  A  little  time  after,  he  was 
advanced  bv  Henrv  III.  to  fome  confiderable  pofts;  in  which,  as 
well  as  at  tne  bar,  he  acquitted  himfelf  with  high  honour.  Pithou 
was  a  Proteftant,  and  therefore  might  have  been  involved  in  the 
terrible  maflacre  of  Saint  Bartholomew  in  1572.  It  was  next 
to  a  miracle  that  he  was*  not ;  for  he  was  at  Paris,  where  it  was 
committed,  and  in  the  fame  lodgings  with  feveral  Hugonots, 
who  were  all  killed.  He  feems,  however,  to  have  been  fright- 
ened by  it  out  of  his  religion  ;  which  having,  according  to  the 
cuftom  of  converts,  examined  and  found  to  be  erroneous,  he 
foon  abjured,  and  openly  embraced  the  Catholic  faith.  After- 
wards he  attended  the  duke  of  Montmorency  into  England ; ' 
and  upon  his  return,  by  reafon  of  hi-^  great  wifdom,  amiable- 
nefs  of  nature  and  manners,  and  profound  knowledge  in  vari- 
ous things,  became  a  kind  of  oraqle  to-  his  countrymen,  who 
cbnfulted  him  on  all  important  occafions:  and  not  only  his 

'  [t]  Klcoron,  tome  v. 

countrymen. 


a5o  PITISCUS. 

c6uiitryinen».  but  evto  fo^d^ners.     Ferdinand  the  Great  Diife^ 

of  Tufcany  not  oAly  coniulted  him,  but  even  fabmitted  to  his 
determination,  in  a  jpoint  contrary  to  his  intereft^.  Henry  III. 
and  I  v.-  were  greatly  obliged  to  him  for  combating  the  league 
in  the  mod  intrepid  manner,  and  for  many  other  fervices,  in 
which  he  had  recourfe  to  his  pen,  as  well  as  to  other  means. 

Pi  thou  died  upon  his  birth-day  in  1596,  leaving  behind  htm 
a  wife,  whQm  he  had  married  in  1579,  and  fome  children. 
Thuanus  has  reprefented  him  [m  j  as  the  mod:  excellent  and 
accomplifhed  man  of  the  age  in  which  he  lived  ;  and  all  the 
learned  have  agreed  to  fpeak  well  of  him.  He  colleded  a  moft 
valuable  library,  which  was  rich  in  manufcripts,  as  wcli  as^ 
printed  books ;  and  he  took  many  precautions  to  hinder  itv 
being  difperfed  after  his  death,  but  in  vain.  He  publiihed  a 
great  number  of  works  on  various  fubjeds  of  law,  hiftory,  and 
cladical  literature ;  and  he  gave  feveral  new  and  correal  editions 
of  ancient  writers.  He  was  the  $rft  who  made  the  world 
acquainted  with  the  "  Fables  of  Phaedrus:"  they,  together  with 
the  name  of  their  author,  being  utterly  unknown,  till  publifhed 
from  a  manufcript,  which  had  been  difcovered  by  his  brother 
Francis  Pithou.  This  brother  publifhed  feveral  important 
works  on  the  civil  and  canon  law,  and  had  a  part  in  many  works 
which  Peter  produced.  The  principal  works  of  Peter  Pithou 
are,  i.  "  A  Treatife  on  the  Liberties  of  the  Galilean  Church," 
four  volumes  folio.  The  beft  edition  is  Paris,  1731.  2.  Editions 
of  many  important  monuments  relative  to  French  hiftory. 
3.  Notes  on'  many  claflical  authors.  4.  A  volume  of  fmaller 
works,  printed  colle&ively  at  Paris  in  1609,  befides  many  pub- 
lications on  civil  and  canon  law,  fome  iilued  feparately,  and 
fome  in  conjundion  with  his  brother. 

PITISCUS  (Samuel),  a  very  learned  man,  who  did  good 
fervice  to  the  republic  of  letters  by  feveral  ufeful  works,  was 
born  at  Zutphen,  in  the  Low  Countries,  in  1637.  He  fiudied 
the  belles  lettres  at  Deventer  under  Gronovius,  and  divinity  at 
Groningen.  Some  little  time  after  his  education  was  com- 
pleted, he  was  elefted  mafter  of  the  public  fchool  at  Zutphen  ; 
and,  in  1685,  had  thedire<^ion  of  the  college  of  St.  Jerome  at 
Utrecht  entruded  to  him,  where  he  performed  all  the  offices  of  a 

![ood  governor  to  the  end  of  his  life.  He  died  in  1717J  aged 
ourfcore  years.  He  was  the  author  of  many  Latin  works,  full 
of  deep  erudition  and  laborious  refearches ;  among  which  are, 
^'  Lexicon  Latino-Belgicum,"  410;  '^  Lexicon  Antiquitatum 
Romanorum,"  a  very  ufeful  and  valuable  work  ;  folio ;  &c. 
He  gave  editions  of  Quintus  Curtius,  Suetonius,  Aurelius  Vic- 
tor^ &c.  on  which  he  wrote  large  and  copious  notes  ;  not  in 

[m]  Hift«/uA  t^ppiis,  ad  iswu  Y596. 

the 


P  f  T  §1  151 

tiie  tray  of  verbal  cnticifm,  which  he  openly  difclitmcd,  but 
for  the  fake  of  illuftrating  their  fenfe,  and  explaining  ancient 
cuftoms.  Thus  his  **  Notes  upon  Suetonius/'  in  the  4to  edi- 
tion efpecially,  may  be  read  with  great  advantage  by  all  who 
Would  be  well  verled  in  that  branch  of  learning:  'they  are 
indeed  tranfcribed  chiefly  from  his  "  Lexicon  Antiquitatunt 
Romanorum."  He  publifhed  alfo  a  new  edition  of  **  Rofinus'd 
Roman  Antiquities." 

PITS,  or  PITSEUS  (John),  an  Englifli  biographer,  was 
bom  at  Alton,  in  Hamplhire,  in  1560;  and  at  eleven,  fent  to 
Wykeham's  fchool  near  Winchefter.  He  was  eleded  thence 
probationer  fellow  of  New  College  in  Oxford  [n],  at  eighteen ; 
bat,  in  lefs  than  two  years,  left  the  kingdom  as  a  voluntary 
Romifh  exile,  and  went  to  Douay,  where  he  was  kindly  received 
by  Dr.  Thomas  Stapleton,  who  gave  him  advice  relating  to  his 
ftudies.  Purfuant  to  this,  he  paiFed  from  Douay  to  Rheims ; 
and,  after  one  year  fpent  in  the  Englifli  college  there,  was  fent 
to  the  Englifli  college  at  Rome,  where  he  ftudied  feven  years, 
and  was  then  ordained  prieft.  Returning  to  Rheims  about  1589, 
he  there  taught  rhetoric  and  Greek  for  two  years  ^  but  the  civil 
Wars  in  France  induced  him  to  withdraw  to  Lorraine ;  and,  at 
Pont-a-Muffon,  he  took  the  degree  of  matter  of  arts,  and  foon 
after  that  of  bachelor  of  divinity.  Next,  going  into  Upper  Ger- 
inany,  he  refided  a  year  and  a  half  at  Triers ;  and  afterwards" 
removed  to  Ingolftadt  in  Bavaria,  where  he  refided  thre6  years, 
and  took  the  degree  of  doftot  of  divinity.  After  having  tra- 
vfelled'th rough  Italy  as  well  as  Germany,  and  made  himfelf 
matter  of  the  languages  of  both  countries,  ne  went  back  to  Lor-, 
raine ;  where,  being  much  noticed  by  Charles  cardinal  of  Lor- 
raine,  he  was  preferred  by  him  to  a  canonry  of  Verdun.  When 
he  had  paffcd  two  years  there,  Antona,  daughter  to  the  duke  of 
Lorraine,  who  was  married  to  the  duke  of  Cleves,  invited  him 
over  to  be  her1:onfeflbr ;  and,  that  he  might  be  the  more  fervicc- 
able  to  her,  he  learned  the  French  language,  in  which  he  became 
fo  perfeS,  that  he  often  preached  in  it.  In  her  fervice  he  con- 
tinued twelve  years  ;  during  which  time  he  turned  over  the  hif- 
tories  of  England,  ecclefiaftical  and  civil,  whence  he  made  large 
colleftions  and  obfervations  concerning  the  moft  illuftrious  per- 
fonages.  He  then  returned  a  third  time  to  Lorraine,  where,  by 
the  favour  of  John  bifliop  of  Toul,  formerly  his  fcholar,  he  was 
promoted  to  the  deanery  of  Verdun,  which  was  of  confiderable 
value.  This,  with  a  canonry  and  an  officialftiip  of  the  fame 
church,  he  held  to  the  day  of  his  death,  which  happened  at  Ver- 
dun in  1616.     He  publifhed  three  treatifes :  "  De  Legibus," 

^  •         [n]  Ath.  Oxon.  Gen.  D\£t,     ■' 

Triers, 


asa  PIT?!: 

Triers,  1592 ;  "  Dc  Beatitudine,"  Ingolft.  1595 ;  "  Dc  TttegrU 

natione,"  Duffeld.  1604. 

During  the  agreeable  leifure  he  enjoyed,  while  confeflbr  to 
the  dutchefs  of  Cleves,  he  employed  himfelf,  as  we  have  hinted, 
in  compiling  "  The  Lives  of  the  Kings,  Bifliops,  Apoftolical 
Men,  and  Writers  of  England."  They  were  comprifed  in  four 
large  volumes {  the  firft  containing  the  lives  of  the  kings;  the 
fecond,  of  the  bifliops ;  the  third,  of  the  apoftolical  men ;  and 
the  fourth,  of  the  writers.  The  three  firft  are  preferved  in  the 
archives  of  the  collegiate  church  of  Verdun :  the  fourth  only  was 
publiflied,  and  that  after  his  deceafe,  at  Paris,  1619,  in  4to, 
under  the  title  of  *'  J.  Pitifei  Angli,  &c,  Relationum  Hiftorica-* 
rum  de  Rebus  Anglicis  tomus  primus ;"  but  the  running  title, 
and  by  which  it  is  ofteneft  quoted,  is,  "  De  Illuftribus  Anglias 
Scriptoribus."  It  is  divided  into  four  parts  ;  the  firft  of  which 
is  a  kind  of  Prolegomena  **  De  laudibus  Hiftoriae,  de  Antiqua- 
tate  Ecclefiae  Britannicse,  de  Academiis  tarn  antiquis  Britonum 
quam  recentioribus  Anglorum."  The  fecond  part  contains  the 
lives  and  charafters  of  three  hundred  Englifli  writers ;  the  third 
is  **  An  App<^ndix  of  fome  Writers,  in  alphabetical  order,  and 
divided  into  four  Centuries,"  together  with  "  An  Index  of  Eng- 
lifli Books,  written  by  unknown  Authors."  The  laft  part  con- 
fifts  of  "  Fifteen  Alphabetical  Indexes,"  which  are  a  kind  of 
epitome  of  the  whole  work.  Pits  appears  to  have  a^ed  in  a 
very  difingenuous  and  ungrateful  manner,  efpecially  in  the 
fecond  part  of  this  work  ;  the  greater  part  of  which  he  has  taken 
from  Bale's  book  *.'  De  Scriptoribus  majoris  Britannise,"  #)ough 
he  frequently  ihews  an  abhorrence  both  of  Bale  and  his  work,. 
He  pretends  alfo  to  follow,  and  familiarly  quotes,  Leland's. 
**  Colleftanea  de  Scriptoribus  Angliae ;"  whereas  the  truth  is^ 
^s  Wood  [o]  and  others  have  obferved,  he  never  faw  them,  being 
but  twenty  years  of  age,  or  little  more,  when  he  left  the  nation  : 
neither  was  it  in  his  power  afterwards,  if  he  hadibecn  in  Eng- 
land, becaufe  they  were  kept  in  fuch  private  hands,  that  few 
Proteftant  antiquaries,  and  none  of  thofe  of  the  church  of  Rome, 
could  fee  or  periife  them.  What  therefore  he  pretends  to  have 
from  Leland,  he  takes  at  fecond-hand  from  Bale.  His  work  is 
alfo  full  of  partiality:  for  he  entirely  leaves  out  WicklifFe  and 
his  followers,  together  with  the  Scots  and  I rifti  writers,  who 
are  for  the  moft  part  commeinorated  by  Bale  ;  and  in  their  room 
gives  an  account  of  the  Roman  Catholic  writers,  fuch  efpecially 
as  had  left  tlie  kingdom,  after  the  Reformation  in  queen  Eliza-> 
beth's  rergn,  and  flielt^red  them felves , at  Rome,  Douay,  Loii- 
vain,  &c.  This,  however,  is  the  beft  and  moft  valuable  part  of 
Pits's  work. 

[0]  Whartoni  Prxfat.  ad  Ang].  Sacrt  P.  i.  p.  15.  Nicholfon''3  Hiftorical  library,  p.  56. 

He 


PITT,  253 

Pits  was  a  man  of  abilities  and  learning.  His  ftyle  is  cleaf^ 
eafy,  and  elegant  ^  but  he  wants  accuracy,  and  has  fallen  into 
many  miftakes  in  his  accounts  of  the  Britifh  writers.  His  work, 
however,  will  always  be  thought  of  ufe,  if  it  be  only  that  "  Hif* 
toria  quoquo  modo  fcripta  deleftat." 

PITT  (Christopher),  an  Englifti  poet[p],  was  born  in 
1699  at  Handford,  the  fon  of  a  phyfician  much  efteemed.  He 
was,  in  1714,  received  as  a  fcholar  into  Winchcfter  College, 
where  he  was  diftinguiflied  by  exercifes  of  uncommon  elegance; 
and,  at  his  removal  to  New  College  in  17 19,  prefented  to  the 
eledors,  as  the  produdl  of  his  private  and  voluntary  ftudies,  a 
complete  verfion  of  Lucan's  poem,  which  he  did  ^not  then  know 
to  have  been  tranflated  by  Rowe.  This  is  an  inRance  of  early 
diligence  which  well  deferves  to  be  recorded.  The  fuppreflion 
of  fuch  a  work,  recommended  by  fuch  uncommon  circumftances, 
is  to  be  regretted.  It  is  indeed  culpable,  to  load  libraries  with 
fuperfluous  books ;  but  incitements  to  early  excellence  are  never 
fuperfiuous,  and  from  this  example  the  danger  is  not  great  of 
many  imitations.  When  he  had  refided  at  his  college  three 
years,  he  was  prefented  to  the  reftory  of  Pimpern  in  Dorfet(hire, 
1722,  by  his  relation,  Mr.  Pitt  of  Stratfeildfea  in  Hamplhire; 
and,  refigning  his  fellowlhip,  continued  at  Oxford  two  years 
longer,  till  he  became  M.A.  1724.  He  probably  about  this 
time  tranflated  "  Vida's  Art  of  Poetry,"  wjbich  Triftram's  ele- 
gant edition  had  then  made  popular.  In  this  tranflation  he  dif- 
tinguilhed  himfelf,  both  by  the  general  elegance  of  his  ftyle,  and 
by  the  fkilful  adaptation  of  his  numbers  to  the  images  exprefled ; 
a  beauty  which  Vida  has  with  great  ardour  enforced  and  exem- 
plified. He  then  retired  to  his  living,  a  place  very  pleafing  by 
its  fituation,  and  therefore  likely  to  excite  the  imagination  of  a 
poet ;  where  he  paffed  the  reft  of  his  life,  reverenced  for  his 
virtue,  and  beloved  for  the  foftnefs  of  his  temper,  and  tbeeafineis  • 
of  his  manners.  Before  ftrangers  he  had  fomething  of  the 
fcholar's  timidity  and  diffidence ;  but,  when  he  became  familiar, 
he  was  in  a  very  high  degree  chearful  and  entertaining.  His 
general  benevolence  procured  general  refpeft ;  and  he  paffed  a 
life  placid  and  honourable,  neither  too  great  for  the  kindnefs  of 
the  low,  nor  too  low  for  the  notice  of  the  great.  At  what 
time  he  compofed  his  "  Mifcellany,"  publifhed  in  1727,  it  is  not 
cafy  nor  neceflary  to  know:  thofe  poems  which  have  dates  appear 
to  have  been  very  early  produdions.  The  fuccefs  of  his  **  Vida" 
animated  him  to  a  higher  undertaking ;  and  in  his  thirtieth  year 
he  publifhed  a  verfion  of  the  firft  book  of  the  iEneid.  This 
being  commended  by  his  friends,  he  fometime  afterwards  added 
three  or  four  more ;  with  an  advertifemeiit  in  which  he  repre- 

[' J  Taken  principally  from  Dr.  Johnfon* 

fents 


jt54  PITT. 

fents  htrnfelf  as  Iranflatmg  "witfa  great  indiflferetsee,  zwi  vri^  a 
progrefs  of  which  himfelf  was  hardly  confcious.  At  lad,  wttli* 
aai  any  further  contention  with  his  modefty,  or  any  awe  of  the 
name  of  Dryden,  he  gave  a  complete  Engliih  ^^  jEneid^'*  which 
we  advife  oiir  readers  to  perufe  with  that  of  Dryden.     It  will  be 

£  leafing  to  have  an  opportunity  of  comparing  the  two  beft  tranf- 
itions  that  perhaps  were  ever  produced  by  one  nation  of  the  fanae 
author.  Pitt,  engaging  as  a  rival  with  Dryden^  naturally  ob- 
ferved  his  failures  and  avoided  then) ;  and,  as  he  wrote  after 
Pope's  Iliad,  he  had  an  example  of  an  exa^,  equabt^,  and  Tplsn* 
did  verfification.  With  thefe  advantages,  feconded  by  great 
diligence,  he  might  fuccefsfuHy  labour  particular  paiTages^  and 
efcape  many  errors.  If  the  two  verfions  are  compared,  perhaps 
the  refult  will  be,  that  Dryden  leads  the  reader  forward  by  his 
general  vigour  and  fprightlinefs,  and  Pitt  often  ftops  him  to  con* 
templaite  the  excellence  of  a  ftngl^  couplet ;  th^t  Dryden 's  faults 
are  forgotten  in  the  hurry  of  delight,  and  that  Pitt's  beauties  ar^ 
neglei^ed  in  the  languor  of  a  cold  and  liillefs  perufal ;  that  Pitt 
pleafes  the  critics,  and  Dryden  the  people ;  that  Pitt  is  quoted, 
and  Dryden  read.  He  did  not  long  enjoy  the  reputation  which 
this  great  work  defervedly  conferred ;  for  he  left  the  worid  ia 
1748,  and  lies  buried  under  a  (lone  at  Blandford,  witb  an  in- 
fcription,  which  celebrates  his  candour,  and  primitive  fimplicity 
of  manners ;  and  fays  that  he  lived  innocent,  and  died  beloved ; ' 
an  encomium  neither  flight  nor  common,  though  modeftiy  ex- 
preiTed. 

PITT  (William),  earl  of  Chatham,  one  of  the  moft  illuf. 
trious  ftatefmen  whom  this  country  has  produced,  was  the  fos 
of  Robert  Pitt,  efq.  of  Boconnock  in  Cornwall^,  and  grandfon  of 
Thomas  Pitt,  governor  of  Madras,  Who  was  purchafer  of  the  cele- 
brated  diamorid,  afterwards  called  the  regent  [qJ.  The  family 
n^as  originally  of  Dorfetihire  [  r]»  where  it  had  been  long  and 
refpeQably  eftabliflied.  William  Pitt  was  born  Nov.  15, 1708, 
and  educated  at  Eton ;  whence  in  January,  1726,  he  went  as  a 
gentleman-commoner  to  Trinity  college,  Oxford.  It  has  been 
&id  that  he  was  not  devoid  of  poetical  talieats,  of  which  a  few 
fpecimens  have  been  produced;  but  they  do  not  amount  to  much, 
and  of  his  Latin  verfes  on  the  death  of  George  the  Firft  £s],  it 
is  natural  to  fufpeft  that  the  whole  merit  was  not  bis  own. 
When  he  quilted  the  univerfity,  Pitt  was  for  a  time  in  the  mili- 

[<^]  It  was  fo  called  becAufe  purcWed  tngal  ux  174$,  weighed  1680  c»rats  uyl  ),t 

for  Louis  XV;  in  his  mioority,  by  tke  and    wa^   valued  at  ^24,000,000!.  fier- 

duke  of  Orleans,  then  regent  of  France,  ling. 

It  weighed  127  carats,  and  was  fold  to  tke         [it]  Hutchins's  ]>orietflure,  voU  i.  p» 

-regent  in  17 1 7,  for  135,000  toeing  Tup-  54-        . 

pofed  to  be  the  largeft  that  had  then  been         [s]  [They  were  printed  in  the  Ewopeaa 

brought  to  Europe.     Abtazi)  diaqjpnd,  of  Magazine  for  3eptg;nber,  179I}  p.  167. 
inferior  water,  brought  to  the  kingxyf  Por-  •    . 

taiy 


pit;!';  2SS 

tary  line  and  ferved  as  a  cornet,  but  his  talents  leading  him  more 
decifively  to  another  field  of  adioo,  he  quitted  the  life  of  a 
foldier  for  that  of  a  ftatefman,  and  became  a  member  of  parlia^ 
ment  for  the  borough  of  Old  Sarum,  in  February,  i735*  In 
this  (ituation  his  abilities  were  foon  diflinguifbed,  and  Jie  fpoke 
with  great  eloquence  againft  the  Spaniih  convention  in  1738. 
It  waspn  the  occafion  of  the  bill  for  regiftring  feamen  in  {74O9 
which  he  oppofed  as  arbitrary  and  unjuftifiable,  that  he  made 
his  celebrated  'reply  to  Mr.  Horatio  Walpole,  who  had  attacked 
him  on  account  of  his  youth  ^though  then  thirty-two),  adding  that 
the  difcovery  of  tr^th  is  little  promoted  b]^  pompous  di&ion  and 
theatrical  emotion.  Mr.  Pitt  setorted^  witn  great  fevtrity,  **  I 
will  not  undertake  to  determine  whether  youth  can  jufily  be 
imputed  to  any  man  as  a  reproach,  but  I  will  affirm  that  the. 
wietch  whey  ^fter  baying  fcen  the  confequences  of  repeated 
jerjojrs,  continues  dill  to  blunder,  and  whofe  age  has  only  added 
^bftinacy  to  fiupidity,  is  furely  the  obJe£l  of  either  abhorrence 
pr  contemptt  and  deferves  aot  that  his  grey  head  fhould  fecure 
him  ixom  infults.  Much  more  is  he  to  be  abhorred,  who,  9fi 
.he  has  advanced  in  age,  has  receded  from  virtue,  and  become 
more  wicked  with  lets  temptation ;  who  proftitutes  himfelf  for 
money  which  he  pannot  enjoy ;  and  fpends  the  remains  of  his 
.life  in  the  ruin  of  his  country." 

Though  he  held  no  place  immediately  from  the  crown,  Mr* 
JPitt  bad  for  fonse  time  enjoved  that  of  groom  of  the  bed-chamber 
tp  Frederick  prince  of  Wales,  but  refigned  it  in  1745 ;  and 
f  ontinuitig  fteady  in  his  oppofition  to  the  meafures  of  the  minif.* 
try,  experienced  about  the  fame  time  that  fortune;,  which  mor^ 
than  once  attended  him,  of  liavu\g  his  public  fervices  repaid  by 
private  zeal.  The  dowager  dutchefs  of  Marlborough  left  hii^i 
hy  will  10,000 1.  exprefsly  for  defending  the  laws  of  his  coujitry^ 
juxd  endeavouring  to  prevent  its  rjuin.  It  was  thought  fooo 
^fi^r  an  object  of  importance  to  ob]taln  his  co-operation  with 

fpvjemment,  and  in  1746  he  was  made  joint  vice-treafurer  of 
reland  ^  and  in  the  fame  year  treafurer,  and  pay-mafler>generai: 
pf  the  army,  and  a  privy  counfellor.  In  17559  thinking  it 
neceffiry  to  make  a  ftrong  oppofition  tp  the  continental  connec*- 
tions  then  formed  by  the  miniftry^  he  refigned  his  places,  and 
remained  for  feme  time  out  of  office.  But  m  December,  1756, 
he  was  called  tp  .a  higher  fituation,  being  appointed  fecretary  of 
ftate  for  the  fouthern  department.  In  this  high  office  he  was 
more  fuccefeful  in  obtaining  the  confidence  of  the  public,  thaa 
liiat  of  the  king,  fome  of  whofe  wifbes.he  thought  himfelf  bound 
to  .oppofe.  In  confequence  of  thi^s  he  was  foon  removed,  with 
•Mr.  i/egge,  and  fome  others  of  his  friends.  The  nation,  how- 
ever, was  not  difpofed  to  be  deprived  of  the  fervices  of  Mr.  Pitt. 
The  ipoft  exalted  idea  oif  him  h^fl.heantakan  up  throughout  the 
.4  kingdom. 


kingdom :  not  only  of  his  abilities^  which  were  evinced  by  his 
confummate  eloquence,  but  of  his  exalted,  judicious,  and  dfifin- 
tcrcfted  patriotifm.  This  general  opinion  of  him,  and  in  fome 
degree  of  his  colleagues,  was  fo  ftrongly  exprefled,  not  merely  by 
perfonal  honours  conferred  on  them,  but  by  addreflcs  to  the 
throne  in  their  favour,  that  the  fcin^  thought  it  prudent  to  reftore 
them  to  their  employments.  On  June  29,  1757,  Mr.  Pitt  was 
again  made  fecretary  of  ftatc,  Mr.  Legge  chancellor  of  the  ex- 
chequer, with  other  arrangements  according  to  their  wilhcs. 
Mr.  Pitt  was  now  confidered  as  pria:e  minifter,  and  to  the  ex- 
traordinary ability  of  his  meafures,  and  tht  vigour  of  his  whole 
adminiftration,  is  attributed  the  great  change  which  quickly 
appeared  in  theftate  of  public  affairs.  It  was  completely  Ibewn 
bow  much  the  fpirit  of  one  man  may  animate  a  whole  nation. 
The  aftivity  of  the  minifter  pervaded  every  department.  His 
plans,  which  were  ably  conceived,  were  executed  with  the 
utmoft  promptitude  ;  and  the'  depreflion  which  had  arifen  from 
torpor  and  ill  fuccefs,  was  followed  by  exertion,  triumph,  and  • 
confidence.  The  whole  fortune  of  the  war  was  changed ;  in 
every  quarter  of  the  world  we  were  triumphant ;  the  boldeft 
attempts  were  made  by  fea  and  land,  and  aimoft  every  attempt 
was  fortunate.  In  America  the  French  loft  Quebec,  in  Africa 
their  principal  fettlements  fell,  in  the  Eaft- Indies  their  power 
was  abridged,  and  in  Europe  their  armies  defeated  ;  while  their 
navy,  their  commerce,  and  their  finances  were  little  lefs  than 
mined.  Amidft  this  career  of  fuccefs  king  George  II.  died, 
Off.  25,  1760.  His  prefent  majefty  afcended  the  throne  at  a 
time  when  the  policy  of  the  French  court  had  juft  fucceeded  in 
obtaining  the  co-operation  of  Spain.  The  family  compaft 
had  been  fccretly  concluded  ;  and  the  Englifh  minifter,  indubi<i» 
tably  informed  of  the  hoftile  intentions  of  Spain,  with  his  ufual' 
vigour  oY  mind,  had  determined  on  ftriking  the  firft  blow,  before 
the  intended  enemy  ihonid  be  fully  prepared  for  adtion.  He 
propofed  in  the  privy  council  an  immediate  declaration  of  war 
againft  Spain,  urging  with  great  energy,  that  this  was  the 
favourable  moment,  perhaps  never  to  be  regained,  for  humbling 
the  whole  houfe  of  Bourbon.  In  this  meafure  he  was  not  fup^ 
ported,  and  the  nation  attributed  the  oppofition  he  encountered^ 
to  the  growing  influence  of  the  earl  of  Bute.  Mr.  Pitt,  of  much 
too  high  a  fpirit  to  remain  as  the  nominal  head  of  a  cabinet, 
which  he  was  no  longer  able  to  direft,  refigned  his  places  on 
the  5th  of  Oftober,  1761 ;  when  as  fome  reward  for  his  eminent 
fer\^ices,  his  wife  was  created  baronefs  of.  Chatham  in  her  own 
right,  and  a  penfion  of  three  thoufand  pounds  was  fettled  on  the 
lives  of  himfelf,  his  lady,  and  his  eldeft  fon. 

No  fallen  minifter  ever  carried  with  him  more  completely  the 
confidence  and  regret  of  the  natioHi  over  whofe  councils  he  had 

prefidedt 


PITT,  »57 

.prefided:  talut  the  is:ing  w^s.alfo  popular  at  thbtiine'y  zhd;  the 
war  being  continued  by  his  new  minifters  with  vigour  an4 
fucccfs,  no  difcontent  appeared  till  ilfter  the  concluGon  of  peaces 
Our  triuRiphs  in  the  Weft  Indies  ovci:  both  f  ranee,  and  Spaif^, 
had  particularly  elated  the  fpirits  of  th^  peoplej  and  it  was  con- 
ceived that  we  ought  either  to  didate  a  peace  as  cpjiquerors,  or 
pontinue  the  war  till  our  adverfaries  Ihould  be  ipore  effedually 
)ii4mbled.  With  thefe  ideas,  wl^n  the  preliminaries  for  peacQ 
were  difeuffed  in  parliament,  Mr,  Pitt,  though  he  had  been  for 
forac  time  confined  by  a  fevere  fit  of  the  gout,  went  down  to  the 
jio^fe  gf  commons,  and  fpoke  for  nearly  three  houri^  in  the 
del?ate.  H[e  gave  his  opiqion  diftinftl y  upon  almoft  every  article 
in  the  treaty,  and  upon  the  whple^  maintained  that  it  was  inside- 

Juate  to  the  conque/is^  and  juft  cxpedations  of  the  kingdom, 
^eace  was  however  concluded  on  the  loth  of  February^  I7^3» 
and  Mr.  Pitt  continued  unemployed-  He  h^d  the  magnanimity 
m\  to  enter  into  that  pettilant  and  undifcriminatiug  pl^t  of  oppofi- 
tioni  which  h^^  fo  ifriBiquently  difgraced  the  ill-judsing  caqdidate^ 
for  power ;  l^ut  n^^intained  bis  popularity  in  djgi)ine4  retireuf^ent, 
^^d  c^rpe  forward  bn^y  when  great  occafipns  appeared  to  demand  hi$ 
interference,  Qne  pt  thefe  was  the  important  quefUoh  of  genera^ 
warrants  \ti  1764^  the  illegality  of  which  he  maintained  with  al| 
the  energy  q{  his  geniii^  ai^d  eloquence.  A  fearch  or  feiziire  of 
papers,  without  a  Tpecific  charge  alle^^d^  Would  be,  as  he  juftly 
CQQtep^ed,  repugnafxt  to  every  principle  of  lihe^ty.  The  moil 
innocent  mat>  coulcj  not  be  fectire,  *^  3ut  by  the  3ritiib  coui 
fti^^Upn/*  he  (?pi]ffinupd,  "  every  loan's  hpufe  is  hi§  caflle.  Noj 
that  it  ij5  furf(^nde(i  with  walls  and  battlements.  It  Pf^ay  b^  4 
^faWfbijUt  fhcdi  |)very  wind  of  heayen  tr^ay  whiftle  r9und  it. 
All  the  elem^nt^  of  nati^re  ca^y  enter  in.  But  the  king  ^aiinot  i 
th/B  king  dare  not," 

Wheti  th^  4|fcppteiit^  in  America  began  to  apipcar^  pp  thf 
occafipn  pf  the  ftamp  a(^,-  Mr.  Pitt  again  found  a  fubje^  for  hi^ 
exertipris,  Thj?  repeal  of  that  2i&.  being  propofed  in  I^arch^ 
tl^9  py  the  new  minift^y  of  the  Rockingham  party,  Nfn  ritt^ 
th(M|ffh  not  conneded  with  then]i,  very  forcibly  fupported  th^ 
ineatvire,  which  was  carried  $  whether  wifcjy,  or  fortunately,  i^ 
ftili  a  .matter  of  difoute.  About  this  time  died  fir  Willtanji 
Pynfrnt,  af  Biifton  Pynfent  in  Spmerfetihirc,  a  man  of  confix 
dfir^ble  property,  who^  through  mere  a^fltlmtion  of  Mr.  Pitt  iti 
\ih  ptiblic  char;iiL&er,  difinherited  lus  awn  relations/ and  made  hiai 
Vir  tb  the  bulk  of  his  eftate.  It  wds  certaunly  a  remarkably 
l>roof  of  the  ycrjr  uncommon  eftimation  in  which  this  ft^tefman 
iivgs  held,  th^t  ^  cir^umfiance  of  this  nature  fliould  have  hap-» 
P^ed  to  him  at  two  different  periods  of  his  life. 

The  {Iqckingh^Q^  minidry  proved  unable  to  notiotain  itf 
Irpupd^  a  pew  i|^mi;uf}ratioii  was  formed^  and  Mr.  l^iit^  ia 

V9J..XII;  S     '  1766^ 


^S<  PIT    Te 

1766,  was  made  lofd  privy  feal.  At  the  fame  time  he  was- 
created  a  peer,  by  the  titles  of  vifcount  Pitt,  of  Burton  Pynfertt, 
in  the  county  of  Somerfet,  and  earl  of  Chatham,  in  the  county 
of  Kent.  Whatever  might  be  his  motives  for  accepting  this 
elevation,  he  certainly  funk  by  it  in  popularity,  at  leaft  as  much 
as  he  rofe  in  nominal  dignity.  The  great  commoner,  as  he  was 
fometimes  ftyled,  had  formed  a  rank  to  himfelf,  on  the  fole  bafis 
o£  his  talents  and  exertions,  for  which  the  titular  honours,  which 
he  was  now  to  participate  with  many  others,  could  not  irr  the 
public  opinion  compenfate.  Still  it  muft  be  owned  that  the 
nigh  and  hereditary  diftinftion  of  the  peerage,  is  a  juft  and 
honourable  obje£l  of  ambition  to  a  Britifli  commoner ;  which, 
if  he  attains  it,  as  Mr.  Pitt  appears  to  have  done,  without  any 
improper  conceffion  or  ftipulation,  may  be  confidered  as  the  fair 
reward  of  paft  fervrces,  and  the  moft  permanent  monument  of 
public  gratitude.  Lord  Chatham,  whatever  might  be  the  canfe, 
did  not  long  continue  in  office ;  he  refigned  the  place  of  lord 
privy  feal  on  the  2d  of  November,  1768,  and  it  was  the  laft 
public  employment  which  he  ever  accepted.  He  does  itot  indeed 
appear  to  have  been  defirous  of  returning  to  office.  He  was  noWf 
fixty,  and  the  gout,  by  which  he  had  been  long  afflided,  had 
become  too  frequent  and  violent  in  its  attacks,  to  allow  of  clofe 
or  regular  application  to  bufinefs.  In  the  intervals  of  his  diforder 
he  continued  occafionatly  to  exert  himfelf,  on  queftions  of  great 
piagnitude,  and  was  particularly  ftrenuous  in  1775,  and. the 
cnfuing  years,  againft  the  meafures  ptirfucd  by  the  minifters  in 
the  conteft  with  Amerrca.  Neverthelefs,  in  all  things  he  main* 
tained  his  native  fpirit.  When  France  began  to  interfere  in  the 
contefty  he  fired  with  indignation  at  the  infult ;  and  when,  in 
1778,  it  was  thought  neceffery,  after  the  repeated  misfortunes 
of  the  war,  to  acknowledge  the  independence  of  America,  he 
fummoned  tip  aH  the  ftrength  that  remained  within  him^  to  pour 
but  his  difapprobation  of  a  meafure  fo  inglorious.  He  did  fo 
in  a  fpcech  of  confrderable  energy,  and  being  anfwered  in  the 
courfe  of  the  debate  by  the  duke  of  Richmond,  feemed  ^itated 
with  a  dcfire  to  reply  :  but  when  he  attempted  to  rife,  the  effijrt 
proved  too  violent  far  his  debilitated  confti  tut  ion,  and  he  funk, 
irr  a  kind  of  fit,  into  the  arrns  of  thofe  who  were  near  him.  This 
Extraordinary  fcene  of  a  great  ftatefman,  almoft  dying  in  the  laft 
exertinn  of  his  talents,  bias  beeii  perpetuated  by  the  pencil,  and 
^vill  live  for  ever  in  the  memory  of  his  coimtrymen.  He  did  not 
long  forvi\'e  this  effort.  This  debate  happened  on  the  8th  cf 
April,  1778,  and  he  died  on  the  i  ith  of  May  enfuing. 

^.  All  parties  appeared  now  to  contend  to  do  hdiotir  to  his  me* 
Hiory :  a  public  funeral,  and  a  monument  in  Weftminfter  abbey » 
at  the  national  ex  pence,  were  immediately  voted  by  parliament, 
andhis  majeily  was  addrefled  to  fettle,  upon  his  family  "  fuch  a 
*     .-  lafling 


PIT  f:  is^ 

laftlng  provifion  is  he  in  his  wifdorfi  and  liberality  (hbuTd  thinlfc 
fitj  as  a  mark  of  the  fehfe  the  nation  entertains  of  th^  fcfvicei 
done  to  this  kingdoiti  by  th;«t  able  ftatcfman."  A  penfion  of 
4ocol.  a  year  was  accordingly  appointed  by  his  majefty,  otit 
of  the  civil  lift  revenue,^  and  cohfirmed  in  perpetuity  by  par- 
liamenty  tb  the  heirs  of  the  earl  c(f  Chatharti^  to  whom  the  title 
ihould  detcehd.  The  monurrient  raifed  to  his  memory  is  highly 
ivorthy  of  the  occafion,  being  perhaps  the  nobleft  c?fFort  of  Britifh 
ftiilpture;  His  figure  appeals  upon  It,  at  full  length,  in  his  par- 
liamentary robes;  and  ih  the  attitude  of  fpeaking;  the  accompa- 
niments are  grand  and  appropriate^  and  the  infcription  has  a 
fimple  dignity,  much  more  impfeflive  than  any  pomp  of  words* 
announcing  merely  that  the  king  and  parliament  hate  paid  this 
tfibiite  to  his  merits. 

The  principal  outlined  ot  lord  C!hatham*scharaSer,  fagacity, 
promptiliide,  and  enetgy,  will  be  perceived  in  the  foregoing 
narrative.  The  peculiar  powers  of  his  etoqlience  have  been  cha- 
raderized  iince  his  death  in  language  which  will  convey  a  forci- 
ble idea  of  it  to  every  reader.*  "  They  who  ha^e'been  witnefles 
td  the  wotiders  6f  his  eloquence^  who  hate  Hftened  to  the  mufic 
of  his  voice,  or  t^^embled  at  its  majefty ;  who  hav^  feen  the  per- 
fuafive  gracefulnefs  of  his  adlion,  or  have  felt  its  force ;  they 
Vi^io  have  caught  the  flame  df  eldquehce  from  his  eye;  who  have 
rejoiced  in  the  glories  of  his  countenance,  or  ftirunk  from  hi^ 
frowns,  will  remember*  the  refiftlefs  power  wiih'  which  he  ini- 
prefled  cohviftion.  Btit  to  thofe  -who  have  htvet  feen  dr  hear4 
this  actomplifhed  orator,  the  utmoft  effort  of  tmag?hati6rt  wifl 
be  neceffary,  to  form  ^j"ft  i^ea  of  that  combination  of  excel- 
lence; which  gave  perfeAion  to  his  eloquence^  His  elevated 
afpeft,  commanding  the  awe  ^nd  mute  attention  of  all  whd 
beheld  him^  while  a  certain  grace  irt  his  manner,  aridng  from  a 
Confcioufneft  of  the  dignity  of  his  fituation^  of  the  folemn  fcene 
in  which  he  afted,  as  well  as  of  his  own  exalted  chara6^6i*^ 
feemed  to  acknowledge  aftd  repay  the  refpeft  which  he  deceived. 
*— This  extraordinary  perfonal  dignity,  fupported  oh  the  bafis  6f^ 
hi^  well-earned  fame,  at  once  acquired  to  his  opinions  an  aflerit, 
tvhich  is  flowly  given  to  the  arguments  of  other  men.  Hi$ 
kflertions  rofe  into  proof,  his  fofefight  became  prophecy .-»^No 
due  was  neceflary  to  the  labyrinth  iHumin^ted  by  his  gcniuS: 
Truth  came  forth  at  his  l^idding,  atid  realized  the  vvilh  of  the 
f)hilofopher :  (he  was  feen  and  beloved."— We  have  ottiitted 
fome  parts  of  this  fpirite<j[  charafter  becaufe  not  wrilteti  with 
equal  judgeinem :  but  the  refult  of  the  whole  is,  that  while  he 
fought  Ivith  ihdefatigable  diligence  the  beft  and  pureft  fotirces  of 
political  information,  he  had  a  mind  which  threw  new  lights 
iipon  every  topic,  and  directed  him  with  more  certainty  than  any 
itivexititious  aid.    Antjhcr  accoimt  of  bis  extraordinary  powers^ 

Sz  m9t9 


«6o  PITT.. 

move  cenci-fe,  but  dravvn  vfUh  wonderful  fpiiU^is  attjdbuted  f^ 

khe  pen  of  Mr.  Wilkes.    **  He  was  bom  ao  oratorr  ^nd  from 

nature  poflofled  €very  outi/vard  requifitc  to  befpeak  refpecS,  an^ 

^en  awe.    A  vianly  figure,  with  the  eagle  eye  of  the  famous 

Coodi^  fixed  your  attention,  and  alnsoft  commanded  reverence 

the  moment  hie  ?ppeajred ;  and  the  keen  Ughtntngs  of  bh  cy^ 

ijpoke  the  high  fpirtt  of  his  foul,  before  his  lips  had  pronounced 

9  fyllabte.    There  was  a  kind  of  fafcination  in  his  look  when  hp 

,eyed  any  one  aikajnce*    Nothing  coutd  whhAand  the  force  of 

that  contagiott.    The  fluent  Imrray  has  faultered,  and  ^vjtm 

fox  (aftefwaids  lord  Holland)  .flirunk  back  ajppalled,  from  ait 

a^e^fitiy,  <^  frai^ht  with  fire  unqoenchablep'^  if  I  may  borxow 

die  expidtion  of  our  gre^it  Milton.    He  hw  not  the  corrednefe 

of  language  fo  (Irfking  in  the  great  Roman  orator  (we  may  adc^ 

and  in  his  fon],  but  he  had  the  verki  arikntta,  the  bold  glowing 

words."— Lord  Cbetlerfietd  has  given  a  more  general  pi^ure  Df 

his  charader,  in  the  fotfowij;ig  words*    f^  Mr.  Pitt  owed  .hi$ 

rife  to  the  moil  confideiable  pofll  and  power  ifi  this  Jkingdoffi^^ 

.iingly  to  hi»  own  abilities.     In  him  Ihey  fuyplied  the  yi^t  ctf 

birth  andfortime^  which  latler^  in  others  loo  o&em  i^f^ly  ikp 

want  of  the  former.    He  was  a  younger  brotherf  of  a  ^se^y  Hew 

family  [t],  and  his  fortune  was  only  an  annuity  of  one  hundred 

pounds  a  year.    Thp  army  was  his  ori^nal  ctefiiqation^  and  a 

cornetcy  of  horfe  his  iirft  and  only  commii&on,  in  it.    Thus 

onaiiifted  by  favour  or  fortynciy  be  had  no  powerful  {iiptei9k>r  19 

mtrqduce  btm  into  bufinefs,  and  (if  1  OKiy  u(^  tba^  fqifHre^iQii) 

to  do  the  JiQAours  of  his  fmu^  but  their  own  ^rengtb  was/uUy 

iufficient.    His  conftitution  refofed  him  the  ujtial  pleafime^  .anil 

iiisKenius  forbid  h'm  the  idle  di^if^ations  of  yo^ath ;  for.fo  pa^lf 

;as  at  the  iqge  of  fixteen  he  wa^  the  oiartyr  of  m  hereditary  £puu 

fHc  ibeidbre  employed  the  leirui:e,  which  ,tfaat  tedious  and  ;paioi- 

iiil  difteamr  ^either  procured  or  allowed  hx0f  jn  acf}ui;ting  ^ 

jgveat  fodd  of  f^eauuture  and  useful  knowlec^je.    Tt^iis  |>¥  ijoii 

vmaccountaiile  relation  of  caufes  and  eSeds>  what  fj^ieiped  thie 

igreateft  naisforlune  of  his  life^  was  perhaps  theprincif^  caufe  of 

its  fptqmkrar.    Ilis  pr^vaite  life  w^  ftained  by  no  vice,  nor  fill- 

JkA  by  any  aieamiefs.    All  |iis  fe^Un^nts  were  literal  amt 

elewttod.     His  Jiajing  raffiop   was  an  /unbojiinded  ambil^oo, 

>viiich^  when  Ibpported  by  great  abilities,  ?ini  .crowjied  with 

^reat  (iiccefs,  snakes  what  the  VjfOM  calls  a'giifHU  man. .  Hf  Wfis 

(tumi^ty^imjperipnsy  in-patient  of  contra^i^ll?n>  and.overbe^ing,;., 

4|uaiilj»  wbjch  too  often  accompany,  M>t  always  clpg^pftat  onef^ 

.He  l^  manners  a^  addre^  but  one  mr^^t  difeQ^er  thproi^ 

4bem  t<^  great  a  ^eonfcbufoefs  of  his  own  uipeiior  talent^*    He 

^.was  a  molt  agreeaUe  a^  lively  companifm  in  iccial  lifeji  and  bad' 

'   *     It)  TbU  ii  pr^^My  t# ^t  vndcr^^ .©ply  V.WF.Jn  jfo^Bf  pfetlt^ntf.  . 
: :.  1  .  t.  fuck 


PtZARRO.  i^f 

Ibcfi  z  vcrfatSity  of  wit,  that  he  would  adapt! H  to  aUTorts  o^f 
xjonverfetion,  .  He  hdd  alfo  a  moft  happy  turn  to  poetry,'  but'Kii 
(tUom  indtrlged,  and  feldom  avowed  it.  He  came  young  inter 
parliament,*  and  upon  rtiat  theatre  he  foon  equalled  the  oldelf 
arid  the  ableft  aftors.  His  eloquence  was  of  every  kind,  and  hef 
ttcelled  in  the  argumentative,  as  weH  as  in  the  declamatory  way.' 
But  his  inveftives  were  teftiblc,  and  uttered  with  fuch  energy  of 
di&wrxy  and  fnch  dignity  of  aftion  and  coiintenance,  that  h€f 
intimidated  ihofe  who  were  the  moft  willing  and  beft  able  t* 
*tcounter  him.  llieir  arms  fell  out  of  their  hand&,  and  thejr 
(brunk  under  the  afcendauf  which  his  genius  gained  over 
theirs  ['^.■'  As  a  proof  of  this  wonderful  power,  it  is  relarcil 
that  fir  Robert  Walpole  fcarcdy  heard  the  found  of  his  voice  irf 
rhe  houle  of  commons,  when  he  was  alarmed  and  thurtderftruck. 
He,told  his  friends,  that  he  would  be  gted'  at  Any  rate,  *•  to 
tnuzzle'  that  terrible  cornet  of  horfe.'-  That  minifter  woul4 
have  promoted  his  rife  in  the  army,  if  he  would  have  given  up 
his  feat  in  the  hoilfe. 

PiTTACUS,  one  of  the  feven  fages  of  Greece,  of  whoiti 
fome  fayings  are  preferved,  but  not  many  particulars  of  his  lifeJ 
He  Was  bom  at  Mitylene  in  the  ifland  of  Le(bos,  about  649 
years  before  the  ChriSian  asra.  By  his  valour  and  abilities  hcS 
obtained  the  fovereignty  of  his  native  city,  which  be  employedf 
6nly  to  lead  t\\e  people  to  happinefs^  bv  giving  them  the  bell 
laws  he  cmdd  deVife.  Having  foUiUed  this  talk,  and  ptit  bis 
iaws  into  verfe,  according  to  the*  fafliion  of  jthe  times,  tnat  the/ 
Slight  be  ittofQ  eafily  remembeitd^  hetefigned  his  authority,  and 
teturned.  to  a  private  life.  His  fellow-citisens  would  hav0 
rewarded  hid  benefits  by  a  Isirge  donation  of  land,  but  he  poii« 
tivdy  tefufed  to  accept  more  than  a  circular  portion,  taking  thd 
eaft  of  his  javelin  from  the  centre  every  way,  as  the  meafure  of 
its  circumference.  "  It  is  better,"  he  faid,  "  to  convince  my 
Country  that  I  am  fincerely  difmterefted,  tban  to  poflbfs  great 
riches."  The  particular  maxim  recorded  a$  peculiar  to  him  i% 
liriih  iyaiy  ne  quid  nimis;  but  he  left  alfo  feveral  other  lay- 
ings, which  were  preferved  as  proofs  of  his  wifdom:  among  the 
reft,  "  He  who  knows  not  how  to  be  filent,  knowt  not  how 
to  foeak.'*    He  died  about  the  year  579,  at  the  age  of  70. 

rlZARRO  (Francis),  the  conqueror  of  Peru,  celebmici 
father  for  his  abilities  than  for  his  virtues,  his  glory  being  tar«« 
nifhed  by  the  cruelties  which  he  praAifed  towanls  thofe  whom 
he  had  conquered.  He  was  the  illegitimate  fon  of  a  genttemin^ 
by  a  very  low  woman  [xl,  and  apparently  defined  by  bis  unge<K 
fierous  parent  not  to  rife  above  the  condition  of  bis  mctter, 

f  ^1  Sec  his  Uft  in  two  vob.  410.  vol.  it  p.  iSb, 

[xj  ll4!bert^*sA«Kti«i,  v«l.ii.  p.  249.  « 

S  3  htlt% 


%^:i  I^IEARRO. 

being  |»ut  to  tile  mean  employment  of  keeping  hogs^    The 

fenius;  of  young  Pizarro  difdatned  this  low  occupation.  He  en- 
ded as  a  foldier,  fenred  fome  time  in  Italy,  and  then  embarke4 
for  Amejrica,  which  offered  at  {hat  period  a  ftropg  allurement  to 
V  <vcry  aflive  adventwrcr.  Diftfnguiflied  by  his  utter  difdain  of 
every  hardfliip  and  danger^  he  was  foon  regarded,  though  fo 
illiterate  that  he  was  unable  to  read,  as  a  man  formed  for  com? 
inand ;  and  being  fettled  in  l^anama,  where  the  SpaniOi  emi- 
grants had  found* their  fanguine  expeftations  wholly  difappointed, 
5e  united  in  1524,  with  I)iego  de  Ajmagro,  another  military 
adventurer,  and  Hernando  Lucque,  a  prieft,  to  profepute  difcq- 
teries  tq  the  eaftward  of  that  fettlement^  This  attempt  had  frer 
guently  been  made,  but  had  failed  through  the  inat|ility  of  the 
perfons  concerned  in  it;  it  had  now  fallen  into  fuch  hands  a$ 
yvetc  calculated  to  make  it  fuccefsful,  and  their  confederacy  was 
fandlibned  by  the  governor  of  Panama.  The  enterprife  wa§ 
^egun  in  a  very  humble  manner*  Pizarro  fet  fail  with  a  lingla 
Velfel,  and,  from  univerfal  ignorance  of  the  climate,  at  the  very 
"Vvorft  feafon  of  the  year,  in  November;  when  the  periodical 
winds  were  precifely  againft  his  cpurfe.  He  had  no  fuccefs,  noi» 
^as  his  colleague  Almagro,  who  followed,  mofe  fortunate.  After 
undergoing  extreme  hardlhips,  and  obtaining  only  a  glimpfe  of 
a  better  country,  the  utmoft  they  could  do  >yas  to  eftabJifli 
themfelves  in  an  ifland  near  the  coaft.  Nothing  could  deter 
PizarfO  ffom  his  enterprife;  the  refufal  of  further  fanftion 
from  the  governor,  the  defertion  of  all  his  aflbciates,  except 
thirteen,  all  was  in  vain.  He  remained  with  his  fmall  band, 
till,  in  ipite  of  all  obftacles,  they  obtained  another  yeflel,  with 
fome  reinforcements.  They  fet  fail  again  in  1526,  an4  on  the 
twentieth  day  after  their  departure,  difcovered  the  fertile  coaft  of 
Peru.  They  were  yet  too  weak  to  attempt  ^he  invafiorj  of  an 
empire  fo  populous,  and  Pizarro  contented  himfelf  with  carry- 
ing back,  by  means  of  an  amicable  intercourfe,  fqch  fpecimen$ 
of  the  wealth  and  civilization  of  the  country  as  might  invite 
others  to  accede  to  the  enterprife.  Unable  to  bring  the  governof 
of  P^nam^  to  adopt  his  vjews,  he  returned  to  Spain,  and  ex* 
plaining  to  t^at  court  the  magnitude  of  the  objefl:,  ohtaiinecj 
every  grant  Qt  authofjty  be  could  with,  but  no  other  affiftance  j 
and,  being  Ipft  10  his  own  refoprces,  copld  haye  effe6led  nothing 
had  he  not  tjeeii  affifted  with  money  by  Cortez,  juft  then  returned 
Ifrom  Me5^ico.  It  was  February,  1 53 1,  before  he  and  his  aflb- 
ciates  were  sgajn  able  to  fail  frorii  Panama,  on  their  great  under- 
taking; and  then  their  whole  armament  confided  only  of  three 
fnjall  vefTels  ancf  180  foldiers^  thirty-fix  of  whom  were  horfe^ 
men.  When  they  landed  iri  reru,  as  they  had  the  imprudence 
to  attack  the  natives,  inft^d  of  conciliating  them,  they  were 
l^t  firft  expofed  to  famine,  and  feveral  other  calamities,    ^izarto, 

,  however 


PLACCIUS.  0S 

tjowcver.,  had  the  good  fortune  to  enter  Pern  when  the  force* 
of  the  empire  were  divided  by  an  obftinate  civil  war  between 
Huafcar[the  legitimate  monarch,  and  Atahualpa^  (commonly  called 
Atabalipa)  his  half  brother.  By  degrees  underitanding  the  ftate 
of  the  country,  Pizarro  engaged  to  be  the  ally  of  Atahualpa,  an3 
under  that  pretence  was  permitted  to  penetrate  urimolefted  to 
Caxati^lca,  twelve  days  journey  within  the.  country.  He  was 
received  pacifically  and  with  ftate,  ^s  the  amb^flador  of  a  great 
monarch ;  but,  perficlioufly  taking  advantage  of  the  unfufpefting 
good  faith  of  Atahualipa^  he  made  a  Hidden  attack,  and  took  hirtl 
prifoner.  The  exadlion  of  an  immenfe  ranfom,  the  diviiion  of 
which  ferved  to  invite  new  infvaders;  the  difgraceful  breach  cf 
faith  by  which  the  king  was  kept  a  prifoner  after  his  ranfom  wa« 
paixi  ;^nd  the  deteftable  murder  of  him,  a  Siort  time  after,  under 
the  infamous  mockery  of  a  trial;  with  the  infults  fuperadded  by. 
bigotry,  to  make  him  die  aChriftian,  without  being  aWe  to  com- 
prehend that  faith ;  all  contribute  to  accumulate  difgrace  upoa 
the  head  of  the  treacherous  and  unfeeling  conquercM'>  and  form 
fuch  odious  additions  to  the  reproach&d  fcenes  adted'  by  the 
Spaniards  in  Aniesrica,  as  nothing  can  palliate  or  obliterate* 
Pizarro,  fairoured  by  the  diftra£led  ftate  of  Peru>  which  now 
increafedy  though  Huafcar  had  been  put  to  death  by  order  of 
iiis  broth^  and  reinforced  by  more  foldiers  from  Spain,  pro« 
ceeded  ia  l^sconqu^s,  and  on  Jan.  i8^  ^5359  ^^^  the  founda^ 
ti6n  of /  Lima>  cailied  by  him  and  his*  countrymen  Ciudad  de  los 
Reyes.  In  1537  he  found  a  new  enemy  in  his  original  aflbciatc 
Almagro,  who  claiming  Cuzco,  the  ancient  capital  of  Peru,  as 
belonging  to  his  jurifdi£lion,  got  poifeilion  of  it.  This,  and 
other  advantages  gained  by  him,  at  once  diftreffed  and  roufed 
Pizarro.  They  came  to  an  engagement  in  1538,  in  which 
Almagro  was  defeated  and  taken  prifoner ;  and,  after  an  interval 
pf  confinement,  was  tried  and  executed.  This  was  the  lad  of  the 
fuccefles  of  Pizarro;  the  fon  and  friends  of  Almagro  confpircd 
ggainflhira,  and  on  June  26,  1541,  he  was  aflaffinated  by  them 
in  his  palace,  making  a  moft  refolute  defence,  well  worthy  of  hib 
long-tried  courage.  He  was  at  this  time  advanced  in  years, 
though  his  exa&  age  is  not  known.  The  glory  he  juftly 
acquired  by  military  talents,  cotirage  and  fagacity,  would  have 
placed  him  in  the  rank  of  heroes,  had  not  his  cbaraSer  been 
difgraced  by  the  indelible  ftains  of  perfidy  and  cruelty. 

PLACCIUS  (Vincent)^  aai- eminent  philologer  of  Ham- 
burgh, where  he  was  born  in  1642,  completed  his  ftudies  at 
Jiclmftadt  and  Leipfic,  and  iniproved  his  talents  by  travelling 
in  France  and  Italy.  When,  he  returned,  he  applied  himfelf  to 
the  bar,  and  afterwards  became  profeflbr  of  morals  and  eloouence, 
in  which  iituation  he  continued  tv^enty-four  vears^  He  was 
t)ploifed  by  hi^  pupils,  and  wh^a  he  died,  in  1099,  regretted  by 

S  4  his 


tH  l^LANTIN. 

lift  ebatifrvm^n  ift  geft^&l,  Who  hki  ddhH^red  khfi  zt  all 
6racU.  His  wtM-ks  are,  i.  "  A  Diftlonarv  of  anonyiiKnis  and 
^(fcudOhymouis  Authoiv^"  publifl^td  lA  1708,  in  tw6  wlh  fdlio, 
by  tliecare  of  FaMcius ;  a  <;utit)usWork>  hvit  abminding^fHth 
l^ults..  ft.  '«  De  jurifconrwlto  ferito  Liber,"  8vt),  1693. 
jk  *'  Carmiiu  juvenilia,"  tattid*  Amft.  i66jr.  4.  **  De  «Mft4 
esccerpendi,"  Hamburgh^  1689,  8voi  with  leveral  ot)l^,  all 
ffftimng,  and  abundantly  j^roviilkg,  hiis  taicints  and  erUdhfon. 
.  PjCACENTINUSfPitEH),  aGeittian  author,  wh«s  utwdcf 
idle  nim«  6f  Publiua  Pdrcius  P^rcellUb,  wjrott  tiK^  Latin  pd^ 
Entitled  **  Pugna  poTconiift,"  cenfifting  of  366  verfes,  ia  wW^b 
Ivery  wdrd  begins  with  a  P.  It  was  pubiiflied  fepatlit^Iy  at 
Antwerp)  in  x|^o,  and  is  in  the  Nugft  venaks,  &c\  He  Was 
s\ot  t)i«  firft  writer  who  had  almiftd  himfelf  by  thil^  idl^  fpecies 
ff  dili|»nc6f 

PLaCEITE  (JiAtf  9fi  ia),  ^  ProtcftAtit  mihift*r  of  ^iit 
eminence  Was  b6rn  at  Pontac  in  Bl^me,  16^9  ^  aijd  his  fiiUfern 
who  wa»  a  miaifteri  trained  hCm  with  th«  gi^^^M^  attcmtk^  aktid 
care,  fnrin  1660,  he  eitercifed  the  mlnUhy  in  Vm^  \  higtt. 
after  ti»  revocation  of  the  edid  of  Ntintl&  iA  t69 j>  II^  ietiTsd 
ta  Denisirk,  wh^r^  h^  c6iitinto«d  ttill  th^  d^ilth  df  Ih^  qiidto  in 
)7it :  forthatprincefs^appriftdof hi$|[t«dti)le|fit|tet>tmii^fie^ 
het.  F|t»A  Denmark  he  paOM  t6  nc^thAf  and  ii&«d  bMy^f 
^ft*  at  ^he  Hague ;  then  remoted  to  Vtr^hfi  Whef6litft^^4^ 
1718,  &ge  79v  He  was  the  a^^thor  of  mai^y  Works  U^n  tiMv 
Slid  mo^i^t  which  are  reckoned  Mcelleht  in  thblV  kind  |  M 
0f  fonve  of  the  jpplemic  kind,  againft  th^  chiif^  of  tiom^'' 

PLANTIN  (ChristophbrJ,  a  celebrated  pflhisH'j^waa  iM^ 
te^r  Tours  in  i^^J*  ^^^  bre^d  to^  An  art  whidi  }|eita|tiai  ththf^ 
higheft  degree  ot  perfedUon.  He  went  and  fettted  m  AlitWclrpi 
ind  there  erefted  a  prif^ing-oflice  ;  Whfch  waff  co^#te(M  ^ 
only  as  the  chief  ornament  of  the  towii)  but  a$  ohe  4(  the  tfto^ 
Extraordinary  edifices  in  Eutope.  A  gr^at  duiAb^r  ^  s4cteii| 
authors  were  printed  here:  and  thdb  aditions^  wure  Vitetd  Hoi 
9niy  for  the  beauty  of  the  chara<£tejr«|  but  ^Ifo  fdit  thii  t!6f¥dfi-* 
^fi  of  thte  text ;  with  regard  to  whkh  Planriii'  WaS  f©  -W^ 
ijtice)  that  he  procured  the  mo(V  learned  man  to  III  mmSktfiHof 
his  prefs.  He  acquired  itnmenft  riches  I9  his  pHo^ffiM^  i^MUd^ 
however  he^did  not  board  up,  but  fpetii  id<  aVbafll  <«iiMflftir« 
He  died  in  1598,  aged  65 ;  and  Itft  a  mcA  Im^Mji^lhd 
vatuible  iHmry  to  his  grandfon  BalAafar.  -  a^'>tt|i&it's 
Jugeiheni  dcs  Scavans,  *,  ^  •'•  # 

PLANUDES  (MAatiyus),a  6f«ak'm^rik^€mam#^^ 
who  lived  at  the  end  of  the  thifii  a»d  this  lN^tf1llif|  4it^^ 
fourth  ccfntury,  is  the  authb^  ef  a  <' j^ifeldtf  «lb^|llt  of 
aftach^ifms,  abfrnditle^^  and  falfehooiAsy^i4^«49^ 
which, .thou8^.>e  pubU&ed  \ism  (<»m»f^^i^^ 
\  '  pedcd 


J 


peSte^  to  be  hk  own.  There  is  alfo  a  coUe^lioa  of  G»dc 
^pigraitas,  iiinder  the  title  of  ^^  Anthologia/*  made  by  this  mojak; 
aiid  it  is  but  juft  to  allow  hiiii  the  merit,  of  haying  preferved 
many  valu^blf^  compofittons  which  otherwife  would  have  been 
k)ft.  No  partictilars  arc  known  of  Planudes,  except  that  he 
fufier^  foib^  perfecution^  on  account  of  his  zeal  for  the  Latin 
dmrch. 

PLATINA  (BartOIOMSO  Sacphi]^  fo  called^  a  learned 
Italian,  and  author  of  a  *'  Hiflory  of  the  Popes,"  was  born  in 
1421  at  Piadena,  in  Latio  Platinai  a  village  between  CrenotoiMt 
^md  Mantua  4  whence  he  toqk  the  name  by  which  he  is  gene* 
^lly  knownf  He  firil  embraced  a  military  life,  which  he  fol* 
}<»w«d  for  a  coniiderablc  time ;  but  afterwards  devoted  himfelf 
to  literature,  and  mad«  a  coniiderable  progrefs  in  it.  Ha  went 
to  Rome  under  C^Hxtus  IIJ.  who- was  made  pope  in  1455; 
where  getting  himfelf  imnxluced  to  cardinal  Beflarion,  he 
obtained  fame  fmall  benefices  of  pope  Pius  11.  who  fucceeded 
CaUxtus  in  t4S^>  ^^^  afterwMtIs  was  appointed  apoftolic^ 
^breviator,  Paul  It.  Succeeded  Pius  in  14641  and  then  Pla^ 
tina's  aSail's  took  a  very  unfavourable  turn*  In  the  iiril  place, 
Paul  was  much  indifpofed  towards  him,  on  account  of  his  con<^ 
iieAi<^s  with  his  predecefTor  Pins :  but  this  might  poffibly  have 
been  borne^if  Paul,  in  d^  ncitt  place,  had  not  removed  all  the 
iibbreviatdrs  ftm^  their  amploymenu,  by  ^bolifhing  their  places, 
aotwithfianding  theyllMd  ]^ieHaf«d  thetn  with  great  fumsof 
mmtt.  Upon  this,  Platina  ctMoplain^  to  the  pope,  and  moft 
liumUy  befoi^  him  t^  dnht  their  c^ufe  to  be  judged  by  the 
auditors  of  the  Kotat  The  pope  wte  offended  at  the  liberty, 
^  pLVt  hitn  ft  very  haughty  refmlfe:  *'  Is  it  thus,''  faid  he>  look* 
ing  at  him  mmlv,  "  ta  it  thus>  that  vou  fummon  us  befqre 
your  judgest  as  if  ]/t)u  knew  not  tluil  ail  laws  were  centered  in 
our  bfeaft  ?  Such  it  o«r  decree :  they  (hall  all  go  hence,  whi*. 
therfoever  tlieypi«ife :  I  am  j^ope,  and  hate  a  ri^ht  to  ratify 
or  caned  th<  t^  of  othert  at  fdkaiure;'*  Thefe  unhappy  men, 
^us  divc^cd  of  tlteir  emplojhtnents,  ufed  their  utmoft  endea^ 
vours,  jfior  ^xfnt  d^ys»  to  obtain  audience  of  the  pope,  but  were 
JtpttUed  Witfi  eo^itOBft.  Upon  thi^,  Platina  wrote  to  him  in 
^  £E^wif4^  terou :  "  If  you  had  a  right  to  difpoirefs  us. 
Without  pefimttijig  mt  calrflfc  to  be  h^^rd,  of  the  employments. 
we  had-£rfHMl)'  p^chaTod ;  we,  00  the  other  fide,  on^t  to 
be  petmitted  to  colfiplaiii  of  the  injuftice  we  fuller,  and  the 
igiMUniny  ^ith  which  we  ase  btan^.  As  you  have  ttpulferf 
tip  j^  CQfnundiiwfly^  «o  will  gi^  to  all  the  courts  of  princes, 
lttViint)K*i  tl^to  0dl  •  ODimi:^;  wliofe  priadpsd  buiinefs 
Ihail  be,  toofeJliBi  jam  to  A^  oau&»  why  you  have  divefted 
fi of  fvr ImwMMfioMk**  N^diiaccaa better  itluftrate  the 
'MmN  «I  tktiUmf  tibftix  wi  letter  i  which,  how. 
•  evert 


.166  P  LA  TINA, 

ever,  being  confidered  as  an  ad  of  rebellion,  caufcd  him  to  tie 
imprifoueJ,  and  to  endure  great  hardlhips.  At  the  end  of  four 
months  he  had  his  liberty,  with  orders  not  to  leave  Rome,  and 
continued  in  quiet  for  fome  time ;  but  afterwards,  being  fuf- 
pedied  of  a  plot,  was  again  imprifoned,  and,  with  many  others, 
put  to  the  rack.  The  plot  being  found  imaginary,  the  charge 
was  turned  to  herefy,  which  alfo  came  to  nothing ;  and  Platina 
was  fet  at  liberty  fonie  time  after*  The  pope  then  flattered  him 
with  a  profpeft  of  preferment,  and  thus  kept  him  in  Rome ; 
but,  dyin^  of  an  apoplexy,  left  him  to  fliift  for  himfelf  as  he 
could.  This  whole  conni£l  is  related  by  Platina  himfelf,  in 
his  "  Lives  of  the  Popes,"  under  the  pontificate  of  Paul  IL 

Sixtus  l\\  fucceeded  Paul  in  X407,  and  appointed  Platina 
keeper  of  the  Vatican  library,  which  was  eftabliftied  by  this 
Pope.  Platina  here  found  himfelf  in  his  ov/n  element,  and 
lived  very  happily  in  that  ftation,  till  148 1,  when  he  was 
fnatched  ^way  by  the  plague-  He  bequeathed  to  Pomponius 
Laetus  the  li/Sufe  which  he  built  on  the  Mons  Quirinalis,  with 
the  laurel  groye,  out  of  which  the  poetical  crowns  were  taken. 
]hfe  was  the  author  of  feveral  works,  the  moft  conftderable  of 
•yvhich  is,  "  De  Vitis  ac  Geftis  Summorum  Pontificum ;"  or, 
Hiftory  of  the  Popes  from  St^  Peter  to  Sixtus  IV,  to  whom  he 
dedicated  it-  The  Proteftante  have  approved  it,  and  ranked 
the  author  among  the  witnefles  to  truth.  Some  Roman  Catholic 
writers  charge  him  with  want  of  fincerity.and  care  ;  yet  Pan- 
yinius  did  not  fcruple  to  publifli  this  hiftory,  with  notes  of  his 
own,  and  added  to  it,  the  Lives  of  the  Popes,  from  Sixtus  f  V. 
to  Pius  IV.  It  was  firfl. printed  at  Venic^  in  1479,  folio,  and 
teprinte^  once  or  twice  before  1500-;  fmce  which  time  all  the 
editions  of  it  are  faid  to  have  been  caftrated,  Platina  wrote 
^Ifo  a  2<.  "  Hiftory  of  Mantua,**  inXatin,  which  was  ifirft  pub- 
liihed  by  Lambecius,  with  notes^  at  Vienna,  1675,  in  410. 

The  titles  of  fome  of  his  other  works  are,  3.  "  De  Naturis 
rerum.**  4.  "  Epiftolae  ad  diyerfos***  5.  ^*  De  honefta  volup- 
tate  et  valetudine.'*  6.  *^  De  falfo  et  verp  bono.'*  y.  "  (Contra 
Ignores.'*  8.  *'  De  vera  npbilitate,"  g.  *^  De  optimo  ciye/^ 
io.  **  Panegyricus  in  B^ffafionem,*'  i|*  ^.'-Oratio  a4  Paulum^ 
II."  12.  ^*  De  pace  Italias  componenda  et  bello  Turcico  m- 
dicendo,*'  13,  ^*  De  .flofculis  linguae  J^atinae."  *4v.  "  -K 
Treatife  on  the  Means  of  pref^rving  Health,  aiid  the  Science 
q{  the  Kitchen,'*  ^vo,  pologna>  145$,  Qn  tjiis  the  following 
«pigra,m  was  made  by  Sannazariu^;^,     .    !. 

Ingenia^  et  mores,  .vitaaij  pbitrfqiic  iKrtaflfc  ..... 
r9ntifiqim,.argut2e:ieiitiifchifti|ria&.*.  /  :  :   :.  • 

Tu  takmea  hie  lautacrtraftsst^uimenta  iqifinse^r  , ., ,       - 
JJoc  Platia^  eftipfd«*paibcrB.p0iEiofidafc       :^:.   l  ^4 


PLATO.  a€7 

'    PLATO,  a  moft  iirudrious  philofopher  of  antiquity,  W9S 
borxi'  at  Athens  in  the  eighty-eighth  Olympiad,  and  about  430 

f^ears  before  Chrift  [y].  He  was  a  perfon  of  very  great  qua-* 
ity,  being  defcended  by  his  father  from  Royal  anCe(lors,  and  by 
his  mother  from  Solon.  He  was  educated  in  a  manner  fuitablo 
to  his  ran)c:  he  learned  grammar,  mathematics,  mufic,  and 
painting.  In  his  iirft  years  he  addided  himfelf  much  to  poetry.; 
ivrote  odes  and  dithyrambics,  and  afterwards  epic  poetry;  which 
Jail,  finding  it  much  inferior  to  Homer 'g,  he  burned-  He  then 
began  to  write  tragedies,  and  had  prepared  one  to  contend  for 
the  prize  ^t  the  Olympic  theatre:  but,  the  day  before  it  fliuuld 
have  been  prefented,  he  happened  to  hear  Socrates,  and  was  fo 
charmed  with  his  way  of  difcourfing,  that  he  not  only  forbore 
the  conted  at  that  time,  but  peglei^ed  poetry  eyer  after,  ^n4 
even  destroyed  all  his  poems. 

He  was  about  his  twentieth  year,  when  he  became  a  follower 
pf  Socrates,  and  began  to  ftudy  philofophy.  This  exellent  mailer, 
foon  obferving  in  Plato  a  greater  genius  than  common,  was 
fnuch  pleafed  with  him;  he  advifed  him  to  read  Homer  often; 
and  thence  Plato  brought  himfelf  to  conceive  and  fpeak  of 
things  in  a  lofty,  copious,  and  (Iriking  manner.  Plato  was 
equally  attached  to  Socrates^  and  raifed  a  confiderable  fum  of 
money  to  procure  his  releafe,  after  he  was  imprifoned  upon  the 
accufations  of  his  enemies,;  and,  when  this  failed,  took  the 
fjoldneft  to  harangue  in  defence  of  him  to  the  people,  which  he 
began  to  do  fo  pathetically,  that  the  magiflrates,  fearing  a  tu* 
mult,  caufed-tiim- to-be  filcnced.  tight  years  he  lived  with 
Socrates;  in  which  tf me  he  con^mitted,  as  did  Xenophon  and 
iiis  other  difciples,  the  fubftatice  of  his  matter's  difcourfes  tq 
writing.  Of  this  he  compofed  dialogues,  but  with  fo  great  ad- 
ditions of  his  own,  that  Socrates^  hearing  him  recite  his  "  Lyfis," 
cried  out,  **  O  Hercules!  ho^  many  things  does  this  young  mail 
feign  of  me[z]i"  for,  as  Laertius  adds,  "  many  of  thofe  things, 
Vhich  Plato  wrote,  {Jocratcs  never  fpokc." 

The  philofophers  who  were  at  Athens  were  fo  alarmed  at  the 
death  of  Socrates,  th^t  moft  of  them  fled,  to  avoid  the  injuftice 
3nd  cruelty  c^f  the  government,  Plato  [aJ,  whofe  grief  on  this 
pccafion  is  faid  by  Plutarch  to  have  been  exceffive,  retired  to  Me- 
gara,  where  he  was  kindly  entertained  by  Euclid,  who  had  beea 
pne  of  Socrates'?  firft  fcholars,  till  the  ftorm  was  over.  After- 
wards he  determined  to  travel  Sfi  purfuit  of  knowledge ;  and 
fxom  Megara  he  went  to  Italy,  where  he  conferred  with  Eu-. 
f ytus,  Philolaus,  and  Archytas.  Thefe  were  the  moft  celebrated 
^f  the  followers  of  Pytbag<H:as^  whofe  do£trine  was  then  becomiS 

ijT]  Tabricii  Bib].  Grace,  vol.  li.    Stanley's  Lives  of  Philolbpbers,  17431  4^^' 
|J  plo^Ljftt.  iil  p.  3^5.  [a]  De  VirCut.  MoraL 

famq^a 


4*?  PLATO. 

famous  ill  Greece;   and  from  thefc,  the  Pythagoreans  fiav« 

affirmed  that  he  had  all  his  natural  phHofophy[Bj.     He  dived 

into  the  moft  profound  and  myfterious  fecrets  of  the  Pyihago- 

tean  do£lrinea;  and,  perceiving  other  knowledge  to  be;  con^ 

Hefted  'ivith  them,  he  went  to  Cyrenct  where  he  learned  gdo- 

inetry  ot  Theodorus.    Thence  he  pafled  into  Egypt,  to  ^qnaiiit 

khnlelf  with  the  theology  of  their  priefts,  to  Ihidy  more  nicely 

die  proportions  of  geometry,  and  to  inftruft  himfelf  th  aftro- 

llomicat  obfervations;  and,  having  taken  a  fiiH  fiirv^  6f  alf 

the  country,  he  fettled  for  fome  time  in  the  province  of  S»s^ 

teaming  of  the  wife  men  there  what  they  held  concerning  the 

tmiverfe,  whether  if  had  a  beginning^  whetlwir  h  mbved  wholly 

dr  in  part,  &:c.  and  Paufanias  affirms,  in  his  MeffeniaCs,  that  htf 

UitrneA  from  thefe  the  immorultty,  as  well  as  the  tranfmigratiotl 

of  fouls.    Some  of  the  fathers  will  have  it,  that  he  had  commil- 

ilication  with  the  books  of  Mofes,  and  ftudicd  itnder  one  Sech-  \ 

nuphts,  a  learned  man  of  Helidpoli^,  who  was  a  Jew :  but  there  f 

IS  nothing  that  can  be  called  evidence  fot  thefe  aflertions,    St. 

Auftin  once  believed,  that  Plato  had  fomc  conference  with  Je-; 

temiah  [c] ;  but  afterwards  dtfcovered  that  the  prophet  ntuft  \ 

havie  been  dead  at  leaft  fixty  years  before  Plato's  vojra^  to  Sgjrpt. 

Plato's  curiofity  was  not  vet  fatisfiod  t  he  travelled  into  Petfta,  td  * 

eonfuH  the  Magi  about  the  religion  of  that  cotmtty ;  and  be  de* 

figned  to  have  penetrated  even  to  the  Indies,  and  to  hihre  learned 

or  the  Bracbmans  theit  manners  and  cfift6ms ;  but  the  wars  it| 

Afta  hindered  htm. 

Being  returned  to  Athens  from  his  travels,  he  applied  himfelf 
<o  teach  philofophy,  which  at  that  time  was  the  moft  fionour- 
jAle  profeffion  in  that  place.  He  fet  up  hisfchdol  ih  the  Aca* 
dctny,  a  place  of  cxercife  in  the  fuburbs  of  the  city,  befet  whh 
woods;  but  this,  not  being  a  very  healthy  fituution,  brought  oft 
lihn  a  quartan  ague,  which  laftcd  eighteen  months.  The  phy- 
fictans  advifed  him  to  remove  to  the  Lyceum ;  b\jt  he  teftfiw,  , 

and  anfwered,  '*  I  would  riot  live  on  the  top  of  Athos,  to  ling^i* 
away  life:"  and  it  was  from  the  academy,  that  his  feft  took  the 
name  of  Academics.    Yet,  fettled  as  he  was,   he  afterward^  \ 

made  feveral  voyages  abroad :  one  particularly  to  Sicity,  in  ordeiP 
to  view  the  eruptions  of  mount  ^tna.     Dionyfius  the  tyrant  j 

feigned  then  at  Syracofe ;  Plato  went  to  fee  hhti  ^  hMi]  iiiftead  of  » 

flattering  him,  like  a  courtier,  reproved  him  for  thcdififrders  of 
fcs  court,  and  the  injuftice  of  his  government.  The'tyr^rit;  f\6k 
nfcd  to  difagrceable  truths,  grew  enraged  at  Pfatte;  andwoiitd  i 

fcave  put  him  to  death,  if  Di6n  and  Ariftofticnesi  ftrrmerfy  Mi 
feholars,  and  then  favourites  of  *a«  prince,  liad  not  poWerftiliy 
interceded  for  him.     Dionyfius  was  content  to  deliver  liim  iutq  ] 

[s]  Porpi)^.  in  Tit.  Pytbagpne.  ^         [c]  l>eCl¥it!Dci,  llb.Vu.  '^^ 


PtAT<J,  0^ 

the  \mid9  tf  ftnisnlroy  of  the  Lftcedemanians, -who  wcie  tficii  ait 
war  with  th€  Athenians:  und  this  epvoy^  tpuching  upon  thip 
coail  of  iEgina^  fold  him  for  a  (lave  to  a  merchant  of  Cyrene^ 
wKq^  a$  (opna&hc^d  bought  him^  ient  him  away  to  Athfns^ 
SonK  iiocie  after,  he  made  a  fecond  voyage  into  Sicily,  in  the 
reign  of  Dionyfius  tha  younger;  who  fent  Dion,  his  minifte# 
and  favourite,  to  invite  him  to  court,  that  lie  might  learn  from 
iim  the  art  of  governing  his  people  welL  Piato  accepted  thai 
invitation,  and  went ;  but,  the  latiinacy  between  Dion  and  Plata 
raifing  ieabufy  in  the  tyrant^  the  fojrnoier  was  difgraced,  and  the 
bttejr  fmx  ki}X  back  .to  Athens.  Dion  being  re-ad«iitte^  tKf 
favourf  perfuided  pionyfius  to  recall  Plato^  who  received  hirn 
with  all  the  marks  •£  gopd^will  and  friend(hip,  that  a  great 
prince  could  give.  .  He  feqt  out  a  very  fine  galley  to*  meet  hiai# 
•^TXi  went  hxmfelf  in  a  m^gnlBcent  chariot^  attended  \>y  all  hta 
cpurt^  to  receive,  him  i  but  his  Inconfiant  difppfition  hurri^  hiai 
into  new  fufpjKions.  It  fhouM  feem,  indeed,  as  if  thefe  {\if* 
picioMS  were  i>ot  altogether  groundlefs:  for  <£liaB  fays^  and 
picerp  was  of  the  fame  opinion,  that  Plato  taught  Dion  hovr 
to  difpatcb  the  tyrant^  and  to  deliver  the  people  from  pppr^^q 
[pj,  Hpwem  this  might  be^  Piato  was  qfeni^f  ^ai  epgw 
f\sa^&i ;  and  Dio^yfius,  incenfed  at  thefe  coipplaints,  r^fojve^ 
to  put  him  tp  itotth :  bM$  Aj<^yta$,  who  had  great  intereft  witl| 
thp  tym^tf  kwg  informed  of  it  by  Pion^  intfreeded  for  th^ 
ybiloio^her>  ancTof^^ained  leave  Sot  him  to  xetire. 

The  Atbfniaps  received  hnnjoyfuU}r  n  bis  r^x^r^t  and  wovld 
h^VQ  qpmpUoauBQ^  him  with  tbp  adminiftriltipn  of  the  gp^^p^ 
in?J»t;  but  h^  4ecluied  tbc  bo^Kiur,  chppfing  r^hier  tp  Im 
quietly  in  the  Academy,  and  to  employ  himfelf  ip  qDnjtemphit^ii 
fl^  jtlie  ftjociy  of  ohilofophy.  His  fame  Ws  now  fiprea^i  fa»r  and 
>rjide;  ai^di  fevcr4  iteteSf  amow  which  were  the  Arcadians  aii4 
Tbein^iSy  fent  aipbafladors  with  carneft  nequeQs  that  he  woul^ 
crpme  over,  npt  only  to  inftrufk  their  young  men  pi  phil^/bphyj 
{)yt  aUbro  prcJTcr^be  |br  them  tews  of  gpjrfrpm^nti^  Th^  Cyrc^ 
^'pixs,  SyrapiiGans^  Cr^an^,  and  £lmiSj  ient  alfoitohimi  ^t 
fi^  not  go  to  any  of  them,  but  gave  laws  and  rul^s  of  goverpti 
ing  tp  jJQv  H?  hved  ftngl^^  yet  fobeyjy  amd  iphaftely.  lie  wat 
9  ;nan  of  gre^K  virtues,  and  (exceedingly  affable ;  of  whiph  w^ 
l^ee^'nogreater  proof^  jLh^n  his  civil  manner  of  converfrng  witt> 
the  philcS^i^hers  of  bis  own  tkne^,  w^f  n  pride  and  envy  wer^ 
at  their  height.  Hb  behaviot\r  to  Piggencs  is  always  meiw 
tionfid  in  his  hiftory.  This  Cynic  was  highly  offencfed,  it  f^msy 
a^  the  politenefs  and  ime  ta0^  of  Plato^  and  ufed  to  (ratch  !alj 
fpj)Qnuniti^s  of  iharling  auhim.  He  ^tned  oit^  dfiy  at  his  tab^ 
With  other  company,  and  trampling  upon  the  tapeilry  with  his 

'  i»]  /Uaa;i&.i7.4.iCiifM»iuJiJiei)jat.lib.  ilk*:.*  **  »«  1"-. 


rf&  PL  AT  6. 

ffirty  fe^^  tittcfcd  this  bnitMh  farcafm :  "  1  tiamplc  u^bfr  Hii 
pride  of  Plato:"  to  which  Plato  wifely  rctortfed,  **  with  greatef 
pride." 

The  fame  of  Plato  drew  difciples  to  him  frbm  all  parts,  ahd, 
among  the  reft,  9peufipp<is,  an  Athenian,  his  fiftcr's  fon,  whont 
he  appointed  his  fucceffdr  in  the  academy.  Another  famouj 
iifciple  was  the  great  Ariftotle,  whom  ^ato,  after  he  grew 
jealous  of  him,  ufed  to  call  a  colt^  forefeeing  that  he  wotilid 
oppofe  him,  as  a  colt  kicks  at  the  dam^  frorm  whotA  he  fias  re- 
ceived fuck.  His  fchool  was  frequented  ailfo  by  two  tadies^ 
Lafthenia  a  Mantinean,  and  Axiothea  a  Phliafian,  who  went 
habited  as  men,  and  thereby  gave  occafion  to  injurious  fofpicfonS 
of  Plato :  finally,  by  Hyperides,  Demofthenes,  and  Ifocrate^^ 
with  the  laft  of  whom  Plato  was  very  intimate.  In  the  mean 
^me,  as  his  great  reputation  gained  him  on  the  one  hand  many 
difciples  and  admirers,  fo  on  the  other  it  raifed  |fiim  fome  emu- 
lators, efpecially  among  his  fellow-difciples,  the  followers  of 
Socrates.  Xenophon  and  he  were  particularly  difafieded  towanl$ 
each  other;  and  their  emulation  appeats  in  nothing  moYe,  thari 
in  tKcir  having  written  upon  the  fame  fubjeds.  They  botlJ 
wrote  a  "  Sympofjrtm:"  they  both  wrote  about '  Socratei :  they 
both  wrote  upon  government;  for  the  •*  Commonwealth"  of 
Plato,"  and  the  "Inftitution  of  Cyrus  [e],"  are  worfcs  cW'tfcft 
feme  nature,  the  latter  being  pronounced  by  Cicero,  as  tifocH  4 
work  of  invention  as  th*  former.  A.  GdTius  fays, '  **^  tfelt 'd»Sy 
avoided  the  very  naming  one  another  in  theif  Wofks';"  biit  he 
was  miftaken:  for  Xenophon  fbeaks  of  Plato  lA' the  tmifd^bfidfe 
of  hi»  "Memorabilia,"  and  rlato  of  Xenophon  in  the  thirft 
book  of  his  Laws. 

This  extraordinary  nfan,  being  arrived  at  eigfity-oh^  vears  cUf 
age  [f],  died  a  very  eafy  and  peaceable  death,  in  the  miim  trf  afk 
cntertamment,  according  to 'fome ;  but,  according  to* CSteftJ, 
as  he  was  writing.  Both  the  life  and  death  of  this  tJhi!bi2^!ief 
tirerecalm  and  unditturbeH;  and  indeed  he  was  "finely  ^^w<*(f 
for  happinefs.  Betides  the  advantages  of  a  noble  birth,  he  hSRf 
a  large  and  comprehenfive  underfttinding,  a  vaft  fund  6f  wi< 
and  good  tafte,  great  cvennefs-  and  fweetnefs  of'  tett^V^  alt 
cultivated  and  refined  by  education  and  travel ;  fo  that  it  is  nfr 
wonder,  if  he  was  honoured  by  his  countryrhfen,*  d^eieisied  bf 
fttangers,  and  adored  by  his  fchofafs.  Th,e*ancifents  tftcniglff 
more  highly  of  Plato  than  of  all  their  ph.ilofophers ;  dfey  aWirayS 
called  him  the  Divine  Plato ;  and  they  feemed  refolvcd  thart  hjr 
d^fcent  (hould  be  morethan  human.  **  There  are,"  fays/A^'- 
Icius  [o],  "  who  affcrt  Plato  to  ha\t  been  fphiAg  from  a  'tD^' 


ft]  AH 


AH  Qjiintum  fraCrem  epift.  x.    Koftei  Attics,  lib.  x\t.  c.  j. 


fublinur 


PLATO.  471 

fublime  conception ;  iand  that  his' mother  PerlQione,  who  was 
a  Very  beautiful  woman,  was  impregnated  by  Apollo  in  the 
Ihape  of  a  fpeftre."     Plutarch,  Suidas,  and  others,  affirm  this 
to  have  been  the  Common  report  at  Athens.     When  -he  was  ari 
infant,  his  father  Arifto  went  to  Hymettus,  with  his  wife  and 
child,  to  facrifice  to  the  Mufes ;  a-nd,  while  they  were  buficd 
in  the  divine  rites,  a  fwarm  of  bees  came  and  diftilled  thefr 
honey  upon  his  lips.     This,  fays  Cicero  [h  j,  was  conftdered 
as  a  presage  of  his  future  eloquence*.     Apuleius  relates,  that 
Socrates,   the  night  before  Plato  was  recommended  to  -hlm^ 
dreamed  that  a  young  fwan  fled  from  Cupfd's  altar  in- the  aca* 
demy,  and  fettled  in  his  lap,  thenoe  foared  to  heaven,  and  de- 
lighted the  gods  with  its  mufic :  and  when  Arifto  the  next  day 
prefented  Plato  to  him,  '*  Friends,"  fays  Socrates,  "this  is  the 
fwan  of    Cupid*s  altar."      The   Greeks  loved   fables:    they 
fhew,  however,  in  the  prefent  cafe,  what  exceeding  refpedfc 
was, paid  to  the  memory  of  Plato.   Cicero  perfcftly  adored  him  ; 
and  tells  us,  that  he  was  juftly  called  by  Pancetius  the  divine,  the 
moft  wile,  the  moft  facred,  the  Homer  of  philofophers;  enti- 
tled him  to  Atticus,  "  Deos  Hie  nofter;"  thought,  that  if  Ju- 
piter had  fpoken  Greek,  he  would  have  fpoke  in  Plato's  lan- 
guage ;  and  made  him  fo  implicitly  his  guide  in  wifdom  and 
philofophy,  as  to  declare,  that  he  had  rather  err  with  Plato, 
than  be  right  with  any  one  elfe.     But  panegyric  afide,  Plato 
was  certainly  a  very  wonderful  man,  of  a  large  and  compre- 
henfive  mind,  an  imagination  infinitely  fertile,  and  of  a  moft 
flowing  and  copious  eloquence*      Neverthelefs,   the  ftrength 
and  heat. of  fancy  prevailing  in  his  compofition  over  judgement^ 
he  was  too  apt  to  foar  beyond  the  limits  of  earthly  things,  to 
mnge  in  the  imaginary  regions  of  general  and  abftra6):ed  ideas  ; 
on  which  account,   though  there  is  always  a  greatnefs  and 
fublimity  in  his  manner,  he  did  not  philofophize  fo  much  ac- 
cording to  truth  and  nature  as  Ariftotle,  though  Cicero  did  not 
fcruple  to  give  him  the  preference.     Plato  is  very  proper  to 
enrich  the  imagination,  to  infpire  fine  fentiments  and  graceful 
cxpreflion ;   but  Ariftotle  will  contribute  more-  to  form  and 
ftrengthen  the  judgement,   and  teach  a  man  to  think  more 
wifely  and  truly.     •' 

The  writings  of  Plato  are  in  all  the  form  of  dialogue,  where 
hi  feems  to  deliver  nothing  from  himfelf,  but  every  thing  as  the 
fentiments  and  opinions  of  others,  of  Socrates  chieHy,  6f  Ti- 
maius,  &c.  He  does  not  mention  himfelf  any  where,  except 
oticein  hi«  "Phaedo,"  and  another  time  in  his  "  Apology  for 
Socrates."  His  ftyley  as  Ariftotle  obftu'ved  [i],  is  between  profe 
and  verfe :  on  which  account  fome  have  not  fcrupled  to  rank 

£«]  ^ull.  de  DW.  J.  36.  {1]  Itio^p.  Laert.  iu«  3^  .  /  * 

lum 


»7»  l^tAUTUS. 

'i^m  witit  At '  ^tsi  Tbtm  is  a  Mttr  reafon  for  (o  doing, 
^boflk  the  e)evatk>i^  «nd  grandeur  of  his  ftyle :  his  mauer  is 
fte^tientfj  the  offspring  of  ima^ation}  Inftead  of  dodrines  or 
.  truths  dedticed  from  naturea  xhe  firil  edition  of  »'^  Plato's 
Works'"  in  Greek,  was1>iit  out  by  Aldtis  at  Venice^  in  ^513  ; 
|l|^  a  Latin  verfion  o£  him  by  MarfiliiJ3  Ficinus  had  been 
printed  there  in  t40l*  They  were  reprinted  together  at  Lypns 
in  1588^  and  at  jfrancfort  in  1602^  The  famotis  printer 
Henry  Stephens^  in  15789  save  a  moft  beautifiit  and  corre£t 
^tion  of  "  Pl^tQ^s  Works  at  Paris^  with  a  pew  Latin  ver-^ 
fion  by  Sertanvs>  3  vols,  fofio;  ^nd  this  defefvedly  psifks  for 
the  heft  ^tion  of  Plalo:"  yet  Serranus's  Verfion  is  Very  e^c^^ 
Xipnabley  ficyd  in  inany  refpeds^  if  not  in  sAU  inferior  to  that 
qi  FkinySi  A  good  edition  in  twelve  Volume  8voi  ha$  lately 
^a  publiflied  at  Peuxponts,  frpm  that  of  Serr^nusi 

FLAUTUS  (MARCys  Accius),  a  comic  writer  of  ancient 
Rome,  was  born  at  Sarfinaj  a  fmall  town  in  Umbtia|.  a  pro^ 
vince  of ,  Italy  [k].  His  proper  name  was  Marcus  Acciti^ :  he 
is  fuppofej  to  have  acquired  the  furname  of  Plat|ttfs»  from 
having  brpad  ?md  il]i-for|iied  feet.  His  parentage  feems  to  have 
been  meam  and  fooie  h^v^  thought  hini  tb?  fon  of  a  ilaye^ 
Few  circUmftanc^s  of  hi$  life  are  known:  Cicero  has  told  u^ 
m  geucrai  [l]>  that  b«  was  foRie  ycgrs  youijgef  thjin  Njevius  of 
$;pnki5,  and  thM  he  die^  the  firft  y^t  of  thf  elijef  G;%to'^  ceji-j 
(ojcihif,  when  Cl^diius  Fukher  and  Lucius  Portias  LiciaiMs 
were^onluls.  This  wfis  about  the  year  ^  ^m^4^,  when 
Terence  wa^  about  nine  y^rs  pld>  and  184  year$  be^fe-Chrift^ 
A*  €reUiu$  fays[jkf]»  thet  FlaUttis  ivas  4i(lingpUhed  at  the  fame 
tiine  fot  hi^  poetry  upon  the  theatre,  that  Cato  wa^  for  hie 
eloquence  in  the  Formal:  and  obfenres  elielvijere  (fqtffV^jnm 
[n],  that  he*  wa3  f^  well  i^id.fot  his  pl%y?,  as  to  ^nk  ^ 
doubling  his  ftock  by  trading  i  in  which  however  h^  wa^  ^  ^m-i 
fbrtunat?>  that  he  loft  41  he  bad  got  by  the  Mpfes^  ai>d  f^V  his 
filbTiftef^Ge  was  reduced^  in  tho  tiipfc  pf  ^  g^neial  famine,  tqf 
work  at  th^  milh  This  was  no  b9<|  pupiihoo^^PIt  %  ?  gl^dy  a»l 
covetous  man.  whii;:h  Plai}tu8  is  r^re&n^pd  by  Uf>h<^  tp  hay# 
1^11  £03*  How  long  he  cpntintied  ijB  thi^diftrefs,  is  pp  wbem 
faid :  but  Varro  adds,  that  the  poet's  wix  f^as  bis  befl  fufiport/ 
a^d  that  he  con>pof<^d  three  play$  during  thi^  daily  drudgery. 

We  have  twenty  Qf  his  play?  extant,  th^u^  no|  all  ctf  them 
entire.;  j^one  pf  which  wejrc  icomppfi^  at  the  p^ilf,  but  before 
|e  became  a  bai^truj^f  Vai^Q  allowed  twenty-fix  to  b?  of  ii§ 
^mpoTitiQn,  whi^h  were  all  extant  in  Od}ius'^  ih^t  S091Q 
«iade  the  number  gf  H$  plays  tQ  f^^^ce^  %s\  hwdi^ ;  jimt  4)if 

[c]  Fabric.  Bibl  Latin,  CmSua^sUnt        [mJ  tM^Avdcm,  lib.  anu  c.  21. 
tf  the  RcAna^  poets,  vol.  ii.  InJ  Ihid.  |.  UL  c.  3. 

[ij  Dc  Cltrie  Oratodbvsi  §  2$,  [oj  Epift. },  lib.  2.  e.  i7«» 

might 


PLAUTUS.  47J 

^teht  arife  from  his  reviling  'the  plays  of  other  poets,  whicl^ 
Gellius  fuppofes  he  did;  and  Varro's  adcount  ought  to  be  de^ 
ciiive.  This  learned  Roman  had  written  a  particular  treatifti 
on  Plautus^s  wprks^  from  the  fecond  book  of  which,  quoted  bjf 
Gellius,  the  foregoing  account  of  him  i$  taken*  Many  other 
l;ritics  are  there  mentioned  by  Gellius,  who  had  all  written 
fome  {Pieces  upon  Plautus,  which  ihew  the  great  admiration  iip 
tv^hich  he  was  held  by  the  Romans :  and  it  (hotild  feem  as  if 
this  admiration  continued  long ;  for  there  is  a  paflage  in  Arnoi^ 
biusty  whence  it  feenis  reafonable  to  infer,  that  lome  of  his 
plays  were  juStcd  on  folemn  occafions,  fo  late  as  the  reign  of 
jDictelefiaui  It  is  where  that  father,  ridiculing  the  fuperfti- 
tion  of  the  hcathejis,  j>leafantly  aflcs  them  [pj,  "  how  the/ 
could  iipagine  that  Jupiter  fhould  be  appeafed  by  their  a<Sling 
the  Amphitryo  of  PlautUs*?"  This  poet  is  faid  by  Varro  to 
have'  compoied  the  following  epitaph  for  himfelf,  which,  as 
iavouriiig  of  Y^nity,  has  been  deemed  by  fome  critics  a  fpu- 
tious  produ£tion:  but,  as  Gellius  exprefsly  cites  Varro  for  it, 
the  genuinenefs  of  it  cannot  well  be  qiieftioned  [qJ.  It  is  in 
thefe  words: 

**  Poftqiiam  niorte  datii  'ft  Plauttis,  comoedia  lugct ; 
Scena  eft  deferta.     Dein  rifus,  ludu*,  jocufque, 

Et  niimeri  innumeri  fimul  omnes  collacrumariint.** 

,  f        .  .      -^ 

TTiwo  things  haVe  occafioned  the  cpnaedies  of  Plautus  to  be  ex- 
ceedingly admired:  one  is,  the  exa£i  propriety  of  hisexprcffion^ 
which  Jias  been  made  the  ftandard  of  the  pureft  Latin ;  infomuch 
$hat  Varro  did  not  fcruple  to  fay,  that  were  the  Mufes  to  (peak 
Latin^  they  would  certainly  fpeak  in  the  language  of  Plautus ; 
ihe  Qthc;r,  the  true  ridicule  and  hiimour  of  his  charaSers,  which 
fct  him  above  all  the  Rpman  comic  writers.  This  is  the  coii- 
fiant  opinion  of  Varro,  Cicero,  Gellius,  .Macrobius,  and  the 
rooft  eminent  modern  critics,  as  LipCus,  the  Scaligers,  Mu- 
retu5,  Turnebtis,  &c*  It  has  been  thought  ftrange,  that  Horace 
[r]  in  thofe  lines, 

«  At  noftri  proavi  Plautinos  et  numeroset 
Laud&vere  Tales :  nimiUm  patienter  utnimqiie 
Ne  dicam  ftulte  mirati ;  fi  modo  ego  et  vos 
Scinaus  inurbanum  lepido  feponere  cliSo," 

fliould  pafs  fo  fevere  a  cenfure  on  the  wit  of  PlaUtus,  which 
yet  appeared  fo  admijfable  to  Cicero,  that  he  fpeaks  of  it  a$ 
**  elegans,  urbanum,  ingeniofum,  facetum  [s]. "  But  the 
common  anfwer  is  allowed  to  be  the  true  one :  which  is,  that 
endeavouring  to  beat  down  the  exceflive  veneration  for  the 

-    r?]  Pag.  238.  L.  Bat.  165U  [qJ  No£t.  Att.  lib.  I.  c.  24*    . 

tiij  Pe  Art.  Po^ti  ver.  2.79,    .  [sj  De  Offic.  lib.  i,  a>. 

Vot.XII.  T  dder 


.474  PLAYFORD. 

eld^r  Roman  poets,  and,  among  the  reft,  for  Plautus,  he  ccn- 
furcs,  without  referve,  every  the  leaft  defeft  in  his  writings  ; 
though,  in  general,  he  agreed  with  Cicero  in  admiring  him. 
Ift  (hort,  however*  Horace,  and  a  few  critics  of  a  more  refined 
and  delicate  tafte,  might  cenfure  Plautus  for  his  coarfenefs  and 
inurbanity,  yet  he  carried  his  point  by  it  better,  than  he  could 
have  done  by  the  delicate  railleries  and  exquifite  paintings  of  a 
Menander  or  a  Terence  ;  for,  by  the  drollery  ot  his  wit,  and 
the  pleafantry  of  his  fcenes,  he  fo  enchanted  the  people  of 
Rome,  as  to  continue  the  reigning  favourite  of  the  ftage,  even 
long  after  Afranius  and  Terence  had  appeared  on  if.  Nay, 
the  humour  continued  through  the  Auguftan  age  ;  and  no  won- 
der, when,  tis  Suetonius  tells  us  [t],  the  emperor  himfelf  was 
much  delighted  with  it. 

The  beft  editions  of  "  Plautus,"  but  there  are  none  fo  eood 
as  might  be  wiflied,  are,  i.  That  of  Paris,  157ft,  ^^  foKo, 
with  the  **  Commentaries  of  Dionyfius  Lambinus."  2.  Another 
at  Paris,  i6a«,  in  4to,  revifed  by  Janus  Gruterus,  and  lUuf- 
trated  with  the  **  Commentaries  of  Fredcricus  Taubtnannus." 
3.  That  in  ufum  Delphini,  1679,"  in  2  vols.  4to.  4.  "  Cum 
not  is  variorum  et  Frcderici  Gronovii,  Amft.  1684,"  in  two 
vols.  8vo. 

PLAYFORD  (John),  a  man  diftinguiflied  in  the  mufrcal 


world,  was  born  in  161 3  [ul.  He  was  a  ftationer  and  a  fejler 
of  mufical  inftruments,  mufic-books,  and  mufic-paper.  What 
his  education  had  been,  is  not  known ;  but  that  he  had  attained 


to  a  confiderable  proficiency  irt  the  practice  of  mufic  and  mu- 
fical compoiition,  is  certain.  His  fkill  in  mufic  was  not  Tq 
great,  as  to  entitle  him  to  the  appellation  of  a  mafter:  he  knew 
nothing  of  the  theory  of  the  fcience,  but  was  very  well  verfed 
in  the  practice,  and  imderflood  the  rules  of  compofition  well 
enough  to  write  good  harmony.  In  1655,  he  publifhed  an 
•*  Introdudion  to  the  Skill  of  Mufic  ;'*  which,  being  written 
in  a  plain  and  eafy  flyle,  fucceeded  fo  well,  as  to  go  through 
many  editions,  confiderably  improved  by  the  author  and^is 
friends:  the  edition  before  us  is  the  thirteenth,  1697,  in  i2mOr 
with  a  print  of  him  by  Loggan.  Playford  appears  to  have 
poflefled  the  friendfhip  of  the  mofl  eminent  muficians  of  his 
time,  and  in  confequence  thereof  was  the  publiiher  of  a  very 
great  number  of  mufic-books  between  the  years  1650  and  1685 : 
;  he  contributed  .alfo  not  a  little  to  the  improvement  of  the 
.  art  of  printing  mufic.  He  died  about  1693;  and  Tate,  then 
poet  laureat,  wrote  an  elegy  upon  him..  . 

He  had  a  fon  named  John,  a  printer  of  mufic ;  and  a  youngper 
named  Henry,  who  was  a  feller  of  mufic.     The  books  advcr- 

fT]  fa  Vit.  Augufti,  8  J.  ^.  [t]  Ilawktas's  H»,  of  Mufic,  i»..48fi. 

-  tife* 


PLINIUS  SECUNDUS.  27; 

{ifedf  by  him  were  but  few  in  number,  compared  with  thofe  of 
lis  father.  Among  them  were  the  "  Orpheus  Brit^tnnicus," 
the  "  Ten  Sonatas,"  and  the  "  Airs"  ot  PurecU.  He  was 
living  after  the  year  1735- 

PLESSIS-RICHELIEtr.  See  Richeliei;. 
PLINIUS  SECtfNDUS  (Caius),  the  elder,  one  of  the 
moft  learned  of  the  ancient  Roman  writers,  was  botninthe 
reign  ©f  Tiberias  Gaefar,  about  the  yeat  of  Ghrift  23.  His 
birth-place  was  Verona^  as  appears  from  his  calling  Catullus 
his  countrynian,  who  was  unqueftionably  of  Verona  [x].  The 
ancient  writer  of  bis  life,  falfely  afcribed  to  Suetonius^  and» 

5''ter  him,  St.  Jerom,  h^ve  made  him  a  native  of  Rome :  father 
ardotiin  has  alfo  take^  fome  learned  pains  to  confirm  this 
notion,  which  however  has  not  prevailed  [y].  He  was  parti- 
cularly fbrmed  for  excelliq^  in  knowledge :  for  Aulus  Gellius 
reprelents  him  as  one  of  tjie  mod  ingenious  men  of  his  age ; 
and  wha^^  is  related  of  )iiis  application  by  his  nephew  the 
younger  Pliny,  is,  almoft  incredible.  Yet  his  exceflive  love  off 
ftudy  did  not  ^oil  ihe  man  of  bufinefs,  nor  prevent  him  from 
filling  the  moft  important  offices  with  credit.  He  was  a  pro- 
curator, or  manager  of  the  emperor's  revenue,  in  the  provinces 
of  Spain  and  Afrip ;  ai^d  wa^  advanced  to  the  high  dignity  of 
aufiiiri  He  hajd  fev^^ral  confiderable  conimands  in  the  army, 
a^d  was  as  diftin£;ui(hed  by  his  courage  in  ihe  field,  as  by  his 
eloquence  at  the  bar. 

His  manner  of  life,  as  it  isdefcribed  by  his  nephew,  is  very 
extraordinary  [z^.  In  fummer  he  always  began  his  ftudies  as 
ibon  as  it  was  night :  ip  winter,  generally  at  one  m  th^e  morri- 
ing,  but  never  later  than  two, .and  often  at  mianight.  No 
man  ever  (pent  Icfs  time  in  bed;  ihfomuth  that  he  would  fome- 
times,  wi):nout  retiri^  from  liis  books,  tal;e  a  fiiort  fleep,  and 
th€fn  puripe  his  ftudies;  Before  day^break,.  he  ufed  to  wait 
upon  Vefpafian,,  who  likewife  chote  that  feafon  to  tranfad 
1>ufinefs:  and  when  he  iiad  finiihed  the  affairs  which  that  em- 
peror committed  to  his  charge,  he  returned  home  again  to  his 
ftudies.  After  a,  flender  repaft  at  noon,  he  would  frequently  in 
the  fummer,  if  he  was  difengaged  from  bufinefs,  repofe  him^ 
felf  in  the  fun :  during  which  time  fome  author  was  read  to 
him,  from,  which  he  made  extraSs  and  obfervations*  This  was 
his  conftant  method,  whatever  book  he  read:  for  it  was  a 
maxim  of  his,  that  ^'  no  book  was  fo  bad,  but  fomething  might 
be  learned iir&m  it."  When  this  was  over,  he  generally  went 
Imto  the  cold-bath,  after  i^rhich  he  took  a  flight  refrefhmcnt  of 

{xl  IhPr«fat.adHift.  NaturaUifr.  Atdcjp^  lib.  ix.  c.  Iv.      Flifl.  Epiil.  '5- 

Yj*  In  Praftt  ad  Plin.  Hift.  Nat.  lib.  3. 
PUnii  Junioris  Vita,  a  J.  Maflbo.  Amft.         £k]  Eplft.  5.  lib.  3. 
2709.    NiteroA.  torn.  vii.    Gdl.  Ko^s 

'  T  a  |iwJ 


fiyS  t»LlN!US   SlECUNDUS. 

jfood  ttid  reft ;  and  then,  as  if  it  had  been  a  new  day,  refume3 
his  ftudies  till  fupper-time,  when  a  book  was  again  read  to  hrm> 
tipbn  '^hich  he  would  make  fome  remarks  as  they  went  t>ru 
His  nephew  mentions  a  Angular  inftance  to  Ihewhow  covetoas 
he  was  of  his  time,  and  how  greedy  of  knowledge.  His  reader 
liatving  pronounced  a  word  wrong,  fomebody  aft  the  table  made 
Tiiin  repeat  it :  upon  which,  rliny  aflced  his  friend,  if  fe 
nnderftood  it  i  who  acknowledging  that  he  did ;  '**  Why 
then,"  faid  he,  ^*  would  you  make  him  go  back  again  ?  we 
have  bft,  by  this  interruption,  above  ten  lines.".  In  fummer, 
he  always  rofc  from  fupper  by  day-light ;  and  in  winter,  as 
foon  as  it  was  dark.  Such  was  his  way  of  life  amidft  the  noife  - 
and  hurry  df  the  town ;  but  in  the  country  his  whole  time  was 
devoted  to  ftudy  without  interrtiiffion,  excepting  only  when  he 
lathed:  and  this,  no  longer  than  while  he  was  aftually  in  the 
bath ;  for  all  the  while  he  was  rubbed  and  wiped,  he  was  em- 
ployed either  in  hearing  fome  book  read  to  him,  or  in  diSafting 
nimfelf.  In  his  journeys,  he  loft  no  time  frdm  his  Audies:  but 
his  mind,  at  thofe  feafons,  being  difengagcd  from  all  ether 
thoughts,  applied  itfelf  wholly  to  that  fingle  purfuit.  A  Itcre* 
tary  conftantly  attended  him  in  his  chariot,  who,  in  the  winter, 
wore  a  particular  fort  of  warm  gloves,  that  the  iharpiiefs  of 
the  weather  might  not  occafion  any  i|iterruption  to-  his  ftudies: 
and,  for  the  fame  reafon,  inftcad  of  walking,  ht  always  ufed 
a  chair  in  Rome. 

By  this  e^etraordinary  application  he  found  time  to  wrhea 
great  number  of  volumes:  but,  before  we  g;ive  ah  accduMbf 
thefe,  let  us  relate  the  circumftances  of  his  death,  whidi,  like 
his  manner  of  living,,  were  very  Angular  and  curious,  and  are 
alfo  defcribed  at  large  by  the  elegant  pen  of  his  nepheti^  [a^. 
He  was  at  that  time,  with  a  fleet  under  his  command,  at 
Mifenum,  in  the  gulf  of  Naples ;  his  fift^r  and  hdr  Ton,  the 
younger  Pliny,  being  with  him.  On  the  24th  of  Auguft,  in 
the  year  79,'  about  one  in  the  afternoon,  his  fifter  defired  him 
to  obferve  a  cloud  of  a  very  unufual  fize  and  fliape.  He  was 
in  his  ftudy;  biit  immediately  arofe,  and  went  out  ujpon  an. 
eminence  to  view  it  more  diftinftly.  It  was  not  at  that  diftance 
difcernible  from  whut  mountain  this  cloud  iflued,  but  it  was 
found  afterwards  to  afcend  from  mount  y^fuvius'.  Its  figure 
refembled  that  of  a  pine-tree;  for  it  Ihot  up  a  great  height  in 
the  form  of  a  trunk,  which  extended  itfelf  at  the  top  mto  a 
fort  of  branches;  and  it  appeared  fofnetimcs  bright,  and  fome- 
times  dark  and  fpottrd,  as  it  was  either  more  or  lefs'impreg- 
nated  with  earth  and  cinders.  This  was  a  noble  phasnomenon 
for  the  philofophic  Pliny,  who  immediately,  ordered  a  light 

r^]  Epift  *©♦  lib.  vi* 

- '  veflel 


I^LINIUS    SECUNDUS. 


ni 


v^flel  to  be  got  ready  *,  but  as  he  was  coming  out  of  the  houfe^ 
with  his  tablets  for  his  obfervations,  he  received  a  note  from 
Re£lina»  a  lady  of  qtiality,  earneftly  intreating  him  to  come  to 
her  aflillance,  fince  her  villa  being  fituated  at  the  foot  of  mount 
Vcfuvius,  there  was  no  way  for  her  to  efcape,  but  by  fea. 
He  therefore  ordered  the  gallies  to  put  to  fea,  and  went  himfelf 
on  board,  with  intention  of  aflifting  not  only  Reftina,  but 
others;  for  the  villas  flood  extremely  thick  upon  that  beau- 
tiful coaft*  He  fleered  direftly  to  the  point  of  danger,  whence 
others  fled  with  the  utmofl  terror ;  and  with  fo  much  calmnefis 
and  prefence  of  mind,  as  to  be  able  to  make  and  diftate  hi$ 
obfervations  upon  the  motion  and  figure  of  that  dreadful  fcene. 
He  went  fo  pigh  the  mount;yn,  that  the  cinders,  which  grevt 
thicker  and  hotter  the  nearer  he  approached,  fell  into  the  inipSy 
together  with  pumice-ftones  and  black  pieces  of  burning  rock : 
they  were  like  wife  in  danger,  npt  only  of  being  aground  by  the 
fudden  retreat  of  the  fea,  but  alfo  from  the  vaft  fragments 
which  roIle.d  down  from  the  mountain,  and  obftru£led  all  th^ 
(hore«  Here  he  flopped  to  confider,  w^hether  he  (hould  return  ? 
to  which  the  pilot  advifing  him,  **  f'ortune,"  faid  he,  "  be-» 
friends  the  brave;  carry  me  to  Po^^)onlanus."  Pomponianui 
was  then  ^t  Stabiae,  a  town  feparated  by  a  gulf,  which  the  fea, 
after  feveral  windings,  forms  upon  that  fhore.  He  found  hiiii 
in  the  greateft  confternation,  he  exhorted  him  to  keep  up  his 
Ipirits}  and,  the  more  to  djiflipate  his  fe^rs,  he  ordered,  with 
an  V?  of  unconcern,  the  baths  to  be  got  ready ;  when,  aftejc 
having  bathed,  he  fat  down  to  fupper  with  an  apparent  chearr 
fulnels.  In  the  mean  Vfhile,  the  eruption  from  Vefuvius  flamed 
put  in  feveral  places  with  much  violence,  which  the  darknefs 
of  the  night  contributed  to  render  ftill  more  vifible  and  dreadful^ 
jPliny,  to  foothe  the  apprehpnfions  of  his  friend,  afliire^  him  i^ 
was  only  the  burning  m  the  villae;es,  which  the  country  peopli 
b^d  abandoned  to  the  flames :  after  this,  he  tietiyed,  and  ha4 
fome  fleep.  The  court  which  le(J  to  his  apartment  being  in 
feme  time  almoft  filled  with.ftones  and  afliies,  if  'he  h^  contir 
nued  there  any  longer,  it  would  have  been  iippoflihle  for  hia| 
to  have  made  nis  way  out :  it  was  therefore  thought  proper  t9 
.4iyak^n  him.  He  got  up,  and  went  to  Pomponianus  and  thf 
reft  of  the  company,  who  were  not  unconcerned  enough  V^ 
think  of  going  to  bed*  They  confulted  together,  whethejr  ijt 
would  be  moft  prudent  to  truft  to  the  hpufes,  which  i^ow  ihoo): 
ffom  fide  to  fide  with  frequent  and  violent  rockings ;  or  to  fljf 
to  the  open  fields,  where  the  calcined  ftonps  and  cindei% 
though  light  indeed,  yet  fell  in  l^rge  fliowers,  s^nd  thrcatencil 
^eftrudion.  In  this  diftrefs  tjiey  refolve4  for  the  fieWs,  as  thp 
lef§  dangerous  filiation  of  the  two  j  and  went  out,  having  pife 
Jow«  tied  upon  tlieir  heads  with  n^pkinn*  whicfewaj  41  their 
"  T3  ^tfcncf 


278  PLINIUS   SECUNDUS, 

defence  againft  the  ftorms  of  ftoncs  that  fell  around  them.  It 
V  as  now  day  every  where  elfe,  but  there  a  deeper  darknefi^ 
prevailed  than  iii  the  moft  obfcure  night;  which,  however,  was 
in  fome  degree  diflipated  by  torches,  and  other  lights  of  variousf 
Icinds,  Thev  thought  proper  to  go  down  farther  upon  the 
^ore,  to  obferve  if  they  might  fafel;|r  put  out  to  fea ;  but  they 
ifound  the  waves  ftill  run  extremely  hign  and  boifterous.  There 
Pliny,  taking  a  draught  or  two  of  water,  threw  himfelf  down 
upon  a  cloth  which  was  fpread  for  him ;  when  immediately  the 
flames  and  a  ftrong  fmell  of  fulphur,  which  was  the  foperunncr 
of  them,  difperfcd  the  reft  of  the  company,  and  obliged  him 
to  arife.  He  raifed  himfelf,  with  the  afliftance  of  two  of  hi^ 
Servants,  for  he  was  pretty  fat,  and  inftantly  fell  down  dead : 
fuffbcated,  as  his  nephew  conjeftures,  by  fom^  grofs  and  nox- 
ious-vapour; for  he  had  always  weak  lungs,  and  was  fre- 
quently fubjeft  to  a  difficulty  of  breathing.  As  foon  as  it  wa? 
light  again,  which  was  not  till  the  third  day  after,  his  body 
was  found  entire,  and  without  any  marks  of  violence  upon  it  j 
cxaSly  in  the  fame  pofture  that  he  fell,  and  looking  more  like 
a  man  afleep  than  dead. 

The  fifter  and  nephew,  whom  the  uncle  left  left  at  Mifenum, 
continued  there  that  night,  but  had  their  reft  extremely  broken 
knddifturbed.  There  had  been  for  many^days  before  fome  fhocks 
of  an  earthquake,  whiph  wats  the  lefs  furprifing,  as  they  weie 
jilways  extremely  frequent  inCampj^ia?  but  they  were  fo  par- 
ticularly violent  that  night,  thatthey  not  only  fliook  every  thing, 
but  feemed  to  threaten  a  total  deftruftion,  When  the  morning 
came,  the  light  was  exceedingly  faint  and  languid,  and  the 
buildings  continued  ta  totter;  k>  that  Pliny  and  bis  mother 
l-efolved  to  quit  the  town,  ahd  the  people  followed  them  in  thf 
iitmoft  confternation.  Being  got  at  a  coiiveniehf  diftance  from 
the  houfes,  they  ftood  ftill,  ih  the  midft  of  a  moft  dangerous 
and  dreadful  fcene.  '  The^charidts,  they  had  ordered  to  bp 
drawn  out,  were  fo  agitated*  backwards  and  forwards^  though 
upon  the  moft  level  ground,  that  they  could  not'ketp  them 
ftedfaft,  even  by  fupporti'ng  them  witli  large  fjionfes.  The  fea 
feemed  to  roll  back*  upon  itfelf,  and  to  be  driVeh  from  its  banks 
by  the  convulfive  motion  of  the  earth';  it  vvas  certain  at  leaft, 
the  fliore  was  confiderably  enlarged,  ^nd  feveral  fea  animals  were 
left  upon  it;  On  the  other  fide,  a  black  arid  dreadful  clourf, 
burftirig  with  an  igneous  ferpentine  vapour,  darted  out  a  long 
train  ot  fire,  refembling  fiaffies  of  lightning,  but  mucTi  largely 
Soon  afterwards,  the  cloud  feenied  to  defcend,;  aiid  cover  the 
whole  ocean ;  as  indeed,  it  entirely  hid  the  ifland  of  Capieae, 
and  the  promontory  of  Mifenum.  Pliny's  mother  coiyured 
him  ftrongly  to  make  his  efcape,  which,  being  young,  for  he 
ivas  qnly  eighteen  years  of  age,  hc'might  e^ly.  do;  sls  fylr 
*••'""  herfdf. 


PLINIUS    SECUNDUS.  279 

berfelf,  flic.faid,  her  age  and  corpulency  rendered  all  attempts 
af  that  fort  itnpollible ;  but  he  refufed  to  leave  her,  and,  taking 
her  by  the  hand,  led  her  on.  The  afhes  began  to  fall  upoa 
them,  though  in  no  great  quantity :  but  a  thick  fmoke,  like  a 
torrent,  came  rolling  after  them.  Pliny  propofed,  while  they 
Jiad  any  light,  to  turn  out  of  the  high  road,  led  his  mother 
fliould  be  preiTed  to  death  in  the  dark,  by  the  croud  that  followed 
them :  and  they  had  fcarce  ftepped  out  of  the  path,  when^utter 
darknefs. entirely  overfpread  them.  Nothing  then  was  to  be 
heard,  fays  Pliny,  but  the  ihrieks  of  women,  the  {creaaQS  of 
children,  and  the  cries  of  men  :  fome  calling  for  their  children, 
others  for  their  parents,  others  for  their  hufbands,  and  only  dif* 
tioguiihing  eacn  other  by  their  voices ;  one  lamenting  his  own 
fate,  anotSer  that  of  his  family,  fome  wiihing  to  die  from  the 
very  fear  of  dying,  fome  lifting  up  their  hands  to  the  gods,  but 
the  greater  part  imagining  that  the  lad  and  eternal  night  was 
come,  which  was  to  deftroy  both  the  gods  and  the  worid  toge- 
ther. At  length  a  glimmermg  light  appeared,  which  however 
'was  not  the  return  of  day,  but  only  the  forerunner  of  an  ap« 

firoaching  burft  of  flames.  The  fire  fell  luckily  at  a  diflance 
rom  them;  then  again  they  were  immerfed  in. thick  darknefs^ 
and  9,  heavy  ihower  of  afhes  rained  upon  th&n,  which  they 
ivere  obliged  every  now  and  then  to  (hake  off,  to  prevent  being 
crudied  and  buried  in  the  heap.  At  length  U^is  dreadful  dark-r 
nefs  was  diflipated  by  degrees,  like  a  cloud  or  fmoke :  the  real 
day  returned,  and  even  the  fun  appeared,  though  veiy  faintly^ 
and  as  when  ah  eclipfe  is  coming  on  ;  and  every  obje<^  feemed 
changed,  being  covered  over  with  whitQ  afhes,  as  with  a  deep 
fnow.  Pliny  owns  very  frankly,  that  his  fupport,  during  this 
terri]?Ie  phenomenon,  was  chiefly  founded  m  that  miferable^ 
though  ftrong  confolation,  that  all  mankind  were  involved  in 
the  fame  caUmity,  and  that  the  world  itfelf  was  perifhing. 
They  returned  to  Mifenum,  b^t  without  yet  getting  rid  of  their 
fears;  for  the  earthquake  flill continued,  while,  as  vras extremely 
natural  in  fuch  a  fituation,  feveral  enthufiailic  people  ran  up 
and  down,  heightening  their  own  and  their  friends  calamities  by 
terrible  predictions. 

This  event  happened  A.  D.  79,  in  the  flrft  year  of  the  em'» 
peror  Titus ;  and  was  probably  the  fi^ft  eruption  of  mount 
Vefuvius,  at  leaft  of  any  confequence,  as  it  is  certain  W<^  have 
no  particular  accounts  of  any  preceding  eruption.  Dio,.  imi^ed, 
and  other  ancient  authors,  fpeak  of  this  moiintain  as  burtdiif 
before;  but  flill  they  defcribe  it  as  covered  with  trees  and 
vines,  fo  that  the  eruptions  muft  have  been  in^OQndeiable  (|b}« 
A^rtial  b^  ap  epigram  upon  this  fubje£i^  in  which  h$  givcji 

£»]  ft^r-  43f  lik-  !»• 

?4  ^ 


igtf         PLINIUS    SECyNDUS, 

us  a  yttw  of  Vefuvitis,  as  it  appeared  before  this  tcrfibltf  con-i 
flagration  brc^e  out :  and  nothing  can  be  more  proper  tha»  t^ 
infert  it  here. 

Hie  eft  pampineis  viridis  modo  Vefvius  umbris : 

,  Preflerat  hie  madidos  nobilis  uva  lacus. 
Jiacc  juga,  quam  Nife  colles,  plus  Bacchus  amaVit  i 
*    '    Hoc  nuper  Satyri  monte  dedere  chores. 
Haec  Veneris  fedes,  Lacaedenione  gratior  illi : 

Hic  locus  Herculeo  nomine  clams  erat, 
Cuhfla  iacent  flammis,  et  trifti  merfa  favilla  ; 
iJec  uiperi  yellent  hoc  licuifli  fibi. 

ThOs  Engliflied,  by  Mr-  Melmoth. 
ff  Here  verdant  vines  a  erfpitsad  Vefuvio's  fides  ^ 
The  generous  grape  here  pour'd  her  purple  tides^ 
This  Bacchus  lov'd  beyond  hif  native  fcene: 
Hare  dancing  Satyrs  joy'd  to  trip  the  gie^n. 
1p7a  ftiott  than  Sparta  this  in  Venus-  grace : 
AsA  great  Aiddes  once  renown*d  the  place* 
N^w  flaming  ^nibers  fpread  dire  wafle  aronndji 
And  gods  regret  tkit  gbds  ^n  thus  conlbimd/^ 
toftcerning  this  writings  df  Pliny,  vr^  bavfe  ftill  ittfbrmatioi^ 
ly^  his  nephew  [c].     ThfJ  firft  bdok  he  pttWifhfed  Was,  a 
treatife,  **  Concerning  the  art  <5f  ufing  the  javeliif  on  horfr- 
bick,**  dte  jaculatione  equeftri;  this  he  wrote  when  ht  com- 
liiaridfed  a  troop  of  horfe.    **  The  life  of  Pompohius  Secundus/^ 
i^fco  Wafe  his  friend,     ^*  The  hiftory  of  the  wars  in  Germany  t** 
if^  Whfch  he  gave  an  acco^int  of  all  the  battles  the  Romans  nad 
tea  with  the  Germans.    His  nephew  fays,  that  a  dream,  whid| 
kcflf^  when  he  ferve<i  in  the  army  ih  Germany,  firft  fuggeftei! 
t6  him  the  defign  of  this  work :  it  was,  that  Dr«f\js  Nero,  wh^ 
extended  hts  conqucfte  very  far  into  that  country,  and  there 
i6ft  hh  life,  appeared  to  him,  and  conjured  him  hot  to  fuffer 
,  Ws  Ik^emory'to  be  biwied  in  oblivion.     He  Wrote  lifcewife  "  A 
tye^iltfe  upon  eloquence  ;*'  and  a  piece  of  criticifln  <«  concetn- 
Mg  Aabious  Latinlty/'    This  laft  work  Was    publtftied   in 
Nero's  reign,  when  the  tyranny  of  the  times  made  it  dfertgeroyi 
t6  «r%%e  in  (Ifidlte  (rfa  freer  kind  •  it  is  ofieh  cited  by  Prif- 
ilkn.    He  c(»npleted  u'hxfttrf  which  Auftdius  BaRus  kit  uhfi* 
)i(ftfed^  l^  adding  to  it  thirty  bboks,  which  Contained  thfe  hiftofjr 
<tf  M^bWti  times. '  Laftly,*he  left  thirty-feyen  books  upon  the 
|ilt)^A  of  natural  hiftoiy :  a  Hvofk,  faVs  Ms  nephew,  of  gresrt 
<fcdfti^3^ft  and  fea#ni«g,  and  almoft  as  niH  bf  variety  as  *iaturfe 
|i«Wif.     It  is  the  only  Work  of*  his  tha*  is  extant ;  and  lias 
t^^jl  ilt^h  prmled^  but  the  beft  edit^n  by  far  Is  that  of  Pari$ 

'  '|;c]  Epift.  5.  lA.  iH^ 
.J  ,    ,  by 


PUNIUS  CJECUJUS  SECUNDUS.      ttt 

)^  faAer  Hairdoiain.  Yet  of  this  editor  there  are  two  editions^ 
inrhicb  diffisr  ccmfiderably :  the  firdy  in  five  volumes^  4to^  1685^ 
being  by  no  means  fo  valuable  as  that  of  17239  in  three  volumes^ 
folio;  There  is  alfo  an  ufeful  edition  in  8?o,  by  Franzms^ 
fuWiihe4  at  Leipfic  in  x 778-9  !•  This  edition  confifts  of  tea 
Volumes^  with  a  copious  feledtion  of  the  beft  notes. 

We  fliotikj  fuM  to  the  works  of  this  author  a  vaft  quantity  of 
tiaaufcfiptS|  which  he  left  to  his  nephew^  and  for  which  he 
hud  been  ofiered  by  Largius  Licinius  400,000  federces,  that  is^ 
^ri>Qut  3200L  of  our  money-  **  You  will  ivpnder/*  fays  hi« 
mphefw^  ^^  how  a  man^  fo  engaeed  as  he  was,  could  find 
time  to  compofe  fuch  ^  number  of  books ;  and  fome  of  them 
too  upon  abfirufe  fubjeiEls.  Your  furpriie  will  rife  ftilt 
)iigiier»  when  you  hear,  that  for  foxne  time  he  engaged  in 
$he  profeilion  of  an  adrocate,  that  he  diect  in  his  joth  year^ 
th^  from  the  time  of  his  quitting  the  bar  to  his  death  hd 
yras  employed  in  th^  bigfaeft  po&s^  and  in  the  fervice  of  his 
prince:  but  he  had  a  quick  apprehenfion,  joined  to  an  un« 
^earied^plicalion/'  Ep.  iii.  5*  Hence  he  became  not  only 
a  mailer  in  polite  ittecature,  in  grammar,  eloquence,  and 
hifltny,  but  knomngaifo  in  all  arts  andfciences»  in  geography^ 
loathematics,  phiIof(Qfihy»  ^rouony,  medicine^  botany,  ^ulp* 
tore,  painting,  archiiedlure,  &c,  for  of  all  thefe  things  hat  m 
iieated  in  the  very  important  work  that  he  has  left  us* 

PUNIUS  CJkCILWS  SECUNDUS  (Caius),  [n]  ne^ 
^lew  of  Caius  Plinius  Secundus,  was  born  in  ^he  ninth  year  of 
Kero,  and  the  62d  of  Chriil,  at  Novocomum,  a  town  upon 
fhe  lake  Larius,  near  which  he  had  feveral  beautiful  villas. 
Cxcilius  was  the  name  of  his  father,  and  Plinius  Secundus 
that  of  his  mother's  brother,  who  adopted  him.  He  brou^t 
into  the  world  with  him  fine  parts  and  an  elegant  tafte,  which 
he  did  not  fail  to  cultivate  early ;  for,  as  he  tells  us  himfelf,  he 
wrote  a  Greek  ttagedy  [e}  at  fourteen  years  of  age.  He  loft 
his  father  when  he  was  young,  iand  had  the  famous  Virginius 
for  his  tutor  or  guardian,  whom  he  has  fet  in  a  glorious  [f] 
li^t.  He  frequented  the  fchools  of  the  rhetoricians,  and  heard 
Quintilian;  for  whom  lie  ever  after  entertained  fo  high  an 
eflseem,  that  he  beftowed  a  confiderable  portion  upon  his  daugh^ 
t^r  at  her  marriage  [g].  He  was  in  bis  eighteenth  ye%r  wh0n 
his  uncle  died  ;  and  it  was  then  that  he  l^gan  to  plead  in  the 
tbrum,  which  was  the  ufual  road  to  dignities.  About  a  y^r 
^fter^  he  aflumed  the  military  charaxEbec,  and  went  into  Syria 
ivith  the  commiflion  of  tribune  i  imt  this  did  not  fuit  hi^  uAe, 
«y  mnie  than  it  bad  fuited  that  of  Cicero ;  and  tkensfore  we 

[i]  EpHk.4.  lib.  vji, 
UU  vi. 

find 


M  flimi  £|)ifl.  pajlim.  Vita  Plin.  a  Maflbn.  Amft.  1709.        [%' 


iga      PUNIUS  CiECILIUS  SECUNDUS^ 

£nd  him  returning  after  a  campaign  or  two  [h].'  He  tells^us, 
that  in  his  palfage  homewards  he  was  detained  by  contrary 
winds  at  the  ifland  Icaria,  and  that  he  employed  himfelf  in 
making  verfes ;  he  enlarges  in  the  fame  place  upon  his  poetical 
«xercitationsy  yet  in  this  alfo  he  refembled  Cicero,  and  valued 
himfelf  upon  a  talent  which  he  did  not  eminently  pofleis.^ 

Upon  his  return  from  Syria,  he  took  a  wife,  and  fettled  at 
Rome:  it  was  in  the  reign  of  Domitian.     During  this  moft 
perilous  time,  he  continued  to  plead  in  the  Forum,  where  he 
was  diftinguiihed  not  more  by  his  uncommon  abilities  and 
eloquence,  than  by  his  great  refolution  and  courage,  which 
enabled  him  to  fpeak  boldly,  when  hardly  any  one  elfe  could- 
venture  to  fpeak  at  all.     On  thefe  accounts  he  was  often  fingled 
out  by  the  fenate,  to  defend  the  plundered  provinces  againft 
their  opprei&ve  governors,  and  to  manage  other  caufes  of  a 
like  important  and  dangerous  nature.    One  of  thefe  caufes  was 
in  favour  of  the  province  of  Bsetica,  in  their  profecution  of 
Baebius  Mafla ;  in  which  he  acquired  fo  general  an  applaufe, 
that  the  emperor  Nerva,  then  a  private  man,  and  in  banifliment 
at  Taientum,  wrote  him  a  letter,  in  whidi  he  congratulated 
not  only  Pliny,  but  the  age,  which  had  produced  an  exampl^ 
fo  much  in  the  fpirit  of  the  ancients  [ij.    Pliny  relates  this 
affair,  in  a  letter  tp  Cornelius  Tacitus ;  and  he  was  fo  pleafed 
with  it  himfelf,  that  he  could  not  help  entreating  this  friend  to 
record  it  in  his  hiftory.     He  folicits  him  [k].  however  with 
infinitely  more  modefty,  than  TuUy   had  ufecj  to  Lucceiuf 
upon  the  fame  occafign :  and  though  he  might  imi^te  Cicero 
in  the  requeft,  as  he  profefles  to  have  conftantly  kt  that  great 
man  before  him  for  a  model,  yet  he  took  care  not  to  tranfgrefs 
the  bounds  of  decency  in  his  manner  of  making  it.     He  ob- 
tained the  offices  of  queftor  and  tribune,  and  fortunately  went 
unhurt  through  the  reign  of  Domitian :  there  is  however  reaibn 
to  fuppofe,  that  if  the  emperor  had  not  died  juft  as  he  did,  Pliny 
would  have  fhared  the  fate  of  many  other  great  men ;  for  he 
tells  us  himfelf  [l],  that  his  name  was  arterwards  found  in 
Domitian's  tablets,   among  the  number  of  tliofe  who  w^t^ 
deftined  to  deftru&ion. 

He  loft  his  wii'e  in  the  beginning  of  Nerva's  reign,  and  fobn 
after  took  his  beloved  Calphurnia ;  of  whom  we  read  Co  much 
in  his  'Epiftles.  He  had  not  however  any  children  by  either  of 
his  wives:  and  hence  we  find  him  thanking  Trajan  for  the 
jus  if  turn  liter  oruniy  which  he  afterwards  obtained  of  thateni* 
peror  for  his  friend  Suetonius  Tranquillus*  He  hints  alfo  £m3» 
in  his  letter  of  thanks  to  Tiajauy  that  be  had  beeu'twice  mar-* 

[b]  Epift.  4.  Kb.  vii.  [i]  Epift.  33.  Ub.  Vik  [k]  Cicer.  Epift.  |A.*1U»»  ▼, 
«d  Fam.  [|.]  fplft,  27.  jib.  yii.  [m]  £pift#  ^  e(  9S*  ^^  M  1 

ric4 


PLINIUS  CJECILIUS  SECUNDUS.      aSj 

ried  in  the  reign  of  Domitian.  He  was  promoted  to  the  con- 
fulate  by  Trajan  in  the  year  loo,  when  he  was  thirty-eight 
years  of  age:  and  in  this  office  pronounced. that  famous  pane<^ 
gyric,  which  has  ever  fince  been  admired,  as  well  for  the  copi- 
oufnefs  of  the  topics,  as  the  elegance  of  addrefs.  He  was  then 
ele&ed  augur,  and  afterwards  made  proconfui  of  Bithynia; 
whence  he  wjrote  to  Trajan  that  vahiapie  letter  concerning  the 
primitiye  chriftians  [kJ,  which,  ivith  Trajan's  refcript,  is  hap- 
pily extant  among  his  •*  Epiftles."  "  Pliny's  letter,"  as  Mel- 
moth  obferves,  in  a  note  upon  the  paffage,  '*  is  efteemed  as  ^Imoft 
the  only  genuine  monument  of  ecclefiaftical  antiquity,  relating 
to  the  times  immediately  fucceeding  the  apoftles,  it  being  writ- 
ten at  moft  not  above  forty  years  after  the  death  of  St.  Paul. 
It  was  preferved  by  the  Chriflians  themfelves^  as  a  clear  and 
unfufpicious  evidence  of  the  purity  pf  their  doftrines ;  and  is 
frequently  appealed  to  by  the  early  writers  of  the  church,  againft 
the  calumnies  of  their  adverfaries."  It  is  not  known  what  ' 
became  of  Pliny,  after  his  return  from  Bithynia ;  iv^hether  he 
lived  at  Rome,  or  what  time  {i€  fp^nt  at  his  country-houfe*.' 
Antiquity  is  alfo  filent  as  to  the  time  of  his  death ;  but  it  is 
conjedured  that  he  died  either  a  little  before,  or  foon  after  that 
excellent  prince,  his  admirfd  Trajan  j  that  is,  about  A.  D.  ii6, 
Pliny  was  one  of  the  greateft  wits,  and  one  of  the  worthieft 
men,  among  the  ancients.  He  had  fine  talents,  which  he  cxtU 
tivated  to  the  utmoft ;  and  he  accomplifhed  himfelf  with  all  the 
yarious  kinds  of  knowledge,  which  could  ferve  to  make  him 
either  uleful  or  agreeable.  He  wrote  and  publifhed  a  great 
number  of  books :  but  nothing  has  efcaped  the  wreck  of  time, 
except  the  books  of  Epiftles,  and  the  ^*  Panegyric  upon  Trajan," 
This  has  ever  been  confidered  as  a  mafter-piece :  and  if  he  has» 
as  fome  think^  almoft  exhaufted  all  the  ideas  of  perfe£lion  in 
a  prince,  and  gone  perhaps  a  little  beyond  the  truth,  yet  it  is 
allowed,  that  no  panegyrtft  was  ever  poflefled  of  a  finer  fubjed, 
and  on  which  he  might  better  indulge  in  all  the  flow  of  elo- 
quence, without  incurring  the  fufpicion  of  flattery  and  falfe- 
hood.  His  Letters  feem  to  have  been  intended  for  the  public ; 
and  in  them  he  may  be  confidered  as  writing  his  own  memoirs. 
Every  epiflle  is  a  kind  of  hiflorical  fketch,  wherein  we  have  a 
view  of  him  in  fome  flriking  attitude,  either  of  aftive  or  con- 
templative life.  In  them  are  preferved  anecdotes  of  many 
eminent  perfons,  whofe  works  are  come  down  to  us,  as  Sueto- 
nius, Silius  Italicus,  Martial,  Tacitus,  and  Quintilian ;  and  of 
curious  things,  which  throw  great  light  upon  the  hiflory  of 
thofe  times.  They  are  written  with  great  politenefs  and  fpirit ; 
and^  if  they  abound  too  much  in  turn  and  metaphor,  we  muft 

[n]  Cpjft.  57-lc  9$.  lib.  X. 

impute 


a84  P  L  O  T* 

impute  it  to  that  degeneracy  of  taftc,  which  was  then  accofn* 
panying  the  degenerate  manners  of  Rome.  Pliny,  however, 
feems  to  have  prefehved  himfelf  in  this  latter  refpedl  from  the 
general  contagion :  whatever  the  manners  of  the  Romans  were, 
bis  were  pure  and  incorrupt.  His  writings  breathe  a  fpirit  of 
tranfcendent  goodnefs  and  humanity :  his  only  impejfeAion  is, 
he  was  too  defirous  that  the  public  and  pofterity  (hould  know 
how  humane  and  good  he  was  [o] ;  and  while  he  reprefents 
himfelf,  as  he  does,  calling  for  Livy,  reading  him  at  his  leifure, 
and  even  making  extrafts  from  him,  when  the  eruption  of 
Vefuvius  was  fhaking  the  ground  beneath  him,  and  ftrikinff 
terror  through  the  hearts  of  mortals  by  appearances  unheard-of 
before,  it  is  not  poffible  to  avoid  being  of  the  opinion  of  tliofe, 
who  think  that  there  was,  witfi  all  his  virtues,  fomething  of 
Mediation  in  his  nature. 

The  "  Epiftles"  and  "  Panegyric**  of  Pliny  have  been  often 
publiihed;  and  there  are  feveral  editions  that  may  be  reckoned 
good.  One  of  the  lateft  and  beft  is  that  of  Amfterdam,  1734, 
in  4to,  bu  Longolius. 

PLOT  (Robert),  [p]  an  Englifli  philofopher  and  anti- 
quary, was  born  of  a  genteel  family,  in  1641,  at  Sutton-Barn 
itt  Kent ;  anc^  educated  at  the  free-fchool  of  Wye  in  the  fame 
^  county.  In  1658,  he  went  to  Magdalen  Hall  in  Oxford ;  took 
9  batchelor  pf  arts  degree  in  1661,  a  matter's  in  1664,  and  both 
the  degrees  in  law  in  1671.  He  removed  afterwards  to  Uni- 
Verfity  college.  Being  a  very  ingenious  man,  and  particularly 
;ittached  to  natural  hiftory,  he  was  made  a  fellow  of  the  Royal 
Society;  and,  in  1682,  ele6led  one  of  the  fecretaries  of  that 
learned  body.  He  publiflicd  their  "  Philofophical  Tr^infac- 
tions,"  from  No.  143,  to  No.  166,  inclufive.  In  1683,  Elias 
Aihmolc,  efq;  appointed  him  the  firft  keeper  of  his  mufeum  ; 
^nd  about  the  fame  time  he  was  nominated  by  the  vice-chan* 
ccllor  the  firft  profefTor  of  chemiftry  in  that  uniVerfity.  In 
1687,  he  was  made  fecretary  to  the  earl-maflhal,  or  court  of 
chivalry,  which  was  then  renewed,  after  it  had  lain  dormant 
fince  the  year  1641.  In' 1688,  he  received  the  title  of  hiftorio- 
grapher  to  James  II.  In  1690,  he  refigned  his  profeflbrfhip 
of  chemiftry,  and  alfo  his  place  of  keeper  of  the  mufeum ;  to 
which  he  then  prefented  a  very  large  coUeftion  of  na^iral 
curiofities,  being  fuch  as  he  had  figured*  and  defcribed  in  his 
Hiftories  of  Oxfordlhire  and  StafFordfhire,  and  there  diftin- 
guilhed  by  the  names  of  "  Scriniuni  Plotianum  Oxonienfe," 
and  "  Scrinium  Plotianum  StafFordienfe."  In  1694-5,  Henry 
Howard,  earUmarfhal,  nominated  him  Mowbray  heral4  extrar 

[o]  £plft,  20.  lib.  vi.  [p]  Athen.  Ox.  vol.  it.    Short  Account  of  bjir);| 

prefixed  to  thcr  zd  editioa  of  his  Hiilocy  of  px%dA^    Bi(^^hui  BAu^ca. 

;  ordinary  j 


P  L  O  T*  ^S5 

bt^inai-y ;  and,  two  days  after,  he  was  conftituted  regifterer  of 
the  court  of  honour.  He  died  of  the  ftone,  April  36,  1696^ 
at  his  houfe  in  Borden  ;  leaving  two  fons  by  a  wife  whom  he 
had  married  in  Auguil,  1690. 

Natural  hiftory  was  his  delight ;  and  he  gave  very  agreeable 
IJyecimens  of  it,  in  his  ^^  Natural  Hiftories  of  Oxfordihifle 
anil  StafFordfhire."  The  former  was  publiihed  at  Oxford,  in 
^677,  folio,  and  reprinted,  1705,  with  additions  and  correc- 
tions: the  latter  was  printed  alfo  at  Oxford,  1686,  in  the  fame 
fize.  Thefe  were  intended  as  eilays  towards  **  A  Natural 
Hiftoty  of  England  :'*  for,  in  order  to  difcover  antiquities  and 
other  ciiriofities,  and  to  promote  learning  and  trade,  he  formed 
a  dcfign  of  travcfling  through  England  and  Wales.  By  fuch 
refearches,  he  was  perfuaded,  that  many  fair  additions  might 
be  made  to  Camden's  Britannia,  and  other  workfr,  concerning 
the  hiftory  and  antiquities  of  England.  He  drew  up  a  plan  of 
his  fcheme,  in  a  letter  to  bifhop  Fell,  which  may  be  fcen  ait 
the  end  of  the  fecond  volume  of  Leland's  Itinerary,  of  thm 
edition  of  1 744.  fiefides  the  two  works  juft  mentioned,  Plot  ^as 
the  awthor  of  feveral  bther  produftions.  In  16^5,  he  publiflied 
"  De  Origine  Fontium,  Tentamen  Philofophicum,"  &vo ;  and 
Ae  nine  following  papers  of  his  are  inferted  in  the  "  Philofo- 
•phical  Tranfaftions  :**  i.  ^*  An  Account  of  Elden  Hole  in  Der- 
byfliirc,"  No.  2.  2.  "  The  Formation  of  Salt  and  Sand  from 
.Brine,"  No.  145.  3.  "  Difcourfe  concerning  the  Effeifts  of 
the  great  Froft  on  Trees  and  other  Plants,  in  1683,"  No.  165. 
4.  **  A  Difcourfe  of  perpetual  Lamps,"  No.  166.  5.  *<  The 
Hiftory  of  the  Weather  at  Oxford,  in  1684 ;  or  th^  Obferva- 
tions  of  a  full  Year,  made  by  Order  of  the  Philofophical 
Society  at  Oxford,"  No.  169.  6.  **  A  large  and  curious  Ac-  . 
•count  of  the  Amianthos  or  Abeftine  Linen,"  No.  1708. 
7.  ^'*  Difcourfe  concerning  the  moft  feafonable  Time  of  felling 
Tiinber,  written  at  the  Requeft  of  Samuel  Pepys,  Efq;  Secre- 
tary of  the  Admiralty,"  No.  192.  8.  **  Of  an  Iriftiman  of 
an  extraordinary  Size,  viz.  Edward  Mallone,  nineteen  Years 
old,  feven  Feet  fix  Inches  high,"  No.  240.  9.  *«  A  Catalogue 
of  Eleftrical  Bodies,"  No.  245.  In  1680,  he  publiflied  <<  The' 
Clog,  or  StafFordftiire  Almanack,"  engraven  on  a  copjper-plate, 
and  inferted  afterwards  in  his  '*  Iiiftory  of  Statfordmire." 
Since  his  deceafe,  there  have  been  publiflied  two  letters  of  his : 
one  "  giving  an  Account  of  fome  Antiquities  in  the  County  of 
Kent,"  in  1714,  8voj  and  preferved  in  the  **  Bibliotheca  Fo- 
pographica,"  No.  VI ;  another  to  the  earl  of  Arlington,  **  con- 
cerning Thetford,"  printed  at  the  end  of  "  The  Hiftory  and 
Antiquities  of  Glaftonbury,"  publiflied  by  Hearne,  1722,  ova. 

Heleftfeveral  manufcripts  behind  him;  among  whjch  were 
large  materials  for  "  The  Natural  Hiftory  of  Kent,  of  Middle- 

fcx, 

9 


a86  PLOTINtJS. 

lex,  and  of  the  city  of  LfOndon,"  which  fie  defigned  to  havitf 
ivritten  in  the  fame  manner  as  he  had  written  the  Hiuoriies  6f 
Oxfordfliire  and  Staffordfhire. 

PLOTINUS,  an  illuftrious  Platonic  philofopher  [qJJ,  Was 
born  at  Lycopolis,  a  city  of  Egypt,  in  204.  lie  began  very 
early  to  fliew  a  great  Angularity  both  in  his  tafte  and  mannerra 
for>  at  eight  years  of  age,  yrlin  he  went  to  fcbool,  he  ufed  tp 
xun  to  his  nurfe,  and  uncover  her  breaft  to  fuck ;  and  wouki 
have  continued  that  prafHce  longer,  if  he  had  not  been  dif^ 
couiaged  by  her.  At  twenty-eight,  he  had  a  ftrong  defire  to 
fludy  philoK>irfiy»  upon  which  he  was  recommended  to  the  pro^ 
feflbrs  of  Alexandria ;  but  he  was  not  latisfied  with  their  lec^ 
turesy  and  always  returned  from  them  melancholy^  A  friend, 
informed  of  the  caufe  of  his  diftafte,  thought  h^  might  find  a 
xemedy  in  the  lectures  cf  Ammonius ;  nor  was  he  miftaken  a 
for  the  inftant  Plotinus  heard  that  jphilofopher,  he  confefled  that 
this  was  the  man  he  wiflied  to  nnd.  He  fpent  eleven  years 
with  that  matter,  and  became  a  great  philofopher.  What  he 
had  imbibed  of  learning  and  knowledge  under  hisfi'^  only  in* 
fpired  him  with  a  ftronger  paffion  to  acquire  m^ore,  and  to  hes^ 
the  Perfian  and  Indian  philofophers :  for  which  reafon,  in  043, 
when  die  emperor  Gordianus  intended  to  wage  war  againft  the 
Verlians,  he  followed  the  Roman  army,  but  probably  repented 
of  it,  becaufe  he. with  great  difficulty  faved  his  life  by  flighty 
,after  the  emperor  had  been  (lain.    . 

He  was  then  thirty-nine.  The  year  following,  he  went  to 
Rome,  and  read  philofophical  leAures  in  that  city :  but  did  not 
foUow  the  example  of  Erennius  and  Origen,  his  fellow*pupils^ 
who,  having  promifed  with  him  not  to  reveal  fome  recondite 
and  excellent  doSrlnes  they  had  received  frcxn  Ammonius,  had 
neverthelefs  forfeited  their  word.  Plotinus  continued  ten  years 
In  Rome,  without  writing  any  thing,  and  then  wrote  tveenty 
books :  but,  in  his  fiftieth  year.  Porphyry  became  hisdifciple, 
who,  being  of  an  exquifltely  fine  genius,  was  not  fatisfied 
with  fuper^cial  anfwers,  but  required  to  have  all  difficulties 
thoroughly  explained ;  and  therefore  Plotinus,  to  treat  things 
with  greater  accuracy,  was  obliged  to  write  more  books.  The 
Romans  paid  an  incredible  regard  to  this  philofopher :  many 
of  the  fenators  became  his  dilciples ;  and  fome  of  them  not 
only  frequented  his  lediurc-s  very  alliduoufly,  but  quitted  the 
fiindlon  of  magiftrates,  in  order  to  lead  a  philofophic^  lif^. 
Some  females  were  alfo  inrpired  with  a  love  for  philofophy; 
and  a  lady  of  quality  infilled  upon  his  living  in  her  houfe,  that 
.  ihe  and  her  daughter  might  have  the  pleafure'of  bearing  him. 

[(Q  Eunap.  ct  Porpliyr.  In  Vit.  Plytini.     F»brlcii  Bibl.  Cr«c.  vol,  iv.     BayV» 

lie 


PLOTINUS.  as? 

He  had  the  reputation  of  being  a  man  of  fuch  great  virtue  as 
well  as  abilities^  that  many  perfons  of  both  fexes,  when  they 
found  themfelves  dying,  intruded  him,  as  a  guardian  angel, 
with  their  eftates  and  their  children.  Plotinus  never  refufed 
thofe  troublefome  offices,  but  had  often  the  patience  to  examine, 
with  other  perfons,  the  accounts  of  guardians.  He  was  the 
arbitrator  of  numberlefs  law-fuits;  on  which  occafion  he  always 
behaved  with  fuch  humanity  and  reditudeof  mind,,  that  he  did 
not  create  himfelf  one  enemy  during  the  twenty-fix  years  he 
refided  at  Rome.  A  philofopher  of  Alexandria,  named  Olym^ 
pias,  moved  no  doubt  with  envy,  ufed  his  utmoft  endeavours  to 
bring  him  into  contempt,  and  even  had  recourfe  to  necromancy 
to  ruin'  him ;  but  we  do  not  find  that  he  fucceeded  in  the  leaft. 
The  emperor  Gallienus,  and  Salonina  the  emprcfs,  had  a  very 
high  regard  for  him ;  and  but  for  the  oppofition  of  fome  courtiers^ 
a  requeft  of  his  would  have  been  granted ;  which  Was,  to  have 
a  city  in  Campania  rebuilt,  and  to  polFefs  the  territory  belong** 
ine  to  it.  It  was  to  have  been  called  Platonopolis ;  and  a 
colony  of  philofophers  was  to  have  been  fettled  there,  who 
were  to  be  governed  by  the  ideal  laws  of  Plato's  commonwealth* 
Plotinus  laboured  under  various  iilnefies  the  year  before  he 
died :  he  had  an  inflammation  in  his  throat,  which  made  him 
lo  hoarfe  that  he  could  fcarcely  fpeak,  ulcers  in  his  hands  and 
feet,  and  a  great  weaknefs  of  fight.  Finding  himfelf  in  this 
condition,  he  left  Rome,  and  was  conveyed  to  Campania,  to 
the  heirs  of  a  friend,  who  furniihed  him  with  neceifaries  of 
every  kind.  He  died  there  at  fixty-fix,  and  in  the  nobleft 
manner  that  an  heathen  philofopher  could  do,  thefe  being  his 
words  as  he  breathed  his  laft :  ^'  I  am  labouring  with  all  my 
might,  to  return  the  divine  part  of  me  to  that  Divine  Whole, 
which  fills  the  univerfe." 

His  genius  was  greatly  fuperior  to  that  of  vulgar  philofp* 
phers ;  and  his  ideas  were  fingular  and  extraordinary.  He  was 
afhamed  of  being  lodged  in  a  body,  for  which  reafon  he  did 
not  case  to  teil  the  place  of  his  birth  or  family.  The  contempt 
he  had  for  all  earthly  things,  was  the  reafon  why  he  would  not 
permit  his  pi&ure  to  be  drawn :  and  when  his  difciple  Amelius 
Tr]  was  urgent  with  him  upon  this  head,  ^*  is  it  not  enough,'* 
laid  he,  <<  to  drag  after  us,  whitherfoever  we  go,  that  image 
in  which  nature  has  ihut  us  up  i  Do  you  think  that  we  fhould 
likewife  tranfmit  to  future  ages  an  image  of  that  image,  as  a 
fight  worthy  of  their  attention?"  From  the  fame •  principle, 
he  refufed  to  praftife  feveral  things  conducive  to  health ;  he 
never  made  ufe  of  prefervatives  or  baths,  and  did  not  even  eat 
the  AqQx  of  tame  animals.    He  eat  but  little,  and  abftained  very 

[»]  Porph.  in  Vit.  Plot,  fub  Initio. 

X       often 


tAm  from  fafetd ;  ^jcR,  joined  16  Ms  tnindb  mditMiAfm,  k«|i| 
him  very  much  from  fleeping.  la  ihort^  be  thought  th^  body 
endxdy  bdbw  his  notice ;  oajotd  had  fo  Ik^  cefpe£t  for  it,  ^t 
he  co&Tidered  k  as  a  ptifooy  (ram  whidk  it  woubi  be  his  fiHireoae 
happtnefs  to  he  freed.  When  Amelins,  after  his  deatn»  en-r 
^mred  of  the  oracle  of  Apollo  about  the  Jftate  of  his  foul^  ]ie 
was  told,  '^  that  k  was  gone  to  the  aflfembly  ^  the  bleflfed^ 
where  charit^»  joy,  and  a  love  of  the  union  with  God  pfevail  :** 
and  the  reaion  given  for  it,  as  related  by  BoiqpiiyfY^  is^  '^  that 
Plotinus  had  been  peaceable,  grackrtis^  and  vigilant ;  that  he 
had  peipetuallv  elevated  his  fpotle^  foul  to  G^ ;  thait  he  had 
loved  Gnod  with  his  whole  heart ;  dial  he  had  difei^ged  him* 
ielff  to  the  utmoft  of  his  abilkies,  from  this  wretched  life ;  that^ 
elevating  himfelf  with  all  the  powers  of  his  foul,  and  by  the 
£€f(mni  gradations  taught  by  Plato,  towards  that  Supreme  Being 
wjuch  mis  the  univerfe,  he  had  been  seniigt^^ied  by  him,  had 
cnloyed  the  vjilon  of  him  without  the  he^  or  mt^eq^ofttion  of 
4>f  lu8  ideas.;  had,  in  ihort,  been  oft«i  imked  to  him/'  Thi$ 
is  idieaoQOuntof  Porphyry,  who  tells  us  alfo»  that  he  himfeLf 
Jbad  once,  been  favoured  with  the  vinQn.-«-We  rmuft  not  forget 
«od>ferve,that  Plotinus  >had  his  familiar  fpitit,  as  was  reported 
•<rf'&icrates :  but,,  according  to  Poq>hy ry ,  his  was  not  one  of  thofe 
called  demons,  but  .of  the  order  of  thole  who  are  called^godsvy 
io^thai  he  was  under  the  protedltmi  of  a  genius  fupericHnloljistt 
'i;f  .other  jnen.  The /uperiority  of  his.jKnius  .pufied  him  up 
iiot  a  Iktle:  for  when  Amelius  deiirasThim  to  {hare  in  >tfae 
iacrifices,  which  hcufed  to  offer  up -on  folemn  feftivals,  ^  It 
is^heir  buikie&,'*  replied  Piatinus,  **  to  comeito mer^not  latnie 
-to  go  to  them :"  **  .ctf  which  bfty  anfwer,"  ybsfs  l^Qtphy^, 
*'  no  one  could  guefs  the  jreafon,  *or  dared  to  aft:/' 

Plotinus  wrote  fifty-four  books,  which  Porphyiy  put  in 
.ctder,  .-and  di^Rided  into  fix  enneafes.  The  greater  .part  c^  them 
turn  on  the  moft  high-.iIow3i  ideas  in  metuphj^fics^  .^od  :fh|s 
^hilofopher  feems,  in  certain  points,  not  to  dil&r  much  from 
Spinoza.  .  JRlotinus  wrote  two  books  to  .prove,  tha(t  **  Allhei^g 
is  one  and  the  fame ;"  which  is  the  ^ery  dofltrine  of  ^piiv^siii^ 
He  enquires  in  another  book,  ^*  Whether  there. are; noanyrfouls, 
or  only  one  ?"  His  manner  of  compofing  partook  of -the  fin- 
gulari^  of  his  nature :  he  never  read  over  his  compofitiQus^ 
after  he  had  wrkten  them.;  he  wrote  a  bad  hand,  and  was  not 
tau&  in  his  orthography:  he  .flood  in  meed,  therefore,  .of  .a 
faithful  friend  to  revife  and  correal  his  wiritings,;  .and^hetchofe 
Porphyry  for  this  purpofe,  preferably  .to  Amelijus,  althpugh 
Ameiius  had  been  his  difciple  twenty-foiir  years,  and- w^S'A^eiry 
much  efteemed  by  him.  Some  envious  perfons  accwfed  J?1p- 
tinns  of  afting  the  plagiary,  with  regard  to  Numenius ;  but 
Amelius  refuted  that  ilander  with  his  pen»     Conginus  was  at 

iirft 


.  PLUG  HE.  '  a89 

fifft  jmiichprtjiSdiccdagainft  this  great  philofopher :  he  wrot^ 
agairift  hh  **  l  reatife  of  Ideas,"  and  againft  Porphyry's  anfwer 
in  defence  of  that  treatife.  He  afterwards  conceived  a  high 
efteem  foHliirti ;  fought  induftrioufly  for  all  his  books ;  and,  in 
order  to  have  theni  very  correft,  defired  Porphyry  to  lend  him 
his  copy ;  but  at  the  fame  time  wrote  to  him  in  the  following 
miinner :  "  I  always  obferved  to  you,  when  we  were  together, 
when  we  were  at  a  diftance  from  one  another,  as  well  as  when 
you  lived  at  Tyre,  that  I  did  not  comprehend  many  of  the 
fubje^s  treated  of  by  Plotinus ;  but  that  I  was  extremely  fond  of 
his  manner  of  writing,  the  variety  of  his  knowledge,  and  the 
order  and  difpofition  of  his  queftions,  which  are  altogether  phi- 
lofophical."  [s]  This  iingle  paflage,"  fays  Bayle,  *«  fliews  the 
exalted  genius,  the  exquifite  difcernment,  and  judicious  penetra* 
tion  of  Longinus.  It  cannot  be  denied,  that  moft  fubje£ts 
which  this  philofopher  examines  are  incomprehenfiWe ;  never- 
thelefs,  we  difcover  in  his  works  a  very  elevated,  fruitful,  and 
capacious  genius,  and  a  clofe  way  of  reafoning.  Had  Longinu» 
been  an  injudicious  critic,  had  he  not  poifeifed  an  exalted  and 
beautiful  genius,  he  would  not  have  been  fo  fenfible  of  Plotinus's 
obfcurity :  for  no  perfons  complain  lefs  of  the  obfcurity  of  a 
book,  than  thofe  whofe  thoughts  are  confufed,  and  underfland* 
ing  is  (hallow," 

Marfilius  Ficinus,  at  the  requeft  of  Cofnao  de  Medicis,  made 
a  Latin  verfion  of  the  works  of  Plotinus,  with  a  fummary  and 
analyfis  of  each  book ;  which  was  printed  at  Bafil,  firft  by  itfelf, 
in  1559,  and  afterwards  with  the  Greek,  in  1580,  folio. 

PLOWDEN  (EdmundJ,  the  celebrated  lawyer,  editor  of  the 
reports  which  bear  his  name,  flouriflied  in  the  reigns  of  Mary 
and  Elizabeth.  He  was  bdrn  in  Shropihire,  in  I5i7,and  educated 
at  Cambridge  ;  but  removed,  after  a  time,  to  Oxford,  where  he 
look  his  degrees  in  phyficy  arid  attained  fome  eminence  in  the 
praflicc  of  that  profeffion.  .Notwithftanding  this,  he  afterwards 
took  up  the  ftudy  of  the .  lat¥,  entered  in  the  Middle  Temple^ 
and  in  that  line  rofe  to  ftill  higher  diftin6Koh.  In  the  reign  of 
Mary  he  was  called  to  the  degree  of  ferjearit,  but,  being  zea^- 
loufly  attached  to  the  Romifh  perfuafion,  loft  all  further  hopes 
of  preferment,  on  the  acceiBoa  of  Elizabeth.  He  continued  to 
be  much  confulted  in  private  as  a  couhfellor,  and  died  in  the 
higheft  repute  in  1584,  His  "Reports"  are  highly  efteemed  by 
the  profeffion,  and  afford  ftrong'proof  of  his  learning  and  fagacity* 
He  pwblifhed  alfo  "  Queries,  or  a  rpoot-book  of  choice  Cafes,** 
8vo,  1662. 

PLUCHE  (Ant6ine),  a  French  writer,  born  at  Rheims  in 
1668,  and  early  diftinguiihed. by  his  progrefs  in  polite  letters. 
The  intendant  of  Rouen. truftcd  him  with  the  education  of  his 

.    [4]  ^otpk*  in  Yit.  Pbvn.      < 

\ql.  XIL  U  fon, 


290  PLUKENET. 

fon,  upon  the  recommendation  of  the  celebrated  RoIIrn.  After 
thre,  he  went  to  Paris,  where  he  firft  gave  lectures  upon  hiftory 
and  geography,  and  then  became  famous  by  works  which 
be  publiThed.  i.  His  "  Speftacle  de  la  Natuxe"  S  generally 
known,  having  been  tranilated  into  perhaps  all  fhe  European 
languages.  This  work  is  written  with  perfpicuity  and  elegance^ 
and  is  equally  inftrudive  and  agreeable:  its  only  fault  is,  that 
the  author  ufes  too  many  words  for  his  mattcf,  which,  however,i 
is  almoft  unavoidable  in  the  dialogue  form  of  ^ritrng.  2.  •*  Hif- 
toire  du  Ciel,"  in  2  voJs.  i2mo,  is  another  work  of  this  author^ 
a  kind  of  mythological  hiftory  of  the  heavens.  3.  He  wrote 
a  traft  alfo,  *' De  artificio  rmgtfariam,"  which  he  tranflated 
hiinfelf,  under  the  title  of  **  Lai  Mechanique  des  langues.*' 
4.  "  Concorde  de  la  Geographie  des  differens  ages,"  l2mOy 
1764,  a  pofthumous  work  ;  well  conceived,  but  executed  fuper- 
ficiaily.  5.  **  Harmonic  des  Pfeaumes  et  de  TEvangile,  i2mov 
1764,  a  tranflation  of  the  Pfalms,  remarkable  for  hs  fidelity,, 
with  many  notes  of  reference  and  illuftratron  from  other  parts 
of  fcripture.  Pluche  had  received  holy  orders,  and  obtained  an 
abbey,  to  which  he  retired  in  B749,  and  gave  himfelf  up  entirely 
to  devotion  and  ftudy.  He  was  the  more  induced  to  do  this,  as 
being  fo  deaf,  that  he  could  not  hear  vvkhout  a  trumpets  He 
died  of  an  apoplexy  in  1761 .  He  was  a  believer  in  all  the  my  t 
teries  of  hischurcn,  even  to  an  extreme  ;  and,  when  fome  free- 
thinkers ufed  to  cxprefs  their  aftonifhm^nt,  that  a  man  of  abbe 
Pluche's  force  of  underftanding  could  think  fo  like  the  vulgar,  he 
ufed  to  fay,  "  I  gfory  in  this :  it  is  more  reafonable  to  believe 
the  word  t>f  Grod,  than  to  follow  the  vaia  and  uncertain  lights 
ofreafon." 

;  PLUKENET  (Leonard),  a  celebrate*  EngKQi  botanift^ 
"was  born,  as  he  Irimfelf  has  recorded,  in  1642,  but  where  he  was 
educated^  o«  in  what  univerfity  he  received  his  degrees,  has  not 
bee»  afcectarned  [r].  It  has  been  conjeftured,  from  a  few  cir- 
cumftances,  that  it  was.  at  Cambridge.  He  dates  the  prefaces  to 
his  works  from  Old  Palace-yard^  Weftminftery  where  he  feems 
to  have  had  a  fmall  garden,  ft  does  not  appear  that  he  attained 
to  any  conHderable  eminence  in  his  proftflion  of  phyftc,  bat  was 
abforbed  in  the  ftudy  of  plants,  and  devoted  all  his  leifuxe  ta  the 
compofition  of  his  **  Phytographra.'*  Be  fpared  no  pains  to 
procure  (pecimens  of  rare  and  new  plants,  had  correfpondents  ia 
ail  parts  of  the  world,  and  accefs  to  the  gardens  of  fjampton- 
court,.  theft;  very  flourifhing^  and  all  others  that  were  curious. 
Plukenet  was  one  of  thofe  to  whom  Ray  was  indebted  for  aflift^ 
ance,  in  the  arrangement  of  the  fetcond  volume  of  his  hiftory,  and 
that  eminent  man  every  where  bears  the  ftrongeft  teftimony  to 
iiis  merit.     Yet  he  wft$  iii  want  of  patronage,  and  felt  th^t  want 

[t]  Pultoey*!  Sketches  of  Bgtanf  ia£aghnd,  vol.  ii.  p.  19* 

fevcrely. 


PLUKENET.  ^^t 

fevercly.  With  Sloane  and  Petiver,  two  of  the  firft  botanifts  of 
his  own  age,  he  fcems  to  have  been  at  variance,  and-cenfures 
their  writings  with  too  much  afperity.  No  obftacles  damped  tl\e 
ardour  of  rlukenet  in  his  favourite  purfuit.  He  Was  himfelf 
at  the  charge  of  his  engravings,  and  printed  the  whole  work  af 
his  own  expence,  with  the  exception  of  a  fmall  fubfcription  of 
about  fifty-five  guineas,  which  he  obtained  near  the  conclu- 
fion  of  it.  Towards  the  clofe  of  his  life  he  is  faid  to  have  be^n 
aflifted  by  the  queen,  and  to  have  obtained  the  fuperintendeqc^ 
of  the  garden  at  Hampton-pourt.  He  was  alfo  honoured  wliJi 
the  title  of  Royal  profelTbr  of  Botany.  The  time  of  his  deceafgf 
is  not  precifely  afcertained,  but  it  is  probable  that  he  did  np% 
long  furvive  his  laft  publication,  which  appeared  in  1705.  His 
works  were,  i.  **  Phytographia,  five  lUrpium  illuftrium,  et 
minus  cognitorum  Icones,"  publifhed  in  four  parts,  1691 — i696j^ 
and  containing  328  plates,  in  4to.  .2.  **  Alraageftum  Botani- 
cum,  five  Phytographiae  Plukenetianae  Onomafticon,"  &c.  410^ 
1696 ;  the  catalogue  is  alphabetical,  and  contains  near  6000 
fpecies,  of  which,  he  tells  us,  500  were  new.  No  man,  after, 
Oafpar  Bauhine,  had  till  then  examined  the  ancient  authors  with 
fo  much  attention,  as  he  did,  that  he  might  fettle  his  fynonyms 
with  accuracy.  He  follows  no  fyftem.  3.  "  Almagefti  Bota- 
nici  Mantiffa,"  1700,  4to,  with  twenty-five  new  plates.  Be* 
fides  many  new  plants,  this  volume  contains  very  numerous 
additions  to  the  fynonyms  of  the  Almageftum.  4.  Five  years 
after  the  Mantiffa,  he  publifhed  the  **  Amaltheum  Botanicum,\^ 
with  three  plates,  4to..  It  abounds  with  new  fubjedls,  fent  from 
China  and  the  Eaft  Indies,  with  fome  from  Florida.  Thefe 
works  of  Plukenet  contain  upwards  of  2740  figures,  mod  <  f 
them  engraved  from  dried  fpecimens,  and  many  from  fmall 
fprigs,  deftitute  of  flowers,  or  any  parts  of  fruftification,  and 
confequently  liot  to  be  afcertained :  but  feveral  of  thefe,  as  better 
fpecimens  came  to  hand,  are  figured  again  in  the  fubfequent 
plates.  As  he  employed  a  variety  of  artifts  they  are  unequally 
executed  ;  thofe  by  Vander  Gucht  have  ufually  the  preference. 
It  is  much  to  be  regretted  that  he  had  it  not  in  his  power  to 
give  his  figures  on  a  larger  fcale ;  yet,  with  all  their  imperfediions,' 
thefe  publications  form  a  large  treafure  of  botanical  knowledge; 
The  Herbarium  of  Plukenet  confitted  of  8000  plants,  an  ado- 
nifhing  number  to  be  collefted  by  a  private  and  not  opulent 
individual :  it  came,  after  his  death,  into  the  hands  of  fir  Hans 
Sloane,  and  is  now  in  the  Britifh  Mufeum."  His  works  were 
reprinted,  with  fome  additions,  in  1769  ;  and  in  1779  an  InJe^f^ 
Linnaanus  to  his  plates  were  publifhed  by  Dr.  Gifeke,  of  Ham* 
burgh,  which  contains  a  few  notes,  from  a  MS.  left  by  Plukenet^* 
Pluoiier^  to  be  mentioned  in  the  next  article,.  compUaiented  this 

U  2  learned 


i92  PLUM'IER.  .    . 

learned  boianift  by  giving  his  name  to  a  plant,  a  native  of  both 
Indies; 

PLUMIER  (Charles),  called  Father  Plumier,  being  a 
religious,  of  the  order  of  Minims,  was  born  at  Marfeilles  in  1646^ 
and  was  a  botanift  not  lefs  famous  than  his  contemporary  Pluke- 
net.^  He  entered  into  his  order  at  fixteen,  and  ftudied  mathe- 
tnatlcs  and  other  fciences  at  Touloufe,  under  father  Maignan,  of 
the  fame  fociety.  He  did  not  only  learn  the  profound  fciences. 
In  the  art  of  turning  he  became  fuch-  a  proficient,  as  to  write 
a  book  upon  it ;  and  learned  alfo  to  make  lenfes,  mirrors,, 
fnicrofcopcs,  and  other  mathematical  inftrumerits,  all  whicl\ 
knowledge  he  gained  from  Maignanw  He  was  foon  after  fent 
by  his  fuperiors  to  Rome,  w^here,  by  his  applicarion  to  mathe- 
matics, optics,  and  other  ftudies,  he  nearly  deftroyed  his  confti- 
tution.  As  a  relaxation  from  thefe  fevcrer  fciences  he  applied. 
fo  botany,  under  the  inftrnflion  of  Fere  Sergeant  at  Rome,  of 
Francis  de  Onuphriis,  an  Italian  phyfician,  and  of  Sylvius  Boc- 
(ione,  a  Sicilian.  Being  recalled  by  his  cwdcr  into  Provence,  he 
obtained  leave  toTearch  the  neighbouring  coafts,  and  the  Alps, 
for  plants:  and  foon  became  acquainted  with  l'oui;nefort,  thea 
On  his  botanical  tour,  and  with  Garidel,  profeifor  (\i  botany  at 
Aixv  When  he  had  thus  qualified  himfelf,  he  was  chofen  as 
the  affociate  of  Surian,  to  explore  the  French  fettlements  in  the, 
Weft  Indies,  as  Sloane  had  lately  examined  Jamaica*  He 
acquitted  himfelf  fo  well,  that  he  was  twice  afterwards  fent,  at 
the  expence  of  tlie  king,  whofe  botanift  he  was  appointed,,  with 
an  ipcreafed  falary  each  time.  Plumier  pafTed  two  years  in  thofe, 
iflandp,  and  on  the  neighbouring  continent,  but  principally  in. 
Domingo ;  and  made  defigns  of  many  hundred  plants,  of  the 
natural  fize,  beGdes  numerous  figures  of  birds,  filhes,  and 
ihfefts[uj.  On  bis  return  from  his  fecond  voyage,  he  had  his 
firfl  work  publilhed  at  the  Louvre,  entitled,  i.  "  Defcriptions 
des  Plantes  de  TAmerique,"  foL  1695,  pp.  94,  108  plates. 
Thefe  figures. con fift  of  little  more  than  outlines,,  but  being  as 
large  as  nature,,  and  well  drawn,  produce  a  fine  cffeSt.  On  his 
return  from  his  third  voyage,  he  fettled  at  Paris,  and  in  1703 
publilhed,  2.  his  "  Nova  riantarum  Americanarum  Genera,/' 
4to.  In  the  year  enfuing,  he  wajS  prevailed  upon  by  M.  Fagon  to 
undertake  a  voyage  to  Peru,  to  difiiover  and  delineate  the  Peru-- 
vian  bark.  ^  His  great  zeal  for  the  fcience^  even  at  that  age 
induced  him  to  confent,  but  while  he  was  waiting  for  the  ihip- 
near  Ciadiz,  he  was.feized,^vv:ith  a  plgurify  and  died,  in  1706'. 
His  third  work,*  3.  "  Traite  des  Fougcres  de  I'Amerique,"  on 
the  f-crns  .of  America,  folio,  1,72  plates,  being  now  ready* 
was  pubKffied  in  ^1705.  .  He  publiined,  as  above-mentioned, 

I         "   .    '  **' JVjTuIlncy'o  SketcKci  of  Bouny,  vol.  ii.  p.  Si»       -    x*    •■ 

' '    ■  .  4.  "I'Art 


PLUTARCH.  .   isij 

4,  **  rArt  de  Tonrher,"  the  Art  of  Turning.  Lyons,  1701: 
and  republiilied  in  1749.  5,  There  are  alfo  two  diHertations  by 
him,  in  the  Journal  des  Savans,  1694,  and  that  of  Trevoux,  to 
prove,  what  is  now  well  known,  that  the  cochineal  is  an  infeft* 
It  is  faid  that  he  left  behind  him  drawings  uifficrent  to  make 
ten  volumes :  they  amounted  in  all  to  1400.  Some  of  whichi 
have  been  iince  publifhed. 

PLUTARCH  [x],  a  great  philofopher  and  hiftorian  of  anti» 
quity,  who  lived  from  the  reign  of  Claudius  to  that  of  Adrian, 
was  born  at  Chasronea,  a  fmall  city  of  Boeotia  in  Greece,  which 
had  alio  been  xhh  birth-place  of  Pindar.  Plutarch's  family  was 
ancient  in  Chxronea  :  bis  grandfather  Lamprias  was  a  man  emi- 
nent for  his  learning,  and  a  philofopher  ;  and  is  often  mentioned 
by  -Plutarch  in  his  writings,  as  is  alfo  his  father,  Plutarch  was 
initiated  early  in  ftudy,  to  which  he  was  naturally  inclined  ;  and 
was  placed  under  Ammonius  an  Egyptian,  who,  having  taught 
philofophy  with  reputation  at  Alexandria,  thence  travelled  into 
Greece,  and  fettled  at  Athens,  Under  this  mafter,  he  made 
great  advances  in  knowledge  ;  and  like  a  thorough  philofopher, 
more  apt  to  regard  things  than  words,  he  purfued  this  know* 
ledge  to.  the  neglefl:  of  languages.  The  Roman  language,  at 
that  time,,  v^as  not  only  the  language  of  Rome,  but  of  Greece 
alfo ;  and  much  more  ufed  there,  than  the  French  is  now  ii| 
England.  Yet  he  was  fo  far  from  regarding  it  then,  that,  as  we 
learn  from  himfelf,  he  did  not  become  conVerfant  in  it  till  the 
declenfion  of  his  life  ;  and,  though  he  is  fuppofed  to  have  redded 
in  Rome  near  forty  years,  ac  different  times,  he  never  feems 
to  have  acquired  a  competent  ikill  in  it. 

After  he  was  principled  and  grounded  by  Ammonius,  he  con- 
fidered  with  himfelf,  that  a  larger  communication  with  the  wife 
and  learned  w^as  yet  necclfary  for  his  accompli (hment;  and  there-, 
fore  having  a  foul  infatiable  of  knowledge,  he  refolved  to  travel. 
Egypt  was  at  that  time,  as  formerly  it  had  been,  famous  for 
learning;  and  probably  the  myfterioufnefs  of  their  dodlrine  might 
tempt  him,  as  it  had  tempted  Pythagoras  and  others,  to  go  an4 
Converfe  w^ith  the  priefthood  of  that  country.  Thi&  appears  to 
have  been  particularly  his  bufinefs,  by  his  treatife  ^*  Of  liis  and! 
Ofiris,"  in  which  he  fhews  himfelf  ver fed  in  the  ancient  theo- 
logy and  philofophy  of  the  wife  men.  From  Egypt  he  returned 
into  Greece ;  and,  vifiting  i'n  his.  way  all  the  academics  and 
fchools  of  the  philofophers,  gathered  from  them  many  of  thofe 
obfervations  with  which  he  has  aliijndantly  e/iriched  poft6rity.  He 
does  not  fcem  to  have  been  attached  to  any  partitiilar  fea,  but 
chofe  from  each  of  them  whatever  he  thought  excellent  and 
worthy  to  be  regarded.     He  Could  not  bear  the  paradoxes  of  the, 

{x]  ViHA  PhitaMti  per  Ruaklvin.  PaiM^i  B^Hotfa;  Citst:  vol;  Wi: 

U  3  Stoics, 


a94  PLUTARCH. 

Stoics,  but  yet  was  more  averfe  to  the  impiety  of  the  Epi- 
cureans: in  many  things  he  followed  Ariftotle;  but  his  favour- 
ites were  Socrates  and  Plato,  whofe  memory  he  reverenced  fo 
highly,  that  he  annually  celebrated  their  birth-days  with  much 
folemnity.     Befides  this,  he  applied  himfelf  wiih  extreme  dili- 

tence  to  colled,  not  only  all  books  that  were  excellent  in  their 
ind,  but  alfo  all  the  fayings  and  obfervations  of  wife  men, 
which  he  had  heard  in  conversation,  or  had  received  from  others 
by  tradition;  and  likewifc  to  confult  the  records  and  public 
•inftruments  preferved  in  cities  which  he  had  vifited  in  his  travels. 
He  took  a  particular  journey  to  Sparta,  to  fearch  the  archives 
of  that  famous  cpmmon wealth,  to  undcrftand  thoroughly  the 
model  of  their  ancient  government,  the  hiliory  of  their  legifla- 
tors,  their  kings,  and  their  ephori ;  and  digefted  all  their  memo- 
rable deeds  and  fayings  with  fo  much  care,  that  he  has  not 
omitted  even  thofe  of  their  women.  He  took  the  fame  methods 
with  regard  to  many  other  commonwealths ;  and  thus  was  ena- 
bled to  leave  in  his  works  fuch  obfervations  upon  men  and  man* 
ners,  as,  in  the  opinion  of  Montaigne  and  Bayle  in  particular, 
have  rendered  him  the  moft  valuable  author  of  antiquity. 

The  circumftances  of  Plutarch's  life  are  not  known,  and 
therefore  cannot  be  related  with  any  exa£inefs.  He  was  mar- 
ried, and  his  wife'SsUame  wasTimoxena,  asRualdus  conjeSures 
With  probability.  He  had  feveral  children,  and  among  them  two 
fons,  one  called  Plutarch  after  himfelf,  the  other  Lamprias,  in 
memory  of  his  grandfather.  Lamprias  was  he,  of  all  his  chil- 
dren, who  feems,  to  have  inherited  his  father's  philofophy ;  and 
to  him  we  owe  the  table  or  catalogue  of  Plutarch's  writings,  and, 

Eerhaps  alfo,  his  "  Apophthegms."  He  had  a  nephew,  Sextus 
Ihaeroneus,  who  taught  the  emperor  Marcus  Aurelius  the  Greek 
language,  and  was  much  honoured  by  him.  Some  think,  that 
the  critic  Longinus  was  of  his  family;  and  Apuleius,  in  the  firft 
book  of  his  Metamorphofes,  affirms  himfelf  to  be  defcended 
from  him. 

On  what  occafion,  and  at  what  time  of  his  life,  he  went  to 
Rome,  how  long  he  lived  there,  and  when  he  finally  returned 
to  his  own  country,  are  all  uncertain.  It  is  probable,  that  the 
fame  of  him  went  thither  before  him,  not  only  becaufe  he  had 
publifhed  feveral  of  his  works,  but  becaufe  immediately  upon 
bis  arrival,,  a^  there  is  reafon  tp  believe,  he  had  a  great  refort  of 
the  Roman  nobility  to  bear  him :  for  he  tells  us  himfelf,  that  he 
wais  fo  taken  up  in  giving. ledures  of  philofophy  to  the  great  men 
pf  Rome,  that  he  had  not  time  to  make  himfelf  maiter  of  the 
Latin  tongue,  which  is  one  of  the  firft  things  that  would  natu- 
rally have  engaged  his  attention.  It  appears,  that  he  was  feveral 
times  at  Rome ;  and  perhaps  one  motive  to  his  inhabiting  there 
was^  the  intimacy  be  bad  contfa^ed  ia  jroin^,.af  .theie  journeys 
-     ,  with 


PLUTARCH:  295 

'with  Sodius  Senecio,  a  great  and  worthy  man,  who  had  been 
four  times  conful,  and  to  whom  Plutarch  has  dedicated  many  of 
his  Lives.  But  the  great  inducement  which  carried  him  firft 
to  Rome  was,  undoubtedly,  that  which  had  carried  him  into  fo 
many  other  parts  of  the  world ;  namely,  to  make  obfervations 
tipon  men  and  manners,  and  to  cpllefi  materials  for  writing 
'^*  The  Lives  of  the  Roman  Worthies,"  in  the  fame  manner  as 
he  had  already  written  thofe  of  the  Grecian :  and,  accordifigly, 
he  not  only  oonverfed  with  all  the  livjng,  but  fearched  the  records 
of  the  Capitol,  and  of  all  the  libraries.  Not  but,  as  we  learn 
from  Suidas,  he  was  intruded  alfo  with  the  management  of 
public  affairs  in  the  empire,  during  his  refidence  in  the  metro- 
polis: "  Phitarch,*'  fays  he,  "  lived  in  the  time  of  Trajan,  who 
beftowed  on  him  the  confular  ornaments,  and  alfo  catjfed  an 
ediA  to  be  pafled,  that  the  magiftrates  or  officers  of  Illyria 
fliould  do  nothing  in  that  province  without  his  knowledge  and 
approbation.*' 

When,  and  how,  he  was  made  known  to  Trajan,  is  likewife 
tincertain :  but  it  is  generally  fnppofed,  that  Trajan,  a  private 
man  when  Plvtarch  firft  came  to  Rome,  was,  among  other  nobi- 
lity, one  of  his  auditors.  It  is  alfo  fuppofed,  that  this  wife 
«mpcror  nntde  ufe  of  him  in  his  councils ;  fo  that  much  of  the 
happinefs  of  his  reign  has  been  imputed  to  Plutarch.  We  afe 
equally  at  a  lofs,  concerning  the  time  of  his  abode  in  the  impe- 
rial city;  which,  however,  at  different  times,  is  not  imagined  to 
fall  much  (hort  of  forty  years.  The  defire  of  vifiting  his  native 
country,  fo  natural  to  all  men,  and  efpecially  when  growing  old, 
prevailed  with  him  at  length  to  leave  Italy;  and,  at  his  return, 
he  was  unanimoufly  chofen  archon  or  chief  magiftrate  of  Chas- 
ronea*  and  not  long  after  admitted  into  the  number  of  the  Del- 
phic Apollo's  priefls.  We  have  no  particular  account  of  his 
death,  either  as  to  the  manner  of  it,  or  the  year;  only  it  is 
evident  that  he  lived,  and  continued  his  ftudies,  to  an  extreme 
old  age. 

His  works  have  beea  divided,  and  they  admit  of  a  tolerably 
^ual  divifion,  into  **  Lives'*and  "  Morals:"  the  former  of  which, 
in  his  own  eftimation,  were  to  be  preferred,  as  more  noble  than 
the  latter.  His  ftyle  has  been  cenfured  by  fome  perfons  for 
haribnefs  and  obfcurity,  and  he  has  alfo  been  criticized  for  fome 
miftakes  in  Roman  antiquities,  and  for  a  little  partiality  to  the 
Greeks.  On  the  other  hand,  he  has  been  juftly  praifcd/  for  the 
copioufnefs  of  his  fine  fenfe  and  learning,  for  his  integrity,  znd 
for  a  certain  air  of  gopdnefs,  which  appears  in  all  he  wrote. 
His  bufmefs  was,  not  to  pleafe  the  ear,  but  to  indrufl  and  charm 
the  mind  ;  and  in  this  none  ever  went  beyond  him.  Treafures 
of  learning,  wifdom,  and  hiftory,  may  be  found  in  his  writings ; 
and  no  nun  ca^  rea4  them  without  infinite  advantage  to  himfelf.. 

U  4  Some 


296  PLUVINEL. 

Some  have  affirmed  his  works  to  fee  a  kind  of  library,  and  col- 
le6tion  'of  all  that  was  wifely  faid  and  done  among  the  ancient 
Greeks  and  Romans :  and  if  fo,  the  faying  of  Theodorus  Gaza 
is  certainly  to  be  applauded.  This  learned  man,  and  great  pre- 
ceptor of  the  Greek  tongue,  at  the  revival  of  literature,  having 
this  extravagant  queftion  put  to  him  by  a  friend,  namely,  **  If 
learning  muft  fuffer  a  general  (hipwreck,  and  he  have  only  his 
choice  of  one  author  to  be  preferved,  who  that  author  fhould 
be?"  anfwcred,  **  Phitarch."  This  would  then  be  certainly- 
right  ;  becaufe,  in  having  him,  he  would  have  what  was  good 
and  excellent  in  them  all. 

I'he  eulogiums  given  to  Plutarch,  by  great  and  learned  men, 
arc  innumerable  ;  it  would  be  endlefis  to  cite  them.  The  Epi- 
gram of  Agathias  defervcs  to  be  remembered.  This  author 
flourifhed  about  the  year  500,  and  the  verfes  are  extant  in  the 
Anthologia  :  they  are  fuppofed  to  be  written  on*  a  (latue,  ere6led 
by  the  Romans  to  his  memory.  The  following  is  Dryden's 
tranflation  of  ihem : 

"  Chaeroneao  Plutarch,  to  thy  deathlefs  pcaife 
Does  martial  Rome  this  grateful  flatue  raife : 
Becaufe  both  Greece  and  Ibc  thy  fame  have  fhar'd> 
Their  herpes  written,  and  their  lives  compared. 
But  thou  thyfelf  could 'ft  never  write  thy  own  ; 
Their  lives  have  parallels,  but  thine  has  none." 

There  are  many  editions  of  Plutarch's  works.  That  of  Rtraldns 
at  Paris,  1624,  with  the  verfion  and  notes  of  Xylander,  two  vols.' 
folio,  was  for  fomc  time  efteemed  the  heft.  There  is  an  elegant 
edition  of  his**  Lives,'*  by  Bryan,  which  was  printed  at  London, 
1724,  in  five  volumes  4to.  The  whole  of  his  works  was  printed 
colleftively,  by  Reifkc,  at  Leipfic,  in  twelve  volumes  8vo,  with 
many  ufefui  notes,  and  proper  indexes.  But  a  complete  and 
more  critical  edition  is  now  begun  at  Oxford,  under  the  learned 
profeflbr  Wyttenbach,  a  Dutch  critic,  who  has  part  a  great  part 
of  his  life  in  the  ftudy  of  Plutarch.  This  is  printed  both  in  410 
and  8vo,  and  promifes  to  be  an  admirable  edition.  Plutarch's 
works  have  been  tranflated  into  French  by  Amiot,  and  into  Eng- 
lifh  by  feveral  hands,  under  the  care  of  Dryden,  who  wrote  a 
*♦  Life  of  Plutarch,"  which  is  prefixed  to  the  tranflation ;  and  of 
which  fome  ufe*  has  been  made  in  the  courfe  of  this  memoir: 
another  tranflation  of  the  Lives  has  fince  been  published  by 
Dr.  Lanehorne. 

PLUVINJEL  (Antoine),  a  gentleman  of  Dauphmy,  thefirft 
^xho  opened  a  fchodl  for  Tiding  the  manege  in  France,  which, 
till  then,  could  -be  learned  only  in  Italy.  He  flouriflied  in  the 
rprgn  of  Henry  IV.  who  made  him  hischicf  mafter  of  the  horfe, 
and  his  cbatnbpi^i^H)  -befidds  which  he  i^m  'him  as  an  ambaifador 

•*  into 


PO  COCKE.  297' 

into  Holland.  He  died  at  Paris  in  1620,  having  prepared  a 
■work,  which  was  publilhed  five  years  after,  entitled  "  TArt  dt 
monter  a  cheval,"  folio,  with  plates.  The  figures  are  portraits, 
by  Crifpin  de  Pas. 

POCOCKE  (Edward)  [y],  a  moft  learned  Englifhman,  and 
famous  particularly  for  his  great  fkill  in  the  oriental  languages, 
was  born  at  Oxford,  Nov.  8,  1604.  He  was  fent  early  to  the 
free-fchool  of  Thame  in  that  county;  and,  at  fourteen,  entered 
a  commoner  of  Magdalen-hall  in  Oxford,  whence,  about  twa 
years  after,  he  removed  to  Corpus  Chrifti  college.  Befides  the 
ufual  academical  courfes,  which  he  purfued  with  much  diligence, 
he  read  very  carefully  the  beft  Greek  and  Roman  writers  :  but, 
applying  himfelf  afterwards  to  tfie  eaftern  languages,  that  branch 
of  learning  proved  fo  agreeable  to  him,  that  it  became  the  chief 
ofejeS  of  his  ftudies  during  the  reft  of  his  life.  He  took  his 
bachelor  of  arts  degree  in  1622,  and  his  mafter's  iri  1626  ;  and, 
Lud.  de  Dieu  publifhing  a  Syriac  verfion  of  the  "  Apocalypfe" 
at  Leyden  the  following  year,  Pococke,  after  his  example,  began 
to  prepare  thofe  four  "  Epiftles,"  which  were  itill  wanting  to 
z'  complete  edition  of  the  New  Teftament  in  that  language. 
Thefe  Epiftles  were,  the  fecond  of  Peter,  fecond  and  third  of 
John,  and  that  of  Jude.  All  the  other  books,  except  thefe  five, 
had  been  well  printed  by  Albertus  Widmanftadlus,  at  Vienna, 
in  1 555 ;  who  was  fent  into  the  weft  for  that  purpofe  by  Ignatius, 
the  Jacobite  patriarch  of  Antioch,  in  the  1 6th  century.  Having 
met  with  a  manufcript  in  the  Bodleian  library,  proper  to  his 
purpofe,  he  engaged  in  this  work,  and  finifhed  it;  but  laid  it  by, 
not'having  the  courage  to  publifti  it,  \ill  the  fame  of  it,  in  1629, 
brought  him  into  the  acquaintance  of  Gerard  Vollius :  who, 
being  then  at  Oxford,  obtained  his  confent  to  carry  it  to  Ley- 
den, where  it  was  printed  that  year,  in  4to,  under  the  imme- 
<Hate  care  and  infpedlion  of  L.  de  Dieu. 

The  fame  year,  he  was  ordained  prieft,  having  entered  into 
deacon's  orders  fome  time  before ;  and,  being  appointed  chap- 
lain to  the  Englifh  faftory  at  Aleppo,  by  the  intereft  of  Selden, 
as  appears  very  probable,  he  arrived  at  that  place,  after  a  long 
voyage.  Oft.  17,  1630.  l^is  fituation  in  the  eaft  furnifhed  an 
opportunity  of  accomplilhing  hisflcill  in  the  Arabic  tongue :  and 
he  likewife  endeavoured  to  get  a  farther  infight,  if  poffible,  into 
the  Hebrew ;  but  foon  found  it  fruitlefs,  the  Jews  there  being 
very  illiterate.  He  alfo  improved  himfelf  in  the  Ethiopic  and 
Svriac ;  of  which  laft  he  made  a  grammar,  with  a  praxis,  for 
his  own  ufe.  Oft.  30,  1631,  he  received  a  commiffion  from 
Laud,  then  bifliop  of  London,  to  buy  for  him  fuch  ancient 

[y]  Life  of  Pococke  prefixed  to  his  theological  woiks,  in  2  vols*  fol.  1740,  by 

Greek 


298.  POCOCKE. 

Greek  coins,  and  fuch  manulcripts,  either  in  Greek  or  the: 
oriental  languages,  as  he  (hould  judge  mo(t  proper  for  an  uni- 
terfjty  library;  which  commiffion  Pococke  executed  to  the  beft 
of  his  power.  In  1634,  the  plague  raged  furiouily  at  Aleppo; 
many  of  the  merchants  fled  two  days  journey  from  the  city,  and 
dwelt  in  tents  upon  the  mountains :  Pococke  did  not  ftir,  yet 
neither  he  nor  any  of  the  Englifli  catched  the  infeftion.  In 
1636,  he  received  a  letter  from  Laud,  then  abp.  of  Canterbury, 
informing  him  of  his  defign  to  found  an  Arabic  ieSure  at 
Oxford,  and  of  naming  him  to  the  univerfity  for  his  firft  pro- 
feflbr:  upon  which  agreeable  news,  he  prefently  fettled  his 
affairs  at  Aleppo,  and  took  the  firft  opportunity  of  returning 
liome.  On  his  arrival  at  Oxford  this  year,  he  took  a  bachelor 
of  divinity's  degree  in  July,  and  entered  on  the  profefforfliip  in, 
Auguft:  the  next  year,  however,  when  his  friend  Mr.  John 
Greaves  concerted  his  voyage  to  Egypt,  it  was  thought  expedient 
by  Laud,  that  Pococke  (hould  attend  him  to  Conflantinople,  in 
order  to  perfect  himfelf  in  the  Arabic  language,  and  to  purchafe 
^more  manufcripts.  During  his  abode  there,  he  became,  for 
fame  time,  chaplain  to  fir  Peter  Wych,  then  the  Englifb  ambaf- 
fador  to  the  Porte. 

In  1639,  he  received  feveral  letters  from  his  friends,  and  par- 
ticularly from  the  archbifhop,  preffing  him  to  return  home  t  and " 
accordingly,  embarking  in  Auguft,  1640,  he  landed  in  Italy,  and 
pafTed  from  thence  to  Paris.  Here  he  met  with  Grotius,  who 
was  then  embaffador  at  the  court  of  France  from  Sweden  ;  and 
acquainted  him  with  a  defign  he  had,  to  tranflate  his  treatife 
•'  De  veritate  Chriftianae  Religionis"  into  Arabic,  in  order  to 
promote  the  converiion  of  fome  of  the  Mahometans.  Gr otitis 
was  pleafed  with,  and  encouraged  the  propofal ;  while  Pococke 
did  not  fcruple  to  obfervc  to  him  fome  things  towards  the  end  of 
his  book,  which  he  could  not  approve:  as,  his  advancing  opinions, 
which,  though  commonly  charged  by  Chriftians  upon  mahome* 
tans,  yet  had  no  foundation  in  any  of  their  authentic  writings, 
and  were  fuch  as  they  themfelves  were  ready  to  difclaim.  Gro- 
this  was  fo  far  from  being  difpleafed,  that  he  heartily  thanked 
him  for  the  freedom  he  had  taken  ;  and  gave  him  full  leave,  in 
,the  verlion  he  intended,  to  expunge  and  alter  whatever  he  (hould 
think  fit.  This  work  was  publilhed  in  i66o,  at  the  fole 
cxpence  of  Mr.  Boyle:  Grotius's  introdufiion  was  left  out, 
and  a  new  preface  added-  by  Pococke,  (hewing  the  defign  of 
the  work,  and  giving  fome  account  of  the  pcrfons  to  whom 
it  would  be  of  ufe.  But  the  principal  alterations  are  in  the  fixth 
book  againft  Mahometanifm,  where  fome  thine?  are  amended, 
and  othei's  left'  out;  particularly,  the  pretended  miracle  of  the 
dove  flying  to  the  ear  of  Mahomet ;  as  having  no  foundation 
either  in  the  writings  or  opinions  of  his. followers :  about  which, 

when 


P  O  C  O  C  K  E.  299 

when  he  difcourfed  with  Grotius  [z],  that  learned  tnan  frcelj 
acknowledged,  that  he  took  the  ftory  only  from  our  Own  writers, 
efpecially  from  Scaliger,  in  his  notes  on  Manilius* 

On  his  return  to  London,  Pococke  had  the  misfortune  to  find  the 
archbifhop  in  the  Tower,  and  the  nation  in  fuwh  confnfion,  that 
all  his  defigns  in  Arabic,  and  all  the  expedations  entertained  of 
him,  as  the  firft  perfon  in  Europe  for  oriental  learning,  appeared 
now  to  be  at  an  end.  In  1643,  he  was  prefented  by  his  college^ 
of  which  he  had  been  made  fellow  in  1628,  to  the  redory  of 
Childrey  in  Berkihire  :  and,  the  military  ftate  of  Oxford  render* 
ing  the  duties  of  his  profelForfhip  impracticable,  he  retired  to  his 
living,  and  difcharged  the  duties  of  a  worthy  parifh-prieft.  He 
did  not  efcape  the  common  fate  of  the  royalifts  in  thofe  times: 
the  profits  of  his  profeiforlhip,  after  the  death  of  Laud  in  1644, 
being  feized  by  the  fequcdrators,  as  part  of  the  prelate's  eftate. 
His  very  extraordinary  merit,  however,  and  amiable  qualities 
procured  him  friends  on  all  fides,  fo  that  in  1647,  he  was  reftored 
to  the  falary  of  his  le<Slure  by  the  intereft  of  Selden  ;  and,  to  pre- 
ferve  him  from  the  outrages  of  the  fokliery,  he  obtained  a  pro- 
lection  under  the  hand  and  feal  of  general  i'airfax,  by  the  appii* 
cation  of  Dr.  George  Ent.  In  1648,  at  the  recommendation  of 
Dr.  Sheldon  and  Dr.  Hammond,  he  was  nominated  Hebrew 
profeflbr  at  Oxford,  with  the  canonry  of  Chrift-church  annexed 
thereto,  by  the  king,  then  a  prifoner  in  the  Ifle  of  Wight;  and 
was  foon  after  voted  into  the  fame  leSure  by  the  committee  of 
parliament ;  but  ejeded  from  his  canonry  the  year  after,  for  not 
fubfcribing  the  engagement. 

In  the  midft  of  thefe  perfeculions,  he  not  only  continued  to 
read  his  ledlures  with  the  fame  diligence  as  before,  bnt  alfo  pub- 
lifhed  this  year  his  **  Specimen  hiftorias  Arabum."  It  is  a  thort 
<lifcourfe  in  Arabic,  with  a  Latin  tranflation  and  notes  by  him ; 
to  which  is-  added,  an  **  Klencbus  fcriptornm  Arabicorum.** 
The  difcourfe  itfelf  is  taken  out  of  the  general  hiftory  of  Gregory 
Abul  Faraijus;  and  Pococke's  notes  are  a  colle&ion  of  various 
things  relating  to  thefe  matters,  out  of  more  than  an  hundred 
Arabic  manukrripts.  Selden  was  extremely  pleafed  with  this 
work ;  and  Prideaux>  in  his  "  Life  of  Mahomet,*'  has  made  very 
honourable  mention  of  it.  Simon  Ockley,  Arabic  profelfor  at 
Cambridge,  writes  thus  of  it:  **  Specimen  hiftoriae  Arabum, 
opus  vere  aureum  CI.  Pocockii  ftudio  eleboratum.  Dignus  eft 
hie  liber,  qui  faepius  legatur  ;  eft  enim  quafi  clavis  ad  quo^unque 
^uthores  Arabicos  intelligendos  perquam  neceffaria."  [a]  Adrian 
Reland  has  alfo  thefe  words  relating  to  it :  ^<  In  fpecimine  hif* 


{:] 


Pococke^s  notes  in  Specim.  Hift.  Arabum,  pag«  1S6. 

Introd  ad  ling,  orient,  p.  147.  Cant.  1706.  ximo.— De  relig.  Mahommed.  p«  86. 

toriae 


300  POCOCKE, 

toriae  Arabum,  quo  nemo  catere  poted,  cui  literae  Arabicas  in 
deliciis  funt." 

In.  1650,  a  vote  was  pafTed,  to  deprive  him  of  his  leSures, 
and  to  turn  him  out  of  the  univerfity ;  but  he  was  faved  from 
the  efFeft  of  it  by  the  intercellion  of  a  great  part  of  that  body, 
almoft  all  of  whom  had  been  placed  there  by  the  parliament. 
In  1652,  he  was  one  of  thofe  concerned  in  preparing  the  in- 
tended edition  of  the  Polyglott  Bible.  In  1654,  the  famous 
Golius,  Arabic  profefTor  at  Leyden,  publifhing  his  Arabic 
Lexicon,  fent  Pococke  a  copy  of  it,  with  this  infcription  : 
**  Virtute  atquedoftrina  eximio  ac  praeclaro  viro  domino  Edw. 
Pococke,  iiteraturae  Orientalis  peritia  suulli  fecundo."  The 
Berkfhire  committee  of  the  commiflioners  for  ejefting  fcan- 
dalous  minifters  entered  a  profecution  againft  him,  with  a  defign 
to  ejeft  him  from  his  living  of  Childrey,  for  ignorance  and 
infufficiency!  but  he  was  (heltered  from  the  fury  of  that  ilorm 
by  the  .learned  Independent,  Dr.  Jphn  Owen.  Owen,  being  a 
commillioner  himfelf  under  the  fame  aft,  proceeded  with  fome 
warmth  to  make  them  fenfible  of  the  infinite  contempt  they 
would  incur,  when  it  fliould  be  faid,  that  they  had  turned  out  a 
roan  for  infufficiency,  whom  all  the  learned,  not  of  England 
only,  but  of  all  Europe,  fo  juftly  admired  for  his  vaft  know- 
ledge and  extraordinary  accompli (hments ;  and,  by  entering  his 
proteft  againft  fo  ftrange  a  proceeding,  put  a  flop  to  the  affair. 

In  1655,  h^  publifhed  his  **  Porta  Mofis ;"  a  work  contain- 
ing fix  prefatory  difcourfes  of  Maimonides,  which  relate,  in  a 
very  clear  method,  the  hiftory  and  nature  of  the  Talmud,  and 
the  Jewifli  faith  and  difcipline.  The  original  was  written  in 
Arabic,  but,  as  was  ufual  among  the  Jews,  exprefled  in  Hebrew 
charafters.  He  added  a  Latin  tranflation,  and  a  very  large 
appendix  of  mifcellaneous  notes.  It  was  printed  at  Oxford, 
and  was  the  tirft  fruits  of  the  Hebrew  prefs  there.  In  1658, 
he  publifhed,  "  The  Annals  of  Eutychius,"  in  purfuance  of  a 
promife  he  had  made  fome  years  before  to  Selden.  In  1659, 
when  the  fecluded  members  of  the  houfe  of  commons  were 
reftored  to  their  feats  in  parliament,  he  was,  by  the  intereft  of 
Dr.  Wallis,  who  had.  always  been  his  friend,  reftored  to  his 
canonry  of  Chrift-church ;  in  which  he  was  firmly  fixed  the 
year  after,  at  the  return  of  the  king.  Being  now  reinftated  at 
Oxfoord,  he  took  his  do6tor  of  divinity's  degree  j  and  continued 
afterwards  to  difcharge  the  duties  of  both  his  leftures,  and  to 
give  the  world,  to  the  end  of  his  life,  new  proofs  of  his  unri- 
valled ikill  in  oriental  learning.  He  was  confulted  by  all  the^ 
moft  learned  men  in  Europe :  by  Hornius,  Alting,  Hottinger, 
Golius,  from  abroad ;  and  by  Cudworth,  Boyle,  Hammond, 
Caftle,  at  home.  In  1663,  he  publifhed  at  Oxford,  "  Gregorii 
Abiil  Farajii  hiftoria  Dynafliarum,"  4to.  This  is  a  compen- 
dium 


FOCQCKE.  501 

dium  of  the  general  hiftoFy  of  the  warld^  from  the  creation  to 
6is  own  time,  i.  e.  about  the  end  of  the  thirteenth  century;  and 
is  divided  into  ten  dynafties. 

Some  time  after,  Fell,  dean  of  Chrift-church,  havfng  con- 
certed  a  fcheme  for  a  "  Commentary  upon  the  Old  Tefta- 
ment,"  to  be  written  by  fome  learned  perfons  in  that  univerfity, 
engaged  Pococke  to  take  a  fhare.     This  gave  occafjon  to  his 
**  Commentaries  upon  Micah  and  Malachi,'^  published  in  1677  ; 
after  which  he  finiflied  thofe  upon  Hofea  and  Joelj  publiflied 
in   1691.     His  *f  commentary  upon  Hofea"  is  rather  large; 
occalioqed  by  the  repeated  attempts  of  Ifaac  Voffius- to  depre-. 
ciate    the  Hebrew  text,   which   Pococke  defends  with   great 
learning.     Thefe  *'  Commentaries,"  with  the  "Porta  Mofis," 
were  republifhed  in   1740,  2  vols,  folio,  by  Leonard  Twells^ 
D.  D.   who  prefixed  a  Life  of  the  author,  from  which  this 
account  is  taken.     Dr.  Pococke  died,  Sept.  10,  1691,  in  hisL 
cighty-feventh  year ;    and  was  interred    in    the  cathedral   o€ 
Chri It-church,'  where  a  monument,  with  an  infcription,    is 
erefted  to  his  memory.     In  his  perfon,  he  was  of  a  middle 
ftature,   and  flender ;  nis  hair  and  eyes  black;  his  complexion 
frefti ;  his  Ipok  lively  and  chearful ;  and  his  Conftitution  found 
and  healthy.     In  his  converfation  he  was  free,  open,  and  affa- 
ble ;  retaining,  even  to  the  laft,  thfe  brifknefs  and  facetioufneft 
of  youth.     His  temper  was  modeft,  humble,  fincere ;  and  his. 
charity  brought  fuch  ntimbers  of  neceffitous  objeds  to  him,  that 
dean  Fell  uled  to  tell  him  complainingly,  "  that  he  drew  all 
the  poor  of  Oxford  into  the  college."     As  to  his  intelleftuat 
accompliihments,    befides  oth^r  learning,   he  was  profoundly 
ikilled  in  the  Hebrew,  Arabic,  and  Syriac  tongues ;  was  well 
acquainted  with  the  Perfic,  Samaritan,  Ethiopic,  Coptic,  and 
Turkifh ;  and  not  a'ftranger  to  the  Italian  and  Spanifli.     In 
Greek  and  Latin  he  was,  fay  his  friends,  critically  converfant: 
his  ftyle  in  Englifh  clear  and  expreflive,  but  not  polifhed ;  his- 
Latin  ftyle  not  only  proper  and  perfpicuous,-  but  written  with 
fome  degree  of  elegance.     The  great  objedl  of  his  ambition 
and  labours,  throughout  a  long  life,   was  the  promotion  of 
Oriental  literature:  but,  unluckily  for  him,  that  kind  of  learn-- 
ing,  which  had  been  in  the  higheft  efteem  for  feveral  3Fears' 
before  the  Reftoration,  fell  into  a  general  neglect  for  many  years 
after.     At  Cannbridge  alfo,  where  Dr.  Caftell  was  fettled  in 
the  Arabic  profeflbrmip  in  1666,  though  he  was  heard  very 
Well  at  firfty  yet  his  leisures  in  a  little  time  grew  to  be  fo 
much  neglefted,  that  once,  when  he  was  to  read  the   next 
<iay,  being,  then  in  a  pleafant  mood,  he  affixed  a  paper  upon 
the  door  of  the  public  fchbol,  with  thefe  words:  **  Pjaledlor 
linguas  Arabicas  eras  ibit  in  defertum." 

3  He^ 


302  PO  COCKE. 

He  had  married  in  1646,  while  he  was  refident  upon  hfs 
living  in  Berkfliire ;  and  had  nine  children.  We  have  only 
an  account  of  his  eldeft  Ton  Edward  Pococke,  who,  under* 
his  father's  direftion,  publiftied,  in  1671,  4to,  with  a  Latin 
tranflation,  an  Arabic  work,  entitled,  "  Philofophus  Auto- 
didaflus;  five,  Epillola  Abu  Jaafar  Ebn  Tophail  de  Hai  Ebn 
Yokdhan.  In  qua  oftenditur,  quomodo  ex  i nfe riorum  con- 
templatione  ad  fuperiorum  notitiam  ratio  humana  afccnderc 
pofliit.'*  In  171 1,  Simon  Ockley  publiflied  an  Englifli  tranf- 
lation of  ihis  book,  under  the  title  of,  "  The  Improve- 
ment of  Human  Reafon,  exhibited  in  the  Life  of  Hai  Ebn 
Yokdhan,  &c."  8vo;  and  dedicated  it  to  Mr.  Pococke,  then 
reAor  of  Minal  in  Wiltihire.  Mr.  Pococke  had  alfo  prepared 
an  Arabic  hiftory,  with  a  Latin  verfion,  and  put  to  it  the  prefs 
at  Oxford ;  but  not  being  worked  off  when  his  father  died,  he 
withdrew  it,  upon  a  difguft  at  not  fucceeding. his  father  in  the 
Hebrew  profeflbrlhip.  The  copy,  as  much  of  it  as  was  printed, 
and  the  manufcript  hiftory,  were,  in  1740,  in  the  hands  of 
Mr.  Pococke's  fon,  then  reftor  of  Minal. 

POCOCKE  (Richard),  D.  D.  (who  was^diftantly  related 
to  the  learned  Orientalift  Dr.  Edward  Pococke  [b],  being  fon  of 
Mr.  Richard  Pococke,  fequeftrator  of  the  church  of  All-faints 
in  Southampton,  and  head  matter  of  the  free-fchool  there,  by 
the  only  daughter  of  the  Rev.  Mr.  Ifaac  Milles,  minifter  of 
Highcleer  in  Hampfhire)  fc},  was  born  at  Southampton  in- 
1704.  He  received  his  fchool-learning  there,  and  his  acade- 
mical education  at  Corpus-Chrifti  college,  Oxford ;  took  his 
degree  of  LL.  B.  May  5,  1731 ;  and  that  of  LL.  D.  (being 
then  precentor  of  Lifmore)  June  28,  1733  ;  'together  with  Dr. 
Seeker,  then  reftor  of  St.  James's,  and  afterwards  archbilhop 
of  Canterbury.  He  began  his  travels  into  the  Eaft  in  1737, 
and  returned  in  1742,  and  was  made  precentor  of  Waterford 
in  1744.  In  1743,  he  publifhed  the  firft  part  of  thofe  travels, 
under  the  title  of  "  A  Defcription  of  the  Eaft,  and  of  fomef 
other  Countries,  vol.  i.  Obfervations  on  Egypt."  In  1745  he 
printed  the  fecond  volume  under  the  fame  title,  "  Obfervations 
on  Pala.*ftine,  or  the  Holy  Land,  Syria,  Mefopotamia,  Cyprus, 
and  Candia,*'  which  he  dedicated  to  the  earl  of  Qhefterfield, 
then  made  lord-lieutenant  of  Ireland;  attended  His  lordfliip; 
thither  as  one  of  his  domeftic  chaplains,  and  was  Toon  after 
appointed  by  his  lordftiip  archdeacon  of  Dublin.  In  March, 
1756,  he  was  promoted  by  the  duke  of  Devonlhire  (then- lord- 

[b]  Anecdotes  of  Bow^'cr,  by  Nichols,  died  in  1740.      The  fecond,  Jeremiab^. 
p^^TJ.    .  W4S  feUow  and  tutor  of  SaliolHCoUege)  who 

[c]  Of  Mr.  Ifaac  Milles*s  thrae  ions,  prelented  him,  in  1705,  to  the  rectory  ofr 
tfttft  eldfft,  Thomas,  was  appointed  Greek.'  Dulnmar  Looi  in  Cor nvatU    The  thini>  *" 
^fofdfor  at  Oxford,  in  1706,  and  biihop  of  liaac,  wai  treaforer  of,  Waterford  in  1714, 
Watcjiord  and  LiTmore,  in  1 70S1  where  he  and  treafuier  of  lifiaore  oathedral  in  x  717. 

lieutenant) 


POCOCKE.  303 

'lieutenant)  to  the  bifliopric  of  Oflbry,  vacant  by  the  death  of 
Dr.  Edward  Maurice.  He  was  tranflated  by  the  king's  letter 
'from  OlFory  to  Elphin,  in  June,  1765,  bifliop  Gore  of  Elphin 
being  then  promoted  to  Meath;  but  biihop  Gore  finding  a  great 
fura  was  to  be  paid  to  his  predeceffor*s  executors  Ybr  the  houfe 
at  Ardbraceon,  declined  taking  out  his  patent ;  and  therefore 
biihop  Pococke  in  July,  was  tranflated  by  the  duke  of  Norfh- 
umberiand  direftly  to  the  fee  of  Meath,  and  died  in  the  month 
of  September  the  fame  year,  fuddenly,  of  an  apopleftic  ftroke, 
while  he  was  in  the  courfe  of  his  vifitation  [dJ  —See  an  eulo- 
pium  of  his  Defpription  of  t  gypt,  in  a  work  entitled  *^  PauH 
Krnefti  Jablonflci  Pantheon  iEgyptiorum,  Pracfet.  ad  part  iii«'^ 
He  penetrated  no  fur.ther  up  the  Nile  than  to  Philse,  now  Gieuret 
Ell  HierefF;  whereas  Mr.  Norden  in  1737,  went  as  far  a^  Derri, 
between  the  two  catarafts.  The  two  travellers  are  fappofed  to 
have  met  on  the  Nile,  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Efnay,  in  Jan, 
i738rE].  But  the  faft,  as  Dr.  Pococke  told  fome  of  his 
friends  was,  that  being  on  his  return,  not  knowing  that  Mr, 
Norden  was  gone  up,  he  pailed  by  him  in  the  night,  without 
having  the  pleafure  of  feeing  him.  There  was  an  admirable 
whole  length  of  the  bifhop,  in  a  Turkifli  drefs,  painted  by 
Liotard,  in  the  poiTellion  o(  the  late  Dr.  Milles,  dean  of  Ex- 
eter, his  firft  coufin.  He  was  a  great  traveller,  and  vifited 
other  places  befidcs  the  Eaft.  His  defcription  of  a  rock  on  the 
weft-iide  of  Dunbar  harbour  in  Scotland,  refemWing  the 
Giants  Caufeway,  is  in  the  Phiiof.  Tranf.  vol.  lii.  art.  17,  and 
in  Archaeologia,  vol.  ii.  p.  32.  his  account  of  fome  anti- 
quities found  in  Ireland.  **  When  travelling  through  Scotland 
(where  be  preached  feveral  times  to  crouded  congregations),  he 
flopped  at  Dingwal,  and  faid  he  was  much  ftruck  and  pleafcd 
with  its  appearance;  for  the  fituation  of  it  brought  Jerufalem 
to  his  remembrance,  and  he  pointed  out  the  hill  which  refem- 
bled  Calvary."  The  fame  fimilitude  was  obferved'by  him  in 
regard  to  Dartmouth.  He  preached  a  fennon  in  1761  for 
the  benefit  of  the  Magdalen  charily  in  London,  and  one  in 
1762  before  the  incorporated  Society  in  Dublin. 

Among  the  MS.  treafures  in  the  Britifh  Mufeum,  are  feveral 
volumes (481 1 — 4827)  the  gift  of  bifnop  Pococke;  viz.  "  Mi- 
nutes and  Regifters  of  the  Philofophical  Society  of  Dublin, 
from  1683  to  1687,  with  a  copy  of  the  papers  read  before 
them ;"  and  **  Regifters  of  the  Philofophical  Society  of  Dubh'n, 
from  Aug,  14,  1707,  with  copies  of  fome  of  thefe  papers  read 
before  them  ;"  alfo  *•  Several  Extrafts  taken  out  of  the  Records 
in  Birmingham's  Tower;"  "An  Account  of  the  Francifcaa 
Abbeys,  Houfes,  and  Friaries,  in  Ireland,"  6cc.  6cc.- 

[b]  His  coUedton  of  antiquities  and  foflils  was  fold  by  Mefi.  Langfoid,  Jane  5,  aad, 
i,  1766.  fEl  Norden*s  Tnvels,  Englifli  edit.  %yo,  p.  188. 

POGGIO 


304  pOGcro. 

POGGIO  BRACCIOLINI,  a  man  of  great  talents  and 
learningi  who  flouri(he4  at  the  time  when  learning  was 
reviving  in  Europe,  and  himfclf  contributed  not  a  little  tr> 
it>  was  defcended  from  a  family  of  good  rank,  and  born  in 
X380  at  Terraniiova,  a  town  in  the  territories  of  Florence. 
Be  was  fent  to  Florence  in  1398  [fJ,  and  there  learned 
jj^tin  under  John  of  Ravemia,  and  Gree"k  of  Emanuel  Chry- 
'iToloras.  It  appears  from  one  of  his  letters,  that  he  applied 
idmfelf  alfo  afterwards  to  Hebrew  ;  which  confutes  the  opinion, 
of  Huetius  a-nd  others,  who  have  faid  that  the  Hebrew  lan- 
guage was  not  cultivated  in  Italy,  till  after  the  fourteenth  and 
fifteenth  centuries.  His  education  being. finiihed,  he. went  to 
Rome,  under  th^  pontificate  of  Boniface  IX.  and  was  taken 
into  the  fervice  of  the  cardinal  de  Bari,  who  was  Ludolf  Mar- 
ramoro,  a  Neapolitan.  Afterwards  he  had  the  place  of  Mrriter 
of  the  apoftolic  letters,  which  he  held  ten  years ;  and  then  was 
made  fecretary  to  the  pope,  in  which  office  he  continued  forty 
years. 

In  1 41 4,  while  the  council  of  Conftance  was  fitting,  fomc 
cardinals  and  nobles  of  Rome  fent  him  to  that  place,  in  fearch 
of  ancient  authors :  and  he  executed  his  commiflion  fo  well, 
that  there,  and  in  the  parts  adjacent,  he  found  a  confiderable 
number.  Quintilian  was  among  them>  and  was  difcovered  at 
the  bottom  of  a  tower  in  the  monaftery  of  St.  Gal,  about 
twenty  miles  from  the  city  of  Conftance.  Silius  Italicus  was 
found  at  the  fame  time  and  place.  Poggio  afterwards  travelled 
to  England,  and  ftayed  fome  time  in  London :  he  vifited  the 
monaucries  here,  in  hopes  of  finding  fome  ancient  manufcripts, 
but  was  not'fo  fuccefsful  as  in  Germany.  Some  fay,  that  pope 
Martin  V.  fent  him  alfo  to  Hungary ;  but  the  circumftances 
of  this  journey  are  no  where  related.  They  add,  that  he  was 
afterwards  a  long  time  at  Bologna  and  Ferrara:  and  there  is 
reafon  to  think,  that  he  was  toffed  about  fome  years  from 
place  to  place  by  the  troubles  of  the  times ;  for  he  himfelf 
almoft  informs  us  fo,  in  his  dialogue  "  De  infelicitate  prin- 
cipum." 

He  determined  at  length  to  fettle  and  to  marry.  He  had 
already  three  fons  by  a  miftrefs,  though  he  was  an  ecclefiaftic ; 
and  he  excufes  himfelf  jocularly  upon  this  head,  in  one  of  his 
letters  to  cardinal  Julian  of  St.  Angelo:  "  You  fay  that  I  have 
fons,  which  is  not  lawful  for  a  cleric ;  and  without  ^  wife, 
which  does  not  become  a  laic.  I  may  anfwer,  that  I  have 
fons,  which  is  fitting  for  laics ;  and  without  a  wife,  which 
from  the  beginning  of  the  world  has  been  the  cuftom  of  clerics: 
but  I  will  not  defend  my  failings  by  any  excufe."     Take  the 

[f]  Niccron,  mem.  &c.  torn.  ix. 

original, 


p  6  G  G  ro.  305 

original,  as  a  fpecimen  of  his  Latin :  ^*  AfTens  me  habere  filios, 
quod  clerico  non  licet :  fine  uxore,  quod  laicum  non  decet.  PoC- 
fum  refpondere,  habere  filios  me,  quod  laicis  expedit  j&fineuxore) 
qui  eft  mos  clericorum  ab  orbis  exordio  obfervatus :  fed  nolo  er- 
rata mea  ulla  excufatione  tueri.*'  He  married  a  Florentine  lady: 
in  1435,  when  he  was  fifty-four,  who  was  young,  beautiful,  ancf 
of  an  illuftrious  and  ancient  family,  but  not  a  large  fortune:  h« 
took  her  to  Rome,  and  had  feveral  children  by  her..  I 

He  continued  ftill  in  his  office  of  apoftolic  fecretary,  whicl\ 
he  held  under  feven  popes,  including  the  fpace  of  forty  years. 
Notwithftanding  this,  he  was  not  rich;  and  we  find  him  com^^ 
plaining  of  his  circumftances,  efpecially  now  his  family  was- 
increafed,  in  fome  of  his  letters.     In  1453,  the  place  of  fecre-. 
tary  to  the  republic  of  Florence  was  offered  him,  and  he  ac- 
cepted it  with  pleafure:  quitting  Rome,  though  not  without 
rcluftance,  on  account  of  the  friends  he  left  behind  him..  Though, 
he  was  full  feventy-two,  he  applied  himfelf  to  ftudy  more  in- 
tenfely  than  ever:  and  in  that  laft  period  of  his  life,  though  be 
had  an  employment  which  took  up  much  of  his  time,  compofed. 
the  moft  cenliderable  of  his  works.     His  love  of  retirement 
induced  him  to  build  a  country-houfe  near  Florence,  which  he 
called  his  academy,  and  in  which  he  took  much  delight.     He* 
always  fpent  the  fummer  at  that  houfe,  and,  indeed  never  was 
quite  fatisfied,  when  he  was  not  there.     It  is  faid,  that  he  fold* 
a  copy  of  Livy,  fairly  written  with  his  own  hand,  in  order  to 
purchafe  this  eftate  [g].     Some  have  imagined,  that  his**'  Hif- 
tory  of  Florence"  was  written  there.     He  died  at  this  villa  ia. 
I4S9>  2ged  feventy-nine,   and  left  a  wife   and  fix  children... 
Five  of  them  were  fons,  and  became  all  diftinguifhed  by  their 
abilities.     John  Francis,  the  youngeft,  was  much  efteemed  by 
Leo  X.  who  made  him  his  fecretaryfH].     Some  have  given. 
the  name  of  John  Francis  to  Poggius  himfelf,  as  others  have, 
that  of  Charles  ;  but  his  real  name  was  Poggio  di  Guccio  Brae- , 
ciolini,  his  father's  name  being  Guccio,  and  Bracciolini  that 
of  his  family. 

Poggio  appears  by  his  works  to  have  had  a  great  paflioh  for  let- 
ters, and  as  great  a  regard  for  thofe  that  cultivated  them.  He 
excelled  in  Greek  and  Latin  literature,  and  was  Ofic  of  the  prin-  . 
cipal  reftorers  of  it.  His  purfuits  were  not  confined  to  profane 
antiquity :  we  fee  by  his  quotations,  that  he  was  verfcd  in  eccle- 
fiaftical  hiftory,  and  the  father^,  and  efp^pially  in  the  writings 
of  Chryfoftom  and  Augiiftin.  He  did  not  meddfe  much  with 
poetry ;  for  he  feems  to  have  had  no  talent  that  Way,  if  we 
may  judge  by  an  epitaph  upon  his  matter  Chryfoloras,  which 
is  very  indifferent.     He  was  eloquent,  however,  and  his  ftyle 

[gJ  ^yle*8  Dia.  fn  Pan«xmxta,  note  F.  [r]  Blount'i  Ccnfvira  autbortm. 

Vol.  XII.  X  is 


J<5«  BOG  G  10. 

is  ^nerally  approved  t  Cicero  was  his  model,  and  he  did  not 
imitate  him  arnif^.  He  is  reputed  to  have  been  a  good 
man  in  the  main^  and  to  have  acquitted  himfelf  well  in  the 
ftveral  provinces  of  citizenj  father,  hufhand,  and  friend.  He 
had  a  particular  diflike  to  avarice,  and  wrote  againft  it.  He  re- 
garded the  love  of  money  as  a  low  paflion,  and  unworthy  of  at 
man ;  and  was  often  repeating  this  fcntence  of  Publius  Syrus^ 
JOiJum  impia  ntulfa^  avan'tta  omnia:  **  A  poor  man  wants  many. 
tiHn|[S,  a  covetous  man  all  things."  He  had  not  ambition 
enough  to  pu(h  himfelf  on,  although  he  was  in  the  road  of 
(fortune.  He  was  difipterefted,  open,  communicative,  and, 
what  cannot  be  faid  of  every  learned  man,  Angularly  modeft. 
Yet  thefe  goixl  ijualities  were  tarnifhed,  fuch  is  the  conditioa 
of  humanity,  with  fome  that  were  not  fo  good.  The  children 
he  had  in  his  finale  ftate  fhew,  that  he  had  a  paflion  for  women  ; 
and  the  obffcenities  he  publifhed  in  a  work  called  "  Facetiae,*' 
which  may  be  confidtred  as  the  firft  Jnaj  or  colle&ion  of  boa 
mots,  fhew  farther,  that  he  did  not  entertain  this  paflion  with 
a  fpirit  fufficiently  manly.  He  was  alfo  fubjeS  to  anger;  and 
this  anger  vented  itfelf  in  the  fevereft  farcafms  and  the  moft 
biting  uyle,  as  appears  from  many  of  his  works.  Paul  Jovius 
jpelates  [i],  that  ne  once  received  fome  blows  from  Georgius 
Trapeituntius,  on  account  of  ill  language  which  he  had  given 
him ;  and  he  wrote  a  terrible  invefiiye  againft  Laurentius 
Valla,  who  had  criticized  his  Latinity  as  not  fufficiently  pure. 
Letters,  how:ever,  were  infinitely  obliged  to  him  on  feveral 
aiccounts.  He  was  the  firft  who  brought  to  light  feveral  authors 
of  antiquity;  of  whom  Quintilian  and  Silius  Italicus  have 
been  mentioned  already.  Add  to  thefe  "  Tertullian,"  *^  Af- 
conius's Commentary  upon  eight  Orations  of  Cicero;*'  *'  Lu- 
cretius;" "  Aipmianus  Marcellinus:*'  although  none  of  the 
editors  have  done  him  the  honour  to  mention  it ;  ^*  Manilius," 
the  firft. edition  of  which  was  printed  from  Poggio's  manu- 
script at  Bologna  in  1474,  though  not,  as  Fabric ius  has  erro- 
neoufly  faid,  by.Pogglo  himfelf,  who  died  fome  years  before; 
•*  L.  Septimius,"  the  fuppofed  author  of  the  verlion  of  the 
^u^ious  "  Phrygian  Dares;'*  the  three  firft  books  of  **  Valerius 
Flaccuis ;"  *\  Caper,**  "  EutycKu9>'*  and.Probiis,"  three  ancient! 
grammarians;  **  Cicero  de  finibus,"  and  "  Dq  legibus,"  and 
his  orations,  '*  Pro  Caecina,  De  lege  Agraria,  Ad  populum 
contra  legem  Agrariam,  In  Lucium  Pifonem>  Pro  Rabirio 
Pifone,  Pro  Rabirio,  Pro  Rofcio' Comcedo,"  and  another  whof<i . 
title  we  know  not,  for  he  himfelf  .mentions  eight  in  his  book,. 
**'^De infelicitate  principum ;*'  part  oif  <^  Columella ;  and  "  Fron- 
titxus  dp  atjuaeduftib^s,"    This  vvas  doi^g; great TerVice  to  tljc. 

xeptibl^c 


P  O  G  G  I O.  307 

republic  of  letters*  He  farther  publiflied  a  number  of  works 
of  his  own^  and  made  feme  Latin  verfions  of  ancient  Greek 
authors,  of  "  Diodorus  Siculus,"  and  "  Xenophon's  Cyropse- 
dia,"  in  particular.  His  own  works  have  been  colleded,  and 
often  printed.  They  confift  of  **  Moral  Pieces,  Orations,  Let-' 
fers,"  and  "  An  Hiftory  of  Florence  from  1350  to  I455,'' 
which  is  the  mod  confiderable  of  them.  Machiavel,  in  thd 
introdu£lion  to  his  **  Hiftory  of  Florence,"  gives  a  general  good 
eharader  of  Poggio's  Hiftory:  he  calls  Poggio  an  excel- 
lent hiftorian,  and  reprefents  him  as  accurate  enough  in  his 
accounts  of  the  Florentine  wars  and  foreign  negociations ; 
but  blames  him  for  either  faying  nothing  at  all  of  their  civil 
diflentions,  which  he  thinks  the  moft  edifying  part  of  hiftory, 
er  relating  them  fo  briefly  and  abruptly,  as  to  yield  neithef 
benefit  nor  amufement  to  a  reader.  This  partiality  to  his 
country,  for  fuch  it  has  been  called,  gave  oocafion  to  this  epi- 
gram of  Sannazarius : 

**  Dum  patriam  laudat,  damnat  dum  Poggius  hofteih. 
Nee  malus  eft  civis,  hec  bonus  hiftoricUs."         , 

The  following  paflage  of  Erafmus  fuggefts  a  moft  unfavour^ 
jrf}le^nDtion  of  Poggio:  **  Poggio,  rabula  adeo  indoftus,  ut^ 
etiamfi  vacaret  obfco^pitate,  tamen  indignus  effet  qui  legeretnr  j 
ad^eo  autem  obfcosnus,  ut,  etiamfi  do^iftimus  fuiifet,  tameit 
«(let  a  bojnis  viris  rejiciendus."  But  vrt  muft  fuggefi  a  caution^ 
xhAt  a  judgement  be  not  formed  either  of  Poggio  himfelf,  of 
cvenr  of  what  Erafmus  thought  of  him,  from  this  detached 
paftage  in  Blount's  Cenfura  authorum.  This  inVedive  o^ 
B^rafmus  againft  Poggio  was  in  behalf  of  his  favourite  Lau-' 
xentius  Valla ;  whole  writings,  it  feems,  were  ncglefif^d  and 
unjread,  while  thofe  of  Poggius  were  in  every  b6dy*s  hands 
[k].  Obferve  what  immediately  foHows  the  jpalfage  juft 
quoted:  *f  Hie,  inquam,  talis,  ut  hraio  camiidus  icilicet,  fine 
invidia  paftim  habetur  in  manibus,  le£litatur  in  nullam  nonr 
iinguam  transfufus:  Laurentius  neque  obfcoenus,  et  centupio 
doiliof,  laborat  invidia  mordacitatis,  at^ue,  ut  bos  cornupeta^ 
yit^ur;  etiam  ab  his,  qui  fcripta  hominis  nunquam.legerunt.'* 
We  have  elfewhere  near  a  pa^  of  inveftive  againft  Poggio: 
but  it  is  purely  in  favour  of  valla,  whom  Erafmud  thought 
greatly  injured  by  Poggio,  in  that  abufive  piece  which  he  wrote 
againft  him>  for  having  juftly  criticized  his  Latin.  Pogeio^ 
iji  is  certaii^y  h^d  great  imper^&ions  and  blemifties,  as  well  in 
his  life  as  in' his  writings:  but  it  is  as  certain,  that  Erafmus  was 
liot  always  juft  and  candid  in  bis  cenfures^  and  mote  efpecially 
wbeii^  be  was  irritated* 

[k]  Safiau  Ofcn,  vol.  iii.  Epift..  103/1.  B,  170$. 

%%  POILLY 


3o^  POIRET* 

POILLY  (Francis),  a  French  engraver,  born  at  Abbevilfe 
in  1622,  and  bred  under  Pierre  Duret.  He  completed  his 
knowledge  of  his  art  by  a  long  refidencc  at  Rome  ;  and  on  his 
return  to  Paris,  diftiriguilhed  himfelf  by  many  capital  works 
from  piftures  of  facred  and  profan?  hiftdry,  and  portraits  of 
various  fizes.  Louis  XIV.  made  him  his  engraver  in  ordinary,  ia 
1664,  exprefsly  on  account  of  his  merit,  and  the  works  he  had 
publiftiedin  Italy,  as  well  as  in  France.  He  drew  as  (kilfully 
4,s  he  engraved.  Precifion,  neatnefs,  and  foftnefs,  ar«  the  cha- 
ra£teri(lics  of  his  plates ;  and  it  is  recorded  to  his  honour,  that 
he  never  degraded  his  abilities  by  engraving  any  fubjeft  of  aa 
immoral  kind.  He  died  in  1693.  ^^^  brother  Nicolas,  who 
was  alfo  an  able  engraver,  furvived  him  only  three  years;  and 
both  left  fons,  who  applied  their  talents  to  painting  and  en- 
graving- 

.  POINSINET  (Antoine,  Alexandre,  Henri),  a  French 
dramatic  writer  of  the  fecond  rate,  whofe  pieces,  being  chiefly 
operas,  are  thought  to  have  fucceeded  rather  by  means  of  the 
mufic,  than  from  their  intrinfic  merit.  He  was  born  at  Fon- 
tainbleau  in  1735,  of  a  family  attached  to  the  fervice  of  the 
houfe  of  Orleans.  His  mod  fuccefsful  pieces  were,  **  Gilles 
gar9on  Peintre,""  Sancho  Panfa,"  <*  The  Sorcerer,'*  "  Tom 
Jones,"  and  "  Ernelinde,  or  Sandomir,"  a  lyric  tragedy,  in  five 
a<5s.  ^*  Le  Cercle,"  or  the  evening  alamode,  a  comedy  in  one 
a£l,  was  thought  not  to  be  his  own.  •*  He  was  not,"  faid  fomc 
critics,  "  fufficiently  admitted  into  a  certain  clafs  of  fociety  to 
paint  their  manners  fo  well.*'  "  If  fo,"  replied  the  abbe  Voi- 
lenon^  **  he  has  certainly  liftened  at  the  door  with  great  fuccefs.** 
Poinfmet  vrzs  fond  of  travelling.  In  1760  he  ^went  over 
Italy;  and  in  1769  vifited  Spain,  hopeing  to  introduce  the  tafte 
for  the  Italian  mufic,  and  the  ballad  airs  of  the  French  into  that 
coimtry>  but  was  unfortunately  drowned,  the  fame  year,  in  the 
Guadalquivir.  He  certainly  was  not  devoid  of  talents,  and  had 
that  extreme  fimplicity  which  has  fometimes  been  found  united 
to  thofe  of  an  higher  order.  The  wits  who  knew  him  made 
him  believe  whatever  they  chofe.  They  fent  him  falfe  affign- 
ations  from  ladies  of  quality,  who  they  faid  were  in  love  with 
him,  and  he  always  fell  into  the  fnare.  They  even  went  fo 
far  as  to  keep  him  fix  months  employed  in  learning  Ruffian,  as 
he  thought,  in  order  to  be  admitted  of  the  acadeniy  of  Petcrf- 
burg;  and  at  the  end  of  the  time  he  found  he  had  only  been 
ftudying  the  ias  Breton,  He  was  a  member  of  the  Italian 
academy  of  the  Arcadi,  and  of  that  of  Dijon. 

POIRET  (Peter),  famous  only  for  his  love  of  myfticifm 
and  enthufiafm,  and  his  writings  conformable  to  thofe  fentiments, 
was  born  at  Metz  in  1646,  and  educated  at  Bale  in  Switzer- 
land, in  the  college  of  Erafmus.  Hisfatheri  who  was  a  fword- 
\   *,, .      .  cudcr, 


POLE.  309 

Knitlcr,  would  have  brought  him  up  as  a  fculptor,  but  he  had 
mote  tafte  for  the  dead -languages,  philofophy,  and  theology, 
and  applied  himfelf  to  them.  He  became  a  minifter  at  Heidel- 
bufg,  in  1668,  and  at  Anweil  obtained  a  fimilarTituation  in 
1674.  Here  it  was  that  he  met  with  the  work5  of  the  myftical 
."Writers,  with  which,  particularly  with  thofe  of  madame  Bou- 
rignon,  he  became  to  the  utmoll  infatuated.  Madame  Guyon 
■was  another  of  his  favourites,  and  he  determined  to  live  accord- 
itig  to  their  maxims.  Towards  the  end  of  life  he  retired  to 
Reinfberg  in  Holland,  where  he  dred  in  May,  1719,  at  the  age 
of  feventy* three.  His  works  are  all  of  the  myftical  kind : 
I.  **  Cogitationes  rationales  de  Deo."  2.  "  L'oeconomie  Di- 
vine/* in  7  vols.  8vo,  1687,  ^"  which  all  the  notions  of  Bou- 
rignon  are  repeated.  3.  *'  La  Paix  des  bonne  Ames.'*  4.  **  Les 
Principes  folides  de  la  Religion  Chretienne,"  i2mo.  5.  **  The- 
ologie  du  Goeur,'*  2  vols.  i2mo.  6.  He  publifhed  alfo  a  coin- 
p'lete  edition  of  the  works  of  mad.  Bourignon,  in  21  vols*  Svo, 
with  a  life  of  that  pious  enthufiaft.  7.  An  attempt  to  attack 
Defcartes,  in  a  trcatife,  "  de  Eruditione  triplici,*'  in  2  vols. 
4to,  reprinted  at  Amfterdam  in  1707.  This  being  direfted 
againft  Defcartes,  has  been  compared  to  the  attack  of  the  viper 
upon  the  file-     It  contains,  however,  fome  good  obfervations. 

POLE  (Recinald),  cardinal,  and  archbiftiop  of  Canterbury, 
was  defcended  from  royal  blood,  being  a  younger  fon  of  fir  Richard 
Pole,  lord  Montague,  coufin-german  to  Henry  VIL  and  Margaret, 
daughter  of  George  duke  of  Clarence,  younger  brother  to  king 
Edward  IV.  [lJ.  He  was  born,  according  to  Camden,  in  1500, 
at  Stoverton-caule  in  Worcefterfhire ;  and,  at  feven  years  of  age, 
was  fent  to  be  inftrufted  in  grammar  by  the  Carthufians,  in  the 
monaftery  at  Shene,  near  Richmond  in  Surrey.  At  twelve,  he 
became  a  nobleman  of  Magdalen-college  in  Oxford;  where  the 
famous  Linacre  and  William  Latimer,  the  t^yp  great  matters  in 
thofe  times  of  the  Greek  and  Latin  languages,  were  his  chief  pre* 
ccptors.  He  took  a  bachelor  of  arts  degree  at  fifteen,  ajid  entered 
into  deacon^s  orders;  and  in  1 517,  the  year  that  Luther  began  to 
preach  againft  indulgences,  was  made  a  prebendary  of  Salif- 
bury ;  to  which  the  deanery  of  Exeter,  and  other  preferments 
were  foon  after  added,  by  the  bounty  of  his  ;-elatioh  Henry  VJII. 
whodire£led  thai  he  Ihould  be  bred  to  the  church,  with  a  defign 
to  raife  him  'to  th«  higheft  dignities  in  it. 

Pole  being  now  nineteen,  and  haying  iaid  ^  good  ground- 
work of  leairning  at  Oxford,  it  vvas  determined  to  fend  him, 
by  way  of  completing  his  education,  to  Italy  ;  for  which  a  fup- 
port  fuitable  to  his  rank  was  provided  by  the  king,  who  allowed 

[iJ]  A  then.  Oxon.  v(^.  L    Viu  il«£|iialdl  Poli,   1^90,  Svo.    Bcitaoiuft,  u^der 

^a^brdihlre. 

X  3  him 


1 


310  POLE; 

hiiB  a  large  yearly  penfion,  befides  the  profits  of  Ms  <li€nit{es« 
On  his  arrival^  he  vifited  feveral  univexfities,  and  dien  fixed  at 
Padua,  where  he  entered  into  familiarity  with  Leonicus,  a  great 
philofophep  and  Grecian,  LongoliuSy  Bembus,  and  Lupfet,  a 
learned  EngUfliinan.  Thefe  were  his  mafters,  whom  he  con- 
ftantly  ufed :  and  they  have  told  us,  how  he  became  the  delight 
of  that  part  of  the  world,  for  his  learning,  politenefs,  and  piety. 
From  Padua  he  went  to  Venice,  where  he  continued  for  fome 
time,  and  then  vifited  other  parts  of  Italy.  Having  fpent  five 
years  abroad,  he  wa»  recalled  home  \  but  being  defirous  to  kt. 
the  jubilee,  which  was  celebrated  this  year  at  Rome,  he  went  to 
that  city ;  whence,  pafling  by  Florence,  he  returned  to  England, 
where  he  arrived  about  the  end  of  1525. 

He  was  received  by  the  king,  queen,  court,  and  all  the  no- 
bility, with  great  affeftion  ^nd  honour;  and  much  carefled,  not 
only  for  his  learning,  but  for  the  fweetnefs  of  his  nature,  and 
politenefs  of  his  manners.  Devotion,  however,  and  ftudy,  being 
what  he  folely  delighted  in,  he  retired  to  his  old  habitation  among 
the  Carthufians  at  Shene,  where  he  fpent  two  years  in  the  free 
enjoyment  of  thefe  advantages..  Then  Henry  ylll.  began  to 
raife  doubts  concerning  the  lawfulnefs  of  his  marriage  with  Ca« 
tharine  of  Spain,  in  order  to  obtain  a  divorce;  and  Poje,  forefeeing 
the  troubles  confequent  upon  this,  and  how  deeply  he  muft  of 
neceflity  be  involved  in  them,  refolved  to  withdraw,  and  obtained 
leave  of  his  majefty  to  go  to  Paris.  Here  he  continued  in  quiet, 
till  the  king,  profecnting  the  affair  of  the  divorce,  and  fending 
to  the  moft  famous  univerfities  in  Europe  for  .their  opinion  upon 
the  illegitimacy  of  his  marriage,  commanded  him  to  co^icur  with 
his  agents  in  procuring  the  fubfcriptions  and  feal  of  that  of  Paris. 
Pole  left  the  affair  to  the  commiffioners ;  excufing  himfelf  to  the 
t:ing,  as  unfit  for  the  employment,  fipce  his  (Indies  had  lain  another 
way.  Henry  was  angry;  upon  which  Pole  returned  to  England, 
in  order  to  pacify  him,  and  then  retired  to  Shene,  where  he  con- 
tinued two  years,  Henry,  at  length  perceiving  that  the  court  of 
Rome  refolved  to  oppofe  the  affair  of  the  divorce,  conceived  ^ 
refolution  to  (hake  off  theii* authority,  and  to  rely  upon  his  own 
fubjefts.  Pole  was  prefled  again,  and  repaired  to  the  king, 
with  a  defign  to  give  him  fatisfaAion  ;  but,  his  confcience  check* 
iug  him  the  moment  he  was  about  to  fpeak,  he  could  not  utter 
a  word.     The  extremity  then  infpired  him  with  courage;  and 

Juitting  his  former  purpofe,  he  ipoke  point-blank  againft  the 
ivorce.     The  king,  highly  enraged,  laid  his  hahd  -upon   his 
I')oniard,  with  a  dengn  to  kill  him;  but  was  overcome  hy  the 
ImpUcity  and  fubmiflion  of  his  kinfman's  addrefs,  and  difmifled 
Kim  in  tolerable  temper.     Pole,  however,  apprehenfive  of  fur- 
tbef  d^i^^ft  thoA^gbt  it  prudent  (o  withdraw,  and  got  his  ml* 
^  jefty> 


POLE.  ill 

jefty  sfcavc  to,  travel  again,  who  was  fo  fatisfied  with  his  inten* 
tions,  thiat  he  continued  his  penfion  for  fonie  time. 

The  firft  place  he  went  to  was  Avignon,  in  the  province  of 
Narbonne  in  France.  This  town  was  under  the  pope's  jurif- 
didion,  and  Pole  continued  there  unmolefted  for  a  year;  but, 
the  air  not  agreeing  with  his  conftitution,  he  left  it,  and  went 
to  Padua.  In  this  beloved  univerfity  he  fixed  his  refidence  A 
fecond  time,  making  excurGons  now  and  then  to  Venice ;  and 
devoted  himfelf  to  ftudy,  and  the  converfation  of  the  learned. 
He  contracted  acquaintance  with  feverai  ethinent  perfons ;  among 
whom  •Was  Gafpar  Contareni,  afterwards  a  caminal,  and  Peter 
Caraffa,  afterwards  the  turbulent  pope  Paul  iV..  and  an  enemy 
to  Pole.  But  there  were  none  fo  tamiliar  with  him,  as  a  noble 
Venetian  called  Aloifius  Priuli.  He  was  a  perfon  of  j'fingulat 
worth  and  integrity;  and  the  friendfhip  now  begun  oetWeea 
them  ended  not  but  with  the  death  of  Pole,     Thus  the  days 

f>aired  very  agreeably  in  Italy,  while  frefli  trouWcs  were  rifiDg 
n  England.  Henry  had  not' only  divorcM  C^tTiaripe,  .but  n\ar4 
ried  Anne  Boleyne,  and  refolved  to  throw  off  the  papal  yokci 
and  aflert  his  right  to  the  fupremacy,  with  the  title  of  Supremq 
head  of  the  church.  To  this  end  he  procured  z  book  to  be 
written  in  defence  of  that  title,  by  Sampfori,  bilhop  of  Chi* 
chefter,  which  he  immediately  fent  for  Pole's  confirmation,  wh« 
would  willingly  have  deferred  his  anfweV:  but  Henry  hot  ad- 
mitting this,  Pole,  taking  courage  from  the  fecurity  of  the 
Pope's  prote£lion,  not  only  difapprovcd  the  king's  divorce,  and 
reparation  from  the  apoftolic  fee,  in  anfwerfor  the  prefent,  but 
Ihortly  after  drew  up  his  piece,  "  Pro  unit^te  eccleuaftica,"  andl 
feht  it  to  Henry.  Henry,  difpleafed  with  Pole,  under  pretence 
of  wanting  fome  paflages  to  be  explained,  fent  for  him  to  Eng* 
land :  but  Pole,  aware  that  to  deny  the  king's  fupremacy,  which 
was  the  principal  fcope  of  his  book,  was  high  treafon  there, 
and  confidering  the  fate  of  More  and  Firtier,  refufed  to  obey 
the  call.  The  king  therefore  refolved  to  keep  meafutes  with 
him  no  longer;  and  accordingly  his  penfion  was  withdrawn,  h^ 
^as  ftripped  of  all  his  dignities  in  England^  and  an  ad  of  at-* 
taifider  paffed  againft  him. 

He  was  abundantly  compfenfated  for  thefe  lofles  and  fuffer** 
ings  by  the  bounty  of  the  pope  and  emperor.  Hje  had  beeri 
created  a  cardinal,  in  January,  1536,  and  foon  after  was  fen^ 
by  the  pope  with  the  charaSer  of  nuncio  both  to  France  an4 
Flanders ;  that,  being  near  England,  he  might  hold  correfpond* 
ence  with  the  Catholics  the^e,  in  order  to  keep  them  ftedfaft  in 
the  faith,  At  Paris  h^  was  received  very  honourably  \>y  the 
king,  but  did  not  ftay  long  there  ;  for  Henry  being  informed  of 
it,  fent  to  demand  him  of  thfe  French  monarch;  and  after* 
tyards;,  by  fitting  a  pricfc  ubon  his  head,  and  employing  all 

A  4  means 


3ia  POLE. 

means  to  catch  him,  fo  drove  him  from  place  to  place,  th4t 
Pole  was  forced  at  length  to  take  refuge  in  RonSe.  His  book 
**  Prounitate  ecclefiaftica,"  was  publiftied  in  that  city  in  1536; 
and  though,  as  Burnet  fays,  "  it  was  more  efteemed  for  the  high 
quality  of  the  author,  than  for  any  found  reafoning  in  it,"  yet 
it  gave  the  moft  certain  proof  of  his  invincible  attachment  and 
tfceal  for  the  fee  of  Rome,  and  was  therefore  fufficient  to  au- 
thorize the  ftrongeft  confidence,  role  was  accordingly  em- 
ployed in  negociations  and  tranfaftions  of  high  concern ;  was 
Confulted  by  the  pope  in  all  affairs  relating  to  kings  and  foye- 
reign  princes  ;  was  one  of  his  legates  at  the  council  of  Trent ; 
and,  laftly,  his  penman,  when  occafion  required.  Thus,  for 
Jnftance,  wheri  the  pope's  power  to  remove  that  council  was 
contefted  by  the  emperor's  ambaffador,  Pole  drew  up  a  vindi- 
cation of  that  proceeding ;  and  when  the  emperor  fet  forth  the 
interim,  was  employed  to  anfwer  it.  This  was  in  1548;  and, 
pope  Paul  HI.  dying  the  next  year,  cardinal  Pole  was  twice 
cleft ed  to  fucceed  him,  but  refufed  both  the  eleftions;  one  as 
being  too  hafty,  and  without  due  deliberation,  and  the  other, 
becaufe  h  was  done  in  the  night-time.  This  unexampled  deli- 
cacy difgufted  feveral  of  his  friends  in  the  conclave,  who  there- 
upon concurred  irt  choofing  Julius  III.  March  30,  1550.  The 
tranquillity  of  Rome  being  foon  after  difturbed  by  the  wars  in 
France,  and  on  the  borders  in  Italy,  Pole  retired  to  a  monaftery 
in  the  territory  of  Verona,  where  he  lived  agreeable  to  his  na- 
tural humour,  till  the  death  of  Edward  VI.  in  July,  1553. 
•  On  the  acceflion  of  queeii  Mary,  he  was  appointed  legate  for 
England,  as  the  fitted  inflrument  to  reduce  this  kingdom  to 
an  obedience  to  the  pope;  but  did  not  think  it  fafe  to  venture 
his  perfon  thither,  till  he  knew  the  queen's  intentions  with  regard 
to  the  re-eftabli(hment  of  the  Romifh  religion ;  and  alfo,  whether 
the  a6l  of  attainder,  which  had  pafTed  againft  him  under  Henry, 
and  had  been  confirmed  by  Edward,  was  repealed.  It  was  not 
long,  however,  before  he  received  fatisfaftion  in  both  thefe  points; 
and  then  he  fet  out  for  England,^  by  way  of  Germany,  in  Od. 
1553.  ^^^  emperor,  fufpefting  a  defign  in  qpeen  Mary  to 
marry  Pole,  contrived  means  to  ftop  his  progrefs;  nor  did  he 
arrive  here  till  November,  1554,  when  her  marriage  with  Philip 
of  Spain  was  completed.  On  his  arrival  he  was  cqndufted  to 
the  archbi(ht)p's  palace  at  Lambeth,  Cranmer  being  then  attainted, 
and  imprifoned;  and,  on  the  27th,  went  to  the  parliament,  and 
made  a  long  and  grave  fpeech,  inviting  them  to  a  reconciliation 
with  the  apoflolic  fee ;  whence^  he  faid,  he  was  fent  by  the 
common  paftor  of  Chriftendom,  to  reduce  them,  who  had  long 
ftrayed  from  the  inclofure  of  the  chiirch.  This  fpeech  of  Pole 
occafioned  fome  motion  in  the  queen,  which  (he  vainly  thought 
wa^  a  child  quickened  in  her  womb ;  fo  that  the  joy  of  the  time3 
, ■      ,'  ^     '    was 


POLE.  ^13 

was  redoobkd,  fome  not  fcrupling  to  fay,  that  as  John  Baptift 
leaped  in  his  mother's  belly  at  the  falutation  of  the  Virgin,  fa 
here  the  like  happinefs  attended  the  falutation  of  Chrift's  vicar. 

The  parliament  being  abfolved  by  Pole,  all  went  to  the  royal 
chapel,  where  Te  Deum  was  fung  on  the  occafion:  and  thus, 
the  pope's  authority  being  now  reftored,  the  cardinal  two  days 
afterwards  made  his  public  entry  into  London,  with  all  the 
folemnities  of  a  legate;  and  prefently  fet  about  the  bufinefs  of 
reforming  the  church  from  herefy.  Pole  had  been  formerly ' 
fufpefted  of  favouring  the  Reformation,  but  without  any  rea^. 
fonable  foundation:  he  was  by  nature  humane,  and  had  great 
fweetnefs  of  temper;  and  this,  making  him  backward  in  the  per- 
Tecution  of  Proteftants,  and  always  delirous  to  prevent  it,  expofed 
him  to  the  falfe  fufpicions  of  zealous  Papifts.  Knowing,  there- 
fore, that  the  court  of  Rome  kept  a  watchful  eye  over  him,  he 
feemed  now  to  be  much  altered  in  his  nature.  He  exprefled  a 
^reat  deteftation  of  Proteftants ;  nor  did  he  convcrfe  with  any 
of  that  partyi  excepting  fecretary  Cecil.  He  was  in  referve  to 
all,  fpoke  little,  and  put  on  an  Italian  temper  as  well  as  beha- 
viour; making  Priuli  almoft  his  only  confident.  In  the  mean 
time  pope  Julius,  and  his  fucceffor  Marcellus,  foon  after  dying, 
the  queen  recommended  Pole  to  the  popedom  ;  but  Peter  Ca- 
rafFa,  who  took  the  name  of  Paul  I V.  was  elefted  before  her 
difpatches  arrived.  This  pope,  who  had  never  liked  cardinal 
Pole,  was  pleafed  with  Gardiner  bifliop  of  Winchefter,  whofc 
.  temper  exadtly  tallied  with  his  own ;  and  therefore  favoured  his 
views  upon  the  fee  of  Canterbury,  in  oppofition  to  Pole,  whofe 
nomination  to  that  dignity  was  not  confirmed  by  him  till  the 
death  of  this  rival,  which  happened  Nov.  13,  1555. 

Pole  had  now  the  fole  management  and  regulation  of  eccle- 
fiaftical  affairs  in  England ;  and  at  firft  gave  many  proofs  of  his 
good  temper:  how  unfuitably  to  it  policy,  and  a  falfe  religion, 
led  him  to  aft  afterwards,  the  perfecutions  under  queen  Mary 
muft  ever  be  a  melancholy  but  undeniable  proof.  Pole's  con- 
currence, however,  in  thefe  butcheries,  did  not  fecure  him  againft 
the  attacks  of  his  old  enemy  Paul  IV.  who,  upon  various  pre- 
tences, accufed  him  as  a  fufpefted  heretic ;  fummoned  him  to 
Rome  to  anfwer  the  charge;  and,  depriving  him  of  his  legan- 
tine  powers,  conferred  them  upon  Peyto,  a  Francifcan  friar, 
whom  he  had  made  a  cardinal  for  that  purpofe.  The  new 
legate  was  upon  the  road  for  England,  when  queen  Mary,  ap- 

firifed  of  his  bufinefs,  aflumed  fome  of  her  father's  fpirit,  and 
brbad  him  at  his  peril  to  fet  foot  upon  Englifli  ground.  Pole, 
however,  was  no  fooner  informed  of  the  pontiff's  pleafure,  or 
rather  difpleafure,  than,  out  of  that  implicit  veneration  which 
he  oonftantly  and  unalterably  preferved  for  the  apoftolic  fee,  he 
Vpluntarily  laid  down  the  enfigns  of  legate,  and  forebore  the 

cxercife 


314  POLEMBERG, 

exefciffe  of  Its  power;  difpatchrng  hfs  trufty  minilier  Omameto 
to  Rome,  whh  letters  clearing  himfelf  in  fuch  fubmiflive  terms^as 
even  mefted  the  obdurate  heart  of  Paul.  The  cardinal  was  re- 
ilored  to  his  leganttnc  powers  foon  after,  but  did  not  live  to 
tnjay  them  a  full  twelvemonth,  being  feized  with  a  double  qaar. 
tan  ague,  which  carried  htm  off,  Nov.  i8,  1558*  During  his 
jllncfs,  he  often  enquired  after  her  majefty;  and  his  death  is  faid 
to  have  been  haftcned  by  that  of  his  royal  miftrefs;  which, 
as  if  their  deftinies  had  been  connedled,  happened  about  fix- 
teen  hours  before.  After  lying  forty  days  in  ftatc  at  Lambeth, 
fce  was  carried  to  Canterbury,  and  there  interred.     He  was  a  | 

learned,  eloquent,  modeft,  humble,  and  good-natured  man;  of  | 

exemplary  piety  and  charity,  as  well  as  generofity  becoming  his  j 

birth.  1  hough  by  nature  he  was  more  inclined  to  ftudy  and 
contemplation  than  to  aftive  life,  yet  he  was  prudent  and  dex- 
trous in  bufinefs:  fo  that  he  would  have  been  a  finifbed  charac- 
ter, had  not  his  fuperlUtiouS  devotion  to  the  fee  of  Rome  carried 
him,  agarnft  his  nature,  to  commit  feveral  cruelties  in  perfecut- 
ing  the  Proteftants.  Burnet,  who  has  drawn  Pole  in  very  fa- 
Tourable  colours,  acknowledges  this  charge;  but  imputes  thefe 
fanguinary  proceedings  to  Paul  IV.  pitying  the  cardinaFs  weak- 
irefs,  in  not  having  courage  ciiough  to  contend  with  fo  haughty 
am!  perfecuting  a  pOpe. 

Pole's  capital  work,  thotigh  3  fhort  one,  we  have  already 
mentioned:  he  wrote  two  defences  of  it,  one  to  Henry  Vllf. 
another  to  Edward  VI.  He  was  the  author  of  many  other  fmall 
pieces,  relating  to  dodlrine  as  well  as  difcipline;  and  wie  are 
fdtt  by  Strype,  that  he  wrote  a  book  about  1530,  which  was 
perufed  by  Cranmer,  to  perfuade  king  Henry  to  continue  the 
ncgociatioh  of  his  marriage  with  Anne  Boleyne:  but  this  is 
teafly  not  credible.  j 

POLEMBERG  (Cornelius),  or  PoeTemburg,  a  celebrated 
Dutch  painter,  was  born  ^t  Utrecht  in  1586,  where  he  became 
the  difciple  of  Abraham  Bloemart,  but  went  to  complete  his 
ftodics  at  Rome.  His  firft  determination  was  to  imitate  the 
manner  of  Elflieimer ;  but  when  he  contemplated  the  works  of 
Raphael,  he  was  fo  affedled,  that  he  was  led  irrefiftibly  to  copy 
after  that  much  higher  model.     This  union  of  obiefts  produced  ^ 

a  mixed  biit  original  ftyle ;  more  free  and  graceful  than  the  Fie- 
ttiidi,  though  with  far  lefs  grandeur  arid  excellence  of  defign 
t^an  the  Italian.  He  could  not  rife  to  the  execution  of  large 
figures;  his  beft  pieces,  therefore,  are  of  the  cabinet  fize;  but 
he  furpaffed  all  his  contemporaries  in  the  delicacy  of  his'iauchji 
the  fweetnefs  of  his  colouni*g,  and  the  choice  of  agreeable  oh- 
jtSs  and  fituations.     His  flcies  are  clear;  light,  and  tranfparent^  | 

Fiis  back-grounds  often  ornamented  with  the  VeftigeS  of  magni-" 
£cent  Roman  edifices;  and  his  fcmafe  figures;^  tvhich  are  ufually 
*        '  ''  without  I 


without  draneiy,  are  highly  beaiitifid*  He  retumei!  rtiher  Mtic- 
tantly  to  Utrecht,  vrhere,  however,  bis  merit  was  acknow« 
led^  by  ti^  great  Rubens [m].  Chatles  I.  invited  him  to 
London,  where  he  was  «nuch  ert^Ioyed^  and  richly  paid;  but, 
though  he  was  much  folkited  to  remain  here,  his  love  for  his 
native  country  prevailed,  and  he  returned  to  Utrecht,  where  he 
died  in  1660,  affluent  and  highly  e(leemed.  The  genuine  workt 
of  Pdemberg,  are  extremeljr  fcarce ;  but  figures  by  hrm  may 
he  found  in  the  works  of  other  artifts,  particularly  thofe  of 
Steenwyck,  and  Kierings;  and  his  difciple  John  Vander  Lis  fo 
fucccfsfuUy  imitated  his  ftyle,  that  the  works  of  the  pupil  are 
frequently  taken  for  thofe  of  the  maftcr. 

POLIDORO  (da  CaKavaggio),  properly  Caldara,  aa 
eminent  Italian  painter,  ufually  called  Caravaggio  from  a  village 
in  the  dutchy  of  Milan,  where  he  was  born  in  i495«  He  went 
to  Rome  at  the  time  when  Leo  X,  was  raifing  fome  new  edifices 
in  the  Vatican ;  and  not  knowing  how  to  get  his  bread  other** 
wife,  for  he  was  very  young,  he  hired  himfelf  as  a  day-labouret 
to  carry  ftones  and  mortar  tor  the  mafons  there  at  work.  Hft 
drudged  in  this  manner  till  he  was  eighteen,  when  one  part  of 
his  bufinefs  brought  him  to  think  of  painting.  It  happened, 
that  feveral  young  painters  were  employed  by  Raphael,  in  the 
fame  place,  to  execute  his  defigns.  Polidoro,  who  often  car^ 
f ied  them  mortar  to  make  their  frefco,  \^as  toiithed  with  th6 
fight  of  the  paintings,  and  foltcited  by  his  genius  to  turii 
painter.  At  firft  he  confined  hiciifelf  to  the  works  of  Giovanni 
d'Udini;  and  the  pleaiure  he  took  to  fefe  that  fainter  work,  ^ 
excited  the  talent  which  he  had  for  painting.  In  this  difi^b*^ 
fition,  he  was  very  officious  and  complaifant  to  the  young  piint* 
ers,  puihed  himfelf  into  their  acquaintance,  and  opened  to  thei^ 
his  intention :  whereupon  they  gaVe  him  proper  leflfbns,  which 
emboldened  him  to  proceed.  He  then  applied  himfelf  with  the 
utmoft  ardour  to  dedgning,  and  advanced  fo  prodtgiouily,  that 
JR^pbael  was  aftoniihed,  and  fet  him  to  work  with  the  othot 
young  painters ;  among  whotti  he  diftinguifhcd  himfelf  fo  itiuch, 
Aat,  as  he  had  thegreateft  fharein  executing  his  mafter's  defigns 
in  the  Vatican,  fo  he  had  the  greateft  glory.  The  care  he  had 
ieen  Raphael  take,  in  defighing  the  antique  fculptures,  induced 
him  to  do  the  like.  He  fpeiit  whole  days  and  nights  in  painting 
after  thofe  beautiful  models,  and  ftudied  antiquity  with  the  niceft 
exaSnefs.  The  works,  with  which  he  enriched  the  frontif- 
pieces  of  feveral  buildings  at  Rome,  are  proofs  of  the  pains  he 
took  in  ftudying  the  antique.  He  painted  very  few  eafel  pieces; 
moil  of  his  produdiohs  being  in  ft^efco,  and  only  in  light  and  ihade|^ 
\n  imitation  of  the  baflb  nelievos.     In  this  way  he  ntude  ufe  of 

{«}  Pilkailtdft'&Diaionary, 

the 


2i6  ^  FOLIDJORO. 

the  manner  caBcd  fcratching,  tonfifting  in  the  preparation  of  ai 
black  ground,  on  which  is  placed  a  white  plader ;  and,  where, 
taking  off  this  white  with  an  iron  bodkin,  we  difcover  through 
the  holes  the  black,  which  ferves  for  fliadovvs.  Scratched  work 
lafts  longeft,  but,  being  very  rough,  is  unplea&nt  to  the  fight. 
He  affociated  himfelf  at  firft  with  Maturcno,  and  their  friend- 
ihip  lafted  till  the  death  of  the  latter,  who  fell  a  viftim  to  the 
plague,  in  1526. 

After  this,  Polidoro,  having  by  his  affiftance  filled  Rome  with 
his  pieces,  thought  to  have  enjoyed  his  eafe,  and  the  fruits  of 
his  labours;  when  the  Spaniards  in  1527  befieging  that  city,  all 
the  men  of  art  were  forced  to  fly,  or  elfe  were  ruined  by  the  mi- 
feries  of  the  war.  In  this  exigence  Polidoro  retired  to  Naples, 
where  he  was  obliged  to  work  for  ordinary  painters,  and  had  no 
opportunity  of  making  himfelf  famous:  for  the  Neapolitan  nobi- 
lity in  thofe  days  were  more  felicitous  to  obtain  good  horfes,  than 
good  pidiures.  Seeing  himfelf,  therefore,  without  bufinefs,  and 
forced  to  fpend  what  he  had  acquired  at  Rome,  he  went  to  Sicily; 
and,  underftanding  archite6iure  as  well  as  painting,  the  citizens 
of  Meffina  employed  him  to  make  the  triumphal  arches  for  the 
reception  of  Charles  V.  at  his  return  from  T.  unis.  This  being 
finiftied,  finding  nothing  to  be  done  anfwerable  to  the  grandeur  of 
his  genius,  and  having  rio  temptation  to  (lay  but  the  carefles  of  a 
woman  he  loved,  he  thought  of  returning  to  Ron^e.  In  this 
refolution,  he  drew  his  money  out  of  the  bank  of  Meffina ; 
which  his  fervant  underftanding,  the  night  before  his  departure, 
confederated  with  other  rogues,  feized  him  in  his  bed,  ftrangled 
hlra,  and  ftabbed  him.  This  done,  they  carried  the  body  to  the 
door  of  his  miftrefs,  that  it  might  be  thought  he  was  killed  there 
by  fonje  rival :  yet,  by  God's  providence,  the  murder  was  dif- 
covered.  The  afTaflins  fled,  and  every  body  pitied  his  untimely 
fate.  Among  others,  his  fervant,  iii  the  general  forrow,  with- 
out fear  of  anyone's  fufpe.6ling  him,  came  to  make  lamentations 
over  him;  when  a  Sicilian  count,  one  of  Polidoro 's  friends, 
watching  him,  obferved  his  grief  not  to  be  at  all  natural,  and 
thereupon  had  him  taken  up  on  fufpicion.  He  made  a  very  bad 
defence;  and  being  put  to  the  torture,  confeffed  all,  and  was 
condemned  to  be  drawn  to  pieces  by  four  horfes.  The  citizens 
of  Meilina  expreiTed  a  hearty  concern  for  Polidoro's  untimely 
end,  and  interred  his  body  honourably  in  the  cathedral  church. 
He  was  in  his  forty-eighth  year,  when  this  fate  befel  him,  in 

1543- 

Polidoro's  genius  was  very  lively  and  fruitful ;  and  from  ftu- 

dying  the  antique  baflb  relievos  was  inclined  to  reprefent  battles, 

facrifices,  vafes,  trophies,  and  thofe  ornaments  v^rhicH  are  moft 

remarkable  in  antiquities.     But  what  is  altogether  furprifmg,  is, 

that^  notwithilanding  his  great  application  jto  antique  fculptures, 

he 


POLIOI^AC,  317. 

he  perceived  the  ncceffity  of  the  chiaro  obfcuro  In  painting;  If 
does  not  appear  that  this  was  much  known  in  the  Roman  fehool 
before  his  time:  he  made  it  a  principle  of  the  art,  and  a  regular 
part  of  his  praSice.  The  great  mafles  of  lights  and  fliadows 
which  are  in  his  piSurcs  (hew  him  to  have  been  convinced,  that 
the  eyes  of  a  fpeftator  want  repofe,  to  view  a  pifture  with  eafe.  It 
is  from  this  principle  that,  in  the  freezes  which  he  painted  with 
white  and  black,  his  objefts  are  grgirped  fo  artfully.  His  love  of 
the  antique  did  not  hinder  him  from  ftudying  nature ;  and  his  ftyle 
of  delign,  which  was  great  and  correfi,  was  a  mixture  of  the  one 
and  the  other.  His  hand  was  eafy  and  excellent,  and  the  airs  of 
his  heads  bold,  noble,  and  expreffive.  His  thoughts  were  fub- 
Hme,  his  difpofitions  full  of  attitudes  well  chafen ;  his  draperies 
well  fet,  and  his  landfcapes  of  a  good  tafte.  His  pencil  was  light 
and  foft ;  but  after  the  death  of  Raphael  he  very  leldom  coloured 
his  pieces>  applying  himfelf  altogether  to  work  in  frcfco  with  the 
ehiarofcuro, 

Pohdoro's  genius  was  very  much  like  that  of  Julio  Romano : 
their  conceptions  were  lively,  a^d  formed  after  the  manner  of  the 
antique.  Their  defign  was  great  and  fevere,  and  their  way  new 
and  extraordinary:  the  difference  between  them  was,  that  Julio 
Romano  animated  his  compofitions  by  the  impetuofity  of  his 
genius  only:  and  Polidoro  always  made  ufe  of  contraft,  as 
the  moft  powerful  means  to  give  life  and  motion  to  his  works. 
Polidoro's  genius  appears  alfo  to  be  more  natural,  more  pure,  an^ 
more  regulated,  than  that  of  Julio  Romano. 

POLIGNAC  (Melchior  de),  a  fine  genius  of  France,  and  a 
cardinal,  was  born  of  an  ancient  and  noble  family  at  Puy,  in  1662. 
He  was  fent  early  to  Paris,  to  learn  the  languages;  and  afterwards 
ftudied  philofophy.  at  the  college  of  Hare  our  t^,  where  he  began 
to  (hew  an  original  genius.    His  profeflbr  taught  only  the  fyftem 
of  Ariflotl^,  to  which  he  was  extremely  devoted;  but  Polignaq 
embraced  the  new  doQrines  of  Des  Cartes,  with  which  he  was 
fo  enamoured,  that,  notwithftandtng  all  the  efforts  of  his  mafter, . 
he  would  never  return  to  the  Peripatetic  philofophy.     When 
cardinal  de  Bouillon  went  to  Rome,  to  the  eleflion  of  Alexander 
VI U.  he  engaged  Polignac  to  attend  him  ;  and  introduced  him 
.  to  that. pope,,  who  was  infinitely  charmed  with  his  fine  talents 
and  addrefs.     Louis  XIV.  alfo,  to  whgm  he  became  known  at 
his  return,  was  equally  pleafed  with  him,  and  by  him  he  was 
foon  after  fent  ambaflador  extraordinary  to  Poland  :  where,  after 
the  death  of  Sobicflci,  he  formed  a  projeft  of  procuring  the' 
fucceflioD  for  the  prince,  of  Conti,  and  gave  affu ranees  to  his* 
court  of  cffefting  it  \  but  thefe  proving  Vain,  he  returned  to 
France  a  little  difgraced,,  and  retired  for  three  years.     He  wa$- 
then  reftored  to  favour,  and  fent  to  Rome  as  aucfitor  of  the  rota.; 
Returning  home^  he  was  employ^  ija  aSair$  '^  the- greateft- 

impor^ance: 


importance:  was  plenipotentiaiy  zt  the  cettpeti  df  Utrecfif^ 
during  which  pope  Clement  Xi.  created  htm  a  cardinal.  He 
was  in  the  conclave,  when  Benedi<Si  XI I L  wa3  cbofen  in  1724* 

gpon  the  acceiBon  of  Louis  XV.  he  was  appointed  to  refide  at: 
ome,  as  minifter  of  Frajace;  and  did  not  return,  till  1732* 
Ke  died  in  1741,  in  his  eightieth  year. 

He  had  been  received  into  the  French  academy  in  1704,  into 
^academy  of  fciences  in  1x15,  into  that  of  the  belles  lettreff 
in  1717:  and  he  would  have  oeen  an  ornament  to  any  fociety, 
buying  all  the  accompli fliments  of  a  ikian  of  talents  and  learning. 
H^  left  behind  him  a  Latin  poem,  entitled,  ^*  Anti-Lucretius, 
feu  de  Deo  et  natura,  libri.ix."  the  plan  of  which  he  is  faid  to 
bjave  £brn;i^d<in  Holland,  in  a  converfatton  which  he  had  there 
with  Bayle.  It  treats  ofGod,  the  fouU  atoms,  motiort,  vacuum, 
and  other  fublime  pointy,  in  fuch  amaoiief,  as,  agreeably  to  its 
title,  to  inculcate  dodrines  upon  each,.exafltly  oppofite  to  thofe 
of  Lucretius.  This  work  has  been  much  admired,  as  poflcfling. 
many  qualities  which  form  a  perfe£b  poem.  He  left  his  manu* 
fcript  to  a  friend,  by  whofe  care  it  was  (irft  publiflied  in  1749  ; 
and  has  fmce  undergone  feveral  impreiSo;kS  in  France,  as  well  as 
in  other  countries. 

.  POLITI  (Al£xandce),  wasbomatFlbrcnccin  1679^  and 
was  early  diflinguifhed  in  the  fchools  of  phil</ophy  and  theology, 
for  the  extent  (3  hii  memory,  and  the  fagacity  of  his  mind*  He- 
became  very  early  a  teacher  in  the  fciences  above-mentioned, 
and  in  rhetoric  at  Genoa;  but  is  1733,  was  invited  to  Pi  fa  xof 
give  iedures  on  the  Gceek  langpage,  whence  he  was  promoted 
to  the  profeiTorlhip  of  eloquence^  which  had  been  fome  time* 
vacant,  after  the  death  of  Benedi^  Averanoi  He  died  of  an- 
apoplexy,  July  23,  r752.  He  diftin^uiflied^hitnfeir  as  a  coan— 
tnentator  and  as  an  ai^thor,  by  publiibing,'  i.  An  edidon  <^ 
Hoiper  with  Euflathius's 'commentary,  to  which  he  added>  a> 
I^atin  tranflation,  and  abundant  notes ;  ia  3.  vok.  folio,  1730^ 
1732,  1735.  The  fourth  volume  vras  in  the  prefs  .when  he  died, 
but  h^s  not  fince  appeared.  2.  ^'  Martyrologium  Roimnum* 
caftigatum,  ac  .commentariis  iUuftfatum^"  folto^  Florence,  I75:i« 
^^  *f  Orationes  t2  ad  Academiam  Hfenam."  4^  "  Panegywus 
ipap.  Francifco  L  cpnfecratus/'  4tOj  Florence.  5.,  <*  De  pafrim^ 
in  condendis  tefltamentis  poteftate/'  i2mo,.  Fiorence^  171^  i*' 
fpur  books. 

.  POLITiANO  (Anoew),  or  POLITIAN,  in  Latin  P6li- 
tianus^  amoft  ingenious  and  learned' Italian,  was  born,  in  July^ 
1454>  at  Monte  rulciano  in  Tufctany,.  whence  he  is  fuppofed 
to  have  taken  his  name.  His  real  name  has  been  much  conteftedL 
Menckenius,  who  wrote  his  life,  calls  it  Ambrogini  \  but  t)thers 
Angelus  Bafliis  (or  properly  JBaflb),  which  he  certainly  figned* 
%i^  ieveial  .of  kif  pubUc^uons.    He  leamed  iIiq  Gimkiaoguag^^ 

under 


POLITIANO.  319 

Un4et  Andronicus  of  Thcflalonka,  and  made.fo  great  a  progreflt 
in  it,  that  he  is  faid  to  have  written  verfes  both  in  Greek  anii 
Latin,  when  he  was  not  mQre  than  twelve  years  of  age.  He 
ftudied  alfo  the  Platonic  philofophy  under  Marcilius  Ficinus, 
and  that  of  Ariftotle  under  Argyropylus.     The  firft  work  that 

frocured  him  reputation,  was  a  poem  upon  the  tournament  of 
ulian  de  Medicis  ;  and  fome  time  after,  when  the  fame  Juiiaa 
\vas  aC[aflinated  by  the  Pazzi,  Poll  tian  took  occafion  to  write  the 
hiftory  of  that  conlpiracy,    which  was  alfo  greatly  admired. 
He  was  made  proferfbr  of  the  Greek  and  Latin  languages  at 
Florence ;  and  acquired  fo  much  glory  by  his  le£lures,  that  the 
fcholars  left   Deitietrius  Chalcondylas,    although   a  native  of 
Greece,  and  a  very  learned  man,  for  the  fake  of  hearing  him- 
Politian  had  elegance,  tafte,  and  politenefs,^  as  well  as  learning,, 
which  Chalcondylas  had  not :  on  which  account  it  is  eafy  ta 
conceive,  that  the  Icdlures  of  the  latter,  however  edifying,  muft 
have  appeared  dry  and  barren,  when  compared  with  thofe  of 
his  rivaL     Politian's  reputation  increafed  more  and  more,  when 
he  publiflied  his  Latin  verfion  of  **  Herodian,'*  his  "  Mifcel- 
lanea,"  andliis  *^  Latin  Poems."     Monf.  Huet  obferves,  that,- 
**  with  regard  to  his  Latin  verfions,  he  does  not  only  contend, 
with,  but  even  excel,  his  originals:'*  and  the  learned  Degory 
Wheare,  when  he  prefcribes  the  reading  of  this  hiftorian,  fays, 
that  <*  he  may  be  read  either  in  Greek  or  Latin;  for,"  he  adds, 
**  I  know  not  whether  Herodian  deferves  more  honour,  who  ia 
his  own  language  flows  with  a  plentiful  vein,  or  Politian,  who 
has  tranflated  him  fo  happily,  that  he  does  not  feem  fo  much  to 
have  rendered,  as  writ  that  hiftory."     Thefe  muft  feem  prodi* 
gious  encomiums  on  his  (kill  in  Greek  ;  if  it  be  confidered  how 
rare  a  thing  it  was  to  underftand  that  language  when  this  tranf-  / 
iation  was  made.     He  did  a  great  deal  towards  promoting  the 
revival  of  letters ;    and,  had  he  lived  longer,  would  doubtlefc 
h^ve  enriched  the  commonwealth  of  learning  with  excellent 
works:  but  he  died  at  forty  years  of  age,  in  1494*    His  death  hap-» 
pened  about  two  months  before  that  of  Picus  earl  of  Mirandula, 
with  whom  he  had  always  maintained  a  clofe  and  intimate  cor- 
refpondence.     A  report  was  fpread,  and  has  been  taken  up  by 
fome^iters,  concerning  the  occafion  of  his  death;  which,  if 
true,  would  do  great  di (honour  to  his  memory.     They  fay,  that 
not  beipg  able  to  fatisfy  the  unnatural  love  he  had  conceived  for 
<Mxe  of  his  fcholars,  who  was  a  youth  of  quality,  he  fell  into  a 
fever,  and  died  :  but  the  belt,  and  moft  judicious  authors,  treat 
tfii^  as  a  horrible  calumny.     Pierius  Valerianus  in  particular,, 
tells  us,;  that  he  died   of  pure   grief  and    vexation,  for   the. 
troubles  of  the  houfe  of  Medicis;  efpecially  when  the  affairs 
of  Peter,  whofe  preceptor  he  had  been,  were  in  a  declining 
ftate.     I^  c^rtai^ly  ist  no;  improbable,  that  hi$  great  zeal  for  that 
5  '   houfe 


320  POLLUX. 

houfe  expofed  him  to  mtich  calumny ;  while  the  Florentine.^, 
fond  of  republican  liberty,  infulted  that  family  in  their  exile, 
and  vented  all  forts  of  pafquinades.  Neverthelefs,  Politian's  cha- 
rafter  was  not  amiable,  according  to  Paul  JoviusfN],  who  has 
given  the  following  concife  defcription  both  of  his  body  and 
mind.  "  He  was,"  fays  he,  "  a  man  of  awkward  and  perverfe 
manners,  of  a  countenance  by  no  means  open  and  liberal,  a  nofe 
remarkably  large,  and  fquinting  eyes.  He  was  crafty,  fatirical, 
and  full  of  inward  malice :  for  his  conftant  way  was,  to  fneer 
and  ridicule  the  productions  of  other  men,  and  never  to  allow 
any  criticifm,  however  juft,  upon  his  own." 

He  was,  however,  as  all  acknowledge,  a  man  of  moft 
confummate  erudition ;  and  not  only  fo,  but  a  very  polite  and 
elegant  writer.  Erafmus,  in  his  Ciceronianus,  calls  him  a  rare 
miracle  of  nature,  on  account  of  his. excelling  in  every  kipd  of 
writing;  his  words  are  remarkable:  "  Fateor  Angelum  p^orfus 
Angelica  fuifle  mente,  rarum  naturae  miraculum,  ad  quodcunquc 
Icripti  genus  applicaret  animum.'*  Some  of  his  poems  were  fo 
much  admired,  that  feveral  learned  men  have  mad(^  it  their  bu- 
finefs  to  comment  on  them.  It  has  been  often  reported  that  he 
fpoke  of  the  Bible  with  great  contempt ;  and  that,  having  read 
it  but  once,  he  complained  he  had  never  fpent  his  time  fo  ill. 
But  this  is  not  probable ;  for  it  muft  be  remembered,  that  he 
was  a  prieft  and  canon  of  Florence  ;  and  we  learn  from  one  of 
his  Epiftle^,  that  he  preached  a  whole  Lent.  I  could,  as 
Bayle  fays,  much  more  cafily  believe  the  judgement  he  is  faid 
to  have  made  on  the  Pfalms  of  David,  and  the  Odes  of 
Pindar :  "  he  did  not  deny  that  there  are  many  good  and  fine 
things  in  the  Pfalms;  but  he  pretended,  that  the  fame  things 
appear  in  Pindar  with  more  brightnefs  and  fweetnefs."  The 
two  Scaligers  have  fpoken  highly  of  Poiitian:  the  elder  has 
preferred  a  confolatory  elegy  of  his,  to  that  which  Ovid  fent  to 
Livia  upon  the  death  of  Drufus,  and  fays,  he  had  rather  have  been 
the  author  of  it :  the  younger  calls  him  an  excellent  poet,  but 
thitiks  the  ftyle  of  his  epiftles  too  elated  and  declamatory.  Many 
interefting  anecdotes  of  Poiitian  are  given  in  Rofcoe's  Life  of 
Lorenzo  de'  Medici. 

His  works  have  been  printed  at  various  times  and  in  various 
places:  his  epiftles' have  probably  been  moft  read,  becanfe  thefe 
are  things  with  which  the  generality  of  people  are  beft  pleafed. 

POLLUX  (Julius),  an  ancient  Greek  writer  [o],  whoflou- 
riflied  in  the  reign  of  the  emperor  Commodus,  was  born  at 
Nau(irates,  a  towri  in  Egypt.  He  had  his  education  under 
fophifts,  and  became  eminent  in  grammatical  and  critical  learn- 
ing.   He  taught  rhetoric  at  Athens,  and  acquired  fo  much  repu-' 

[n]  Jov,  Elpg.  cap.  j8.  [o]  Fabrici  Bibl.  Ciiftc.  vol.  W.  •        -  -  * 

tation 


POLYiEN.US.  v7W 

lation,  that  he  Was  advanced  to  be  preceptor  of  the  emperor 
Com  modus.  He  drew  up  for  his  ufe,  and  infcribed  to  him* 
while  his  father  Marcus  Antoninus  was  living,  an  **  Onomaf- 
ticon,  or  Greek  Vocabulary,"  divided  into  ten  books.  It  is 
ftill  extant,  and  contains  a  vaft  varietv  of  fynonymous  words 
and.phrafes,  agreeably  to  the  cop.ioufnels  of  the  Greek  language, 
ranged  under  the  general  clafies  of  things.  The  defign  of  it 
was  to  facilitate  the  knowledge  of  the  Greek  language  to  the 
young  prince ;  and  it  is  (lill  of  great  ufe  to  all  who  have  a  mind 
to  be  perfecl:  in  it.  The  firft  edition  of  the  **  Onomafticon" 
was  given  at  Venice  by  Aldus,  in  1502,  and  a  Latin  verfion 
wa5  afterwards  made  and  publifhed  with  it :  but  there  was  no 
corfeft  and  handfome  edition  of  it,  till  that  of  Amfterdam, 
1706,  in  folio,  by  Lcderlinus  and  Hemfterhufius.  Lederlinus 
went  through  the  firft  feven  books,  correcting  the  text  and 
verfion,  and  fubjoining  his  own,  with  the  notes  of  Salmafius, 
If.  Volfius,  Valefius,  and  of  Kuhnius,  whofe  fcholar  he  had 
been,  and  whom  he  fucceeded  in  the  profeflTorlhip  of  the 
Oriental  languages  in  the  univerfity  of  Strafburg.  Hemfter- 
hufius continued  the  fame  method  through  the  three  laft  books* 
This  learned  man  has  fince  diftinguiihedhimfelf  by  an  excellent 
edition  of  Lucian,  and  other  monuments  of  folid  and  pro- 
found literature. 

Pollux  wro^e  many  other  works,  none  of  whTch  are  come 
down  to  us.  He  lived  fifty-eight  years.  Philoftratus  and 
Lucian  have  treated  him  with  much  contempt  and  ridicule, 
.Philoftrat.  de  vit.  Sophift.  Lib.  ir.  and  Lucian  in  Rhetorum 
pra^ceptore. 

POLYiENUS,  the  name  of  many  eminent  perfonages  re- 
corded in  ancient  writers.  There  was  among  them  Julius 
Polyxnus,  of  whom  fome  Gr^eek  epigram's  are  extant,  in  the 
firft  book  of  the  Anthologiu  [p].  The  Polyaenus,  of  whoni 
it  concerns  us  moft  to  have  any  information,  is  the  author  of 
the  eight  books  of  the  *^  Stratagems  of  illuftrious  commanders 
in  war."  He  appears  to  have  been  a  Macedonian,  and  probably 
a  foldier  in  the  younger  part  of  his  life ;  although  that  is  not 
certain.  He  was  undoubtedly  a  rhetorician,  and  a  pleader  of 
caufes  ;  and  as  to  the  time  in  which  he  lived,  that  appears  ma- 
nifeftlv  from  the  dedication  of  his  work  to  the  emperors  Anto- 
ninus and  Verus,  who  reigned  towards  the  latter  part  of  the 
fecond  century.  The  *'  Strategemata"  were  publifticd  in  Greek 
by  Ifaac  Cafaubon,  with  notes,  in  1580,  i2mo:  but  no  good 
•edition  of  them  appeared,  till  that  of  Leyderi,  1691,  in  8vo. 
The  title-page  runs  thus:  "  Polyaeni  Strategematum  libri  ofto, 
Jufto  Vulteio  ititerprete,  Pancratius  Maafvicius  reccnfuit,  Ifaaci 
Cafauboni  nee  non  fuas  notas  adjecit.'* 

[p]  Fabric.  Bibl.  Graec.  vol.  iii. 

VoL.XIL  Y  We 


32a  POLYBIUS. 

*  Wc  fee  in  this  work  various  ftratagems  of  above  three  hnit-^ 
dred  commanders  and  generals  of  armies,  chiefly  Greeks  and 
Barbarians:  for  the  Romans  feldom  ufed  thefe  kinds  of  fincffes; 
and  Polyasnus  has  fhewn  further,  that  he  was  not  well  verfed 
in  Roman  affairs.  A  great  mimber  of  thefe  ftratagems  appear 
ridiculous  or  impra6licable ;  and  neither  the  generals,  nor  even 
common  foldiers  of  our  days,  would  be  found  fimple  ertough 
to  be  cauglit  bv  them.  The  book  is  chiefly  of  ufe  to  thofc 
who  ftiidy  the  (jreek  language  and  antiquity:  for  many  things 
are  occafionally  mentioned  in  it^  which  ferve  to  illoftratc  the 
cuftoms,  and  trace  the  opinions  of  ancient  times.  The  fixth 
And  fevcnth  books  are  imperfedl. 

PolyaennS  compofed  other  works  befidcs  the  •*  Strategemata." 
Stobaeus  has  produced  fome  paflages  out  of  a  book  "  De  Re- 
publica  Macedonum ;"  and  Suidas  mentions  a  piece  concern- 
ing "  Thebes,**  and  three  books  of  "  Taftics."  If  death 
bad  not  prevented,  he  would  have  written  **  Memorabilia  of 
the  emperors  Antoninus  and  Verusr*'  for  he  makes  a  promifc 
of  this  in  the  preface  to  his  fixth  book  of  Stratagems.  Ca- 
faubon,  in  the  dedication  of  Polyaenus  to  Mornacus,  calls  him 
•*  an  elegant,  acute,  and  learned  writer." 

POLYBIUS,-  an  ancient  hiftbrlan  of  Megalopolis,  a  city  erf 
Arcadia  [qJ,  was  the  fon  of  Lycortas,  general  of  the  Acha- 
ians,  who  were  then  the  inoft  powerful  republic  in  Greece- 
He  was  born  in  the  fourth  year  of  the  143d  Olympiad,  or  in 
the  548th  of  the  building  of  Rome,  or  about  200  years  before 
.  Chrift  j  and  began  to  flourifh  in  the  times  of.  Ptolemy  Philo- 
metor.     When  he  was  twenty-four  years  of  age,  the  Achaians 

•  fent  him  and  his  father  Lycortas  ambaflfadors  to  the  king  of 
Egypt ;  and  the  fon  had  afterwards  the  fame  honour,  when  he 
was  deputed  to  go  to  the  Rom:^n  conful,  who  made  ^ar  upon 
king  Perfeus  in  Tbelfaly.  In  the  confulfhips  of  -Smilius  Paetui 
and  Julius  Pennus,  a  thoufand  Achaians  were  fummoned  to 

.  Rome,  that  ftate being  fufpedled of  defigns  agamft  the  Romans; 
and  were  there  detained  feventeen  years.  Polybius  was  one  of 
them,  and  was  then  thirty-eight  years  of  age.  He  had  great 
talents  from  nature,  which  were  well  cultivated  by  education  : 
yet  that  ftrokc  of  fortune,  which  carried  him  to  Rome,  was  of 

-  vaft  advantage  to  him ;  frnce  he  owed  to  it,  not  only  the  beft 
part  of  his  learning,  but  the  important  friendfhip  he  contrafted 
with  Scipio  and  Lxlius,  both  which  contributed  to  form  him 
into  the  great  hiftorian  he  afterwards  became. 

A  modern  does  not  eafily  conceive  the  pains  the  beft  authors 
among  th«  ancients  took  to  qualify  themfelves  for  writing  hif- 
tory,     Polybius  not  only  read,  and  thought,  and  converfed  with 

[<l]  VoflTius  de  Graecis  hiftoricis,  cap.  xix.  and,  Fabric.  BibL  Gr«c.  vol.  ii. 

every 


POLYBiyS.         -  32J 

every  body  that  could  direft  him  to  records,  or  give  him  in- 
formation; but  he  travelled  alfo.  He  thought  he  could  make 
no  exaft  defcription  of  places,  nor  depend  enough  on  the  credit 
of  memorials,  unlefs  he  had  examined  every  thing  upon  the 
fpot  ;  and  this  feems  to  have  been  deemed  necefFary  to  an  an*- 
cient  hiftoriographer:  on  which  accpu/it,  Plautus  makes  Mef- 
fenio  fay  to  Menechmus,  that  "  unlefs  they  had  a  defign  to 
write  hiftory,  he  thought  they  had  feen  enough  of  the  world :" 
**  quin  nos  hinc.  domum  redimus,  nifi  hiftoriam  fcripturi 
fumus."  Polybius  refolved  therefore  to  be  well  acquainted  with 
many  places,  as  well  of  Europe,  as  of  Afia  and  Africa :  and 
he  ufed  Scipio's  authority  to  procure  veflels  fit  to  fail  on  the 
Atlantic  ocean.  It  is  certain  alfo,  that  he  pafled  the  Alps,  and 
one  part  of  Gaul,  in  order  to  reprefent  Hannibal's  paiTagc  into 
Italy  with  accuracy ;  and  fearing  to  omit  the  leaft  circumftancc 
of  Scipio's  actions,  he  travelled  all  over  Spain,  and  flopped  par- 
ticularly at  New  Carthage,  that  he  might  ftudy  more  carefully  the 
fituaiion  of  it.  Befides  thefe  travels  exprefsly  for  that  purpofe, 
he  was  led  by  his  connexions  at  Rome  to  vifit  many  countries. 
He  attended  Scipio  when  Carthage  was  deftroyed,  and  was 
with  Muramius  at  the  burning  of  Corinth. 

Though  Polybius's  main  point  was  the  hiftory  of  the  Romans, 
ijvhofe  language  he  had  learned  with  great  care,  and  the  efta- 
blifliment  of  iheir  empire,  yet  he  had  in  his  eye  the  general 
hiftory  of  the  times  in  which  he  lived ;  and  therefore  he  gave 
the  name  of  "  Catholic  or  Univerfal"  to  his  hiftory  :  nor  was 
this  at  all  inconfiftent  with  his  general  purpofe,  there  being 
fcarcely  any  nations  at  that  time  in  the  known  world,  which 
had  not  fome  diiFerence  with,  or  dependence  upon,  the  Roman^^ 
Of  forty  books  which  he  compofed,  there  remain  but  the  firft 
five  entire^  with  an  epitome  of  the  twelve  following,  which 
is  fuppofed  to  have  been  made  by  that  great  affertor  of  Roman 
liberty,  Marcus  Brutus :  for  Brutus  delighted  in  nothing  more 
than  in  reading  hiftory ;  and  is  known  to  have  been  fo  particu- 
larly fond  of  Polybius,  that,  even  in  the  laft  and  moft  unfortu- 
nate hours  of  his  life,  he  amufedrhimfelf  not  only  in  reading, 
\  ,  but  alfo  in  abridging  his  hiftory.  The  fpace  of  time  which  this 
i, hiftory  includes,  is  three  and  fifty  years  ;  the  events  of  which 
\  Polybius  docs  not  relate  till  he  comes  to  the  third  book:  for 
;the  two  firft  are  not  fo  much  a  part  of  his  hiftory,  as  an  account 
of  certain  affairs,  to  ferve  by  way  of  introduflion  to  it. 

How  much  this  hiftorian  was  valued  by  the  ajncients,  migkt 

.have  been  certainly  known  from  the  number  of  ftatues  erefted 

to  his  honour,  if  Cicero,  Strabo,  Jofephus,  Plutarch,  and  others, 

had  not  fpokeii  of  him,  as  they  have  done  [r],  in  terms  of 

[r]  Hift.  Lib.  XXX.  adfincm. 

Y2  the 


3f4  IfOLYBIUS. 

ihc  highcft  applaufe  Livy  is  blamed  for  having  given  him  Ae 
cold  comirrendation,  as  it  hath  been  called,  of  au6lor  haud- 
qnaquam  fpcrnendus,  **  an  author  by  no  means  to  be  defpifed ;" 
and  efpecially  after  he  had  copied  fo  very  much  from  him, 
'Btrt  this  commendation  is  not  in  fa<R:  cold ;  on  the  contrary, 
according  to  the  ufnal  phrafeology  of  the  ancients,  it  is  a  v^ry 
high  eulogium  ;  and  fo  it  appeared  to  Cafaubon  and  Voffius. 
As  to  his  manner  of  writing,  it  fecms  to  have  been  univerfally 
allowed,  that  he  was  not  eloquent.  Dionyfius  of  Halicar- 
naflus,  who  was  a  very  fevere  critic,  (!:alls  him  nnpolite,  and 
reproaches  him  with  negligence,  both  in  the  choice  of  his 
words,  and  the  rtrufture  of  his  periods;  and  perhaps  he  was  fo: 
but  this  was  owing  to  the  vail  attention  he  paid  to  things.  It 
-is  certain,  there  is  no  hiilorian  among  the  ancients,  from  whoih 
more  is  to  be  learned  with  regard  to  prudence  and  civil  govern- 
ment; for  it  is  his  great  excellence,  not  only  to  relate  as  an 
hiftorian,  but  to  inftnift  as  a  philofopher:  and  certainly  this 
was  purfuing  the  true  end  of  hittory,  which  is,  or  oiight  to  be, 
the  teaching  of  philofophy  or  wifdom  by  examples.     Befides 

•the  five  firft  books  entire,  and  the  abridgiement  of  the  twelve 
following,  there  remains  excerptn  or  extrafts  of  this  hiftory, 
formerly  made  by  Conftjmtinus  Porphyrogeneta :  which  were 
firft  publilhed  in  Greek  by  Urfinu*!  in  1582,  and  in  Greek  and 
Latin  by  the  learned  Henry  Valefiu^  in  1634.  It  appears  far- 
ther, from  the  celebrated  letter  of  Cicero  to  Lucceius,  that  he 
wrote  particularly  of  the  war  of  Numantia:  but  nothing  of 
this  kind  is  come  down  to  the  prefent  time. 

Polybius  lived  to  a  great  age ;  but  concerning  the  particulars 
of  his  life  much  cannot  be  colleded.  He  was  highly  honoured 
by  the  friendfhip  of  Scipio;  who,  when  the  other  hoikages  from 
Achaia  ^ere  diflributed  through  the  cities  of  Italy,  obtained 
leave  by  his  intereft  for  Polybius  to  live  at  Rome.  He  has  been 
charged  by  fome  with  a  want  of  religion,  becaufe,  though  he 
has  declared  for  the  worth ip  of  the  gods  in  a  political  vievv,  yet 
he  has  Ihewn  an  utter  difbelief  of  their  divinities,  and  of  all 
their  fables  concerning  futurity:  bwt,  as  La  Mcthe  le  Vayer 
has  well  obfervedTs],  they  would  have  done  him  more  ju  ft  ice 
to  have  fpoken  of  him  as  a  foul  illuminated  by  heaven  in  the 
darknefs  of  Pagan ifm,  and  wlio,  believing  in  one  only  principle 
or  deity,  laughed  at  all  thofe  imaginary  divinities,  which  idolatry 
had  fel  up  as  objects  of  adoration.     He  died  at  eighty-two  years 

''t>f  age,  of  an  illnefs  occafioned  by  a.  fall  from  his  horfe,  as 
Lucian  relates  in  his  Macrobii.     His  death  happened  feventeen 

'  years  before  the  birth  of  Cicero, 

[s]  Jtigi^ment  fur  les  ancicns  hiftpriens,  &c. 

His 


POLYCARP.  32s 

His  <<  Hiftory,"  with  the  "  Epitomei"  was  publiflied  with  » 
Latin  verfion  and  notes  by  Ifaac  Cafaubon  at  Paris,  1609,  in 
folio,  and  republifhed  at  Amfterdam,  1670,  in  three  volumes^ 
8vo,  with  additional  notes  of  James  Gronovius  and  others^ 
and  alfo  with  the  *^  Excerpta  de  legationibus,  et  virtutibus 
ac  vitiis;"  for  the  *^  ExtraAs  of  Conltantine,"  publifhed  fcpa-^ 
lately  by  Urfinus  and  Valefius  were  upon  thofe  Aibjefts,  A 
new  edition  has  lately  been  publifhed  by  Schweighxufer,  ixx 
eight  volumes,  8vo,  which  is  now  elteemed  the  beft.  It  was 
printed  at  Leipfic  in  1789. 

POLYCARP,  an  apoftolic  father  of  the  Chriftian  church, 
was  born  in  the  reign  of  Nero,  probably  at  Smyrna,  a  city  of  loqia 
in  Afia  Minor,  where  he  was  educated  at  the  expence  of  Califto, 
a  noble  matron  of  great  piety  and  charity.  In  his  younger  years 
he  is  faid  to  be  inftructed  in  the  Chriftian  faith  by  Bucolus, 
bifliop  of  that- place  :  but, -be  that  as  it  may,  he  was  unqueftion- 
ably  a  difciple  of  St.  John  the  Evangelift,  and  familiarly  con- 
verfed  with  others  of  the  apoftles.  At  a  proper  age,  BiiColus 
ordained  him  a  deacon  and  catechilt  of  his  church  \  and,  upoa 
the  death  of  that  prelate,  he  fucceedcd  him  in  the  bilhopric. 
To  this  he  was  confecrated  by  St,  John  ;  who  alfo^  directed  his 
*'  Apocalyptical  Epiftle"  among  fix  others  to  him,  under  the 
title  of  the  **  Angel  of  the  Church  of  Smyrna,'*  [t J  where, 
many  years  after  the  apoftle's  death,  he  was  alfo  vifitcd  by  St. 
Ignatius,  Ignatius  recommended  his  own  fee  of  Antioch  to  the 
care  and  fuperintendency  of  Pol  yea  rp,  and  afterwards  fent  an 
epiftle  to  the  church  of  Smyrna  from  Troas,  A.  C.  107;  when 
Polycarp  is  fuppofed  to  have  written  his  **  Epiftle  to  the  Philip- 
pians,"  a  tranllation  of  which  is  prcferved  by  Dr.  Cave. 

From  this  time,  for  many  years,  hiftory  is  fi lent  concerning 
}iim,  till  fome  unhappy  difft-rences  in  the  church  brought  him 
into  general  notice.  It  happened,  that  the  Quart o-deci man  con- 
troverfy,  about  the  obfervation  of  Eafter,  began  to  grow  very 
high  between  the  eaftern  and  weftern  churches;  each  obftinately 
inlifting  upon  their  own  way,  and  juftifying  themfelves  by  apof- 
tolical  pradiice  and  tradition.  To  prevent  this  fire  from  break- 
ing out  into  a  greater  flame,  Polycarp  undertook  a  journey  to 
Rome,  that  he  inight  converfe  with  thofe  who  were  the  main 
fupports  and  champions  of  the  oppofite  parly.  The  fee  of  ih'^t 
capital  of  the  Roman  empire  was  then  pollefTed  by  Anicetus ; 
and  many  conferences  were  held  between  the  two  bifhops,  each 
pf  them  urging  apoftolical  tradition  for  their  prafticc.  But  all 
was  managed  peaceably  and  amicably,  without  any  heat  of  con- 
t-ention :  and,  though  neither  of  them  could  bring  the  other  into 
his  ofiinion,    yet  they  retained  their   own  fentiments  without 

[t]  Revelations,  chap,  ii* 

y  3  violating 


326  POLtCARP. 

Violating  that  chanty,  which  is  the  great  and  common  law  of  onr 
religion;  In  token  of  this,  they  communicated  together  at  the 
holy  facrament ;  when  Anicetus,  to  do  honour  to  Polycarp,  gave 
him  leave  to  confecratc  the  euchariflical  elements  in  his  own 
church.  This  done,  they  parted  peaceably,  each  fide  efteeming 
this  difference  to  be  merely  ritual,  and  no  ways  afFc£ling  the 
vitals  of  religion  ;  but  the  difjpute  continued  many  years  in  the 
churchy  was  carried  on  with  great  animofity,  and  ended  at  length 
in  a  fixed  cftablifhment,  which  remains  to  this  day,  of  obfervj ng 
Eafter  on  different  days  in  the  two  churches :  for  the  Afiatics 
keep  Eaflcr  on  the  next  Lord's  day  after  the  Jewifh  paflbvtr, 
and  the  church  of  Rome  the  ne\t  Sunday  after  the  fud  full  moon 
that  follows  the  vernal  equinox.  '  But  to  return  to  Polycarp. 

During  his  ftay  at  Rome,  he  employed  him felf  particularly 
in  oppofing  the  hcrefies  of  Marcian  and  Valentinys.  His  con- 
du£l  on  this  occafion  is  very  remarkable,  as  related  by  Irenaeus; 
who  tells  us,  that,  upon  Polycarp *s  palling  Marcian  in  the  ftrcct 
without  the  common  falutation,  the  latter  called  out,  '*  Polycarp, 
own  usl"  to  which  the  former  replied,  with  indignation,  *'  t 
own  thee  to  be  the  filrft-born  of  Satan.'*  To  this  the  fame  author 
adds,  that,  when  any  heretical  doftrincs  were  fpoken  in  his  pre- 
fence,  he  would  preiently  ftop  his  ears,  crying  out,  **  Good  Godf 
to  what  times  haft  thou  reserved  me,  that  I  fhould  hear  fuch 
•things!"  and  immediately  quitted  the  place.  In  the  famfc  zeal 
he  was  wont  to  tell,  that  St.  John,  goin^  into  a  bath  at  Ephefiis, 
and  finding  the  heretic  Cerinthus  in  it,  ftarted  back  inftantly 
without  bathing,  crying  out,  "  Let  us  run  away,  left  the  bath 
fhould  fall  upon  us  while  Cerinthus,  the  enemy  of  truth,  is  in  it." 
Thus  did  Polycarp  govern  the  church  of  Smyrna  with  apof- 
tolic  purity, *till  he  fuffered  martyrdom  in  the  fevcnth  year  of 
Marcus  Aurclius,  A.  C.  1675  concerning  the  manner  of  w^ich 
we  have  the  following  account. 

The  perfccution  growing  violent  at  Smyrna,  and  many  having 
already  fealed  their  confeflion  with  their  blood,  the  general  out- 
cry was,  "  Away  with  the  impious ;  let  Polycarp  be  fought  for." 
Hereupon  Polycarp  withdrew  privately  into  a  neighbou'ring  vil- 
lage, where  he  lay  concealed  for  fome  time,  continuing  night 
and  day  in  prayer  for  the  peace  of  the  church.  He  was  thus 
occupied,  when,  one  night  falling  into  a  trance,  he  dreamed  that 
his  pillow  took  fire,  and  was  burnt  to  afhes ;  which,  awakening, 
he  told  his  friends,  was  a  ptophetic  prefage,  that  he  (liould  be 
burnt  alive  for  the  caufe  of  Cfhrid.  Three  days  after  this  dream, 
in  order  to  efcapc  the  fearch  which  w^as  carried  on  inceffailtly  after 
him,  he  retired  into  another  village :  but  was  no  fooner  there, 
than  his  enemies  were  at  hand,  who  having  feized  upon  a  couple 
of  youths  {one  of  whom  they  forced  by  ftripes  to  a  confeflion), 
were  by  them  conduced  to  his  lodging.    He  might  ^afily  have 

favcd 


POLYCARP.  327 

faved  himfelf  by  flipping  into  another  hoiife ;  but  he  refufed  it, 
faying, . "  The  will  of  the  Lord  be  done."  Accordingly  he 
came  down  from  his  bed-chamber,  and  faUited  the  perfecutors 
with  a  chearful  countenance ;  and,  ordering  a  table  to  be  fet 
with  proi'ifions,  invited  them  to  partake  of  them,  only  fequeftl 
ing  for  himfelf  one  hour  for  prayer.  This  being  over,  he  was 
fct  upon  an  afs,  and  fo  conduced  towards  the  city.  Upon  the 
road  he  was  met  by  Herod,  an  Irenar<:h  or  juftice  of  the  pro- 
vince, and  his  father,  who  were  the  main  fprings  of  the  perfe- 
jcution.  This  magiHrate  taking  him  up  into  his  chariot,  tried 
to  undermine  hi«  conftancy;  and,  being  defeated  therein,  thruft 
him  out  of  the  chariot  with  fo  much  violence,  that  he  bruifed 
his  thigh  with  the  f<ali.  On  his  arrival  at  the  p^ace  of  execution, 
there  came,  as  is  faid,  a  voice  from  heaven,  faying,  •^  Polycarp, 
be  ftrong,.  and  quit  thyfelf  like  a  man."  Being  brought  before 
the  tribunal,  he  was  urged  to  fwcar  by  the  geniiis  of  Csefar. 
**  Repent,"  continues  the  proconful,  *«  and  fay  with  us,  Take 
away  the  impious."  Whereupon  the  martyr  looking  round  the 
iladium,  and  beholding  the  crowd  with  a  feverq  and  angry  coun-  • 
tenance,  beckoned  with  his  hand  and  looking  up  to  heaven,  faid 
with  a  figh,  quite  in  another  tone  than  they  intended,  "  Take 
away  the  impious."  At  laft,  confeffing  himfelf  to  be  a  Chrif- 
tian,  proclamation  was  made  thrice  of  his  confeffion  by  the 
crier ;  whereat  the  people  fhouted  out,  "  This  is  the  great 
teacher  of  Afia,  and  the  father  of  the  Chriftians ;  this  is  the 
xleftroyer  of  our  gods,  that  teaches  naen  not  to  do  facrifice,  or 
worfliip  the  deities."  The  fire  being  prepared,  Polycarp,  at  fiis 
own  requefl,  was  not,  as  ufual,  nailed,  but  only  tied  to  the  Ibke  j 
and  after  pronouncing  a  (hort  prayer,  with  a  clear  and  audible 
voice,  the  executioner  blew  up  the  fire^which  increafing  to  a 
mighty  flame,  **  Behold  a  wonder  feen,"  fays  the  ancient  au- 
thor who  relajes  it,  "  by  us  who  were  purpofely  referved,  that 
we  might  declare  it  to  others ;  the  flames  difpofing  thcmfclves 
into  the  refcmblance  of  an  arch,  like  the  fails  of  a  ihip  fweiled 
with  the  wind,  gently  encircled  the  body  of  the  martyr,  who 
ftood  all  the  v/hiie  in  the  midll,  not  like  roafted  flcfh,  but  like 
the  gold  or  filver  purified  in  the  furnace,  his  body  fending  forth 
a  delightful  fragrancy,  which,  like  frank incenfe,  or  fome  other 
coftly  fpiccs^  prefented  itfelf  to  our  fenfes.  The  infidels,  exaf- 
perated  by  the  miracle,  commanded  a  fpearman  to  run  him 
through  with  a  fword :  which  he  had  no  fooner  done,  but  fuch 
a  vaft  quantity  of  blood  flowed  from  the  wound,  as  extinguiihed 
the  fire ;  when  a  dove  was  feen  to  fly  from  the  wound,  which  ^ 
fome  fuppofe  to  have  been  his  foul,  clothed  in  a  vifible  ftiape  ^t 
the  time  of  its  departure  [u},"    Tlie  Chriftians  would  have  car- 

-  ried 

[v]  The  miraculous  part  of  this  ac-     in  his  "  Free  Enquiry ,♦•  and  Defence  of 
«ount  is  treated  with  ri^iQule  by  Middletoo    it^  but  fumetbing  is  offered  in  Us  fayour  by 

Y  4  •    M*°' 


328  POMBAL. 

ricd  off  his  body  entire,  but  were  not  fuffercd  by  the  Irenarch, 

who  commanded  it  to  be  burnt  to  alhes.  The  bones,  however, 
were  gathered  up,  and  decently  interred  by  thfrChriilians. 

Thus  died  this  apoftolical  man,  on  the  7th  of  the  Kalends  of 
May,  A,C.  167.  The  amphitheatre  whetcon  he  futferedwa* 
remaining  in  a  great  meafure  not  many  years  ago,  and  his  tomb 
15  in  a  little  chapel  in  the  fide  of  a  mountain,  on  the  fouth-eall 
part  of  the  city,  folcmnly  vifited  by  the  Greeks  on  his  feftival 
day ;  and  for  the  maintenance  and  repairing  of  it,  travellers  were 
wont  to  throw  a  few  afpe^s  into  an  earthen  pot  that  (lands  there 
for  the  purpofe  He  wrote  fome  homilies  and  cpiftles,  which 
are  all  loft,  except  that  to  the  •*  Philippians,"  which  is  a  pious 
>nd  truly  Chriftian  piece,  containing  Ihort  and  ufeful  precepts 
and  rules  of  life,  and  which,  St.  Jerome  tells  us,  was  even  in 
his  time  read  in  the  public  alfemblics  of  the  Afian  churches.  It 
is  of  Angular  ufe  in  proving  the  authenticity  of  the  books  of 
the  New  Teftament ;  inafmuch  as  he  has  feveral  palTages  and 
cxpreflions  from  Matthew,  Luke,  the  A6ls,  St.  Paul's  Epiftles  to 
the  Philippians,  Ephefians,  Galatians,  Corinthians,  Romans, 
Theffalonians,  Coloflians,  ift  Timothy,  ift  Epiftle  of  St.  John, 
and  III  of  Peter;  and  makes  particular  mention  of  St.  Paul's 
EpiiUe  to  the  Ephefians.  Indeed  his  whole  "  Epiftle"  confifts 
of  phrafes  and  fentiments  taken  from  the  New  Tellament  [x]. 

POMBAL  (Sebaftian  Jofeph  Carvalho),  marquis  of,  a 
famous  Portuguefe  minifter  of  ftate,  whom  the  Jefuits,  whofe 
banilhment  he  pronounced,  have  bhckened  by  all  poflible  means, 
and  others  have  extolled  as  a  moft  able  ftatefman.  He  was  born 
in  1699,  in  the  territory  of  Coimbra ;  a  robuft  and  diftinguifhed 
figure  feemed  to  mark  him  for  the  profeifion  of  arms,  for  which, 
atter  a  fhort  trial,  he  quitted  the  ftudies  of  his  native  univerfiiy. 
He  found,  however,  a  Itill  readier  path  to  fortune,  by  marrying, 
in  fpite  of  oppofition  from*her  relations,  Donna  Terefa  dc 
Noronha  Almada,  a  kdy  of  one  of  the  firft  families  in  Spain* 
He  loft  her  in  1739,  and  being  fcnt  on  a  fecret  expedition  in 
1745  to  Vienna,  he  again  was- forturtate  in  marriage,  by  obtain- 
ing the  countefs  of  Daun,  a  relation  of  the  rnarflial  of  that 
name.  This  wife  became  a  favourite  with  the  queen  of  Portugal, 
who  intercfted  herfelf  to  obtain  an  appointment  for  Carvalho. 
She  did  not  however  fucceed,  till  after  the  death  of  her  hufband, 
John  V.  in  1750*  Her  fon  Jofeph  gave  Carvalho  the  appoint- 
ment of  fecretary  for  foreign  affairs,  in  which  fituation  he  com- 
pletely  obtained  the  confidence  of  the  king.     His  haughtinefs, 

Jortin,  who  obferv€«,  that^*  the  circum-  [x]  Jortin,  vol.  i.  p.  68.  who  to  the 
iUnccs  arc  fufHcient  only  to  create  a  paufe  particulars  made  out  t>y  Cotelerius,  has 
and  a  doubt."  Remarks  on  Eccl.  HJA*  added  one  from  Galat.  iv.  26.  and  another 
vol.  L  from  Hebr.  iv.  jz,  13.     See  alfo  Lard« 

Rcr's  Crcdib.  uiider  the  article  Polycarp.  • 


POMFRBT.  319 

a^  Well  as  fome  of  his  meafures>  created  many  enemies ;  and  in 
1758,  a  confpiracy  headed  by  the  duke  d'Aveito,  .who  hajd  been 
Jthe  favourite  of  John  V.  broke  out  in  an  attempt  to  murder  the 
Jting  as  he  returned  from  his  caftle  of  Belem,     The  plot  being 
completely  difcovered,  the  confpirators  were  puniihed,  not  only 
feverely  but  cruelly  8  and  the  Jcfuits  who  had  been  involved  in  it, 
-were  banished  from  the  kingdom.     At  the  death  of  Jofeph,  in 
1777,  Pombal  fell  into  difg race,  and  many  of  the  perfons  con- 
jnedtedwith  the  confpirators,  who  had  been  imprifoned  from  the 
time  of  the  difcovery,  were  releafed.     The  enemies  of  Pombal 
<tid  not  however  fucceed  in  exculpating  the  principal  agents: ' 
though  a  decree  was'paffed  in  1 781,  to  declare  the  innocence  of 
thofe  who  had  been  releafed  from  prifon-     Carvalho  Was  ba* 
iiifhed  to  one  of  his  eftates,  where  he  died  in  May,  1782,  in  his 
eighty-fifth  year.     His  charadter,  as  was  mentioned  above,  was 
•varioufly  reprefented,  but  it  was  generally  allowed  that  he  pof- 
feifed  great  abilities.     A  book  entitled  *.'  Memoirs  of  the  Mar- 
quis of  Pombal"  was  publiflied  at  Paris  in  1783 ;  in  four  volumes 
i2mo,  but  it  is  not  efteemed  altogether  itiipartial. 
.     POMET  (Peter),  bornin-1658,  obtained  great  wealth  in 
the  profelfion  of  a  whole-fale  druggilt ;  and  being  appointed  to 
fuperintend  the  materia  medica  in  the  king's  gardens,  drew  up  a 
catalogue  of  all  the  articles  in  that  colle&ion,  with  fome  that 
were  preferved  in  cabinets.     He  died  in  1699  foon  after  his 
work  was  publilhed,  which  was   in  1694,  in  folio.     It   was 
.entitled,  '^  A  general  Hiftory  of  Drugs,"- and  was  republifhed 
by  his  fon  in  1735,  in  two  volumes  4to.     The  figures  m  this* 
fecond  edition  are  better  than  thofe  of  the  firit,  and  a  portrait  of^ 
.the  author  is  prefixed. 

POMEY  (Francis),  a  Jefuit,  moft  known  for  his  "  Pan. 
theum.mythicum,"  of  which  an  Eifigliihman,  named  Tooke, 
gave  a  tranflation,  prefixing  his  flhvn  nam^,  without  that  of  the 
author ;  and  this  book  has  gone  through  a  va(t  number  of  edi- 
tions. He  died  at  Lyons,  in  1673,  at  an  advanced  age.  Me 
had  been  employed  as  a  teacher  of  youth  at  Lyons,  and  mbft  of 
his  works  are  formed  for  the  ufe  of  ftudents.  They  confift  of, 
a  large,  dictionary,  fince  fuperfeded  by  that  of  Joubert;  a  fmall 
•  ipne  in  i2mo,  entitled  '*  Flos  Latinitatis ;''  "  indiculus  univer- 
falis,"  a  kind  of  nomenclator;  colloquies;  a  Treatife  on  Parti- 
cles  ;  and  another  on  the  funerals  of  the  ancients ;  with  a  work 
on  rhetoric.  Pomeynvas  well  verfed  in  the  Latin  authors,  but  " 
his  publications  would  have  been  more  valuable  had  he  been  mote 
attentive  to  method  and  exadnefs. 

POMFRET  (John),   was  fon  of  Mr.  Pomfret,   redor  of 
Luton  in  Bedfordshire,  and  born  about  1667.     He  was  educated 
at  a  grammar  fchool  in  the  country,  and  thence  fent  to  Cam- 
bridge j  buc*to  what  college  is  uncertain.     There  he^accom- 
V..  pliflied 


330  POMPADOUR. 

pliihed  himfelf  in  pdlite  Iiteratifre>  wrote  moil  of  his  poetical 
pieces,  and  took  both  the  degrees  in  arts.  After  that,  he  went 
into  orders,  and  was  prefented  to  the  living  of  Maiden  in  Bed- 
fordfliire.  About  1703,  he  came  up  to  London  for  inflitution 
to  a  larger  and  very  oonfiderable  living ;  but  was  flopped  fome 
time  by  Compton,  then  bifhop  of  London,  on  account  of  thefe 
four  lines  of  his  poem,  entitled,  "  The  Choice  ;" 

^*  And  as  I  near  approach'd  the  verge  of  life,    , 
Some  kind  relation  (for  I'd  have  no  wife) 
Should  take  upon  him  all  my  worldly  carS, 
While  I  did  for  a  bettet  flate  prepare/' 

The  parenthefis  in  thefe  lines  were  fo  maliciftufly  rcprefented, 
that  the  good  bifhop  was  made  to  believe  from  it,  that  Pomfret 
preferred  a  miftrefs  to  a  wife ;  though  no  fuch  meaning  can  be 
deduced,  unlefs  it  be  aflerted,  that  an  unmarried  clergyman  can- 
oot  live  without  a  miftrefs.  But  the  bifliop.was  foon  convinced, 
that  this  reprefentation  was  nothing  more  than  the'effed  of 
malice,  as  romfret  at  that  time  was  aftually  married.  The 
oppoiition,  however,  which  his  flanderers  had  given  him,  was 
not  without  cfFeA ;  for,  being  by  this  oWigcd  to  flay  in  London 
longer  than  he  intended,  he  caught  the  fmallrpox,  and  died  of 
it,  aged  thirty-five^ 

A  volume  of  his  poems  were  publiHied  by  himfelf  in  1699, 
with  a  very  modeflt  and  fenfible  preface.  Two  pieces  of  his 
'were  published  after  his  death  by  his  Philalethes;  one  called 
<*  Reafon,"  and  written  in  1700,  when  the  difputes  about  ^\^ 
Trinity  ran  high ;  the  o^her,  ^*  Dies  Noviflima,"  or,  **  Th« 
Laft  Epiphany,"  a  Pindaric  ode.  His  verfification  is  fometimes 
not  unmnfical;  but  there  is  not  the  force  in  his  writings  which  is 
neceflary  to  conftitute  a  poet.  A  diffenting  teacher  of  his  name^ 
and  who  publifhed  fome  rhilnes  upon  fpiritual  fubjefts,  occa- 
fioiied  fanaticifm  to  be  imputed  to  him;  but  from  this  his  friend 
Philalethes  has  juftly  cleared  him.  Pomfret  had  a  very  ftrong 
mixture  of  devotion  in  him,  but  no  faaaticifm. 

**  The  Choice,"  lays  Dr.  Johnfon,  •^  exhibits  a  fyftem  of  life 
adaptjed  to  common  notions,  and  equal  to  common  expeflations; 
fuch  a  ftate  as  affords  plenty  and  tranquillity,  without  exclufion 
of  intelleftual  pleafiires.  Perhaps  no  compofition  in  our  lan- 
guage has  been  oftener  perufed  than  Pomlret's  *  Choice.'  In 
his  other  poems  there  is  an  eafy  volubility;  the_pleafure  of 
fmooth  metre  is  afforded  to  the  ear,  and  the  mind  k  not  oppreffed 
with  ponderous,  or  intangled  with  intricate  fentiment.  He 
pleafes  many,  and  he  who  pleafes  many  muff  have  merit." 

POMPADOUR  (Jane,  Antoinette,  Poisson),  marcbio- 

nefs  of,  the  celebrated  miftrefs  of  Louis  XV.  was  the  daughter 

.of  a  finaacicr,  and  eaily  diftijiguiihcd  by  the  beaw^'of  her  per- 

fon, 


POMPEY,  331 

Ibn,  and  the  elegance  of  her  talents.  She  was  married  to  a 
vM.*  d'Etioles  xvhen  fhe  attraded  the  notice  of  the  king,  and 
becoming  his  miftrcfs,  was  created  inarchionefs  of  Pompadour 
in  T745.  Her  credit  was  abundant,  and  (he  employed  it  cMefly 
iti  the  patronage  of  talents,  in  all  branches  of  the  polite  arts. 
She  collefted  alfo  a  cabinet  of  books,  piflures,  and  various 
curiofities.  She  ditd  in  1764,-  at  the  age  of  forty-four;  and, 
it  is  faid  with  much  more  refignation  than  could  have  been 
expefted  of  a  perfon  fo  little  advanced  in  years,  and  fo  fituated. 
Two  fpurious  works  have  been  attributed  to  her  finceher  deaths 
the  one,  a  ftt  of  Memoirs,  in  two  volumes  8vo ;  the  other,  a 
colleftion  of  Letters,  in  three  volumes,  which^have  at  lead  the 
merit  of  painting  her  charafler  with  (kill.  The  memoirs  attri- 
bute to  her,  in  cc)nformity  with  the  popular  ideas,  much  more 
influence  than  fhe  actually  polfeired. 

POMPEY,  or  POMPEIUS  (Cneius),  firnamed  Magnus, 
or  the  Great y  was  of  a  noble  Roman  family,  the  fon  of  Pompeius 
Strabo,  and  Lucilia.  He  was  born  the  fame  year  with  Cicero, 
but  nine  months  later,  namdy,  in  the  confulihip  of  Caepio  and 
Serranus,  105  years  before  the  Chriftian  a^ra.  His  father  was  ^ 
general  of  great  abilities,  and  under  him  he  learned  the  art  of 
war.  When  he  was  only  twenty-three  he  raifed  three  legions 
Tvhich  he  led  to  Sylla.  Three  years  after,  he  drove  the  opponents 
of  Sylla  from  Africa  and  Sicily.  Young  as  he  was  he  had 
already  won  the  foldiers  fufficiently,  by  his  mildnefs  and  mili-^ 
tary  talents,  to  excite  the  jealoufy  of  Sylla,  who  therefore  recalled 
him  to  Rome.  His  foldiers  would  have  detained  him  in  fpite  of 
the  didlator's  orders,  but  he  obeyed,  and  was  rewarded  on  his 
arrival  by  the  name  of  Magnus,  given  him  by  Sylla,  and  foon 
after  confirmed  unanimoufly  by  his  countrymen.  He  obtained 
alfo  the  honours  of  a  triumph,  which  the  dictator  permitted 
lather  unwillingly,  and  was  the  firfl  iniiance  of  a  Roman  knight, 
who  had  not  rifen  to  any  magiftracy,  being  advanced  to  that 
•levation.  This  was  in  8f  A.  C.  In  a  fhort  time,  he  had  ob- 
tained as  much  power  by  the  voluntary  favour  of  the  people,  as 
Sylla  had  before  by  arms :  anjl  after  the  death  of  tiiat  extraor- 
dinary man,  obliged  Lopidus  to  quit  Rome,  and  then  undertook 
the  war  againft  Sertorius  in  Spain,  which  he  brought  to  a  for- 
tunate conclufion.  For  this  vidlory  he  triumphed  a  fecond 
time,  A.  C.  73,  being  ftill  only  in  the  rank  of  a  knight.  Not  long 
afterwards  he  was  chofen  conful.  In  that  office  he  re-efteblifhed 
fhe  power  of  the  tribunes;  and,  in  the  courfe  of  a  few  years, 
exterminated  the  pirates  who  infefled  the  Mediterranean, 
gained  great  advantages  againfl  Tigranes  and  Mithridates,  and 
carried  his  victorious  arms  into  Media,  Albania,  Iberia,  and 
the  nrtott  important  parts  of  Afia;  and  fo  extended  the  bounda- 
lies  of  the  Roman  empire,  that  Afia  Minor^  which  before  formed 


33^  PQMPIGNAN. 

the  cxtremky  oi  ks  provinces,  now  became,  in  a  manner,  the 
centre  of  thenu  When  he  returned  to  receive  a  triumph  for 
tbefe  viftorics,  he  courted  popularity  by  difmiffing  his  troops 
and  liptering  the  city  as  a  private  citizen.  He  triumphed  with 
great  fplendor;  but  not  feeling  his  influence  fuch  as  he  had 
hoped,  he  united,  with  Caefar  and  Craifus  to  form  the  firft 
triumvirate.  He  ftrengthened  his  union  with  Casfar  by  marry- 
ing his  daughter  Julia ;  he  was  deftined  neverthelefs  to  fin<i  in 
Cas&r  not  a  friend,  but  too  fuccefsful  a  rival.  While  Casfar 
was  gaining  in  his  long  Gallic  wars  a  fame. and  a  power  that 
were  foon  to  be  invincible,  Pompey  was  endeavouring  to  cul- 
tivate his  popularity  and  influence  in  Rome.  Ere  long  they 
took  dire^ly  contrary  parties.  Pompey  became  the  hope  and 
the  fupport  of  the  Patricians  and  the  fenate,  while  Caefar  was  the 
idol  of  thie  people.  On  the  return  of  the  latter  from  Gaul,  in 
the  year  51  A.  C.  the  civil  war  broke  out,  which  terminated,  as 
is  well  known,  by  the  defeat  of  Pompey  in  the  battle  jof  Phar- 
falia,  A.  C.  49,  and  the  bafe  afTaflination  of  him  by  the  officers 
of  Ptolemy  in  Egypt.  It  appears  that  Pompey  had  not  left 
ambition  than  Caefar,  but  was  either  more  fcrupulous,  or  lefs 
fagacious  and  fortunate  in  his  choice  of  means  to  gratify  that 
pailion.  He  was  unwilling  to  throw  ofi^  the  mafk  of  virtue  and 
moderation,  and  hoped  to  gain  every  thing  by  intrigue  and  th^ 
appearance  of  tranfcendent  merit.  In  this  he  migJit  have  been 
fuccefsful,  had  he  not  been  oppofed  to  a  man  whofe  prompt 
and  decifive  meafures  difconcertcd  his  fecret  plans,  drove  things 
at  once  to  extremities,  and  forced  him  to  have  recourfe  to  the 
decifion  of  arms,  in  which  vidbry  declared  againft  him.  The 
moderate  men,  and  thofe  who  were  lincerely  attached  to  the 
republic  of  Rome,  dreaded,  almoft  equally,  the  fuccefs  of 
Pompey  and  of  Caefer.  Cato,  who  took  the  mourning  habit  on 
the  breaking  out  of  the  civil  war,  had  refolved  upon  death*  if 
Casfar  fhould  be  viftorious,  and  exile  if  fuccefs  fhould  declare 
for  Pompey. 

POMPJGNAN  (John  James  le  Franc),  marquis  of,  a 
French  nobleman,  itill  moredirtinguiOied  by  his  talents  in  poetry 
than  by  his  rank,  was  born  at  Montauban  in  1709,  He  was 
educated  for  the  magiftracy,  and  became  advocate-general,  and 
fird  prefident  of  the  court  of  aids  at  Montauban.  Hrs  inclina- 
tion for  poetry,  however,  could  not  be  repreffed,  and  at  the  age 
of  twenty^five  he  produced  his  tragedy  of  Dido,  in  which  he 
approved  himfelf  not  only  one  of  the  moft  fuccefsful  imitators  of 
Racine',  but  an  able  and  elegant  poet.  After  this  fuccefs  at 
Paris,  he  returned  to  his  duties  at  Montauban,  which  he  fulfilled 
in  the  mod  upright  manner ;  but  having  fuflered  a  ftiort  exile, 
on  account  of  foitie  ftep  which  difpleafed  the  court,  he  became 
difgufted  with  the  oHice  of  a  magilirate.  As  he  had  now  alf^ 
i^oreafed  his  fortune  by  an  advantageous  marriage^  he  deter* 

mined 


POMPIGNAN.  33J 

tnine^  to  remove  to  Paris,  where  at  firft  he  was  received  as  hh 
virtues  and  his  talents  deferved.    His  fmcere  attachment  to  Chrif- 
tianity  brought  upon  him  a  perfecution  from  the  philofophitts, 
which,  after  a  time,  drove  him  back  to  the  country.     Vottaire 
and  his  aflbciates  ha4  now  inundated  France  with  their  deiUical 
trades,  the  materialifm  of  Helvetius  in  his  book  de  I'Efprir,  had 
jiift  been  broiight  forward  in  the  moft  triumphant  manner,  the 
enemies  of  Chriftianity  had  filled  the  Encyclopedie  with  the  poifon 
of  their  opinions,  and  had  by  their  intrigues  formed  a  powerful 
party  in  the  French  academy,  when  the  marquis  of  Pompignan 
was  admitted  as  an  academician,  in  1760.     He  had  the  courage, 
at  his  admidion  to  pronounce  a  difcourfe,  the  obje£i  of  which 
was  to  prove  that  the  man  of  virtue  and  religion  is  the  only  true 
philofopher.     From  this  moment  he  was  the  objcft  of  perpetual 
perfeciition.     Voltaire  and  his  affociates  were  indefatigable  in 
pouring  out  fatires  againil  him  :  his  religion  was  called  hypo- 
crify,  and  his  public  declaration  in  its  favour  an  attempt  to  gain 
the  patronage  of  certain  leading  men,  Thefeaccufations,  as  unjuft 
as  they  were  illiberal,  mingled  with  every  fpecies  of  farcaftic  wit, 
had  the  cfFefl  of  difgufting  the  worthy  marquis  with  Paris.     He 
retired  to  his  eitate  of  Pompignan,  where  he  pad  the  remainder 
of  his  days  in  the  praftice  of  a  true  philofophy,  accompanied  by 
fmcere  piety;  and  died  of  an  apoplexy  in  1784,  at  the  age  of 
feventy-five,  moft  deeply  regretted  by  his  neighbours  and  depen* 
dents.     The  (hameful  treatment  of  this  excellent  man,  by  the 
feci  which  then  reigned  in  the  academy,  is  a  ilrong  illuft ration 
of  their  confpiracy  againft  religion,  fo  ably  detailed  by  M,  Bar- 
ruel,  in  the  firft  volume  of  his  Memoirs  of  Jacobinifm.     When 
once  he  had  declared  himfelf  a  zealous  Chriftian  no  merit  was 
allowed  him,  nor  any  eiFort  fpared  to  overwhelm  him  with  dif- 
grace  and  mortification.     His  compofitions  neverthelefs  were 
and  are  efteemcd  by  impartial  judges*     His  *<  Sacred  Odes," 
iiotwithftanding  the  farcafm  of  Voltaire,  "  facred  they  arc,  for 
no  one  touches  them,'*  abound  in  poetical  fpirit,  and  lyric  beau- 
ties ;  thoui>h  it  is  confelTed  alfo  that  they  have  their  inequalities. 
His  *'  Difcourfes  imitated  from  the  books  of  Solomon,"  contain 
important  moral  truths,  delivered  with  elegance,  and  frequently 
with  energy.     His  imitaHon  of  the  Georgics  of  Virgil,  though 
'inferior  to  that  of  the  abbe  De  Lille,  (whofe  verfificatton  is  the 
richeft  and  moft  energetic  of  modern  French  writers)  has  yet 
confiderable  merit :  and  his  **  Voyage  de  Languedoc,'*  though 
not  equal  in  eafy  and  lively  negligence  to  that  of  Chapelle,  is 
fupcrior  in  elegance,  corre&nefs,  and  variety.     He  wrote  alfo 
fome  operas  which  were  riot  afted  ;  and  a  comedy  in  verfe,  in 
one  a£l,'  called  "  Les  adieux  de  Mars,*'  which  was  reprefentcd 
with  Tuccefs  at  the  Italian  comic  theatre  in  Paris.     The  marquis 
of  Ponjprgnan  was  diftingiriflied  alfo  as  a  writer  in  profe.     His 

«  Euto* 


334  POMPONATIUS. 

*<  Eulogium  on  the  Duke  of  Burgundy/*  is  written  with  an 
affe<9ing  fimplicity.  His  "  DiflTertations,"  his  **  Letter  to  the 
younger  Racine,"  and  his  "  Academical  Difcourfes,"  all  prove 
a  found  judgement,  a  correft  taflc,  and  a  genius  improved 
by  careful  ftudy  of  the  elaffic  models.  He  produced  alfo  a 
•*  Tranflation  of  fome  dialogued  of  Lucian,"  and  fome  *'  Tra- 
gedies of  Efchylus,".  which  are  very  gencratly  ertcemcd.  He 
was  allowed  to  be  a  rpan  of  vaft  literature,  and  ahnoft  univerfal 
knowledge  in  the  fine  art$.  Yet  fuch  a  man  was  to  be  ill- 
treated,  and  cruftied,  if  poflible,  becaufe  he  had  the  virtue  to 
declare  himfelf  a  partifan  of  religion.  Even  Uis  enemies,  and 
the  moft  inflexible  of  tl)cm,  Voltaire,  were  unable  to  deny  the 
merit  of  fome  of  his  poetical  compofitions*  The  following 
ilanza  in  particular,  in  "  An  Ode  on  the  Death  of  Rouffeau,'* 
obtained  a  triumph  for  him  In  defiance  of  prejudice.  The  inten- 
tion feems  to  be  to  iUuIlrate  the  vanity  of  thofe  who  fpeak 
againft  religion : 

Le  Nil  a  vu  fur  fcs  rivages 
De  noirs  habitats  des  deferts 
Infiilter  par  leyrs  oris  faiivagcs 
1/Artre  eclatant  de  runivcrs.        ^ 
Cris  impuitTans  !  fnreurs  bizarrcs! 
Tandis  que  ces  monftres  baibares 
PoufToient  d'infoientes  clamcurs, 
Le  Dien,  pourfuiv^nt  fa  carriere, 
Vcrfoit  des  torrens  de  himiere 
Sur  fes  obfciirs  blafphcmateurs. 

<•  Thus  on  the  borders  of  the  Nile,  the  black  inhabitants 
■  infult  by  their  favage  cries  the  (lar  oi  dv^y.  Vain  cries,  an^l 
capricious  fury  r  But  while  thefe  barbarous  monders  fend  up 
their  infolent  clamours,  the  God,  purfiiing  his  career,  pours 
floods  of  light  uDon  his  duiky  biafphemers" — *^  I  have  hardly 
ever  feen,"  fays  M.  la  Harpe,  "  a  grs^nder  idea,  expre/Ted  by  a 
more  tK>ble  image,  nor  with  a  more  impreflive  hartnony  of 
language.  I  recited  the  pafiage  one  day  to  Voltaire,  wim 
acknowledged  that  it  united  all  the  qualities  of  the  fublime;  and, 
when  I  named  the  author,  Aill  praif«d  it  jnore." 

POMPONATIUS  (Peter),  an  eminent  Italian  philofopher, 
was  born  at  Mantua  in  1462.  He  was  fo  little  in  ilature,  that 
he  was  almoft  a  dwarf;  yet  poflfeiTed  an  exalted  genius,  and  was 
CQufidered  as  one  of  the  greated  philofophers  of  the  age  in  which 
he  lived.  He  taught  philofophy,  firft  at  Padua,  aiterwardsat 
Bologna,  with  the  higheft  ieputation»  He  had  frequent difputa- 
tions  with  the  famous  Achillini,  whofe  puzzling  objedUons 
would  have  confounded  him,  had  it  not  been  for  his  (kill  in  par- 
rying them  by  fome  witticifm*    Npthing  can  be  more  advan- 

.»  tageous 


POMPONIU/5  n^TUS-  33i 

tageolis  in  dlfpute,  than  this  talent  of  Pompohatlosr  6f  which 
a  man,  who  has  no  found  anfwer,  nfiay  get  the  laughers  fo  much 
on  his  fide,  that  the  confufion  due  to  himfelf  will  fall  upon  his 
adverfary.  His  book  **  De  Immortalitatc  Animae,*'  pubKlhed 
in  1516,  occaftoned  much  difcuilion.  He  maintained  in  that 
work,  that  the  immortality  of  the  foul  cannot  be  proved  by 
philofophical  reafons ;  yet  declared  his  firm  belief  of  it,  as  aa 
article  pf  faith.  'This  precaution  did  not  fave  him;  many 
adverfaries  rofe  up  againft  him,  who  did  not  fcniple  to  treat  him 
as  an  atheift ;  and  the-  monks  procured  his  book,  although  he 
wrote  feveral  apologies  for  it,  to  be  burnt  at  Venice.  His  book 
upon  **  Incantations"  was  alfo  thought  very  dangerous.  He 
Ihews  in  this,  that  he  does  not  believe  any  thing  of  magic  s^nd 
forcery;  and  he  lays  a  prodigious  ftrefs  on  occult  virtues  in 
€ertain  men,  by  which  they  produced  miraculous  effefts.  He 
gives  a  great  many  examples  of  this ;  but  his  adverfaries  did  not 
admit  them  to  be  true,  or  free  from  the  guilt  of  magic. 

Pomponatius  died  in  1525  [y],  according  to  Paul  Jovius,  in 
his  grand  climafteric.  He  married  three  times,  yet  had  only 
one  daughter,  to  whom  he  left  a  large  fum  of  money.  He  ufed 
to  apply  himfelf  to  the  folution  of  difficulties  fo  very  Intenfely, 
that  he  frequently  forgot  to  eat,  drink,  fleep,  and  perform  the 
ordinary  fundions  of  nature :  nay,  it  made  him,  as  he  himfelf 
tells  us,  in  his  book  de  Fato,  iii.  7.  almofl  difiratSled,  and  a 
lau^hing-ftock  to  every  one. 

POMPONIUS  LiETUS  (Julius),  the  aOumed  name  of  an 
eminent  Italian  fcholar  of  the  fifteenth  century,  whofe  proper 
appellation  is  fuppofed  to  have  been  yulio  Sanfevcrino.  He  was 
born  in  Calabria  in  1425,  an  illegitimate  offspring  of  the  family 
of  Sanfeverino,  for  which  reafon,  it  is  fuppofed,  he  the  more 
(hidiouily  concealed  his  birth  and  relationfhip.  He  was  a  moft 
accurate  Latin  fcholar,  but  unacquainted  with  Greek ;  and  fo 
fcrupuloufly  anxious  to  preferve  the  purity  of  his  language,  that 
he  avoided  reading  the  fcriptures  for  fear,  as  he  faid,  of  infecting 
his  ftyle  with  barbarifm.  The  truth  is,  that  he  was  for  the  chief 
part  of  his  life  more  inclined  to  heathenifm  than  chriftianity ; 
and  is  faid  even  to,  have  celebrated  the  foundation  of  the  city  of^ 
Rome,  and  to  have  dedicated  altars  to  Romulus.  He  changed 
his  own  name  and  thofe  of  his  fcholars,  for  fuch  as  were  per* 
fedtly  Roman  in  form  and  found;  and  in  ail  things afFeded  the 
manners  of  the  ancients.  He  has  been  generally  fuppofed  to  be 
the  fame  with  Pomponius  Sabinus,  wh.ofe  notes  on  Virgil  are 
extant ;  but  this  is  denied  by  Heyne,  on  account  of  the  Greek 
contained  in  thofe  annotations.  Being  accufed  of  confpiring 
againft  Paul  II.  h^  retired  for  a  time  to  Venice,  but  returned  to 

[y]  In  Elogiji, 

Rome 


Z3^. 


POOLE. 


Ronie  after  thie  death  of  that  Pojpc,  and  paflfed  tht  remainder  of 
his  life  in  that  city.  He  lived  to  the  age  of  feventy,  and  it  is 
faid  that  before  his  death  he  becanne  a  fincere  Chriftian.  He 
wrote  an  abridgement  of  the  Lives  of  the  Csefars  from  the 
Death  of  Gordian  to  Jiiftinian  III.;  a  book  on  the  Rife  of 
Mahomet ;  the  Life  of  Statiiisj  on  Grammar ;  on  the  Roman 
Magiftrates,  and  other  works. 

PONT  AN  US  (John  Jovian),  was  born  at  Ceireto  in 
1426,  and  fettled  at  Naples,  where  his  merit  procured  him  illuf- 
trious  friends.  He  became  preceptor  to  Alphonfo  the  younger, 
king  of  Arragon,  to  whom  he  was  afterwards  ftcretary  and 
counfellor  of  llate.  Having  reconciled  this  prince  to  his  father 
Ferdinand,  and  not  being  rewarded  by  the  latter  as  he  thought 
he  deferved,  he  aimed  againfi  him  •*  A  Dialogue  on  Ingrati- 
tude," in  which  alfo  he  launched  out  into  the  praifcs  of  Charles 
VHL  of  France,  his  great  enemy.  Ferdinand  had  the  magna- 
nimity to  defpife  his  cenfures,  and  fufFer  him  to  hold  his  appoint- 
ments. Pontanus  died,  according  to  Moreri,  in  1503,  at  the 
age  of  feventy- feven,  according  to  others  two  years  later.  His 
epitaph  is  famous,  and  though  vain  enough  in  the  beginning, 
concludes  with  a  fine  thought,  which  fecms  to  have  Aiggefted 
the  ftill  more  fublime  clofe  of  Dr.  Foftcr's  epitaph  on  himfelf* 

Sum  Johannes  Jovianus  Pontanus, 
Qiiem  amaverunt  bonx  MuCx, 

Sufpexerunt  viri  probi, 

Honcftavenmt  Reges,  Domini. 

Scis  jam  qnis  fun,  aut  quis  potius  fuerim. 

Ego  vero  te,  Hofpes,  nofcere  in  tenebris  nequeo, 

Sed  teipfum  ut  nofcas,  rogo. — Vale. 

He  wrote  the  "  Hiftory  of  the  Wars  of  Ferdinand  L  and 
John  of  Anjou,"  and  feveral  works  in  profe  which  were  col- 
lefled  at  Venice  in  1519,  making  three  volumes,  quarto.  His 
poetical  works  were  collefted  at  the  fame  place  in  1533,  and 
form  one  volume  in  8vo. 

POOLE  (Matthew)  [z],  an  eminent  nonconformill  ini- 
nifter,  was  fon  of  Francis  Poole,  efq;  of  York,  where  he  was 
born  in  1624.  After  a  proper  education  in  grammar  and  lan- 
guage, he  was  fent  to  Emanuel  college  in  Cambridge,  where  he 
took  a  mafler  of  arts  degree  ;  and  falling  in  with  the  Preffcyte- 
lian  opinion?  concerning  ecclefiaftical  polity,  which  then  pre- 
vailed, he  entered  into  the  miniftry,  and  about  1648  was  made 
reSor  of  St.  Michael  le  Qriern  in  London.  He  became  (0 
famous  and  of  fo  much  weight  with  his  party,  that,  in  1658) 

[z]  Calarny's  Account  of  eje£ked  Minifters  after  the  Reftoration  in  1660,  vol.  ii. 
p.  14.  General  Diftionary. 

2  f  when 


POOLE.  337 

when  he  publifhed,  "  A  Model  for  the  maintaining  of  Students 
of  choice  Abilities  at  the  Univerfity,  and  principally  in  order  to 
the   Minirtry,"    it  was   accompanied  with    a  recommendation 
from,  the  univerfity,  figned  by  feveral  heads  of  houfes  in  Cam- 
bridge, among  whom  were  Cudworth,  Whitchcot,  Worthington, 
Dillingham,  &c.     Rcfufing  to  comply  with  the  Aft  of  Unifor- 
mity in  1662,  he  was  ejefted  from  his  living  ;  upon  which  occa- 
fion  he  printed  a  piece  in  Latin,  entitled,  "  Vox  clamantis  in 
deferto:"  he  fubmitted,  however,  to  the  law,  with  a  commend- 
able refignation.     Being  unmarried,  and  enjoying  a  paternal 
eltate  of  lool.  a  year,  he  fat  down  to  his  Itudies,  and  refolved 
to  employ  his  pen  in  the  fervice  of  religion  in  general,  without 
regard   to  particular  difputes   among  Proteftants.     With   this 
view,  he  drew  the  deflgn  of  a  very  laborious  and  ufeful  work, 
which  was  publifticd   by  him,   1669,  &c.  under   the  title  of 
**  Synopfis  Criiicorum  Biblicorum,"  five  vols,  folio,  and  met 
with  a  good  reception  from  all  parties.     In  the  midft  of  this, 
employment,  he  found  leifure  to  teftify  his  zeal  againft  popery, 
in  a  treatife  entitled,  "  The  Nullity  of  the  Romifh  Faith,  con- 
cerning the  Church's  Infallibility,  1666,"  8vo.     When  Oates's 
depofitions  concerning  the  popifli  plot  were  printed  in  1679, 
Poole  found  his  name  in  the  lilt  of  thofe  that  were  to  be  cut  off; 
and  an  incident  befel   him   foon  after,   which   gave  him  the 
great  eft  apprehenfion  of  his  danger.     Having  pafled  an  evening 
at  alderman  A(hurft*s,  he  took  a  Mr.  Chorley  to  bear  him  com- 
pany home.     When  they  came  to  the  narrow  paffage  which 
leads  from  Clerkenwell  to  St.  John's-court,  there  were  two  men 
ftanding  at  the  entrance;  one  of  whom,  as  Poole  came  along, 
cried  out  to  the  other,  "  Here  he  is:"  upon  which  the  other 
replied,   "  Let  him  alone,  for  there  is  fomebody  with  him.** 
As  foon  as  they  were  paffed,  Poole  aflced  his  friend,  if  he  heard 
what  thofe  men  faid  ?  and   upon  his  anfwering  that  he  had, 
**  Well,"  replied  Poole,  **  I  had  been  murdered  to-night,  if 
you  had  not  been  with  me."     It  is  faid,  that,  before  this  inci- 
dent, he  gave  not  the  leaft  credit  to  what  was  faid  in  Oates*s 
depofition ;  but  then  he  thought  proper  to  retire  to  Holland, 
where  he  died  the  fame  year,  in  October,  not  without  a  fuf- 
picion  of  being  poifoned,  as  Calamy  relates. 

He  publifhed  feveral  fmall  pieces,  befides  what  has  been 
mentioned  ;  and  he  alfo  wrote  a  volume  of  "  Englifh  Annota- 
tions upon  the  Holy  Scriptures;"  but  was  prevented  by  death 
from  going  further  than  the  58th  chapter  of  Ifaiah.  That 
work  was  completed  by  others,  and  publiihed,  1688,  in  two 
vols,  folio  [a].  Wood  obferves,  **  that  he  left  behind  him  the 
charafter  of  a  very  celebrated  critic  and  cafuift;"  and  Calamy* 

[a]  Fafti  Oxon.  vol.  U. 

^  Vol.  XII.  Z  tells 


J38  POP  E. 

tells  us,  that  "  he  was  very  facetious  in  converfation,  v^  triic 
to  his  friend,  very  ftrift  in  his  piety,  and  univerfat  in  hU 
charity."       ^ 

POPE  (Alexander)  [b],  a  celebrated  Englifli  Poet,  was 
defcended  from  good  families,  and  born  June  8,  1688,  in  the 
Strand,  where  his  father  was  then  a  hatter.  He  was  taught  to 
read  very  early  by  an  aunt,  and  learned  to  write  without  any 
affiftance,  by  copying  printed  books.  The  family  being  of  the 
Romifli  religion,  he  was  put,  at  eight  years  of  age,  under  a 
prieft  named  Taverner,  who  taught  him  the  rudiments  of  the 
Latin  and  Greek  languages  together ;  and  foon  after  fent  to  a 
popifh  feminary  near  Winchcfter,  whence  he  was  removed  to  a 
fchool  at  Hyde-Park-corncr.  He  difcovered  very  early  an  incli- 
nation to  verfifying ;  and  the  tranflations  of  Ogilby  and  Sandys, 
from  Virgil  and  Ovid,  firft  falling  in  his  way,  thefe  were  his 
favourite  authors.  At  twelve,  he  retired  with  his  parents  to 
Binfield,  in  Windfor  Foreft  ;  and  there  became  acquainted  with 
the  writings  of  Spenfer,  Waller,  and  Dry  den.  Dryden  (truck 
him  moil,  probably  becaufe  the  caft  of  that  poet  was  moft  con- 
genial with  bis  cKvn  ;  and  therefore  he  not  only  ftudled  his  works 
intcnfely,  but  ever  after  mentioned  him  with  a  kind  of  veneration. 
He  once  obtained  a  fight  of  him  at  a  coffec-houfe,  but  neVer  wai 
known  to  him :  a  misfortune,  which,  in  one  of  his  letters  to 
Mr.  Cromwell,  he  laments  in  thefe  pathetic  words,  **  Virgilium 
tantum  vidi." 

Though  Pope  had  been  under  more  tutors  than  one,  yet  they 
were  fo  infufticient  for  the  purpofe  of  teaching,  that  he  had 
learned  very  little  from  them  :  fo  that,  being  obliged  afterwards 
to  begin  all  over  again,  he  may  juftly  be  confidered  as  one  of 
the  av%^i^aiK%if  or  felf-taught.  At  nfteeri,  he  had  acquired  a 
readinefs  in  the  two  learned  languages,  to  which  he  foon  after 
added  the  French  and  Italian.  He  had  already  fcribbled  a  great 
deal  of  poetry  in  various  ways ;  and  this  year  fet  about  an  epic 
poem,  called  "  Alcander."  He  long  after  communicated  it  to 
Atterbury,  with  a  declared  intention  to  burn  it ;  and  that  friend 
concurred  with  him ;  **  though  [c],"  adds  he,  "  I  would  have 
interceded  for  the  firft  page,  and  put  it,  with  your  leave,  among 
my  curiofities."  What  the  poet  himfelf  obferves  upon  thefe 
early  pieces,  is  agreeable  enough ;  and  (hews,  that,  though  at 
firil  a  little  intoxicated  with  the  waters  of  Helicon,  he  after- 
wards arrived  to  great  fobriety  of  thinking.  "  I  confefs  f  d],*' 
fays  he,  **  there  was  a  time,  when  I  was  in  love  with  myfeif ; 
and  my  firft  produ£i:ions  were  the  children  of  felf-Iove  upon 
innocence.     I  had  made  an  epit  poem,  and  panegyrics  on  all 

*  [b]  Bxogxvphn  Brftannica.  [c]  Atterbury*s  Spiildlary  Cofitfpondence, 

vol,  L  [  d]  Prcikc  to  his  Works. 


POPE.  339 

the  princes ;  and  I  thought  myfelf  the  greateft  genius  that  ever 
was.  I  cannot  but  regret  thele  delightftil  vifions  of  my  child- 
hood, which,  like  the  fine  colours  we  fee  when  our  eyes  are  (hut, 
are  vaniftied  for  ever." 

His  paftorals,  begun  in  1704,  firft  introduced  him  to  the  wit« 
of  the  time ;  among  whom  were  VVycherly  and  Wal(h.  This 
laft  gentleman  proved  a  fincere  friend  to  him ;  and  told  himi 
among  other  things,  that  there  was  one  way  left  open  for  him 
to  excel  his  predecelfors,  which  was  corredlnefs :  obferving,  that 
though  we  had  feveral  great  poets^  yet  none  of  them  were  cor- 
rcft.  Pope  took  the  hint,  and  turned  it  to  good  account ;  for  no 
doubt  the  diflinguifhing;  harmony  of  his  numbers  was  in  a  great 
ineafure  owing  to  it.  1  he  fame  year,  1704,  he  wrote  the  firft 
part  of  his  "  Windfor  Foreft,"  though  the  whole  was  not  pub- 
liihed  till  1710.  In  1708,  he  wrote  the  "  Effay  on  Criticiun  ;*' 
which  production  was  juftly  efteemed  a  mafter-piece  In  its  kind, 
and  (hewed  not  only  the  peculiar  turn  of  his  talents,  but  that 
thofe  talents,  young  as  he  was,  were  ripened  into  perfe£tion. 
He  was  then  not  twenty  years  old ;  and  yet  the  maturity  of  judge* 
ment,  the  knowledge  of  the  world,  and  the  penetration  into 
human  nature,  difplayed  in  that  piece,  were  fuch  as  would  have 
done  honour  to  the  greateft  abilities  and  experience. 

But  whatever  may  be  the  merit  of  the  **  Eflay  on  Crhicifm,'* 
it  was  ftill  furpafTed,  in  a  poetical  view,  by  the  **  Rape  of  the/ 
Lock,"  firft  completely  publiflied  in  1712.  The  former  cx3 
celled  in  the  dida<ftic  ftyle,  for  which  he  was  peculiarly  formed  ; 
a  clear  head,  ftrong  knfe,  and  a  found  judgement,  being  his' 
ciiaraderiftical  qualities :  but  it  is  the  creative  power  of  ima« 
gination,  that  conftitutes  what  is  prqperly  called  a  poet ;  and 
therefore  it  is  in  the  "  Rape  of  the  Lock,"  that  Pope  moft 
ftrongly  difplays  his  poetical  talents.  In  171 39  he  gave  out 
propofals  for  publifliing  a  tranflation  of  "  Homer's  Iliad,"  by 
fubicription ;  in  which  all  parties  concurred  fo  heartily,  that 
he  acquired  a  confiderable  fortune  by  it.  The  fubfcription 
amoun'teci  tq  6000 1.  befides  1200L  which  Lintot,  the  bookfeller, 
g^ve  him  for  th^  copy.  Addifon  is  faid  to  have  fecretly  opjpofed ' 
bim,  and  to  have  tranflated,  himfelf,  the  firft  book  of  the  Iliad ; 
which  was  afterwgr^s  publiihed  under  Tickell's  name,  with  a 
view  of  difera^fng  his.  Pope  had  long  paid  an  awful  veneration 
to  this  rival,  the  confcioufnefs  of  which  probably ^ave  now  a 
keener  edg«  to  his  refeptment :  but,  though  this  apparent  treachery 
hurt  him  exceedingly,  yet  he  managed  it  very  ^fcreetly ;  anq 
at  laft  revenged  (t  in  tbofe  fevere  but  excellent  lines,  the  jiiftice 
of  which  has  b^efi  ftropgly  contefted  by  many  able  writers. 

Pope's  iinaa^ps  tieif^  now  in  good  comfition,  *he  purcha^d  a 
houfe  at  Twickenham  |  and  removed  there,  with  his  father  and 
mother^  in  171$;  whef^  the  former  di^d  about  two]fears  after. 

Z  2  As 


34^  POP  E. 

As  he  was  a  Papift,  he  could  not  purchafe,  nor  put  his  money  to 
intereft  on  real  fecurity ;  and,  as  he  adhered  to  the  caufe  of  king 
James,  he  made  it  a  point  of  confcicnce  not  to  lend  it  to  the  new 
government;  fo  that,  though  he  was  worth  near  2o,oool.  when 
he  laid  afide  bufinefs,  yet  living  afterwards  upon  the  capital,  he 
left  but  a  flender  fubftance  to  his  family.  His  fon,  however, 
did  not  fail  to  improve  it  to  the  utmoft  :  he  had  already  acquired 
much  by  his  publications,  and  he  was  very  attentive  to  acquire 
more.  In  171 7,  he  publifhed  a  colledlion  of  all  he  had  printed 
fcparately;  and  proceeded  to  give  a  new  edition  of  Shakfpeare, 
which,  being  publifhed  in  17 21,  difcovered  that  he  had  confulted 
his  fortune  more  than  his  fame  in  that  undertaking.  The 
**  Iliad"  being  finiOied,  he'cngaged  upon  the  like  footing  to 
undertake  the  **  Odyifey."  Broome  and  Fenton  tranflated  part 
of  it,  and  received  500I.  of  Pope  for  their  labours.  It  was 
publifhed  in  the  fame  manner,  and  on  the  fame  conditions  to 
jLrintot,  excepting  that,  inftead  of  1200I.  he  had  but  600I.  for 
the  copy.  This  work  being  finifhed  in  1725,  he  was  afterwards 
employed  with  Swift  and  Arbuthnot  in  printing  fome  volumes 
of  "  Mifcellanies."  About  this  time,  he  narrowly  efcaped 
lofing  his  life,  as  he  was  returning  home  in  a  friend's  chariot; 
which,  on  pafling  a  bridge,  happened  to  be  overturned,  and 
thrown  with  the  horfes  into  the  river.  The  glaiTes  were  up, 
and  he  not  able  to  break  them  :  fo  that  he  had  immediately  been 
drowned,  if  the  poftillion  had  not  broken  them,  and  dragged  him 
out  to  Jthe  bank.  A  fragment  of  the  glafs,  however,  cut  him  fo 
defperately,  that  he  ever  after  loft  the  ufe  of  two  of  his  fingers. 

In  1727,  his  "  Dunciad"  appeared  in  Ireland,  and  the  year 
after  in  England,  with  notes  by  Swift,  under  the  name  of  Scrib- 
Icrus.  This  edition  was  prefented  to  the  king  and  queen  by 
fir  Robert  Walpole,  who,  probably  about  this  time,  offered  to 

firocure  Pope  a  penfion,  which  however  he  refufed,  as  he  had 
brmerly  done  a  propofal  of  the  fame  kind  made  him  by  lord 
Hallifax.  He  greatly  cultivated  the  fpirit  of  independency ;  and 
**  Unplaced,  unpenfioncd,  no  man's  heir  or  flave,*'  was  fre- 
quently his  boafL  He  fomewhere  obferves,  that  the  life  of  an 
author  is  a  flate  of  warfare :  and  he  has  fhcwn  himfelf  a  com- 
plete general  in  this  kind  (  f  war.  He  long  bore  the  infulis  and 
injuries  of  his  enemies,  but  at  length,  in  the  **  Dunciad," 
revenged  himfelf  upon  them  altogether.  Even  Cibber,  who 
was  afterwards  advanced  to  be  the  hero  of  it,  could  not  forbear 
owning,  that  npthing  was  ever  more  perfeft  and  finifhed  in  its 
kind,  than  this  poem  [e  I. 

In  1729,  by  t|)e  advice  of  lord  Bolingbrokc,  he  turned  his 
pen  to  fubje£ts  of  morality;  and  accordingly  we  find  him,  with 

[x]  EpiiUe  to  Mr.  Pope. 

the 


POPE;  J41 

Ae  affiftance  of  that  noble  friend,  who  at  the  fame  time  mifled  hira 
on  many  philofophicial  points,  employed  this  year  on  the  **  ElTay 
on  Man."  The  following  extrao:  of  a  letter  to  Swift  difcovers 
the  reafon  of  his  lordftip's  advice :  **  Bid  him,'*  fays  Boling- 
broke,  **  talk  to  you  of  the  work  he  is  about,  I  hope,  in  good 
earneft  ;  it  is  a  fine  one,  and  will  be,  in  his  hands,  an  original. 
His  fole  complaint  is,  th^  he  finds  it  too  eafy  in  the  execution. 
This  flatters  his  lazinefs :  it  flatters  my  judgement ;  who  always 
thought,  that,  univerfal  as  his  talents  are,  this  i$  eminently  and 
peculiarly  his,  above  all  the  writers  I  know,  living  or  dead  ;  I 
do  not  except  Horace."  Pope  tells  the  dean,  in  the  next  letter, 
that  "  the  work,  lord  Bolingbroke  fpeaks  of  with  fuch  abundant 
paniality,  is  a  fyftem  of  ethics,  in  the  Horatian  way."  In  piir- 
fuing  the  fame  defign,  he  wrote  his  <^  Ethic  Epiftles :"  the  fourth 
of  which,  **  Upon  Tafte,"  giving  great  oifFence,  as  he  was  fup- 
pofed  to  ridicule  the  duke  of  Chandos  under  the  charadler  of 
**  Timon,"  is  faid  to  have  led  him  to  write  his  **  Satires," 
which  he  continued  till  1739.  He  ventured  to  attack  perfons  of 
the  higheft  rank,  and  fet  no  bounds  to  his  fatirical  excurfions. 
A  genuine  coUetSion  of  his  "  Letters"  was  publilhed  in  1737. 

In  1738,  a  French  tranilation  of  the  "  Elfav  on  Man,"  by 
the  abbe  Refnel,  was  printed  at  Paris ;   and  Mr.  Croufaz,  a 
German  profeffor,   animadverted  upon  this  fyftem   of  ethics, 
which  he  rcprefented  as  nothing  but  a  fyftem  of  materialifm, 
Warburton  wrote  a  Commentary  upon  the  Eflay;  in  which  he 
defends  it  againft  Croufaz,  whofe  objedions  he  fuppofes  to  be 
owing  to  the  faultinefs  of  Refnel's  tranflation.     The  poem  was 
republiftied  in  1740,  with  the  Commentary.    Pope  now  added  a 
fourth  book  to  the  Dunciad,  which  was  firft  printed  feparately,  in 
1742 ;  but  in  the  en  fuing  year,  the  whole  poem  came  out  together, 
as  a  fpecimen  of  a  more  correal:  edition  of  his  works.     He  had 
made  fomc  progrefs  in  that  defign,  but  did  not  live  to  complete 
it.    He  had  all  his  life  long  been  fubjeft  to  the  head-ach  ;  and 
that  complaint,  which  he  derived  from  his  mother,  was  now 
greatly  increafed  by  a  dropfy  in  his  breaft,  under  which  he  ex- 
pired the  30th  of  May,  1744,  in  his  fifty^fixth  year.     In  his 
will,  dated  Dec.  I2,  1743,  mifs  Blount,  a  lady  to  whom  he 
was  always  devoted,,  was  made  his  heir  during  her  life ;  and, 
among  other  legacies,  he  bequeathed  to  Warburton  the  property 
of  all  fuch  of  his  works  already  printed,  as  he  had  written  or 
Ihould  write  commentaries  upon,  and  had  not  been  otherwife  dif- 
pofed  of  or  alienated;  with  this  condition,  that  they  were  pub- 
lilhed without  fubfequent  alterations.     In  difcharge  of  this  truft, 
that  learned  man  gave  a  complete  edition  of  all  Pope's  works^ 
1 75 1 J  in  nine  volumes,  8vo. 

A  wo^k,  entitled,  "  An  Eflay  on  the  Writings  and  Genius  of 
Fope,"  by  Dr.  Warton,  the  firft  volume  of  which  was  pub- 

ZZ  U(hc4 


34^  POP  HAM. 

liflifld  in  I7j6,  ancl  the  fecond  in  tjSs,  win  W  f«a4  with 
the  greateft  pleafure  by  thorcf  who  deurc  to  know  mart  of  the 
pcrion,  charader,  and  writingf  of  this  excellent  poet,  JLoid 
Orrery  thus  fjpeaks  of  him  in  his  Life  of  Swift:  *'  If  we  amy 
judge  of  him  by  his  worksj  his  chief  aim  was  to  beefteemed  a  (naa 
of  virtue.  His  letters  are  written  in  that  ilyle ;  his  laft  volumes  sme 
all  of  the  moral  kind ;  he  has  avoided  trifles^  and  confequentlv 
has  efcaped  a  tock  which  has  proved  very  injurious  to  Dr,  Swift  a 
reputation.  He  has  given  his  imagination  full  fcope,  and  yet 
has  preferved  a  perpetual  guard  upon  his  condud.  The  con* 
flitution  of  his  body  and  mind  might  eafily  incline  him  to  the 
habits  of  caution  and  referve.  The  treatment  which  he  inet 
with  afterwards,  from  an  innumerable  tribe  of  adver(aries>  con- 
firmed this  habit  \  and  made  him  (lower  than  the  dean,  in  pro- 
nouncing his  judgement  upon  perfons  and  things.  His  profe«- 
writings  are  little  lefs  harmonioiis  than  his  verfe ;  and  his  voice, 
in  common  converfation,  was  fo  nattirally  mufical,  that  I  re- 
member honeft  Tom  Southern  ufed  to  call  him  the  little  night*  \ 
ingale.  His  manners  were  delicate^  eafy,  and  engaging  \  and  ; 
he  treated  his  friends  with  a  politenefs  that  charmed,  and  n  ] 
generofity  that  was  much  to  his  honour.  Every  gueft  was  made 
nappy  within  his  doors,  pleafure  dwelt  under  his  roof,  and  ek«^ 
g^ce  prefided  at  his  table." 

The  admirable  account  of  his  life  and  writings  by  Dr.  John- 
fon,  with  the  m^fterly  parallel  drawn  by  that  able  critic  betweeo 
him  and  Dryden,  muft  long  fnpcrfede  all  other  efforts  on  the 
(ubjedt,  but  are  too  well  known  to  require  that  any  part  of  them 
flionid  be  inferted  here.  A  new  tribute  to  the  fame  and  aierita 
of  Pope  has  lately  been  given,  in  the  excellent  edition  of  his 
works  prqiared  by  Dr.  Warton ;  whofe  Eflay  on  his  writings 
above-mentioned,  had  long  convinced  the  world  that  no  man 
could  be  better  qualified  for  fuch  a  tafk.    The  following  infcrip*  | 

lion,  in  m  copy  of  his  works  printed  in  1717,  4to,  and  prefented  | 

to  Mr.  Bethel,  may  ferve  at  once  as  a  fpecimen  of  his  Latin 
compofition,  and  an  additional  proof  of  his  known  friendibip 
for  tnat  worthy  man* 

Viro  antiqui  probitate  et  amicitia  prasdito, 

Uugoni  Bethel,  Munufculum  Alescandri  Pope. 

Te  mihi  junxerunt  nivei  fine  crimine  mores, 

Simplicitafque  fagax,  ingenuufque  pudor, 
Et  bene  nota  ndes,  et  candor  frontis  honeftse, 

Et  ftudia  a  ihidiis  non  aliena  meis. 

The  copy  is  ftill  preferved  in  the  family  of  Mr.  Bethel,  widi  thi$ 
thfcription,  in  the  hand-writing  of  the  poet. 

POPHAM  (Sir  John),  an  Englilh  k^vycr  of  grc^at  emi- 
fience,  was  the  eldeft  fon  of  Edward  Popham,  efq;  of  Hunt* 
worth  in  Somerfetlhixep  and  bora  in  1531.    He  vras  fome  time 

aftudent 


PORDENONE.  343 

X  fttidbht  at  Baliol  college  in  Oxford,  being  then,  as  Wood  fays, 
given  at  leifiire  hours,  to  manly  fports  and  exercifes.  When  he 
removed  to  the  Middle  Temple,  he  is  faid  at  firft  to  have  led  a 
diillpated  life,  but  applying  diligently  afterwards  to  the  ftudy  of 
the  law,  he  rofe  to  fome  of  its  higheft  honours.  He  wa&  made 
ferjeant  at  Taw  about  1570,  foHci tor-general  in  1579,  attorney- 

Sneral  in  1581,  when  he  alfo  bore  the  office  of  treafurer  of  the 
iddle  Temple.  In  1592,  he  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of 
chief  juftice  of  the  court  of  King's-bench ;  not  of  the  common - 
pteas,  as,  from  fome  cxpreffions  of  his  own,  has  been  erronc- 
oufly  fuppofed  [g].  At  the  fame  time  he  was  knighted.  In 
1601  he  was  one  of  the  lawyers  detained  by  the  unfortunate,  earl 
of  Eflbx,  when  he  formed  the  abfurd  projeft  of  defending  him- 
felf  in  his  houfe ;  and  on  the  earl's  trial  gave  evidence  againft 
htm  relative  to  their  detention.  He  died  in  the  year  1607,  at 
the  age  of  feventy-fix,  and  was  buried  at  Wellington  in  his 
native  country,  where  he  had  always  refided  as  much  as  his 
avocations  would  permit.  He  was  efteemed  a  fevere  judge  in 
the  cafe  of  robbers,  but  his  feverity  was  well-timed,  as  it  reduced 
the  number  of  highwaymen,  who  before  had  greatly  infefted  the 
country.  His  works  are,  i.  **  Reports  and  Cafes,  adjudged  in 
the  Time  of  Queen  Elizabeth,"  folio,  London,  1656.  2.  **  Re- 
ibiutions  and  Judgements  upon  Cafes  and  Matters  agitated  in  all 
the  Courts  atWeftminfter  in  the  latter  End  of  Queen  Eliza- 
beth," 4to,  London. 

PORDENONE  (Giovanni  Antonio  LiciNio),  known  by 
the  former  name,  from  the  village  of  Pordenone,  about  twenty- 
five  miles^  from  Udino,  in  which  he  was  born  in  1484,  had  a 
flrong  talent  for  hiftorical  painting,  which  he  carried  to  a  high 
degree  of  perfeSion,  without  any  other  aid  than  the  careful  ftudy 
of  the  works  of  Giorgone.  He  painted  at  firft  in  frefco,  but 
afterwards  in  oil,  and  was  particularly  diftinguiflied  by  his  fldll 
in  forefhortening  his  figures.  His  invention  was  fertile,  his 
tafte  good,  his  colouring  not  unlike  that  of  Titian,  and  his 
defigns  had  the  merit'of  uniting  force  and  eafe.  A  ftrong  emu- 
lation fubfifted  between  him  and  Titian,  and  it  is  certainly  no 
ftnall  commendation  of  him  to  fay,  that  he  was  able  to  fuftain 
any  competition  with  fuch  a  mafter.  It  is  faid,  however,  that  they 
who  endeavoured  to  fupport  him  in  this  rivalfhip,  were  aduated 
by  malignity  and  envy  towards  Titian.  It  is  related  alfo,  that 
when  he  worked  in  the  fame  town  with  Titian,  he  was  fo  afraid 
of  the  effeSs  of  his  jealoufy,  that  he  never  walked  out  without 
arms  ofFenfive  and  defenfive.  Pordenone  painted  at  Genoa  for 
prince  Doria,  but  did  not  there  give  entire  fatisfadlion  ;  he  then 
returned  to  Venice,  and  was  afterwards  invited  to  Ferrara  by  the 
dtifce  of  that  ftate,  from  whom  he  received  many  fignal  marks 

[is]  Sec  Berkenhout*s  Biogr.  Lk.  p.  170,  &«te  ^« 

Z  4  oi 


34+  PORPHYRIUS. 

of  fawur  and  cftcem.  He  died  in  1540,  at  the  age  of  fift^r-fix, 
and  his  death  has  been  by  Tome  authors  attributed  to  poifon  given 
by  fome  painters  at  rerrara,  jealous  of  the  diilindlions  he 
received  at  court.  He  had  a  nephew  who  was  called  young 
Pordenone. 

POREE  (Charles),  a  French  Jefuit,  of  great  genius,  was 
born  in  1675,  and  entered  into  that  fociety  in  1692.  He.  was 
profeilb^  ot'  the  belles  lettres,  of  rhetoric,  and  of  theology,  fuc- 
ceffivcly;  and  (hone  exceedingly  in  every  department.  He  was  . 
a  trainer  of  youth  all  his  life  ;  and,  it  is  prefumcd,  that  no  man 
ever  exceeded  him  in  this  employment.  This  Voltaire  fays  of 
him  ;  and  adds,  that  "  he  was  eloquent  after  the  ftyle  and  tafte 
of  Seneca;  a  very  beautiful  poet:  but  that  his  greateft  merit 
confifted  in  infpiring  his  pupils  with  the  love  of  learning  and 
virtue  [h].'*  He  died  in  1741.  There  are  orations,  comedies,, 
tragedies,  and  poems  of  feveral  kinds  by  him  in  Latin.  His 
brother  Charles-Gabriel  was  alfo  eminent  as  a  writer. 

PORPHYRIUS,  a  philofopher  of  great  name  among  the 
ancients,  was  born  A.  D.  233,  in  the  reign  of  Alexander 
Severus  [i].  He  was  of  Tyre,  and  had  the  name  of  Malchus,  • 
in  common  with  his  father,  who  was  a  Syrophoenician.  St. 
Jerome  and  St.  Auguftin  have  called  him  fiataneotes:  whence 
Fabricius  fufpeds,  that  the  real  place  of  his  nativity  v^as  Ba- 
tanea,  a  town  of  Syria;  and  that  he  was  carried  thence  with  a 
colony  to  Tyre.  He  went  to  Athens,  where  he  had  the  fa- 
mous Longinus  for  his  mailer  in  rhetoric,  who  changed  his 
Syrian  name  Malchus,  as  not  very  pleafing  to  Grecian  ears, 
into  that  of  Porphyrins,  which  anfwers  to  it  in  Greek.  Ajfter- 
wards  he  proceeded  to  Rome,  where,  at  thirty  years  of  age,  he 
heard  Plotinus ;  whofe  life  he  has  written,  and  inferted  in  it 
many  particulars  concerning  himfelf.  Five  years  after,  he 
w^ent  to  refide  at  Lilybaeum  in  Sicily,  on  which  account  he  is 
fometlmes  called  Siculus :  and  here,  as  Eufebius  and  Jerome 
relate,  he  compofed  thofe  famous  books  againft  the  Chriflians, 
which,  for  the  name  and  authority  of  the  man,  and  for  the 
acutenefs  and  learning  with  which  they  were  Written,  were  after- 
wards thought  fo  confiderable,  as  to  be  fupprefled  by  particular 
edifts,  under  the  reigns  of  Conftantine  and  Theodohus.  Some 
have  furmifed,  that  thefe  books  are  ftill  extant,  and  fecretly  pre- 
ferved  in  the  duke  of  Tufcany's  library :  but,  there  is  little  doubt 
that  they  were  deftroyed  by  the  miftaken  zeal  of  the  Chriftians. 
The  circumftances  of  Porphyry's  life,  after  his  arrival  in  Sicily, 
are  little  known ;  except  that  he  died  at  Rome,  towards  the 
end  of  Dioclefian's  reign,  when  he  was  above  feventy.  Some 
have  imagined  that  he  was  in  the  early  part  of  his  life  a  Chrif- 
tian,  but  afterwards,  through  fome  ^ifguft  or  other,  deferred 

[h]  Effai  fur  THiftoire,  Scz.  torn.  vii.  [i]  Fabric.  Biblioth.  Grasc.  torn.  iv. 

c;  Holftenius  de  vit.  ic  fcript.  Porphyni  ibid,  fubjun^. 

that 


PORTA.  J45 

that  profeflion,  and  grew  exceedingly  bitter  againft  it:  while 
others  have  hijoted,  that  he  embraced  Chriftianity  when  he  was 
old,  and  after  he  had  written  with  great  acrimony  againft  it. 
There  is  little  foundation  for  the  former  of  thefe  opinions,  ex- 
cept that  in  his  youth  he  was  familiarly  acquainted  with  Origen ; 
whofe  great  and  extenfive  reputation  had  drawn  him  to  Alex- 
andria.   With  refpeS  to  the  latter,  Eunapius,  who  wrote  a  Life 
of  Porphyry,  which  is  ftill  extant,  after  obferving  that  he  lived 
to  be  extremely  old,  fays,  **  hence  it  came  to  pafs,  that  many 
things  in  his  later  writings  contradift  what  he  had  advanced  in 
his  former ;  whence  I  cannot  but  fuppofe,  that,  as  he  grew  older, 
he  changed  his  opinions:"  yet  there  is  no  reafon  to  conclude,  that 
the  change  here  alluded  to  was  from  Paganifm  to  Chriftianity. 
Porphyry  wrote  a  great  number  of  books,  the  far  greater 
part  of  which  have  periflied.    Some  have  wiflied  that  his  books 
againft  the  Chriftians  had  come  down  to  us,  becaufe  they  are 
firmly  perfuaded  that,  among  innumerable  blafphemies  againft 
Chrift  and  his  religion,  which  might  eafily  have  been  confuted, 
many  admirable  things  would  have  been  found.     This,  indeed, 
may  reafonably  be  fuppofed  ;  for  Porphyry  was  not  only  at  the 
head  of  the  later  Platonifts,  and  on  that  account  called  by  way 
of  diftinftion  **  the  philofopher,"  but  he  was  confummate  in 
all.  kinds  of  learning  and  knowledge.      Some  of  his  worics 
remain:  and  the  four  following,  "  De  abftinentia  ab  efu  ani- 
malium;'*  "  De  vita  Pythagorae;*'    ^*  Sententiae  ad  intelligi- 
bilia  ducentes  ;"  **  De  Antro  Nymphorum  ;"  with  a  fragment 
"  De  Styge,"  preferved  by  Stobaeus,  were  printed  at  Cam- 
bridge in  1655,  8va,  with  a  Latin  verfion,  and  the  Life  of 
Porphyry  fubjoined,   by  Lucas  Holftenius.     The   ^*  Life  of 
Pythagoras,"  which  however  is  but  a  fragment,  has  fmce  been 
publiihed  by  Kufterus,  at  Amfterdam,  1707,  in  4to,  in  con* 
jundlion  with  that  written  by  Jamblichus,  who  was  a  difciple 
of  this  philofopher.    It  fliould  have  been  obferved,  that  the  above 
pieces  of  Pythagoras,  printed  at  Cambridge,  were  publifhed 
jointly  with  Epiftetus  and  Arrian*s   Commentary,    and  the 
Tabula  Cebetis. 

PORTA  (John  Baptista),  a  Neapolitan  gentleman,  who 
made  himfelf  famous  by  his  application  to  letters  and  to  fcience ; 
particularly  mathematics,  medicine,  and  natural  hiftory.  He 
was  born  in  1445,  and  becoming  eminent  for  his  knowledge, 
lield  a  kind  of  literary  affembly  at  his  houfe,  in  which,  ac- 
cording to  the  notions  of  thofe  times,  they  treated  occaiionally 
on  the  fecrets  of  magic.  The  court  of  Rome  on  this  account 
forbid  thefe  meetings,  but  his  houfe  was  always  the  refort  of 
literary  men,  foreign  as  well  as  Neapolitan.  He  compofed 
<iramas,  both  tragic  and  comic,  which  had  fome  fuccefs  at 
the  time,  but  are  not  now  extant.     He  died  in  the  year  15 15. 

The 


3^  FORTES. 

The  chief  of  his  vmks  now  extant  are,  i.  ^*  D&  Magli  itk^ 
tyrali/'  i2mo,  Amftenlatn,  1664;  a  work  in  which  he  teacher 
how  to  produce  wonderful  efie£U  by  natural  caiifes;  hot  in 
which  are  fome  extravagances.  2.  "  De  Phyfiognomia, " 
printed  at  Leydcn  in  4to,  1645.  He  judges  at  the  phffiog-* 
jiomy  of  men  chiefly  by  comparing  them  to  different  aniraah  ; 
and  with  his  other  fancies  mixes  thofe  of  iudicial  aftrelogy. 
3.  <'De  occultis  literarum  notis;"  in  which  he  tresHSof  the 
modes  of  writing  in  cjrpher ;  which  be  does  with  grea^  co- 
pioufnefs  and  diligence.  4«  ^*  Phytc^omica,"  a  pretenAetf 
method  of  knowing  the  inward  virtues  of  things  by  impefiioiry 
1583,  folio,  Naples.  5.  **  De  Diftillationiras,"  Ronver4to« 
To  him  is  attributed  the  invention  of  tiie  Camera  ObCcw^f 
which  was  perfefted  by  sX^ravefande*  He  is  (aid  m  bate 
formed  the  plan  of  an  Encyclopaedia. 

FORTES  (Philip  des),  a  poet  to  whom  much  of  tfie  iti»* 
provement  of  the  French  language  is  attributed;  was  honi  aft 
Chartres  in  1546,  whence  he  went  to  Parts.    Attaching  KMt'^ 
felf  there  to  a  biihop  who  was  going  to  Rome,  he  g»imi  im 
opportunity  of  vifiting  that  city,  and  acquiring  a  perfefk  kacKT* 
!•(%•  of  tile  Italian  language.    When  he  returned  to  Fratidr,  te 
applied  himfelf  entirely  to  French  poetry,  and  was  cme  of  the 
few  poets  who  have  enjoyed  great  affluence.   This  advanU^  be 
owed  in  part  to  the  great  lit^rality  of  the  princes  by  whoift  fie 
was  pirotedted.  Henry  III.  of  Fiance  gave  him  lOyOOCcroww^ 
to  enable  him  to  publifli  bis  iirft  worics.     Charles  IX.  ^» 
fented  him  with  800  crowns  of  gold  for  his  poem  of  Rodonmit. 
The  admiral  de  Joyeufe  gave  him  an  abbey  for  a  fonner.    tie* 
fides  which  he  enjoyed  benefices  to  the  amount  atto^etbtt  of 
lOyOoo  crowns  a  year.     Henry  III.  tftn  honoured  htm  with 
a  place  in  his  council^  and  confulted  him  on  the  moft  impcM'^uit 
affairs.     It  is  faid>  that  he  refufed  feverri  biihoprieks;  cerate 
it  is,  that  he  loved  folitude  and  retirement,  which  be  fet^^ 
as  often  as  he  could.    He  was  very  liberal  to  odier  mett  «^ 
letter^  and  formed  a  larce  libnuy,  to  which  he  gav«f  flleiii  4lK^ 
utmoft  freedom  of  acceis.     Some,  who  were  envioM  0t  iiS$ 
reputation,  rq^roached  him  with  having  borrowed  freeiy'£imi 
the  Italian  poets;  but  he  was  far  ham  dtnyit^  the  iAaiM(^ 
and  when  a  book  iqipeared  upon  the  fubjeS:,  entitled,  *^ftii^'v 
contre  des  Mufes  de  France  et  dltalie,"  he  faid^  *^  I#  fillip 
known  the  author's  deflgn,  I  could  have  furnifhed  hifll  wHif 
naany  more  inftances  ^n  he  has  colleded."    After  the  4««Ar-' 
of  Henry  III.  he  joined  himfelf  for  a  time  to  the  par^  olF  tb#^ 
Lea^,  but  afterwards  repented,  and  laboured  seakHjflymlbMP^ 
the  mtefefts  of  Henry  I V.  in  Normandy.     He  fmc^pwtkftm 
Ittaftinobfeaittingtbe  triendihip  and  efteem  of  xhsLtliiikfS^m^ 
narch*    Hf  died  ia  x6o6^     JDes  Fortes  is^  adsatAi^leiigM  M^ 

have 


P  0  S  T  E  L.  347 

have  been  out  of  tlie  chief  improvers  of  the  French  kuaguage. 
His  works  cooiift  of  fonnets,  ftanzas»  elegies^  fongs,  epigrams, 
izQiutioo9f  and  other  poems ;  fome  of  which  were  firft  pub- 
liihed  in  4to,  by  Robert  Stephens,  in  1573*  A  tranflation  of 
the  Pialms  was  one  of  his  lateft  works,  and  confequently  one 
of  the  moft  feeble.  He  appears  to  have  loft  his  fire  when  it 
was  coBipofed.  A  delightful  fimplicity  is  the  charaderiftic  of  his 
po^ry,  which  is  therefore  more  perfe<^  when  applied  to  amo« 
reus  afKi  gallant,  than  to  noble  fubjefiis.  He  often  imitated  and 
almoft  tranflated  TibuUus,  Ovid,  and  other  clailics.  A  few 
facred  poen^  are  publifhed  in  fome  editions  of  his  Pfalms, 
which  have  little  more  merit  than  the  Pfalms  to  which  they 
are  fubjoincd, 

POSSEVIN  (Antony),  was  born  at  Mantua  in  1533,  and 
entered  into  the  fociety  of  Jefuits  in  1559.  As  a  preacher,  he 
had  difiinguiihed  fuccefs,  both  in  Italy  and  France ;  and  having 
a  very  uncommon  talent  both  for  languages  and  for  negociation, 
he  was  employed  by  pope  Gregory  XIII.  in  important  em- 
taffies  to  Poland,  Sweden,  Germany,  and  other  parts  of  £u« 
rape.  When  he  returned  to  Rome,  he  laboured  to  effeft  a 
ffcOBciUation  between  Henry  IV.  of  France  and  the  court  of 
Rome.  This,  however,  difpleafed  the  Spaniih  court,  by 
whom  he  was  compelled  to  leave  that  city.  He  died  at  Fer- 
tara,  Feb.  26,  161 1,  being  then  feventy-eight  years  old.  Pof- 
levin,  though  fo  deeply  Ikilled  in  politics  and  knowledge  of 
mankind,  was  a  man  of  profound  erudition  and  exemplary 
piety.  The  moft  important  of  his  works  are,  i.  "  Biblio- 
theca  feleda,  de  ratione  ftudiorum,''  folio,  publiftied  at  Rome 
in  1593,  *®^  reprinted  at  Venice  in  1603,  in  2  vols,  folio. 
With  many  augmentations.  This  work  was  intended  as  a  ge* 
neral  introdu(£on  to  knowledge ;  at  once  to  facilitate  the  ap* 
proach  to  it,  and  to  ferve  as  a  fubftitute  for  many  books,  the 
perufal  of  whidi  the  author  confidered  as  dangerous  for  young 
aainds.  It  trea^  diftindly  of  every  fcience,  with  great  extent 
of  learning,  but  not  always  with  fufEcient  correftnefs.  a. 
**  Apparatus  facer,"  2  vols,  folio,  Cologne,  1607.  The  in- 
tention of  this  book  was  to  give  a  general  knowledge  of  the 
ccmimentators  on  the  Scriptures,  and  other  theological  writers. 
Though  the  catalogues  it  contains  were  from  the  firft  impcrfedfc 
and  ilUdigefted,  it  was  much  circulated,  as  the  beft  book  of  the 
time*  It  is  now  become  almoft  entirely  ufelefs.  ^.  "  Mof« 
covia,"'  folio,  1587;  a  defcription  of  Ruflia,  the  fruit  of  fc«ne 
of  his  travels.  4.  Some  controveriial  and  other  theological 
koclcs.  5.  Some  fn^aller  works,  written  and  publifhed  in 
Italian. 
FOSTEL  (William),  a  very  ingenious  but  vifionary  man, 
-'  bjr  binh  a  Norman^  of  a  fmali  hamlet  called  Dolerie; 

whei^ 


348  P  O  S  T  E  L. 

where  he  was  born  in  1510.  Never  did  genius  ftniggle  with 
more  vigour  againft  the  extremes  of  indigence.  At  eight 
years  old,  he  was  deprived  of  both  his  parents  by  the  plague : 
when  only  fourteen,  unable  to  fubfift  in  his  native  place,  he 
removed  to  another  near  Pontoife,  and  undertook  to  keep  a 
fchool.  Having  thus  obtained  a  little  money,  he  went  to  Paris, 
to  continue  his  itudies ;  but  there  was  plundered ;  and  fuifered 
fo  much  from  cold,  that  he  languifhed  for  two  years  in  an  hof- 
pital.  When  he  recovered,  he  again  coUefted  a  little  money 
by  gleaning  in  the  country,  and  returned  to  Paris,  where  he 
fubiilled  by  waiting  on  fome  of  the  ftudents  in  the  college  of 
Sf.  Barbe ;  but  made,  at  the  fame  time,  fo  rapid  a  progrefs  in 
knowledge,  that  he  became  almoft  an  univerial  fcholar.  His 
acquirements  were  fo  extraordinary,  that  they  became  known 
to  the  king,  Francis  I.  who,  touched  with  fo  much  merit, 
under  fuch  Angular  difadvantages,  fent  him  to  the  Eaft  to  col- 
led manufcripts.  This  commiilion  he  executed  fo  well,  that 
on  his  return,  he  was  appointed  royal  profeflbr  of  mathema- 
tics and  languages,  with  a  confiderable  falary.  Thus  he  might 
appear  to  be^ fettled  for  life;  but  this  was  not  his  deftiny.  He 
was  unfortunately  for  himfelf  attached  to  the  chancellor  Poyet, 
who  fell  ujider  the  difpleafure  of  the  queen  of  Navarre;  and 
Poflel,  for  no  other  fault,  was  deprived  of  his  appointments, 
and  obliged  to  quit  France.  He  now  became  a  wanderer,  and 
a  vifionary.  From  Vienna,  from  Rome,  from  the  order  of 
Jefuits,  into  which  he  had  entered,  he  was  fucceilively  baniihed 
for  ftrange  and  fingular  opinions;  for  which  alfo  he  was  im- 
prifoned  at  Rome  and  at  Venice.  Being  rcleafed,  as  a  mad- 
man, he  returned  to  Paris,  whence  the  fame  caufes  again  drove 
him  into  Germany.  At  Vienna  he  was  once  more,  received, 
and  obtained  a  profeirorihip  ;  but,  •  having  made  his  peace  at 
home,  was  again  recalled  to  Paris,  and  re-cftablifhed  in  his 
places.  He  had  previoufly  recanted  his  errors,  but  relapfing 
into  them,  was  baniihed  to  a  monaltery,  where  he  perform^ 
ads  of  penitence,  and  died  Sep;.  6,  1581,  at  the  age  of  fe- 
venty-one. 

Poftel  pretended  to  be  much  older  than  he  was,  and  main* 
tained  that  he  had  died  and  rifen  again ;  which  farce  he  fup-. 
ported  by  many  tricks,  fuch  as  colouring  his  beard  and  hair, 
and  even  painting  his  face.  For  the  fame  reafon,  in  moft  of 
his  works,  he  ftyles  himfelf,  Poftellus  rejiitutus.  Notwith- 
(landing  his  ftrange  extravagances,  he  was  one  of  the  greateft 
geniufes  of  his  time;  had  a  furprifing  quicknefs  and  memory, 
with  fo  ex  ten  five  a  knowledge  of  languages,  that  he  boafted  he 
could  travel  round  the  world  without  an  interpreter.  Francis  L 
regarded  him  as  the  wonder  of  his  age ;  Charles  IX.  called  him 
his  philofopher ;  and  when  he  ledlured  at  Paris,  the  croud  of 

auditors 


POTENGER.  349 

auditors  was  fometimes  fo  great,  that  they  could  only  affemble 
in  the  open  court  of  the  college,  while  he  taught  them  from 
a  window.  But  by  applying  himfelf  very  earneiUy  to  the  fUidy 
of  the  Rabbins,  ^iid  of  the  ftars,  he  turned  his  head,  and  gave 
way  to  the  moft  extravagant  chimeras,  i  Among  thefe,  were 
the  notions  that  women  at  a  certain  period  are  to  have  uni- 
verfal  dominion  over  men ;  that  all  the  myfteries  of  Chrif- 
tianity  are  demonftrable  by  reafon ;  that  the  foul  of  Adam  had 
entered  into  his  body ;  that  the  angel  Raziel  had  revealed  to 
him  the  fecrets  of  heaven ;  and  that  his  writings  were  dilated 
by  Jefus  Chrift  himfelf.  His  notion  of  the  uni verfal  do- 
minion of  women,  arofe  from  his  attachment  to  an  old  maid 
at  Venice,  in  confequence  of  which  he  publiihed  a  ftrange 
book,  entitled,  "  Des  tres-marveilleufes  vi<ftoires  des  Femmes 
du  Nouveau  Monde,  et  comme  elles  doivent  par  raifon  a  tout 
le  monde  commander,  et  meme  a  ceux  qui  auront  la  monarchic 
du  Monde  viel,"  i6mo,  Paris,  1553.  At  the  fame  time,  he 
maintained,  that  the  extraordinary  age  to  which  he  pretended 
to  have  lived,  was  occafioned  by  his  total  abftinence  from  all 
commerce  with  that  fex.  His  works  are  as  numerous  as  they 
are  ftrange ;  and  fome  of  them  are  very  fcarce,  but  very  little 
deferve  to  be  collefted.  One  of  the  moft  important  is  entitled, 
**  De  orbjs  Concordia,*'  folio,  Bale,  1544.  In  this  the  author 
endeavours  to  bring  all  the  world  to  the  Chriftian  faith.  It  is 
divided  into  four  books ;  in  the  firft  of  which  he  gives  the 
proofs  of  Chriftianity  ;  the  fecond  contains  a  refutation  of  the 
Kf>ran  ^  the  third  treats  of  the  origin  of  idolatry,  and  all  falfc 
religions ;  and  the  tourth,  on  the  mode  of  converting  Pagans, 
Jews,  and  Mahometans.  Of  his  other  works,  which  are  enu- 
merated in  the  French  DiSiionnaire  H'-Jiorlque^  to  the  amount  of 
twenty-fix  articles,  many  difplay  in  their  very  titles  the  extra- 
vagance of  their  contents;  fuch  as,  **  Clavis  abfconditorum  a 
conftitutione  mundi,"  i6rao,  Paris,  1547.  "De  ultimo  ju- 
dicio,"  "  Proto-evangelium,"  &c.  Some  are  on  fubjefts  of  more 
real  utility.  But  the  fulleft  account  of  the  whole  may  be 
found  in  a  book  publiihed  at  Liege  in  1773,  entitled,  "  Nou* 
veaux  eclaircilfcmens  fur  la  Vie  et  les  ouvrages  de  Guillaume 
Poftel,"  by  father  des  Billons.  The  infamous  book,  "  De 
tribus  impoftoribus,"  has  been  very  unjuftly  attributed  to  Poftel, 
for,  notwithftanding  all  his  wildnefs,  he  was  a  believer. 

POSTLETHWAYTE  {Ma  lac  hi),  author  of  the  Englifh 
**  Commercial  Didionary,"  in  2  vols,  folio,  a  work  much  and 
juftly  efteemed,  died  in  1767.  Of  his  life  we  have  not  beea 
able  to  procure  any  particulars. 

POTENGER  (John),  Ton  of  John  Potenger,  D.  D.  (who 
was  appointed  mafter  of  Winchefter-fchool  Aug.  i,  1642,  and 
died  in  Dec.  16592)  was  born  in  St.  Swithin's  parifh,  Winchefter, 

July 


3SO  POT  T. 

July  ai,  1647,  admitted  on  the  foundation  of  the  college  m 
1658,  and  thence  removed  to  a  fcholarftiip  of  Corpus  Chrifti- 
college,  Oxon,  where  he  took  the  degree  of  B.  A.  and  after- 
wards entered  of  the  Temple,  and  was  regularly  called  to  the 
bar.  The  office  of  dbmptroUer  of  the  pipe,  which  he  held  to 
the  day  of  his  death,  he  purchafed,  in  1676,  of  fir  John  Emlcj 
then  chancellor  of  the  Exchequer,  whofe  daughter  he  married. 
Speaking  of  his  father,  in  one  of  his  writings,  he  exprefles 
himfelf  thus:  "  About  the  thirteenth  year  of  my  age,  the 
Chriftmas  before  the  return  of  king  Charles  the  Second,  I  loft 
a  loving  father;  I. was  not  fo  young  but  I  was  deeply  fenfible 
of  the  misfortune,  knowing  at  what  an  unfeafonable  time  I 
was  deprived  of  him,  when  he  fhould  have  received  a  reward 
for  his  loyal  fufFerings.  He  would  often  difcourfe  with  me, 
though  young,  about  the  unhappy  times,  and  lament  the  church's 
and  the  king's  misfortunes,  which  made  a  great  impreffion  on 
me  ;  and  laid  the  foundation,  I  hope,  of  my  being  a  true  fon 
of  the  church  of  England,  and  an  obedient  fubjeft  to  my  lawful 
prince."  In  1692  his  wife  died,  leaving  him  only  one  daurfiter^ 
who,  in  1695,  was  married  to  Richard  Bingham,  efq;  oiMcI- 
combe  Bingham,  in  the  county  of  Dorfet.  Thither  he  retired 
many  years  before  his  death,  which  happened  on  Dec.  18, 
1733,  in  the  eighty- feventh  year  of  his  age.  He  was  buried  by 
his  wife  in  Blunfden  church,  in  the  pariih  of  Highworth, 
Wilts.  Mr.  Potenger  alfo  publifiicd  "  A  Paftoral  Refleaion 
on  Death,"  a  poem,  in  1691  ;  and,  *•  The  Life  of  Agricola/* 
from  Tacitus,  and  perhaps  other  feleft  pieces;  btit  the  far 
greater  part  of  his  works,  confiding  of  "^Poems,  Epiftles, 
Tranflations,  and  Difcourfes,"  both  m  profe  and  verfe,  was 
rcfervcd  only  for  the  entertainment  of  his  private  friends,  who 
yet  importuned  him  to  make  them  public.  Two  original  let- 
ters to  him  from  Dr.  South,  are  printed  iij  Nichols's  Seled 
Colledion  of  Poems,  p.  286, 

POTT  (Percival),  an  Engliih  furgeon  of  the  higheft 
eminence,  was  born  in  Threadneedle-ftreet,  London,  in  Ete- 
cember,  1713.  His  father  dying  before  he  was  quite  four  years 
old,  he  was  left  in  fome  degree  to  the  proteftion  and  patronage 
of  Wilcox,  biftiop  of  Rochefter,  who  was  a  diftant  relation  of 
his  mother.  The  profeffion  of  furgery  was  his  own  decided 
choice,  though  the  connc6lion  above  mentioned  might  natu- 
rally have  led  him  to  the  church;  and  in  1729,  he  was  bound 
apprentice  to  Mr.  Nourfe,  one  of  the  furgeons  of  St.  Bartho- 
lomew's  hofpital,  under  whom  he  was  profoundly  inftru6ted, 
in  what  at  that  time  was  taught  only  by  a  few,  the  fcience  of 
anatomy.  His  fituation  brought  with  it  an  abundance  of  prac- 
tical knowledge,  to  v/hich  his  own  induftry  led  him  to  add  all 
that  can  be  gained  from  a  fagacious  and  careful  perufal  of  the 

early 


POTT.  351 

c»rly  writers  on  furgery.  Thus  qualified^  he  was  admirably 
calculated  to  reform  the  fuperfluous  and  awkward  modes  of 
orafUce  which  had  hitherto  difgtaced  the  art.  In  1736,  having 
nniihed  his  apprenticeihip,  he  took  a  houfe  in  Fenchurch-ftreet, 
and  quickly  was  diftinguilhed  as  a  young  man  of  the  moft  brilliant 
and  promiung  talents.     In  17459  he  was  eleded  an  afliftant  fur- 

KoUf  and,  in  17499  one  of  the  principal  furgeons  of  St.  Bartho* 
new's  holjpital.  It  was  one  of  the  honours  of  Mr.  Pott's  life 
that  he  divefted  furgery  of  its  principal  horrors^  by  fubftituting 
a  mild  and  rational  mode  of  pradlice,  (notwith(ianding  the  oppo 
fition  of  the  older  furgeons)  inftead  of  the  adual  cautei^,  and 
other  barbarous  expedientswhich  had  hitherto  been  employed; 
and  he  lived  to  enjoy  the  fatisfa£lion  of  feeing  his  improved  plan 
univerfally  adopted.  Though  he  poflefled  the  moft  diftinguifhed 
talents  for  communicating  his  thoughts  in  writing,  it  feems  to 
have  been  by  accident  that  he  was  led  to  become  an  author* 
Immerfed  in  pradice,  it  does  not  appear  that  hitherto  he  had 
written  any  thing,  except  a  paper  ''  on  tumours  attended  with 
a  foftening  of  the  bones,*'  in  the  forty-firft  volume  of  the  Philo- 
fophical  TranfacElions:  but,  in  1750,  a  compound  fraSure  of 
the  leg,  occafioned  by  a  fall  of  his  horfe  in  the  ftreets,  gave  him 
kifure  to  plan,  and  in  part  to  write,  bis  treatife  on  ruptures. 
The  flattering  reception  of  his  publications,  attached  him  after* 
wards  to  this  mode  of  employing  his  talents,  fo  that  he  wa9 
feldom  long  without  being  engaged  in  feme  work.  His  leg  was 
with  difficulty  preferved,  and  he  returned  to  the  labours  of  his 

Srofeilion.  In  1764,  he  had  the  honour  of  being  elefted  a 
dlow  of  the  Royal  Society:  and  in  the  enfuing  year  he  began 
to  give  le£lures  at  his  houfe,  which  was  then  in  W atling-ftreet ; 
but  finding  it  neceffary  from  the  increafe  of  his  bufinefs,  to 
choofe  a  more  central  fituation,  he  removed  in  1769  to  Lin- 
coln *s-inn-field$>  and  in  i777>  to  Hanover-fquare.  His  re- 
putation had  now  rifen  nearly  to  the  greateft  height,  by  means 
of  his  various  publications,  and  the  great  fucceis  of  his  prac« 
tice.  He  was  univerfally  confulted,  and  employed  by  perfona 
of  the  6r(l  rank  and  fituation ;  and  received  honorary  tributes 
to  his  merit  from  the  royal  colleges  of  furgeons  at  Edinburgh^ 
and  in  Ireland.  In  17879  he  reHgned  the  office  of  furgeon  to 
St.  Bartholomew's  holpital,  "  after  having  ferved  it,"  as  he 
exprefled  himfelf,  *^  man  and  boy,  for  half  a  century;"  and, 
in  December,  1788,  in  confequence  of  a  cold,  caught  by  going 
out  of  town  to  a  patient  in  very  fevere  weather,  he  died,  at  the 
age  of  feventy-five. 

The  genius  of  Mr.  Pott  was  certainly  of  the  firft  order. 

As  an  author,  his  language  is  corred,  ftrong,  and .  animated. 

There  are  few  inftances,  if  any,  of  fuch  claflical  elegance 

uwe4  with  fp  much  practical  knowledge  an()  ac^t^efs.    His 

3  reading 


35»  POT  T. 

reading  was  by  no  means  confined  to  profcflional  worts,  btit 
was  various  and  extenfive  ;  and  his  memory  fuiFered  nothing  to 
cfcape.     As  a  teacher  he  acquired  the  faculty  of  fpeaking  rea* 
dily,  with  great  point  and  energy,-  and  with  a  moft  harmonious 
and  expreilive  elocution.     As  a  prad:itioner  in  furgery,  he  had 
all  the  eflential  qualifications  ;  found  judgement,  cool  determi- 
nation, and  great  manual  dexterity.     The  following  is  a  lift  of 
his  works:  i.  "  An  Account  of  Tilmours  which  foften  the 
Bones,"  Philof.  Tranf.   1741,  No.  4<59.     2.  **  A  Treatife  on 
Ruptures,"  8vo,  1756,  fecond  edition,  1763.     3,  "  An  Account 
of  a  particular  Kind  of  Rupture,  frequently  attendant  upon  new* 
born  Children,  and  fometimes  met  with  in  Adults,"  8vc>*  1 756. 
4.  **  Obfervations  on  that  Diforder  of  the  corner  of  the  Eye  com- 
monly called  Fiftula  Lachrymalis,"  8vo,  1758.    5.  **  Obferva- 
tions on  the  Nature  and  Confequences  of  Wounds  and  Contufions 
of  the  Head,  Fraftures  of  the  Skull,  Concuffions  of  the  Brain," 
&c.  8vo,   1760.     6.  **  Pra<aical  Remarks  on  the  Hydrocele, 
or  Watry  Rupture,  and  fome  other  Difeafes  of  the  Tefticle, 
its  Coats  and  Veffels.     Being  a  Supplement  to  the  Treatife  on 
Ruptures,"  8vo,   1762.     7.  "  An  Account  of  an  Hernia  of 
the  Urinary  Bladder  including  a  Stone,"  Philofoph.  Tranfad. 
vol.  liv.  1764.    8.  "  Remarks  on  the  Difeafc  commonly  called 
a  Fiftula  in  Ano,"  8vo,  1765.     9.  "  Obfervations  on  the  Na- 
ture and  Confequences  of  thofe  Injuries  to  which  the  Head  is 
liable  from  external  Violence.     To  which  are  added,  fome  few 
general  Remarks  on  Fraftures  and  Diflocations,"  8vo,  1768. 
This  is  properly  a  fecond  edition   of  No.  5.     10.  **  An  Ac- 
count of  the  Method  of  obtaining  a  perfed  or  radical  Cure  of 
the  Hydrocele,  or  Watry  Rupture,  by  Means  of  a  Seton,"8vo, 
1772.     II.  **  Chirurgical  Obfervations  relative  to  the  Catarad, 
the  Polypus  of  the  Nofe,  the  Cancer  of  the  Scrotum,  the  dif- 
ferent kinds  of  Ruptures,  and  the  Mortification  of  the  Toes 
and  Feet,"  8vo,  1775.     12.  **  Remarks  on  that  Kind  of  Palfy 
of  the  lower  Limbs  which  is  frequently  found  to  accompany  a 
Curvature  of  the  Spine,  and  is  fuppofed  to  be  caufed  by  it; 
together  with  its  Method  of  Cure,"  8vo,  1779.     13.  *'  Fur- 
tlier  Remarks  on  the  ufelefs  Stale  of  the  lower  Limbs  in  confe- 
quence  of  a  Curvature  of  the  Spine,"  being  a  fupplement  to  the 
former  treatife,  8vo,  1 783.    Thefe  works  were  publifhed  collec- 
tively by  himfelf,  in  quarto  ;  and  fince  his  death,  in  3  vols.  8vo, 
by  his  fon-in-law,  Mr.  Earle,  with  occafional  notes  and  ob- 
fervations, and  the  laft  correftions  of  the  author.    This  edition 
was  publifhed  in  1790;  and  Mr.  Earle  has  prefixed  a  life  of 
Mr.  Pott,  from  which  the  prefent  account  is  taken. 

We  arc  affured,  that  Mr.  Pott  was  no  lefs  amiable  in  pri- 
vate life  than  eminent  in  his  profellion.  While  his  mother 
lived,  he  declined  matrimonial  engagement  ;    but,  in  174^5 

foon 


POTTER.  35J 

Icon  tfter  h^r  death,  he  married  the  daughter  of  Robert  Crut- 
tenden,  efq;  by  whom  he  had  four  fons^  and  as  many  daughters^ 
Diligent  as  he  was  in  his  profeflion,  he  never  fuffered  his  atten« 
tion  to  its  avocations  to  interfere  with  the  duties  of  a  huiband^ 
or  a  father :  but  though  he  was  pleafing  as  a  companion,  hit 
profeflional  manners  had  much  of  the  roughneft  of  the  old 
ichool  of  furgery.  In  his  perfon  he  was  rather  lower  than  the 
xniddleifize,  with  an  expreffive  and  animated  countenance.  For 
the  chief  part  of  his  life  his  labours  were  without  relaxation  ; 
but  latterly  he  had  a  villa  at  Neafden,  and  ufually  pafled  about 
m  month  at  Bath,  or  near  the  fea. 

POTTER  (Christopher),  a  learned  Englifli  divine,  was 
nephew  of  Dr.  Barnabas  Potter,  bifhop  of  Carlifle ;  and  bom 
in  Wcftmorland  about  159 1.  He  was  admitted  of  Qiieen's- 
college,  Oxford,  in  1606,  where  he  took,  in  due  time,  the 
degrees  in  arts  and  divinity.  He  was  firft  made  a  fellow,  and 
in  1626  fuccceded  his  uncle  as  provoft  of  his  college.  Though 
a  zealous  puritanical  preacher,  he  became  at  length  an  adherent 
to  Laud.  In  1628,  he  preached  a  fermon  at  Ely-houfe,  upon 
the  confecration  of  his  uncle;  who,  **  though  a  thorough-paced 
Calvinirt,"  fays  Wood,  was  made  bifhop  of  Carlifle  by  th.e 
endfeftvours  of  Laud;  In  1633,  he  publifhed,  "  An  Anfwer  to 
a  late  Popifli  Pamphlet,  intituled,  «*  Charity  Miftaken:"  (See 
KNOT  and  CHILLINGWORTH),  which  he  wrote  by  the 
fecial  order  of  Charles  I.  whofe  chaplain  he  was.  In  1635, 
he  was  promoted  to  the  deanery  of  Worcefter ;  and,  in  1640, 
became  vice-chancellor  of  Oxford,  in  the  execution  of  which 
office  he  met  with  fome  trouble  from  the  members  of  the  long 
parliament.  Upon  the  breaking  out  of  the' civil  wars,  he  fent 
all  his  plate  to  the  king  ;  and  declared,  that  he  would  rather, 
like  Diogenes,  drink  out  of  the  hollow  of  his  hand,  than  that 
his  majefty  (hould  want :  and  he  afterwards  fufFered  much  for' 
the  royal  caufe.  He  was  nominated  to  the  deanery  of  Durham, 
Jan.  1 646 ;  but  was  prevented  from  being  inftalkd  by  his  death, 
which  happened  at  his  college  in  March  following.  He  was 
learned,  and  of  exemplary  lite  and  converfation.  Dr.  Gerard 
Langbaine,  who  fucceeded  him  in  the  provoftlhip  of  Queen's- 
eollege,  married  his  widow. 

POTTER  (Paul),  or  POTER,  a  Dutch  painter  of  confi- 
derable  fame,  was  bom  at  Enchuyfen  in  1625,  ^^^  ^i^  ^^ 
Amftcrdam  in  1654.  He  particularly  excelled  in  landfcapc, 
and  in  reprcfeniing  the  various  efFefts  of  a  bright  fun  upon  rural 
fcenery.  As  his  views  are  all  taken  in  Holland,  they  rcprefent 
tinitormly  at  flat  country,  without  any  boldnefs  or  variety  of 
feat\ires.  ^ is  human  figures  are  indiftcrenVand  therefore  vcnr 
^a^i'ngly  introdudk!^,  but  his  cattle  and  other  aoinuJti  have  all 
-$^(5x:XII.  A»  th^ 


^54  I^QUORT, 

ttlQ  treA  TO*pf«fi|^jteji  *at  can  b^  imagiriq*    Kk  pifki^^s^a^ 
lather  fcarcc,  exc§pi  ip  H^U^ftd. 

.  f  OTTER  (Jqhn),  ajrqlxbifhop  of  Caoterbury,  and  a  verj 
l^aroed  ifi^n,  ws^  fon  ^f  Mr.  1  hom^s  Potter,  ^  Unen-drapcj^ 
at  Walc^^ld  19  Yori^lhir^*  where  he  was  born,  about  1674^ 
^^in^  PHt  to  fchool  thj^e^  he  m^ade  ai;i  uncomip^^Q  progrefi^ 
in:  t:»reek  i  ^nd,  ^t  foHfei;|effl,  w,^s  fent  to  Univerfity  coUegq 
ia  O^iorAr  Atf  n'w^?<^n,  h«.  pvhliihi^d,  "  Variances  Leftw 
i>C8  &,  Nptfp  Jifi  P4^^jc.Ql>i  UbniiH.  de  a^udiqnvlis  goetis ;  &  at) 


^jilii  Qi^jp  QWticjn^jin.  ad.  Juye^(?s.  qupmo^o  cym  fru(3:i|. 
legere  poflint  GraBConim  libros,  i^93»"  Sivo.  The  year  afters 
|ie  was  ^hpfbn  feUoW;  of  tfincQlii-cjolJ^gQ.;  jxi^dj  proqeeding 
yiaftpr  of  art^,  %pgk,  pwpil?,  ajid  ^YA^^  iniQ^  orders,,  In  1697, 
Cam^out  his  ^itiojri  ofc  *^  Lycophro4>,"  in  folio:  it  was  re-, 
printed  in  i7<^2ji  an^^  is  fc^l^o^j^d  the  beft. edition  of  tkat  obfcur^ 
l^ritei^.  TiW  hm^  ye:?r>  1^^973  he  publifted  U^ewife  the  firft 
yolume  of  h&  **  A^qtic^i^eat  of  Greece:"  which  was  fpliow^ 
\if  the  ft^coedy  tJ^.  yqajT  ^ftpi;.  Several  ^itions  were  ma(ie  h^ 
Y^m  in  the  fubfeq^i)!  ^^oq^  oj^  thi^  iifefuj*  an4  le^rn^d  wqrki 
9i  whi<;b  the  f^Vi^nth^  m(9^  puhU^ied.  i  5^  1751. 
..  Thefe  w.orks  Qft^i>li(h^  h)i«.  f^WEW  ip  the  Ut^rary  rep^Wic 
^otlv  ajt^  hpn^^  and  ^b^ad^  s^n4  CQgfigQd,  hitn  10, 9,  cc^r^lgoni^n^^ 
vit^h  Grjeviu^  aj)d  oth^r  learned' tor^igr\^rs.  ][n  ijpi^  h^  coniit 
njfn^ed.  biiM:helor  of  divinity,  ai>d  bog^m^.  ch^pl^in  to  ^jpchl^iihog 
Tenifoni  withwhoi^  he  went  to  r«(i4e  a|;  L4t9btith;^  \f^s  maj^ 
dod>of  in  1706,  ajid  fomi  ^ft^r  chaplain  to  the  queen.  In  17PJ11 
be  publiihijd,  in  8vq,  *'  A  Difcoi^rfe  upon  Chur^^b  Ga\(eHi- 
ment  ^**  and>  the  year  after,  fucceeded  Dr.  Jane  as  regius^pron 
Scihr  of  divinjty,  2.nd  canon  of  Chjift-churck  ii]  Oxford.  In^ 
iJlSy  he  was  made  bi.fhop  of  Oxford;  and,  the  fame  y^ear^ 
jubliflied  an  edition  of  the  works  of  CleineAS  Alexandrinus, 
ifi  2  vols,  folio.  In  Jan.  1737,  he  Uiccceded  Ipr.  Wake  in  the( 
archbiftroprio  of  Canterbury:  which  higlv  and  important  office^ 
fiG  fupportcd  v.'ith  much  dignity  for  tea  years,  dying  in  J747. 
He  was  a  -laarned  and  exemplary  divine,,  byt  of  a  cha- 
ja£lcr  by  no  means  amiable  ;  being  (Irongly  tinidlured  with  a 
£jrid  of  hau^htinefs^  and  fcverity  of  manners,  It  may  be  adde(} 
too,  though  not  to  his  credit,  that  tie  difinhcrited  hi§  eldeii  fon,^ 
tecaufe  he  mortiiied  his  ambition,  by  marryir^g  below  his  dig- 
M'\ly.  His  "  Theological  Works,  containing  Sermons,  Charges, 
a  Difcourfe  of  Church  Government,  and  Divinity  Le<5urcs," 
w^re  publifhed*at  Oxford,  1753,  in  ^.v^Is.  8vo. 
*  PQUGET  (Francis  Ame'),  a  Frqnch. divine,  fucceflively 
jrieflj  of  tl>e  Oratory,  doqiiGr  of  the  Sorbonne,  and  abbe  of  Cham- 
^n>  was  born  at  JVi<>ntpellier  in  16(^6.  ^  He  was  fome  rime 
4|t  .tlw5  hpadpf-aj^egclefiafti^al  fcrainary^  aindj^r  Colbert,  hlfhefff 
4t,  Montpellier  j  where  he  w#.s  vf  infinite  fervice^;no|ohij^,% 


PaUSSJN.  ^55 

the  excellence  of  his  inftrudions,  but  the  purity  of  his  example. 
He  was  vicar  of  St.  Roch  at  Paris,  in  1692,  and  had  there  the 
credit  of  contributing,  to  the  penitence  of  the  celebrated  L^ 
Fontaine.  His  latter  days  were  palTed  at  Paris,  in  the  religious 
houfe  of  St.  Magloirc,  where  he  died  in  I723,  at  the  age  of 
fifty- feven.  Father  pQUget  was  the  author  of  f  )me  work-s,  of 
which  the  moft  remarkable  is,  **  The  Catechifm  of  Montpel* 
Her»'*  the  btft  edition  of  which  is  that  of  Paris  in  1702,  in  410. 
It  is  a  kind  of  body  of  divinity,  and  has  been  coniidered  by  the 
clergy  of  his  communion  as  the  moft  precife,  clear,  and  elc-t 
gamly  limple  ftatement  of  the  dodrines  and  praftices  of  religion^ 
that  has  ever  been  produced.  He  was  concerned  in  fome  othe^ 
works,  which  were  not  entirely  his  own ;  fuch  as  "the  Breviary 
of  Narbonne  ;"  Marti  nay's  edition  of  St.  Jerom ;  Montfaucon's 
Qreek  Analeds;  and  a  book  of  inftruftions  for  the  Knights  o( 
Malta. 

•  FOl  ^RBUS  (PET?Bi  and  Franci&J,  father  and  fon,  two  good 
Flemilh  painters,  the  former  of  whom  was  born  at  Goude,  aad 
the  latter  at  3r»?ges,  They  flouriflied  in  the  fifteenth  century; 
and  each  pf  them  in  the  place  of  his  birth  painted  many  fine 
comp.ofitionSj,  which  are  yet  in  the  churches,  and  afford  fufficient 
proofs  qf  their  (kill.  Francis,  having  been  for  fome  time  his 
father's  difcipje,  remov^d*to  Frank  Floris,  whom  he  excelled,  in 
colouring.  He  was  a  better  painter  th^n  his  father,  and  there 
are  admirable  piSures.  by  him  in  the  town  hpufe  at  Paris,  The 
father  died  in  1583?  and  the  fon  in  1622, 

POUSSIN  (NtCHOLAs),  an  eminent.  French  painter,  was 
born  at  Andely,  a  little  town  in  Normandy,  in  1594.  His  family^ 
however,  were  originally  of  SoifTons;  in  which  city  there  vvere 
fome  of  his  relations  officers  in  the  Prefidial  court.  John 
Poulfiii,  his  father,  wa^sof  noble  cxtraftion,  but  born  to  a  very 
fmall  clbte.  His  fon,  feeing  the  narrownefi^  of  hiscircumftances, 
determined  to  fupport  himfelf  as  foon  as  poffible,  and  chofe 
painting  for  his  profellion,  having  naturally  a  ftrong  inclination 
'to  that  art.  At  eighteen,  he  went  to  Paris,  to  learn  the  rudiments 
of  it.  A  Poiflevin-lord,  who  had  t:jken  a  liking  to  him,  placed 
him  with  Ferdinand,  a  portrait-painter,  whom  Poudin  left  in 
three  months  ^o  place  himfelf  witli  Lallcmant,  with  whom  he 
flayed  but  a  month :  he  faw  he  (hould  never  learn  any  thing  from 
fuch  mafters,  and  he  refolved  not  to  lofe  his  time  with  them ; 
believing  he  fhould  profit  more  by  ftndying  the  works  of  gr^iat 
i^aftprs,  than  by  the  difupline  of  ordinary  painters.  He  worked 
a  while  in  diftempcr,  and  performed  it  with  extraoidinary  facility. 
The.  Italian  pott  Marino  being  at  that  time  in  Paris,  and  perceiv- 
ing Pouffin's, genius  to  be  fuperior  to  the  fmall  performances  on 
.which  he  was  employed,  perfuaded  him  to  go  with  hirp  into 
It^ly  ;  Pouflin  ha4  b(?foj:e  made  two  vain  attempts  to  Undertake 

'A  a  2      •  that 


3s6  Fovssm: 

that  journey,  yet  by  fome  means  or  other  was  hindered  front 
accepting  the  advantage  of  thi<?  opportunity.  He  promifed, 
however,  to  follow  in  a  (hort  time  ;  and  he  was  as  good  as  his 
word,  though  not  till  he  had  painted  fevcral'  other  pictures  in 
Paris,  among  which  was  the  d«?:ith  of  the  Virgin,,  for  the  church 
of  Notre-D'ame.  Huvi'ng  finiflicd  his  liufinefs,  he  fet  out  for 
Rome  m  his  thirtieth  year. 

He  there  met  with  his  friend",  the  cavalier  Marino,  who 
rejoiced*  to  fee  him  >•  ami  that  he  might  bfe  as  (erviceable  as 
he  could,  rccooimend'cd  him  to  cardinal  B^rBK!irrni,  who  de- 
fircd  to  be  acquainted  with  him.  Yet  by  fbme  means  or  other^ 
he  did  not  em^rgc^  and  could  fcarcely  maintai'n  hfmfelf.  He 
was  forced  to  give  away  hk  works  for  fo  litlfg,  as  would  hardljr 
pay  for  his  colours.  His  courage,  however,  did  not  faiF;  he 
profcctited"  his  ftudies  affiduouOy,  rcfolving,  at  all  events,,  to  make 
himfelf  mailer  of  his  p^rofcflion.  He  had  little  money  to  fpend, 
and  therefore  the  more  Icifare  to  retire  by  himfelf,  and  defign 
the  beautiful  6bje£fs  in  Rome,  as  well  antiquities  as  the  works  of 
the  famous  Roman  painters.  It  is  faid,  that  he  at  firft  copied  fomc 
of  Titfan's  pieces,  with  whofc  colouring,  and  the  touches  of 
whofc  landfcapes,  he  was  infinitely  plealed.  It  rs  obfervablc, 
indeed,  that  his  firft  pieces  are  painted  with  a  better  ftyle  of 
colouring  than  hi^  laft.  But  he  loon  (hewed,  by  hfs  perform- 
ances, that,  generally  fpeaking,  he  did  not  much  valite  the  part 
of  colouring;  or  thought  he  knew  enough  of  it,  to  make  his 
piftures  as  perfefl:  as  he  intended.  Me  had  ftudied  the  beauties 
of  the  antique,  tfte  cyegance,  the  grand  gufto,  the  correSnefs^ 
the  variety  of  proponionS,  the  adjuftments,  the  order  of  the 
draperies,  the  noblenefs,  the  fine  air  and  boldncfs  of  the  heads-; 
the  manners,  cuftoms  of  times  and  places,  and  every  thing  thar 
is  beautiful  in  the  remains  of  ancient  fculpture,  to  fuch  a  de- 
gree, that  one  can  never  enough  admire  the  exadtnefs  with  which 
he  has  enriched  his  painting  in  all  thofe  parts. 

He  ufed  frequently  to  examine  the  ancient  fculptirres  in  the 
vineyards  about  Rorrte,  and  this  confirmed  him  more  and  more 
in  the  love  of  thofe  antiquities.  He  would  fpend  fevisral  days 
together  in  making  refledlions  upon  them  by  himfelf.'  It  was  in 
thefe  retirements  that  he  confidered  the  extraordinary  efFefts  of 
nature  with  refpe6t  to  landfcapes,  that  he  defigned  his  anrmals^, 
his  dirtances,  his  trees,  and  every  thing  excellent  that  was  agree- 
able to  his  talle.  He  alfo  made  curious  obfervations  on  the 
works  of  Rajphael  and  iJomenichino;  w^ho  of  all  painters,  in 
his  opinion,  invented  beft,  defigned  moft  correctly,  and  exprefleel 
the  paflions  mofl  vigoroufly :  three  things,  which  Pouflin  efte^med 
,the  moft  clfential  parts  of  painting.  He  neglefted  nothing  that^ 
could  render  his  knowledge  in  thefe  three  parts  perfeft:  he  was 
altogether  as  curious  about  the  general  cxpreffion  of  his  fubjed^, 

whidi 
2  , 


PGUSSIN.  3tS^ 

nivhich  he  has  adorned  wiih.  every  thing  that  he  thdugljt-would 
rQxcite  the  attention  of. the  [earned:  He. left  no  very  krge  cbm- 
pofitions  behind  him;  and  all  the  reafon  we  can  gk/e  for  it  \%, 
that  He  had  no  opportunity  to  .paint  them  \  for  we  canoot  imagine . 
tliat  it  wasiny  thing  more  than  chance,  that  made  him  apply 
Jiiinfelf  wholly  to  eafel  pieces,  of  a  fize  proper  for  a  cabinet^ 
fuch  as  the  curious  jequired  of  him. 

Louis  XIH.  ajnd  de  Noyers,  minifter  of  ftate  and  fuperin-. 
tendant  of  the  buildings,  wrote  to  .him  at  Rome  to  oblige  iiim 
to  return  to  Fnince ;  to  which  he  confented  with  great  rehi^ 
ance.  He  had  a  ^Denfitin  jifligned  him^,  and  a  lodging  ready  Tur- 
^piAed  at  the  Tuilleries.  lie  drew  the  piQure  of  ^*.  the  Lord's 
'Supper,"  for  the  chapel  of  the.caftle  £>f  St.  Germain,  and  that 
ivhich  is  in  die  Jefuit^s  novi'aate  at  Paris,  He  began  *^the 
OLabours-of  Hercules,"  in  the  gallery  oftthe  Louvre ;  but  Vouct's 
fchool  j-ailing  at  him  ^nd  his  worka,  put^  him  out  of  huxnouf 
v^ith  hh  own  country.  He  was  alfo  weary  of  the  tumultuous 
wsLy  of  living  at  Pari?,  which  Wver^agreed  v\*ith  him.  For  thefe 
reafons.  he  fecretly  refx)lved  to  return  to  Jlomje,  pretending  he 
went  to  fetfek  his  domeftifc  affairs  and  fetch  his  wife :  but  when 
he  was:tbere«,  whether  he  found  himfelf  jri  his.prqper  fituation, 
or  w^as  ^^4ite  put  off  from  any  thought  of  returning  to  France  by 
the  deaths  xjf  Ricliclieu  aaad  the  king,  whic^  happened  iibout  that 
time,  he  never  rfjterwards  left  Italy.  He  continued  working  on 
his  eafel-pieces,  andienl  .them  from  Rome ito Paris;  the  French 
l^uying  them  very  eagerly,  whenever  tluL^yjcouldbe  Qhtained,  and 
valuing  his. produ<2ions  as  much  as  Rapbaersi. 

Pauffm  having  lived  happily  to  his  leventy-firft  yepr,  died  ^a- 
jalyticin  1665.  He  married  the  fiHer  of  "Gafpar  Dughet/ by 
whom  he  had  no  children^     His  cilate  ajYioiuited  to  ^no  more 

'  kh'dn  ri«:ty  thpufand  livjresy  Uit  he  valued  his  .eafe  above  riches, 
^nil  preferred  his  abode  at  Rome^  where  he  lived  without  am- 
bitioji^  to  fortune  el  few  here.  He  never  made  words  about  the 
price  of  hispiftur^s  ;  but  put  it  down  at  the  back  of  the  canvas, 
gnd  it  i^as  always  given  him.  He  had  no  difciple.  The  fol- 
lowing anecdote  much  Illuflrates  his  chara6ler.  Bilhop  Mancini, 
4vho  was  afterwards  a  cardinal,  flaying  once  on  a  vifit  to  him  . 
till  it  was^dark,  Pouifin  took  the  candle  in  his  h^nd,  lighted  hini 
.^own  flairs,  and  waited  upon  him  to^  his  coach  v.  1  he  prelate 
was  forry  to  fee  him  do.  it  himfelf,'  and  coujd  not'help  iaying, 
■^'  I  very  much  pity  you,  Monfieur  Pouffin^  ti^at  you.  have  not 
.one  fervant.""     "  And  I  pity  you  more,    my  lord,"  .replied 

'   JPouflin,  **  that  you  have  fo  many^"     -   ^     -  ■     ^ 

'  I^OU3SIN  (UASPAii^i  whofepjojper  name  was  PUGH^T, 

was  born,  according  toTome  authors,  in  France,  in  1600  ;  ac- 

.cording  to  otlu^rs,  at  Rome^^n  i'6.i  3  ^ .  nearly  the  fame  difference 

^as  been  found  in  ihc  dates.  A>f,  bis..deatbj  .which  fome  place; in 

A  a  3  1663, 


3S^  tovirtt. 

t66'3,  Ttni  others  in  1675.  Which  ihay'bfc  tight,  if  isliot  tafy 
to  afcertain ;  but  the  two  fetter  dates  are  adopted  "by  the  authors 
of  the  Di(?Hbnhaire  Hiftcfriqoe  fx].  His  lifter  being  itiarried  t6 
Nic6las  Ponflrn,  and  fettfed  at  Rome,  he  travelled  to  that  place, 
partly  to  vifit  her,  and  partly  from  a  ftrong  love  of  painting. 
Sandrkrt  fays,  that  Gafpar  Wasismplbyed  at  firft  only  to  prepare 
the  palette,  peincils,  and  colours,  for  Nicblas;  but,  by  the  in- 
ftrudions  and  example  of  that  great  (Rafter,  was  fo  led  bn,  that 
*he  alfo  obtained  a  high  reputation.  While  he  remained  at 
Rfegie,  he  dro.pp  d  his  own  name  of  Dughret^  and  afTumed  that  df 
Pouflin,  from  his  brbther-in-law,  and  benefaSor.  He  is  acknow- 
lodged  to  have  been  one  of  the  beft  painters  of  l!andfcapes  that  the 
tvorld  has  feen.  No  painter  ever. ftudrfed  hatui-e  to  better^effeft, 
particularly  in  expreffing  the  eftefts  of  fend-ftbrms.  His  fcenes 
are  always  beautifully  chofen,  ^nd  his  buildings  fimpte  and  elegant. 
He  was  not  equally  felled  in  painting  figures,  aftd  frequently 
prevailed  on  Nicolas  to  draw  them  for  hfiti^  The  bonnbifleutS 
cliftinguifh  three  different  nfennfers  in  his  paintings ;  the  firft  it 

,^ry;  the  fecond  is  more  fimple,  yet  delightful,  and  natural;  ap- 
proaching more  than,  any  other  to  the  ftyle  of  Claude.  Hi^ 
third  manner  is  more  vague  and  undefined  than  thde,  but  pleaf- 
ing;  though  lefs  fo  by  far  than  the-  fecond.  His  ftyle  is  confi- 
dered  on  the  whole  by  Mr.  Mafon,  in  his  table  fubjoin^d  to 
pu  Frefnoy,  as  a  mixture  between  thofe  of  Nicolo  atid  Claude 
JLorraine.    ^  Mr.  Mafon  adopts  the  datt  bf  1675  for  his  death. 

POWEL  (David),  a  learned  W^lch  divine,  was  born  in 
Denbighihire  about  the  year  155^  [l].  In  IS^S,  he  was  fent 
to  Oxford,  but  to  what  college  is  ui>cettain.  When  Jeftfs-coU 
lege  Was  founded  in  1571,  he  retliOVed  thither;  atld  took  his 
degrees  in  arts  the  year  followihs;;  and  in  1576  toot  orders, 
and  became  vicar  of  Ruabon  ih  Denbighfhire,  with  fome  dig- 
nity in  the  church  of  St.  Afaph,  He  proceeded  to  his  <}egree$ 
in  divinity  in  1582,  and  the  fubfequent  year,  'and  was  afterwards 

'  chaplain  to  Henry  Sidney,  theft  prefident  of  Wales.  He  died 
In  1590,  and  was  l^uried  in  hi^  own  church  of  RuUbbn.  1  he 
works  publiflied  by  him  were,  x.  "  Caradoc*s  Hiftory  of  Catfi- 

•  bria,  with  anh0tations,'"4to,  1584.  This  hiflory  hid  b'Ceft 
tranflated  from  the  Latin,  byHurtnphr'ey  Lloyd,  but  Was  left  by 
him  unfinifhed  at  his  death.  Pqwel  cOrreSkfcd  and  augtnefited 
ihe  manufcript,  aiid  published  it  with  notes,  ti.  **  Annbtationes 
in  itinerarium  Cambri^fe,  fcriptum  per  SilViutn  GeraMum  Cam- 
irenfem,"  London,  1585.  3.  '*  Annotationes  in  Catnbrise 
defcriptionem,  per  Ger,  Cambr.**  4.  ^*  De  Britannica  hiftori^ 
!re(Jle  intelli'genda,   epiftola  ad  tfiil.  flcttWOtrfuiti  "Ciy.   Lcfnd. 


[«}  5ee  thfc  name  Ciiajpre  bu^bA. 


rccordatorem. 


.rt<tortlift6refn.*'    This  arid  ^he  fb'rr«€r  iHe  prlftted  ^th4Sie'«l- 

4noVati6ns  on  the  itinerary;     5.  "  P6ht}ci  Viri'innii  Hiftori^  Bfl- 

•Whnica,"  8vo,  Lbnd.   1^85.    Wood  feys,  tJiat  hi  took  gr^Sft 

Tp&ifls  iii  compiling  a  Welch  di^ionAry/  but  3 fed  fcefcfft  It  ^v*s 

eompleted*'  *  .^ 

K)WELL  (WiLtiAiCi  SAWtTtl),  an  Ehgli^h  fliVine  of-^obd 

-Abilities,  was  born  at  Colchefter,  Sept.  2^,  l^i^i  adihifted  ^ 

St.  Johft's-college,  Cambridge,  in  1734;  aftd,  having  taken  tlte 

"Hegree  of   b:itchelor  of  arts  in  1739,  ele^ed  jfeilov^  <i>f  it  fci 

'March,  1740.     Iii  1741^  he  Wa§  taken  iilto  the  ffeikiiy  of  ffe 

late  lord  Townfhend,  as  private  tutor  to  his  ftcfohd  tbh  0ifarl^$ 

Town(hcrtd>  afterwards  chancellor  of  thfe  ekchequtrij  *n^ Va$ 

^brdainfed  deacon  and  prieft  at  th^efid  of  the  yeii",  Whth  he  Was 

it^ftituted  to  the  re£loJ7  df  Golkirk  in  Norfolk,  6h  toi'd  Town!- 

tiend's   prefentitioh.     ti6  ti?tUrrted  tb  colle^  ^the  yh^lr  kt^ti^ 

^nd  begah  to  read  leftorfes  as  ah  afliftant  to  the  ^jriftci^l  ^uforj 

tjut  bfecafne+firtifelf  principal  tutor  ih  1744.    He  tdbU  tftft  itp^i 

6f  bAtch<^k>y  Of  divinity  in  1749,  of  doaof  \h  1756,     Ih  176^, 

*fewa^  ele<aed  m^ft^r  df  his  coMfegi;  bbtaitied  the  aithdeatJohiV 

bf  Cotehefttr  thfc  Veiar  after;  andj  ih   176&,  w^fe  irffiittitWto 

the  reftbl-y  bf  FreAwttter  in  the  Me  ^  SVight.     tih  died,  Jatt* . 

The  preceding  (kfetcli  is  tafefen  fl-brrt  an  itfVeVtileriiettt  pVefiicAl 

't&  a  volufne  of  his  **  Difcoiftfes  oh  various  Biibjcfts,"  publilhW 

by  his  friend  Dr.  Thomas  Balguy:  "  i^hich  Difcourfes/^  {zfs 

the-editoi-,  *'  are  hbt  pobli-ffiedfor  the  credit  6f  the  Writer,  but 

for  the  benefit  of  his  reader.^';  efpecialty  thatclift  of  teaderSj'fdr 

Whom  they  Were  chiefly  it^'tcndedj  the  youngfel*  ftudifents  iri  divf- 

nity.     The~  author's  reputation,"  hfe  adds,  **  ftanxis  oh  a  niuch 

wider  bottom:  a  wholfe  liffe  Imiforitily  devoted  to  the  interefti  ijf 

found  philofophy  ahd  true  religion/*     TWb  fmall  n^atheiiia'tidil 

Trafts,"  by*Dr.  PbweH,  are  mentioned  in  the  <*  Ahftcdotcs  8f 

Bowyer,"  p.  474,  Wherfe  we  ate  alfo  told,  that  "  his  will  w3s 

retharkably  ptecife,  ne^tj'  lihd  elegant,  which  were  the  chara'c- 

terifti^s  of  all  his  ptrfoj-rrtances.     He  left  to  twenty*  frleiidS, 

"mcXi  of  tVi^m>  If  not  all,  of  the  college,  ro6V.  a-ptece.'^    .'  "•*  ' 

'*    POWELL  (OEOftdEjy  was  both  ah  author  ind  an  aflol. 

Hisftthi^r,  fay«  Gildon,  was  an  ancient  ^player,  ;iWio,  iti  169J, 

'Was  lately  deiid.     Wi¥' abilities  as  an  a(9Pof  Were  much  fupferftr 

*:to  thbfe  which  life pbfr^ited  a^  a'^writbr:  bemg  connyeTeii  tis  aTMl 

of  Bettcrton.     He  is  %y*C.  Gibber  cbtn'parS:!  to  Wilks,  or  ratfijr 

^ontrifl^'With  hitt1*'a's;dne  who  owed  every  thing  to  nati^rt, 

^Which  \h>b  other  gai'nc'd  by  arVart^d  diligence.    ^The  irregvilaritiis 

^»f  M^Iife  frequeniVy  difa'bfed'hini  from  citertihg"  th^  talents  fle 

-y^flfeflW,  ^rtd  hitf -negligeti^e'^UdWed  th^latter  cbmpctitor' to 

J^iiA  ^'fiJgefio^ity  c^^er -hfiti^^  af f^r  WhiclV'  hfc  ^di'dted'hrmfelt"  \o 

;»ftiu^  i»4(^teifl^  \m  fe^  enfltiely -ft^feiW  th^fa^Wbr  H  4fte 

*^^'*^^  A  a  4  public. 


36o  PRAXITELES. 

public.  *  HeiAed  about  the  year  1714.  His  pfodtiAioHs  ne^ 
X.  "  Alphonfo  king  of  Naples,"  a  tragedy,  4to,  1691.  2,  *<  A 
•very  goad  Wife,"  a  comedy,  4td,  xfigS-  3«  "  T^^e  ire?icherou8 
Brothers,"  a  tragedy,  1696.  4.  **  The  I mpofture  defeated,  or 
t  trick  to  cheat  the  Devil,"  4to,  1698.  Befidcs  being  the  author 
of  thefe,  he  was  the  publilher  of  i.  "  The  Cornifli  Comedy," 
4to,  1696.  2.  "  Bonduca,  or  the  Britifh  Heroine,"  a  tragedy, 
.4to,  1696.  3.  *f  A  new  opera,  called,  "  Brutus  of  Alba,  or 
Augufta's  Triumph,"  4to,  5696.      The  charaficrs  which  he 

BTformed  with  moft  fuccefs  were  Akxamkr^  and  the  heroes  of 
ryden's  moft  extravagant  tragedies. 
FOZZO  MODESTA-    See  Fontb  Moderata. 
PRADON  (Nico^.As;,  a  French  poet,  who  died  at  Paris  ia 
1698,  and  had  in  his  day  affcdcd  to  be  the  rival  of  Racine. 
He  was  not  without  a  party  to  fupport  him  ;  and  his  tragedy  of 
•'  Phaedra  and  Hippolytus,"  by  the  force  of  intrigue  arid  cabal, 

appeared  for  fome  time  to  baUpce  the  reputation  and  merit  of 
JKacine's  play  of  the  fame  name.  Boileau,  who  was  the  inti- 
mate friend  of  Racine,  hath  not  failed  to  ridicule  Pradon  more 
than  once^  who,  although  there  are  good  things  in  his  tragedies, 
was  infinitely  below  Racine,  and  bcfides,  a  man  of  nloft  con- 
summate ignorance.  The  prince  of  Conti  one  day  reproaching 
kirn,  for  having  tranfported  an  European  town  into  Afia :  *«  Ah  !'* 
yeplics  Pradon,  "  your  highncfs  will  excufc  mt  \  but  I  am  not 
ft  all  (killed  in  chrm^Ugy." 

PRAXITELES,  a  moft  celebrated  Grecian  fculptor ;  flouf 
rifted,  according  to  Pliny,  in  the  ic4th  Olympiad,  that  i^, 
about  364  years  before  the  Chriftian  aera.  He  worked  chiefly 
in  Parian  marble,  to  which  he  feemed  to  convey  not  only  ex- 
predion  but  animation.  He  was  much  attached  to  the  beautiful 
Phryne,  to  whom  he  promifed  to  give  the  very  fincft  of  his 

..works,  if  (he  would  fclc6l  it.  Not  trufting  to  her  own  judge- 
ment in  this  matter,  flie  contrived  a  ftratagem,  as  Paufanias 
relates,  to  difcover  which  he  moft  efteemed., .  She  ran  to  him  in 
«  pretended  alarm,  exclaiming,  that  his  worklhop  was  on  fire, 
when  he  immtdiately  cried  out,  "  If  my  Satyr  and  Cupid  are 
not  faved,  I  am  ruined."  Hayjng  thu^  learned  his  private 
thoughts,  {he  took  advantage  of  them  in  making  her  choice. 
His  love  for  Phryne  led  him  alfo  to  prcferye  her  beauties  by  his 
art;  and  her  ftatue,  carved  by  him^  ftood  afterwards  in  the  temple 
at  Delphi,  between  thofe  of  Archidamus  king  of  Sparta,  and 
Philip  of  Maccdon.  Grace  and  beauty  prevailed  in  every  work 
of  Praxiteles;  and  his  ftatue  of  Venps  clothed,  which  was 
bought  by  the  inhabita^its  of  Cops,  was  only  furpafled  by  a  naked 
jigure  of  the  fame  goddefs,  which  was  obtain^  by  the  Cnidianf. 

.  It  is  uncertain  whether  any  work  pf  Praxiteles  ,rcmair|s;  but 
an  antii^ue  Cupid,  formerly  polfeifed  ^y!jfab^lii|:d*£ftf9  of  .the 

'     ducal 


;diipd  family  of  M^&tua,  was  fuppofed  to  have  ])ttn  the  pr<>> 
4tt£tton  of  his  art.  /  ' 

FREMONTVAL  (Peter  b  Guay  bji),  of  the  academy  of 
fdcnces  at  Berlin,  was  born  it  Chafenton  in  1716.  His  at- 
tachment to  the  mathematics  was  fp  ftropg,  that  he  opened  a 
fchool  at  Paris,  in  1740,  where  he 'taught  them  gratuitoufly, 
and  formed  feveral  excellent  fcholars,  But  his  temper  was  acri- 
monious and  haughty,  which  created  him  fo  many  enemies,. 
t^uit  he  quitted  France  for  Bale,  where  he  (laid  a  year  or  two ; 
and  having  wandered  for  fome  time  in  yapoug  cities  of  Ger- 
many, he  finally  fettled  at  Berlin  ;  where,  ihojiigh  he  did  not 
ffcapc  qitarrcis,  he  was  altogether  fuccefsful,  and  becaqie  ^i| 
'authorr  He  died  at  Berlin  in  J767,  at  the  age  of  fifty-one.  His 
works  arc  "neither  numerous,  nor  yerjr  valuable.  The  beft  is, 
i.  Hia^*  Prcfcryatifs  coiitre  la  ponuption  de  la  langue  Fran* 
(oifc  en  Allpmagnc.'*  He  wrote  alio,  2.  "  La  Monrgamie, 
ouTphitf  en  Mariage,''  3  yols,  8vo,  175 1,  A  work  of  learning, 
Ibttl  li^himfical  and  tircfome.  3.  ^'  ht  Diogene  de  TAlembert  ;** 
not  fo  fifigular  as  the  pregedifi^,  but  not  better  written ;  with 
iam%  tf5n£ncy  tg  ipodern  fophiftry.  4-  Several  memoirs  jri  the 
yolumes  of  th^  academy  at  Berlin.  He  appears  to  have  been  in 
a  great  d«fec  unfettled  in  his  religious  Opinions;  inclining  at 
times  to  Sqcinianifm,  and  the  dodrines  of  forttiitous  creation  ; 
fU  others  producing  ftronjg  fuggeftions  in  favour  of  religion. 

PRESTRELE.    SeeVAUBAN. 

PRESTON  (Thomas),  flourifhed  in  the  earlier  *part  of 
.ijiiecn  Elizabeth's  reign  [m],  was  firft  M.  A.  and  fellow^  o( 
King's-college,  Cambrdge,  and  afterwards  created  a  doSor  of 
civil  law,  and  mafter  ot  Trinity-hall  in  the  fame  liniverfity. 
In  the  year  1564,  when  queen  Elizabeth  was  entertained  at 
Cambridge,  this  gentleman  a<Sled  fo  admirably  well  in  the  tra- 
gedy of  5ido,  a  Latin  play,  compofed  by  John  Ritwife,  one  of 
the  fellows  of  King's- coKege,  and  fo  genteelly' and  gracefully 
difputed  before  her  majefty,  that  as  a  leftimonial  of  her  appro- 
bation, (he  beftovy^d  a  penlion  of  twenty  pounds  per  annum  upon 
him;  a  circumftance  which  Mr.  Steev^ns  fuDoofes  to  have 
been  ridiculed  by  Shakfpearc  in  the  Midfummer  Night's  Dream, 
at  the  conclufion  of  aft  the  fourth.  On  the  6th  of  Sept.  1566, 
when  the  Oxonian  NJufes,  in  their  turn,  were  honoured  with  a 
vifit  from  their  royal  miftrefs,  Prefton,  with  eight  more  Cantaw 
brigians,  were  incorporated  mailers  of  arts  in  the  univerfity  of 
Oxford.  Mr.  iPrefton  wrote  one 'dramatic  piece,  in  the.  old 
metre,  entitled,  *'* A  Lamentable  Tragedy  full  of  pleafant 
^irth,  conteyning  the  Life  of  Cambifes  King  of  Pertia,  from 
.the  beginning  of  hi*  Kingdome  unto  his  Death,  his  one  good 


[m]  Biograpkla  Dnmatlca- 


Deed 


5^4  i>i^feV^%:- 

ty^dot  fttc^uli6h  2^ertht  ThXhf  \^ctH!BfcWs  ^M  {yrtAft6A 
Murders  committed  by  and  through  him^  anfl  laft  oF  ^TL  hfe 
bcJi6u*s  utzxh  bvGbd'S  tufticc  appoifitbd;  6bbn  6ti  tuth  Order 
as  followcth.**  This  pfcnfermaftCe  Lattgbaihc?ftft)tm^  uS,  8h^k^ 
tak^TC  tneant  t5  ridicule  v'hcTi,  In  his  play  of  HfeHrjrlV.  friVt-f. 
Va  1.  he  ifiakcX  Falft&fftaTk  6f  (peaking  "  i^h  king-GambyfeV 
vein.'*  \h  proof  of  which  c6njeaurb,  nt  ha^  given  hiis  rtadefs 
h  quotatioh  from  the  beginniAg  6f  the  ^ay,  being  ^  Ppkech  of 
kintf  Carhbyfes  himfelf. 

nlEVOT  D'E^iL'Es(A>4t6N^  FkANcts),  tira^borh^'rifep. 
dih,  a  rnriall  town  in  the  province  df  Arttiis,  tA  t6^*r.  He  fltidieH 
^w'ith  the  jefuits,  but  fobri  relirtqutfhed  that  fbciety  fot  tRe^rmy*, 
Into  which  he  ehterfed  ai  i  VblurttfeeV.  OifappoinWd  Aere  iti  hft 
Viewg  of  promotion,  he  teturhed  t6  Vhfe  Jefuit^.  Still,  >io4*^*tT*, 
his  aftachmenl  to  the  military  Tfervice  rcems  to  h^fc  beth  "pre"- 
Uominant ;  for  he  foon  Jeft  the  college  ^gairt,  "aftd,  a  ftcond  liitVB', 
tfecame  a  foldier.  A$  ati  bffiC'ei"  hfe  acqdirtd  diftitiSiohj  atii 
finne  yfears  paflld  iway  in  !he  bliftlc  and  dlffrpatioh  of  "a  iriHiraty 
life.  A\  length,  the  unhappy  tonffequence  t)T  an  imotir  "ift^iArtia 
%ih\  to  return  to  t'^rarice,  and  feek  retirewetit  amohg  thfe  Bterfe^^ 
•ffiAines  of  St.  Maur,  in  the  frtOhaftefy  6f  St.OertYlath  d'e^Pr^eif, 
where  he  cohtinued  a  !ew  years'.  Stody,  and  la  monaftic  lif*, 
tduld  not,  however,  ehtiffelv  fuhdue  hr$  paftions.  Recoil eftioh 
of  form^  pleafures  j?robably  infpirbi  a  deRr^,  ag&ifi  td  thjdy 
•them  in  th«  world.  He  took  bceafion  ffom  ifc^  trifling  ^ifagVee- 
-rheht,  to  leave  the  mbhaftery,  to  bfeik  his  VoWs,  and  renounce 
-iiis  habit.  Itavihg  retired  to  liblhnd  irt  1729,' he  ftnigfft're'- 
ifcurces  in  his  talents,  with  fuccfeft.  In  the  monaftetr  at  S^* 
*6ermain,  he  had  written  the  t\V6'fiYft  parts  rtf  his  **  McmoirA 
i'uh  Homme  de  aualite."  The  Vvbrk  was  foon  fihiffied,  arr^, 
-when  it  was  publimed; contributed  rio  kfs  tb  his  ertiohjhi^nt  ihah 
V»s  reputation.  A  'cbnnexibil  Which-  he  had  forrtT^d  at  (!* 
^ague  With  ian  agreeable  wbttnani  and  which  Whs  thought  \h 
Tiave  exceeded  the  l>buhdarie^  of  frifendfhip,  furniflicd  a  fiibjeft 
hi  plcafahtry  to  the  abbe  Lenglet,  the  Zoilu^  of  his  titn^.  Ih 
1iisjo«rnal  entitled,  **  Fourth CoHmy''  Pi-evt)t  thus  obviated  thfe 
Venture.  ^'  This  Medoro,*'  JTay^  h%,  fpeakittg  of  hiitifelf,  «^ft> 
'favoured  by  the  fair,  is  a  man  bf  thirty-feVel>  or  thirty-cigRt 
vears,  who  bears  in  his  countertance  arid,  in  his  hiiiYiotrr^tWe 
^trapes  of  his  fbrnrier  chagrin  ;  Who  p^We^  whole  w^eks  withodt 
Jgoing  b\it  of  his  clofe't,  and  who  evety  day  employs  ftven  dr 
jeight  hours  in  fttidy ;  who  feldom  feeks  bctdfibtisfof  enjoyment, 
>vhb  eter)  reje^s  thofe  that  are  ofter^,  and  prefers  in  hour's 
^^onv^rfation  with  a  fe-rifibie  frifehd,  to  all  thofe  atmifeiTietils 
\vhkh  are  calted  pleafures  of  iht  W(ltW,*an(f'agrefeaWe  recteat^. 
He  is,  indeed,  civil;  in  confe^uence  of  a  good  education,  but 
,     .^  'i      *"    *  -  litik 


1 


kttlt  haaiaea  \6  -gatlaUl'ry  V'^^*"  'a  -iftiiltl  but  'ffie1aii*chbty  tdhlper; 
ihfhre,  fob^r,  larid  i-^^ikr  in  iiis  tr6ttchi^.*' 

Whcrrhdr  the  ^ecuuticinsof 'ht«  fcTneftiil^^  Vere  tfue  6r  not, 
tftfere  \vete  Vi^aTdnS  t^hidh  'obliged  hii*i  to'j>^ft  'ov*er  into  England 
M  thfe  end  of  rhe  year  'i'733,  and  the  lady  followed  him.  There^ 
^ccofditig  to  Paliirdt,  he  tVrote  the  firfl  volumes  of  ^  Cleveland/* 
The  fit&i  part  '<if  his  '*  Pour  &  Cofjtre,"  wis  pQbliflied  this 
y^ar,  U  jc5bfnal  Which  brought  dbwn  upoft  him  tne  refentment 
of  many  ^.uthors  V^^hofe  works  h^  hkd  cenfufed.  Mis  faults 
Were  crfnvkflfed,  hnd  perhaps  ex'aggelr^ted  ;  all  ht^  advtntlires 
vi;^ere  bwdght  td  the  public  view,  and  related,  probably  not  with- 
but  muc^h  fnifrepfefehtiation^  His  works,  hoAVever,  having  efta*. 
bliihed'his^repfit^tiofi,  pfocut-fed  him  prbteSqVs  ?n  FVanee.  He 
fdlicired  Und  obtained  peritii(!ioh  to  rbtun'u  ftefurnihff  t6  Pari« 
in  the  autumn  of  1734,  he  ^fflimed  the  habit  of  an  aVbe.  !Pa« 
liffot  dates  thi^  period  ^'s  the  epoch  in  \vhich  his  literary  fame 
cotnrrtenced  ;  but  it  is  certaiti,  that  three  of  his  moft  popular 
romances  had  been  publifhed  before  that  time.  He  now  lived  in 
tranquillity  under  the  proteftipn  of  the  prince  of  Conti,  who 
garVe  him  the  title  Of  his  aliiiohe'r  and  fccretar'y,  with  ^n  eftablifK- 
ment  thai:  enabled' him  10  purfue  his  ftudics.  By  the  defire 
'of  chancellor  d'Agiieflfeau,  ne  undertook  a  ge'neral  hiftory  of 
'voyages,  of  which  the  firft  v6lume  appetired  in  iy45.  The  fuccefs 
tyf  his  Vi'Orks,  the  favbur  of  the  great,  the  fiibfidihg  of  the  paC- 
fions,  a  calm  rfetfeat,  and  literary  leifure,  feemed  to  promife  a 
lereire  atid  peaiceful,  old  age.  "But  a  dreadful  accident  put  an  eng 
to  this  tranquillity,  and  the  fair  profpeft  vvhich  had  opened  before 
hitn  Wa^  clofed  by  the  hand  of  death.  To  pafs  the  evening  of 
his  days  in  peace,  atid  t6  finifh  in  retirement  three  great  works 
"which  he  had  undefraken,  he  had  chofen  and  prepared  art  agree- 
^ble  recefs  at  Firtnih  iiear  Chantilly,  On  the  23d  of  Nov^ 
1763,  he  was  difcovered  by  ibme  peafants  in  an  apopledlic  fit^ 
in  the  fbrcfl:  of  Chant-illy.  A  fnagiftrate  was  called  in,  jvhp 
unfortunately  ordered  a  furgeoh  immediately  to  open  the  body- 
which  was  appareiitiy  dead..  A  loud  Ihriek  from  the  vi£tini  of 
this  culpable  precipitation,  convinced  the  fpeSators  of  their 
"error.  The  inftrument  was  withdrawn,  but  not  before  it  had 
touched  the  vital  parts.  The  unfortunate  abbe  opened  his  eye5 
and  expired. 

The  following  are  the  vvorks  of  the  abhe  Pfevot:  i.  *?*  M^pK 
tnoiresd*uti  Hbmme  de  q[iialite,  qui  s'eft  retire  du  monde/*  6  vplt. 
~%2tfio.  This  rOrrtartce  has  been  translated  into  Englifh  in  2  vols, 
12m0,  and  in  3  vols.  l2mo,  under  the  title  of  the  Memoirs  o5f 
'the  mafqUls  de  Bretagne ;  to  which  is  added,  another  romance 
-of  PreVot'S.  See  art.  3.  a.  «  Hiftoire  de  M.  Cleveland,  61i 
tiarural  de'CroitiWell/' 6  vols.  i2nrio,  1732;  an  Englilh  tranfla-? 
'fion  affo,  *2"Vt)lS.  I'ilno.    3-.  '*  Hiftoire  du  chevalier  des  Grieux, 

icd6 


3^* 


PR  I  C^  US. 


I 


'&  6e  Manon  Lefcaut,"  1733,  icino;  an  EngUfli  tranflation  of  j 

<his  romance  has  been  publifhed  feparately,  and  is  alfo  affixed  to  | 

the  tranflation  of  art.  i.  in  3  vols.     4.  **  Pour  &  tiontre,"  a  ' 

literary  journal,  1733,   and  continued  in  the  following  years,  I 

'20  vols.  x2mo.     5.  **  The  firft  volume  of  a  tranflation  of  Thu-  ' 

anus,"  i7-33>  4^^-  ^'  "  ^  tranflation  of  Dryden's  play,  All 
for  LtJve,""  17.3s-     7-  "  Le  Doyen  de  Kitlerine,"  1735,  o  vols.  j 

l2mo,  tranflated  into  Englifli,  3  vols.  i2mo«  uader  the  title  ef 
*^The  Dean  of  Coleraine."'     «.  "  Hiftory  oif  Margaret   of  I 

Anjou^"  :i7if=o>  2  vols.  j[2iTio,  tranflated  into  EngHfli^  2  vols. 
I2m.©-  -9.  "  Hifloire  de  une  Grecque  Modernej"  1741^  2  vols. 
1 2m6^  tranflated  intoEnglifli,  i  vol.  lamo.  jo.  -**  Campagnes 
Philofophiqiies^  ou  Memoires  de  M.  de  Montcalm^"  I74'^.>  2  vols. 
120fto^  part  hiftory,    and  part  fidtlon.     %l.  ^'  Memoires  pour  | 

fervir  a  hiftolre  de'Malthe,'"  ^742^  i2mo.  t,2.  ^*  Hiftoke  de 
GuiU^mele  ConquerentRoi  d'Angleterre,"  174^,  12010.     13.  ' 

.**  Voyages  du  Captaine  R.  Lade,*'  1744,  ?  ,vols..i2ma.  14. 
**  A  ^tranflatiofi  of  Cicero's  J^ette^s.  to  Brutus^"  with  notes.,  1744, 
'l2mo;  and  a  tranflation  of  his  F^fnlHar  Letters,  1746^  5  vols. 
i2mo.  15.  "  A  translation  of  Middleton s  Life  of  Cicero^" 
1743;  4  vols.  I2mq.  ,16..  "  Memoires  d'un  honneie  Homme," 
1745.  17.  "  Hiftoire  generale  des  Voyages^'*.  1745,,  &c.  <6 
vols,  4to,  and  64  vols.  ;i5tmo.  La  Harpe  has  abridged  this 
compilation  in  2 1. vols,  ^vo^  'he  has  aVfo  aaded,  Cooke's  ^voyages, 
f  8.  A  Djflionary  of  the  Frcinch  language,  1751,  8vQ.,  and  a  new 
edition,  ^  yoFs.  8 vo.  19,  and  20.  *^,  Clariffa  Haillo.we^*'  j[75i, 
12  parts;  and,  *'  ^ir  Charles  Grandifon,'*  8  parts,  7755^  both 
.tranflated  from  Richardfon.  21.  "  Le  JVloride  Moral,  I76p,-* 
4  vols-  i2mo.  22.  *^  A  tranflation  of  fume's  hiftory  of  the 
Stuarts,'*'  1^60,  3  vols.  4toi,  and  6  vpl^  .3t2mp..  yi3.  '^^  Me- 
frioires  pour  fervir  a  la  Hiftoire  ^e  I4  Vertu,"  1762, 4  vols.  ^2^mo^ 
tranflated  from  the  Englifh.  24-  *.'  Alinoran  ^nd  Haipet*  * 
tranflated  from  HawkefvVorth,,  1762,  2  vols,  i2mQ.  And,  2:5. 
'A  pdithumous  tranflation  from  ihe  Englifti,  entitled,  .^*  JL^ttof^ 
lie  Mentor^  a  uhejeune  Seigneur,  1764,"  J  2mo. 

PRJCiE'US,  or  PRICE  (John),  a  man  of  great  le^cnitig^ 
was  born  in  England,  and  flouriflied  in  thp  feyenteenth  century^ 
We  know  *but  few  4)articulafs  of  his  li-fe.  He  refided  fome*  years 
at  Paris,  and  publifhed  fome  books  there;  -but  left  it  through 
<!ifguft  in  1646,  when  he  .returned  to  England-  Aftej  having 
travelled  many  y-ears,  he  retired  to  Tlorence^  an^  there  turned 
flornan  Catholic.  He  died  at  Rome  in  1676,  after  having  pubi- 
jflbed  feveral  books,  in  which  he  difplayed  vaft  erudition.  He 
^vrdte  "  Notes  on  feveral  parts  ojf  the  Holy  Scripture;s :"  but 
liis  "  Notes  upon  the  Apology^"  and/'  Cornmentary  upon  the 
^etamorphofes  of  Apuleiiis,"  are  the  vvorks  for  which  he  i*  - 
iihiefly.  known.    The  former  were  publifhed  at, Paus  m  1635,, 


price;   '  365 

4x0:  the  latter  at  Tergoii,  1656,  in  8va,  aiidjell  now  with  us^ 
though  iris  not  eafy  to  fay  for  what  reafon,  at  a  very  cxtraor-r 
dinary.  price.  . 

PRICE  (Ric^iard),  an  eminent  dilTen'ting  minider,  and  poli- 
rical  \vTker,.isfaid  to  have  been  delcendedfroni  a  refpeSable  famil.)^ 
rri  Wales  [n].  He  had  an  uncle  who  was  ailiftant,  and  afterwards 
fucccflbr  to  the  ceTebrated"  Dr.  Ifaac^  Watts>  at  th^  mceting-houfe 
rn  Mark-lane,  for  the  term  of  forty-Eve  years,  and  died  the  2ilt 
of  April,  1756.  Dr.  Price  was  born  about  l\\e  year  1723,  and 
early  devoted  himfelf  to  the  miniftry,  to  which  objecS  his  lludies 
were  direftcd,  and  his  chief  induftry  applied.  *  At  the  ufaal  pe- 
riod he  was  ordained,  and  early  began  to  preach  at  Newmgton.. 
Though  in  the  latter  part  of  his^  life  he  became  Co  multifarious  -Jk 
writer,  it  appears  that  he  wis  near  forty  years  of  age  before  he 
was  known  to  the  public  as  aa  author.  'On  the  application  of  the 
Diffenting  Minifters  for  a  more  extenfive  toleration,  about  the 
year  1774,  the  do6!or  conceiving  that  the  committee  for  con- 
ducing it  departed  from  the  general  and  firft  principle  of  the 
Proteftant  Diflenters,  though  one  of  the  number,  wlth(tood  theni 
in  the  body,  and  divided  with  thofe  who  were  againft  any  tcft 
of  a  religions  nature,  as  the  condition  of  enjoying  the  prore(3iori 
of  the  magiftrate.  On  thrs  occafion  he  repeatedly  infilled,  that 
the  relief  prayed  for  in  th^  BHl,  ought  to  include  not  merely 
fome>  but  all  his  brethren,  by  the  repeal  of  the  penal  law^ 
againft  them,  on  their  giving  fuch  civil  fecurity  to  ^government 
as  is  required  of  other  fubje&s. 

He  was  elected  a  fellow  of  the  Royal  Society  fometime  about 
1764,  and  was ''a  frequent  contributor  to  the  Iranfadidns  pnb- 
liihed  by  that  body.  A  few  years  after,  he  was  Created  a  Dodlor 
of  Divinity.  In '1772,  he  commenced  his  political  career  bv 
his  **  Appeal  to  the  Public  on  the  Subje6!  of  the  National  Debt  ;^ 
and  in  1776  produced*his  celebrated  "  Obfervations  on  the  Na- 
ture of  Civil  Government,"  the  principles  of  which  have  encouh- 
tered  a  variety  of  opinions,  being,  both  extravagantly  praifed 
and  cenfured  ;  by  fome  efteemed  without  fault ;  while  by  others 
they  are  deemed  vifiouary  and  chimerical,  mrfchievous  in  their 
theory,  and  tending  in  their  effeft  to  the  unhinging  of  all  gc- 
vernment.  That  their  influence  was  very  great,  cannot  be 
denied;  but  that  their  author  was  firmly  perfuaded  of  their  ufe- 
fulnefs,  fccms  to  be  generally  believed  by  thofe  who  have  had 
the  bed  opport\*nities  of  knowing  his  fentiments.  For  writing 
this  pamphlet,  however,  he  had  the  honour  to  receive  the  thnnks 
of  the  court  of  Common-council  the  14th  of  March,  .1776,  af 
having  therein  **  laid  down  thofe  princiDles  upon  which  alone  the 
fiiprenrte  legiflative  authority  of  Great;-I>ritain  over  hef  Co]onie$ 

[k]  European  Magazine,  for  April,  1791 , 

could 


36$  PRl^F. 

could  be  julllly  orhcofffici^Hy. m^teine^.;  an* for  boWing  forth 
thofe  public  objeSs  withput  which  it  npuft  b«  totgjly  indifF<?rei>t, 
to  the  kingdom  who  were  in  or  who  were  out  of  power,"  With^ 
this  he  alfo  received  a  gold  l^ox  of  the  v^lue  of  fifty  poun4s. 

By  the  lift  of  his  works  it  will  app«3.r^  that  politics  did  notj 
entirely  engrofs  hi5  attention.     Th^.  duti(?&  of  bis  fiation  weie, 
not  neglefted.     H^  conftaatly  pr^aqb^to  his  congregation,  ajnd 
joined  to  his  political  ^eal  aji.  irreproachably  private  life.     Hi^ 
character j  by  the  tejimonies  of  his  friends;,  was.  vety  apliablc^ 
It  has  been  ^ven  faid  tp  be  draw3.by  Mr^.  Cba|)orje,  in  her  Mif-i 
cellanies,  in  the  fiallowlng  terms^  ui\dei»  the  nacae  qf  Sinaplicius* 
**  While  the  vain  man  is  painfully  ftriving  to  outftine  4II  thq 
company  and  to  attraft  their  ^tniratipa  by  falf©  wit,  fpj;ced 
compliments^  and  ftudied  graces^  be  aiwft  furely  be  cQOjjti6cd  to 
obferve  how  conftantly  SimpUcms,  engages  th<;ir,  attejntton^  refpeft, 
and  complacency,  without  having  onc;e  thought  of  himfelf  as^ 
perfon  of  any  confequQnce  amongft  tbenj..— «S/w^/fV/«j  in?partf 
his  fuperior  knowledge,  when  called  uppft,  as  eafily  a?id  patu^r 
rally  as  he  would  tell  yovi  what  it  is  o'clock  ;  aaid  with  tha  tame 
readinefs  and  good-will  informs  tbe  moft  ignorant,  or  confers 
with  the  moft  learned,.     He  is  as  willing  to  regeive  inforcnatLon, 
as  to  give  it,  and  to  join  the  company,  fo  far  as  he  Is'able,  in 
the  moft  trifling  converfation  into  which  they  may  happen  tq 
fall,  as  in  the  moft  ferious  or  fiiblime.     If  he  difputcs,  it  i$ 
Vvith  as  much  candour  on  the  moft,  important  and  intercfting,  a$ 
i)n  the  moft  infignificant  fubjeds  ;  and  he.  is  not  l.efs  patient  in 
hearing  than  in  anfwering  hi*  qn-tagonift.     If  you  t^lk  to  him  of 
bimfclf,  or  his  works,  he  accepts  praifc,  01  acknowledges  de* 
fe£b,  with  equal  mqeknefs,  ajid  it  il  injpoflibl.e  to  fufpeft  him 
of  affeftation  in  either.     Wc  are  more  obliged  and  gratified  by 
the  plain,  unexaggerated  exprefllons  of  his  regard,  than  by.  th^ 
compliments  and  attentions  of  tlve  moft  accomplilhed  pattern  of 
high  breecjing ;   becaufe   his  benevolence   and  fincerity  are  fo 
ftrongly  marked  in  every  look,  word,  and  aSioji,  that  we  are 
convinced  his  civilities  are  offered  for  our  fakes,  ^ot  for  his  own; 
and  arc  the  natural  efFe(S§  of  real  kindnefs,  not  the  ftudied  orna-r 
ments  of  behaviour.     Every  one  is  defuous  to  fliew  him  kind- 
nefs  in  return,  which  we  know  will  be  accepted  juft  4s  it  is 
meant.     All  are  ready  to  pay  him  that  deference  which  he  doei^ 
not  defire,  and  to  give  him  credit  for  more  than  he  affumes,  or 
even  for  mgre  than  he  poffeffes.    With  a  perfon^ ungraceful,  and 
with  manners  unpoljfhed  by  the  world,  .his  behaviour  is  always 
proper,  eafy,  and  refpe(9,able ;  as  free  from  conftraint  and  fer- 
vility  in  the  higheft  company,  as  from  haughtin£»fs  ^nd  infolencf 
in  the  Iqweft.     His  dignity  arife$  from  his  humility;  >nd  tht 
fwectnefs,  gemlenefs,  arid  franknefe  of  his  manners,  from  the 

real 


ii^fp^oipn^  io  -^U  t^^  (e^eflhefs  of  m\\  without  a^y  p^%d  oi 
iiigviFc  or  ornipi^nt,"  fu  89.  It.nj^ji  l^e  cQnftdered  ajs.  ^  pi;QQ^ 
^f  his  gppdn^fs.'  cif  tc^nipei',  th?t  h'axijT^  married  \x\  ^arly  life  4 
hHy  of  th^  ^(khlilhe^  chgreh,  the  vsid^  difFere.nc;.^  in  their  ^x\i^y 
cipks  never  ppduQ^d^ajny  <Jifagrcement  qt  s^U^nation  of  ^iffc^^QCi 
btjlween  th^.qi.  JHc ;v>:9;s  a  vyidower  feveral  ye^rs  before  his  dei^jhi 
ayd  left.  h.is  fortune  to  a  fifter  and  two  nephew^.  Pr.  Price;  w.s^s 
nipit  9nVy  ^,f(»^ll()w  of  ..the  ?.oyal  So^ie.ty,'  but  alio  of  the  acadcicaj 
9f  Arts,  ;^nd  Seienc<?^  in  New  Eq^Und.  H©  die,d»  ija  hisi  fij^tj^'- 
^igbtb  y^r,  orv,the  19th.  of  Ma^cK  1/9 *• 
;  Xh^  £<3iHo.wing  is  %  lift  of  hU  works ;  i.  "  A  R-eview  of  tht^ 
grinqipal  (^^ftioiis  ancl  Difficulties,  ui  Morals  ;  partigi^l^rly  thgfd 
lelating  tQ  the  Oj-igip^l  of  our  Ideas  of  Virtue,  its.  NaUixe,  Foun^ 
d.atioa.  Reference  tath^  Deity,  Obligation,^  Suhje<3:  Mattei;,  ai)4 
Sa9<5ic>n$,"  8vo,  1758,  2-  ^*  Britain's  Happineifs  apt}  the  Proper 
Improvement  of  it,  regrefented  in  a  Sernioo  prqaghed  a,t  N^wing^ 
tgnr.Gfecn,  Middl^fex,  oaNov.  29, 1759,  baling  the  day  appointed 
(jpr^  General  Thafll^fgiving,"  8vo,  1759.  3,  "  I'hje  Naturo 
^a  pignity  of  the  Hilijiaa  Soul.  A  Sermon  p^ea^hed  ^J  St* 
Xhw\a^>»/}an.,  i,  176.6^  for  the  Beaefit  of  the  yharity-fchac^ 
^  Gr^v<^-4apq^  Southwark,"  8v:o>  1766.  4..  *^  Foiir  Dlff^x-x 
^i^o?*'  1-  On  Pi:ovi(}cnjce,  2.  Gh>  grayer.  3.  Qn, the  Rev^ 
fon^.for  expe£ljng,that  Viriuous  Met]  (ball  meet  ^(tec  Ck^tli.  in,a^ 
St^e  of  Happincls.  4.  On  tlie  Importance  of  Chriftiari.ty,  the; 
Hahire?  qf  tiiftprical  Evidence  an4  M*iraclc,"  8vo»  1767.  5. 
"The  Vapity,.  Mifery.,  and  Infgimy  of  KnowlecJg^>  withoji^ 
fu^tal^le  Pr'aftiqe.  A  Sermon  preached  at  Hackney,  Nov.  4^ 
1^770/'  8vo,  1770-  0^  '*  ObCervations  on  Revcrfionary  Pay- 
ments, Aqnyitjcs,  &c."  8yx?,  1771.  7.  *'  An  Appeal  to  th^ 
Vublic  pn  thx;  S.ub>e<Ji  of  the -NatLon^il  Debt,"  8vo,,  1772.  8^ 
Tbe  lame  Paiiiphlet,  ib^  Third  Edition,  wj.rh  a.  Preface,  con-, 
truing  fairther  Ql^fcrv.atipns  on  the  Natigpal.  D.bt,  4^c.  Alfcj 
a  Poftfcrjpt,  comaiaing  an  Accjount  of  th^  I.nfliju^cQ.e:  of  tl^ci 
djff^ent  States,  of  Civ.il  Society  qn  Population,  &c-  S^vo,  1 77 J.. 
9.  "  Obfervations  on  the  Nature  of  Civil  Liberty,  the  PrincU 
^le^.of  Qcv^rojneat;  andthft  Ji4fti<;c  and  Policy  gf  the.  War 
wi^i,  Af^^i:i«;ar  -  To  vyjiich  is  ^dded^^n  Appendix,  qontainipg  ai 
State  of  the  Natipo^  Pebt,  an  EiUmate  gf  th^  Money  drawnt 
.fron:^  the*Publ,iq  bji  the  Tax^s,  a^d  a;i.  Ac.<?oi;nt  of  thq  National^ 
^pcpmeand  5^penditi^;:e.  fince  th^  laft  War,^'  8vo>  ?77^-  IQ5 
^/Additipnal  OblervatigyajS  otn  the  Naturq  and  Value  o,f  Civil 
Liberty,  and  thet  War  with  AtT^erica,r  §«;."  Stw?,  J777-  IX^ 
''Jntrodu^lon  a;>d  §uppj^qent.  to.  the.  ab;?ve  two  Traj3,5.  qjv 
Qiyil  It^ibi^rty^  &;^/'  8*^^  177.%  iz.  ''  A  free  'I^lfciiirvpa,  qC 
the  Dodlrines  of  Materiallfm  a;ii  ?hiIofQghiqaji,  N^eji^^ty^^  in..af 
'.'•.-'  .       •'  "Corrc'fi 


36%  PRICE. 

Corrcfpondcncc  between  Dr.  Price  iiDd  Dr.  PriefBer,"S¥t>,  ?23*' 
13,  "  A  Sermon  delivered  to  a  congregaiion  of  rrotcftam.tfcr- 
fentcrs  at  Hackney,  on  the  loth  of  February^  I779>  bcix^g  the 
Day  appointed  for  a  General  Faft,"  8vo,  1779.  14.  '*  An 
Eflay  on  the  prcfent  State  of  Population  in  England  and  Wales," 
prefixed  to  a  Treatife  on  Annuities,  by  his  nephew,  Mr.  Mor* 

f;an,  1779.  IS-  "An  EfTay  ort  the  Population  of  Englaftd, 
rom  the  Revolution  to  the  prefent  Time.  With  an  Appendix, 
containing,  Remarks  on  the  Account  of  the'  Population,  Trade, 
and  Refourccs  of  the  Kingdom,  in  Mr,  Eden's  Letter  to  Lord 
Carlifle,"  8vo,  1780.  16.  "  A  Difcourfe  addrefTed  to  a  Con*  ^ 
jregation  at  Hackney,  Feb.  21, 178 1.  Being  the  Day  appointed 
or  a  Public' Faft,"  8vo,  1781.  17.  "  The  State  of^he  Public 
Debts  arid  Finances,  at  Signing  the  Preliminary  Articles  of  Peace 
in  January,  1783. — ^With  a  Plan  for  raifing  Money  by  Public 
Loans,  and  for  Redeeming  the  Public  Debts,"  8vo,  X781.  18^ 
**^  Obfervations  on  Rcverfionary  Payments,  With  a  Poilfcript  on 
the  Population  of  the  Kingdom,*'  in  enlarged  edition ;  2  vols. 
8vo,  1783.  19.  ^'Poftfcript  to  a  Pamphlet  by  Dr.  Price,  on  the  . 
State  of  tide  Public  Debts  and  Finances,  at  fignmg  the  Preliminary 
Articles  of  Peace,  in  Jan.  1783,"  8vo,  1784.  20. "  Obfervations  oa 
the  Importance  of  the  American  Revolution,  and  the  Means  of 
making  it  a  Benefit  to  the  World,**  8vo,  1785.  21.  *^  Sermons 
on  the  Chriftian  Doftrine,  as  received  by  the  diflferent  Denomi- 
nations of  Chriftians;  to  which  are  added.  Sermons  on  the  Se- 
curity and  Happinefs  of  a  virtuous  Courfe,^  on  the  Goodnefs  pf 
God,  and  on  the  RefurreSion  of  Lazarus,"  8vo,  1787.  22.' 
*•  A  Difcourfe  on  the  Love  of  our  Country.  ♦  Delivered  Nov. 
4,  1789,  at  the  Old  Jewry,  to  the  Revolution  Society."  On 
this  Sermon,  wherein  the  dofior  pretends  that  the  Rcvolutioa 
eftablilhed  a  right  in  the  people,  to  cafhier  their  governors  for. 
mifconduft,  fome  very  fcvere  remarks  were  made  by  Mr.  Burke, 
in  his  celebrated  letter  on  the  French  Revolution.  Th^fe  are 
fhid  to  have  been  ftrongly  felt  by  Dr.  Price,  and  produced,  23. 
"  A  Poftfcript,  occafioned  by  Mr.  Burke's  Reflexions,"  8vo, 

The  value  of  the  political  and  religious  yirorks  of  Dr.  rriee, 
men  will  cftimate  difierently ,  as  they  happen  to  be  infefted  or  not 
by  thofe  principles  which,  by  exaggerating  the  true  aijd  excellent 
doftrines  of  liberty,,  have  proved,  in  the  prefent  age,  the  banc* 
of  Chriftianity,  and  the  fcourge  of  human  nature.  *  That  he 
tvas  fincere  and  well-intentioned  in  his  adoption  and  recom- 
mendation of  them,  tficre  is  not  any  reafon  to  doubt.  As  a  caU 
culator  on  political  queftions,  when  he  did  not  take  pp  hjs  data' 
frompartial  documents,  which  flattered  Ms  preconceived  opinions^ 
he  was  acute,  profound,  and  able.  -  *  * 

*•  '  '-  PRIDEAUX 


PRIDEAUX.  369 

PRIDEAUX  (John),  a  learned  Englifli  bifliop,  was  born  at 
Stowford  in  Devonfliire,  1578  [o].  His  father  being  in  mean  cir- 
cumftances,  and  having  a  numerous  family,  young  Prideaux,  after 
he  had  learned  to  write  and  read,  flood  candidate  for  the  parifh 
clerkfliip  of  Ugborow,  near  Harford:  but,  being  difappointed,  a 
gentlewoman  of  the  parifli  maintained  him  at  fchool,  till  he  had 
gained  feme  knowledge  of  Latin.  Then  he  travelled  on  foot 
to  Oxford,  and  at  firft  lived  in  a  very  mean  (lation  in  Exeter  col- 
lege, doing  fervile  offices  in  the  kitchen,  and  profccuting  his  ftudtes 
at  leifure-hours;  till  at  lad  he  was  taken  notice  of  in  the  college^ 
and  admitted  a  member  of  it  in  1596.  He  took  the  degrees  in 
arts  an<l  divinity;  was  greatly  diftinguiflied  by  his  abilities  and 
learning;  and,  after  having  been  fome  years  fellow,  was,  in 
1612,  chofen  refior  of  his  college.  In  1615,  ^^  ^'^^  made' 
regius  profeflTor  of  divinity,  by  virtue  of  which  place  he  became 
canon  of  Chrift-Church,  and  redor  of  Ewelme  in  Oxfordfhire  ; 
and  afterwards  difcharged  the  office  of  vice-chancellor  for  feveral 
years.  In  1641,  he  was  advanced  to  the  bifhopric  of  Wor- 
cefter ;  but,  by  reafon  of  the  national  troubles,  which  had  then 
commenced,  received  little  or  no  profit  from  it,  and  becanur 
greatly  impoveriflied :  for,  adhering  ftedfaflly  to  the  king*s  caufe^ 
and  excommunicating  all  thofe  of  his  diocefe,  who  took  up  arm$ 
againil  him,  he  was  plundered  and  reduced  to  fuch  flraits,  as  to 
be  forced  to  fell  his  excellent  library.  He  died  of  a  fever  at 
Bredon  in  Worceflerfhire,  at  the  houfe  of  his  fon-in-law  ,Dr*  . 
Henry  Sutton,  in  1650;  leaving  to  his  children  no  legacy,  but 
**  pious  poverty,  God's  bleffing,  and  a  father's  prayers,**  as  tho 
words  of  his  will  are,  Cleiveland  the  poet  wrote  an  elegy  upon 
his  death.  He  was  a  man  of  very  great  learning,  and  of  as 
great  humility ;  for  he  ufed  often  to  fay,  after  his  advancement, 
"  if  I  could  have  been  clerk  of  Ugborow,  I  had  never  been 
bifhop  of  Worcefter."  .  He  was  the  author  of  a  great  number 
of  works,  written  many  of  them  in  Latin. 

PRIDEAUX  (Humphrey),  an  Englifli  divine  of  excellent 
abilities  and  learning,  was  born  at  Padftow  in  Cornwall,  May  3, 
1648  [p] ;  being  the  third  fon  of  Edmund  Prideaux,  efq;  by 
Bridget  daughter  of  John  Moyle  of  Bake  in  the  faid  county,  and 
aunt  to  the  late  learned  and  ingenious  Walter  Moyle,  efq. 
Being  a  younger  brother,  he  was  defigned  for  the  church  ;  and, 
after  being  initiated  in  the  languages  at  a  private  fchool  or  two 
in  Cornwall,  he  was  moved  thence  to  Weftminfter,  where  he 
continued  under  Dr.  Bufby  three  years.  Being  a  king's  fcholar, 
he  was  eleSed  to  Chrift-Church,  Oxford,  in  1668,  and  foon 
after  admitted  fludent  by  Dr.  Fell.     He  took  a  bachelor  of  arts 


(:! 


Ptince*s  Worthies'  of  Dcronfhirc.     Wood's  Athen.— Gen.  Di€t.  in  voce. 


Get».  Did.  from  Memoirs  by  his  fon  Edmund  Prideaux^  Efq*}— Life  of  Prideaux, 
1748^  >^o. 

Vqi..  XIL  Bb  degree 


370  PRIDfiAl^X:. 

degree  in  1672,  and  a  mailer's  in  1676 :  in  which  year  he  pu&^ 
liihed  a  commentary  upon  the  infcriptions  on  the  Arttndclian 
marbles,  in  folio.  The  title  runs  thus ;  "  Marmora'Oxonienfiar 
€K  Arundellianisy  Seldenianis^  aliifque  conflata,  cym  perpetuo 
commcntario."  The  "  Marmora"  had  been  publiflied  by  Selden, 
in  1629,  4t09  to  which  Prideaux  now  made  feveral  additions! 
but,,  his  book  [qJ  fuffering.  much  in  {faffing  through  the  prefs,  a 
more  corre6k  edition  was  undertaken  and  printed  by  Michael 
Maittaire,  in  1732,  folio.  Prideaux,  though  he  never  efteemed 
this  early  produftion,  yet  gained  great  reputation  by  it ;  and 
being  ordered  to  prefent  a  copy  of  ft  to  the  lord  chancellor  Finch, 
afterwards  earl  of  Nottingham,  was  thereby  introduced  to  the 
patronage  of  that  nobleman,  who  foon  after  fent  a  fon  to  be  his- 
pupil,  and  in  1679  prefented  him  to  the  redory  of  St.  Clements 
near  Oxford.  The  fame  year,  he  publi(hed  two  trafts  of  **  Mai- 
monides,"  with  a  Latin  verfion  and  notes,  under  the  title  of,. 
**  Dc  Jure  Pauperis  &  Peregrini  apud  Judaeos,*'  in  4to.  Ha 
had  lately  been  appointed  Hebrew  lefturer,  upon  the  foundatioi* 
of  Dr.  Bufby,  in  the  college  of  Chrift.  Church  ;  and  his  view  in 
printing  thefe  tra£U  was,  to  introduce  young  ftudents  in  the 
Hebrew  language  to  the  knowledge  of  the  Rabbinical  dialeft. 

In  1681,  the  lord  chancellor  Finch  beftowed  on  him  a  pre- 
bend in  the  church  of  Norwich  ;  and,  Feb.  1683,  he  was  infti- 
tuted  into  the  re<aory  of  Bladen  cum  capella  de  Woodftock,  iti- 
Oxfordibire.  He  took  a  doflior  of  divinity's  degree  at  the  public 
aft,  in  1686;  and  having  exchanged  his  living  of  Bladen,  for 
that  of  Soham-Tony  in  Norfolk,  as  foon  as  the  aft  was  over,  he 
left  Oxford,  and  fettled  upon  his  prebend  of  Norwich*  He  had 
married  a  gentlewoman  of  good  family  the  year  before.  The 
Papifts  being  now  very  aftive>  and  "  the  validity  of  the  orders^ 
ef  the  church  of  England"  being  the  point  chiefly  objefted  to 
by  thofe  about  Norwich,  he  publiflied  a  book  upon  it  in  i688> 
which  was  reprinted  in  I7I5«  In  1689,  a  convocation  beiftg 
called^  he  publiflied  his  thoughts  upon  the  fubjeft  then  in  dif- 

fute,  in  "  A  Letter  to  a  Friend."  In  1691,  upon  the  death  of 
)r.  Pococke,  the  Hebrew  profefforfliip  at  Oxford  was  offered 
to  him :  but  he  refufed  it,  though  hie  afterward  repented  of  his 
jefufal.  In  1697,  he  publiflied  "  The  Life  of  Mahomet,"  in 
8vo,  which  was  Co  well  received,  that  three  editions  of  it  were 
fold  the  firft  year.  This  "  Life'*  was  only  a  part  of  a  greater 
work,  which  heliad  long  defigned  to  write ;  namely,  **  A  Hif- 
tory  of  the  Saracen  Empire,"  and  with  it,  *^  The  Decay  jmd 
Fall  of  Chriftianity  in  the  Eaft :"  {r]  but,  for  certain  reafons,, 
he  dropped  this  defign,  and  only  publiflied  that  part  which  ccm- 
tained  the  "  Life  of  Mahomet ;"  to  which  te  annexed  **  A 

[<I  See  Maittai&k.  £1]  Pre&oi  t»  the  Life  of  Mahomet. 

L«tet 


PRIDEAUX.  J71 

Letter  to  the  Deifts,"  wherein  he  undertook  to  prove  the  truth 
of  Chriftianity,  by  contrafting  it  with  the  impoftures  of  Maho- 
met ifm. 

In  1702,' he  was  niade  dean  of  Norwich.  He  publiflied, 
*'  The  Original  Right  of  Tythes,"  **  Diredions  for  Church- 
Wardens,"  and  other  fmall  pieces  for  the  fervice  of  the  church; 
but  his  great  work  was,  **  The  Conneflion  of  the  Hiftory 
of  the  Old  and  New  Teftament ;"  the  firft  part  of  which  was 
publilhed  in  1715,  the  fecond  in  1718.  Both  parts  were  received 
with  the  greateft  approbation,  and  went  through  eight  editions 
at  London,  befides  two  or  three  at  Dublin,  before  the  end  of 
1720.  This  hiftory  takes  in  the  affairs  of  Egypt,  Aflyria,  and 
all  the  other  eaftern  nations,  as  well  as  the  Jews ;  and  likewife 
thofe  of  Greece  and  Rome,  as  far  as  was  neceflary  for  giving  a 
diftind  view  of  the  completion  of  the  prophecies,  which  relate  to 
the  times  comprehended  in  the  hiftory.  The  author  has  alfo  fet 
in  the  clcareft  light  fome  paflages  of  prophane  hiftory,  which  before 
lay  difperfed  and  buried  in  confufion:  and  there  appears  through-^ 
out  the  whole  work  fuch  an  amiable  fpirit  of  fincerity  and  can* 
<lour,  as  fufficiently  atones  as  well  for  the  few  miftakes  which 
efcaped  his  diligence,  as  for  fome  weaknefles  arifing  from  his 
complexion  and  nature.  The  author  of  <^  Cato's  Letters"  had 
certainly  no  prejudices  in  favour  of  Prideaux,  or  of  his  work  ; 
yet  he  ftyles  it  **  A  body  of  univerfal  hiftory  [s],  written  with  fuch 
capacity,  accuracy,  induftry,  and  honefty,  as  make  it  one  of  th6 
beft  books  that  ever  came  into  the  world,  and  (hew  htm  to  be 
one  of  the  greatcft  men  in  it.  '  No  book  was  ever  more  univer- 
fally  read  and  approved :  it  is,  indeed,  a  great  public  fervice 
done  to  mankind,  and  intitles  the  author  to  the  higheij  public 
gratitude  and  honour.  JBut  though  I  never  faw  any  great  work, 
to  which  I  found  fewer  objeflions,  yet  as  a  memorable  proof 
how  infeparably  miftakes  and  prejudices  cleave  to  the  mind  of 
man,  the  great  and  candid  Dr.  Prideaux  is  not  without  them. 
I*  therefore  do  not  upbraid  him  with  them,  but  rather  admire 
him  for  having  fo  few.  There  are,  however,  fome  of  his  theo- 
logical obfervations,  which  feem  to  me  not  only  ill-grounded, 
but  to  have  a  tendency  to  create  in  his  readers  wrong  notions  of 
the  Deity, .  and  to  encourage  them  to  miftake  the  com/non  acci- 
dents erf  life,  andthc  common  events  of  nature,  for  judgen^cnts^ 
and  to  apply  them  fuperftttioufly'as  fuch."  "t'here  are  letters 
between  the  dean  and  his  coufirv  ]\fr.  Moyte,  conccrnirig  fome 
paffages  in  thi§  **  ConneSion,  ticJ^  printed  in  the  ***Nmcella- 
«eous  Works'*  of  the  latter- 
He  had  been  feized  with  the  calamitous  diftdrnper  of  thi'  ftone 
in  I J 10^  and  was  cut  for  it  in  1712 ;  but  being  u'nfl&tlfulljr  ni^« 

B  b  a  i^gtd 


371  PRIMATICCIO. 

Diged  afterwards,  the  parts  became  fo  miferabty  mangled  an^ 
torn,  that  he  was  obliged  ever  after  to  void  his  urine  through 
the  orifice  where  the  ftone  was  extra £led.  He  was  carried  tq 
London,  however,  and,  by  the  affiftance  of  an  able  furgeon, 
recovered  fuch  a  (hare  of  good  health,  as  to  purfue  his  ftudies : 
and  he  tells  us  himfelf,  that  [t  j,  "  though  he  was  driven  out  of 
the  pulpit,  and  difabled  from  that  duly  of  his  profeflion,  yet, 
that  he  might  not  be  altogether  ufekfs,  he  undertook  his  •  Con- 
lie£lion,'  &c."  About  a  year  before  his  death,  he  was  taken  with 
an  illnefs,  which  confined  hrra  wholly  to  his  chamber,  and  he 
expired  Nov.  i,  1724.  He  was  tall,  well-built,  and  of  a  ftrong 
and  r6bu{l  conflitution :  his  parts  were  rery  good,  folid  raiher 
than  lively;  and  his  judgement  excellent.  As  a  writer,  he  is 
clear,  ftrong,  intelligent,  and  learned. 

PRIMATICCIO  (Francesco),  an  eminent  Italian  painter, 
was  defcended  from  a  noble  family  in  Bologna.     His  friends, 

Eerceiving  that  he  had  a  ftrong  inclination  for  defign,  permitted 
im  to  goto  Mantua,  where  he  was  fix  years  a  difciple  of  Julio 
Romano.  In  this  time  he  became  fo  flcilful,  that  he  reprefented 
battles  in  ftucco  and  bafTo  relievo,  better  than  any  of  the  young 
painters  at  MantUa,  who  were  Julio  Romano's  pupils.  He 
affifted  Julio  Romano  in  executing  his  defigns ;  and  Francis  h 
fending  to  Rome  for  a  man  that  underfto  d  working  in  flucco, 
Primaticcio  was  the  perfon  chofen  for  this  fervice.  The  king 
put  fuch  a  confidence  in  him,  that  he  fent  him  to  Rome  to  buy 
antiques,  in  1540;  and  he  brought  back  a  hundred  and  four- 
fcore  ftatues,  with  a  great  number  Of  bufts.  He  had  moulds 
made  by  Giacomo  Baroccio  di  Vignola,  of  the  ftatues  of  Venus, 
Laocoon,  Commodus,  the  Tiber,  the  Nile,  the  Cleopatra  at 
Belvidere,  and  Trajan's  pillar,  in  order  to  have  them  caft  in 
brafs.  After  the  death  of  Roflo,  he  fucceeded  him  in  the  place 
of  fuperintendant  of  the  buildings ;  and  in  a  little  time  finiflied 
the  gallery,  which  his  predeceffor  had  begun.  He  brought  fo 
many  ftatues  of  marble  and  brafs  to  Fontainbleau,  that  it  feemed 
another  Rome,  a,s  well  for  the  number  of  the  antiques,  as  for 
his  own  works  in  painting  and  in  ftucco.  He  was  fo  much 
cfteemed  in  France,  that  nothing  of  any  confequence  was  done 
without  him,  which  had  relation  to  painting  or  building.  He 
direSed  the  preparations  for  all  feftivals,  tournaments,  and  maf- 
querades..  He  Anias  jnade  abbot  of  St.  Martyr's  at  Trbgei,  and 
lived  with  fuch  fplendour,  that'' he  Was  tefpedlcd  as  a  courtier  as 
well  as  a  painfer.  He  and  Rdflb  taught  the  French  a  good 
ftyle  ;  for,  before  their  time,"  what  they  had  done  in  the  arts  was 
yery  inconfidera.ble,  and  had  fomething  of  the  Gothic  in  it.  He 
died  in  a  good  old  age,  having  been  favoured  and  "carefled  in 
four  reigns."  *      '  •:-■*. 

.  '    ^'^ •        "       ^-  -  ^        PRINCE 


PRINGLE.  i73 

PRINCE  DE  BEAUMONT  (Madame  le),  a  French  lady, 
a  native  of  Rouen,  who,  f (  r  the  gn  a  er  part  i  f  her  life,  was  cm- 
ployed  in  England,  to  prelide  over  ihc  ed  cation  of  ladies ;  and 
has  left  the  fulleft  proof  of  her  excelTent  talents  for  inftruSion, 
in  many  works  which  have  been  .univerfally  approved  both  here 
and  in  France.  Her  books  difplay  a  wonderful  (kill  in  making 
inftru6lion  atnaflive  and  delightful ;  and  form  in  part  a  confc- 
cutive  feries  entitled  *'  Le  Magafm  des  Enfans;"  "  Le  Maga- 
fin  des  Adolcfjentes;"  and  "  L*Education  compl(6te.*'  There 
is  alfo  "  Le  Magafin  des  pauvres/'  Moft  of  thefe  are  writtea 
in  the  form  of  dialogues,  in  which  the  fpeakers  are  young  per- 
fons  of  the  a^t  of  thofe  intended  to  be  taught.  She  produced 
alfo  fome  good  novels,  as  *'  Lettres  d'Eraerance  a  Lucie;" 
**  Les  Memoircs  de  Madame  de  Batteville  ;'*  and  "  Les  Lettres 
-de  Madame  du  Montier,"  which  have  been  more  fuccefsful  than 
the  reft,  and  have  very  lately  appeared  in  an  Englifh  tranflation, 
'Mad.  le  Prince  gives  the  beft  counfels  without  pedantry,  and 
interefts  the  heart  without  enervating  it.     She  died  in  1780. 

PRINGLE  (Sir  John),  baronet,  prefident  of  the  Royal 
Society,  was  born  at  S^chel-houfe,  in  the  county  of  Roxburgh, 
North  Britain,  April  10,  1707  fu].  His  father  was  fir  Joha 
Pringle,  of  Stichel,  bart.  and  Tiis  mother,  whofe  name  was 
Magdalen  Eliott,  was  fift«r  to  fir  Gilbert  Eliott,  of  Stobs,  bart. 
Both  the  families  from  which  he  defcended  were  very  ancient 
and  honourable  in  the  fouth  of  Scotland,  and  were  in  great 
efteem  for  their  attachment  to  the  religion  and  liberties  of  their 
country,  and  for  their  piety  and  virtue  in  private  life.  He  was  the 
youngcft  of  fcveral  fpns,  three  of  whom,  befides  himfelf,  arrived 
to  years  of  maturity.  His  grammatical  education  he  received, 
at  home,  under  a  private  tutor ;  and  after  having  made  fijch  a 
progrefs  as  qualified  him  for  academical  fludies,  he  was  removed, 
to  the  univerfity  of  St.  Andrew  *s,  where  he  was  put  under  th^ 
immediate  care  of  Mr.  Francis  Pringle,  profeflTor  of  Greek  in 
the  college,  and  a  near  relation  of  his  father.  Having  continued 
there  fome  years,  he  went  to  Edinburgh  in  0&.  1727,  for  the 
purpofe  of  ftudying  phyfic,  that  being  the  profeffion  which  he 
now  determined  to  follow.  At  Edinburgh,  however,  he  stayed 
only  one  year,  the  reafon  of  which  was,  that  he  was  defirous  of 
going  to  Leyden,  at  that  time  the  moft  celebrated  fchool  of 
medicine  in  Europe.  Boerhaave,  who  had  brought  that  univer- 
fity into  reputation,  was  confiderably  advanced  in  years,  and 
Mr.  Pringle  was  unwilling,  by  delay,  to  expofe  himfelf  to  the 
danger  of  lofing  the  benefit  of  that  great  man's  ledlures.  For 
Boerhaave  he  had  a  high  and  juft  refpeft :  but  it  was  not  his 
difpofition  and  chara^er  to  become  the  implicit  and  fyftematic 

[u]  Zfondon  Mag.  ^om  his  USz  by  Dr.  Kippis. 

B  b  3  follower 


374  PRINGLE. 

follower  of  any  man,  however  able  and  diftinguifhcd.  While 
he  Audied  at  Leydert,  he  contrafted  an  intimate  frjendlhip  with 
Van  Swieten,  who  afterwards  became  fo  famous  at  Vienna,  Both 
by  ^is  praftice  and  writings.  Van  Swieten  was  not  only 
Pringle's  acquaintance  and  fellow- (Indent  at  the  univerfity,  but 
alfo  his  phyifician,  when  he  happened  to  be  feized  there  with  a 
fit  of  ficknef?.  Neverthelcfs,  he  did  not  owe  his  recovery  to  his 
friend's  advice ;  for  Van  Swieten  having  refufed  to  give  him  the 
bark,  another  pcrfon  prefcribed  it,  and  he  was  curtd.  When 
he  had  gone  through  his  proper  courfe  of  ftudies  at  Leyden,  he 
was  admitted,  July  20,  1730,  to  his  doSor  of  phyfic's  degree. 
His  inaugural  ditiertation,  ^/  De  marcore  fenili,"*was  printed. 
Upon  quitting  Leyden,  Dr.  Pringle  fettled  as  a  phyfician  at 
Edinburgh,  where  he  gained  the  elteem  of  the  magiitrates  of  the 
City,  and  of  the  profeifors  of  the  college,  by  his  abilities  and 
good  conduit:  and,  fuch  was  his  known  acquaintance  with 
ethical  fubjedts,  that,  March  28,  1734,  he  was  appointed,  by 
the  magiftratcs  and  council  of  the  city  of  Edinburgh,  to  be  joint 
profeffor  of  pneumatics  and  moral  philofophy  with  Mr.  Scott, 
during  the  life  of  Mr.  Scott,  and  fole  profeHor  after  hisdeceafe; 
and,  in  confequence  of  this  appointment.  Dr.  Pringle  was  ad- 
mitted, on  the  fame  day,  a  member  of  the  univerfity.  In  dif- 
charging  the  duties  of  this  new  employment,  his  text-book  was 
"  PufFendorfF  de  Officio  Hominis  et  Civis:"  agreeably  to  the 
method  he  purfued  through  life,  c^  making  faft  and  experiment 
the  bafis  of  fcience.  Dr.  Pringle  continued  in  the  praflice  of 
phyfk  at  Edinburgh,  and  in  performing  the  obligations  of  his 
profeflbrfhip,  till  1742,  when  he  was  appointed  phyfician  to 
the  earl  of  Stair,  who  then  commanded  the  Briiifti  army.  -For 
this  appointment  he  was  chiefly  indebted  to  his  friend  Dr.-  Ste- 
venfon,  an  eminent  phyfician  at  Edinburgh,  who  had  an  intimate 
acquaintance  with  lord  Stair.  By  the  interefl  of  this  nobleman. 
Dr.  Pringle  was  conftituted,  Aug.  24,  1742,  phyfician  to  the 
military  hofpitaJ  in  Flanders;  and  it  was  provided  in  the  com- 
miflion,  that  he  fhould  receive  a  falary  of  twenty  fhillings  ^-day, 
and  be  entitled  to  half-pay  for  life.  He  did  not,  on  this  occa- 
lion,  refign  his  profefTorfhip  of  moral  philofophy:  the  univerfity 
permitted  him  to  retain  it,  and  raeilVs.  Muirhead  and  C leghorn 
were  allowed  to  teach  in.  his  abfence,  as  long  as  he  continued  to 
requeft  it.  The  exemplary  attention  which  Dr.  Fi^ingle  paid  to 
his  duty  as  an  army  phyfician,  is  apparent  from  every  page  of 
his  "  Treatife  on  the  Difeafes  of  the  Army."  One  thing,  how- 
ever, deferves  particularly  to  be  mentioned,  as  it  is  highly  pro- 
bable that  it  was  owing  to  his  fuggeftion.  It  had  hitherto  been 
ufual,  for  the  fecurity  of  the  fick,  when  the  enemy  was  near,  to 
remove  them  a  great  way  from  the  camp ;  the  confequence  of 
which  was,  that  many  were  loft  before  they  came  under  the 

care 


PRINGLE.  575 

!  «f  the  ptiyficians.  The  earl  of  Stair,  bring  fenfible  of  this 
evil,  propoied  to  the  duke,  de  Noatlles,  when  the  army  was 
encamped  at  AfchafFenburg,  in  17439  that  the  hofpitals  on  jboth 
fides  (hould  be  confidered  as  fanduaries  for  the  fick,  and  mutu- 
ally prote6ied.  The  French  general,  who  was  diftinguifhed  for 
his  humanity,  readily  agreed  to  the  propofal,  and  took  the  firfl: 
opportunity  of  tliewing  a  proper  regard  to  his  engagement.  At 
the  battle  of  Dettingen,  Dr.  Pringle  was  in  a  coach  with  lord 
Carteret  during  the  whole  time  of  the  engagement,  and  the 
(ituation  they  were  placed  in  was  dangerous.  They  had  been 
taken  unawares,  and  were  kept  betwixt  the  fire  of  the  line  in 
froht,  a  French  battery  on  the  left,  and  a  wood  full  of  huifars 
on  the  right.  The  coach  was  occafionally  (hifted,  to  avoid 
being  in  the  eye  of  the  battery.  Spon  after  this  event,  Dr.  Pringle 
met  with  no  fmall  affliftion  in  the  retirement  of  his  great  friend, 
the  earl  of  Stair,  from  the  army.  He  offered  to  refign  with  his 
noble  patron,  but  was  not  permitted.  He,  therefore,  contented 
himfclf  with  teftifying  his  rcfpeft  and  gratitude  to  his  lordfliip, 
by  accompanying  him  forty  miles  on  his  return  to  England ; 
after  which  he  took  leave  of  him  with  the  mmoft  regret. 

But  though  Dr.  Pringle  was  thus  deprived  of  the  immediate 

prote£lion  of  a  nobleman  whd  knew  and  efteemed  his  worth, 

his  condu£l  in  the  duties  of  his  ftation  procured  him  efie(Slual 

fupport.     He  attended  the  army  in  Flanders,  through  the  camw 

paign  of  1744,  and  fo  power^liy  recommended  himfelf  to  the 

duke  of  Cumberland,  that,  in  the  fpring  following,  March  1 1, 

he  had  a  commiffion  from  his  royal  highnefs,  appointing  him 

phyfician  general  to  his  majefty's  forces  in  the  Low  Countries, 

and  parts  beyond  the  feas ;  and  on  the  next  day  he  received  U 

fecond  commiilion  from  the  duke,  by  which  he  was  conftituted 

phyfician  to  the  royal  hofpitals  in  the  fame  countries.     On 

March  5,  he  refigned  his  profefforihip  in  confequence  of  thefe 

promotions.     In  1745,  he  was  with  the  army  in  Flanders,  but 

was  recalled  from  that  country  in  the  latter  end  of  the  year,  to 

attend  the  forces  which  were  to  be  fent  againft  the  rebels  in 

Scotland.     At  this  time  he  had  the  honour  of  being  chofen 

F.  R.  S.     Dr.  Pringle,  at  the  beginning  of  1746,  in  his  official 

capacity,  accompanied  the  duke  of  Cumberland  in  his  expedition 

againft  the  rebels,,  and  remained  with  the  forces,  after  the  battle 

of  Culloden,   till  their  return   to  England,    in  the  middle  <>f 

Auguft.    We  do  not  finclthat  he  was  in  Flanders  during  any  patt 

of  that  year.     In  1747  and  1748,  he  again  attended  the  iatmy 

abroad ;  and  in  the  autumn  of  1748  he  embarked  with  the  forces 

for  England,  upon  the  conclufion  of  the  treaty  of  Aix-la-Chil- 

pelle.     From  that  time  he  principally  refided  in  London,  where, 

from  his  known  Ikill  and  experience,  and  the  reputation  he  )iad 

acquired,  he  might  xeafonably  expe^  to  fucteed  as  9  phyfician. 

B  b  4  In 


376  PRINGLE. 

In*  April,  I749>  Dr.Pringle  wsis  appointed  phyfician  in  ordinary 
to  his  royal  highnefs  the  duke  of  Cumberland.  In  1750,  he 
publifhed,  in  a  letter  to  Dr.  Mead,  •*  Obfervations  on  the  Gaol 
or  Hofpital  Fever."  This  work,  which  paiTed  through  two 
editions,  and  was  occafioned  by  the  jrfil-diftemper  that  broke 
out  at  that  time  in  the  city  of  London,  was  well  received  by  the 
medical  world,  though  he  himfclf  afterwards  confidered  it  as 
having  been  haftily  written.  After  fupply  ing  fome  things  that  were 
omitted,  and  redtifying  a  few  miftakes  that  were  made  in  it,  he 
included  it  in  his  grand  work  on  the  "  Difeafes  of  the  Army," 
"where  it  conftitutes  the  feventh  chapter  of  the  third  part  of  that 
treatife.  It  was  in  the  fame  year  that  Dr.  Pr ingle  began  to  com- 
municate to  the  Royal  Society  his  famous  "  Experiments  upon 
Septic  and  Antifeptic  Subftances,  with  Remarks  relating  to  their 
Uie  in  the  Theory  of  Medicine."  Thefe  experiments,  which 
comprehended  feveral  papers,  were  read  at  different  meetings  of 
the  lociety ;  the  firft  in  June,  and  the  two  next  in  the  November 
.following;  three  more  in  the  courfe  of  the  year  1751;  and  the 
Jaft  in  Feb.  1752.  Only  the  three  firft  numbers  were  printed 
in  the  "  Philofophital  Tranfa£lions,"  as  Dr.  Pringle  had  fub- 
joined  the  whole,  by  way  of  appendix,  to  his  "  Obfervations  on 
.the  Difeafes  of  the  Army."  Thefe  experiments  upon  feptic  and 
'jantifeptic  fubftances,  which  have  accompanied  every  fubfequent 
edition  of  the  treatife Juft  mentioned,  procured  for  him  the 
JhQnojur  of  fir  Godfrey  Copley's  gold  medal.  Befides  this,  they 
^gained  him  a  high  and  juft  reputation,  as  an  experimental  phi- 
iJofopher.  In  February,  I753»  he  prcfented  to  the  Royal  Society 
,^^  An  Account  of  feveral  Perfons  feized  with  the  Gaol  Fever  by 
^working  in  Newgate ;  and  of  the  Manner  by  which  the  Infec- 
:]tion  was  communicated  to  one  entire  Family."  This  is  a  very 
:Curious  paper;  and  was  deemed  of  fuch  importance  by  the  ex- 
cellent Dr.  Stephen  Hales,  that  he  requefted  the  author's  per- 
miffion  to  have  it  publifhed,  for  the  common  good  of  the  king- 
dom, in  the  **  Gentleman's  Magazine ;"  [x]  where  it  was 
-accordingly  printed,  previous  to  its  appearance  in  the  Tranfac- 
Itions,  vol.  48.  Dr.  Pr  ingle's  next  communication  was,  **  A 
xemarkaible  Cafe  of  Fragility,  Flexibility,  and  Diflblution  of 
the  Bones."  In  the  49th  volume  of  the  "  Tranfaflions,"  we 
meet  with  accounts  Avhich  he  had  given  of  an  earthquake  felt  at 
Bruffels ;  of  Another  at  Glafgow  and  Dunbarton  [y]  ;  and  of  the 
agitation  of  the  waters,  Nov.  1,  1756,  in  Scotland  and  at  Ham- 
burgli.  -  The  50th  volume  contains,  Obfervations  by  him  on 
the  cafe  of  lord  Waipole,  of  Wooherton ;  and  a  relation  of  the 
virtues  of  foap,  in  dillblving  the  ftone,  as  experienced  by  the 


H 


Gent.  Mag.  toI.  xxiii.  p.  71—74. 

The  greater  part  of  the  paper  is  by  Dr.  Wbytt 


reverend 


PRINGLE.  377 

tevcrcnd  Mr.  Matthew  Simfon.  The  next  volume  is  enriched 
with  two  of  the  do£tor's  articles^  of  confiderable  length,  as  well 
as  v^lue.  In  the  firft,  he  has  collefted,  digefted,  and  related 
the  different  accounts  that  had  been  given  of  a  very  extraordinary 
fiery  meteor,  which  appeared  on  Sunday  the  26th  of  November, 
1758,  between  eight  and  nine  at  night ;  and,  in  the  fecorid,  he 
has  made  a  variety  of  remarks  upon  the  whole,  in  whjch  no 
fmall  degree  of  philofophical  fagacity  is  difplayed.  It  would  be 
tedious  to  mention  the  various  papers,  which,  both  before  and 
after  he  became  prefident  of  the  Royal  Society,  were  tranfmitted 
through  his  hands.  Befides  his  communications  in  the  Philo- 
fophical Tranfaftions,  he  wrote,  in  the  Edinburgh  Mtedical 
Elfays,  volume  the  fifth,  an  **  Account  of  the  Succefs  of  the 
Vitrum  ceratum  Antimonii." 

April  14,  1752,  Dr.  Pringle  married  Charlotte,  the  fecond 
daughter  of  Dr.  Oliver,  an  eminent  Phyfician  at  Bath,  and  who 
had  long  been  at  the  head  of  his  profeffion  in  that  city.  ThiJi 
connection  did  not  laft  long,  the  lady  dying  in  the  fpace  of  a 
few  years.    Nearly  about  the  time  of  his  marriage,  Dr.  Pringle 

Sve  to  the  public  the  firft  edition  of  his  ^*  Obfervations  on  the 
ifeafes  of  the  Army.'*  It  was  reprinted  in  the  year  follow- 
ing, with  fome  additions.  To  the  third  edition,  which  was 
greatly  improved  from  the  further  experience  the  author  had 
/  gained  oy  attending  the  camps,  for  three  feafons,  in  England, 
an  Appendix  was  annexed,  in  anfwer  to  fome  remarks  that 
profeilbr  De  Haen,  of  Vienna,  and  M.  Gaber,  of  Turin,  had 
made  on  the  work.  A  fimilar  attention  was  paid  to  the  imi- 
provement  of  the  treatife,  in  every  fubfequent  edition.  The 
work  is  divided  into  three  parts  ;  the  firft  of  which,  being  prin- 
cipally hiftorical,  may  be  read  with  pleafure  by  every  gentle- 
man. The  latter  parts  lie  more  within  the  province  of  phyfi- 
cians.  They  alone  are  the  beft  judges  of  the  merit  of  the  per- 
formance ;  and  to  its  merit  the  moft  decifive  and  ample  tefti- 
monies  have  been  given.  It  hath  gone  through  feven  editions 
at  home ;  and  abroad  it  has  been  tranflated  into  the  French, 
German,  and  Italian  languages.  Scarcely  any  medical  writer 
hath  mentioned  it  without  fome  tribute  ot  applaufe.  Lu4^ig^ 
in  the  fecond  volume  of  his  *'  Commentarii  de  Rebus  in  Scien- 
tiaNaturali  et  Medicina  geftis,"  fpeaks  of  it  highly;  and  gives 
an  account  of  it,  which  comprehends  fixteen  pages.  The 
celebrated  and  eminent  baron  Haller,  in  his  "  Dibliotheca 
Anatomica,"  [z]  with  a  particular  referertce  to  the  treatife  we 
are  fpeaking  of,  ftyles  the  author  *^  Vir  illuftris— de  omnibus 
bonis  artibus  bene  meritus."  It. is  allowed  to  be  a  claflic.al 
book  in  the  phyfical  line ;  and  has  placed  the  writer  of  it  in  a 

[«]  Tom.  ii.  p.  435. 

rank 


J7«  PRINGLE. 

rank  with  the  famous  Sydenham.  Like  Sydenham,  too^.  he 
has  becou  e  eminent,  not  by  the  quantity,  but  the  value  of 
his  productions  ^  and  has  afforded  a  happy  inftance  of  the 'great 
and  deferved  fame  which  may  fometimes  arife  from  a  imgle 
performance.  The  reputation  that  Dr.  Pringle  gained  by  his 
**  Obfervations  on  the  Difeafes  of  the  Army,"  was  not  of  a 
kind  which  is  ever  likely  to  diminifh.  The  utility  of  it,  how- 
ever, was  of  ftill  greater  importance  than  its  reputation.  From 
the  time  that  he  was  appointed  a  phyficiai^i  to  the  army,  it 
feems  to  have  been  his  grand  objeft  to  leffen,  as  far  as  lay  in 
his  power,  the  calamities  of  war ;  nor  was  he  without  confi- 
derable  fuccefs  in  his  noble  and  benevolent  deii^n.  By  the 
inllruftions  received  from  this  book,  General  Melville,  who 
united  with  his  military  abilities  the  fpirit  of  philofophy,  and 
the  fpirit  of  hunianity,  was  enabled,  when  governor  of  the 
Neutral  Iflands,  to  be  Angularly  ufeful.  By  taking  care  to 
have  hi$  men  always  lodged  in  large,  open,  and  airy  apart* 
meats,  and  by  never  letting  his  forces  remain  long  enough  iji 
fwampy  places,  to  be  injured  by  the  noxious  air  of  fuch  places, 
the  general  was  the  happy  inttrument  of  faving  the  lives  of 
feven  hundred  foldiers.  In  1753,  Dr.  Pringle  was  chofen 
one  of  the  council  of  the  Royal  Society.  Though  he  had  not 
for  fome  years  been  called  abroad,  he  Aill  held  his  place  of 
phyfician  to  the  army;  and,  in  the  war  that  began  in  1755, 
attended  the  camps  in  England  during  three  feafons.  This 
enabled  him,  from  further  experience,  to  correft  fome  of  his 
former  obfervations,  and  to  give  additional  perfe6lion  to  the 
third  edition  of  his  great  work.  In  1758,  he  entirely  qurtted 
/the  fervice  of  the  army ;  and  being  now  determined  to  fix  wholly 
in  Londr>n,  he  was  admitted  a  licentiate  of  the  college  of  phy- 
ficians,  July  5,  in  the  fame  year.  The  reafon  why  this  matter 
was  fo  long  delayed  might  probably  be,  his  not  having  hitherto 
come  to  a  nnal  refolution  with  regard  to  his  fettlement  in  the 
metropolis.  After  the  acceffion  of  king  George  III.  to  the 
throne  of  Great  Britain,  Dr.  Pringle  was  appointed,  in  1761, 
phyfician  to  the  queen's  houfhold ;  and  tl^is  honour  was  fuc- 
ceeded,  by  his  being  conftituted^  in  1763,  phyfician  extraor- 
dinary to  her  majeify.  April  12,  in  the  fame  year,  he  had 
been  chofen  a  memoer  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences  at  Haar- 
lem ;  and,  June  following,  he  was  ele6led  a  fellow  of  the  Royal 
College  of  Phyficians,  London.  In  the  fuciceeding  November, 
he  was  returned  on  the  ballot,  a  fecond  time,  one  of  the  council 
of  the  Royal  Society;  and,  in  1764,  on  the  deceafe  of  Dr.  Wol- 
laftpn,  he  was  made  phvfician  in  ordinary  to  the  queen.  Feb. 
13,  1766,.  he  was  elea:cd  a  foreign  mentber,  in  the  phyfical 
line,  of  the  Royal  Society  of' Sciences  at  Gottingen  ;  and,  on 
the  5th  of  June  in  that  year,  his  majefty  v^as  gracicufly  pleafed 
..:  '     ^  '  3  '^ 


PRINGLE.  379 

to  tellify  his  fenfe  of  Dr,  Pringk's  abilities  and  merit,  by  rait- 
ing him  to  the  dignity  of  a  baronet  of  Great  Britain.  July  i8, 
1768,  fir  John  Pringlc  was  appointed  phyfician  in  ordinary  to 
her  late  royal  highnefs  the  princefs  dowager  of  Wales;  to 
which  office  a  falary  was  annexed  of  lool.  a  year.  In  1770, 
he  was  chofen,  a  third  time^  into  the  council  of  the  Royal 
Society;  as  he  was,  likewife,  a  fourth  time,  for  the  year  1772. 
On  Nov*  30,  in  that  year,  in  confequence  of  the  death  of  James 
Weft,  efq;  he  was  elefled  prefident  of  that  illuflrious  and 
learned  body.  His  eleftion  to  this  high  ftation,  though  he  had 
fo  refpeftable  an  opponent  at  the  late  fir  James  Porter/  was 
carried  by  a  very  conliderable  majority.  This  was  undoubtedly 
the  higheft  honour  that  fir  John  Pringle  ever  received ;  an 
honour  with  which  his  other  literary  diUinftions  could  not  be 
compared.  It  was  at  a  very  aufpicious  time  that  fir  John. 
Pringle  was  called  upon  to  prefide  over  the  Royal  Society.  A  ' 
wonderful  ardour  for  philofophical  fcience,  and  for  the  advance- 
ment of  natural  knowledge,  had  of  late  years  difplayed  itfelf 
through  Europe,  and  had  appeared  with  particular  advantage  in 
our  own  country.  He  endeavoured  to  cheriih  it  by  all  the 
methods  that  were  in  his  power ;  and  he  happily  ftruck  upon  a 
new  way  to  diltinftion  and  ufefulnefs,  by  the  difcourfes  which 
were  delivered  by  him  on  the  annual  afl^ignmeni  of  fir  Godfrey 
Copley's  medal.  This  gentleman  had  originally  bequeathed 
five  guineas,  to  be  given  at  each  anniverfary  meeting  of  the  . 
Royal  Society,  by  the  determination  of  the  prefident  and  coun- 
cil, to  the  perfon  who  had  been  the  author  of  the  beft  paper  of 
experimental  obfervations  for  the  year  paft.  In  procefs  of 
time,  this  pecuniary  reward,  which  could  never  be  an  impor- 
tant confideration  to  a  man  of  an  enlarged  and  philofophical 
mind,  however  narrow  his  circumftances  might  be,  was  changed, 
into  the  more  liberal  form  of  a  gojd  medal ;  in  which  form 
it  is  become  a  truly  honourable  mark  of  diftinilion,  and  a  juft 
and  laudable  objefl:  of  ambition.  It  was,  no  doubt,  always 
ufual  with  the  prefident,  on  the  delivery  of  the  medal,  to  pay 
fome  compliment  to  the  gentleman  on  whom  it  was  beftowed  ; 
but  the  cuftom  of  making  a  fet  fpeech  on  the  occafion,  and  of 
entering  into  the  hiftory  oTthat  part  of  philofophy  to  which  the 
experirnents  related,  was  firft  introduced  by  Mr.  Martin  Folkes, 
The  difcourfes,  however,  which  he  and  his  fucceflbrs  delivered 
were  very  Ihort,  and  were  only  inferted  in  the  minute-books  of 
the  Society.  None  of  them  haa  ever  been  printed  before  fir  John 
Pringle  was  raifed  to  the  chair.  The  firft  fpeech  that  was  made 
by  him  being  much  more  elaborate  and  extended  than  ufual,  the 
publication  of  it  was  defired;  and  with  this  requeft,  it  is  faid,  he 
was  the  more  ready  to  comply,  as  an  abfurd  account  of  what 
he,  had  delivered  had  appeared  in  a  news-paper.    Sir  John 

Pringle 


38o  PR  INGLE. 

PringTe  was  very  happy  in  the  fiibjeft  of  his  primary  difcourfe. 
The  difcoverles  in  magnet! fm  and  ele£lrlcity  had  been  fuc- 
ceeded  by  the  inquiries  into  the  various  fpecies  of  air.  In  thefe 
enquiries,  Dr.  Prieftley,  wh'o  had  already  greatly  diftinguiflied 
himfelf  by  his  ele6lrical  experiments,  and  his'other  philofphical 
purfuits  and  labours,  took  the  principal  lead.  A  paper  of  his, 
entitled,  "  Obfervations  on  different  Kinds  of  Air,"  having 
been  read  before  the  fociety  in  March,  1772,  was  adjudged  to 
be  deferving  of  the  gold  medal ;  and  fir  Jolm  Pringle  embraced 
with  .pleafure  the  occafion  of  celebrating  the  important  com- 
munications of  his  Iriend,  and  of  relating  with  accuracy  and 
fidelity  what  had  previoudy  been  .difcovered  upon  the  fubjefl* 
At  the  clofe  of  the  fpeech,  he  earneflly  requeued  Dr.  Prieftley 
to  continue  his  liberal  and  valuable  inquiries ;  and  we  need 
not  fay  how  well  he  fulfilled  this  requeft.  It  was  not,  we 
believe,  intended,  when  fir  John  Pringle's  firft  fpeech  was 
printed,  that  the  example  ihould  be  followed :  but  the  fecond 
difcourfe  was  fo  well  received  by  the  Royal  Society,  that  the 
publication  of  it  was  unanimoufly  requefted.  '  Both  the  difcourfe 
itfelf,  and  the  fubjeft  on  which  it  was  delivered,  merited  fucb 
a  diftinSion.  The  compofition  of  the  fecond  fpeech  is  evi- 
dently fupertor  to  that  of  the  former  ;  fir  John  having  probably 
been  animated  by  the  favourable  reception  of  Ijiis  firft  effort. 
His  account  of  the  torpedo,  and  of  Mr.  Walfti's  ingenjoiis  and 
admirable  experiments  relative  to  the  eleftrical  properties  of 
that  extraordinary  fifti,  is  Angularly  curious.  The  whole  dif- 
courfe abounds  with  ancient  and  modern  learning,  and  exhibits 
fir  John  Pringle's  knowledge  in  natural  hiftory,  as  well  as  in 
medicine  to  great  advantage.  The  third  time  that  he  was  called 
upon  to  difplay  his  abilities  at  the  delivery  of  fir  Godfrey's 
medal,  was  on  an  eminently  beautiful  and  important  occafion. 
This  was  no  lefs  than  Mr.  (now  Dr.)  Mafkelyne's  fuccefsful 
attempt  completely  to  eftablifh  fir  Ifaac  Newton's  fyftem  of 
the  univerfe,  by  his  "  Obfervations  made  on  the  Mountain 
Schehallien,  for  finding  its  attraftion."  Sir  John  Pringle  took 
advantage  of  this  opportunity,  to.give  a  perfpicuous  and  accu- 
rate relatioin  of  the  feveral  hypothefes  of  the  ancients,  with 
regard  to  the  revolutions  of  the  heavenly  bodies,  and  of  the 
noble  difcoveries  with  which  Copernicus  enriched  the  aftrono- 
mical  world.  He  then  traced  the  progrefs  of  the  grand  prin- 
ciple of  gravitation  down  to  fir  Ifaac's  illuftrious  confirmation 
ot  it ;  to  which  he  added  a*  concife  narrative  of  m^ifrs.  Bou- 
guer's  and  Condamine's  experiment  at  Chimboraco,  and  of 
Mr.  Maflcelyne's  at  Schehallien.  If  any  doubts  yet  remained 
with  refpeft  to  the  truth  of  the  Newtonian  fyftem,  they  were 
now  totally  removed.  Sir  John  Pringle  had  reafon  to  be  pecu- 
liarly fatisfied  with  the  fubjeft  of  his  fourth  difcourfe ;  that 

fubjeci 


PRINGLE;  381 

fubjed  being  perfcaiy  congenial  to  his  difpofition  and  fludies. 
his  own  life  had  been  much  employed  in  pointing  out  the 
means  which  tended  not  only  to  cure,  but  to  prevent,  the  dif- 
bafes  of  mankind  ;  and  it  is  probable,  from  his  intimate  friend- 
Ihip  with  capt.  Cook,  that  he  mieht  fuggeft  to  that  fagacious 
commander  fome  of  the  rules  which  he  followed,  in  order  to 
preferve  the  health  of  the  crew  of  his  majefty's  ftiip  the  Refo- 
lution,  during  her  voyage  round  the  world.  Whether  this  was 
the  cafe,  or  whether  the  method  purfued  by  the  captain  to 
attain  fo  falutary  an  end,  was  the  refult  alone  of  his  own 
reflexions,  the  fuccefs  of  it  vjras  aftonifhing ;  and  this  famous 
voyager  feemed  well  entitled  to  every  honour  which  could  be 
bellowed.  To  him  the  fociety  afligned  their  gold  medal,  but 
he  was  not  prefent  to  receive  the  honour.  He  was  gone  out 
upon  that  voyage  from  which  he  never  returned.  *  In  this  laft 
voyage  he  continued  equally  fuccefsful  in  maintaining  the  health 
of  his  men.  v 

Sir  John  Pringle,  in  his  next  annual  diflertation,  had  an 
opportunity  of  difplaying  his  knowledge  in  a  way  in  which 
it  had  not  hitherto  appeared.  The  difcourfe  took  its  rife . 
from  the  prize  medal's  being  adjudged  to  Mr.  Mudge, 
then  an  eminent  furgeon  at  Plymouth,  upon  account  of  his 
valuable  paper,  containing  "  Dire£lions  for  making  the  beft 
Compofition  for  the  Metals  of  Reflefting  Telefcopes,  together 
with  a  Defcription  of  the  Procefs  for  grinding,  polifhing,  and 
giving  the  great  Speculum  the  true  parabolic  Form."  Sir  John 
has  accurately  related  a  variety  of  particulars,  concerning  the 
invention  of  reflecSling  telefcopes,  the  fubfequent  improvements 
of  thefe  inftruments,  and  the  flate  in  which*Mr.  Miidge  found 
them,  when  he  firft  fet  about  working  them  to  a  greater  perfec- 
tion, till  he  had  truly  realized  the  expe£i:ation  of  fir  Ifaac 
Newton,  who,  above  an  hundred  years  ago,  prefaged  that  the 
public  would  one  day  pofTefs  a  parabolic  fpeculum,  not  accom- 
pliflied  by  mathematical  rules,  but  by  mechanical  devices.  Sir 
John  Pringle's  fixth  difcourfe,  to  whic)i  he  was  led  by  the 
afUgnment  of  the  gold  medal  to  Mr.  (now  Dr.)  Hutton,  on 
account  of  his  curious  paper,  entitled,  *^  The  Force  of  fired 
Gun-powder,  and  the  initial  Velocity  of  Canon-balls,  deter-* 
mined  by  Experiments,"  was  on  the  theory  of  gunnery. 
Though  fir  John  had  fo  long  attended  the  army,  this  was  pro- 
bably a  fubje^l  Jo  which  he  had  heretofore  paid  very  little 
attention.  We  cannot,  however,  help  admiring  with  what 
perfpicuity  and  judgement  he  has  ftated  the  progrefs  that  wa$ 
made,  frotri  time  to  time,,  in  the  knowledge  of  projediiiles,  and 
the  fcientific  perfeftion  to  which  his  friend  Mr.  Hutton  had 
carried  this  knowledge.  Sir  John  Pringle  was  not  one  of 
thofe  who  delighted  in  war,  and  in  the  fhedding  of  human 
blood,  'he  was  happy  in  being  able  to  fhew  that  even  the  ftudy 

of 


58i  ^    PRINGLE. 

of  artillery  mieht  be  ufeful  to  mankind ;  and,  therefore}  this  it 
a  topic  which  ne  has  not  forgotten  to  mention  •  Here  ended 
his  difcourfes  upon  the  delivery  of  fir  Godfrey  Copley's  medal. 
If  he  had  continued  to  prefide  in  the  chair  of  the  Royal  Society, 
he  wouldy  no  doubt,  have  found  other  occafions  of  difiplaying 
his  acquaintance  with  the  hiftory  of  philofophy.  But  the 
opportunities  which  he  had  of  fignalizinghTmfelt  in  this  refpe^ 
were  important  in  themfelves,  happily  varied,  and  fufiicient  to 
gain  him  a  folid  and  lading  reputation. 

Several  marks  of  literal^  dKtinfiion,  as  we  have  already  feen, 
had  been  conferred  upon  fir  John  Pringle,  before  he  was  raifed 
to  the  prefidcnt's  chair.  But  after  that  event  they  were  beftowcd 
tipon  him  with  great  abundance :  and,  not  again  to  refume  the 
fubjcft,  we  fliall  here  colleft  them  together.  Previoufly,  how- 
ever, to  thefe  honours  (excepting  his  having  been  chofen  a 
fellow  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  London),  he  received 
the  lad  promotion  that  was  given  him  in  his  medical  capacity  ; 
which  was,  his  bein^  appointed,  Nov.  4,  1774,  phyfician  ex- 
traordinary to  his  majefty.  In  the  year  1770,  he  was  enrolled 
In  the  lift  of  the  members  of  no  lefs  than  four  learned  bodies. 
Thefe  were  the  Royal  Academy  of  Sciences  at  Madrid ;  the 
Society  of  Amfterdam,  for  the  rromotion  of  Agriculture  ;  the 
Royal  Academy  of  Medical  Correfpondence  at  Paris ;  and  the 
Imperial  Academy  of  Sciences  at  St.  Peterfburg.  The  times 
of  fir  John  Pringlc's  eleAion  into  thefe  eminent  focieties, 
according  to  the  order  in  which  we  have  mentioned  them,  were 
on  the  12th  of  Februaxy,  in  the  month  of  September,  and  on 
the  2f8th  and  agth  pf  December.     July  5,  1777,  fir  John  Prin- 

{le  was  nominated,  by  his  ferene  highnefs  the  landgrave  of 
Fefle,  an  honourary  member  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  at 
Caflel.  In  1778,  he  fucceeded  the  celebrated  Linnaeus,  as  one 
of  the  foreign  members  of  the  Royal  Academy  of  Sciences  at 
Paris.  This  honour  is  extended  by  that  illuitrious  body  only 
io  eight  perfons,  on  which  account  it  is  juftly  efteemed  a  nrwft 
eminent  mark  of  diftinftion  ;  and  we  believe  there  have  been 
few  or  no  inftances,  wherein  it  hath  been  conferred  on  any 
other  than  men  of  great  and  acknowledged  abilities  and  repu- 
tation. Oa.  i£,  in  the  fame  year,  our  author  was  chofen  a 
» member  of  the  Medical  Society  at  Hanau.  In  the  fucceeding 
year,  March  29,  he  was  eleded  a  foreign  member  of  the  Royal 
Academy  of  Sciences  and  Belles  Lettres  at  Naples.  The  latt 
teftimony  of  re fpeft  which  was,  in  this  way,  beftowed  upoa 
fir  John  Pringle,  was  his  being  admitted,  in  1781,  into  the 
number  of  the  fellows  of  the  newly  ereded  Society  of  Anti^ 
iquaries  at  Edinburgh.  The  particular  defigri  of  which  is  to 
inveiiigate  the  hiftory  and  antiquities  of  Scotland-.  It  was  at  a 
late  period  qf  life,  when  fir  John  Pringle  wasjn  the  fixty-fixtb 

'       '       •  ^    V    'year 


PRINGLE.  J83 

year  of  his  age,  that  he  was  chofen  to  be  prefident  of  the  Royaf 
Society.  Confidering,  therefore,  the  extreme  attention  that' 
was  paid  by  him  to  the  various  and  important  duties  of  his 
office,  an4  the  great  pains  he  took  in  the  preparation  of  his  dif- 
courfes,  it  was  natural  to  expeft  that  the  burden  of  hi^ 
honourable  ftation  fliould  grow  heavy  upon  him  in  a  courfe  of 
time*  This  burden  was  mcreafed  not  only  by  the  vreight  of 
years,  but  by  the  accident  of  a  fall  in  the  area  in  the  back  part 
of  his  houfe,  from  which  he  received  confiderable  hurt,  and 
which,  in  its  confequenccs,  affected  his  health,  and  weakened 
his  fpirits.  Such  being  the  ftate  of  his  body  and  mind,  he 
began  to  entertain  thoughts  of  refigning  the  prefident's  chair. 
It  has  been  faid  likewile,  and  believed,  that  he  was  much  hurt 
by  the  difputes  introduced  into  the  fociety,  concerning  the 
queftion,  whether  pointed  or  blunted  eleftrical  conduftors  are 
the  moft  efficacious  in  preferving  buildings  from  the  pernicious 
effefts  of  lightning.  Perhaps  fir  John  Pringle's  declining  years, 
and  the  general  ftate  of  his  health,  will  form  fufficient  reafons 
for  his  refignation.  His  intention,  however,  was  difagreeable 
to  many  of  his  friends,  and  to  many  diftinguifhed  members  of 
the  Royal  Society. ,  Accordingly,  they  earneftly  folicited  him 
to  continue  in  the  chair ;  but,  his  refolution  being  fixed,  he 
refigned  it  at  the  anniverfary  meeting  in  1778.     Jofeph  Banks^ 

•  efq;  (now  fir  Jofeph  Banks)  was  unanimoufly  elefted  prefident 
in '  his  room  ;  a  gentleman  whofe  life,  and  the  fervices  he  has 
rendered  to  fcience,  will  hereafter  form  an  important  article  m 
biographical  works.  Though  fir  John  Pringle  quitted  his  par- 
ticular relation  to  the  Royal  Society,  and  did  not  attend  its^ 
meetings  fo  conftantly  as  he  had  formerly  done,  he  ftill  retained 
Ris  literary  connexions  in  general.  His  houfe  continued  to  be 
the  refort  of  ihgenious  and  philofophical  men,  whether  of  his^ 
own  country,  or  from  abroad  ;  and  he  was  frequent  in  his  vifits 
to  his  friends.  He  was  held  in  particular  efteem  by  eminent 
and  learned  foreigners,  none  of  whom  came  to  England  with- 
out waiting  upon  him,  and  paying  him  the  greateft  refpecS. 
He  treated  them,  in  return,  with  diftinguiftied  civility  and 
regard.  When  a  numbet  of  gentlemen  met  at  his  table, 
foreigners  were  ufually  a  part  of  the  company.  Sir  John  Prin- 
gle's  infirmities  increafing,  he  hoped  that  he  might  receive  an 
advantage  from  an  excurfion  to  Scotland,  and  fpending  the 
fummer  there;  which  he  did  in  1780,  principally  at  Edin- 
burgh. He  had  probably  then  formed  fome  defign  of  fixing 
his  refidence  in  that  city.  However  this  may  have  been,' he 
Was  fo  well  plcafed  with  a  place  to  which  he  had  been  habi- 
tuated in  his  younger  days,  and  with  the  refpeft  (hewn  him  by 
his  friends,  that  he  purchafed  a  houfe  there,  whither  he  intended 
to  retura  ia  the  following  fpring.     When  he  came  back  to 

Londour 


384  PRINGLE.  ] 

London,   in  the  autumn  of  the  ^ear  above  mentiotied,    he  t 

began  to    prepare   for   putting   his   fcheme   into   execution.  { 

Accordingly,  having  firft  difpoled  of  the  ^greateft  part  of  his  i 

library,  he  fold  his  houfe  in  Pali-Mall,  in  April,  1781,  and  * 

fome  few  days  after  removed  to  Edinburgh.  In  this  city  he 
was  treated,  by  perfons  of  all  ranks,  with  every  mark  of  dif-  i 

tin£lion.  But  Edinburgh  was  not  now  to  him  what  it  had  been 
in  e^rly  life.  The  vivacity  of.fpirits,  which,  in  the  days  of 
youth,  fpreads  fuch  a  charm  on  the  objefts  that  furround  us, 
was  fled.  Many,  if  not  mod,  of  fir  John  Pringle*s  old  friends 
and  contemporaries  were  dead;  and,  though  fome  of  them 
remained,  they  could  not  meet  together  with  tbe  fame  ftrength 
of  conftitution,  the  fame  ardour  of  purfuit,  the  fame  animation 
of  hope,  which  they  had  formerly  pofleffed.  The  younger  men 
of  eminence  paid  him  the  fincereft  teftimonies  of  efteem  and 
regard ;  but  it  was  too  late  in  life  for  him  to  form  new  habits 
of  clofe  and  intimate  friendjflhip.  He  found,  likewife,  the  air 
of  Edinburgh  too  (harp  and  cold  for  his  frame,  which  had  long 
been  peculiarly  fenfible  to  the  feverities  of  weather.  Thefe 
evils  were  exaggerated  by  his  increafing  infirmities,  and,  per- 
haps, by  that  reftleflhefs  of  mind,  which,  in  the  midft  of  bodily 
complaints,  is  ftill  hoping  to  derive  fome  benefit  from  a  change 
of  place.  He  determined,  therefore,  to  return  once  more  to 
London,  where  he  arrived  in  the  beginning  of  September, 
Before  fir  John  Pringle  entirely  quitted  Edinburgh,  he  requefted 
his  friend.  Dr.  John  Hope,  to  prefent  ten  volumes,  folio,  of 
**  Medical  and  Phyfical  Obfervations,"  in  manufcript,  to  the 
JRoyal  College  of  rhyficians  in  that  city.  This  benefa£lion 
was  conferred  on  two  conditions ;  firft,  that  the  obfervations 
fhould  not  be  publifbed ;  and  fecondly,  that  they  fhould  not  be 
lent  out  of  the  library  on  any  pretence  whatever.  A  meeting 
of  the  college  being  fummoned  upon  the  occafion,  fir  John's 
donation  was  accepted  with  much  gratitude,  and  a  refolution 
paiTed  to  comply  with  the  terms  on  which  it  was  beftowed. 
He  was,  at  the  fame  time,  preparing  two  other  volumes  to  be 

tiven  to  the  univerfity,  containing  tne  formulas  referred  to  in 
is  annotations. 

Sir  John  Pringle,  upon  his  arrival  at  the  metropolis,  found 
his  fpirits  fome  what  revived.  He  was  greatly  pleafed  with 
re-vifiting  his  London  friends ;  and  he  was  received  by  them 
with  equal  cordiality  and  affection.  His  Sunday  evening  con- 
verfations  were  honoured  with  the  attendance  of  many  refpedk- 
able  men  ;  and,  oh  the  other  nights  of  the  week,  he  had  the 
pleafure  of  fpending  a  couple  of  hours  with  his  friends,  at  a 
fociety  that  had  long  been  eftabliflied,  and  which  had  met,  for 
fome  time  part,  at  Mr.  Watfon's,  a  grocer,  in  the  Strand.  Sir 
John's  connexion  with  this  fociety,  and  his  conftant  attendance 

upoa 


PRINGLE.  385 

upon  it,  formed,  to  the  laft,  one  of  his  principal  entertainments. 
The  morning  was  chiefly  employed  by  him  in  receiving  and 
returning  the  vifits  of  his  various  acquaintance  ;  and  he  had 
frequently  a  fmall  and  feleft  party  to  dine  w^ith  him  at  his 
apartments  in  King-ftreet,  St.  James's-fquare.  All  this  while, 
his  ftrength  declined  with  a  rapidity  which  did  not  permit  his 
friends  to  hope  that  his  life  would  long  be  continued.  On 
Monday  evening,  Jan.  14,  1782,  being  with  the  fociety  at 
Watfon's,  he  was  feized  with  a  fit,  from  which  he  never 
recovered.  He  was  accompanied  home  by  Dr.  Saunders,  for 
whom  he  had  the  higheft  regard ;  and  in  whom  he  had,  in  every 
refpeft,  juftly  placed  the  moft  unreferved  confidence.  The 
do6lor  afterwards  attended  him  with  unwearied  affiduity,  but,  to 
any  medical  purpofe,  entirely  in  vain ;  for  he  died  on  the  Friday 
following,  being  the  i8th  day  of  the  month,  in  the  feventy-fifth 
year  of  his  age ;  and  the  account  of  his  death  was  every  where 
received  in  a  manner  which  fhewed  the  high  fenfe  that  was 
entertained  of  his  merit.  On  the  7th  of  February,  he  was 
interred  in  St.  James's  church,  with  great  funeral  folemnity, 
and  with  a  very  honourable  attendance  of  eminent  and  refpeft* 
able  friends.  As  a  teftimony  of  regard  to  his  memory,  at  the 
firft  meeting  of  the  College  of  Phyficians  at  Edinburgh,  after 
his  deceafe,  all  the  members  appeared  in  deep  mourning. 

Sir  John  Pringle,  by  long  pra6ttce,  had  acquired  a  handfome 
fortune,  which  he  dilpofed  of  with  great  prudence  and  pro- 
priety. The  bulk  of  it,  as  might  naturally  and  reafonably  be 
expefted,  he  bequeathed  to  his  worthy  nephew  and  heir,  fir 
James  Pringle,  of  Stichel,  bart.  whom  he  appointed  his  fole 
executor.  But  the  whole  was  not  immediately  to  go  to  fir 
James;  for  a  fum  equal,  we  believe,  to  feven  hundred  pounds 
a-year,  was  appropriated  to  annuities,  revertible  to  that  gentle- 
man at  the  deceafe  of  the  annuitants.  By  thefe  means,  fir  John 
exhibited  an  important  proof  of  his  regard  and  afFeSion  for 
feveral  of  his  valuable  relations  and  friends.  Sir  John  Pringle's 
eminent  character  as  a  praSical  phyfician,  as  well  as  a  medical 
author,  is  fo  well  known,  and  fo  univerfally  acknowledged, 
that  an  enlargement  upon  it  cannot  be  neceiTary.  In  the  exer- 
cife  of  his  profeflion  he  was  not  rapacious;  being  ready,  on 
various  occafions,  to  give  his  advice  without  pecuniary  views. 
The  turn  of  fir  John  Pringle's  mind  led  him  chiefly  to  the  love 
of  fcience,  which  he  built  on  the  firm  bafis  of  fa6l.  With 
regard  to  philofophy  in  general,  he  was  as  averfe  to  theory, 
unfupported  by  experiments,  as  he  was  with  refpeft  to  medi- 
cine in  particular.  Lord  Bacon  was^  his  favourite  author  ;  and 
to  the  method  of  inveftigating  Recommended  by  that  great  man 
he  fteadily  adhered.  Such  being  his  intelleftual  charafter,  it 
will  not  be  thought  furprifing  that  he  had  a  diflike  to  Plato. 
Vol.  XII.  Cc         ^  To 


3^6  PRINGLE. 

To  metaphyfical  difqiii  fit  ions  he  loft  all  regard  in  the  latter 
part  of  his  life  ;  and,  though  fome  of  his  moft  valued  friends  had 
engaged  in  difculFions  of  this  kind,  with  very  different  views  of 
things,  he  did  not  choofe  to  revert  to  the  Undies  of  his  youth, 
but  contented  himfelf  with  the  opinions  he  had  then  formed. 

Sir  John  Pringle  had  not  much  fondnefs  for  poetry.  He  had 
not  even  any  diitinguiflied  relifh  for  the  immortal  Shakfpeare : 
at  leaft,  he  fcemed  too  highly  fenfible  of  the  defefts  of  that 
illuftrious  bard,  to  give  him  the  proper  degree  of  eftimation. 
Sir  John  Pringle  had  not,  in  his  youth,  been  negledful  of  phi- 
lological  enquiries;  and,  after  having  omitted  them  for  a  time, 
he  returned  to  them  again  ;  fo  far,  at  Icaft,  as  to  endeavour  to 
obtain  a  more  exadl  knowledge  of  the  Greek  language,  proba- 
bly with  a  view  to  a  better  underftanding  of  the  New  Tefta- 
nient.  He  paid  a  great  attention  to  the  FreAch  language  ;  and 
it  is  faid  that  he  was  fond  of  Voltaire's  critical  writings.  Among 
all  his  other  purfuits,  fir  John  Pringle  never  forgot  the  ftudy  of 
the  Engl  if  h  language.  This  he  regarded  as  a  matter  of  fo 
much  confequence,  that  he  took  uncommon  pains  with  refped 
to  the  ftyle  of  his  compofitions  ;  and  it  cannot  be  denied,  that 
he  excels  in  perfpicuity,  corre£l:nefs,  and  propriety  of  cxpref- 
fion.  Though  he  flighted  poetry,  he  was  very  fond  of  muiic. 
He  was  even  a  performer  on  the  violoncello,  at  a  weekly  con- 
cert given  by  a  fociety  of  gentlemen  at  Edinburgh,  Befides  a 
clofe  application  to  medical  and  philofophical  fcience,  fir  John 
Pringle,  during  the  latter  part  of  his  life,  devoted  much  time 
to  the  ftudy  of  divinity.  This  was  with  him  a  very  favourite 
and  interefting  objed.  He  correfponded  frequently  with  Mi- 
chaelis  on  -theological  fubjedls  ;  and  that  celebrated  profefibr 
addreffed  to  him  fome  letters  on  "  Daniel's  Prophecy  of  the 
Seventy  Weeks,"  which  iir  John  thought  worthy  of  being  pub- 
liflied  in  this  country.  He  was  accordingly  at  confiderable 
pains,  and  fome  expence,  in  the  publication,  which  appeared 
in  1773,  under  the  following  title:  "  Joannis  Davidis  Michae- 
lis,  Prof.  Ordin.  Philof.  et  Soc.  Reg.  Scient.  Goettingenfis  Col- 
lega?,  Epiftola3,  de  LXX  Hebdomadibus  Danielis,  ad  D.  Joan- 
ncm  Pringle,  Baronettnm :  primo  privatim  milfae,  nunc  vero 
utriufque  confenfu  publice  editae,"  8vo  [a].  Sir  John  Pringle 
was  likewife  a  diligent  and  frequent  reader  of  fermons,  which 
form  fo  valuable  a  part  of  Englifti  literature.  If,  from  the 
intelle<Sual,  we  pafs  on  to  the  moral  charader  of  fir  John 
Pringle,  we  fliall  find  that  the  ruling  feature  of  it  was  integrity. 
By  this  principle  he  was  unifornriy  adtiiated  in  the  whole- of  his 
behaviour.  All  his  acquaintance  with  one  voice  agreed  that 
there  never  was  a  man  of  greater  integrity.     He  was  equally 

[a]  Anecdotes  of  Bo^'yer,  p.  446,  447.     Ibid.  p.  601  • 


PRIOLO.  J87 

diftingirifhed  for  his  fobriety.  He  told  Mr.  Bofwcll,  that  he 
had  never  in  his  life  been  intoxicated  with  liquor.  In  his 
friendlliips,  fir  John  Pringle  was  ardent  and  fteady.  The  inti- 
macies which  were  formed  by  him,  in  the  early  part  of  his  life 
at  Edinburgh,  continued  unbroken  to  the  deceafe  of  the  gentle- 
men with  whom  they  were  made  ;  and  were  fuftained  by  a 
regular  correfpondence,  and  by  all  the  good  offices  that  lay  in 
his  power.  With  relation  to  fir  John  Pringle's  external  manner 
of  deportment,  he  paid  a  very  refpeAful  attention  to  thofe 
whom  he  efteemed ;  but  he  had  a  kind  of  referve  in  his  beha- 
viour, when  he  was  not  perfedlly  pleafed  with  the  perfons  who 
were  introduced  to  him,  or  who  happened  to  be  in  his  company^ 
His  fenfe  of  integritv  aijd  dignity  would  not  permit  him  to 
adopt  that  falfe  and  fuperficial  politenefs,  which  treats  all  men 
alike,  however  different  in  point  of  real  eftimation  and  merit. 
He  was  above  aflTuming  the  profeffions,  without  the  reality  of 
refpeft.  On  the  religious  charaSer  of  fir  John  Pringle  it  is 
more  particularly  important  to  enlarge.  The  principles  of 
piety  and  virtue,  which  were  early  inftilled  into  him  by  a 
iW<3:  education,  do  not  appear  ever  to  have  loft  their  influence 
upon  the  general  conduft  of  his  life.  Neverthelefs,  when  he  tra- 
velled abroad  in  the  world,  his  belief  of  the  Chriftian  revelation 
was  fo  far  unfettled,  that  he  became  at  leaft  a  fceptic  on  that 
fubjeS.  But  it  was  not  the  difpofition  of  fir  John  Pringle  to 
reft  fatisfied  in  his  doubts  and  difficulties,  with  refpeft  to  a 
matter  of  fuch  high  importance.  He  was  too  great  a  lover  of 
truth,  not  to  make  religion  the  objeft  of  his  ferious  enquiry. 
As  he  fcorned  to  be  an  implicit  believer,  he  was  equally  averfe 
to  the  being  an  implicit  unbeliever ;  which  is  the  cafe  of  large 
numbers,  who  rejedl  Chriftianity  with  as  little  knowledge,  and 
as  little  examination,  as  the  moft  determined  bigots  embrace 
their  fyftems.  The  refult  of  this  inveftigation  was,  a  full  con- 
viftion  of  the  divine  original  and  authority  of  the  gofpel.  The 
evidence  of  revelation  appeared  to  him  to  be  folid  and  invinci- 
ble ;  and  the  nature  of  it  to  be  fuch  as  muft  demand  the  moft 
grateful  acceptance.  Such  having  been  the  charafter  and  emi- 
nence of  fir  John  Pringle,  it  was  highly  proper  that  a  tribute 
to  his  merit  ftiould  be  placed  in  Weltminfter  abbey.  Accord- 
ingly, under  the  direction,  and  at  the  expence,  of  his  nephew 
and  heir,  a  monument  with  an  Englifh  infcription  has  been 
cfe&ed,  of  which  Mr.  Nollekens  was  the  fculptor. 

PRIOLO  (Benjamin),  in  Latin  Priolus,  author  of  an  hif- 
tory  of  France  from  the  death  of  Louis  XIII.  in  1643  to  1664, 
was  born  in- 1602.  He  was  defcended  from  the  Prioli,  an  illuf- 
trinus  family,  fome  of  whom  had  been  doges  of  Venice.  He 
underwent  (()me  difficulties  from  lofing  his  father  and  mother, 
when  young ;  but  ihefe  did  not  abate  nis  paflion  for  learning, 

C  c  a  which 


3S8  P  R  I  O  L  O. 

-which  was  fa  ftrong,  that  he  ufed  to  Ipend  whole  days  a«^ 
nights  at  his  books.  He  ftuclied  firil  at  Orthez,  next  at  Mon- 
taiiban,  and  afterwards  at  Leyden  ;  in  which  laft  city  he  pro- 
fited by  the  le(5liires  of  Heinfitis  and  Voflins.  He  went  to- 
Paris,  for  the  fake  of  feeing  and  con  faking  Grotius  ;  and  after- 
wards to  Padua,  where  he  learned  the  opinions  of  Ariftotlc  and 
other  ancient  phtlofophers,  tinder  Cremoninns  and  Licetus, 
After  returning  to  France,  he  went  again  into  Italy,  in  order 
,to  be  recognized  by  the  houfe  of  Prioli  as  one  of  their  rela- 
tions* He  devoted  himfelf  to  the  duke  of  Rohan,  then  in  the 
Venetian  fervice,  and  became  one  of  his  moft  intimate  confi- 
dents y  but,  uncertain  what  his  fate  would  be  after  this  dake'sf 
death,  he  retired  to  Geneva,  having  married,  three  months 
before^  a  lady  of  a  very  noble  family.  The  duke  de  Longue- 
ville  drew  him  from  this  retirement,  upon  his  being  appointed 
plenipotentiary  from  the  court  of  France  for  the  treaty  of 
Munfter,  as  a  perfon  whofe  talents  might  be  of  fervice  to  him  ; 
and  Priolo  refided  with'  him  a  year  at  Munfter,  where  he  con- 
traft«d  a  very  intimate  friendfliip  with  Chigi  the  nuncio,  who 
was  afterwards  pope  Alexander  VII.  From  Munfter  he  re- 
turned to  Geneva,  whence  he  went  to  France,  in  order  to  fettle 
at  Paris.  He  ftayed  fix  months  in  Lyons,  and  there  had  fre- 
quent conferences  with  cardinal  Francis  Barberini ;  the  efFeft 
of  which  was,  that  himfelf  and  his  whole  family  abjured  the 
Proteftant  religion,  and  immediately  received  the  communion 
from  the  hands  of  the  cardinal.  He  was  jiot,  however,  long 
cafy  at  Paris  j  for,  the  civil  war  breaking  out  foon  after,  he 
joined  with  the  malecontents,  which  proved  the  ruin  of  his 
fortune.  He  was  obliged  to  retire  to. Flanders,  his  eftate  was. 
confifcated,  and  his  family  banilhed.  Being  afterwards  reftored 
to  the, favour  of  his  fovercign,  he  refolved  to  lead  a  private  life, 
and  to  devote  himfelf  to  ftudy.  It  was  at  this  time,  and  to  divert 
his  melancholy,  that  he  wrote,  without  tlie  leaft  flattery  or  par- 
tiality, his  •*  Hiftory  of  France,"  in  Latin.  It  has  gone  through 
feveral  impreflions,  but  the  beft  edition  is  that  of  Leipfic,  1686, 
in  8vo.  He  was  again  employed  in  negociations,  and  fet  out 
in  1667  upon  a  fecret  affair  to  Venice  ;  but  did  not  arrive  at  the 
end  of  his  journey,  being  feized  with  an  apople6lic  fit,  of 
which  he  died  in  the  archbifliop's  palace  at  Lyons.  He  left 
feven  children,  who,  by  virtue  of  his  name,  and  their  own 
accompli fhinents  and  merit,  rofe  to  very  flouriftiing  circum- 
ftances. 

Priolo  was  a  man  of  great  and  extenfive  abilities,  as  appears 
from  his  hiftory-  He  abounded  in  maxims,  which,  if  not 
always  juft,  are  often  diverting.  "  Man,"  he  ufed  to  fay, 
*'  pofleffes  but  three  things,  the  foul,  body,  and  wealth ;  and 
thefe  are  continually  expofed  to  three  forts  of  eofnaring  attacks 

or 


PRIOR.  3%9 

cnr  ambufcades ;  the  foul  to  that  of  divines,  the  body  to  that  of 
phyficians,  and  weahh  to  tbat  of  counfellors  and  lawyers-" 

PRIOR  (Matthew)  [b],  an  eminent  Engiifh  poet  and 
Itatefman,  was  the  fon  of  Mr.  GeorgCsPrior,  a  joiner  and  citizen 
•of  London;  and  was  born  there  the  2iil  of  July,  1664.  His 
father  dying  while  he  was  very  young,  left  him  to  the  care  of  an 
.uncle,  a  vintner  near  Charing-crofs,  who  difcharged  tlic  truft 
repofed  in  him  with  a  tendernefs  truly  paternal,  and  .at  a  proper 
age  fent  hi-m  to  Weftminfter  fchool,  where  he  diftinguiihed 
himfelf  to  great  advantage.  He  was  afterwards  taken  home  by 
his  uncle,  in  order  to  be  bred  to  his  trade:  at  leifure  hours, 
however,  he  purfued  the  fludy  of  the  dallies,  on  which  account 
he  was  foon  noticed  by  the  polite  company  who  reforted  to  his 
uncle's  houfe.  It  happened  one  day,  that  the  earl  (of  Dorfet 
and  other  gentlemen  being  at  this  tavern,  the  difcourfe  turned 
upon  a  palfage  io  an  ode  of  Horace,  who  was  Prior's  favourite 
author  ;  and  the  company  being  divided  in  their  fentiments,  one 
of  the  gentlemen  Ciid,  "  I  find  we  are  not  like  to  agree  in  our 
criticifms:  but,  if  I  am  not  miliaken,  there  is  a  young  fellow 
in  the  houfe,  who  is  able  to  fct  us  all  right."  Upon  which  he 
named  Matt.  Prior,  who  beiujg  jcalled  in^  jgai'e  the  company  the 
fatisfadion  they  wanted. 

Lord  Dorfet,  exceedingly  ftruck  with  his  ingenuity  and  learn- 
ing, from  tliat  moment  determined  to  remove  him  from  the 
flaiion  he  w;as  In,  to  one  more  fuitable  to  his  talents  and  genius; 
and  accordingly  procured  him  to  be  fent,  in  1682, to  St.  John's  col- 
lege in  Cambridge,  where  he  proceeded  B,  A.  in  1686,  and  was 
fliortly^fter  cho fen  fellow.  During  his  refidence  in  the  univer- 
fity^  he  gcontraded  an  intimate  friendlhip  with  Charles  Mon- 
tague of  Trinity  college,  afterwards  earl  of  Halifax:  and  Dryden 
having  publifhed,  in  1686,  his  poem  called  "  Th-e  Hind  and  the 
Panther,"  Prior  joined  with  Mr.  Montague  in  writing**  The 
Hind  and  the  Panther  tranfverfed,  to  the  ftory  of  the  Country- 
Moufc  and  the  City-Moufe.,"  which  was  pybliflied  in  1687. 
Upon  the  Revdution,  he  was  brought  to  court  by  his  great 
patron  the  earl  of  Dorfet-;  and  by  his  intereft  introduced  to 
bufincfsj  fof  which,  as  well  as  for  poetry,  of  which  he  had 
already  given  noble  fpeciinens,  he  'was  well  formed.  In  1690, 
he  was  made  fecretary  to  the  plenipotentiaries  in  the  congrefs 
at  the  Hague  ;  and  acquitted  himfelf  fo  much  to  the  fatisfadlion 
of  king  William.,  that,  refolving  to  keep  him  near  his  perfon, 
he  appointed  him  a  gentleman  of  his  bedchamber.  This  fitua- 
tion  afforded  him  leifure  to  indulge  his  genius  for  poetry ;  and 
he  then  compofed  feveral  of  his  poems.    He  was  again  employed 

[ji]  Memoirs  of  Mr.  Prjor  by  Sam.  Humphreys,  Efq;  prefixed   to  ,tbp  3d  yol,  of 
trior's  Poems,  Lond.  1733.— -General  Diftionary. 

C  cj  as 


3fo  PRIOR. 

as  fecretaryto  theEnglifh  negociations  at  the  treaty  of  Ryfwick, 
in  1697,  having  been  nominated  the  fame  year  principal  fecre- 
tary  of  ftate  in  Ireland.  In  1698,  he  went  fecretary  to  the 
embafly  in  France  ;  in  which  port  he  continued  during  the  fuc- 
ceflive  embaflies  of  the  earls  of  Portland  and  Jerfey.  While  he 
was  in  France,  one  of  the  officers  of  the  king's  houfehold,  fhew- 
ing  him  the  royal  apartments  and  curiofities  of  Verfailles,  and 
among  them  the  paintings  of  Le  Brun,  in  which  the  vidories  of 
Louis  XIV.  are  defcribed,  afkcd  him,  whether  king  William's 
adlions  were  to  be  feen  alfo  in  his  palace  ?  ^*  No,"  anfwered  the 
Englifli  fecretary,  "  the  monuments  of  my  mailer's  a<9ioQS  are 
to  be  feen  every  where  but  in  his  own  houfe." 

In  1699,  he  went  to  king  William  at  Loo  in  Holland, 
whence,  after  a  long  and  particular  audience  with  his  majefty, 
he  departed  byway  of  the  Hague  for  England,  and  immediately 
was  made  under-fecretary  in  the  office  of  the  earl  of  Jerfey.  In 
a  few  days,  being  a  great  favourite  with  the  French  king,  he 
was  ordered  back  to  raris,  to  affifl  the  ambaflador  in  the  affair 
of  the  partition-treaty ;  and,  having  difpatched  the  bufinefs  to 
the  fatisfaSion  of  both  fovereigns,  returned  with  great  quicknefs 
to  London.  The  fame  year,  he  printed  his  celebrated  poem, 
called,  **  Carmen  Sa'culare."  In  1700,  he  was  appointed  one 
of  the  lords  commiffioners  of  trade  and  plantations,  upon  the 
refignation  of  Mr.  Locke  ;  and  was  eleSed  a  reprefentative  for 
Eaft-Grinftead  in  Suffex,  in  the  new  parliament  of  that  year, 
where  he  voted  for  impeaching  the  feveral  lords  charged  with 
advifing  the  partition-treaty. 

Upon  the  fuccefs  of  the  war  with  France,  after  the  acceffion 
of  queen  Anne,  Prior  exerted  his  poetical  talent  in  honour 
of  his  country:  firft,  in  his  '*  Letter  to  Boileau,  on  the  vic- 
tory at  Blenheim,  in  1704;'*  and  again,  in  his  "Ode  on  the 
glorious  Succcfs  of  her  Majefty *s  Arms,  in  1706  [c].'*     Yet  he 

after- 

[c]  An  excellent  letter  to  Prior,  on  age  is  nioft  cert^nly  happy  in  this,  that, 

tiih  Ofie»  from  the  pious  Mr.  Nelfon,  is  when  our  countrymen  Ughr  with  Co  much 

prefcrve4  in  the    "  Anecdotes   of  Bow-  bravery,  we  have  a  confummatc  poet,  that 

ytr,*'    p.  4.   whence  we  fliall   take    the  fecures  their  hardy  deeds  from  obHvion, 

liberty  of  making  a  fliort  extraft :  and  places  their  battles  in  etentiil  light. 

"  Dear  Sir,           Cranford,  July  ao.  You  obferve  a  decency  throughout  your 

"  I  have  been  fo  agreeably  entertained  whole  Ode,  which  is  the  effeft  of  your 
in  my  rctii»'ment  at  this  place  with  the  Vue  good  fenfe,  that  when  with  a  liberal 
beauties  of  your  charming  Mufe,  that  mere  hand  you  beftow  your  incenfe  upon  our 
fenfe  of  gratitude  for  the  pleafure  I  have  great  general,  itftill  rifes  in  thicker  clouds 
enjoyed  conftrains  me  to  pay  my  acknow-  towards  her  who  made  his  arms  her  choice, 
ledgements  to  the  mafterly  hand  that  admi-  I  could  wifli  our  pulpit  orators  underftood 
niftered  it  And  indeea,  I  muft  own,  the  the  fame  decorum  j  and  then  all  their  par- 
banquet  is  fo  elegantly  prepared,  that  at  ticular  pralfes  would  have  had  a  relation 
the  fame  time  that  it  raifes  my  admiration,  to  their  main  fubjed.  Without  the  bias 
it  gratifies  and  fatisfies  my  appetite  to  the  of  friendfhip,  I  rriay  venture  to  fay  you 
full;  and  yet  I  can  return  it  with  frefh  have  improved  thofe hints  you  have  bor- 
guHo :    for  dec'ui  repetita  flacebitn     Our  roiyed  from  Horace  5  and>  were  I  as  well 

ac^uainte^ 


P  R  1 0  k.  391 

afterwards  concurred  with  thoffe  who  ftrove  for  a  peace ;  and,  in 
1711,  when  the  queen  determined  to  treat  with  PVance,  was 
chiifen  to  convey  her  majefty*s  demands.  For  this  purpofe,  he 
was  appointed  plenipotentiary  to  that  court ;  having  been  made 
one  of  the  commiflioners  of  the  cuftoms  juft  before.  He  was 
much  employed,  and  intimately  concerned,  in  the  bufinefs  of 
the  peace ;  and,  after  returning,  was  fent  again  to  France  in 
Aiiguft,  1 71 2,  to  accommodate  fuch  matters  as  had  remained 
unfettled  in  the  congrefs  at  Utrecht.  From  the  end  of  this 
month,  he  had  the  appointments  and  authority  of  an  aiiibaflla- 
-dor;  and  fo  contthued  as  long  as  queen  Anne  lived.  He  re- 
mained at  Paris  alfo  in  the  chara<Eler  of  a  public  minifter,  fome 
months  after  the  acceflion  of  George  I,  and  then  was  fucceeded 
by  the  earl  of  Stair.  The  great  change,  which  happened  in  the 
public  affairs  at  that  time,  occalioned  Mr.  Prior  to  be  detained 
in  France;  and  upon  hi^  arrival  in  England,  March  25,  1715, 
he  was  immediately  taken  up  by  an  order  of  the  houfe  of  com- 
mons, and  foon  after  examined  by  a  committee  of  the  privy 
council.  June  10,  Robert  Walpole,  efq;  moved  the  houfe  for 
an  impeachment  againft  him  ;  and  on  the  17th,  Mr.  Prior  was 
ordered  into  clofe  cuftody,  and  no  perfon  admitted  to  fee  him 
without  leave  of  the  fpeaker.  In  17171  an  a€t  of  Grace  paflTed, 
but  he  was  one  of  the  perfons  excepted  in  it ;  at  the  clofe 
of  the  year,  however,  he  was  difcharged  from  his  confinement. 
•  He  fpent  the  remainder  of  his  days,  retired  from  bufinefs,  at 
Down-Hall,  a  fmall  villa,  in  the  county  of  Effex.  Having 
finifhed  his  "  Solomon,  on  the  Vanity  of  the  World,**  he  made 
acoUe£lion  of  all  his  poems,  and  publiflied  them  in  one  volume, 
folio,  with  an  elegant  dedication  to  the  duke  of  Dorfet.  Some 
time  after,  he  formed  a  dcfign  of  writing  an  "  Hiilory  of  his 
own  Time  ;*'  but  had  made  very  little  progrefs  in  it,  when 
a  lingering  fever  carried  him  oft',  Sept.  18,  1721,  in  his  fifty- 
eighth  year.  He  died  at  Wimple,  a  feat  ot  the  earl  of  Oxford, 
hot  far  from  Cambridge ;  and  his  corpfe  was  interred  in  Weft- 
minfter*abbey,    where   a   monUment  was  credled   at  his  own 

acqxiainted  with  Spefifer,  I  believe  I  ihouW  taate  the  queen's  glory  to  future  gcnera- 

^ave  reafon  to  make  the  iiaroe  judgeaient  tions  j  and  yet  it  ftruck  me  with  particular 

in  reference  to   your  ftyle.     1  am    fure,  pltiafurc,  f»cm  that  knowledge  I  have  of 

whatever  his  is,  your  imagination  is*  warm,  thole  inonuments  that  have  been  raifed  to 

and  your  expreflions  noble  and  majeftic  j  the  two  emperors  you  mention.     It  is  a 

and  yet  they  never  carry  you  out  of  light  j  great  misfortune  that  we  have  no  eminent 

but  you  arc  always  plcafed  to  be  intelligi-  fcuiptor  that  can  execute  what  you  have 

ble.     I  thought  it  friendly  to  acquaint  you  fo  maflerly  defigned.     Such  a  work  would 

how  much  I  (hare  in  your  glorious  fuccefs,  make  London  exceed  Rome  in  a  monu- 

and  that  the  Ihort  journey  you  have  made  meiital  pillar,  as  much  as  it  does  already 

to  Parnaflfus  turns  fo  much  to  your  folid  outdo  her  in  trade  and  commerce.    But  we 

reputation.     I  had  almoft  forgot  to  do  juf-  will  glory  that  it  Hands  fixt  in  your  vcrfes  ; 

tice  to  thofe  admirable  materials  you  have  where  lateft  times  may  read  Anna's  im- 

provided  for  greying  a  column  to  perpe-  mortal  fam/e." 

C  c  4  charge. 


39i  PRIOR. 

charge,  500I.  having  been  fct  apart  by  him  for  that  purpofe, 
and  an  infcription  for  it  was  written  by  Robert  Freind,  mafter 
of  Weftminfler-fchool.  After  his  death,  more  of  his  poems 
were  publifliedi  and  there  appeared,  in  1740,  *'  The  Hiftory  of 
his  own  Time,  compiled  from  his  original  Manufcripts  i"  a 
compofition  little  worthy  of  him,  and  undoubtedly  for  the  moft 
part,  if  not  entirely,  fpurious. 

It  fliould  be  remembered,  that  he  was  concerned  in  fome  of 
the  firft  papers  of  "  The  Examiner ;"  and  was  fuppofed  to  be 
the  author  of  a  criticifm  in  it,  upon  a  poem  of  Dr.  Garth  to 
the  earl  of  Godolphin :  which  criticifm  expofed  him  to  the 
feverity  of  Mr.  Addifon,  in  the  firft  number  gf  his  "  Whig- 
Examiner." 

Prior,  notwithftanding  the  many  high  pofts  and  lucrative  em- 
ployments he  had  polTeiTed,  died  at  laft  fellow  of  St.  John's  col- 
lege in  Cambridge.  He  was  often  told  that  a  feliowfliip  was 
too  trifling  a  thing  for  him  to  keep,  and  even  improper  for  his 
charadler :  but  he  replied,  that  "  every  thing  he  had  befides  was 
precarious,  and  when  all  failed,  that  would  be  bread  and  cheefe  i 
on  which  account  he  did  not  mean  to  part  with  it."  However, 
to  make  the  fociety  fome  amends  for  this  humour,  he  left  them 
books  to  the  value  of  200I.  to  be  chofeu  by  them  out  of  his 
library ;  and  alfo  his  pidure  painted  by  La  Belle,  in  France,  which 
had  been  a  prefent  to  him  from  Louis  XIV. 

The  works  of  this  writer  having  been  very  inaccurately  and 
imperfeclly  publifhed,  Mr,  Thomas  Evans,  bookfeller,  under^ 
took  to  give  a  new  edition  ;  and  hearing  that  the  dowager 
dutchefs  of  Portland  was  pdffefled  of  fome  manufcript  poems  of 
Prior  [d],  applied  to  his  friend  Mr.  Garrick,  for  his  int^reft 
with  her  grace,  to  obtain  her  permiflion  to  conclude  his  edition 
with  ihefe  junpublilhcd  poems,  Mr,  Garrick,  with  that  friend- 
fliip  and  zeal  for  literature  which  marked  his  character,  im- 
mediately made  the  application,  which  the  dutchefs  apfwcred 
very  favourably,  defiring  only  to  leave  the  dccifion  of  what 
poems  were  fit  for  publication  to.  the  judgement  of  Mr.  Burke 
and  Garrick.  The  meeting  for  this  purpofe  was  prevented  by 
the  avocations  and  death  of  Garrick,  and-  the  manufcripts  remain 
unpublifhed.  Evans  publiihed  his  edition  without  thefe  accef* 
iSons  Te]. 

PRISCIANUS, 

[p]  Of  which  a  fpccimen  may  be  feen  tipns  5    by  the  latter  for  His  aflfedkionate 

JnNichols's  <*  Sclc^Colledlion  of  Poems,"  regard  j  by  his  frieiuls  for  hw  readincfs  and 

vol.  I.  p.  iii.  ajSivity  in  their  fei  vice  j  and  by  his  ac- 

[l]  Thefe  particulars  were  comxnuni-  quaintance  for  the  plcafantncfs  of  his  con- 

.  cited  to  Mr.  Nichols,  by  Mr.  Evans,  not  verfation,  and  his  entertaining  manner  of 

many  days  before  his  death,  which  hap>  difplayin^  his  wit  and  humour,  of  botiiof 

pened  April  30,1784.  Mr.  Evans  was  much  which  he  poffcffed  a  more  than  ordinary 

beloved,  refpe£ted  and  eftecmed  by  his  n^.  portion.     He  had  naturally  a  tafte  ^nd  a 

inerous  ac(|u<untaace,  6[kpAs,  and  rela-  Ipye  for  literature  ^  and;,  a$  far  as  prudence 

wouW 


PRIS  GILLIAN.  J93 

PRISCIANUS,  an  eminent  grammarian  of  antiquity,  who 
was  born  at  Csefarea,  and  afterwards  went  to  Conftantinople; 
where  he  taught  the  principles  of  his  art,  and  was  in  the  hi^cft 
repute  «bout  the  year  525.  Donatus,  Servius,  and  Prifcian, 
are  called  triumviri  in  Re  Grammatica,  by  Laurentius  Valla ; 
who  thinks  them  all  excellent,  and  that  none  of  the  ancients, 
who  wrote  after  them  upon  the  Latin  language,  are  fit  to  be  men- 
tioned with  them*  Prifcian  compofed  a  work,  *^  De  Arte 
Grammatical*  which  was  lirft  printed  by  Aldus,  at  Venice,  in 
1476  :  it  is  addrefled  to  Julianus,  not  the  emperor,  as  fome  have 
crroneoufly  fuppofed,  but  the  conful.  He  wrote  a  book  "  Dc 
Naturalibus  Quasftionibus,"  which  he  dedicated  to  Chofrocs, 
king  of  Perfia.  He  tranflated  *^  Dionyfius's  Defcription  q( 
the  World,"  into  Latin  verfe:  it  is  printed  with  the  edition 
of  that  author,  at  Oxford,  1697,  in  8vo.  Some  have  pretended, 
that  this  grammarian  was  firft  a  Chriftian,  and  afterwards  a 
Pagan :  but  there  is  no  foundation  for  this  opinion.  Hadrian 
Valefius  relates,  that  his  name,  in  a  very  ancient  and  correA 
manufcript^  is  written  Prasfcianus-  A  perfon,  who  writes  falfe 
Latin,  is  proverbially  faid  ^*  to  break  Prifcian's  head." 

PRISCILLI  AN,  a  heretic  of  the  fourth  century,  well  known 
in  ecclefiaftical  hiftory  for  having  revived  the  errors  of  the  Gnof- 
tics  and  Manicheans.  He  was  a  Spaniard,  of  high  birth,  and  great 
fortune,  with  confiderable  talents  and  eloquence.  His  opinions 
firft  became  known  in  379,  and  were  rapidly  difFufed  in  Spain* 
3ut  in  the  enfuing  year,  a  council  was  held  by  the  bifliops  of 
Aquitaine  at  Saragolla,  in  which  the  Prifcillianifts  vvere  folemnly 
condemned.  He  was  then  but  a  layman,  but  foon  after  he  was 
ordained  biQiop  of  Labina,  or  Lavila,  fuppofed  to  be  Avila,  on« 
of  the  cities  of  Galicia,  by  two  biihopa  of  his  own  party.  In 
the  year  384,  or,  as  Baronius  in  his  annals  writes,  387,  the 
ringleaders  of  this  feft  were  put  to  death  by  the  emperor  Max- 
imus,  having  been  convifted  before  the  magiftrates  of  the  groflfeft 
immoralities.  Thefe  were  Prifcillian  himfelf,  Feliciflimus,  and 
Armenus,  two  ecclefiaflics,  who  had  but  very  lately  embraced 
his  dodlrine ;  Afarinus  and  Aorelius,  two  deacons  ;  Latroni- 
anus,  or,  as  Jerome,  calls  him,  Matronianus,  a  layman;  and 
Eucrocia,  the  widow  of  the  orator  Delphidius,  who  had  pro- 
fefled  eloquence  in  the  city  of  Bourdeaux  a  few  years  before. 
Thefe  were  ail  beheaded  at  Treves.  The  reft  of  Prifcillian's 
followers,  whom  they  could  difcover  or  apprehend,  were  either 
baniflied  or  confined.     The  bodies  of  Prifcillian,  and  thofe  who 

i¥yould  permit,  endeavoured  to  render  his  and  engaged  in  a  great  number  of  p«bli  > 

private   propenfjty  the   fource   of  public  cations  that  tended  to  refcue  merit  from 

advantage,  and  public  orjiam:n".    Hence  he  oblivion,  and  to  do  honouf-  to  the  literary 

i^voured  the  world  with  elegant  edition!)  cbaiaAer  df  his  country. 


ff  the  works  of  fomt  very  einiaent  poets. 


fuffered 


J94  PROCLUS. 

fnftred  with  him,  wctt  conveyed  by  the  friends  and  adherents 
into  Spain,  and  there  interred  with  great  pomp  and  folemnity ; 
their  names  were  added  to  thofe  of  other  faints  and  martyrs, 
their  firmnefs  extolled,  and  their  dodrine  embraced  by  fuch 
numbers  of  pcofelytes,  that  it  fpread  in  a  fhort  time  over  all  the 
provinces  between  the  Pyrenees  and  the  ocean.  The  author  of 
the  notes  upon  Sulpitius  Severus  tells  us,  that  he  faw  the  name 
of  Prifcillian  in  fome  not  very  ancient  martyrologics.  In  prac- 
tice they  did  not  much  differ  from  the  Manichees ;  the  fame,  or 
nearly  the  fame,  infamous  myfleries  being  afcribed  to  both :  for, 
in  the  trial  of  Prifcillian,  before  the  emperor  Maximus,  it  was 
alledged  that  he  had  countenanced  all  manner  of  debauchery, 
that  he  had  held  nodurnal  affemblics  of  lewd  women,  and  that 
he  ufed  tp  pray  naked  among  them.  See  the  fummary  of  their 
dodrine  extraded  from  their  own  books,  by  Turibius,  and  fent 
by  him  to  pope  Leo. 

PRITZ  (John  George),  Pritius,  or  Pritzius,  a  Pro- 
teftant  divine,  born  at  Leipfic  in  1662.  He  was  chofen  in  1707, 
ai  Gripfwalde,  profeiTor  of  divinity,  ecclefiaftical  counfellor, 
and  minifter;  which  offices  he  there  held  till  1711,  when  he  was 
called  to  prefide  over  the  miniftry  at  Frankfort  on  the  Maine. 
At  that  place  he  died,  much  beloved  and  efteemed,  on  the  24th 
of  Auguft,  1732.  Befides  the  works  that  were  publiflied  by  this 
learned  author,  he  was,  from  1687  to  1698,  one  of  the  writers 
of  the  Leipfic  Journal.  Befides  many  compilations  of  various 
kinds,  he  wrote,  i.  ^^  A  learned  Introdu<Elion  to  the  reading  of 
the  New  Teftament,"  8vo,  the  beft  edition  is  1724.  2.  **  De 
Immortalitate  Animse,"  9  controverfial  book,  againfi  an  EngliQi 
writer.  3.  An  edition  of  the  works  of  St.  Macarius.  4,  An 
edition  of  the  Greek  Teftament,  with  various  readings,  and 
maps.  5.  An  edition  of  the  btters  of  Milton  ;  and  fo]iie  othi^r 
works. 

PROCLUS,  an  eminent  philofopher  among  the  later  Pla- 
tonifts[F],  was  born  at  Conflantinople  in  the  year  410,  of  pa* 
rents  who  were  both  able  and  willing  to  provide  for  his  inftruftion 
in  all  the  various  branches  of  learning  and  knowledge^  He  was 
firft  fent  to  Xanthus,  a  city  of  Lycia,  to  learn  grammar ;  thence 
to  Alexandria,  where  he  was  under  the  beft  mafters  in  rhetoric, 
philofophy,  and  mathematics;  and  from  Alexandria  he  removed  to 
Athens,  where  he  heard  the  younger  Plutarch  and  Syrianus,  both 
of  them  celebrated  philofophers.  He  fucceeded  the  laft  in  the 
reSorfhip  of  the  Platonic  fchool  at  Athens;  where  he  died  in 
485.  Marinus  of  Naples,  who  was  his  fuccelfor  in  the  fchool, 
wrote  his  life ;  and  the  firft  perfeA  copy  of  it  was  publiflied, 
with  a  Latin  verfion  and  notes,  by  Fabricius,  Hatpburgh,  1700, 

[r]  Fabric.  BibU  Grace,  y.  8. 


PROCOPIUS.  395 

'4XOy  and  aftcfwards  fubjoioed  to  his  <<  Biblictheca  latioa, 
1703,"  8vro. 

He  wrote  a  vaft  number  of  works  in  various  ways ;  many  of 
Xvhich  are  loft,  fome  are  pnblifljed,  and  a  few  remain  ftill  ia 
manufcript  only.  Of  the  publifhed,  there  are  four  very  elegant 
liymns;  one  to  the  "  Sun,"  two  to  '^  Venus,"  and  one  to  the 
*'  Mufes."  There  are  '^  Commentaries  upon  feveral  pieces  of 
Plato,"  upon  the  four  books  of  Claudius  Pioiemawis  "  De  jiidi- 
ciis  Aftrorum,"  upon  the  firft  book  of  **  Euclid's  Elements," 
and  upon  Hefiod's  "  Opera  &  Dies."  There  are  alfo  works  of 
Proclus  upon  philofophical  and  aftronomical  fubjeSs ;  particu- 
larly the  piece  *^  De  Sphasra,"  which  was  publiihed  in  1620, 
4to,  by  Bainbridge,  the  Savilitn  profcilbr  of  aftronomy  at  Ox- 
ford. Laftly,  we  muft  not  forget  to  mention  his  *'  Argumcnta 
X  Vlll.adverfusChriftianos  j"  Hrhich,though  the  learned  Cave  fup- 
pofed  them  to  be  loft,  are  ftill  extant.  Cave,  concluding  too  much 
from  the  title  of  this  piece,  and  from  what  Suidas  fays  of  Proclus, 
'Was  led  to  rank  him  with  Celfus,  Julian,  Porphyry,  as  a  pro* 
feiTed  and  bitter  adverfary  of  Chriftianity :  whereas  Proclus  only 
attacks  the  Chriftians  upon  this  fingle  dogma,  *'  whether  the 
world  be  eternal?"  the  affirmative  oi  which  he  attempts  to  prove 
againft  them  by  eighteen  arguments,  Joannes  Philopoaus  refuted 
ithefe  arguments  of  Proclus,  with  eighteen  arguments  for  the 
negative:  and  both  the  one  4nd  the  other,  for  they  are  inter- 
woven, have  been  printed  more  than  once  with  Latin  verfions. 

The  character  of  Proclus  is  that  of  all  the  later  Platonifts, 
who  were  in  truth  much  greater  enthufiafts  than  the  Chriftians 
their  contemporaries,,  whom  they  reprefented  in  tiiis  light. 
Proclus  was  not  -reckoned  quite  orthodox  by  his  order  :  he  did 
not  adhere  fo  religioufly,  as  Julian  and  Porphyry,  to  the  doc- 
trines and  principles  of  his  mailer:  "  he  had,"  fays  Cudworth, 
^*  fome  peculiar  fancies  and  whim  lies  of  his  own,  and  was  in- 
deed a  confoundcr  of  the  Platonic  theology,  and  a  mingler  of 
much  unintelligible  ftuff  with  it." 

PROCOPI  US,  an  ancient  Greek  hiftorian  [g],  was  born  at 
^aefarea  in  Paleftine,  and  went  thence  to  Conftantinople  in 
the  time  of  the  emperor  Anaftaiius ;  whofe  eftecm  he  obtained, 
^s  well  as  that  of  Juftin  the  firft,  and  Juftinian.  His  profeffion 
was  that  of  a  rhetorician  and  pleader  of  caufes.  He  was  ad- 
var^ced  to  be  fecrctary  to  Belifarius  ;  and  attended  that  renowned 
general  in  the  wars  of  Perfia,  Africa,  and  Italy.  He  afterwz^rds 
was  admitted  into  the  fenate,  and  became  prefect  or  governor 
pf  the  city  at  Conftantinople:  where  he  fecms  to  have  die^, 
fomewhat  above  fixty.      He  is   not  a   contemptible  hiftorian 

[g]  Fabric.  Bibl.  Graec.  v.  6.--Voflius  (}e  Gr«c.  Hift.  Mothc  le  Vaycr  Jugc- 
j&eas  fur  l&s  Hlflunens,  &c. 

among 


396  PROCOPIUS. 

among  the  Byzantines.  His  hiftorjr  contains  eight  books; 
two,  of  the  Perfian  war,  which  are  epitomized  by  Photius,  in  the 
fixty-third  chapter  of  his  **  Bibliotheca  ;**  two,  of  the  wars  of 
the  Vandals;  and  four,  of  that  of  the  Goths:  of  all  which  there 
is  a  kind  of  abridgement,  in  the  preface  of  Agathias,  who  began 
his  hiftory  where  Procopius  left  off.  Befides  thefe  eight  books^ 
Suidas  mentions  a  ninth,  whicfi  comprehends  matters  not  before 
publiihed,  and  is  therefore  called  his  avcx^ora,  or  inediia.  Vof- 
fius  thought  that  this  book  was  loft  ;  but  it  has  fince  been  pub- 
liflied,  and  gone  through  many  editions.  Many  learned  men 
have  been  of  opinion,  that  this  is  a  fpurious  work,  and  falfely 
afcribed  to  Procopius ;  and  cannot  be  perfuaded,  that  he,  who 
in  the  eight  books  reprefented  Juftinian,  Theodora,  and  Beli- 
farius,  in  a  very  advantageous  light,  (hould  in  this  ninth  have 
made  fuch  a  coHeSion  of  particulars  in  their  disfavour,  as 
amounts  to  nothing  lefs  than  an  inveftive;  and  Le  Vayer  was 
Co  fenfibly  affefted  with  this  argument,  that  he  declares  all  Pro- 
copius's  hiftory  to  be  ridiculous,  if  ever  fo  little  credit  be  given 
to  the  calumnies  of  this  piece.  Fabricius,  however^,  fees  no 
reafon,  why  this  fccret  hiftory  may  not  have  been  written  by 
Procopius ]]h]  ;  and  he  produces  feveral  examples,  and  that  of 
Cicero  amongft  them,  to  Ihew  that  nothing  has  been  more  ufual, 
than  for  writers  to  allow  themfelves  a  certain  fatirical  way  of 
treating  things  andperfons  in  thefe  private  pieces,  and  very  dif- 
ferent from  the  manner  they  would  ufe  \n  what  was  defigned  for 
public  reading.  There  is  another  work  of  Procopius,  ftill  ex- 
tant, entitled,  KTitTptarac,  five  de  aedificiis  conditis  vcl  reftauratis 
aufpicio  Juftiniani  Imperatoris  libri  vi."  which,  with  his  eight 
books  of  hiftory,  were  firft  renewed  in  Greek  by  Hoefchelius  in 
1607;  for  the  book  of  anecdotes,  though  publiftied  in  1624, 
was  not  added  to  thefe,  till  the  edition  of  Paris,  1662,  in  foUe, 
when  they  were  all  accompanied  with  Latin  verfions. 

The  learned  have  been  much  divided,  nor  are  they  yet  agreed, 
about  the  religion  of  Procopius:  fome  contending  that  he  was 
an  Heathen,  fome  that  he  was  a  Chriftian,  and  fome  that  he 
was  both  Heathen  and  Chriftian:  of  which  laft  opinion  was  the 
learned  Cave.  Le  Vayer  declares  for  the  Pagahifm  of  Proco- 
pius, and  quotes  the  following  paflage  from  his  firft  book  of  the 
"  Wars  of  the  Goths  ;"  which,  he  fays,  is  fufficient  to  unde- 
ceive thofe  who  confidered  him  as  a  Chriftian  hiftorian..  **  I  will 
not  trouble  myfelf,"  fays  he,  fpeaking  of  the  different  opinions 
of  Chriftians,  "  to  ^relate  the  fubjefl:  of  fuch  controverfics, 
although  it  is  not  unknown  to  me ;  becaufe  I  hold  it  a  vain 
defire  to  comprehend  the  divine  nature,  and  underftand  what 
God  is.    Human  wit  knows  not  the  things  here  below;  how 

[h]  Epift.  »d  Attic.  II.  6.  &  xiv.  17. 

then 


PROPERTIUS.  397 

then  can  it  be  fatisfied  in  the  fearch  after  divinity  ^  I  omit  there- 
fore fuch  vain  matter,  and  which  only  the  credulity  of  man 
caufes  to  be  refpe£ted :  content  with  acknowledging,  that  there 
is  one  God  full  of  bounty,  who  governs  us,  and  whofe  power  , 
flretches  over  the  univerfe.  Let  every,  one  therefore  believe 
what  he  thinks  fit,  whether  he  be  a  prieft  and  tied  to  divine, 
worftiip,  or  a  man  of  a  private  and  lecular  condition*"  Fa- 
bricius  fees  nothing  in  this  inconfiftent  with  the  foundnefs  of 
Chriftian  belief,  and  therefore  is  not  moved  by  this  declaration, 
which  appeared  to  Le  Vayer,  and  other  learned  men,  to  be  dc- 
cifive  againft  Procopius's  Chriftianity.  This,  however,  what- 
ever the  real  cafe  may  be,  feems  to  have  been  allowed  on  all 
fides,  that  Procopius  was  at  leaft  a  Chriftian  by  name  and  pro- 
felTion ;  and  that,  if  his  private  perfuafion  was  not  with  Chrif- 
tians,  he  conformed  to  the  public  worfliip,  in  order  to  be  well 
with  the  emperor  Juftinian. 

As  an  hiltorian,  he  deferves  an  attentive  reading ;  and  efpe- 
cially  on  this  account,  that  he  has  written  of  things  which  he 
knew  with  great  exadnefs.  Suidas,  after  he  had  given  him  the 
furname  of  Illuftrious,  calls  him  rhetorician  and  fophifter;  as 
indeed  he  feems  to  have  been  too  much  for  an  hiftorian.  He  is 
copious;  but  his  copioufnefs  is  rather  Afiatic  than  Athenian,  and 
has  in  it  more  of  fuperfluity  than  true  ornament.  It  may  not 
be  improper  to  mention,  that  Grotius  made  a  Latin  verfion  of 
Procopius's  two  books  of  the  wars  of  the  Vandals,  and  of  the 
four  books  of  the  wars  with  the  Goths:  a  good  edition  of  which 
waspublifhed  at  Amfterdam  in  1655,  8vo. 
PROKOPOVITCH.  SeeTHEOPHANES. 
PROPERTIUS  (Sextus  Aurelius),  an  ancient  Roman 
poet,  was  born  at  Mevania,  a  town  in  Umbria[i]  ;  as  we  learn 
from  his  own  writings.  Some  fay,  his  father  was  a  knight, 
and  a  man  of  confiderable  authority;  who,  fiding  with  Lucius 
Antonius  upon  the  taking  of  Perufium,  was  made  prifoner 
and  flain,  by  Auguftus's  order,  at  the  altar  eredted  to  Julius 
Casfar:  when  his  eftate  was  forfeited  of  courfe.  This  muft 
have  happened  w^hen  the  poet  was  very  young;  and  he  alludes  to 
it  manifeftly  enough  in  one  of  his  elegies,  where  he  laments  the 
ruin  of  his  family,  in  that  early  feafon  of  his  life[K].  His  wit 
and  learning  foon  recommended  him  to  the  patronage  of  Mae- 
cenas and  Callus  ;  and  among  the  poets  of  his  time,  he  was  veiy 
intimate  with  Ovid  and  TibuUus.  Ovid  was  often  prefent  at 
his  friend's  rehearfals : 

"  Saepe  fuos  folitus  recitare  Propertius  ignes, 
Jure  lodalitii  qui  mihi  jundlus  erat." 

[i]  Fabricii  Bibl.  Latin.— .Crufius's  Lives  of  the  Romai|  poct«. 
k]  Lib.  ii.  Eleg.  25, 

We 


39?  PROPERTIUS. 

We  have  no  accounts  of  th^  crrcumftances  of  his  life,  or  the 
innnner  of  his  death  :  only  he  mentions  his  taking^  a  journey  to 
Athens,  probably  in  company  with  his  patron  Ma[^cenas,  who 
attended  Auguftns  in  his  progrefs  through  Greece.  It  is  certain 
he  died  young,  thofe  that  make  him  live  the  longeft  carrying  his 
age  no  higher  than  forty-one:  and,  from  the  lines  of  Ovid  juft 
quoted,  we  find  that  he  had  then  been  dead  fome  time.  His  birth 
happened  but  a  few  years  before  that  of  Ovid,  who  v/as  born 
about  the  year  of  Rome  710:  and  Lucius  Antonius  was  defeated  in 
714,  when  Propertius  was  very  young:  not  to  mention,  that  the 

**  Jure  fodalitii  qui  mihi  jundus  erat," 
properly  exprelTes  that  familiarity,  which  may  be  fuppofed  be- 
tween pcrfons  nearly  of  the  fame  age.  His  miftrefs  Holtia, 
whom  he  celebrates  under  the  name  of  Cynthia,  is  his  conftant 
theme ;  and  Martial  fays,  (he  and  the  poet  were  equally  obliged 
to  each  other:  ihe,  for  being  imnr>or  tali  zed  in  his  writings;  he, 
for  being  animated  by  her  with  that  noble  palEon,  which  made 
him  write  fo  well. 

"Cynthia,  facundi  carmen  juvenile  Propcrti, 

Accepit  famam,  nee  minus  ilia  cfedit." 

He  had  a  houfe  at  Rome  on  the  Efquiline  hill. 

The  great  object  of  his  imitation  was  Callimachus :  Mim- 
nermus  and  Philetas  were  two  others,  whom  he  likewife  admired 
and  followed  in  his  elegies.  Qiiintilian  tells  us[l],  that  Pro- 
pertius difpu  ted  the  prize  with  Tibullus,  among  the  critics  of 
his  time:  and  the  younger  Pliny,  fpcaking  of  Palfienus,  an  emi- 
nent and  learned  elegiac  poet  of  his  acquaintance,  fays,  that  this 
talent  was  hereditary  and  natural ;  for  that  he  was  a  defcendant 
and  countryman  of  Propertius  [m].  If  we  (hpuld  allow  that 
Propertius  was  inferior  to  Tibullus  in  tendernefs,  and  to  Ovid 
in  variety  of  fancy,  and  facility  of  expreflion;  ftill  it  mufl:  be 
granted,  on  the  other  hand,  that  he  excelled  them  both  in  art  and 
learning.  In  the  mean  time,  without  attempting  to  fettle  the 
degrees,  whore  all  are  excellent,  nothing  can  be  more  pure, 
more  elegant,  more  correft,  than  the  poetry  of  Propertius  :  and 
this  is  allowed  by  all  the  ancients  and  all  the  moderns.  Pro- 
pertius certainly  gave  the  firft  fpecimen  of  the  poetical  epiftle, 
B.  iv.  El.  3.  which  Ovid  aftewards  claimed  as  his  invention. 

The  works  of  this  poet  are  printed  with  almoft  all  the  editions 
of  Tibullus  and  Catullus ;  but  one  of  the  beft  editions  is  that, 
which  was  given  feparately  by  Janus  Brouckhufius  at  Amflerdam, 
in  1702,  in  4to,  and  again  in  1714,  4to,  "cum  curis  fecundis 
fjufdem.'*  Vulpius  republifhed  Propertius  in  1755,  with  feleft 
notes  from  Brouckhufius  and  Pafleratius,  and  a  learned  commen- 
tary of  his  own,  in  4to,  and  in  a  form  to  accompany  his  Catullus 

[l]  Juft.  Orator.  Lib.  x.  c.  i.  [m]  Epift,  15.  Lib.  vu 

and 


^PROTOGENES..  399 

and  Tibullus.  Laftly,  an  excellent  edition  in  8vo,  was  publifhed 
by  Frid.  Gottl.  Barthiiis,  at  Leipfic,  in  1777.  This  edition  has, 
befides  its  notes,  very  valuable  indexes. 

PROTOGENES,  a  famous  ancient  painter,  was  a  native, 
of  Caunns,  a  city  of  Caria,  fubjeft  to  the  Rhodians.  Who 
ivas  his  father,  or  his  mother,  is  not  known  ;  but  it  is  probable 
enough  that  he  had  no  other  matter  than  the  public  pieces  that 
he  faw ;  and  perhaps  his  parents,  being  poor,  could  not  be  at 
any  fuch  expence  for  his  education  in  the  art,  as  was  cuftomary 
at  that  time.  It  is  certain  that  he  was  obliged  at  firft  to  paint 
(hips  for  his  livelihood:  but  his  ambition  was  not  to  be  rich; 
his  aim  being  folely  to  be  mafter  of  his  profeffion.  He  finilhed 
his  pidures  with  too  great  care:  Apelles  faid  of  him,  he  knew 
not  when  he  had  done  well.  The  fineft  of  his  pieces  was  the 
piSure  of  Jalifus,  mentioned  by  feveral  authors  without  giving 
any  defcription  of  it,  or  telling  us  who  Jalifus  was:  fome  perfons 
fuppofe  him  to  have  been  a  famous  hunter,  and  the  founder  of 
Rhodes.  It  is  faid  that  for  feven  years,  while  Protogenes  worked 
on  this  pifture*,  all  his  food  was  lupines  mixed  with  a  little  water, 
which  ferved  him  both  for  meat  and  drink  [n].  He  was  of  opinion 
that  this  fimple  and  light  nourilhment  would  leave  him  the  free- 
dom of  his  fancy.  Apelles  was  fo  ftruck  with  admiration  of 
this  piece,  that  he  could  not  fpeak  a  word ;  having  no  exprellioiis 
to  anfwer  his  ideas.  It  was  this  fame  pi6lure  that  faved  the  city 
of  Rhodes,  when  befieged  by  king  Demetrius;  for,  not  being 
able  to  attack  it  but  on  that  lide  where  Protogenes  worked,  the 
kingchofe  rather  to  abandon  his  hopes  of  conquefl:,  than  to  deftroy 
fo  fine  a  piece,  as  that  of  Jalifus. 

The  ftory  of  the  conte(t  between  Protogenes  and  Apelles  is 
well  known  by  the  tale  which  Prior  has  founded  on  it.  This 
latter,  hearing  of  the  reputation  of  Protogenes,  went  to  Rhodes 
on  purpofe  to  fee  his  works.  On  his  arrival  there,  he  found  in 
the  houfe  nobody  but  an  old  woman  :  who,  aflcing  his  name,  he 
anfwered,  "  I  am  going  to  write  it  upon  the  canvas  that  lies 
here;"  and,  taking  his  pencil  with  colour  on  it,  defigned  fome- 
thing  v^rith  extreme  delicacy.  Protogenes  coming  home,  the  old 
woman  told  him  what  had  pafled,  and  fhewed  him  the  canvas ; 
who,  then  attentively  obferving  the  beauty  of  the  lines, 'faid  it 
was  certainly  Apelles  who  had  been  there,  being  affured  that  no 
one  elfe  was  able  to  draw  any  thing  fo  fine.  Then  taking  an- 
other colour,  he  drew  on  thofe  lines  an  outline  more  correct  and 

[n]  After  feven  ye^s  fpent  upon  it,  he  againft  it  in  order  to  efface  it;  and  this 

remained  ftili  chagrined,  becaufe,  having  luckily  produced  by  chance  what  his  arc 

reprefented  in  it  a  dog  panting  and  out  conild  not  efFedt.— The  fame  ftory  is  told 

of  breath,  he  was  not  able  to.  draw  the  ofNeoclcs  and  Apelles,  refpe^ioe  the  foam 

foam  at  bis  mouth  ;  which  vexed  him  to  of  a  horfe. 
fach  a  dei^ee,  that  he  threw  his  fponge 

2  more 


400  PRUDENTIUS. 

more  delicate ;  after  which  he  went  out  again,  bidding  the  old. 
woman  (hew  that  to  the  perfon  who  had  been  there,  if  he  re- 
turned, and  tell  him  that  was  the  man  he  enquired  for.  Apelles 
returning,  and  being  aihamed  to  fee  himfelf  outdone,  took  a 
third  colour,  and,  among  the  lines  that  had  been  drawn,  laid  on 
fbme  with  fo  much  judgement,  as  to  comprife  all  the  fubtlety  of 
the  art.  Protogenes  faw  thefe  in  his  turn  ;  and,  confefling  that 
he  could  not  do  better,  gave  up  the  difpute,  and  ran  in  hafte  to 
find  out  Apelles. 

Pliny,  who  teHs  this  ftory,  fays  that  he  faw  this  piece  of  canvas, 
before  it  was  confumed  in  the  fire  which  burnt  down  the  em- 
peror's palace;  that  there  was  nothing  upon  it,  but  fome  lines, 
which  could  fcarcely  be  difttnguifhed;  and  yet  this  fragment  was 
more  valued  than  any  of  the  piftures  among  which  it  was  placed. 
Ilic  fame  author  goes  on  lo  relate,  that  Apelles  afking  this  rival 
what  price  he  had  for  his  pi£lures,  and  Protogenes  naming  an 
inconliderable  fum,  according  to  the  hard  fortune  of  thofe  who 
are  obliged  to  work  for  their  bread;  Apelles,  concerned  at  the 
injuftice  done  to  the  beauty  of  his  produftions,  *gave  him  fifty 
talents  [ol  for  one  pifture  only,  declaring  publicly,  that  he 
"would  maKe  it  pafs  and  fell  it  for  his  own.  This  generofity 
opened  the  eyes  of  the  Rhodians  as  to  the  merit  of  Protogenes, 
and  made  them  get  the  pidlure  Apelles  had  bought  out  of  his 
hands,  paying  down  a  much  greater  price  for  it  than  he  had 
given. 

Pliny  alfo  informs  us,  that  Protogenes  was  a  fculptor  as  well 
as  a  painter.  He  flourifhed  about  the  io8th  Olympiad,  and  308 
years  before  Chrift.  Quiniilian,  obferving  the  talents  of  fxic 
famous  painters,  fays,  Protogenes  excelled  in  exaclnefs,  Pam- 
philius  and  Melanthus  in  the  difpofition,  Antiphilus  in  eafinefs, 
Theon  the  Samian,  in  fruitfulnefs  of  ideas,  and  Apelles  in  grace 
and  ingenious  conceptions. 

PRUDENTIUS  (QiJiNTUs  Aurelius),  an  ancient  Chrif- 
tian  poet  [p],  was  born  in  Spain  in  the  year  34.8  ;  but  whether 
he  was  a  native  of  Calahorra,  SaragoiTa,  or  Ibme  other  city  of 
that  country,  is  difputed.  He  was  brought  np  a  lawyer ;  and, 
being  called  to  the  bar,  was  afterwards  made  a  judge  in  two  con- 
fiderable  towns.  He  was  then  promoted  by  the  emperor  Hono- 
rius  to  a  very  high  office ;  but  not  lo  the  confulate,  as  fome  have 
falfely  imagined.  He  was  fifty-feven,  before  he  rcfolved  to  at- 
tend to  the  care  of  his  falvation ;  and  then  he  began  to  employ 
Tiis  Mufe  upon  holy  fubjefts.  His  poetry  is  not  extraordinary, 
and  fhews  mare  of  religious  zeal,  than  of  either  genius  or  art. 
He  often  ufes  harfti  expreffions,  not  reconcileable  to  pure  La- 

[o]  Equivalent  to  io,cool.  fterling,  a     his  own  pieces.     Pliny* 
Itixn  large  enough  to  be  incredible,  were  we         [p]  Bayle^s  Di^.  in  voce.-— Du  Pin, 
not  told  that  Apelles  had  twice  as  much  for    CaVe,  TiUcmonC,  &c. 

tinity: 


t^RYNNE.  4ot 

tinity:  ahd  he  h  even  guilty  of  falfe  quantity.  His;  poetical 
works,  to  which  he  chiefly  gave  Greek  titles,  are,  "  Pfychoma- 
chia,  or  The  Combat  of  the  Soul ;"  **  Cathemerinon,  or  Poems 
concerning  each  Day's  Duty ;"  ".  Tlepi  s-e^p^wv,  or  Hymns  in 
Praife  of  Martyrs ;"  "  Apotheofis,  or  Treatifcs  upon  Divine 
Subje£ls,  againft  Jews,  Infidels,  and  Heretics ;"  **  Hamarti-^ 
^ena,  or  concerning  Original  Sin,  againft  Marcion ;"  "  Two 
Books  againftSymmachus;'*  **  Diptichon,  or  Some  Hiftories  of 
the  Old  and  New  Teftament  in  Diftichs."  The  two  bopks 
againil  Symmachus  oppofe  idolatry.  In  the  firft  is  Ihewa  the 
.original  and  bafenefs  of  falfe  deities,  with  an  account  of  the 
converiion  of  the  city  of  Rome:  in  the  fecond,- the  petition, 
which  Symmachus  prefented  to  the  emperors,  %o  obtain  th^  re* 
cftablifliment  of  the  Altar  of  Vidory,  and  other  ceremonies  of 
the  Pagan  religion  is  anfwered.  T hele  books  were  written 
before  the  vidory  gained  over  Radagaifus  in  405,  and  after  that 
which  Stilicho  won  over  Alaric  near  Pollentia  in  402 :  for  he 
mentions  the  latter,  and  fays  nothing  of  the  former,  though  his 
fubjeft  required  it. 

The  time  of  Prudentius's  death  is  not  mentioned.  His  work^ 
were  publifhed  by  Aldus  at  Venice  in  1502,  4to,  and  that  edition 
has  been  followed  by  many  others.  A  Variprum  edition  was 
publifhed  by  Weitzius,  at  rlanau,  in  1613;  another,  with  the 
notes  and  corredions  of  Nicholas  Heinfius,  at  Amilerdam,  in 
1667,  i2mo,  neatly  printed  by  Daniel  Elzevir;  and  laflly,  an- 
other '*  In  ufum  Delphini,"  by  father  Chamillard^  at  Paris, 
1687,  4to. 

PRYNNE  (Wuliam),  an  eminent  Englifh  lawyer,  who 
was  much  diflineuifhed  in  the  civil  commotions  under  Charles  I* 
was  born  in  1600,  at  Swanfwick  in  Somerfetfhire  [qJ,  and 
educated  at  a  grammar*fchool  in  the  city  of  Bath.  He  became 
a  commoner  of  Oriel-college,  Oxford,  in  1616;  and,  after 
taking  a  bachelor  of  arts  degree  in  1620,  removed  to  Lincoln's* 
Inn,  where  he  fludied  the  law,  and  was  made  fucceflively  bar* 
rifler,  bencher,  and  reader.  At  his  firft  coming  to  that  inn,  he 
was  a  great  admirer  and  follower  of  Dr.  John  rrefton,  an  emi« 
nent  Puritan,  who  was  ledurer  there ;  and  he  publifhed  feveral 
books  againft  what  he  thought  the  enormities  of  the  age,  an4 
concernmg  the  do£lrine  and  difcipline  of  the  church.  His 
'*  Hiftriomaftix^"  which  came  out  in  1 632,  giving  great  offence 
to  the  court,  he  was  committed  prifoner  to  me  l^wer  of  Lon«- 
don ;  and,  in  1633,  fentenced  by  the  Star-chamber,  to  be  fined 
5000!.  to  the  king,  expelled  the  univerfity  of  Oxford  and  Lin« 
coln's-inn,  degraded  and  difenabled  from  bis  profeflion  of  the 
law,  to  ftand  in  the  pillory  and  lofe  his  ears,  to  have  his  book 

[O  Hence  Butler  «alli  him,  ^'  tb^  Utter  Bmrj/hroS  Sivuif^ck.** 

VoL.XII.  Od  fub&ly 


4»a  PRYNNE. 

publicly  burnt  before  his  face,  and  to  rem»n  prifoncr  during' 
life,  Prynnc  was  certainly  here  treated  with  very  unjuft  feverity  ; 
fcr  Whftclocke  obferves,  that  the  book  was  licenfed  by  arch- 
bffliop  Abbot*^  chaplain  [r]:  but  **  being  againft  plays,  and  a 
refrrctice  in  the  table  of  this  book  to  this  efFeS,  iVbmen-a^ors 
notorious  fFtjores^  relating  to  fotne  women-aSors  mentioned  in 
his  boot,  as  he  affirmeth,  it  happened,  that  about  fix  weeks 
after  this  the  queen  afted  a  part  in  a  paftoral  at  Somerfet-houfe ; 
aWd  then  archbilhop  Laud  and  other  prelates,  whom  Prynne  had 
afngered  by  fome  books  of  his  againft  Arminianifm,  and  againft 
the  jurifdiSion  of  btihops,  and  by  fome  prohibitions  which  he 
had  inoved,  and  got  to  the  high-commiflion-court ;  thefe  pre- 
lates, and  therr  inftruments,  the  next  day  after  the  queen  had 
a^ed  her  paftoral,  ftiewed  Prynne*s  book  againft  plays  to  the 
king,  and  that  place  in  •it,  fVomen-aiiors  notorious  Pf^ores:  and 
the^  informed  the  king  and  queen,  that  Prynne  had  purpofely 
Written  this  book  againft  the  queen  and  her  paftoral ;  whereas  it 
was  publiftied  fix  weeks  before  that  paftoral  was  a£ked." 

After  the  fentence  upon  Prynne  was  executed,  as  it  was  rigo- 
roufly  enough  in  May,  1634,  he  was  remitted  to  prifon  [s3.  In 
^635,  1636,  and  1637,  he  publiflied  fcveral  books:  particularly 
one  entitled,  "  News  from  Ipfwich,'*  in  which  he  refleftcd 
grofsly  on  the  archbilhop  and  other  prelates.  For  this  he  was 
lentenced  in  the  Star-chamber,  in  June,  1637,  to  be  fined  5000I. 
to  the  king,  to  lofe  the  remainder  of  his  ears  in  the  pillory,  to 
he  branded  on  both  cheeks  with  the  letters  S.  L.  for  Schifmatical 
Libeller,  and  to  be  perpetually  imprifoned  in  Caernarvon -caftk. 
This  fentence  was  executed  in  July ;  but,  in  January  following, 
he  vras  removed  to  Mount  Orgueil  caftlc  in  the  Iflc  of  Jerfey, 
where  he  exercifed  his  pen  in  writing  feveral  books.     Nov. 

[r]  Memorials  of  the  Engliih  AiFuirs,  xnoaths  before,  for  fome  pal&ges  in  a  booke 

5.  iS,  I73»>  folio.  bee  wrote   agaiaft    ftages    plaies,    caHed 

[s]  The  tallowing  particulars  arc  ex-  •  Hiftrio-maftix,*  as  if  he  had  in  them  let 

traded  from  the  Journal  of  fir  Simonds  ilippe  fome  wordes  tendinf  to  the  qo^ae** 

I>*£wes.   «  May  8,  1634, 1  departed  from  diihonour,  becaufe  he  fpoke  againft  the 

Stowhall  towards  London  j  and  the  next  unlawfulnefs  of   men   wearing   wom€n*s 

(fay  in  the  afternoon  came  fafe  thither.   As  apparel,    and  women  men's.     Notwith- 

(oon  as  I  lighted  I  heard  a  particular  neweSy  ftanding  this  cenfure,   whkfa  mcft  wtm 

which  much  eniadded  my  heart,  touching  were  affrighted  at,  to  fee  that  neither  his 

Wiliiam  Prinnc,  efquire,   that  had  been  academical  nor  barrifter*$  gowne  could  free 

an  utter  barrifter  of  Lincolnes  Inne,  and  a  him  from  the  infamous  lolfe  of  his  eares, 

graduate  in  the  unieerfitie  of  Oxforde,  who  yet  all  good  men  geAccallie  conociyed  It 

h^d  loft  one  care  alreadte  in  the  pillojde,  or  would  have  been  remitted  j  and  manie  re- 

a  parte  of  it,  and  was  to  lofe  a  parte  of  the  ported  it  was,  till  the  fadd  and  fatall  exc- 

other  to-morrow.     He  was  a  moft  learned,  cutlon  of  it  this  Midfummer  terme*     I 

fcHgfous    gentleman,    had  written  manie  went  to  Tifit  him  a  while  after  tn  the  Fleets 

^ute,  folid,  and  ebborate  treadfes,  not  and  to  comforte  himj  and  found  in  him 

only  againft  tiie  blafphemous  Anabaptifts,  the  rare  effedls  of  an  upright  heart  and  a 

in  the  defence  of  God*s  grace  and  provi-  good  confcience,  by  his  ferenltie  of  fpirii 

dence,  but  againft  the  vices  of  the  clergie  and  chearefuU  patience."     Bibliotht  To- 

andtbe  abu&s  of  the  times.    He  had  been  pog.  Brit.  No.  XV*  p*  55* 
fenfured  in  the  iStant-Chamber  a  few 

1040^ 


PRYNNE.  4»$ 

i64X)»  an  order  was  iflued  by  the  Houfe  of  Commons  for  hit 
releafement  from  prifon;  and  the  iame  month  he  entered  wit)l 
great  triumph  into  London.  He  was  foon  after  ejefted  a  mem- 
ber of  parliament  for  Newport  in  Cornwall,  and  oppofed  th^ 
bifliops,  efpecially  the  archbiOiop,  with  great  vigour,  both  by 
his  fpeeches  and  writings;  and  was  the  chief  manager  of  th^ 
prelate's  trial.  In  1647,  he  was  one  of  the  parliamentary  vifitoi^ 
of  the  univerfity  of  Oxford.  During  his  fitting  in  the  long 
parliament,  he  was  very  zealous  for  the  Prefbyterian  caufe^  antf 
when  the  Independents  began  to  gain  the  afcendant,  (hewed  him- 
flf  a  warm  oppofer  of  them,  and  promoted  the  king's  intereft, 
Jie  made  a  long  fpeech  in  the  Houfe  of  Commons,  concerning 
the  fatisfailorinefs  of  the  king's  anfwers  to  the  propofitions  ctf 
peace  ;  but,  two  days  after,  was  refufed  entrance  into  the  houfe 
by  the  army.  Upon  this  he  became  »  bitter  enemy  to  the  army 
and  ihcir  leader  Cromwell,  and  attacked  them  with  great  feverity 
in  his  writings.  Defying  Cromwell  in  a  very  open  manner,  he 
was,  July  I,  1650,  committed  clofe  prifoner  to  Dunfter  caftle  in 
Smnerfetfhire.  He  then  infifted  ftrongly  upon  Magna  Charta, 
and  the  liberty  of  the  fubjcft ;  which,  though  of  little  weight 
with  Cromwell,  feems  to  have  fet  him  free.  He  afterwards 
wrote  abundance  of  books  upon  religious  controverfies  and  other 
points. 

In  1659,  he,  as  a  fecluded  member  of  the  Houfe  of  Conok 
■mons,  being  reflored  to  (it  again,  became  iniliumental  in  re* 
calling  Charles  II.  in  which  he  (hewed  fuch  zeal,  that  genaral 
Monk  admonifhed  him  to  be  quiet,  it  being  then  unfeafonable. 
In  1660,  he  was  chofen  for  Bath,  to  (it  in  the  healing  parlis' 
ment ;  and,  after  the  Reftoration,  made  chief  keeper  of  hrs 
raajefty's  records  in  the  Tower,  with  a  falary  of  sooh  per  annum* 
He  was  again  elected  for  Bath  in  1661 ;  and,  July  that  year, 
being  difcontented  at  fome  proceeding  in  the  houfe,  he  publifhed 
a  paper,  entitled,  **  Sundry  Reafons  tendered  to  the  moll  ho- 
nourable Houfarof  Peers  by  fome  Citizens  and  Members  of 
London,  and  other  Cities,  Boroughs,  Corporations,  and  Ports, 
againft  the  new-intended  Bill  for  governing  and  reforming  Cor* 
porations:"  of  which  being  difcovered  to  be  the  author,  he  was 
obliged  to  beg  pardon  of  the  houfe,  in  order  to  efcape  puni(h« 
ment.  After  the  Reftoration,  he  publi(hed  feveral  books.  He 
gave  his  works,  bound  up  together,  in  forty  volumes,  folio  ah'd 
quarto,  to  the  library  of  Lincoln's-Inn  :  fothat  a  certain  writer 
was  not  far  from  the  mark,  when  he  called  him  "  one  of  the 
greateft  paper- worms,  that  ever  crept  into  a  clofet  or  library 
[u]."     Mr.  Anthony  Collins  ftyles  him,  "  a  little,  fa<aious, 

[u]  Mercuriut  PoUtlcus,  No.  7,  l^y  Mvchamont  Needham.    Letta  to  Dr.  Rogfn. 

D  d  2  fcribbling 


404  PSALMANAZAR. 

fcribUing  fellow."    He  died  at  his  chambers  in  Lincoln's-Inn, 
0&*  24t  T66^y  and  was  interred  under  the  chapel  there. 

The  earl  of  Clarendon  calls  him  learned  in  the  law,  as  far 
as  mere  reading  of  books  could  make  him  learned.  His  works 
are  all  in  Engliih  ;  and,  **  by  the  generality  of  fcholars,"  fays 
Wood,  **  are  looked  upon  to  be  rather  rhapfodical  and  confufed, 
than  any  way  polite  or  concife :  yet  for  antiquaries,  critics,  and 
fometimes  for  divines,  they  are  ufeful.  In  mod  of  them  he 
(hews  great  induftry,  but  little  judgement,  efpecially  in  his  large 
folios  againd  the  pope's  ufurpations.  He  may  oe  well  inti- 
tuled *  voluminous  Prynne,* .  as  Toftatus  Abulenfis  was  two 
hundred  years  before  his  time,  called  *  voluminous  Toftatus  / 
for  I  verily  believe,  that,  if  rightly  computed,  he  wrote  a  iheet 
for  every  day  of  Ms  life,  reckonmg  from  the  time  when  he 
came  to  the  ufe  of  reafon  and  the  ftate  of  man." 

His  greateft  work  goes  under  the  title  of  **  Records,"  in 
3  vols,  folio;  another  is  called  "  Parliamentary  Writs,"  in  four 
parts,  4.to,  He  likewife  publifhed  "  Sir  Robert  Cotton^s 
Abridgement  of  the  Tower  Records,  -with  Amendments  and 
Additions,"  folio ;  and,  "  Obfervations  on  the  Fourth  Part  of 
Coke's  Inftitutes,"  folio. 

PSALMANAZAR  (George),  the  aflumed  name  of  a  very 
tXtraordinary  perfon,  was  undoubtedly  a  Frenchman  born  [x]: 
lie  had  his  education  partly  in  a  free-fchool,  taught  by  two  Fran- 
cifcan  monks,  and  afterwards  in  a  college  of  Jefuits  in  an 
mrchiepifcopal  city;  the  name  of  which,  as  alfo  of  his  birth- 
place and  of  his  parents,  remain  yet  inviolable  fecrets.  Upon 
leaving  the  college,  he  was  recommended  as  a  tutor  to  a  young 
gentleman ;  but  foon  fell  into  a  mean  rambling  kind  or  life, 
that  led  him  into  many  difappointments  and  misfortunes.  The 
firft  pretence  he  took  up  with  was -that  of  being  a  fufferer  for 
religion;  and  he  procured  a  certificate  that  he  was  of  Irifli 
.  cxtradton,  had  left  the  country  for  the  fake  of  the  Roman 
Catholic  religion,  and  was  going  on  a  pil|^mage  to  Rome. 
Not  being  in  a  condition  to  purchafe  a  pilgrim's  garb,  he  had 
obferved,  in  a  chapel  dedicated  to  a  miraculous  faint,  that  fuch 
a  one  had  been  fet  up  as  a  monument  of  gratitude  to  fome 
wandering  pilgrim ;  and  he  contrived  to  t^e  both  ftaiF  and 
cloak  away  at  noon-day.  *'  Being  thus  accoutred,"  fays  he^ 
*<  and  furnifhed  with  a  pafs,  I  began,  at  ail  proper  places,  to 
beg  my  way  in  a  fluent  Latin ;  accofting  only  clergymen,  or 
perfons  of  ngure,  by  whom  I  could  be  underuood :  and  found 
them  moftly  fo  generous  and  credulous,  that  I  might  eafiljr 
.  have  faved  money,  and  put  rayfelf  into  a  much  better  drefsy 
before  I  had  gone  through  a  fcore  or  two  of  miles.     But  fo 

[x]  Memoirs  of  bas  LUtf  hy  iam(c\f» 

powetful 


P  SALMANAZAR.  405 

powerful  was  my  vanity  and  extravagance,  that  as  foon  as  I  had; 
got,  what  I  thought,  a  fufficient  viaticum,  I  begged  no  more  ; 
but  viewed  every  thing  worth  feeing,  and  then  retired  to  fome 
inn,  where  I  fpent  my  money  as  freely  as  I  had  obtained  it." 

At  the  age  of  fixteen,  when  he  was  in  Germany,  he  fell 
upon  the  wild  projeft  of  pilling  for  a  Formofan.  He  recoU 
le<aed,  that  he  had  heard  the  Jefuits  fpeak  much  of  China 
and  Japan ;  and  was  rafti  enough  to  think,  that,  what  he 
wanted  of  a  right  knowledge,  he  might  make  up  by  the. 
ftrength  of  a  pregnant  invention,  which  here,  it  muft  be  con<». 
feifed,  found  ample  fcope  for  employment.  He  fet  himfelf  to 
form  a  new  charadter  and  language,  a  grammar,  a  diviflon  of 
the  year  into  twenty  months,  a  new  refigion,  and  whatever  elfe 
was  neceflary  to  fupport  the  deceit.  His  alphabet  was  written 
from  right  to  left  like  the  Oriental  tongues;  and  he  foon  inured 
his  hand  to  write  it  with  great .  readinefs.  He  now  thought 
himfelf  fufficiently  prepared  to  pafs  for  a  Japanefe,  converted 
to  Chriftianity:  he  altered  his  Avignon  certificate  as  artfully  as 
he  could,  reaJTumed  his  old  pilgrim's  habit,  and  began  bis  tour^ 
though  with  a  heavy  heart,  to  the  Low  Countries.  Under  the 
notion  of  a  Japanefe  converted  by  fome  Jefuit  miilionaries,  apd 
brought  to  Avignon  to  be  inftruSed  by  them,  as  well  as  to 
avoid  the  dreadful  puniflimefnts  inflified  on  converts  by  the 
emperor  of  Japan,  he  travelled  feveral  hundred  leiagues ;  with 
an  appearance,  however,  fo  difmal  and  fhabby,  as  to  exceed 
even  the  very  common  beggars. 

At  Liege  he  inlifted  into  the  Dutch  fervice,  and  was  carried 
by  his  officer  to  Aix-la-Chapelle.  He  afterwards  entered  into 
the  eledor  of  Cologne's  fervice ;  but  being  ftill  ambitious  a& 
ever  to  pafs  for  a  Japanefe,  he  nowchofe  to  profefs  himfelf  an 
unconverted  or  Heathenifh  one,  rather  than,  what  he  had  hir 
therto  pretended  to  be,  a  convert  to  Chriftianity:  The  laft 
garrifon  he  came  to  was  Sluys,  where  brigadier  Lauder,  a. 
Scotch  colonel,  introduced  him  to  the  chaplain,  v^th  whom  he 
was  permitted  to  have  a  conference;  and  this,  at  length, 
ended  in  the  chaplain's  fervent  zeal  to  make  a  convert  of  him, 
by  way  of  recommending  himfelf,  as  it  afterwards  turned  out, 
to  Comptoii  bifliop  of  London,  whofe  piety  could  not  fail  of 
fewarding  fo  worthy  an  a<^ion.  By  this  time  Pfa^manazar, 
growing  tired  of  the  foldier's  life,  liftened  to  the  chaplain's 
propofai  of  taking  him  over  to  England ;  and  he  was,  accord* 
ingly,  with  great  hafte,  baptized.  A  letter  of  invitation  from 
the  bifliop  of  London  arriving,  they  fet  out  for  Jlottcrdam, 
Pfalmanazar  was,  in  general  much  carefled  there ;  but  fome 
there  ii^ere,  who  put  fuch  ihrewd  quellions  to  him,  as  carried 
the  air  of  not  giving  all  that  credit  which  h^  pould  have  wiflied  > 
Th|&  tti^rew  him  upon  a  whinafical  expedient^  by  way  of  re* 

Dd3  moving 


4o6  PSALMANAZAR. 

Iftovinj^all  obftacles,  viz,  that  of  living  upon  raw  flefli,  roots, 
ind  h«rbs :  and  he  foon  habituated  bimiejt,  he  tells  us,  to  this 
He^  and  ftrangc  food,  without  receiving  the  Icaft  injury  to 
his  health ;  taking  care  to  add  a  good  deal  of  pepper  and  fpices 
by  way  of  concoSion. 

At  bi$  arrival  in  London  he  was  introduced  to  the  good 
biihop,  was  received  with  great  humanity,  and  foon  found 
a  large  circle  of  friends  among  the  wdl-difpofed,  both  of  clergy 
and  laity.  '*  But,"  fays  he,  "  I  had  a  much  greater  number 
of  oppofers  to  combat  with ;  who,  though  they  judged  rightly 
of  me  in  the  main,  were  far  from  being  candid  in  their  account 
of  the  difcovery  they  pretended  to  make  to  my  difadvantage  ; 
particularly  the  doftors  Halley,  Mead,  and  Woodward.  The 
too  vifible  eagernefs  of  thefe  gentlemen  to  expofe  me  at  any 
j?ate  for  a  cheat,  ferved  only  to  make  others  think  the  better  of 
me,  and  even  to  look  upon  me  as  a  kind  of  confelFor;  efpe- 
cially,  as  thofe  gentlemen  were  thought  to  be  no  great  admirers 
of  Kevelation,  to  which  my  patrons  thought  I  had  given  fo 
ample  a  teftimony."  Before  he  had  been  three  months  in 
London,  he  was  cried  up  for  a  prodigy.  He  was  prefently 
fcnt  to  tranflate  the  church  catechifm  into  the  Formofan  lan- 
guage ;  it  was  received  by  the  bifhop  of  London  with  candour, 
the  author  rewarded  with  generofity,  and  his  catechifm  laid  up 
amongft  the  moft  curious  manufcripts.  It  was  examined  by  the 
teamed ;  they  found  it  regular  and  grammatical ;  and  gave 
it  as  their  opmion,  that  it  was  a  real  language  and  no  counter- 
feit. After  fuch  fuccefs,  he  was  foon  prevailed  upon  to  write 
the  well-known  "  Hiftory  of  Formofa,"  which  foon  after  ap- 
peared. The  firft  edition  had  not  been  long  publifhed,  before 
a  fecond  was  called  for.  Meanwhile,  he  was  fent  by  the  good 
bifliop  to  Oxford,  to  purfue  fuch  ftudies  as  fuited  his  incli- 
nation moft  ;  whilft  his  oppofers  and  advocates  in  London  were 
difpnting  about  the  merits  and  demerits  of  his  book. 

The  learned  at  Oxford  were  not  lefs  divided  in  their  opi- 
nions. A  convenient  apartment  was,  however,  affigned  him  in 
one  of  the  colleges,  he  had  all  the  advantages  of  learning  which 
the  univerfity  could  afford  him,  and  a  learned  tutor  to  affift 
him.  Upon  his  return  to  London,  he  continued,  for  about  ten 
years,  to  indulge  a  courfe  of  idlenefs  and  extravagance.  Some 
abfurdities,  however,  obferved  in  his  "  Hiftory  of  Formofa," 
in  the  end  efFeSually  difcjredited  the  whole  relation ;  and  favcd 
him  the  trouble,  and  his  friends  the  mortification,  of  an  open  ^ 

confcffion  of  his  guilt.     He  feemed,  through  a  long  courfe  of  j 

life,  to  abhor  the  impofture,  yet  contented  himfelf  with  owning  • 

it  to  his  moft  intimate  friends.     His  learning  and  ingenuity,  II 

dttring  the  remainder  of  his  life,  did  not  fail  to  procure  him 
a  comfortable  fubfiftcnce  from  his  pett:  he  was  concerned  in 

compiling 


PTOLEMiEUS.  4^7 

compilipg  and  writing  works  of  credit,  particularly  the  "  Uni- 
verfal  Hiftory,"  and  lived  exemplarily  for  many  years.  His 
death  happened  in  1763. 

In  his  laft  will  and  teftament,  dated  Jan.  i,  1762,  he  declares, 
that  he  had  long  fince  difclaimed,  even  publicly,  all  but  the 
fhame  and  guilt  of  his  vile  impofition,  and  orders  his  body  to  be 
buried,  wherever  he  happens  to  die,  in  the  day-time,  and  in  the 
loweft  and  cheapeft  manner.  "It  is  my  earned  requeft,"  fays 
he,  "  that  my  body  be  not  inclofed  in  any  kind  of  coffin,  imt 
only  decently  laid  in  what  is  commonly  called  a  fliell,  of  the 
loweft  value,  and  without  lid  or  other  covering,  which  may 
hinder  the  natural  earth  from  covering  it  all  around. 

PSELLUS  (Michael  CoNtiTANTi^us),  a  Greek  philofo- 
pher,  phyfician,  mathematical  writer,  critic  and  commentator 
of  the  writings  of  the  claffic  ages ;  flourifhed  about  the  year 
1 105.  He  is,  for  his  various  and  extenfive  learning,  ranked 
among  the  firft  fcholiafts  of  his  lime.  He  commented  and  ex- 
plained no  lefs  than  twenty- four  plays  of  Menander,  which,  though 
now  loft,  were  extant  in  his  time.  The  emperor  Gonftantirte 
Ducas  made  him  preceptor  to  his  fon  Michael  who  fucceeded  to 
the  crown  in  1071.  iiis  principal  works  are,  <*  I.  De  Opera- 
tione  Daemonum,"  Greek  and  Latin,  8vo,  Paris,  16^3.  2. 
*<  De  Quatuor  Mathematicis  Scientiis,"  Baf.  8vo,  1556.  3. 
«  De  Lapidum  Virtutibus,"  Tol.  8vo,  1615.  4.  ''  De  Vidi^s 
ratione,"  in  two  books.  Bale^  1529,  8vo.  5.  "  Synopfis  Le- 
gum,  verfibus  Grsecis  edita,"  Paris,  1632.  Leo  Allatius  has 
written  a  treat! fe  de  PfelHs,  8vo,  Rome,  1634,  which  contains 
an  account  of  all  the  authors  of  the  name  of  Pfellus. 

PTOLEMiEUS  (Claudius)  [y],  a  great  geographer,  ma- 
,theniatician,  and  aftronomer  of  antiquity,  was  bom  at  Pelufium 
in  Egypt,  and  flouriflied  in  the  reigns  of  Adrian  and  Marcns 
Antoninus.  He  tells  us  himfelf,  in  one  place,  that  he  n-tade  a 
great  number  of  obfervations  upon  the  fixed  ftars  at  Alexandria, 
in  the  fecond  year  of  Antoninus  Pius  ;  and,  in  another,  that  he 
obferved  an  eclipfe  of  the  moon,  in  the  ninth  year  of  Adrian  ; 
whence  it  is  reafonable  to  conclude,  that  this  aftronomer's  ob- 
fervations upon  the  heavens  were  made  between  A.  D.  125,  atjd 
A.  D.  140.  Hence  appears  the  error  of  fome  authors  in  fiippofing, 
that  this  Claudius  Ptolemjeus  was  the  fame  with  the  aftrologer  Pto- 
lemy, who  conftantly  attended  Galba,  promifed  Otho  that  he 
Should  furvive  Nero,  and  afterwards  that  he  ftiould  obtain  the 
empire  ^  which  is  as  improbable,  as  what  Ifidorus  [z],  an  eccle- 
ilaftical  writer  of  the  feventh  century,  and  fome  moderns  after 
him  have  ailerted ;  namely,  that  this  aftronomer  was  one  of  the 

[y]  Fabric.  Biblioth.  Grace.  T.  IIL— Wfiidlcri  Hift.  Aftyon.  Wirttmb.  1741,  4to. 
Magna  Conftru^lio,  VII.  «.  Sc  IV.  9. 
[z]  Ptet.  in  vi;.  Ctfb«.-»Taclt.  Hill.  Ub.  i.  c  2». 

Dd4  kings-' 


40t  PTOLEM^US. 

kino  of  Egypt.  We  know  no  circumftapces  of  the  life  of 
Ptolemy  s  bur  it  is  no^ed  in  his  Canon,  that  Antpninus  Piu4 
reigned  threc-and-twenty  years,  nrhich  Ihewsi  that  himfelf  fur- 
Vived  hina. 

Science'  is  greatly  indebted  to  this  aftronpmcr ;  who  ha^ 
prefervcd  and  transmitted  to  us  the  obferv^tions  and  principal 
difcoveries  of  the  ancients,  and  ^t  the  fame  time  augmented  and 
enriched  them  with  his  own.  He  correScd  Hipparchus's  cata- 
logue of  the  fixed  ftai% ;  ind  formed  tables,  by  which  the  mo- 
tions of  the  fun,  moon,  and  planets,  might  be  calculated  ancl 
regulated.  He  Was  indeed  th^  firft  who  collefted  the  fcattered 
and  detached  obfervations  of  the  ancients,  and  digefted  them  into 
k  fyftem;  which  he  fct  forth*  in  his  *^  Meyakfi  ffwrat^Kt  five 
Magna  Conftrudio,"  divided  into  thirteen  books.  He  adoptSi 
and  exhibits  here  the  ancient  fyftem  of  the  world,  whjch  placed 
the  earth  in  the  centre  of  the  univerfe  ;  and  this  has  been  called 
from  hitn'the  Ptolemaic  fyftem,  to  diftinguiftied  it  from  thofe  of 
Copernicus  and  Tycho  Brahe.  About  827,  this  work  was 
tranflated  by  the  Arabians  into  their  language,  in  which  it  was 
tailed  **  Almagcftum,"  by  the  command  of  one  of  their  kings  ; 
knd  from  Arabic  into  Latin,  about  1 230,  under  the  encourage- 
ment of  the  emperor  Frederic  II.  There  were  other  verfions 
from  the  Arabic  into  Latin  j  and  a  manufcript  of  one,  done  by 
Girardus  Crembnenfis,  who  flouriihed  about  the  middle  of  the 
JFourteenth  century,  is  faid  by  Fabricius  to  be'  ftill  extant,  znA 
in  the  library  of  All  5ouls  college  at  Oxford.  The  Greek  t€Xt 
began  to  be  read  in  Europe  in  the  fifteenth  century ;  and  was 
|irft  publifhed  by  Simon  Gryriaeus  at  Bafil,  1538,  in  folio,  witl^ 
the  eleven  books  of  commentaries  by  Theon,  who  floiiriftied  at 
Alexandria  in  the  reign  of  the  elder  Theodofius.  In  I454^  U 
Was  reprinted  at  Balit,  with  a  Latin  verfion  by  Gcorgius  Tra- 
pezontius;  and  again  at  the  fame  place'in  1551,  with  the  addi- 
tion of  other  works  of  Ptolemy,  to  which  are  Latin  verfions  by 
Camerarius.  VVe  learn  from  Kepler  [a],  that  this  laft  edition 
was  ufied  by  Tycho. . 

Another  great  and  important  work  of  Ptolemy  was,  **  Ge*o- 
^raphiae  libri  vii ;"  in  which,  with  his  ufual  fagacity,  he  fearcbes 
out^and  marks,  and  he  was  the  firft  who  did  it,  the  fituatidn  b( 
places  according  to  their  longitudes  and  latitudes.  Though  this 
work  m\ift-of  neceffity  fall  greatly  fhort  of  perfeftion,  through 
the  want  b(  necertary'  obfervations,  yet  it  is  of  fihgular  merit,' 
and  has  been  very  ufeful  to  modern  geographers.  Cellarius 
indeed,  who  Vas  a  very  competent  judge,'  (ufpefts  that  Ptolemy 
did^rot  ufe  that  care  ahd  application,  whiqh  the  nature  €i  his 
work  required ;  and  his  reason  is,  that  the '  gec^rapher  delivers 

[a]  Tabttls  Rudolphime,  P.  11*  f*  i»4. 

I^imfelf 


PUFFENDORR  409 

liimfelf  with  the  fame  fluency  and  certainty^  concerning  things 
and  places  at  the  remoteft  diflance,  and  of  which  it  was  impofli^ 
ble  he  fhould  know  any  thing,  that  he  does  concerning  tho(^ 
which  lay  the  neareft  to  him,  and  fell  the  moft  under  his  cogni- 
zance.  Saknafius  [b]  had  before  made  fome  remarks  to  the 
fame  purpofe  upon  this  work  of  Ptolemy.  The  Greek  was  firft 
p'ubliflied  by  itfelf  at  Bafil  in  I533>  4to ;  afterwards  with  a  Latin 
verfion  and  notes  by  general  Mercator  at  Amfterdam,  1605; 
which  iaft  edition  was  reprinted  at  the  fame  place,  1618,  folio^ 
with  el^nt  geographical  tables,  by  Bertius. 

Other  works  of  Ptolemy,  though  lefs  coniiderable  than  thefc 
two,  ar^  ftill  extant;  "  Libri  quatuor  de  judiciis  aftronimi'* 
upon  the  two  firft  books  of  which  Cardan  wrote  a  commentary. 
♦*  FruSus  librorum  fuorum ;"  a  kind  of  fupplement  to  th^ 
former  work.  "  Recenfio  chonologica  regum ;"  this,  with  an- 
other work  of  Ptolemy,  "  De  hypothefibus  planetarum,"  was 
publiihed  in  1620,  4to,  by  Joannes  Bainbrigius  the  Savilian  pro- 
feffor  of  aftronomy  at  Oxford.  Scaliger,  Petavius,  Dodwell, 
and  all  the  chronological  men,  have  made  great  tife  of  it.  **  Ap- 
parentiae  Stellarum  Inerrantium ;"  this  was  publiibed  at  Paris 
by  Petavius,  with  a  Latin  verfion,  1630,  in  folio;  but  from  4 
mutilated  copy,  whofe  defeats  have  fmce  been  fupplied  from  a 
pcrfed  one,  which  fir  Henry  Savile  had  communicated  to  abp. 
Uftxer,  by  Fabricius,  in  the  third  volume  of  his  "  Bibliotheca 
Gneca."  "  Elementorum  Harmonicorum  libri  tres;"  publtihed 
in  Greek  and  Latin,  with  a  commentary  by  Porphyry  the  phi- 
lofopher,  by  Dr.  Wallis  at  Oxford,  1682,  in  4to;  and  after* 
wards  reprinted  there,  and  inferted  in  the  third  volume  of  Wal- 
lis's  works,  1699,  in  folio,  &c. 

Mabillon  exhibits,  ia  his  "  German  Travels,"  a  figure  of 
Ptolemy  looking  at  the  ftars  through  an  optical  tube ;  which 
effigy,  he  fays,  he  found  in  a  manufcript  of  the  thirteenth  cen- 
tury, made  by  Conradus  a  monk.  Hence  fome  have  fancied, 
that  the-\>fe  of  the  telefcope  was  known  to  Conradus ;  but  this 
is  only  matter  of  conjefture,  there  being  no  fafts  or  teflimonies 
to  fupport  fuch  an  opinion. 

PUFFENDORF  (Samuel  de)  [c],  an  eminent  German 
civilian  and  hiftorian,  was  born  in  1631  at  Fleh,  a  little  village 
hear  Chemnitz,  in  Upper  Saxony;  of  which  village  his  father 
Elias  PufFendorf  was  minifter.  He  difcovered  an  early  propen« 
fity  to  letters,  and  at  a  proper  age  was  fent  to  univerfities ;  where 
he  was  iupported  by  the  generofity  of  a  Saxon  nobleman,  who  v 

was  pleafed  with  his  promifing  talents,  his  father's  circumftances 
not  being  e^ual  to  the  exp^nce.  He  went  firft  to  Grim,  and 
afterwatds  to  Leipfic ;  where  he  inade  a  furprifing  progrefs  in 

[s]  In  not  ad  Soiinuiii;  p.  11S6  [f]  Niceron,  T.  XYIII. 

his 


4IO  PUFFENDORR 

}iis  fttidtes*  His  father  defigned  him  for  the  miniikvf^  and 
dircAed  him  to  apply  himfelf  to  divinity ;  bjut  his  inclination  W 
him  another  way.  He  turned  his  thoughts  to  the  public  law, 
ivhich,  in  Germany,  confifts  of  the  knowledge  of  the  rights  of 
the  empire  over  the  dates  and  princes  of  which  it  is  compofed, 
and  of  thofe  of  the  princes  and  ilates  with  refped  to  each  other. 
He  confidered  this  Itudy  as  a  proper  method  of  raifing  himfelf  m 
time  to  fome  pods  in  the  courts  of  Germany^  for  it  is  well 
known,  that  the  fe^^ral  princes  who  con>pofe  the  Germanic 
body  have  no  other  minifters  of  ftate  than  men  of  learning, 
whom  they  flyle  counfellors ;  and  whofe  principal  ftudy  is  the 
public  law  of  Germany.  As  thcfe  pofts  are  not  venal,  and  no 
other  recommendation  is  neceflary  to  obtain  them  but  real  and 
diftinguiihed  merit,  PufFendorf  refolved  to  qualify  himfelf  for 
the  honours  to  which  he  afpired.  After  he  had  refided  foaae 
time  at  Leipfic,  he  left  that  city,  and  went  to  Jena,  where  he 
joined  mathematics  and  the  Cartefian  philofophy  to  the  ftudy  of 
the  law.  He  returned  to  Leipfic  in  1658,  with  a  view  of  feek- 
ing  an  employment  fit  for  him.  One  of  his  brothers,  named 
Ifaiah,  who  had  been  fome  time  in  the  fervice  of  the  king  of 
Sweden,  and  was  afterwards  his  chancellor  in  the  dutchies  of 
Bremen  and  Werden,  then  wrote  to  him,  and  advifed  him  not 
to  fix  in  his  own  country,  but  after  his  example  to  feek  his  for- 
tune elfcwhere.  Puffendorf  refolved  to  take  this  advice ;  and 
accepted  the  place  of  governor  to  the  fon  of  Mr.  Coyet,  a  Swe- 
diih  nobleman,  who  was  then  ambaflador  for  the  king  of  Sweden 
at  the  court  of  Denmark.  For  this  purpofe  he  went  to  Copen- 
hagen, but  did  not  continue  long  at  eafe  there ;  for,  the  war 
being  renewed  fome  time  after  between  Denmark  and  Sweden, 
he  was  feized  with  the  whole  family  of  the  ambaffador,  who  a 
few  days  before  had  taken  a  tour  into  Sweden. 

During  his  confinement,  which  lafted  eight  months,  as  he 
had  no  books,  and  was  allowed  to  fee  no  perfbn,  he  amufed 
himfelf  by  meditating  upon  what  he  had  read  in  Grotius's  tiea- 
tife  ^*  De  jure  belli  &  pacis,"  and  in  the  political  writings  of 
Hobbes.  He  drew  up  a  (hort  fyftem  of  what  he  thought  beft 
in  them  ;  he  turned  and  developed  the  fubjed  in  his  own  wayj 
he  treated  of  points  which  had  not  been  touched  by  thoie 
authors ;  and  he  added  nnany  new  things  to  the  whole.  He 
intended  no  more,  than  to  divert  himfelf  in  his  folitude ;  but  two 
years  after,  (hewing  his  work  to  a  friend  in  Holland,  where  he  then 
was ;  he  was  advifed  to  review  and  publifh  it.  This  he  did  at 
the  Hague  in  1660,  under  the  title  of,  <^  Elementorum  Jurif- 
prudentias  LFniverfalis  libri  duo ;"  and  it  gave  rife  to  his  famous 
work,  **  De  jure  naturae  &  gentium  ;"  of  which  we  iball  fpeak 
below.  The  eleftor  Palatine,  Charles  Louis,  to  whom  he  had 
dedicated  it,  not  only  wrote  him  immediately  a  letter  of  thanks, 

but 


PU^FENDOllt^.  4rt 

but  liivited  him  to  the  tiniverfity  of  Heidelberg,  which  he  wat 
defirous  of  reftoring  to  its  former  luftre;  and  founded  there,  lA 
his  favour,  a  profeflbrftip  of  the  law  of  nature  and  nations: 
which  was  the  firft  of  that  kind  in  Germany,  thou^  many  have 
fince  been  eftabliflied  in  imitation  of  it.  The  eleftor  engaged 
him  alfo  to  allot  fome  poi^tion  of  his  time  to  the  inftruftion  of 
the  eleftoral  prince,  his  fon.  Puffendorf  remained  at  Heidel- 
berg till  1670,  when  Charles  XI.  king  of  Sweden,  having 
founded  an  univerfity  at  Lunden,  fent  for  him  to  be  profeflbr 
there :  and  thither,  to  the  great  concern  of  the  eleftor  ralatine^ 
he  went  the  fame  year,  and  was  inftalled  profeflbr  of  the  law  of 
nature  and  nations.  His  reputation  greatly  increafed  after  that 
tira^,  both  by  the  fame  and  fuccefs  of  his  le6lures,  and  by  the 
many  valuable  works  that  he  publiftied.  Some  years  after,  the 
king  of  Sweden  fent  for  him  to  Stockholm,  and  made  him  his 
hiftoriographer,  and  one  of  his  co\mfellors.  In  1688,  the  eleftor 
of  Brandenberg  obtained  the  confent  of  the  king  of  Sweden  for 
Puffendorf  to  go  to  Berlin,  in  order  to  write  the  hiftory  of 
the  eleftor  William  the  Great ;  and  granted  him  the  fame  titles 
of  Hiftoriographer  and  Privy-counfellor,  which  he  had  in  Swe- 
den, with  a  confiderable  penfion.  Neverthelefs,  the  king  of 
Sweden  continued  to  give  him  marks  of  his  favour,  and  made 
him  a  baron  in  1694.  But  he  did  not  long  enjoy  the  title ;  for 
he  dTbd  the  fame  year,  of  a  mortification  in  one  of  his  toes, 
occafioned  by  cutting  the  nail. 

Very  numerous  are  the  works  of  this  learned  and  excellent 
man :  we  have  already  mentioned  his  firft  work;  and  his  fecond 
was,  2.  "  De  Statu  (jermanici  Imperii  Iiber  unus  :**  which  he 
publifhed  in  1667,  under  the  name  of  *<  Severini  de  Mozam- 
Da  no,"  with  a  dedication  to  his  brother  Ifaac  Puffendorf,  whom 
he  ftyles  **  Laelio  Signor  de  Trczolani."  Puffendorf  fent  it  the 
year  before  to  his  brother,  then  ambaffador  from  the  court  ot 
Sweden  to  that  of  France,  in  order  to  have  it  printed  in  that 
kingdom.  His  brother  offered  it  to  a  bookfeller,  who  gave 
it  Mezeray  to  perufe.  Mezeray  thought  it  worth  printing,  yet 
refufed  his  approbation,  on  account  of  fome  paffages  pppoTite  to 
the  interefts  of  France,  and  of  others  in  which  the  priefts  and 
monks  were  feverely  treated.  Upon  this,  Ifaac  Puffendorf  fent 
it  to  Geneva,  and  there  it  was  printed  in  lamo.  It  met  with 
great  oppofition ;  was  condemned,  prohibited,  and  feized  in 
many  parts  of  Germany;  and  written  againft  immediately  by 
fevcral  learned  civilians.  It  underwent  many  editions,  and  was; 
tranflated  into  many  languages ;  and,  among. the  reft,  into  Eng, 
lifli  by  Mr.  Bohun,  1696,  in  i2mo.  ^.  "  De  Jure  Naturae  & 
Gentium,  1672,**  4to.  This  is  Fuffcn6oTf*$  greateft  work ;  and 
it  has  met  with  an  univerfal  approbation.  It  is  indeed  a  body 
of  the  law  of  nature,  well  digcftcd;  and>  as  feme  think,  pre^ 

ferabl<> 


4ia  FITFFENDORR 

ferable  foGiotius's  book  "  De  Jure  belli  &  pacts,'*  fihcc  the 
fame  fubjeds  are  treated  in  a  more  extenfive  manner,  and  with 
greater  order.  It  was  tranflated  into  French  by  Barbeyrac,  who 
wrote  lar^e  notes  and  an  introdudory  difcourfe,  in  1706;  and 
into  En^lilh,  with  Barbcyrac's  notes,  by  Dr.  Bafil  Kcnnet  and 
others,  m  1708.  The  fourth  and  fifth  edition  of  the  Englifli 
tranflation  have  Mr.  Barbeyrac's  introdudory  difcourfe,  which 
the  former  have  not.  In  the  mean  time  PuiFendorf  was  obliged 
to  defend  this  work  againft  feveral  cenfurers;  the  mod  furious 
of  whom  was  Nicholas  Beckman,  his  colleague  in  the  univerfity 
of  Lunden.  This' writer,  in  order  to  give  the  greater  weight  to 
his  objeftions,  endeavoured  to  draw  the  divines  into  his  party, 
by  bringing  religion  into  the  dtfpute,  and  accufing  the  author  of 
heterodoxy.  His  defign  in  this  was,  to  exafperate  the  clergy 
of  Sweden  againft  Puffcndorf ;  but  thefenators  of  that  kingdom 
prevented  this,  by  enjoining  his  enemies  filence,  and  fuppreffing 
Seckman's  book  by  the  king's  authority.  It  was  reprinted  at 
Giefien ;  and,  being  brought  to  Sweden,  was  burned  in  1675 
by  the  hands  of  the  executioner :  and  Beckman,  the  author, 
banifhed  from  the  king's  dominions  foi*  having  difobeyed  orders 
in  republiihing  it.  Beckman  now  pave  his  fiiry  full  (cope,  and 
not  only  wrote  virulently  and  malicioufly  againft  Pufiendorf,  but 
likewife  challenged'  him  to  fight  a  duel :  he  wrote  to  him  from 
Copenhagen  in  that  ftyle,  and  threatened  to  purfue  him  wfiere- 
ever  he  mould  go,  in  cafe  he  did  not  meet  him  at  the  place 
appointed.  Pufiendorf  took  no  notice  of  the  letter,  but  fent  it 
to  the  confiftory  of  the  univerfity :  yet  thought  it  neceflary  to 
reply  to  the  fatirical  pieces  of  that  writer,  which  he  did  in  feverd 
jHiofications. 

Qther  works  of  Puffcndorf  are,  4.  *<  De  officio  hominis  & 
^tvis  juxta  legem  naturalem,  1673,"*'  8vo.  This  is  a  very  clear 
and  methodical  abridgement  of  his  great  work  '<  De  jure  nature 
&  gentium."  5.  "  Introdudion  to  the  Hiftory  of  Europe, 
i68a.  With  a  Continuation,  1686;  and  an  Addition,  1699," 
in  German:  afterwards  tranflated  into  Latin,  French,  and 
Englifb.  5.  "  Comraentariorum  de  rebus  Suecicis  libri  xxvi. 
ab  expeditione  Guftavi  Adolphi  Regis  in  Germaniam,  ad  abdi- 
cationem  uf<fue  Chriftinse,  1686,"  folio.  Puffendorf,  having 
read  the  public  papers  in  the  archives  of  Sweden,  with  a  defign 
of  writing  the  hiftory  of  Charles  Guftavus,  according  to  orders 
received  from  Charles  IX.  thought  proper  to  begin  with  that  of 
Guftavus  Adolphus,  and  to  continue  it  down  to  the  abdication  of 
queen  Chriftina :  and  this  he  has  executed  in  the  prefent  work, 
which  is  very  curious  and  exa£l.  6.  "  De  habitu  R.eligioais 
Chriftianas  ad  vitam  civilem,  1687,"  4to.  In  this  work  an 
attempt  is  made  to*fettle  the  juft  bounds  betwcep  the  ecclefiaftical 
and  civil  powers,    7,  **  Jus  Feciale  Divinum,  five  de  confenfu 

&dif* 


P  U  L  C  L  413 

$c  diffenfu  Protcftantium :  Excrcitatio  Pofthuma,  1695/'  Svo. 
The  author  here  propofes  a  fcheme  for  the  re-union  of  reli- 
gions ;  and  it  appears  from  the  zeal  with  which  he  recommendecl 
the  printing  of  it  before  his  death,  that  this  was  his  favourite 
work.  8*  **  De  rebus  geftis  Frcderici  Wilelmi  Magni,  E!ec- 
toris  Brandenbnrgici  Commentarii,  1695/'  in  two  vols,  folio; 
extracted  from  the  archives  of  the  Houfe  of  Brandenburg. 
9*  *^  De  rebus  a  Carolo  Guftavo  Suecise  Rege  geftis  Commen* 
tarii,  1696,'*  in  two  vols,  folio. 

We  omit  many  works  of  a  fmaller  kind ;  which,  being  chiefly 
polemical,  and  nothing  more  than  defences  againft  envy  and 
perfonal  abufe,  deferve  little  regard. 

PUGET  (Peter),  one  of  the  greateft  painters  that  France 
ever  produced,  was  born  at  Marfeilles  in  1623.  We  have  no 
account  of  his  education  in  this  art ;  but  in  his  manner  he 
refembled  Michael  Angelo,  without  imbibing  his  faults,  being 
both  more  delicate  and  more  natural  than  that  great  mafter :  like 
whom  too,  Puget  united  the  talents-  of  painting,  fculpture,  and 
architecture.  Not  contented  with  animating  the  marble,  and 
rendering  it  in  appearance  flexible  as  ileih  itfelf,  wheri  he  was 
called  upon  to  exert  his  (kill,  he  raifed  and  adorned  palaces,  in 
a  manner  that  proved  him  a  judicious  archited ;  and,  when  he 
committed  the  charming  produdions  of  his  imagination  to  can- 
vas [d],  he  painted  fuch  pictures  as  the  delighted  beholder  was 
never  tired  with  viewing.  He  died  in  the  place  of  his  birth, 
1695. 

^I  here  are  two  prints  engraved  firom  his  paintings  in  the  cabinet 
of  Aix,  whence  this  account  was  taken. 

PULCI  (LuiGi),  one  of  the  moft  famous  Italian  poets,  was 
born  at  Florence,  December  3,  1431  [b].  He  was  of  a  noble 
family,  and  was  the  moft  poetical  of  three  brothers  who  all  affi* 
duouuy  courted  the  Mufes.  His  two  elder  brothers,  Bernardo 
and  Luca,  appeared  as  poets  earlier  than  himfelf.  The  firft 
produdion  of  the  family  is  probably  the  Elegy  of  Bernardo 
addrefied  to  Lorenzo  de'  Medici,  on  the  death  of  his  grandfather 
Cofmo.  /He  alfo  wrote  an  elegy  on  the  untimely  death  of  the 
beautiful  Simonetta,  miftrefs  of  Giuliano  dc*  Medici  [f],  tie 
brother  of  Lorenzo,  which  was  publifhed  at  Florence  m  1494, 
though  written  much  earlief.  He  produced  the  firft  Italian 
tranflation  of  the  Eclogues  of  Virgil,  which  appears  to  have  been 
'  fioiihed  about  1470 ;  and  was  publiihed  in  1481 :  and  a  poem  on 
the  Paffion  of  Chrift.     Luca  wrote  a  celebrated  poem  on  a 

[»}  Accottot  of  modern  painters,  Sn*  NeapoUtain  editor  of  his  works,  places  it 

Load.  2754,  %vo.  in  1432. 

[x]    This  it  tlie  dite  according  to        [r  J  See  Rofcoe,  Toi.  i.   p.  Z03  109, 

Hofcoe  ill  hit  Life  of  Lorenao  de*  Medici,  apc.  Slie  Wat  celtbxatcd  lUfo  by  PoGtian. 
vol.  t.  ^ft47.    The  XXa.  HiO.  inm  the 

touma* 


4H  f  U  I.  C  i 

tpiirnainei^  he]d  at  Fkfreoce  in  w^iich  Ix>Feilzo  was  viftor,  id 
14689  entitled,  **  Giot^rz  di  Lorenzo  d,Q  Medici ;"  as  Poliiian 
Cekbrated  the  fuccefs  of  Giuliano,  in  his  '*  Giodra  di  Giuliano 
^e*  Medici."  It  isconfefl[ed,  however,  that  the  poem  of  Luca 
Puici  derives  its  merit  gather  from  the  minute  information  it 

fives  refpe<Sling  the  exhibition,  than  from  its  poetical  excellence, 
le  procluce4  alfo  <*  11  Ciriffo  Calvaneo/'  an  epic  romance,  pro- 
bably the  firft  that  appeared  in  Italy,  being  certainly  prior  to  the 
Morgante  of  his  brother,  and  the  Orlando  Innamorato  of  Bojarda: 
^md  the  "  Driadeo  d*Amore,**  a  paftoral  romance  in  oUava  rima. 
There  are  alfo  eighteen  heroic  epiftles  by  him,  in  terza  rima^' 
the  fird  from  Lucretia  Donati  to  Lorenzo  de  Medici,  the  re^ 
on  Greek  and  Roman  fubjeds.  Thefe  were  printed  in  1481, 
and  do  credit  to  their  author. 

Luigi  appears,  from  many  circumftances,  to  have  lived  co 
terms  of  the  utmoft  friendmip  with  Lorenzo  de  Medici,  who, 
in  bis  poem  entitled  La  Caecia  co{  Fdc^m^  mentions  him  widi 
great  freedom  and  jocularity.    His  principal  work  is  the  ^*  Mor- 
sante  poaggiore,"   an   epic   romance.     Whether   this  or  the 
Orlando  Innamorato  of  Bojardp  was  firft  written  has  been  a 
fubje^l  of  doubt.     Certain  it  is  that  the  Morgante  had  the  prio* 
rity  in  publication,  having  been  printed  at  Venice  in  1488,  after 
a  Florentine  edition  of  uncertain  date,  whereas  Bojardo's  poem 
did  not  appear  till  1496,  and,  from  fome  of  the  concluding  lines, 
appears  not  to  have  been  finiihed  in  1494.    The  Morgante  may 
therefore  be  juilly,  as  it  is  generally,  regarded,  as  the  prototype 
of  the  Orlando  Furiofo  of  Ariofto.     It  has  been  ikid  without 
foundation  that  Ficinus  and  Politian  had  a  ihare  in  this  compofi* 
tion.     It  was  firft  written  at  the  particular  requeft  of  Lucietia, 
mother  of  Lorenzo  de  Medici,  but  it  was  not  finished  till  after 
her  death,  which  happened  in  1482.     It  is  iaid  by  CrdTcinibeni 
that  Pulci  was  accuftomed  to  recite  this  poem  at  the  table  of 
Lorenzo,  in  the  manner  of  the  ancient  rhapfodifls.     This  fia- 
gular  ofepring  of  the  wayward  genius  of  Pulci  has  been  a( 
immoderately  commended  by  its  admirers,  as  it  has  been  unroi- 
fonably' condemned  and  degraded  by  its  opponents:  and  while 
fome  have  not  fcrupled  to  prefer  it  to  the  produftions  of  Ariote 
and  TaiTo,  others  have  decried  it  as  vulgar,  abfurd,  and  pro- 
fane*    From  the  folemnity  and  devotion  with  which  dVery  canto 
is  introduced,  fome  have  jutted  that  the  author  meant  to  give  a 
ferioua  narrative,  but  the  imprd^ahiUty  of  the  relation,  and  tfafc 
burlefque  nature  of  the  incidents  deftroy  all  ideas  of  this  kiwi. 
M.  de  la  Monnoye  fays  that  the  author,  whom  he  <:;onceives  to 
}ia«c  been  ignorant  of  rules,   has  confounded  the  cdmic  and 
fertous  ftyles,  and  made  the  giant,  his  hero,  die  a  burlefque  de;^» 
by  the  bite  of  a  fea-crab  in  his  heel,  in  the  twentieth  book,  fo 
that  in  the  eight  which  remain  he  is  not  mentioned.    The 
I  native 


PULTENEY.  415 

native  fimplidly  of  the  narratioDy  he  adds,  covers  all  faults :  and 
the  Iov«r$  of  the  Florentine  diakdl  ftiU  read  it  with  delight, 
efpeciajly  when  they  can  procure  the  edition  of  Venice  in  1546 
or  1550,  with  the  explanations  of  his  nephew  John  Pulci, 
Thefe,  however,  arc  no  more  than  a  glofTary  of  a  few  words 
fiibjoined  to  each  canto.  There  are  alfo  (bnnets  by  Luigi  Puici, 
puoliihed  vrith  thofe  of  Matteo  Franco,  in  which  the  two  au- 
thors fatirize  each  other  without  mercy  or  delicacy ;  yet  it  is 
fuppofed  that  they  were  very  good  friends,  and  only  took  thefe 
liberties  with  each  other  for  the  fake  of  amufing  the  public. 
They  were  publiihed  about  the  fifteenth  century,  and  entitled 
**  Sonetti  &  Mifiere  Matthco  Franco  et  di  Luigi  Pulci  jocofi  et 
faceti,  ctoe  da  ridere."  No  other  poem  of  this  author  is  men- 
tioned by  Mr.  Rofcoe,  who  has  given  the  bed  account  of  him, 
except  [g]  "  La  Beca  di  Dicomano,"  written  in  imitation  and 
emulation  of  "  La  Nencio  da  Barberino,"  by  Lorenzo  de  Me- 
dici, and  publiihed  >yith  it.  It  is  a  poem  in  the  ruAic  (lyle  and 
iangus^e,  but  inftead  of  the  more  chaftlzed  and  delicate  humour 
of  Lorenzo,  the  poem  of  Pulci,  fays  Mr,  Rofcoe,  partakes  of 
the  character  of  his  Morgante,  and  wanders  into  the  burlefqu^ 
and  extravagant.  It  has  been  fuppofed  that  this  poet  died  about 
1487,  hut  it  was  probably  fomething  later.  The  exa£l  time  is 
not  known. 

PULMANNUS  (Theodore),  properly  Poelmarif  a  Dutch 
€omnientator  on  the  claflTics,  was  born  at  Cr^nenbourg  in  the 
Dutchy  of  Cleves,  about  the  year  1510.  He  was  bred  a  fuller, 
but  by  diligent  application  became  an  able  fcholar,  critic,  and 
grammarian.  He  principally  applied  himfelf  to  the  corre£iion 
of  the  Latin  poets  from  ancient  manufcripts,  and  fuperintended 
fome  good  editions  of  them  at  the  prefs  of  Plantin.  He  pub- 
liihed in  the  year  1551  Arator's  Hiftory  of  the  ASts  of  the  Apof- 
tie's  in  Latin  Hexameters,  with  his  own  corre£tions  of  the  text. 
Vir^l,  Lucan,  Juvenal,  Horace,  Aufonius,  Claudian,  Terence, 
Suetonius,  and  Efop's  Fable,  were  alfo  edited  by  him,  and  alio 
the  works  of  St.  Paulinus.  He  is  fuppofed  to  have  died  about 
15S0,  at  Salamanca,  but  the  caufe  which  led  him  fo  far  from 
home  we  cannot  ailign. 

PULTENEY  (William),  efq;  [h]  afterwards  carl  of  Bath, 
defended  from  one  of  the  moll  ancient  families  in  the  kingdom, 
was  bom  in  1682.  Being  born  to  a  plentiful  fortune,  he  early 
had  a  feat  in  the  houfe  of  commons ;  and  began  to  di(lingui(h 
himfelf  by  being  a'  warm  partizan  againft  the  miniftry  in  the 
reign  of  queen  Anne.  He  had  fagacity  to  deted  their  errors, 
and  fpirited  eloquence  fuflicient  to  expofe  them.  Thefe  fervices 
were  well  rewarded  by  George  I.  who,  upon  coming  to  the 

[c]  lift  «£ Lorenx9,  rol.  i.  p*  297.  [h]  Annual  Regider,  1765. 

throne, 


4i6  PUI/tENfeY. 

■ 

throne^  tailed  him  to  the  plict  of  fecretary  at  tvar,  i9^4«  ^^ 
long  after,  he  wa^  raifed  to  be  cofferer  to  his  majefty*s  houfhold  ; 
but  the  intimacy  between  this  ^entlennan  and  fir  Robert  Walpole, 
who  then  afied  as  prime  minilier,  was  foon  interrupted,  by  its 
being  fufpeAed  that  fir  Robert  was  defirous  of  extending  the 
limits  of  prerogative,  and  promoting  the  intereft  of  Hanover,  at 
the  expence  of  his  country.  Accordingly,  in  1725,  the  king, 
by  the  advice  of  this  minifter,  defirous  that  a  fum  of  n^oney 
fhould  be  voted  him  by  the  commons,  in  order  to  difcharge  the 

^:bts  of  the  civil  lid,  rultney  moved,  that  an  account  ihould  be 
id  before  the  houfe,  of  all  money  paid  for  feq-et  fervices, 
during  the  lad  twenty-five  years  to  the  then  prefeht  time.  This 
caufed  an  irreconciieable  breach  between  the  two  miniflers, 
which  in  two  years  after  broke  out  into  open  inve6live.  Upon 
the  houfe  of  commons  deliberating  upon  the  loan  of  the  bank, 
which  fir  Robert  warmly  efpoufed,  rulteney  obferved,  that  fbift* 
ing  the  funds  was  but  perpetuating  taxes,  and  putting  off  the 
evil  day;  and  fome  warm  altercation  paflbd  between  him  2nd 
the  prime  minifler :  fir  Robert,  however,  carried  it  in  the  houfe 
for  this  time. 

Nor  did  Pulteney  confine  his  difpleafure  at  the  minifler  to  his 
perfon  only,  but  extended  it  to  all  his  meafures;  fotbat  fome  have 
been  of  opinion,  that  he  often  oppofed  fir  Robert,  when  the  mea- 
fures he  purfued  were  beneficial  to  the  public.  This  courie  of 
fteady  oppofition  at  laft  became  fo  obnoxious  to  the  crown,  that 
the  king,  July  i,  1731,  called  for  the  council-book,  and  with  his 
©wn  hand  ftruck  the  name  of  William  Pulteney,  cfq;  out  of  the 
lift  of  privy-counfellors :  his  majefly  further  ordered  him  to  be 
put  out  of  all  commiflions  for  the  peace :  the  feveral  lords  lieur 
tenants,  from  whom  he  had  received  deputations,  were  cona- 
manded  to  revoke  him :  and  the  lord  chancellor  and  fecretaries 
of  ftate  were  direfted  to  give  the  neceifary  orders  for  that  pur- 
pofe.  A  proceeding  fo  violent  only  ferved  to  inflame  his  relent- 
ment,  and  iiicreafe  his  popularity.  It  was  fome  time  after  this, 
that  he  made  that  celebrated  fpeech,  in  which  he  compared  the 
miniftry  to  an  empiric,  and  the  conftitution  of  England  to  bis 
patient.  "  This  pretender  in  phyfic,"  faid  hej  "  being  c<mi- 
fulted,  tells  the  diftempered  perfon,  there  were  but  two  or  three 
ways  of  treating  his  diieafe,  and  he  was  afraid  that  none  of  them 
would  fucceed.  A  vomit  might  throw  him  into  convulfions, 
that  would  occafion  immediate  death:  a  purge  might  bring  on 
a  diarrhoea,  that  would  carry  him  off  in  a  fhort  time :  and  he 
had  been  already  bled  fo  much,  and  fo  often,  that  he  could  bear 
it  no  longer.  The  unfortunate  patient  fhocked  at  this  declara* 
tion,  replies,  Sir,  you  have  always  pretended  to  be  a  regular 
doftor,  but  I  now  find  you  are  an  errant  quack  :  I  had  an  exod-> 
lent  conltitution  when  I  firft  fell  into  your  handsy  but  you  have 

quite 
4 


PXJRCELL,  4^7 

quite  deftroyed  it:  and  now  I  .find  I  have  no  other  chance  for 
faving  my  life,  but  by  caJling  for  the  help  of  fonie  regular  phy- 
fician." 

In  this  manner  he  continued  inflexibly  fevere,  attacking  the 
meaftires  of  the  minifterwith  a  degree  of  eloquence  and  farckfm 
that  worfted  every  antagonift;;  and  fir  Robert  was  often  heard  to 
.fay,  that  he  dreaded  his  tongue  more  than  another  man's  fword. 
In  173&,  when  oppofition  ran  fo  high  that  feveral  members 
openly  left  the  houfe,  as  finding  that  party  and  not  reafon  carried 
it  in  every  motion,  Pulteney  thought  proper  to  vindicate  the 
extraordinary  ftep  which  they  had  taken  ;  and,  when  a  motion 
was  made  for  removing  fir  Robert  Walpole,  he  warmly  fup- 
ported  it.  What  a  fingle  feflion  could  not  efFeS,  was  at  length 
irought  about  by  time;  and,  in  1741,  when  fir  Robert  found 
his  place  of  prime  minifter  no  longer  tenable,  he  wifely  refigned 
all  his  employments,  and  was  created  earl  of  Orfcrd.  His 
oppofers  alfo  were  aflured  of  being  provided  for;  and  among 
other  promotions,  Pulteaey  himfelf  was  fwom  of  the  privy 
council,  and  foon  afterwards  created  earl  of  Bath.  He  had  long 
lived  in  the  very  focus  of  popularity,  and  was  refpefted  as  the  chief 
bulwark  againft  the  encroachments  of  the  crown :  but,  from  the 
moment  he  accepted  a  title,  all  his  favour  with  the  people  was 
at  an  end,  and  the  reft  of  his  life  was  fpent  in  contemning  that 
applaufe  which  he  no  longer  could  fecure*  Dying  without  iflue, 
June  8, 1764,  his  title, became  extinft;  and,  his  only  fon  having 
died  fome  time  before'  in  Portugal,  the  paternal  eftate^  devolved 
to  his  brother,  lieutenant-general  Pulteney.  Befides  the  great 
part  he  bore  in  *^  The  Craftfman,"  he  was  the  author  of  many 
political  pamphlets;  in  the  drawing  up  and  compofing  of  which 
no  man  of  his  time  was  fuppofed  to  exceed  him. 

PURCELL  (Henry),  an  eminent  mufician,  was-  fon  of 
Henry  Purcell,  and  nephew  of  Thomas  Purcell,  both  gentlemen 
of  the  Royal  Chapel  at  the  reftoration  of  Charles  H.  and  born 
in  1658  [i].  Who  his  firft  inftrudors  were,  is  not  clearly  af- 
certained,  as  he  was  only  fix  years  old  when  his  father  died ; 
but  the  infcription  on  Blow's  monument,  in  which  Blow. is  called 
his  maft6r,  gives  at  ieaft  room  to  fuppofe,  that  Purcell,  upon 
quitting  the  chapel,  might,  for  the  purpofe  of  completing  his 
ftudies,  become  the  pupil  of  Blow.  However  this  be,  Purcell 
flione  early  in  the  fcience  of  mufical  compofition;  and  was  able 
to  write  correal  harmony  at  an  age  when  to  perform  choral  fer- 
vice  is  all  that  can  h^  expefted.  In  1676,  he  was  appointed 
organift  of  Weftminlter,  though  then  but  eighteen ;  and,  in 
1682,  became  one  of  the  organifts  of  the  chapel  Royal. 

,  [i]  Hawkins'*  Hift.  of  Mufic,  iv.  495,        ... 

'     Vql.XIL  Ee  In 


4i8  PUR  CELL. 

In  1683,  lit  publiflied  twelve  fonatas  for  two  vWins,  and  a 
bafs  for  the  organ  and  harpfichord;  in  the  preface  to  which  he 
tells  us,  that  "  he  has  faithfully  endeavoured  a  juft  imitation  of 
the  moft  famed  Italian  mafters,  principally  to  brhig  the  feriouf- 
nefs  and  gravity  of  that  fort  of  mufic  into  vogue  and  reptitation 
among  our  countrymen,  whofe  humour  it  is .  time  now  (hoiild 
begin  to  loath  the  levity  and  balladry  of  our  neighbours."  From 
the  ftrufture  of  thefe  compofitions  of  Purcell,  it  is  not  impro- 
bable t))at  the  fonatas  of  Baflani,  and  perhaps  other  Italians, 
were  the  models  after  which  he  formed  them  ;  for  as  to  CorcHi, 
it  is  not  clear  that  any  thing  of  his  had  been  feen  fo  early  as 
2683.  Before  the  work  is  a  very  fine  print  of  the  author,  his 
^ige  twenty- four,  without  the  name  of  either  painter  or  en- 
graver, but  fo  little  like  that  prefixed  to  the  '*-  Orpheus 
Britannicus,"  after  a  painting  of  Clofterman,  at  thirty- 
feven,  that  they  hardly  feem  to  be  reprefentations  of  the  fame 
perfon. 

As  Purcell  had  received  his  education  in  the  fchool  of  a  choir, 
the  natural  bent  of  his  liiidies  was  towards  church-mufic.  Ser- 
vices, however,  he'feemed  to  negleft,  and  to  addid  himfelf  to  the 
compofition  of  Anthems.  An  anthem  of  his,  "  Bleffcd  are  they 
that  fear  the  Lord,"  was  compofed  on  a  very  extraordinary 
toccafion.  Upon  the  pregnancy  of  James  the  Second's  queen, 
fuppofcd  or  real,  in  1687,  proclamation  was  iflued  for  a  thankf- 
giving ;  and  Purcell,  being  one  of  the  organifts  of  the  Chapel 
Royal,  was  commanded  to  compofe  the  anthem.  The  anthem, 
*'  They  that  go  down  to  the  fea  in  fliips,**  was  likewife  owing 
to  a  fingular  accident.  It  was  compofed  at  the  reqneft  of  Mr. 
Goftling,  fubdean  of  St.  Paul's,  who,  being  often  in  muficai 
parties  with  the  king  and  the  duke  of  York,  was  with  them  at 
fca  when  they  were  in  great  danger  of  being  caft  away,  but 
providentially-efcaped. 

Among  the  *'  Letters  of  Tom  Brown  from  the  Dead  to  the 
Living,"  is  one  from  Dr.  Blow  to  Henry  Purcell,  in  which  it 
is  humoroufly  obfervcd,  thit  perfons  of  their  profeflion  are  fub- 
jeft  to  9n  equal  attradlion  from  the  church  and  the  play-houfe; 
and  are  therefore  in  a  fituation  rcfembling  that  of  Mahomet's 
tomb,  which  is  faid  to  be  fufpended  between  heaven  and  earth. 
This  remark  fo  truly  applies  to  Purcellt  that  it  is  moretlian  pro- 
bable that  his  particular  fituation  gave  occafion  to  it:  for  he  ^yas 
fcarcely  known  to  the  world,  before  he  became,  in  the  exercife 
of  his  calling,  fo  equally  divided  between  both,  the  church  and 
the  theatre,  that  neither  could  properly  call  him  her  own.  In 
a  pamphlet,  entitled,  **  Rofcius  Anglicanus,  or  an  Hiilorical 
View  of  the  Stage,"  written  by  Downes  the  prompter,  and 
publiihed  in  1708,  we  have  an  account  of  feveral  plays  and 
3  enter- 


P  U  R  C  H  A  S.  419 

entertainments,  the  mufic  of  which  is  by  that  writer  faid  to 
have  been  compofed  by  Purcell. 

In  1691,  the  opera  of  "  Dioclefian,"  was  publifhed  by  Pur- 
cell, with  a  dedication  to  Charles  duke  of  Somerfet,  in  which 
he  obferves,  that  **  mufic  is  yet  but  in  its  nonage,  a  forward 
child,  which  gives  hopes  of  what  he  may  be  hereafter  in  Eng- 
land, when  thj  mafters  of  it  (hall  fijid  more  encouragement ; 
and  that  it  is  now  learning  Italian,  which  is  its  beft  mafter, 
and  ftudying  a  little  of  the  French  air,  to  give  it  fomewhat 
more  of  gaiety  and  fafliion."  They,  who  would  fee  a  fuller 
account  of  Purcell  and  his  works,  may  have  recourfe  to  fir 
John  Hawkins's  Hiftory  of  Mufic,  referred  to  above.  He 
died  the  21ft  of  November,  1695,  of  a  corifumption  or  lin- 
gering diftemper,  as  it  Ihould  feem;  for  his  will,  dated  the  ift, 
recites,  that  he  was  then  **  very  ill  in  conftitution,  but  of 
found  mind:"  and  his  premature  death,  at  the  early  age  of 
thirty-feven,  was  a  feverc  afflidion  to  the  lovers  of  his  art. 
His  friends,  in  conjundion  with  his  widow,  for  whom  and  his 
children  he  had  not  been  able  to  make  any  great  provifion, 
were  anxious  to  raffe  a  monument  of  his  fame :  for  which  end 
they  felefted,  chiefly  from,  his  compofitions  for  the  theatre, 
fuch  fongs  as  had  been  moft  favourably  received,  and,  by  the 
help  of  a  fubfcription  of  twenty  (hillings  each  perfon,  pub- 
liihed,  in  1698,  that  well-known  work  the  "  Orpheus  Bri- 
tannicus,"  with  a  dedication  to  his  good  friend  and  patrcnefs 
lady  Howard,  who  had  been  his  fcholar. 

He  was  interred  in  Weftminfter-abbey,  and  on  a  tablet  fixed 
to  a  pillar  is  the  following  remarkable  infcription : 

Here  lies 
Hemrv  Purcell,  Efq; 
Who  left  this  life. 
And  is  gone  to  that  bleffed  place. 
Where  only  his  harmony 
can  be  exceeded. 
Obiit  21  mo  die  Novembris, 
Anno  aetatis  fuse  37mo, 
Annoque  Domini  1695.** 
PURCHAS  (Samuel),  a  learned  Englifli  divine^ and  com* 
piler  of  a  valuable  colle<9:ion  of  voyages,  was  born  at  Thax- 
ftead  in  Eflex  in  1577?  and  educated  at  Cambridge.     In  1604, 
he  was  inftituted  to  the  vicarage  of  Eaftwood  in  Eflex ;  but, 
leaving  the  cure  of  it  to  his  brother,  went  and  lived  in  Lon- 
don,, the  better  to  carry  on  the  great  work  he  had  undertaken. 
He  publiflied  the  firft  volume  in  16 13,  and  the  four  laft  in 
1625,  under  this  title:  "  Purchas  his  rilgrimage,  or  Relations 
of  the  World,  and  the  Ricligions  obferved  in  all  ages  and  places 
difcovered^  from  the  Creation  unto  this  prefent."    In  1615,  he 

Ee  2  was 


4W)  PURVER. 

was  incorporated  at  Oxford,  as  he  flood  at  Cambridge,  bachelor 
of  divinity  ;  and  a  little  before,  had  been  collated  to  the  redory 
of  St.  Martin's  Ludgate,  in  London.  He  was  alfo  chaplain  to 
Abbot,  archbiftiop  of  Canterbury.  By  the  publilliing  of  his 
books,  he  brought  himfelf  into  debt :  he  did  not,  however,  die 
in  prifon,  as  fome  have  afTerted,  but  in  his  own  houfe,  and 
about.  1628.  His  pilgrimages,  and  the  learned  Hackluyt's 
Voyages,  led  the  way  to  all  other  colleftions  of*that  kind ;  and 
have  been  juftly  valued  and  ejReemed.  BoiiTard,  a  learned 
foreigner,  has  given  a  prodigious  character  of  Purchas  [k]  :  he 
ftyles  him  *'  a  man  exquifitely  (killed  in  languages,  and  all 
arts  divine  and  human ;  a  very  great  philofopher,  hiftorian, 
and  divine;  a  faithful  prefbyter  of  the  church  of  England; 
very  famous  for  many  excellent  writings,  and  efpecially  for  his 
vaft  volumes  of  the  Eaft  and  Weft  Indies,  written  in  his  native 
tongue." 

PURVER  (Antony),  one  of  the  religious  fociety  called 
Qiiakers,  was  born  at  Up-Hurfliorn,  Hants,  about  the  year 
1702.  When  he  was  about  ten  years  of  age  he  was  put  to 
ichool  to  learn  to  read  and  write,  and  to  be  inllrudled  in  the 
rudiments  of  arithmetic*  During  the  time  allotted  for  thefe 
acquifitions,  he  gave  proof  of  extraordinary  genius;  and  being 
prevented  for  about  fix  weeks,  by  illnefs,  from  attending  the 
fchool,  he  ftill  applied  himfelf  to  his  learning,  and  on  his 
return  to  the  fchool  had  got  fo  far  in  arithmetic,  as  to  be 
able  to  explain  the  fquare  and  cube  roots  to  his  mafter;  who 
himfelf  was  ignorant  of  them.  Hi«!  memory  at  this  time  ap- 
pears to  have  been  uncommonly  vigorous,  for  he  is  faid  not 
only  to  have  afFerted  that  he  could  commit  to  memory  in  twelve 
flours,  as  many  of  the  longeft  chapters  in  the  Bible,  but  to 
have  attempted  it  with  fuccefs.  Another  account,  which  the 
writer  of  this  article  has  before  him,  fays,  quoting  it  from 
Purver's  own  mouth,  that  he  fo  delighted  in  reading  the  Scrip- 
tures, as  to  commit  fix  chapters  to  memory  in  one  hour. 

He  was  apprenticed  to  a  fhoemaker,  who,  like  the  mafter 
of  George  Fox,  mentioned  in  this  work,  employed  his  appren- 
tice in  keeping  fheep.  ^Ws  gave  our  young  ftudent  leifure  for 
reading  ;  and  he  occupied  it  in  the  indifcriminate  perufal  of 
fuch  books  as  came  into  his  hands :  but  the  Scriptures  had  the 
preference  in  his  mind.  Among  other  books  which  came  in  his 
\vay,  was  One  written  by  Samuel*  Fiiher,  a  Quaker,  entitled, 
**  Rufticus  ad  Academicos,*'  in  which  fonie  inaccuracies  in  the 
tranflation  of  the  Bible  being  pointed  out,  Puryer  determined  to 
fcxaminc  for  himfelf;  and,  with  the  afliftance  of  a  Jew,  foon 
acquired  a  knowledge  of  the  Hebrew  language.    About  the  20th 

[k]  In  Biblioth  Joumis  Boiflanf^* 

* '    •  .         year 


purver;  421 

•year  of  his  age  he  kept  a  fchool  in  his  native  country ;  tut  after- 
•wards>  for  the  fake  of  more  eafily  acquiring  the  means  of  profe- 
cuting  his  ftudies,  he  came  to  London,  where  he  probably  refided 
-when  he  publiihed,  in  1727,  a  book  called,  *'  The  Youth's 
Delight  [l  t.**  The  fame  year  he  returned  to  his  native  place, 
and  a  fecond  time  opened  a  fchool  there;  but  previous  to  this, 
in  London,  he  had  embraced  the  principles,  and  adopted  the 
profeflion  of  the  Qiiakers.  He  is  faid  to  have  been  convinced 
of  the  truth  of  their  tenets  at  a  meeting  held  at  the  Bull  and 
Mouth  in  Alderfgate-ftreet ;  vsrhether  by  means  of  the  preaching 
of  any  of  their  minifters,  we  are  not  informed ;  but  on  the  day 
nionth  enfuing,  he  himfelf  appeared  as  a  minifter  among  them, 
at  the  fame  meeting-houfe.  On  his  fecond  fettling  at  Hulborn, 
he  began  to  tranflate  the  books  of  the  Old  Teftament ;  and  ap- 
plied himfelf  alfo  to  the  ftudy  of  medicine  and  botany:  but, 
believing  it  his  duty  to  travel  in  his  minifterial  funftion,  he 
again  quitted  his  fchool  and  his  native  place;  not,  however, 
probably,  until  after  he  had  refided  there  fome  years ;  for  his 
courfe  was  to  London,  Elfex,  and  through  feveral  counties 
to  Briftol;  near  which  city,  at  Hambrook,  he  was  in  the 
latter  part  of  1738.  At  this'  place  he  took  up  his  abode,  at  the 
houfe  of  one  Jofiah  Butcher,  a  maltfter,  whoie  fon  he  inftrufted 
in  the  claflics,  and  there  he  tranflated  fome  of  the  minor  pro- 
phets, having  before  completed  the  book  of  Efther,  and  Solo- 
mon's Song.  Here  he  became  acquainted  with  Rachel  Cotterel, 
who,  with  a  fifter,  kept  a  boarding-fchool  for  girls,  at  Frenchay, 
Gloucefterfhire ;  and  whom,  in  1738,  he  married,  and  foon 
after  himfelf  opened  a  boarding-fchool  for  boys  at  Frenchay. 
During  his  refidence  fh  Gloucefterfhire,  (which  was  not  at 
iPrer^chay  all  the  time)  he  attempted  to  publifti  his  tranflation 
of  the  Old  Teftament  in  numbers  at  Briftol ;  but  he  did  not 
meet  with  fufBcient  encouragement ;  and  only  two  or  three 
numbers  were  publiflied. 

In  1758,  he  removed  to  Andover,  in  Hampfliire;  and  here  [m 
1764]  he  completed  his  tranflation  of  all  the  books  of  the  Old 
and  New  Teftament,  a  work  which  has  not  often  been  accom- 
plifhed  before  by  the  labour  of  a  fingle  individual.  It  confifts 
of  two  volumes,  folio,  publiflied  in  1764,  at  the  price  of  four 
guineas.  It  appears,  that  this  work  was  originally  intended 
to  be  printed  in  occafional  numbers  ;  for,  in  1746,  the  late  Dr, 
Fothergill  wrote  a  letter  to  the  Gentleman's  Magazine,  in 
which  he  ftrongly  recommended  the  author  of  a  work  then 
under  publication,  which  was  to  be  continued  in  numbers  if  it 
fliould  meet  with  encouragement.  This  was  a  tranflation  of 
the  Scriptures,  under  the  title  of  '*  Opus  in  facra  Biblia  elabo- 

ft}  Printed  fbr  J.  Willcox,  Uttle-BritUA* 

.  ^  E  e  3  ,  ratunu 


4^2  PURVER. 

ratum.  Purver  is  not  named,  but  that  he  was  intended,  is 
known  by  private  teftimony  [m  1.  After  fpeaking  in  high  terms 
of  his  learning.  Dr.  Fothergill  fays,  **  As  to  his  perfonal  cha- 
rafter,  he  is  a  man  of  great  fimpHcity  of  manners,  regular 
condu£t,  and  a  modeft  refcrve ;  he  is  ft^adilv  attentive  to  truths 
hates  falfehood,  and  has  an  unconquerable  averfion  to  vice  ; 
and  to  crown  the  portrait,  he  is  not  only  greatly  benevolent  to 
mankind,  but  has  a  lively  fcnfe  of  the  divine  attributes,  and  a 
profound  reverence  of,  and  firbmiffion  to  the  Supreme  Being." 
The  mode  of  publication  in  numbers  was  probably  unfuccefs- 
fill,  and  foon  dropped ;  yet  he  went  on  with  his  tranflation, 
which  he  completed,  after  the  labour  of  thirty  years.  He  was 
ftill  unable  to  publifh  it,  nor  couid  he  find  a  bookfeller  who 
would  run  the  hazard  of  aflifline  him:  At  length  his  friend 
Dr.  Fothergill,  generoufly   interfered ;  gave  him  a  thoufand 

Pounds  for  the  copy,  and  puWifhed  it  at  his  own  expence^ 
urver  afterwards  revifcd  the  whole,  and  made  confiderabte 
alterations  and  corredions  for  a  fecond  edition,  which-  has  not 
yet  appeared,  but  the  MS.  remains  in  the  hands  of  his  grand- 
fon,  rurver  appears,  in  this  great  work,  a  ftrenuous  advocate 
for  the  antiquity,  and  even  the  divine  authority,  of  the  Hebrevr 
vowel  points.  He  is  alfo  a  warm  aflerter  of  the  purity  and 
integrity  of  the  Hebrew  text,  and  treats  thofe  who  hold  the 
contrary  opinion  with  great  contempt ;  particularly  Dr.  Ken.- 
nicott,  of  whom,  and  his  publication  on  the  ftate  of  tbe  Hebrew 
text,  he  never  f^jeaks  but  with  the  greateft  afperity.  He  haa 
taken  very  confiderable  pains  with  the  fcriptural  chronology, 
and  fiimi flies  his  reader  with  a  variety  of  chronological  tables. 
He  prefers  the  Hebrew  chronology  in*  all  cafes,  totheSanxa- 
ritan  and  Gffeek,  and  has  throughout  endeavoured  to  coiiue45| 
facred  and  profane  hiftory.  Hrs  verfion  is  very  literal^  bat 
does  not  always  prove  the  judgement  or  good  tafte  of  the  au- 
thor. Thus,  he  fays,  that  "  The  Spirit  of  God  hovered  a  Uft 
of  the  waters  ;"  and  inftead  of  the  majeftic  fimplicity  and  un- 
affe6l:ed  grandeur  of  ^*  Let  there  be  light,  and  there  was  light,'* 
he  gives  us,  *<  Let  there  be  light,  which  ihare  Wiu  accordingly  J** 
Thus  his  tranflation,  though  a  prodigious  work  for  an  indi-* 
vidualy  will  rather  be  ufed  for  occafional  confoltation  than 
regular  perulal ;  and  though  it  may  afford  many  ufeful  hints^ 
will  not  fnpply  the  place  of  the  eftabliihed  tranflation. 

It  is  to  be  recoi'lefted,  that  PiKrver  was  a  Quaker ;  and,  be«- 
lieving  as  he  did,  in  their  leading  principle  of  immediate 
revelation,  it  was  likely  that  his  mind  fliould  be  turned  to  look 
for  fuch  affiflance,  on  places  %o  which  he  found  his  own  know- 
ledge, inadequate.     He  is  faid,  accordingly,  when  he  came  to 

[m]  Cnittweir^  Breftce  Co  Uihop  WjlfimVB^le. 

paOHgcft. 


PUTEANUS.  423 

paflkges  whi#i  were  dUGcuIt  to  adapt  to  the  context,  not  un« 
frequently  to  retire  into  a  room  alone,  and  there  to  wait  for 
light  upon  the  paflage  in  queftion:  and  on  thefe  occafions  h^^ 
fo  far  negleAed  the  care  of  his  body,  sis  fometimes  to  fit  alon^ 
two  or  three  days  and  nights. 

He  lived  to  about  the  age  of  feventy-five,  his  deceafe  being 
in  1777,  at  Andover,  where,  in  the  burial-ground  of  the  reli- 
gious fociety  with  which  he  had  profefled,  his  remains  were 
interred.  His  widow  furvived  him ;  but  a  fon  and  a  daughter 
died  before  their  parents.  Hannah  the  daughter,  had  been 
married  to  Ifaac  6ell,  of  London,  by  whom  fhe  had  a  foji 
named  John  Purver  Bell,  who  was  brought  up  by  his  grand* 
father. 

PUTEANUS  (Erycius),  properly  Vandepum,  a  very  dif- 
tinguifhed  fcholar,  was  born  at  Venlo  in  Guelderland,  in  1574, 
and  began  his  ftudies  at  Dort ;  whence  he  removed  to  Cologne, 
where  he  ftudied  rhetoric,  and  went  through  a  courfe  of  phi- 
lofophy  in  the  college  of  Jefuits.  He  went  afterwards  to  ftudy 
the  law  at  Louvain,  and  took  the  degree  of  batchelor  there  in 
1597.  He  improved  very  much  by  the  ledures  of  Lipfius, 
who  conceived  a  great  efteem  for  him.  The  fame  year  he 
went  into  Italy,  and  continued  fome  time  in  the  houfe  of  John 
Fernand  de  Velafcos,  governor  of  the  Milanefe ;  whence  he 
removed  to  Padua,  but  returned  to  Milan  in  1601,  being  then 
chofen  profeffbr  of  eloquence  there.  He  gained  a  great  repu- 
tation, and  was  promoted  to  the  honour  of  being  hiftoriographer 
10  his  Catholic  majefty :  and,  in  1603,  the  city  of  Rome  ad- 
mitted him  and  his  poilerity  among  her  patricians.  In  1604, 
he  commenced  doftor  of  law  at  Milan :  he  took  alfo  a  wife  the 
fame  year,  by  whom  he  had  many  children.  He  commends 
her  and  his  children  very  much  in  his  letters:  in  one,  written  in 
1626,  he  tells  his  friend,  that  nothing  is  more  agreeable  than 
a  good  wife;  *'  I  fpeak  it  by  experience,'*  fays  he,  "  mine 
appears  always  young  and  beautiml  to  me,  becaufe,  thou^ 
ftc  has  often  had  children,  yet  (he  ftill  preferves  the  flower  of 
her  youth,  and  the  charms  of  her  perlon.'^  This,  however, 
adds  Bayle,  did  not  come  up  to  the  wifli  of  a  Roman  poet. 
Puteanus's  wife  appeared  ftiU  young  and  beautiful  to  her  huf- 
band,  becaufe  fhe  was  really  fo:  but  the  great  point  for  a 
woman  is,  to  appear  young  and  handfome,  even  when  (he  is  no 
longer  fo.  In  1606,  he  removed  from  Milan  to  Louvain,  being 
appointed  to  fucceed  to  the  profeflbr's  chair,  which  Juftus  Lip- 
fius  had  hlled  with  fo  much  glory.  He  was  very  muchcfteemed 
in  the  Low  Countries,  and  enjoyed  the  titles  of  hiftoriographer 
to  the  king  of  Spain,  and  counfellor  to  the  archduke  Albert: 
he  was  even  appointed  governor  of  the  caftle  of  Louvain,  in 
which  place  he  died  in  1646.. 

Ee4  :Hc 


424  PUTEANUS. 

.  Puteanuswas^he  author  ofanimmenfe  number ^worksy^moff' 
•of  which,  however,  are  fmall :  and  no  man  feemed  ever  more 
perfuaded  than  he  of  the  maxim  of  a  Greek  poet,  that  **  a 

freat  book  is  always  a  great  evil."  He  afFefted  to  interfperfe 
is  writings  with  ftrokes  of  wit,  and  fometimes  fucceeded- 
'tolerably  well,  but  was  often  guilty  of  pirns  and  quibbles.  He 
publiftied  a  book  in  1633,  while  there  was  a  truce  negotiating 
rbetween  his  Catholic  majefty  and  the  United  Provinces,  en- 
titled, **  Statera  Belli  &  Pacis,  The  Balance  of  Peace  and 
.War:"  in  which,  fays  Bayle,  he  fliewed  himfelf  better  ac- 
.quainted  with  the  true  interefts  of  his  Catholic  majefty,  than 
.they  who  applied  themfelves  folely  to  ftate  affairs.  It  made  a 
great  noife,  and  had  like  to  have  ruined  him:  for  he  fpoke 
.with  too  much  freedom  of  things  which  policy  fliould  have 
Jcept  fecret.  G.  Voffius,  his  good  friend^  in  the  conclufion  of 
a  letter,  wherein  he  exprefles  his  fears  for  Puteanus,  fays,. 
**  Would  to  God  he  were  obliged  to  hear  only  what  Phalaris 
is  reported  to  have  faid  to  Stefichorus,  on  an  occafion  pretty 
much  like  this:  Mind  only  the  MufeSy  your  Ifibours  will  be  gloriom 
enough" 

In  Bullart's  Academies  des  Sciences,  is  the  following  account 
.of  him  Tn].  *Mt  was  the  prodigious  learning  of  Puteanus^ 
:  which,  naving  won  the  heart  of  Urban  VIII.  determined  that 
great  pope  to  lend  him  his  portrait  in  a  gold  medal,:  very  heavy^ 
with  fome  copies  of  his  works.  It  was  that  &me  learnii^g,. 
•which  engaged  cardinal  Frederic  Borromeo  to  receive  him  irito 
his  palace,  when  he  returned  to. Milan*  It  was  alfo  his  learn- 
,ing,  which  made  him  tenderly  beloved  by  the  count  de  Fuentes,. 
governor  of  Milan ;  and  afterwards  by  the  archduke  Albert, 
who,  having, promoted  him  to  Juftus  Lipfius's  chair,  ^admitted 
,him.  alfo  moft  honourably  into  the  number  of  Tiis  counfellors^ 
Laftly,  it  was  his  learning  which  made  him  fo  much  efteemed 
in  the  chief  courts  of  Europe,  and  occafioned  almoft  all  the 
princes,  the  learned  men^  the  ambafladors  of  kings,  and  the 
general  of  armies,  to  give  him  proofs  of  their  regard  in  the 
letters  they  wrote  to  him ;  of  which  above  fixteen  thoufand  were 
found  in  his  library,  all  placed  in  a  regular  order.  He  had  the 
.glory  to  fave  the  king  of  Poland's  life,  by  explaining  an  enig- 
matical writing  drawn  up  in  unknown  charafters,  which  no 
man  could  read  or  underftand,  and  which  contained  the  fcheme 
-  of  a  confpiracy  againft  that  prince." 

*.     His  works  are  divided  into  five  volumes,  foiio,  the  fecond  of 

; which  contains  his  letters:  befides  which,  another  colleftioa 

-of  letters  was  publifhed  at  Louvain  in  1662,  by  the  care  of  his 

foi>in-law  Xiilus  Anthony  Milfer,  governor  of  the  caftle  of 

£n]  Tom»  ii.  p.  aio» 
^  .  Louvain*. 


PUy-SEG_UR.  425 

LoQvain. .  Pi^eantis  was  charged  with  writing  a  fatire  againft 
James  I.  of  England,  entitled,  **  If.  Cafauboni  Corona  Regia, 
;&c."  but  falfely:  it  is  now  thoroughly  believe^,  that  Sciopplus 
was  the  author  of  that  moil  bitter  and  outrageous  piece. 

PUTSCH1US(Elias},  born  at  Antwerp,  about  1580,  be- 
came a  celebrated  grammarian.  His  family  was  originally 
from  Augfbourg.  When  he  was  only  twenty-one,  he  publifhed 
Salluft,  with  fragments  and  good  notes.  He  then  publifhed 
the  celebrated  colledion  of  thirty-three  ancient  gramtnarians, 
in  4to,  at  Hanau,  in  1605.  He  was  preparing  other  learned 
works,  and  had  excited  a  general  expeftation  froni  his  koow- 
ledge  and  talents,  when  he  died  at  Stade,  in  1606,  being  only 
twenty-fix  years  of  age. 

PUY  (Peter  dej,  a  very  learned  Frenchman,  was  born  of 
a,  good  family  at  Paris,  in  1583^  "  His  knowledge  and  learn- 
ing,"  fays  Voltaire,  in  his  Eilav  on  Hiftory,  vol.  vii.  "  were 
imgularly  ufeful  to  the  ftate.  He  laboured  more  than  any  one,, 
to  difcover  charters  and  old  records,  by  which  the  king's  rights 
over  other  dates  might  be  afcertained  and  eftablilhed.  He  de^ 
veloped  and  cleared  up  the  origin  of  the  Salique  law.  He 
proved^  that  the  liberties  of  the  Gallican  church  were  nothing 
but  ajportioQ  of  the  ancient  rights  of  the  ancient  churches* 
His  Hiftory  of  the  Templars  mews,  that  fome  of  the  order 
were  culpable ;  but  that  the  condemnation  of  the  whole,  and 
the  deftruftion  of  fo  many  knights,  was  one  of  the  moft  hor« 
rible  injuftices  that  ever  was  committed."  He  was  the  author 
of  near  a  dozen  works,  of  a  fimilar  caft.  and  chiefly  calcu- 
'  lated  for.  political  purpofes.  He  died  in  1052,  univerfally  lar- 
mented,  and  particularly  by  the  learned ;  for  he  was  not  only  a 
lover  of  his  country,  but  a  lover  of  learning.  He  ufed,  like 
Menage,  to  have  ilated  affemblies  held,  and  learned  conver- 
fations  carried  on,  in  his  houfe ;  and  out  of  his  immenfe  col- 
leSions  and  treafures,  he  was  the  moft  communicative  man 
that  ever  lived.  The  preiident  de  Thou  had  the  ftrongeft  a&<tc* 
tion  for  him. 

PUY-SEGUR  (James  dc  Chastenet,  lord  of),  lieutenant- 
general  under  Louis  X HI.  and  XIV.  was  of  a  noble  family  in 
Armagnac,  and  was  born  in  the  year  1600.  He  is  one  of  thofe 
Frenchmen  of  diftinftion  who  have  written  memoirs  of  their 
own  time,  from  which  fo  abundant  materials  are  fupplied  to 
their  hiftory,  more  than  are  generally  found  in  other  countries^ 
His  memoirs  extend,  from  161 7  to  1658.  They  were  firft 
publiftied  at  Paris,  and  at  Amfterdam  in  1690,  under  the  in- 
ipeftion  of  du  Chene,  hiftoriographer  of  France,  in  2  vols.. 
l2mo,  and  are  now  republilhed  in  the  general  colleftion  of 
memoirs.  The  life  of  Puy-Segur,  was  that  of  a  very  aftive 
foldier..  He  entered  into  the  army  in  161 7,  and  ferved  forty- 
three 


42S  P  Y  L  E. 

# 

diree  years  without  iatermtfljbny  rifing  graduftfty  to  the  ntuk  of 
lieutenant-general.  In  1636,  the  Spaniards  having  attempted 
to  pafs  the  Somme,  in  cider  to  march  to  Paris,  Puy-Segur  Mras 
ordered  to  oppofe  them  with  a  fmall  body  of  troops.  The 
general >  the  count  de  Soiflbns,  fearii^  afterwards  that  he  would 
be  cut  off,  which  was  but  too  probable,  fent  his  aid»de-camp  to 
tell  him  that  he  might  retire  if  he  thought  proper.  '*  Sr," 
replied  this  brave  officer,  "  a  roan  ordered  upon  a  dangerous 
fervice,  like  the  prefent,  has  no  opinion  to  form  about  it.  I 
came  here  by  the  count's  command,  and  (hall  not  retire  upon 
his  pcrmiffion  only.  If  he  would  have  me  return,  he  muft 
command  it."  This  gallant  man  is  faid  to  have  been  at  one 
hundred  and  twenty  lieges,  in  which  there  was  an  a£hjal  ca- 
Bonade,  and  in  more  than  thirty  battles  or  ikirmifhes,  yet  never 
received  a  wound.  He  died  in  1682,  at  his  own  caftle  of  Ber- 
nouille,  near  Guife.  His  memoirs  are  vn-itten  with  boldnefs 
and  truth  ;  contain  many  remarkable  occurrences,  in  which  he 
was  perfonally  concerned ;  and  conclude  with  fome  very  ufeful 
military  inftruftions. 

PYLE  (Thomas,  M.  A.),  fon  of  a  clergyman  [o],  was 
born  at  Stodey,  near  Holt,  Norfolk,  in  1674;  he  was  educated 
at  Caius-coUege,  Cambridge ;  and  ferved  the  town  of  King*s 
Lynn,  in  the  capacities  of  curate,  le£lurer,  and  minifter,  from 
his  admiflion  into  orders  till  his  deceafe  in  1757;  difchargtng 
the  feveral  duties  af  his  office  with  unremitted  induftry  and  per- 
feft  integrity.  His  fole  aim  was  to  amend  or  improve  his  au- 
ditors. For  this  ^urpofe,  he  addrefled  hitnfelf,  not  te  their 
paffions,  but  to  their  underftandings  and  confcienees.  Heju- 
didoufly  preferred  a  plainnefs,  united  with  a  force  of  cxpref- 
fion,  to  all  affedation  of  elegance  or  rhetorical  fuHiraity. 
Befide  which,  he  fpoke  his  difcourfes  with  fo  juft  and  animated 
a  tone  of  voice,  as  never  failed  to  gain  univerfal  attention. 
He  diftinguilhed  himfelf  early  in  life,  by  engaging  in  the  Ban- 
gorian  controverfy ;  which  he  did  fo  much  to  -the  fatisfa&ion 
of  the  late  biihop  Hoadly,  that  he  not  only  gave  him  a  prebend, 
and  procured  hfm  a  refidentiaryfhip  in  the  church  of  Sarum, 
but  made  two  of  his  fons  prebendaries  of  Winchefter.  Mf. 
Pyle  afterwards  publillied  his  ^*  Paraphrafe  on  the  Ads,  and 
all  the  Epiftles,"  in  the  manner  of  Dr.  Clarke  ;  a  work  which 
has  palled  through  many  editions,  and  is  exceedingly  well 
adapted  to  the  ule  and  inftruftion  of  Chriftian  families ;  as  it 
contains  in  a  plain  manner,  and  within  a  fmall  compafs,  the 
fubftance  of  what  had  been  written  by  preceding  commentator^. 
The  fame  cliara<5ler  is  due  to  his  **  Paraphrafe  on  the  Revelation 
9f  Si,  John,"  and  on  the  <*  Hiftorical  Books  of  the  Old  Tefti- 

[0]  Geiit,  Mag.  17S3,  p.  659. 

ment." 


PYNAKER.  427 

lacnti"  All  Acfe  admirably  cenduce  to  the  vahiaUe  end  for 
which  they  were  intended,  to  render  the  true  meaning  of  Scrip- 
ture more  eafy'  and  familiar  to  the  apprehenfioa  of  all  readers. 
Three  volumes  of  his  "Sermons/*  were  alfo  printed  in  1783  ; 
but  that  he  himfelf  had  no  defign  of  committing  them  to  the* 
pvefk  is  fomewhat  probable,  from  the  following  remarkable  cir- 
cumftance,  which  proves  them  to  be  the  genuine  ofispring  of 
his  own  extraordinary  genius ;  namely,  that  he  compoled  them 
with  the  greateft  facility  and  expedition,  amidft  the  interrupt- 
tions  of  a  numerous  furrounding  family.  To  be  celebrated  as 
a  preacher,  was  the  natural  confequence  of  his  nervous  lan- 
guage and  fpirited  delivery.  It  may  be  added,  that  he  was 
no  lefs  juftly  admired  as  a  faithful  friend,  as  an  agreeable  com- 
panion, as  a  mam  of  the  moft  liberal  fentiments,  and  fo  free  from 
all  pride  and  conceit  of  his  own  abilities,  that  he  was  apt  to 
pay  a  deference  to  the  opinions  of  many  perfons  much  inferior 
to  himfelf.  What  he  efteemed  one  principal  advantage  and 
happinefs  of  his  life  was,  that  he  lived  not  only  in  friendihip, 
but  in  familiar  correfpondence,  wit!  feveral  of  the  moft  famous 
divines  of  his  time,  particularly  oiihop  Hoadly,  Dr.  Samuel 
Clarke,  and  Dr.  Sykes.  ^  Now  as  that  prelate  declared  to  the 
world)  that  he  wished  to  be  diftinguifhed  after  death  by  no 
higher  title,  than  **  The  Friend  of  Dr.  Clarke,'*  we  may 
furely  afcribe  it  as  no  fmall  honour  to  the  late  Mr.  Pyle,  that 
he  was  the  friend  of  both  tkofe  eminent  men. 

Tfce  following  telHm4Miials  may  be  recorded  to  his  honour  [p]  r 

**  Tom  Pyle  is  a  learned  and  worthy,  as  well  as  a  lively 
and  entertaining  man.  To  be  fure,  his  fuccefs  has  not  been 
equal  to  his  merit,  which  yet,  perhaps,  is  in  fome  meafuref 
owing  to  himfelf;  for  that  very  impetuofity  of  fpirit  which, 
imder  proper  government,  renders  him  the  agreeable  creature 
he  is^  has,  in  fome  circumftances  of  life,  got  the  better  of 
him,  and  hurt  his  views."  •  Archbijbop  Herring. 

**  Dr.  Sydall,  with  Mr.  Pyle,  fen.  of  Lynn,  Were  the  two 
beft  fcholars  I  ever  examined  for  holy  orders  while  I  was  chap- 
lain to  Dr.  Moore,  bWhop  of  Norwich."     Mr.  Whiston. 

PYNAKER  (Adam),  a  celebrated  painter  of  landfcapes, 
was  born  in  1 6a i,  at  the  village  of  Pynaker,  between  Schiedam 
and  Delft,  and  always  retained  the  name  of  the  place  of  his 
nativity.  He  went  for  improvement  to  Rome,  where  he  ftudied 
for  three  years,  after  nature,  and  after  the  beft  models  among 
the  great  matters.  He  returned  an  accomplifhed  painter,  and 
his  works  rofe  to  the  higheft  efteem.  His  lights  and  fhadows 
are  always  judicioufly  diftributed  and  fkilfully  contrafted :  but 
]^is  cabinet  pictures  are  much  preferable  to  thofe  of  larger  fize. 

He 


4«8.  PYRRHO.  ■ 

He  chofe  ^nerally  a  ftrong  morning  light,  which  allowecl  him 
to  give  a  hne  verdure  to  his  trees.  His  diilances  are  properly 
thrown  back,  by  diverfified  objeSs  intervening,  and  his  land- 
fcapes  enriched  with  figures,  and  pieces  of  architefture.  He 
died  in  1673. 

PYRRHO,  an  eminent  philofopher  of  antiquity  [oj,  was 
born  at  Eiis,  and  flourilhed  in  the  time  of  Alexander,  about 
the  iioth  Olympiad,  He  was  at  firft  a  painter;  but  meeting 
with  fome  writings  of  Democritus,  applied  himfelf  afterwards 
to  philofophy.  Anaxarchus,  the  Abderite,  was  his  matter; 
whom  he  attended  fo  far  in  his  travels,  that  he  even  converfed 
with  the  Gymnofophifts  in  India,  and  with  the  Magi.  He 
cftabliftied  a  fedl,  whofe  fundamental  principle  was,  that  there 
is  nothiug  true  or  falfe,  right  or  wrong,  honeft  or  diihoneft, 
juft  or  unjuft;  that  there  is  no  ftandard  in  any  thing,  but  that 
all  things  depend  upon  law  and  cuftom  ;  and  that  uncertainty 
and  doubt  belong  to  every  thing.  From  this  continual  feeking 
after  truth,  and  never  finding  it,  the  feft  obtained  the  name 
of  Sceptic;  as  it  was  fometimes  called  Pyrrhonian,  from  its 
founder. 

The  excefs  to  which  this  philofopher  carried  his  notions^  as 
the  ancients  have  defer ibed  it,  was  very  ridiculous;  He  ihunried 
pothing,  nor  took  any  care,  but  went  ftraight  forward  upon 
every  thing  [r]*  Chariots,  precipices,  dogs,  or  any  obftacles, 
moved  not  him  to  turn  the  lead  out  of  the  way  ;  but  he  was 
always  faved  by  his  friends  that  followed.  He  ufed  to  walk 
out  alone,  and  feldom  ihewed  himfelf  to  thofe  of  his  own 
&mily»  He  afFeAed  a  ftate  of  the  utmoft  indifference,  info- 
much  that  lie  held  it  wrong  to  be  moved  with  any  thing.  An- 
axarchus happening  to  fall  into  a  ditch,  Pyrrho  went  on,  without 
offering  to  help  him,  or  (hewing  the  leaft  emotion :  which, 
wheA  lome  blamed,  Anaxarchus  is  fa  id  to  have  commended,  as. 
worthy  of  a  pliilofopher.  Another  time,  being  at  fea  in  a 
ftorm,  and  all  around  him  being  deje6led  and  confounded,  he 
very  quietly  and  compofedly  fhewed  them  a  pig  feeding  in  the 
ihip,  and  laid,  that  *'  a  wife  man  ought  to  be  fettled  in  the 
fame  tranquillity." 

This  fort  of  wifdom,  whatever  might  be  pronounced  upon 
it  in  an  age  of  common  fenfe,  exalted  Pyrrho  to  fo  much  ho- 
HQur  with  his  fellow-citizens,  that  they  made  him  chief  pricft^ 
and  on  his  account  palTed  a  decree  of  immunity  for-all  philo- 
fophers.  He  died  at  ninety  years  of  age,  leaving  nothing  be- 
hind him  in  writing :  but  a  fummary  pt  his  principles  is  tranf- 
mitted  to  us  by  Sextus  Empiricus,  an  acute  and  learned  author 
Qi  his  fe£l,  whofe  *'  Pyrrhoneas  hypothefes,"  or.  three  books  of 

[<vj  Diogeiiv  Laejrt.  dc  vit.  PhiloC        J]*]  Stanley's  lives  of  the  Philolaphcrs. 

the 


PYTH*AGORAS.  4^9 

theJccptic  philofophy,  are  tranflated  by  the  learned  Stanley, 
and  inferted  in  his  valuable  and  ufeful  work,  "  Of  the  Lives 
and  Opinion?  of  the  Philofophers."  Epicurus  is  faid  to  have 
admired  the  converfation  of  Pyrrho,  and  to-  have  been  conti« 
nually  queftioning  him. 

P\THAGOHAS,  one  of  the  greateft.men  of  antiquity, 

came  into  the  world  towards  the  forty-feventh  Olympiad,  four 

defcents  from  Numa,  as  Dionyfius  of  Halicarnaffus  has  proved; 

that  is,  about  590  years  before  Chrift.     His  father  MnenKar- 

chus  of  Samos,  who  was  a  graver  by  trade,  and  dealt  in  rings 

and  other  trinkets,  went  with  his  wife  to  Delphi,  a  few  days 

after. his  marriage,  there  to  fell  fome  goods,  during  the  feaft; 

and,  while  he  iftayed  there,  received  an  oracular  anfwer  from 

Apollo,  who  told  him,  that,    if  he  embarked  for  Syria,  the 

voyage  would  be  very  fortunate  to  him,  and  that  his  wife 

would  there  bring  forth  a  fon,  who  fliould  be  renowned  for 

beauty  and  wifdom,  and  whofe  life  would  be  a  bleffing  to  pof*. 

terity.     Mnemarchus  obeyed  the  god,  and  Pythagoras  was  born 

at  Sidon;  and,  being  brought  to  Samos,  was  educated  there 

anfwerably  to  the  great  hopes  that  were  conceived  of  him. 

He  was  called  "  the  youth  with  the  fine  head  of  hair;"  and, 

from  the  great  qualities  which  appeared  in  him  early,  was  foon 

regarded  as  a  good  genius  fent  into  the  world  for  the  benefit  of 

mankind. 

Samps,  in  the  mean  time,  afforded  no  philofophers  capable 
of  fatisfying  his  ardent  third  after  knowledge  ;  and  therefore, 
at  eighteen,  he  refolved  to  travel  in  queft  of  thetn  elfewhere. 
The  fame  of  Pherecydes  drew  him  firft  to  the  iiland  of  Syros ; 
whence  he  went  to  Miletus,  where  he  converfed  with  Thales. 
.  Then  he  went  to  Phoenicia,  and  flayed  fome  time  at  Sidon,  the 
place  of  his  birth ;  and  from  Sidon  into  Egypt,  where  Thales 
and  Solon  had  been  before  him.  Amafis,  King  of  Egypt,  re- 
ceived him  very  kindly ;  and,  after  having  kept  him  fome  time 
at  his  court,  gave  him  letters  for  the  priefts  of  Heliopolis.  The 
Egyptians  were  very  jealous  of  their  fciences,  which  they 
rarely  imparted  to  ftrangers ;  nor  even  to  their  own  countrymen, 
till  they  had  made  them  pafs  through  the  fevereft  probations. 
The  pricfls  of  Heliopolis  fent  him  to  thofe  of  Memphis ;  and 
they  diredled  him  to  the  ancients  of  Diofpolis,  who,  not  daring 
to  difobey  the  king,  yet  unwilling  to  break  in  upon  their  own 
laws  and  cuftoms,  received  Pythagoras  into  a  kind  of  novi- 
ciate ;  hoping  he  would  foon  be  deterred  from  farther  purfuits, 
by  the  rigorous  rules  and  ceremonies,  which  were  a  neceflary 
introdu£lion  to  their  myfteries.  But  they  were  deceived;  Py- 
thagoras went  through  all  with  wonderful  patience,  fo  far  as 
^ven,  according  to  fome  authors,  is  to  admit  of  circumcifion. 

After 


456  PYTHAGORAS. 

After  havitig  remained  twenty-five  years  in  Egypt,  he  ^^^fent- 
to  Babylon, -afterwards  to  Crete,  and  thence  to^parta,  to  in- 
ftrud  hitnfelf  in  the  laws  of  Minos  and  Lycurgus.  Then  he 
returned  to  Samos,  which,  finding  under  the  tyranny  of  Poly-- 
crates,  he  quitted  again,  and  vifited  the  countries  of  Greece* 
Going  through  Peloponnefus^  he  ftopped  at  Phiios,  where  Leo 
then  reigned ;  and,  in  his  converfation  with  this  prince,  fpoke 
with  fo  much  eloquence  and  wiAlom,  that  Leo  was  at  once 
delighted  and  furprifed.  He  aflced  him  at  length,  **  what  pro- 
feflion  he  followed?"  Pythagoras  anfwered,  *•  None,  but  that 
he  was  a  philofopher."  For,  difpleafed  with  the  lofty  title  of 
fages  and  wife  men,  which  his  profeflion  had  hitherto  zffumcd, 
Ke  changed  it  into  one  more  modeft  asid  humble,xailing  himfelf 
a  philofopher,  that  is,  a  lover  of  wifdora.  Leo  aiked  him  *<  what 
it  was  to  be  a  philofopher ;  and  the  diiFerence  there  was  between 
a  philofopher  and  other  men?"  Pythagoras  anfwered,  that 
*»  life  might  well  be  compared  to  the  Olympic  games ;  for, 
as  in  that  vaft  aflembly,  f<Mne  come  in  fearch  of  glory,  others 
in  fearch  of  gain,  and  a  third  fort,  more  noble  than  the  two 
former,  neither  for  fame  nor  profit,  but  only  to  enjoy  the  won- 
derful fpeSacle,  and  to  fee  and  know  what  paffes  in  it;  fo  we, 
in  like  manner,  come  into  the  world  as  into  a  place  of  public- 
meeting,  where  fome  toil  after  glory,  others  after  gain,  and  a 
few,  contemning  riches  and  vanity,  apply  themfelves  tothe 
ftudy  of  nature.  Thefe  laft,"  faid  he,  "  are  they,  whom  I  call 
philofophers  :"  And  he  thought  them  by  far  the  nobleft  of  the 
human  kind,  and  the  only  part  which  fpent  their  lives  fuitably 
to  their  nature  ;  for  he  was  wont  to  fay,  that  **  man  was  created 
to  know  and  ta  contemplate."  .  , 

From  Peloponnefus  he  pafled  into  Italy,  and  fettled  at 
Croton ;  where  the  inhabitants,  having  fuffered  great  lofs  in  a 
battle  with  the  Locrians,  degenerated  from  induftry  and  courage 
into  foftncfs  and  effeminacy.  Pythagoras  thought  it  a  taik 
worthy  of  him  to  reform  this  city;  and  accordingly  began  to 
preach  to  the  inhabitants  all  manner  of  virtues ;  and,  though  he 
naturally  met  at  firft  with  great  oppofition,  yet  at  length  he 
made  fuch  an  impreffion  on  his  hearers,  that  the  magiftrates 
themfelves,  aftonifhed  at  the  folidity  and  ftrength  of  reafon 
with  which  he  fpake,  prayed  him  to  interpofe  in  the  affairs  of 
the  government,  and  to  give  filch  advices  as  he  ftiould  judge 
expedient  for  the  good  of  the  ftate.  When  Pythagoras .  had 
thus  reformed  the  manners  of  the  citize\is  by  preaching,  and 
cftablifhed  the  city  by  wife  and  prudent  counfels,  he  thought  it 
time  to  lay  fome  foundation  of  the  wifdom  he  profefled ;  and, 
in  order  to  eftablifh  his  fed,  opened  a  fchool.  It  is  not  to  be 
wondered,  that  a  crowd  of  difciples  offered  themfelves  to  a 
man,  of  whofe  wifdpm'fuch  prodigious  effefts  had  been  now 

feen . 


PYTHAGORAS.  431 

(een  «nd  h^^rd.  Thcjr  came  tp  hkn  from  Greece  and  from 
Italy ;  but,  for  fear  of  pouring  the  treafures  of  wifdom  into 
unfound  and  corrupt  veffels,  he  received  not  indifferently  all  that 
prefentcd  themfelves,  but  took  time  to  try  them:  for  he  ufed-to 
fay,  "  every  fort  of  wood  is  not  fit  Xo  make  a  Mercury ;"  ex 
iguavis  ligno  non  fit  Mercurius;  that  is,  all  minds  are  not  alike 
capable  of  knowledge. 

He  gave  his  difciples  the  rules  of  the  Egyptian  priefts,  and 
inade  ihem  pafs  through  the  aufterities  which  he  himfelf  had 
endured.  He  at  firft  enjoined  them,  a  five  years  filence,  during 
which  jhey  were  only  to  hear;  after  that,  leave  was  given 
them  to  propofe  queftions,  and  to  ftate  their  doubts.  They  wert 
not,  however,  even  then,  to  talk  without  bounds  and  meafure: 
for  he  often  laid  to  them,  "  Either  hold  your  peace,  or  utter 
things  more  worth  than  filence;  and  fay  not  a  little  in  many 
words,  but  much  in  few."  Having  gone  through  the  pi-obation, 
they  were  obliged,  before  they  were  admitted,  to  bring  all  their 
fortune  into  the  common  ftock,  which  was  managed  by  perfons 
chofen  on  purpofe,  and  called  occonomids :  and,  if  any  retired 
fram  the  fociety,  he  often  carried  away  with  him  more  than  he 
brought  in.  He  was,  however,  immediately  regarded  by  the 
•  reft  as  a  dead  perfon,  his  obfequies  made,^  and  a  tomb  raifed  for 
him:  which  fort  of  ceremony  was  inftituted,  to  deter  others 
from  leaving  the  fchool,  by  (hewing,  that  if  a  man,  after  having 
entered  into  the  ways  of  wifdom,  turns  afideand  forfakes  them^ 
it  is  in  vaiin  for  him  to  believe  himfelf  living,  he  is  dead. 
'«  He  is  dead,*'  as  St.  Paul  fays  [s],  **  though  he  feem  to  be 
alive." 

The  Egyptians  believed  the  fecrecy  they  obferved,  to  be 
.recommended  to  them  by  the  example  of  their  gods,  who  would 
never  he  feen  by  mortals,  but  through  the  obfcurity  of  fliadows. 
por  this  reafon  there  was  at  Sais,  a  town  of  Egypt,  a  ftatuc  of 
Pallas,  who  was  the  fame  as  Ifis,  with  this  infcription:  "  I  am 
whatever  is,  has  been,  or  (hall  be;  and  no  mortal  has  ever  yet 
taken  off  the  veil  that  covers  me."  They  had  invented,  therefore, 
three  ways  of  exprefling  their  thoughts ;  the  fimple,  the  hiero- 
glyphical,  and  the  fymbolical.  Jn  the  fimple,  they  fpoke  plainly 
and  intelligibly,  as  in  common  converfiition ;  in  the  hierogly* 
phical,  they  concealed  their  thoughts  under  certain  images 
and  charafters ;  and  in  the  fymbolical,  they  explained  them  by 
(hort  expre(fions,  which,  under  a  fenfe  plain  and  fimple,  in- 
cluded a  not  her -wholly  figurative.  Pythagoras  principally  imitated 
the  fymbolical  ftyle  of  the  Egyptians,  which,  having  neither 
the  obfcurity  of  the  hieroglyphics,  nor  the  clearnefs  of  ordinary 
difcourfe,  he  thought  very  proper  to  inculcate  tl  e  greateft  and 

[s]  I  Tim.  T, 

moft 


43a  PYTHAGORAS. 

Rioft  important  truths:  for  a  fymbol,  by  its  double  fenfe,  the 
proper  and  the  figurative,  teaches  two  things  at  once;  and 
nothing  pleafes  the  mind  more,  than  the  double  image  it  repre^ 
fents  to  our  view. 

In  this  manner  Pythagoras  delivered  many  excellent  things 
concerning  God  and  the  human  foul,  and  a  yaft  variety  of 
precepts,  relating  to  the  conduA  of  life,  political  as  well  as 
civil ;  and  he  made  (bme  conlidefable  difcoveries  and  advances 
in  the  arts  and  fcienccs.  Thus,  among  the  works  that  are  cited 
of  him,  there  arc  not  only*  books  of  phyfrc,  and  books  of  mo- 
rality, like  that  contained  in  what  are  called  his  '*  Golden  Verfes," 
but  treatifes  of  politics  and  theology.  All  thefe  works  are  loft  r 
but  the  vaftnefs  of  his  mind,  and  the  greatnefs  of  his  talents, 
appear  from  the  wonderful  things  he  performed.  He  delivered, 
as  antiquity  relates,  feveral  cities  of  Italy  and  of  Sicily  from  the 
yoke  of  flavery ;  he  appeafed  feditions  in  others;  and  he  foftened 
the  manners,  and  brought  to  temper  the  moil  favage  and  unruly 
'humours,  of  feveral  people  and  feveral  tyrants.  Phalaris,  the 
tyrant  of  Sicily,  is  faid  to  have  b^en  the  only  one  who  could 
withstand  the  remonftrances  of  Pythagoras;  and  he,  it  feeois, 
was  fo  enraged  at  his  le'Jlures,  that  he  ordered  him  to  be  put  to 
death.  But  though  the  reafonings  of  the  philofopher  tould 
make  no  impreffion  on  the  tyrant,  yet  they  were  fufRcient  to 
revive  the  fpirit  of  the  Agrigentines,  and  Phalaris  was  killed  the 
very  fame  day  that  he  had  fixed  for  the  death  of  Pythagoras. 

Pythagoras  had  a  great  veneration  for  marriage ;  and  therefore 
at  Croton,  married  Theano,  daughter  of  Brontinus,  one  of  the 
chief  of  that  city.  He  had  by  her  two  fons,  Arimneflus  and 
Telaugcs;  which  laft  fucceeded  his  father  in  his  fchool,  and  was 
the  matter  of  Empedocles.  He  had  likewife  one  daughter, 
named  Damo,  who  was  diftinguilhed  by  her  learning  as  well  as 
her  virtues,  and  wrote  an  excellent  commentary  upon  Homer. 
It  is  related,  that  Pythagoras  had  given  her  fome  of  his  writings, 
with  exprefs  commands  not  to  impart  them  to  any  but  thofe  of 
his  o;vn  family^  to  which  Damo  was  fo  fcnipuloufly  obedient, 
that  even  when  fhe  was  reduced  to  extreme  poverty,  (he  refufed 
a  great  fum  of  money  for  them.  Some  have  indeed  aflerted, 
and  Plutarch  among  them,  that  Pythagoras  never  wrote  any 
thing;  but  this  opinion  is  contradided  by  others,  and  Plutarch 
is  fuppofed  to  be  miftaken.  Whether  he  did  or  not,  it  is  cer- 
tain that  whatever  was  written  by  his  firft  difciples  ought  to  be 
regarded  as  the  work  of  himfelf ;  for  they  wrote  only  his  opinions, 
and  that  too  fo  religioufly,  that  they  would  not  change  the  leaft 
fyllable ;  refpedling  the  words  of  their  matter  as  the  oracles  of  a 
-god;  and  alledging  in  confirmation  of  the  truth  of  any  do<5lrine 
only  this,  ccutos  e^a,  ^f  He  faid  fo."  They  looked  on  him  as 
^     -    ^  -  the 


^ttttAGdRAS.  433  , 

ih'e  TTiOft  pfe^feft  itti^gfe  of  the  6eUy  among  men.  'His  houfe  was 
called  the  temple  of  Ceres,  and  his  coiitt-yard  the  temple"  of 
the  Mtrfe^;  and,  when  he  went  irit6  tbwns,  it  was  faid  he  went 
thither,  '*  not  to  tc-ach  men,  bitt  to' heal  thenfi." 

Pythagoras  was  perfecutcd  in' the  la-ft  years  of  his  life,  and  di'ed 
a  tragicaK  dfeath.  There  tvas  at  Grotoh  a  young  man  called 
Gyltm,  whom  a  fioble  birth  and  opulence  had  fo  puffed' up  wfth 
pride,  that  he;  thought  he  fhould  do  honour  t6  Pyihagotas  in 
6fF6ring  to  be  his  difciple.  'The  philofopher  did  not  meafxire 
the-mcrit  of  men' by  thefe  exterior  things ;  and  therefore' finding, 
in  him  much  corruption  and  wickednefe,  refufedto  admit  him. 
This  extremely  enragtd  Cylon,  who  fought  nothing  but  revenge ; 
and,  having  rendered  as  many  perfons  difafFeSed  to  Pythagoras 
as  he  could,  came  one  day  accompanied  by  a  crowd  of  profli- 
gates, and  furrounding  the  houfe  where,  he  was  teaching,  fet  it 
-on  fire.  Pythagoras  had  the  luck  to  efcape,  and  flying,  took 
the  way  to  Locris ;  but  the  Locrians,  fearing  the  enmity  of 
Cylon,  who  was  a  man  of  power,  deputed  their  chief  magif- 
trates  to  meet  him,  and  to  requeft  him  to  retire  elfe where.  He 
went  toTarentum,  where  a  new  perfpcution  foon  obliged  him 
to  retire  to  Metapontum.  But  the  fedition  of  Croton  proved  as 
it  were  the  fignal  of  a  general  infurreftion  againft  the  Pythago- 
reans;  the 'flame  had  gained  all  the  cities  of  Greater.  Greece ; 
the  fchools  of  Pythagoras  were  deftroyed,  and  he  himfelf,  at  the 
age  of  above  eighty,  killed  at  the  tumult  of  Metapontum,  or, 
as  as  others  fay,  was  ftarved  to  death  in  the  temple  of  the  Mufes, 
whither  he  was  fled  for  refuge. 

The  doctrine  of  Pythagoras  was  not  confined  to  the  narrow 
compafs  of  Magna  Grascia,  now  called  the  kingdom  of  Naples ; 
it  fpread  itfelf  over  all  Greece,  and  in  Afia.  ^  The  Romans  ad- 
mired his  precepts  long  after  his  death ;  and  having  received  an 
oracle,  which  commanded  them  to  ereft  ftatues  in  honour  of  the 
mofl:  wife  and  the  moft  valiant  of  the  Greeks,  they  erefled  two 
brazen  flatues,  one  to  Alcibiadcs  as  the  moft  valiant,  and  the 
other  to  Pythagoras  as  the  moft  wife.  It  was  greatly  to  his 
honour,  that  the  tv^^o  moft  excellent  men  Greece  ever  produced, 
Socrates  and  Plato,  in  fome  meafure  followed  his  doSrine. 

The  fecS  of  Pythagoras  fubfifted  till  towards  the  end  of  the 
reign  of  Alexander  the  Great.  About  that  ti*ne  the  Academy 
and  the  Lyceum  united  to  obfcure  and  fwallow  up  the  Italic 
fe&y  which  till  then  had  held  up  its  head  with  fo  much  glory, 
that  Ifocrates  writes,  *^  We  more  admire,  at  this  day,  a  Pytha- 
gorean when  he  is  filent,  than  others,  even  the  moft  eloquent, 
when  they  fpeak.'*  However,  in  after-ages,  there  were  hrfe 
and  there  fome  difciples  of  Pythagoras,  but  they  were  only  par- 
ticular perfons,  who  never  made  any  fociety;  nor  had  the  Py- 
.tha^)reans  any  fhore  a  bublic  fchooU    We  find  ftill  extant  a 

Vol.  XII.  Ff  letter 


434  PYTHAGORAS. 

letter  of  Pythagoras  to  Hiero,  tyrant  of  Syriacufe;  but  this  letter 
is  certainly  fnppoHtitious,  Pythagoras  having  been  dead  before 
Hiero  was  born.  "  The  Golden  Verfes  of  Pythagoras,"  the 
real  author  of  which  is  unknown,  have  been  frequently  puV 
lifliedy  with  the  **  Commentary  of  Hierocles,"  and  a  Latin  ver- 
iion  and  notes.  Mr,  DaCter  tranflated  them  into  French,  with 
notes,  and  added  the  **  Lives  of  Pythagoras  and  Hierocles;" 
and  this  work  was  publi(hed  in  Engliih,  the  '*  Golden  Verfes** 
being  tranflated  from  the  Greek  by  N.  Rowe,efq;  in  I707,8vo. 
It  is  chiefly  from  Dacier*s  *^  Life  of  Pythagoras,"  that  the  pi|e- 
(ent  memoir  is  extracted. 


TipADRATUS, 


QJJADRATUS.  455 


QUADRATUS,  a  difciplc  of  the  apoftles,  according  to 
Eufebius  and  Jerome,  and  bifliop  of  Athens,  lyhere  he 
was  borh,  or  at  leaft  educated  [a].  About  the  year  125,  when 
the  emperor  Adrian  wintered  at  Athens,  and  was  there  initiated 
into  the  Eleulinian  myfteries,  a  perfecutlon  arofe  againft  the 
Chriftians,  during  which  their  bimop  Publius  fufFered  martyr- 
dom. Quadratus  fucceeded  him ;  and,  in  order  to  flop  the  per- 
fecution,  compofed  an  "  Apology  for  the  Chriftian  Faith,"  and 
prefented  it  to  the  emperor.  This  Apology,  which  had  the 
defired  effefl,  was  extant  in  Eufebius's  time,  who  tells  us,  that 
it  fliewed  the  genius  of  the  man,  and  the  true  doftrine  of  the 
apoftles ;  but  we  have  only  a  fmall  fragment  preferved  by  Eu- 
febius in  the  fourth  book  of  his  hiftory,  wherein  the  author 
declares,  that  **  none  could  doubt  the  truth  of  the  miracles  of 
Jefus  Chrift,  becaufe  the  perfdhs,  healed  and  raifed  from  the 
dead  by  him,  had  been  feen,  not  only  when  he  wrought  his 
miracles,  or  while  he  was  upon  earth,  but  even  a  very  great 
while  after  his  death ;  fo  that  there  are  many,"  fays  he,  "  who 
s  were  yet  living  in  our  time."  Valefius,  and  others  upon  his 
authority,  will  have  the  Quadratus,  who  compofed  the  Apo- 
logy, to  be  a  difFtrent  perfon  from  Qiiadratus,  the  bifhop  of 
Athens*;  but  his  arguments  do  not  feem  fufficiently  grounded, 
and  are  therefore  generally  rejeded.  Jerome  affirms  them  tp 
be  the  fame.  Nothing  certain  can  be  collcfted  concerning  the 
death  of  Quadratus ;  but  it  is  fuppofed,  that  he  was  banifhed 
from  Athens,  and  then  put  to  variety  of  torments,  under  the 
reign  of  Adrian. 

There  was  alfg  a  very  eloquent  Athenian  philofopher,  named 
Ariftides,  who  prefented  to  the  emperor  Adrian,  at  the  fame 
time  with  Quadratus,  a  volume  in  the  form  of  an  apology  for 
the  Chriftian  religion;  "  which,"  fays  Jerome,  "  ftiews  the 
learned  how  excellent  a  writer  this  author  was."  The  fame 
Jerome  obferves,  that  Ariftides  did  not  alter  his  profeflion  whea 
he  changed  his  religion ;  that  his  Apology  was  full  of  philo- 
fophical  notions;  and  that  it  was  afterwards  imitated  by  Juftin 
Martyr.    It  was  extant  in  the  time  of  Eufebius  and  Jerome,  but  is 

[a]  Carets  Hift.  Literar. 

F  f  »  now 


43^  QJJARLES. 

now  loft.     There  is  little  mcntron  of  Ariftidcs  by  the  andcnts, 
fo  that  nothing  particular  is  known  of  him. 

QUARLES  (Francis),  an  Englifh  poet,  fon  of  James 
Qiiarles,  efq;  clerk  of  the  green-cloth,  and  purveyor  to  queen 
Elizabeth,  was  born  at  Stewards,  in  the  parifh  of  Rumford  in 
Elfex,  In  1592  [b].  He  was  fent  to  Cambridge,  and  continued 
for  fome  time  in  Chrift-college,  and  then  became  a  member 
of  Lincoln's- Inn.  Afterwards,  he  was  preferred  to  the  place 
of  cup-bqarer  to  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  James  I.  eleftrefs 
palatine  and  queen  of  Bohemia  ;  but  quitted  iier  ferviee,  very 
probably  upon  the  ruin  of  the  eleSor's  affairs,  and  went  over 
to  Ireland,  where  he  became  fecretary  to  archbifhop  Uiher, 
Upon  the  breaking  out  of  the  rebellion  in  that  kingdom,  in 
1041,  he  fuffered  greatly  in  his  fortune,  and  was  obliged  to 
fly  for  fafety  to  England.     But  here  lie  did  not  meet  with  the 

Juiet  he  expedled ;  for  a  piece  of  his,  ftyle^l  "  The  Rpyal 
.  Jonvert,"  having  given  offence  to  the  prevailing  powers,  th^ 
took  occafion  from  that,  and  from  his  repairing  to  Charles  1. 
at  Oxford,  to  hurt  him  as  much  as  poffible  in  his  eftates.    But 
we  are  told,  that  vvhat  he  took  moft  to  heart,  was  being  plun- 
dered of  his  books,  and  fome  manufcripts  which  he  had  pre- 
pared for  the  prefs.     The  lofs  of  thefe  is  fuppofcd  to  have 
haftened  his  death,  which   haopened   in  1644.     He  wrote  a 
comedy,  called,  "  The  Virgin  Widow,"  printed  in  1649,  ao4 
feveral  poejns,    which  were    chiefly   6{  the  religious  kind* 
Langbaine  fays,    "  He  was  a  poet  that  mixed  religion  and 
fancy  together ;  and  was  veyy  careful  in  all  his  writings  .'not 
to  entrench  upon  good  manners  by  any  fcurrility  in  his  works, 
or  any  ways  offend  againft  his  duty  to  God,  his  neighbour,  and 
himfelf/*    Thus,  according  to  Langbaine,  (and  others"  have 
given  him  the  fame  teftimonial)  he  was  a  very  good  man; 
but,  in  the  judgement  of  fome  he  was  alfo  a  very  great  man, 
and  a  moft  excellent  poet.     "  Had  he  been  contemporary^" 
fays  Fuller,  "  with  PJato,  that  great  back-friend  to  poets,  he 
would  not  only  have  allowed  him  to  live,  but  advanced  him  to 
an  office  in  his  commo^i wealth.     Some  poets,  if  debarred  pro- 
fanenefs,  wantonneff;,  and  fatiricalnefs,  that  they  may  npither 
abufe  God,  themfelves,  nor  their  neighbours,  have  their  tongues 
cut  oilt  in  effeft.     Others  only  trade  in  wit  at  the  fecond  hand,  ' 
being  all  for  tranflations,  nothing  for  invention.     Our  Quarles 
was  free  from  the  faults  of  the  fitft,  as  if  he  had  drank  of 
Jordan  inftead  of  Helicon,  and  flept  on  Mount  Oliyet  for  his 
rarnaflus ;  and  was  happy  in  his  own  invention.     His  vifible 
poetry,  I  mean  his  *  Emblems,'  is  excellent,  catching  therein 
uic  eye  and  fancy  at  one  draught ;  fo  that  he  hath  out-alciated 

[b]  Langbaine's  Account  of  Dramatic  Poets  ;  Winftaniey;  Wood,  &c. 

"  therein, 

2 


QUENSTEDt.  437 

therein,  in  fome  men's  judgements.  His  *  Verfes  on  Job'  are 
done  to  the  life,  fo  that  the  reader  may  fee  his  forces,  and 
through  them  the  anguiih  of  his  foul.  According  to  the  advice 
of  St.  Hierome,  verba  vertehat  in  opera^  and  praflifed  the  Job 
he  had  defcribed." 

By  one  wife  Qjiarles  had  eighteen  children,  one  of  whotn 
named  John,  a  poet  alfo,  was  born  in  EfTex  in  1624;  admitted 
into  Exeter  college,  Oxford,  in  1642  ;  bore  arms  for  Charles  I. 
within  the  garrifon  at  Oxford  ;  and  was  afterwards  a  captain  \ti 
one  of  the  royal  armies.  Upon  the  rain  of  theking's  affairs, 
he  retired  to  London  in  a  mean  condition,  where  he  Wrote 
feveral  things  purely  for  a  mairttenance ;  and  afterwards  travelled 
on  the  continent.  He  returned,  and  died  of  the  plague  at  Lon^r 
don  in  1665.  Some  have  efteemcd  him  alfo  a  good  poet ;  and  per^ 
haps  he  was  not  entirely  deftitute  of  genius,  which  would  have 
appeared  to  more  advantage,  if  it  had  been  duly  and  properly 
cultivated.  His  principal  merit,  however,  with  his  admirers^ 
Ti'as  certainly  his  being  a  very  great  royalift. 

QUELLiNUS  (Erasmus),  an  eminent  painter,  was  borft 
at  Antwerp  in  1607.  He  ftudied  the  belles  lettresawJ  philofo-* 
phy  for  fome  time;  btit  his  tafte  and  inclination  for  painting 
forced  him  at  ler  gth  to  change  his  purfuits.  He  learned  his  art 
of  Rubens,  and  became  a  very  good  painter.  Hiftory,  landf- 
cape,  and  fome  architeflure,  Wfere  the  principal  objefts  of  his 
application,  and  his  learning  frequently  appeared  in  his  produc- 
tions. He  painted  feveral  grand  pidlures  in  Antwerp,  and  the 
places  thereabouts,  for  churches  and  palaces:  and  though  he 
aimed  at  nothing  more  than  the  pleafure  he  took  in  the  ^xercife 
of  painting,  yet  when  he  died  he  left  behind  him  a  very  great 
charaQer  for  fkill  and  merit  in  his  art.  He  lived  to  be  very  old, 
which  is  not  common  to  painters:  their  profeffion  not  being  at 
all  favourable  to  length  of  days*  He  left  a  fon,  John  Erafmiis 
Quellinus,  called  young  Quellinus;  a  painter  whofe  workls  were 
efteemed,  and  may  be  feen  in  different  parts  of  Flanders:  and 
a  nephew  Artus  CJtiellinus,  who. was  an  excellent  artift  in  fculp- 
ture,  and  who  executed  the  fine  pieces  of  carved  work  in  the 
town-hall  at  Amfterdam,  engraved  firft  by  Hubert  Qiiellinv€. 
Young  Qiiellinus  was  born  in  1630,  and  died  in  1715;  and 
having  fludied  at  |lome,  is  generally  thought  to  have  furpaffed 
his  father. 

QUENSTEDT  (John  Andrew),  a  Lutheran  divine,  and 
a  ftrong  opponent  of  the  Roman  Catholics,  was  born  at  Qiied- 
iimbourg,  and  died  on  May  22,  1688,  at  the  age  of  feventy-one. 
He  publifbed,  i,  A  work  entitled,  "  Dialo^is  de  Patriis  illuf- 
triura  virorum,  DoSrina,  et  Scriptis,"  4^0,  Wit tem berg,  1654, 
and  1 69 1.  This  is  an  account  of  learned  men  from  Adam  to  the 
year  1600,  but  is  fuperfidal,  and  inaccivatc.  %t  <*  Sepuhura  Ve- 
^  ,  Ff  3  terum,*' 


438  QJJ  E  R  L  O  N. 

terum,"  8vo,  1660,  and  in  410,  Wittembcrg.  This  is  eftccmed 
his  bcft  work,  3.  "  A  Syftem  of  Divinity  for  thofe  who  adopt 
the  Confcflion  of  Augfburg,"  4  vols,  folio,  1685.  4.  Several 
other  works,  more  replete  with  proofs  of  learning  than-  of  cor- 
reftnefs  and  good  tafte. 

QUERENGHI  (Antony),  A  poet  of  Italy,  who  wrote  both 
in  his  own  language  and  in  Latin,  was  born  at  Padua  in  1546, 
and  manifefted  a  very  early  genius.  By  means  of  a  ready 
conception  and  vaft  memory,  he  foon  made  himfelf  mafter  of 
feveral  languages,  and  of  no  fmall  ftore  of  other  knowledge. 
He  was  confidentially  employed  by  feveral  popes,  and  was  fecre- 
tary  of  the  facred  college  under  no  lefs  than  five.  Clement  VHI. 
made  him  a  canon  of  Padua,  but  Paul  V.  recalled  him  to  Rome, 
where  he  loaded  him  with  honourable  offices.  Querenghi  con- 
tinued tb  hold  his  employments  under  the  fucceeding  popes,  till 
he  died  at  Rome,  Sept.  i,  1633,  at  the  age  of  eighty- feven. 
There  is  a  volume  of  his  Latin  poems,  which  was  printed  at 
Rome  in  1629:  and  Italian  poetry,  publiflied  alfo  at  Rome  in 
j6i6. 

QUERLON  (Anne  Gabriel  Meusnier  de),  born  at 
Nantes,  April  15,  1702,  was  a  journalift  of  fome  celebrity  in 
France,  a  fcholar  attached  to  the  ftudy  of  the  ancients,  an  enemy 
to  bad  tafte,  to  the  afFeftation  of  introducing  new  terms,  and  flill 
more  to  the  rage  for  new  principles.  He  publifhed,  for  twenty- 
two  years,  a  periodical  paper  for  the  province  of  Britany,  en- 
titled "  Les  petites  Affiches:"  and,  during  the  fame  period,  for 
five  years,  condufted  the  "  Gazette  de  France,*'  the  "  Journal 
Etranger,"  for  two  years;  and  took  a  part  in  the  "Journal  En- 
cyclopedique."  Notwithftanding  thefe  labours,  he  was  the  editor 
of  many  Latin  and  French  authors,  whofe  works  he  enriched 
by  notes  and  prefaces,  at  once  curious  and  inftrudive.    He  com- 

{)ofed  alfo  works  of  his  own,  and,  befides  thofe  which  he  pub- 
iflied,  left  feveral  in  manufcript,  among  which  was  a  regular 
Analyfis  of  the  literary  journals  on  which  he  was  for  fo  many 
years  employed.  Towards  the  latter  part  of  his  life  he  adled  as 
librarian  to  a  rich  financier  named  Beaujon,  from  whom  he  had 
a  handfome  falary,  with  an  honourable  and  pleafing  retreat  in 
his  houfe.'     He  died  in  April  1780,  very  generally  regretted. 

Jrl'is  principal  works,  belides  the  periodical  publications  already 
mentioned,  are,  i.  "  Les  impoftures  innocentcs,"  a  little  novel, 
the  produftion  of  his  youth,  but  calculated  to  make  the  public 
regret  that  he  did  not  more  employ  himfelf  in  works  of  imagi- 
nation. 2.  **  LeTeftament  de  TAbbe  des  Fontaines,"  i2mo^ 
1746,  a  pamphlet  of  no  great  merit.  3.  "  Le  Code  Lyriguc, 
ou  reglement  pour  TOpcra  de  Paris,"  i2mo,  1743.  4.  **  Col- 
ledion  Hiftonque,"  or  Memoirs  towards  the  Hiftory  of  the  War 
which  terminated  in  1748,  larno,  I757«    5.  A  Continuation 

of 


QJU  E  S  N  A  Y.  439 

of  the  Abbe  Prevot's  "  Hiftory  of  Voyages."  6.  A  tranflation 
of  th€  Abbe  Marfy's  Latin  Poem  on  Painting,  which  is  exe^ 
cutfd  with  Hdelity  and  elegance.     Among  the  editions  which  he 

Eublifhed,  was  one  of  Lucretius,  i2mo,  1744,  with  notes,  which 
ave  bte    efteemed ;  alfo  Pha3drus  and  Anacreon. 

QUERNO  ^Camillo),  an  Italian  poet,  was  born  at  Mo- 
nopolis  in  the  kingdom  of  Naples ;  and  acquired  in  his  early 
years  a  great  facility  of  making  verfes.  He  went  to  Rome  about 
1514,  with  a  poem  of  twenty  thoufand  lines,  called  Alexiada* 
Some  young  gentlemen  of  that  city  profefled  great  friendfliip  to 
him :  they  treated  him  in  the  country,  and  at  a  feaft  crowned 
him  arch -poet;  fo  that  he  was  not  known  afterwards  by  any 
other  name.  Leo  X.  who,  upon  certain  occafions,  was  not 
averfe  to  buffoonery,  delighted  in  his  company,  and  caufed  him 
to  be  ferved  with  meat  from  his  own  table ;  and  Querno,  being 
an  excellent  parafite,  humoured  him  very  exadly.  He  was 
obliged  to  make  a  diftich  extempore,  upon  whatever  fubjeft  wat 
given  him  ;  even  though  he  was  at  the  time  ill  of  the  gout,  with 
which  he  was  extremely  troubled.  Once,  when  the  fit  was  cm 
him,  he  made  this  verfe,  "  Archipoeta  facit  verfus  pro  millc 
ppetis,"  and,  as  he  hefitated  in  compofing  the  fecond,  the  pope 
readily  and  wittily  added,  **  Et  pro  mille  aliis  Archipoeta  bibit.'* 
Querno,  haftening  to  repair  his  fault,  cried,  "  Porrige,  quod 
facial  mihi  carmina  dofta,  Falernum,"  to  which  the  pope  in- 
fiantly  replied,  <*  Hoc  vinum  enervat,  debilitatque  pedes." 

Thefe  were  fine  days  for  Querno :  but,  after  the  taking  of 
Rome,  he  retired  to  ^3aples,  where  he  fufFered  much  during  the 
wars  in  1528,  and  died  there  in  the  hofpital.     He  ufed  to  fay,^ 
*'  He  bad  found  a  thoufand  wolves,  after  he  had  loft  one  Hon." 

QUESNAY  (Francis),  a  celebrated  French  phyfician,  was 
born  at  Ecquevilli,  a  fmall  village  in  France,  in  the  year  1694. 
He  was  the  fon  of  a  labourer,  and  worked  in  the  fields  till  he 
was  fixtcen  years  of  age ;  though  he  afterwards  became  firft  phyfi- 
cian in  ordinary  to  the  king  of  France,  a  member  of  the  Acar 
demy  of  Sciences  at  Paris,  and  of  the  Royal  Society  of  London. 
He  did  not  even  learn  to  read  till  the  period  abovementioned^ 
when  one  of  the  books  in  which  he  firft  delighted  was  the  Maifon 
Ruftique.  The  furgeon  of  the  village  gave  him  a  flight  know- 
ledge of  Greek  and  Latin,  with  fome  of  the  firft  principles  of  his 
art :  after  which  he  repaired  to  the  capital,  where  he  completed 
his  knowledge  of  it.  Having  obtained  the  requifite  oiialifica* 
tions,  he  firft  pradifed  his  profeflion  at  Mantes ;  but  M.  de  la 
Peyronie^having  difcovered  his  talents,  and  thinking  them  loft 
in  a  fivSh  town,  invited  him  to  Paris,  to  be  fecretary  to  an 
academy  of  furgery,  which  he  was  defirous  to  eftablifli.  To  the 
firft  collection  of  memoirs  publiftied  by  this  fociety  Quefpay 
prefixed  a  preface,  which  is  confidered  as  one  of  the  completeft 

F  f  4  performances 


44jq  QJU  E  S  N  E  l>. 

f^{otm^nct$  of  the  kind.  The  gout  at  length  difqualified  htm 
for  the  pr^Sice  of  furgery,  and  hp  applied  himfelf  to  medicine, 
wherein  be  beCame  no  lefs  eminent.  Towards  the  latter  end  of 
life  his  early  tafte  for  ;|gricuhural  ftudies  revived,  ^nd  he  became 
a  leading  roan  in  the  feft  of  oeconomifts,  who  afterwards  made 
fo  b^d  a  pfe  oJF  their  influence,  by  circulating  democratical 
principled.  Qiiefnay  had  many  good  qualities,  among  which 
were  humanity  acd  charity,  with  a  ftrong  mind,  and  philofo- 
phical  equality  of  temper,  under  the  pains  of  the  gout.  He 
lived  to  jhe  age  of  eighty,  and  in  hft  very  laft  years  involved 
.  himfelf  fo  deeply  in  mathematical  ftudies  that  he  fancied  he  had 
difcovered  at  once  the  two  great  problems  of  the  trifedion  of  an 
angle,  and  the  quadrature  of  the  circl^.  He  died  in  December 
1774.  Louis  XV.  was  much  attached  to  Quefnay,  called  him 
**  Ion  penfeur, "  his  thinker ;  and,  in  allufion  to  that  name,  gave 
him  three  panfies,  or  "  penfees,"  for  his  arms. 

^The  works  of  Qiiefnay  were  thefe  :  i.  "  Obfervatior^s  on  the 
Effe^s  of  Bleeding,"  i2mo,  1730.  2.  "  A  Phyfical  Efl'ay  on 
the  Anijnal  CEconomy,"  3  vols.  i2mo,  1747.  A  work  of  a 
great  mpralift  as  well  as  phyfician.  3.  "  The  Art  of  Healing 
by  Bleeding,"  i2mo,  1736.  This  has  been,  in  fome  degree, 
icfuted  by  experience.  4.  "  A  Treatife  on  continued  Fevers," 
2  vols.  i2mo,  1753-  5.  '*  On  Gangrene,"  i:?mo,  1749. 
6,  "  On  Suppuration,"  i2mo,  1749.  7.  "  Phyfiocratie,"  or 
on  the  government  raoft  advantageous  to  the  human  race,  8vo,  . 
1768.  In  this,  his  ftyle  is  aife<5led  and  inflated,  nor  are  his  ideas 
much  more  found.  8.  Several  fmall  works  on  opconomical  fub- 
jefls,  containing  fome  found  views,  and  others  altogether  im« 
pra£ticable.  9.  Some  articles  of  the  famp  kind  in  the  Encyclo* 
pedie-     All  thefe  works  are  written  in  French. 

QU ESNEL  (Pasqu I e r), a  celebrated prieft  of  thecongrcgation 
called  the  Oratory,  in  France,  was  bo^n  at  Paris  in  1634,  andwa^ 
unfortunate  in  being  the  fubjefl;  of  a  great  divifion  between  his 
countrymen,  and  the  caufe  of  many  quarrels  among  thern ;  which, 
fays  Voltaire,  thirty  pages  of  his  "  Mora,l  Refleftions  upo,n  |he 
New  Teftament,'*  properly  qualified  and  foftened,  would  have 
prevented  fc j.  He  was  a  man  of  very  uncpmmon  parts  and 
learning.  In  1675,  he  publiihed  the  works  of  St.  Leo,  at  Paris, 
in  2  vols.  4to,  with  notes  and  diifertations ;  which,  containing 
fome  things  in  defence  of  the  ancient  opinions  pf  the  Gallican 
church  againft  the  novelties  of  the  Roman,  gave  fuch  offence  at 
{lome,  that  the  year  following  the  work  was  condemned  there 
by  a  decree  of  the  inquifition.  Meeting  with  fame  troubles  ^\[o 
ip  his  own  country,  he  retired  in  1^85  to  Bfuflels ;  aWjoioed 
the  cplebrated  Aritony  Arpauld,  who  lived  in  ^  tin4  of  wl? 

[cj  Siecle  de  Lo\us  j^JfVMqa^,  ij, 

^here; 


QJJESNEL.  441. 

tb€i«,  ^fid  whom  Qjjefnel  accompanied  to  the  time  of  his  death, 
which  happened  in  1694..  He  had  pubtifhed,  in  1671,  "  Moral 
ReflefltioHs  upon  the  New  Teftament  ;*'  but  thel'e  were  only 
upon  part  of  the  New  Teftament :  he  now  finifhed  the  whole, 
and  publiflied  it  in  1687.  This  book  contained  fome  maxims 
which  appeared  favourable  to  Janfenifm  ;  but  thefe  were  joined 
with  fuch  a  muhhude  of  pious  fentiments,  and  fo  abounded  in 
that  foft  pe|-fuafion  which  wins  the  heart,  that  the  work  was 
received  with  univerfal  approbation.  The  beauties  of  it  ap^ 
peared  every  where  evident,  and  the  exceptionable  paflages  were 
difficult  to  be  found.  Several  bilhops  beftowed  high  encomiums 
on  it,  when  imperfedt ;  which  they  repeated  and  confirmed  in 
the  ftrongeft  manner,  when  the  author  had  finifhed  it.  Voltaire 
knew  for  certain,  as  he  tells  us,  that  the  Abbe  Renaudor,  one 
of  the  moft  learned  men  in  France,  being  at  Rome  the  firft  year  . 
of  Clement  XTs  pontificate,  went  one  day  to  wait  upon  this 

f)ope,  who  loved  men  of  letters,  and  was  himfelf  a  man  of 
earning ;  and  found  him  reading  Quefners  book :  "  Thi?," 
ftid  his  holinefs,  "  is  an  excellent  performance;  wc  have  no 
one  at  Rome  capable  of  writing  in  this  manner ;  I  wifh  I  cpukl 
have  the  author  near  me  :"  yet  this  very  pope  in  1708  publiflied 
a  decree  againft  it,  and  afterwards,  in  1713,  iffued  the  famous 
bpU  Unigenitus,  in  which  an  hundred  and  one  propofitions  ex- 
tra£led  from  it  were  condemned.  We  muft  not,  however,  look 
upon  this  condemnation  of  Clement  XI,  as  a  contradidlion  to 
the  encomium  he  had  before  given :  it  proceeded  entirely  from 
reafons'of  ftate.  The  prelate  in  France,  who  ihewed  the 
ftrongeft  and  moft  fincere  approbation  of  this  book,  was  cardinal 
dc  Noailles,  archbiihop  of  raris.  He  declared  himfelf  the  pa- 
tron of  it,  when  he  was  biftiop  of  Chalons;  and  it  was  dedicated 
to  him.  Now  the  cardinal  protefted  feveral  of  the  Janfenifts, 
though  not  of  their  perfuafion  ;  and  was  not  at  all  well  difpofed 
towards  the  Jefuits.  This,  and  the  book's  favouring  fomewhat 
of  Janfenifm,  made  it  very  obnoxious  to  the  Jefuits;  whofc' 
mighty  power,  being  dreaded  by  Quefnel,  occafioned  him  to  goT^ 
to  BrufTels.  There  he  joined  Arnauld,  and  after  his  death  be- 
came the  head  of  the  Janfenifts :  but  the  Jefuits,  being  very 
powerful  and  prevalent,  foon  difturbed  bim  in  his  folitude. 
They  reprefented  him  as  a  feditious  perfon  :  and  they  prevailed 
with  the  king  himfelf  tp  petition  for  the  condemnation  of  his 
book  at  Rome  ;  which  was  in  fa£l  procuring  the  condemnation 
of  cardinal  de  Noailles,  who  had  been  the  moft  zealous  defender 
of  the  work.  They  perfecuted  him  alfo  with  Philip  V.  who  was 
fpve reign  of  the  Low  Countries,  as  they  had  before  done  Ar- 
nauld  his  riiafter  with  Louis  XIV.  They  obtained  an  order 
from  the  king  of  Spain  to  feize  thefe  religious  exiles  ;  and  ac- 
COfdipgly  Quefnel  was  imprifonefi  in  the  archbiibopric  of  Mech* 

lin. 


44^  QJtJEVEDO- 

lin.  But  a  gentleman,  who  believed  he  (hould  greatly  raife 
himfelf  by  means  of  the  Janfenifts,  if  he  could  deliver  their 
chief,  broke  through  their  walls;  by  which  means  Qi^iefnel, 
having  made  his  efcape,  fled  to  Amfterdam,  where  he  died  in 
1 7 19,  after  having  fettled  fome  Janfenift  churches  In  Holland  : 
the  fed,  however,  was  weak,  and  dwindled  daily.  He  wrote  3 
great  many  books;  but  they  are  chiefly  of  the  polemic  kind. 

QUEVEDO  (Francisco  de),  an  eminent  Spanifh  author, 
was  born  at  Madrid  in  1570 ;  and  was  a  man  of  quality,  as 
appears  from  his  being  flyled  knight  of  the  order  of  St.  James, 
which  is  the  next  in  dignity  to  that  of  the  Golden  Fleece.  He  was 
one  of  the  beft  writers  of  his  age,  and  excelled  equally  in  verfe 
and  profe  [d].  He  excelled  too  in  all  the  difFerent  kinds  of 
poetry:  his  heroic  pieces,  fays  Nicolas  Antonio,  have  great 
force  and  fublimity  ;  his  lyrics  great  beauty  and  fweetnefs ;  and 
his  humorous  pieces  a  certain  eafy  air,  pleafaiitry,  and  inge- 
nuity of  turn,  which  is  exceedingly  delightful  to  a  reader.  His 
prole  works  are  of  two  forts,  ferious  and  comical :  the  former 
confift  of  pieces  written  upon  moral  and  religious  fubje£ls ;  the 
latter  are  fatirical,  full  of  wit,  vivacity,  and  humour.  He  had 
a  fingular  force  and  fruitfulnefs  of  imagination,  which  enabled 
him  to  render  the  moft  dry  and  barren  fubjefts  diverting,  by 
embellifhing  them  with  all  the  ornaments  of  iidion.  All  his 
printed  works,  for  he  wrote  a  great  deal  which  was  never 
printed,  are  comprifed  in  3  vols.  4to,  two  of  which  confift  of 
poetry,  a  third  of  pieces  in  profe.  The  "  Parnaflb  Efpagnol, 
or  Spanifli  Parnaflus,"  under  which  general  title  all  his  poetry 
is  included,  was  colleSed  by  the  care  of  Jofeph  Gonzales  de 
Salas,  who,  befides  fliort  notes  interfpered  throughout,  prefixed 
cliflertations  to  each  diftinft  fpecies.  It  was  firft  publiOied  at 
Madrid,  in  1650,  4to,  and  has  fince  frequently  been  printed  in 
Spain  and  the  Low  Countries  [e].  The  comical  or  humorous 
part  of  his  profe-works  has  been  tranflated  into  Englifli.  **  The 
Vifions"  are  a  fatire  upon  corruption  of  manners  in  all  forts  and 
llegrees  of  people  ;  are  full  of  wit  and  morality ;  and  have  found 
fuch  a  reception,  as  to  go  through  feveral  editions.  The  re- 
mainder of  his  comical  works,  containing,  "  The  Night-Ad- 
venturer, or  the  Day-Hater,"  **  The  Life  of  Paul  the  Spanifh 
Sharper,'^  ''  The  Retentive  Knight  and  his  Epiftles,*'  **  The 
Dog  and  Fever,"  *^  A  Proclanjation  by  Old  Father  Time," 
"  A  Treatife  of  all  Things  whatfoever,"  **  Fortune  in  her 
Wits,  or  the  Hour  of  all  Men,"  were  tranflated  from  the  Spanifh, 
and  publiflied  at  London,  in  1707,  8vo.  Stevens,  the  tranfla- 
tor,  feems  to  have  thought  that  he  could  not  fpeak  too  highly 

[d]  Script.  Hifpan.  v.  u  [z]  Baillct,  Jugemcns,  torn.  v. 

of 


QJJIEN.  443 

t>f  hi«  author;  he  calls  him  "  the  great  Quevcdo,  his  works  a 
real  treafure;  the  Spanifh  Ovid,  from  whom  wit  naturally 
flowed  without  ftudy,  and  to  whom  it  was  as  eafy  to  write  in 
verfe  as  in  profe."  The  feverity  of  his  fatires  procured  him 
many  enemies,  and  brought  him  into  great  troubles.  The  count 
d'Olivares,  favourite  and  prime  minifter  to  Philip  IV.  of  Spain, 
iraprlfoned  him  for  being  too  free  with  his  adminiftration  and 
■government ;  nor  did  he  obtain  his  liberty,  till  that  minifter  was 
difgraced.  He  died  in  1645,  according  to  fome  ;  but,  as  others 
fay,  in  1647.  Befides  being  fo  confummate  a  wit  and  poet,  he 
Jie  is  faid  to  have  been  extremely  learned  ;  and  it  is  affirmed  by 
his  intimate  friend,  who  wrote  the  preface  to  his  volume  of 
poems,  that  he  underftood  the  Hebrew,  Greek,  Latin,  Italian, 
and  French  languages. 

QUIEN  (Michael  le),  a  French  Dominican,  and  a  very 
learned  man,  was  bom  at  Boulogne  in  1661.  He  was  deeply 
flcilled  in  the  Greek,  Arabic,  and  Hebrew  languages ;  and  in 
that  fort  of  criticifm  and  learning,  which  is  neceflary  to  render 
a  man  an  able  expounder  of  the  Holy  Scriptures.  Father  Pez- 
ron,  having  attempted  to  eftabli(h  the  chronology  of  the  Septua- 
gint  againft  that  of  the  Hebrew  text,  found  a  powerful  adverfary 
in  le  Quien ;  who  publifhed  a  book  in  1690,  and  afterwards  ano- 
ther, againft  his  **  Antiquite  des  Tems  retablie,"  a  very  fine 
and  well-written  work.  -  Quieri  called  his  book  **  Antiquite  des 
Terns  detruite.'*  He  applied  himfelf  greatly  to  the  ftudy  of  the 
caftern  churches,  and  that  of  England  ;  and  in  particular  wrote 
againft  Courayer  upon  the  validity  of  the  ordinations  of  the  Englifli 
biftiops :  who,  fays  Voltaire,  **  pay  no  more  regard  to  thefe 
difputes,  than  the  Turks  do  to  diftertations  upon  the  Greek 
church  [f]."  All  this  le  Qiiien  did  out  of  great  zeal  to  popery, 
and  to  promote  the  glory  of  his  church :  but  he  did  alfo  a  fervice 
for  which  both  proteftantifm  and  learning  were  obliged  to  him, 
and  on  which  account  jchiefly  he  is  inferted  here,  when  he  pub- 
liftied  in  1712  an  edition  in  Greek  and  Latin  of  the  works  of 
Joannes  Damafcenus,  in  2  vols,  folio.  This  did  him  great 
Jhonour :  for  the  notes  and  diflertations,  which  accompany  his 
edition,  fliew  him  to  have  been  one  of  the  moft  learned  men  of 
his  age.  His  exceffive  zeal  for  the  credit  of  the  Roman  church 
made  him  publifli  another  work  in  4to,  called,  **.  Panoplia 
contra  fchifma  Graecorum ;"  in  which  he  endeavours  to  refute 
all  thofe  imputations  of  pride,  ambition,  avarice,  and  ufurpation, 
that' have  fo  juftly  been  brought  againft  it.  He  projeSed,  and 
had  very  far  advanced,  a  very  large  work,  which  was  to  have 
exhibited  an  hiftorical  account  of  all  the  patriarchs  and  inferior 
prelates,  that  have  filled  the  fees  in  Africa  and  the  £aft ;  and  the 

[f]  Sleek  de  Louis  XIV*  torn.  11. 

firft 


M4  QUILLET. 

firfV  volume  was  printing  at  the  Louvre,  with  this  title,  **  Orient 
Chriftianus  &  Africa,'*  when  the  author  died  at. Paris  in  1733* 

QUILLET  (Claudius),  an  ingenious  French  writer,  whofe 
talent  wa$  Latin  poetry,  was  born  at  Chinon,  in  Touraine, 
about  1602.  He  ftudied  phyfic,  and  praftifed  it  for  fome  years 
in  the  beginning  of  his  life.  Whep  Mr.  De  Laubardemont, 
counfelior  of  ftate,  and  a  creature  of  cardinal  Richelieu,  was 
fent\to  take  cognifance  of  the  famous  pretended  pofleflion  of  the 
nuns  of  Loudun,  with  fecret  inftruQions  doubtlefs  to  find  real. 
Quillet  was  in  that  town  ;  and  believing  it  to  be  all  a  farce,  with 
i^view  of  expofing  it,  challenged  the  devil  of  thofe  nuns,  and 
utterly  nonplufTed  and  confounded  him.  Laubardemont  was 
offended  at  it,  and  ifTued  out  a  warrant  againft  Qiiillet ;  who, 
perceiving  the  mummery  to  be  carried  on  by  cardinal  Richelieu, 
in  order  to  dcftroy  the  unhappy  Grandier,  and,  at  the  fame  time, 
^s  fome  fuppofe,  to  frighten  Louis  XIIL  thought  it  not  fafe  to 
continue  at  Loudun,  or  even  in  France,  and  therefore  immedi- 
ately retired  into  Italy.  This  muft  have  happened  about  1634,, 
when  Grandier  was  executed. 

Arriving  at  Rome,  he  paid  his  refpefls  frequently  to  the 
maiflial  D'Etrces,  the  French  ambafTador ;  and  was  foon  after 
j:eceived  into  his  fervice,  as  feerctary  of  the;  embaffy.  He  feem« 
to  have  returned  with  the  marflial  to  France,  after  the  death  of 
cardinal  Richelieu.  While  he  Was  at  Rome,  he  b^an  his  poem 
called  "  Callipaedia  ;'*  the  firft  edition  of  which  was  printed  at 
.I^yden,  1655,  with  this  title,  **  Calvidii  Leti  Callipaedia,  feu 
de  pulchrae  prolis  habenda  ratione."  Calvidius  Letus  is  almoft 
an  anagrain  of  his  name.  It  is  not  known,  what  made  him  angry 
with  cardinal  Mazarine  \  but  it  is  certain,  that  he  refleSed  very 
fatirically  upon  his  eminence  in  this  poem.  The  cardinal  fent 
for  him  upon  it ;  and,  after  fome  kind  expoftulations  upon  what 
he  had  written,  afiured  him  of  his  efteem,  and  difmifled  him 
with  apromife  of  the  next  good  abbey  that  Ihould  fall;  which 
be  acccrdingly  conferred  upon  him  a  few  months  after :  and  this 
had  fo  good  an  effeft  upon  Quillet,  that  he  dedicated  the  feconil 
edition  of  his  book  to'  the  cardinal,  after  having  expunged  th^ 
•paffages  which  had  given  him  offence.  It  is  remarkable,  that 
Julius  Caefar  behaved  in  the  fame  manner,  when  he  was  lam- 
pooned by  Catullus  :  he  invited  the  poet  to  fupper,  and  treated 
him  with  fuch  a  generous  civility,  that  he  made  him  his  friend 
ever  after.  The  fecond  edition  of  "  Callipaedia'*  was  printed 
at  Paris,  1656,  with  many  additions,  and  Quillet's  own  namp 
to  it :  and  the  author  fubjoincd  two  other  pieces  of  Latin,  poetry, 
one  "  Ad  Eudoxum,"  which  is  a  fiditious  name  for  fome  cour- 
tier ;  another,  **  In  obitum  Petri  Gaffendi,  inCgnis  Philqfophi 
&  Aftronomi."  Thefe  are  all  the  produ6lions  of  Qiiillet  which 
ever  came  from  the  prefs^;  although  he  wrote  a  long  Latin  poem 

'  ia 


QJUILLET,  i4$ 

111  twelve  bboks,  entrtled  **  Hennciados,"  in  honour  of  lienfy  IV. 
of  France,  and  tranflated  all  the  fatires  of  Juvenal  into  French, 
As  to  the  <*  Callip^ia,"  it  is  cafy  to  conceive,  that  it  was 
very  greedily  read  ;  and  though  the  fubjeft  is  not  alv^^ays  treated 
Vfith  the  greatcft  folidrty,  yet  the  verfification  is  allowed  to  be 
every  where  beautiful.      Some  writers,  however,  have  loudly 
objefted  to  certain  particularities  in  this  poctn^and  cenfured  the 
author  very  feverely  for  them.     "  This  abbot,*'  fays  Bailkt, 
**  intending  to  teach  men  how  to  get  pretty  children,  has  en- 
deavoured to  reduce  all  the  precepts  of  that  new  art  into  fouf 
kooks,  in  Latin  verfe,  entitled  *  Callipacdia.'    Though  he  does 
not  inform  the  public,  how  he  gained  his  knowledge  of  fo  many 
rare  particulars,  it  was  neverthelefs,  obferved,  that,  foranab* 
bot,  he  Icnew  more  on  this  articlq,  than  the  moll  experienced 
among  the  laity ;  and  that  he  was  capable  of  teaching  even  nature 
herfelf. — It  is  faid,  that  fome  paffages  in  it  are  finely  toudhed : 
but  it  alfo  contains  defcriptions  concerning  procreation,  which, 
are  abominable,  and  unworthy  of  a  man  who  has  any  fenfe  of 
inodefty  ;  and  he  feems  every  where  to  glory  in  having  read  Pe- 
tronius."     In  anfwer  to  this,  M.  de  la  Monnoye  has  obferved, 
in  a  note  upon  Bailiet,  that  Q^iillet  was  no  beneficed  man,  not 
had  any  connedion  with  the  facred  order,  when  he  wrote  the 
«*  Caliipa^dia."     Bayle  alfo  has  apologized  for  Quillet ;  "  whofe 
verfification,  he  fays,  is  very  fine,  and  the  poet  appears  thereia 
to  have  ftudied  Lucretius  much  more  than  Petronius.     Thofd 
were  not  miftakcn,  who  told  Bailiet,  that  the  author  fpeaks 
plainly  concerning  procreation  ^\>ui  it  is  falfe  to  affert,  that  this 
is  unworthy  a  man  who  has  any  Tenfe  of  modelly  :  Abbot  Quillet 
fdying  nothing  but  what  is  found  in  grave  writers  on  phyfic.'* 
As  to  the  merit  of  the  poem,  though  it  has  ufually  been  much 
admired,  and  on  many  accounts  certainly  with  good  reafon,  yet 
the  above  De  la  Monnoye,  a  moft  competent  and  able  judge,  has 
fpoken  of  it  in  tcrrns  not  at  all  favourable.  .  He  thinks  the  great 
reception  it  has  mer  with,   owing  principally  to  the  fubjeft ; 
"which,  he  fays,  is  often  treated  in  a  very  frivolous  way,  efpe- 
ctally  in  the  fecond  book,  where  there  are  many  lines  concern- 
ing the  different  influences  of  the  conftellations  upon  conception. 
He  will  not  allow  the  verfification  to  refemble  either  that  of  Lu- 
cretius or  Virgil,  blames  the  diclion  as  incorrefl:,  and  difcovers 
alfo  errors  ia  quantity.     This  is  the  judgement  which  the  critic 
and  poet  has  paflTecJ  upon  Quillet's  poem  [g].    A  third  edition  of 
the  •♦  Callipaedia"  was  neatly  printed  at  London  in  1708,  8vo ;  to 
which,  befides  the  two  little  Latin  poems  above-mentioned,  was 
fubjoincd  **  Scsevolae  Sammarthani  Paedotrophise,  five  depuero-* 
ruin  cdocatione,  libri  tres." 

£g]  Msnaglana,  Com.  Hi.  p.  234. 

Qiiillet 


44C  Q^UIN. 

Quillet  died  in  1661^  aged  59 ;  and  left^l  his  papers,  to- 
gether with  five  hundred  crowns  for  the  printing  his  Latin  poem 
in  honour  of  Henry  IV.  to  Menage :  but  tt^^n  fome  account 
or  other,  was  never  executed.  ^^^ 

QUIN  (James)  [h].  This  celebrated  aftor  was  born  in 
King-ftreet,  Covent-Garden,  the  24th  Feb.  1693  [i].  His  aii- 
ceftors  were  of  an  ancient  family  in  the  kingdom  of  Ireland. 
His  father,  James  Qiiin,  was  bred  at  Trinity-college,  Dublin, 
whence  he  came  to  England,  entered  himfelf  of  Lincoln  Vlnn, 
and  was  called  to  the  bar;  but  his  father,  Mark  Quin,  who  had 
been  lord-mayor  of  Dublin  in  1676,  dying  about  that  period,  and 
leaving  him  a  plentiful  eftate,  he  quitted  England  in  1700,  for 
his  native  country;  taking  with  him  his  fon,  the  obje^of  our 
prefent  attention  [k]. 

The  marriage  of  Mr.  Quin's  father,  was  attended  with,  cir- 
cun^ances  which  fo  materially  afFedlcd  the  fubfequent  intereft 
of  his  fon,  as  probably  yery  much  to  influence  his  deftination  in 
life.  His  mother  was  a  reputed  widow,  who  had  been  married 
to  a  perfon  in  the  mercantile  way,  and  who  left  her,  to  purfue 
fome  trafEck  or  particular  bufinefs  in  the  Weft- Indies.  He  had 
been  abfent  from  her  near  feven  years,  without  her  having  re- 
ceived any  letter  from,  or  the  leaft  information  about  him.  He 
was  even  given  out  to  be  dead,  which  report  was  univerfaliy 
credited ;  Ihe  went  into  mourning  for  him  ;  and  fome  time  after 
Mr.  Quin's  father,  who  is  faid  to  have  then  poflefled  an  eftate 
of  I  cool,  a  year,  paid  his  addrefles  to  her  and  niarried  her. 
The  offspring  of  this  marriage  was  Mr.  Quin.  His  parents 
continued  for  fome  time  in  an^ndifturbed  ftate  of  happinefs, 
when  the  firft  huiband  returned,  claimed  his  wife,  and  had  her. 
Mr.  Quin  the  elder  retired  with  his  fon,  to  whom  he  is  faid  to 
have  left  his  property  [l].  Another,  and  more  probable  account 
is  [m],  that  the  eftate  was  fufFered  to  defcend  to  the  heir  at  law, 
and  the  illegitimacy  of  Mr.  Quin  being  proved,  he  was  difpof- 
feffed  of  it,  and  left  to  provide  for  himfelf.  • 

[r]  Soon  after  the  death  of  Mr.  Quin,         [i]  Cbetwood^s  Hiftory  of  the  St^e, 

there  appeared  a  pamphlet  entitled,  **  The  p.  152 ;  and  Hiftory  of  the  EnglUh  Stage, 

life  of  Mr.  James  Quin,  Comedian,  with  J741,  p.  I52> 

the  Hiilory  of  the  Stage  from  his  com-        [k]  In  the  Life  of  Anthony  a  Wood, 

mcncing  AAor  to  his  Retreat  to  Bath,^*  p.  139,  we  hare  an  [account  of  another 

I2mo,  printed  for  Bladon,  1766.    From  James  Quin,  who  was  probably  of  the 

that  life,  the  farmer  account  in  this  work  fame  family. 

%nrs  taken  j  but  a  life  having  been  fince         [l]  Vidor^s  Hiflory  of  the  Stage,  voL 

given  in  the  European  Magazine,  for  May,  iii.  p*  90.— -Mr.  VJdor  (ays,  this  account 

tec.  1792,  wherein  that  trad  is  cenfured  was  given  by  Mr.  Quin  to  two  gentlemen 

as  highly  inaccurate,  we  have  now  adopted  fome  tome  before  his  death. 
principally  the  account  given  in  the  Ma-         [mJ  Hiftory  of  the  Stage,  1741,  and 

sasine$  which  appears  to  be  founded  oa  Chetwood. 
Mtier  ttttberi^es. 

Quin 


Q.UIN.  447 

Quin  received  his  education  at  Dublin^  under  the  care  of  Dr. 
Jones,  until  the  death  of  his  father  in  1 710,  when  the  progrefs 
of  it  was  interrupted,  we  may  prefbme,  by  the  litigations  which 
arofe  about  his  eltate.  It  is  generally  admitted,  that  he  was 
deficient  in  literature ;  and  it  has  been  faid,  that  he  laughed  at 
thofe  who  read  books  by  way  of  enquiry  after  knowledge, 
faying,  he  read  men — ^that  the  world  was  the  beft  book*  This 
account  is  believed  to  be  founded  in  truth,  and  will  prove  the 
great  (Irength  of  his  natural  underftanding.  Which  enabled  him 
to  eftablifh  fo  confiderable  a  reputation  as  a  man  of  fenfe  and 
genius. 

Deprived  thus  of  the  property  he  expefted,  and  with  no  pro- 
feflion  to  fupport  him,  though  he  is  faid  to  have  been  intended 
for  the  law,  Mr.  Quin  appears  to  have  arrived  at  the  age  of 
twenty-one  years.  He  had,  therefore,  nothing  to  rely  upon  but 
the  exercife  of  his  talents,  and  with  thefe  he  foon  fupplied  the 
deficiencies  of  fortune.  The  theatre  at  Dublin  was  then  ftrug- 
gling  for  an  eftablifhment,  and  there  he  made  his  firfl  eflay. 
The  part  he  performed  was  Abel  in  **  The  Committee,"  in  the 
year  1714;  and  he  reprefented  a  few  other  charafters,  as  Cleon 
in  "  Timon  of  Athens,"  Prince  of  Tanais  in  "  Tamerlane,'* 
and  others,  but  all  of  equal  infignificance.  After  performing 
one  feafon  in  Dublin,  he  was  advifed  by  Chetwood  not  to  fmo-. 
ther  his  rifing  genius  in  a  kingdom  where  there  was  no  great 
encouragement  for  merit.  This  advice  he  adopted,  and  came 
to  London,  where  he  Was  immediately  received  into  the  com- 
pany at  Drury-lane.  It  may  be  proper  here  to  mention,  that  he 
repaid  the  friendfhip  of  Chetwood,  by  a  recommendation  which 
enabled  that  gentleman  to  follow  him  to  the  metropolis. 

At  that  period  it  was  ufual  for  young  adors  to  perform  infe- 
rior charaders,  and  to  rife  in  the  theatre  as  they  difplayed  (kill 
and  improvement.  In  conformity  to  this  pradice,  the  parts 
which  Qiiin  had  allotted  to  him  were  not  calculated  to  pro- 
cure much  celebrity  for  him.  He  performed  the  Lieutenant  of 
the  Tower  in  Rowe's  "  Jane  Grey,"  the  Steward  in  Gay's 
^«  Whatd'  ye  Call  It,"  and  Vulture  in  "  The  Country  Lafles;" 
all  z&ed  in  1 7 15.  In  December,  17 16,  he  performed  a  part  of 
more  confequence,  that  of  Antenor  in  Mrs.  Centlivre's  "  Cruel 
Gift ;"  but  in  the  beginning  of  the  next  year  we  find  him  de- 
graded to  fpeak  about  a  dozen  lines  in  the  charader  of  the 
Second  Player  in  "  Three  Hours  after  Marriage." 

Accident,  however,  had  juft  before  procured  him  an  oppor- 
tunity of  difplaying  his  talents,  which  he  did  not  negledl.  An 
order  Jiad  been  fent  froni  the  lord -chamberlain  to  revive  the  play 
of  "  Tamerlane"  for  the  4th  of  Nov.  17 16.  It  had  accord- 
ingly been  got  up  with  great  magnificence.  On  the  third  night, 
I/U0  Mills,  who  performed  Bajazet,  was  fuddenly  taken  ill^ 
3  *^<* 


448  (kJJ  t  i^- 

And  ap^lfcatioft  was  <ha&  tc  Qniii  to  fettd  tfie  ^M;  i'  talk 
which  he  executed  fo  much  to  the  fatisfo6tion  of  the  audientfe, 
that  he  received  a  confiderable  (hare  of  applaufe.  Th^  next 
night  he  made  himfelf  perfefl,  and  perforiiwd  it  mih  tedoubfed 
proofs  of  approbation.  On  this  occafion  he  was  confrp^Uftiented 
%  fevcral  petfons  of  diftin<3ion  and  dramatic  tafte,  iipori  his^  early 
and  rifiiig  genius.  It  dOeS  not  appear  tFm  he  derived  any  other 
advantage  at  that  time  ftom  his  faccefs.  Im-patient,  therefore, 
'of  his  muation,  and  diffatisfied  vrith  his  employers,  he  deter- 
lAined  upon  trying  his  fortune  at  M^.  Rich's  theatre,  at  Lin- 
coln's-Inn-fields,  then  under  the  management  of  MeflT,  Keene 
*nd  Chriftopher  Bullock;  and  accordingly  in  17 17  quitted 
Drury-lane,  after  remaining  there  two  feafons.  Chetwood  ia- 
finuafes,  that  envy  infltienced  fome  of  th^  man^fgers  of  Drufry- 
lane  to  deprefs  fb  rifing  an  a£!or.  Be  that  as  it  tnay,  he  con- 
tinued at  the  theatre  he  had  chofen  feventeen' years,  and  during 
Aat  period  ftipported  without  difcredit,  the  fame  charaSefs 
-which  were  then  admirably  performed  at  the  rival  theatre. 

Soon  after  he  quitted  Drury-lane,  an  unfortunate  tfanfaSion 
t6ok  place,  which  threatened  to  interrupt,  if  hot  entirely  to 
flop  his  theatrical  purfuits.  This  was  an  unlucky  rencounter 
between  him  and  Mr.  Bowen,  which  ended  fat-ally  to  the 
latter.  From  the  evidence  given  at  the  trial  it  appeared,  th^ 
on  the  17th  of  April,  17 18,  about  four  or  five  o'clock  in  this 
afternoon,  Mr.  Bowen  and  Mr.  Quin  met  accidentally  at  tht 
Fleece* tavern  in  Cornhill.  They,  drank  together  in  a  fttctiMy 
•manner^  and  jefted  with  each  other  for  fome  time,  untrl  at  length 
the  converfaiion  turned  upon  their  performances  on  the  ftage. 
Bowen  faid,  that  Q^iin  had  adled  Tamerfane  in  a  loofe  fort  of  a 
manner;  and  Quin,  in  reply,  obferved,  that  his  opponent  had 
no  occafion  to  value  himfelf  on  his  performance,  fittce  Mj*. 
Johnfon.  v^ho  had  but  feldom  a6led  it,  reprefented  Jacomo,  in 
.  ••  The  Libertine,*'  as  well  as  he  who  had  acted  it  often.  Thefe 
Obfervations,  probably,  irritated  them  both,  and  the  converfation 
changed,  but  to  another  fubjedl:  not  belter  calculated  to  produce 
good-hamour-*-^he  honefty  of  each  party.  In  tbe  courfeof  the 
altercation,  Bowen  aflerted,  that  he  was  as  honeft  a  man  a9  any 
in  thfe  world,  which  occafioned  a  ftory' about  his  political  tenet's 
fo  be  introduced  by  Quin :  and  both  parties  being  vrarm^,  a  wager 
Was  laid  on  the  fubjedl,  which  was  determined'  in  favour  of  ^ 
Qiiin,  on  his' relating  that  Bowen  fometimes  dilank-the  health- of 
the  duke  of  Ormond,  and  fometimes  rcfufed'it;  at  the  fame  time 
aftking  the  referee  how  he  could  be  a^  honefl  a  ni^an  as  any  in 
tlie  world,  who  afted  upon  two  different  principles.  The  gen- 
tfeman  who  afted  as  umpire  then  t^ld  Mr.  Bowen,  that  if  he  in- 
filled upon  his  claim-  to  be  as  honefl  a  man  as  any  in  the  world, 

he 


QJLTIN.  449 

he  muft  give  it  againft  him.  Here  the  dirpiite  feemed  to  have 
ended,  nothing  in  the  reft  of  the  converfation  indicating  any 
remains  of  reientment  in  either  party.  Soon  afterwards,  how- 
ever, Mr.  Bowen  arofe,  threw  down  fome  money  for  his  rec- 
koning, and  left  the  company.  In  about  a  quarter  of  an  hour 
Mr.  Quin  was  called  out  by  a  porter  fent  by  Bowen,  and  both 
Quin  and  Bowen  went  together,  firft  to  the  Swan  tavern,  and 
then  to  the  Pope*s-Head  tavern,  where  a  rencounter  took  place, 
and  Bowen  received  a  wound,  of  which  he  died  on  the 
2oth  of  April  following.  In  the  courfe  of  the  evidence  it  was 
fworn,  that  Bowen,  after  he  had  received  the  wound,  declared 
that  he  had  had  juftice  done  him,  that  there  had  been  nothing  but 
fair  play,  and  that,  if  he  died,  he  freely  forgave  his  antagonift. 
On  this  evidence  Quin  was,  on  the  loth  of  July,  found 
guilty  of  manflaughter  only,  and  foon  after  returned  tg  his  em- 
ployment on  the  ftage  [m]. 

This  unhappy  incident  was  not  calculated  to  imprefs-a  favour- 
able opinion  of  Qi^iin  on  the  public  mind.  When  it  is  con- 
fidered,'  however,  in  all  its  circumftances,  it  will  not  leave  much 
(lain  upon  hischarafter.  Whatever  efFe6l  it  had  at  the  time,  he 
lived  to  erafe  the  impreflion  it  had  made  by  many  afts  of  bene- 
volence ;  and  kindnefs  to  thofe  with  whom  he  was  connefled. 

The  theatre  in  which  Quia  was  eftabliihed,    had  not  the 

{>atronage  of  the  public  in  any  degree  equal  to  its  rival  at  Drury- 
^ne,  nor  had  it  the  good  fortune  to  acquire  thofe  advantages 
which  faftiion  liberally  confers  on  its  favourites,  until  feveral  years 
after.  The  performances,  however,  though  not  -equal  to  thofe 
at  Drury-lane,  were  far  from  deferving  cenfure.  In  the  feafon 
of  1718-19,  Mr.  Quin  performed  in  Buckingham's  "  Scipio 
Africanus,"  and  in  1719-20,  "Sir  Walter  Raleigh,"  in  Dr. 
Sewell's  play  of  that  name ;  and  in  the  year  had,  as  it  appears, 
two  benefits,  "The  Provok'd  Wife,"  31ft  of  January,  before 
any  other  performer,  and  again,  "  The  Squire  of  Alfatia,"  on 
the  17th  of  April.  The  fucceeding  feafon  he  performed  in 
Buckingham's  "  Henry  the  Fourth  of  Trance,"  in  "  Richard  II." 
as  altered  by  Theobald,  and  in  "  The  Imperial  Captives,"  of 
Mottley.     The  feafon  of  1720-21  was  very  favourable  to  his 

[m]  The  friendfliip  betweeh  Mr.  Quin  into  the  room  in  a  fit  of  drunkennefs, 

and  Mr.  Ryan  is  well   known,  sind  it  is  abufedMr.  Ryan,  drew  his  fwordonhinir 

Ibmething  remarkable,  that  they  were  each  with  which  he^  made  three  paffes  before 

at  the  fame  time  embarrafled  by  a  fimilar  Ryan  could  get  his  own  fword,  which  lay 

accident.    We  have  already  mentioned  that  in  the  window.  With  this  he  defended  him- 

Bowen  received  the  wound  which  occa-  felf,  and  wounded  Mr.  Kelly  in  the  left  tide, 

fioned  his  death  on   the   17th  of  April,  who  fell  down,  and  imoRdiately  expired. 

Onthe20thof  June,  Mr.  Ryan  wasatthe  It  does  not  appear   that  Mr.   Ryan  waf 

Sun  £ating>houfe,  i.ong-acre,   at  f upper,  obliged  to  take  his  trial  for  this  homicide, 

when  a  Mr.  Kelly,  who  had  before  terri-  the  jury  having  probably  brought  in  their 

fJed  feveral  companies  by  drawing  his  fword  verdid,  felf-defencc. 
on  perfons  whom  he  did  not  know,  came 

Vol.  XIL  G  g  rejutatioa 


4SO  QUIN. 

reputation  as  an  aftor.    On  the  22d  of  Oflober,  **  The  Merry 

Wives  of  Windror"  was  revived,  in  which  he  firft  played  FaU 
ftafF,  with  great  increafe  of  fame.  This  play,  which  was  well 
fupported  by  Ryan,  in  Ford  ;  Spiller,  in  DoAot  Caius;  Bohemc, 
in  Juftice  Shallow;  and  Griffin,  in  Six  Hugh  Evans;  wasaded 
nineteen  times  during  the  feafon,  a  proof  that  it  had  made  a  very 
favourable  impreffion  on  the  public.  In  the  feafon  of  1721-22, 
he  performed  in  Mitchell's,  or  rather  HilVs  "  Fatal  Extrava- 

fancc,"  Sturmy's  "  Love  and  Duty,"  Philips's  "  Hibernia 
'reed."  The  feafon  of  1 722-23  produced  Fenton's " Mariamne," 
the  moft  fuccefsful  play  that  theatre  had  known,  in  which  Mr. 
Q^iin  performed  Sohemus.  In  the  next  year,  1723-24,  he  z€tcd 
in  Jefferys'  «  Edwin,"  and  in  Philips's  "  Behfarius."  The 
feafon  of  1725  produced  no  new^play  in  which  Mr.  Quin  had 
any  part ;  but  on  the  revival  of  **  Every  Man  in  his  Humour," 
he  reprefented  Old  Knowell ;  and  it  is  not  unworthy  of  ob- 
fervation,  that  Kitely,  afterwards  fo  admirably  performed  by 
Mr.  Garrick,  was  affigned  to  Mr.  Hippefley,  the  Shuter  or 
Edwin  of  his  day.  In  1726,  he  performed  in  Southern's 
"  Money's  the  Miftrcfs;"  and,  in  1727,  in  Welfted's  "  Dif- 
fembled  Wanton,"  and  Frowde's  **  Fall  of  Sagiintum." 

For  a  year  or  more  before  this  period,  Lincoln's  Inn- fields 
theatre  had,  by  the  affiftance  of  fome  pantomimes,  as  the 
**  Necromancer,"  "  Harlequin  Sorcerer,"  "  Apollo  and 
Daphne,"  &c.  been  more  frequented  than  at  any  time  fince  it 
was  opened.  In  the  year  1728,  was  offered  to  the  public  a 
piece  which  was  fo  eminently  fuccefsful  as  fince  to  have  intro- 
duced a  new  fpecies  of  drama,  the  comic  opera,  and  therefore 
deferves  particular  notice.  This  was  *'  The  Beggar's  Opera," 
firft  adled  on  the  29th of  January,  1728.  Quin,  whofe  know- 
ledge of  the  public  tafte  cannot  be  queftioned,  was  fo  doubtful 
of  Its  fuccefs  before  it  was  afted,  that  he  refufed  the  part  of 
Macheath,  which  was  therefore  given  to  Walker.  Tw#  years 
afterwards,  ij9th  of  March,  1730,  Mr.  Quin  had  the  "  Beg- 
gar's Opera*'  for  his  benefit,  and  performed  the  part  of  Mac- 
heath  himfelf,  and  received  the  funi  of  206I.  9s.  6d.  which 
was  feveral  pounds  more  than  any  one  night  at  the  common 
prices  had  produced  at  that  theatre.  His  benefit  the  pre- 
ceding year  brought  him  only  io2i.  i8s.  od.  and  the  fucceeding 
only  129I.  3s.  od.  The  feafon  of  1728  had  been  fo  occupied 
by  "  The  P>eggar's  Opera,"  that  no  new  piece  was  exhibited 
in  which  Quin  performed.  In  that  of  1728-29  he  per- 
Ibrmed  in  Barfoid's  "  Virgin  Queen,"  in  Madden's  **  ThemiP 
tocles,"  and  in  Mrs.  Haywood's  "  Frederic  duke  of  Bjunf- 
wiek."  In  1729-30  there  was  no  new  play  in  which  he  pet- 
formed,  la  1730-31  he  aflifted  in  Tracey's  "  Periander,"  iiv 
Frowde'$  ^^Philotas,"  in  J«fferys'  "  Merope,"  and  in  Theo- 

baUV 


-      QU I N.  45i 

bald's" Of eftc$;^'  and  in  the  neAt  feafori>  1731-2,  iu  Kelly^^ 
"•  Married  Philofopher." 

On  the  feventh  of  December,  1732,  Covent-rgai'den  theatre 
ivas  openedi  ?ad  the  company  belonging  to  Lincoln*s-Inn- 
fields  removed  thither  [n].  In  the  courfe  of  this  feafoft  Mr; 
<3yin  was  called  upon  to  exercife  his  talents  in  fingingi  an4 
accordingly  performed  Lycomedes^  in  Gay's  pofthiimoiis  ojpera 
of  ^*  Achilles,"  eighteen  nights.  The  next  feafon  concluded 
jbis  fervice  at  Covent-garden.  At  this  junfture  the  deaths  ojf 
Wilks,  Booth,  and  Oldfield,  and  the  fucceflion  of  Gibber, 
Jiad  thrown  the  management  of  Drury-lane  theatre  into  raw 
and  unexperienced  hands.  Mr.  Hignmore,  a  gentleman  of 
fortune,  .who  had  been  tempted  to  intermeddle  in  it,  had  fiif- 
tained  fo  great  a  lofs,  as  to  oblige  him  to  fell  his  intereft  to  the 
beft  bidder.  By  this  event  the  Drury-lane  theatre  came  intd 
the  pofleflion  ot  Charles  Fleetwood,  efq;  who,  it  is  faid^  piiir- 
chafed  it  in  concert  with,  and  at  the  recommendation  of,  Mr* 
Rich.  But  a  difference  arifing  between  thefe  gentlemen;  the 
-former  determined  to  ftfduce  from  his  antagonilt  his  beft  pert* 
former,  and  the  principal  fupport  of  his  theatre.  Availing 
himfelf  of  this  quarrel,  Mr.  Quin  left  Covent-garden,  and  in 
the  beginning  of  the  feafon  1 734-5  removed  to  the  rival  theatre^ 
**  on  fuch  terms,"  fays  a  writer  who  feems  to  be  well-informed, 
.**  as  no  hired  aftor  had  before  received  fo]." 

During  Quin's  connexion  with  Mr.  Rich,  he  was  cm- 
ployed,  or  at  leaft  confulted,  in  the  conduS  of  the  theatre  by  his 
-principal,  as  a  kind  of  deputv-manager.  While  he  was  in  thiis 
fituation,  a  cijcumftance  toot  place  which  has  been  frequently 
j^d  varioufly  noticed  [p],  and  which  it  may  not  be  improper 
■Co  relate  in  the  words  of  the  writer  laft  quoted.^ 

**  When  Mr.  James  Quin  was  a  managtng-aftor  under  Mr^ 
Rich,  at  Lincoln's-Inn-fields,  he  had  a  whole  heap  of  plav5 
brought  him,  which  he  put  in  a  drawer  in  his  bureau.  Aa 
author  had  given  him  a  play  behind  the  fcenes^  tvhich  I  fuppofe 
he  might  lofe  or  miflay,  not  troubling  his  head  about  it.  IVo 
or  three  days  after  Mr.  Bayes  waited  on  him,  to  kndw  how  he 
liked  his  play : — Quin  told  him  fome  excufe  for  its  not  being 
received,  and  the  author  defired  to  have  it  returned.  *  There, 
fays  Quin,  *  there  it  lies  on  that  table;*  The  author  took  up 
a  play  that  w^  lying  on  the  table^  but  on  opening,  fo^nd  U 
was  a  comedy,  and  his  was  a  tragedy,  and  told  Quin  of  his 
miftake.      ^  Faith>  then,  fir/  faid   he,    *  I  have  Joft  your 

[k1  The  play  was  «<  The  Way  of  the  [o]  Apology  for  the  Life  of  Thcp- 

World.**     Pit  and  boxes  at  5s.  each.     So  phlLus  Cibber,  Svo,  1740,  p.  98,  Aufi  \p 

little  attradion,  however,  had  the  new  be  ivrittcn  by  Henry  Fielding, 

.theatre,    that  the  receipt  of  the  houfe  [p]   See  Roderick  Random,  ypl.  ju 

jjnOQAted  but  to  1 1 5I.  os.  od«  p*  297W 

G  g  a  play/' 


4Sa  QU  I  N. 

play/ — '  Loft  tpy  play!'  cries  the  bard. — *  Yes,  by  God!  t 
nave/  anfwered  the  tragedian ;  '  but  here  is  a  drawer  full  o^ 
both  comedies  and  tragedies,  take  any  two  you  will  in  the  rooni 
of  it.'  The  poet  left  him  in  high  dudgeon,  and  the  hero 
ftalked  acrofs  the  room  to  his  Spa  water  and  Rhenifli,  with  a 
negligent  felicity  [clI-" 

From  the  time  of  Qi^iin's  eftablifhment  at  Drury-lane  until 
the  appearance  of  Garrick  in  1741,  he  was  generally  allowed 
the  toremoft  rank  in  his  profeflion.  The  elder  Mills,  who 
fucceeded  to  Booth,  was  declining  ;  and  Mil  ward,  an  aftor 
of  fome  merit,  had  not  rifen  to  the  height  of  his  excelFence, 
which,  however,  was  not  at  the  beft  very  great;  and  Boheme 
was  dead.  His  only  competitor  feems  to  have  been  Delane, 
whofe  merits  were  foon  loft  in  indolent  indulgence.  In  the 
Life  of  Theophiliis  Cibber,  juft  quoted,  the  charafier  of  this 
adlor,  compared  with  that  of  Quin,  is.drawn  in  a  very  impar«- 
tial  manner. 

In  the  year  1735,  Aaron  Hill,  in  a  periodical  paper,  called 
**  The  Prompter,"  attacked  fome  of  the  principal  adors  of  the 
ftage,  and  particularly  Colley  Cibber  and  Mr.  Quin.  **  Cibber," 
fays  Mr.  Uavies  [rJ,  **  laughed,  but  Q^iin  was  angry ;  and 
meeting  Mr.  Hill  in  the  Court  of  Requefts,  a  fcuffle  enfued 
between  them,  which  ended  in  the  exchange  of  a  few  blows  [s]." 

Quin  was  hardly  fettled  at  Drury-lane  before  he  became 
embroiled  in  a  difpute  relative  to  Monf.  Poitier  and  Mad.  Ro- 
land, then  two  celebrated  dancers,  for  whofe  neglefl  of  duty  it 
had  fallen  to  his  lot  to  apologize.  On  the  i2th  of  December 
the  following  advertifement  appeared  in  the  news-papers : 

"  Whereas  on  Saturday  lait,  the  audience  of  the  Theatre 
Royal  in  Drury-lane  was  greatly  incenfed  at  their  difappointment 
in  M.  Poitier  and  Mad.  Roland's  not  dancing,  as  their  names 
were  in  the  bills  for  the  day;  and  Mr.  Q^iin,  feeing  no  way  to 
appeafe  the  refentment  then  (hewn,  but  by.  relating  the  real 
mcflages  fent  from  the  theatre  to  know  the  reafons  why  they  did 

(ti\  T.  Gibber's  Apology,  p.  72.  folemn  is  an  errer^  as  tcrulnly,  though 

r]  Davks's  Life  ot  Garricic,  Vol.  L  not  as  unpardonably,  as  never  to  be  fo. 

p.  138.  To  paufe  where  ilo  paufes  ate  ncceitary,  » 

f  s]  The  following  feems  to  be  the  pa-  the  way  to  deftroy  their  effeft  where-thc 

tagraph  which  gave  offence  to  the  a^or :  fenfe  ftands  in  need  of  their  aiiiftance. 

<*  And  as  to  you  Mr.  All-weight,  y9u  And,  thojigh  dignity  is  finely  maintained 

lofe  the  advantages  of  your  deliberate  ar-  by  the  weight  of  majeftic  compofure,  yet 

ticulation,  diftind  ufe  of  paufing,  folemn  are  there  fcenes  in  your  parts  where  the 

fignificance,  and  that  compofed  air  and  voice  .fliould  be  (harp  and  impatient,  the 

gravity  of  your  motion}  for  though  there  look  difordered  and  agonised,  the  aSion 

arifcs    from  all    thefe  good   qualities  an  precipitate  and  turbulent ;— for  the  fake 

efteem  that  will  continue  and  increafe  the  of  fuch  difference  as  we  fee  in  fome  fmootb 

number  of  your  friends,  yet  thofe  among  canal,  where  the  ftreara  is  fcarce  vifible, 

them  who  wifh  beft  to  your  intereft,  will  compared  with  the  other  end  of  the  fame 

be  always  uneafy  at  obferving  perfedtion  canal,  rufhing  rapidly  down  a  cafcade,  an4 

fo  nearly  within  your  reach,   and   your  breaking  tieauties  which  owe  their  attrae- 

fpirtts  aoC  dtfpofed  to  ftretch  out  and  take  tion  to  tkcir  violetKe.** 
(oiTefliOn.     To  be  always  delibente  and 

not 


CLUIN.  4S3 

not  come  to  perform,  and  the  an fwers  returned:  and  whereas 
there  were  two  advertifements  in  the  Daily  Port  of  Tuefday  laft, 
infiouating  that  Mr.  Quin  had  with  malice  accufed  the  faid 
Poitier  and  Mad.  Roland:  I  therefore  think  it  (in  jufti(je  to. 
Mr.  Qiiin)  incumbent  on  me  to  aflTure  the  public,  that  Mr.  Quin 
has  condufted  himfelf  in  this  point  towards  the  abovemontioned, 
M^ith  the  ftrifteft  regard  to  truth  and  juftice;  and  as  Mr.  Qijin 
has,a£led  in  this  affair  in  my  behalf,  I  think  myfelf  obliged  to 
return  him  thanks  for  fo  doing. 

"  Charles  "Fleetwood." 
After  this  declaration,  no  further  notice  feems  to  have  been 
taken  of  the  fracas.  A  (hort  time  afterwards  the  delinquent 
dancers  made  their  apology  to  the  public,  and  were  received  into 
favour- 
In  the  feafon  of  1735,  Quin  performed  in  Lillo's  "  Chrif- 
tian  Hero,"  and  Fielding's  "  Univerfal  Gallant;"  and  in  the 
fucceeding  one  he  firft  performed  Falftaff  in  the  "  Second  Part 
of  Henry  IV."  for  his  own  benefit.  In  1737  he  performed  in 
Miller's  "  Univerfal  Paffion,"  and  in  1737-8  in  the  fame  au- 
thor's "  Art  and  Nature."  It  was  in  this  feafon  alfo  that  he 
performed  Comus,  and  had  the  firft  opportunity  of  promoting 
the  intereft  of  his  friend  Thomfon,  in  the  tragedy  of  **  Aga- 
memnon." The  author  of  "  The  Ador,"  (Dr.  Hill),  1755, 
p.  235,  fays  of  him  in  the  part  of  Comus:  "  In  this  Mr.  Quin, 
by  the  force  bf  dignity  alone,  hid  all  his  natural  defefts,  and 
fupported  the  part  at  fuch  a  height,  that  none  have  been  received 
in  it  fince.  He  then  proceeds  to  particular  criticifms,  which 
are  rather  bombaftical,  and  adds:  "  There  was  in  all  this 
very  little  of  gefture:  the  look,  the  elevated  pofture,  and  the 
brow  of  majefty,  did  all.  This  was  moft  juft;  for  as  the  hero, 
of  tragedy  exceeds  the  gentleman  of  comedy,  and  therefore  in 
his  general  deportment  is  to  ufe  fewer  geftures';  the  deity  of  the 
mafque  exceeds  the  hero  in  dignity,  and  therefore  is  to  be  yet 
more  fparing." 

He  fays  afterwards,  at  p.  189.  "  The  language  of  Milton,  the 
moft  fublime  of  any  in  crur  tongue,  fcemed  formed  for  the  mouth 
of  this  player,  and  he  did  juftice  to  the  fentiments,  which  in  that 
author  are  always  equal  to  the  language.  If  he  was  a  hero  in 
Pyrrhus,  he  was,  as  it  became  him,  in  Comus,  a  demi-god. 
Mr.  Quin  was  old  when  he  performed  this  part,  and  his  natural 
manner  grave;  he  was  therefore  unfit  in  common  things  for  a 
youthful  god  of  revels;  yet  did  he  command  our  attentipn  and 
applaufe  in  the  part,  in  fpite  of  thefe  and  all  his  other  difadvan- 
tages.  In  the  place  of  yoiuh  he  had  dignity,  and  for  vivacity 
he  gave  us  grandeur.  The  author  had  conneQed  them  in  the 
charadter ;  and  whatever  young  and  fpirited  player  fliall  attempt 
it  after  him,  we  fliall  remember  his  manner,  faulty  as  it  was, 

Gg3  in 


4S4'  QJJIl/. 

in  wh^t  he  covild  not  help ;  in  what  nature,  not  want  of  judg- 
ment^ mifreprefcnted  it;  fo  as  to  fet  the  other  in  contempt*** 

Quin  had  the  honour  to  enjoy  the  intimacy  and  efteem  of  Pope 
ind  mher  eminent  men  of  his  time.  The  friendlhip  between 
Thomfon  and  him  is  yet  within  the  recolledion  of  many  per- 
ions  living,  "  The  commencement  of  it,"  fays  Dr.  John- 
fon,  *'  is  very  honourable  to  Q^iin,  who  is  reported  to  have 
delivered  Thomfon  (then  known  to  him  only  for  his  genius) 
from  an  ar^eft,  by  a  very  confiderable  prefent ;  and  its  continu- 
ance is  honourable  to  both  ;  for  friend/hip  is  not  always  the  fe- 
quel  of  obligation  [t]." 

The  feafon  of  1738-9  produced  only  one  new  play  in  which 
Quin  performed,  and  that  was  "  Muftapha"  by  Mr.  Mallet; 
which,  according  to  Mr.  Davies[u],  was  faid  to  glance  both 
at  the  king  and  llr  Robert  Walpole,  in  the  charafters  of  Soly- 
ihan  the  magnificent,  and  Ruf^an  his  vizier.  On  the  night  of 
\tt  exhibition  were  aflembled  all  the  chiefs  in  oppofition  to  the 
court ;  and  many  fpeeches  were  Applied  by  the  audience  to  the 
fuppofed  grievances  of  the  times,  and  to  perfons  and  charafters. 
The  play  was  in  general  well  afted ;  more  particularly  the  parts 
of  Solyman  and  Muftapha  by  Qiiin  and  Milward.  Mr.  Pope 
.  tvas  prefent  in  the  boxes,  and  at  the  end  of  the  play  went  be- 
hind the  fccnes,  a  place  which  he  had  not  vifited  for  fomc  years. 
He  cxpreffed  himfelf  well  pleafed  with  his  entertainment ; 
ahd  particularly  adddrefled  himfelf  to  Quin,  who  was  greatly 
flattered  with  the  diftinSion  paid  him  by  fo  great  a  man ;  and 
when  Pope^s  femnt  brought  his  mafter*s  fcarlet  cloke,  Quitx 
|rtfifted  upon  the  honour  of  putting  it  on.  ' 

It  was  in  the  year  1739,  on  the  9th  of  March,  that  Mr.  Qn\n 
^as  engaged. in  another  difpute  with  one  of  his  brethren ;  which 
|)y  one  who  had  already  been  convifled  of  manflaughtcr  (how- 
ever contemptible  the  perfon  who  was  theparty  in  the  difference 
inight  be)  could  n6t  be  viewed  with  indifference.  This  perfon 
was  no  other  than  the  celebrated  Mr.  Theophilus  Cibber,  who 
at  that  period,  owing  to  fome  difgraceful  circumftances  relative 
to  his  conduft  to  his  wife,  was  not  hetd  in  the  moft  refpeft* 
able  light.  Quin's  farcafm  on  him  is  too  grofs  to  be  here 
inferted.  It  may,  however,  be  read  in  the  "  Apology  for  Mr. 
Gibber's  Life,"  afcribed  to  Fielding.  The  circumftances  of  the 
duel  we  fhall  relate  in  the  words  of  one  of  the  periodical  writers 
of  the  times.  >*  About  feven  o'clock  a  duel  was  fought  in  the 
piazza,  Coyent  Garden,  between  Mr.  Qi^iin  and  Mr.  Cibber; 
the  former  pulling  the  latter  out  of  the  Bedford  coflfee-houfe,  to 
infwer  for  (ome  words  he  had  ufed  in  a  letter  to  Mr.  Fleetwood, 
relating  to  his  refufi hg  to  aft  a  part  in  King  Lear  for  Mr.  Quin'^ 
benefit  on  Thurfday  fe'nnight.    Mr.  Cibber  was  flightly  wounded 

fr]  Johnfon*s  Life  of  Thomfon.  [v]  Life  of  Carrick,  Vol.  11.  p^  34* 

. '       •  " '  ■  .    '  in 


QUIN:  45/ 

in  the  arm,  and  Mr.  Quin  wounded  in  his  fingers  t  after  each 
had  their  wounds  drefled,  they  came  into  the  Bedford  cofFee-houfe 
and  abufed  one  another;  but  the  company  prevented  further 
XTiifchief." 

In  the  feafon  of  1 739-40  there  was  afted  at  Drury-lane  theatre^ 
on  the  1 2th  of  November,  a  tragedy,  entitled  "  The  Fatal 
Retirement,"  by  a  Mr.  Anthony  Brown,  which  received  its 
condemnation  on  the  firft  night.  In  this  play  Quin  had 
been  folicited  to  perform,  which  he  refufed;  and  the  ill-fucccfs 
which  attended  the  piece  irritated  the  author  and  his  friends  fa 
much,  that  they  afcribcd  its  failure  to  the  abfence  of  Quin, 
and,  in  confequence  of  it,  repeatedly  infulted  him  for  feveral 
nights  afterwards  when  he  appeared  on  the  ftage.  This  illi- 
beral treatment  he  at  length  refented,  and  determined  to  repeU 
Coming  forward,  therefore,  he  addrefled  the  audience,  and  in- 
formed them,  *<  that  at  the  requeft  of  the  author  he  had  read  his 
.piece  before  it  was  afled,  and  given  him  his  fmcere  opinion 
of  it  i  that  it  was  the  very  woA  play  he  had  ever  read  in  hy^ 
life,  and  for  that  reafon  had  refufed  to  a6l  in  it."  This  fpirited 
explanation  was  received  with  great  applanfe,  and  for  the  future 
entirely  filenced  the  oppofition  to  him  [w].  In  this  feafon  he 
performed  in  Lillo's  "  Elmerick." 

The  next  feafon,  that  of  1740-41,'  concluded  Quin's  en- 
gagement at  Drury-lane.  In  that  period  no  new  play  was  pro,, 
duced ;  but  on  the  revival  of  "  As  You  Like  It,"  and  "  The 
Merchant  of  Venice,"  he  performed,  for  the  firft  time,  the  part? 
of  Jaques  and  Antonio,  having  declined  the  part  of  the  Jew, 
which  was  offered  to  him,  and*  accepted  by  Macklin.  The 
irregular  conduft  of  the  manager,  Mr.  Fleetwood,  was  at  this 
time  fuch,  that  it  can  excite  but  little  furprife  that  a  man  lijte 
Qiiin  fliould  find  his  fituation  fo  uneafy  as  to  be  induce^ 
to  relinquifti  it.  In  the  fummer  of  1741,  Mr.  Qui n^  Mrs. 
Clive,  Mr.  Ryan,  and  Mademoifelle  Chateauneuf,  then  efteeine4 
the  beft  female  dancer  in  Europe;  made  an  excurfibn  to  Dublim 
Qiiin  had  been  there  before,  in  the  month  of  June,  1 739. 
accompanied  by  Mr.  GifFard,  and  received  at  his  benefit  126L 
at  that  time  eftcemed  a  great  fum  [x].  ] 

On  hia  fecond  vifit  "  Quin  opened  with  his  favourite  .part  oit 
Cato  [y1,  to  as  crouded  an  audience  as  the  theatre  could  contain. 
Mrs.  CUve  next  appeared  in  Lappet  in  "  The  Mifer.'*  She 
certainly  was  one  of  the  beft  that  ever,  played  it.  And  Mr.  Ryan 
came  forward  in  lago  to  Quin's*  Othello.  With  fuch  ex- 
cellent performers,  we  may  naturally  fuppofe  the  plays  were 
JKJmirably  fuftainedf     Perhap*  it  will  fcareely  be  credited,  that 

6i0|r»phla  Dramatia,  Vol.  JI.  p«  12 1. 

HitchcQck*s  View  gf  the  Irifli  Stage,  p.  lo*,        .    [y]  Ibid.  p.  113. 

G  g  4  fo 


H 


456  QU  I N. 

fo  finifhed  9  coraic  aftrcfs  as  Mrs,  CHvc  could  fo  far  miilake 
her  abilities,  as  to  play  Lady  Townly  to  Qiiin's  Lord  Townly 
and  Mr.  Ryan's  Manly;  Cordelia  to  Qiiin's  Lear  and  Ryan's 
Edgar,  &c.  However,  (he  made  annple  amends  by  Her  per- 
formance of  Nell,  the  Virgin  Unoiafqued,  the  Country  Wife, 
ind  Euphrofyne   in   **  Comus,"  which  was  got  up  on   pur- 

Jofe,  and  afted  for  the  firft  time  in  Ireland."  Qiiin  feems  to 
ave  attended  the  Dublin  company  to  Cork  and  Limerick ;  and 
the  next  feafon  1^41-42,  we  find  him  performing  in  Dublin* 
where  he  afled  the  part  of  Juftice  Balance  in  "  The  Recruiting 
Officer,'*  at  the  opening  of  the  theatre  in  OSober,  on  a  govern- 
ment night  [z].  He  afterw^ds  performed  Jaques,  .Apemantus, 
Richard,  Cato,  Sir  John  Brute,  and  FalftafF,  unfupported  by 
any  performer  of  eminence.  In  December,  however,  Mrs. 
Cibber  arrived,  and  performed  Indiana  to  his  young  Bevil ;  and 
afterwards  they  were  frequently  in  the  fame  play,  as  in  Chamont 
and  Monimia,  in  "  The  Orphan  ;"  Comus  and  the  Lady,  Duke 
and  Ifabella,  in  '^  Meafure  for  Meafure;"  Fryar  and  Q^ieen,  in 
**  The  Spanifh  Friar;"  Horatio  and  Califta,  in  the  "  Fair  Pe- 
nitent," &c.  &c.  with  uncommon  applaufe,  and  generally  to 
crouded  houfes.  The  ftate  of  the  Irilh  ftage  was  then  fo  low, 
that  It  was  often  found  that  the  whole  receipt  of  the  houfe  was 
not  more  than  fufficient  to  difcharge  Qiiin's  engagement;  and  fo 
attentive  was  he  to  his  own  intereft,  and  fo  rigid  in  demanding 
Its  execution,  that  we  are  told  by  good  authority  he  refufed  to 
let  the  curtain  be  drawn  up  till  the  money  was  regularly  brought 
to  him  [a] 

He  leit  Dublin  in  Feb.  I74i»^,  and  on  the  25th  of  March 
aflifted  the  widow  and  four  children  of  Milward  the  adlor  (who 
died  the  6th  of  February  preceding,)  and  performed  Cato  for 
their  benefit.  On  his  arrival, in  London  he  found  the  attention 
of  the  theatrical  public  entirely  occupied  by  the  merits  of  Mr. 
Garrioki  who  in  Odlober  preceding  had  begun  bis  theatrical 
tareer,  and  was  then  performing  with  prodigious  fuccefs  at 
Goodman's-fields.  The  fame  of  the  new  performer  afforded 
no  pleafure  to  Qiiin,  who  farcafticaliy  obferved  that  "  Gar- 
Tick  was  a  new  religion i  and  that  Whitfield  was  followed  for  a 
time;  but  they  would  all  come  to  church  again."  This  obfer- 
vation  ieing  communicated  to  Mr.  Garrick,  he  wrote  the  fol- 
lowing epigram ; 

Pope  ^/n,  who  damns  all  churches  but  his  own. 
Complains  that  herefy  corrupts  the  town: 
That  Whitfield  Garrick  has  mi  fled  the  age, 
Aftd  taints  the  found  religion  of  the  ftage. 


a 


Hitchcock's  View  of  the  IrUh  Stage,  p.  115. 

Sheridan's  Humble  Appeal  to  the  Public,  Svo.  1578,  p>  17* 

Thou 


QUIN.  457 

"  Schifm,"  he  cri6s,  "  has  turn'd  the  nation's  brtin. 
But  eyes  will  open,  and  to  church  again!" 
Thou  great  infallible,  forbear  to  roar, 
Thy  bulls  and  errors  are  rever'd  no  more ; 
When  dodrines  meet  with  gen'rai  approbation. 
It  is  not  herefy  but  reformation. 

In  the  feaPon  of  1742-43,  Qi^in  returned  to  his  former 
mafter,  Rich,  at  Covent  Garden  theatre,  where  he  oppofed 
Garrick  at  Drury-lane  ;  it  muft  be  added,  with  very  little 
fuccefs.  But  though  the  applaufe  the  latter  obtained  from 
the  public  was  not  agreeable  to  Quin,  yet  we  find  that  a 
fcheme  was  propofed  and  agreed  to,  though  not  carried  into 
execution,  in  the  fummer  of  1743,  for  them  to  perform  to- 
gether for  their  mutual  benefit  a  few  nights  at  Lincoln's-inn* 
fields  theatre  [b].  On  the  failure  of  this  plan  Q^iin  went 
to  Dublin,  where  he  had  the  mortification  to  find  the  fame  of 
Mr.  S'eridan,  then  new  to  the  ftage,  more  adverfe  to  him  than 
even  Garrick's  had  been  in  London.  Inftead  of  making  a 
profitable  bargain  in  Dublin,  as  he  hoped,  he  found  the  ma- 
nagers of  the  theatres  there  entirely  indifpofed  to  admit  him* 
After  Haying  there  a  fliort  time,  he  returned  t6  London,  without 
cfFefting  the  purpofe  of  his  journey  [c],  and  in  no  good  hu- 
mour with  the  new  performers. 

In  the  feafon  of  1743-44.  Qiiin,  we  believe,  paffed  without 
any  engagement,  but  in  that  of  1744-5  he  was  at  Covent  Garden 
again,  and  performed  King  John,  in  Gibber's  •*  Papal  Ty- 
ranny." The  next  year  feems  to  have  been  devoted  to  repofe; 
whether  from  indolence.  Or  inability  to  obtain  the  terms  he  re- 
quired from  the  managers,  is  not  very  apparent.  Both  may 
have  united.  It  was  fome  of  thefe  periods  of  relaxation  that 
gave  occafion  to  his  friend  Thomfon,  who  had  been  gradually 
writing  the  "  Caftle  of  Indolence"  for  fourteen  or  fifteen 
years  [d],  to  introduce  him  into  the  Manfion  of  Idlenefe, 
in  this  ftanza: 

Here  whilom  liggjJ  th'  Esopus  of  the  age ; 

But,  caird  by  Fame,  in  foul  ypicked  deep, 
A  noble  pride  reftor'd  him  to  the  ftage. 

And  rous'd  him  like  a  gyant  from  his  fleep. 
Even  from  his  flumbers  we  advantage  reap. 

With  double  force  th*  enlivened  fcene  he  wakes. 
Yet  quits  not  Nature's  bounds.     He  knows  to  keep 
Each  due  decorum :  Now  the  heart  he  Ihakes, 
And  now  with  well-urg'd  fenfe  th'  enlighten 'd  judgment 
takes. 

Macklm^s  Reply  to  Garrick^s  Anfwer,  1743>  P*  'j9- 
Davics's  Life  of  Ganrick,  Vol.  I.  p.  83. 
Lord  Buchan*s  Ufe  of  Thomibn,  p.  228. 

He 


45«  QUIN. 

He  had  the  next  feafon,  1746*7,  occafion  to  exert  htmrelf, 
being  engaged  at  CoYcnt  Garden  with  Garrick.  '"  It  is 
not,  perhaps/'  fays  Mr.  Davies[E],  *^  more  difficult  to  fettle 
the  covenants  of  a  league  between  mighty  monarchs^  than 
to  adjuft  the  preliminaries  of  a  treaty  in  which  the  high  and 
potent  princes  of  a  theatre  are  the  parties.  Mr.  Garrick  and 
Mr.  Quin  had  too  mucii  fenfe  and  temper  to  fquabble  aboi|t 
trifles.  After  one  or  two  previous  and  friendly  meetings,  they 
(ele6led  fuch  characters  as  they  Intended  to  aa,  without  being 
obliged  to  join  in  the  fame  play.  Some  parts  were  to  be  a£led 
alternately,  particularly  Richard  III.  and  Othello."  The  fame 
writer  adds :  "  Mr.  Quin  foon  found  that  his  competition  with 
Mr.  Garrick,  whcfe  reputation  was  hourly  increafing,  whilft 
bis  own  was  on  the  decline,  would  foon  become  inefFeflual. 
His  Richard  the  Third  could  fcarce  draw  together  a  decent  ap- 
pearance of  company  in  the  boxes,  and  he  was  with  fome  [f] 
Sifliculty  tolerated  in  the  part,  when  Garrick  afted  the  fame 
charaCier  to  crouded  houfes,  and  with  very  great  applaufe." 

**  The  town  often  wifhed  to  fee  thefe  great  adlors  fairly 
matched  in  two  charafters  of  almoft  equal  importance.  The 
Fair  Penitent  prefenied  an  opportunity  to  difplay  their  feveral 
merits,  though  it  muft  be  owned  that  the  balance  was  as  much 
in  favour  of  Quin,  as  the  advocate  of  virtue  is  fuperior  in  argu- 
ment to  the  defender  of  proliigacy.  The  ihouts  of  applaufe 
when  Horatio  and  Lothario  met  on  the  ftage  together  (14th 
Nov.  1746),  in  the  fecond  aft,  were  fo  loud,  and  fo  often  re- 
peated, before  the  audience  permitted  them  to  fpeak,  that  the 
combatants  feemed  to  be  difconcerted.  It  was  obferved,  that 
Qiiin  changed  colour,  and  Garrick  feemed  to  be  embarrafled; 
and  it  muft  be  owned,  that  thefe  adors  were  never  lefs  matters 
of  themfelves  than  on  the  firft  night  of  the  conteft  for  pre- 
eminence. Qi.nn  was  too  proud  to  own  his  feelings  on  the 
pccafion;  but  Mr.  Garrick  was  heard  to  fay,  "  Faith,  I  be* 
lieve  Qiiin  was  as  much  frightened  as  myfelf."  The  play 
was  repeatedly  adled,  and  with  conftant  applaufe,  to  very  bril- 
liant audiences ;  nor  is Jt  to  be  wondered  at,  for,  befldes  the 
novelty  of  feeing  the  two  rival  aftors  in  the  fame  tragedy,  the 
Fair  Penitent  was  admirably  played  by  Mrs.  Gibber.** 

It  was  in  this  feafon  that  Mr.  Garrick  produced  **  Mifs  in 
her  Teens,*'  the  fuccefs  of  which  is  faid  by  Mr.  Davies  [g]  to 


cl: 


[i]  Life  of  Garrick,  Vol.  I.  p.  95.         aflerts  that  Mr.  Quin  did  not  perform  m 
'^f]  In  ^he    Gentleman*s    Magazine,     any  piece  a6led  with  this  popular  farce. 


1750.  p.  439,  is  a  Kgiftcr  of  pUy9  On  the  contrary,  he  a^ed  C^ed  on  the 

a&ed  that  month,  in  which  we  find  the  third  nighty  and  Sir  John  Brute  on  the 

ibllowing  article — <<  26.  Richard  111.  Quin  ninth.     At  the  benefits  he  aStoi  ofteatr 

(much  hiffedj)  Queen,  Cibber  (firft  time  before  it  than  he  omitted.     It  ran  not  a 

of  her  afting  it.)"  month  or  five  weeks,  as  Mr.  Davies  fcp- 

[g]  ^^Life  of  Garrick,  Vol.  I.  102.  Mr.  pofeSy  but  only  eighcsea  nights. 

Davies  is^  however>  iniftaken  when  he  .                   ■ 

have 


QJJIN.  4$^ 

Irave  ocxafioned  no  fmall  mortification  to  Mr.  Quin.  He, 
however,  did  not  think  it  prudent  Jt04;efufe  Mr-  Garrick's  offer 
of  performing  it  at  his'  benefit ;  and^-ikrcordingly  the  following 
letter  was  prefixed  to  atf  Quin's  advenifements ; 

f^  Sir, 
"  I  am  forry  that  my  prefent  bad  ftate  of  health  makes  m© 
incapable  of  performing  fo  long  and  fo  laborious  a  chara£ler 
as  Jafiier  this  feafon.  If  you  tnink  my  playing  in  the  farce 
'will  be  of  the  leaft  fervice  to  you,  or  any  entertainment  to  the 
audience,  you  may  command 

<*  Your  humble  fervant,    * 
ATarch  25.  <*  D.  GARitiCK." 

.  It  was  this  feafon  alfo  in  which  "  The  Sufpicious  Hufband"* 
2lppeared.  The  part  of  Mr.  Strickland  was  offered  to  Mr.  Quin, 
but  he  refufed  it  f  and  in  confecjuence  it  fell  to  the  lot  of  Nlr. 
Bridgewater,  who  obtained  great  reputation  by  his  performance 
of  it. 

At  the  end  of  the  feafon  Quin  retired  to  Bath,  which  he  had 
probably  chofen  already  for  his  final  retreat;  being,  as  he  faid,; 
^*  a  good  convenient  home  to  lounge  away  the  dregs  of  life  in/* 
The  manager  and  he  were  not  on  good  terms,  and  each  feems 
to  have  determined  to  remain  in  fuUen  filence  till  the  other 
fliould  make  a  propofal.  In  November,  however,  Quin  thought 
proper  to  make  a  flight  advance;  and  the  negotiation  is  faid  to 
have  paffed  in  the  following  curious  manner.  Q^iin  wrote  to 
Rich  in  the  moft  laconic  ftyle:  "  I  am  at  Bath.  Your's,  Quin." 
The  manager  replied  no  lefs  laconically,  **  Stay  there  and  be 
d— d.  Your's,  Rich."  He  remained  therefore  during  the  winter 
unemployed,  and  it  has  been  aiferted  that  Garrick  was  inftru- 
mental  in  preventing  his  engagement.  The  fire  in  Cornhilf, 
March,  1748,  gave  him,  however,  an  opportunity  at  once  of 
fhewing  himfelf,  and  his  readinefs  to  fuccour  diftrefs.  He  aSed 
Othello  at  Covent  Garden,  for  the  benefit  of  the  fufFerers,  having 
quitted  Bath  on  purpofe,  and  produced  a  large  receipt.  Soon 
after  he  had  a  benefit  for  himfelf.  For  the  feafon  of  1748-gl 
he  was  engaged  again,  and  on  the  ij^h  of  January  1749  the 
tragedy  of  Coriolanus,  by  Thomfon,  wh  died  in  the  preceding 
Auguft,  was  brought  out  at  Covent  Garden.  Q^iin,  whofe  in- 
timacy with  him  has  been  already  mentioned,  afted  the  prin- 
cipal part,  and  fpoke  the  celebrated  prologue,  written  by  lor4 
Lyttelton.  When  he  pronounced  the  following  lines,  which 
are  in  themfelves  pathetic,  all  the  fr.idearinents  of  a  long  friend- 
ftiip  rofe  at  once  to  his  imagination,  and  he  juftified  them  by 
real  tears. 

He  lov'd  his  friends  (forgive  this  gufhing  tear, 
AU?,  I  feel  I  am  no  aftor  here ;}  .. 

Alas, 


460  QU  I N. 

Hfe  lov'd  his  friends,  with  fiich  a  warmth  of  heart. 
So  clear  of  intereft,  fo  devoid  of  art, 
Such  generous  freedom,  fuch  unihaken  zeal. 
No  words  can  fpeak  it — but  our  tears  may  tell. 

A  deep  (igh  filled  up  the  judicious  break  in  the  laft  line,  and 
the  audience  felt  the  complete  efFedl  of  the  ftrongcft  fympathy. 
About  the  fame  time  Cato  was  performed  at  Leicefter  houfe  by 
the  family  of  Frederick  prince  of  Wales,  and  Quin,  whont 
that  prince  flrongly  patronized,  was  employed  to  inftru£l  the 

{oung  performers,  rrom  his  judgment  in  the  Englifli  language, 
e  was  alfo  engaged  to  teach  his  prefent  majefty,  and  the  other 
loyal  children,  a  rorreS  mode  oJf  pronunciation,  and  delivery^ 
en  which  account,  when  the  theatrical  veteran  was  afterwards 
informed  of  the  graceful  manner  fin  which  the  king  pronounced 
bis  firft  fpeech  in  parliament,  he  is  faid  to  have  exclaimed  with 
eagernefs,  *<  I  taught  the  boy  I" 

The  next  feafon  opened  with  a  very  poweiful  company  at 
Govern  Garden,  and  it  is  faid  that  Garrick  endeavoured^  but  in 
ran,  to  detach  Quin  from  that  houfe.  His  benefit  was  Othello, 
in  which,  for  that  night,  he  a£ied  lago,  while  Barry  took 
the  part  of  Othello.  This  was  on  the  1 8th  of  March  1751, 
only  three  days  before  the  death  of  his  patron  the  prince  of 
Wales;  and  the  houfe,  notwithftanding  the  novelty  arifing  from 
the  change  of  parts,  was  thin.  On  the  10th  of  May  he  per- 
formed Horatio  in  the  Fair  Penitent,  and  with  that  charader 
concluded  his  performances  as  a  hired  ador.  He  naw  carried 
into  execution  his  plan  of  retiring  to  Bath,  but  vifited  London 
in  the  two  fuccccding  feafons,  to  perform  FalftaiFfor  the  benefit 
of  his  old  friend  Ryan.  The  laft  time  of  his  appearance  on  the 
ftage  was  the  19th  of  March  1753,  on  which  night  the  ftagc, 
pit,  and  boxes,  were  all  at  .the  advanced  price  of  5s.  The 
next  year,  finding  himfelf  difabled  by  the  lofs  of  his  teeth,  he 
declined  giving  his  former  afliftance,  faying  in  his  chara£lenftic 
manner,  "  By  G —  I  will  not  whiftle  Falftaff  for  any  body  ; 
but  I  hope  the  town  will  be  kind  to  my  friend  Ryan,  they 
cannot  ferve  an  honefter  man.*'  He  exerted  himfelf,  however, 
to  difpofe  of  tickets  for  him,  and  continued  his  attenticMi  to  the 
end  of  Ryan's  life.  Mr.  Davies  fays,  in  his  Life  of  Garrick, 
that,  to  make  up  the  lofs  of  his  own  annual  performance,  he 
^refented  his  friend  with  no  lefs  a  Ami  than  500I. 

Quin  had  always  obfcrved  a  prudent  ceconomy,  which  enabled 
him,  while  on  the  ftage,  to  alfert  a  charader  of  independence, 
«nd,  when  he  quitted  it,  fecured  to  him  a  competent  proviiion. 
There  is  no  reafon  to  fuppofe  that  he  repented  withdrawing 
from  the  public  eye,  though  in  1760  Nalh  was  perfuaded,  pro- 
bably by  fomc  wags,  to  fancy  that  Qiiin  intended  to  fupplant 

him 


QU I  N.  461 

Wm  in  his  office  of  mafter  of  the  ceremonies*  Towards  the 
latter  end  of  his  life,  when  all  connpetition  for  fame  had  ceafcd, 
be  began  to  be  on  terms  of  friendly  intercourfe  with  Garrick  ; 
after  which  he  made  occafional  vifits  to  Hampton.  It  was  on 
•a  vifit  there  that  an  eruption  firft  appeared  on  his  hand,  which 
the  phyficians  feared  would  turn  to  a  mortification*  This  was 
prevented  by  lai^e  quantities  of  bark;  but  his  fpirits  were 
greatly  affected  by  the  apprehenfion,  and  when  the  firft  danger 
■was  furmounted  a  fever  came  on,  of  which  he  died,  at  his  houfe 
at  Ba^th,  in  his  73d  year,  Jan.  21,  1766.  When  he  found  his  iaft 
hour  approaching  he  faid,  *^  I  could  wifti  this  laft  tragic  fccoe 
were  over,  but  1  hope  to  go  through  it  with  becoming  dignity/' 

It  remains  to  fay  a  few  words. on  the  charafier  of  Qiiin,  Hz 
has  bieen  reprefented  by  fome  perfons  as  ftern,  haughty,  luxurU 
ous,  and  avaricious.  Dr.  SmoUet,  who  probably  knew  him 
well,  fays  of  him,  in  his  Humphrey  Clinker,  "  How  far  he 
may  relax  in  his  hour  of  jollity  I  cannot  pretend  to  fay;  but 
his  genera]  converfation  is  condu<9ed  by  the  niceft  rules  of  pro- 
priety, and  Mr.  James  Quin  is  certainly  one  of  the  beft  bred 
men  in  the  kingdom.  He  is  not  only  a  mod  agreeable  compa- 
nion, but  (as  I  am  credibly  informed)  a  very  honcft  man ;  highly 
fufceptible  of  friendfliip ;  warm,  fleady,  and  even  generous  in 
his  attachments;  difdaining  flattery,  and  incapable  of  meanneft 
and  diffimulation.  Were  I  to  judge,  however,  from  Quin's 
eye  alone,  I  ihould  take  him  to  be  proud,  infolent,  and  cruel. 
There  is  fomething  remarkably  fevere  and  forbidding  in  his 
afped,  and  I  have  been  told  he  was  ever  difpofed  to  infuk  his 
ii\feriors  and  dependents.  Perhaps  that  report  has  influenced 
my  opinion  of  his  looks. — Ya^i  know  we  are  the  fools  of  pre- 
judice." It  appears  that  the  unfavourable  parts  of  his  chara&er 
have  been  generally  exaggerated,  and  that  he  had  many  excel- 
lent qualities.  His  wit  was  flrong,  but  frequently  coarfe,  though 
it  is  prcAable  that  many  of  the  grofs  things  which  have  been 
repeated  as  his,  have  been  invented  to  fuit  his  fuppofed  manner. 
Perhaps  the  following  charafter,  which  is  faid  to  have  been 
written  by  one  of  the  laft  of  his  friends,  approaches  more  nearly 
to  truth  than  any  other. 

*^  Mr.  Quin  was  a  man  of  ftrong,  pointed  fenfe,  with  ftrong 
pafltons  and  a  bad  temper;  yet  in  good-humour  he  was  an  ex- 
cellent companion,  and  better  bred  than  many  who  valued  them, 
felves  upon  good-manners.  It  is  true,  when  he  drank  freely, 
which  was  often  the  cafe,  he  forgot  himfelf,  and  there  was  a 
fediment  of  brutality  in  him  when  you  (hook  the  bottle;  but  he 
made  you  ample  amends  by  his  pleafantry  and  good  fenfe  when 
he  was  fober.  He  told  a  ftory  admirably  and  concifely,  and 
his  expreffions  were  ftrongly  marked;  however,  he  often  had 
an  aflTumed  charafler,  and  fpoke  in  blank  verfe>  which  procured 

him 


4«2  QJJ  I  N- 

ktm  refpefi  from  (btne,  but  expoled  htm  to  ndicttlefpoin  othcnr^ 
who  had  difcernment  to  fee  through  his  pomp  aod  aficdatioQ* 
He  w»s  fenfualy  and  loved  good  eating,  but  not  fo  moch  as  was 
generally  reported  with  fome  exaggeration ;  and  he  was  hixurious 
in  h?s  defcriptions  of  thofe  tu^le  and  veniiba  feafts  to  which  he 
was  invited.  He  was  in  his  dealings  a  very  honeft  fair  oitn, 
jet  he  underftood  his  intereft,  knew  how  to  deal  with  the 
managers^  and  never  made  a  bad  bargain  with  them ;  in  truth^ 
it  was  not  an  eafy  matter  to  over-reach  a  man  of  bis  capacity 
and  penetration^  united  with  a  knowledge  of  mankind.  He 
was  not  fo  much  an  ill-natured  as  an  iH-humonred  man,  and  he 
was  capable  of  friendfhip.  His  airs  of  importance  and  his  gait 
was  abfurd ;  fo  that  he  might  be  faid  to  walk  in  bbnk  verfe 
as  well  as  talk ;  but  his  good  fenfe  correded  him,  and  he  did 
not  continue  long  in  the  fits.  I  have  heard  him  reprefented  as 
a  cringing  fawning  fellow  to  lords  and  great  men,  but  I  could 
never  difcover  that  mean  difpofition  in  him.  I  obferved  he  was 
decent  and  refpedlful  in  high  company,  and  had  a  very  proper 
behaviour,  without  arrogance  or  diffidence,  which  made  him 
more  circumfpcdl,  and  confequently  lefs  entertaining.  He  was 
not  a  deep  fcholar,  but  he  feemed  well  acquainted  with  the 
works  of  Dryden,  Milton,  and  Pope;  and  he  made  a  better 
figure  in  company,  with  his  ftock  of  reading,  than  any  of  the 
literary  perfons  I  have  feen  him  with. 

**  It  has  been  the  falhion  of  late  to  run  do.wn  his  theatrical 
charaSer ;  but  he  (lands  unrivalled  in  his  comic  parts  of  Falftafp, 
The  Spanifb  Fryar,  Volpone,  Sir  John  Brute^  &c.  and  furely 
he  bad  merit  in  Cato,  rierre,  Zanga,  Coriolanus,  and  thole 
ftem  manly  charadters  which  are  now  loft  to  our  ftage.  He 
"excelled  where  grief  was  too  big  for  utterance,  and  he  bad 
ftrong  feelings,  though  Churchill  has  pronounced  diat  he  had 
hone.  He  had  defefts,  and  fome  bad  habits,  which  he  con- 
t rafted  early,  and  which  were  incurable  in  him  as  an  a6lor/* 

QLTINAULT  (Philip),  a  celebrated  French  poet,  was  borui 
t)f  a  good  family  at  Paris  in  1635.  ^He  cultivated  poetry  from 
fcis  infancy,  and  was  but  eighteen,  when  his  comedy,  calleit 
•'  Les  Sceurs  ri vales,"  was  brought  upon  the  ftage.  This  was 
fucceecled  by  fifteen  dran>atic  pieces,  which  were  played  between 
the  years  1654  and  1666.  At  the  marriage  of  Louis  XIV.  f 
kind  of  allegorical  tragedy  was  to  be  compo&d  ;  and  Qcunault^ 
•being  a  young  man  of  an  agreeable  appearance^  was  appointed 
\o  do  it.  The  fubjeft  was  *^  Lyfis  and  Hefperia*'*  Spain  being 
ineant  by  Hefperia,  and  France  by  Lyfis.  Qiiihault  hadjuS 
gained  great  reputatioh  by  his  "  Fal fe Tiberius;  which ^  thou^ 
'  a  bad  performance,  met  with  prodigius  fucccfs;  **  Lyfis"  had  « 
not  the  fame  forttine:  it  was  played  at  the  Louvre  in  io6o^  btit 
had  nothing  beautiful,  except  the  machinery.     In  the  mdw 

time, 


QJJIKAULT^  463 

ikne,  Qnin»ilt  vas  not  eiitkrely  devoted  to  poetry :  fae  applied 
himfelf  to  tlie  fludy  of  the  law,  and  made  nis  fortune  by  it ; 
for,  marrying  the  widow  of  a  rich  merchant,  to  whom  he  had 
been  very  ufeful  in  his  profeiSon,  he  was  by  her  means  advanced 
to  the  place  of  auditor  of  accounts. 

He  afterwards  turned  himfelf  to  the  compofing  of  operas, 
which  were  fet  to  mufic  bv  the  fanK)US  LuIIy ;  and  Lully  wa$ 
charmed  with  a  poet,  whote  verfes  were  not  fo  full  of  force, 
but  that  they  eafily  yielded  to  the  cajpricious  airs  of  mufic.  The 
iatirids  of  his  time  iaibed  him  on  this  account:  they  reprelented 
his  poetiy  as  without  nerves;  and  faid  of  his  verfes,  as  fome 
cenlors  did  of  Horace^s,  that  a  thoufand  fuch  might  be  made  ia 
a  day.  Boikau  is  frequently  fevere  on  this  author,  not  for  the 
feeblenefs  of  Jiis  poetry,  but  for  its  foftnefs,  its  effeminacy,  its 
tendency  to  enervate  the  mind  and  corrupt  the  morals; 
**  la  morale  lubrique 
**  Que  Lully  rechauffa  des  fons  de  la  mufique." 

Bolleau  had  once  occafion  to  fpeak  of  Quinault,  more  explicitly^ 
and  jt  may  not  be  amifs  to  tranfcribe  the  pafTage ;  which  is  to  be 
found  in  his  "  Critical  Refledions  upon  fome  paflages  in  Lon- 
ginus,'*  and  runs  thus :  '"  I  do  not  mean  here  to  caft  the  leaft 
flur  upon  the  memory  of  Mr.  Quinault,  who,  notwithftandine 
all  our  poetic  fracas,  died  in  friendfliip  with  me.  He  had,  i 
own,  a  great  deal  of  genias,  and  a  very  fingular  talent  in* 
writing  verfes  fit  for  mufic.  But  th€n  thefe  verfes  had  no  grut 
force  in  them,  nothing  elevated:  and  it  was  their  very  feeblenefs^ 
which  made  them  fitter  for  the  mufician,  to  whom  they  owe 
their  principal  glory.  In  fliort,  his  Operas  are  the  only  part  of 
bis  works  that  are  enquired  after,  and  principally  for  the  fate 
of  the  mufic  that  accompanies  them :  his  other  dramatic  pieces 
have  long  fince  ceafed  to  be  a£led,  fo  long  that  fcarcely  any  one 
remembers  them.  As  to  Mr.  Quinault  himfelf,  he  was  a  very-' 
honeftman;  and  withal  fo  modeft,  that  I  am  perfuaded,  if  he' 
were  alive,  he  would  not  be  lefs  offended  with,  the  extravagant 
ptaifes  given  him  by  Mr.  Perrault,  than  with  the  ftrokes  in  my' 
fatires."  Quinault  has  found  another  advocate  in  Voltaire,  who- 
commends  him  **  for  his  lyric  poetry,  and  for  the  mildnefs  with 
which  he  oppofcd  the  unjuft  fatires  of  Boileau. — Quinault,'* 
fays  he,  "  in  a  manner  of  writing  altogether  new,  and  the 
more  difficult  for  its  feeming  eafinefs,  deferves  likcwifea  place 
among  thefe  illuftrious  contemporaries.  It  is  well  known  with 
how  little  juftice  Boileau  endeavoured  to  depreciate  this  poet : 
nor  ought  we  to  diflemble,  that  Boileau,  though  admirable  ia 
other  relpeSs,  had  never  learned  to  facrifice  to  the  Graces.  It 
was  in  vain,  that  he  fought  all  his  life  to  humble  a  man,  whofe- 
acquaintance  with  them  was  his  diftinguiflied  excellence.  The? 
4  »  trueft 


464  QUINTILIANUS- 

tnieft  clogiam  of  a  poet  is,  when  his  verfes  are  thought  wor- 
thy the  regard  of  pofterity.  This  has  happened  to  whole 
fcenef  of  Quinault:  an  advantage,  v^hich  no  Italian  opera  ever 
yet attaincd[H].  The  French  muuc  has  continued  in  a  ftate 
of  firaplicity,  v^rhich  is  not  to  the  tafte  of  any  nation  :  but  the 
artlefs  and  inimitable  ftrokes  of  nature,  which  frequently  ap- 
pear with  fo  many  charms  in  Quinault,  ftill  pleafe,  in  all  parts 
of  Europe,  thofe  who  underftand  our  language,  and  are  pd*- 
fefled  of  a  refined  tafte.  Did  antiquity  fiirniih  fuch  a  poem 
as  *  Armida,'  with  what  veneration  would  it  be  received!  But 
Quinault  is  a  modern  [O-" 

Ihis  poet  died  in  1088,  after  having  enjoyed  a. handfome 
penfion  from  Louis  XIV.  imany  years.  "We  are  told,  that  he 
was  an  extreme  penitent  in  his  laft  illnefs,  for  all  his  compo* 
fitioris  which  tended  to  infpire  love  and  pleafure.  We  (hould 
not  forget  to  obferve,  that  he  was  chofen  a  member  of  the 
French  academy  in  1670,  and  of  the  academy  of  infcriptions  in 
1674.      His  life  is  prefixed  to  the  edition  of  his  worlds  ia 

QUINTILIANUS.fMARcus  Fabius),  an  illuftrious  the- 
,  torician  and  critic  of  antiquity,  and  a  moft  excellent  author, 
was  born'  in  the  beginning  of  the  reign  of  Claudius  Caefar, 
about  the  year  of  Chrift  42  [k].  Aufonius  calls  him  Hifpa- 
num-and  Calagarritanum ;  whence  it  has  ufually  been  fuppofed, 
that  he  was  a  native  of  Calagurris,  or  Galahorra,  in  Spain. 
I?  may  be  fo:  It  is  however  certain,  that  he  was  fent  to  Rome, 
even  in  his  ehikihood,  where  he  fpent  his  youth,  and  com-., 
pleted-^is  education ;  having  applied  himfelf  moft  particularly 
to  the  cultivation  of  the  art  of  oratory.  In  the  year  61, 
Galba  was  fent  by  the  emperor  Nero  into  Spain,  as  governor  i 

^of  one- of  the  provinces  there :   and  Quintilian,   being  then 
nineteen  years  old,  is.  fuppofed  to  have  attended  him,  and  to  ! 

have  taught  rhetoric  in  the  city  of  Calagurris,  all  the  while 
Galba  continued  in  Spain.     Hence  it  is,  according  to  feme,  i 

that  he  was  called  Calagurritanus,  and  not  from  his  being 
born  in  that  citv.  Thefe  are  perfuaded,  in  fhort,  that  he  was 
aftually  born  m  Rome,  all  his  kindred  and  connexions  be- 
longing to  that  city,  and  his  whole  life  from  his  infancy  being 
fpent  there,  except  the  feven  years  of  Galba's  government  in  | 

Spain :  and  the  memorable  line  of  Martial,  addreffing  him 
thus:  **  Gloria  Romanae,  Quintiliane,  togse,"  greatly  ftvours 
fuch  a  fuppofition :  Martial,  who  was  nimfelf  a  Spaniard, 
being  fond  of  claiming  his  celebrated  countrymen  in  his  *'  Epi-  1 

[h]  Thii  is  a  ftrange  aflfertion.     The  29,  and  under  the  word  QuiNATJtT. 
Operas  of  Metaftafio  muft  furely  have  been  [k]     Dodweili    Anaales    Quintilianif  j 

famous  before  this  pafTage  was  written.  Lood.  1698,  Svo.  ' 

[i]  Siecl€  dc  Louis  XIV.  tora.  ii.  ch. 

3  grams."  I 


QUINT  iLrANUL^.  'Ss 

grams."  In  the  year  68;  tipon  the  d^th  of  Nero,  Gdfca"  rei. 
turned  ta  Rome,  and  took  Quintilian  with  hSm:  who  th^r* 
taught  rhetoric  at  the  expence  of  the  government,  being  allowed 
a  falary  out  of  the  public  treafury.  He  taught  it  with  tl* 
tiigheli  reputation,  and  formed  many  excellent,  orators,  ^h© 
did  him  great  honour ;  among  whom  was  the  younger  fjliny,  whb 
continued  in  his  fchool,  to 'the  year  78.  He  taught  rhetoric  fot 
twenty  years;  and  then,  obtaining  lea\^e  of  Domitian  to  retire^ 
he  applied  himfclf  to  compofe  hi§  admirable  book,  called  *^In- 
ftitutiones  Oratoriae."  This  is  the  moft  complete  work  of  itt 
kind,  which  antiquity  has  left  us;  and  the  defign  of  it. is  td 
form  a  perfedl  orator,  who  is  accordingly  condu<ScKl  therein^ 
and  ftirnifhed  with  proper  inftruftions,  from  his  birth,  even  to 
his  death*  It  abounds  with  excellent  precepts  of  all  kinds, 
relating  to  manners  as  well  as  criticifm  ;  and  cannot  be. read 
by  perfons  of  any  age,  but  with  the  greateft  profit  aad  ad- 
vantage.  "It  would  have  been  very  prejudicial  to  the  literary 
world,*'',  fays  Mr.  Bayle[L],  **'had-Quintilian*s  works  been 
loft,  he  being  an  excellent  author :  and  it  were  to  be  wifhed> 
that  an  perfons,  who  mean  to  be  authors,  would,  before  they 
take  up  the  pen  for  that  purpofe,.  read  him  very  attentively* 
I  am  extremely  forry,  that  I  did  not  know  the  importance  ctf 
-this* advice,  till  it  was  too  late."  The  firft  entire  copy  of  the 
**- Inftitutiones  Oratoriae,"  for  the  Quintilian  then  in  Italy  was 
terribly  mutilated  and  imperfeft,  was  difcovered,by  Pdggius  at 
the  bottom  of  an  old  tower  in  the  monaftery  of  St.  Gallj  at  the 
time  of  holding  the  council  of  Conftance.  The  mo|l  ufefiil 
icdition  of  this  work  is  that  of  CapperoneriuLs,  at  Parfs,  1725> 
in  .folio,  whatever  the  verbal  critics  may  fey  of  Barmaiv's, 
1720,  in  ::^  vols.  4to.  .  Capperonerius  has  prelented  us  with  iat 
lilt  of  more  than  ninety  editions  of  it.  ,    ^  - 

In  the  mean  time,  Qjiintilian  not  only  laid  down  nrics  for 
-juft  fpeaking,  but  exhibited  alfq  his  eloquence  at  the  bar.     He 
pleaded,  as  he  himfelf  tells  us,  for  queen  Berenice  inlier  pre- 
ience[M];  and  grew  into  fuch  high  repute,  that  his4>leadings 
-were  written  down  in  order  to  be  fold  to  the  book  fellers.     This 
jpraitice,  however,  which  by  the  help  of  fhort-hand  prevailed. 
in  Rome,  as  it 'has  fincc  done  in  other  countries,  fometimes 
.did  great  injury  to  autbprsy  by^occafioning'  fh^ir  works  to  ap- 
pear under  their  names  in  a  very'imperfeft  ftate.     Quintiliah 
IbflFeredon  this  account*,  asthc  fmlowing  palfage  in'him  plainly 
fliew^:  **  The  only  quasre  in  thccaufe  of  Naivius  Aponianus 
was,!  whether  he  threw  his  wife  headJong,  or  whether  fhe  vo-  - 
-Itmtarily  caft  herfelf  xiown  Qn].  i  This  is  the  only  pleading," 

[l]  Dia.  QuiNTiLlivw* .  ;    ;  .  f  m]  Inft.  Orat.  lili"ur.in  Pr«f; 
[n]  Inft.  Orat.  lib*  iv.  inPraef.  lib/vn.  c".  a.     ,      -  . .  . 

iV-olJiXII.  Hh  fays 


^  QJJINTILIANUS. 

fays  hfe,  <*  I  haVc  yet  jWibliftied,  to  \fc^hich  I  will  own  I  was 
induced  by  a  ybutnfiil  third  afttr  glory.  For  as  to  the  reft 
'which  go  under  my  name,  as  they  were  corrupted  by  tl^p 
^gligencc  of  the  writer,  whofe  only  view  was  gain,  they 
cbntain  but  very  little  of  what  I  can  call  my  own."  Thi$ 
ddrclaration  of  Quintilian,  when  he  was  growing  old,  and 
liad  retired  from  bufinefs,  may  teach  us  what  judgement  to 
form  of  the  **  Declamationes/'  which  ftill  go  under  his  name, 
and  haivc  frequently  been  printed  with  the  "  Inflkutiones  Ora- 
toriae."  Burman  tells  us  in  his  preface,  that  he  fubjoined  them 
to  his  edition,  not  becaufe  they  were  worthy  of  any  man's 
time  and  pains,  but  that  nothing  niight  feem  Wanting  to  the 
curious.  He  will  not  allow  them  to  be  Quintilian 's,  but  fub* 
fcribes  to  the  judgement  of  thofe  critics,  who  fuppofe  them  to 
fee  the  produftions  of  diiFerent  rhetoricians  in  different  zgcs ; 
fince>»though  none  of  them  can  be  thought  excellent,  fome  are 
tathcih  more  elegant  than  others. 

The  anonymous  dialogue  ^^  De  Oratoribus,  five  de  Caoiis 
corruptac  eloquentiae^"  has  fometimes  been  printed  with  Quin:- 
tilian's  works ;  yet  the  critics  do  not  fuppofe  it  to  be  his^ 
Many  aferibe  it  to  Tacitus,  and  it  is  commonly  printed  with 
the  works  of  that  htflioriaii  [b] ;  and  a  polite  fcholar,  noW 
living,  fecms  inclined  to  give  if  to  the  younger  Pliny;  "  be- 
caufe,"  fays  he,  **  it  exaftly  coincides  with  his  age,  is  ad- 
-drefled  to  one  of  his  j[>art!cular  friends  and  correfpondei:)its,  and 
is  marked  with  fome  fiitiihtr  expreflions  and  fentiments.  But 
as  ar^ments  of  this  kind  are  always  more  impofing  than  folid,** 
he  wifety  leaves  it  as.  ^*  a  piecis,  concerning  the  author  of  which 
nothing  fatisfa£tory  can  be  colleaed,"  only  "  that  it  is  evi- 
dently a  compofitipn  of  that  period^  in  which  he  flonrifhed." 
'It  was  afcribed  to^iintiUah,  becaufe  he  aftually  wrote  a  book 
-upon  'the  fame  fubj^fi,  'and  with  the  fame  title,,  as  6e  himfelf 
declares  [p] ;  yet  the  critics^  are  convinced  by  fufficient  argu- 
ments, that  tne  dialogue,  or  rather  fragnilent  of  z.  dialogue, 
now  extant,  is  not  that  of  which  Quintiltan  fpeaks. 

Quintilian  fperit  the  latter  part  of  his  life  with  great  dignity 
and  honour.  Some  imagine,  that  be  was  coniul:  but  the 
words  of  Aufonius  [q/},  on  which  they  ground  their  fuppo- 
fition,  (hcwr,  thatt  he  did  not '>poffefr "the  confulihip,  but  only 
the  cohfular  ornaments ;  **  honfiftamenta  nominis  potius  quam 
iniignia  pdteftatis:"  and  we  insiy  add,  that  no  mention  is  made 
of  his  name  in  the  "  Fafti  Coafulares."  It  is  certain,  that  he 
was  preceptor  to  the  gnindfons  of  the  emperor  Domitian's 
filter.     Though  Quintiliah*s  outward  condition  an^  circum^ 


ro]Fit«oiborn'5  tetters,  i^XXIV.  [»]  kftr  QfsX^  lib.  T*.  m  |»n^eau. 

[flj  Aufon.  in  Gnciar.  A^iooe* 


fiances 


QUINTIL1ANU3.  4«7 

ftftiKc^  vftvt  profpei^s  and  flourifhtngi-  yet  he  lab(mffd^tt|}der 
^nany  domeftic  afSiftiond,  which  tired  ©ut  his*  patience,  aiv# 
farced  him  to  complain  of  the  cruelty  ^f  his  fate.  In  his 
forty-firft  year,  he  married  a  wife  who  was  but  twelve  year^ 
«>ld,  and  loft  her  when  Ihe  was  nineteen.  He  beitows  the 
higheft  applaufes  on  her,  and  was  inconfolafble  for.  her  loft» 
She  left  him  two  fons^  one  of  whom  died  at  fi^  -years  old  ;' 
and  the  other  at  ten,  who  ^as  the  eldefi,  and  poffeHed -extra- 
ordinary talents.  He  bewails  thefe  lofles  moft  patheticaUy : 
'he  even  feared  he  (hould  be  charged  with  being  hard-heartedi^ 
if  he  feotjld  employ  his  tongue  henceforward  in  any  thing *bu| 
in  inveighing  againft  heayen.  Whoeyer  yill  turn  to  tlip  proe-i 
niium  of  the  fixth  book  of  *iis  *^  Jnftitutiones  Oratori;ae/'  may 
fee,  how  indecently  the'wifeft  of  the  heathens  upon  fome  oc* 
ipaficms  indulged  their  impatience  and  murmuring^ 

Quintilian  foon  got  the  better  of  gll  tfei^  grief.  Inftead  of 
burning  his  "  InftitiJtiones  Oratorio,*'  which  were  not  then 
above  half  written,  he  continued  and  perfeAed  them.  He  took 
a  k^end  wife  in  a  year  or  two  alPt^r,  and  by  her  he  had  a  daugh- 
ter, whom  he  lived  to  fee  married;  who  alfo,  at  the  time  of 
her  mairriage,  received  a  handfome  dowry  from  <hc  youpger 
Pliny,  who  had  been  his  fcholar  [r]  j  in  confidel'ation,  as  -wc 
are  told,  that  fhe  was  t^iiarried  t<»  ^  perfon  of  fuperior  rank^ 
which  required  her  to  be  better  fitted  out,  upon  her  firft 
jgoing  to  him,  than  her  father's  circumftaiices  would  admit. 
Quintilian  lived  to  be  fourfcorfe  years  of  age,  or  upjvards,  a$ 
Is  pretty  certaii)ly  determined ;  .although  th^  time  of  his  d^atli 
<s  not  recorded.  He  appears  from  his  works,  and  from  what 
^we  are  able  to  colleft  of  him,  to  have  been  a- man  of  great 
innocence  and  integrity  of  life.  His  <^  Oratorial  Infti^utions" 
irontain  a  grfeat  number  of  excellent  morajioftrudlions ;  and  it 
is  a  main  principle  iiiciilcajf  d  in  them,  that  ^>  nox^  but  a  good 
"inan can  make  a  good  orator,"  *  . 

One  blemifh,  however,  there  lies  upon  QuUitiUan's  charac- 
ter, which  cannot  be  paiTed  over;  a«d  that  is,  his  exceflive 
flattery  of  Domitian,  whom  he  calls,  a  God,  and  fays,  .that  he 
4jught-to  be  invoilc^d'  in  ^be  firft  place  [s],  He  calls  him  alfo  a 
jnoft  holy  cenfor  of  manners,  ^nd  fays,  that  th^re  is  in  him  a 
certain  fuperw*nent  fplendor  of  virtues.  This  fort  of  pa- 
negyric muft  needs  be  highly  pflfenfive  to  all  who  have  read  the 
hiftory  of  that  deteftable  emperor :  nor  csm  any  excufe  be  made 
for  C^intilian,  but  the  neqeffity  he  wa^  under,  for  the  feke  of 
felf-prefervatioa,  of  offering  this  incenfe  to  a  prince,  moft  greedy 
t^f  flattery  ;  and  who  might  probably  ^xpeft  it  .the  more  from 
pne  cm  whom  he  had  -Gonferred  particular  favours,  as  he  cer- 

[i]  fliaii  Eplft,  31.  Jib*  6.       .     [s]  PrQcm.  ai  lib.  iv. 


tuhly  b^-fmQttititilidn^    Martial,  Statius,  and  Julius  ^ron« 
tnus,  have  flattered  this  emperor  in  the  fame  manner. 
I  QUINTIN  MATSYS,     SeeMEssis  (Quintin.)  .-^ 

>  QUINTINIE  (John  de  laj,  a  famous  French  gardener^ 
was  born  at  Poidiers  in  1626.     After  a  courfe  of  philofophy, 
he  applied  himfelf  to  the  law,  and  went  to  Paris  in  ofdet  to  be 
admitted  an  advocate.   He  had  a  great  deal  of  natural  eloquence* 
which  was  alfo  improved  by  learning ;  and  acquitted  himfelf 
fo  well  at  the  bar,  as  to  gain  the  admiration  and  efteem  of  the 
chief  magiftrates*     Tamboneaii,  prefident  of  the  chamber  of 
accounts,  being  informed  of  his  merit,  engaged  him  to  under- 
take the  prcccptorihip  of  his  only  fon,  which  Quintinie  exe-  r 
cuted  entirely  to  his  fatisfa£lion ;  applying  his  leifure  hours  in 
the  mean  time  to  the  ftudy  of  agriculture,  towards  which  he 
had  by  nature  a  ftrong  inclins^tion.     He  (ludied   Columella* 
Varro,  Virgil,  and  all  authors  ancient  or  modern,  who  had 
written  about  it ;  and  gained  new  lights  by  a  journey,  which 
be  made  with  his  pupil  into  Italy.     All  the  gardens  in  Rome 
and  about  it  were  open  to  him  ;  and  he  never  failed  to  make 
themoft  ufeful  obfervations,  conftantly  joining  praSice  with 
theory.     On  his  return  to  Paris,  Tamboneau  entirely  gave  up. 
to  him  his  garden,  to  manage  aS  he  pleafed;  and  Quintinie 
applied  himfelf  to  fo  intenfe  a:  fliudy  of  the  oper^ttions  0/  nature 
in  this  way>  that  he  foon  became  famous  all  over  France. 
The  prince  of  Conde,  who  is  faid  to  have  joined  the  paciiic 
love  of  agriculture  to  a  reftlefs  fpirit  for  war,  took  great  plea* 
iure  in  converfing  with  Qiiintinie.     He  came  to  England  about 
1673  ;  and,  during  his  ftay  here,  paid  a  vifit  to  Mr.  Eyelyn, 
who  prevailed  on  him  to  comriiunicate  fome  diredions  con- 
cerning  melons,  for  the  cultivation  of  which  Quintinie  was 
Temarkably  famous.     They  w<re .  tranfmitted  to  Mr.  Evelyn 
.from  Paris;  and  afterwards,   in   1693,  publilhed  by  him  in 
Englifli.     Charles  H.  made  Qiiintinie  an  offer  of  a  confiderr 
^le  penfion,  if  he  would  ftay  and  take  upon  him  the  dire^ion 
af  his  gardens:  but  Quintinie  chpfer/to  ferve  his  own  king, 
Louis  XIV.  who  ere£led  for   him   a*  new  ofHce  of  dire<Sor 
.general  of  all  his  majefty's  fruit  and,  kitchen  gardens.     The 
royal  gardens,  while  Quintinie  lived,  were  the  admiration  of 
the  curious ;  and  when  he  died,  the  king  himfelf  was  much 
afFeSed,  and  could  not  forbear  faying  to  his  widow,  that  "  he 
had  as  great  a  lofs  9s  (he  had,  and  never  expedted  to  have  it 
repaired."   ,Qiuntinie  died  very  old,  but  we  know  iiQt.in  what 
year.     He  greatly  improved  the  art  of  gardening  and  tranf- 
planting  trees:    and  his  book,  entitled,  "  Direftions  ifor  the 
Management  of  Fruit  and  Kitchen  Gardens/'  contains  pre- 
cepts which  have  been  followed  by  all  Europe. 

. .     .^QUIRINI 


OyiRlNI  (Angslo  Maria),  a  Venetian  cay#B%|^  ceb^ 
brated  as  an  hiftorian,  a  philologer,  and  an  antiquarVy  war 
born  in  1684,  or»  accoitiing  to  fome  authors>  in  a 680.  He  en* 
tered  very  early  into  an  abbey  of  Benedi£lines  at  Florencet, 
and  there  ftudied.  with  fo  much  ardour^  as  to  lav  in  a  vaft  ftore 
erf  literatQre  of  every  kind,  under  Salvini,  Bellini,  and  other 
^ninent  inftru<5lors.  The  famous  Magliabecchi  introduced  to 
htm  all  foreigners  illudrious  for  their  talents,  and  it  was  thu& 
that  he  became  acquainted  with  fir  Ifaac  Newtxm  and  Mont- 
feucoDM  :  Not  contented  with  fbis  confined  intercoufe.  with  the 
•learned,  he  began  to  travel  in  1710,  and  went  through  Gern 
many  to  Holland,  Where  he  converfed  with  fiafnage,  JLe  Clerc^. 
Kufter,  Gronovius,  and  Perizoniu3«  He  then  crofled  int<j^ 
Engtaiui,  where  he  was  honourably  received  by  Bentley^  New- 
ton, the  two  fiurnets.  Cave,  Pottery  and  others. '  Pacing  after- 
ward«  into  France,  he  foraied  an  intimate  friendihip  with 
the  amiable  and  illuftrious  renelon ;  and  became  known  to  all 
ttie  principal  literati  of  that  coui^ry.  The  exa&  account  o£ 
4ie  travels  of  Qpirini,  would  contain,  in  faci,  the  literary 
hiftory  of  Europe  at  that  period.  Being  raifed  to  the  dignity 
of  cardinal,  he  .waited  on  BenediiS:  XHI.  to  thank  him  for  th^ 
diftiA&ion,  ^^  It  is  not  for  youj"  faid  that  pope,  ^^  to  thank 
me  for  raifing  you  to  this  elevation,  it  is  rather  my  part  to  thank 
you,  for  having  by  your  nierit  ji^educed  me  to  the  neceflity  of 
making  you  a  cardinal/'  Quirini  fpread  in  every  part  the  fame 
of  his  learnings  and  of  his  liberality.  He  was  admitted  into 
almoft  all  the  learned  focieties  of  Europe,  and  in  various  parts 
builtKhurches,  and  contributed  largely  to  other  public  works. 
To  the  library  of  the  Vatican  he  prefented  his  own  colledion 
of  books,  which  was  fo  extenfive  as  to  require  the  addition  of 
a  large  room  to  contain  it.  What  is  moil  extraordinary  is^ 
that  though  a  Dominican  and  a  cardinal  he  wai;  of  a  m«^ 
tolerant  difpofition,  and  was  every  where  beloved  by  the  Pro- 
Jeftants.     He  died  in  the  beginning  of  January,  1755. 

His  works  are  numerous ;  among  them  we  may  notices 
f .  "  Primordia  Corcyrae,  ex  antiquiflimis  monumentis  illuf- 
trata;"  a  book  full  of  erudition  and  difcernmcnt.  The  heft 
edition  is  that  qf  Brefle,  in  4to,  1738.  2.  A  work  on  the  lives 
of  certain  biihops  of  Brefle,  eminent  for  fanftity.  3.  "  Spe- 
.  cimen  varise  Literaturse,  quae  in  urbe  Brixia,  ejufque  ditione, 
paulo  poft  incunabula  Typographic  florebat,  &cc.**  4to,  I7.'^9. 
4.  An  account  of  his  travels,  full  of  curious  and  intercIHng 
anecdotes.  5.  A  coDeSion  of  his  letters.  6.  A  fketch  of  his 
own  life,  to  the  year  1740,  Brefle,  8vo,  174%*  With  many 
fmaller  grodu£Uons. 


^  Vol.  XII.  I  i  RABELAIS 


470  RAB£LA.IS« 


RABELAIS  (FiAKCis),  a  celebrated  French  wit,  was  tkc 
fon  of  an  apothecary;  and  born  about  1483,  arChinoa 
in  the  province  of  Touraine.  He  was  bred  up  in  a  convent 
of  Francifcan  friars  in  PoiSon,  the  convent  of  Fonteimi«le- 
Comte,  and  received  into  their  order.  His  ftrong  inclination 
and  tafle  for  literature  and  the  faiences  made  him  tranfcendtht 
bounds  which  ^drained  the  learned  in  his  times;  fo  thathe 
not  only  became  a  great  lingutft,  but  att  adept  In  all  branches 
of  knowledge.  His  uncommon  capacity  and  merit  (bon  excited 
the  jealoufy  of  his  brethren.  Hence  he  was  envied  by  (omt ; 
others  through  ignorance,  thought  him  a  conjurer  $  aad 
all  hated  and  abufed  bins,  particulariy  becattfe  he  ftuditd 
-Greek ;  the  novelty  of  that  language  making  them  efteem  h 
not  only  barbarous,  but  antichrillian.  This  "we  colleft  ft^dm  a 
Greek  epiftie  of  Budaeus  to  Rabelais,  in  which  he  praifes  him 
highly  for  his  great  knowledge  in  that  tongue,  and  exclatms 
againft  the  ftupidity  and  malice  of  the  friars. 

Having  endured  their  perfecutiohs  for  a  long  tiiiM^  he  ob* 
tained  pcrmiffion  of  pope  Clement  VH.  to  leave  the  Ibdety 
of  St.  Francis,  and  to  enter  into  that  of  St.  Behediift  ;  but,  hU 
mercurial  temper  prevailing,  he  did  not  find  any  more  fatM"- 
fai^ion  amcHig  the  BenedtfiineSy  than  he  had  found  among  the 
Francifcans,  fo  that  after  a  fhort  timis  he  left  them  alfb. 
Changing  the  regular  habit  for  that  which  r$  worn  by  feciilar 
priefts,  he  rambled  up  and  down  for  a  while ;  and  then  ffxei 
at  Montpellier,  where  he  took  the  degrees  in  pfayfic,  and  prsK:- 
tifed  with  great  reputation.  He  was  infinitely  admired  for  his 
great  wit  and  great  learning,  and  became  a  man  of  fnch  weight 
and  eftimation,  that  the  univerfity  of  that  place  lieputcrf  him 
to  Paris  upon  a  very  important  errand.  Hi^  re{»itat]on  and 
charadler  were  fpread  through  the  kingdom ;  fo  that,  when  he 
arrived  at  Paris,  the  chancellor  du  Prat,  moved  by  the  extra- 
ordinary accomolifhments  of  the  man,  eaftly  granted  all  ikttt 
he  folxcited.  He  returned  to  Montpellier;  and  the  feil^ice  he 
did  the  univerfity  upon  this  occafion,  is  given  as  a  reafen  why 
all  the  candidates  for  degrees  in  phyfic  there,  are,  upon  their 
admiilion  to  them,  formally  invefted  with  a  fobe,  wbidi  Ra- 
belais left ;  this  ceremony  having  been  inftituted  in  honour  of 
Jilnu    . 

In 


RABELAIS.  47« 

In  1532,  h€  piibliftied  at  Lyons  fome  oieces  of  Hippocratei 
and  Galen,  with  a  dedication  to  the  bifnop  of  Mailezaii ;  in 
which  he  tells  him,  that  Ke  had  read  leftnres  opon  the  apho- 
rifnfis  of  Hippdcrates,  and  the  ars  ttiedfca  of  Galen,  before 
numerous  audiences  in  the  univerfity  of  Montpellier.  This 
was  the  laft  yekr  of  his  continuance  in  that  place ;  for  the  year 
ajfter  he  went  to  Lyons,  where  he  became  phyfician  to  the  hof- 
pital,  and  joined  leftures  with  prafiice  for  fome  years  fol- 
lowing. John  du  Bellay,  biffaop  of  Paris,  going  to  Rome 
i**  iS3*>  ^on  Ihe  bufinefs  of  Henry  VII  Ts  divorce  from 
Catherine  of  Spain,  and  paffing  through  Lyons,  carried 
Rabelais  with  htm,  in  quality  of  his  phyfician  ;  who  re- 
turned home,  however,  in  about  fix  months.  He  had  quitted 
his  religions  connexions  for  the  fake  of  leading  a  life  more 
foitable  to  his  tafte  and  humour:  but  he  afterwards  renewed 
them,  and  in  a  fecond  jotn^ney  to  Rome,  obtained  in  1536,  by 
Jiis  imereft  with  fome  cardinals,  a  brief  from  pope  Paul  III. 
.to  qualify  him  for  holding  ecclefiaftical  benefices.  John  du 
Bellay,  made  a  cardinal  in  1533,  had  procured  the  abbey  of 
Su  Maur  near  Paris  to  be  fecularized;  and  into  this  was  Ra- 
belais, now  a  BenediAine  monk,  received  as  a  fecular  canon, 
liete  h4  is  fuppofed  to  have  begun  his  famous  romance,  en- 
titled, **'The  lives,  heroic  deeds,  and  fayings  of  Gargantua  and 
Pantagruel."  He  continued  in  this  retreat  till  1545,  when  the 
cardinal  du  Bellay,  his  friend  and  patron,  nominated  him  to 
the  cure  of  Meudon,  which  he  is  faid  to  have  filled  witb  great 
2eal  and  application  to  the  end  of  his  life.  His  profound 
knowledge  and  fkill  in  phyfic  made  him  doubly  ufeful  to  the 
people  under  his  care;  and  he  was  ready  upon  all  occafions  to 
relieve  them  under  bodily  indifpofitions,  as  well  as  to  confult 
•and  pnwide  for  the  fafety  of  their  fouls.  He  died  in  1553. 
As  he  was  a  great  wit,  many  witticifms  and  facetious  fayings  are 
laid  tohi^  charge,  of  which  he  knew  nothing;  and  many  ridi- 
<»iious  cifcumftances  ai'e  related  of  his  life  and  death) which  it 
is  but  juftice  to  him  to  omit  as  fabulous. 

He  publifhed  feveral  pnxiudions ;  but  his  Chef  d'Oeuvre  is 
-**  Til*  Hiftory  of  Gargantua  and  Pantagruel  ;'*  a  rough  fatire,  in 
tiltf  form  of  a  romance,  upon  monks,  priefts,  popes,  and  foots  and 
knavesof  all  kinds ;  where  wit  and  learning  are  fcattered  about  with 
great  profufion,  but  in  a  manner  wild  and  irregular,  and  with 
a  ftrong  mixture  of  obfcenity,  coarfe  and  puerile  j efts,  profane 
adlflfion^  and  low  raillery.  Hence  it  has  come  to  pais,  that> 
while  fome  have  regarded  it  as  a  prime  effort  of  the  human  wit^ 
tfndy  like  Homer's  poems,  as  an  inexhistufti&le  fource  of  learn- 
ing, fdence,  and  knowledge,  others  have  affirmed  it  to  he 
nothing  but  an  unintelligible  rhapfody,  a  heap  of  foolifh  cpii- 
ceixs,  without  meaning,  without  coherence  j   a  colIe^on  of 

I  i  7,  grofs 


47?  RAjCAN. 

grofs  imp'et'ws  and  obfcenities.  ,Both  parties  have^rea&n  for 
Vhat  they  fay ;  that  is,  the  truth  lies  between  them  bodi. 
Rabelais  certainly  Intended  to  fatirize  the  manners  of  his  age, 
^^s  appears  plainly  enough  from  the  general  turn  and  nature  of 
his  work;  but,  from  a  certain  wildnefs  and  irre^larity  oS 
manner,  what  he  alludes  to  or  means  in  fome  particular  ps£^ 
fages  does  not  appear  fo  plain.  They  muft  be  greatly  prcjfi- 
diced  againft  him,  who  will  not  allow  him  to  have  wit,  learn- 
ing, and  knowledge  of'  various  kinds;  and  fo  muft  they  who 
cannot  fee  that  he  is  oftentimes  low^  coarfe,  profane,  and 
obfcene. 

The  monks,  who  are  the  chief  ohjeSt  of  his  fatiie,  gave 
fome  oppofition  to  it  when  it  firft  began  to  be  publiibed,  for  it 
was  publiflied  by  parts  in  1535  ;  but  this  oppofition  was  fooa 
overruled  by  the  powerful  patronage  of  Rabelais  am,ong  th& 
great.  The  beft  edition  of  his  worksjs  that  with  cuts^  and  the 
notes  of  Le  Duchat  and  Da  Monnoyc,  I74.i>  in  3  vols.  4x0* 
Mr.  Motteux  publifhed  an  EngliHi  tranflation  of  it  at  London, 
1708,  in  a  vols.  8vo;  with  a  preface  and  notes,  in  which  he  , 
endeavours  to  (hew,  that  Rabelais  has  painted  thehiftory  of  his 
own  time,  under  an  ingenious  fidion  and  borrowed  names. 
Ozell  publilhed  afterwards  a  new  tranflation,  with  Duchat's 
notes,  5  vols.  i2mo. 

RABUTIN.     See  Bussv. 

RACAN  (HoNORAT  DE  BuEit,  Marquis  of),  a  Frendi 
poet,  was  born  at  Roche- Racan  in  Touraine  in  I589«     At 
fixteen,  he  was  made  one  of  the  pages  to  Henry  IV.  and,  as 
he  began  to  amufe  himfelf  with  writing  verfes,  he  got  ac- 
quainted with  Malherbe,  from  whom  he  learned  all  the  (kill 
he  had  in  French  poetry.      Malherbe  reproached  him  "with 
being  too  negligent  and  incorrcdl  in  his  verification;  ,aad  Boi- 
leau  has  palled  the  fame  cenfure  on  him,  yet  affirms  him  to 
have  had  more  genius  than  his  mader ;  and  to  have  b^en  as 
capable  of  writing  in  the  Epic  way,  as  he  was  in  the  Lyric, 
in  which  he  particularly  excelled.     Menage  has  aifo  fpokeo 
highly  of  Racan,  in  his  additions  and  alterations  tohis  "Re- 
marques  fur  les  Poefies  de  Malherbe."     What  is  moft  extraor- 
.dinary  in  this  poet  is,  that  he  acqnired  perfedion  in  his  art  by 
the  mere  force  of  genius;  for,  as  fome  relate,  he  had  never 
ftudied  at  all,  but  even  Ihewn  an  incapacity  for  attaining  the 
'Latin  tongue.     Upon  quittirig  the  office  of  page,  be  entered 
^into  the  army  ;  but  this,  more  to  oblige  his  father,  the  marquis 
of  Racan,  than  put  of  any  inclination  of  his  own :  and  there- 
fore, after  two  or  three  campaigns,  he  returned  to  Paris,  where 
he  married,  and  devoted  himi^lf  to  books  ^nd  poetry.    His 
works  confift  of  facred  odes,  paftorals,  leUcfs,  ^nd, memoirs  of 
"the  life  of  Malherbe,  prefixed  to  many  editions  of  th,e  works 
of  that  poet. '    He  was  chofcn  one  of  the  members  of  the 
^  "'-  .  Frcndi 


RACINE!  4:73 

•French  academy,  at  the  titne  of  its  foundation :  and  died  10 
1670,  aged  eighty-one.  He  had  fo  low  a  voice,  that  he  coul^ 
Scarcely  be  heard. 

RACINE  (John)j  an  illuftrious  French  poet,  was  born  at 
la  FelteJ^on  in  1639,  and  educated  at  Port-Royal;  where 
lie  gave  the^rcateft  proofs  of  uncommon  abilities  and  genius. 
During  three  years  continuance  there,  he  rnade  a  moff  rapid 
progrefs  in  the  Greek  and  Latin  languages,  and  in  all  polite  lite- 
rature. His  genius  lying  towards  poetry,  made  him  particu- 
larly fond  of  Sc^hocles  and  Euripides;  iniomuch  that  he  is  fai4 
to  have  learned  thefe  two  great  authors  by  heart.  He  accident 
tafly  met  with  the  Greek  romance  of  Heliodorus,  **  of  the  Lovei 
of  Theagenes  and  Charidea,'*  and  was  reading  it  very  greedily  { 
when  his  direftor  furprifing  him,  took  the  book  and  threw  it 
into  the  6re.  Racine  found  means  to  get  another  copy,  which 
alfo  underwent  the  fame  fate ;  and  after  that  a  third,  whicif, 
having  a  prodigious  memory,  he  got  by  heart :  and  then,  car- 
rying it  to  his  direftor,  fdid,  "  You  may  now  burn  this,  as 
you  have  burned  the  two  fornier." 

Leaving  Port-Royal,  he  went  to  Paris,  and  ftudied  logic 
ibme  time  ih  the  college  of  Harcourt.  The  French  poetry  had 
taken  his  fancy,  and  he  had  already  compofed  fome  little  pieces 
in  it ;  hut  it  was  in  1660,  when  all  the  poets  were  making  their 
-efforts  upon  the  marriage  of  the  king,  that  he  firft  difcovered 
himfelf  to  the  public.  His  <*  La  Nympho  de  la  Seine,"  written 
upon  that  occafion,  was  highly  approved  by  Chapelain;  and 
fo  powerfully  recommended  by  him  to  Colbert,  that  the  mi- 
nifter  fent  Racine  a  hundred  piftoles  from  the  king,  and  fettled 
a  penfion  on  him,  as  a1man  of  letters,  of  600  livres,  which 
was  paid  him  to  the  day  of  his  death.  The  narrownefs  of  his 
'  4Di#cumftances  had  put  him  upon  a  defign  of  retiring  to  Ufez, 
^here  an  uncle,  who  was  canon  regular  and  vicar-general  of 
Ufez,  offered  to  refign  to  him  a  priory  of  his  order  which  he 
then  poflefled,  if  he  would  become  a  regular ;  and  he  ftill  wore 
the  ecclefiaftical  habit,  when  he  wrote  the  tragedy  of  "  Thea- 

fenes,'*  which  he  prefented  to  Moliere  ;  and  that  of  the  *^  Freres 
;hnemis,'*  in  1664,  the  fubjeft  of  vvhich  was  given  him  hy 
Moliere. 

In  the  mean  time,  the  fuccefs  of  his  ode  upon  the  king'^s 
marriage  fpurred  him  to  attempt  higher  things,  which  carried  him 
at  length  entirely  to  the  theatre.  In  i666,  he  publifhed  his  tra- 
gedy of  **  Alexandra ;"  concerning  which  Nlr.  de  Yalincour 
relates  a  faft,  which  he  had  from  Racine  himfelf,  Reading 
this  play  to  Corncille,  he  received  the  higheft  encomiums  from 
Aat  great  writer ;  but  at  the  fame  time  was  advifed  by  him  to 
apply  himfelf  to  any  other  kinds  of  poetry,  as  more  proper  f*r 
his  genius,  than  dramatic.    *^  Corneille^"  adds'  die  Valincour, 

lis  **  wat 


^7-4  RACINE. 

f}  was  incapable  of  low  jealoufy :  if  he  feoke  to  to  Mr.  Sadw, 
it  is  certain  that  he  thought  fo.  But  we  Jcnow  that  he  preserved 
Lucan  to  Virgil;  whence  we  muft  conclude,  that  the  art  of 
ivf  iting  excellent  veife,  and  the  art  of  judging  excellently  of  poets 
mod  poetry,  do  not  always  meet  in  the  fame  pcrfon." 

Racine's  dramatic  charafter  embroiled  him  at  this  time  with 
the  gentlemen  of  Port-Royal.  Mr.  Nicole,  in  his  ^*  Vifion- 
aires,  &  Imaginaires,"  had  thrown  out  occafionally  fome  poig« 
jiant  firoSes  againft  the  writers  of  romance  and  poets  of  the 
theatre,  whom  he  called  the  public  poifoners,  not  of  bodies, 
but  of  fouls:  **  des  empoifonneurs  publics,  non  des  corps, 
nais  des  ames."  Racine,  taking  himleif  to  be  included  in  this 
cenfure,  was  fomewhat  provoked,  and  addrefled  a  very  anin^ated 
letter  to  Nicole;  in  which  he  did  not  fo  much  concern  himfelf 
with  the  fubjedl  of  their  difference,  as  endeavour  to.  turn. into 
Yidicule  the  folitaires  and  religious  of  the  Port-Royal.  M.  d^ 
£ois  and  fiarbier  Daucour  having  each  of  them  replied  to  this 
letter,  Racine  oppofed  them  in  a  fecond  as  fprightly  as  tlw  &ft. 
Thefe  letters,  publilhed  in  1666,  are  to  be  found  in  the  edition 
•of  Racine's  works  1728,  and  alfo  in  the  laft  editic^s  of 
the  works  of  Boileau.  In  1668,  he  publiihed  '*  i«es  Pki- 
-deurs,"  a  comedy;  and  "  Andromache,"  a  tragedy;  whicbf 
though  it  had  great  fuccefs,  was  a  good  deal  criticifal*  The 
chara£ler  of  Pyrrhuswas  thought  overftrained  and  too  violent*; 
and  the  celebrated  aSor  Montnetiri  had  certainly  reafoe  to  tl^nk 
.that  of  Oreftes  fo,  fince  the  eiForts  he  made  in  reprefetiting  it 
cod  him  his  life.  He  continued  to  exhibit  from  -time  to  time 
Teveral  great  and  noble  tragedies;  <*  Britannicus,"  in  1670; 
.*'  Berenice,"  in  1671 ;  <*  Bajazet,"  in  1672:  "  Mitbridates^"  in 
1^73;  «  Iphigenia,"  in  1675;  "  Phaedra,"  in  1677.  Daring 
this  time,  he  met  with  all  that  oppofition,  which  envy  »id 
cabal  are  ever  ready  to  fet  up  againft  a  fuperior  genius ;  a«d  one 
Pradon,  a  poet  whofe  name  is  not  worth  remembering,  was 
'  then  employed  by  perfons  of  the  firft  diftindion  to  haye  a 
^*  Phasdra"  ready  for  the  theatre,  againft  the  titne  that  Racioe's 
ihould  appear. 

Afjfer  the  publication  of  "  Phaedra,"  he  took  a  refolutioji  io 
quit  the  theatre  for  ever:  although  he  was  ftill  in  fqll  vigoin') 
being  not  more  than  thirty-eight ;  and  the  only  perfon  who  was 
capable  of  confoling  Paris  for  the  old  age  of  CornciHe*  But  he 
had  imbibed  in  his  infancy  a  deep  fenfe  of  religion:  and  thi«f 
though  it  had  been  fmothered  for  a  while  by  his  connedioiis 
with  the  theatre,  and  particularly  with  the  famous  »6it^s 
Champmcle,  vyhom  he  greatly  loved,  and  by  whom  he  had  a 
fon,  now  at  length  broke  out,  and  bore  down  all  befoie  it.  In 
the  firft  piape»  he  refolved,  not  only  to  write  no  more  plays, 
but  to  tlo  a  rigorous  penance  for  thofe  he  had  vvritten;  ai^d 
,    '    '  afiually 


RACINE.  47f 

a&uaHy  fofmed  zd^igtt  of  becoming  a  Carthufxan  friar.  Had 
not  Voltaire  good  reaion  to  fay,  that  "  he  was  by  far  a  greater 
poet»  than  philofopherf"  Pa}  His  religious  direaor,  however^ 
not  fix  mad»  but  a  good  deal  wifer  than  he,  advifed  him  to  think 
more  moderately,  and  to  take  meafures  more  fuitable.to  his 
chara&er.  He  put  him  upon  marrying>  and  fettling  in  the 
ivorldy  with  which  propofal  this  humble  and  tra£^able  penitent 
complied  4  and  immediately  took  to  wife  the  daughter  of  a 
trealurer  of  France  for  Amiens,  by  whom  he  had  feven  child^ 
ren.  His  next  concern  was  to  reconcile  himfelf,  as  he  did  very 
fincercly,  with  the  gentlemen  of  Port- Royal,  whofc  ccnfures  on 
dramatic  writers  he  acknowledged  to  be  moft  juft.  He  made 
peace  at  firft  with  Nicole,  who  received  him  with  open  arms  ; 
and  £oileau  introduced  him  to  Arnaud,'  who  alfo  embraced  hina 
tenderly,  and  fpr^ye  all  hi$  fatire«,  / 

.  He  had  been  admitted  a  member  of  the  French  academy  in 
1673,  in  the  room  of  la  Mothe  le  Vayer,  deceafed  ;  but  fpoile4 
the  ipeech  he  made  upon  that  occaflon,  by  pronouncing  it  with 
too  much  timidity.  In  1677,  he  was  nonainated  with  Boileau^ 
with  whom  he  was  ever  in  ftriO:  friendfliip,  to  write  the  hiftory 
of  Louis  XI  y ;  and  the  public  expected  great  tilings  from  twQ 
writers  of  fuch  difl:in<Jlion,jb^ut  they  were  difoppointeo.  "  Boileau 
and  Racine,**  fay^  de,  Valincpur,.  **  after  having  for  fome  tim^ 
Uboured.  at  this  work^  perceived  that  it  was  entirely  oppofite 
to  their  ^nius  ^  and  they  judged  alfo,  with  reafon,  that  the 
hiilory  of  fuch  a  prince  neither  could  not  ought  to  be  written 
in  lefs  than  an  hundred  years  after  his  death,  unlefs  it  were  to 
be  made  up  of  extrads  from  Gazettes,  and  fuch  like  mate-, 
rials."  .  .  '    .  . 

<  Though  Racine  had  made  it  a  point  of  religion,  never  to 
meddle  any  more  with  poetry,  yet  he  was  again  drawn,  in  fpite 
of  all  the  refiftance  he  could  make,  to  labour  for  the  theatre. 
Madam  de  Maintenon  intreated  him  to  compofe  fome  tracredy 
fit  to  be  played  by  her  young  ladie$  at  the  convent  of  St.  Cyr^ 
and  to  take  the  fubjca  from  the  Bible.     Racine  compofed 

*  Efther ;'  which,  being  ^rft  reprefented  at  St.  Cyr,  was  af- 
terwards a6led  at  Verfailles,  before  the  king,  in  1689.  '^  It 
appears  to  me  very  remarkable,'*  fays  Voltaire,  "that  this 
tragedy  had  then  univerial  fuccefs ;  and  that  two  years  after,^ 

*  Athaliah,'  though  performed  by  the  fame  perfbns,  had  none.'. 
It  happened  quite  contrary,  when  thefe  pieces  were  played  at 
Paris, -long  after  the  death  of  the  .author  ;  and  when  prejudice 
and  partiality  had  ceafed.  *  Athaliah,'  reprefented  in  1717, 
was  received  a§  ij.  dipf^pry^d  to  be^  with  tranfport ;  and  *  Efther,'. 

[a]  Sicclc  dc  Louis  XIV.  torn.  U. 

1 1  4  m 


47«  RACINE. 

in  172X9  infpnred  nothing  but  coldneft,  and  never  a][»p9ffcd 
again.  But  at  that  time  there  Were  no  courtiers  whoeom- 
plaifantly  acknowjedged  *  Efthcr'  in  Madam  de  Maintenoni 
and  with.cqual  mali|iiity  faw  *  Vafhti*  in  Madam  dc  Montcf- 
pan  ;  *  Haman'  in  M.  dc  LouTois ;  and,  above  ail,  the  perfe^ 
cution  of  the  Hu^nots  by  this  niinifter,  in  the  profcription  of 
the  Hebrews.**  This  author  goes  on,  in  hi$  own  ftyfe,  cen- 
furir^  the  (lory  of  Eflher  itfelf,  as  untnterefting,  and,  h^  ti; 

S leafed  to  fay,  improbablcy  and  then  adds  ;  *^  But,  notwith* 
adding  the'badnels  of  the  fubjed,  thirty  verfes  of  *'Efther' 
are  of  more  value  than  many  tragedies  which  have  had  great 
fnccefs.'* 

Offended  at  the  ill-reception  of 'Athaliah/  he  was  more 
Afgufted  than  ever  with  ^etry,  and  now  renounced  it  to* 
tally«  He  fpent  ^he  latter  years  of  his  life  in  compofing  ^ 
|iiftory  of  the  houfe  of  Port  Royal,  the  place  of  his  education ; 
whicft  is  well  .drawn  up,  in  ian  elegaht  ftyle,  and  was  pub- 
lifliedin  1767  :  in  2  vols.  X2mo«  Too  great  fenfibility,  fay  his 
friends/  but  more  proper)v  an  impotence  of  fpirit,  fhoitened  liie 
iAxp  of  this  poet*  Thoughhe-had  converfed  much  with  the  court, 
he  bad  not  learned  the  wifilom»  which  is  ufually  learned  th^, 
bfdifguifing  his  real  fentiments.  Maying  dnCwn  up  a  well* 
reafoned  and  well-written  memorial  upon  the  iniferltes  olf  the 
oeoplo,  and  the  me«|ns  of  relieving  them,  he  one  day  Imt  it  to 
Madam  de  Maintenon  to  read ;  when  the  king  coming  in,  and 
demanding. what  and  whofe  it  was,  commended  the  zc«l  of 
Racine,  but  difapproyed  of  his  meddling  with  things  that  did 
not  concern  him :  and  faid/  with  an  angry  tone,  ^'  &caufe  he 
knows  how  to  niake  good  verfes,  does  he  think  he  knows  every 
thing?  And  would  he  be  a  minifter  of  ftate,  becaufe  he  is  a 
great  poet?"  Thefc  words  hurt  Racine  greatly:  he  conceived 
dreadAil  ideas  of  the  kings  dtfpleafure ;  and,  indulging  his 
chagrin  and  fears,  brought  on  a  fever/ which  furpafled  Ac  power 
of  medicine :  for  he  died  of  it^  after  being  grievo^y  afflided 
with  pains,  in  169^.  l^he  ktne,  who  was  fenfible  of  his  great 
merit,  and  always  loved  him,  ient  often  to  him  in  his  illneft ; 
and  finding,  after  his  death,  that  he  had  left  mtore  glory  than 
riches,  fettled  a  handfotiie  penfion  upon  his  family.  lie  |vas 
mtei-red  at  Port- Royal,  according  to  his  will ;  and,  upon  the  def- 
frudton  of  thatmonaftery  in  1708,'  his  remains  were  carried  toSt. 
Stephen  du  Mont  at  Paris.  He- was  middle-fized,  and  of  aii 
agreeable  and  open  countenance  ;  was  a  great  jefter,  but  was 
retrained  by  piety  in  the  latter  years  of  his  life  from  indulgbg 
this  talent;  and,  when  warmecTin  converfatien,  had  fo  lively 
and  perfuafive  an  eloquence,  that  he  himfelf  bften  lamented 
fais  not  having  been^n  advocate  in  parliament.  His  works  ae 
fupremely  excellent,  and  will  be  inunortal  in-tJie  judgement  of 

all 


RABCLIFFE,  477 

mil.  The  p«raller  between  Mm  and  CornciHc  has  been  often 
fnade:  k  may:  be  feen  in  Baillet's  **  Jugemcns  de  Savans.** 
We  <haU  qMitefatburfelves  with  faying,  after  Perrault,  thmt 
^*  if  CornciHeforpaffed  Racine  in  heroic  fentiments  and  the  grand 
charader  of  hi^  perfonages,  ht  was  inferior  to  him  in  moving 
thepaffions  and  in  purity  of  language." 

There  are  fome  pieces  (rf  Racine  of  a  fmaller  kind,  which 
"hare  not  been  menticMied:  as,  ^  Idylle  fiirla  Paix,  1685  ;*• 
>*  Difcourfe  prononce  a  la  reception*  de  T.  Corneilk  &  Ber- 
geret,  a  I'Academie  Frac^oife,  en  1685;  "  Cantiques  Spiri* 
tuelles,  1689-;"  ^*  Ep!gramme»Diverfes."  The  works  of  Ra-^ 
cine  were  printed  at'Amfterdam,  1722,  in  2  vols.  i2mo;  amt 
the  year  after  at  London,  very  pompoufly,  in  2  vols*  4to« 

RADCLIfFE  (ALfiXANPBR)  in  officer  of  the  army,  de« 
voted  to  PdrnafTus,  and  of  ^rong  propenfity  to  mirth  and  plea^- 
fore.  His  poetical  performances  abound  in  low  humour.  The 
principal  of  them  were  publiihed  in  8vo.  1682,  under  the  title 
of  *^  ihe  Ramble,  an  Anti-heroick  Poem,  together  with  fomc 
Terreftrial  Hymns  and  Cardial  Ejaculations,  by  Alexander  Rad* 
4cliiie,  of  Gray's-Inn,  efcj."  infcribed  to  James  Lord  Annefley. 
He  had  publiihed,  in  1680,  <<  Ovid  Traseftiei^.  a  Burlerque 
upon  Ovid's  Epiftles;"  with  a  fatirical  intradu£lion  occafiomd 
i^  the  *'  Preface  to  a  late  Book,  called,  The  Wits  p^raphrafed.*^ 
Mr.  Tonfon  printed  a  third  editicm  of  this  Trav^ftie  in  1696. 
The  Dedication  ^*  To  Robert  Eairbeard,  ofGrayVInn,  efq.'* 
is  no  bad  fpecimen  of  the  aatfaor'9  humour.  *'  Havijog  com^ 
Aaitted  thele  Epiftles  to  the  preft, '  I  was  horribly  put  to  it  for 
a  patron.  I  thought  of  fome  great  Lord,  or  foitie  angelic 
Lady  ^  but  then  .again  confidered  I  ibould  never  be  able  to 
adorn  my  Dedication  with  benign  beams,  corrufeant  rays,  and 
the  Devil  and  all  of  infhience.  •  At  laA  I  heard  my  good  friend 
Mr.  Fairbeard.was  come  to  town— nay  then — all's  well  enough. 
To  you,  therefore,  I  oflfer  this  Englifti  Ovid,  to  whom  yott 
may  not  be  unaptly  compared  in  feveral  parcels  of  your  life 
and  conver^tion,  only  with  this  exception^  that  you  have 
nothing  of  his  TriftibiB.  It  is  you  who  burlefque  all  the  fop- 
pery and  co];iceited  gravitv  of  toe  age.  I  remember  you  once 
told  a  grave  and  atfe6led  Advocate,  *  that  he  burlefqued  God's 
image,  for  God  had  made  him.af^er  his  own  likenefs,  but  hef 
•made  htihfelf  look  like  an  afs.'  Upon  the  whole  matter,  I  am 
very  well  fatisfied  in  my  choice  of  you  for  a  judge  ;  if  you  fpeak 
well  of  the  bdok,  it  is  all  I  defire,  and  the  bookfeller  will  have 
leafon  to  rejc4ce :  though  by  your  approbation  you  may  draw 
upon  yourfelf  a  grand  inconvenience  ;  for  perhaps  you  may 
too  often  have  (bngs,  fonnets,  madrigals,  and  an  innumerable 
army  of  ftaaxas,  obtruded  upon  you  by,  -Sir, 

Your  humble  fervant^  Alix,  IIadcliffb." 

Amfig 

\ 


47«  RADCLIFFE. 

AnoQg  his  atlier  poems,  is  one  under  the  tkk  of  *«  Neifs 
from  Hell ;"  another,  <<  On  the  Monument  at  Ixmdon,"  a 
facetious  one,  <<  On  the  Memory  of  Mr.  J<Jin  Spiat,  late 
Steward  of  Gray  VInn;"  another  '<  On  the  DoUh  of  Edwanl 
Story»  efq.  Mailer  o^  the  Pond,  and  Principal  of  BemardV 
Inn ;"  and,  ^<  The  Sword's  Farewell  upon  the  Approach  of 
Michaelmas*^term/'  * 

RADCLIFFE  (Dr.  John),  an  EogliOi  phyfician  of  un. 
common  eminence,  was  born  at  Wakefield  in  Yorkfiiire,  where 
his  father  pofifeiTed  a  moderate  eftate,  in  1650.  He  was  tauglit 
Greek  and  Latin  at  a  fchool  in  the  fame  town ;  and,  at  fifteen 
years  of  j^e,  fent  to  Univeriity  college  in  Oxford.  In  1669, 
he  took  his  firft  degree  in  arts  \  but  no  fellowihip  becomii^ 
vacant  there,  he  removed  to  Lincoln  collese,  where  he  was 
deded  int^  one.  He  applied  himfeif  to  phyfic^  and  ran  throuf^ 
the  necefiary  courfes  of  botany,  chemtftrv,  and  anatomy ;  m  all 
^vhich,  having  excellent  parts,  he  quicUy  made  a  very  |^eat 
progrefs.  He  took  the  degree  of  M.  A.  in  1672,  and  then  en* 
rolled  himfeif  upon  the  phyfic  line.  It  is  remarkable,  th^  he 
recommended  himfeif  more  by  ready  wit  and' vivacity »  than  by 
any  extraosdinary  acquifitions  in  learning :  and  in  tl^  profecu^ 
tion  of  phyfic,  he  rarely  looked  further  than^.to  the, pieces  ^ 
T>r.  Willis,  who  was  then  pra^Ufing  in  London  with  a  very 
di(tingui(hed  charaAer.  He  had  few  books  of  any  kind ;  fo 
few,  that  when  Dr.  Bathurft,  head  of  Trinity  cblWe,  aiked 
him  once  in  a  furprife,  <<  where  his  ftudy  wasT'  KadcliflSe, 
pointing  to  a  few  phials,  a  (keleton,  and  an  herbal»  replied, 
**  Sir,  this  is  Radcli&'s  Library.''  In  1675,  he  proceeded 
M.  B.  and  immediatel]^  began  to  pra£Ufe.  ile  never  paid  any 
regard  to  the  rules  univerfall^  foUowed,  but  cenfured  them  as 
often  as  he  faw  occafion,  ^with  great  freedom  and  acriqaony ; 
and  this  drew  all  the  old  praftitioners  upon  him,  with  whrai 
he  waged  an  everlafting  war.  Neverthelefs,  his  reputatioQ,  in^ 
ereafed  with  his  experience^  and  before  he  had  been  two  years 
eftablifhed,  his  bofinefs  was  very  extenfive,  and  among  thcfe 
of  the  higheft  rank.  About  this  time.  Dr.  Marihall,  redor  ef 
Lincoln  college,  did  him  an  unkind  office,  by  oppc^ng  hisap»> 
plication  for  a  faculty-place  in  the  coUesp ;  toferve  as  adifpea^. 
fatton  from  taking  holy  orders,  which  the  ftatutes  required  him 
to  do,  if  he  kept  his  fellowihip.  This  was  owing  to  fome  wit«- 
tictfms,  which  RadcHflTe,  according  to  his  manner,  had  launched 
at  the  doAor:  fuch  a  (tep,  however,  being  inconfiftent  with  bis 
prefent  fituation  and  views,  he  chofe  to  refign  his  felk>wfliip, 
whic  h  he  did  in  1 677.  He  would  have  kept  his  chambers,  and 
yeiidtd-  there  a5*a  commoner;  but  Dr.  Marfliall  not  being  at 
all  diipofed  to  be  ci^l  to  him,  he  quit^  the  colkp,  and  took 
lodgings  dfewbere.  In.  1682,  he  went  out  M#£>.  but  con- 
tinued 


RAD  CLIFF  EL  4>9 

tinoed  two  years  longer  at  Oxfbitii  growing  eqiuflf  itt  weahh 
•  ml  feme/ 

In  1684,  be  went  to  London,  and  fettled  in  Bow^ftreet 
Covent-Gaiden.  Dr.  Lower  was  jhere  At  reigning  phyfician  ; 
but  his  intereft  then  beginning  to  decline  on  account  of  hit 
whig-principles,  as  they  were  called,  Radcliffe  had  almoft  an. 
open  field ;  and,  in  lefs  than  a  year,  got  into  prime  bufineft. 
His  converfation  contributed  as  much  to  make  his  way,  as  his 
reputed  (kill  in  his  proMion ;  for,  having  much  pieafant  y 
and  readinefs  of  wit,  he  was  'a  moft  diverting  companion.  In 
1686,  the  prinoefs  Anne  of  Denmark*,  made  him  her  phyfician. 
In  1687,  weahh  flowing  in  upon  him  very  plentifully,  he  haid 
a -mind  to  teftify  his  gratitude  to  Univerfity -college,  where  he 
had  received-the  bed  part  of  his  education  ;  and,  with  this  in- 
tent, caufed  the  Eaft  window  over  the  altar  to  be  put  up  at  his 
-own  expenjCe.  It  is  efteemed  a  beautiful  piece,  reprefenting 
the  nativity  of  our  Saviour  painted  up€»l  giais  ;  a«d  appears  to 
be  his  gift  by  the  following  infcripticm  under  it :  '^  D.  D.  Joam. 
Radcliffe,  M.D.  hujus  Coliegii  quondam  Socius,  A.  D. 
acDCLXXXYii/'  He  is  called  "  Socius,"  not  that  he  wsw 
i^ally  a  fellow ;  but,  being  fenior  fcholar,  had  the  fame  privr- 
kffes,  though  Qot  an  equal  revenue,  with  the  fellows.  In' 
1^8,  when  prince  Geoi^  of  Denmark  joined'  the  prince  of 
Orange,  and  the  princefs,  his  confort,  retired  to  Nottingham, 
tlK  d^or  was  prefled,  by  biihop  Compton,  to  attend  her  in 
quality  of  his  office,  (he  being  alfo  big  with  child  of  the  duke 
of  Gloucefter ;  but,  not  chafing  to  declare  himfelf  in  that  criti-. 
cal  ftate  of  public  affairs,  nor  favouring  the  meafures  then  i)i 
agitation,  he  excufed  himfelf,  on  account  of  the  muhiplidityof 
.his  patients. 

After  the  Revolution,  he  wasc^en  fent  for  to  king  William, 
and  the  great  peffons  about  his  court;  which  muft  have  been 
owing  to  his  vaft  reputation  and  credit,  for  it  does  not  appear 
that  he  ever  -inclined  to  be  a  couitier^  In  1692,  he  ventured 
5000I.  in  an  interloper,  which  was  bound  for  the  Eaft-Indiee, 
with  the  {>rofpe&  of  a  lai^  return ;  but  loft  it,  the  (hip  being 
taken  by  the  French.  When  the  news  was  brought  him,  he 
faid,  that  ^^  he  had  nothing  to  do,  but  go  up  fo  many  pair  of 
flairs  to  make  himfelf  whole  gain."  In  1693,  he  entered  upoa 
a  treaty  of  marriage  with  tHe  only  daughter  of  a  wealthy  citizen^ 
and  was  near  bringing  the  affair  to  a  confummation  ;  when  it 
was  difcovered,  that  the  young  lady  had  alresldy  confummated 
with  her  father's  book-keeper.  This  difappointment  in  his 
firft  amour  would  not  fuffer  him  ever  after  to  think  of  the  fex 
in  that  light :  he  even  grew  to  a  degree  of  infenfibility,  if  not 
averfion  tor  them ;  and  often  declared,  that  "  he  wiflied  for  an 
a£(  of  piirliamentj  whereby  nurfes  only  fhould  be  entitled  to 

prefcribe 


4So  radcliffe: 

|yrefcribe  to  tficm."  f  n  1694,  Queen  Marj  caugbt  th^  fmalU 
pox,  and  died.  **  The  phyfician's  part,"  lays  bilfaop  Burnct> 
^  was  univerfally  condemned ;  and  her  death  was  imptted  to 
the  negligence  or  unflcilfulnefs  of  Dr.  RadcliflFe.  He  was  called . 
for ;  and  it  appeared,  but  too  evidently,  that  his  opinion  was 
<:hiefiy  confidered^  and  moft  depended  on.  Other  phyficians 
were  afterwards  called,  but  not  till  it  was  too  late." 

Soon  after  he  loft  the  favour  of  the  princcfs  Anne,  by  neg- 
lecting to  obey  her  call,  from  his  too  great  attachment  to  the 
bottle ;  and  another  phyfician  was  ele<^^  into  his  place.  About 
this  time,  happened  his  remarkable  vifit  to  madam  d'Urfley  at 
Keniingtcm ;  when  this  lady  was  {>kafed  to  be  very  free,  (n 
putting  fome  queries  to  him  concerning  the  pleafures  of  Venus* 
The  do£lor  gave  h^r  full  fc<^e  by  a  reply,  which  produced  a 
welUknown  witty  epigram,  too  licentious  to  be  here  tranfcribed« 

In  1699,  king  William  returning  from  Holland,  and  being 
much  out  of*  Older,  fent  for  Radcliffe :  and,  fhewitig  him  his 
fwoln  ancles,  while  the. reft  of  his  body- was  emaciated  and 
flceletonJike,  faid,  **  What  think  you  of  thefe  I"  «  Why 
truly,"  ^licd  the  phyfician,  *♦  I  would  not  have  your  majefty'iB 
two  legs  for  your  three  kingdoms:"- which  freedom  fo  loft  the 
king's  favour,  that  no  interceflions  could  ever  recover  tu 
When  queeil  Anne  oune  to  the  throne,  the  earl  of  Goddphin 
ufed  all  his  endeavours  to  reinftate  him  in  his  fortner  poft  of 
chief  phyfician  ;  but  (he  would  not  be  prevailed  upon,  alledg* 
ing,  that  Radcliffe  would  fend  her  word  again,  **  that  her  ai!^ 
ments  were  nothing  but  the  vapours."  Neverthelefs,  he  was 
coofulted  in  ail  cafes  of  emergency  anii  critical  conjunAure ; 
and,  though  not  admitted  in  quality  of  the  queen's  domeftic 
phyfician,  received  large  fums  of  fecret  fervice-money  for  his 
jprefcriptions  behind  the  curtain* 

In  1703,  Radcliffe  was  himfelf  taken  ill  (on  Wednefddv 
March  04)  with  fomething  like  a  oleurify ;  negleSed  it ;  drank: 
a  bottle  of  wine  at  Sir  Juftinian  liham's  on  Thurfday,  took  to 
his  bed  on  Friday  ;  and  on  the  30th  was  fo  ill  that  it  was 
thought  he  could  not  live  till  the  next  day*  Dr.  Stonhopa^  dean 
of  Canterbury ;  and  Mr.  Whitfield  (th^n  queen's  chaplain,  and 
reftor  of  St.  Martin,  Ludgate,  afterwards  vicar  of  St.  Giles, 
Cripplegate),  were  his  conteiTors.  He  fent  for  them,  and  de- 
fired  them  to  afljft  him.  By  a  will,  made  the  28th,  he  dtfpofed 
of  the  greateft  part  of  his  eftate  to  charity  ;  and  feveral  thou- 
fand  pounds  in  particular  for  the  relief  of  fick  feamen  fet  aihore, 
Mr.  Bernard,  the  ferjeant  furgepn,  took  from  him  100  ounces 
of  blood  ;  and  on  the  3ifl  he  took  a  ftrange  refolution  of  being 
removed  to  Kenfington,  notwithftanding  his  weaknefs,  from 
which  the  moft  preifing  entreaties  of  his  friends  could  not  divert 
-him.     In  the  warmeft  time  of  day  he  rofci  and  was  carried  by 

foui 


RADCLIFFE.  4I1 

four  men  in  a  chair  toKenfington^  whither  he  got  with  £f&« 
Gulty,  having  fainted  away  in  his  chair.  **  Being  put  to  bed,'* 
fays  Dr.  Atterbury,  on  whofe  authority  we  relate  thcfe  parti- 
.culars,  **  he  fell  afleep  immediately,  and  it  is  concluded  now 
f  April  i]  that  he  may  do  well  5  fo  that  the  town  phyficians, 
wUq  expe£led  to  (hare  his  praftice,  begin  now  to  think  thcra- 
felves  difappointed."  Two  days  after^  the  fame  writer  adds> 
**  Dr.  RadclifFe  is  paft  all  danger  ;  his  efcape  is  next  to  mira-  ' 
culous.  It  hath  made  him  not  only  very  ferious,  but  very  de* 
vout.  The  perfon  who  hath  read  prayers  to  him  often  (and 
particularly  this  day)  tells  me,  he  never  faw  a  man  more  in 
earneft.  The  Queen  aiked  Mr.  Bernard  how  he  did  ;  and  when 
he  told  her,  that  he  was  ungovernable,  and  would  obferve  no 
rules;  flie  anfwered,  that  then  nobody  had  r«^fon  to  take  any 
thiag  ill  from  him ;  fince  it  was  plain  he  ufed  other  people^o 
worfe  thi^n  he  ufed  himfelf." 

He  continued,  however,  in  full  bufinefs,  increafingdn  wealth 
and  infolence,  to  the  end  of  his  days  ;  waging  all  along,  as  we 
have  before  obferved,  a  perpetual  war  with  his  brethren  the 
pbyficians,  who  never  confidered  him'  in  any  other  light,  thaa 
that  of  an  adlive,  ingenious,  adventuring  empiric,  whom  coq« 
fiant  practice  brought  at  length  to  feme  fkill  in  his  prx>feiSon« 
One  of  the  projects  of  <*  Martin  Scriblcrus!'  was,  by  a  ftamp 
upon  bliftering-plafters  and  melilot  by  the  yard,  to  raife  money 
for  the  goveroment,  and  give  it  to  Radcliffe  and  others  to  farm. 
In  Martin's  *<  'Map  of  Difeafes,"  which  was  "  thicker  fet  with 
towns  than  any  Flanders  map/'  RadcliiFe  was  painted  at  the 
corner,  contending  for  the  univerfal  empire  of  this  world,  ahti 
the  reft  of  the  phyficians  oppofing  his  ambitious  defigns  with  a 
project  of  a  treaty  of  partition  to  fettle  peace. 

In  1713  he  was  clefted  into  parliament  for  the  town  of  Buck- 
ingham. 

In  the  laft  illnefs  of  queen  Anne,  he  was  fent  for  to  Car* 
ihaltony  about  noon,  by  order  of  the  council ;  he  faid,  ^<  he 
had  taken. phy fie,  and  could  not  come."  Mr.  Ford,  from  whofe 
letter  to  Dr.  Swift  this  anecdote  is  taken,  obferves,  "  In  all 
probability  he  had  faved  her  life,  for  I  am  told  the  late  lord 
Gower  had  been  often  in  the  fame  condition,  with  the  gout  in 
his  head."  In  the  account  that  is  given  of  Dr.  RadclifFe  in  the 
^*  Biographia  Britannica,"  it  is  faid,  that  the  queen  was  ftruck 
with  death  the  twenty-eighth  of  July :  that  Dr.  RadclifFe 's  name 
was  not  once  mentioned,  either  by  the  queen  6r  *^  any  lord  of 
the  council  ;**  only  that  lady  Mafham  fent  to  him,  without 
their  knowledge,  two  hours  before  the  queen's  death.  In  this 
letter  from  Mr.  Ford  to  dean  Swift,  which  is  ddted  the  thirty. 
.  firft  of  July,  it  is  faid,  that  the  queen's  diforder  began  between 
^  (^ight  and  nine  in  the  morning  before,  which  was  the  thirtieth ; 
'  . »  '  and 


^H  llAt>CLIFPE<; 

"^nd  that  about  noon,  the  Tame  day,  Radclifl[«  Was  TAt  fotbj  «h 
<»rdet  of  council.  Thefe  accounts  being  contradidory,  the  tt^ 
dcr  will  probably  want  fonne  affiftancc  to  determine  witet  were 
the  fa£ts.  As  to  the  time  when  the  queen  was  taken  ill,  Mr. 
Ford's  account  is  moft  likely  to  be  true,  as  he  was  upon  the 
loot,  and  in  a  fituation  which  infured  him  the  beft  intelligence. 
As  to  the  time  when  the  dodor  was  fent  for,  the  account  in  the 
*•  Biography'*  is  manifcftly  fa!fe;-for"if  the  dodor  had  been  fent 
for  only  two  hours  before  the  queen's  death,  which  happened  itt- 
conteftably  on  the  firft  of  Auguft,  Mr.  Ford  could  not  have  nien^ 
tioned  the  faft  on  the  thirty-firft  of  July,  when  his  letter  was 
dated.  Whether  RadclifFe  was  fent  for  by  lady  Mafliam,  or  by 
order  of  council,  is,  therefore  the  only  point  to  be  determined. 
That  he  was  generally  reported  to  have  been  fent  for  by 
order  of  council  is  certain ;  but  a  letter  is  printed  in  the  "  Bio- 
£Kiphy,"  faid  to  have  been  written  by  the  dodor  to  one  of  bis 
iriends,  which,  fuppofing  it  to  be  genuine,  will  prove,  that  the 
doflor  maintained  the  C(Mitrary.  On  the  fifth  of  Auguft^  four 
days  after  the  queen's  death,  a  member  of  the  houfe  of  commons, 
a  friend  of  the  doSor's,  who  was  alfo  a  member,  and  one  "wHte 
always  voted  on  the  fame  fide,  moved,  that  he  might  be  fiim- 
'Iftoned  to  attend  in  his  place,  in  order  to  be  cenfured  for  not  at- 
tending on  her  majcfty.  Upon  this  occafion  the  dodor  is  faid  to 
■have  written  the  following  letter  to  another  of  his  friends  ^ 
**  Dear  Sir,        ,  Carfhalton,  Aug.  7,  1^14. 

*•  I  could  not  have  thought,  that  fo  old  an  acquaintance,  and 

lb  good  a  friend,  as  Sir  J n  always  ^rofeffed  hinllelf,  would 

have  made  fuch  a  motion  againft  me.  God  knof*^  my  will  t<^ 
'do  her  majefty  any  fervice  has  ever  got  the  ftart.of  my  ability; 
and  I  have  nothing  that  gives  me  greater  anxiety,  and  trouble 
than  the  death  of  that  great  and  {(loriou^  princefs.  I  muft  do  that 
juftice  to  the  phyficians  that  attended  her  in  her  illnefs,  from  a- 
fight  of  the  method  that  was  taken  for  her  prefervation  by  Dr. 
JW[ead,*aSto  declare  nothing  was  omitted  for  her  pf efervatibn ; 
but  the  people  about  her  (the  plagiies  of  Egypt  fall  on  them !) 

£ut  it  out  of  the  power  of  phyfic  to  be  of  any  benefit  to  her.  I 
now  the  nature  of  attending  crowned  heads  in  their  laft  mio- 
ments  too  well  to  be  fond  of  waiting  upon^them,  without  bmg 
fent  for  by  a  proper  authority.  You  have  heard  of  pardons  beirfg 
fjgned  for  phyficians,  before  a  fovereign's  demifet  however,  iU 
as  I  was,  1  would  have  went  to  the  queen  in  a  horfe-Htter,  YM 
cither  her  majefty,  or  thofe  in  commiffion  next  to  her,  commaritf- 
ed  me  fo  to  do.  You  may  tell  Sir  J— -n  as  much,  and  afliile 
him>  from  me,  that  his  2eal  for  her  maj^fly  will  not  excufe  his 
ill  ufage  of  a  friend,  who  has  drank  many  a  hundred  boHl6s 
with  him,  and  cannot,  even  after  this  breach  of  a  good  tindet- 
ftanding  that  ever  was  preferved  between  us,  bnt  have  n  vei^ 
good  effeem  for  him.  I  muft  alfo  deiire  you  to  thank  Tom 
4  Chapman ' 


RADCLIFFfi.  483 

Chapman  for  his  fpeech  in  my  behalf,  fmce  I  heaf  it  is  the  firft 
he  ever  made,  which  is  taken  more  kindly ;  and  to  acquaint  him, 
that  I  (hould  be  glad  to'  fee  him  at  Carfhalton,  fmce  I  fear  (for 
fo  the  gout  tells  me)  that  we  (hall  never  more  fit  in  the  houfe  of 
commons  together.     I  am,  &c« 

"John  Radcltffe." 
But,  whatever  credit  may  now  be  paid  to  this  letter,  or  how- 
ever it  may  now  be  thought  to  juftffy  the  doSor's  refufal  to  at- 
tend her  majefty,  he  became  at  that  time  fo  much  the  obje<a  of 
popular  refentment,  that  he  was  apprehenfive  of  being  affaflf- 
nated ;  as  appears  by  the  following  letter,  diredled  to  Dr.  Mead, 
at  Child's cofFee-houfe,  in  St.  Paul's- church-yard: 

**  Dear  Sir,  Carlhalton,^A«g.  3^  1714* 

«  I  give  you,  arid  your  brother,  many  thanks,  for  the  favour 
you  intend  me  to-morrow ;  and  if  there  is  any  other  friend  that 
will  be  agreeable  to  you,  he  (hall  meet  with  a  heatty  welcome 
from  me.  Dinner  (hall  be  on  the  table  by  two,  when  you  tmf 
be  fure  to  find  me  ready  to  wait  upon  you.  Nor  (hall  I  be  at 
any  other  time  from  home,  becaufe  I  have  received  feveral 
letters,  which  threaten  me  with  being  pulled  to  pieces,  if  ever  I 
come  to  London.  After  fuch  menaces  as  the(e,  it  is  eafy  t6 
.  imagine,  that  the  convcrfation  of  two  fuch  very  good  friends  is 
not  only  extremely  defirable,  but  the  enjoyment  of  it  will  be  ^ 
great  happinefs  and  fatisfadlion  to  him,  who  is,  &c. 

"  John  Radcliffe." 

RadclifFe  died  on  the  firft  of  November  the  fame  year,  having 
furvived  the  queen  juft  three  months;  and  it  is  (aid,  that  the 
dread  he  had  of  the  populace,  and  the  want  of  company  in.  the 
country  village,  which  he  did  mn  dare  to  leave,  (hortened  his  life, 
when  juft  fixty-four  years  old.  He  was  carried  to  Oxford,  and 
buried  in  St.  Mary's  church  in  that  city[B]. 

He  had  a  great  refpeft  for  the  clergy;  and  (hewed* much 
judgment  in  beftowing  his  patronage.  He  gave  the  re<3ory  of 
Headbourne- worthy,  Hants,  to  the  learned  and  pious  Dr.  Bing- 
bam ;  and  it  was  through  his  foHcitation  that  the  head(hip  of  St. 
Mary  Hall,  at  Oxford,  was  conferred  on  the  celebrated  Dr. 
Hudfon ;  whom  he  fo  much  efteemed,  that  it  has  been  generally 
fuppofed  it  was  to  the  perfuafion  of  Dr.  Hudfon,  that  the  univer- 
lity  was  indebted  for  the  noble  benefactions  of  Dr,  Radcliffe; 
for  the  Library  [cj  and  Infirmary  which  bear  his  name ;  and 

for 

[b}  See  the  iwm  of  his  funeral  in  the  as  we  lesm  from  Dr  Atteiliury^s  *'  £pif* 

Poft  Boy,  Dec.  9,  1714.  tolary  CorrefpondCDCe/*   Vol.  III.    **  to 

[c]  Dr.  RadcliiFe*s  idea,  in  December,  build  out  from  the  middle  window  of  the. 

JJiZt  was  to  haTe  enlarged  the  Bodleian  Selden  p^rt,  a  room  of  ninety  feet  long^ 

LiWary*    **  The  intended  (JEfaeine  was,**  and  as  high  as  the  S^Iden  part  is,  an^  un« 


4«4  RADCLIFFfii 

for  an  annual  income  of  6ooi.  for  two  travelling  fellowflbipCr 
To  Univerfity  college  alfo  he  gave,  befides  the  window  over  the 
altar-^ptdce  already  mentioned,  the  money  which  built  the 
matter's  lodge  there,  making  one  fide  of  the  Eaftem  <}ua« 
iranele. 

We  do  not  find  that  h«  ever  attempted  to  write  any  thing,  and 
prcibably  he  would  not  have  fuccecded  as  an  author.  He  was 
believed  to  have  been  very  little  convcrfant  in  books;  which 
made  Dr.  Garth  fay,  humouroufly  enough,  that  ♦^  for  Radclific 
to  leave  a  library,  was  as  if  an  Eunuch  fhould  found  a  Seraglio.'* 
A  moft  curious  but  ungracious  portrait  is  given  of  him  by  Dr. 
Mandeville,  in  his  "  Effay  on  Charity  Schools,"  fubjoined  to 
his  *<  Fable  of  the  Bees:"  it  is  too  long  to  be  inferted  here. 
What,  however,  the  late  Dr.  Mead  has  recorded  of  him,  is  no 
finallteftimony  in  his  favour;  namely,  that  "  he  was  defervedly 
at  the  head  of  his  profeflion,  on  account  of  his  great  medical  pe- 
netration and  experience." 

Some  remarkable  traits  in  his  charader  may  be  difcovered  in 
ttlie  following  detached  remarks  and  extra£ts : 

His  caprice  in  his  profeflion  (eems  to  have  been  unbounded. 
When-the  lady  of  fir  John  Trevor  the  Matter  of  the  Rolls  was 
dying,  in  the  fummer  of  1704,  (he  was  given  oven  by  Rad- 
cliffe  as  incurable.  The  Mafter,  thinking  it  a  compliment  to 
jfcadcliffe  not  to  join  any  of  the  London  phyficians  with  him, 
fent  to  Oxford  for  Dr.  Breach,  an  old  crony,  to  confult  on  that 
occafion ;  which  made  fuch  a  breach  with  Radcliffe,  that  he  fet 
out  in  a  few  days  for  Bath;  where  he  is  reprefented  **  as  de- 
lighting fcarce  in  any  other  company  but  that  of  Papifts." 

der  It  to  WiMa  library  for  Exeter  College,  Carolo  Comite  de  Anan  CanceUarSft, 
ftpon  wbofe  ground  it  muft  ftand.     Exeter^  Stephano  NibUt,  S.  T.  P. 
College  has  confented,    ufbn    condition  .  Vice-cancelbrio, 
that  not  only  e  library  be  bailt  for  them,  Thomas  Paget  tc  JohanneLand,  A.  M« 
but  fome  lodgings  alio,  which  mvft  be  Procuratoribus, 
failed  down  to  make  room  for  this  new  de.  Plaudente  undique  togata  gents, 
i»gn>  be  rebuilt.     The  Univerfity  thinks  Honorabilis  adroodum 
©t  furnifhlng  that  part  of  the  charge  ;  and  Dn«»  Do««  Carolus  Noel  Somerfct, 
Dr.  Radcliifc  has  readily  proferred  lo  fur-  Honorabilis  Johannes  Verneyy 
Bi«h  the  reft;  and  wichall,  after  he  has  Cualterut  WagftaffBagot  Baronettoi> 
perle^led  the  building,  to  give  lool.  for  Edwardus  Hairley  et   7  .      .      . 
rver  to  furninx  it    with    books."     This  Edwardus  Smith,  J  Ar«»8"^*> 
fchffne  not  hiving  been  adopted,  the  doc-  Radclivii  munificentiflizni  TeAament?, 
tor  left  40,c»ol.  for  building  a  new  libra-  Curatores,  P.  P. 
lyj  with  J50I.  a  year  for  the  librarian,  Jacobo  Gibbs>  Archite^o." 
and  lool.  a  year  ro  buy  books.  The  foun- 
dation ftone  was  laid  June  16,  z  737,  vrith  The   whole  building  was    completed  »a 
X\^  following  infcription  on  a  plate  of  1747;  and  on  the  lath  of  April  1 7491  it 
copper :  was  opened  with  great  folemnity ;  of  which 
«*  Quod  fclix  fauftumque  fit  fee  a  particular  defcription  in  Gent  Mag. 
Acadcmis  Oxonienii,  Vol.  XIX.  pp.   165.459.  and  fee  Vol.. 
Die  xvx  kalendamm  Junil  L).  p.  75. 


Anco  MpccjcxxTitj 


The 


RADCEirFE.  4^ 

.    The  laJy  of  fir  John  Holt  he  attended^-  in^ikbsA  iHntfs^  with 

Unufual  diligence,  out  of  pique  to  the  hufband>  who  iitras  fup- 
pofed  not  to  be  over-fond  of  her. 

When  Mr.  Harley  was  ftabbed  by  Gulfcard,  Swift  complains^ 
that,  by  the  caprice  of  RadclifFe,  who  would  adniit  none  bfut  his 
own  furgeon,  he  had  "  not  been  well  looked  after;"  and  adds 
in  another  place,  **  Mr.  Harley  has  had  an  ill  furgeon^  by  tkt 
caprice  of  that  puppy  Dr.  RadclifFe ;  which  has  kept  hiih  bad( 
fo  long." 

May  26,  1704,  he  carried  lome  caufe  againft  an  apothecary, 
by  the  aid  of  the  folic! tor-general  Harcourt;  and  "  two' days 
before,"  Atterbury  fays,  <*  a  play  vvias  adl:ed,  Wherein  the  do£kor 
was  extremely  ridiculed  upon  that  head  of  his  quarrel  with  the 
apothecary.  A  great  number  of  perfons  of  quality  were  pre- 
fent;  among  the  reft,  the  dutchefs  of  Marlborough  and  the 
maids  of  honour.  The  pafTages  where  the  do£lor  Was  affronted 
were  received  with  the  utmoft  applaufe." 

In  1709,  he  was  ridiculed  by  Steele,  in  the  "  Tatler/*  undcf 
the  title  of  "the  Mourning  iEfculapius,  the  languifhing  hope- 
lefs  lover  of  the  divine  Hebe,  emblem  of  youth  and  beauty.** 
After  curing  the  lady  of  a  fevere  fever,  he  fell  violently  in  love 
with  her;  but  was  rejeSed.  The  ftory  is  thus  related  in  the 
"  Biographia  Britannica:'*  "  The  lady,  who  made"  the  doftor^ 
at  this  advanced  age  ftand  in  need  of  a  phyfician  himfelf,  was,  it 
is  faid,  of  great  beauty,  wealth,  and  quality;  and  too  attractive 
not  to  inlpire  thecoldeft  heart  with  the  warmeft  fentiments^ 
Jfter  he  had  made  a  cure  of  her^  he  could  not  but  imagine,  as  fta- 
turally  he  might,  that  her  lady(hip  would  entertain  a  favourable 
opinion  of  hhii.  But  the  lady,  however  grateful  (he  might  be 
for  the  care  he  had  taken  of  her  health,  divulged  the  fecret,  and 
one  of  her  confidents  revealed  it  to  Steele,  who,  on  account  of 
prty,  was  f)  ill-natured  as  to  write  the  ridicule  of  it  in  Xht 
Tatler/  The  do£lor  had  a  fort  of  antipathy  to  Wkunen ;  and^ 
being  unfortunate  in  his  only  attempt  to  marry,  he  grew  to  a 
<legree  of  infenfibility  for  the  fex ;  and  often  declared  that  he 
.  wiflied  for  an  a6l  of  parliament,  whereby  nurfes  only  (hoUld  be 
entitled  to  prefcribe  to  them.*'  » 

This  article  fhall  be  clofed  with  an  extraft  ffofn  the  Richard*, 
foniana  t  "  Dr.  RadclifFe  tol^d  Dr.  Mead,",  *  Mead,  I  love  you, 
and  now  I  will  tell  you  a  fure  fecfet  to  make  your  fortune;  ufe 
all  mankind  ill*'  *'  And  it  certainly  was  his  own  pra6tjce.  He 
owned  he  was  avaricious,  even  to  fpunging,  whenever  he  any 
way  could,  at  a^tavern  reckoning,  a  uxpeoce^  ot  ihiUing^  among 
the  reft  of  the  company,  under  pretence  of  *  hating  (as  he  ever 
did)  to  change  a  guinea,  becaufe  (faid  he)  it  flips  away  fo  faft.' 
He  could  never.be  brought  to  pay  bills  without- much  following 
and  importunity ;  nor  th«n  if  there  appeared  any  chance  of 
Vol.  XIL  K  k  wearying 


4*$  RALPH. 

Mtriih^  tteito  cM.«*Apiivtoitr»  aftct  long  and  fruhlers  attempts^ 
eaujght  htm  juft  getting  out  of  his  charriot  at  his  own  door,  in 
Btoomlbury-fouare,  and  fet  upon  him,  *  Why,  you  rafcal,'  faid 
the  dbdor,  « do  y6u  pretend  to  be  paid  for  fucn  a  piece  of  work  ? 
v^hT  you  have  fpoiled  my  pavepfienti  and  then  covered  it  ovef 
^itn  earth  to  hide  your  bad  work.'  *  Dodor/  faid  the  paviouTi 
<  ^ine  is  not  iht  only  bad  work  that  the  earth  hides !'  *  i  ou  dog 
foUi  faid  the  do<^ory  *  are  you  a  wit  ?  you  muft  be  poor,  come 
in;'  and  paid  him.  Nobody,"  adds  Mr,  Richard  Ton,  **  ever 
pra6liied  this  rule,  '  of  ufing  all  <nankind  ill/  lefs  than  Dr. 
Mead  (who  told  me  himfelf  the  (lory,  and)  who,  as  I  have  been 
informed  by  great  phyficians^  got  as  much  again  by  his  pradiceas 
Dx.RadcUfFpdid.'* 

»  RAINOLDS  (John),  an  eminent  EngHfh  divine,  was  born 
at  Pioto  in  Devon(hire,  in  1549,  and  fent  to  Merton -college, 
Oxford,  in  1562.  He  removed  to  Corpus  Chrifti- college,  of 
which  he  became  fird  fcholar,  and  then  fellow.  He  took  both 
the  degrees  in  arts  and  divinity.  In  1598,  he  was  made  dean  of 
Lincoln;  but  being  unwilling  to  quit  an  academical  life,  heex-* 
thaqoed  his  deanery  the  year  following,  for  the  prefidentAip 
^  Corpus  Chrifti-college.  Oiieep  Elizabeth  offered  him  a 
biihoprkk;  but  he  modeftly  reuifed  it,  and  faid  Nolo  Epifcopari 
in  good  earneft*  He  died  in  1607,  after  having  publilhed  ^ 
great  number  of  books.  The  learned  have  beftowed  moil  un- 
common praifes  upon  this  divine.  Bifhop  Hall,  a  very  compe- 
tent ju(^»  obfervesy  that  *^  that  he  alone  was  a  well-furniflied 
library,  full  of  all  faculties,  of  all  iludies,  of  all  learning.  The 
ndemory*  the  reading  of  that  man,  were  to  a  miracle."  Dr. 
Crakanthorp  fays,  that  *'  for  virtue,  probity,  integrim  and 
pietyt  be  was  fo  eminent ,%  that,  as  Nazianzen  fpeaks  of  Atha- 
.Hafius,  to  name  him  is  to  commend  virtue  itfelf."  He  had  a 
hknA  in  ttanflating  part  of  the  Old  Teibment,  by  command  of 
James  I.  He  was  inclined  to  Puritanifm,  but  with  fuch  mode* 
iration,  that  he  continued  a  confprmift  to  the.  church  of  England. 
He  was  thought  to  ihorten  his  life  by  too  fevere  application  to 
his  Audies;  but,  when  hlk  friends  urged  him  to  defiit,  he  ufed  to 
reply,  that  he  would  *^  not  lofe  the  end  of  living  for  the  fake  of 
lii^;"  itmfroj^vitamwendipenkrecaufas, 

RALPH  (James),  a  writer  in  poetry,  politics,  aiid  hiftory, 
Was  born  we  know  not  where,  nor-  of  what  family.  His  de- 
tctni  was  mean.;  but  he  raifed  himfelf  from  obfcurity  by  his 
merit.  He  was  a  fchool-mafter  at  Philadelphia,  in  North 
America;  which  remote  fituation  not  fuiting  his  adive  mind, 
became  toEi^land  about  the  be^nnlng  of  the  reign  of  George 
II.  and  by  his  attendance  and  ab&litiel  recommended  himfelf  to 
the  patronage  of  fome  great  men.    He  publiflied  a  poem^  enti«- 

tied 


RAMAZZINL  4*7 

tied    "  Night,"  of  which  Pope  thus  t*^  notice   in   the 
Dunciad : 

Silence,  ye  wolves!  while  Ralph  to  Cynthia  iiowj^ 
And  makes  night  hideousF-^anfwcr  him,  y»  owls  I 

He  wrote  fome  pieces  for  the  fta^,  of  which  tn  accmtflt 
may  befeen  in  the  ^'Biographia  Dnmatica.']  Thourii  hedid 
not  fucceed  as  a  poet,  he  was  a  rery  ingenious  pfoft  Wfitfr. 
His  "  Hiftory  of  England,"  commencing  with  the  wlgn  of  ibe 
Stuarts,  is  much  eftettied,  as  were  his  political  jpamphletsr; 
fome  of  which  were  looked  upon  as  mafterr-pieces.  He  was 
concerned  in  writing  effays  in  feveral  periodical  papers,  parti- 
cularly "  Old  Englan4i  or,  Jeffery  Broadbottom*$  Jouirnal/' 
and  ^^  The  Remembrancer."  His  laft  pul?lication,  .^ntitlei, 
"  The  Cafe  of  Authors  by  Profefli^n,"  is  efteenjed  an  eiusel- 
lent  and  entertaining  performance.  He  iofl  all  hope$  of  pre- 
ferment by  the  death  of  Frederic  prince  of  Wales  5  and  died 
at  Chifwick,  after  a  long  fufferinr  from  the  gott,  Jan.  ^,  »76i. 

RAMAZZINI  (Bkrnardin),  an  lu^n  phyfician,  was 
born  of  a  good  family  at  Carpi  near  Modeaa,.in  1633.  Wihm 
he  had  laid  a  foundation  in  grammar  and  claffical  litc/atuit  in 
his  own  country,  he  went  to  Parma  to  ftudy  philoTophy ;  aiid^ 
afterwards  applying  himfelf  to  pfayfic,  took  a  dodor's  degree 
there  in  1659.  Then  he  went  to  Rome,  fior  the  fake  of  pene- 
trating ftill  further  into  his  art ;  and  afterwards  fettled  in  itte 
dutchy  bf  Caflro.  After  fomie  time,  ill  health  4>Ui|ed  him 
to  return  to  Carpi  for  his  native  air,  wbeie  he  ttMRri-ied^  ifA 
followed  the  bufinefs  of  his  profeffien;  hut  in  1671,  at  tbe  a4-« 
vice  of  fome  friends,  he  removed  to  Modena.  His  brfdiren  ef 
the  faculty  there  conceived  at  firft  but  mea^y  of  his  learning  »pR| 
abilities;  but,  when- he  had  undeceived  them  by  puhiiaittdoi, 
their  contempt,  as  is  natural,  was  changed  into  jealoufy,  fti 
168^2,  he  was  made  profeflbr  of  p^yiic  in  the  univerfity  0f 
Modena,  which  was  juft  founded  b^duke  Francis  II.;  and  lie 
filled  tills  office  for  eighteen  years,  attending  in  the  mean  ttmf  id 
^  pradice,  and  not  negleding  polite  literature,  of  which  he  W|i$ 
al^i^ays  fond.  In  1700,  he  went  to  Padua  upon  invitatkci,  to 
be  a  profeflbr  there :  but  the  infirmities  of  age  b^an  noiar  tb 
come  upon  him.  He  loft  his  fight,  and  was  forced  to  read  and 
write  with  other  people's  eyes  and  hands.  Meiwrthelefs,  the 
fenaite  of  Venice  made  htm  reftor  of  the  college  ^n  17^,  atfdl 
alfo  raifod  him  from  the  fecond  profeffbrftiip  ja  phytic  to  the 
firit.  He  would  have  refufed  thefe  honourable  pofta;  but,  beifi^ 
over-ruled,  performed  all  the  funfitions  of  them  very  diligently 
to  the  time  of  his  de^th.  He  died  in  1 714,  upon  his  bmh-day^ 
^  Npv,  5,  aged  Si .  He  compofed  many  works  upon  medical  and 
philofophiqal  fubjeias:. his  book  <' J>e  MoiMs  Ai^ficum,**  ^U 
^\w»y»  bf  ufeful.  His  works  were  .cotiedtd  and  pubHfiied  a^ 
London,  17 16,  in  4to;  which  is  a,  better  edMofi  than  1^1  ef 
^^piOiciVja  the  year  after,  becaufe  more  correal.  ^ 


4&S  RAMEAU. 

•.    RAMEAU  (John  Philip}*  an  illxiftrious  mtifician,   ftyled 

by  the  French,  the  Newton  of  harmony,  was  born  at   Dijon, 

Sept./a5,  t68^.*  After  having  learned  the  rudiments  of  mufic, 

he  left  his  native  country,  and  wandered  about  with  the  per- 

tfooneKS  of  a  ftroHing  opera.     At  eighteen,  he  compofcd  a  mii^ 

iiical-entertalsitienty  which  was.reprefentcd  at  Avignon:  after- 

Willfby  travelling  ^through  part  of  France  and  Italy,  he  correft- 

scd  his-  idea5'of  cnufic  by  the  praflice  of  the  harpfichord;  and 

thw'  won|  to  Paris,  where  he  perfeded  himfclf  under  John 

.  Jyouis  Marchand,  a  famous  organift.    ,He  became  organift  of 

ihp  .cathedral  church  of  Clerniont  in  Auvergne,  and  in  this  re- 

'tJrcnacnt  (ludicd  the  theory  of  his  art  yrith  the  utmoft  afliduity. 

.His  application  gave  birth  to  his  **  Traitc  de  V  Harmonic, 

.Paris,  172a j"    ai^d  to  his  "  Nouveau   Syfteme  de    Mnfique 

Tbeorique^  Paris,  1726.'-     But  the  work,  for  which  he  is  moft 

rcdkbdbtedyis  his   "  Dcmonftration  du  Principe  de  V  Harmonic, 

Pitrip,i75o;'*  in  which,  as  his  countrymen  fay,  he  has  fliewn, 

that  the  whoVe  depends  upon  one  fmgle  and  clear   principle, 

lUUiliEly,  the  fundamental  bafe:  and  it  is  in  this  refpe6l  that  he  is 

by  ibeincomparied.to  Newton,  who,  by  the  fingle  principle  of 

,gl»vttation,  explained  the  phaenomena  of  the  Phyfical  World. 

92"."With  fuch  extraordinary  talents  as  thefe,  and  a  fupreme  ftylc 

•isi-iliuiical  comjpofjtion,  it  had  been  a  national  reproach,  had 

JLameau  been  fufiercd  to  remain  organilt  of  a  country  cathedral. 

iHt  Waa  called' U>.Paxis,  andappoined  to  the  management  of  the 

iMftxtii  hifkjnufic  wi&«f  s|Q  original caft,  and  the  performers  com- 

.^iaio^d  at  firft  that  it<ouU<nof'berexectited;  but  he  aflerted  the 

tcoiitrary,  and  eviACcd-it  by  experiment.     ^  pradtce  he  ac- 

bquii^  a  greatfacitity  in  compoiing,  fo  that  he  was  never  at  a 

^)o&^  adapt  founds  to'fentiments.     It  was  a  faying  of  Quinault, 

ifhat    *f  the   poet,  .wa^   the    mtiCcitn's    fervant;    but  Rameau 

'^OjiiU  &y»    "Givcmcbuf  a  Holland  Gazette,  and  1  willfetit 

ilb  fapfK;;'*. and  vreiaccalmofl:' ready  to  concur  wirh  him,  ixiaf- 

jmich  as.  we  have  known  the  London  Cries  of  **  The  Jaft  dying 

i£pfech  of  the  tnalefadorsiwho  were  executed  this   morning  at 

^ybturn^".  &c,.to  he.fct.  andfung  moft  harmonioufly.      The 

dkiiWj.to.tewardbis  extraordinary  merit,  conferred  upon  him  the 

^ibwidoftbf^crderof  Sti  Midhael;  and^  a  little  before 'his  death, 

.mfed  him  lo*  tht  rank  «f  Nobility  .^  He  was  a  man  of  good  mo« 

;^s,.and  lived  h^pily  with  a  wife  whom  he  tenderly  loved. 

j^e  died  at  Paris,  Sept.  12,  176)1.;  and  his  exequies  were  cele- 

•i>r4t?cjRiib  great- raufical  folemnity. 

"  .  As  atheorift,  the  charaSef  of  Rameau  ftands  very  high,  and 
iiandel  always  fpoke  of  him  wjth  great  refpe^t ;  but  as  a  muHcal 
^c<7it)pofer,  his  merit  (tt  feems)  remains  to  be  fettled.  Befides 
.  the  tra£ls  above  mentioned,  there  are  extant  of  his,  <*  Genera- 
tiQn  Haiemoniquef  Paxis,  1737  r'  and  ^^Nouvelles  Reflexions 
furk  D«H)oiift5fation^^^ 

/  INDEX 


{    489    ) 


I     N     D  .  E     X 


TO    THE 


TWELFTH  VOLUME. 


Page 


PAPPUS  (of  Alexandria)  i 
Papyrius  MafTon.      See 
Maffbn. 

Parabofco,  Gtrolamo  2 
Paracelfus^  Aureolos  Philippus 
Theophraftus  Bombaft  de  Ho- 
henhcim            ,                    ,  ib. 

Paradin,  William  8 

Pardtes,  Ignatius  Gafton  ib. 

Pare,  Ambrofc  9 

David  10 

^ Philip  14 

Daniel  .15 

Parent,  Antoine  ib, 

Parfait,  Fran9ois  17 

Paris,  Matthew  ib. 

■          Francis  x8 

Parker,  Matthew  19 

Samuel  20 

Parkinfon,  John  25 

Parmenides  (of  Elaea)  26 
Parmegiano.     See  Maicuoli. 

Parmcntier,  Jean,  or  Jehan  ib. 

Parnell,  Thomas  27 

Parr,  Catherine  ,39 

Paxrhafius  (of  Ephefus)  30 

Janus  31 

Parry,  Richard  33 

.Parfons,  or  Perfons,  Robert  34 

— James  41 

Parthenay,  John  de  46 

., Catherine -de  ,  47 

Paruta,  Paul   *  49 


Pat,  Antoine  dfs  50 

Pafcal,  Blaife  ill* 

Pafor,  Matthias  54 

Pafquier,  or  Paquier^  Stephen    55 
PaiTerat,  John  57 

Pafferi,  Giovanni  Satd£te  ^8 

Giufeppe  ib. 

. Giov.  Battifla    '  ih. 

Paflionei,  Dominico  59 

Patel  (of  France)  6b 

PatercaltiSy  Caius  VeUetiis         & 
Patin,  Guy  -    •   '  6% 

Charles 

Patrick,  Simon 
.  Patrix,  Peter 
Patra,  Oliver 
Pattifon,  William 
Pavilion,  Stephen 
Paul  Mark,  or  Marco  Paub 
—  Sarpi 
Paulinus 
Paulmier    de     Grentefroenil, 

James  le 
Paufanias 
Pays,  Rene  le 
Pearce^  Zachary 
Pearfon,  John 
Pcchantre,  Nicolas  dc 
Pcchmcia,  John  de 
Peck,  Francis 
Pecquet,  John 
Pecle,  GeoYge 
Peirefc,  Nicolas  Ciaade  Fabri   99 
Pelagius  (the  Hereiiarcfe)  10^ 

Felfder^ 


ti 
69 

70 

ig 

ib. 
«5 

86 
«7 

lb. 
lb. 


49^ 


I N  D  ?  X. 


Pcfetier,  Claude  de 
Pdl.jQhn 

FrDcgrin,  Simon  Jofeph 
ftircgripo,  Tifaldi 

*— . (of  Modena) 

Fdlerin,  jofeph 
Pellctier,  Jacques 
fdliffoB-Fontanier,  ?miI 
Pembroke,  Thomaa 
Pieoington,  Ifaac 
Prnn,  William 


Page 
III 
lis 

"I 
no 

sb. 
]i» 

ib. 
120 
121 

f.36 
157 


Feoni,  Giovanin  Franccfco 
Pl:nry,  John,  or  Ap  Hearer 
Pepofch,  John  Chriftopher 
plcran,  Gabriel  Louis  Calabie  1  j8 
Verefixe,  Hardouin  dc  Bcao- 

mont  de 
PScxez,  Antony 
f^rgolefi,  Giovanni  Batiifta 
fenaonips,  James 
^  Berrattit,  Claude 


*39 
ib. 


fferrier,  Francis 
Chaiies 


i59 
141 

H2 
144 
146 

147 
148 

lb. 

•II 


9erron,  James  Davj  d« 
ftrrot,  Nicolas 
Serry,  }6b» 
^etfius.  Aulas  Flaocns 
^iPengino,  Pietro 
lieruzzi,  Baldaflare 
^yfelier,  Charles  Stephen 
]petavius  Dionyfius^  or  Denis 

Pctan              r  158 

Peter  the  Great  161 

.  Petis  dt  la  Cmx,  Francis  1 70 

Petit,  Samuel,  or  Fetitus  ib. 

^ —  Peter  171 

Bctitot,  John  173 

Petiver,  James  >|  75 

Petrarch,  Francis  176 

Petronius  Arbiter,  Titus  179 

Petty,  William  182 

Peucer*  Gafpard  189 

Peutinger,  Conrad  190 

'  Peyer,  Johannes  Conradus  H>. 

Peyrere,  Ifaac  ipi 

Bezay,  MafTon,  marquis  «f  ib. 

Pezeaas,  £ip«it  ifc» 


PezroQ,  Paul  192 

Pfannrr,  Tobias  j^j 

Pfeffercbm,  John  ib. 

PfeifTer,  Auguftus  194 

Pfi^r,  Louis  ib. 

Phaedrus  (the  Thraeian)  ib* 

, i-^  Thomas  %q6 

Phaer,  Thomas  197 

Phalaris  (of  Aflypalea)  199 

Phidias  203 

^ilelphus,  Francis  204 

Philemon  205 
Philip  II.  (king  of  Macedon)   206 

Philips,  Fabian  210 

—J Catherine  211 

■  Jotoi  212 

■  ■  Ambrofe  214 
Philo  217 
Phitolsns  (of  CfOti)  218 
Phiioponus,  John  ib* 
PhiloCtorgius  ^  ^19 
Philoftratus,  Fbrvios  ib. 
Phle|on>  firoamed  TralUanni  ?.2.2 
Photinus  (of  Ancyra)  224 
Photius  (of  Conftantinople)  ib, 
Phre^s,  or  Freas,  John  226 
Piazza,  Hiemm  fiertholomeir  $(27 
Pibrac^    S^e  Faar. 

Picard,  John  2iB 

Picart,  Bernard  &. 

Piccolomini,  Alexander  ib, 

Picolomini,  Francis  zv) 

Pidet,  Benedia  ib. 
Picus.     See  Mirandola. 

Pierce,  Edward  2$o 
Pierino,  or  rather,  Pciipo  .4^ 

Vaga  ib. 
Pierius.    5*^^  Valeriana^ 

Pigalle,  Jean  Baptiftc  «3 1 

Pighios,  Stephen  Vinafod  232 

Fignoiius,  Morenti^s  233 

Piles,  Roger  de  ib. 

Pilkington,  Lztitin  ;^34 

Pilpay      •  2j6 

Pinxus,  Sevcrinos  3>. 

Pindar  (of  Thebes)  #37 

Pineda,  John  239 
i4nelli,  John  Vir^eat 
Pintoriccio,  BenAdipo, 

Piper,  FxsB^is  ie^  24> 
JSttMt, 


INDEX, 


#* 


Piraneft*  Giambittiita 

Piron,  Alexis 

Pifan,  Chriftina  de 

Pitcairne,  Archibald 

Pithou,  ot  Pithccus,  Pctcf 

Pitifcus^  Samuel 

Pits^  or  PitCeuSj  John 

Htt,  Chriftophcr 

Pitt,  William 

Pittacos 

Pizarro,  Franciii 

I'lacciaSy  Vincent 

Placentinus,  Peter 

Placettc,  Jean  dcla  ^  - 

Plantin,  Chriftopher 

Planude^y  Maximus 

Platina,  fianolomeo  Sacchi 

Plato  (thepfiiiofopher) 

Plautus,  Marcus  Accius 

Playford,  John 

Plems-Ricln^iea.    See  Richelieu 

Plinius  Secundus,  Caius  275 

Plioius  C^Bcilias  Secundus,  Caios 

Plot.  Robert 
Plotmos 

Piowden,  Edmund 
Pluche,  Antoine 
Piokenet,  Leonard 
Ptumier,  Charles 
Plutarch  (of  Chaeronea) 
PluvineU  Antoine 
Pococke,  Edward 
Richard 


Page 

2J6 
25£ 

261 
ib. 

ib. 

ib. 
265 

267 

272 

274- 


Pomo  firacciolini 

PoilTy,  Francis 

Pointinet,  Antoine,  Alexandre, 


i84 
286 
Z89 
ib. 
I90 
292 

296 
«97 
562 

304 

508 


P«0^ 

Poinet,  Peter  31  j 

Pomey,  Francis  ,      >  i9i^ 

Pomfret,  John  ifa^ 

Pompadour,   Jane  Ant6inettt 

•Poiflbn  356 

Ponfcpey,  or  Pompeks,  Cneitis  53I 
Poinpignan,  John  James  le  Friric 

Pomponatids,  Ptter 

Pomponius  Lsetits,  Jofkt 

Pontanas^  John  Jortau 

Poole,  Matthew 

Pope,  A!c5«mder 

Popham,  fir  John 

Potdenone,  Giovanni  Antonio^ 

Lietnto 
Poree,  Charles 
Popphyrius  (of  Tyre) 
Pbrta,  John  Baptifta 
Portcs,  Philip  dcs 
Poflevin,  Antony 
Poftel,  William 
Pc^lethwayte,  Malathi 
Polengcr^  John 
PoH,  Percival 
^  Fbher,  Chriftophcr 
*■■■•>  -  or  Poter,  Paul 
-—  John  V 

Ppuget,  Francfe  Amc 
Pourbus,  Peter  and  Francb 
Poadin,  Nicholas 
Gafpar 


33+ 

J3* 

ib. 

33* 
34* 


4 

Si 


35* 
tb* 


Henri  ib* 

Poiret,  Peter  ib. 

Pole,  Reginald  309 

Poleroberg,  Cornelius  314 

Polidoro^  daCaravaggio  3x5 

Polignac,  Melchior  de  317 

Potiti ,  Alexander  3x8 
Politiano,  or  Politian,  Angelo  ib. 

Pollux,  Julius  320 

Polyamus             ,  321 

Polybius  (of  Megalopolis)  322 

Polycarp  325 
Pombal,  Sebaftian  Jofeph  Car- 

?alho  328 


Powel,  David 

Powell;  William  Samuel 

'  ■■■        George 

Pozzo    Modeihu     See   Fonte 

Moderara. 
Pradon,  Nicolas  ^6m 

Praxiteles  ib. 

Premontval,  Peter /r  G«^  de    $6i 
Preftfc  le.    Se^  Vitibaii; 
Prefton,  Thomas  ifa, 

Prevot  d'Exiles^  Antony  Fran- 


Pricaeus,  or  Price,  John 
Price,  Richard 
Prideaux^  John 

Huraphfty 


362 

364 
365 

3<59. 
ib., 

3^^ 


Primaticciot  Francefco 
Prince  de  fieaumont,  Madame'^ 

^«  31% 

Pringlc, 


45^^ 


IN  D  E X, 


Pringte ,  fir  John 
Priofo^  Benjamin 
Prior*  Matthew 
Prifcianas     • 
Prifcillian 


Page 

373 
387 
389 
393 

ib. 


.5^, 


Page 


Pritz>  Pritiu9>or  Pritados^  John 
George  39+ 

Piochit  (of  Conftantinople)        ib. 
Procopius  (of  Czfarea)  $q% 

PfokopoTitch.     See  Theophaaes. 
Piopertins^  Sextos  Aureliuft      597 
Pxotogencs  399 

Pmdentius»  Qaintos  Aurdius  400 
Trynac,  Wilham  401 

PTalmanazar;  George  404 

Pfellus,  Michael  Conftantinu&  407 
Ptofemseas,  Claudius  ib* 

Pufiendorf,  Samuel  de  409 

Puget,  Peter  413 

Puki»  Luigi  ib. 

Pulmannus,  Theodore  41 5 

Pultency,  William  ^         ib. 

PnrcelU  Hgir/  417 

Purchasy  Samuel  419 

Purvcr,  Antony  4:^0 

PuteanuSy  Er^cius  433 

Fatfchius*  EHas  ^  A^S 

Puy,  Peter  ^c  ib. 

Pay-Segur«  James  de  Chaftenet,, 

lord  of  ib. 

Pyle^  Thomas  426 

Pynaker,  Adam  4^7 

Pyrrho         ,  428 

Pythagoras  .  / -    419 


QJJADRATUS  {of  Athens)  435 

Quarles,  Francis  436 

Quellinus^  Erafmus  437 

Quenfteck*  John  Andrew  ib. 

Qucrenghi,  Antony  438 
Qoerlon*  Anne  Gabriel  Meuf- 

nier  de  ib, 

Quemo,  Camillo  439 

Quefnay,  Francis  '  ib. 

Q^efiiel,  Pafquier  440 

Qucvedo,  Francifco  dc  442 

Quien,  Michael  le  443 

Quillet,  Claudias  444 

Quin,  James  446 

Quinault,  Philip  462 

Quint  ilianus»  Marcos  Fabius  464 
Quintin  Matfys.      See    Mefiis 

Quintin, 

Quintinie,  John  de  la  46J 

Quirinif  Angelo  Maria  •  469 

R. 

RABELAIS,  Francis  470 

Rabutin.    See  Bufly. 

Racan,  Honorat  de  Bueil^  mar« 

quis  of  471 

Racine,  John    '  473 

Raddifie,  Alexaoder  477 

'■ Dr.  John  478 

Rainolds,  John.  486 

Ralph,  James  ib. 

Ramazzini,  Bernardin  487 

Rameau,  John  Philip  488 


END  OF  THE  TWELFTH  VOLUME.